ERKEIEY \
SRARY 1
UVERSITY OF J
A
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
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KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO. LTD.
A MANUAL
OF THE
MALAY LANGUAGE.
WITH
lln Iittrotructorg Sftetclj of tije Sanskrit
(Element in jHalag*
BY
WILLIAM EDWARD MAXWELL,
OF THE INNER TEMPLE, BARRISTER-AT-LAW ;
ASSISTANT RESIDENT, PERAK, MALAY PENIN8DLA.
TENTH EDITION.
LONDON:
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO. L™
BROADWAY HOUSE, 08-74 CARTER LANE, E.C.
1914
Je n'en refuis aulcune de phrases qui s'usent emmy les rues ; ceux
qui veulent combattre l'usage par la grammaire se mocquent.
Montaigne.
11 4
PREFACE.
The lansmasre which I have endeavoured to illustrate in
the following pages is the Malay of the British Settlements
in the Straits of Malacca, some knowledge of which I have
had the opportunity of acquiring during sixteen years' ser-
vice in Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca, Singapore, and
Perak.
Dialectical peculiarities are so abundant in Malay that it
is impossible to teach the colloquial language of the people
without imparting to the lesson the distinct marks of a
particular locality. In parts of India it is said proverbially
that in every twelve kos there is a variation in the language,1
and very much the same might be said of the Malay Peninsula
and adjacent islands. The construction of the language and
the general body of words remain, of course, the same, but
in every state or subdivision of a state there are peculiar
words and expressions and variations of accent and pronun-
ciation which belong distinctively to it. Words common in
one district sound strangely in another, or, it may be, they
convey different meanings in the two places. Even words of
such constant occurrence as the personal pronouns "I" and
"you" vary according to locality. The Kedah accent is
easily distinguished from that of Patani, and that again from
the speech of Trengganu and Pahang. Certain expressions
common in Penang are almost unintelligible in Malacca and
Singapore, and vice versd. In Perak it is not difficult to say
1 Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Aryan Languages, p. ioi.
VI PREFACE.
whether a man comes from the upper or lower readies of the
river, by merely noting particular words in his conversation.
Even individual villages and districts have their peculiar
twang or their tricks of expression not found elsewhere. In
Java, Sumatra, and other islands eastward in which Malay
is spoken, the pronunciation and character of the language
are much influenced by the other languages current there.
Malay is only spoken in perfection in places where the
natives speak no other tongue.
Native pedantry has endeavoured to classify various styles
of speaking, as the court style (bahasa dalam), the well-bred
style (bahasa bangsawan), the trader's language (bahasa dagang),
and the mixed language (bahasa kachau-kan), but all that can
be correctly said is, that a limited number of words are used
exclusively in intercourse with royal personages ; that persons
of good birth and education, in the Eastern Archipelago, as
elsewhere, select their expressions more carefully than the
lower classes; and that the vocabulary of commerce does
not trouble itself with the graces of style and the copious
use of Arabic words which commend themselves to native
writers.
The written language is more stilted and less terse and
idiomatic than the colloquial dialect; and even where pure
Malay is employed, the influence of Arabic compositions is
very marked. Whole sentences, sometimes, though clothed
in excellent Malay, are unacknowledged translations of Arabic
phrases. This may be verified by any one well acquainted
with Malay literary compositions who will look into a really
good translation of an Arabic work ; for instance, Lane's trans-
lation of the "Thousand and One Nights." The Malay speaks
much better than he writes, and has at his command quan-
tities of words which never find their way into his litera-
ture, and, therefore, but rarely into dictionaries compiled by
Europeans.
The spelling of Malay words in the native character is
hardly yet fixed, though the Perso- Arabic alphabet has been
PREFACE. Vll
in use since the thirteenth century ; and those follow but a
vain shadow who seek to prescribe exact modes of spelling
words regarding which even native authorities are not agreed,
and of which the pronunciation may vary according to locality.
The experience of Crawfurd sufficiently proves this ; there are
words in his dictionary which are transliterated in as many
as four different ways.
Two classes of works in his own language have hitherto
been at the service of the English student of Malay —
grammars, more or less scientifically arranged, and vocabu-
laries and books of dialogues, which presuppose some know-
ledge of grammatical construction.
The Malay Grammar of Marsden is an admirable work, of
unquestionable utility to the advanced student; but it con-
tains more than the beginner wants to know. Crawfurd's
Malay Grammar, too, is hardly a work to put into the hands
of a beginner.
Mere vocabularies, on the other hand, teach nothing but
words and sentences, and throw no light upon forms of
construction.
It has been my aim to supply a work which will be at
once an elementary grammar and a compendium of words
and sentences, which will teach the colloquial dialect and
yet explain grammatical rules ; and for this I have taken
as my model the Hindustani Manual of the late Professor
Forbes.
The language is not ennobled by having been the speech of
men who have made their mark in the world's history.
The islands of Indonesia have never startled the Eastern
world with an Akbar, or charmed it with a Hafiz or a Chand.
Receptivity, not originality, is the characteristic of the Malay
races. But the importance of Malay, when the traveller
heads eastward from the Bay of Bengal, has been recognised
by Europeans since the sixteenth century, when Magellan's
Malay interpreter was found to be understood from one end
of the Archipelago to the other. It is the strong and growing
viii PREFACE.
language of an interesting people, and (in the words of a
recent writer on Eastern languages) " for Malay, as for Hin-
dustani, a magnificent future may be anticipated among the
great speech-media of Asia and of the world. They manifest
that capacity for the absorption and assimilation of foreign
elements which we recognise as making English the greatest
vernacular that the world has ever seen." 1
W. E. M.
The Residency, Larut, Pebak,
Jvly i, 1881
1 Oust, Modern Languages of the East Indies, 15a
INTRODUCTION.
The interest of Englishmen in the Malay language began
with the early ventures of the East India Company in the
Far East, in the first years of the seventeenth century. It
was the language of commerce everywhere east of the Bay
of Bengal, and our earliest adventurers found it spoken at the
trading ports which they visited. The Portuguese had pre-
ceded them by a century, and the Dutch had been a little
earlier in the same field. Our countrymen seem to have been
indebted to the latter for their first Malay vocabulary. The
minutes of the East India Company record how, on the 2 2d
January 16 14, "a book of dialogues, heretofore translated
into Latin by the Hollanders, and printed with the Malacca
tongue, Mr. Hakluyt having now turned the Latin into Eng-
lish, and supposed very fit for the factors to learn, was
ordered to be printed before the departure of the ships."1
At present the use of Malay, as far as Englishmen are
concerned, is chiefly confined to the officers of the Colonial
Government in the British possessions in the Straits of Ma-
lacca and in the native states adjoining them, and to other
residents in those parts, and in the Dutch settlements in the
East. To these may be added the English communities of
Labuan and Sarawak, and merchants, traders, and seamen
all over the Eastern Archipelago. The limited extent of our
Malay possessions, when they are compared with the magni-
1 Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, p. 273.
2 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
ficent islands which make up Netherlands India, excuse us,
mo doubt, for the secondary place which we occupy in all
researches connected with the language and literature of the
Malays. To the Dutch their colonies in the Eastern seas are
what our Indian Empire is to us ; and with them the study
of Malay, Javanese, Kawi, &c, takes the place of Persian,
Hindustani, Tamil, Sanskrit, &c, which occupy our civilians
in India. The extent and value of Dutch works on Malay
subjects is, however, but little known to Englishmen in the
East, owing to their general ignorance of the Dutch language.
It is not too much to say that any one aiming at a thorough
knowledge of the language, literature, and history of the
Malay people should commence his task by learning Dutch.
Malay is the language not of a nation, but of tribes and
communities widely scattered in the East, and is probably
spoken with greatest purity in the states of Kedah and Perak,
on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. It is spoken in
all the states of the Peninsula, in Sumatra, Sunda, Java.
Borneo, Celebes, Flores, Timor, and Timor Laut, the Moluccas,
and the Philippines. Traces of it are found among the
numerous Polynesian dialects, and in the language of the
islanders of Formosa. Siam proper has a large Malay popu-
lation, descendants mainly of captives taken in war, and the
language is therefore in use there in places ; it is found also
here and there on the coasts and rivers of Anam and Cochin-
China. No other language of the Eastern Archipelago is
understood over such an extensive area, and it is the common
means of communication between the numerous tribes and
races of the Malay family whose languages and dialects differ.
Logan supposes that the earliest inhabitants of the Archi-
pelago were tribes of Africo-Indian origin, who peopled the
Eastern islands as well as the more accessible portions of the
Continent, descendants of whom he recognises in the negro
and quasi- negro tribes that are still preserved in some of the
mountains of the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and Anam. To
these succeeded immigrant tribes from Mid-Asia, by way of
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 3
the Irawadi, whom Logan designates by the term of the
Tibeto-Anam family, all the races and languages from Tibet
to Anam being included under it. "By a long-continued
influx this family spread itself over the Peninsula, Sumatra,
Java, Borneo, and Celebes j but its farther progress over the
many islands to the north and east appears to have been
checked by the older races. It was probably only by slow
steps and by settling at many points that it gained a firm
footing even in the western islands, and a long period must
have elapsed before its tribes became so populous and spread
so far into the interior as to enable them to absorb and
destroy the earlier occupants."1 The variety which exists
among the languages and dialects in the region affected by
these movements is thus accounted for by Logan : — " The
languages imported by the Tibeto-Anamese settlers differed
as did those of the natives, and the combinations formed in
different places from the contact of the two families varied
in the proportions of each which entered into them. But the
structures of the native tongues had strong affinities amongst
themselves, and predominated in all these new combina-
tions."2
The idea presented by this sketch of the origin of the
aboriginal Malay language is that of a mixed dialect, borrow-
ing something from the Tibeto-Anam languages (the influence
of which would be more apparent in the western settlements),
and gradually approaching the Africo-Indian forms farther
east.3 " Lastly," Logan supposes, " a later Indian influence,
belonging to a far more advanced civilisation, flowed in a
great stream into the Western Archipelago, and cut off that
of the Irawadi, before its linguistic operation had made much
progress."4 It is to this epoch that we must ascribe the
introduction of the Sanskrit element into the Malay language.
Malay is mainly dissyllabic, but there are not wanting
evidences of a former monosyllabic tendency. The syllable
1 Journ. Ind. Arch., iv. 311. 2 Idem, p. 315.
* Journ. Ind. Arch., v. p. 569. * Idem.
4 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
bu, bun, or bung, for instance, occurs in a considerable number
of words conveying an idea of roundness : —
Bu-lan
the moon.
Bu-lat .
round.
Bu-ah .
fruit.
Bu-yong
a jar.
Bu-tir .
a grain, globule.
Bu-sar .
an arch.
Bu-kit .
a hill.
Bu-sut .
an anthill.
Bun-tar
round.
Bun-ting
pregnant.
Bun-chit
pot-bellied.
Bun-tut
the buttocks.
Bun-toh
a numeral affix implying rotundity
(cf. l&n, Burmese), used with such
words as chin-chin, a ring; and kailt
a fishhook.
Bung-kok . . . hump-backed.
Buiuj-kus
a bundle.
Many others might be cited.1
Another characteristic list of words might be made, com
pounded with the monosyllable tang (which in Sakai and
Semang means " hand "), and conveying an idea of seizing or
holding.
Tang-an
the hand.
Tangkap .
to seize.
Tang-kei
. . a stalk.
Tang-gong .
to support.
Tang-gal
to drop off (having left hold).
Tong-kat
a walking-stick, &c.
The history of the Malay people is to be discovered in
the language itself, for no authentic records of pre-Muham-
madau times exist. Just as an insight into the early history
of our own nation may be obtained by analysing the com-
ponent parts of the English tongue, and assigning to each of
the languages which have contributed to make it what it is
their due proportion of influence, so, by resolving the Malay
1 These remarks do not, of course, affect foreign words, such as burnt and
\ujang derived from the Sanskrit bhumi and bhujangga.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 5
language into its separate elements, of which native, Sanskrit,
and Arabic are the chief, and by examining the words con-
tributed by each, it is possible to follow with some approach
to historical accuracy the successive advances which the Malay
people have made on the path of civilisation.
The aboriginal dialect, prior to the admixture of Sanskrit,
must have been but the poor vocabulary of men hardly raised
above savage life. The purely native element in Malay fur-
nishes all the necessary terms to express the physical objects
surrounding men leading a primitive life in the forest, and all
that has to do with their food, dwellings, agriculture, fishing,
hunting, and domestic affairs.
The use of a Sanskrit word for " plough " seems to record
a revolution in agriculture. The primitive cultivation of the
Malays was carried on by clearing and burning the hill-sides
(a system still largely adopted in native states where land is
plentiful and timber valueless), and the cultivation of the wet
ricefields of the plains, which necessitates the use of the
plough, would thus seem to have been resorted to only after
the arrival of the Hindus.
As soon as the analysis reaches moral ideas, or objects
requiring some advance in civilisation, it is found that they
are expressed by words of foreign origin. These are, for the
most part, Sanskrit or Arabic. The latter require no notice
here, for they are of comparatively recent introduction. For
the most part, they consist of terms incidental to the ethical
and religious teaching of the Muhammadans. The Arabic
element in Malay is not accurately determinable, for new
expressions are constantly being introduced.
A sketch of the Sanskrit element in Malay is all that there
is space for here.
A careful classification of the principal Sanskrit words
which are found in Malay helps to indicate what must have
been the condition of society when the Aryan came into
contact with the islanders' of Sumatra. It shows, indepen-
dently of other proof, that Hindu colonisation must have
6 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
gradually introduced the Malay races to institutions, ideas,
pursuits, and wants to which they had hitherto been strangers.
Many of the incidents of commerce, most of the metals and
precious stones, the pomp and ceremony of royalty, and the
use of the elephant, are shown, by the Sanskrit nomenclature
employed in describing them, to be of Hindu importation.
From this it is not difficult to infer the primitive condition of
a people to whom all these things were unknown. So, the
Sanskrit names of many weapons indicate a period when the
rude weapons of savage Malay tribes — blowpipes, spears, &c.
— were supplemented by arms of a more formidable character,
for which they were indebted to India. Other groups of
words show, independently of other proof, that the Hindu
religion was successfully planted among the Malays and
flourished for a time, and that the monarchical form of
government was introduced in Malay countries by Hindu
settlers and rulers.
The word " rulers " is used advisedly, for the theory of
Marsden as to the manner of the introduction of Hinduism
seems to possess greater claims to general acceptance than
that advocated by certain other writers, notably Leyden and
Crawfurd. Crawfurd asserted that the Sanskrit words adopted
in Malay came originally through the Hindu priesthood, and
that the priests through whom this was effected belonged
to the Telugu race, this, in his opinion, being the people who,
commencing by trading with the Malays, proceeded to partial
settlement in their country, and ended by converting them to
Hinduism and introducing the language and literature of the
Hindus. He entirely discountenances the idea that Sanskrit
could have been introduced by a people of whom it was the
vernacular language.1 He admits, however, that in Southern
India Sanskrit was itself a foreign tongue j that Sanskrit has
found its way into Javanese and Malay in a state of com-
parative purity, and not intermixed with Telugu ; and that
1 Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation xxxix., xliii.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 7
there is no trace whatever of any extensive settlement of the
Telugus in the Malay Archipelago.
Marsden's contention, on the other hand, points to Gujarat
as the quarter from which Hindu civilisation penetrated to
the far East, and to conquest as the mode in which the way
was cleared for its introduction.1
Before proceeding to classify some of the Sanskrit words
which are found in Malay, and to deduce any theories from
their presence, it is necessary, in order to avoid misconception,
to notice several difficulties which cannot be overlooked.
In the first place, it is not meant to be asserted that the
Malays have obtained all the words enumerated further on
direct from the people of India. All theories founded upon
the presence of Sanskrit words in Malay must apply with
equal force to Javanese, which contains a larger proportion of
Sanskrit words than Malay. " Sanskrit words are found in
greatest purity in the Javanese, and next to it in the Malay,
their corruption increasing as we recede from Java and
Sumatra."2 It may be assumed, therefore, that in addition to
the influence which Hinduism exerted among the Malays of
1 " Innovations of such magnitude, we shall venture to say, could not have
been produced otherwise than by the entire domination and possession of
these islands by some ancient Hindu power, and by the continuance of its
sway during several ages. Of the period when this state of things existed
we at present know nothing, and judging of their principles of action by what
we witness in these days, we are at a loss to conceive under what circum-
stances they could have exerted an influence in distant countries of the
nature here described. The spirit of foreign conquest does not appear to
have distinguished their character and zeal, for the conversion of others to
their own religious faith seems to be incompatible with their tenets. We
may, however, be deceived by forming our opinion from the contemplation
of modern India, and should recollect that, previously to the Mohametan
irruptions into the upper provinces, which first took place about the year
iooo, and until the progressive subjugation of the country by Persians and
Moghuls, there existed several powerful and opulent Hindu states of whose
maritime relations we are entirely ignorant at present, and can only cherish
the hope of future discoveries from the laudable spirit of research that per-
vades and does so much honour to our Indian establishments." — Mar&den,
Malay Grammar, xxxii.
2 Crawfurd. See also Marsden, Malay Grammar, xxxiii.
8 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Sumatra by means of direct intercourse with India, there was
also a second source from which the Malays derived a great
portion of their Hindu nomenclature, namely, the ancient
Hindu kingdoms of Java.1
These remarks may be illustrated by reference to the fourth
column of the lists of words which follow.
Again, some of the Sanskrit words in the following lists are
synonyms merely, there being native or Arabic words, or
both, in common use to express the same object.
In some instances, too, the words quoted are not often
heard in the colloquial dialect, but occur in books to which
in many cases they have been transplanted from Javanese
romances.
All these circumstances seriously modify the possibility of
drawing general conclusions from an analysis of the body of
Sanskrit vocables found in Malay. The questions to be de-
cided seem to be (i) whether it is possible that such a mass
of terms for common objects (for they are by no means con-
fined to words incident to the Hindu religion) could have
been imported into Malay by any means except by oral com-
munication with a Sanskrit-speaking people; (2) supposing
1 "The Hindu religion and Sanskrit language were, in all probability,
earliest introduced in the western part of Sumatra, the nearest part of the
Archipelago to the continent of India. Java, however, became eventually
the favourite abode of Hinduism, and its language the chief recipient of
Sanskrit. Through the Javanese and Malays Sanskrit appears to have been
disseminated over the rest of the Archipelago, and even to the Philippine
Islands. This is to be inferred from the greater number of Sanskrit words
in Javanese and Malay — especially in the first of these — than in the other
cultivated languages, from their existing in greater purity in the Javanese
and Malay, and from the errors of these two languages, both as to sense and
orthography, having been copied by all the other tongues. An approxima-
tion to the proportions of Sanskrit existing in some of the principal languages
will show that the amount constantly diminishes as we recede from Java and
Sumatra, until all vestiges of it disappear in the dialects of Polynesia. In
the ordinary written language of Java the proportion is about no in 1000 ; in
Malay, 50 ; in the Sunda of Java, 40 ; in the Bugis, the principal language of
Celebes, 17 ; and in the Tagala, one of the principal languages of the Phi-
lippines, about one and a half."— Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation
xlvii. S;d quart as to the total absence of Sanskrit in the Polynesian
dialects. Ellis' " Polynesian Researches," i. 116.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 9
that this could have been effected through some later Indian
dialect, itself largely tinged with Sanskrit (as the Latin words
in English came to us with the Norman speech), what dialect
was this ? Telugu, as Crawfurd thinks, Gujarati, to which
Marsden incline?, or what?
It is in order to contribute to the settlement of such
questions as these that a classification of some of the Sanskrit
terms in Malay has been attempted in this Introduction.1 It
is hoped that the subject may attract the attention of those
more competent to deal with it, and that the researches of
Sanskrit scholars may facilitate a decision which there is no
pretension to pronounce here.
The centre of Hindu influence in Malay states would seem
to have been the court. From the governing classes the use
of Sanskrit expressions would gradually spread among the
people. To this day there are certain Sanskrit words which
are applied to royalty alone, there being native equivalents
when the non-privileged classes are intended. The words
putra and putri afford an instance in point. Meaning simply
"son" and "daughter" in Sanskrit, they have, from the fact
of Sanskrit nomenclature having been affected at Malay
courts, come to mean "prince" and "princess" and are applied
only to the sons and daughters of rajas.
At the chief seats of Hindu government, there must have
been Brahmans conversant with the sacred writings, whose
teaching would gradually be the means of introducing a taste
for Hindu learning and literature. Bacha, to read (from
vach, to speak), is Sanskrit, but tulis, to write, is a native
word,2 and sural, a writing, is Arabic. Language, therefore,
in this instance does not throw much light on the progress
made by the Malays in the art of writing in the pre-Muham-
madan stage of their history. Kock-inscriptions found in
Province Wellesley and Singapore prove, however, that at
1 A selection of words only is given. There are numbers of Sanskrit wordi
in Malay which have no place in these lists.
2 Unless the Sansk. root likh, to write, may be detected in the second
syllable.
iO MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
some remote period an ancient Indian character was known
on the Peninsula,1 though it was probably confined to religious
purposes.
Crawford, writing in 1852, stated that Malay can be written
or spoken without the least difficulty, without a word of
Sanskrit or Arabic, and described the foreign elements in
Malay as "extrinsic and unessential."2 But several words
of the first necessity are Sanskrit. It would be difficult to
speak Malay intelligibly, while avoiding the use of the relative
pronouns yang (Sansk. yas, ya, yat, who, which) and mana
(Sansk. mrtna, measure), or of the common auxiliary sudah
(Sansk. guddha,3 pure, acquitted), which denotes the past tense.
A long list might be made of common words not included in
any of the following groups, which are almost pure Sanskrit,
such as bawa, to bring (vaha, bearing, carrying) ; kata, to say
(kath, to tell, talk) ; biasa, accustomed (abhydsa, reflection) ;
Umgkah, to step, stride (langh, to stride over); kelahi, to fight
(kalaha, quarrel) ; and niala, to blaze, to burn (jval). Nor is
the influence of Sanskrit in Malay confined to words which
have been adopted in comparative purity. An extension of
the sphere of research reveals whole groups of Malay words
which seem to be formed from some Sanskrit root, and to
retain to some extent its signification. Thus the Sanskrit root
ju (to push on, impel) may perhaps be detected in such words
as juivang, to rush against -Jungur, prominent, a beak j jungang,
prominent (of teeth) ; juring, sharp, pointed ; jurus, to pull,
course, direction ; jvluk, to thrust upwards ; julir, a kind of
harpoon; julur, to wag, to wriggle; &c.
Ap is a common termination of Malay words, e.g., tangkap,
to seize ; chakap, to speak ; silap, to mistake, &c. The presence
of the Sanskrit root dp (to attain, obtain) is not indeed to be
assumed in every case, but it is difficult to resist the convic-
1 Journal Royal As. Soc, Bengal, vi. 680; xvii. part i. 154 and 232;
Idem, part ii. 62, 66.
2 Malay Grammar, Dissertation vi.
3 This is the derivation given in Favre's Dictionary. Another from sodka
(borne, undergone) might perhaps be suggested with equal probability.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. II
tion that it does form a part of many Malay derivations.
Dapat, to obtain ; rapat, to approach j asop, smoke (cf. vydpta) •
Siwcvp, steam ; tangkop, to seize, grasp ; dap (Jav.), to take ;
are instances which, among others, might be cited.
Gal (Sansk., to drop, to distil, percolate, to fall) is another
root which seems to enter into the composition of Malay words,
e.g., tang^, to fall off, to drop out; tmggal, to leave, forsake;
tunggal, solitary ; pang^aZ, to chop off, a portion chopped off.
Compare also gali, to dig; tenggahm, to sink; tugal, to sow
rice by putting seeds into holes made with a sharp stick ;
gahh, a pole ; gah-gah, pitch.
If it be correct to assign a Sanskrit origin to all or any of
these words, they belong to a much earlier epoch than the
comparatively pure Sanskrit words, the importation of which
into Malay is the subject now under discussion.
The presence of Sanskrit words in the Malay language was
first remarked by Sir William Jones,1 and the subject received
more attention at the hands of Marsden, who gives a short
list of fifteen words, " taken, with little pains in the selection,
from a Malayan dictionary."2 Many of the Sanskrit words
are, as Marsden observes, " such as the progress of civilisation
must soon have rendered necessary, being frequently expres-
sive of the feelings of the mind, or denoting those ordinary
modes of thought which result from the social habits of man-
kind, or from the evils that tend to interrupt them." This
assertion might have been put in more forcible terms had it
occurred to the author to include not only words expressive
of thought and feelings, but even some signifying natural
objects, though doubtless most of these are expressed by
aboriginal words. Hari, day, is clearly identical with the
Sanskrit hari, " the sun," which is also used as a name of
Vishnu or Krishna. Mata-hari, the sun (Malay), is thus " the
1 Asiatic Researches, iii. n, 12.
2 On the Traces of the Hindu Language and Literature extant among tha
Malays, As. Res. iv. See also, On the Languages and Literature of tha
Indo-Chinese Nations, Leydeu, As. Res. x.
12
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
eye of Hari," and is a compound formed of the native word
mata and the Sanskrit hari. Halilintar, a thunderbolt, seems
to be compounded similarly of hari and lontar (to hurl),
" hurled by Hari." Here the r has been softened into /. The
Sanskrit kapala has almost entirely superseded the use of the
old native word ulu or hulu, the head ; the latter, however,
is found in composition with a Sanskrit word in the sub-
stantive hulubalang, a war-chief, from hulu, head, and bala,
an army.
The extent to which the Malays are indebted to Sanskrit
for words to express the human body and members is shown
in the following list : —
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.*
The body
salira
carira
J. sarira ; Bat. sorira.
Limb, mem-
angguta
angga
J. ongga.
ber, body
Form, ap-
rupa
rupa
J., S., Bat., Mak., and
pearance
Bu. rupa.
Joint
sendi
saiadhi
S. sandi; D. izndik,
bound ; Tag. and Bis.
sandig, unite.
Head
kapala
kapala (the
J., S., D., Mak. kapala,
skull)
chief ; Bat. kapala,
thick.
Tongue
lidah
lih Cto lick),
J. lidah ; Bat. dila ;
Hdha (licked)
Mak. and Bu. lila ;
D. jela ; Tag. and
Bis. dila.
Pulse
nadi
nadl (artery,
vein, intes-
tine)
Shoulder
bah a
bahu (the arm)
J. bahu ; S. and D. baha.
Hair of the
body
Foot
roma
roman
pada
pada
Kw. pada.
Time and its division and measurement have supplied a
number of Sanskrit terms to the Malay language, most of
1 The words in this column have been taken from the Malay and French
Dictionary of the Abbe Favre. J. signifies Javanese, S. Sundanese, Bat.
Battak, Mak. Makassar, Bu. Bugis, D. Dayak, Bis. Bisaya, Tag. Tagala, and
Malg. Malagasi.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
13
which are so necessary in everyday life that it is difficult to
conceive the poverty of a dialect which contained no words
to express them. The following list contains the greater
number of them : —
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Time
kala, kali
kala
J. and S. kala.
When
tatkala
tad (this) kala
ghatika (a divi-
Time, period
katika
Bat. hatika ; D. katika.
sion of time)
Time, period,
dewasa
divasa (a day)
J. diwasa, adult ; Mak.
hour
rewusa.
Just now
tadi
tad (this, that)
S. tadi.
Day
hari
hari (the sun)
J. and B. hari.
Day
dina
dina
J. dina.
Dawn
dinaharl
from dina and
hari
Evening, sun-
senja, or
samdhva (twi-
Bat. sonja; J. chandik-
set
senja-kala
light)
kala, evg. twilight.
Always
santtasa
nitya^as
J. nityasa.
Old, former
sadia
sadhya (from
Former time
sadia-kala
sadh, to fin-
ish, accom-
plish)
Continually
sada-kala
sada (perishing)
Time (when)
blla
vela
Time, season,
masa
masa (month)
J. and S. mangsa ; Tag.
period
masa.
Another group of Sanskrit words found in Malay is that
comprising articles of commerce, weights and measures, &c.
Their presence suffices without other evidence to show that
for their knowledge of the commercial value of many products
the East Indian islanders were indebted to traders from Hin-
dustan, who, indeed, probably introduced not only the names
of, but the use of, their weights and measures. Buah pala,
the Malay phrase for the " nutmeg," is in strictness a pleo-
nasm, for phala signifies " fruit" in Sanskrit, as buah does in
Malay.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
TERMS OF COMMERCE.
English.
Nutmeg
Clove
Eagle- wood
Camphor
Sandalwood
Musk
Charcoal
Sugar
Saltpetre
Silk
Cotton
Gunny -bag
Price
Profit
Scales for
weighing
A hliar (native
weight = 3
pikuls)
A cubit
A number,
figure
Ten thousaud
A million
Malay.
pala
lawang
gaharu
kfipur, kapur
barus
cbandana
kasturi
arang
gula
sandawa
sutra
kapas
goni
harga
labs
naracha
babara
hasta
angka
laksa
Sanskrit.
juta
pbala (fruit)
lavarhga
aguru
karpura
cbandana
kasturi
Angara
guda (molasses)
saindhava (rock-
salt)
sutra (thread,
fibre)
karpasa
goni
argha
labha
uuracbi (a gold-
smith's scales)
bhara (a load, a
weight)
basta
anka (a mark,
a cipher)
laksha
(100,000)
ayuta (10,000)
Other Languages.
J. and S. pala.
J., S., and Mak. gam;
D. garo, perfume.
J., S., and D. kapur-
barus ; Mak. kaporo
barusu.
J. and S. chendana; Tag.
and Bis. sandana.
J. and S. kasturi; Mak.
kasaturi ; Tag. and
Bis. kastoli.
J. and S. areng ; S.
arang ; Bat. agong ;
D. aring ; Tag. and
Bis. oling.
J., S., and D. gula;
Mak. golla.
J. sendawa; S. chindawa.
J. and S. sutra ; Bat.
suntora; Mak. andBu.
sutara; Tag. sutla.
J., S., and D. kapas;
Bat. hapas ; Mak. ka-
pasa ; Bis. gapas.
S. goni.
S. and Bat. harga ; J.
and D. rega ; Mak.
cmgga; Tag. and Bis.
halaga.
Kw., Bat., Mak., andD.
laba ; Tag. and Bis.
laba, increase, usury.
Kw. naracha; J. and
S. traju.
Kw. and Mak. bara, 100
millions ; Bis. bala, to
load on the back.
J. and S. asta.
J. ongka ; S., Mak. , Bu.,
and D. angka.
J. leksa; S.. D., Tag.,
and Bis. laksa; Bat.
loksa; Mak. lassa.
J. and S. yuta.
Many of the metals and most of the precious stones are
known to the Malays by their Sanskrit names, even those
which are found in Malay countries.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
'5
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Gold
amas, mas
mas (to mete,
J. emas; S. mas ; Bat.
to measure)
omas ; D. amas; Tag.
and Bis. amas, gold,
weight.
Gold
kanchana
kanchana
K\v. and S. kanchana.
Copper
tambaga
tamra
J. tembaga; S. tambaga ;
Bat. tombaga ; Mak.
tambaga ; Tag. and
Bis. tumbaga.
Tin
timah
tivra
J., S., and D. timah;
Bat. simbora; Mak.
timbera; Tag. and Bis.
tingga.
Quicksilver
rasa
rasa
J., S., Mak., and D.
rasa.
Pinchbeck
suwasa
suvarchasa (bril-
J., S., Bat., and Mak.
liant)
suwasa.
Glass
kacha
kacha
J., S., Mak., nnd Bu.
kacha; D. kacha and
kasa ; Tag. kasa, blue
and green stone.
Mica
abrak1
abhra (amber,
talc)
golaka (globule)
Crystal
golega
Jewel, pre-
mani
mani
J. mani.
cious stone
Do.
manikam
manika
Kw. and S. manikem, ;
Mak. manikang.
Do.
kamala
kamala (lotus)
Kw. kumaUi; Bat. hu-
mala, snake-stone.
Sapphire
nilam (nila,
nila (blue)
J. and S. nila; Mak.
blue)
nyila, blue.
Opal
biduri
vidura(amoun-
tain which
produces lapis
lazuli)
Euby
dalima
dalima (pome-
granate)
Jewel, bril-
mustika
mushtika (gold-
liant
smith)
Topaze
pusparagam
pushparaga
Pearl
mutia, mu-
tiara
mukta
Jewel, pre-
permata
paramata (ex-
Kw. pramati, a very
cious stone
cellence)
beautiful object.
Jewels of five
panchaldgam
panchaloha
kinds
(five metals)
.1
The implements, utensils, instruments, &c, the names of
which, if not the things themselves, the Malay races have
Favre derives abrak *rom the Arabic.
i6
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
borrowed from their Indian conquerors and rulers, are aa
follows : —
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
A lock
kunchi
kunchika (a
J. S., and D. kunchi;
key)
Bat. hunsi ; Mak.
konchi.
A bell
ganta
ghanta
J. and S. gcnta ; Bat.
aonta ; D. ganta ;
Mak. garaganta.
A water
kind!
kundl
J. and S. kendi.
vessel
A net
jala
Jala
J., S., Bat., Mak., and
D. jala.
A box
pet!
pet! (basket,
S. peti; Mak. patti; D.
l>ag)
pati.
Name of a
chora
kshura (a razor)
sword
A plough
tanggala
hala
Bat. tinggala ; Mak.
nangkala.
Chess
chatur
chatur (four)
J. and S. chatur.
Dice
judl
dyuta (game at
dice)
krakacha
J. judi ; Bat. jvji.
A saw
gargaji
J. graji; S. gergaji;
Bat. and Mak. gara-
gaji.
An awl
jara
karanda
ara
J. and S. jara.
A coffin
karanda (bas-
Bat. hurondo.
ket)
Royal um-
brella
Salver with a
chatra
chhattra
charana
charana (a foot)
S. charana; Bat. sa~
pedestal
rano; D. sarana.
A wheel
jantra
yantra (an en-
gine or ma-
chine)
J. jontra ; S. jantra.
Chariot
rata
rath a
J. rata.
Lyre, lute
keehapi
kachchhapi
S. kachupi; Bat. husapi;
D. kasapi.
Flute
bangs!
vangi
Pipe, flute
muri
mural!
The terms of adulation common in India in the mouths of
inferiors addressing superiors have no equivalents in Malay.
It is noticeable, however, that some of the most ordinary
Malay phrases of politeness are Sanskrit. Tdbek (J. and S.
tdbe; Bat. santdbi ; Mak. tabeya ; D. tabi ; Tag. and Bis. tabi;
Tag. santdbi, to show respect), which corresponds to the Indian
salaam in communications between Europeans and Malaya_
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
17
means properly " pardon," and is derived from the Sanskrit
hhantavya, excusable; sila, to sit cross-legged1 (.the respectful
attitude indoors), is the Sanskrit fd, to meditate, to worship ;
and sila, a Malay term of politeness, which in some respects
answers to our " if you please," but which also means " to
invite," has its origin in the Sanskrit word gila, good conduct,
moral practice. The same language, too, supplies a consider-
able number of words denoting family and relationship : —
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Father
ayah
vayas (prime of
J. ayah, grandson ; S.
life)
aya ; Mak. aya, mo-
ther.
Brother
sudara
sodarya
J. saudara.
Husband
swami
svamin
Wife
istri
stri (a woman)
J. estri ; S. istri.
Virgin
anak dara
dara (wife),
Kw. dara ; J. lara; Bat.
adara (un-
dara; Mak. rara ; S.
married)
dara, a young woman
who has just got her
first child.
Relationship
pangkat
pankti (a line,
row)
Race
bangsa
vamoa
J. wongsa; S., Bat., and
D. bangsa ; Mak.
bansa.
Family
kulawarga
kula (family),
varga (class)
J. kulawarga.
Do.
kulawangsa
vamca
The few astronomical terms known to the Malays have
been borrowed either from Sanskrit or Arabic, the former
supplying the following : —
1 J., S., and Tag. sila; S. silah, to invite ; Bat. sila, a gift of welcome.
i8
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
i
Other Languages.
Eclipse
grahana
grahana
J. grahana.
Firmament
udara
adhara (lower)
Celestial
chakrawala
chakra - vala
sphere
(horizon ; a
range of
mountains
supposed to
encircle the
earth and to
be the limit
of light and
darkness)
Atmosphere
bumantara
cf. dyuraantara
Kw. bomantara ; J. ju-
(brilliancy)
mantara.
The heavens,
angkasa
aka$a
Kw. and S. akasa.
lether
The milky-
bimasakti
bhima (ter-
S. bimasakti; J. bima-
way
rible), cakti
(strength,
sakti, the name of a
star.
power)
Pleiades
kertlkn
krittika (the
third of the
lunar man-
sions)
The sign Can-
mangkara
makara
J. mangkara, crab.
cer in the
iiac
Astrology
panchalima
panchan (five)
To these may be added BdhiX (Sansk. Bdhu, a deity to
whom eclipses are ascribed) and Kedti, (Sansk. Ketu, the
mythological name of the descending node, represented as a
headless demon), monsters who are supposed by the Malays
to cause eclipses by swallowing the moon. To denote the
points of the compass the Malays have native, Sanskrit, and
Arabic terms. Utara (uttara),1 the north, and daksina (daJc-
shina), the south, are Sanskrit words ; and paksina, the north,
has evidently been coined by Malays in imitation of daksina.
The elephant is most generally known all over the Archi-
pelago by its Sanskrit name gajah. Sanskrit terms are also
used to signify the driver of an elephant and several articles
used in connection with this animal. From these circum-
stances we may probably conclude, with Crawfurd, that the
1 J., S., and D. utara ; Bat. otara; Bis. otala, east wind.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
*9
art of training and domesticating elephants was first learned
by the Malays from natives of India.1
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Elephant
gajah
gaja
J.. S., and D. gajah;
Bat. and Mak. gaja ;
Tag. gadia; Bis. gadya.
Elephant-
gambala-
gopala (herds-
driver
gajah
man)
Goad
angkus,
kwasa
ankuca
Foot-chain
anduwan
andu (chain)
Front part of
gomba,
kumbha
the head
kumba
Unbroken,
meta
mada (elephant
Kw. meta, wild elephant.
vicious
in rut)
(of an ele-
phant) ;
the condi-
tion called
musth
Hobbles for
sengkala
cririkhala (a
securing
chain)
the feet
The words of command used by elephant-drivers in the
Malay peninsula appear, however, to be adapted mainly from
the Siamese, and it is from this people that the Malays of the
continent have acquired much of their modern knowledge
of the art of capturing, subduing, and training the elephant.
The names of animals, birds, &c, indicate, as might be ex-
pected, that while most of the varieties known to the Malays
are indigenous, there are some species which have been im-
ported, or which, belonging to other countries, are known by
name only in the Archipelago. The word morga (mriga) and
satwd (sattva),2 both meaning " an animal," are Sanskrit, and
if the commoner word bendtang is derived, as seems possible,
from the Sanskrit vana, forest, there is no purely native
generic term to signify a beast or animal. While, therefore8
l Crawfurd's Malay Grammar, Dissertation clxxxiii.
* J. mergu ; J. sato ; S. satoa ; D. satua ; Bat. santuwa, a mouse.
20
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
the early Malay tribes had names for all the animals domesti-
cated by them, as well as those which they encountered in
their forests, it was not until the period of their intercourse
with more civilised races from India that they learned to
generalise and to comprehend the brute creation under one
term. The following Sanskrit words for animals, &c, occur
in Malay : —
i Crawfurd has noticed the fact that the names of the domesticated animals
are native, one exception being the goose, which, he thinks, may therefore be
supposed to have been of foreign introduction (Crawfurd's Grammar, Disser-
tation clxxxiii.). It must be remembered, however, that among the Hindus
the goose is worshipped at the festivals of Brahma, and that, being thus in
a manner sacred, its Sanskrit name would naturally be in use wherever the
Hindu religion spread. Brahma is represented as riding on a white hamta.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 21
Perhaps the Malay word hartmau (Kw. rimong ; Bat. arimo,
tiger-cat; D. harimaung, panther), a tiger, may have been
formed from Hari (Krishna or Vishnu) and mriga (an animal).
Words similarly compounded with mriga (Malay morga) are
not uncommon in Sanskrit, e.g., Krish7ia-mriga (the black
antelope), mahd-mriga (an elephant).1 The terms in use for
"horse" and "sheep" seem to indicate that those animals
were first brought to Malay countries from India. KUda,
horse (Kw. and S. kuda), is derived by Crawfurd from ghora
(Hindi), by others from kudra (Tamul). Biri-biri (sheep) is
said to be borrowed from the Hindi bher, which is itself de-
rived from the Sanskrit bheda, a ram, or from bhiru (Sansk.),
a goat. Certain fabulous birds and reptiles which belong
to the domain of Hindu mythology have their places also in
Malay folk-lore j such as garuda,2 the eagle of Vishnu, and
Jatdyu (Malay jintdyu), a fabulous vulture; chandrawdsi, a
name given by Malays to a fabulous bird which is heard but
never seen, is also evidently of Sanskrit origin. To these ndgas
a dragon, may be added (J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu., and T>. naga).
The vegetable kingdom supplies a long list of trees, plants,
and flowers which are known to the Malays by Sanskrit
names. Some of these are closely connected with another
group of words to be noticed presently, namely, those which
belong to the department of religion. The use of sweet-
smelling flowers is a noticeable feature in the religious worship
of the Hindus, and the fact that many flowers held by them
to be sacred to the worship of particular gods are called by
Malays by the same names which they bear in the temples of
India, is a remarkable example of an historical lesson latent in
words. It points to the fact, abundantly proved by other
evidence, that Brahmanism once held sway where it has long
been superseded by the faith of Islam, and that words which have
no special significance for the modern Muhammadan Malay
were fraught with mystic solemnity for his distant ancestors.
1 Perhaps a more plausible derivation is from the Tamul ari-md, a male lion,
2 J. and S. garuda ; Mak. guruda.
21
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
In many cases, indeed, the Sanskrit names have been ap-
plied by the Malays to different plants from those designated
by the same expressions in India. In other cases, names un-
known in classical Sanskrit, but obviously compounded of
Sanskrit words, have been given by the Malays or Javanese.
The common native Malay term for "flower" is biXnga; sdri
(Javanese sari, Sansk. kesara) and puspa (Sansk. pushpa) have
been borrowed from India.
English or Latin.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Michelia
champaka
champaka (de-
J. and S. champaka;
champaka
dicated by
the Hindus
to Krishna ;
one of Ka-
madeva's ar-
rows is tipped
with it)
Mak. champaya.
Jonesia asoka
angsuka
ac,oka (sacred
to Mahadeva,
and held in
the highest
veneration by
the Hindus)
J. angsoka and soka.
Mesua ferrea
nagasari (Rigg
nag a kesara
supposes the
("The deli-
Malay plant
cious odour
to be Acacia
of its blos-
pedunculata;
soms justly
Mar s d e n,
gives them a
Acacia au-
place in the
rea).
quiver of Ka-
madeva." —
Sir William
Jones
Jasminum
malati
malati {Jas-
J. malati; S. melati.
sambac
minum gran-
(jasmine)
difiorum1)
Arabian jas-
melor
madhura (cf.
J. menur; Kw. menur.
mine (Nye-
malura, Cra-
silver.
tanthes 1)
taeva reli-
giosa)
1 " Commeline had been informed that the Javans give the name of Malati
to the Zambak {Jasminum sambac), which in Sanskrit is called Navamalika,
and which, according to Iiheede, is used, by the Hindus in thei* sacrifices ;
but tbey make offerings of most odoriferous flowers, and particularly of the
various Jasmins and Zambaks."—Sir Williavi Jones, As. Res. iv.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
*3
English or Latin.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Ocymum ba-
sulasi
tulasi (sacred
J. selasih and telasih ; S.
silicum
to Krishna)
selasi ; Mak. tolasi ;
(holy basil)
Tag. solasi.
Uvaria odo-
kenanga
kanana 1 (a for-
J. kenonga; Mak. and
rata (or
cananga)
Santalum al-
est)
Bu. kananga.
chandana
chandana ("Per-
J. and S. chendana ;
bum, san-
petually men-
Tag. and Bis. sandana.
dal-wood
tioned in the
most ancient
books of the
Hindus as
flourishing on
•
the moun-
tains of Ma-
laya." — Sir
Wm. Jones
Plumieria
kamb6ja
kamboja(a1kind
S. kamboja.
acutifolia
of mimosa)
Nelumbium
saroja
saroja
J. saroja.
speciosum,
lotus.
Vitex trifo-
lagundi *
nirgandhi
J. legundi; Bat. gundi.
liata
(" Which Bon-
tius calls la-
gondi." — Sir
Wm. Jones.
•Gandhi is
used in the
latter part of
a compound
word with the
same meaning
that aandha
has: "smell,"
"odour"
Alpinia ga-
gadamala
gandha, smell;
langa, or
mdld, a gar-
Curcuma
land
reclinata
Justicia gan-
gandarusa
gandha, smell ;
S. gandarusc
darusa
rvsa (Malay),
a deer (?)
Hibiscus
gandapura
gandha, smell ;
Mak. gandapura
abelmos-
pura, calix of
chus
a flower
Hedichium
gandasuli
gandha, smell
S. gandasoli.
coronarium
1 Ainslie's Materia Medica, Madras, 1813. Kanana occurs in the names
of several flowers, e.g., kanana karavira, Plumieria alba.
2 Perhaps a corruption of nila-gandhi. Ainslie gives the Sanskrit name as
jela-nirghoondi.
24
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LAJSUUAGK
English or Latin.
Liquidambar
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
rasamala
surasa, sweet,
altingiana
elegant ; Ind-
ia, a garland
Carthamus
kasumba
kusumbha
J., S., Mak., and D.
tinctorius,
kasumba; Tag. kasub-
safflower
ha; Bis. kasobha.
Crocus sati-
kumkuma
kumkuma
J. kamkuma ; Mak.
vus, saffron
kuma.
Alyxia stel-
pulasari
phnl {Bind.),
lata ; an
flower ; sari
odoriferous
(Javanese),
root used in
from kesara
medicine
(Sansk.), a
flower
Tectonia
jati
jati (synony-
J., S., Bat., Mak., Bu.,
grandia,
mous with
and D. jati.
teak
malati), Jas-
minum gran-
diflorum
Pterocarpus
angsana
asana (Termina-
J. and S. angsana.
indicus
lia alata to-
mentosa)
tala
Borassus fla-
Ion tar
J. and S. lontar ; Bat.
belliformis
otal ; Mak. tala; Bu.
ta; Tag. tual.
Eugenia jam-
jambti
jambu
J.. S., Mak., and D.
bu, rose-
jambu; Bu. jampu;
apple
Tag. dambo ; Bat.
jambu-jambu, fringe ;
Bu. jambo - jambo,
fringe, plume.
Mangifera
mampelam
from Telugu,
J. pelem ; S. ampelem.
indica,
mampalam ;
mango
Sansk. maltii-
phala, ' ' great
fruit "
Spondias ray-
amra
amra \ th e
robolan (or
mango,il/an-
mangifera)
giferaindica);
am rata (Spon-
dias mangi-
fera)
Punica gra-
dalima
dadima and
natum, po-
dalima
megranate
Zizyphus ju-
bidara
vidara
J. widara ; S. bidara.
juba
Cucurbita la-
labd
alabu
S. labu; Bat. tabu-tabu;
genaria,
Malg. tawu.
gourd, _
pumpkin
Tricosanthes
pat61a
patola
laciniosa
Cassia fistula
biraksa
vriksha (a tree)
Emblica offi-
malaka
amalaka (Emblic
S. malaka; Bat. mala-
cinalis
myrobalan)
kah.
_ . „
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
25
Pdlas, paldsa, and paldsang are Malay names for trees of
different kinds, not one of which corresponds botanically with
the Sanskrit paldsa (Butea frondosa, a tree which is held by
Hindus to be peculiarly venerable and holy). The preceding
list affords several illustrations of a similar misuse of terms.
To it might be added several words borrowed from other
Indian languages, such as ndnas, pine-apple (Hind, ananas),
bilimbing (Tamul bilimbi), &c, &C.1
Marsden has remarked on the number of Sanskrit words
expressive of the feelings and emotions of the human mind
which occur in Malay, and Arabic also furnishes several.
Either their synonymous native terms have been lost, or the
Malays, at the period of Indian influence, had not reached
that stage of civilisation when man commences to analyse and
name the emotions he experiences and sees experienced by
others. Good and bad qualities, in the same way and for the
same reason, seem often to bear Sanskrit appellations. The
following list does not profess to be complete : —
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Pleasure, to
suka
sukha
J., S., and D. suka.
be pleased
Joy, rejoiced
suka-chita
sukha-chit
(chit =
thought, the
heart)
Sorrow, grief
duka
duhkha (pain)
duhkha-chit
J. and S. duka.
Do.
duka-chita
Care, anxiety,
chinta
chinta (thought)
J. chipta; S. chinta;
concern
Mak. chita; D. and
Tag. sinta.
Passionately
berahl
virahin (suffer-
J. birahi.
in love
ing separa-
tion)
Angry
murka
murkha (stupi-
J. murka, greedy, dis-
dity)
satisfied.
Hope
fisa
aca
Tag. asa.
Love
Asmara
smara
J. and S. asmara.
Avarice, co-
16ba
lobha
Kw. loba, voluptueus,
vetousness
luxurious ; S. loba,
abundant.
1 J. nanas; S. Icanas ; Bat. honas; D. kanas; J. and S. bdlimbing ; Bat
baiiiigbiiiy.
*6
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
English
Malay.
Sanskrit.
buddhi
Other Languages.
"Wisdom, un-
bftdt
J. and S. budi.
derstanding
Stupid, fool-
ish
Wise, learned
b6doh
abodha
J. and S. bodo.
pandei
pandita
J., S., and Bat. pandL
Lazy
malas
alasa
Charity, bene-
derma
dharma
J. and S. derma; Bat.
volence
dorma, means of gain-
ing affection.
Generous
dermawan
dharmavant
Fidelity
setla
satya
J. satya and secha ; S.
sacha.
Faith ful,loyal
setiawan
satyavant
Thought, to
sangka
yank a
think
To suspect,
tarka
tarka (doubt,
J. and S. tarka and
conjecture
reason)
terka.
Blaine
chela
chhala (fraud)
J. chela ; Mak. challa.
Misfortune,
chelaka
chhalaka (de-
J. and S. chelaka; Mak.
vile, base
ceiving, a de-
ceiver)
chilaka ; D. chalaka.
Sin, crime
ddsa
dush (to sin)
J., S., Bat., Mak., and
D. dosa.
False, untrue
dusta
dushta
Morir, meri-
pahala
phala (fruit, pro-
Kw. pahala, fruit,
torious ac-
duce, result)
merit.
tions
HappinesB,
bahagta
bhagya (lot,
J. bagya ; S. bagia ; Bat.
good for-
fate)
badiya.
tune
Use, value,
gun a
guna (quality)
J., S., Bat., Mak., and
quality
D. guna.
Inter-tribal warfare is usually characteristic of savage tribes,
and an ample vocabulary of words connected with fighting
and the art of war may be looked for in a language like
Malay. But though the native terms are numerous, many
have also been furnished by Sanskrit, among which may be
instanced the following : —
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
27
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
!
Other Languages.
Army
bala, balatan-
bala (an army),
J. and S. bala.
tra
tantra (series,
offspring)
Fort
k6ta
kuta
J. kuta; Bat. huta ; S.,
Mak., D., Tag., and
Bis. kota.
Bastion, re-
malawati1
balavati (strong,
doubt
powerful) ?
Weapon, arm
senjata
sajja (armour),
Kw. and Mak. sanjata ;
sajjata, readi-
Bat. sonjata ; D. san-
ness
data.
Bow
panah
vana (an arrow)
J., S., and D. panah;
Mak. pana; Tag. and
Bis. pana, arrow.
Dagger
kris
krit (to cut, to
J. and S. keris and kris;
kill)
Bat. horis ; Mak. ku-
risi ; Tag. and Bis.
kalis.
Discus
cbakra
ohakra
Club
gad a
gada
J. gada.
Cross-bow
gandi
gandi va
J. gandewa.
Pike
sanggamara
samgvama (war,
battle)
Knife
churlka
chhurikA
Kw. churika, a kris.
Enemy
satru
catru
J. and S. satru.
Battlefield
rana
rana (battle)
Kw. and S. rana.
Victory-
jaya
jaya
J. and S. jaya.
Among the Malays the titles of royalty and nobility, and
many of the terms in use for the paraphernalia of the court,
are Sanskrit. Logan supposes the native Malayan institutions
to have been of a " mixed patriarchal and oligarchical " form.2
Crawfurd was not satisfied that the terms alluded to proved
that Hinduism had exercised much influence on Malayan
government ; 3 but when to these is added a long catalogue of
words connected with law, justice, and administration, it will
probably be apparent that Indian influence has played an
important part in moulding the institutions of the Malays.
The following are some of the principal titles, &c, in use
about the court of a Malay Eaja : —
1 Crawfurd, very likely correctly, derives this from the Portuguese baludrte
a bulwark.
1 Journ. Ind. Arch., v. 572.
3 Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Dissertation cciL
*8
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
King
raja
raj
J., S., and Bat. raja.
Maharaja (a
maharaja
maharaja (a
title not
king, sove-
confined to
reign)
royalty, but
used also
by Malay
chiefs)
Adxraja (a
adiraja
adhiraja (the
title)
first or pri-
meval king,
epithet of
Manu and of
a son of Kuru)
King (reign-
baginda
bhagya (merit,
J. bagenda ; S. baginda*
ing mo-
happiness)
narch)
, Pad uka (a
paduka l
paduka (a shoe)
J. and S. paduka.
title of re-
spect used
in address-
ing persons
of rank)
Duli (a title
duli»
dhuli (dust)
J. dull; Bat. daholi.
used in ad-
dressing
royalty)
Queen
permeisurl
paramecvarl (a
J. prameswari; S. per-
title of Durga,
masuri.
wife of Civa)
Prince
putra
putra (a son)
J. and S. putra.
Princess
putrl
putrl (a daugh-
ter)
mantrin (coun-
J. and S. putri.
Minister
mantrl
J. mantri; Mak. man-
cillor)
tari; S. mantri, a
minor official.
Chiefminister'
pardana-man-
tri
paramantri
pradhana
Councillor
para (highest)
Officer of the
sida-sida
siddha (priest,
learned man)
household
Warrior,
hulubalang
bala (army)
J. and Bat. hulubalang.
royal escort
1 These two words must have been originally used by Malays in the sense
which they bear in Sanskrit. "Unto the shoes of my lord's feet," or
"beneath the dust of your majesty's feet," are phrases in which paduka
and duli would immediately precede the name or title of the person
addressed. Being thus used always in connection with the titles of royal
or distinguished persons, the two wordshave been taken for honorific titles, and
are so used by Malays, unaware of the humble origin of what are to them
high-sounding words.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
29
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Sage, royal
pandita
pandita
J. and S. pandita.
adviser
Laksamana
laksamana
lakhshmana
J. and S. laksmana.
(one of the
(the son of
officers of
Dacaratha
state)
by Sumitra)
Treasurer
bandahara
bhandagara
Mak. bandara; J. ben-
(treasure)
dara, master ; S. ban-
daran, custom-house.
Throne
singgahaaana
simhasana
Kw. and S. singasana.
Palace
astana
sthana (place,
whence the
Persian as-
tana, a thres-
hold, a fakir's
residence)
Crown
mak6ta
mukuta
J. and S. makuta ; Mak.
makota.
Royalinsignia
upachara
upachara (ser-
vice)
J. upachara.
Title of a
magat
magadha (the
chief who
sonofaVaicya
is of noble
byaKshatriya
blood on
woman)
one side
only
Officer (hero)
punggawa
pungava(abull;
J., S., and Mak. pung-
as latter part
gawa.
of compound
words, " ex-
cellent," e.g.y
nara-pun-
gava, an ex-
cellent war-
rior)
The incidents of Asiatic government have caused the intro-
duction into the Malay language of such terms as the follow-
ing, among others : —
3°
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Country
negri
nagara and na-
garl
dica
J. and S. nagara.
District
desa
J., S., Bat., and D.
desa; Mak. dessa.
Tax
upatt
utpatti
J. and S. upeti.
Hall, court
balei
valaya (an en-
S. baU; D. balai, open
enclosure)
building ; J. baU,
bench ; Bat. bale, hut
on a king's tomb.
Examine, in-
prek«»
pariksha
J. priksa; Mak. paressa;
quire
D. j ariksa and riksa.
Cause, suit
bichara
vichara (consi-
Mak. and D. bichara;
deration, dis-
J. wichara; S. pichara.
cussion)
"Witness
saksi
sakshin
J.,S.,D.,Tag., andBia.
saksi.
Crime
dosa
dush (to sin)
J., S., Bat., Mak., and
D. dosa.
Insult, tres-
angk&ra
ahamkara (pride)
Kw. angkara.
pass
Injustice, op-
anyay a
anyaya
J. aniaya.
pression
Inheritance
pusaka
push (to possess)
J., S., and Mak. pusaka.
Action.
sanggeta
samketa (a p-
tiation
p ointment,
convention)
Proof
biti
vitti 'probabi-
Hty)
achara (conduct)
Cause, matter
achara
in dispute
Punishment .siksa
ciksha (learn-
J. and S. siksa; Mak.
ing)
sessa.
Fine
den da
danda
J. and S. denda; Bat.
dan gdang ; D. dan da.
Prison
panjara
panjara (a cage)
J. and S. kunjara ; Mak.
panjara; Bat. binjara,
a trap ; D. jara and
panjara, punished.
Punishment (of
druma
drub (to hurt
a disgrace-
ful kind
inflicted on
women)
Slave
s ah ay a
sahaya (com-
panion)
»
Free, liber-
mardahika
mridh (to par-
J. and S. mardika ; Bat.
ated
don?)
mardaekoh; Mak.,Bu.,
and D. maradeka; Tag.
mahadlika.
Executioner
1 palabaya
para (exceeding)
I
i
bhaya (fear)
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 31
The groups of words remaining to be noticed are those
connected with the Hindu religion, and with the demon-
worship or spirit-worship, which was the earliest form which
the religious sentiment took among the Malay tribes.1 After
the conversion of the Malays to the faith of Muhammad, the
traditions of Hinduism were gradually confused with the
aboriginal superstitions, and neither have been entirely obli-
terated by the cult which superseded them. The belief in
the power of malignant spirits to cause misfortune, sickness,
and death is still strong among the Malays, whose pawangs
or medicine-men claim to be able to propitiate demons by
spells, prayers, and offerings. These men frequently invoke
benevolent spirits by the names of Rama, Vishnu, and other
Hindu deities, in complete ignorance that they are Hindu,2
to counteract the evil influences of malevolent demons.
Practices of this sort prevail most generally in places re-
mote from Arab influence.
The Malays did not altogether discard the theological terms
of Hinduism when they adopted a new religion. For instance,
putisa? abstinence, fasting (Sansk. upavdsa), is used to express
the annual fast of the Muhammadans during the month
Ramzan. Heaven and hell also retain their Sanskrit
names.
The following are some of the principal theological terms
which have passed from Sanskrit into Malay : —
1 "The Javanese have peopled the air, the woods and rivers with various
classes of spirits, their belief in which probably constituted their sole reli-
gion before the arrival of the Bramins." — Crawford's Grammar, Dissertation
cxcix.
2 "The Javanese consider all the Hindu gods of their former belief not
as imaginary beings, but as real demons " (Ibid.), just as the early Christian!
regarded the classic gods, and attributed oracles to diabolical agency.
3 J., S., Male., D., and Bis. puasa ; Bat. puaso.
1*
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Religion
agama
agama (sacred
J., S., Mak., Bu„, and
science)!
D. agama.
Spiritual
guru
guru
J., S., Mak., Bat., and
guide
D. guru.
Praise, adora-
puji, puja
puj (to honour)
J. and S. puji, puja;
tion
puja (worship-
Bat. and Mak. puji;
ping)
D. mampuji; to invoke.
Religious pen-
tapa
tapas
J.,S.,Mak., D.,andBu.
ance
tapa.
Heaven
surga
svarga
J. suwarga ; S. surga.
Hell
naraka, patala
naraka, patala
J., S., Mak., and D. na-
raka ; S. patala.
Fast, absti-
puasa
upavasa
J., S., Mak., D., and Bis.
nence
puasa ; Bat. puaso.
Supernatural
saktl
cakti (strength,
power)
bhakti (worship,
J. and S. sakti.
power
Meritorious
bakti
J. and S. bakti.
service, me-
devotion)
rit
Sacred formu-
mantra
mantra
J. and S. mantra.
la, charm,
spell
Incense
dupa
dhupa
J.,S.,Mak.,Bu., andD.
dupa ; Bat. daupa ;
Tag. dupa-an, censer.
Incense (made
istanggi
ashtaka (a col-
S. istanggi; Mak. sa-
of eight in-
lection of eight
tanggi.
gredients)
things)
Ceuser(abam-
sangka
<jankha (conch-
boo split
shell used for
at one end,
libations)
and opened
out so as to
form a re-
ceptacle)
Trumpet
sangkakala
caiikha (conch-
shell used for
blowing as a
horn), kala
(time)
Protection,
sempana
sampanna
blessing, or
invocation
to secure
protection
1 "Agama in Sanskrit is 'authority for religious doctrine :' in Malay and
Javanese it is religion itself, and is at present applied both to the Moham-
medan and the Christian religions." — Crawfurd, Malay Grammar, Disserta-
tion cxcviiL
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
33
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Sati, self-sac-
bela
vela (sudden
J. and Bat. bela.
rifice on the
death) ?
tomb of a
lord or hus-
band
Recluse, de-
biktt
bhikshu (a reli-
Kw. wiku ; Siam. phiku,
votee
gious mendi-
a devotee, beggar.
cant)
Mystic words
Om, hong x
om (a mystic
J. hong.
prefixed to
word prefac-
prayers and
ing all pray-
invocations
ers) ; hum (a
mystic syl-
lable used in
incantation sj
Sacrifice,
humum
honia 'sacrifice)
burnt-offering
1
DEITIES, &0.
A god
batara
avatara (de-
J., S., Bat., and Mak.
scent)
batara ; Bis. batala,
idol.
Minor deity
dSwa, de*wata
deva, devata
J. and S. dewa, dewata ;
Mak. dewa, rewata ;
D. dewa; Bis. diat
idol ; Bat. debata ; Bu.
dewata.
Do. (female)
dewl
devi
J., S., and Mak. dewi.
Names sup-
Brahma
Brahma (one of
posed by
the three prin-
Malays to
cipal Hindu
belong to
deities)
powerful
Bisnu
Vishnu (one of
spirits or
the three prin-
demons
cipal Hindu
deities)
!
Sri Rama
Rama (the hero
of the Rama-
yana)
Ranjuna
Arjuna (the
third son of
Pandu)
Baruna
Varuna (the
deity of the
waters)
S. Baruna.
Maheswara
Mahecvara
Handuman
Hauumant (the
monkey chief
in the Rama-
yana)
Maharshi(asage
Mahareshi
of a pre-emi-
nent class)
1 I have found both these words used separately and distinctly by Pawangi
in the state of Perak. Baffles and Logan confused them. Journ. Ind.
Arch., i. 300 ; History of Java. ii. 369. De Backer mentions ong only
IV Arch i pel. Indien, 11 2°»-
34
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
English.
Malay.
Sanskrit.
Other Languages.
Supernatural
Indra
Indra (king of
Kw. Endra ; S. Indra.
beings
heaven)
Chandra
Chandra (the
moon)
J. and S. Chandra.
Nymph, god-
Bidyadarl
Vidyadharl (a
3. Widadari; Mak. Blda-
dess
female demi-
god)
dari.
DEMONS, &0.
Demon
jana, janu
jana (creature,
demon)
Malignant
bdta
bhuta
J. and S. buta; Mak.
spirit
bota.
Name of a
pancha - ma-
panchan (five) ;
particular
demon
ha-bdta
bhuta (ele-
ment) ; the
five elements
according to
the Hindus
are earth, fire,
water, air, and
•
aether
A kind of de-
bdga
bhoga (a snake)
• mon
Name of a
bujangga
bhujamga (a
J. bujongga; S. bujang-
particular
snake)
ga.
demon
; An evil spirit
rakshasa
rakshasa
J. and S. rakmsa.
1 Ghost, goblin
hantu
hantu (death)
J. antu ; Bat. and S.
hantu ; D. hantu,
Spectre
badei
vadha (killing,
corpse.
(which
murder)
haunts the
scene of a
murder or
sudden
death)
A female who
bidu, biduan
vidhava (a
Bat. biduwan.
chants in-
widow)
cantations
Spell to cause
death
A demon
permaya
pramaya (death)
Bat. parangmayo.
danawa
danava
J. danawa.
A daitya or
ditya
daitya
Kw. ditya.
demon
A supernatu-
gargasi
karkaca (cruel),
J. gargasi, a large bird.
ral monster
or, perhaps,
from ugra,
very strong,
terrible, cruel
Magic
sastara
castra (science,
learning)
Magician,
sastarawan
castravant
sorcerer
(skilled in the
holy writings)
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 35
A remarkable instance of the extent to which the Malay
language has been enriched by Aryan terms is to be found in
their national or racial name. The origin of the word Malayu
(the native word from which we obtain our "Malay") has
been made the subject of some discussion by several authors.
Some are disposed to trace it to the Sanskrit word malaya,
while others prefer to regard it as a purely native word.
These views are summarised in the following extract from
the introduction to the Malay Grammar of the Abbe
Favre : —
u Some authors, and particularly Dr. Ley den, whose autho-
rity in this matter is of great weight, derive the word malayu
from the Tamil male, which means ' mountain/ whence malaya,
'chain of mountains,' a word applied in Sanskrit to the
Western Ghauts.
" Marsden asserts that this opinion, being founded upon a
mere resemblance of sound between the Sanskrit word malaya
and the name of the Malay people, is not sufficient to justify
this derivation.1
" Nevertheless the opinion of Dr. Leyden has continued to
command belief, and has been regarded as not altogether un-
founded by M. Louis de Backer, who has recently published
a work on the Indian Archipelago.2
"Another theory, which has the support of Werndly,8 is so
far simple and rational that it seeks the etymology of this
word in the traditions of the Malays and in books written by
themselves. Thus, in a work which has the greatest authority
among them, and which is entitled Suldlates-saldtin, or Sejdrat
malayu, the following passage occurs : —
" ' There is in the island of Sumatra an ancient kingdom
called Palembang, opposite to the island of Banka; a river
flows there which is still called Tatang, into the upper portion
of which another river falls, after having watered the spurs of
i Marsden's Malay Grammar, Introduction.
2 L'Archipel Indien, p. 53.
* Maleiscke Spraakkunst, door G. H. Werndly p. jrix.
36 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
the mountain Maha Meru (which Malay princes claim as the
cradle of their origin) ; the tributary is called Melayu, or
Malayu.' The meaning of this word is 'to flow quickly' or
1 rapidly,' from layu, which in Javanese as well as in the
dialect of Palembang signifies * swift, rapid ; ' it has become
laju, melaju, in Malay by the conversion of ^ into , a change
which is by no means rare in Malay, as it may be seen in
CL>f>- and ^jp-,1 from the Sanskrit ayuta and yodi, and in
u£^«f>- jekadi, from the Arabic ^jj^t yehudi, &c.
** Now the Malays, an essentially nautical people, are in the
habit of settling along the banks of rivers and streams,
whence it comes that a great number of their towns have
taken the names of the rivers on or near which they are situ-
ated, such as Johor, Pahang, &c. In this way ■ the country
situated near the river of which the current is rapid/ Sungei
Malayu, would take the name of Tanah Malayu, and the in-
habitants of this country (governed in those times by a chief
named Demang Lebar Daun) that of Orang Malayu, just as
the inhabitants of Johor and Pahang are called Orang Johor,
Orang Pahang; and their language is called Bahasa Orang
Malayu or Bahasa Malayu.
'* The name of Malayu thus applied to the people and to the
language spread with the descendants of Demang Lebar Daun,
whose son-in-law, Sang Sapurba, became king of Menangkabau
or Pagar Ruwang, a powerful empire in the interior of
Sumatra. A grandson of Demang Lebar Daun, named Sang
Mutiaga, became king of Tanjong Pura. A second, Sang
Nila Utama, married the daughter of the queen of Bentan,
and immediately founded the kingdom of Singapore, a place
previously known as Tamassak. It was a descendant of his,
Iskander Shah, who founded the empire of Malacca, which
extended over a great part of the peninsula j and, after the
capture of Malacca by the Portuguese, became the empire
i The derivation of judi, gaming, from dyuta (game at dice), seems to
preferable to that adopted by M. Favre (following Van der Tuuk), who refers
>t to yodi, a warrior.
ii-a
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 37
Johor. It is thus that a portion of the Indian Archipelago
has taken the name of Tanah Malayu, 'Malay country.'
" One of the granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun was
married to the Batara or king of Majapahit, a kingdom which
extended over the island of Java and beyond it ; and another
was married to the Emperor of China, a circumstance which
contributed not a little to render the name of Malayu or Malay
known in distant parts." 1
This theory requires that we should suppose that a word of
wide application, which is known wherever Malays have estab-
lished themselves, is, in fact, a Malay word disguised in a form
found only in Javanese and the dialect of Palembang. If the
arguments adduced in support of it are to apply, we must first
of all admit the very doubtful historical accuracy of the Sejarah
Malayu, from which they are drawn.
There is a Malay word, layu, which means " faded," " with-
ered," and it is only the exigency of finding a word applicable
to a river that makes it necessary to look for a derivation in
laju, swift. In this or some kindred sense the word laju is
found in Javanese, Sundanese, and Dayak; but why it should
give its name, in the form of layu, to a river in Sumatra, and
thence to the whole Malay race, is not very obvious. A river
named in consequence of its swift current would be called by
Malays Sungei Laju, not Sungei Malaju. Even if the derivation
of Malayu from melaju had the support of the Malays them-
selves, Malay etymologies are not often safe guides. Not
much, for instance, can be said in favour of the fanciful deri-
vation of Sumatra from semut raya, " large ant," which is given
by the author of the Sdjarah Malayu.2
It is impossible to treat the story of Sang Sapurba, the first
Malay raja, as historical. The name, " Maha-Meru," suffi-
ciently shows that we are upon mythological ground. The
story is as follows : — Three young men descend from the
heavens of India (kaindra-an) upon the mountain Maha-Meru,
1 Favre, Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, Introduction, riii.
3 Leydeu's Malay Auuals, 65.
38 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
on the slopes of which they meet two women who support
themselves by planting hill-padi. Supernatural incidents mark
the advent of the strangers. The very corn in the ground
puts forth ears of gold, while its leaves become silver and its
stalks copper. One of the new-comers rides on a white bull,
and carries a sword called Chora (Sansk. kshura, a razor) sa-
mandang-kini. They are received by the natives of the district
(Palembang) and made rajas. He who rides the bull becomes
king of Menangkabau, and the other two receive minor
kingdoms.
It is not difficult to recognise here certain attributes of the
god Qiva, with which, by a not unnatural confusion of ideas,
Muhammadan Malays, the recipients of the old traditions,
have clothed their first raja.
Maha-Meru, or Sumeru, on which are the abodes of the
gods, is placed by Hindu geographers in the centre of the
earth. Malaya is mentioned in the Puranas as a mountain in
which the Godavari and other rivers take their rise. The
white bull of Sang Sapurba is evidently the vahan of Qiva,
and the name of the sword bears a close resemblance to
manda-kini, the name given in heaven to the sacred Ganges,
which springs from the head of Qiva. Most of the incidents
in the story, therefore, are of purely Hindu origin, and this
gives great probability to the conjecture which assigns a
Sanskrit source to the word Malayu. The Straits of Malacca
abound with places with Sanskrit names. Not to speak of
Singha-pura, there are the islands of Langka-wi and Lingga
and the towns of Indragiri and Indrapura, &c. Sumeru (in
Java), Madura, Ayuthia (in Siam), and many other names,
show how great Indian influences have been in past times in
the far East. May it not be, therefore, that Malaya 01
Malayu1 was the name by which the earliest Sanskrit-speak
1 Besides signifying a range of mountains, Malaya has the secondary mean
ing of "a garden." If the term was applied originally in reference to the
agricultural pursuits of the primitive tribes, it receives additional illustration
from the name given to one of the women whom Sang Sapurba meets on
Mount Maha-Meru, " Malini," a gardener's wife (Sansk.).
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 39
ing adventurers from India denominated the rude tribes of
Sumatra and the peninsula with whom they came in contact,
just as Jawi is the name given to Malays by the Arabs, the
term in either case being adopted by the people from those to
whom they looked up with reverence as their conquerors or
teachers ? According to this view, the introduction of a river,
Malayu, into the story of Sang Sapurba is an ex post facto way
of explaining the name, inserted with this object by the native
author of the Sdjarah Malayu.
If it be granted that the story of Sang Sapurba is mytho-
logical, it becomes unnecessary to follow any attempt to show
that the name of Malayu received additional celebrity from
the marriages of granddaughters of Demang Lebar Daun with
the Batara of Majapahit and the Emperor of China ! The
contemptuous style in which Malay, Javanese, and other bar-
barian rajas are spoken of by ancient Chinese historians leaves
but slender probability to the legend that an Emperor of China
once took a Malay princess as his wife.1
From this subject it is natural to proceed to another dis-
puted etymology, namely, the origin of the word Jawi, which
is often used by the Malays for the word Malayu in speaking
of their language and written character, bahasajawi meaning
Malay language, and sural jawi a document written in Malay.
It is not necessary to go into all the various conjectures on
the subject, which will be found in the works of Marsden,
Crawfurd, Favre, and others.
Jawi is a word of Arab origin, and is formed in accordance
with the rules of Arabic grammar from the noun Jawa, Java.
Just as from Makah, Meccah, is derived the word MaJck-i, of or
belonging to Meccah, so from Jawa, Java, we get Jawi, of or
belonging to Java. When this name was first applied to
Malays, the Arabs had not an accurate knowledge of the
ethnography of the Eastern Archipelago. Without very strict
regard to ethnical divergencies, they described all the brown
1 See Groeneveldt's Notes on the Malay Archipelago, compiled from
Chinese sources. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap, ixxix.
4o MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
races of the eastern islands under the comprehensive and
convenient term Jawi, and the Malays, who alone among
those races adopted the Arabic alphabet, adopted also the
term in speaking of their language and writing.1
As in Malay there are no inflexions to denote change of
number, gender, or person, the connection of Jawi with Jawa
is quite unknown to the Malays, just as the second part of
the word senamald (sma-maki, senna of Meccah 2) is not sus-
pected by them to have any reference to the sacred city.
There is a considerable Malay and Javanese colony in Meccah,3
where all are known to the Meccans indiscriminately as Jawi.
Marsden devotes several pages of the introduction to his
Malay Grammar to a discussion as to the origin and use of
the expression orang di-bawah angin, people below the wind,
applied by Malays to themselves, in contradistinction to orang
di-atas angin, people above the wind, or foreigners from the
West. He quotes from De Barros and Valentyn, and from
several native documents, instances of the use of these expres-
sions, but confesses his inability to explain their origin.
Crawfurd quotes these terms, which he considers to be
u native," and remarks that they are used by the Malays
alone of all the tribes in the Archipelago. A much more
recent writer characterises these terms as " Noms dont on ignore
encore la vraie signification" *
The expression is not of Malay origin, but is a translation
1 " Sawa, Jaioa, Saba, Jaba, Zaba, &c, has evidently in all times been
the capital local name in Indonesia. The whole Archipelago was compressed
into an island of that name by the Hindus and Romans. Even in the time
of Marco Polo we have only a Java Major and a Java Minor. The Bugis
apply the name of Jawa, Jawaka (comp. the Polynesian Sawaiki, Ceramese
Sarcai) to the Moluccas. One of the principal divisions of Battaland in
Sumatra is called Tanah Jawa. Ptolemy has both Jaba and Saba." — Logan,
Journ. Ind. Arch., iv. 338.
2 Senna (Cassia senna), as a medicine, enjoys a high reputation in India
and all over the East. In Favre's Malay-French Dictionary daun sena-maki
is translated feuilles de sine, no notice being taken of the last word ; but
Shakespear's Hindustani Dictionary has sena makk-i, "senna of Mecca.'
3 Burton's Pilgrimage to Medinah and Meccah, p. 175.
4 De Backer, L'Archipel Indien. li. (Paris, 1874).
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 41
into that language of an Arabic phrase. Instances of its use
occur in the " Mohit " (the ocean), a Turkish work on navi-
gation in the Indian seas, written by Sidi al Chelebi, captain
of the fleet of Sultan Suleiman the Legislator, in the Eed
Sea. The original was finished at Ahmedabad, the capital of
Gujarat, in the last days of Muharram, A.H. 962 (a.d. 1554).
It enumerates, among others, " the monsoons below the wind,
that is, of the parts of India situated below the wind," among
which are " Malacca, Shomotora, Tanassari, Martaban, and
Faiku (Pegu)." 1
TRANSLITERATION OF MALAY IN THE ROMAN
CHARACTER.
Malay is written in a character which has been borrowed
from a foreign literature in comparatively modern times, and
which but imperfectly suits its sounds. With the introduction
of the Muhammadan religion, the Malays adopted the Arabic
alphabet, modified to suit the peculiarities of their language.
In Malay literary compositions there is great diversity in
the manner of spelling many words. The accentuation of the
spoken dialect differs so much from Arabic, that it is difficult,
even for native writers, to decide when to write the long vowels
and when to leave them out. This is the point in which
diversity is most common.
Every European author who writes Malay in the Roman
character has to decide on what system he intends to render
the native language by means of our alphabet. The Malay
alphabet has thirty-four letters, so it is obvious that ours will
not accurately correspond with it. It is open to him, if he
wishes to obtain a symbol to correspond with every letter of
the Malay alphabet, to employ various means to denote those
letters for which we have no equivalents; or he may dismiss
the native alphabet from his mind altogether, and determine
to write the language phonetically. In a language, however,
1 Jo urn. As. Soc. Bengal, iii. 545.
42 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
which abounds in Sanskrit and Arabic words, he should, of
course, avoid the adoption of any system of spelling which
would disguise the true origin of words of foreign derivation.
Muhammadans from India or Persia introduced their own
method of writing among the Malays. They wrote Malay in
their own character (to the gradual supersession of any native
alphabet that may have previously existed), and this became
the alphabet of the Malays.
It is now our turn to write Malay in our character. Is it
sufficient to do this in our own way, as those did who intro-
duced the Perso-Arabic alphabet, or must we also have regard
to the mode of spelling adopted by the latter ?
In an elementary work like the present, it does not seem to
be necessary to burden the student with a system of translitera-
tion. The native character is not employed in this manual,
and there is, therefore, all the less occasion for using special
means for denoting peculiar native letters. It will be found
that the mode of spelling Malay words adopted by Marsden
has been followed in the main.1 In this Introduction the long
vowels (that is, the vowels which are written in full in the
native character) are marked with a circumflex accent, but it
has not been thought necessary to adopt this system in the
body of the work.
Sometimes vowels will be found marked with the short
sign, ". This is only for the purpose of assisting the student
in pronunciation, and does not represent any peculiarity in
the native character.
The vowels are to be sounded in general as in the languages
of the Continent of Europe. Final k is mute.
The correct pronunciation of Arabic words is aimed at by
Malays of education, and the European student should get
the right sounds of the vowel ain and of the more peculiar
Arabic consonants explained to him.
1 In certain foreign words the hard k will be found to be denoted by a dot
under the letter, thus, k ; and the peculiar vowel sound represented in Arabio
by the letter ain is denoted by the Greek rough breathing '.
MALAY MANUAL.
PART L
The object of this work is to facilitate the acquisition of an
elementary knowledge of the Malay language. It is believed
also that some of the hints and suggestions which it contains
will be of use to those who already have a colloquial know-
ledge of Malay, especially if this has been acquired from
Indian or Chinese settlers in the Straits of Malacca, not from
Malays themselves.
The Roman character is used throughout, but a knowledge
of the native character can hardly be dispensed with by those
who aim at a thorough acquaintance with the language. As
it abounds in idiomatic expressions, the study of native com-
positions is most important, and these are generally to be
found only in the Malay character. Little attempt is made
at scientific arrangement. In dealing with the various parts of
speech, technical terms are as far as possible avoided, and
reliance is placed rather on illustrations than abstract rules.
The student should divest himself of the expectation that
sentences may be formed in Malay on principles of construc-
tion which govern composition in European languages. An
elementary knowledge of Malay is so easily acquired that a
learner soon begins to construct sentences, and the tendency,
of course, is to reproduce the phrases of his own language
with words of the new one. He may thus succeed in making
himself intelligible, but it need hardly be said that he does
not speak the language of the natives. Correctness of ex-
44 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
pression cannot be entirely learnt from grammars. In this
manual cautions and hints will bo given, and, where possible,
absolute rules will be laid down, but these must not be re-
garded as complete. Instruction derived from books must be
supplemented by constant practice in speaking with Malays —
not with Malay-speaking Asiatics of other nationalities — before
idioms can be mastered. Until some facility in framing sen-
tences according to native idioms has been attained, and it
has been perceived how shades of meaning may be conveyed
by emphasis, or by the position of a word in the sentence, the
European will find it difficult to convey his ideas in Malay,
even with a considerable vocabulary of words at his disposal.
A Dutch author justly remarks : — " Malay is called a poor
language, and so it is, but not so much so as is often imagined,
certainly not as far as its vocabulary is concerned. That it
is often unable to furnish us with words for abstract ideas is
a deficiency which it has in common with all languages of the
Indian Archipelago, or rather with all races who have not
yet risen to the height of our civilisation and development.
Its richness or poverty, however, must not be judged by the
existing dictionaries, or by the contents of those manuscripts
which are known to us. When Malays are seated together
talking about various topics of everyday life, they are not in
want of words, and such conversations would, if noted down,
provide our present dictionaries with a good many supple-
ments, additions, corrections, and appendices." l
L THE ARTICLE.
There is no article in Malay, that is, there is no word which
corresponds exactly with our definite article the, or indefinite
article a, an. Kuda, horse, and orang, man, signify equally
"the horse" and "the man." When it is desired to specify
particular objects, the pronouns ini, this, itu, that, and yang,
1 Klinkert, Eenige ophelderingen omtrent de Maleische Spreekwoorden
en spreekwijzen.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 45
this which, or that which, are used. Si sometimes supplies
the place of the definite article when a person is spoken of; as
si-laki-laki, the man ; si-perampuan, the woman ; si-mati, the
deceased ; sirbonghok, the cripple.
The numeral satu, one, is often used as the indefinite article ;
as ada sa,' orang di negri Kedah, there was a man in the state of
Kedah j ini satu huda chantek, this is a beautiful horse.
n. SUBSTANTIVES.
A difficulty which attends the classification of Malay words
into various parts of speech, according to the system applied
to European languages, consists in the number of words
which, while yet unmodified by particles, are either verb or
substantive, substantive or adjective, adjective or adverb,
according to the context. Baniah, as an adverb, means much,
as an adjective, many ; jalan is either a road or to walk ;
panjang either long, tall, or length, height. The same thing
occurs in English in a minor degree ; but with us the differ-
ence between cold and a cold, or between to brush and a brush,
is rendered distinct by the use of the article a and the particle
to. Many Malay words must thus be treated as now sub-
stantive, now adjective, now verb, according to the position
they occupy in the sentence.
The noun undergoes no change to denote number, gender,
or case.
Number.
The plural, if not sufficiently made plain from the context,
is often indicated by the use of such words as baniah, many,
sumua, sa-kali-an, and sagala, all.
It is also expressed sometimes by repeating the noun ; as
raja, a king, raja-raja, kings; tuan, master, tuan-tuan, masters.
All nouns are not capable of this duplication. As a general
rule, it may be said to be mainly confined to nouns expressing
persons or animate objects.
46 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
When there is nothing to show whether singular or plural
is meant, the number remains indefinite, but may generally
be assumed to be plural In such phrases as menembak burong,
to shoot birds, mcmbSli hay am, to buy fowls, the substantives
are clearly plural, though nothing marks them as such. To
restrict the number, and show that one bird or one fowl is
meant, it would be necessary to use the word satu, one, with
the idiomatic term ekor (lit. tail), which is always used in
enumerating the lower animals ; as menembak sa'ekor burong,
to shoot a bird ; membSli sa'ekor hayam, to buy a fowl.
Gender.
Inflexion is unknown in Malay, and gender has no place in
the grammar of the language. Most nouns which signify
animate things are of both genders, and the sexes are dis-
tinguished by the addition, in the case of persons, of the
words laki-laki, male, and perampuan, female, and in other
cases of the words jantan, male, and betina, female. Jantan
and betina are also applied vulgarly to persons. If an
apparent exception is found in such words as putra, a prince,
and putri, a princess, derivation from a foreign language may
be suspected. The inflexion in the word just cited is due to
the rules of Sanskrit grammar.
Declension.
There is nothing in the Malay language which corresponds
with the cases of a Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit noun, which are
formed by changes of termination, or of a Hindustani noun,
which are formed by postpositions. In Malay the cases are
expressed, as in English, by prepositions : —
To, ka, kapada, sama. From, deri, deri-pada.
For, akan. By, uleh.
With, dengan, sama.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 47
The genitive or possessive case is expressed either by the
use of the word punya after the noun, or by placing the noun
which signifies the possessor immediately after the thing
possessed ; as sahaya, I ; sahaya punya, of me, mine j rumah,
house ; rumah punya, of the house ; sahaya punya rumah, or
rumah sahaya, my house.
The employment of the genitive with pimya is to be avoided.
It is more idiomatic to say rumah sahaya than sahaya punya
rumah.
Substantives are of five classes : —
1. Those which in their primitive form are substantives ; as
arang, person j rumah, house ; kuda, horse ; bapa, father.
2. Those which are formed from verbs by prefixing the
inseparable particle pe ; as pe-lari, a runaway ; peng-asuh, a
nurse ; pem-buru, a hunter ; pen-churi, a thief ; penyapu, a
broom.
3. Those which are formed by affixing the termination -an
co verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and to other substantives ;
as makan-an, food ; manis-an, sweetness ; hampir-an, proximity ;
irus-an, a channel ; buah-an, fruit in general ; laut-an, the ocean.
4. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle pe and
adding the termination -an; as pe-layar-an, a voyage; peng-
ajar-an, instruction ; pem-bunoh-an, slaying, execution ; pen*
dapat-an, acquisition ; pel-ajar-an, lesson ; per-uleh-an, posses-
sion ; per-mainan, amusement.
5. Those which are formed by prefixing the particle ha- and
adding the termination -an ; as Jca-jadi-an, creation, origin ;
ka-baniak-an, generality ; ka-puji an, praise ; kasalah-an, guilt,
offence ; ka-koi'ang-an, want, deficiency.
m. ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives, like nouns, are indeclinable. They are always
placed after their substantives; as kuda baik, & good horse;
mang jahat, a bad man ; not baik kuda, jahat orana.
48 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
IV. PRONOUNS.
The proper use of the personal pronouns and of the nouns
which are used for them presents some difficulty.
The following words may be used to express the first person
singular, /.* —
i. Aku, I.
* 2. Sahaya (lit companion, slave ; Sansk. sahdya).
3. Hamba (lit. slave), or hamba tuan (lit. master's slave).
4. Perhamba (lit. lowest slave).
5. Beta (lit. slave).
6. Patek (lit. slave).
7. T&ui (lit. companion).
The appropriate use of these pronouns is dependent upon
the relative positions of the persons between whom communi-
cation takes place.
Aku is generally used by natives among themselves. Its
use implies familiarity and equality. It should not be used
by Europeans addressing natives, or by natives addressing
Europeans.
Sahaya is the ordinary polite form used by Europeans in
conversation with natives of all classes, and by natives of the
upper class in addressing Europeans.
Ha ba, ha ba tuan, and perhamba are used by persons of
inferior rank when addressing superiors. Hamba, if used by
a chief or native of high rank, implies a certain affectation of
modesty.
The use of beta is confined to literary composition, and it is
incorrect to employ the word colloquially. It may be used by
Europeans and natives.
Patek is used only by natives, and by them only when
addressing a person of royal blood.
TSman is used only in intercourse between natives of the
upper class and of approximately equal rank.
The first person plural is kita or kami, we. Kita is used
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 49
when the person addressed is intended to be included. Kami,
on the contrary, like the royal " we " in English, excludes the
person addressed.
Sometimes the word orang is added without changing the
signification ; as kita orang, we.
Other forms are also in use, but they are generally pro-
vincialisms confined to particular states or districts. Sahaya
apa, lata apa, and hamba tuan apa are used in Kedah, and
sahaya-ma in Perak, for Jcita orang.
Colloquially the personal pronouns are often omitted to
avoid repetition. This is done especially in narration or
description ; as, for example, in the following sentence : Lepas
itu jalan pula ka-kampong singgah di rumah Haji Ismail hari pun
sudah pUang langsong pulang ka-rumah makan nasi — Afterwards
(I started) again (and) walked to the kampong, (and) stopped
at the house of Haji Ismail, (and then), as it was evening, (I)
went straight home (and) had my dinner.
Here the personal pronoun lis understood throughout.
The second person singular is angkau, you. Each syllable
of this word may be used separately for the whole. Ang or
hang is much employed in Kedah and Perak, and kau in other
parts of the peninsula and in Borneo. In Perak mika, in
Malacca awah, in Borneo kita, and in Batavia kweh, are also
used. The preceding words are used by a superior addressing
an inferior, or by the common people in ordinary (not in polite)
conversation.
In polite conversation the use of angkau, or of most of the
words given above, must be avoided, as it is considered by
Malays to be vulgar or harsh. In addressing servants or
followers, the name of the individual addressed is often in-
serted in the sentence instead of the pronoun you ; as, in
addressing Ismail : When you were at the bazaar just now who
was with you 1 — Apabila Ismail di pekan tadi siapa sama ? In
the same way tuan, sir, master, is employed in addressing a
haji or sayyid; iuan-ku or tunku, my lord, in addressing a
raja; datoh, grandfather, in addressing a chief or penghulu.
50 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Other words similarly employed are —
Abang (elder brother) or wall (uncle), to a man older than
the speaker.
Kakak (elder sister), to a woman older than the speaker.
Adek (younger brother).
Inche (sir or madam), to respectable persons of either sex.
Examples.
When did you arrive ? (to a haji) — Bila-mana tuan sudah tibaf
I must ask one thing of you (to a raja) — Sahaya handak minta satu
kapada tunku.
If you give the order (to a chief) — Jikalau datoh suroh.
Do not be angry (to an elderly man) — Jangan abang marah.
Please help yourselves to water (to guests of various ranks) — Datoh-datoh,
tuan-tuan, inche- inche sakalian, sila berayer.
The use of the word lu, a form of the second person sin-
gular, derived from the Chinese, and generally used by Euro-
peans, is offensive to Malays of all classes, and is altogether
to be avoided.
In the plural Jeamu, ye, corresponds to angkau, you, in the
singular ; that is to say, it is used by a superior addressing
inferiors. It is found in its contracted form mu in literary
composition, but seldom colloquially ; as ka-tahitri tdeh-mu, be
it known unto ye.
Kamu is sometimes used in the singular also.
Third Person Singular,
Dia or iya, he, she, it.
Dia and iya are used indifferently, but perhaps dia is more
common in conversation and iya in literature.
The plural is dia orang (and sometimes, though less com-
monly, iya orang), they.
Another form of the third person plural is marika-itu, they,
these, or those persons ; but it is found in literary compositions
only, and is not used in conversation.
A pronoun of the third person only used in conjunction with
other words is -nia? a contraction of inia, he, she, it.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 5 1
The indefinite form " one " (the French " on " and German
" man ") is expressed in Malay by orang ; as orang tiada berani
pergi sana, one dare not go there ; kalau orang handak kawin,
if one is about to marry.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
The possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, our, your, their, are
usually denoted by placing the personal pronoun after the
word expressing the object possessed ; as rumah sahaya, my
house ; pada pikir-an hamba, in my opinion ; apa pen-chari-an
angkau ? what is your occupation ] apa nama dia ? what is
his name %
Possessive pronouns are also formed by the word punya or
ampunya (lit. owning, owned) placed after the personal pronoun;
as aku punya, my or mine ; tuan punya suka, as you please
(your pleasure) ; yang ampunya tanah, (he) whose land it is.
Singular.
My, mine, sahaya punya.
Thy, thiue, angkau punya.
His, hers, its, dia punya.
Plural.
Ours, Jcita punya.
Yours, kamu punya.
Theirs, dia-orang punya.
Frequently where the word a your" would be used in Eng-
lish Malays leave out the pronoun altogether. " Bring your
gun with you," would be correctly rendered in Malay, bawu
snapang sama (lit. bring gun together), not bawa angkau punya
snapang sama angkau.
In literary composition hi and mu (abbreviated forms of aku
and kamu) are affixed to the noun denoting the thing possessed ;
as rumah-ku, my house ; bapa-mu, your father.
The affix -nia is used in the sense of his, hers, or its, as well
as the other forms of the possessive pronoun j as patah kaki-nia,
his leg was broken; bauh-nia terlalu wangi, its smell is very
sweet.
5 2 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
Ini, this, these. Itu, that, those.
The demonstrative pronouns, like adjectives, follow the
word to which they belong ; as rumah ini, this house ; hari ini,
this day, to-day ; aku ini, I myself; sakarang ini, this moment ;
orang itu, that man or those men ; waktu itu, that time ; iya
itu, that is to say. It is not unusual to hear ini and itu placed
before the noun, but this is not idiomatic.
The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are
Siapa, who ? Apa, what 1 Mana, who 1 what f
Examples.
Apa mahu t — What do you want ?
Rumah ini siapa t — Whose house is this f
Siapa panggil ? — Who called ?
Gajah mana ini f — What elephant is this t
Siapa akan tahu t — Who knows ?
The RELATIVE PRONOUN is
Yang, who, which.
Examples.
Burong yang liyar, a bird that is wild.
Raja yang adil, a king who is just.
Ada yang tuah, ada yang muda, some are old and some
are young (lit. there are who are old, &c).
The Menangkabau word is nen. This is often found in
composition, but is seldom used in the dialect spoken in the
Straits of Malacca. Example : Patek nen fakir — I who am but
a beggar.
am urn
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 53
REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS.
Diri, sendiri, or kendiri, self, are used with or without the
personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself, our-
selves, &c.
Examples.
Bunoh diri, to kill oneself.
Mevg-ajar diri, to take oneself to task.
Hamba sendiri handak pergi, I shall go myself.
Baik tuan sendiri suroh, you had better order it yourself.
Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri, afterwards the king himself descended.
Dia lari masok hutan mcmbawa diri-nia, she escaped to the jungle with
her life (lit. taking herself with her).
Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri mc-lawan dia, let me fight him myselJ
alone.
V. VERBS.
Verbs are either primitive or derivative ; the former are
those which in their original signification are verbs ; the lattei
are formed from primitive verbs, or from substantives, adjec-
tives, or adverbs, by the application of particles.
Examples of primitive verbs are jpukul, to strike ; rnakan, to
eat ; lari, to run ; of derivative verbs, ber-kaki, to have feet,
from kaki, a foot ; panjang-kan, to lengthen or make long, from
panjang, long.
The primitive verb, which is generally a dissyllable, is
either transitive, as tangkap, to seize, or intransitive, as tidor,
to sleep ; but a transitive sense may be given to an intransi-
tive verb by the addition of the particle -kan, as lari, me-lari, to
run ; me-lari-kan, to carry off.
Though the examples of primitive verbs given above are
translated for the sake of convenience by our infinitive, their
signification is not necessarily rendered by that mood. Fa\ re
translates them by the past participle (as ambil, taken, buang,
thrown1), but this is rather fanciful than accurate. The fact
1 Grammaire de la Langue Malaise, 56.
54 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
is, that the meaning of the radical or primitive is indefinite,
and depends for its precise signification on its position (with
respect to other words) in the sentence, or on the particles
which may be added before or after it. Thus lari means
simply run, though syntax will show that it may mean to run,
I run, he runs, run thou, &c, according to its position in the
sentence.
Marsden distinguishes the following moods — the imperative,
the indicative or assertive, the conditional, and the infinitive
or indefinite — "which admit, for the most part, of being ex-
1 in the present, the past, and the future tenses or
times."
It is not proposed, in an elementary work like the present,
to go deeply into a scientific arrangement, which, however
well suited to the Latin and Greek languages, is adapted with
less propriety to uncultivated languages like Malay. It is
believed that an explanation of the use of auxiliaries and
particles, and a paradigm showing the most common changes
of which the verb is susceptible, will be sufficient, and that
the student may be left to gain further knowledge as to the
mode of expressing variations of mood and tense as he ad-
vances in the study of the language.1
Use of Particles.
The inseparable affix -lean always denotes a verb used in a
transitive sense ; as men-jalan-kan, to cause to walk. It is an
abbreviation of the preposition akan. Thus buat-kan (to do)
means to do something to (akan) something or somebody.
The inseparable affix -i also denotes the transitive sense ; as
1 " It is difficult to eradicate the belief that the forms in which we think
are identical with the thought itself; and it is only linguistic science that
enables us to see that many of the forms of grammar which we imagine
necessary and universal are, after all, but accidental and restricted in use.
The cases of I&tin and Greek do not exist in the majority of languages ; the
Polynesian dialects have no true verbs ; aud the Esquimaux gets on well
enough without 'the parts of speech' that figure so largely in our own
grammars."— Sayce, Introduction to the Science of Language, ii. 328.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 55
kras-i, to oppress (from kras, hard) ; halus-i, to treat carefully
(from halus, fine, close).
The inseparable prefix her- (bel-, be-) is the mark of a verb
which expresses a state or condition of being; as ber-jalan, to
walk, or to be in the act of walking ; ber-wang, to have money;
ber-misei, to wear moustaches; ber-pukul, to strike, i.e., to be
in the act or condition of striking (not to strike another,
transitive, which would be expressed by jpukul- or me-mukul-
kan).
The inseparable prefix me- (in all its various forms, mem,
meng, men, and meny) is the mark of a verb which expresses
an action ; as men-jalan-kan, to cause to walk ; mem-buat, to
make ; menyakit-kan, to afflict (from sakit) ; meng-ambil, to
take.
According as the primitive verb has a transitive or intran-
sitive sense, the derivative verbs formed from it will take ber-
or me- as the case may be. Thus from adu, to sleep, is formed
ber-adu, not meng-adu; while from adu, to complain, is formed
meng-adu, not ber-adu.
Often both particles may be used, and both transitive
and intransitive derivative verbs may be formed from the
same primitive. Thus from taroh, to put, are formed menaroh,
to put (the act of a person who puts), and ber-taroh, to bet
(the condition of a person who stakes). From tidor, to sleep,
are formed menidor-kan, to put to sleep, and ber-tidor, to be
sleeping or lying down ; and from ajar, instruct, meng-ajar,
to teach (impart instruction), and bel-ajar, to learn (get in-
struction).
Mem-bawa, to bring, mem-bunoh, to kill, and me-makan, to
eat, are formed from bawa, bunoh, and makan respectively,
which, as they express actions, not states, do not take the
prefix ber-. Ber-gantong is to hang (intransitive), that is, to
be in a state or condition of hanging ; meng-gantong-kan is to
hang (transitive), that is, to perform the action of hanging
something.
The particle per- (Sansk. pra), a prefix used with transitive
verbs, does not seem always to effect a change in the sense.
5<>
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
It is used more generally in literature than in the colloquial
dialects, and seems to be introduced frequently for the sake
of euphony only. The difference, for instance, between rneng-
himpun-kan, to assemble, to collect persons together, and mem-
2ier-him})U)i-kan, to cause persons to collect together, is not
very marked. No general rule applicable to all transitive
verbs can be laid down for the use of this form with member- ;
practice and experience must form the only guide.
Auxiliaries.
The auxiliary verbs and adverbs are—
Ada, is, was, are, were.
Sudah, was, did, has been.
Telah, was, did, has been.
Mdhu, will, shall, would, must.
Handak, will, shall, would, must, is, was, or were about to.
Jadi, is, was, become, became.
PARADIGMS.
Tidor, sleep.
Sahaya tidor, I Bleep, or I was
sleeping.
Tidor • I ah dia, he was sleeping
or Blept.
Ber-tidor, asleep, sleeping.
Sahaya swlah tidor, I have slept.
Dia telah tidor, he had slept.
Sahaya mahu tidor, I will sleep, or
I want to sleep.
Sahaya handak tidor, I shall sleep,
or I am about to sleep.
Dia alcan tidor, he will sleep or is
going to sleep.
Tidor-lah, sleep thou.
Mahu-lah angkau tidor, you must
sleep.
Biar iya tidor, let him sleep.
JJandak~la.h di-tidor-nia, it must be
slept by him, i.e., he intends to
sleep.
Menidor - kan or menidor-i, to lay
down (transitive).
Mem-per ■ tidor • Jean or mem • per-
tidor-i, to cause to sleep.
Penidor, a soporific ; that which
causes to sleep.
Penidor-an, act of causing to sleep.
Per-tidor-an, that which belongs to
sleep ; a bed.
Ka-tidor-an, the act of sleeping ; there
was sleeping on the part of .
Sa-ka-tidor-an, the act of sleeping
with another ; there was Bleeping
with .
Si- tidor, the sleeper.
Ter tidor, gone to sleep.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
57
Lari, run.
Sahaya lari, I run, or I was run-
ning.
Lari-lah dia, he ran, or was running.
Ber-lari, run, running.
Ber-lari-lari, running about inces-
santly.
Sahaya sudah lari, I have or had
run.
Dia tclah lari, he had run.
Sahaya mahu lari, I will run, or I
want to run.
Sahaya handah lari, I will run, or
I am about to run.
Dia akan lari, he will run.
Lari-lah, run thou.
Mahulah angkau lari, you must
run.
Biar iya lari, let him run.
Uandalc-lah di lari-nia, it must be
run by liim, i.e., he intends to
run.
Me-lari-Jcan, to carry off (transi-
tive).
was
Lari-an, a running, a course.
Ber-lari-an, the act of running ;
there was running on the part
of .
Bcr-lari-lari-an, incessant runnin
running to and fro ; there
incessant running on the part
of .
Ka-lari-an, flight ; act of running.
Pe-lari, a runaway, a fugitive.
Pe-lari-an, flight.
Di-lari-htn (passive), is, are, was,
were, have, has, or had been run
away with.
Di-lari-kan-nia, is, are, was, were,
have, has, or had been run away
with by him, her, or them.
Ter-lari, run, run away (past).
Bawa lari, to carry off, run off with.
(Here lari is the past participle
after bawa, to take, bring, and
may be used with that verb in all
its forms.)
Ada, be.
Sahaya ada, I am or was.
Ber-ada, have (possess.), has or had.
Mengada, to cause to be, to make,
invent.
Sudah ada, have got, have been.
Tclah ada, was, have been.
Mahu ada, -must be.
Meng-ada-ngada, to make or invent
repeatedly.
Meng-ada kan, to create, to cause
to exist.
Ber-ada-kan, possess, own.
M em-per-ada-kan, to produce, to
cause to exist.
Ter-ada-kan, produced, created.
Ada-an, being, existence.
Ka-ada-an, state, existence.
Bawa,
as bring-
Sahaya bawa, I bring or
ing.
Mem-bawa, bring, to bring.
Sudah bawa, has brought.
Telah bawa, bad brought.
Mahu bawa, will or must bring.
bring.
Aku handak bawa, I will bring, or
am about to bring.
Bawa-lah, bring thou.
Biar iya bawa, let him bring.
Mem-bawa-kan or inem-bawa-i, tc
cause to be brought nr taken.
iS
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Pem-bawa, a briuger.
Intwa-an, that which is brought ; a
burden.
Pem-baxca-an, act of bringing, trans-
port, [passive.
Di-baxoa and di-bawakan, brought,
Di-baiva-nia and di-baxoa -lean -nia,
is, are, was, were, have, has, ot
had been brought by him, her,
or them.
Ter-bawa, brought.
Ambil, take.
Sahaya ambil, I take.
Men >j ambil, take, to take.
Sudak ambil, has or had taken.
Telah ambil, had taken.
Mahu ambil, will or must take.
Handalc ambil, shall take or about
to take.
Ambil-lah, take thou.
Mahu-lah angkau ambil, you must
take.
Biar iya ambil, let him take.
llainbih-lah di ambil-nia, he must
take or intends to take.
Meng-ambil-kan, to take or cause
to take.
Ambil -an, a thing taken.
Peng-ambil-an, the act of taking.
Di-ambil or di-ambil-Jcan, is or was,
&c, taken (passive).
Di-ambil-nia or di-ambil-kan-nia,
is or was, &c, taken by him, her,
or them.
Ter-ambil, taken, having been taken.
Suroh, order.
Sahaya suroh, I order.
Menyuroh, order, to order.
Sudah suroh, has ordered.
Telah suroh, had ordered.
Mahu suroh, will or must order.
flandak suroh, shall order or about
to order.
Suroh-lah, order thou.
Mahu-lah angkau suroh, you must
order.
Biar iya suroh, let him order.
HandaTc-lah di suroh-nia, he must
order or intends to order.
Menyuroh-kan, to issue orders, to
commission.
Pe-suroh and penyuroh, one who is
commissioned ; a messenger.
Penyuroh-an, an order, command ;
the act of commanding.
Suroh - suroh-an, people who are at
the orders or command of another.
Suroh-menyuroh, to issue orders
incessantly.
Di-suroh or di-suroh-kan, is or was,
&c, ordered.
Di-suroh-nia or di-suroh-kan-nia,
is, or was, &c, ordered by him
her, or them.
Ter-suroh, ordered, having been
ordered.
The facts to be derived from a careful study of the fore
going examples may be summarised as follows : —
i st. The tense of the verb standing alone is indefinite. It
may be present, imperfect, present or past, &c, according to
the context; as diet, ada, he is; tatkala sahaya ada di sana,
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 59
when I was there ; kalau sahaya ada debit, if I am, should be,
were, or had been near. This applies equally to the forms
created by prefixing her- and me-, mem-, men-, meng-, meny-
to the radical. Examples : kita ber-jalan, we are or were
walking; nanti sampei sahaya ber-balik, wait till I shall have
returned ; mati-mati ber-minyak, if you should use oil ; raja
meng-angkat kalmarin dahulu, the raja set out the day before
yesterday.
2d. The Imperfect may sometimes be expressed by making
the verb, followed by the particle -lah, precede the pronoun j
as diam-lah dia orang, they were silent; mdka pergi-lah raja
kapada tuan putri, and the king went to the princess.
3d. Past. — Though the past may be expressed by the
primitive verb, as shown above, if the context shows that the
act spoken of is past, it is, nevertheless, more emphatically
marked by the use of the auxiliaries sudah and telah, has or
had ; as dia sudah tidor, he has gone to sleep ; telah lari-lah
pe-rompah sumua, the pirates have (or had) all run away.
4th. Future. — The verb standing alone may express the
future when there is something in the sentence which indicates
that a future tense is meant, such as the word " to-morrow "
or " hereafter ; " as esok hari kita ber-perang pula, to-morrow we
shall be fighting again.
The future is also expressed by the auxiliaries mahu and
handak ; as dia mahu jual, he will sell it; tiada mahu dia
datang, he would not come ; kapal handak masok sungei, a ship
is about to enter the river; di-panggil-nia orang -besar-besar
mushawarat handak di-buat meligei, he summoned the chiefs to
consult about building a palace.
Another mode of forming the future is by the word nanti
(lit. wait), placed, like the French verb alter, before the verb;
as sahaya nanti chahari, je vais chercher, I am going to seek, or
j'irai chercher, I shall go to seek.
The preposition akan, in order to, in order that, is some-
times used to convey the sense of the future ; as penyakit itu
tiada akan semboh, that disease is not to be cured ; siapa akan
60 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
tahu? who shall know? (= who can tell?); jikalau raja yang
anyaya naraka alcan tampat-nia, if a king is unjust hell will be
his place hereafter.
5th. Imperative. — To convey an order or command the
radical is used either by itself or with the affix -lah ; Icamu,
thou, being either expressed or understood. The particle adds
additional emphasis to the command. Examples : pergi, go;
pergi-lah, be off, get away; ka-luar or ka-luar-lah, go out; ka-
luar-hmlah, take (it) out, or turn (him) out.
Mahu and handak with the affix -lah signify must; as
malm/ah Icamu, turut, ye must obey; handak-lah ay am yang
puteh, there must be a fowl that is white, or, the fowl must be
a white one ; handak-lah segala pegawei raja itu duduk dengan
adab dan dim, the king's officers must sit with reverence and
in silence.
The third person of the imperative mood, which we express
by " let him," may be rendered in Malay by the use of the
word biar or biar-lah, with the verb in the manner shown by
the following examples : — Biar-lah dia masok, let him come in;
biar- lah aku mati, let me die.
6th. From many verbs are formed verbal nouns by prefix,
ing the particle pe- (peng, pern, pen, peny) to the radical. This
prefix operates like the syllable -er in such words as robber,
purchaser, teacher; as churi, to steal; pen-churi, a robber;
bSli, to buy ; pem-bUi, a purchaser ; ajar, to teach ; peng-ajar, a
teacher. Substantives of this kind and others formed from
the verb with the particles ka- and -an have already been
noticed under the head of the Substantive. But the form
arrived at by prefixing to the simple verb the particle ka- and
annexing the particle -an is not merely a noun, but, as Mars-
den says, " a gerund in form as well as in sense, being in fact
a verbal noun infmitively applied in construction ; " as, ka-
dengar-an sampei Sayong, it was to be heard as far as Say on g;
tiada ka-tahu-an, not to be understood ; mata-hari tiada ka-lihal-
an sebab ka-lindong-an-lah sayap-nia, the sun was not to be seen
by reason of the shadowing of its wings.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 6T
7 th. Passive. — In Malay the passive voice is denoted by the
particle di- prefixed to the verb. The place of the nouns
which express the agent and subject respectively will be
understood from the following examples : —
Hamba di-pukul orang, I was beaten by men.
Orang di-puhul hamba, the men were beaten by me.
Rumah di-makan api, the house was consumed by fire.
Api di-padam-kan orang, the fire was extinguished by men.
Here the personal pronoun or other agent follows the verb
and the subject precedes it.
Sometimes the preposition u by " finds an equivalent in
Malay, the word uleh being expressed instead of being under-
stood (as in the preceding sentences). Examples : —
Maha uleh baginda pun dirsambut dengan seperti b,dat, they
were received by the king with the customary ceremony.
Di-titali-kan-lah uleh baginda, it was commanded by the king.
The passive participle is formed by prefixing to the verb
the inseparable particle ter- ; as ter-pukul, struck j ter-tulis,
written. When ter- precedes per-, one of the particles drops
its final letter ; as te-per-sayang, compassionated ; ter-pe-lantmg,
sent flying.
Other forms of the Verb. — In the preceding paradigms gene-
rally those changes have been inserted which result from the
application of inseparable particles. But there are moods and
tenses of the English verb which are translatable in Malay,
though they are not included above because they involve the
use of other words, which, though united to the verb in con-
struction, do not form part of it.
Conditional or Potential. — In expressing a conditional or
potential sense the verb undergoes no change, though follow-
ing such conjunctions as "if," "provided that," "in order
that;" as jika tuan datang, if you come; Tcalau raja me-larang,
if the king should forbid ; dapat kami ber-untong, provided we
are successful ; sapaya jangan hamba kena rugi, in order that I
may not incur a loss ; agar sapaya anak-nia menjadi 'alrn, in
order that his children may become learned.
Optative. — An optative sense is generally indicated by sucb
62
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
words as apa-lah, apa-lah Tdra-nia, prithee, expressions of
entreaty, or garangan. forsooth, conveying the notion of a
doubt or query; as barang di-sampei-kan Allah apa-lah kira-
nia, may God in his goodness cause it to arrive. But some-
times these are understood ; as di-bri Allah kamarau sadikit,
may God grant a little fair weather.
Participle Present.— Continuity or existing duration of action
is often expressed by the use of such words as lagi, still more,
sambil, seraya, and serta, whilst at the same time the verb
remains unaltered in form ; as lagi datang, coming ; lagi
tidor, sleeping or still asleep; ber-jalan sambil ber-sinnyum,
walked on smiling; meniambah serta meniapu ayer mata-nia,
made obeisance, at the same time wiping away her tears.
Tengah, half, middle, is often used with the verb in a simi-
lar way ; as dia tengah makan nasi, he was in the act of eatin
his dinner.
VL ADVERBS.
Adverbs in Malay are not distinguished by any prevailing
termination corresponding to the English -ly or the French
•ment. Many adjectives and some prepositions are used ad-
verbially.
The following are some of the most useful adverbs : —
sakarang, now.
tadi, just now.
dahulu, before, formerly.
sa'buntar, presently.
belum, not yet.
pagi-pagi, early.
esok, besok, to-morrow.
kalmarin,1 yesterday.
tatkala, sa-katika, when (rela-
tive),
kemdian, afterwards.
1 In Perak kalmarin means
Adverbs of Time.
pernah, ever.
ta'pernah, never.
sedang, while.
kadang, sometimes.
apa-bila, apa-kala, bila-mana,
bila, when 1 (interrogative).
kalmarin dahulu, the day be-
fore yesterday.
lusa, the day after to-mor-
row.
tulat, the third day from this,
formerly." Petang is " yesterday."
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
63
Adverbs of Place.
rini, ka-mari, here.
situ, sana, nun, there.
mana, where, wherever (rel.).
di-mana, where ? (inter.).
hampir, near, nearly.
luar, outside.
dalam, inside.
saberang, across.
jauh. far.
atas, above.
bawah, below.
sabelah, beside.
balik, behind.
dekat. near.
Miscellaneous.
bagini, like this. sahaja, only.
bagitu, like that, makin, so much the more.
bageimana, how I naschaya, certainly.
ya, yes. tidak, no.
bukan, no, not. ientu, certainly.
Adverbs expressing intensity will be found enumerated in
Lesson 4.
Among the examples above given several are also preposi-
tions, and will be found under that heading.
VII. PREPOSITIONS.
The principal prepositions of place and motion are di, at,
in, on j ka, to, towards ; deri, from. A great many so-called
prepositions are formed from these three compounded with
certain other words, such as : —
di-atas, on the top of.
ka-atas, to the top of.
deri-atas, from the top of.
di-dalam, in the interior of.
ka-dalam, to the interior of.
deri-dalam, from the interior
of.
di-lSlakang, at the back of.
ka-bglakang, to the back of
deri-b&lakang, from the back of.
di-sabei'ang, on the farther side
of.
ka-saberang} to the farther side
of.
deri-saberang, from the farther
side o£
64 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE
di-bawah, at the bottom of.
ka-bawah, to the bottom of.
dtvi-bawah, from the bottom of.
di-hadap-an, in front of.
ka-hadap-an, to the front of.
deri-hadap-an, from the front
of.
di-laar, at the outside of.
Ica-luar, to the outside of.
deri-luar, from the outside of.
These twenty-one words are used like prepositions, and are
often classified as such, but the true prepositions are the three
initial words.
Atas, bawah, dalam, kadap-an, bSlakang, luar, and saber ang here
are really substantives governed by the prepositions di, Jca, and
deri. Some of these words aptly illustrate the difficulty of
classifying Malay words according to the parts of speech
usually recognised by grammarians. Dalam, for instance, has
already been classified in the preceding section as an adverb.
It is also substantive, adjective, and preposition.
Dalam (subs.), interior, depth ; as penghulu dalam, the guardian of the
interior (inner apartments) ; dalam-nia tiga depa, its depth is three
fathoms.
Dalam (adj.), deep ; as ter-lalu dalam sungei ini, this river is very deep.
Dalam (adv.), inside ; as ada orang dalam, there are people inside.
Dalam (prep.), in ; as Jcain yang dalam gZdong itu, cloth in that ware-
house.
In Malay a substantive in the possessive case immedi-
ately follows the substantive denoting the possessor (supra,
p. 47). In the sentences btlakang gunong, the back of the
mountain ; hadap-an raja, the presence of the king ; saberang
sungei, the farther side of the river, all the words are sub-
stantives, gunong, raja, and sungei being in the possessive case.
Now let the prepositions di, ka, and deri be added to these
sentences.
Di-telakang gunong, at the back of the mountain, may be
more shortly translated behind the mountain ; so ka-hadap-an
raja may be rendered before the king, and deri-saberang sungei
from beyond the fiver.
Here, though the purport of the Malay phrases di-beiakang,
ka-hadap-an, and deri-saberang are correctly rendered by English
MANUAL OF THE MALAf LANGUAGE.
«5
prepositions, only the first portion of each phrase is a Malay
preposition.
Of the remaining prepositions the following are the chief : —
pada, kapada, at, to, on, to-
wards.
deri-pada, from, than.
akan, to, for, as to, as for.
uleh, by.
atas, on, upon.
datang, )
sampei, > until, as far as.
hingga, J
antara, between.
samantara, untiL
ganti, instead of.
balik, behind.
serta, with.
sama, with, to.
dengan, with.
dalam, in, into.
Upas, after.
karana, )
krana, \ on account of.
sebab, }
sa-Jcadar, according to
demei, by.
d&kat, near.
tentang, concerning, opposite.
bagi, to.
trus, through.
Vm. CONJUNCTIONS.
The following list includes the most useful of the conjunc-
tions in Malay : —
dan, and.
atau, or.
kalau, )
tetapi, but.
jika, \ if.
me-lain-kan, except.
jikalau, ^
hania, but, except.
antah, ) ,
' > perhaps.
kunun, j
yang, that.
kelak, forsooth
sapaya, in order that.
juga,jua, also.
pula, also, again.
sahaja, only.
sambil, 1 wut
selang, j
lagi, again, even.
lagipula, again too.
seraya, at the same time.
lagi pun, besides also.
tambah-an, furthermore.
saperti, as, like.
karana, ) T
vi 1 V because.
sebab, j
laksana, i]ike
serta, and, also.
iya-itu, that is to say.
asal-kan, provided that.
lamun-kan. although.
66
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
There are also a number of conjunctions which are met with
almost exclusively in the written language, and which it
would be pedantic to use in conversation. Of such are : —
mdka, balnea, hata, shahadan,
seldom necessary to the sense,
and not always requiring tran-
slation. They answer in some
degree to such words as "now,"
"next," "but," "then,"
"again," "so."
sa-btr-mxda first, now.
sa-bagei-lagi, further, again.
arkian, now, then.
agar, in order that.
y'ani, that is to say.
wab'adahu,1 and then, afterwards.
walahin ( Arab, wa, and lakin, but),
but, though, nevertheless.
ayo ! ayohi / ah ! (affection).
cheh I fie !
wayi ! alas !
demei Allah! by God !
nah I there ! take it !
jum 1 2 forwards 1
IX. INTERJECTION&
The interjections in most common use are : —
hei/ 0! ya/ 0! (Arabic).
ahof O! (Sansk.).
aduh / aduhi / oh ! alas ! (pain,
lamentation).
niahf niah-lah ! be off! be-
gone !
ui I wah 1 oh ! alas ! (astonish-
ment or affliction).
Many other words are used like interjections ; such as Jcasi-
han (lit. affection), what a pity ! sayang (lit. concern), 'tis pity !
alas ! karam (lit. wrecked), woe to thee ! me-rachun (may I be
poisoned), no ! (emphatic denial), &c, &c.
A number of Arabic expressions common to all Muhamma-
dans in all parts of the world are used by Malays, such as
In shda-lldh, if it be the will of God ; Alldhu a'alarn, God is
all-knowing ; Astaghfir alldh, I beg forgiveness of God ; Wa-llahi
and Wa-llah, by God ! Yd rabb, 0 Lord ! Bi-smi-llah, in the
name of God ! Et-hamdu li-llah, praise be to God ! Alldhu
alcbar, God is most great.
1 Arahic vxi, and, b'adahu, afterwards — often used by a pleonasm with
Jcemdian, afterwards; wab'adahu kemdian deri-pada itu, and after that.
2 This is a Kedah word. Mali ! is used in the same sense in Perak.,
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
X. NUMERALS.
The numerals in Malay are exceedingly simple. The first
ten are : —
i. sa, satu, suatu, one.
2. dua, two.
3. tiga, three.
4. ampat, four.
5. lima, five.
6. anam, six.
7. tujoh, seven.
8. delapan, eight.
9. sambilan, nine.
10. sapuloh, ten.
From eleven to nineteen inclusive the numerals are formed
from the digits with the termination betas: —
11. sa-belas, eleven.
12. dua-belas, twelve.
13. tiga-belas, thirteen.
14. ampat-belas, fourteen.
15. lima-belas, fifteen.
16. anam-belas, sixteen.
17. tujoh-belas, seventeen.
18. delapan-belas, eighteen.
19. sambilan-belas, nineteen.
20. dua-pvloh, twenty.
Multiples of ten up to ninety inclusive have the termination
puloh, ten : —
20. dua-puloh, twenty.
30. tiga-puloh, thirty.
40. ampat-puloh, forty.
50. Uma-piUoh, fifty.
60. anam-puloh, sixty.
70. tujoh-puloh, seventy.
80. delapan-puloh, eighty.
90. sambilan-puloh, ninety.
The intermediate numbers are formed simply by adding
the units j as —
21. dua-puloJi-satu, twenty- one.
32. tiga-puloh-dua, thirty-two.
43. ampat-puloh-tiga, forty-three.
54. lima-puloh-ampat, fifty-four.
65. anam-puloh-lima, sixty-five.
76. tujoh-puloh-anam, seventy-six.
87. delapan-puloh-fujoh, eighty-seven.
98. sambilan puloh-dttapan, ninety-eight.
68 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Above a hundred the numbers proceed with equal regu-
larity : —
ioo. sa-ratus, one hundred.
200. dua-ratus, two hundred.
300. tiga-ratus, three hundred.
400. ampat-ratus, four hundred.
1000. sa-ribu, one thousand.
2000. dua-ribu, two thousand.
3000. tiga-ribu, three thousand.
4000. ampat-ribu, four thousand.
Any sum, however great, may be expressed by the numerals
in juxtaposition without the insertion of a conjunction ; as,
sarHbu^lapan-ratus4vjoh-paloh-sarnbilan, one thousand eight
hundred (and) seventy nine, 1879.
Certain terms for high numbers have been borrowed from
the Sanskrit language and misapplied in adoption, namely,
laksa (Sansk. laksha, 100,000), lceti (Sansk. kofi, 10,000,000),
and juta (Sansk. ayuta, 10,000).
The numbers represented by these words in Malay are
saAaksa, ten thousand ; sctrlceti, one hundred thousand ; sa-juta,
one million.
In reckoning the numbers from 20 to 30, lekor, a score, is
sometimes used instead of dua-puloh (especially in mentioning
dates), but in that case the unit precedes instead of following
the decimal; as sa-lekor, twenty-one; dua-lekor, twenty-two;
tiga-lekor, twenty-three, &c.
To express a quantity which approaches what we call a
round number, it is sometimes convenient to state the latter
qualified by the figure in which it is deficient, as is done in
the old-fashioned phrase "forty stripes save one." Thus,
instead of sambUan-puloh-dela'pan, ninety-eight, the phrase
korang dua sa-ratus, one hundred save two, may be used.
The use of the word tengah, half, before a numeral serves in
the same way to reduce it by half of one. Tims, tengah dua
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 69
signifies " one and a hair," or " two, less half a one," as if the
full phrase were korang sa-tengah dua ; so tengah tiga-puloh,
twenty-five (lit. "three tens save half"); tengah lima ratus,
four hundred and fifty (lit " five hundreds save half " ).
Ordinal Numbers.
pertama (S&mik. pratama), first.
ka-dua, second.
ka-tiga, third.
ka-sa-btilas, eleventh.
ka-dua-puloh. twentieth.
ka-sa-ratus, hundredth.
The word yang placed before ordinals corresponds to the
definite article in English ; as yang pertama, the first j yang ka-
dua, the second ; yang ka-sa-ribu, the thousandth.
Fractional Numbers.
Tengah, sa-tengah, half; suku, sa-suku, quarter ; sa-per-dua,
one-half; sa-per-tiga, one-third; dua-per-tiga, t wo- thirds ; tiga-
per-ampat, three-fourths. Similar fractions may be formed
with other numbers by placing the particle per between the
dividend and the divisor.
Collective Numbers.
Phrases like "a score," "a dozen," " a couple," are formed
in Malay by the use of the particle her with the numeral ; as —
ber-dua, the two, or the pair.
ber-tiga, the three.
ber-puloh-puloh, by tens.
be-ratus-ratus, by hundreds.
be-ribu-ribu, by thousands.
The word ganda, which in Hindustani is a collective numeral
meaning " a four," is used in Malay in conjunction with
numerals in a sense corresponding to the English word
" times ; " as dva-ganda, double, twice ; tiga-ganda, triple, three
times.
yo MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Numeral Co-Efficients.
In Malay, as in Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese, "there
exists a set of specific and technical terms, called by the
grammarians numeral affixes, some one or other of which is
always used as a co-efficient to the numeral, the term being
selected according to the class under which the object falls."1
The use of these terms will be best understood by comparing
it with the analogous use in English of such phrases as so many
head of cattle ; so many file of soldiers ; so many sail of ships ;
so many stand of rifles.
i. Orang (person or persons) is introduced in the enumera-
tion of mankind ; as China tiga orang, Malayu sa'orang, three
Chinese and a Malay ; budak dua orang, two children.
2. Ekor (tail) is employed in speaking of animals ; as so-
ekor kuching, a cat ; kuda belang dua ekor, two piebald horses ;
ikan kechil-kechil barang lima anam ekor, about five or six
small fish.
3. Buah (fruit) is applied to fruit, houses, ships, places, &c. ;
as sa-buah rumah, a house ; sa-buah negri, a town or kingdom ;
lima buah kapal, five ships.
4. Biji (seed) is applied to small objects more or less
round ; as buah manggis lima-puloh biji, fifty mangostins ; am-
pat biji telor, four eggs ; nior muda sa-biji, one green cocoa-nut.
5. Halei or lei, to tenuous objects, such as hair, feathers,
leaves, wearing apparel, &c. ; as bulu sa-lei, a feather; kain
Palembang sa-puloh halei, ten Palembang sarongs.
6. Batang (stem), to long objects ; as lembing dua batang,
two spears ; tiang ampat batang, four posts.
7. Puchuk (young shoot), to letters, muskets, cannon,
elephants' tusks, &c. ; as tiga puchuk surat, three letters ; sa-
puchuk gading, one tusk ; snapang lima puchuk, five muskets.
1 Col. Yule, Journ. Anthropol. Inst. Feb. 1880. This peculiarity in the
Indo-Chinese languages has attracted much attention among ethnologists.
See Peschel" Races of Man, 117; Tylor, Early History of Mankind, 208;
Bunsen's Universal History, i. 409.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 7 1
8. Keping (piece, slice), to pieces of wood, metal, &c. ; as
papan sa-keping, a plank ; timah tiga-puloh keping, thirty slabs
of tin.
9. Tangga (ladder) and pintu (door), to houses ; as rumah
dua tangga, two houses ; rumah batu anam pintu, six brick
houses.
10. Lapis (fold), to clothing j as Jcapan sa-lapis, a shroud.
1 1. Bawan, to nets and cordage ; as pukat sa-rawan, a seine
net ; jala dua rawan, two casting nets.
12. Bilah, to cutting weapons 3 as his sa-bilah, one kris;
pedang lima bilah, five swords.
13. Buntoh, to rings, fish-hooks, &c. ; as kail sa~buntoht a
fish-hook ; chinchin tiga buntoh, three rings.
14. Bidang, to things spread out; as destar sa-Udang, one
head-cloth.
15. Butir, to fruit, seeds, and other small round objects;
as nior sa-butir, a cocoa-nut ; mutiara sa-butir, a pearl.
There are many other similar idiomatic terms, examples of
which will be given in the more advanced lessons farther on.
X. PARTICLES.
Most of the particles have been noticed in speaking of the
verb, but there are three or four which require special men-
tion.
Lah is affixed to words of all kinds, sometimes merely for
the sake of euphony, but more frequently as a particle of
intensity.
In the sentence ada-lah kapada suatu hari, it happened on a
certain day, lah is simply expletive ; but in the sentence dia-
lah yang buat, it was he who did it, the particle serves to em-
phasise the word dia. The latter use of the particle lah is
exemplified by its frequent employment to emphasise a com-
mand ; as mari-lah, come ; pergi-lah, go.
Kah is the interrogative particle. When affixed to words
it is the sign of a question or a doubt ; as itu-kah atau lain-kah t
7 a MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
is it that or another 1 Antah sunggoh-kah atau tidak, it is
doubtful whether it be true or not.
Tah is also an interrogative particle, but of less general use
than kah. Apa-tah f what else 1 is a common phrase indicat-
ing assent.
Pun is annexed to all kinds of words, sometimes merely to
give roundness to a phrase, sometimes with the sense of " too,"
or " also " (where the sentence is affirmative), or " nor,"
" neither " (where it is negative) ; as maka iya-pun datang, then
he came ; aku pun mdhu, I too want it ; siyang pun tidak malam
pun tidak, it was neither day nor night.
i n )
PART II.
COMPOSITION OF SENTENCES.
Owing to the absence of inflexion, the composition of simple
sentences in Malay offers few difficulties. The phrases and
exercises which will be given in this Part are simple and
elementary, serving thus as a preparation for others of progres-
sive difficulty to be reached at a later stage.
LESSON I,
Substantives.
person (man, woman, or child),
orang.
man, laki-laki.
woman, per-ampu-an.
child, anak.
house, rumah.
water, ayer.
fire, api.
wind, angin.
wood, kayu.
carriage, kreta.
horse, kudo.
ship, kapal.
steamer, kapal-api.
boat, sampan.
cow, ox, lumbu.
do<
anjuig.
bird, burong.
snake, ular.
fish, ikan.
sun, mata-hari,
moon, bulan.
star, bintang.
sea, laut.
river, sungei.
cloth, kain.
74
MANUAL OF TBE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Adjectives.
good, baik.
new, bdharu.
naughty, wicked, jahat.
beautiful, bagus.
pretty, chantek.
wise, pandei.
stupid, bodoK
large, besar.
small, kechil.
deep, dalam.
swift, laju.
high, tinggi.
round, Imlat.
old, tuah.
young, muda.
cold, sejuk
hot, panas,
far, jauh.
near, dekat.
coarse, kasar.
fine, halus.
Adverbs.
very,
baniak.
exceedingly, sangaU
Before showing how sentences may be constructed with these
words by means of the verb ada, and with the aid of the
personal pronouns, two of the hints already given are here
repeated : —
i. Adjectives follow their substantives.
2. The verb ada is frequently omitted and left to be under-
stood.
Examples.
A bad man — Orang jahat.
A pretty woman — Perampuan chantek.
A hiqh house — Rumah tinggi.
A high wind — Angin Msar.
Cold water — Ayer sejuk.
This is my child — Ini anak sahaya (not, Ini ada sahaya punya anak).
That bullock-cart is mine — Kreta lumbu itu sahaya punya.
That pony-carriage is swift — Kreta leuda itu ada laju.
That person has a dog — Orang itu ada sa'ekor anjing.
That woman's cloth is very fine — Kain perampuan itu halus sangat.
This man has one son and two daughters — Orang ini ada anak laki-laki
sa' orang dan anak perampuan dua orang.
The steamer is near — Kapal-api ada dtikat.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 75
His child is very naughty — Anak dia baniak jahat.
They have a boat — Dia orang ada sa'buah sampan.
There are men and women — Ada orang laki-laki dan perampuan.
The old man has a piece of coarse cloth — Orang tuah itu ada kain
kasar sa'lei.
Exercise.
I am a good man. His child is very wise. The moon is
round. They have a beautiful horse. My boat is very large.
The sea is very deep. The sun and stars are very far off. This
person has a vicious dog. That man's daughter is beautiful.
This river is very swift. A small snake. This ox is very old.
That person's boat is small. There are fish. There is a bird.
The water of the river is warm. There are stupid people and
there are wise people. His ship is very far ofL
LESSON II.
On the Second Person.
The use of the word angkau and similar pronouns is to be
avoided as much as possible. When the pronoun of the second
person cannot be understood but must be expressed, angkau, 01
the local or provincial word used in substitution for it (according
to the part of the Archipelago in which the speaker finds himself),
may be employed. In addressing natives of rank or of superior
position, the appropriate forms should be used. The word lu
should never be used to a Malay ; it is, however, in common use
among those Chinese who use Malay as a medium of communi-
cation with other nationalities. On the subject of the second
person see supra, p. 49.
Substantives.
animal, benatang.
father (common form), bapa.
father (polite form), ayah,
ayahnda.
mother (common form), mak,
ibu.
mother (polite form), bonda.
elder brother, abang.
76
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
elder sister, kakak.
younger brother or sister,
adek.
boy or girl, budak.
brother or sister, sudara.
husband, laki.
wife, bini.
forest, hutan,
tree, pokoh
plain, padang.
shop, kedei.
fruit, buah.
sky, langit.
ground, tanah.
dollar, ringgit.
road, jalan.
age, eumur.
Adjectives.
long, panjang.
short, pendek, pandah.
sweet, manis.
wet, basah.
dry, kering.
many, baniak
rich, kaya.
poor, miskin.
strong, kuat.
hard, &era*.
soft, lumbut.
few, sadikit.
to say, &afa.
to go, 2?ergrt.
to run, lari.
to talk, chakap.
to tell, bilang.
Verbs.
to arrive, sarnpei.
to sit, duduk.
to dwell, tinggal.
to send, kirim.
to bring, fcawa.
Examples.
To a ifa/a.
Your house is very large — Rumah tunku baniak besar.
Your father is very old — Ayahnda tunku tuah sangat.
This is your horse — Ini tunku punya kuda.
To a respectable Chinese.
There is a quantity of cloth in your shop— Ada baniak kain-kain
didalam baba punya kedei.
When did you arrive ? — Towkay bila sampeit
Your elder brother is very rich — Towkay punya abang baniak kaya.
Your carriage and mine are alike — Kreta baba dengan kreta sahaya ada
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. J 7
To a Malay Headman.
There are a number of people in your house — Ada baniak orang
di-dalam rumah datoh.
Four son is very strong — Anak datoh baniak kuat.
Where do you live ? — Datoh di-mana tinggal t
To a Malay of superior rank.
What do you say to it ? — Apa kata inche f
Who told it to you ? — Siapa bilang kapada inche ?
Your elder sister has a great many fruit-trees — Inche punya kakak ada
baniak pokok buah.
To a Sayyid or Haji.
Where are you going to ? — Tuan handak pergi ka-mana t
What is your age ? — Btr-apa 'umur tuan t
I wish to talk a little with you — Sahaya handak chakap sadikit dengan
tuan.
To Person* of inferior rank.
Who are you ? — Siapa kamu ?
Is this yours? — Angkau punya-kah inif
Where is your house ? — Di-mana rumah angkau ?
Bring your hat — Bawa topi s^ndiri.
Where do you live? — Di-mana tinggal t
Have you got a light I — Ada api?
Why are you so late ? — Apa buat lambat ini t
When you were at the shop just now, who was there ? — Apdbila angkau
di k$dei tadi siapa ada di-situ t
Exercise.
Where is your shop 1 Is this your mother ? You and your
brother were running. You are very stupid. Have you told
your elder sister 1 Your son has arrived. Was it you who sent
fruit ? What did you say to him 1 When will you go 1 You
will bring a boat. You went to the jungle.
73
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
LESSON III
SUBSTANTIVES.
news, kkabar.
workman, tukang,
cat, kuching.
rat, tikus.
sugar, gula.
needle, jarum.
form, rupa.
elephant, gajah.
excellent, endah.
careful, jimat
Adjectives.
worthless, burok.
difficult, susah.
To do, make, buat.
To seek, chdhari.
Verbs.
To conceal, sembunyi.
To find, obtain, dapat.
On the Degrees of Comparison.
One form of the comparative degree is similar in construction
to the Hindustani comparative, that is to say, the object with
which the comparison is made is put in the ablative case (by
the use of the preposition deri or deri-pada), while the adjec-
tive remains unmodified by adverb or particle. Thus the phrase
"This house is larger than that," may be rendered Besar rumah
HIS deri rumah itu (Yih ghar us ghar se bard hai).
Examples.
The rumour is better than the reality — Endah khabar deri rupa.
The Chinese workman is more skilful than the Kling — Pandei tukang
China deri tukang Kling,
The cat is larger than the mouse — Besar kuching deri tikus.
This is better than that — Baik ini deri-pada itu.
{Note that the adjective always precedes the objects compared.)
The comparative degree is also formed by the use of the
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 79
adverb lebeh or ter-lebeh, more, prefixed to the adjective, which
is followed by the preposition deri or deri-pada.
Hotter than before — Lebeh panas deri dahulu.
Sweeter than honey — Lebeh manis deri gula.
It is better to go than to remain — Ter-lebeh baih pergi deri-pada tinqgal.
The adverb lagi, more, is sometimes used instead of lebeh.
You must make it larger — Mahu buat besar lagt.
This is better — Lni lagi baih.
Another form of comparison is constructed with the adverb
korang, less, prefixed to the adjective ; as korang baik, not very
good; korang biasa, inexperienced (lit. less accustomed).
The superlative degree is formed in several ways : First, by
making a comparison of universal application ; as —
This is the best (lit. tbis is better than all) — Baik ini deri sumua.
The finest needle of all — Jarum yang lebeh halus deri-pada sumua-nia.
The hardest of all to obtain — Yang ter-lebeh susah men-dapat deri-pada
sumua-nia.
Secondly, by the use of the adverb sakali, very, exceedingly,
after the adjective when the latter is preceded by the relative
pronoun yang ; as —
The best — Yang baik sakali.
The worst — Yang burok sakali.
Such-a-one was the handsomest — Yang elok sakali ei-anu.
Thirdly, by duplication of the adjective, which then takes the
particle sa before it ; as —
The quickest pace of an elephant is the slowest walk of a man — Sa-
chepat-chepat jalan-an gajah, sa-lanibat-lambat jalan-an orang.
The very least — Sa-korang -korang.
Utterly and completely guilty — Sa-penoh-penoh salah.
The most just king — Sa-adil-adil raja.
With the greatest care — Dengan sa-habis-habis jimat.
You must look out for the very best article — Handah chdhari yang sa-
baik-baih-nia.
He hides it with the greatest pains — Di-sembunyi-kan-nia dengan sa-
buleh-bulch-nia.
8o
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Exercise.
My horse is better than your horse. These people are more
stupid than those. The form of the horse is handsomer than
that of the elephant. The men are more wicked than the women.
The pace of the horse is swifter than that of the elephant. That
woman is the handsomest, but this one is the wisest. His house
is the worst of all. Bring the slowest elephant of all. The
father is wiser than the child. It is better to bring the ox than
the horse.
LESSON IV.
ON INTENSIVE S.
Substantives.
reception-hall, balei.
room, bilek.
stairs, tangga.
a play, per-main-an.
conduct, ka-laku-an.
body, tuboh.
head, kapalcu
year, tahun.
month, bulan.
price, harga.
country, nigri.
queen, jyermeisuri.
king, raja.
minister, mantri.
patience, sabar.
Adjectives.
ill, painful, sahit.
cheap, morah.
dear, mahal.
wide, luas.
astonished, heiran.
thin, hurus.
fat, gumoh
illustrious, mulicu
narrow, simpit,
glad, suka.
to see, lihat.
to demand, minta.
to be able, buleh.
to hear, dengar.
Verbs.
to play, main.
to look, tengoh
to enter, masoh.
to order, suroh,
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 8 1
On Intensives. — To express an intensive degree the particle
ter is prefixed to adjectives and adverbs; as ter-besar, very large;
ter-huasa, very powerful ; ter-lebeh, most ; ter-lalu, excessively ;
ter-lampau, surpassing ; ter-amat, most exceedingly.
The adjective may also be intensified by duplication ; as ikan
yang besar-besar, great big fish ; burong kechil-kechil, very small
birds; negri jauli-jauh, far-distant lands; dia hard baik-baik, he
understands very well
The following adverbs are of frequent use in heightening the
sense of words : —
baniak, very.
amat, exceedingly.
sangat, very.
sakali, quite, most.
ter-lebeh, most.
ter-lalu, excessively.
ler-langsong,)m { ,
ter-lampau, J
ter-amat, most exceedingly.
All of these precede the positive except sakali, which inva-
riably follows it. Amat and sangat are also sometimes placed
after the adjective which they qualify.
It is common to use more than one of these words with the
same adjective, just as we say " the very most."
Examples.
There were a very great number of people in the reception-hall — Di
balei itu ter-amat-lah baniak orang.
His body was very thin — Tuboh-nia sangat kurus.
The performance was exceedingly pretty — Sangat-lah chantek itu per-
main-an.
He was immensely astonished at seeing it — Dia ter-lalu heiran me-lihat-
kan.
This year all fruit is very plentiful and cheap — Tahun ini sagala buah-
buah sangat-lah baniak dan morah harga-nia.
You must be exceedingly patient — Handaklah dengan sabar sangat.
Very stupid in appearance — Ter-lalu bodoh rupa-nia.
The road is very bad — Jalan itu burok sakali.
Most exceedingly painful — Yang ter-lebeh sangat sakit.
It was a very large country — Ter-lalu amat besar negri itu.
His conduct was too bad — Ter-lampau jahat ka-laku-an-nia.
&2 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
The adjective maha, great, is similarly used ; as mafia besar,
very great ; maha mulia, most illustrious ; maha kuasa, all-
powerful.
Exercise.
He demanded a very high price. He is very ill. Your father
was exceedingly wise. It is a very large river. I am very
frightened. The water is very deep. Those Chinese are very
wicked. The most illustrious and most mighty queen. The
old man's cow is very thin. I was much surprised at hearing it.
He brought some very big horses. Some very large ships have
arrived. This month fish is very cheap. The room is very wide.
The river was much too narrow, the ship could not enter. I
have a very bad headache.
LESSON V.
Interrogative Sentences.
In asking a question, the tone of the voice sometimes marks
the interrogation sufficiently.
Sometimes the interrogation is marked by the use of the
particle -kah affixed to the emphatic word of the sentence.
Sometimes the interrogative form of a sentence is shown by
the use of such words as —
apa, what?
siapa, who1?
ka-mana, where ?
ber-apa, how many ?
mana, who, which, how?
bagei-mana, how ?
apa sebab, ot\
apa buat, or > why ?
mengapa )
Substantives.
time, kali.
rain, hujan.
market, pasar.
stone, batu.
use, guna.
iron, besi.
steel, baja.
tin, timah.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 83
lead, timah hitam.
copper, tambaga.
box, peti.
kind, sort, macham.
tobacco, tambakau.
coffee, kahwalu
tea, teh, cha.
tea (dry), daun teh.
tea (liquid), ayer teh
money, wang.
jacket, baju.
trousers, saluar.
Examples.
What is the matter ? — Apa korang ?
What is to be done? (i.e., there is nothing to be done) — Apa bulih
buat t
What is the use ? — Apa guna ?
Whence do you come? — Deri-mana datang kamut
Where are you going ? — Ilandak pergi ka-mana ?
Why did you not tell me sooner ? — Apa buat ta'bilang dahulu t
What do you say ? — Apa kata kamu ?
Why do ye run ? — Mengapa kamu orang lari t
Where did you get that? — Di-mana-kah angkau dapat itu?
Which tree shall I cut down ? — Pokoh mana handak tebang
How many days ago ? — Bfrapa hari sudah f
When was he at the market ? — Bila-mana dia di pasar t
Whose house is this ? — Rumah ini siapa punya 1
Are there many Chinese in Patani? — Baniak-kah orang China di
Patani t
Was it truly he who did it ? — Sunggoh-kah dia yang buat 1
Is it this one or another / — Ini-kah atau lain-kah ?
Is it going to rain ? — Ilandak hujan-kah ?
What is the price of this ? — BZrapa harga ini ?
What is the news? (How goes it?) — Apa khabart
How could I dare to do it ? — Macham mana saJiaya berani buat t
Exercise.
Where is my jacket 1 What did he say 1 Why do you come
here ? Are there any dollars in the box 1 How many times
has it rained this month 1 Whose tin is this *? Who brought
this tobacco? Did you demand the money from his father!
Whence did you obtain this news ? Did you order him to bring
the coffee 1 How many miles (lit. sto?ies) is it to the market ?
Shall I cut down this tree ? Have you seen that play 1 Who
84 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
was that who brought the fish? What kind of animal is that!
When were you at the house 1 Why do they not enter ?
Sometimes the word apa at the commencement of a sentence
gives it an interrogative sense ; l as apa, tuan ta* makan daging
karbau? do you not eat buffalo meat? apa tiada-kah suhar
leher bangau itu ? what ! would not the stork's neck be incon-
veniently long? apa tiada-kah tuan-hamba kenal akan bangau itu?
does not my lord recognise that stork ? 2
LESSON VI.
Formation of Negative Sentences:
Tidak, no.
Tiada, is not (are, was, were, do, did not, <fec).
Bukan, no, not.
Jangan, don't, let not.
Antah, I know not; who knows? there is no saying.
Jangan-kan, not only, not, so far from.
Bukan is a more emphatic denial than tidak. It is also used,
either alone or with the affix -kah, to signify is it not? is it
not so ?
Tiada is generally abbreviated colloquially to t'ada and fa'
(in Java trada and tra).
Antah is an expression of doubt.
Examples.
Yes or no ?— Ya atau tidak.
That which is he causes not to be ; that which is not he causes to be—
Yang ada dia tidak-kan, yang tidak dia ada-Jcan.
It is nothing = never mind — Tidak apa.
He got no small quantity of fish — Dia men-dapat ikan bukan sadikit.
Her beauty was of no ordinary kind — Molek-nia bukan alang-kapalang.
i Like the Hindustani kya or the Latin an, num. Forbes' Hindustani
Manual.
' Sri Rama. Fav-«'s Grammar, p. gz.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 85
Is this his house or not ? — Ini-kah rumah dia atau bukan f
Indescribable, wonderful — Bukan buat-an lagi (lit. it was no longer
doing).
You said just now that you went home first, did you not? — Kata kamu
tadi sudah pulang ka rumah dahulu, bukan-kah t
He is not my child — Bukan-lah iya anak hamba.
He will not come — Dia tcHmahu datang.
I asked him a great many times, but he would not — Sahaya minta berapa
kali tiada dia mahu.
There are no fish in the market — T'ada ikan di pasar.
I do not know where he has gone — Antah ka-mana pergi-nia.
There is no saying how many of them died — Antah ber-apa baniak-nia
yang mati.
It cannot be otherwise — Ta' dapat tiada.
He cannot enter — Dia ta'bulih masok.
Do not go—Jangan pcrgi.
Do not believe what people say — Jangan perchaya akan perkata-an
orang.
Shall I enter the house or not? — Masok-kah aku dalam rumah atau
jangan-kahl
So far from obtaining it, we did not even see it — Jangan-kan dapat,
me-lihat-pun tidak.
Not to speak of you, of me, even, they are afraid — Jangan-kan tuan,
hamba-tuan pun dia orang takut.
Exercise.
He said no. That conduct is not proper. He cannot write.
The children are not in the house. So far from getting a pony-
carriage, we cannot even get a bullock-cart. Not to speak of the
night, by day even people are afraid to go there. There is no
saying how it happened. Do not go near. Shall I give the fruit
to the woman or not ? There are not many horses here. Do
you not know that1? The Chinaman will not say yes or no. Do
not be afraid. If the seed is good it cannot but be that the
fruit is good also. The wind was of no ordinary force (huat).
New words in this Lesson to be learned by heart.
Beautiful, beauty, moleh ; dead, to die, mati; to believe,
perchaya ; saying, speech, &er-kata-an (from Jcata, to say) ; to
86 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
fear, takut ; to write, tulis ; night, malam ; daylight, siyang ;
seed, biji ; doing, making, fabrication, manufacture, buat-an
(from buat, to do, to make) ; to go away, go home, pulang.
LESSON VIL
On the Use of Prepositions.
For a list of the most useful prepositions see supra, p. 63.
Examples.
We are going up the mountain — Kita handalc nailc ka-atas gunong.
For every orlong (land- measure) ten cents — Pada satu orlong sa-puloh
duit.1
The clerks who are under him — Krani-lcrani yang di-bawah-nia.
Many people have settled at that place — Baniah orang sudah masok di
tampat itu.
He saw it from outside — Deri luar iya mt-lihat-kan.
People have remarked upon the subject before me (in my presence)—
Adajuga orang ter-kenang-kan hal itu di hadap-an sahaya.
The Raja gave a present to him — Raja memMri hadia kapada-nia.
Che Ismail has made preparations for marrying his daughter to (with)
Haji Daud — Che Ismail sudah siap handak me-nikah-kan anak-nia
dengan Haji Daud.
They were sentenced by the judge — Di-hukum-kan uleh hakim.
Among the four men three were wounded and one ran away — Di-dalam
ampat orang itu tiga luka satu lari.
I want to know about that affair — Sahaya handak tahu deri-pada hal
itu.
The case was begun on the first day of the month — Kapada satu hart
bulan di-mula-i bichara-nia.
With great haste — Dengan sangat gopoh.
He has gone towards the kitchen — Sudah diajalan sa-b%lah dapor.
On both sides of the road — Antara ka-dua Mlah jalan.
Regarding the subject of that document — Akan hal surat itu.
After a few days — Lepas sadikit hart.
He was buried near his father — Di-Tcubur-kan dZkat ayah-nia.
According to their circumstances — Atas kadar-nia.
1 In Penang 1 duit = 1 cent. ; in Singapore and Malacca £ cent.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 87
According to his strength — Sa-kadar knasa-nia.
Go to your master — Pergi sama tuan kamu.
He inquired about a murder — Dia -preksa fa sal bunoh.
Another version behind your back— Balik belakang lain bichara.
Between earth and sky — Antara bumi dan langit.
To walk through the water — Bcr-jalan trus ayer.
For the sake of God — Karana Allah.
As far as the cross-roads — Hingga sempang jalan
Until now — Sampei sakarang.
Exercise.
He lives upon the hill. On the tenth day of the month.
They came before the raja. His master gave a dollar to him.
He was buried by his brothers. After that all went away.
Among those ten persons six are men and four are women. As
regards the subject of that case, inquiry is now being made.
Each man received according to his circumstances. In which
direction has he gone, towards the right or towards the left?
Between the house and the river. How much will you receive
for every pikul of tin 1 The dogs are under the house. They
sat upon the ground. He arrived at that place with fifteen men.
They remained until night.
The following words used in this lesson should be committed
to memory : —
Clerk, krani ; place, tampat ; affair, subject, hal ; gift, pre-
sent, haclia ; judge, hakim; order, sentence, hukum ; case, nego-
tiation, bichara; hurried, haste, gopoh ; kitchen, dapor ; a grave,
kubur ; to bury, kubur-kan ; rate, condition, circumstances,
kadar ; strength, power, kuasa ; the back, belakang ; the earth,
bumi ; God, Allah; fork (of a road), sempang ; side, belah.
To ascend, naik ; to reflect, consider, kenang ; wounded, to
wound, luka; to marry, nikah ; to give in marriage, nikah-kan;
to examine, inquire into, preksa ; to kill, bunoh ; to receive,
terimcu
88
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
LESSON VIIL
On the Words Sudah and Habis.
Substantives.
a lock, kunchi.
a key, anak kunchi.
accounts, kira-kira.
skill, ka-pandei-an.
anger, ha-marah-an.
small-pox, ka-tumhoh-an.
loss, rugi.
disease, penyakit.
to lock, kunchi-kan.
to try, attempt, choba.
to expend, belanja.
to be silent, diam.
to break, pechah.
to stab, tikam.
to beat, pukul.
to be destroyed, binasa.
an egg, tilor.
an axe, kapak.
the foot, kaki.
cold (in the head), sardi
dagger, kris, kris.
rocks, reef, karang.
a fine, denda.
blemish, chachat.
Verbs.
to burn, bakar; burnt, ter-bakar
to be angry, marah.
to loose, lepas; loosed ter-lepas.
to disobey, bantah.
to cheat, tipu.
to be damaged, rosak.
to rob, samun.
to bite (as a snake), pagut.
guilty, salah.
black, hitam.
slow, lambat.
quickly, Idkas.
Adjectives.
rotten, busuk.
severe, terok.
fit, suitable, probable, harut.
Adverbs.
| slowly, perlahan.
Sudah is classed as an adverb, but its most common use is to
Berve as a kind of auxiliary verb in forming the past tenses. It
is translateable, according to the context, by the words and
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 8q
phrases, has, had ; has, have, and had been, or become ; done,
finished, completed, <fcc.
Habis signifies done, finished, exhausted, expended ; utterly,
completely. The use of these words with verbs will be seen
from the following examples : —
Examples.
Have you locked the door? — Sudah kunchi-kan pintu-kah?
I have — Sudah.
When I reached the house he was already there (lit. had become present
before) — Tatkala sahaya sampei di rumah dia sudah ada dahulu.
It is not yet finished — Bduin sudah.
It is half finished (just being finished) — Tengah handak sudah.
Nearly finished — Dekat mahu sudah.
Long ago — Lama sudah.
A month ago, more or less — Lebih korang sa'bulan sudah.
That is enough — Sudah-lah.
It has gone bad — Sudah busuk.
It is over — Sudah habis.
His father is an old man (has become old) — Bapa-nia sudah tuah.
Try to complete this — Choba-lah bagi sudah.
He understands (has arrived at understanding) accounts very well —
Pasal kira-kira sudah iya harti baik-baik.
Now it is (has become) near — Sakarang sudah dtkat.
They are all dead and gone — Sumua-nia mati habis.
Entirely destroyed — Habis binasa.
It is all spent — Sudah bttanja habis.
When he had finished speaking — Apabila sudah habis chakap.
All were quite silent — Habis-lah diam sumua.
The utmost of his skill — Sa-habis ka-pandei-an diet.
Exercise.
He is dead. He died long ago. He had made preparations
for going away. Are they all ready? The workman says that
the box is not yet finished. He has gone to Malacca. I have
seen this before. The tea is finished. All the eggs are broken.
The house was entirely burnt. He spent all his father's money.
Finish that quickly. They have gone back to their own country.
That house is nearly finished. I arrived here a year ago. When
you have finished writing that letter go home. It is now at a
distance. I am just finishing this letter.
90 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
LESSON IX.
On the Verb Kena.
Kena, in the sense of " to incur," is frequently used with other
words to express the passive mood. Thus, instead of "he was
fined," Malays will say " he incurred a fine ; " instead of " he
was blamed," " he incurred anger." Kena also means to touch
strike, hit, affect. Kena apa ? "affected by what?" is fre-
quently pronounced as a single word, kenapa, meaning " why?"
He was prosecuted — Dia klna bichara.
They were sentenced to five years each — Kena huhum atas so? orang lima
tahun.
He incurred the displeasure of his father — Dia k$na ka-marah-an deri-
pada bapa-nia.
The axe slipped in his hand and took effect on the back of his leg — Ter
lepas di tangan kapak iln. Una di bHakang kaki-nia.
Those who have not yet had small-pox— Orang yang belum kena ka.
tumboh-an.1
If any one disobeys he will be fined five dollars — Kalau ada siapa ban
tah nanti kZna denda lima rivggit.
I have been cheated — Sahaya sudah kena tipu.
He has been found guilty — Dia sudah k&na salah.
He died of a snake-bite — Dia mati kena pagut ular.
That won't do (does not hit it) — Ta' kena bagitu.
Don't go there, you may be injured — Jangan pergi sana, barangkali
Jcena salu apa-apa.
I am always catching cold — Salalu sahaya kena sardi.2
If the medicine does not take effect it is likely that the disease will take
a long time t«, be cured (i.e., the patient will probably die) — Kalau
tiada kena ubat-nia harusjuga lambat baik penyakit itu.
Exercise.
He died of a stab with a kris. He was put to great expense.
The ship was damaged by striking on the rocks. They were
1 The Malay word for small-pox differs in various localities. In Penang
the common word is ka-tumboh-an (lit. eruption) ; in Malacca and Singapore,
chachar ; in Perak, si-tawar and sakit orang baik (lit. "disease of the good
people," a euphuism) ; in some parts of Borneo, puru nasi.
2 Sardi (Persian and Hindustani) is the word used by the Malays of
Penang. Selesima and selimat generally mean more than a mere cold in
the head.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 9 1
fined twenty dollars each. It did not receive a single blemish.
Those who disobey will be prosecuted. He was very severely
beaten. What has happened to the dog that he limps like that?
He has been robbed on the road. He suffered no small loss.
That place won't do. This letter has been blackened by fire.
Yesterday he incurred his master's anger.
LESSON X.
On the Verbs Buleh, Bahagi, <kc.
The verbs huleh, can, or to be able ; bahagi, to give (lit. to
divide); kasik and beri, to give, grant; and biar, to permit,
to suffer, are frequently used to govern other verbs, which they
invariably precede.
Bui eh is a contraction of ber-nleh, a verb formed from the
preposition uleh, by, by means of. The primary meaning of
ber-uleh or buleh is to obtain, effect, and hence it has come to
mean "to be able." The original sense of the word may be seen
in such sentences as ber-uleh per-minia-an, to obtain (compliance
with) a request ; sudah-kah buleh anak ? have you had a child 1
Examples.
How can one know? — Mana buleh tahuf
Can you read English ? — Kamu buleh-kah mem-bacha sural Ivggris?
It is not to be calculated — Tiada-lah buleh handak di-ktra-kira lagi.
Every month I remind (give to remember) him — Tiap-tiap bulan ada
hamba-tuan btri ingat.
To feed (lit. give to eat) — Beri makan.
Just read that and let me hear it — Choba bacha itu biar sahaya dengar.
I wished to speak to him, but they would not let me — Sahaya handak
chakap dengan dia orang ta' bahagi.
He informed (gave to know) the Penghulu — Dia beri tahu hapada
Penghulu.
Send those people away — Kasih pulang orang-orang itu.
Let it fall — Biarjaloh.
Exercise.
I cannot open the door. He tried to stab him, but could not
touch him. Let him strike. Let the axe drop. His brother
92 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
cannot understand the accounts. Let that child go back to the
house. I wanted to give him a little tea, but they would not
permit it. The raja sent (gave to go) messengers. He brought
(gave to come) his wife and children. Can I live here ? I have
searched, but I cannot find it He lets them come into the
house. When can you come ?
Request, per-minta-an, from minta, to ask ; messenger, lit.
one ordered, penyuroh, from suroh, to order ; to remember,
ingat ; to read, bacha; to fall, jatoh ; every, tiap-tiap.
LESSON XI.
On the Verbs Langsong, Lalu, <kc.
In describing a proceeding which involves motion to a place
or continuous action on the part of some person or thing, it is
common to use the words langsong, lanjar or lancJiar, and lalu,
to proceed, go, direct one's course. Their signification in a
sentence is not easily translateable in English, but it is perhaps
best rendered by the English idiom, to go and do a thing. Some-
times the effect is that of the adverbs " immediately," " at
last," "incontinently," "forthwith," "altogether." Langsong is
generally used in Penang, but in Perak the Malays generally use
lanjar in the same sense.
Examples.
Intending to cook (food), to go and burn it — Handak masah langsong
hangus.
He went to Meccah and never returned — Dia pergi ka-Makah lanjar ta'
balik.
The pony fell down and immediately died — Rebah kuda itu langsong
mati.
He journeyed to Singapore and thence on to Johor — Ber-laiar-lah dia
ka-Singga'pura lalu ka-Johor.
He spat it out and then went and licked it up again — Sudah ludah lalu
di-jUat (a proverb).
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 93
He took a knife and forthwith stabbed him — Dia ambil pisau langsong
tikam.
He visited the districts down the river and thence went on to Kampar —
Dia pergi ka-daira rantau hilir, lanjar lea- Kampar.
He has gone altogether — Dia sudah pergi langsong.
Lalu is often used in the sense of " can," " able," instead of
bulth.
I cannot do it — Sahaya ta* lalu buat.
For a day or two past she has been unable to eat — Sudah satu dua liari
dia to1 lalu makan nasi.1
Will fish swallow a bare hook ? — Ada-hah ikan lalu me-makan mata kail
sahaja t
Exercise.
He got up and forthwith went away. He was very angry,
and at once ordered him to go out. The ship struck on a rock
and immediately sunk. He ate rice and then went to sleep.
He stabbed him twice and immediately ran away. He came
out of the house and at once fell down. He returned to his
country and died there. Do you intend to go direct to Johor ?
To cook, masak; to burn, hangus; to fall down, rebah ; to
return, balik ; to spit, ludah ; to lick, jilat; to take, ambil; to
eat, makan; to go out, kaluar; to sink, tinggalam; a sail, laiar;
to sail, ber-laiar ; a knife, pisau; a district, daira; rice, beras;
boiled rice, nasi; fish-hook, mata kail ; reach of a river, rantau ;
down-stream, hilir; up-stream, hulu.
LESSON XIL
On the Words Sampat and Dan.
Sampat, to be able, competent to, opportunity, fit time ; and
dan, occasion, opportunity, fit time, are two useful words which
are employed with verbs in much the same manner as buleh,
lalu, &c.
1 Makan nasi, eat rice. Malays do not, like us, say simply, eat, read,
write. It is more idiomatic to say, eat rice, read book, write letter.
94 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
In some parts of the peninsula (Perak, for example), sampang
is used instead of sampat.
These words are used more generally to state a negative pro-
position than an affirmative one.
Examples.
They are not able to stand — Tiada-lah sampat iya ber-dirt.
There was not time (for the fire) to spread to the inner part of the house,
but (it was confined) to the cook-room — Tiada sampang di-mahm
sampei ka-dalam rumah hania sa-bSlah dapor sahaja.
There was no time to render assistance — Tiada dan di-tulong.
He is not in a position to resist — Tiada sampat iya me-lawan.
I was not in time to see him ; he had already started — Ta'dan ber-jumpa,
sudah diajalan dahulu.
Such of them as could not gain the shore — Barang yang tiada sampat
naik ka-darat.
Exercise.
He ran away before I was able to seize him. They were un-
able to run away, for people seized them. He went away quickly,
so I had no time to see him. That place is very far off; there
is not time to reach it in one day. He fell down and died
before one could render assistance. Yesterday I was in a great
hurry and had not time to finish what I was saying. There is
not time to finish it in two days. Before I could stand up he
struck me.
To stand, ber-diri; except, but, hania, to help, tulong ; to
resist, oppose, lawan; to meet, jumpa ; land, darat ; any,
some, each, every, barang.
( 95 )
PART III.
The preceding lessons, it is hoped, will have explained and
illustrated in some degree the construction of sentences in
Malay. It is now proposed to give a series of useful words
and phrases applicable for the most part to common domestic
incidents, so that the student may at once have at command the
phrases most likely to be required in speaking to native servants.
Unfortunately for the purity of the dialect spoken at the British
settlements in the Straits of Malacca, the majority of the
domestic servants there are foreigners (natives of India, Chinese,
Javanese, <fcc), who seldom speak Malay well, either as regards
style or pronunciation. It is assumed that the student aims at
something more than clothing foreign idioms with Malay words,
and he should be on his guard therefore against the errors of
people of this class. Facility of expression and the accurate use
of idioms can only be acquired by much practice in speaking
with Malays, and by attentive study of Malay authors.
LESSON XIII.
/ breakfast, \
Bring < dinner, \ Bawa makan-an.1
\ luncheon, )
Put bread on the table — Taroh roti di-atas meja»%
Is there any milk ? —Susu ada-kah f
1 Lit. eatables. Sometimes the Hindustani word hazri is used for break
fast.
2 Meza or meja, table, is borrowed from the Persian.
$6 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
A little augar — Gida sadikit.
Shut the door — Tutup (or katup) pintu.
Open the window — Bulca jandela 1 (or tingkap).
Light the candle — Pasang 2 dian'd (or lilin).
Put out the lamp — Padam palita*
I am very hungry — Sahaya lapar sangat.
Have you eaten rice?— dudah makan nasi f
What will you drink, sir? — Tuan apa handak minumt
Go quickly— Pergi lakas.
Don't be long — Jangan lambat.
Call him here — Panggil dia ka-mari.
Tell him to come here — Ajak dia kamari.
Tell him I waut to speak to him — Khobar -kan dia sahaya handak chakap
sadikit.
Don't make a noise— Jangan engar-engar.
Go to the right — Pergi ka-kanan.
Go towards the right — Pergi sa-belah kanan.
Turn to the left — Pusing sa-bUah kiri.
Come — Mari. Mari-lah.
Come here — Mari sini. Mari di-sinL Mari-lah ka-mari.
Come near — Main, dlkat.
Come quite near — Mari dSkat-dikat.
Exercise.
Bring some bread. Where are you going? Light the lamp
quickly. Bring tea, sugar, and milk. Put two candles on the
table. Is there any coffee 1 When you reach the cross-roads
turn to the right. Eat first and then go. Don't tell any one.
Who is making a noise outside 1 He told him to come quite
near. Light the lamp and then shut all the windows.
i Jandela is from the Portuguese janella, and is applied to the windows
of the houses of Europeans. Tingkap is the window or window-shutter of a
native house.
2 Pasang signifies to give action to, to apply.
3 Dian is the better word. Lilin is literally wax.
4 Palita, in Hindustani (corrupted from the Persian patilah), signifies th«
match of a gun, a candle, a wick used in sorcery.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 97
LESSON XIV.
I want a servant (lit. a hired man) — Sahaya handah ckahari orang gaji
sa'orang.
Where did you work before? — Di-mana kerja dahulu?
What wages do you want per month ? — Ber-apa mahu gaji pada sa-
bulan 1
I will give seven dollars a month — Sahaya handah Icasih tujoh ringyit
sa-bulan.
Take care — Jag a baik-baik.
Hold it quite straight — Pegang-lah betul-betul.
Steady now ; don't let it slant— Baik-baik-lah jangan singet.
Don't forget — Jangan lupa.
Call the syce — Panggil sais. 1
Have you cleaned the horse ? — Kuda sudah gosok-iah 1
Just as you please — Mana suka tuan.
Just as you may order — Mana hukum tuan.
What o'clock is it (lit. Has struck how many times)? — Sudah pukul
b$r-apa t
It has struck twelve — Sudah pukul dua-bUas.
It is half-past ten — Sudah pukul sa-puloh sa-tengah.
It wants a quarter to one — Pukul satu korang suku.
Take away those shoes — Bawa pergi kasut 2 itu.
Take away all the things — Angkat-lah perkakas-an sumua.
Get the carriage ready — Siap-kan kreta,3 or sedia-kan-lah kreta.
Have you ordered the carriage ? — Kreta sudah suroh pasang-kah t
Put the horse to — Ktna-kan kuda.
A pair of horses — Kuda sa-pasang.
Saddle the black horse — Bubok zin* diatas kuda hitam.
Bring the riding-horse — Bawa kuda tunggang.
Exercise.
Get dinner ready. How much do you give your syce a
month? At two o'clock or half-past two, just as you like. I
intend to dine at seven o'clock ; don't forget. Hold it carefully,
and don't let it fall. Where are all the servants 1 Have you
1 SaHs (Hindustani, derived from Arabic), groom, horsekeeper.
2 Kasut is the native word, but sapatu (Portuguese sapato) is also exten-
sively used to signify boots and shoes of European pattern.
3 Kreta, Portuguese carreta.
4 Zin, Hindustani and Persian. Palana (Hindustani and Persian paFan.
a pack-saddle) and sela (Portuguese sella) are also used.
a
98 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
ordered the syce to saddle the horse ? Take care ; this horse in
rather vicious. At what time shall I get the carriage ready ? I
shall return at five o'clock. Call some one to hold the horse. I
have brought one pair of shoes.
LESSON XV.
Is the cook there ? — Tulcang J masak ada-kah t
I keep one grass-cutter for every two horses — Pada dua-dua ekor kuda
sahaya upah tukang-rumput sa'orang.
The gardener does not work on Friday — Hari juma'at tukang-kabun
tiada kerja.
Be good enough to order two pairs of shoes at the shoemaker's — Tulong-
lah pdsan pada tukang-kasut dua pasang kasut.
What I want are shoes that lace up — Tang sahaya handak itu, kasut
yang ber-tali.
Where does the goldsmith live ? — Di-mana tinggal tukang-mas ?
Look out for some good carpenter — Chdhari-lah tukang-kayu mana-
mana satu yang pandei sadikit.
How much must I pay the blacksmith ? — B<£rapa handak baiar kapada
tukang b<£$i f
The painter says it will be finished in two days — Rata tukang-chat lagi
dua hari habis-lah.
It must be here at two o'clock without fail — Mahu ada di-sini jam
pukul dua, ta' bulih tidak.
I am sorry that so-and-so has not come — Sayang-lah si-anu ta' datang.
What a pity ! — Kasih-an !
Poor old man ! — Kasihan-lah orang tuah I
On what day will the washerman come ? — Hari mana dobi 2 handak
datang ?
I will not give it — Sahaya ta' mahu kasih.
He asks too much — Dia minta ter-lampau baniak.
He asks too long a price — Dia minta mahal sangat.
Speak slowly — Chakap perlahan-perlahan.
Has he brought anything ? — Sudah dia bawa apa-apa 9
1 Tukang. This word in Malay corresponds to our "fellow," the Hin-
dustani wala and the Tamul karen. When used, as in the examples above
given, as part of a compound, it signifies agent, doer, keeper.
2 Dhobi is Hindustani ; binara, washerman, is the most idiomatic term,
but tukang-basoh is often heard, also, in Batavia, tukang menatu.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 99
Exercise.
What has the cook brought ? Tell the washerman to come in
three days. How much does he ask ? Why is the gardener not
working ? The shoemaker was not at his house. Have you
called the blacksmith 1 When will you give it to me 1 If you
speak slowly I can understand. I do not want the carriage
to-day. Be good enough to call the grass-cutter. Poor little
child ! The black horse is dead. I am sorry about that horse.
Did he demand anything 1
LESSON XVI.
Pour out the tea — Tuang ayer teh.
This water is not hot enough — Ayer ini ta' panas bVtul.
When it is boiling bring it — Apa-bila ayer mendidih baharu-lah bawa.
Boil two eggs — Masah t%lor dua biji.
Kill a fowl — Potong (or sembilik x) hay am sa' ekor.
Don't scald it ; pluck the feathers out — Jangan chelor, bulu-nia chabul
salu-satu.
Make an omelette — Buat dadar telor.
Count these knives— Choba bUang pisau ini bfrapa.
A person has brought bread for sale— Ada orang handahjual roti.
Take two loaves — AmbU-lah dua Mtul.
What kind of meat do you wish me to get ? — Daging apa macham tuan
handah suroh chahari t
I am not particularly fond of beef — Daging lumbu sahaya ta' berapa
gamar.
See if you can get any mutton — Choba preksa daging kambing barang-
lcali dapat Mlak.*
Is the meat to be roasted or boiled t — Daging handak panggang-kah
handak rebus-kah t
Mince it up fine — Chinchang lumat-lumat.
Don't be troublesome — Jangan bising.
This is the fruit-season — Ini-lah musim buah kayu.
1 Sembilik is used only of the killing of an animal by a Muhammadan foi
consumption by Muhammadans. It is a corruption of the Arabic phrass
Bi-smi-llahi, which is pronounced as the animal's throat is cut.
2 EMak implies a doubt, " perchance," " may be."
IOO MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
What kind of fruit is there for sale now? — Apa macham buahotaxy
jual sakarang ?
Mangoes, mangostins, and oranges — Buah mampelam, buah manggis
dan limau manis.
Are there any shaddocks ? — Limau kadangsa ada-kah t
Buy about a dozen limes — BZli limau asam barang dua-belas biji.
The basket is full — BaJcul sudah phioh.
Bring a basket to put these things into — Bawa-lah raga handak isi-kan
barang -barang int.
This durian is unripe — Buah durian ini muda lagi.
No, sir ; its pulp is delicious — Tidak tuan, elok sakali isi-nia.
These durians are not to be surpassed — Ta' lawan-lah buah durian ini.
Exercise.
I am not very fond of poultry. Why does not the cook bring
a basket1? Are not these mangoes unripe? How many man-
gostins are there in the basket t Can you make an omelette 1
Boil the mutton and roast the beef. When the water is boiling
put the egg in. Count the limes which the cook has brought.
How many loaves of bread do you take each day 1 He is not
very clever at cooking.
LESSON XVII.
Call a hack-carriage — Panggil kreta sewa.
1 want to hire this carriage to go to church — Sahaya mahu sewa kareta
ini handak pergi ka-greja. 1
What fare shall I have to pay ? — BZrapa nanti k%na bayar penyewa-nia t
Can you get there in half-an-hour ? — Tengahjam buleh sampei-kahf
Has the gun fired (lit. sounded) ? — Mariam? sudah ber-bunyi-kah t
The cannon has gone off — Mariam sudah mt-letup.
He fired a musket — Dia me-letup-kan snapang.*
Let go. Leave hold — Lepas tangan.
Who is there ? — Siapa ada t
Bring a light — Bawa apt.
Where are the matches ? — Di-mana goris api t
i Grga, from the Portuguese iglesia.
2 Mariam, taken evidently, though unconsciously, from the Portuguese
name of the Holy Virgin. — Crawfurd.
* Snajpang, from the Dutch snaphaan.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. IOI
Say that again— Choba Tcata lagi saJcali.
I did not quite hear — Sahaya ta' bZrapa dengar.
They are great liars— Dia orang kuat mem-bohong.
I dare not tell you a lie — Sahaya ta' bZrani mem-bohong kapada tuan.
I am very sorry to hear it — Sahaya baniak susah hati men-dengar.
Move to the right — KZsak ka-kanan.
This is a very large pine-apple — Ter-lalu besar sa-biji nanas ini.
Plantains are of various kinds — Macham-macham-lah pisang.
I cannot come to-morrow — Bcsok sahaya taf buleh kamari.
Cut this stick in two — Kayu ini kerat dua.
Bring some wine and water — Bawa anggor sama ayer.
Has the rain stopped ? — Sudah tedoh-kah hujan t
It has moderated — Ada sidang sadikit.
The rain is very heavy — Hujan lebat sakali.
It has stopped — Sudah ber-hinti.
EXERCISK
Tell him to go slowly. Ask the syce for matches. Tell him
to light the lamps. He dare not go home alone. I told him to
let go. Have you heard the gun fire ? One cannot get there in
an hour. He will hire out (lit. give to hire) his carriage. When
the rain has stopped 1 will go there. He does not drink
wine. Fire off the gun again. I do not quite like it. He
demands much too high a fare.
LESSON XVIII.
Is dinner ready ? — Makan-an sudah sedia-kah t
I have invited five gentlemen to dine here this evening— Sudah sahaya
per-sila-kan tuan-tuan lima orang me-makan di-sini malam ini.
You must cool the wine well — Mahu-lah scjuk-kan anggor baik-baik.
If there is not enough saltpetre get more — Kalau korang sendawa
ambil-lah lagi.
There is plenty of ice — Ayer bdku1 ada baniak.
What is the price of Bengal potatoes by the catty? — Ubi Benggala
berapa harga sa-kati t
Wipe the spoons and forks with a cloth — Senduk garfxi sumua-nia sapu-
lah sama kain.
1 Lit. " congealed water ; " ayer batu, " stone water," is also used, but less
correctly.
lot MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
There is a hole in this tablecloth — Kain mcja ini ber-lobang.
It caught on a nail and was torn — Sudah ter-sanghut di-hujong paku
langsong Jcoyah-lah.
Some gravy was spilt on it — Kuah di-tumpah di-atas-nia.
Let the vegetables be perfectly hot — Sayur-sayur biar hangat sakali.
It is difficult to get fish at this hour — Ikan payah di-chahari bagini
hart.
The pomfret is better than the sole — Baik ikan bawal deri-pada ikan
UdaJu
He is washing the plates — Dia mem-basoh piring.
That lad is very handy — ChZpat sakali budak itu.
Pull out the cork — Chabut penyumbat.1
Put in the cork — Bubok-lah penyumbat.
Do you want this bottle for any purpose ? — Tuan kandak ber-guna-kan
balang 2 ini t
Bring finger-glasses (lit. water to wash the hands) — Bawa ayer basoh
tangan.
Exercise.
Wipe this table. Don't give the washerman the table-
cloths which have holes. It is difficult to get ice here. Bengal
potatoes are better than those from China. Wash your hands
first. I am very fond of ice. Put two spoons and two forks
on the table. Let the water be very cold. Perhaps I shall
want it some day. I came here having been invited3 by
Mr. „
LESSON XIX.
Look at this for a moment — Choba tengoh ini sa-buntar.
Let me see it — Biar sahaya me-lihat.
Do you see that man who is looking in front of him ? — Kamu nampa-
kah orang itu yang pandang ka-hadap f
I did not pay particular attention — Sahaya ta' berapa per-hati-kan.
I don't quite know (lit. I have insufficiently inquired) — Sahaya korang
preksa.
Pick out those that are torn — Pilih yang ter-koyah.
1 Penyumbat, a stopper, from sumbat, to stop up, close.
a Balang is the native word for a flask or bottle, but is seldom heard in
the British settlements, where the English word "bottle" is generally
understood.
8 Di-per-sila-kan uleh.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 03
How many pairs of white trousers are there ? — Saluar puteh ada ber-
apa haleif
Give me a shirt— Kasih Jcameja1 sa'lei*
Thick material (e.g., blanket, rug, flannel)— Kain panat.
Any cloth or garment for wrapping round the body (e.g., sheet, coverlet)
— Salimut.
Fold up this handkerchief — Lipat sapu-tangan int.
He was lying wrapped up with a blanket — Dia tidor-lah ber-salimut
kain panas.
They wrapped him round with a sarong — Di-salimut-kan-nia kain
sarong.
There is one pair of socks too few — Sarong kaki ada korang sa-pasang.
My waist-belt has disappeared — Tali pinggang sudah to* nampa lagi.
Bolt the door — Ranching -kan-lah pintu.
Knock at the door before coming in — KUok pintu dahulu bdharu-lah
masok.
I am going to bathe now — Sahaya handak mandi sakarang.
Is there any water for bathing? — Ayer mandi ada-kah?
The tub is full — Tong sudah p2noh.
Exercise.
Just look at this shirt; it is torn. Bring me a pair of thick
trousers. Is the door bolted 1 Have you seen my waist-belt
anywhere ? Let me see that handkerchief for a moment. He
knocked at the door, but you did not hear him. I am going
down to bathe. Pick out about five good ones. I look ahead
of me. not behind me. He said that he had not inquired. Fold
up these sheets.
LESSON XX.
Have you fed the dogs ? — Anjing sudah kasih makan-kah t
Did you deliver that letter ? — Surat itu sudah s%rah-kah f
Is there any answer ? — Adajawab 3-nia apa-apaf
The master sends his compliments — Tuan kirim tabek baniak-baniak.
There are a great many mosquitoes here — Nyamok tcr-lampau baniak
di-sini.
1 Kameja, Portuguese camiza. ~ See supra, p. 70.
s Jawab (a word of Arabic derivation) has been borrowed by the Malays
from Hindustani
104 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
I don't much like living here — Sahaya to' b&r-apa suka duduk l di-sini.
I was disgusted at hearing him speak like that — Sahaya binchi men-
dengar per-kata-an-nia yang bagitu.
Are you on good terms with so-and-so? — Kamu soma si-anu ada baik-kahf
Mr. was very angry with him — Marah sa-kali Tuan kapada-nia.
I do not venture to interfere — Sahaya tay bVrani champor.
Don't interrupt — Jangan masok-kan mulut.
Mix both together — Champor-lah dua-dua.
I must have onions, pepper, salt, and chillies — Mahu-lah bawang lada
garam sama chabei.
Don't use cocoa-nut oil — Jangan pakei minyak kalapa.
She Bits weeping day and night — Dia duduk menangis siyang malam.
This will do as a pattern — Ini-lahjadi chonto.
He made a model of a house — Di-buat-kan-nia achu-an rumah.
Where is the bullet-mould ? — Achu-an peluru 2 dimana t
My mind is made up — TStap-lah hati sahaya.
I very much wish (lit. the vow of my heart is) to have a garden — Niat
hati sahaya handak ber-kabun.
Exercise.
I did not dare to go near. Put some pepper and salt into it
and then mix it well. They have delivered up all the muskets.
He is not on very good terms with his wife. I like to look at it.
He said he would send an answer. Don't be angry with the
boys. If you give the carpenter a model he can make anything*
I would ask for a little bit of this cloth as a pattern. Give my
compliments to your master.
LESSON XXL
Can you sew ? — Kamu tahu-kah menjahit.
The tailor has come — Tukang jahit sudah datang.
This does not fit me — Ta' bUul ini dengan badan 3 sahaya.
Measure the length of this — Hukur-lah panjang-nia.
1 Duduk, to sit, means also (in some districts) to live, inhabit.
2 Pe-luru, a missile, " that which goes direct," a substantive formed by
the particle pe- and the word lurus, direct, straight.
3 Badan, Arabic, adopted in Hindustani also; tuboh ia the native word;
salira (Sansk.) is also found.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 105
Just hold this for a moment — Tulong pegang ini salat.1
Wait a moment — Nanti sa'at.
He has a bad foot — Kaki-nia sakit.
He was wounded between the ankle and the heel — Dia TcSna lulca antara
mata kahi dan tumit.
Her neck was swollen — BongkoJc-lah batang leher-nia.
From the nape of the neck down to the feet — Deri tangkuk hingga
kaki.
He put his arm under his head (lit. he made a pillow of his forearm) —
Dia mem-bantal-kan lengan.
His knee-pan was broken — Patah-lah tempnrong ■ lutut-nia.
A skull was found in the river — Di-jumpa tengkurak di-dalam sungei.
As big as one's finger — Besarjari.
The thumb — Ibujari or ibu tangan.
The forefinger — Jari telunjuk.
The middle finger — Jari tengah, jari mati, or jari hantu.
The fourth finger — Jari manis.
The little finger — Jari kelingking.
His right arm was dislocated — Tangan kanan*nia sudah salah urat.
He has a beard — Dia ber-janggut.
One seldom sees a Chinese with a moustache — Jarang ber-jumpa orang
China ber-muei.
Exercise.
Show the tailor a pair of white trousers. My little finger is
swollen. Hold this stick for a moment. He was stabbed in the
leg near the knee. Both his arms were broken. Be good
enough to sew this. I was much concerned at seeing him ; he is
suffering greatly. A stick as thick as my forearm. He was
struck on the back of the neck. She wore a ring3 on her fourth
finger.
1 More correctly sa-sa'at, one moment. Sa'at (Arabic) is found in Hindus-
tani also.
3 The primary meaning of tempurong is " cocoa-nut shell. *
* Chinchin.
lo6 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE
LESSON XXII.
Bring my hat and riding-whip — Bawa topi l dengan rotan.7
What is this candle made of ? — Dian ini di-buat dengan apa t
Give me pen and ink — KasVt kalam 3 sama dawat.*
That man is deaf and dumb — Orang itu bisu.
His hair is very long — Panjang sakali rambut-nia.
What is your occupation ? — Apa pen-chahari-an angkau f
He cultivates padi for a livelihood — Dia buat bendang 5 men-chahari
makan.
Is so-and-so alive still, or is he dead ? — Si-anu ada-kah lagi hidop atau
mati-kah t
This cloth is very dirty — Kotor sakali kain ini.
His house was entered by robbers last night — Rumah dia di-masok peny-
amun sa-malam.
They made off with a good many things — Baniak juga barang-barang
dia orang angkat bawa pergi.
All were fast asleep, not one was awake — Sumud orang tidor Una sa-orang
pun tiadajaga.
I keep my box under my bed — Peti sahaya simpan di-bawah tampat
tidor.
I sleep on an iron bedstead — Sahaya tidor di-atas katil6 besi.
My two children sleep in the loft — Anak-anak sahaya dua orang tidot
di para.
There was a policeman watching in the street — Ada mata-mata sa 'orang
men- jag a dijalan.
He ran very fast and could not be caught — Dia lari ter-lalu deras to*
8ampat orang menangkap.
The policeman chased him down to the river-bank — Mata-mata kejar
juga sampei ka-tepi sungei.
Sometimes he comes in the morning, sometimes in the middle of the
day — Kadang-kadang dia datang pagi-pagi, kadang-kadang tengah
hari.
1 Topi, Hindustani, signifies the hat of an European.
2 Rotan, rattan, more correctly raut-an, the thing peeled, from rant,
to peel.
* Kalam (found in Hindustani also) is derived from the Arabic. Cf. San-
skrit kalama, a kind of rice ; Greek K<£Xa/xos.
4 Dawat in Hindustani (derived from Arabic) means inkstand, ink-bottle,
pen-case ; in Malay it also signifies ink. Tinta (Portuguese) is also used by
the Malays for ink.
5 Buat bendang, lit. "works the fields;" bendang — wet rice-fields, as
opposed to huma, dry fields on high ground.
6 Eattil, Tamul, a cot
manual of the malay language. 107
Exercise.1
Ada sa-orang binara memelehra-kan sa-ekor kaldei maka 'adat-
nia pada tiap-tiap hari apabila sudah iya mem-basoh kain maka
di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu di-bawa-nia-lah ka negri
di-pulang-kan-nia kemdian pula di-ambil-nia kain-kain chumar
di-muat-kan-nia ka-atas-nia di-bawa-nia pulang ka rumah-nia
sa-telah malam hari di-ambil-nia suatu kulit harimau di-salimut-
kan-nia ka-atas kaldei itu lalu di-lepas-kan-nia dalam ladang
orang damikian-lah lial-nia binara itu pada tiap-tiap hari maka
apabila dinahari pulang-lah kaldei itu ka rumah tuan-nia itu
maka be-ber-apa kali ber-tSmu kapada yang ampunya ladang itu
ka-takut-an lab iya di-sangka-kan harimau lari-lah iya pulang.
LESSON XXIII.
People are making a clearing on the hill — Orang her-ladang di-atas
bukit.
What are they planting ? — Apa di-tanam-nia ?
Plantains, gourds, maize, and cucumbers — Pisang, labu, jagong, dan
timun.
What news of the seeds which I sowed the day before yesterday ? — Apa
khabar biji itu yang di-tabur kalmarin dahulu t
They are sprouting beautifully — Sangat-lah elok tunas-nia naik itu.
Goodness knows if they will live — Wallahu 'alam akan hidop-nia.
We shall know in a few days — Lepas sadikit hari tahu-lah kita.
He complained to the master about that matter also — Di-adu juga pada
tuan hal itu.
I have never heard it — Tat pernah hamba tuan mcn-dengar.
There is a great quantity of fruit on that tree — Lebat sdkali buah-buah
di-atas pokok itu.
Pick three or four ripe ones — Choba petik barang tiga ampat biji yang
masak.
You cannot reach them with your hand ; bring a hook — Tangan ta' sampei
bawa penggait.
He put up a hut in the middle of his plantation — Di-buat-nia dangau di
tengah ladang.
The walls are wood and the thatch bertam leaves — Dinding-nia kayu
atap-nia bertam.
1 This and the following fables are taken from a Malay translation of the
Hindi version of the Pancha-tantra, by Abdu-llah Munshi.
108 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
He tied it with rattan — Di-ikat-nia sama rotan.
Chop that stick with a bill-hook — Tetak kayu itu dengan parang.
He made a notch in the log — Di-takuk-nia batang kayu itu.
The tax is 10 cents for every log — Hasil-nia sapuloh duit pada sa-
batang.
The timber is the property of the owner of the land — Kayu-kayu pulang
kapada yang ampunya tanah.
Exercise.
Maka apabila ter-dengar khabar itu kapada kapala kawal
heiran iya serta ber-kata " Ada-kah pernah harimau me-makan
padi antah 'alamat akhir zaman-lah sudah," lalu di-ambil-nia sa-
batang lembing lalu pergi-lah iya sebab handak me-lihat hal itu,
maka ber-temu-lah iya dengan kaldei itu maka apabila di-lihat
kaldei manusla datang itu lalu ber-triak-lah iya serta di-dengar
uleh kapala kawal itu suara kaldei maka di-hampir-i-nia-lah akan
dia lalu di-tikam-nia dengan lembing-nia lalu mati-lah kaldei itu
damikian-lah ada-nia per-mula-an per-satru-an itu datang-nia
deripada mulut juga asal-nia.
LESSON XXIV.
His whip dropped on the road — Chabuk^nia jatoh dijalan.
He drives exceedingly well — Dia pandei sakali pegang ras.3
Drive out that dog — Halau-kan anjing itu.
I am going out for a drive — Sahaya handak naik kreta ber-angin-angin.
He knows how to write Malay — Dia tahu menyurat Jawi.
The letters are the same, but the pronunciation is different — Huruf-nia
sama tetapi bunyi-nia lain.
1 want to stop a moment at the warehouse — Sahaya mahu singga sa-
kejap di gedong.
When will you come and see me ? — Bila handak mari men-dapat-kan
sahaya t
This skin has been destroyed by insects — Kulit ini hdbU-lah di-makan
ulat.
He has no fixed occupation — Taf tuntu pt-karja-an-nia,
1 Chabuky Hindi, whip.
' Pegang ras, lit. holds the reins ; rasai, Hindustani, reins.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 109
He has no settled residence — Ta' tetap tampat ka-duduk-an-nia.
Who is the headman of the river ? — Siapa kapala sungei f
The headman of the village received him — Di-sambut-kan-nia kapala
kampong.
Five men stood on guard at the door — Lima orang ber-kawal di-pintu.
Whom do you wish to see ? — Kamu handak ber-jumpa dengan siapa-kah?
I felt as if I wanted to cry — Saperti handak ber-triak rasa-nia di-dalam
hati sahaya.
I have b«en here for several months without meeting you — B&r-apa bulan
sahaya di-sini tiadajuga ber-Umu dengan tuan.
It was heard across the river — Ka-dengar-an sampei sabSrang sungei.
By the mouth the body comes to harm — Sebab mulut badan binasa.
Exercise.
Ada kapada suatu hutan tampat gajah maka dalam gajah
yang baniak itu ada sa-orang raja-nia maka be-bSr-apa lama-nia
iya diam pada hutan itu maka kapada suatu katika datang-lah
musim kamarau maka ka-kenng-an-lah sagala ayer maka di-suroh
uleh raja gajah akan sa-ekor gajah pergi men-chahari ayer maka
pergi-lah iya maka sampei-lah iya kapada sa-buah gunong maka
di-bawah gunong itu ada-lah sa-buak kulam penoh ayer-nia maka
apabila di-lihat-nia itu maka segra-lah iya kambali membSri tahu
raja-nia maka ber-angkat-lah raja itu serta sagala ra'iyat-nia
handak pergi me-minum ayer.
LESSON XXV.
What is the price of this % — Ini bZr-apa harga t
At first he demanded two dollars — Mula-mula dia minta dua ringgit.
I offered one dollar, but he would not accept it — Sahaya tawar sa-ringgii
tiada mahu di-tdrima-nia.
He said that the fixed price was two dollars — Kata-nia harga mati dua
ringgit.
Give me whichever you please — Tang mana angkau suka handak bahag^
bahagi-lah.
Any one will do — Mana-mana satu pun jadi-lah.
This quantity will do — Jadi-lah sa-baniak ini.
Is this boat your own? — Prahu ini sendiri punya-kaht
Are you married ? — Sudah ber-bini-kah ?
IIO MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Is he a married man I — Ada-kah rumah tangga-niat1
He has three children — Dia sudah dapat anak tiga orang.
How many children have you ? — Sudah dapat anak bh'-apa orang ?
His wife has lately had a child — Bini dia baharu ber-anak.
He has got a son by his elder wife — Dia sudah dapat anak laki-ldki sa-
orang dengan istri-nia yang tuah.
Are these children twins ? — Kambar-kah budak ini t
I have known him from his childhood — Deri kechil lagi sahaya ktnal.
His child is quite an infant, still at the breast — Kechil juga anak dia,
menyusu lagi.
She suckled her child — Dia menctek-kan (or menyusu-kan) anak-nia.
He is cutting his teeth — Baharu tumboh gigi-nia.
You must have it vaccinated — Mahu di-chungkil tanam ka-tumboh-an.
It did not take the first time — Mula-mula to* kena.
Exercise.
Maka ada-lah pada tepi kulam itu sa-ekor raja pelanduk
serta dengan ra'iyat-nia ber-buat tampat diam di-situ maka serta
ka-dengar-an-lah bunyi sagala gajah itu datang saperti ribut maka
ber-kata-lah pelanduk itu sama sendiri-nia jikalau datang gajah
itu kambali naschaya tiada-lah buleh kita diam di tampat ini maka
uleh raja pelanduk itu di-panggil-nia mantri-nia seraya ber-sabda
" Apa-kah bichara-nia jikalau datang gajah itu kamari naschaya
tiada-lah buleh kita diam lagi di-sini," maka jawab mantri pelan
duk itu " Jikalau dengan titah tuanku akan patek maka patek-
lah pergi meng-halau-kan gajah itu dengan barang daya upaya
patek," maka di-bSri-lah uleh raja paientah akan mantri itu.
LESSON XXVI.
Go and complain at the police-station — Pergi-lah mengadu di-balei (or
rumah pasong).
He has been arrested Dia sudah ktna tangkap.
He has been locked up — Dia sudah kena tutop.
What is his offence ? — Apa ka-salah-an-nia ?
What do they charge him with? — Apa di-tudoh-kan di-atas-niat
For how many days has he been detained ? — Sudah b%r-apa hari dia
l&na tahan t
1 Lit. Has he a house with a ladder? i.e., has he an establishment of
own?
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. in
This is not his first offence — Bukan sa-kali ini sahaja yang dia buat
jahat t
Do you know him ? — Tuan kenal-kah dia t
No, I see him now for the first time — Tidak, baharu sa-kali ini sahaya
me-lihat.
People say that he is a great opium-smoker — Kata orang dia kuat makan
chandu.
He broke into the house of a Chinese in the middle of the night — Dia
pechah masok rumah orang China tengah malam.
He was not alone ; there were several others with him — Bukan dia
sa'orang adajuga dua tiga ampat orang Jcawan-nia.
They were all Malays — Malayu belaka1 ka-sumua-nia.
He was not the principal, but an accomplice — Bukan dia kapala telapx
dia menyerta-i sama.
Their intention was to steal the gold ornaments — Kahandak hati-nia
mahu churi barang-barang mas.
He used abusive and improper language — Dia ber-maki-maki dengan
yang ta'patut.
What is the name of the defendant ? — Siapa nama yang kZna adu itu ?
What the prosecutor says is quite right — Benar juga saperti kata
adu- an.
Exercise.
Maka mantri pelanduk itu-pun ber-lari-lah pergi men-dapat-
kan raja gajah itu seraya ber-pikir di-dalam hati-nia, " handak
meng-halau-kan gajah ini ter-lalu susah-kah 1 ada-pun saperti
sagala raja-raja itu jikalau handak mem-bunoh orang itu
saperti laku orang ter-tawa bahwa damikian-lah raja ini-pun
dengan sa-buntar ini juga aku halau-kan jikalau damikian
baik-lah aku naik ka-atas gunong ini," maka ka-lihat-an-lah
raja gajah itu serta dengan sagala tantra-nia maka ber-sSru-
sSru-lah pelanduk itu dengan niaring suara-nia kata-nia-
" ada-kah tuanku serta tantra tuanku sakalian baik ? " maka
menulih-lah raja gajah itu serta dengan marah-nia kata-nia
" Hei benatang yang kechil lagi hina apa sebab-nia angkau
i Belaka (entirely, completely, altogether) is often used parenthetically in
» sentence, corresponding in some degree to such expressions as, " it must
be said," " I should say," " let me add," " you must know."
Ka-sumua-nia, the whole of them, a collective substantive formed from
sumua, all. Numerals are dealt with in the same way, as, ka-dua-nia, both
of them.
112 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
menySru aku di tengah jalan dengan ka-laku-an be-adab * ini
siapa-kah angkau ini ? "
LESSON XXVII.
On what day will the case be commenced ? — Pada hart mana handak
buka bichurat
So-and-so got up and gave evidence. — Ber-diri si-anujadi saksi.
Bail was refused — Tiada di-b2rijamin.2
Have you any one who will go bail for you? — Ada-kah orang yang
mahu tang gong !
This is the surety — Ini-lah aku-an.
I will give bail for any amount — Blr-apa bh'at sakali-pun hamba tuan
bZrani tanggong.
Is this a man of property f — Orang ber-harta-kah ini?
One surety is not enough ; there must be two at least — Sa' orang aku
tajadi sa-korang-korang mahu-lah dua orang.
Sign at this place — Di-sini-lah turun tanda tangan.
Do you know how to write ? — Tahu-kah menyurat 1
If you cannot write, make a mark — Jikalau ta'tahu menyurat buat-lah
goris tanda tangan.
That will do ; you can go now — Suda-lah, pulang-lah dahulu.
What do you call this in Malay ? — Bahasa Malayu apa kata ini f
He has done it in the English fashion — Dia sudah buat chara
Inggrti.
Speak loud, and let people hear you — Chakap kuat-kuat sapaya buleh
orang men-dengar.
He was very much afraid (and looked) as if he were about to fall down
— Takut-lah sakali dia saperti handak rZbah ka-bawah.
His face grew very pale — Puchat sakali muka-nia.
His statement is incoherent — Ta'tuntu per-kata-annia.
He fell at his master's feet and asked for pardon — Dia menyambah kaki
tuan-nia lalu me-minta ampun.
His master, being very kind-hearted, forgave him — Sebab ter-lalu morah
hati tuan-nia langsong di-btri-nia ma'af.
1 Beadab, "unmannerly," a compound adjective (Hindustani) formed by
prefixing the privative particle be- to the noun adab. Malays also borrow
from the same source the word be-hosh, "stupified," generally mispronounced
by them bi-us.
2 Jamin, " bail,"' a word frequently heard in the Straits Settlements, is a
corruption of the Hindustani tamin.
manual of the malay language. 113
Exercise.
Maka jawab pelanduk " Dengar-lah tuanku akan per-kata-
an patek ini, ada-pun tuan yang mengrang-kan sagala 'alam
dunia ini serta laut dan darat iya-itu bulan maka patek ini
sa-orang hamba-nia yang di-perchaya-nia maka di-suroh-nia
patek datang kapada tuanku minta khabar-kan " maka jawab
raja gajah itu "apa-kah khabar-nia? Kata-kan-lah uleh-mu"
maka pelanduk itu-pun sambil memandang ka-langit pura-pura
iya menyambah bulan seraya kata-nia "adapun tuanku itu-
lah bulan yang ampunya gunong dan kulam itu-pun iya-lah
yang mem-buat-nia akan tampat mandi maka apabila iya
pulang petang ka-langit maka di-suroh-nia jaga kulam itu
dengan be-bSr-apa singa yang garang-garang maka sebab itu-
lah apa-bila di-lihat-nia tuanku ber-angkat datang kamari di-
suroh-nia akan hamba mem-beri tahu maka apabila tuanku
datang di-kulam naschaya di-bunoh-lah uleh sagala singa itu
maka dosa-nia itu di-atas-nia maka sebab itu-lah iya men-
yuroh-kan hamba datang ini membSri tahu tuanku sakalian
menyuroh-kan balik sigra " .
LESSON XXVIII.
In which direction had we better go ? — Sa-belah mana baik kita pergi ?
There are numbers of snipe in the padi-fields — Di-bendang baniak juga
burong berkik.
He has a double-barrelled gun — Dia punya snapang dua laras.
Both barrels are loaded — Sudah ber-isi ka-dua-uia.
You use very small shot — Tuan pakei pengabur yang halus takali.
He is a very good shot — Dia pandei sakali menembak burong.
He killed two birds at one shot — Sakali me-letup mati-lah dua ekor
burong.
Before we could get close the green pigeons all flew away — Belum sampat
dekat lagi habis lari-lah burong punei sumua.
Perhaps we shall get some on the other side of that thicket — Balik Sana
belukar itu barang-kali dapat kglak.
One of its wings is broken — Patah-lah sayap sa-bUah.
It is not hit — Ta'kZna.
H
114 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
It is wounded slightly — KZnajuga sadikit.
It has settled on the ground — Sudah hinggap di tanah.
It has perched on a cocoanut tree — Sudah hinggap di pokok nior.
Don't speak : how can you expect to get near a wild animal if you make
a noise? — Jangan ber-midut, benatang liyar bukan-kah, jikalau
engar-engar macham mana handak dZkat.
The elephant received a ball in his head, and immediately dropped —
Kena peluru sa-biji di kapala gajah itu, lalu tumbang.
Have you ever shot a tiger ? — Ada-kah tuan dapat menembak harimau ?
How many birds have you got ? — Tuan sudah buleh Mr-apa ekor burongt
Exercise.
11 Maka ter-lalu-lah baniak marah-nia akan tuanku tetapi
tiad.i mengapa segra-lah tuanku balik sapaya buleh hamba
perg; mem-bujuk raja bulan dan mem-baik-ki hati-nia itu dan
lagi pikir-lah tuan-tuan sakalian bahawa sakian lama sudah
kamarau sagala kulam habis-kah ka-k8ring-an apa sebab-nia
kulam1 ini baniak ayer-nia? maka sakalian ini-pun sebab kasihan
hati hamba akan jiwa tuan-tuan sapaya jangan anyaya mati."
Sa-ber-mula sa-telah di-dengar uleh raja gajah akan sagala
per-kata-an pelanduk itu maka ka-takut-an-lah iya sambil
meny&mbah ara ka-langit maka sigra-lah iya ber-balik dengan
dahaga-nia. Damikian handak-nia orang yang handak men-
jadi raja apabila di-dengar orang nama-nia menjadi ka-takut-
nn ada-nia.
LESSON XXIX.
Is the tide making or ebbing ? — Ayer pasang-kah surut-kah t
Is the boat ready ? — Prahu ada siap-kah ?
How many people will this boat carry? — Ber-apa orang buleh muat di
prahu init
Ten persons, including two rowers — Buleh muat sa-puloh orang masok
anak dayong dua orang.
There is a head-wind ; we cannot sail — Angin muka ta'buleh ber-laiar.
Row hard — Dayong-lah kuat-kuat.
When we reach the mouth of the river, you can stop for a moment and
rest — Tiba di kuala sakarang buleh berhinti sa-kejap biar hilang
ptnat.
Who is steering? — Siapapegang kamudit
1 Kulam, Tamil, a tank
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 115
If one is going down- stream paddles are used ; for going up-stream poles
are required — Kalau hilir pakei pengayu Tcalau mudik mahu-lah
ber-galah.
What kind of wood is the beat for boat-building ? — Kayu mana yang
ter-lebeh baik handak mem-buat prahu t
The Chinese sampan is called sampan kotak in Singapore — Sampan China
itu kata orang di Singgapura " Sampan kotak."
Of what wood is this dug-out canoe made ? — Prahu sagor ini di-buat
dengan kayu apa ?
Steer straight for that point — Tuju betul ka tanjong itu.
I shall go on shore at the landing-place — Saliaya handak naik di darat
di pengkalan.
Give rne the line and let us fish a little — BahagiAah tali kail biar kita
mengail sakejap.
Have you got any bait ? — Umpan ada-kah t
If we have any luck we may catch some big fish — Kalau ada untong
kita barang-kali dapat juga ikan besar-besar.
The spines of that fish are very poisonous— Duri ikan itu bisa sakali.
Exercise.
Ada kapada suatu hari sa'orang pem-buru masok ka hutan
lalu mem-bum iya ber-keliling hutan itu maka lalu ber-temu-
lah iya dengan sa'ekor kijang maka di-kejar-nia akan kijang
itu serta di-panah-nia sa-telah mati maka di-angkat-nia handak
di-bawa-nia pulang sa-telah sampei ka tengah jalan maka ber-
temu-lah iya pula dengan sa'ekor babi hutan maka kijang itu-
pun di-letak-kan-nia lalu di-kejar-nia akan babi hutan itu lalu
di-panah-nia tiada-lah kena maka handak di-panah-nia sakali
lagi maka di-terkam-lah uleh babi itu akan dia serta di-gigit-
nia maka mati-lah iya ber-sama-sama dengan babi itu akan
tetapi anak panah itu ada juga ter-kena kapada busar-nia
yang di-tangan pem-buru itu.
LESSON XXX.
He is not yet dressed — Dia bVlum pakei kain lagi.
He is dressed like a Malay — Dia pakei chara Malayu.
Wake me to-morrow morning at six o'clock — Oerak-kan sahaya pukul
anam pagi.
I want to get up early — Sahaya handak bangun siyang-siyang.
Il6 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
He did not do it on purpose— Bukan-nia dia buat sangaja.
I was only in play — Sahaya lawak-hiwak sahaja.
1 was very sorry that I could not accompany you — Ter-buku hati sahaya
sangat ta'buleh ber-sama-sama.
What are the contents of that letter ? — Apa bunyi-nia surat itu?
Do you understand the pith of it? — Tuan dapat-kah buku-nia?
Has any one been here to look for me ? — Ada-kah siapa-siapa datang
men-chahari sahaya.
Ask that woman where the well is — Choba tanya pada perampuan itu
di-mana-kah talaga.
Is this good water? — Baik-kah ayer inif
It is excellent water, both clear and cool — Elok sakali ayer ini, jerneh
lagi sejuk.
Can we get a green cocoanut here? — Nior muda dapat-kah di-sini?
There is no one who can climb (the tree) — Tada orang yang tahu
panjat.
Let me climb it — Biar aku mcmanjat.
Have you brought cooking-utensils ? — Priuk blttanga sudah bawa-kah. ?
These sticks are damp and will not burn — Basah kayu ini taHmahu
menyala.
Grind the spices — Giling rampah-rampah.
Will you smoke ? — Tuan mahu minum rokok f
I am sleepy, and shall go to bed — Sudah mengantuk, sahaya handak
masok tidor.
Did you call me 1^—Tuan panggil-kahf
Exercise.
Maka sagala hal itu ada-lah di-lihat uleh sa'ekor srigala
maka ber-lari iya datang serta ber-kata " baliwa sapuloh hari
lama-nia tiada-lah aku men-chahari makan-an lagi" serta
datang-lah iya meng-hampir-i pem-buru itu maka di-gigit-nia
tali busar itu maka tiba-tiba anak panah itu-pun datang-lah
menikam srigala itu maka iya-pun mati-lah maka jikalau kita
terlalu tema'a dan handak ber-lebeh-lebeh naschaya ada-lah
hal kita saperti hakayat pem-buru dengan srigala itu ada-nia.
»7 )
PART IV.
To the more advanced lessons and exercises which are con-
tained in this section, it may be well to prefix a few notes on
colloquial Malay, which are suggested by a consciousness of
some of the common errors into which European students of
Malay are apt to fall.
First, Try to observe and imitate the impersonal and
elliptical construction of Malay sentences. Notice how much
more is left to the imagination than in English, and get rid
of the notion that it is necessary to express invariably by
nouns or pronouns the agents or objects of the actions spoken
of. Ideas are conveyed in Malay in a much less concrete
form than in the civilised languages of Europe, and what is
lost in accuracy and distinctness is partially compensated for
by brevity.
Why say kasih sama sahaya (lit. " give to me "), in imitation
of the English give me, or the French donnez-moi, or the Ger-
man geben sie mir, in all of which the pronoun is expressed,
when a Malay would simply say bahagi-lah, give, or bawa,
bring ? It is easy enough to leave tone or gesture to supply
any deficiency in meaning. The constant use of this phrase,
sama sahaya, or sama Jeita, is a bad habit, which arises from a
natural desire to give the word " me " its due value in Malay.
This, as has been shown, is not necessary.
Il8 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Examples.
Tell me ; don't be afraid — Bilang-lah, jangan takut; not, bilang sama
sahaya, &c.
What are you going to give us ? — Apa mahu bahagit not, apa mahu
bahagi sama Icita 1
How much must I pay you ? — Ber-apa nanti kena bayar ? not, ber-apa
sahaya mahu bayar sama anglcau t
I want him to make me a jacket — Sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju ;
not, sahaya handak suroh dia buat baju sama sahaya.
Can you make me a table ? — Bulelt-kah buat meja J not, buleh-kah buat
meja sama sahaya.
Afterwards come and tell me—Lepas itu mari-lah khabar-kan ; not,
marl bilang sama saliaya.
In direct narration the personal pronoun " I " should often
be left untranslated, and the sentence put in an impersonal
form. We are accustomed to commence sentences frequently
with "I think," "I hear," "I hope," " I wish," and there is
a temptation therefore to overload Malay sentences with
" Sahaya fikir" "Sahaya dengar khabar," &c. These, though
not ungrammatical, should be used sparingly. Rasa-nia, the
feeling is, agak-nia, the guess is, rupa-nia, the appearance is (it
seems), khabar-nia, the report is, and similar phrases, should
often take their place.
Examples.
Instead of — I am told, or people tell me, Orang bilang sama sahaya ;
Say, People say, Kata orang.
Instead of — I hear that he is coming here, Sahaya dengar khabar dia
handak mart sini ; Say, He is coming here, the report goes, Dia
handak kamari khabar-nia.
Instead of — I think there are five quarts, Sahaya fikir ada lima chupah ;
Say, Tiiere are five quarts, the estimate is, Ada lima chupah agak-
nia.
Instead of — I think it is going to rain, Sahaya fikir hari handak hujan ;
Say, It is going to rain, it seems, Hari handak hujan rupa-nia.
Instead of — I like driving better than walking, Sahaya lagi suka naik
kreta deri-pada jalan kaki ; Say, It is better to drive than to walk,
Baik ber-kreta deri-pada ber-jalan.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 119
Note the impersonal way of putting the statement in the
following sentences : —
I was very glad to hear it — Sangat-lah suka hati sahaya akan men-dengar.
I very much wish to go to Meccah — Niat hati sahaya handak pergi ka-
Makah.
I should be doing wrong to receive it, and I am ashamed to return it —
Handak tirima salah, handak pulang-kan main.
I was disappointed — Putus-lah harap sahaya.
I hope sincerely that the case will soon be decided — Besar-lah harap
sahaya bichara itu akan di-putus-kan dengan sigra.
I have made up my mind that, however great the oppression may be, I
will hold out — Tetap-lah hati sahaya bageimana Mrat sakali-pun
handak tahan juga.
Second, Avoid word-for-word translations of English sen-
tences in which the word " you " occurs. So much has been said
on this subject already (supra, pp. 49, 75) that it is only neces-
sary here to give a few additional illustrations of the mode in
which Malays dispense with the pronoun. In most English
and Malay phrase-books the use of angkau is far too frequent.
As you like — Mana suka-lah.
As you may think best — Mana elok kapada hati sendiri.
You can go — Buleh pulang.
I have nothing more to ask you — T'ada apa lagi handak tanya.
Where have you been ? — Pergi ka-mana tadi ?
If you do so another time you will certainly be punished — Kalau buat
lagi sakali bageimana yang sudah ini tuntu-lah kena hukum.
Do you want employment ? — Handak minta karja-kaht
Can you wait at table ? — Tahu-kah jaga meja t
What are you doing ? — Apa buat ?
You must take great care of it, and see that it is not injured — Mahu-lah
jaga baik-baik, jangan di-rosak-kan-nia. \
Even in reprimanding or scolding another, it is common in
Malay to adopt an impersonal and not a direct mode of
address. Instead of saying, " You are a lazy, good-for-nothing
boy, and deserve a good thrashing," the Malay says, " What
manner of boy is this 1 If one were to beat him soundly it
would be well."
120
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LAiNGUAGE.
Examples.
Are you deaf? Can't you hear what I say to you ? — Tuli-kah budak
ini? Orang kata t'uda dengar-kah? (Lit. Is the boy deaf ? does
he not hear what one is saying ?)
How slow you are ! or, what a thne'you are taking ! — Ai budak ini I bukan
lambat-nia 1 (Lit. Oh, this boy ! Isn't he slow ?)
How slowly you are rowiug ! Can't you pull faster when you are told ?
Give way, will you ! — Ai, bukan lengah dayong budak ini, bukan-kah
orang suroh dtrai. DVras-lah sadikit. (Lit. Oh, are not these boys
rowing slowly ! Has not one told them to make haste ? Quick ! now,
a little !)
You are behaving exceedingly badly, and it would serve you right if you
got a caning — Jahat sakali orang ini, kalau bahagi rasa sadikit
dengan rotan baharu dia ingat. (Lit. This person is exceedingly
bad ; if one were to make him feel with a rattan he would
remember.)
What an idiot you are ! I tell you to bring water, and you bring oil —
Budak bedebah ini I Orang suroh bawa ayer di-bawa-nia minyak.
Third, Do not be satisfied with one general Malay verb to
describe a whole class of actions for which separate specific
words exist. It may be possible to make oneself intelligible
by using pukul, to strike, for every kind of blow, but it is prefer-
able to employ the appropriate term for the particular mode
of striking.
The following lists will illustrate this caution : —
1. Pulcul, to strike, beat.
Gasak, to beat, flog, punish.
JJentam, to strike, attack, throw.
Balun, to beat, thrash, drub.
Palu, to beat, hammer, knock.
Kltok, to knock, tap, rap.
Godam, to thrash, hammer.
Lantak, to nail, to drive in.
Tinju-kan, to box, strike with the
fist.
Tumbuk, to pound, strike with the
fist.
BZdal, to switch.
Sakal, and sakai, to strike.
Tampar, and tampiling, to slap.
Tepuk, to pat.
2. Chuchuk, to thrust, poke.
Merusuk, to thrust, poke, pierce.
Radak or rodok, to pierce with a
spear.
Juluk, to thrust upwards.
Tikam, to thrust, pierce, stab.
Sigi, to poke with the finger.
Merunjang, to lower a spear at tha
charge.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
3. Angkat, to lift, carry off, remove.
Pikul, to carry on the back, to
carry a load.
Kandar, to carry on a stick over
the shoulder.
Bibit, to carry with the fingers.
Junjovg, to carry on the head.
Tanggong, to bear, carry, support.
Gendong, to carry slung in a
bundle.
Usong, to carry in a litter.
Juicing, to hold aloft, to hoist, to
carry with the arm uplifted.
4. J atoli, to fall, drop.
Gugur, to drop off, fall, miscarry.
Tumbavg, to fall, tumble down.
Reban, to fall in, give way, tumble
down.
Runtoli, to come down, to fall.
5. Buang, to throw away.
Lotar or lontar, to hurl, fling.
Lempar, to throw, fling.
Bumban, to throw down, cast
away.
6. Lihat, to see.
Pandang, to look, to look at.
Kelih, to see.
Nampa, to see, perceive.
Intel, to peep, spy, observe.
Petiak, to notice, observe.
Tullli, to look, glance.
7. CJiakap, to apeak.
Bilang, to telL
Khabar-kan, to tell, inform.
Ber-mulut, to speak, utter.
Sabda, to say, command.
Cheritra-kan, to relate.
Meripit, to chatter, gabble.
Mengomong, to chat, gossip.
Baua, to carry, convey, bring.
Dukong, to carry on the back or
hip.
Kepit, to carry under the arm.
Jivjing, to carry in the arms or
hands.
Galas, to carry slung over the back
or shoulder.
Kilik, to carry under the arm.
Bebat, to carry in the girdle.
Tatang, to carry on the palms of the
hands.
Kandong, to carry at the waist.
Luroh, to drop off, fall (as fruit).
Titek, to drop, distil (as water).
RZbah,1 to tumble, fall.
Timpa, to fall against.
(7/uc/ur, to drop, to spill.
Tumpah, to spill.
(Jhampak, to throw down, cast
away.
Baling, to throw, fling.
Banting, to throw, cast, propel.
Tengok, to see.
Jmgok, to peep, look out.
Tcngadah, to look up.
Tampak, to sue, perceive.
Per-hati-kan, to perceive, notice,
take notice of.
Tentang, to regard.
Kata, to say, speak, talk.
Tutur, to talk, tell, converse.
Stout, to tell, mention.
Uchap, to utter, express.
Titah, to say, command (as a raja).
Merongut, to mutter.
Ber-bual, to chat.
Ber-sungut, to grumble, to murmur.
Fourth, Learn to employ the passive form of the verb which
takes the prefix di-. Easy examples of this have been given
1 Also ribah and rubuh.
122 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
occasionally in the preceding lessons, and the exercises on
pages 107 and 108 contain abundant illustrations of it. It is
a mistake to suppose that the Malay passive is confined to the
written language j it is of common use colloquially among
Malays, but, probably because it offers certain difficulties of
construction, it is little understood and seldom employed by
Europeans in the Straits of Malacca.
" He did not, or would not, accept it," would be vulgarly
rendered dia ta' mahu terima ; but it maybe more elegantly
translated tuida-lah di-terima-nia, " It was not accepted by him."
Here the affix -nia has the force of " by him,5' and, as it denotes
the agent, immediately follows the verb in accordance with
the rule stated on p. 61.
Examples.
He ordered (it was ordered by him) — Di-suroh-nia.
He Beized the robber (the robber was seized by him) — Di-tangkap-nia
penchuri.
They cut away (were cut away by them) the huts and prevented the fire
from spreading far — Di-potong-nia rumah-rumah tiada di-b8ri
me-larat panjang api itu.
The rats ate up three candles — Dian tiga batang habis di-makan tikus.
They have not yet erected the house ; they are getting the timber ready
— Rumah belum di-diri-kan lagi, tengah di buat kayu-kayu-nia.
The boat was leaky and the water got in — Bochor prahu itu di-masolc
ayer dalam-nia.
He only allowed him to use it ; he did not give it to him out and out —
Di-b2ri pakei sahaja bukan di-b%ri-nia langsong.
He said that it was too late to send an answer — Handak di-balas pun
Icata-nia sudah ter-lepas waktu-nia.
He asked for information about the house that is being built — Di-tanya-
nia deri-pada hal rumah yang di-per-buat itu.
When the country becomes populous it will be right to raise the assess-
ment — Apabila negri sudah ramei bahru-lah patut di-per-naik-kan
hasil-nia.
God, ever to be praised and most high, gave his aid, and on that very
day there descended the heaviest shower of rain possible — Di-tulong
Allah subhana wa taialapada waktuhari itu di-turun hujan sa-habis-
habis lebat.
The people of the village feasted abundantly — Jenoh-lah di-makan orang
kampong itu.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
123
Fifth, Bear in mind the distinction between the force given
to a verb by the particle ber- (be-, bel-), and that which is
caused by prefixing me- (mem-, meng-, men-, and meny-) ; see
supra, p. 55.
When the former is employed, the verb describes a state or
condition, and is intransitive. The latter generally denotes a
verb expressing an action. Apparent departures from this
rule are found sometimes, but these often arise from a difficulty
in classifying a particular verb. Such a verb, for instance, as
" to weep," may be viewed in two ways — either as descriptive
of the condition of the person who weeps or of the act of
weeping ; the former is expressed in Malay by ber-tangis and
the latter by menangis, but practically the distinction is not
great. So memakei (pakei), to wear, merajuk, to sulk, menanti,
to wait, and others, seem to describe states or conditions, not
withstanding that they have the particle me- ; but this is ex-
plained by showing that in their primary meanings they really
convey an idea of action, memakei meaning to put on, merajuk,
to show temper, and menanti, to await somebody or some-
thing.
The following derivative verbs will illustrate the rule laid
down above : —
Primitive.
angkat, to lift.
alih, to change.
balik, behind, back.
diri, self, being.
ganti, instead of.
habis, finished.
igau, delirium.
ikut, tie, bond.
Derivative with her-.
ber-angkat, to arise.
ber-alih, to undergo
change.
ber-bcdik, to turn (in-
trans. )
her -diri, to stand up.
ber-ganli, to take the
place of.
ber-habis,tobQ finished.
ber-igau, to be deli-
rious.
ber-ikat, to be fastened.
Derivative with me-.
meng-angkat, to lift.
meng-alih, to change.
mem-balik, to turn, re-
turn {trans.)
men-diri-kan, to cause
to stand, to establish.
meng-ganti, to put in the
place of.
meng-habis, to finish, to
complete.
mengigau, to rave.
meng-ikat, to tie, fasten.
124
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Primitive.
ingat, memory, to re-
member.
jaga, to watch, guard.
keliling, around.
karja, work.
Upas, loosed.
lambat, slow.
labuh, to lower, drop.
naung, shade.
peg an g, to hold.
rugi, loss.
sevibunyi, to hide.
takut, afraid, fear.
ubah, change, to change.
Derivative with her-. Derivative with me-.
bcr- ingat, to be sensi-
ble of.
ber-jaga,toheon watch.
ber-keliling, to border,
surround.
ber-karja, to be a work-
man.
bt r-hj>as, to be free.
bcr- lambat, to be slow.
bcr-labuh, to be at an-
chor.
bcr-naung, to be shel-
tered.
bcr-pcgavg, to hold.
bc-rugi, to suffer loss.
ber-scmbunyi, to be con-
cealed.
ber -takut, to be afraid.
ber ubah, to undergo
change.
meng -ingat, to call to
mind, remember.
menjaga, to watch, to
guard.
mengelUirtg, to hem in,
to go round.
viengarja-kan, to work,
effect, accomplish.
mc'cpas, to set free.
me-lambat, to retard.
mc-labuh, to let fall, to
auchor.
mc-naung-i, to shelter, to
shade, protect.
mcmegavg, to take hold
of, to seize.
me-rugi-kan, to cause
loss.
menycmbunyi, to hide,
conceal.
menyakut-kan, to frighten
meng-ubah, to change, to
alter.
Sixth, Notice must be taken of the common native habit
(not one to be imitated by Europeans learning the language)
of inserting in a sentence words which have no meaning to fill
a temporary hiatus while the speaker is thinking of his next
word. These prop-words or pillow-words, to borrow a Hin-
dustani phrase,1 are numerous in Malay and vary in different
localities. Anu, bahasa-nia, misaP-nia, and kata-kan are some
of those commonly used.
Seventh, The following abbreviations are commonly em-
ployed : —
Na* for handak ; sikit for sadikit ; auat for apa-buat ? why 1 j
tc£ and fada for tiada \ pi and pegi (in Patani gi) for pergi.
1 The Hindustani term is sukhan-takya, from sukhan, a word, and takya a
pillow.
3 Corresponding with the Hindustani maslan, which is used in a similar way.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. I 25
LESSON XXXI.
Phrases of Politeness.
Be pleased to . — Sila, sila-lah, or sila-kan-lah.
Please come into the house — Sila-kan naik atas rumah.
Be pleased to sit down on a chair — Sila-kan duduk di-atas krusi.
My house is not what it should be — Rumali sahaya tiada dengan saperti-
nia.
Treat it as your own house ; don't stand upon ceremouy — Buat-lah
saperti rumah sendiri, jangan malu.
I must beg leave to depart (lit. to rise) — Sahaya handak minta diri-lah
dahulu.
Pray do as you wish ; take care as you go — Sila-kan-lah. Jalan baik-
baik.
I crave permission to retire, as I wish to go home — llamba luan handak
mohun-lah dahulu handak balik.
Very well (it does not matter) — Tay apa-lah.
I must ask to be pardoned for going (style of the Court) — Patek handak
meng-ampun-lah dahulu.
Very well — Baik-lah.
Pray come and see me often ; don't hesitate — Mari-lah kerap-Mrap
rumah sahaya, jangan-lah segan-segan.
I am exceedingly pleased to have seen you at my house — Sangat sudi
sahaya tuan-tuan datang ber-tandang rumah sahaya.
May your journey be safe — Salamat jalan.
May you remain in peace — Salamat tinggal.
There is something that I want ; it is to invite you to a trifling enter-
tainment— Ada hajat sadikit handak jamu makan sadikit ayer-aycr
sejuk.
I thank you exceedingly (lit. I accept a great favour from you) — Sahaya
baniak Urima kasih, or, simply, ttrima kasih.
Are you well ? — Tuan ada baik?
How is so-and-so, who was ill the other day ? — Apa khabar si-polan l
yang sakit kalmarin itu ?
He has quite recovered his former health — Sudah sihat balik saperti
scdia lama.
Thanks to the favouring influence of your good fortune, we are free
from all misfortune and sickness — Dengan berkat tuah tuan tulong
tiada-lah satu apa-apa mara-baliaya deri-pada sakit demam.
1 Polan, or fulan, such a one, probably from the Hindustani fulana, a
word of Arab derivation.
126 manual of the malay language.
Exercise.
It is a long time since I saw you last. I did not know
that you had arrived here. How did you come, by the river,
or by the road ? How long do you intend to stay 1 Don't
be in a hurry to return ; stay for a while, and recover from
the fatigue of your journey. It is a pity that I did not know
beforehand that you were coming. He is a most excellent
old man, and it would be hard to find many like him. If
nothing occurs to prevent it, I shall come and see you on
Monday next. There is no necessity for writing a letter;
if you let my clerk know, that will be sufficient.
LESSON XXXII.
Eeading and Writing.
Malay is a language of which it is very easy to learn to speak a little. It
is, however, very difficult to acquire the idioms of the natives. —
Bahasa Malayu itu mudah sakali di-dapat chahap sadikit-sadikit,
tetapi kal.au Jiandak ikut saperti per-kata-an orang Malayu sendiri
payah sakali.
It is written from right to left, whereas English is written from left
to right — Tulis-an Jawi itu deri kanan bawa ka-kiri tulis-an Inggris
deri kiri bawa kakanan.
The letters employed are the Arabic letters — Huruf-nia yang di-pakei
itu huruf 'Arab.
What do you call that in Malay ? — Orang Malayu apa kata ini ?
What is the name of this object in Malay ? — Apa nama barang ini bahasa
Malayu ?
The pronunciation of Malay differs in different states — Chakap orang
Malayu itu lain sakali bunyi-nia di-dalam lam-lain tampat.
His pronunciation is not good — Chakap-nia ta' terus, or dia chakap pelet,
or tilor.
The Malays of that district have a flat pronunciation ; they say ap& for
apa — Orang Malayu negri itu leper chakap, handak kata apa di-
kata-nia ape\
How do you spell that word ? — Per-kata-an ini apa eja-nia t
This word is not correctly spelt — Per-kata-an ini ta betul eja-nia.
You should read for at least two hours a day, and thus you will soon be
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 27
able to read fluently — Patut-lah tuan membacha surat Jawi sa-
korang-korang dua jam lama-nia pada tiap-tiap hari, lama-lama
tuntu-lah buleh dapat bacha lanchar.
Why do you undertake a thing and give it up when half finished ? —
Pcrkara itu apa sebab tuan td! mahu bafiagi habis, buat sa1 kerat-kerat
sahaja ?
My son has learned to write Malay, and is now learning the Koran —
Anak sahaya sudah dapat tulis Jawi sakarang tengah meng-aji
Koran.
When he has read it through, he will commence to learn (Arabic) gram-
mar— Tatkala sudah khatam dia handak mengaji nahu.
He chants the Koran very well — Pandeijuga dia mem-bacha Koran.
Exercise.
I am not skilled in composition. He ordered the two
writings to be compared. If he is diligent, he will soon get
instruction. He has been attending school for ever so long,
but he knows nothing. After reading the letter he put it
away in a box. The raja ordered the letter to be read aloud
in the assembly. How were these lines ruled? Just look
over this letter and see if it will do. If you will permit me,
I will take away this book to read it. His handwriting is
exceedingly good.
LESSON XXXIII.
Housekeeping.
There will be no one dining here to-day except the master and myself —
T ada orang lain makan di rumah hari ini, sahaya ber-dua dengan
tuan sahaja.
Tell the cook that last night's dinner was not at all good — Choba bilang
kapada tukang-masak makan- an sa-malam to' baik sakali masak-nia.
What he put into the soup I don't know, but it had a nasty taste — Apa-
apa di-bubok-nia di-dalam tim itu ta! tahu-lah sahaya, rasa-nia
maung sahaja.
The rice, too, was burned, and no one could eat it — Nasi pun hangus to1
lalu (or buleh) orang makan.
What is the price of fowls at the market ? — Hayam Mr-apa harga di
pasar t
128 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Full-grown hens as much as fifty cents each, half-grown fowls about
twenty cents each, and capons so much a catty according to weight
— Kalau ibu hayam sampei lima kupang pun ada, hayam sedang agak-
nia dua kupang sa' ekor, hayam kambiri (or kasi) ikut timbang-an
kati.
The milk-man has not come yet — Btlum orang bawa susu lagi.
Choose fish which is quite fresh. What we had yesterday was spoilt
before it could be cooked — Pilih ikan yang baharu. lkan kalmarin
bclum sum pat di-masak lagi sudah busiik.
Wait a moment. You must have breakfast ready every day at nine
o'clock punctually, there must be no delay — Nanti-lah dahulu.
Sa-hari-hari mahu-lah sedia-kan hazri waktu pukul sambilan ta' buleh
lambat lagi.
Pour this oil into a jar — Minyak ini tuang-lah di-dalam tempayan.
Take care not to spill it — Baik-baik jangan tumpah.
Are the kitchen utensils complete, pots and pans, cocoanut scraper, stone
for grinding spices, &c. ? Chukup-kah per-kakas-an dapor, prink,
btfanga, kuali, kukur-an, batu giling rampah-rampah, dan Iain-lain-
nia ?
The only things wanting are basket-work frames for the cooking-pots,
and a coffee-mill — Yang ada korang sadikit lekar sahaja dengan
kisar-an kahwa.
I am tired of poultry — Sahaya sudahje'mu makan daging hayam ilek.
Exercise.
Is the water boiling? Boil two eggs, but take care that
they are not hard. What do you call this vegetable in Malay ?
Tell some one to pull the punkah. This plate is dirty ; take it
away and bring another. Pat the dish down upon that tray.
Weigh the meat when it is brought every day. I have weighed
the beef j there is half a catty too little. How many months
did you work for that gentleman ? On what account did you
leave %
LESSON XXXIV.
Preparations for Departure.
I am going away to on Friday next — Sahaya Iiandak ka-luar ka~
kampong anu pada hari juma'at yang datang ini.
Pack up enough clothes for a few daj's — Kemas-kan kain-kain mana
chukup sampei dua tiga ampat hari lama-nia.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 29
You need not take so many ; I am not going for good — TaHpayah bagitu
baniak, talcan orang handak pergi langsong.
Put all these clothes into a box — Isi-lcan kain-kain ini surnua dalam
peti.
Will this go in ? — Chelus-kah ini.
No ; it is too big — Ta'chelus, besar sangat.
Three or four handkerchiefs and two pairs of socks — Saputangan barang
tiga ampat 'lei, sarong kaki dua pasang.
Not this spotted neck-tie, but the striped one — Bukan tali leher yang
ber-rintik ini, ada lain yang ber-choring.
Unfasten this cord — Rungkei tali ini.
Roll up that rug — Gulong kain panas itu.
Have everything taken down to the boat — Bawa-lah turun ka-prahu
barang-barang ini sumua.
Put them into the bullock-cart — Muat-kan di-atas kreta lumbu.
Call the coolies, and tell them to take the things away — PanggU kuli-
kuli suroh angkat.
We will stop to-night at Kampong — which is the usual halting-place —
llari ini kita ber-malam di Kampong — itu-lah tampat per-hinti-an
deri salama-lama.
Wrap a waterproof sheet round that bedding, so that it may not get
wet — Balut tikar bantal itu dengan kain-g2tah jangan di-kena basah.
Set that box down here ; I want to take something out of it — Letak-kan
peti itu di-sini, sahaya malm ambil apa-apa di-dalam-nia.
Put everything away again — Simpan kambali sumua.
What else is there (to detain us) ? — Apa lagi kita f
Exercise.
Count all these clothes, and then put them away. At
least one hundred people were waiting at the river-side.
After waiting for several hours, no one came, so they
were all disappointed. About midnight there was a great
storm, with thunder and lightning. His shoulder was quite
swollen, for he had never been in the habit of carrying a
load on a stick. What have those two people been quarrel-
ling about ? There is a great difference between these two
things.
130 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. .
LESSON XXXV.
Ordinary Narrative Style.
On the 5th inst., at three o'clock on Thursday morning — Pada lima
tarikh pukul tiga malam l Khamis.
On Tuesday last about mid-day — Pada hari Salasa yang sudah waktu
tengah hari.
I had just finished my breakfast, and was about to smoke a cigar —
Sahaya pun baharu Upas mdkan nasi tengah handak minum rokok.
So-and-so came and felled me, saying that my uncle was very ill —
Datang-laJt, si-anu me-manggil kata-nia bapa penakan sahaya sakit
saw/at.
I said, " Let me lock the door of the house first, and then I will go
with you" — Rata sahaya biar-lah aku kunchi-kan pintu rumah
dahulu, baharu-lah buleh pergi sama-sama.
There is a single woman who lives in the house of her brother-in-law —
Ada-lah sa'orang verampuan yang duduk di rumah ipar-nia.
All her property was carried off in the middle of the night, by thieves
without the knowledge of the inmates of the house — Barangbarang
dia habis di-angkat penchuri tengah malam tiada orang rumah sedar.
Search was made everywhere without success — Di-cliahari rata tiada
juga di-dapat-nia.
While we were searching about we found a box thrown aside in the jungle
— Tengah chahari itujumpa sa' biji peti ter-champak di-dalam hutan.
After that we got into the carriage again and returned home without
stopping anywhere — Lepas itu naik kreta pula pulang karumah t'ada
singgah di-mana-mana.
After that we watched for ever so long at the edge of the jungle — Sudah-
lah bagitu btr-apa lama pula kita meng-endap di-tepi hutan.
At length, as no one appeared, and it was getting very late, we went
home to bed — Kemdian sa' orang pun t'ada kaluar hari pun sudah
jahu malam jadi kita pun pulang-lah tidor.
It is as well that I should tell you so, that you may not be ignorant of
it — Baik sahaya khabar-kan jangan-lah tuan la' tahu.
Exercise.
On Wednesday night at 9.30 p.m. He drove to the land-
ing-place, took a boat and went on board the steamer. They
1 Among Huhammadans the day commences at sunset and the night is
classed with the day which fol/orvs it. Thursday night, therefore, with them,
includes our Wednesday night and part of Thursday morning.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 13 J
were not permitted to land. I was just getting ready to re-
turn when your messenger arrived. We left before daylight
in the morning and did not return until after dark. Can we
go there and back in a day 1 All the men who were with me
were very tired. I said, " Very well, come to my house to-
morrow morning at six o'clock." He seemed to be very
weak, and walked with difficulty.
LESSON XXXVL
Buying and Selling.
How much did you give for this ? — BZr-apa tuan bUi ini t
What is the balance remaining ? — Tinggal baki-nia bh--apa ?
Don't ask too much ; say exactly what you want — Jangan-lah mahal san-
gat, kata-lah betul-betul.
I can't take that; it would not even cover my outlay — Td buleh-lah
tuan, ta' pulang modal sahaya.
He paid an exorbitant price for it — Dia btili dengan harga mahal ter-
lampau.
What is it worth ? — B2rapa patut di-bayar harga-nia ?
Whatever you may pay for it, I will repay to you— Bh'-apa-apa harga
yang angkau b8li ilu nanti sahaya bayar-kan.
Have you no curiosities in your shop ? — Tada-kah benda apa-apa yang
pelik-pelik di-dalam kedei ini t
I bought this article at auction — Benda ini sudah sahaya tangkap dalam
lelong.
I did not venture to bid more — Ta' Mrani sahaya tawar lebeh.
I have always sold them for a dollar a-piece — Yang sudah-sudah ini
sahaya jual sa-ringgit satu.
You must pay ready-money ; he will not give credit — Mahu-lah mem-
bayar tunei, ta' mahu dia mem-beri hutang.
He was offered one hundred dollars for it, but would not part with it —
Sudah orang minta dengan harga sa-ratus rial td mahu juya dia
lepas-kan.
As long as it is a good article, I don't mind about the price — Asal-kan
barang yang baik sahaya td sayang pasal harga-nia.
Examine it well lest there should be any defect in it — Pdreksa-lah baik-
baik takut ada chachat-nia apa-apa.
Gutta-percha sells very well just now — Getah baniak laku sakarang.
This coin is not current here — Wang ini ta' laku di-sini.
132 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Write down all the items and let me know what the total is — Ttdis-laJi
perkaraperkara satu-satu khabar-kan b%r-apa jhnlaJi-nia.
There are ten dollars for you — Nah! sa-puloh ringgit.
This material is not to be surpassed either in excellence of quality or
beauty of colour — Ta lawan-lah kain ini dcri-pada baik sifat-nia dan
clok warna-nia.
It is both strong and thick — Kukuh lagi tcbal.
This colour does not fade — Ta' turun warna ini.
Exercise.
How much are these plantains a bunch ? It is not worth
a cent. I have searched all the shops without finding what
I want. I offered him two dollars and a half, and after a time
he agreed. He said he would guarantee the goods, and that
you might return the whole if they are not in good order.
There is a quantity of chaff in this rice. I have no copper
money, be good enough to get me change for a dollar. This
is not according to sample. Weigh it first and then put it
away. Don't be uneasy ; you can trust this man.
LESSON XXXVIL
Building.
When will your new house be finished ? — Rumah tuan yang baharu itu
bila akan sudah ?
Not for a long time yet ; I am just getting the materials together —
Lamajuga lagi, tengah kumpul ramu-ramu-an.
The floor and walls will be of plauk — Lantei papan dinding pun papan.
There will be four windows on each side opening down to the floor — Sa~
bUah ampat jandela panjang ter-buka sampei di bendvl.
The front door has steps (in front of it) — Pintu di hadap-an ber-
tangga.
The length of the house is thirty-five feet and the breadth forty feet,
including the verandah — Panjang-nia rumah itu tiga-puhh lima
kaki, buka-nia dengan sarambi ampat puloh kaki.
The servants' houses have atap walls covered with samir or kajang
matting — Rumah orang gaji itu dinding-nia ikat atap apit samir
atau kajang.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 33
This timber will not last long ; it will rot very quickly — Kayu ini ta
tahan lama, lakas nanti reput.
These wooden posts will be planed as smooth as possible — Tiang kayu ini
nanti tukang iara buat lichin sakali.
Make out a list of all the different timber you will require, such as posts,
beams, joists, rafters, &c. — Bual-lah kira-kira kayu-kayu yanghan-
dakitu deri-padajerjak, rasuk, gelegar, kasau, dan lain-lam-nia.
Measure the height from the floor to the top of the wall-plate — Hukur-
lah tinggi-nia deri lantei sampei ka-atas kapala-tiang .
Those door-posts are not straight — Ta' betvl jinang paha pintu itu.
I shall fix lattice-work here for climbing plants to grow over — Sahaya
handak pukul papan jala-jala di-sini biar me-lata pokok bunga di-
atas-nia.
In how many days will you thatch it ? — B&r-apa hari lagi mahu bubok atapJ
Three thousand ataps will not be enough — TV chukup-lah tiga ribu
atap.
Exercise.
In former days the Raja of Kedah sent messengers to the
Rajah of Perak with a letter. When the letter was opened
and read in the assembly, in the presence of the Raja and the
chiefs, its purport was found to be this single question only :
— " Which is the higher, Gunong Jerei or Gunong Bubu 1 "
Now Gunong Jerei is a mountain in Kedah, and Gunong Bubu
is a mountain in Perak. When the letter had been read, there
was much excitement among the Perak people, for many
thought that the message betokened war. For three days the
Raja and the chiefs consulted together as to the nature of the
answer which should be given to the Raja of Kedah. On the
third day a letter was written in reply to this effect : — " Gu-
nong Jerei is the higher of the two, but Gunong Bubu is the
greater."
LESSON XXXVIII.
Sewing.
I want two or three jackets made— Sahaya handak suroh buat baju dua
tiga 'lei.
I don't mind your taking some time about it, as long as the work is
well done — Biar lambat sadikit karja ta'apa, asal-kan dok jahit-an-
134 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
If it is not well done I will not take it — Jikalau tdelok sahaya ta'mahu
Vhima.
Join these two pieces and sew them — Dua 'lei ini kampuh-lah jahit.
Tack it first and then sew it — Jelujur-Iah jarang dahulu, lepas itu
sakali jahit.
Fell the seams close — KUim tulang halus-halus.
Don't let them ravel — Jangan bahagi ka-luar benang.
When you fell, fold the stuff wide and turn the edge well in, so that
when it is washed the threads will not ravel — Kalau kelim lipat
kain baniak, masok-kan tepi ka-dalam, nanti waktu basoh bulu-nia
tidak-lah ka-luar.
Stitch the wristhand — Ber-kiya hujong tangan-nia.
Hem the border — Tepi itu lipat jahit.
To make the seam strong, don't run it, but sew it over — Tulang it
mahu buat kukuh jangan-lah jclujur, lilit ubi Sahara.
Take those torn stockings and darn them — Ambil sarong-kaki gang
koyak itu jerumat-lah sadikit.
That is very mueh torn and cannot be darned ; you must patch L —
hih baniak koyak kain itu radup ta'buleh k£na tampong-lah.
To gather (lit. pull the thread and make it pucker) — Tarik benang
bahagi kerudut.
Why do you take such long stitches? I take three stitches where
you take one. Cannot you sew closer? — Kenapa jahit ini jarang
sahaja, tiga penyuchuk kita satu penyuchuk dia, ta tahu-kah buat
khap-kerap t
Needles, Berlin wool, soissors, thimble, and a reel of white cotton —
Jarum, benang bulu kambing, gunting, sarong-jari dan benang puteh
sd'kotak.
Exercise.
It happened once that two men had a dispute about a
woman. One of them was a learned man and the other was
a peasant who earned his living by cultivating his fields.
Each asserted that the woman was his wife, and they went
before the Kazi and stated their claims. The case was
rendered all the more difficult by the refusal of the woman to
say anything one way or the other. After hearing all the
witnesses on both sides, the Kazi directed the woman to
remain at hi*3 house and all the rest to retufn next day. All
then saluted him and retired. On the following day, when
the parties assembled, the Kazi delivered the woman to the
learned man and sentenced the peasant to fifty stripes of a
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 1 35
rattan. When questioned afterwards as to his reason for this
decision, the Kazi said, " This morning, in my house, I ordered
this woman to fill my inkstand; this she at once did most
expertly, like one accustomed to the task. Then I knew she
must be the wife of the learned man, for what should the wife
of a peasant know of inkstands 1 " All praised the Kazi for his
wisdom, and his fame as a judge was spread far and wide.
LESSON XXXIX.
Sickness.
I am not at all well — To* sedap badan sahaya.
For five or six days he has been unable to eat — Sudah lima anam hari
dia tcCbvleh makan nasi.
What is the matter with him 1 — Apa sakit-nia.
His father has taken him into the country for treatment — Bapa-nia
sudah bawa naik ka-darat ber-ubat.
He is a little better — Ada-lah korang sadikit sakit-nia.
When he was very ill the other day, many people thought that he
would not recover — Tatkala dia tengah sakit sangat dahulu itu
baniak orang fikir tiada bvleh baik.
I saw that he was very thin and his voice was very weak — Sahaya lihat
tuboh-nia sangat kurus, dia ber-chakap pun suara-nia perlalian sahaja.
Where do you feel pain ? I am very weak and cannot get up — Sa-bUah
mana rasa sakit ? Sahaya leteh sakali talalu bangket.
Open your mouth and put out your tongue — Nganga hulur lidah.
You had better take a purgative — Baik makan pcnchahar.
Let me feel his pulse — Biar sahaya pegang nodi dia.
He is suffering from fever — Dia sakit demam panas.
He is suffering from rheumatism and has pains in hia joints — Dia sakit
angin, rasa-nia sakit di sendi-sendi sumua.
I will give you some oil of a certain kind which you must rub on his
body every day till he is well— Nanti sahaya bahagi minyak satu
macham mahu di-urut tiap-tiap hari sampei hilang sakit itu.
Mix this white powder with a little water, stir it and then drink it —
Serbuk puteh ini champor-lah dengan ayer sadikit kachau lalu
minum.
If the small-pox spreads the natives will all certainly leave their homes
— Kalaa me-larat penyakit chachar itu ter-tuntu lah lari habis ra'iyat
136 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
The fever called kapicdu is very dangerous and often ends fatally — De-
mam kapialu itujahat sangat k8rap juga bawa niawa.
Cholera is the disease which is most dreaded — Ta'un itu yang orang takut
ter-lebeh sakali.
Exercise.
Di-kata-kan pada suatu hari Nabi Suleiman 'aleyhi-assalam
dudiik di-atas takhta ka-raja-an dan an gin pun mem-bawa dia
ka-atas di-udara dan sagala manusia dan jin yang tiada ter-
bilang baniak-nia itu ber-jalan serta-nia maka 'ajaib Nabi
Suleiman deri-pada ka-besar-an ka-raja-an itu maka laku-lah
dalam hati-nia suatu nafsu pada katika itu dan karana itu
mahkota jadi bengkok maka Nabi Suleiman sigra handak
mem-betul-kan mahkota itu jadi makin bengkok dan jikalau
sa-hingga tiga kali pun sudah handak di-betul-kan Nabi Su-
leiman mahkota-nia itu tiada jadi betul sa-telah itu maka ber-
kata-lah Nabi Suleiman, " Hei. mahkota, karana apa angkau
tiada jadi betul ? " Maka mahkota itu dengan firman Allah
ta'ala menyahut. " Hei, Suleiman, betul-kan hati-mu dahulu
sapaya aku-pun jadi betul." 1
LESSON XL.
To Illustrate the Use of Numeral Co-Efficients.2
In that gentleman's house one piece of matting covers a whole room —
Rumali tuan itu m'bidatig tikar sahaja chukup satu bilek.
They found in the hut five spears, one long kris, and nine muskets—
Di-jumpa di bangsal itu lembing lima batang, kris panjang sa-bilah
dengan snapang &embilan*\)x\c\\ uk.
See if you can get twenty-five fish-roes. How much are they a-piece?
— Chahari-lah telor terubuk dua puloh lima kampuh. Ber-apa harga-
nia sa-kampuh ?
She ordered a curtain to be hung before the doorway — Di-suroh-nia
gantong tirei sa-labuh di muka pintu.
1 This and the following exercise are extracts from the T^j-assalatin.
2 See supra, p. 70.
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. 137
That bunch of plantains contains about ten rows — Di-dalam sa-tandan
pisang itu agak-agak sapuloh sikat.
I said I wanted to buy ten cakes of wax — Rata sa/taya, sahaya mahu
b%li lilin sa-pvloh tampang.
The child was wearing a coral necklace round her neck — Budak itu ada
pakei sa-labuh merjan di lelicr-nia.
How many yards of cloth are there in a piece ? — £a-kayu kain itujadi
ber-apa da 1 l
How many ataps can one person make in a day ? — Satu orang Mr-apa
mengkawan buleh semat atap pada sa'hari ?
The buffalo destroyed six sugar-cane plants and a quantity of lemon-
grass plants — Sudah di-makan kerbau ttbu anam rumpun dengan
serei ta'tuntu baniak rumpun -nia.
He planted seven or eight young trees in front of the house — Di-tanam-
nla di-hadap-an rurnah anak pokok kayu tujoh delapan perdu.
It was a pretty thick book, containing about two hundred sheets — Tcbal
juga kitab itu ada lebeh korang dua ratus kajang kartas.
I have bought a casting-net to take home with me — Sahaya sudah beli
jala sa'utas (or sa'rawan) handak baua pulang ka tampat sahaya.
He tied three threads round his stomach — Di-ikat-nia tiga urat benang
di ph-ut-nia.
Pick two or three jasmine blossoms, and about ten sprays of that red
flower — Pttik-lah bunga melor dua tiga kutum dengan bunga merah
itu barang sa-puloh tangkei.
Exercise.
Di cheritra-kan deri-pada Sultan Iskandar bahwa sa-hari
duduk dengan chinta-nia dan tiada kaluar deri-pada astana-nia
maka Jalinus Hakim masok mengadap Sultan Iskandar lalu
lihat dia duduk ber-chinta maka iya-pun ber-tanya deri-pada-
nia "apa chinta Sultan itu bahwa Sultan tiada kaluar deri-
dalam astana?" maka Sultan Iskandar ber-sabda " chinta-ku
deri-pada itu-lah yang dunia ini tiada baniak dan karana suatu
ka-raja-an dunia ini yang tiada ber-apa ada-nia aku menyusah-
kan diri-ku dan sagala orang yang lain maka deri-pada pekarja-
an yang sia-sia ini-lah aku jua ber-chinta " maka sembah Hakim
itu "Benar-lah bichara Sultan itu karana apa garangan dunia
dan ber-apa dunia ini bahwa Sultan menyusah-kan diri-nia
karana ka-raja-an itu yang sia-sia tetapi ka-raja-an dunia ini
1 Ela, yard, from the Dutch el.
1 38 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
ada suatu tanda deri-pada maha besar ka-raja-an akhirat itu
yang tiada ber-ka-sudah-an ada-nia dan yang Sultan dapat
ber-uleh deri-pada pe-karja-an ka-raja-an dunia ini dengan
sa-sunggoh-nia sapaya Sultan men-dapat ka-raja-an akhirat
itu yang sagala yang tiada buleh di-kira-kira-i ka-besar-an-
nia itu " maka suka-lah Sultan Iskandar deri-pada kata-nia
dan bichara-nia yang baik itu.
( 139 )
APPENDIX TO PART IV.
MUHAMMADAN MONTHS.
7-
Rejab.
8.
£«a'aban.
9-
Ramazan.
IO.
Shawal.
II.
Zul-ka'adah.
12.
Zul-hajah.
1. Muharram.
2. Safar.
3. Rabia-clarual.
4. Rdbia-d-akhir.
5. Jumad-el-awal.
6. Jumad-el-akhir.
Days of the Week.
Sunday, Ahad, lit. "the first."
Monday, Isnein or Senein, lit. "the second,"
Tuesday, Salasa, lit. " the third."
Wednesday, Arba'ah or TfaJu, lit. "the fourth."
Thursday, Khamis, lit. "the fifth."
Friday, Juma'at, lit. " the congregation."
Saturday, Sabtu, lit. " Sabbath."
Periods of Prayer.
1. Maghrib, a few minutes after sunset.
2 'ZsAa, evening, after dark.
3. Suhh, daybreak.
4. Lohor, or Dluhr, between noon and I P.M.
5. Asr, afternoon, midway between noon and nightfall
Malay Phrases for Divisions of Time.
1. Belum terbany lalat, "Before the flies are astir," just before day*
break.
2. Pechahpanas, " When the heat commences," sun-up.
3. Ktring ambun, " When the dew dries," about 8 a.m.
140 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
4. Tengah naik, " When the sun Is half-way," 9 a.m.
5. TvZih tenggala, " When the plough is idle." l
6. Tengah hari tfpat, " Mid-day exactly," imon.
7. liambang, " Right in the middle" (ie., the sun in the sky), noon.
8. Buntar membayang, "When the shadows are rouud " (i.e., when
your shadow is round your feet), noon.
9. Ber-alis hari, "When the day changes," afternoon.
10. Lepas ba'adah, and lepas ba'adah salah, " After (Friday's) prayers
(in the mosque)." about 1.30 P.M.
11. Turun kcrbau be-rendam, "When the buffaloes go down to the
water," about 5 P.M.
12. Jindera budak, "When the children have gone to sleep," about
10 P.M.
Malay Proper Names.
The proper names common to the whole Muhammadan
world, many of which are Hebrew also, are in use among the
Malays. It is common, however, to abbreviate them in a
manner peculiarly Malay. For example, " Muhammad " is
shortened to " Mat," " Ibrahim " becomes " Brahim " and
"Him," and for " Isahak," "Sahak" and "Ak" are often
heard.
Certain names are also in use, which, either used by them-
selves or prefixed to other proper names, show the relative
seniority of a person in his or her family. In Kedah, Penang,
&c, three of these are commonly used, " Long" " Ngah" and
"Busuk:"—
Long is equivalent to Sulong, " eldest,"
Ngah is equivalent to Tengah, " middle,"
Busuh is equivalent to Bongsu, " youngest. n
In Perak seven of these names are in use :—
1. Long.
5. Pandah.
6. Uda.
7. Utih.
1 Tulih tinggala muda is about 9 a.m., and tulih tinggala tuah about
II A.M.
2. Ngah.
3. Alang.
4-
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
4]
Weights and Measures.
1 6 tahil,
ioo kati,
3 pikul,
40 pikul,
12 saga,
16 may am,
12 bungkal,
Goldsmith's Weight.
4 ckupak, .
10 gantang,
\(> gantang,
160 gantaw/,
5 kuncha/i or 800 </ani
2 jingkal (spaa),
2 Aasta,
4 hasta,
2 </£/)a,
20 jumba,
Capacity.
\ang
Linear.
kati.1
pikul.
b altar a.
koyan.
1 mayam.
1 bungkal.2
1 kati.
1 gantang*
i par ah.
1 nalih.
1 kunchah.
1 koyan.
1 Aasfo (cubit).
1 e/a (yard).
1 c/fya (fathom).
1 jumba.
1 orlong (80 yards).
Square Measure.
400 jumba, ....'. 1 orlong
The jumba is equal to 144 square feet; the w/oti^ is equal
to 6400 square feet, or about i£ acre (1 acre, 1 rood, 12
perches).
Money.
The currency in the Straits of Malacca is the Spanish
dollar (ringgit or real) divided into cents. A quarter of a
dollar (25 cents) is called suku (quarter). Local terms are
also used to denote fractions of the dollar, as in Penan°\
1 1 kati = 1 lb. 6 oz. 13 drs.
1 1 bungkal = the weight of two Spanish dollars = 832 grains.
3 1 gantang contains 271.65 cubic inches, or i$ gallons nearly,
standard varies according to locality.
The
142 MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
kupang (=10 cents), and in Malacca, wang baharu ( = 2^
cents).
In the native states on the west coast of the peninsula,
the currency of the British settlements has almost entirely
displaced that which was in use before. In Perak lumps
of tin were formerly current as coin ; in addition to these
Dutch and Spanish silver coins were also employed.
The following are some of the old modes of reckoning : —
Tin Coinage.
2 boya, ... I tampang (value the 10th part of a dollar).1
5 boya, ... I bidor (value the 4th part of a dollar).
Silver Coins used in Weighing Gold.
2 penjuru, I piah, . . weight I mayam.
4 piah, ... I jampal, . . weight 4 mayam.
2 jampal, . . . 1 real, . . weight 8 mayam.
Coins Formerly in Use.
36 duit hayam (copper), I wang (silver).
7 xcang ....... I suku.
1 The weight of the tampang (in Perak) was one kati. It was a small cubical
lump of tin, with a pattern stamped on it. The bidor weighed 2.\ kati, or
the 40th part of a pikul.
< <43 )
PART V.
VOCABULARY.
A.
Abandon, to, meninggal-kan.
Abase, to, me-rcndah-kan, meng-
hina-kan.
Able, larat, sampat, buleh, lalu.
Abscess, barah.
Abuse, to, maki, me-maki.
Accept, to, terima, menerima.
Accompany, to, ber-serta, ber-sama>
ber-kawan, ber-teman, menyerta.
Accomplish, to, Iiabis-kan, meng-
habis-kan, menyampei-kan, sudah-
kan, menyudah-kan, sampei hajat.
Accost, to, tegor, siapa-kan, meny-
apa-kan.
Accounts, kira-kira, hitong-an, bi-
lang-an.
Accuse, to, tudoh.
Accustomed, blasa.
Ache, sakit, sakit-an, senak.
Acknowledge, to, aku, mcngaku.
Acquire, to, ber-uleh, dapat, men-
dapat.
Act, buat-an, karja, pe-karja-an.
Active, chepat.
Add, to, tambah, menambah ; (to cast
up) jumlah-kan.
Adjourn, to, tangguh.
Admirable, endah.
Admire, chengang.
Adopt, to, angkat.
Adrift, ter-hanyut.
Adultery, zinali.
Advantage, faidah, laba.
Adversity, chelaka, bala, ka-susdhc*
Advice, pcng-ajai-au.
Affair, perkara.
Affection, kasili, kasih-an.
Afraid, takut.
Aft, di burit-an.
After, Upas, Mlakang.
Afterwards, kcmdian, ba'ad
After-birth, uri, tcmbuni.
Again, lagi-sakali, pula, kambali.
Age, lumur.
Agent, wakiL
Ago, sudah.
Agree, janji, mufakat, sa-tuju ; (suit)
rasi, sarasi.
Ague, demam-kura.
Ahead, di-hadap-an, di-muka, di-
hali -an
Aid, ( i long, menulong, bantu, mem-
bantu.
Aim, t<>, tembak, menembak, tuju,
menuju.
Air, hawa.
Alarmed, ter-kejut.
Alight, hinggap.
All, sumua, sagala, sakali-an.
Allow, biar, bevi, kasih.
Allure, bujuk, mem-bujuk.
Almighty, maha-kuasa.
144
MANUAL OF THF MALAY LANGUAGE.
Almost, liampir, dtkat, niiiris.
Almond, badam.
Alms, darma, sudaka/i.
Aloes-wood, gaharu, kayu-galiaru.
Alone, sa-orang, bujang, tunggal.
Also, juga.
Alter, to, ubah, mcng-ubali, tukar,
menukar.
Alum, tawas.
Always, sa-lalu, sa-nantiasa, sa
lama-lama-nia.
Ambassador, utusan, pSsuroh.
Amid, di-dalam, <li-'cn:/'ih.
Amuse oneself, to, main, main-main,
ber-main.
Ancestors, I ag.
Anchor, an, sauh ; (anchor, to) ber-
labuh.
Angel, malaikat.
Auger, marah, ka-marah-an, murka.
Angry, marah, murka, gSrajn, han-
gat-hati.
Animal, benatang, satwa, morga.
Ankle, mata-kaki, pvng-gZiangbiki.
Auklet, gSlang-kaki.
Annoy, to, usik, mcng-usik, bising.
Another, lain.
Answer, to,sahut, menyahut,jawab,
balasjawab.
Aut, sSmut; (large red), Icerangga ;
(white) anei-anei.
Anthill, pongs a, busat.
Antidote, penawar.
Anvil, landas, landas-an.
Anxiety, per-chinta-an.
Anxious, rindu, dendam, bimbang,
risau.
Any, barang.
Apart, asing ; (with an opening be-
tween) renggang.
Appear, to, terbit, timbul.
Appearance, rupa, si/at.
Apply, to, pasang, kena-kan ; (ask)
minta.
Appraise, to, nilai.
Approach, to, hampir, mcnghammr
Arabia, benua (arab.
Arm, tangan; (fore-arm) lengan.
Arm, weapon, senjata.
Armpit, katiak.
Army, balatantra, lashkar.
Arrive, to, sampci, tiba.
Arrow, anak-panah.
Arsenic, warangan.
Art, hikmat, 'ilmu.
As, bagci, saperti, laksana, machanu
Ascend, to, naik, panjat ; (a river)
mudik.
Ashamed, malu, bermalu.
Ashes, habu.
Ask, to, minta, pinta, poliun, me-
mohun ; (a question) tanya.
Asleep, ber-tidor, ber-lena, ber-adu.
Ass, kaldei.
Assault, to, langgar, terkam, pukul,
memvkid.
Assay, uji.
Assemble, to, impun, kumpul,
kZrumun.
Assist, to, tidong, bantu.
Astonished, ter-chengang.
Astray, sesat.
At, di, pada.
Athwart, lentang.
Attack, to, langgar, sprang, men-
yZrang.
Attempt, to, choba, men-choba.
Attire, pakei-an.
Auction, lelong.
Audience-hall, balei, balei-ruang.
Auger, gurdi.
Aunt, mah, mah-sudara, mah-pena-
kan.
Authority, kuasa, pZrentah.
Await, to, me-nanli.
Awake, to, jaga, ber-jaga ; (to arouse)
gerak-kan, mem-bangket-kan, mem*
bangun-kan.
Awl, peng-gorek, jara.
Axe, kapak.
VOCABULARY.
145
Babe, anak kechil.
Bachelor, bujang, taruna.
Back, belakang ; (to go — ) pulang ;
(to send — ), pulang-kan.
Backward, segan, malas.
Bad, jahat.
Bag, karong, pundi-pundi.
Bail, aku-an, tanggong-an.
Bait (for fish), umpan.
Bake, to, panggang.
Balance (scales),naraeAa;(to weigh),
timbang; (surplus), baki.
Bald, botak.
Bale, to, timba, menimba.
Banana, pisang.
Bank, of a river, Ming, baroh ;
(shoal), bating.
Bar, kanching.
Barber, pen-chukor, tukang-chukor.
Bargain, to, taivar ; (to conclude a
bargain), angkat jual-bUi.
Bark, of atree, kuLU-kayu; (of a dog),
salak, menyalak.
Barrel, pipa, tong ; (of a gun), laras.
Base, hina.
Basket, bakul, raga, keranjang.
Bastard, anak-haram, Jiaram-zada.
Bat, lalawa, kalawar ; (flying fox),
kaluang.
Bathe, to, mandi, me-mandi.
Battle, pfrang, pe-perang-an.
Bawl, to, tlriak, ber-teriak.
Bay, telok.
Beach, pantei, pasisir.
Beads, mani-mani.
Beak, of a bird, paroh.
Beam, of light, sinar.
Bear, to, (carry), pikul, mcmikul ;
(endure), tahan; (ursus), bSruang.
Beard, janggut.
Beast, benatang, satwa, morga.
Beat, to, pukul, palu ; (to throb),
dabar, ber-dabar.
Beautiful, bogus, elok, chantek,
molek.
Because, sebab, karana.
Beckon, to, gamit, lambei.
Become, to, jadi, menjadi.
Bed, tampat-tidor ; (bedstead), katil,
glrai, geta, pentas; (bridal), paid-
min.
Bee, ttbah.
Beef, daging lurribu.
Beetle, kumbang.
Before, mengadap, ka-hadap-an ;
(in time past), dahulu; (ere), sa
belum.
Beg, to, minta, minta sadukah.
Beginning, per - mula - an, ahwal,
pangkal, asal.
Behaviour, ka-laku-an, pakerti, per-
angei.
Belch, to, serdawa.
Believe, to, perchaya.
Bell, ganta, locking.
Beloved, kakasih.
Below, bawah, di-baicah, hi-bawah ;
(under the lee of), di-olak.
Belt, tali-pinggang, tali-pinding.
Bench, bangko.
Bend, to, me-lengkong-kan ; (to in-
cline), chondong.
Bent, lengkong, bengkok, lengkok.
Benevolence, morah-hati.
Benzoin, kaminian.
Besprinkle, to, perchik, memerchik.
Bet, to, ber-taroh.
Betel-nut, pinang ; (leaf), sirih ;
(stand), tampat - sirih, bujam-
sirih.
Betrothed, one that is, tunang, tun-
ang-an.
Better, lebeh baik.
Between, antara, di-tengah. k^lang-
kUang.
Beyond, balik, balik-sana.
Bible (the Gospels), Injil.
Bid, to, tawar.
146
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Bier, janazat.
Big, besar.
Bind, to, ikat.
Bird, burong.
Bird's-nest, sarong -burong.
Birth, per-anak -an, ka-jadi-an.
Bite, to, gigit; (as a snake), pagut
Bitter, pahit.
Black, hitam
Blacksmith, tukang-bZsi.
Blade (of a weapon), mata.
Blame, to, per-salah-kan.
Blanket, kamal, kamli, kain panas.
Blemish, chachat.
Blessing, barkat.
Blind, buta.
Block, pulley, kapi.
Blood, darah.
Blossom, bunga, kcmbang.
Blow, to, (with wind), hambus, tiup;
(through a tube), sumpit, men-
yump't; (as a flower), ber-kembang.
Blue, biru.
Blunderbuss, pamura*.
Blunt, tumpul.
Boar, babi-jan'an.
Board, pa pan.
Boat, prahu, sampan.
Body, tuboh, salira, badan.
Boil, to, rib us ; (rice), tanak, mena-
nak.
Boiling, to be, mendidik.
Bold, bZrani.
Bolt, kanching, penganching.
Bond, surat per-janji-an, surat piu-
tang.
Bone, tulang.
Book, surat; (religious — ), kitab.
Booth, teratak, jambar, lengkok.
Bore, to, korek, gorek, mengorek.
Borrow, to, pinjam, meminjam.
Bother, bising.
Bottle, balang.
Bough, dahan, ranting.
Bound, to, lompat, melompat.
Boundary, per-hingga-an,1 tumpu-
tumpu-an.
Bow, to, (reverence), tunduk, men-
unduk.
Bow (weapon), busar, gandiwa.
Bow (of a ship), halu-an.
Bowels, plrut, isi-plrut.
Box, peti; (small ornamental),
chumbul, chelapa.
Box, to, (fight), tinju.
Brains, olak.
Branch, dahan, ranting, chabang ;
(of a river or road), sempang, cha-
Brass, tambaga.
Brave, b&rani.
Brazen-faced, muka-papan.
Bread, roti.
Bread-fruit, sukun.
Break, to, pechah, patah, putus.
Breast, dada.
Breasts, susu, tetek.
Breath, nafas.
Breeches, saluar, sarual.
Breed, family, bangsa, asal.
Breeding, manners, bahasa, budi-
bahasa.
Breeze, angin ; (land), angin-darat ;
(sea), angin-laut.
Bribe, suap.
Brick, bata, batu-bata.
Bride, pengantin.
Bridegroom, mempelei.
Bridge, titi, jambatan, gerta ; (of the
nose), batang-hidong.
Bridle, kang, kakang, lagam (Hin-
dustani).
Bright, Urang, chaya.
Bring, to, bawa ; (out), kaluar-kan.
Broad, lebar, luas.
Broad-cloth, sahalat.
1 Pronounced prenggan.
VOCABULARY.
147
Broil, to, panggang.
Broken, ter-pechah, ter-patah, ter-
putus.
Brooch, krosang.
Broom, penyapu.
Brother, sudara ; (elder), dbang }
(younger), adek.
Brother-in-law, ipar.
Brow, dahi ; (eye — ), kening.
Bruise, lebam.
Brush, to, sikat-kan, menyapu.
Brushwood, semak.
Bucket, timba, tong.
Buckle, kanching, pinding.
Bud, of a flower, kutum, kuntum 3
(of a leaf), tanas.
Buffalo, kcrbau.
Bug, pijat-pijat.
Build, to, men-diri-kan, bangun-
kan, buat, mcm-bnat.
Bull, lumbu jantan.
Bullet, peluru.
Bunch (of fruit), tandan.
Bundle, bungkus, baban.
Burial - place, kuburan, kandang,
Mramat.
Burn, to, bakar, hangus.
Bury, to, tanam, menanam, kubur-
kan, 8impan mayat.
Bush, pokok, semak.
Business, karja, pe-karja-an.
But, tetapi.
Butt, target, sasar, sasar-an.
Butter, mantega.
Butterfly, kupu-kupu, rama-rama.
Button kanching.
Buy, to, bUi.
By and by, sa-buntar lagi.
Cabbage, kobis.
Cable, tali-sauh.
Cage, sangkar, saugkar-an, kurong-
an.
Cake, penganan, kueh.
Calculate, to, kira, hitong, bilang.
Calf, anak lumbu; (of the leg),
jantong-betis.
Calico, kain kalamkari.
Call, to, panggil.
Calm, tenang, tedoh.
Calumny, fitnah.
Camel, unta.
Camphor, kapur-barus.
Can, buleh, sampat, lalu.
Canal, salur-an, parit.
Cancel, to, hapus, batal-kan.
Candle, dian, lilin.
Candlestick, kaki-dian.
Cane, walking-stick, rotan, tongkat.
Cannon, mariam.
Canoe, jalor, sagor, sampan golek.
Canopy, langit-langit.
Canvas, kain laiar.
Cap, kopiah.
Cape, tanjong.
Capon, hayam kambiri.
Capsicum, chabei, lada-merah, lada-
china.
Captain of a ship, juragan, nakhoda.
Captive, taivan.
Carcass, bangkei.
Cards, playing, daun chiki, daun
pakau.
Cardamum, kapulaga.
Care, to take, ingat, jaga; (anxiety),
per-chinta-an, susah hati.
Careless, laid.
Cargo, muat-an.
Carpenter, tukang kayu.
Carpet, pcrmadani.
Carriage, kreta.
Carry, to, bawa, mcmbawa; (a load),
pikul, memikul; (under the arm),
kepit; (on the back or hip), du-
kong; (on the open hand), tatang;
(with the fingers), bibit; (on the
head), junjong; (on the shoulder),
kilik ; (in the girdle), gendong ;
(on a stretcher), usong.
148
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Cart, j>cdati^ href a.
Carve, to, ukir.
Cascade, ayev tcrjun, aytr lata.
Cash, wang tunci.
Cashew -apple, jangsus, gajus.
Cask, pipa, tong.
Cast, to, (fling), lempar, lotar ;
(shed), tanggal-kan.
Casting-net, jala.
Castor-oil, minyak jaralc.
Cat, kuching.
Catch, to, tangkap, menangkap.
Caterpillar, ulat.
Cause, sabab, karana.
Cave, goaJi.
'Cede, to, s?rah, menyhrah.
Celebrated, mcjah, mashur.
Censer, peraaap.
Census, banchi.
Centipede, lipan, alipan.
Centre, pcr-tcngah-an, pusat.
Certain, tuntu.
Certainly, naschaya, tuntu, sunggoh-
sunggoh.
Certify, to, menuntu-kan, menyata-
kan.
Chafe, to (shampoo), urut.
Chaff, sek tm.
Chain, rantei.
Chair, krus:.
Chalk, kapur.
Challenge, 10 (as a sentry), tcgor,
menyapa-kan.
Chamber, bilck.
Chance, untong, nasib.
Change, to, tukar, menukar, ubah,
ber-ubah; (clothes), salin-kan ;
(turns), gilir, men-gilir.
Chapter, perkara, fasal.
Character, pakerti.
Charcoal, arang.
Charge, to (accuse), tudoh.
Charity, saddkah.
Charm, spell, mantra, jampi ; (to
wear), 'azimat, tangkal.
Chase, to, hambat, he jar ; (hunt),
buru.
Chat, to, ber-bmoci.
Cheap, morah.
Cheat, to, tipu, kcchek.
Cheek, pipi.
Cheese, panir (Hind.), keju (Dutch).
Chess, chatur.
Chest, box, peti, saharah; (thorax),
dada.
Chew, to, mamak.
Chicken, anak ha yam.
Chief, headman, orang brsar, datoh,
peng-hulu.
Child, anak.
Chin, dagu.
Chintz, kain chit.
Chisel, pahat.
Choke, to, lemas ; (throttle), chtkek.
Choose, to, pileh.
Chop, to, chinchang.
Christ, Nabi ha.
Christian, Nasarani, Sarani.
Chronicle, charitra, hakayat.
Church, greja.
Cinder, bara.
Cinnamon, kayu-manis.
Circumcise, to, sunat-kan.
Circumcision, sunat, khatan.
Citron, limau, jeruk.
City, negri.
Civil, ber-budi.
Civility, adab, supan.
Civet-cat, tausang jebat.
Clasp, to, peluk, memeluk, dakap.
Claw, kuku; (talon), chakar
Clay, tanah-liat.
Clean, bersih, suchi.
Clear, Urang, hening, jerneh.
Cleave, to, (split), belah.
Clerk, jurutulis, kcrani.
Clever, pandei.
Climb, to, 2>anjat, daki; (as a plant),
me-lata.
Clock, jam.
VOCABULARY.
149
Close, to, tulup, rapat-kan, mcnutup-
Tcan.
Cloth, kain.
Clothes, pakei-an.
Cloud, awan, pokok.
Cloudy, redup.
Clove, bunga - chingkei, bunga-
lawang.
Coal, batu-arang ; (live), bara.
Coarse, kasar.
Coast, pantei, pasisir.
Coat, baju.
Coax, to, bujuk, mem-bujvk.
Cobweb, sarang lawa-lawa.
Cock, hayam-jantan, hayam-lcukuh.
Cock's-comb, balong.
Cockfight, sabong, menyabong.
Cockpit, galanggang.
Cockroach, Upas.
Cocoanut, nior, Tccdapa; (shell),
tempurong; (husk), sahut; (emul-
sion), santan; (oil), miniak kalapa.
Coffee, kahwah.
Coffin, karanda, lang.
Coil, to, lilit.
Cold, spjuk ; (in the head), sardi
(Hind.), sclesimah.
Collar, leher.
Collect, to, impun, kumpul.
Colour, warna.
Comb, sisir, sikat ; (to comb the
hair), klrai.
Combine, to, pakat, mufakat.
Come, to, mari, datang; (in), masok.
Comet, bintang-ber-ekor.
Comfort, hibor.
Command, to, suroh, Utah.
Commission, to, pasan.
Common, ka-baniak-an.
Compact, pcr-janji-an.
Companion, tertian, kawan, taulan.
Compare, to, banding-kan.
Compass, mariner's, jiandoman.
Compasses, jangka.
Compassion, kaxi/ian, bVlas, rahamat.
Compensate, to, balas, mem-balas.
Complain, to, adit, meng-adu.
Complaint, peng-adu-an.
Complete, to, semporna-kan.
Complexion, sri-muka, ayer-muka.
Compliments, tabek.
Compose, to, karang, mengarang.
Concern, karja, perkara.
Concubine, gundik.
Condemn, to, hukum-kan.
Condiment, lank, sambal, hulam.
Conduct, ka-laku-an.
Conduct, to (lead by the hand),
pimpin.
Confess, to, mevg-aku.
Confiscate, to, rampas.
Confront, to, sa-mnkd-kan.
Confused, ter-kachau.
Confusion, haru-hara.
Congregation, juma'a.
Conjure, to, sulap.
Conjuror, penyulap.
Conquer, to, menang, alah-kan.
Consent, to, tuvut.
Consider, to, kenang.
Constable, mata-mata.
Contagious, bcr-jangkit.
Contend, to, laioan.
Content, pitas, puas-hati.
Contents, isi.
Contraband, larang-an.
Contract, pcr-janji-an.
Contradict, to, lawan chakap, bcr-
tingkar.
Convalescent, semboh, bctah.
Convenient, patut, senang.
Convert, martad.
Convulsions, sawan.
Cook, to, masak, mcmasak ; (boil
rice), tanak, menanak.
Cool, sejuk.
Copper, tambaga.
Copy, salin, tint ; (model), U-ladan.
Coral (rock), karang; (precious),
mar jan.
*5°
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Cord, tali.
Cork (stopper), sumbat, pcnyum-
bat.
Coriander, katumbar.
Corner, che'roh, buchuk, penjuru.
Corpse, mayat.
Cost, harga.
Cot, katil.
Cotton, kapas, kabu-kabu.
Cough, batok.
Council, majlis.
Count, hitong, bilang, kira.
Counterfeit, lanchong, ptira-pura.
Country, benua, nrgri.
Couple, sa-pasang, sa-jodo.
Course (direction), arah, tuju.
Court, balei bichara.
Cousin, sa-pupu.
Cover, to, tudong.
Covetous, kikir, loba, haloba.
Covey, kaican.
Cow, lumbu-betina.
Coward, penyakut.
Crab, ketam. kapiting.
Crack, retak.
Cradle, buayan.
Cramp, semut-semnt-an ; (in the
stomach), senak.
Crawl, to, mcrangkah.
Cream, kapala-susu.
Create, to, men-jadi-kan.
Creation, ka-jadi-an.
Creep, to, lata, me-lata.
Crevice, chelah.
Crew, anak prahu.
Cricket, chingkrek, riyang.
Crocodile, buaya.
Crop, to (cut off), kerat-kan, me-
rampong.
Crooked, bengkok, lengkok; (wind-
ing), ber-kelo-kelo.
Cross (sulky), merajuk, muka-
masam.
Cross, to (water), menyabe'rang.
Crossed (lying across), ter-lentang ;
(having lines crossing), ber-silang-
silang.
Cross-road, sempang.
Crow, gagak; (crow, to), ber-kuku.
Crown, makuta ; (of the head),
ubun-ubun.
Cruel, bingis.
Crush, to, hanchur.
Cry, to, mcnangis, ber-tifo'iaJc.
Cucumber, timun.
Cultivate, to, tanam, buat.
Cultivation, tanam-tanam-an.
Cunning, cherdek.
Cup, manjkok.
Curd, dadeh.
Cure (remedy), vbat, penawar ;
(cure, to), semboh-kan.
Curious, endah, pelik.
Curly, as hair, kerenting.
Current, harus.
Curry, gtdei, lauk.
Curse, a, per-sumpah-an ; (curse,
to), sumpah-kan.
Curtain, tirei, iabir; (mosquito),
kalambu.
Curved, bengkok, lengkok.
Cushion, bantal, chiau.
Custard-apple, sri-kaya.
Custom, 'adat ; (excise), chukei.
Cut, to, potong, terat, tetas ; (fell
trees), tebang ; (underwood),
tebas ; (a wound), luka, Hang,
Cymbals, cherachap.
Cypher, angka.
D.
Dagger, kris.
Daily, sa-kari-hari.
Damaged, rosak.
Damask (on a weapon), pamvr
Damp, basah, lembab.
Dance, to, tari, menari.
Dancer (public), joget.
Dandriff, daki.
Danger, bahaya.
VOCABULARY.
151
Dare, to, bSrani.
Dark, gelap, kZlam.
Darn, to, sulam, menyulam.
Dash against, to, banting.
Date, tarikh; (fruit), kurma.
Daughter, anak perampuan ; (in
law), menantu perampuan.
Dawn, cherah, dina-hari.
Day, hari; (daylight), siang ; (day
and night), siang malam; (day-
break), fajr, dina-hari; (day of
judgment), hari kiamat.
Dead, mati, mampus; (of a royal
personage), mangkat.
Deaf, tvli, pekak.
Dear, kakasih; (costly), mahal.
Death, ka-mati-an, maut.
Debt, hutang, piutang.
Debtor, orang ber-hutang.
Decayed, reput, busuk.
Deceive, to, tipu, mcnipu.
Declare, to, menyatakan.
Decree, hukum.
Deed, buat-an, per-karja-an.
Deep, dalam.
Deer, rusa ; (mouse-deer), pelan-
duk.
Defeat, to, alah-kan.
Defile, to, kotor-kan, chamar-kan.
Degree, pangkat, martabat.
Deity, tuhan, AUah; (Hindu), dewa,
dewata.
Delay, lambat.
Delegate, to, wakil-kan.
Delirious, to be, ber-igau-igau, meng-
igau.
Deliver up, to, s8rah, menyZrah.
Deluge, bah, ayer bah.
Demand, to, (claim), tuntut,menuntut.
Demon, hantu, bota, jin.
Dented, sumbing.
Deny, to, sangkal, menyangkal,
mungkir.
Depart, to, pergi, ber-angkat.
Dependency, jajahan, ta'aluk.
Deposit, to, taroh, kirim.
Depth, dalam.
Descend, to, tumn, menurun.
Descent, turun-an, ka-turun-an.
Desert, gurun, hutan ; (merit), pa-
hala.
Design, desire, kahandak.
Despair, putus harap.
Despise, to, meng-hina-kan.
Destroy, to, binasa.
Devil, sheitan, iblis.
Devour, to, makan, makan habis ;
(swallow), Ulan.
Dew, ambun.
Dial-bird, morai.
Diagonal, lentang-bujor.
Dialect, bahasa, chara.
Diamond, intan.
Diarrhoea, chirk.
Die, to, mati, mampus; (of a Mussul-
man), pulang ka rahmat Allah,
lit. returned to the mercy of God.
Differ, to, ber-lain, ber-beda.
Difference, per-lain-an, beda, per-
beda-an, pewat.
Different, lain.
Difficult, payah, susah.
Dig, to, gali, korek.
Dim, kZlam, kabur.
Dip, to, (in a condiment for eating),
chichah; (to dye), chelup.
Direct, straight, betul, lurus.
Dirt, chamar, sampah.
Disappear, to, liniap, hilang, ghraib.
Discard, to, tolak-kan.
Discharge, to, me-lepas-kan.
Disciple, murid.
Discover, to, dapat, men-dapat.
Disease, penyakit.
Disembark, to, naik darat.
Disgraceful, keji.
Disguise, samar.
Dish (china-ware), piring, pinggan ;
(native, of metal), cheper, hidan-
gan
I52
.MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Disloyal, derhaka.
Dismiss, to, buang, mc-lepas-kan,
kaluar-kan.
Disorder, haru-hara.
Dispersed, pec/tah-be'lah.
Dissolve, to, luluh, hanchur.
Distant, jauh.
Distil, to, kukus.
Distinct, th'axg.
Distress, ka-susahan.
District, mukim, dairdh.
Ditch, parit.
Dive, to, selam, men y clam.
Divide, to, mcmba/tagi.
Divine, to, teleh, meiwUJi. tenting.
Divorce, cherei; (to divorce), cherei-
kan ; (to be divorced), ber-chcrci.
Dizzy, pcning.
Do, to, buat, mem-buat.
Doctor, bomor, tukang ubat.
Dog, aiijing.
Dollar, ringgit.
Done, finished, mdaJi.
Door, pint u.
Doubt, shak, khuatir.
Doubtful, tiada t\
Dove, tekukur, balam.
Draft, of a document, rauchuitu.
Drag, to, held, hcrut, scrct.
Dragon, naga.
Dragon's blood, jernang.
Dragon-fly, bari-bari.
Drain, parit, saluran.
Draw, to, (pull), tarik, hela.
Dream, mimpi.
Dress, pakei-an.
Drift, to, hanyut.
Drill, baris.
Drink, to, minum.
Drive, to, (a carriage), lari-kan
kreta ; (away), halau, halau-kan.
Drop, titek.
Drop, to, (as a fluid), menitck ; (to
fall prematurely), gugur; (as ripe
fruit), JuroA; (to let fall) labuh-kan.
Drought, kamarau.
Drown, to. Umas.
Drum, gendang, rabana.
Drunk, mabuk.
Dry, kering.
Dry, to, jemur.
Duck, itek.
Due, proper, patut.
Due, tribute, chukei.
Dumb, bisa, kelu.
Dung (manure), baja.
Dust, habu.
Duty, import, chukei, hasil.
Dwarf, chabvl.
Dwell, to, diam, tinggal.
Dye, to, chelup.
Dysentery, chirit-darah.
Each, masing-masing.
Ear, telinga.
Ear-ring, kerabu, anting - anting ;
(worn by unmarried girls),
subang.
Early, siang.
Earnest- money, pan jar, chinkh'am.
Earth, tanah, bumi.
Earthenware, tembi/car.
Earthquake, gumpa.
Earth-oil, miniak tanah.
Earthworm, chaching.
East, mata-hari naik, timur
Easy, mudah.
Eat, to, makan; (of a royal person-
age), santap.
Ebb, surut.
Ebony, kayu-arang.
Eclipse, grahana.
Economical, jimat.
Edge, tepi ; (sharp), mata.
Educate, to, pelehra, ajar.
Eel, bUut.
Egg, tllor.
Egg-plant, tZrong.
Elbow, siku.
VOCABULARY.
153
Elder brother, abang.
Elder sister, kakak.
Eldest child, sulong.
Elephant, gajah; (howdah), kop ;
(goad), kuasa ; (driver), gamhala
gajah; (paniers), rengka; ( hobbl es),
sengkala; (tusk), gading; (trunk),
belalei.
Elephantiasis, untut.
Embankment, batas.
Embark, to, naik kapal.
Embrace, to, peluk, dakap.
Embroider, to, soji.
Emerald, zamrud.
Emissary, pcnyuroh.
Empty, kosoug, Itanipa.
Employment, pe.r-kavja-an.
Enclosed, ber-kdUing.
End, ka-sudah-an.
Endeavour, to, choba.
Endure, to, tahan.
Enemy, musoh, satru.
Enmity, binrhi-an.
Enough, sudah, chukup.
Enigma, tekak-leki.
Enquire, to, tanya, panksa.
Entangled, ter-sanyknt.
Enter, to, masok.
Entertain, to (offer hospitality),
men-jamu.
Entertainment (feast), jamu-an,
kanduri.
Entrails, isi-pe'rut.
Envelop, to, balut.
Envy, dingkl.
Epilepsy, sawan-babi.
Equal, sama, sa-tara.
Equally, sama-rala.
Equip, to, langkap.
Erase, to, kikis, parang.
Erect, to, mem-ban gkct -kan .
Escape, to, lari ; (flea from dan-
ger), melari-kan niawa, membawa
diri.
Escort to, aniar-kan.
Establish, to, me-lctak-kan, mm-
diri-kan, tegoh-kan.
Esteem, to (prize), endah-kan.
Estimate, nilai.
Estuary, kuala.
Eternity, kakal, baka.
Even (of numbers), ganap ; (level),
rata.
Even, likewise, juga, pun.
Evening, ptlang.
Ever, pernah.
Evidence, ka-niata-an.
Evil, jahat, nakal.
Evil, calamity, mara-bahaya, bala,
chelaka.
Ewe, kambing-betina.
Exalt, to, per-tinggi-kan, mcm-bcsar-
kan.
Examine, to, pdreksa.
Example, teladan.
Exceed, to, lampau, lalu-i.
Except, hania, mc-lain-kan.
Excess, surplus, ka-hb<h-an.
Exchange, to, tukar-kan.
Expect, to, me-nanti-kan.
Expensive, mahal.
Extend, to, panjang -kan, lanjut-kan.
Extensive, lapang, luas.
Extinguish, to, padam-kan.
Eye, mala; (ball), biji-mata; (brow}
kening; (lid), kUopak-mata.
F.
Fable, cheritra, hakayat.
Face, muka.
Fade, to layu, ber-layu.
Fail, to (in business), jafoh.
Faint, weak, leteh; (swoon), pengsan.
Fair, just, betid.
Faith, iman.
Fall, to, jaioh; (to cause to fall),
jatoh-kan ; ( to drop spontaneously),
luroh, gvgur; (to tumble down),
rtbah, tionbang.
False, bohong, dusta.
*54
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Famed, megah, mashur.
Family, isi-rumah; (stock, lineage),
bangxa, kaum.
Famine, ka-lapar-an.
Fan. kipas; to fan, kirap.
Far, jauh.
Farewell, salamat tinggal.
Farm (of public revenues), pa/a£.
Fast (quickly), lakas; (swift), lajn;
(abstinence), pnasa.
Fasten, to, ikat, tambat.
Fat (plump), gumok, tumbun ;
(grease), lemak.
Fate, nasib, ajal.
Father, bapa, ayah ; (step), bapa-
tiri ; (in-law), mentuah.
Fathom, depa.
Fatigued, panat, hlah.
Fault, sal ah, ka-safah-an.
Favour, kasih-an; (royal), fcanmfa,
anugrah.
Fear, takut.
Feast, kanduri, per-jamu-an.
Feather, bulu.
Features, paras.
Fee, upah, faidah.
Feeble, lemah, Icteh.
Feed, to, beri makan, suap-kan.
Feel, to (touch), rabat jamah, jabat.
Feint, pura-pura.
Fell, to, tfbang.
Female, perampuan, betina.
Fence, pagar.
Fern, paku.
Ferry, tambang.
Ferryboat, prahu tambang.
Festival, hari-bcsar, hari-raya.
Fetch, to, ambil, bawa, jemput.
Fever, demam.
Field, padang ; (wet rice), sawah,
bendang.
Fierce, garang.
Fig, buah ara.
Fight, to, ber-kalahi ; (of animals),
ber-laga; (of cocks), sabong.
File, kikir.
Fill, to, penoh-kan, isi-kan.
Filter, to, tapis.
Fin, strip.
Find, to, dapat.
Fine (elegant), bagus, elok ; (not
coarse), halus.
Fine (amercement), denda.
Finger, jari.
Finish, to, habis-kan,menyudah-kan.
Finished, habis, sudah.
Fire, apt.
Fire-fly, kUip-kUip.
Firewood, kayu-api.
Firm, kuku/i.
First, mula-mida, pertama.
Fish, ikan ; (fish, to), panelling,
memanching, mcngail; (with arti-
ficial bait), kachor.
Fish-hook, kail; (line), tali-kail.
Fist, tinju.
Fit, patut, harus, wajib ; (seizure),
pitam.
Flag, bandera ; (staff), tiang-ban-
dera.
Flame, niala.
Flannel, kain-panas.
Flash, kilat.
Flat, cheper ; (level), rata.
Flay, to, kupas, kelupas.
Flea, kutu anjing.
Fleece, bulu-kambing.
Fleet, angkat-an.
Flesh, daging, isi.
Fling, to, balwg, lempar, lotar;
(down), champak.
Flint, batu api.
Float, to, timbid, hanyut.
Flock, kawan.
Flog, to, pukvl, gasak.
Floor, lantei.
Flour, tepong.
Flow, to, leleh, meleleh ; (as a river),
alir, mengalir ; (of the tide), pa-
sang.
VOCABULARY.
155
Flower, bunga.
Fly, lalat; (horse-), pikat ; (eye-),
kakoroh ; (fly, to), terbang.
Foam, buih.
Fog, Jcabut.
Fold (a pen), kandang ; (fold, to),
lipat.
Follow, to, ikut, turut.
Food, makan-an.
Foolish, bodoh, gila.
Foot, kaki ; (sole of the), lapak
kaki.
Football, scpak raga.
For, akan, pada ; (because), karana.
For fear, lest, takut.
Forbid, to, larang.
Force, kuasa, kuat ; (to use — ),
kuat-kan, k2ras-i.
Fold, to (wade), merandau.
Fordable, shallow, changkat, tohor.
Foreigner, orang dagang, anak da-
gang.
Forehead, dahi.
Foreskin, kulup.
Forest, rimba.
Forfeited, luchut.
Forget, to, lupa, lupa-kan.
Forgive, to, ampun-kan, malaf-kan.
Forgiveness, ampun, ma'af.
Fork, garfu, penyuchuk.
Form, rupa.
Former times, dahulu kola.
Fornication, ber-kendak.
Forsake, to, tinggal-kan.
Fort, kola.
Fortunate, tnujur, tuah.
Fortune, unlong, nasib.
Foundation, kaki tcmbok, alas ru-
mah.
Founder, to, karam.
Fountain, spring, mata ayer.
Fowl, hay am.
Fragment, sa-patah, sa-klrat.
Frankincense, kaminian.
Free, bebas.
Freed, mardahika.
Freeze, to, bciku.
Frequent, kh'ap.
Fresh, new, baharu; (of water),
tawar.
Friend, sahabat.
Fright, katakut-an.
Frighten, menyakut-kan.
Fringe, jalajala, dawn budi.
Frog, katak, kodok.
From, deri, deri-pada.
Front, hadap-an.
Froth, buih.
Fruit, buah.
Fry, to, goreng, rendang.
Fulfil, to, sampei-kan, semporna-
kan.
Full, pSnuh.
Full-moon, pcrnama bulan.
Fun, lawak-lawak, ber-suka-suka-an.
Fund, capital, modal.
Funnel, chorot.
Furnace, dapwr, ralau.
G.
Gain, laba, faidah.
Gale, ribut.
Gall, ampadu.
Gamble, to, judi, men-judi.
Game, per-main-an.
Game-cock, hay am sabong.
Gaol, panjara.
Gape, to, nganga.
Garden, kabun ; (flower), taman.
Garlic, bawang puteh.
Gasp, to, menguap.
Gate, pintu, kerbang.
Gate-keeper, penunggu-pinlu.
Gather, to (pluck), kutib, petik ;
(pick up), pungut; (assemble),
ber-kumpul, ber-impun.
Gaze, to, renong.
Gem, permata.
Generous, morah-hati.
Gentle, lembut, manis.
'56
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Get, to, dapat, mrn-dapat-kan.
Get up, to, bangkct, ban gun.
Ghost, hantu.
Giddy, p>cning.
Gift, hadia, pcmbcri-an.
Gild, to, chelop, sador.
Gills, of a fish, isang.
Gimlet, gurdi.
Ginger, halia.
Girdle, tali-pi nggang.
Girl, budak.
Girth, tali-pZrut.
Give, to, beri, kasih : (back), pn-
lang-kan, membalik-kan.
Gizzard, ampcdal.
Glad, suka, suka-chita.
Glass, kacha.
Gleau, to, pungut.
Glitter, to, kilau, mcng'dau.
Glorious, midia.
Glory, ka-m;'!;<t-,n\.
Glove, sarong tangan.
Glue, perZka'.
Glutton, gdujuh.
Gnat, agas.
Go, to, pergi ; (in), maeuk ; (out),
terbit, kaluar.
Goat, kambing.
Goblin, bota.
God, Allah.
Gold, mas, amas ; (leaf), mas kartas ;
(dust), mas urei.
Goldsmith, tukang mas.
Gong, tawa-tawa.
Good, baik.
Goods, barang-barang, benda, harta,
dagang-an.
Goose, angsa.
Gore, to, tandok, menandok.
Gospel, injil.
Gourd, labu.
Govern, to, memerentah.
Government, perentah.
Gown, kabaya.
Grace, karunia, anvgrah.
Grain, biji, bntir.
Grammar, nahu.
Grandchild, chuchu; (great), chichit.
Grandparent, datoh, nenek ; (great),
moyang.
Granite, batu bukit.
Grapes, buah anggnr.
Grasshopper, bclalang.
Grasp, to, genggam.
Grass, nimput.
Grate, to (rasp), kukur.
Grave, a, kubur.
Gravel, batu-lada, baiu-kelikir.
Gravy, kuah.
Grease, lemah.
Great, besar.
Greedy, geluju h.
Green, hijau.
Green-pigeon, punei.
Grief, duka-chita, ka-susah-an.
Grieved, susah-Iiati.
Grind, to, kisar ; (on a flat surface),
giling ; (to sharpen), asah, chanei.
Grinder, molar tooth, gerham.
Grinding-stone, batu-gillng.
Gripes, colic, mulas, senalc perut.
Groan, to, mevgerang.
Grope, to (feel in the dark), raba.
Gross, coarse, kasar.
Ground, soil, tanah.
Grow, to, tumboh.
Growl, to, men-daring, mcn-deravw
Grudge, sakit-hati, kechil-hati.
Gruel, kanji.
Grumble, to, snngut, ber-sunguL
Guard, to, tunggu, kaical.
Guava, jambu-biji.
Guide, pandu, pertulu**
Guilt, ka-salah-an.
Guilty, salah.
Gulf, teluk.
Gum, getah.
Gums, the, gusi.
Gun, bedil, snapang ; (cannon), mat*
riam ; (swivel), tela, rantaka.
VOCABULARY.
157
Gunpowder, ubat-bedil.
Gunwale, ruling.
Gutter, mluran-ayr.
H.
Habit, custom, iadat ; (in the habit
of), biasa.
Hair, rambut, bulu.
Hair-pin, chuchuk-sanggul.
Half, tengah, sa-tengah, sa-paroh.
Halt, crippled, tcmpang ; (to etop
on a journey), sing gait.
Halve, to, bahagl dua.
Hammer, pemukul, pcngVtok, martd.
Hammer, to, kZtok.
Hamper, a, Mranjang, raga.
Hand, tangan.
Handful, sa-genggam.
Handkerchief, sapu-tangan.
Handle, of a weapon, hulu ; (of a
jar), telinga.
Handsome, bogus, dole, hebat.
Handwriting, tapak-tangan, khat.
Hang, to, (suspend), gautong, mctig-
gantong-kan ; (to be suspended).
ber-gantong.
Happen, to, jadi.
Happy, senang, salamat.
Hard, kZras, tegar.
Hardship, ka-sukar-an.
Harlot, sundal, jaJang.
1 1 arpoon, sarampang.
Harrow, sikat, garu.
Hasp, kuku.
Haste, gopoh.
Hat, topi; (conical leaf hat), terendah.
Hatch, to, meng-gfo'cim.
Hatchet, btliong, kapak.
Hate, to, binchi.
Haul, to, tank, hda.
Have, to, ada, ber-uhh, mcnaroli.
Haze, kabut.
Head, kapala, hulu.
Headache, sakit kapala.
Health, sihat- niaman.
Heap, kumpul-an, tambun.
Hear, to, dengar.
Heart, hati, jantong; (of timber),
teras; (to have the heart to),
sampei hati, dapat hati.
Heat, hangat.
Heave, to, bongkar.
, Heaven, surga ; (Muhammadan),
janat-al naim.
Heavy, bh-at.
j Hedge, pagar.
J Heel, tumit.
Heel, to (incline), itinget.
Heir, war is.
Hell, naraka, pafala, (Muham-
madan ) jalianam.
Helm, kamudi.
Help, to, tulong, menu'ong, bantu,
mem-bantu.
Hem, kelim.
Hen, ibu-hayam, hayam-betina.
Here, sini, di-sini, kamari.
Heritage, pusaka.
Hiccup, sedu.
Hide, to, sembunyi.
Hide, skin, bdulang, kulit.
High, tinggi.
Hill, bukit, changkat.
Hillock, busut.
Hilt, hulu.
Hinder, to, tegah, larang, sangkut,
tahan.
Hire, to (engage), upah, meng-
upah-kan ; (rent) jienyetoa ; (to
rent), sexca, menyewa.
History, chcritra, hakayat.
Hiss, to, ber-siul.
Hit, to, k&na.
Hoarse, garok.
Hoe, changkol.
Hoist, to, angkat.
Hold, to, pegang.
Hold, of a ship, pcta.
Hole, lobang, Hang.
Holiday, hari-raya.
153
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Hollow, lekok, geronggong.
Homicide, murder, pcm-bunoh-an.
Hone, batu-asah.
Honest, betid.
Honesty, puteh-hati.
Honey, madu, manis-an lebah.
Honour, ka-mulia-an.
Hoof, kuku.
Hook, penggait; (elephant-goad),
kuasa; (fish-), mata-kail.
Hoop, simpei.
Hope, harap, asa.
Hopeless, putus-harap.
Horizon, kaki-lav'iit.
Horn, tandok; (of the rhinoceros),
sumboh; (feeler), sungut.
Hornet, tabu-an, naning.
Horrible, ngZri, htbat.
Hor.-e, kuda.
Horse-mango, bachang, machang.
Horse-race, ber-lomba kuda.
Hot, panas, hangat; (acrid), pedas,
pedis.
Hour, jam.
House, rumah.
Household, isi-rumah.
Hovel, pondok, tcratak.
How, bagei-mana.
Howdah, kop; (panniers), rengkah.
However, tetapi, akan-tetapi.
How much ? how many ? bSr-apa,
ter-apa baniak.
How long ? blr apa lama.
Hug, to, peluk, dakap.
Hum, to, sering, menyering.
Humane, morah-hati.
Humble, rendah ; (to humble one-
self), me-rendah-kan diri.
Humpback, bongkok.
Hungry, lapar.
Hunt, to, bv/ru, mem-buru.
Hurricane, ribut. tufan.
Hurry, gopoh.
Hurt, to, sakit-kan, menyakit-kan.
Husband, laki, sicami, rumah -ta ngga.
Husk, kulit ; (of cocoamit), sabut ;
(of rice), sekam.
Hut, pondok, teratak, jambar,
lengkok.
I.
Ice, ayar baku, ayer batu.
Idea, 'akal.
Idiot, bodoh, gila, korang-'alcal.
Idle, malas, segan.
Idol, berhala.
If, kalau, jikalau.
Ignite, to, chuchuk, pasang.
Ignorant, babal, bodoh.
Ill, sakit ; (of a royal personage),
gtring.
Ill-bred, korang-adab, be-adab.
Ill-humoured, masam-mvka, peny-
Zbal.
Illicit, larang, churi.
Illustrious, mnlia.
Image, rupa, gambar, bavgun.
Imagine, to, sangka, agak.
Imitate, to, tiru, turut.
Immediately, sakarang ini.
Immortal, kakal, baka.
Impatient, korang-sabar.
Impertinent, kasar, sombong.
Importaut, besar, b8rat, matan.
Impossible, tiada akan, ta'kan,
mustahil.
Impound, to, kandang-kan.
Imprison, to, kurong-kan.
Improve, to, baik-i, mem-baik-i.
Impudent, muka-tebal, muka-papan.
Incense, kaminian, istanggi, dupa.
Incest, sumbang.
Incline, to (bend), chondong.
Increase, to, ber-tambah ; (to add),
tambah-kan, me-lebeh-kan ; (subs.),
tambah-an, ka-lebeh-an.
Indebted, ber-hutang.
India-rubber, gUah.
Indian-corn, jagong.
Indigo (plant), tarum ; (dye), nila.
Indignant, hangat- hati.
VOCABULARY.
x5<>
Indulge, to, JcasiJi, pandang.
Iudustrious, rajin.
Infectious, jangkit, bcr-jangkit-an.
Infidel, kafir.
Infirm, lemah, leteh.
Inform, to, b%ri-tahu, me-ma'alum-
kan.
Informer, penudoh.
Inhabit, to, duduk, dlam.
Inhabitants, isi-negri.
Inheritance, pusaka.
Inhuman, bingis.
Injure, to, rosak-kan, binasa-kan.
Ink, daivat, tinta.
Inkstand, tampat-dawat.
Inland, hulu, davat.
Inquire, to, tanya, pareksa.
Insect, benatang.
Insert, to, masok-kan, s8lip.
Insignia, regalia, perkakas-ka-raja-
an.
Insipid, tawar, maung.
Instant, sa'at, sa-kejap, sa-buntar.
Instead, ganti, alih-alih.
Instruct, to, ajar, meng-ajar-kan,
meng-aji-kan.
Instructor, guru, pengajar.
Instrument, alat, perkakas-an.
Intend, to, maliu, handak, niat-hati.
Intercept, to (cut off), kZpong.
Interest, bunga.
Interior, dalam ; (of a country),
hulu, darat.
Interfere, to, masok-mulut.
Interpret, to, salin-kan, turun-kan
bahasa lain; (into Malay), jawi-
kan, men-jawi-kan.
Interpreter, juru-bahasa.
Interval, selang.
Intestines, isi-p%rut.
Intoxicated, mabuk.
Inundation, ai/er bah.
Invade, to, lawjgar, me-langgar.
Invent, to, meng-ada-kan.
Invention, hikmat.
Invisible, batin.
Invite, to, panggil, sila-kaiu
Invulnerable, kebal, pUias.
Iron, besi.
Irony, sindir.
Island, pulau.
Issue, to, ierbit.
Itch (the), kudis ; (to), gatal.
Ivory, gading.
Jack-fruit, nangka.
Jackal, sri-gala.
Jacket, bqju.
Jar, tempayan, buyong.
Jargon, bahasa kachau-kan.
Jasmine, malati, melur.
Jealous, chemburu.
Jealousy, chemburu-an.
Jetty, jambatan, pelantar.
Jew, Yahudi.
Jewel, permata.
Join, to, hubong, meng-hubong-kan.
Joint, buku, ruas, sendi.
Joke, lawah, gurau, saluroh, gonja.
Journey., per-jalan-an ; (hy sea),
pelaiar - an ; (provisions for a),
bakal, bekas.
Joy, ka-suka-an, suka-hati, ber-suka-
suka-an.
Judge, hakim.
Judgment, sangka, rasa; (to de-
liver), putus hukum; (day of),
harikiamat.
Jug, a, buyong.
Juggle, to, sulap, balik-mata.
Juggler, penyulap.
Juice, aycr ; (of plants), getah.
Jump, to, lompat, ber-lompat;
(down), terjun.
Junk, jong, wangkang, top.
Just, iadil.
Just now, tadi, baharu-ini, baharu-
tadi.
Justice, ka-'adil-an.
x6o
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Keel, lunas.
Keep, to, simpan, mon/impun.
Keepsake, tanda hay at.
Kernel, isi.
Kettle, cherek.
Key, anak kunehi.
Kick, to, sepak, tendang.
Kid, anak kambing.
Kidneys, buah pinggung.
Kill, to, bunoh, membunoh.
Kiln, tenur.
Kind, affectionate, ber-lasih.
Kind, sort, bangsa, ji
Kindle, to, chucltuk, jnisang-api,
pUakut-api.
Kindred kaum, kulawarga.
King, raja.
, (smell), chiutn.
Kitchen, dapor.
Kite, (bird), halang, lang ; (paper),
wait, layang-layang.
Kitten, anak kuching.
Knee, lutut.
Kneel, to, berdiri-lutut ; (as an ele-
phant), Urwm.
Knee-pan, tempurong- lutut.
Knife, pisau.
Knitting, aniam, vajut.
Knock, to, kUok, pukul.
Knot, simp id.
Know, to, tahu, kenal.
Knuckle, buku-jari.
L.
Labour, karja, usahu.
Labourer, kuli, orang-gaji.
Lad, budak.
Ladder, tangga.
Ladle, scndok, gay on g ; (to ladle
out), chedok.
Lad}', tuan, siti, indie.
Lace, gold or silver, rendu.
Lake, tasek, danuu.
Lamb, anak-biri.
Lame, tempang, chapik.
Lament, to, ratap, meratap, menan-
gis; (regret), menyesal.
Lamp, palita.
Lance, lembing, tombak.
Land, tanah, darat; (padi-land),
sawah, tanah bendang ; (garden -
land), tanah kampong.
Lancet, taji.
Lane, lurong.
Language, bahasa, chara.
Lantern, tanglong.
Lap, pangku, riba.
Larboard, kiri.
Large, besar.
Last, to, tahan, menahan.
Last, hindmost, yang belakang, su-
kali, akhir; (last night), sa- in alum.
Late, akhir; (at nights, jauh malum.
Lath, kasuu, luntei.
Lattice-work, gisi-gisi.
Laugh, to, tertuwu, geluk.
Laugh at, to, (deride), menggonju-kun.
Law, hukum, undang-undang.
Lawn, hulamun.
Lawful, halal, hums.
Lawyer, wukil.
Lay, to, (set down), bubok, letuk,
me-letuk-kun ; (wager), ber-turoh;
(an egg), ber-telor.
Lazy, mulus, segun.
Lead (the metal), timuh hitum.
Lead, to (by the hand), pimpin;
(guide), tunjuk-kun, pandu-kun,
hantur-kun.
Leaf, daun; (of paper), hulei, lei,
kujung.
Leaky, bochor, tiris.
Lean, thin, kurus.
Lean, to (rest against), sundar,
menyandur.
Leap, to, lomput, me-lomput; (down),
terjun.
Learn, to, bclajar; (religion), ment/o/i.
Learned, pundei, 'alim.
VOCABULARY.
161
Leather, kulit, belidang.
Leave, permission, izin.
Leave (to quit), tinggal-kan.
Leech, lintah; (forest), pachat.
Leeward, di-bawah angin.
Left, Jciri.
Left (remaining), sisa.
Leg, kaki; (thigh), paha; (from
knee to ankle), betis ; (calf), jan-
tong-betis.
Lend, to, beri-pinjam.
Length, panjang, lanjut.
Lengthways, bujur.
Leprosy, Jcusta.
Less, Jco)ang.
Let (to allow), biar ; (hire), beri-
sewa.
Let off, to (fire - arms), pasang,
chuchuh, me-letup-kan ; (forgive,
discharge), ampun-Jcan, me-lepas-
kan.
Letter, surat Tcirim-an.
Level, rata.
Liar, pem-bohong.
Liberal, morah-hati.
Liberate, to, lepas-kan, mardahika-
kan.
Lick, to, jilat.
Lid, tudong ; (eye-), kelopak-mata.
Lie, falsehood, bohong.
Lie down, to, baring, tidor.
Life, niawa, jiwa, hayat.
Lift, to, angkat, meng-angkat.
Light, bright, chahya, terang ; (not
heavy), ringan.
Light (to kindle), chuchuh, pasang ;
(to guide with a torch), svloh,
menyvloli.
Lighter, tongkang.
Lightning, kilat.
Like, bagei, saperti, laksana, sa-
umpama.
Like, to, suka, gamar, ber-kenan.
Likeness, rupa, gambar.
Limb, angguta.
Lime, kapur; (quicklime), tohor ;
(birdlime), getah.
Lime, lemon, limau-asam.
Line, (string), tali; (row), baris, nirei.
Lineage, ka-turun-an.
Linen, kain-rami.
Lining, alas, lapis.
Lion, singa.
Lip, bibir.
Liquid, chayer.
Listen, to, men-dengar.
Litter, usong-an.
Little, kechil.
Little finger, kelingking.
Liver, limpah.
Livelihood, ka - hidop - an, pen - cha-
hari-an.
Lizard, chichah
Load, baban, pikvl-an ; (cargo),
muat-an, sarat-an.
Loaf, ketvl.
Lobster, hudang-galah.
Lock, kunchi.
Locust, bilalang.
Lodge, to, tumpang, menumpang ;
(for a night), ber-malam.
Loft, para, loteng.
Log, batang, puntong.
Lonely, sunyi.
Long, lama.
Long, to, dendam, rindu.
Look, to, pandang, tengok, lihat;
(look up), tengadah.
Looking-glass, chermin.
Loom, perkakas-tenun.
Loose, longgar, kendor.
Lord, tuan ; (deity), tuhan.
Lose, to, hilang ; (to suffer defeat),
alah.
Lotos, teratei.
Loud, riyuh, kuat.
Love, kasih-an ; (love, to), kasih,
ber-kasih, berahi.
Low, rendah.
Low-water, ayer-surut, oyer mati.
162
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Loyal, setia.
Luck, untong.
Luckily, sa-baik-baik-nia.
Lucky, mujur.
Lullaby, lagu pengulik.
Lump, ketvl.
Lunatic, orang-gila.
Lungs, paru-paru.
Lust, hawa, nafsu.
Lute, kechapi.
M.
Mace, bunga-pala.
Machine, pcsaioat.
Mad, gila.
Maggot, hulat.
Magic, 'ilmu.
Magistrate, hakim, tuan polis.
Magnet, besi-btvani.
Maimed, kudong.
Mainmast, tiang-agong.
Maintain, to, pelehra.
Maize, jagong.
Majesty, baginda.
Make, to, buat, membuat.
Male (man), laki-laki ; (animal),
jantan.
Malice, dingkl, kechil-hati.
Malignant, ber-dingki.
Man, orang, laki-laki.
Man-of-war, kapal pZrang.
Manage, to, perentah, memerentah.
Mane, gambong, jambul.
Mange, kudis.
Mango, mampelam,mangga; (horse-),
machang, bachang.
Mangostin, manggis.
Manifest, to, menyata-kan, mene-
rang-kan.
Mankind, manusia.
Manner, bagei, macham.
Manure, baja.
Many, baniak.
Map, pita.
Marble, pualam.
Mare, kuda-betina.
Margin, tepi.
Mark, tanda, 'alamat ; (to shoot at),
tuju-an, sasar.
Market, pasar.
Marriage, karvin, mkah ; (to demand
in), pinang, meminang ; (to give
in), nikah-kan.
Married, ber-kawin ; ^naving a wife),
ber-bini; (having a husband), ber<
laki.
Marrow, otak-tulang.
Marsh, pay a, redang.
Mash, to, pipis.
Mason, tukang-balu.
Mast, tiang.
Master, tuan; (of a ship), juragan,
nakhoda.
Mat, tikar.
Match, goris-api ; (to suit), padan.
Matchlock, satinggar.
Mate, of a ship, malim.
Matter (affair), perkara ; (pus),
nanah.
Mattress, tilam.
May, buleh.
Meal (repast), makan-an ; (flour),
tepong.
Mean, hina ; (to understand), harti,
meng-harti.
Meaning (sense), ma'ana, harti.
Meanwhile, dalam antara itu.
Means (by all), hubaya.
Measure, to, hukur, sukat.
Measurement, hukur-an, sukat-an.
Meat, daging.
Medicine, ubat.
Meek, manis, lemah-lumbut.
Meet, to, jumpa, ber-jumpa, temu,
ber-temu.
Melon (water), iemikei.
Melt, to, leboi'y hanchur-kan.
Member, angguta.
Memory, ingat-an.
VOCABULARY.
103
Mend, to, baik-i, mem-baik-i.
Mendicant, fakir.
Mention, to, sebut.
Merchandise, dagang-an.
Mercury, rasa.
Mercy, rahamat.
Meridian (noon), rambang.
Merit, paliala.
Mesh (of a net), mata.
Message, pasan-an.
Messenger, penyuroh, pesuroh.
Method (arrangement), atur-an.
Middle, tengah, per - tengah - an ;
(middle finger), jari-hantu.
Middling, sedang.
Midwife, bidan, dukun.
Might, gagah, kuasa, koderat.
Mighty, kuat, ber-kuasa.
Mild, manis, lumbut.
Mildew, lapuk, kulat.
Milk, susu.
Mill, lisar-an, giling-an.
Million, juta.
Mimic, to, ajuk.
Mince, to, chachah, chinchang.
Mind (sense), 'akal, budi ; (inclina-
tion), ka-handak ; (never mind),
tiada apa, td apa, td usah.
Mine, gali-an, lombong, tebok.
Miner, kuli tebok, tukang gali.
Minister, mantri.
Minute (small), halus, seni; (mo-
ment), sa'at.
Mire, lumpur, lechah.
Mirror, chermin.
Miscarriage, gugur-an ; (of an ele-
phant), sanglong.
Mischief, benchana.
Miserly, kikir, kikil, chikil.
Misery, hal ka-sukar-an.
Mist, kabut.
Mistake, salah, silap.
Mistress, tuan.
Misunderstand, to, S(dah-mcngarti,
salah-dengar.
Mix, to, champur, kachau.
Mock, olok, pupuh; (to deride),
sindir.
Mode, pri, chara.
Model, teladan, achu-an.
Modest, ber-malu, sopan.
Moment, sa-buntar, sa-kcjap, sa'at.
Money, wang,duit; (ready -money
wang tunei.
Monkey, monyet, kera.
Monsoon, musim.
Month, bxdan.
Moon, bulan.
Morass, paj/a, redang.
More, lebeh, lagi.
Morning, pagi, dina-hari.
Morrow, esok, besok, ka-esok-an.
Morsel, sa-suap, sa-midut.
Mortal, fana.
Mortar, lesong.
Mortgage, to, gadei, chagar, sandar.
Mosque, masjid.
Mosquito, niamok.
Moss, lumut.
Most, ter-lebch.
Mother, mak, ibu, bonda ; (adop-
tive), ma-angkat ; (step-mother),
ma-tiri; (mother-in-law), mentuah.
Mould, earth, tanah ; (mildew),
lapuk; (matrix), achu-an.
Mouldy, basi.
Mount, to, naik.
Mountain, gunong.
Mourn, to, tangis-kan, menangis-
kan, ratap, meratap.
Mouse, tikus.
Mouse-deer, pelanduk.
Moustache, misei.
Mouth, mulut ; (of a river), kuala.
Mouthful, sa-suap, sa-midut.
Move, to, (intrans.), ber-ubahf ber-
gh'dk, kesak ; (trans.), gerak-kan,
meng -gerak -kan, alih-kan, meng-
alih -kan, meng -ubah-kan.
Much, baniak.
164
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Mud, lumpur, sulut, lechah.
Muddy, turbid, kZrok.
Mug, kindi.
Multiply, to, per-baniak-kan.
Murder, to, bunoh, mem-bunoh.
Murmur, to, sungut.
Muscle, urat.
Mushroom, chendawan.
Music, bunyi-bunyi-an} lagu.
Musk, kasturi.
Musk-rat, clienchurut.
Musket, snapang, bedil.
Muslin, kaiyi khasa.
Must, handak, hania, dapat-tiada.
Mustard, scsaa-i.
Muster (to summon), kZrah.
Mutiny, belut.
Mystery, ral
N.
Nail, paku ; (of the fingers or toe),
kuku ; (finger-nail worn purposely
long), changei.
Naked, telanjang.
Name, nama ; (title), gHar-an ; (to
name), gdar-htn, nama-kan.
Nape of the neck, tangkok.
Napkin, kain basah.
Narrate, to, cheritra-kan.
^Sturow,sumpit,simpit,sesak,ginting.
Nation, bangsa.
Nature, tabi'at.
Navel, pusat.
Navigate, to, me-layar-kan.
Navigation (science of), lilmu-pe-
layar-an.
Neap-tide, ayer survd, ayer mati.
Near, dekat, hampir.
Neat, chantek, chermat.
Necessary, wajib.
Necessity, desire, hajat.
Neck, batang leher; (throat), leher.
Needle, jarum.
Neglect, lalei.
Neighbour, orang rumah sa-btlah.
Nephew, andk - penakan, anak su-
dara.
Nerve, urat.
Nest, sarang, sarang-burong.
Net (casting), jala ; (seine), pukat;
(landing), sauh-sauh; (snare),
jaring.
Net, to, serat, menyerat.
Net-work, serat-an, jala-jala.
Never, ta'pernah; (never mind),
td'apa, tausah.
New, baharu.
New-moon, sa-hari bulan.
News, khabar.
Next (in time), lepas itu, kemdian ;
(in place), sa-bMah.
Nice (pleasant), sedap.
Niece, anak-pcnakan, anak-sudara.
Night, malam; (to pass the), ber
malam.
Niiiht-jar, tetegok, punggok.
Nimble, chepat, panlas.
Nip (to pinch), pichit, chubit,
ketam, sepit.
Nippers (pincers), penyepit
Nitre, sendawa.
Noble, bangsawan.
Nod, to, meng-antok.
Noise, gadoh, gempar, bising, riau.
None, satu pun tidak.
Nonsense, stasia, ta ka-tahu-an.
Noon, rambang, tengah-hari.
Noose, jerat.
North, utara.
Nose, hidong; (bridge of the), batang
hidong.
Nosegay, karangan-bunga.
Nostril, Hang hidong.
Notch, takuk; (gap, dent), sumbing.
Nothing, apa pun tidak.
Notice, to, per-hati-kan.
Notwithstanding, tetapi, lamun-kan.
Nourish, to, pelehra-kan.
Now, sakarang; (now and then), ka
dang kadang, ter-kadang.
VOCABULARY.
165
Number (quantity), baniak; (a nume-
ral), angka.
Nurse, a, inang, pengasoh.
Nurse (to rear, cherish), pelehra;
(give suck), menetek-kan, menymu-
kan ; (a sick person), dukun.
Nut, kachang.
Nutmeg, buah pala.
Nymph, bidyadari.
Oakum, pakul.
Oar, dayong, pengayuh.
Oath, sumpah.
Obey, to, turut.
Obscene, charut; (to use obscene
language), men-charut.
Obscure, Mlam, gttap.
Observe (watch), intei; (notice), per-
hati-kan.
Obstinate, degil, bantah, kras ka-
pala.
Obstruct, to, sekat-kan.
Occasion, paksa.
Occupied (busy), 'aral.
Occur, to, jadi, jatoh, tiba.
Ocean, laut-an.
Odd (of numbers), gasal, ganjil.
Odds and ends, rinchik-rinchik.
Offer, to, unjuk, tawar.
Office (employment), pegang-an;
(place of business), gedong.
Offspring, anak-pinak.
Often, Mrap-kSrap.
Oil, minyak.
Old, tuah, lama; (decayed), burok.
Olden time, dahulu-kala, zaman
dahulu.
Omen, evil, pemali.
Once, sa-kali.
Only, sahaja, hania.
Onion, bawang.
Open, ter-buka; (extensive), lapang,
luas; (to open), buka, mem-
buka.
Opening (chink), chelah.
Opinion, rasa, pe-rasaan, sangka,
kira, pikir-an.
Opium, apiun, madat, chandu.
Opportunity, paksa, dan, sampat.
Oppose, to, lawan.
Oppression, anyaya.
Oppressive, zalim.
Orange, limau-manis.
Order (arrangement), atur-an, per-
atur-an ; (class), pangkat; (to
command), suroh, menyuroh ; (of
a royal personage), Utah.
Orifice, Hang.
Origin, asal, pangkal.
Ornament, per-hias-an.
Orphan, piatu.
Other, lain.
Otter, anjing-laut.
Ottoman, petarana.
Ought, patut, harus, handak-la/i
mahu-lah.
Out, luar.
Outcast, bangsat, ter-buang.
Outcry, gcmpar, cngar.
Outhouse, bangsal.
Outward, visible, zahir.
Oval, bulat-bujur.
Oven, dapor, tenur.
Over (upon), atas; (ended), sudah
Overcast (darkened), bcr-tedoh.
Overflow, to, limpah, me-Umpah.
Overladen, sarat.
Overlook, to, jaga, men-jaga, tunggu,
menunggu.
Overseer, tandil, mandor.
Overturn, to, balik, mem-balik'
kan.
Overturned, to be, ber-balik, ter-
balik.
Owe, to, ber-hirfang.
Owl, burong-hantu.
Owner, luan, yang ampunya.
Ox, lumbu, sapi; (wild), si-ladang.
Oyster, ter am, siput.
1 66
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
P
Pace (step), jangka.
Pack, to, kemas, bu?tgku,s-k«n.
Paddle, a, kayuh, pengayuh; (to
row with), mengayuh.
Pain, sakit, sakit-an, ka-sakit-an;
(a.T\xiety),per-chinta-an,susah-kati.
Paint, chat; (to paint), sapu-chat ;
(a painter), tukang-chat.
Pair, jodo, pasang.
Palace, astana, meligei.
Pale, puchat.
Paling, pagar, gisi-gisi.
Palm of the hand, tapak-tangan,
telapak.
Palpitation, dabar.
Palsy, tepok, basal.
Pan (earthen), pasu; (iron), kuali.
Pant, to, mangah, meng up.
Paper, kartas.
Parable, per-upama-an.
Parasol, payong.
Parcel, bungkus, bungkus-an.
Pardon, ampun, ma'af; (to pardon),
ampun-kan, ma'af-kan.
Pare, to, raut, me-raut, hiris, meng-
hiris.
Parents, ibu-bapa.
Parrot, nuri, bayan; (small green
parroquet), serindit.
Parry, to, tangkis.
Part, bahagi-an, sa-kHrat, sa-paroh.
Particle, butir.
Partner, kawan, kongsi.
Partnership, in, sa-modal.
Pass, to, lalu; (miss), selisih ; (as
coin), laku.
Passion (anger), marah, hangat.
Passionate, hatipanas, lakas marah.
Past, sudah, yang telah sudah, yang
telah lalu.
Paste, pe-rekat, bubur.
Pastry, penganan.
Pat, to, ttpvik.
Patch, tampal.
Patience, sabar.
Pattern, teladan, chonto.
Pawn, to, gadei, meng-gadci ; (a
pledge), sandar-an.
Pay, to, bayar, mem-bay ar ; (by in-
stalments), ansur.
Payment, bayar-an, pem-bayar-an.
Pea, kachang.
Peace, sajehtra, santosa, ka-senang-
an; (to make peace), ber-damei.
Peacock, vurak.
Peak, puchuk, kamunchak.
Pearl, mutiara.
Peck, to, patok, pagut.
Pedlar, orang ber-jajah, orang kelon-
tong.
Peel, to, kupas, kelupas.
Peep, to, intei, meng-intei.
Pelican, undan.
Pelt, to, lotar, me-lontar.
Pellucid, hening, jerneh.
Pen, kalam.
Pen (enclosure), kandavg.
Penalty, denda, siksa.
Penetrate, to, lut, melut.
Penitence, taubat.
Penknife, pisau-lipat.
People, orang.
Pepper, lada; (black), lada-hitam;
(Chili), lada-merah, lada-china,
chabei.
Perceive, to, rasa, per-hati-kan.
Perch, to, hinggap, tengger.
Percolate, to, tiris, meniris.
Perfect, sempoma.
Perfectly, betul, benar, sakali.
Perfume, bau-bau-an.
Perfumed, harum, wangi.
Perhaps, antah, barangkali, mudah
mudah-an.
Peril, bahaya, mara-bahaya.
Perjury, dusta.
Permanent, kekal, kukuh, tetap.
Permission, izin.
Permit, to, b%ri, kasih, biar.
VOCABULARY.
167
Perpetual, sanantiasa, yang tiada
ber-ka-putus-an.
Persecute, to, anyaya-han.
Persevere, to, ber-usaha.
Person, orang, marika.
Perspiration, peluh.
Perverse, bantah, angkara.
Pestle, alu, antan.
Petition, per-minta-an.
Pheasant, pegar ; (argus pheasant),
kuang, kuwau.
Phlegm, dahak, hingus
Pick (to gather), kutib, petik; (pick
up), punguf.
Pickles, achar ; (pickled fish or
meat), pe-kasam.
Piebald, pied, belang.
Piece, sa-patah, su-k%rat, sa-patong.
Pier, jambatan, pangkalan.
Pierce, to, chuchuk.
Piety, Hbadat.
Pig, babi.
Pigeon, merpati.
Pile (stake), panchang ; (to heap
up), susun-kan.
Pillage, to, samun, rampas.
Pillar, tiang.
Pillow, bantal.
Pillow-case, sarong-bantal.
Pimple, bisul-lada.
Pin, piniti, jarum-peny^mat.
Pincers, sepit, penycpit.
Pinch (a small quantity), sa-jumput;
(to pinch), chubit, pichit.
Pinchbeck, suasa.
Pineapple, nanas.
Pink, kasumbah.
Pipe (conduit), panchur-an.
Pipeclay, tanah-mala.
Pirate, perompak.
Pit, lobang.
Pitch, gala-gala; (to pitch as a
ship), angga, meng-anggu.
Pitcher, buyung.
Pith, ampulur.
Pity, kasih-an, betas.
Place, tampat; (to place), bubok,
tai'oh, letak, me-letak-kan.
Plague (pestilence), hawar.
Plain, padang, medan.
Plait, to, aniam, pintal.
Plane, kUam.
Plank, papan.
Plant, pokok, tanam-an, tumboh-
tumboh-an.
Plantain, pisang.
Plantation, kabun, ladang.
Plate (earthenware), piring, ping
gan; (metal), cheper.
Play, to, main.
Pleasant, scdap, lezat.
Pleased, suka.
Pledge, cliagar, sandar-an
Plenty, baniak.
Plough, tanggala
Plover, kedidi, chicheoh.
Pluck (to gather), petik; (pluck
out), chabut.
Plump, tumbun, pejal.
Plunge, to, terjun, sUam, menyZlam.
Plunder, to, samun, rampas.
Pocket, saku.
Point, hujong ; (to point), tunjok,
menunjok.
Poison, rachun.
Poisonous, bisa.
Poke (to thrust), chuchuk, jolok,
chungkil.
Pole, batang; (for propelling a boat),
Polecat, musang.
Polite, adab, bastai-i.
Pollute, to, chamar-kan, kotor-kan.
Pomegranate, buah-dalima.
Pond, kulam.
Ponder, to, kenang, pikir.
Pool, lubok.
Poop, burit-an.
Poor, miskin.
Porcelain, tembikar.
iGS
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Porcupine, landak.
Pork, daging-babi.
Porpoise, lomba-loniba.
Portion, bahagi-an.
Position (situation), ka-duduk-an.
Possess, to, milik, taroh.
Possible, buleh.
Post, panchang, tiang.
Pot (earthenware), priuk, h&anga;
(iron), kuali; (water), buyung ;
(flower), pasu.
Potato, ubi benggala, ubi china.
Pouch, pundi-pundi.
Pound (pen), kandang.
Pound, to, tumbok.
Pour, to, tuang, tumpah ; (water
over a person bathing), jurus.
Powder, serbuk; (dust), lumat; (gun-
powder), ubat bedil.
Power, kuasa.
Praise, puji, puji-an; (to praise),
memuji.
Prawn, hudang.
Pray, to, sembahyang, do'a.
Precious, endah.
Predestination, ajal, takdir.
Predict, to, foretell, tenting.
Pregnant, bunting, mengandong,
hamil.
Prepare, to, scdia-kan, langkap-kan.
Present (to be), ada, hazir, ber-
hadap.
Present (gift), hadia, pem-bZri an,
tanda-hayat (lit. " token of life ").
Presently, sa-buntar lagi.
Press, to, apit-kan; (press down),
telcan; (squeeze out), pZrah.
Presumption, angkara.
Pretend, to, achu.
Pretence, pura-pura, buat-buat.
Pretty, bogus, chantek, molek.
Prevent, to, tegah, larang.
Price, harga; (of a slave), penebus.
Prick, to, chuchuk, tikam.
Prickle, duri ; prickly, ber-duri.
Priest (Muhamtnadau), imam ,
(Christian), padri.
Prince, putra.
Princess, putrt.
Principal, jokok, modal.
Print, to, chap.
Prison, panjara.
Private (secluded), sunyi; (parts),
ka-malu-an.
Privy, jamban.
Prize (booty), rampasan; (to value
highly), endah-kan.
Procession, arak.
Proclaim, to, menyata-kan, mashur-
kan.
Prodigal, pemburus.
Profit, laba, untong, faidah.
Prohibit, to, larang-kan, tegah-kan.
Prohibited, larang-an, haram.
Prolong, to, lanjut-kan.
Prominent (projecting), jungur.
Promise, a, per-janji-an ; (to pro-
mise), javji.
Prone (lying face downwards),
tiharap.
Pronounce, to, sebut, mcnyebut.
Proof, ka-nyata-an, saksian.
Proper, palut, hams.
Property, harta, benda, had.
Prophet, nabi.
Prosecute, to, dawa, men-dawa.
Prostitute, sundal.
Prostrate, menyiharap, pelanling.
Protect, to, lindong-kan, pelehra-
kan.
Proud, sombong.
Prove, to, nyata-kan, me-nyata-kan,
Proverb, Hbarat, tamsil, bidal, per
upama-an.
Provisions, bakal, bdkas, pelabur.
Provoke, to, usik, mengusik.
Prudence, ka-bija-an.
Prudent, cherdek, bijak, chermat.
Prune, to, ranchong, me-ranchong.
Psalm, zabur.
VOCABULARY.
169
Pull, to, tank, menarik; (drag),
hela ; (pull up), chabut.
Pulley, kapi.
Pulse, nadi.
Pump, bomba.
Pumpkin, labu.
Pungent, pedas.
Punish, to, siksa-kan, sakit-kan.
Punishment, siksa, ka-sakit-an.
Pupil (of the eye), bijimata; (scholar),
murid.
Puppy, anak-anjing.
Pure (clear), jerneh, kening.
Purgative, pen-chahar.
Purple, ungu.
Purpose, ka-handak; (on purpose),
sangaja.
Purse, unchang, jmndi-pundi.
Pursue, to, hambat, keiar ; (wild
animals), burn, mem-buru.
Pus, nanah.
Push, to, tolak, aorong.
Put, to, taroh, bubok, letak ; (put on),
pakci, kena-kan; (put off, post-
pone), tangguh; (put out fire),
padam.
Putrid, busuk.
Puzzle (enigma), tckak-teki.
Q.
Quail, puyuh, pikau.
Quake, to, ketar, mengStar.
Quality, sifat.
Quantity, baniak.
Quarrel, per-bantah-an ; (to quarrel),
ber-kalahi, ber-tingkar.
Quarter (fourth part), suku ; (of a
slaughtered animal), paha.
Queen, permeisuri.
Quench, to, padam-kan.
Question, sual ; (to question), parek-
sa, sual-kan, tanya.
Quick, lakas, chepat, bangat, lantas,
pernio*.
Quicksilver, rasa.
Quid (of betel), sepah.
Quiet, diam, sunyi ; (silent), sengap
Quit (to forsake), tinggal-kan.
Quite, sakali, sa-mata-mata.
R.
Race (lineage), bangsa, asal.
Races (contest), lomba, ber-lomha.
Radish, lobak.
Raft, ralcit, lantin.
Rafter, kasau.
Rag, perchah.
Ragged, koyak-rabak, chompang-
champing.
Railing, pagar, kilik-kilik-an.
Rain, hujan; (to rain, rainy), ber-
hujan ; (drizzle), rinteh.
Rainbow, palangi.
Raise, to, angkat, ban gun - kan ;
(with a lever), tuwas.
Raisins, kismis, buah-awjgor.
Rake, peng-garu, sikat.
Range (to dispose in order), meng
atur-kan.
Rank (row, line), baris, saf; (station
in life), pangkat, martabat.
Rank (rancid), hanyir, basi.
Ransom, to, tebus, Tnenebus.
Rape, rugvl.
Rapid, d2ras, laju.
Rapids (in a river), jeram, chigar,
Rare, jarang. [riyam.
Rat. tikus; (musk-rat), chenchurut.
Rattan, rautan.
Rave, to (in delirium), meng-igau,
ber-igau-igau.
Raw, mantah.
Kay (of light), sinar; (a fish, the
skate), pari.
Razor, pisau-chukur.
Reach, to (with the hand), chapei,
men-chapei; (attain), sampei.
Read, to, bacha.
Ready, sedia, siap.
Really, suvggoh, sa sunggoh-ni".
170
MAM UAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Reap, to, ketam, tuwti, nun mat.
Rear (to bring up), pelehra, me-
melehra-kan.
Reason (cause), karana, sebab; (un-
derstanding), budi, 'akal.
Rebellious, derhaka, belut.
Rebuke, to, ajar, tegor, tengking.
Receive, to, terima,mencrima ; (take),
sambut.
Reckon, to, hitong, bilang.
Recline, to, baring, sandai'.
Recollect, to, ingat, sedar.
Recover (to get well), ber-semboh.
Red, mcrah.
Redeem, to, tebus, menebus.
Red-lead, sadalinggam.
Reduce, to, korang-kan.
Reed, buluh.
Reef, karang.
Reflect, to, kenang.
Refuse, to, sangkal, anggan.
Refuse (rubbisb), hampas, sampah.
Regalia, perkakankaraja-an.
Regard (to gaze at), intci, rcnong.
Region, benua.
Regret, to, sesal, menyesal.
Reign, ka-rajaan.
Rein (bridle), tali-kang.
Reject, to, tdak-kan, buang, cham-
pah.
Rejoice (to be glad), ber-suka ;
(gladden), menyuka-kan.
Relapse, balik-sakit.
Relate, to, cheritra-kan.
Relations (kindred), sudara, ibu-
bapa, puwah, kaum.
Release, to, lepas-kan. me-lepas-kan.
Relieve guard, to, gilir.
Religion, agama.
Reluctant, segan.
Remain, to, diam, ting gal, ber-hinti.
Remainder, baki; (leavings), sisa.
Remedy, penawar, ubat.
Remember, to, ingat, meng-ingat,
kenang.
Remove, to, (intrans.), pindah >
(trans.), men-jauh-kan, ubahkan.
Rent (hire), sewa, penyewa.
Repair, to, baik-i, mem-per-baik-kan.
Repeat, to, ulang.
Repent, to, taubat, sesal, menyesal.
Replace, to, ganti.
Reply to, sahut, menyahut, men-
jawab, balas jawab.
Report, to, khabar-kan, bVri tahu.
Report (rumour), khabar, bunyi.
Reprimand, to, mengajar.
Reprobate, bangsat.
Repudiate, to, cherei-kan.
Request, to, minta, pinta.
Resembling, akan-akan, sa-rupa.
Reside, to, tinggal, diam, duduk.
Resign, to, serah-kan, pulang-kan.
Resin, damar, getah.
Resist, to, lawan, me-lawan.
Respect, hormat.
Responsible for, to be, sanggup,
tanggong.
Rest, per- hinti-an, ka-senang-an.
Rest (remainder), baki.
Restore (to give back), pulang-kan.
Restrain, to, tahan, menahan.
Result, ka-sudah-an.
Retire (to retreat), undur, ber-undur.
Retired (secluded), sunyi.
Retribution, pem-balas-an.
Return, to, pulang, balik, kambali ;
(retaliate), balas.
Revenge, balas, damdam.
Revenue, hasil.
Reverence, sembah.
Reverse, to, mem-balik-kan.
Revile, to, hujat-kan, me-maki.
Revive, to, sedar.
Reward, upah, pahala.
Rheumatism, sakit tulang, sakit'
angin, sengal.
Rhinoceros, badak; (rhinoceros-bird),
enggang.
Rib, ru8uk.
VOCABULARY.
I7I
Ribbon, fitah.
Rice, beras ; (boiled), nasi ; (in the
husk), padi; (parched), bertih.
Rice-field, sawah, bendang ; (up-
land), umah, ladang.
Rich, kaya.
Riches, ka-kaya-an, harta, benda.
Riddle, tekak-teki.
Ride, to, naik, tunggavg.
Ridge (rising ground), permatang ;
(of a roof), bumbong-an.
Ridicule, to, sindir, gonja.
Right (proper), bttul, benar, patut.
Right-hand, kanan.
Rightly, sa-bctul-nia, sa-patut-nia.
Rigid (stiff), tegar, kinchang.
Rim, tepi.
Rind, kulit.
Ring (to sound), derang, ber-derang.
Ring, chinchin; (ornamental hoop
on weapons, &c), simpei.
Ripe, masak.
Rise, to, bangun, bangkit; (spring
up), timbul, tumboh.
River, xungei, ayer, batang-hari;
(river-brink), baroh.
Rivulet, anak-sungei, anak-ayer.
Road, jalan; (path), luroug.
Roadstead, labuh-an.
Roam, to, jajah, hanyut, ulang-
pergi-datang.
Roar, to, menganguh.
Roast, to, pangyang.
Rob, to, rompak, rampas, samun,
rebut, churi.
Robe (gown), kabaya.
Rock, batu, karang.
Rock, to (in trans.), ayun, ber-ayun,
goyang, ber-goyang; (trans.), ayun-
kan, meng-ayun-kan, goyang-kan,
meng-goyang-kan.
Roe (of fish), telor-ikan, telor-teru-
buk.
Roll up, to, gulong, meng-gulong.
Rolling, guling, goleh.
Roof, bumbong ; (of the mouth),
lalangit.
Room, bilek ; (space), legah.
Roost, to, hinggap, tenggir.
Root, akar.
Rope, tali.
Rose, mawar; (rose-water), ayer-
mawar.
Rot, to, reput.
Rotten, burok, busuk, reput.
Rough, kesap, kesat, kZrutu.
Round, bulat, buntar.
Roundabout, keliling.
Rouse, to, bangun-kan, gerak-kan.
Row, to, dayong, ber-dayong ; (with
paddles), kayuh, ber-kayuh.
Rub, to, gosok, sapu, urut, genyek,
gesek.
Rubbish, sampah.
Ruby, dalima.
Rudder, kamudi.
Rude, kasar.
Ruin, to, binasa, mem-binasa-kan,
rosak.
Rule, to, pZrcntah, memerentah.
Ruling-line, benang-arang.
Rump, punggong, pangkal-paha.
Run, to, lari; (as water), me-lelch,
meng-alir.
Run against (collide), himpit, timpah.
Rupee, rupiyah
Rush at, to, terkam, menerkam.
Rust, karat.
S.
Sack, karong, goni.
Sacrifice, to, mem-pHas.
Sad, susah-hati, duka-chita.
Saddle, zin, palana, sela.
Safe, salamat, sajehtra.
Saffron, kuniet, kumkuma.
Sagacious, cherdek, bijak.
Sago, sagu.
Sail (of a vessel), layar ; (to sail),
ber-layar.
172
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Sailor, inatros, khalasi.
Saint, wall, oulia.
Salary, gaji. upah.
Sale, jual-btli.
Saliva, ayer liyor.
Salt, garam ; (in taste), masin, a#in.
Saltpetre, sanl<uva.
Salutation, tabek, salam.
Salute, to, bh'i salam, minta tabek.
Same, sama, sarupa.
Sand, pasir.
Sandbank, beting.
Sandalwood, chandana.
Sap, get ah, an's.
Sash, salcndaug, tali-pinggang.
Satisfied, puas, kiniang.
Sauce, kuah.
Saucer, piring.
:e, liyar, bit as.
Save, to, sirnpan, mcngimpan ; (be
sparing), jimai.
Savoury, sedap.
Saw, gergaji.
Say, to, kata, maigata-kan.
Scald, to, chclo'-.
Scale (of a fish), slsik.
Scales, docking, naracha.
Scar, parut.
Scarce, jarang.
Scarf, salcndang, salimpei.
Scarlet, merah-tuah.
Scatter, to, tabur, menabur-kan.
Scent, bau, bau-bau-an.
Scheme, jalan, hikmat.
Scholar (pupil), murid.
School, tampat-belajar.
Science, lUmu.
Scissors, gunting.
Scold, to, maJci, ber-tingkar.
Score, kodi.
Scorpion, kala-jengking.
Scrape, to, kikis, paravg.
Scraper, kukur-an.
Scratch, to, garu, chakar.
Scream, to, tampik, ber-tSriak.
Screen, tirei, iidei.
Screen (to protect), mc-lindong-
kan.
Screw, paku pidas.
Scull, tengkorak.
Scum, buih.
Scurf, kedal, kurap.
Sea, laut, laut-an.
Seal (signet), chap, matret.
Sealing-wax, lak.
Seam, jahit-an.
Sea-shore, pantei, tepi-laut.
Sea-sick, mabuk-ombak.
Season, musim.
Search, to, chahari, bongkar, men-
chahari, siasat, salongkar,
Seat, ka-duduk-an.
Sea-weed, bunga-karang.
Secret, rahusia.
Secrete, to, sembunyi-kan.
Secretly, churi-churi.
Security, bail, aku-an, langgong-an.
See, to, tengok, lihat,pandang.
Seed, biji, bgnih.
Seed-plot, nursery, semai.
Seek, to, chahari.
Seize, to, pegang, tangkap.
Seldom, jarang.
Select, to, pilih, memilih.
Self, diri, sendiri, kendiri.
Sell, to, jual, rnen-jual.
Send, to, kirim, hantar.
Sense, 'akal ; (meaning), ma'ana.
Senses (the five), pancha-indra.
Sentence, to, hukum-kan, putus-kan
hukum.
Sentry, penungguh.
Separate, to, asing-kan, cherei-kan ;
(distinguish), per-lain-kan.
Sepoy, sipahi.
Serious, bSrat.
Serpent, tdar.
Servant, budak, orang-gaji, pen-
jawat.
Serve (to wait on), me-layan.
VOCABULARY.
173
Service (employment), pegang-an,
tanggong-an.
Serviceable, ber-guna.
Set (to place, put), Utah, buboh,
taroh; (to set out, depart), ber-
angJcat.
Settle, to, sSldsi ; (to fix, decide),
tetap-kan.
Several, baniah juga.
Severe, lepras.
Sew, to, jahit, menjahit, jaib, men-
jaib.
Shade, tttdoh, naung, per-naung-an.
Shadow, bayang, bayang-bayang.
Shady, ber-tedoh, ber-lindong.
Shaft (of a weapon), hulu.
Shake, to, goyang, gortcliang ;
(hands), jabat tangan.
Shallow, chetck, tolior ; (of a plate
or vessel), cheper.
Sham, pura-pura.
Shame, malu.
Shape, rupa, sifat.
Share, habu-an, bahagi-an.
Shark, hiyu, ikan hiyu.
Sharp, tajam.
Sharpen, to, asah, chanai,tajam-kan ;
(by paring or cutting), ranchong.
Shatter, to, re'mok, rtdam.
Shave, to, chukor.
Sheath, sarong.
Shed, bangsal, pondok, teratak,
jambar.
Sheep, kambing biri-biri.
Sheet, kain selimut.
Shell, siput; (rind or covering),
kulit ; (cocoanut), tempurong ;
(missile), priuk-api.
Shepherd, gambala.
Shew, to, tunjok, unjok.
Shield, ptri&ai.
Shift (to change), alih3 mengalih.
Shin, tulang-kh'ing.
Shine, to, ber-sinar, ber-kilat.
Ship, Jcapal, prahu.
Shipwrecked, karam.
Shirt, kameja.
Shiver, to, gatar, mengatar.
Shoal, beting.
Shock (start), kejut.
Shoe,kasut,sapatu ; (-horn), pengij 'ah-
kasut.
Shoot, to, tembak, menembak mem-
bedil; (an arrow), panah, mem-
anah ; (sprout), tumboh.
Shop, kedei ; (to keep a), ber-kedei.
Shore (beach), pantci ; (to go on
shore), naik di darat ; (prop),
sokong.
Short, pendek, pandak ; (in quantity),
korang.
Shot, small, kachang-kachang, peng-
abur.
Shoulder, bahu.
Shout, sorak, sh'U, tampik.
Shove, to, tolak, sorong.
Shower, hujan.
Shred, to, hiris.
Shriek, to, mckik, pekik, men-jerit.
Shrill, nyaring, ranang.
Shrimp, hudang.
Shrink, to, shrivel, kechut, kerukut.
Shroud, kapan.
Shut, to, tiUop, kaiop ; (the eyes),
pejam, kejam.
Shy, liyar.
Sick (ill), sakit, gh'ing ; (sea-sick),
mabuk-ombak; (to vomit), muntah.
Sickle, sabit, pengetam.
Side, tmsuk; (one — ), sa-bUah.
Sieve, nyiru.
Sift, to, ayak, ayak-kan.
Sigh, to, keluh, mengeluh.
Sight, peng-lihat-an, pandang-an.
Sign (token), 'alamat, tanda.
Sign, to, turun tanda tangan.
Signature, tanda tangan, khat.
Signet, chap, matrei.
Signification, ma'ana.
Silent, diam, sengap.
'74
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Silk, sutra.
Silly, bodoh, bingong.
Silver, pcrak.
Similar, sama.
Simply, saha^a, cliuma.
Sin, dosa.
Since, sa-peninggal.
Sincere, suchi had, ckhlas.
Sinew, unit.
Sing, to, nyanyi, mc-nyanyi.
Single, solitary, hmggal : (alone),
sa'orang.
Sink, to, tinggalam, Icaram.
Sinuous (winding), kelo-kelo.
Sip, to, hi.<ap, hirup.
Sister, sudara pcrampuan ; (elder),
Icalcah; (younger), adck ; (in-law),
ipar.
Sit, to, duduk; (with the legs
crossed), ber-sila; (with the feet
hanging down), ber-juntei ; (rest-
ing on the left arm with the left
leg under the right), ber-tcmpuh ;
(to squat), bcr-jongkok, ber-teng-
gong, mcnyeranggong.
Site, tampat.
Size, bcsar.
Skein, tukal.
Skate, ikan-pari.
Skewer, penyuchuk.
Skill, ka-pandei-an.
Skin, kvlit ; (hide), belulang.
Skin (to flay), kupas, kelupas.
Skip, to, me-lompat.
Skirt (of a garment), puncha.
Sky, langit.
Slab (of tin), keping ; (small), jung-
kong. ■
Slack, kundor.
Slander, fitnah.
Slanting, miring, chondong, singel.
Slap, tanipar, tempiling.
Slave, hamba, sahaya.
Sleep, to, tidor, lena, ber-adu.
Sleeve, tangan-baju.
Slender, nipis ; (in the waist), ramp-
ing.
Slice, to, hiris, mcng-hiris.
Slice, a, sa'potong.
Slip, to, tVgalichik, kalichik, gelin-
chir, kelinchir.
Slippery, lichin, linchin.
Slit, to, b2lah, mem-Wlali.
Slow, lambat, perlahan.
Small, k&chil, halus.
Small-pox, chachar, ka-tumboh.
Smart, to, pcdih.
Smear, to, lumur, lumas. chalit.
Smell, ban ; (to smell), chiuni.
Smelt, to, lebur.
Smile, to, sinnyum.
Smith, tukang.
Smoke, asap.
Smooth, lichin; (level), rata.
Smother, lemas-kan.
Snail, unam, kelambui.
Snake, %dar.
Snare, rachik.
Snarl, to, kerennyut, kerising, geren-
vying.
Snatch, to, rebut, me-rebut, senlak,
rampas.
Sneer, to, sindir.
Sneeze, to, bersin.
Snipe, tetiru, berkik.
Snivel, ingus.
Snore, to, mengZrok, dengkor, me-
lengkor.
So, bagini, bagitu, damikian.
Soak, to, rendam.
Soap, sabun.
Soar (to fly), melayang.
Sob, to, isak; (sobbing), ler-isak-
isak-an.
Society (community), jumaJia.
Soft, lemak, lumbut.
Solder, patgri; (to solder), patgri-kan.
Soldier, sipaJri, soldado.
Sole (of the foot), tapak-kaki ; (fish),
ikan lidali.
VOCABULARY.
175
Sometimes, kadang -kadang .
Son, anak laki-laki, anak-jantan.
Song, nyanyi, lagu, gurindam.
Soon, sa-buntar-lagi.
Soot, arang-para.
Sop, to, chichah.
Sore (ulcer), puru; (wound), luka ;
(painful), sakit, pedih.
Sorrow, ka-duka-an, duka-chila, ka-
susah-an, susah-hati.
Sorry, susah-hati.
Sort, bagei, macham, rupa,jeni».
Soul, nyawa, jlwa, ruh.
Sound (noise), bunyi.
Sour, asam, masam.
South, selatan; (south-east), tang-
gara; (south-weso), barat-daya.
Sow, to, tabur, menabur.
Space, lapang.
Spade, peng-gali.
Span, jingkal.
Sparing (parsimonious), kikir.
Spark, bunga-api.
Sparrow, bur ong -pipit.
Speak, to, ber-chakap, ber-kata, bcr-
tutur ; (to speak to, address),
tcgor, siapa-kan.
Spear, lembing, tombak.
Speck, titik.
Speckled, rintik, be-rintik.
Spectacles, chermin-mata.
Spell (incantation), mantra.
Spell, to, eja.
Spend, to, bUanja.
Spices, rampak-rampak.
Spider, laba-laba, lawa-lawa.
Spill, to, tumpah, menumpah.
Spin, to, pintal.
Spinach, bay am.
Spinster, bujang.
Spirit (soul), nyawa, ruh, samangat.
Spirits (ardent), arak.
Spit (akewer), pcnyuchuk.
Spit, to, ludah.
Spite, sakit-hati, kechil-hati, dhigki.
Splash, to, perchik, memerchik.
Spleen, limpa-kcchil.
Splinter, serupih, tatal.
Split, to, Mlah, mem-bUah.
Spoil, to, rosak, binasa.
Spoon, sendok, suduk.
Sponge, bungakarang.
Spotted, ber-rintik.
Spout, panchur.
Sprain, salah-urat.
Spray (driving rain), tempias.
Spread, to (a mat, cloth, &c), ham-
par, bentang; (as fire or infection),
jangkit, ber-jangkit, melarat.
Spring (of water), mata-ayer.
Spring (to germinate), tumboJi ;
(issue forth), timbul, terbit.
Sprinkle, to, perchik, memerchik;
(to water), seram.
Sprout, tunas.
Spur, taji.
Spy, solo; (to spy), intei; (spy-
glass), th'0-pong.
Squander, to, mem-boros-kan.
Square, ampat-pesagi.
Squat down, to, ber-jungbik.
Squeeze, to, apit, tindih ; (wring,
squeeze out), pgrah.
Squint, juling.
Squirrel, tupei.
Stab, to, tikam, menikam.
Stable (firm), kukuh, Map; (for
horses), bangsal-kuda.
Stagger, to, chondong-ruyong, layah-
siak, me-ruyong.
Stagnant, tenang.
Stairs, tangga.
Stake, post, panchang.
Stake (to wager), ber-taroh.
Stale (musty), basi.
Stalk, tangkei.
Stammer, to, gagap.
Stamp (to trample), injak, jijak, pijaX
terajang; (impress), chap-kan.
Stand, to, ber-diri.
176
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Star, bintang.
Stare, to, renong.
Startled, ter-kcjut.
Starve, to, mati-lapar.
Station (rank), pangkat.
Stay (to dv?e\l),tingyal,diam; (wait),
nanti, tangguh.
Steady, tetap, tegoh, kukuh.
Steal, to, churl.
Steam, haxoap ; (to cook by), kukus.
Steel, baja.
Steep, tcga, terjal.
Steep (to dip), chclop.
Steer, to, pegang kamudi.
Steersman, juru-mudi.
Step (stride), langkah.
Stepfather, bapa tiri.
Stern (of a vessel), burit-an.
Stew, to, lumis.
Stick (walking), tongkat.
Stick (to adhere), lekat ; (to be ob-
structed), sangkut.
Stiff, kaku.
Sting, to, singat.
Stingy, kikir, chikil, bakhU.
Stiuk, bau-biisuk.
Stir, to, gtrak.
Stitch, jerumat.
Stockade, kicbu.
Stocking, sarong -kaki.
Stocks, pasong.
Stomach, pgrut.
Stone, batu.
Stool bangko.
Stoop, to, tundok.
Stop (to cease), ber-hinti; (hinder),
tahan, tegah ; (intercept), ampang,
adang ; (stop up, plug\ surnbat.
Stopper, penyumbat.
Store, warehouse, gtdong.
Stork, bangau.
Storm, ribut.
Story, cheritra ; (of a house), tingkat.
Straight, betul, lurus.
Strain (to filter), tapis.
Strait (of the sea), selat.
Strange (curious), pelik; (wonder-
ful), 'ajaib.
Stranger, orang-dagang.
Strangle, to, pujut.
Stray (wandering) , jalang ; (to lose
the way), sesat.
Stream (river), aungei; (current),
harus.
Street, jalan, lorong.
Strength, kuasa, kuat.
Strengthen, to, menegoh-kan
Stretch (to spread out), beniang ; (the
limbs), melunjur ; (in yawning),
mengetisah.
Strew, to, hambur-kan.
Strict, keras.
Stride, langkah.
Strike, to, pukul, gasak, palu.
String, tali, utas.
Strip, to, tanggal-kan.
Striped, b8lang, ber-choring.
Stripped (naked), telanjang.
Stroke, sa'kali pukvl, salcali takuk.1
Stroke, to, raba, wrut.
Strong, kuat, gagah; (violent), keras,
dZras.
Struggle, to, lawan, ber-gumul.
Stubborn, kapala-keras, degil.
Studious (diligent), rajin.
Study (learning), pdajar-an, peng-
1 There is no word in Malay which corresponds with our word "stroke"
or "blow," the idea of distinguishing the blow struck from the act of strik-
ing not having suggested itself to the native mind. " So many blows " must
be translated, " struck so many times." He was sentenced to twenty stripes
with a rattan, Kena hukum di-atas-nia gasak dengan rotan dua-puloh kali.
So-and-so can cut down a nibong tree in three strokes, Kalau si-anu tebang
pokok nibong takuk tiga kali tumbang.
VOCABULARY.
177
ari-an ; (to study) bel-ajar, meng-
aji.
Stumble (to trip, knock against
something), antuk, ter-antuk, sen-
tuk.
Stump (of a tree), tunggul.
Stupid, bodoh, bingong, babal.
Stupefied, bius. (See note, p. 112.)
Subject (subordinate to), ta'aluk ;
(matter, purport), fasal, buku,
bunyi ; (citizen), ra'iyat.
Submit, to, tunduk ; (refer for
decision), s8mbah-kan, meny2mbah-
kan.
Substitute, ganti.
Subtract, to, tolak, chabut.
Succeed (to take tbe place of), mcng-
ganti ; (to answer), jadi.
Succession (inheritance), pusaka.
Such, bagini, bagitu, yang dami-
Tcian.
Suck, to, hisap, hirup ; (the breast),
mam susu.
Suddenly, sa-Jcunyong-Jcunyong.
Suet, lemah.
Suffer (to endure), tahan, tang-
gong.
Sufficient, chukup.
Sugar, gula, shakar ; (moist), gula-
pasir ; (sugar-candy), gula-batu
(sugar-cane), tebu.
Suicide, bunoh-diri.
Suit (cause), bichara, da'wa.
Suitable, padan, patut, harm.
Sulky, muka-masam, merajuh.
Sulphur, bdlirang.
Sumatra, pulau-percha.
Summit, merchu, puchulc, Tcamun-
chaTc.
Summon (to call out the peasantry),
T&rah, mengZrah ; (to cite), pang-
gil
Sun, mata-hari.
Sunrise, mata-hari naik, terbit-mata-
hari.
Sunset, mata-hari turun, masok
mata-hari.
Sundry, ber-bagei-bagei.
Supercargo, t-ukang peta.
Superintend, to, pereniah, mtml-
rentah.
Supine (lying face upwards), telen-
tang.
Supple, lemah.
Supplies, bahal, pelabur.
Support, to, tahan, tanggong; (prop),
Sure, twntu, tetap.
Surety (security), aku-an.
Surfeited, jemu.
Surpass, to, lalu, lampau.
Surplus, ha-lebeh-an.
Surprised, heiran, ier-chengang
Surrender, to, sSrah-Jcan.
Surround, to, Tcepong, meng tilling
lean.
Suspect, to, menaroh shah.
Suspicion, shale hati.
Swaddle, to, bMong.
Swallow (a bird), lo yang -lay ang \
(to swallow), t%lan.
Swamp, paya, redang.
Swear, to, sumpah, bcr-sumpah.
Sweat, pUuh.
Sweep, to, sapu, menyapu.
Sweet, manis; (fragrant), harum,
wangi.
Sweetheart, kakasih.
Sweetmeats, manis-an, halwa.
Sweet potatoes, keledek.
Swell, to, bengkak.
Swift, laju, lantas, d2ras.
Swim, to, berenang.
Swindle, to, tipu, kechek.
Swing, a, buayan, indul; (to swing),
melenggang, ayun.
Swoon, to, pengsan.
Swoop, to, sambar, menyambar.
Sword, pedang.
Sympathise, ber-serta.
M
178
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Table, meja.
Tablecloth, kai?i-meja.
Tack (to sew), jahit, jaib; (nautical
term), beluk.
Tail, ekor.
Tailor, tukang-jaib.
Take, to, ambil ; (away), angkat,
bawa-pergi.
Tale, cheritra.
Talk, to, ber-chakap, ber-kata-kata.
Talkative, mulut-panjang.
Tall, tinggi.
Tamarind, asam-jaica.
Tame, jinak.
Tangled, kusut, ter-kustU.
Tap, to, tepuk, h.(<>k.
Tap-root, umhi, <ik<ir-,<usu.
Target, sasary sasar-an.
Taste, rasa.
Tasteless, tawar.
Tax, chukci.
Tea, teh, cha, daun-teh, daun-cha,
ayer-teJi, ayer-cha.
Teapot, teh-kwan.
Teach, to, ajar, meng ajar.
Teak, kayujati.
Teal, btlibis.
Tear, to, koyak, charik, rabit.
Tears, ayer-mata.
Tease, to, usik, sakat, menyakat.
Teeth, gigi.
Telescope, Uropong.
Tell, to, khabar-kant bilang, b$ri-
tahu.
Temper, pZrangei.
Tempest, ribut.
Temples, the, pelipis.
Tend, to, tunggu, jaga.
Tsnder (to offer), unjuk-kan.
Tendon, urat.
Tenor (purport), bunyi, harti.
Terrible, ngeri.
Test, to, choba ; (metals), uji.
Tether to, tambai.
Thatch, atap.
Then, xoaktu itu, tatkala itu, pada
masa itu.
There, sana, situ, di-sana, di-situ.
Therefore, karana itu, sebab itu.
Thick, tZbal; (in consistency), kental;
(turbid), keroh ; (close together),
Wrap, lebat.
Thief, pcnchuri.
Thigh, pah a.
Thimble, sarong-jari, didal.
Thin, nipis, halus ; (lean), kurus.
Thing, barang, benda, mata-benda.
Think, to, fikir, pilar, kira, sanyka.
Thirst, thirsty, haus, dahaga.
Thorn, duri.
Though, wolo, lamun-kan, masa-kan.
Thought, pihir-an, pe-rasa-an.
Thrash, to, balun, godam, gasak.
Thread, bSnang.
Threaten, to, ugut.
Thrifty, jimat.
Throat (outside), leher ; (inside),
rungkong.
Throb, to, dZbar, ber-d8bar,
Throne, takhta, singgahsana.
Through, t&rus.
Throw, to, lempar, baling ; (away),
champak, buang.
Thumb, ibu-jari.
Thunder, guntur, guroh.
Thunderbolt, panah-halilintar.
Tickle, to, gUi.
Tide (flood), ayer-pasang ; (ebb),
ayer-surut ; (current), harm.
Tie, to, ikat, tambat.
Tier (row), baris, pangkat, saf.
Tiger, harimau, rimau.
Tight, tfyang, ketat, chekang.
Tiles (roofing), ginting.
Timber, kayu; (balk), balak; (tree),
pokok-kayu.
Time, xoaktu, katika, masa; (oppor-
tunity), sampat, dan.
Timid, takuU
VOCABULARY
179
Tin, timah, timah-puteh.
Tinder, rabok.
Tinsel, perada.
Tipsy, mabuk.
Tired, pSnat, Itttah.
Title, gglar-an.
Toad, kangkong.
Toast, to, panggang.
Tobacco, tcmbakau.
To-day, hari-ini.
Toddy, tuak.
Toe, jari-kaki.
Together, sama, sama-sama, serta.
Token, 'alamat, tan da.
Toll, chukei.
Tomb, kubur ; (place of visitation),
karamat. 1
To-morrow, csok, besok ; (morning),
besok-pagi.
Tone, bunyi.
Tongs, penylpit.
Tongue, lidah.
Tools, pekakas.
Tooth, gigi; {-i>\ck),pcn-chunkil-gigi.
Top, kapala; (summit), puchuk,
kamunchak.
Torch, damar, siduh.
Torment, sangsara.
Torrent, ayer-deras ; (of tears), sebak.
Tortoise, kora-kora,labi-labi; (-shell),
sisik-pennyu.
Torture, tuwas.
Toss, to, mc-lanting.
Total, jumlah, kumpul-an.
Touch, to, chekoh, jabat, suntoh.
Touchstone, batu-uji.
Tow, to, tunda.
Towards, ara ka-, hala ka-, tuju ka-.
Towel, sapu-tangan.
Town, nrgri, bandar.
Toy, per-main-an.
Trace, bakas ; (foot-mark), bakas-
kaki.
Trade, per-nyaga-an ; (to carry on),
ber-nyaga, menyaga.
Trader, sudagar.
Tradition, cheritra orang tuah-tuah.
Trample, to, pijak, jrjak, terajang.
Transcribe, to, salin-kan, turun-kan.
Translate, to, satin, tarjamah,
turun-kan, pindah-kan.
Transplant, to, alih. pindah-kan.
Transparent, jerneh, hening.
Transverse, lentang.
Trap, perangkap ; (bird-), rachik ;
(set with a spear or sharp stake
for larger animals), belantik.
Trappings, per-hias-an.
Tray, dulang ; (round), talam.
Tread, to, pijak, jijak, injak.
Treasury, khazanah.
Treaty, per-janji-an.
Tree, pokok, pohun ; (a dead tree),
pnnggor ; (a fallen tree), rZbah.
Tremble, to, kUar, mengStar.
Trench, parit.
Tribe, suku.
Trick (to cheat), kichau, kechek.
Trickle, tilik, mcnitik.
Trim (to arrange), andam, mcng-
andam ; (balance), timbang.
Troop (company, flock), kaioan.
Trouble, ka-susah-an ; (misfortune,
calamity), bala, malang, mara-
bahaya ; (difficulty), ka-sukar-an.
Trough, palong.
Trousers, saluar, sarual, chalana.
True, bfriar, sungguh, b8ttd.
Trunk (of a tree), batang ; (of an
elephant), bdald.
1 Karamat, a tomb, place, persou, or thing of reputed sanctity ; a corrup-
tion of the words ka rahmat, "to the mercy," which occur in the phrase,
Sudah pulang ka rahmat Allah, " Has returned to the mercy of God,'' i.e.,
has died.
i8o
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Trust (to confide), harap, perchaya.
Try, to, ckoba ; ( judicially), pdrek&a.
Tub, iong.
Tumble, to, jatoh, rebah.
Tune, lagu, ragam.
Turban, sarban, dastar, tangkolo.
Turn (to go round), ber-pusing, ber-
paling ; (to cause to move round),
mem-pusing ; (over), balik-kan.
Turtle, pennyu.
Tusk, siong, taring ; (of an ele-
pbant), gading.
Twig, dahan, ranting.
Twinkle, to, tejap, kelip.
Twilight (morning),dma-^arv(even-
ing), scnja-kala.
Twin, kambar.
Twine (cord), tali-rami.
Twist, to, pulas, pintal.
Tyrannical, zalim.
U.
Ugly, uduh, buruk.
Ulcer, puru.
Umbrella, payong.
Uncertain, ta' tuntu.
Uncle, bapa-sudara, pa-penakan.
Uncover, buka, mem-buka.
Under, bawah, di-bawah.
Understand, mengarti.
Underwood, belukar.
Undress, to, tanggal kain baju, buka
pakci-an.
Unfortunate, chelaka, nasib ta' baik.
Unhappy, susah-hati.
Unite, to, hubong, rapat-kan.
Universe, 'alam.
Unless, hania, mclain-kan.
Unload, to, bongkar, puvggaji.
Unlucky, chelaka, nudang.
Unmannerly, kasar, bc-adab.
Unmarried, bujang.
Untie, to, rungkei, luchut-kan .
Until, sampci, hingga.
Untrue, bohong. diista.
Up, atas, di-atas, ka-atas ; (up to,
as high as), arah, liad.
Upside down, ter-balik.
Urine, ay er -kindling.
Usage, ladat.
Use, guna ; (to use), pakei, per-
guna-kan.
Useful, ber-guna.
Utter, to, sebut, meng-uchap.
Vacant, kosong.
Vagabond, bangsat.
Vain, conceited, kachak, bisi, som-
bong ; (fruitless), sia-sia, chuma.
Valiant, gagah, Mrani, perkasa.
Valley, lembah, lurah.
Valuable, endah, ber-harga.
Value (to appraise), nilai.
Vanish, to, linyap, ghraib.
Vanquish, to, alah-kan ; (van-
quished), alah.
Vapour, hawap.
Va.r\ega.ted,pancha-warna; (striped),
ber-choring.
Various, ber-bagei-bagei, ber-jenis-
jenis.
Vary (to alter), ubah; (differ), ber-
lain, ber-beda.
Vast, luas.
Vegetables, sayur.
Veil, kain-selubong.
Veiled, ber-sclubung.
Vein, urat-darah.
Velvet, beludu ; (of a deer's antlers),
Vengeance, balas ; (animosity, de-
sire of vengeance), damdam.
Venom, bisa.
Verandah, serambi.
Verily, sa-sunggoh-nia.
Vermin (insect), tuvia.
Verse, sloka; (text), ayat.
Vex, to, usik, menyusah-kan.
Victory, jaya.
VOCABULARY.
181
Village, kampong, dusun.
Vinegar, chuka.
Violate, to, rug id, me-rugul.
Virgin, analc-dara.
Visit, to, ber-tandang.
Vizier, wazir.
Voice, suara.
Volcano, gunong ber-api.
Volume, jilit.
Vomit, to, muntali.
Voracious, gZlujuh.
Vow, niat; (to fulfil a vow), bayar
niat, lepas niat.
Vowel- points, baris.
Voyage, pe-layar-an.
Vulgar, hina.
Vulture, hering.
W.
Wade, to, meng-arung, me-randai.
Wages, gaji, upah.
Wail, to, ratap.
Waist, pinggang ; (waist-belt), tali-
pinggang, tali-pending.
Waist-buckle, pending.
Wait, to, nanti, tangguh.
Wake, to, jaga, ber-jaga.
Waken, to, men-jagakan, bangun-
Jean, gerak-kan.
Walk, to, jalan, ber-jalan; (on all
fours), me-rangkak.
Walking-stick, tongkat.
Wall, dinding, tembok.
Wallow, to, meng-gZlumang.
Wander, to, ber-hanyut.
Want (necessity), ka - korang - an;
(to want), handak, mahu, br-ka-
handak.
Wanton, gatal.
War, pZrang.
Ward off, to, tangkis.
Warehouse, gMong.
Warm, panas, hangat; (to warm
oneself at a fire), ber-diang.
Wash, to, basoh.
Wasp, tabuan, peningat.
Waste (to squander), burns.
Watch, jam, Jiarloji, urulis; (to
watch), jaga, tunggu, kawal ; (ex.
pectantly), me-langut.
Water, ayer.
Waterfall, ayer-terjun, ayer-lata.
Water-melon, temikei.
Waterpot, buyong, kindi.
Wave, ombak, gelumbang ; (to wave),
kirap, kUebat.
Wax, Win; (sealing wax), lak.
Weak, ttmah, leteh.
Wealth, ka-kaya-an.
Weapon, senjata.
Wear, to, pakei.
Weary, leteh, lesu, ptinat.
Weather (climate), angin.
Weave, to, tinun.
Web (spider's), sarang -laba-laba.
Wedge, baji.
Week, juma'at, minggu.
Weep, to, tangis, menangis.
Weigh, to, timbang ; (anchor),
bongkar-sauh.
Weighty, bSrat.
Welcome, to, tegor, meng-elu.
Well, tUaga, pVrigi ; (-born), bang-
sawan; (-bred), bastari, ber-budi.
West, barat, mata - hari - jatoh,
maghrib.
Wet, basah.
Whale, pans.
Wheat, gandum.
Wheel, roda.
Whet, to, asak, chanai.
Whetstone, batu-asah.
While, sZdang, salagi, sambil.
Whip, chabuk, chamti.
Whiskers, misei.
Whisper, to, bisek, ber-bisek.
Whistle, to, siul.
White, p uicn.
Whole, sumua, chukup.
182
MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE.
Wick, sumbu
Wicked, jahat.
Wide, lebar, luas; (not closed), reng-
gang.
Widow, janda, balu.
Widower, balu laki-luki.
Wife, bini, istri, pcrampuan.
Wild, tor.
Will, ka-handak, harap, harap-kati,
ka-handak-hati ; (testament), toa-
siyat.
Willing, sudi, suka, mahu.
Win, to, mSnang.
Wind, angin; (to wind), balut, lilit,
putar, posing.
Window, ja n del a, tingkap.
Windpipe, rungkong.
Wine, anggur.
Wing, 8a yap. bpak.
Wink, to, kcjap, kelip.
Winnow, to, tampik.
Wipe, to, sapu, menyapu.
Wire, kawat, dawei.
Wisdom, ka-pandei-an, bijaksana.
Wise, pa ndei, bijnk, cl,erdek.
Wish, to, handak, mahu, harap,
iiiat-hali, ber -ka-handak.
Withdraw, to, undur.
Wither, to, layu.
Withhold, to, tahan, tahan-kan.
Witness, sakiti.
Woe, duka.
Woman, perampuan, betina.
Womb, perut.
Wonder, to, bcr-chengang, heiran.
Wonderful, lajaib.
Wood, kayu; (a wood), hutan,
bHukar.
Woodpecker, bdatolc.
Wood-pigeon, tekukur.
Wool, bidu.
Word, sa'patah chakap, per-kata-an.
Work, karja; (to work), buat karja,
karja-kan, mengarja-kan.
Workman, tukang.
World, dunia.
Worm, chaching, hulat.
Worship, to, scmbahyang, puja.
Worth, harga, laku.
Worthy, mustehik.
Wound, luka ; (open), Hang.
Wrap, to, balut, bungkus-an.
Wrecked, karam.
Wrench open, to, umpiJ,,sungkit.
Wrestle, to, ber-gumid.
Write, to, tulis, menulis, menyurat.
Wrinkle, wrinkled, kh-ut, kerukut,
keretut.
Wrjst, peng-gUang-an.
Writer, juru-tulis.
Wrong, salah, silap.
Yam, ubi.
Yard, ela.
Yawn, to, meng-uwap.
Year, tahun.
Yearly, sa-tahun-tahun.
Yearn, to, rindu, dendam.
Yeast, ragi.
Yellow, kunivg.
Yesterday, kalmarin ; (the day be
fore — )_, kalmarin dahulu.
Yet, lagi.
Yoke, koh.
Yolk (of an egg), kuning-telor.
Young, muda.
Youth, a, buddk.
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