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YOL. TIL
A MANUAL
OF
MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
BY
0, CODRINGTON, M.D, F.S.A.
LONDON :
PUBLISHED EY THE EOYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,
22, ALBEMAELE STREET, W.
1904.
I'UtXTKU 1JY STKl'tlKN Al'STIN" AND SONS.
PREFACE.
fTIHIS book is intended for the help of those who, not
being Arabic or Persian scholars, would like to know
something about the Oriental coins which may come in
their way, as well as of others who with a knowledge of
these languages find difficulties in the lettering, arrange-
ments, and reading of the legends, which are often so
different in these respects from the plain writing of a MS.
or the print of a book, and in the meanings of marks and
symbols which are to be found on coins.
It originated in notes, made during several years, in
a copy of that valuable but now scarce book, " Elements
de la Numismatique Musulinane," by R Soret, Brussels,
1864, a reprint from Revue de la Numismafique Beige,
ser. iv, tome ii. Considerable correspondence from India
and at home, personal references made to me, and the
remembrance of my own troubles when beginning to work
at Oriental coins some years ago in India without much
aid frgin.books, have guided me as to what might be most
usefully included in such a Manual as this.
The book will, I' hope,' b'e found useful, as one of ready
reference, to Oriental numismatists generally, in the same
way as Soret's has been to those who had a copy of it.
My thanks are due to Mr. Guy Le Strange and Mr. H. R
Ainedroz for information regarding the location of some-
mint towns, and to the latter also for help in Arabic legends.
0. C.
INDEX.
PAGE i
I'.UJE
Vbjad
115 Koranic Sentences
liU
\btas
116 Kufic Coins, Hint? for reading
3
il'srtiol on/l AllAV'lTI
77 Lakab
58
Aiallial aim Aiimui ...
Alphabet
1 Languages used
U
Bibliography
233
Marks of Geiiuinene>s
9
Bisiuillah
20
Mint Marks
18
Christian Era
205
Mint Towns, List of
127
Chronograms
115
Mint Towns, Titles of
198
Ciphers
7
Mintage, Place and Time of...
125
Classification of C oinages . . .
47
Months, Names of
208
Counter-marks
53
Months, Names of, on Mysore
Cycle Years
206
Coinage in Abjad and Abtas
209
Dates
208
Morphology of Coins
12
Denominations of Coins
117
Names, Proper
56
Diacritical Marks
8
Names of God
40
Eras
203
Numbers
4
Fraehn's Conspectus Classium
48
Ornamentation
17
Hijra and Christian Years,
Pious Expressions or Ejaculations
W
Table of
212
Poetical Legends
94
Hijra Era
203
Proper Names
56
Hints for reading Kufic Coins
3
Regal Titles
77
Honorary Titles
58
Regnal Years
210
IlaMEra
205
Keligious Legends
20
Imams, Twelve
44
SamvatEra
205
Isolated Letters and "Words ...
9
Spanish Era
205
Kalimah
21
Symbols
18
KMrfs, Abbasid
91
Table of Hijra and Christian
Khalifs, Egyptian Abbasid ..
92
Years
212
Zhalifs, Four
43
Titles of Mint Towns
198
Ehalifs, Umayvad
90
Types and Varieties of Coins...
11
Etonian Era
204
EEEATA.
Page 12, line 21, for on Coins read of Coins.
17, line 6, for Hafsidi read Hafsid.
31, line 9, for UUji read U^UjI .
,, 31, last line, for 15 Jb read Ujb .
,, 39, line 1, for ci-
,, 41, line 17, for '
,, 48, line 25, for Ghaznawi read Grhaznawid.
51, line 19, for Julayhid read Sulayhid.
54, line 2, for Yaku read Yakub.
,, 57, lines 5 and 15, for ,
82, line 24, for ^ J^l .
91, line 18, for Jjs*\ read jl
127, line 22, for 44 35' read 42 27'.
127, line 23, for 67 20' read 68 10'.
129, line 10, far ^UsrUjjl read ^Irsru^jl .
129, last line but 4, for Rodgers read Rogers.
133, after line 27 insert :
Allahabad. In Jtf.'W. Provinces, India. ^
2526 / K; 8155 ; E. Dehli Emperors.
134, line 6, for Siras read Sivas.
,, 134, last line but 1, for Rodgers read Rogers.
,, 149, after line 22 insert :
Junaghar. In Kathia war, India. 2131 / K;
70 36' E. Dehli Emperors. Local
Rajah.
157, line 27, for Bieyal read Diwal.
,, 160, line 13, for Morocco read Mecca.
ALPHABET.
X
1 i
! VI 1ST A I,. ;
j
S
i |
i
1 *
i
w
<5
?3
i
j
<
H
X
!
j
Alif . . \
[
1 1
^ Ta . . .
! I
u
u
i
Be ... v
^
1
J Za . . .
: fe
!
t-
^
LA
Pe . . . wj
^r
?
J Ain . . .
s^
t
*
ji
Te . . . ^
^
i ^
J Ghain . .
: J.
fc
*
^
The, Se . ^
:^
-
S : Fe . . .
'^
-i
i
i
Ta . . . o
JU
S
5 Kaf . . .
..
*
j;
3
L/
L^
Jim ...
*
tfL
^ Kaf. . .
U/
^
/
^-
c
Chim . . ^
t
f
>- Gaf . . .
^
uJ
f
f
Ha ... r
4
S
^- ' ! Saghir nun
^r
^
^
w
Kki. . . , ^
^
>. Lam . .
j
J
1
1
Dal. . . ! J
A
*
J ; Him . .
r
r
-
-
Zal ... a
A
^
3 jJ^un . .
j
u
u
Da ... ; j
I
^
5 Waw .' .
j)
&
'
ft
}
Ee . . .
y
7
j He ...
U
A
Ze . . . i ;
; - Ye ...
J
J
>
j
"
L5
*
Zhe . . . ' f
<f
J
j In Malay.
Sin ... L/ ,
^
~<, Ga . . .
J"
. Jr
f
Shin . . '^i
^L
-i= iXga. . .
=
c
*
i
Sad . . . j ^
^
^
rf ' ^ TO
j.
!
Zad,Dhad. i ^
V*
"*
,.Pa...
^
a
*
A
PLATE S.
PLATE II.
SEPARATED. FINAL
MEDIAL
^ r, <
,
O .
<t v y v y / f ^1 Jf ff Y y
CIPHERS.
/ .f|y
U M.^ V M
VVv/x/v
< P
-Jg O t
MUSALMAN
THE ALPHABET,
Osr Plates 1 and II are shown the letters of the Arabic alphabet
In the various forms in which they appear on coins. In each
column, on the left is the letter as written in Kufic on the coins
'of the Umayyad Khalifs, in isolate, initial, medial, or final form;
and following it to the right are other shapes in which it appears,
more or less in order of time and progress of change.
\ was at first a straight, even, perpendicular line of a height
about double that of the ordinary letters. It has not much
changed, except in showing a slight curve at the bottom and
a broadening at the top. It may be joined to its preceding
letter, but not to the one following, and is therefore in only
isolate and final form. In ornamental writing the top of the
letter is often curved over and lengthened into a curl or loop,
and when the legend is arranged in. arabesque or fancy pattern
it is often misplaced from its proper position in the word, or
slanting, or even omitted, an \ in another place doing duty
for it also.
L.J O % <i? . The diacritical dots are often omitted (always so in
the Kufic) ; there is then nothing to distinguish these letters
from one another, or from ^ aad ^j in the initial aad medial
. state. In Persian there is also the letter LJ , and in Hindu-
stani the O , or, as it is more often written on coins, ^ ; it is
so found on some of the coinage of Indian native states
bearing the name of ftueen Yietoria,
<?, ~ > ; 'and im Persian . Itese letters are also to be known
(L C C: (.',''
one another by their dots; they are subject, as will be
1
2 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
seen, to many variations of form, and may sometimes be mis-
taken for c or c .
J in KiiHc are very like ^j* ^o ]s ]o and uJ, but as a rule the
upright limb is shorter than in the uJ and the body is open
on the left side instead of closed as in the ^ . On coins of
later date the j is sometimes so thin as to be almost a j , and
at other times approaches in fatness to ^ .
, i final are sometimes very like ^ final. In Hindustani there
is a letter ? or . .
> j
j* i do not present much difficulty when in this form, but
when the upright limbs or ' teeth ' are replaced by the
sweeping curve of Persian talilc writing, in the middle of
a word it may be read as L-J L-J ^^ ^ or ^ ,
tjs tje k - are troublesome in Kufie, as mentioned above under J .
They are subject to a good deal of variation in form.
c v as initial or final niav be mistaken for . + .
Cc " e. c.
uJ j must not be mistaken for * medial or ^ , nor as initial for
c c . The loop in medial is above the line (A) instead of
below, as in * .
t^ has many varieties, and in Kufic is very like J and ^ , as
mentioned above. In Persian and Turkish there is also the
letter ^f or u/.
J can almost always be known from \ by the curve to the left at
the bottom, or in Kufic a short rectangular turn.
* has many forms. Sometimes it may be confused with uJ j or
c medial, or L^J and - initial, or in one form for & or ^ .
U final has many variations ; may easily be mistaken for final j ,
x has many forms, but is usually easily made out.
^ is sometimes like < $ jj , at other times like ^ , and more rarely
like 4 .
ij final or isolate is usually distinct, but medial or initial without
dots is not so.
THE ALPHABET. 3
l f is represented in such a variety of forms that an assortment of
them is given on the Plate.
c ny and wJ> p are used in Malay- Arabic writing only.
For reading Kufie coins, which have no diacritical dots, the
following hints may be useful. The mint name and the date are
tlie only parts as a rule which require attention. The mint names
all begin with the preposition <_? , in ' or at.' If the second
and third letters are both equally about double as tall as the
initial < > , they are probably J \ 'the J there are but two or
three mint towns beginning with J! . In that case the next letter
will be the initial of the name, which, having been made out,
simplifies matters much, as one can then get the help of the List
of Hint Towns.' If the second and third letters be not J\ , then
the second is of course the initial of the mint name. Two short
upright strokes will probably be u~? C-2 or ^ with a following ^ ;
often the stroke for ^ is a little taller than for the other three
letters. Three short upright strokes in succession are most likely
\j* , ; four, u* jji and (~~J cj ^ or ^ before or after it the
three strokes of the ^ are usually just a little shorter than the
one before or after it. Doubts as to Kufic J ^ t uJ may often
be cleared away by looking at those letters where they occur in
known words in the legends on the same coin, such as L ^o , 1 JJ& ,
s^aJ , uJo .-) , and in the same way comparison may be made if
needed with the * and * . A final ^ can very often be found in
one of the words of the date to clear up a doubt between it and j .
In reading the dates care is needed not to mistake ^-.xil (one long,
three short strokes), Li-Jj (one short, one long, one short), and
L^-V-J (four short). .*} and .j***** should have the fourth stroke
rather taller, ^*J and jj.***uJ the first stroke taller than the
others ; but there is sometimes so little difference that it is hard
to tell which is meant. ^^AMAJ>. and <J^AJ are sometimes much
alike, but if the strokes after the A can be counted, that will decide
as to which numeral it is, for in the former there are five and. in
the latter but three.
AID
The dates of striking are almost always given on Husalmai.
coins, in words or in ciphers. Until the seventh century of the
Hijra we find the former only, but after that ciphers came
gradually into use, so that by the beginning of the ninth century
they were generally adopted. The earliest dates in cipher are on
TJrtukid coinSj e.g. II r on a coin struck at Amid. Sometimes we
find the date given both in words and ciphers, or partly in words
and partly in ciphers ; e.g. on a coin of the Golden Horde, c/^y^
for A.H. 770. The number is usually expressed in the feminine
form, but sometimes in the masculine. The conjunction ^ is
almost always used, e.g. &x/ ^^-^ * *-*wJ ? but occasionally
omitted. Reference has already been made to difficulties in
reading some of the numbers in the Kufic writing. The same
will be found often on coins of a later time, especially with regard
to seven and nine, as sometimes there is no difference between the
height of the L^ or O and the teeth of the (jw , but then the
spacing usually indicates, thus ^^^ , ^x*^ . The following
is a list of the numbers.
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ARABIC.
Jo- 1 masc. ^tX^-l fern.
PEESIAX.
i masc.
fern.
fern.
ern.
fern.
masc.
Lj\*3masc.
iuJ masc.
t-
AEABIC.
PESSIAS.
tea A^ fern. i JLc mase.
j
eleven i JLc jr-\>- l/m. JLe (A-^ ! masc.
^v.
twelve xJuz , ^\
/ \tMHf
jji,j
thirteen ^Jis <J*Jj
*JT-
fourteen XjtLz ^uy
iJ A-r
fifteen $j*Lz ^u./ir&-
-/ V
sixteen , L^z ^^^
aJ'jLa
-^
seventeen ' l^^ *-*+*
fcfiX*^iJ& or i'lAAJb
eighteen aLuix ^Uo
i' Jvi^ui) or j-Vu*Jb
nineteen ! ^ ! -*- %-^uj
j-jjU
twenty ^-^
Arf
twenty-one ^^A*^ ^ J^>. ! or^^A^ ^ Jo- ^
t-X.._.L^u.O
and so on to
and so on to
thirty j ^..^jj or ^jlj
Lf"
thirty-two ^iL ; j ..^sJl
5 J -J L5^
forty j ^j\
uk-r
forty-three ' tj+**j\ 5 *-^J
*-j J*e-
^Pf-r- !
iiltv **toWJi/4i>
^f vTSXJ
^"
* V
fifty-four t t**u/k>- c <cj J
t ^ ^.^
j ' % * / " -^ C-v*
j \ * j * if
sixty | ^^j^
u~A
sixty-five ! #t-k ^j 9 /u*.^^.
** $ k^^>
seventy ' .t-ju*o
jki^
seventy-six 4 .*x^^ Q tj^^
(jyawSj j jb-AJb
ei g% > ^U5
jLAJb
eighty-seven ' ,.jUj a .^M
cu^ Jt )l^u
ninety ' ,^^J
j J
W"
J7
ninety-eight (^^ j (jUj
CiUJbj Jji
one hundred i{i^ or 5 1*
^
two hundred
three hundred
four hundred
five hundred '
sis hundred
seven hundred
eight hundred |
nine hundred
one thousand \
one-quarter .
one-half . .
three-quarters
one-third . .
one-and-a-half
two-and-a-half
3IUSAIOIAN NUMISMATICS.
AEABIC.
* n ft
or ,.M*X)W
PEBSIA.N,
) or Ju
Jue
jjj , jb (Hindustani).
5*jLi3 , >J (Pers.) ; U
^b (Hindustani).
(Hindustani).
. , a?Jj J (Hindustani).
<J\j\ (Hindustani).
On some coins of Malay States and Netherlands and English
Settlements in the Straits numerals are given in Malay.
i
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
and
(J
^
tf*
\ju
Tu
-A-
NUMBERS AND CIPHERS. 7
The Arabic ciphers, in varying forms in which they appear on
Muhanimadan coins, are given on Plate II. They are often ill-
formed, and require a practised eye to read them. The I may be
out of place, slanting one way or the other, or mixed tip with
neighbouring lettering. T may have its horizontal arm shaky,
and so look like T. T sometimes has its arm so irregularly formed
as to be taken for i~. P has more variety of shape than any other
cipher, and in one of its forms is the same as one variety of .
The form % is used on Turkish and African coins. has many
forms too, but usually it is either 6 or o . The is some-
times too small, and therefore like a figure used for 0. 1 may
have its arm at an acute angle ancl so be taken for V, or be
reversed to T, or have its arm rounded and nearly closed at the
top and so be like Q i . v ancl A are usually pretty distinct, but
sometimes they slant a good deal, even to the extent of lying on
their sides ; in that case they may be taken to have fallen over to
the right, so that < is V and > is A. ^ may be like a 1 if not
closed at the top, and is not rarely reversed, i.e. with its ring to
the right. "When ten is indicated by it is not always visible,
and when is used there is a doubt sometimes from its size
whether 5 or is intended.
Bates expressed in ciphers are read from left to right, except
those on the coins of Maisur (Mysore), which, as in Arabic writing,
are written from right to left. But sometimes the whole date is-
by mistake reversed, e.g. ^AV for VAp O n a coin of the Golden
Horde, and sometimes with the further error of the ciphers being
reversed, e.g. 1 A V for VAf. Sometimes, too, the ciphers are not
placed in order in a Ike, but distributed in the area of the coin,
IIP t
e.g. | r ^ P on coins of Shahs of Persia. Generally, however, in
any of these cases there is not much difficulty in discovering the
error or in seeing the proper order of the ciphers, as one can tell
from other signs what is within a century or so the age of a coin.
NUMISMATICS,
DIACRITICAL
These are ? as has been mentioned, almost always omitted on
Knfic coins ; on later ones they are found irregularly generally
there were none or only a few until comparatively modern times.
When given they often do not help much in the reading of the
legend, from being placed not immediately above or below the
consonant of which they form part ; and on coins which are
ornamented, as many are, by dots and groups of dots, it is not
easy to tell which are for use and which are for decoration ;
a difference in size or shape, will, however, often indicate this,
The vowel marks are almost always omitted as in ordinary writing.
The two dots indicating the o or <j are sometimes placed like
a colon (:), and the gronps of three in u* *. ,p may be arranged
in a line (...). On the Kufic coins there are ' points' above or
below certain letters in the legends which seem to be marks of
genuineness or engravers' marks, although they are often the
correct diacritical ones for the letter near which they are placed,
ISOLATED LETTERS AND WORDS.
ISOLATED LETTERS AID WORDS,
In the areas of Arabic coins, sometimes above, sometimes below
the legend and not forming a part of it, are often found letters or
words, the signification of some of which has been a good deal
discussed. If it be a name, it is in all probability that of
a governor, vizier, or moneyer, but more often it is one of the
words or initials given in the following list, being marks of
genuineness or mint marks, indicating goodness of weight or
fineness of metal. The list is compiled from one made by E. Meir,
with a few additions of other writers. It will be seen that
a single letter is in some cases given to denote a word, e.g. ^ for
*L and *La , & for Jd , Jb for c-^b , CJ for ^ . These are
very common on the coins of the Abbaside period.
pure gold
\\
fine
f
J-jO
^
well made
. V^fc. \
complete . . . CJ .
current . ... 51^-
warranted . . . . c
thick . ....
best sort
not false . .
pure
good . . .
uncertain weight or quality
excellent
very good . .
true
. . .^
precious
true weight . . . J *L 1>
true by divine weight <d!1 J^o t>
very excellent . . JCs- Jj
tribute K *
regular . . -. . ^
ood
full
rvmTAnf . ...
^'
10
MUSAIHAS XOISIA1IC8,
heavy
richly
t*
!
complete .
pure . . . . , ^.i)
purity . . , . . cjj!
lawful is - u^
right weight . . . L . j
extremely good weight & li J
beautiful . . . cus - JL
P st ^- J*
very just weight
excellent good weight j.z
beautiful, just
increased, just
excellent . .
prover (assayer)
superior , .
incomparable ,
fixed . . .
just weight , .
j mass . . . .
just mass . , .
; mass of weight .
1 regular mass . .
' excellent . . .
, rich weight . .
. precious . . .
: excellent weight .
jfo >
pure *
sufficient
* a
profitable . . ,
refined . . . .
refined in the fire
good weight
increased
just weight .
old weight , .
full weight j - J
of good augury
stout , . .
| rich weight
A -
Ml weight . . . .
pure
, a . Jb . Ljjvjb
X OP TYPES OF COINAGE. 11
OBIGIK OF OF C0XIAGE AND
VARIETIES.
At the time of the rise of the power of the early Ehalifs, the
coinages of the regions -which were brought under their rule were,
speaking generally, the Byzantine in the "West and the Persian
Sassanian in the East. At first, following the usual practice of
Oriental conquerors, the new rulers made use of that which was
the currency of the country, altering the coins by degrees
to be indicative of the new ruling power and religion, but
making the changes so gradually as not to give an unfamiliar
appearance to the coins in the eyes of the people, but to preserve
the continuity of the accustomed coinage with only such changes
as were necessary. Thus we see in the earliest gold of the Khalifs
an imitation of the coin of the Byzantine emperor adapted by the
figure of the Ehalif with a sword in his hand being substituted for
that of the emperor holding a staff with a cross on it, on the
obverse ; and on the reverse the cross, standing on four steps,
altered into a column with a ball on its top. The legends OR
both sides are changed to Arabic ones in Kufic character :
CU-v-J <U*d ,X>A!| iJJb L-jJe <UJl *AiuJ
Similarly the silver coins of the last Sassanian king were altered
by the additions of crescents and stars and <d! \ +HJJ on the margins,
and later by the name of the governor of the province being added
in Kufic in the area. So, too, the Byzantine copper of the
M variety of Heraclius had small additions of Arabic Ifusalman
words on them. Others in copper of the same type as the gold
above mentioned were also struck.
N NUMISMATICS.
Then when the Khalli Abd-al-Malik In A.H. 76, In compliance
with the rale of the Prophet "which prohibits the making of
representations of living things and declares that every painter is
in hell-fire, established the first purely Musalnian coins, he still
preserved in them a semblance to the gold Byzantine and silver
Sassanian, in size, form, and general appearance. Mr. G. E. Eeary ?
in an article in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1885 and 1886 on
The Morphology of Coins," shows that the reverse of a coin of
Khusru II, turned a quarter round, at a little distance seems
almost identical with one of Abd-al-Malik, struck at Basra A.H. 79 ;
but, looking closer, one sees that the two figures with a fire altar
between them on the former are replaced by three lines of Rufic
Arabic on the latter, and the marginal Pehlvi legend altered to
a EMe one also. But the marginal circles are preserved almost
intact, and the crescents and stars on the one have changed to
corresponding annulets in the other.
There was little variation from this type in the coinage of the
Umayyads of Spain, the Abbasid, Buwayhid, Samanld, Hamdanid,
Ukaylid, and other dynasties in Irak and Yaman up to the times
of the Mongols, but in Africa the Aghlabis, according to Mr. Keary,
whose Morphology on Coins" supplies the substance of these
paragraphs, founded their currency in both gold and silver on the
pattern of the gold coins of the Abbasis. The Fatimis followed
the Aghlabis with the development of a new variety, i.e. coins
which have their inscriptions arranged in a series of concentric
circles. Their successors, the Ayyubis, adopted at first the same
pattern, but later changed it to a plainer form in straight lines,
and this form was continued without much change by theMamluks.
In about the beginning of the sixth century A.H. the enclosing of
the area legend in a compartment came into use squares, star-
shapes, circles, ovals ; 4, 6, and 8 foils, etc. This is noticeable in
the Ayyubid, Saljuk, and especially in the Mongol series.
There was a remarkable departure from the Musalman type in
some of the coinages of Asia Minor and Syria Ayyubid, Saljuk,
Urtukid, and Zangid in reverting to imitations of Greek, Seleucid,
ORIGIN OP TYPES OF COINAGE. 13
and Eoman coin obverses ; heads and busts, and full and half figures
of men ; horsemen, eagle, lion and sun, centaur, etc. This, no
doubt, arose from a desire to adapt the coinage to that current in
the neighbourhood and in use in the trading transactions with
the West.
The coinage of the Mongols of Persia followed much the same
pattern as that of the dynasties which they supplanted, and the
same character was continued up to and throughout the reigns of
Tinmr and his house.
But in the farther East there was an altogether different initial
type the Bactrian, from which sprang the coins of more solidity
and thickness developing into the rupee. The two great coinages
of the Muhamniadan world of modern times show a marked
difference suggestive of varying original types, more so perhaps
a century ago than now. Compare, for instance, a gold or silver
coin of jSTadir Shah of Persia with one of Sultan llahmud I, his
contemporary in Turkey.
liaMe is the language generally used on ITusalman coins, but
Persian is that which is usual on the coinage of the Shahs of
Persia, the kings and emperors of Dehli, native Indian states,
and the East India Company, mixed in the cases of the two last-
named with some Sanskrit or vernacular words, and llalay on
coins of that region.
In this book all legends in the Arabic character are taken into
consideration, for although some coins bearing them were not
issued by llusalinan rulers, and so should, strictly speaking,
perhaps be excluded, yet all with Arabic lettering upon them
were issued for the use of, or to be read by, Huhammadans, by
whom alone that character is used, or were imitations of Uusalman
coins, It is convenient to thus arrange Oriental numismatics
into Husalman, Chinese, and Hindu.
But there are many bilingual and some trilingual coins which
are specially interesting in an historical way, and should be con-
sidered. As has been said above, the earliest Husalman coins
were copied from Greek-Eoman and Sassanian ones, with Arabic
additions; they are therefore bilingual, having in the former
series Greek and Latin, and in the latter Pehlvi legends, the
Arabic additions being either pious phrases of translations of the
mint names or some words indicating genuineness. There are
also some early African imitations of the Byzantine coinage with
Latin legends, which have been read as Non est Deus nisi Deus et
Alius non est " and In nomine tuo, Deus Omnipotens" ; these
were followed by others having on them the Kalima in Arabic, at
first in part, afterwards entire.
The coins of Tabaristan, a detached province of the Persian
Empire, were of a slightly different module to those of the
.Sassanian proper 3 although of the same type, being smaller and
LANGUAGES.
finer with Tabaristan upon them in Pehlvi. After the conquest
of the province "by the Arab Musalmans, governors were appointed
whose names are to be found upon the coins at the side of the
Sassanian king's head, written in fine Kufic : .A
Of Northern India at the end of the third century (Hijra), there
are coins of the horseman and bull variety, with Sanskrit on one
side over the bull and the name of the Khalif juJuS\ on the other
above the horseman. The same type was used by some of the
Ghazni kings, and also later by the early Pathan kings of Dehli.
As early as A.H. 660 a coin of Khubilay Khan was struck at
Bukhara with Chinese on one side and Arabic on the other, and
there are coins of the time of the Muhammadan rebellion in China
in the last century which are also in both these languages.
The jSTorman kings of Salerno and Sicily, who drove out the
Saracen chiefs from those regions in the seventh century (Hijra),
issued Arabic coins in imitation of some of the Ayyubid, but with
a Christian formula of faith in imperfect lettering which might
easily deceive their Muhammadan subjects. In the same way
Alphonse VIII of Spain struck coins on which were in Arabic the
ascription to the Holy Trinity and the declaration that he was the
Amir of the Catholics, and the Pope the Imam of the Church of
Messiah.
Georgia, from it's position, was overrun by invaders from the
north and south at all times, and its coinage shows a strange
variety, of bilingual character, in consequence : at one time
imitation of Sassanian, at another Byzantine with Greek and
Georgian, at others Georgian and Arabic, and in the time of the
Mongol power, Georgian, Arabic, and Mongolian.
Mongolian writing is also seen intermixed with Arabic on many
of the coins of the Mongols of Persia.
Armenia was in much the same position as Georgia with
regard to exposure to invasions. Its coinage, with the Christian
king on one side and a lion on the other, with Armenian marginal
legends^ was, during the time of subjection to the Saljuks of Asia
16 MUSAL11AN NUMISMATICS.
Minor in the seventh century (Hijra), changed into one having
on one side the figure of the king and Armenian legend, and on
the other side Arabic legends similar to those on the contemporary
Saljuk coins. Also when a little later the Maniluk Sultan Xasir
al-Din Muhammad raided Armenia, he overstruck the Armenian
!dng ? s coins with his own coin dies : an unusual proceeding for
an Oriental king.
In India, some of the later Dehli kings, as well as the earliest
before referred to, used the Devanagari characters on their coins
as well as Arabic, and the last kings of the dynasty had their
names on coins in the same characters as did also kings of Bengal.
M. Drouin quite lately discovered a Sanskrit legend upon a gold
coin of Akhar.
Many native states of India have bilingual coins, partly in
Persian, partly in the vernacular of the state, and sometimes partly
in English. The East India Company issued bilingual, trilingual,
and even multilingual coins using English, Persian, Hindustani,
Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu. In the Straits there are Company
coins with. English, Persian, and Malay legends, and one with
Chinese in addition to these three.
The Netherlands Government issued coinage for their states
with Malay reverses to the obverses of the European pattern.
The Portuguese, although in other ways very ready to imitate
the coinage of their neighbours in India, never used the Arabic
character. The French, on the other hand, imitated the Behli
coinage as closely as did the English.
ORXAMBXTATION. 17
ORNAMENTATION.
The ornamentation of Musalman coins lies chiefly in the
lettering, the arrangement and grouping of the inscriptions, and
the shapes and arabesque outlines of the spaces in which parts pf
the legends are enclosed. This is seen at its best probably on the
Hafsidi and other Moorish, the Persian Mongols (TJljaitu and Abu
Said), and the Safavi of Persia (Ismail I and Tahmasp I) coinages.
On the later Persian and Dehli coins, too, it is fine. The Persian
style of writing lends itself well to this in curves, graceful sweeps
of the pen, and prolongation and grouping of the letters. One
very common practice is to prolong the tail <-_ the full breadth of
the coin, and to stretch a <-~? or ^J right across so as to make
them as dividing strokes between the lines of the legend. The
word ^Ls , so important in the Shiah formula, is a favourite one
for using in this way : for instance, on coins of Tahmasp I of
Persia, in the way which Mr. Poole called the mill-sail pattern,
where it forms the four arms of the sail-wheel with the names of
the eight other Imams two by two between them, the junction
of the four initial letters forming a rosette in the centre. On
Behli coins, too, the names and attributes of the four orthodox
Khalif s are used in somewhat the same way to form the sides of
2
18 3OJS1L3IAN XUMISlfAIICS.
quadrangular areas. The EMc character also Is used to form the
square geometrical pattern in which, the Kalimah Is arranged on
the pretty "bilingual coins of Abu Said, the Persian Mongol.
Interspersed commonly on the coin areas are dots in groups and
singly, annulets, rosettes, sprigs of flowers, knots, and so on.
There are, however, certain figures called tamghas which seem
meant to be the signs of particular dynasties or persons or
countries. It is hard to describe in words many of them, or to
say what they are intended to represent, or in what they originated.
Some, as on the gold coins of Great Saljuks, are at the top of the
area ; others, as on the large Urtukicl copper coins, are at the side
or bottom. Some suggest an imitation of a monogram on a Greek
or Parthian coin ; others, as the fleur de lys on the Mamluks and
the thunderbolt on the Great Kaans coins, are recognizable, as is
also the double-ended trident of the Golden Horde. The curious
figure in the centre of the area of the Chagatai coins, somewhat
like the Greek letter >, has been thought to be the Tibetan letter
cJia inverted, the initial of Chagatai.
The representations of animals are numerous, and made in all
times. They are sometimes indicative of a place, or peculiar to
a person or dynasty, as the double-headed eagle on Urtukicl and
Zangid, the lion on the Mamluk, the lion and sun on Saljuk and
Persian Shahs, the fish, birds, and human figures on the Basulid
coins, and the many varieties on the autonomous copper coinage of
Persia.
The coins of the later Moghul Emperors of Dehli and of the
native States, struck in the same pattern, have almost always
a symbol within the loop of a final letter on one or both sides.
These are sometimes sufficiently peculiar to be indicative of
a particular State or mint ; such, for example, as the sun-face of
Indore, and the curiously shaped dagger, like a pair of scissors, of
Kutch ; but more often the symbol is not peculiar to one State or
mint. Prinsep, in his " Indian Antiquities," gives a plate with
some 126 of these symbols on it, and attributes them to some
extent ; but there are many more than he describes, and some of
ORNAMENTATION, 19
those wtdeli lie attributes to one are also OIL coins of other States.
These symbols on modern Indian coins being, in many cases, the
only mark by which the currency of one State may be distinguished
from that of another, it has been the endeavour of several Indian
numismatists to reduce them to order and locate their use ; but
it is a very difficult matter, for many of them have been used by
several States, and many States have used several symbols at
different times, and local knowledge and tradition give but little
help. The symbols, moreover, are not always mint-marks, but
seem, sometimes to have been used to indicate the issue or the
year ; for example, more than thirty different symbols are to be
found on the coins of the Dehli Emperor Aurangzib, struck at Surat.
Perhaps, of all these Indian symbols, the one which is most
remarked is the J.H.S. on coins of Kashmir. Two or three ex-
planations or reasons for the use of this Christian monogram have
been given, but no doubt it was expected to be a lucky symbol.*
The Tughra is peculiar to the Othmanli coinage. It is a mono-
gram consisting of the Sultan's name and that of his father,
of which the composing letters intercross and have their upright
portions prolonged upwards, curled and twisted in such a way as
to make an interlacement difficult to decipher.
* General G. G. Pearse, C.B., E.A., writes as follows : " Whilst Lord
"William Bsatmck was Governor- General of India, 1828-35, two very remarkable
conversions to Christianity took place ; one was of a celebrated Muhamniadau
Moulvie, the other of an equally celebrated Brahmin, by name Ammd. These
men were great controversialists, and their change of religion caused much stir
and excitement. Annncl died, leaving a son, Anund Messiah, a sharp, intelligent
man, good-looking and full of energy, a very stormy petrel of a Christian, never
so happy as when launching his Christian controversial arguments at the heads
of Hindoos. In 1850 Anund Messiah was at the court of Maharaja Goolab Sing,
of Cashmere, In the Spring of 1851, when I was Assistant -Commissioner of
Hazara on the Cashmere frontier, Anund Messiah, who was passing through
Hazara, came to pay his respects to me. I saw a good deal of him for a few
days. "With much delight he showed me the new Cashmere rupees of G-oolab
Sing, with the Eoman letters J.H.S. conspicuously in the centre of the coins
amidst the Persian. He said he had induced the wily, clever Dogra king to place
these letters on his coins, assuring him that thereby he would please the British
Indian Government, and would himself be favoured by fortune. Never was any
Muhammadan who had somehow managed to make an unbeliever say the Kalima
more delighted than was Anund with this little bit of work of his."
MUSAL3IA3S" XUXISMATICS.
EELIGIGIJS LEGffil BS.
Some pious expression or religious plirase or formula is very
general upon all Musalrsian coins. On the early Khalif ones there
was nothing else, except the date and, on the silver, the mint ;
a little later the name o the king or ruler was given ; then titles
and other particulars about the king were added, displacing a good
deal of the religious forms ; so that when we come to modern times
there is little of them left. On a modern Turkish coin, for instance,
there is nothing in this way but s^sj \z , and on a coin of the late
Shah of Persia nothing but the names and titles, with mint-place
and date.
These religious legends may be divided into (1) formulce, or
symbols as they are sometimes called ; (2) verses or phrases taken
from the Horan; and (3) pious expressions or ejaculations.
(1) Formulae.
The formula ' Bismillah ' is found very commonly on coins of
earlier times, usually as the beginning of the legend referring to
the striking of the piece: ^l^!l 1X& <--^ <d!\*Mj . But it is
often, too, in other parts of the ield or marginal legends, sometimes
detached, but more usually prefixed to the Kalimah or other
professions of faith such as are to be seen in the following list,
and in that case the formula *p~Jh tf^j^ *&\*** is used as it
Is at the beginning of all Musalman books and writings. On coins
of one of the Mongol kings of Persia, Arghun, and on some of
Syria and Palestine, struck under Christian influences, there is
substituted for it this formula : (jwjjJiM ^-^}\ 5 crf^ J ^'^ (^
J^li <dS "in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy
Ghost, one God." The same formula is lengthened on coins of
Alphonse Till of Spain into : (jwiJJi!! ~$)\ j ^)\ . c^S! ~uj
(or U!L ^.<j j*w) USL ^J*^ ^\ ^ J^H M "In the
name of the Eather and the Son and the Holy Ghost, the one God;
whoso believeth and is baptized shall be saved."
11ELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 21
TJie Jialhnah.
The Kalimah (Z*&\ literally 'the Word/ called also the
* Muslim Creed,' and In numismatic books generally the Muham-
madan symbol or formula, is found on most of the coins of rulers
holding the orthodox faith (Sunni). The first, or negative part
of it, <d)l 111 ail N J, is taken from, the 47th surah of the Koran,
verse 21 ; the second part, affirmative, *U1 Oj^j AA.S-'*, is in the
29th. verse of the 48th surah : " There is no god but God,
Muhammad is the Apostle of God " (Palmer's translation). The
Kalimah is often followed by one or more of the ' Pious Phrases '
given in the list below, such as the following : Jusj <ule <xU\ ^u*
d\ J^ j Uis <dSl Jus _ <dl <d^J! - (UU &\ Ju*. The first
part of the Kalimah is followed by other endings than the above :
e.g., & t*^jj$ $3&.j "who has no associate," the formula used
on the early Khalif coins ; <d! AS ^\ . ilSb SI Jy D ail A$jA\
^SJl ^ 31^ Lujl dllb SI ^y3 *lT^^3l\ - *tf 1^1 J^ "who
gives complete deliverance." The second part is varied as follows:
, <d!l j*
U. id!!
^.^ .
On a coin of a Sultan of Dehli the Kalimah is in this form :
<^* *jj\ A,*^ ^ d^l jj <dl\ 3\ *J1 S ^\ j^l " I testify that
there is no god but God, and I testify that Muhammad is His
servant and apostle." On coins of rulers of the Shiah sect the
Kalimah has added to it 4-U! ^* tc^ " ^ ^ s ^ e ^ en ^ ( or
favourite) of God." This constitutes what is referred to in
numismatic books as the Shiite formula.
Other Continuations of the Bismillah and the Kalimah.
sJt ft 31 <11 S
Ood bless our lord Muhammad, and your God is one ; there is
no God but He who is the compassionate, the merciful.
XTTMISMATIO.
There Is no god but God, Muhammad is the prophet of God,
the Mahdi is the Imam of the nation.
God bless Huliaminad and his family, etc.
L,^\ jU1 -J^!i ill! J.
Praise to God alone, etc.
. ,
> *
-.
-/
XI
All
l ^-.- J'. dAs^ Ij: <d!\
God bless Muhammad, the seal of the prophets.
God bless Muhammad and his family, the good, the pure.
God bless Muhammad and his family, and peace be with them.
God is our Lord, Muhammad is our prophet and the Imam.
KELXGIOUS LEG-ENDS. 23
The following Koranic sentences are also included amongst the
symbols or formulary sentences of numismatic writers.
Kor. cxii, . J*J \^i< < ^- ^\ oj
God is alone, God is eternal, He begets not and is not begotten,
nor is there like unto Him anyone.
This is called the Urnayyad symbol.
^jjjl ^ *^kJ J^cSt ^Jj L/^lb *L,1 id!!
Kor. ix, 33. u^uSI */ Jj <*L
Muhammad is the prophet of God sent with guidance and the
religion of truth, to make it prevail over every other
religion, averse although idolaters may be.
This is sometimes called the second symbol.
Kor. xxx, 3, 4.
To God belongs the order before and after ; and in that day
the believers shall rejoice in the help of God.
The translation of the sentences taken from the Koran are those
of E. H. Palmer, vols. vi and ix of " Sacred Books of the East."
(2) Sentences from the Koran.
Kor.xxxv, 31.
Praise belongs to God, who has removed from us our grief ;
verily our lord is forgiving, grateful.
Kor. i, 1. ^W! L^J <d!
Praise belongs to God, the Lord of the "Worlds.
Kor. xxii, 40.
Permission is given to those who fight because they have been
wronged, and verily God to help them has the might.
24 JIUSALHAN
Kor. iv, 62.
--
Obey God, and obey tlie Apostle, and those in authority
amongst you.
Kor. x, 36.
^
Is then lie who guides unto the truth more worthy to he
followed, or he that guides not except he be himself
guided ? What ails you then, how ye judge ?
J U A
U Juu .
5b Uj 31 .uLi ^ ^ ^.k^ ^ j^U U *^ ^
Kor. ii, 256.
God, there is no God but He, the living, the self-subsistent.
Slumber takes Him not, nor sleep. His is what is in
the heavens and what is in the earth. Who is it that
intercedes with him save by permission ? He knows
what is before them and what is behind them, and they
comprehend not aught of His knowledge but what He
pleases.
Kor.ii, 258.
God is the patron of those who believe.
Kor. ii, 208, and iii, 32. t
God provides for whom He pleases without count.
Kor. iii, 17. ^SLJl <d!l
Yerily (the true) religion in God's sight is Islam.
Kor. ix, 112. <dll J.*^: J
Yerily 7 God hath bought of the believers their persons and
their wealth, for the paradise they are to have ; they
shall fight in the way of God.
RELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 25
Kor. Ixi, 4.
Yerily, God loves those who fight in His cause in ranks as
though they were a compact building.
LJ<J j U u cdll uXliJ L l-srii i_O Lsft
.*S
->
Ivor, xlviii, 1-3. \'j ;^ 1.^ <d!1 o-^J*
7 ^/-y v ^o >
Yerily we have given thee an obvious victory ! that God may
pardon thee thy former and later sin, and may fulfil His
favour upon thee, and guide thee in a right way, and
that God may help thee with a mighty help.
<dl\ jj
u> >j vj^- < (j^>-
Kor. xxxiii, 33.
God only wishes to take away from you the horrors as people
of His house, and to purify you throughly.
Kor. kvii, 1. jte ^ j (J^ fy ujCUl ^A-j ^jJl u
Blessed be He in whose hand is the kingdom, for He is mighty
over all.
Kor. ix, 113.
Those who repent, those who worship, those who praise,
those who fast, those who bow clown, those who adore,
those who bid what is right and forbid what is wrong,
and those who keep the bounds of God, glad tidings to
those that believe.
Kor. xvii, 83. l5yy
Truth has come, and falsehood has vanished ! verily falsehood
is transient.
Kor. ix, 130. dH ^*u^.
God is enough for me.
MUSAL31AK NUMISMATICS.
Kor. iii, 167. J/J1 ^ *SJ1 La
God Is enough for us, a good guardian is He.
Kor. vlij 123. ..^L*** UsJ . \*** L*ifi c J! LJ *
W" V > > " " C_> -/
Oil) our Lord ! pour out upon us patience and cause us to die
-Moslems.
Kor. Is, 4. ^\ LjlX LJ\ uXJlj L1<J uXi^ b,
Oh, our Lord ! on Thee do we rely, unto Thee we turn, and
unto Thee the journey is.
Kor. si, 51. ^Jlx*l! -LsUH
The issue is for those who fear.
Kor. xii, 64. ^^^Ul *^J\ JN lliiU- ^.-^ ^HU
But God is the best of keepers, and He is the most merciful
of the merciful.
Kor. xx, 113. j
Exalted then be God, the lung, the Truth.
j 1^1, iisb ^.o \.j^j. ,u.cn t .^ J^
^ s j >-/> W ( >
Kor. is, 124. ^JL^I fc ^ /d!\
Fight those who are near to you of the misbelievers, and let
them find in you sternness ; and know that God is with
those who fear.
Kor. ii, 131. ^ix!\ ^^
\ " c_"
God will suffice thee against them, for He both hears and knows.
Kor. iii, 66. <d!l ^JJb ^J^J! u l J5-
Say, verily the true guidance is the guidance of God.
Kor. xlii, 22.
Say, I do not ask for it a hire, only the love of my kinsfolk. And
he who gains a good action we will increase good for him.
J*yJj <dH J* j Wy. p U AlH ^ U S! U_^ t J Ji-
Kor. ix, 51. ^^H
Say, naught shall befall us save what God has written down
for us ; He is our Lord and upon God believers do rely.
EELIGIOUS LEGEXDS. 27
lij ^ L_<L!1 Jf J L_<U!I iJJl. JM J-
Kor. iii, 25.
Say, God, Lord of the kingdom I Thou givest the kingdom
to whomsoever Thou pleasest, and strippest the kingdom
from, whomsoever Thou pleasest, Thou honourest whom.
Thou pleas est and abasest whom Thou pleasest ; in Thy
hand is good.
!l o,^.! <tU! y J-
Zor. exiij .
Say, He is God alone, God is eternal, He begets not and is
not begotten, nor is there like unto Him anyone.
Kor. scix, 7. ^j Lp~ ^,J JUi^ Ju*j (
He who does the weight of an atom of good shall see it.
Kor. xviii, 37. ^dllj SI
There is no power save in God.
Kor. sxx, 3, 4.
To God belongs the order before and after ; and in that day
the believers shall rejoice in the help of God.
Kor. xl, 16. ^WJLII J^Ul *il [^ Jl]
Whose is the kingdom ? God's, the On'e, the Dominant.
Kor. Ixi, 13.
Help from God and victory nigh, so do Thou give glacl tidings
unto the believers.
" L* ij^tu Ji tly A.J cd!! 11 <ui ^yt^y Lu. l
Kor. ii, 281.
Fear the clay wherein ye shall return to God ; then shall each
soul be paid what it has earned, and they shall not be
wronged.
28 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
Ivor, si, 47, <dH J\ ^
I entrust ray affair to God.
Kor. xvii, 106. Jj3 JLsSl^ *^r^
In truth have we sent it down, and in truth has it conie clown
Kor. vi, 114, 115.
The perfect words we know are sent down from thy Lord
with truth. Ee not thou, then, of those who doubt.
Jut
Kor. xlviii, 29.
And those who are with him are vehement against the mis-
believers, compassionate amongst themselves ; thou
mayest see them bowing down, adoring, craving grace
from God, and His good-will ; their marks are on their
faces from the effects of adoration.
_ ^j* ill
Kor. ix, 34, 35. ^j^So v-^ U
Those who store up gold and silver and expend it not in
God's way ; taste, then, what yc stored up.
Kor. sxiv, 54. L*l ^^ ^ ^ p$A\~*)
God promises those of you who believe and do right that He
will give them the succession in the earth as He gave
the succession to those before them, and He will establish
for them their religion which He has chosen for them,
and give them after their fear safety in exchange.
Kor. xlvii, 40. *\jL&\ ^ ( j*)\ <
Tor God is the rich and you the poor.
RELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 29'
Kor. xvi, 55. &J\ <4 -
; w
{
$-
And whatever favours ye have, they are from God.
Kor. si, 90. t^l <u!U c^^ **^ ^'
!Nor comes my grace through anyone but God ; on Him do
I rely and unto Him I turn.
Kor. vii, 41. <d!l U\jJb J\ L! ^Jofi ^ U j>
For we should not have been guided had not God guided us.
EOT. iii, 122. r fj\ ^\ dd!l ^ ^ 21^1 U 3
For victory is but from God, the mighty, the wise.
Kor. iii, 96. ^L^u^, ]s\^ ]\ ^jSte jJii ^Ub *&& ** &
But Tvhoso takes tight hold on God, he is guided into the
right way.
^ J^ N J1 J ^ dix, J_Jb ^i LJ J ^SL
Kor. iii, 79. ^.^U
Whosoever craves other than Islam for a religion, it shall
surely not be accepted for him, and he shall be in the
next world of those who lose.
Kor. kv, 2.
And whosoever fears God, He will make for him a [ happy]
issue, and will provide for him from whence he
reckoneth not.
<d!l J*>- jJyl jJb dill ^t <u*j>- ^ <d!l ^
Kor. Ixv, 3. ^jj ^ JJLl
And whosoever relies on God } He is sufficient for him ; verily
God will attain His purpose ; God has set for everything
a period.
Kor. xvii, 99. A^J! ^ id!! J^j
And whom God guides he is guided indeed.
30 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Kor. xvii, 84. ^
And we -will send down of the Koran that which is healing
and a mercy to believers.
Kor. ii, 114. o^V ^
God's guidance is the guidance.
Kor. ii, 158. r ^)\ ,^^)\ p 31 & 3 ^ <"
Your God is one God; there is no God but He, the merciful,
the compassionate.
Kor.lvii,3. jj^ ^ft^AM,^, J
He is the first and the last, and the outer and the inner ;
and He all things doth know.
Kor. k, 33.
He it is who is sent with guidance and the religion of truth,
to make it prevail over every other religion, averse
although idolaters may be.
UU L>3J ^ Ll^ U*U u/UW Ijl ^1 i
Kor. sxxiii, 44.
Oh, thou prophet! verily we have sent thee as a witness
and a herald of glad tidings, and a warner and to call.
\ \JLS\ \\ \.J^ \\ \
Kor. iii, 200. ^
ye who believe ! be patient and vie in being patient, and be
on the alert, and fear God, that haply ye may prosper.
(3) Pious Expressions or Ejaculations.
May God prolong his kingdom. SjJ <*U1
God preserve him. <d
Long life to him.
KELIGIOTJS LEGENDS. 31
y^i-Jt JlJ ilN Ulwt
The Host High God preserve the Ifusalmans.
God protect. <dS! U?U\
God order him aright. <d!l
Hay God prolong Ms government. i\^ <dll
Ha his might endure under God's favour.
< +
God aid and assist him. ^'^ dUl djlc
God make him glorious. djJl #;^ - diSl u
God make him glorious in victory. IfcLzJl cdSij^
God make his victory glorious, i-^ <dSl J^
Hay his reward be great. J^f ^
God make him illustrious. <d!l
God is most great; glorified be -His glory. $L>-
God is enough for us ; a good guardian is He. J-^&Sl ^3 ^ lu*u>-
God is enough for me. _-
God aruard him. ^L
'The true God, protector of the manifest truth.
The eternal God and everlasting Lord. >^U!1 c~?JU JijJ!
i " " - / y I
God is our Lord, Huhammad our Apostle, the Hahdi our Imam.
God is our Lord, Muhammad our Apostle, the Abbas our Imam.
God is sufficient. dl <
God is my Lord, ^j a
OGod.
God ordered faith and justice.
32 MUSA.L3IAN XUMISILATICS.
a ^ fy ^1, J! J* UJI. j J'o ^
God ordered faith and justice on piety and reverence. Blessing
from Clod.
All power is of God. <dJ <d .VJ !
I trusted in God. <d!lj e^!
God make clear his proof. AJb^j <d!l Ajl
God illuminate Ms proof. ^Ifc j <d!t jlil
God strengthen his authority and make him glorious in victory.
etc. LjX* jjl . ^Jll^L Jjl . ilS^J Jj\
God strengthen him and make him happy. sd*~\ iU\ i
The Most High God strengthen him. ^JUi' cdl! ^
God strengthen him and his victory, x+sj * JJI ^
God strengthen and help him. <Ulc! il!l ^
According to God's ordinances. <d!l
He seeks guidance in God. j^j
He jSrmly trusts in God. JJL^*J
Blessings.
etc. l - jl -
Blessing on Musi ? the successor under the Muslim covenant.
Blessings from God. <d!l ^* ^>
In the name of God. <d!l ***>
In the name of God the All Bountiful. >^^ <*iSI >^
In the name of God the Supreme. *^*!i ^\ +**}
May the enemies of God be scattered. il!\ IkXc! i}'
Hallowed "be the might of God. aiil
Trusting in God.
I have put my trust in God. <dSI
RELIGIOUS LEGEXDS. 3-
Trust in God; glory be to God. <d! $j*\\ <d!t J^ J<^
Glory be to God's protection arid majesty. d!L>-a dlilb dJl J,s>
His glory is protecting and very great. jSbf JSi J-^>
Glory, God. <dH L :
God protect it. <d!t
God is the preserver of all things. <d!l
May God protect him. <dl * & <U* .^
God guard it. <d!l U^.^
God guard it by His favour. <UA; *!J\ ^,>-
The Most High Gocl guard it. ^!Uj diil l^^
The Most High God guard and make it safe. l^<\ LC'
The Lord is sufficient for me.
God is sufficient for me.
God is sufficient for us. <dl\ l
By royal order. ^y.U,
By order of the Just One. J JoJb
Praise to God alone. ifArx. <d!
Praise to God. <d!
(or ^USl) ^^Ul ^ cdi
Praise to God, Lord of all created beings.
Strength and power are God's. <d! ^S^ J^^ _ diS ijSl^
May God perpetuate. dJJ!
May He perpetuate.
- 4jlk
May the Most High God perpetuate, etc.
\*t\ *S1U adJ\ dU> - <ul
May God perpetuate his kingdom for ever.
34 MrSAJQIAN SOIS1UTIC3.
May God perpetuate his kingdom, and regard him abundantly.
ITay his kingdom endure.
Hay Ms khalifat endure.
May Ms reign endure for ever. <uL* ,J J
Jjd\j\ Jl AillaL ^ *O. fb
Hay Ms kingdom and rule endure to the end of time's revolutions.
Hay his khalifat, etc., endure. <fc^!aLs cu^l
The Imam summons (all men) to the profession of the Unity
of the Eternal God.
God guiding them. ^ <dSl
Earthly things are transitory, so keep them in subjection to God.
y Lord is God. <d!l ^
Mercy be upon, j jU L^%^=>-J
God reward them. ^A^ <d!l
\ ^
God reward him. <Ue diH
Peace upon him.
Peace upon Mm and his ancestors. <u
Praise to God alone, a ^ <A!
Thanks be to God.
God bless Mm and his family. d\j <uL <dll
God bless him. ^ulc <dl\
Bless him.
God bless our lord Muhammad. *x*s=* U Juo 1-c- <d!l
God bless Muhammad an'd his family 3 all of them pure.
RELIGIOUS LEGENDS.
God bless Muhammad and Ms family, and save them.
Blessings of God on him and his ancestors, the pure, and his
descendants, the illustrious.
God increase his majesty. ^liU-l <d!l L^
God increase Ms majesty and further good fortune, and make
it victorious.
God illuminate them. <d!i \
It is God who gains the victory. <dll
Safety lies in scrupulous piety,
May his future life he prosperous.
May Ms future life be praiseworthy.
The Abbasi is our Imam.
May his victory be glorious.
Perpetual glory to the eternal Lord. JUi\ ^Jl
Glory is from God.
God glorify his victory, ^aj <d!l l.
The glory is a proof of God. <dll <JLsf^ J!l
Glory and apostleship are of God. d'-L^ij <d! 5jx!l
Glory be to God. <dl Jj*H
Majesty is God's. <d! <uk*ll
In the name of God. <d!1 ^1 A*
In God is my trust,
My reliance is on Him. <^J J <u
Peace be with him. ,*LJ 1
God prolong his life. jJJl b
Peace and piety are of God. ^jJl ^ *LJUin
36 31CSAL3IAX NUMISMATICS.
Vt'ith God. <d!l ja~
Help, God. <d! I cjCu:r
I am seeking protection, God. <d! I? jjyi
He lias conquered. w^xi.
. ^^2*. <UJ1 dJJI . jl L^r^ e>
Vnw"' \a^ -*
I have committed my cause to God, with whom is my
reckoning.
*,x=*. <d!l . ^^^ ( JU; <d!^ ( jl ^c.
-/ W^ 1 " I-- V^ -"'
I have committed my cause to God the Most High, with Him
alone is my reckoning.
In the way of God. *SJl J-^ d
God is power. <dl 'ij^&\
The Koran is the word of God. ttt] +& ^^!|
Power is with God. <dJU ijJiH
Strength is wholly God's.
May he be happy.
God guard him. ^d! !
All is from God. <dl
All power is of God. No strength but from God.
All government is God's. *U 3\
There is no power or strength but from God. <d! ! o 1\ iySj
]N T o service but of Islam. ^SLUb 31
!No crown but by justice. J JjtSl; 11
There is no victor but God. <OJ\ S! L.JU J
]S T o strength but from God. <d!b S\ Jy 3
To God. <d!
To God be the power. ^\ *ii
UELIGIOUS LEGrENDS. 37
J^x) **. J-o * -^ <dl
li/ v u. ^7 >
To God be the power, as in old time so henceforth.
Praised be God. ^^s\ <di
Praised be God, and to Him be the power. i_L*J! il j Ju^el <di
To God be the glory. Sjdl <d!
^-Jl Jhtfl^U J^ dlt
It is God's justice that prevails the manifest justice.
To God be the power. $j&\ <dS
Praise be to God. L*A\ aii
To God and by Him. <Lu <d!
Glory to God for ever and ever. Amen, Amen, Amen.
(Christian.)
As God pleases. <dJ\
How near is the consolation of God. <xlll ^i S
The blessing of the Most High be upon him. <uL:
May God strengthen him with victory. *A&\ <d!l ^O
The Faith be to God. <dS <LUi
Maledictions on the enemies. <XjjU!l ^
Cursed be those who darken counsel.
The kingdom be to the one God, the Compeller.
The kingdom be to God. <d!
The kingdom be to God the Bountiful, whose aid is begged.
The sovereignty and justice are twins. ^Uly Jd*!!^
The dominion and glory be to God. <dl >J\ ^
The dominion and grandeur be to God. A!
38 MUSAL3IAX ISTMISMATICS.
The praise be to God. <dl
The 3Iacllii is the Ehalif of God. <d)l ^U
By the victory and the triumph and the felicity and the
prosperity.
Victory "but by the goodness o! God. <d!b ^^P-
Help of God is near, *^j* <d!i
Victory from God, and no power "but by God.
most excellent Lord God. <d!l c >Ji\ **
most excellent the able God. ill j\sl\ **
most excellent victory from God. <d!l
.^ UJ , L
"We glory in the Cross of our Lord Jesus the Messiah, by
whom we have our safety and our life and our resur-
rection, and by whom we are delivered and pardoned.
He is generous.
He is the defender. j*
Oh! protecting God. <dH
Oh! Imam Ja^far the true.
*
b ^Is- 5 b ^b J b (jL* b ^kr^ b
Oh! compassionate one, oh! ever yearning one, oh! ever
bestowing one, oh I recruiter of good and evil, oh !
Shahan, oh 1 Sultan.
Oh ! Lord of the age. J^j>\ L^^U b
U;\ ^y* ^ Jjs b
Oh ! Ali, son of Musa, with whom God is well pleased.
RELIGIOUS LEGENDS, 39
L^OtAu^/* oc u) p-v^. -*
* * vo
Ok ! judge of necessities, oli ! sufficient in difficulties.
Oh! Lord.
Oh 1 aider. i^**** V.
etc. J^ . J^5^ r ;/ - *U\ Jj J^ . J^ .j^r U
He trusts in God. <d!b jij , <dH j^j
He glories in great qualities. UJsic J Jj
He seeks help of God. <dJb ^j
Pate works for him.
Holding the rope of God.
OF GOD,
Instead of iSJI, or in addition to it, God is sometimes mentioned
on coins by one or more of His other names or attributes. These
names are called ^j^.s'1 *UJ1 in the words of the Koran (xx, 7) :
^0*^1 *UJI *! 4^ S J1 A\ i 1 <dl! "God, there is no god but He! His
are the excellent names " (Palmer). By tradition there are ninety
and nine excellent names ' or comely names/ but there seems to
be no certainty as to what those 99 are, as different writers give
different lists. Hr. Redhouse, in an article in the Royal Asiatic
Society's Journal, 1880, on "The most Comely Sames," gives as
many as 552, which he had obtained from various sources ; from
these have been gathered, in the following list, those which are
the most often used, according to authors (Hottinger, Herklot,
Meninski, Rogers Bey, Yratislas, T. P. Hughes), and usually found
on talismans and amulets, for they are much used in that way.
One
The God
The "Worshipped One .
The Last
The Erst
The Maker . . . .
The Outstretcher , .
The Interior (hidden) One
The Sender Porth , v.
The Enduring One . .
The Contriver . .
i
The Good
The All Seeing . .
JoJ
UJ!
The Repenter (of wrath) <_>ljj
TheTJniter . . . ^Ls!
The All Compeller . . ^
The Awe Inspiring One J-Ls)
The Guardian
The Judge. . .
The Reckoner .
The All Preserving One liui
The Truth ....
The Arbitrator . . .
The All Wise* . . .
The Ever Slow to Anger
The All Praiseworthy One Ju
NAMES OF GOD.
41
Jl
The Ever Yearning One
The Living One .
The Abaser . . . t
The Creator . .
The All Cognizant One . ^
The Ever Creating One jlsn
fi/% jUijj
Possessor of Majesty and Honour
Longsuffering
Possessor of Strength Jj
The Upraiser . . . . <
Lord
The Compassionate One ^
The Most Merciful One
i
The Ever Providing One
The Eight Guider .
The "Watcher .- . .
The Most Indulgent One
'The Swift One . .
The All Hearing One
The Safety . . .
The Thankful One . ,
The Yery Strenuous One jj
The Grateful One .
The Witness . . .
The True One . .
The Longsuffering One
The Eternal One . .
The Hurtful One .
\\ i
The Externally Evident One
The Just One . . . Jj*Jl
The Most Mighty One .
The Most Supreme One f
The Ever Pardoning One
The Most High , . .
The All Knowing
I The Pardoner ....
i
| The Ever Forgiving One
j The Most Forgiving One
The Independent One .
The Ever Opener . .
The Grasper ,<
The Acceptor . . . . (
The Able One ...
The Compellor . . .
The Existent One . .
The Most Holy One . ^
The Almighty . . .
The All Previous One . ,
i
The Yery Near One .
The Yery Strong One . C$$\
The All Compelling One ^llail
TheE ver Self-E xistent Ono^^a! \
The Sufficient One . .
The Yery Great One .
The All Bountiful One .
The Most Pleasant One L
3IUSALMA.N ^O
The Glorious One .
Owner of the Kingdom
The Hinderer . ,
The Originator .
The Manifest One .
| The Putter Forward . ^ iL*l:
; The Just Distributor kwJUll
| TheGiverofDailyBreadc^JUl!
: The Iving .... t_U!l
; The Death Causing One C^/MJ\
The Ever Bestowing One ^\L^\
: The Taker of Vengeance *u/
The High Exalted One
The Proud One . .
The Tory Firm One .
The Favourably Answering One
The Host Glorious One
The Teller or Numbcrer
The Comprehending One k
TheYivifier .
The A baser .
The Eemover .
-
The One whose Aid is invoked
The Shaper ....
The Eaiser to Honour .
The Giver. . . . ^
The Returner ....
The Aider
w -
The Maker Independent ^**M
The Able One . .
The Meter Out . .
; "Who hath not been begotten
The Postponer . .
The Believer . . .
The Confiding One .
The Advantageous One j-JUl
i The Good Patron . ^Jd\ >*5
The Good Aider . . } ^\ **J
The Light jJl
The Perceiver . . . te*-\^\
The Sole One .... te~\}\
I The Inheritor . . CJ^Ul
| The Ample One ... -j-J^V
The Adjoining One . . ^J\f\
The Most Affectionate One tyfi
The Comprehensive One *-*-*^l
The Guardian . . . J^V
The Yery Next Adjoining One
The All Bestower . c-;lS^l
The Eoad Guide . . -jUi
THE FOUR KHALIFS. ^
THE FOUR KHALIFS.
The four orthodox Ivhalifs, Imams, or Immediate successors of
the Prophet, are ^Lc - (jUls ~ j^z. -^ ^\ . Their names appear
very commonly on coins, often arranged around the central legend
or obverse area. Sometimes their L-^! or title is also added. "What
these titles are will be seen from the following coin legends.
Abu Bakr the faithful witness, Umar the timid, Uthman the
father of two lights, Ali the chosen.
The same, with the definitive Jl prefixed to the titles. On
the Dehli coins the Ji is prefixed to the titles very
irregularly, one or two having it, the others not.
Abu Bakr the faithful witness, Umar the eloquent, Uthman
the defender, Ali the chosen.
Abu Bakr the faithful witness, God reward him, Umar the
timid, G-od reward him, Uthman the lord of two lights,
Grod reward him, Ali the chosen, ^od^xawa*44irm.
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Haidar (i.e. Ali).
By the truth of Abu Bakr, by the justice of Umar, by the
modesty of Uthman, by the wisdom of Ali.
By the truth of Abu Bakr, the justice of Umar, the modesty
of Uthman, and wisdom of Ali.
^b ^Lc ^Uifr (J^^fr J j^^j ^!
By the truth of Abu Bakr, justice of Umar, meekness of
Uthman, wisdom of Ali.
COALMAN NUMISMATICS.
THE TWELVE IMAMS,
The Shiahs claim as the only legitimate Khalifs or successors
of the Prophet, his son-in-law All, husband of Fatima, and their
descendants to the number of twelve, the last of whom is to
reappear as the Hahdi or Director before the end of the world.
cU-ii or i---i! or
SON OF PATRONYMIC. TITLE.
AbuTalib
i Chosen.
Lion of God.
2. ^^ Ali
3. <*
4.
All
s- Husain
5.
6. Jbt^-
s
7 - Js-.
Aba Abdallnh
Abu ^Muhammad
.. t
w
Pleasing.
\ The Martyr.
Prince by birth.
c Lord of the
servants of God.
\ Ornament of the
servants of God.
The"Worshipper.
Ali Zain Abu Ja'far yLJI The Great.
al-Abidin.
^luhammad Abu Abdallah j oLall The Just.
al-Bakir
\~**Y* Ja'far Abul Hasan JiliSl The Silent.
Abu Ibrahim
Abu Abdallah
8. U Musa Abul Hasan *UJ1 The Pleasing.
9.
Aliar-Eaza Eakir
Abu Ja'far Sani
The Chosen.
The Pious.
The Liberal.
THE TWELVE 13IA3IS.
10,
^^ or
SON OF PATRONYMIC.
^s. Muhammad Abul Hasan
al-Taki
11.
TITLE.
^\ The Pure.
*
jUl The Director.
\ The Soldier.
J! The Tirtuotis.
The Soldier.
The Pure.
Coming.
Alial-ffaki Abu
Muhammad
12. ^s'* Hasan al- Abul Ivasim
Askari
tlsf*- Hajjat JL? Good.
,_c^f Mahdi
Their names and attributes are on coins of Shiah kings, notably
on some of Uljaitu, Mongol of Persia, and other more recent
Persian kings.
*
The blessing of God be on Muhammad and Ali, and Hasan
and Husain, etc.
The same legend with the addition of Hs^-\ the ' proof,' after
the name of the last Imam.
God bless Muhammad the Chosen, and Ali the Friend, and
Hasan [the Pleasing], and Husain the Martyr, and Ali
the Ornament of the Servants of God, and Muhammad
the Great, and Ja'far the True, and Musa the Silent, and
Ali the Pleasing, and Muhammad the Liberal, and Ali
the Director, and Hasan the Soldier, and Muhammad the
Coming Proof.
46 JIUSADIAN SCHISirATICS,
! , , < J,1 , JI , L
y (Jy y jj-^ (J
God Mess the Prophet, and the Friend, and the Virgin, and
the two Gentle Ones, and the "Worshipper, and the Great
One, and the Just, and the Silent, and the Pleasing, and
the Pious, and the Chaste, and the Pure, and the llahdi.
Patimi, the daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali, is here
referred to under the title of the Virgin ; the two Gentle Ones are
Hasan and Husak
a a
y O -/
Ali is the favourite of God. iSJ! J^ 1^
Ali is the most excellent of the Commissioners [of God], and
the Vazir of the best of the Messengers (S. Lane Poole).
Ali is the test of God's elect, iUl
IP
CLASSIFICAIIOf OF COIIAGES,
In the introduction, to the first volume of the British Museum
Oriental Coins Catalogue it is said," These plohammadan dynasties]
will be arranged in the order proposed and adopted by Fraehn,"
and in other books on Oriental numismatics reference is made to
such and such a class. But Fraehn's arrangement is not to be
easily found, although so spoken of as if it were generally known.
It is here given in the original form as published in the Nova
Supplementa" of that author, ed. B. Born, 1855 ; and alongside
each class is added the name of it as used in this book and in
modern books generally, and the volume of the Catalogue of
Oriental Coins of the British Museum in which the class is
described.
It will be seen that many coinages are not included in Fraehn's
list, notably the Kings of Dehli and the ITuhamniadan States of
India. He himseli made some appendices, and Dorn, Soret, and
others did the same. Mr. Stanley Lane Poole, however, in his
" Mohammadan Dynasties/' a book of the highest value to the
student of Oriental numismatics, adopts an arrangement of the
dynasties, after the Khalif s of Baghdad, in geographical order from
west to east, i.e. from Spain to India, with certain modifications
arising from historical sequence ; and that arrangement is one
which, probably, will now be generally followed.
This table of classification will also, it is hoped, remove some
difficulties as to names or synonyms used by writers ; for instance,
Chulaguidse and Hulaguidi for the Ilkhans or Mongols of Persia,
DschutschidsDj Dsehudschidse, and Jujidse for the Ehans of the
Golden Horde, Ileki and Eelik for the Khans of Turkistan, Patani
for Pathan Kings of Dehli, Sebaktiginiclse for the Ghaznawi or
Kings of Ghazni, and Babaridse for the Moghul Emperors of Dehli,
Ml'SAKMAX ^rMIS3
'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIOL CLASSES AS GIVES or THIS BOOK,
Claris.
L Chalifcc Uniaijada?.
II. Chalifce Abbasidss.
III. Chalifoe Umaijadio in
Hispania.
Ecguli 3Inrciie et
Talenciiu.
Eeguli Hispanire :
Dhirl Xun.
Imanii Edrisidoe in
Mauritania.
Emiri Aghlebida?.
IT. Emiri Tahiridsc.
Y. Sofiaridic.
TI. Emiri Samanidse.
Eeges Bulgharorum
Wolganoruin.
Emiriis Scheddadides.
VII. Chani Turkistaniso s.
Held.
VIII, Sultani Ghasnewidac
s. Sibuktiginida).
Vnia. Glmridee.
IX. Choresmiscliahi.
X. Emiri BuweihidsB.
Hamdanid^.
Principes Sijaridaa.
XI. Einiri Okeilidse.
Einiri Merwanidae.
TV. r.f
Z.3L Cat,
Umayyad. i
Abbasid. ,,
Spanish Umayyad. ii
Hamniudid, Abbadid,
Zayrid, Jahwarid,
Amirid, HudicL
Kings of Denia and Murcia. ,,
l^unid, Xasrid. ,,
Idiisid. , ;
Aghlabid, Tulunid,
Ikhshidid. , ,
Tahirid.
Saffarid.
Samanid, Sajid, Dulafid. ,,
Khan of Wolffa-Bulghan. ,,
Khans of Turkistan.
Ghaznawi.
Ghurid.
Shahs of Khwarizni.
Buwayhid.
Hamdanid.
Ziyarid.
Governors of Sijistan.
Kakwayhid.
Ukaylid.
Marwanid, Mirdasid.
CLASSIFICATION OF COINAGES.
49
EEAEEN'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIUM. CLASSES AS GIVEN IN THIS BOOK.
Vol. of
J5.il/. Cat
Ctassis.
XII. Sultani Seldschukidce
A. In Persia.
B. In Asia 3iinore.
XIII. OrtokidBB.
A. RegesMaredini.
B. Eeges Keifse.
XIV. Atabeki.
A. llosulensis.
B. Helebensis.
C. Sindscharensis.
D. In Dschesiret
ibn Oman.
DD. Aserbeidscha-
E, Buktiginidse.
XIV. Chalifae Patimida).
XlVfla. Murabitse.
XI VJ. Muwahliidaj.
XV. Sultani Aijubidse.
A. In JGgypto et
Syria.
B. In Haleb.
BB. In Hama.
C. InMeyafarekin.
Great Saljuks.
Saljuks of Elarman, of
Toknaristan, of Irak.
Of al-Eum, of Arzarum.
Burid, Saldukid, BaEisn-
mandid.
Urfcukid of Maridin.
TJrtukid of Kayfa.
Zangid.
of MosiL
of Halak
j, of Sinjar.
of Jazirah.
Atabegs of Azarbaijan.
Salgharid of Earis, Kings
of Ahar.
Buktiginid,
Eatimid.
Murabit.
Huwahhid.
Hafsid, Ziyanid, Hudid ;
Marinid.
Ayyubid.
Of Egypt, Damascus,
Aleppo, Mesopotamia,
Hainan, Hinis, and
Arabia.
50 MUSAL1TAN AT~MIS3!AIICS.
FEAUHX'S CONSPECTUS CLASSITJM.
CLASSES AS GIVES ix TEIS BOOK.
Ctc.ssis.
Vol. of
.21. Cat.
XYI. Sultani Mamlaki.
llamluk. iv
A. Bahritas.
Bahri.
B. Tscherkessl.
Burji.
XYII. Mnszaffericlo}.
HuzaiJarid. vi
Great Kaaiis. ?J
XYIII. Chani Ckulaguidoo.
Mongols of Persia.
XIX. Chani Bschelairida}.
Talair. , ?
XX. Chani Dseliutschidoc.
Khans of the GoldenHorde. ,,
XXI. Chani Krimensis.
Khans of the Krim. ,,
Sarbadarid, Karts,
Mahmucl Inchu.
XXII. Chani Dschaghataido} .
Chagatai.
Timuridao.
Tirniirid. vii
XXIII. Chani Scheibanidas.
t -~ Shaybanid. ,,
B. Dsclianidas,
Bocliarenses.
C. Chokandenses.
D. Chrwenses.
Janid of Astrakhan,
Mangit of Bukhara.
Khans of Khokand.
Khans of Khiva, Amir
of Kashghar.
Amirs of Budlis.
XXIY. ImperatoresBaberidse Eehli Emperors (Emperors
Tipu Sultan Meisur- Mysore Sultan.
ensis.
Cananore, Atschin. South India, Achin.
Xepal, Assam, Ceylon
(not Musalman).
Xone.
*T.X. Xepalenses,
Assamenses,
Ceylonenses.
XXY. A. Kara-Kojunli.
B. Ak-Kojunli.
C. Schirwanschahi.
Kara-Kuyunlid.
Ak-Kuyunlid.
Shirwan Shahs.
Till
Vll
CLASSIFICATION OP COINAGES.
51
PRAEHX'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIUH. CLASSES AS GIVEX ix THIS BOOK.
Vol. of
Claris. B.M. Cat.
XXV. Sefidcc, Oweisidse. Safavid, Afghan, \ ^
Efscharidoc, Sendidoj. Afsharid } Zand, /
Ivatscharidie. Kajar.
A. Chani Caucasici.
a. Chanatus Derben-
densis.
I. Chanatus
Schirwanensis.
c. Chanatus
Schekiensis.
d. Chanatus
Karabaahensis.
Amirs of Asia Minor. viii
XXVI. Sultani Osmanidas.
Othmanli.
XXVII, Scherifi Mauritania}. Sharif s of Morocco, Hasani.
and Filili. v
A. Abd-ul-Kadir. Abd al-Kadir.
B. Imami Arabia) Jukyhid, Zurayid, Easulid,
Felicis. Eassid, Imams of Sana. J?
XXVIII. Afghani.
KN. Asisc
Centralis.
Durrani, Barakzai.
Central Asian.
Xone.
Appendix I. a. A. Eeges Kings of Spain.
Hispania}.
A. Xorraanni Xorman Kings of Sicily. ,,
Eeges Sicilia3.
a.B. Eeges Georgia -
Antiqidores.
B. Eeges
Pagratida?.
XX. Georg. a Eussis
Kings of Georgia.
MUSALUAX NUMISMATICS.
Vs COXSPECTUS CLASSIFM. CLASSES AS GIVES* ix THIS BOOK.,
VoL of
3.3T. Oaf.
Class! s.
C. Europseorum in
India Orientali
Collegia llercatoria.
'Num. I/usit.
Appendix II. X.X. lluhamina-
dani Incerti.
E.L Company
and
Malay
Settlements.
Pathan Kings of Dehli. '
Governors and Kings of
Bengal.
Governors of Sind.
Kings of Kashmir.
Kings of Jaunpur.
Kings of Malwah. and
Gujarat.
Bahmani Kin^s.
Emperors,
None.
v 11
CLASSIFICATION OP COINAGES.
51
PRAEHX'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIUH. CLASSES AS GIVEX ix THIS BOOK.
Vol. of
Claris. B.M. Cat.
XXV. Sefidcc, Oweisidse. Safavid, Afghan, \ ^
Efscharidoc, Sendidoj. Afsharid } Zand, /
Ivatscharidie. Kajar.
A. Chani Caucasici.
a. Chanatus Derben-
densis.
I. Chanatus
Schirwanensis.
c. Chanatus
Schekiensis.
d. Chanatus
Karabaahensis.
Amirs of Asia Minor. viii
XXVI. Sultani Osmanidas.
Othmanli.
XXVII, Scherifi Mauritania}. Sharif s of Morocco, Hasani.
and Filili. v
A. Abd-ul-Kadir. Abd al-Kadir.
B. Imami Arabia) Jukyhid, Zurayid, Easulid,
Felicis. Eassid, Imams of Sana. J?
XXVIII. Afghani.
KN. Asisc
Centralis.
Durrani, Barakzai.
Central Asian.
Xone.
Appendix I. a. A. Eeges Kings of Spain.
Hispania}.
A. Xorraanni Xorman Kings of Sicily. ,,
Eeges Sicilia3.
a.B. Eeges Georgia -
Antiqidores.
B. Eeges
Pagratida?.
XX. Georg. a Eussis
Kings of Georgia.
0* MTSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
^\jiL: J Jt2 Jyt*u* (a governor) - V I ^j
Baysunkur Ak-Kuyunlid. A l1 ;t-J J-X- ^ILL: <_**! Yaku
Ak-Kuy mil-id . On Alimad Sliali's.
^L'i *^ ^lliL; Ptiistam (a governor) - J^ <U V ' JU& ^ <k
On Abu Said's.
. J J
. vr ^u>^u ^
,!ijb (jllsLc J Ai On coins of Husain Baikara (governor).
^. The meaning of ~*** Is still doubtful.
The following counter-marks are on Shaybanid coins :
c-: J Ai
Most of the places mentioned here will be found in the list of
mint towns, but others are uncertain ; they are given chiefly on
the authority of Tiesenhausen.
A coin of Pir Buclak and Yusuf Fuyan, Kara-Kuyunlid, is
counter-marked AT T ^^U^ ; the date is probably an error for
Al 1 . Eustanij Ak-Kuyunlid ? counter-marked coins of his pre-
decessor, Yakub ^U- *z~aj ^llsLs J dj: .
On a coin of Ala al-Din, Karaman Amir, is a counter-strike <d! ;
and one of Muhammad Artin, Amir of Mantasha, is counter-struck
with a Solomon's seal, a mark used by the Othmanlis.
^U^Lc is counter- struck on a coin of G-hazan Mahrnud, Mongol
of Persia, and ^ on Jalair coins. One of Shaykh Hasan Buzurg
and many of Shaykh Oways bear counter-marks, - *
COUXTER-2IAHKS. 55
* ; 1 U \ \ t , ;
- "f { *"' - v^Hy - crr!^- - ^.p*
' some Caving on tliem both one of the niint-nanies and also
-^p- d!\ .
These counter-marks are of various shapes^ round, oral, multi-
foil, etc., having usually within double lines the words in small
letters arranged in a pattern, and are often hard to decipher.
The coins of the Native States of India often bear marks of
stamping with punches of various shapes, known in that country
as shrof -marks ; they are made by money-changers, uJU*s, sarraf,
commonly called shrof, in the bazaars as private marks for
currency purposes, and also to see whether the coin is really all
silver or gold or a baser metal coated over, and they correspond
pretty much to the chop-marks made on dollars in China. Counter-
marks are not common on them, but occasionally ^sft or some other
JNagari letter or two may be seen.
56 MUSAL31AX XOI
The names of iiusalmans are not easy to understand, and are
often a difficulty to the student. The following, taken mainly
from an article on *' The Proper Xames of the Ifohammadans,"
by Sir T, E. Colebrooke (Royal Asiatic Society's Journal, 1879),
will explain the system.
The different classes of proper names are seven :
1. The ^L? , Alam, is the proper name of the individual. Among
the Musalmans there are no family names as in Europe,
and the Alam corresponds nearly with the Christian name,
as it is given soon after birth or at circumcision, and is
that by which he is familiarly known.
2. The <L^ , Ejinyat, is the name of relationship, as when a person
is described as the father, son, mother, or daughter of some
other person or object.
3. The u-^JL! , Lakab, includes titles of honour, religious and
political, and terms of reproach, descending even to personal
defects.
4. i.AwJ^, al-Ansab, or L^-W*J * J , Ism-i-nisbat, name of
relations as to origin, kindred, land of birth or adoption,
religion, trade or business, personal or other peculiarities,
etc.
5. <uLJI , al-Alamat, certain titles borne by princes which are not
reckoned among the personal appellations, but appear in
diplomas or in the heading of State documents.
6. The (j\^y Anwan, titles of honour applied to others than
princes.
7. The u^s*, Makhalas, or u AsC, Takhallas, the name of
fancy assumed by poets.
The Alam are arranged under three heads, viz. : (1) Names
borne by Muhammad's own. family or his companions, including
the name of the Prophet himself in its threefold form
PROPER NAMES. 07
the praised, ^z~\ the most praised, and **** the praised),
JUJsU - (juz , the first four Khalifs and the twelve Imams.
(2) Sanies of patriarchs and prophets mentioned in the Koran, such
as >jl Adam, iJU.^ Seth, (^.^ Enoch, - J ^oah, >U Shem,
^Jb^jl Abraham, J-ow-sl Ishmael, fj^s^\ Isaac, <>* Jacob,
_ L^rl Joseph, L-^-jt-i Jethro, J^y Hoses, ^,b> Aaron, c^yj
Job, L^J^-J Jonah, !?jJ Lot, CJ*Jli Saul, Jjlj David, ^l^Ls
Solomon, ^-^ Zechariah, y .~? j-s Ezra, u-Ul Elias, ^c"^ Jesus,
.^sT John, jyb Hud, &\y*\ Imran. (3) <d!l A f , servant of G-od,
and its synonyms, i.e. servant of God under any other of His
names, e.g.
Some of these are also included under Lakab.
The Kunyat might be translated as the surname or cognomen ;
it is made up generally of *>\ father, or ^\ son, with the name of
the father or son, as J^-s*^ *J\ - s*~^ [ ^j\ , or with some other
word making a sort of character name, sobriquet, or nickname,
such as ija&>- *}\ father of a young lion, ^j **\ father of victory.
Under this class come such surnames as Babar, Arghun, Aghlib,
Arslan, Timur, and others.
The Lakab, or honorary title, is applied either in the form of
a compound, of which those expressive of zeal for the faith or of
political importance are the most common, or by a single word or
epithet, like the Augustus, Pius, or Felix of the Romans. The
Lakab is largely used upon coins, and ruling princes are more
known by it than by their Alain or Ivanyat. A list of those found
oa llusalman coins is given below, and as a help in attributing
coins the class or dynasty in which the particular title was used
is added.
The al-Ansab and the Takhallas need not be considered with
regard to coin-legends, but the al-Alamat and the Anwan are of
much interest in numismatics, as the kingly titles are in many
cases characteristic or peculiar to the dynasty ; a list of them is
therefore given of a similar kind to that of the Lakab.
(Lakab).
Gujarat, Brother. +\
Choosing the Country and Pteligion. ,.; J! t Lo oJ! ^U->- -
Bengal.
Lion of the State, IS.jJi jJ
Shaybanid. Alexander Bahadur. ,jl# ,
Dehli Kings. Of the Age. ^UjJ!
Good Fortune of the State. <LL\il JU-I
Kings of Denia and Majorca.
Abbasid. The Trusty. ^
Dehli King. Amir of the Faithful, ^f^y
Ghaznawid. Of the Faith.
Atabegs. Zangid, Marnluk. ^jSljU^I Full Moon,
Zangid. Ghaznavid. Paleinbang Eaja. ^^
Georgia, Of the Messiah.
Slave. ^JuJ-
Of the Shah of the illayat, i.e. Ali. c-AUU
Shah of Persia.
Dehli King (Muhammad b. Taghlak). Dependent. ,lJu*l
Hudid. Ghurid. ^jjJL UjJl Splendour. \$
Buwayhid. Marwanid. Hudid, Ceuta Kings. iljdSl
Ukaylid. Chief of Batika. Turkistan.
Samanid, Ghurid,
HONORARY TITLES. 5
Dehli Kings. Bahmani. ^OuK Ljol Crown. _
Hudicl. Ghaznawid. King of Saragossa. <LLjJl
Governor of Sijistan. &1.^
Sultan of Aehin. Of the World. JUll
Buwayhid.
Sitting on the Throne. ^j^J
Eajgarh State (of Queen Victoria).
Ayyubid. Pious in the Faith. ^
Muwahhid. The Constant. ^^UH Seeker.
3Iarinicl. ]\Iuwahhid. In the way of God. <d!\ J^f* 5 1^ ->>
^jJljLj^ Glory. JL>-
Golden Horde. Dehli Kings. Bengal. Georgia.
Shah of Msabur. Saljuk. Ghaznawid. Mirdasicl. il jJ\ .
Golden Horde. Jalair. Bengal. ^i^\
Dehli Emperor. Kashmir. Khwarizm.
Dehli Queen Eizia. ^JJi ^ Lj
Shah Inchu Ahu Ishak. &^\ j ^ ^ Beauty.
Bnrid. Mamluk.
Ghaznawid. il^ll
Aehin. JUS!
Ghaznawid. <ILJI
Ukaylid. <L!jd!\ Hand, ^.l
Dehli Emperor. Conqueror of the World.
Fatimid. aJJl ^d! Guardian.
Ghaznawid. Of the mark of God. <d!l ^Lt
60
MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Ayrubid. Maniluk. Dehli King.
Fatimid.
Judge.
Dehli Kings and Emperors. E.I. Co. ^JJ Defender.
Indian States.
Bahmani.
Mamluk.
Saraanid, Ukaylid. King of Toledo.
Urtukid. ITamluk.
Georgia.
jSasricL Idrisid. Zairid.
Moorish.
Mongols of Persia.
Dehli Emperor.
Imam of Sana.
Tabaristan.
Abbasid.
HndicL
Abbasid.
Spanish King of Teifa.
Abbasid. Dulafid.
Abbasid. Tahirid.
Behli Emperor.
Sword. *L
i
Beautr.
Slave of God.
Just Ruler. J?ji J
One who invokes (God). ^J
<U;i , }
To the truth. jLsJi Jl
Holder of two offices. M ^o-l> J! J
U/" "J ^
Of two dominions. .J'jLJl & j
Of two swords.
Of two glories. t.; j
Of two vizicratcs. ( ,*-J ,1 ;S\ j
Of two right hands.
Asylum of the Faith.
Dehli King. Hoper for tie mercy of God the bountiful.
HONORARY TITLES, 61
Saljuk ( Abbasid Khalif). <d!b Orthodox.
Abbasicl. Samanid. Buwayhid. Easid. <dib Content. \
Abbasid. Marinid. MuwahMd. <d!b The Guider. J
Spanish Abbasid.
Mirdasid. Zl*d\
Abbasid (All). The Pleasing.
Dehli Queen Bizia. ^AlLuJwvH Accepted.
Of eminent degree. ^j^}\ c^W,\!!
Dehli Emperor. Indian State Saronj (of Queen Victoria) .
Behli Emperor. Ll^l\
Saljuk. ^L4 ! l Pillar.
Saljuk. Maoiluk. ^oJl^LjjJ
Turldstan. Dehli Kings. Bengal.
Saljuk. Ziyarid. Buwayhid. LLjJ
Urtukid. Zangid. Amul Prince.
Saljuk. Urtukid. Khwarizm. Achin. ^^\
TJkaylid. Leader of the State. JjjJl
Achin Queen. Pure in the Eaith.
Of the servants of God. ^UH Ornament.
Kashmir. Filili Sharifs.
Mamluk. ^jJ
Buktiginid. Mamluk.
Ghaznawid.
Shadow of Divine Favour, ill J^
Dehli Emperor (Shah Alam) .
Ghaznawid. Abbadid. ty<d\ Lamp. J\^-
Dehli Emperor (Bahadur Shah). ^i^'
62 MUSALHAN NUMISMATICS.
Eamdanid. <LhjJJ Felicity.
liarlnicL llamluk. The Fortunate.
DehiiKing. The Second. .jW Alexander.
Dehli Emperor 3Iurad Bakhsh. Bengal. Afalwah.
Bengal. Jondhpur.
d. KakwayMd, ^jj\ Eminence. *U
Bahmani. "Worthy to "be called the ^^J ^ J*^ 5 - "V*
friend of the Compassionate.
Kakwayhid. ILjJI Light.
Kakwayhid. Ghaznawid.
IS^!I Spear.
Samanid. lUl 1 ! Prop.
Ayyubid. Burid. Easnlid. ^iL!l!i Sword.
G-haznawid. ^JJI
King of Sana. Yaman. ,*U^
Danishmandid. Dehli King.
Mamluk. Behli Kings. Jaimpur.
Bengal. Sind.
Samanid. Ghaznawid. Hamdanid. Zangid. L!
Zairid. Hudid. Turkistan.
TJrtukid. Fatirnid. AyynMd. Zangid. ^
li King.
King of Tortosa.
Mirdasid -
Whelp.
HONORARY TITLES. 63
Ghaznawid. Ail I Glory. <_J
Spanish Iloiayyad. Buwayhid. Zairicl. Toledo. &$*^\
1'kaylid. Turlastan.
Aubid. i-^
Danishmandid. Atabeg. DeliliKing. ^.jJJKLjj^ Sun.
Bengal. Gujarat. Bahmani. Jaunpnr.
BuwayMcl. Atabeg. Turldstan. Budlis. .\*^\
Urtukid. Atabeg. Budlis. Kasulid. Hashmir, ^Jdll
DeHi Kings and Emperors.
Buwayhid. Saljnk. 1UH
Ziyarid. Eminence. JLwJl
Burid. ol*3\
v*
Behli Kings. Bengal. ^jJ^ LjjJ\ Bright Star.
Dehli Emperor (Jahangir).
Ghaznawid. Turkistan. dJ 5 j!|
Behli Emperor (Shah Jahan). Kashmir. ^^
Burid. Maniluk.
Tunis. Just.
Ayyubid. ITamluk. Hadramaut. Good.
ISTasrid. Little.
Queen of Achin. ^ Brightness,
Zangid. Ayyubid. Maniluk. Rectitude. -L>
Ayyubid. Mamluk. Buktiginid. Easulid. ^jJl^ LjjJ\
Ayyubid. amluk. Easulid. Achin. ^Jl
Buwayhid. Mirdasid. I^t Keen Sword. *
Easulid. ^\ Lion.
64
3IUSAL3IAN
Budlis.
Buwayhid. llarwanid. Ukaylid. Batiha.
Barakzai 'Abel al-Rahman)
Abbasid. Buwayhid.
Sataanid. Ziyarid. Sijistan.
Abbasid. Idrisid. Uncertain Moorish,
Abbasid. Ayyubid. Fa timid,
Idrisid.
Abbasid. Saljuk. cd
Ayyubid. Main Ink. Dehli Xing.
Fatimic'L
Dehli King,
Saljuk. Malay. A chin.
Saljuk.
Shah of Persia (Abbas III). Lucknow.
Ghaznawid. Ziyarid. Kakwayhid.
Kashmir. Dehli Emperor.
Georgia.
Ghaznawid.
Danishmandid.
Ayyubid.
Ayyubid.
Idrisid.
Very commonly used.
Eatimid.
Shaybanid.
Light. Lc=
Obedient.
Conqueror. Jit
[i Manifest.
Shadow. Ji
Supporter. -^
The Just.
<d!b Excellent.
<d!l Slave. tX-
Of God and his "Waliyat. iJj j <dll
HONORARY TITLES.
Abbasid. Fatimid. Othmanii.
Dehli King (Muhammad b. Taghiak). The Aster.
Spanish Umayyad. Ziyanid, Filili Sharif.
Afghanistan. Sintl.
Fatimid.
Ghaznawid.
Dehli Eing. Abbas.
Umayyad. Hafsid. Marinid. King of Mercia.
Othmanli. Kashghar.
Sharif of Morocco.
Abbasid.
Shaybanid.
Fatimid. Othmanli. '
Bahmani. The Adored One.
Umayyad. Abbasid. Spanish Umayyad.
Samanid. Yalencia. Sharif s of Morocco.
Marinid. Muwahhid. Shaybanid. ^^
lluwahhid. d^
Abbasid. Shaybanid. <dil Little Slave.
Abbasid. Buktiginid. e^^J ^^ Bisposition.
Zangid. Urtnkid. Ayyubid.
Ghaznawid. Hamdanid. ^^\
Saljuk. ^\
Saljuk. Zangid. Dehli Kings. ^^11^ LjjJl Glory.
Bengal.
Shirwan Shah. ^^\ ^
Buwayhid. Ghaznawid.
Ghaznawid. Zangid. Saldutid. Danishmandid.
Mamluk.
Buwayhid.
5
66
MTJSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
Fatimid. Avrubid. Uanxhik, Golden Horde. Excellent, j *.^
>*>
Fatiinid. <d!'j
Dchli Emperor (Ahmad Shall). E.I. Co. ^j jjl
Bengal Kings. <.d!! 4jLL>- Arm. j*is
Buwayhid. Spanish Abbasid. Spanish Kings. <L!.jJ\
Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Zangld. Siyarid.
Msabur. ^ jj K i!j Jvl I
Ghaznawid. Kakwayhid. Saljuk. Sijistan. &:.^
KakwayMd. TJrtukid. ^^ *\J^.\ Glory. Is.
Saljuk. Ehwarizm. Kisabin. Mamluk.
llongols of Persia. Karainan. Dehli Kings.
llalwah. Bengal. Bahmani.
Kakvayhid. Ghaznawid. Malwah. *JjjJ\ ,,
Ghaznawid. Khwarizm. Xaraman. Kashmir. , ^j^i
(*s
Bahmani. Malwah. Achin.
Bengal. ^l] * jJ\
Ukaylid. &i^\ Knowing. *k~
Buwayhid. Urtukid. ^oil^ UjjH Pillar. jUt
Zangid. Ayynbid. Mamlnk.
Hudid. Saragossa. Denia. Buwayhid. <LLjJl ??
Ghaznawid. Saljuk.
Buwayhid. Urtukid. Zangid. &}.^
Danishmandid. Mamluk. Saljuk.
^.^\ Pillar or Support.
Saljuk.
Abbasid.
llarwanid.
Banishmandid.
Khokand.
i!^jj\ Chief or Safety.
Of the Amirs. \j*$\ Bridle.
Hu^\ Eye.
<dSl Champion.
HONORARY TITLES. 67
Xasrid. Marwankl. Ghaznawid. d!b Overcoming. e^'U
Luckno\v. ^*rl~ x '' ??
Xasricl. &J'o Rich, ^^i
Bengal. ^Lu^i *!L/J! Defender. eL?*~
Buwayhid. ^U^ Assister. cL?^
Siiliuk. Mongols of Persia. ' ,. s 'j,;^ Ljjll
J ^- LL" v '
Shahs of Persia. Zangid. Ghnrid. Othmanli.
Dehli Kings. Bengal. South India. Gujarat.
Bahmani.
Golden Horde. L A! 1 ^\
Saljuk. Urtukicl. Ghnrid. Golden Horde. &:\^ ?
Khwarizm. Ayyubid. Malwah. Gujarat.
Fatimid. t&\ j&j Overcoiner. j5U
Durrani. War. L*\i5f Victory, ^vi
Bengal. ^.jiU LjjJ\ J}
Shah of Persia. Az ,,
Ghaznawid. in-l Glory. *sr
Bengal. ^ji\j UjjJ!
Buwayhid. Saljuk. l!.jj\
Ghaznawid. Urtukicl. Danishmandid. Mamluk. ,.tJ^H
{ ^. }}
Saljuk. ^1^!!
Dehli King (Shir Shah). ^oM . LJ jJI Pearl. JuJ
Abbasid. Excellence. J*s
Hamdanid, ^111
Xasricl. Preceptor. iJii
Buwayhid. i^Sl Orbit or Ship.
Ziyarid. High Matters. JUJ1
05 31USALMA3? XOII83IATICS.
Abbasid. Buwayhid. Ghaznawid. <dl'o Powerful. ,jj
Kakwayhitl. 3Iarwanid. Turkistan. Toledo.
Ximitl Amirid. Teifa, Valencia.
Spanish Umayyad. Hammudid. Idrisid. Distributor. *J3
Fatimid.
Abbasicl. Saljuk. AJJl? Conqueror. JbU
Bengal. Of the Enemies of God. A!!! 1 J^3
Ghaznawid.
Abbasicl. Ghaznawid. Buwayhid. Saljuk. Stedfast. J
Turkistan. Patimid. Lliaylici
Fatimid. Ayyubicl ajjb
Abbasid. Muwaahid. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. <d!| ^sb , ?
Eakwayliid. Turkistan. Eatimid. Mamluk.
Hafsid. Hasani Sharifs. MurabiticL
Ghaznawid. By the Decree of God. <dll (c^s^
/ Mamluk. Bengal. ^x^43\ .^ Companion.
Ghaznawid. ^^^a^Sl .^/tl L
Zangid. Dehli lung. ^\j LJjil Pole Star.
Gu j arat. S outh India.
Turkistan. ^JjjJl
Buktiginid. TJrtukid. Zangid.' Saljuk. ^jJl
Ehwarizm. Dehli Kings. Gujarat. Kashmir.
Ghaznawid. Marwanid.
Bengal. i'Jjdii Moon.
Buwayhid. iljjJl Support.
Buwayhid. ^jJI
Urtukicl. Zangid, Buktiginid. Ayyubicl. Perfect.
Mamluk.
HONORARY TITLES. 69
Zangid. ^jM Perfection. JUS
Ghaznavid.
Bmrayhid. Kurdish Chief. /-!! Asylum.
Haindankl. U1 Bounty.
Spanish. Abbasid. King of Keifa. Preserved.
Xunid. Muwahhid.
BehliKing. ^jjJIj LjjJt Warrior,
Hamudid. ^l!b Strengthened.
Abbasid. Samanid. Ikhshidid. <d! Pious.
Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Sijistan.
Xasrid. ^UU Holding fast,
Abbasid. Tahirid. ^SJ! ^ Trusting in God.
Inchu. Sana. Marinid. Hafsid. Sp. Umayyad.
Cordova. Hudid. Badajoz. Ziyadid. Bahmani.
Rasulid. Benia. Ayyubid. Warrior.
Gujarat. iJjA!\
Hudid. ^Ji\
In the Path of God. ^\ JU-M J
Dehli King. Bengal.
Buwayhid. TJkaylid. Badajoz, .1^1 Grandeur.
Kakwayhid. Cordova. Kurdish Chief.
Urtukid. ^oJ
Burid. ^^ Protector.
Urtukid. Ghaznawid. Ayyubid. <L!^*xH Eeviver.
Mamluk. ^
Saljuk. Behli Emperor (Aurangzib). ^
Urtukid.
70 3IUSALMAX NUMIS3IATIC&.
Bengal. Distinguished by the ^^J,\ c^oUj
Grace of the Compassionate One.
iluwahhid. Xasrid. Eejcctecl c
lluwahhid. Sp. Umayyad. Majorca. Cliosen.
BiiwayMd. Guardian of Frontier.
Timurid. ,.JjJ\ Guide.
ti/
Dehli Emperor (Iturad Bakhsh). ^J^ "Wedded to.
Abbasid. <d!L One who seeks directipn.
Ghaznawid. Saljuk, Atabeg.
Abbasid. Msabur. dlSl^b Seeker of Light.
TJrtukid. 2angid. Atabeg. Ayynbid.
Abbasid. Ghaznawid. id!b "Who implores help.
Sp. Umayyad. Saljnk. Burid.
Abbasid. Saljuk. d)b Who takes fast hold,
Urtukid. Zangid. Atabeg. Ayyubid. Mamluk.
Dehli Kings. Easulid. Gujarat. Bahmani.
Belonging to al-llust asim ; belonging to al-Salih.
Mamluk Queen Shajar al-Durr.
Eatimid. Hamudid. IdrisicL ^sJJlj Most High.
Abbasid. a.Ub Who seeks assistance,
Sp. Umayyad. Hudid. ISTasrid. Mebla.
Mamluk.
Abbasid, <d!U "Who puts his whole trust.
Sp, Umayyad. Samanid. Volga Bulghar. Tuzun.
Yaman. Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Sijistan.
Dehli Kings. Bengal.
HONORARY TITLES, 71
Abbasid. Urtnkid. ^Ul? "Who implores help,
Zangid.
<d!b "Who seeks aid.
On many varieties of coins of between A.H. 623 and 640.
Also 3Iuwahhid. Fatiaiid. Hafsid. Hammudid.
llarinid. Sp. TJmayyad. Dehli Kings. Sind.
l
Established by God the Shield, the
Bahmani. Ever Bestowing, the Overcoming.
Buwayhid. 4-LiM Exalted. J
Abbasid. Ikshidid. Sarnanid. <0i Obedient. -fc-jk*
Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Ziyarid. Sijistan. Yaman
Governors. Amul Prince.
Abbasid. Ayyubid. Badajoz. Conqueror.
Easulid. Tuzun. Amiricl. 3Iainluk.
Zayrid. Turkistan. Talencia. Gujarat.
Buktiginid. ^jtJJl^LjjJ
Buktiginid. \*jL^\ 3 Jj**S
Buktiginid. Mangit. Salgharid. Yaman. ^JJ
Abbasid. ^uJb "Who is made illustrious.
King of Saragossa and of Sicily.
Abbasid. Euclid. Valencia. <d!b "Who relies on. >,
lluwahhid. Easulid. BahmanL
Gujarat.
Abbasid. lluwahhid. Saraanid. <d!b Petitioner.
Dulafid. Tulunid. Muzaffarid. Abbadid.
Dehli Kings. Of God the Gracious.
Bahmani.
Dehli Kings. 0! God the Protector.
NUMISMATICS.
Hammudid. ^b Lion.
Abbasid. Tulunid. ^\ ^^L: "Who relies upon.
Saffarid. Dawudid. Abbadid. Bulafid.
Ukaylid. j.ji\
Sp. TJmayyad. <d!b Arranged.
Fatimid. ITamlnk. Zayrid. "Who honours,
Saljuk. Atabeg, Hazandaran. ^ojj^ U3^\
DeMi King.
Kings of Denia, Tortosa, and Saragossa. <L!jjJl
BuwayMd, (xhaznawid. Saljuk. Mirdasid.
Saljuk. Fatimid. Zangid. Dehli Emperors. &i^
Maldive.
Fatimid. Ayyubid. <d!l ^l
Urtukid. ( ^^^\ ^i\ Fixed.
Urtukid. ^Ul!\
Urtukid. il^jJl
Saljuk. Timurid. Dehli Emperors. &}^
Buwayhid. <v^ Giving aid to.
Saljuk. Atabeg. Bengal. ^jJl ^ LoJl
Othmanli. ,.^A!! Conqueror.
o i
Abbasid. Committed to the care of God. <d!\ Jl
Tulunid.
Saffarid. Samanid. Sijistan. <d!U Powerful.
Hudid. Sajid. Yaman Governor.
Abbasid. <dl^lj
Abbasid. Follower of the order of God. t!&\ ~\i
Ghazna-wid. Saljuk.
HONORARY TITLES,
The order of God. <d!l y .VJ Who follows. ^
Abbasid. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. ITazandaran. Murcia.
Abbasid. Tulunid. Saffarid. *Ub Content.
Samanid.
3Iarwanid. cJajJ! Who lays the foundation. J^l
Easulid. &:.^
Abbasid. Hafsid. <dlb Conqueror. +*>
Of the Eace of the Divine Prophet. *d!l J^, J'J
Samanid.
The Expected for the Command of God. di!\^*3^!iu*
Fatimid interregnum.
Avenger of God's Enemies for the sake of God's Religion.
Abbasid (Kahir).
Abbasid. Ayynbid. Fatimid. Protected
Easicl. Samanid. Ghaznawid. 3Iamluk. ^ajahid.
Sp. Umayyad. Muwahhid. Kings of Valencia,
Ceuta, Eadajoz, and Cordova. Hasani Sharif s.
Kings of Sicily. Fatimid. Ayyubid. ^U
Hafsid.
Eahmani.
Kashmir. ij^ Illuminating,
Undid. Curator.
Abbasid. Samanid. Hammuclid. <xi!lj Favoured.
Idrisid. Dulafid. Denia. Majorca. Badajoz.
uwahhid. ^i!b Faithful,
Samanid. Basulid. Strengthener or Strengthened. Jo **
Ayyubid. Mamluk.
Sp. Umayyad. Undid, Tortosa. <dllj ,
Valencia. Ceuta.
Bengal By the help of the ITereiful. ^^)\ Jj*b
Gujarat. Jaunpur. Bahmani.
Bu\rayhid. Bawandid. <LSjdl!
Samanid. <d!l ^^ ??
Turkistan. Jj\J\ 7J
Bahmani. i**^
Abbadid. ITarinid. Bahrnani. ^111 .^s^j
> "
Directing by the order of God. $\ ^b ^jlf^
King of Sicily.
Abbasid. <d!b Guided aright.
Sp. Umayyad. Hammudid. d!U Presented.
iFatimid. Easid. Idrisid. Abbadid. Sana.
Buwayhid. Marwanid. iJtjJi Sincere.
Lovecl of the Amir of the Faithful.
Dehli Queen Eizia.
Zangid. Yalencia. Sana. Hammudid. Defender.
Ayyubid. Marnluk. Basulid. Spanish.
Bengal.
Urtukid. Dehli King. Bengal.
Turkistan.
Urtukid. Zangid. Ayyubid,
llamluk. Dehli Kings. Sind. Bengal. Gujarat.
Hamclanid. Samanid. Majorca. Bawandid. ii^jJ
Yery commonly used. *1!1 ^^\ and (
HONORARY TITLES.,
Mamluk.
01 tlie Nazarenes (Christians).
Norman Kings of Sicily.
Ayyubid.
Urtukid. Ayyubid. 3Iamluk.
llarwanid.
Kashmir.
Buwayhid.
Dehli Queen Eizia.
King of Aliar.
Urtukid, Danishmandid.
Urtukid.
Ghaznawid.
Ghaznawid. Kashmir. Lucknow.
Ghaznawid.
Afghanistan. Of the World,
Zangid. Easulid. Bengal.
Turkistan.
Urtukid. Ghaznawid. Mamlnk.
Dehli Emperor Jahangir. Durrani.
Achin Queen.
Inchu. Marinid. Jalair.
Ahbasid. Hudid. MuwahMd. Hafsid.
Hasani Sharifs. Dehli Kings, Gujarat.
Gujarat.
Dehli Kings. Bengal. Bahmani.
BahmanL
<LL! I
**! 1 L j A! \ Star.
Helping.
Defence,
Defender.
r Light.
JU!\
Confiding.
ilSb .
76 MUSALHAX NUMISMATICS.
In the help of the Almighty. ^A
Dehli King Firuz II.
Khwarizm,
JIalwah. The Eternal, the Firm. ,^j*
Inchu. Doubtful. Ji> or
llalwah. The King the Protector. .^Ui
Jalair. The King, the Country. ,l;jJ'
Dehli Kings.
llamluk. Queen llothcr.
Ghaznawid. *d*!l Veigher. ^u
Son of the Prince of the Apostles. c t*L^Jl ^ d*
Bengal (Husain).
Umayyad. Hasani Sharif, Son. JuL
Abbasid. Guide. ijjU
Rasid. ijsA Jl ?J
Sana. <dii ,jjJ
Rasulid. lt ,>^\ Lion, j^
Bengal. o ^y!^S Eight Hand.
Dehli King, ilalwah.
Bengal, <J
Ghaznawid.
BEGAL TITLES. /<'
EEGAL TITLES (Alamat and Aawan).
Imam. Keligious Chief.
Chagatai. Of Amirs. UVJ1
Muwahhid. Hudid. Of the People. l^l\
Hasani Sharif s. Of the Imams. <rUj-i
Chagatai. Dehli lungs. The Great. +*zl\
Bengal Kings.
Of the Church of the Messiah. *srUA/*!\ <U.J1
King of Cordova. (Of the Pope of Eome.)
Abbasid. Zand of Persia. Of the Truth. ^J-sT or
Of the Age and the Khalifat. dUrL
Shaybanid.
Ayyubid. The Manifest.
^U!I ^ alll Lp- JJ^b JUl! o
The directed Imam, the Overseer by the Command
of God, the Evidence of God against the
Creation. (S. Lane Poole.)
Eatiniid (interregnum).
Saljuk. ^W tJoljl Zangid. Lord Father.
Golden Horde. King of the Horde, ujl^ *A
Amir. Prince. ^\ - j*
Samanid. Ghaznawid. Most Illustrious.
Hafsid. Saljuk. Turkistan.
Buwayhid. Timurid. The Greatest.
78 MUSAL31AN NI
Bu way hid. Gliaznairid. Kakwayhid. Of Amirs. .VJ'
Of the Amirs, the Directors. ^J Ju-i J! LVJ1
lluwahhid. Hafsid. Marinid. Ziyanid.
Samanid. Turkistan. Illustrious. JJ^i ,,
Dehli King. Protector of the Paith. ,., r jJ ,
Buwayhid. Ghaznawid. Mirdasid. Lord.
Dehli Kings. Of the East and the West. <_>.i!l . j ; ^
Turkistan. Buwayhicl. Just. J^ltl!
King of Mebla. Of the West *-^
Alphonso VIII of Spain. Of the Catholics. ^iLii!! J?
3Iurabit. Manranid. Of the Moslems.
Huclid. ^"asrid. Cordova.
Yaman King. Conqueror, .i
Timurid. Eminent.
King of Mercia. Our Lord.
Very commonly used. ' Of the Faithful. (1 ^^>
Hamdanid. Strengthened. Jo
Mongols of Persia. Illvhan.
Mongols of Persia. Salgharid. ^k^ll
Mongols of Persia.
King Alphonso VIII. King of Cordova. Pope, bb
Mongols of Persia. Of Islam. >Lsl
King of Cordova. Of Eome. <U
Mangit. Padshah. i'Lijb
Mongols of Persia, Ji^S
Excellent King of the Surface of the Earth.
Ataheg. Zangid.
REGAL TITLES.
Dehli Emperor
(Earukh Siyar).
Dehli Emperor. Bhopal.
Dehli Emperor (Jahandar).
Dehli Emperor. Lucknow.
Golden Horde.
Mongols of Persia. Salgharid.
Of Sea and Land. 1 & .2
> xV
Begum. Queen,
Of the World.
Of the Age.
Of the World. JL
79
alt jb
Othmanli. Dehli Emperors. Kashmir.
Durrani. Native States of India. E.I. Co.
Dehli Emperor (Azam Shah).
Othmanli.
Saljuk.
Achin King.
Bengal King,
Mongols of Persia.
Very commonly used.
Samanid. Kings of Saragossa,
Cordova, and Denia.
Dehli Emperors.
Of Ptcalms.
Pashah.
Princes.
Eegent.
Prince.
Prince. L-X.^
Chamberlain. L
His Majesty. 2>Us <
Mongols of Persia. Shahs of Persia. Emperor.
Dehli Emperors. Astrakan. Turkistan.
Tnrkistan. Timuricl. Shaybanid. Jar! 1
Chagatai. Krim. Mongols of Persia.
Shahs of Persia. Greatest,
Shaybanid. Krim. Most 3s T oble.
OthmanlL Of the Two Seas.
80 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Shahs of Persia. Son of the Emperor. ^Uls^ j
Tlmiiriii. Shaybanid. Chagatai. Jjlx>
Shaybanid. Dehli Emperor. Xoble. ,*t\,4.!<
Khokand. Golden Horde. Krim. Khan.
Shaybanid. Othmanli. Kara and Ak-Kuyunlid.
Turkistan. J^-S
Great Khans. ^^:
Afghanistan. Afghan. ^Uj
Indian Native States. jU
Golden Horde. Shaybanid.
Great Khans.
Khiva.
Turkistan.
Atabeg of !Mosil. Zangid. Lord of the World. *!U jj\ Jo-
in very common use. Khalif.
Abbasid. lluwahhid. ^U* !
Abbasid. Ghaznawid. Behli Kings. <dl
Dehli Kings. Jaunpur. Mahvah. ( ^^^\
Shaybanid. Malay.
Dehli King.
3S"asrid. Hudid. Abbaside. -5-^^
King of Sicily. Duke.
Indian Native States. Eaja.
,, EajaofEajas. T j^Jfcj
Lord.
Muwahhid. Marinid. Of the Worlds.
Hafsid. Hudid. Zayad. Kings of Mercia.
Dehli Kings. Ziyanid. ITorocco Sharifs.
REGAL TITLES. 81
Sliahs of Persia. Of the Easts.
Lucknow. Possessed of Many Claims.
Sultan.
Ukaylid. \j"
Shahs of Persia. Othmanli. Dehli Kings. ^
Bengal, Uaiwah.
Bahmani. Excellent. _
Atabegs of Mosil. Ghaznawid. *Lsl1
Mamluk. AyyubicL ^j-^Lu^ll ^ ^!Lo-\
Very commonly used. Jas5H
Othmanli. .^\
Bengal. Munificent.
Othmanli. Of the Two Continents.
Among the Sultans of the World. ^
Shah of Persia (Hadir).
Othmanli. Maldive King.
Afghanistan. e)^"*
Malwah. The Gracious. **bz\
1 *JJ!
The Gracious, the Generous, Kind to the Servants
of God, the Eich, the Protector.
Bahmani.
Buwayhid, Ghaznawid, U
Bahmani.
Afghanistan.
Dehli King. Happy.
Bengal. Malwah.
6
S2 MUSALHAN NUMISMATICS.
Othmanii.
Bahmani. Besembling the Friend of the Merciful One.
Ghaznawid. Dehli King. Of the East, v ^Jl
w>
Mamluk. Dehli King. The Witness. Ju^j\
Very commonly used. J JciSl _ Jj^Sl . J jW\
Mongols of Persia. Othmanli. Bengal ^Uli
Ayyubicl. ;j : J(
vv
Bahmani. Of the Epoch and Age. ^UJ!^^!!
Saljuk. Shahs of Persia. Shaybanid. ^-;U!1
Eara Kuynnlid. Othmanli. Dehli Kings.
Atabeg. Saljuk.
Sen gal. Conqueror. *
Bahmani. i
*
Bahmani. Powerful k Islam.
Mongol of Persia (Abu Said).
Malwah.
Muzafiarid Obedient and Obeyed, clk^l
(Shah Shuja).
Yery commonly used.
Mamluk. Timurid. Othmanli.
Golden Horde (Aziz Shaykh), Deceased. *p- UM
Mysore (Tipu). ^\
Mongols of Persia (Abu Said). j J |
Mongols of Persia The Directing. O ~A^
(Abu Said).
Mongol of Persia (Sati Beg).
KEGAL TITLES. 83
'Samanid. Buwayhid. Mangit. Khokand. Prince. Juj
Khiva. Astrakhan.
Samanid. L*l'1 ,,
King of Benia. !jJl
Bengal. L~JJ>\
The Chief. ^U!
The Princes, Chiefs. *L^ ijLJI
Sayyid Chiefs of Karmati.
Ghaznawid. Dehli Emperor (Humayun). ^.^JsLJl
Fatimid. Bengal. Of the Apostles. ^L^M
llongols of Persia. Shahs of Persia. Shah. 5 Li
Dehli. Bengal. Kashmir. Indian States.
Ayynbid. Of Armenia. ^J\ n
Behli Emperors. kJ^rT
Kings of Benia and Tortosa. UjjJl J?
Urtukicl. OfDiarbakr. J^J^ J?
Behli Emperor. Asylum of the Faith, asl^j jj ,,
Lucknow.
Behli Emperor. E.I. Co. Indian States. Jlc
Achin.
Partabgarh State, Eajpntana. Of London. ^JcJ
Buwayhid. Eong of Kings.
Saljnk. Kakwayhid.
llarwanid. Shahs of Persia. Behli Emperors.
Saljnk.
llongols of Persia.
Bengal. Generous. JjL
Behli Emperor (Eafi al-Barjat). Jj
84: MUSALM1X KU1EISMATICS.
Dehli Emperor (Jahangir).
Shall of Persia QMIr). Of Kings.
Shall of Persia (Muhammad). Of the Prophets. LJ.1
Sharifs of Morocco. o*?^ an( i ^M^\ Sharif. L^i' -*
Mongols of Persia. Mamluk. Shaikh,
Hasani Sharif.
Lord. L^^
Afghanistan. ^UJl Shahs of Persia, ^Uj ,,
Othmanli. JjUS\
Othmanli. Of ITight and Victory by land and sea.
Of the Happy Conjunction. ^L
Shah of Persia (jS'adir). Dehli Emperors.
Second Lord of the Happy Conjunction. ^Jll ; ^\
Behli Emperors. Indian States.
ATbbasid. ^\ Officer. U
Abbasid. Kings of Majorca. Ayyubid. t&\ Slave
Patimicl. Of God and his Wall. <U^ ^ ^
Dehli King (Muhammad b. Taghlak). Hoper.
Spanish Umayyad.
Bahmani.
Abbasid. IljjJl Officer.
Shah of Persia (Tahmasp I). Slaye of Ali.
Indian State.
Mongols of Persia. Salgharid. Atabegs. Kan .J13 _ ..
er
REGAL TITLES, 85
Zangid. llongols of Persia.
Golden Horde. Mongols of Persia. J J*
Ctesar Augustus. u^uJ^l - s^*ui - L^%^
King of Sicily.
Kutch and other Indian States, Kaiser i Hind. A
applie'd to Queen Yictoria.
Dog.
Of the threshold of the Pleasing One. \&j ^li
Shah of Persia (Shah Eukh).
Of the threshold of Ali. ^ ^k
Shah of Persia (Husain).
Of the Amir of the Faithful. ^^\^
Shah of Persia (Husain).
Of the Sultan of Khurasan. ^U .^
Shah of Persia (Shah Bukb).
Shah of Persia (Abbas II). Of Ali.
Kings of Sicily. Count.
Yictoria. V.jt^? Queen.
England or Inglistan. ^
Jo,j& ^ ^\j\ < ^1
Queen Yictoria adorning the throne of
Inglistan and Hind.
Indian States. -
King. LJ3U .
'Saljuk. Ghaznawid.
Saljuk. Zangid. Ayyubid. Mamluk.
Atabeg. Ghaznawid.
Urtukid. Excellent.
Urtukid. Atabeg. Danishmandid. Zangid. Ahar. \j*i\
Bu^-ayhid.
bt> MU8ALMAX NUMISMATICS.
L^SL J^JI
Zangid. Of Amirs of the East and the West.
Urtukid. Of Honoured Amirs. ( ^s^ \
AyynMd. J^
Saljuk. ysdLj
^ Jc
Of the two Continents and two Seas.
Sadite Sharif,
Of the two Continents and two Seas and
Syria and the fovo Iraks.
Othmanli (llurad III),
Urtukid. Diarbakr. &
Bengal Kings. ^^
Zangid.
Of the necks of the Nations. **
i
Mongol of Persia (Uljaitu).
Of the necks of Christians. \^J
King of Sicily.
Urtukid. Mamlak. Ghuricl.
Ghnrid. Banishmandid.
Zangid. Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk,
Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk.
Urtukid. Danishmandid. Atabeg. JUl!
Buvayhid. Urtukid. Zangid.
Eatimid. Ayyubid. Maniluk.
Dehli Kings.
Of the Arabs and foreigners. ^slU c-yJ! n
King of Aden.
Zangid. Ayyubid.
KEGAL TITLES. 87
Fatrmid. Ayyubid.
Saljuk.
Urfrukid. Ayyubid Mainluk. Shaybaiiid.
Danishmandid. Powerful.
Urtukicl. Prosperous. J
Saraanid (Mansur b. jSTuh). Strengthened.
Commonly used.
Ghaznawid. King of Sicily.
Delili Emperor (Jaliangir).
Buwayhid. Kakwayhid. Georgia.
Georgia. Of Eings and Queens. ^-?liiU^
Samanid. Ghaznawid. Zangid. Urtukid.
Saljuk. Ayyubid. llamluk. Easulid.
Samanid. Favoured.
Samanid. Mainluk. Hasani Sharif s. Easulid,
Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. .^
Kings of Sicily. Christians,
Eaja of Cannanore (according to Soret)
The Unique of the lungs of the Age,
Zurayid. Elng of the Arabs and of the Yamin.
Zurayid.
Dehli Queen (Eizia). Queen.
Mamluk.
Georgia. Indian States.
Georgia. Of Queens.
Georgia. tuliUH
Dehli Eing (Taj al-Din Tildiz). Slave.
88
MUSALMA3T NUMISMATICS.
.
Of Mamun.
Mongols of Persia. Prince.
Abbasid. TaMricl. Samanid. ~i*+i*.\ ^t
o- j >
Amir al-Umara.
Ghaznawid.
Abbasid.
Indian States. ITaharaja, As*-UU* - l
Indian States. ITaliarao.'
The Malidi.
Our Imam.
Yiceroy.
Muwahhid.
MnwaliMd.
Imam of Sana.
Hafsid.
SulayMd.
Kasbnir. Banmani. Dehli Kings.
Jaunpur. Eing of Sana.
And Great Khalii.
timid Wazir (Abu AH Ahmad).
Shahs of Persia.
Abbasid,
Haidarabad in Decean. Mzam.
Tnrkistan. iljjJ
Ghaznawid. Danishmandid. Marwanid. ^.^
Taman King. ( jy^t^
Prophet.
Chief of Makalla.
Chief.
REGAL TITLES,
89
Indian States.
Shahs of Persia.
Samanid.
Fatimid.
Xawab.
Governor.
Yizir.
^-H ^ Lt Heir.
Belili Emperor. Hurnayun. BatLmani. "Wali.
TJmayyad. ALbasid.
Samanid.
Ghaznawid. Dehli Kings.
Atabeg. Hamndid.
Abbasid. Hudid. Patimid.
Ghaznawid. Buwayhid. Hamndid. Zangid.
Saljuk. Murabitid. Ayyubid. EatimicL
King of Mercia. Bengal.
'Timurid.
31USA.L31AN XOllSMATICS*
LIST OF THE OF AID
The names and dates of the kings of the many dynasties
who issued Musalman coins will be found in Lane Poolers
ilohammaclan Dynasties " and in the volumes o! the British
Museum Catalogue. A list of them would be too long to "be
given here, but as the names of the Khalifs of Baghdad and
of the Egyptian Ehalifs are upon the coins of many dynasties
who acknowledged the authority of the Khali ? more or less, and
the name often helps to fix a doubtful date, the following may
"be useful.
SHOBT
1. Mtuiwiya I.
2. Tazidl.
3. Htuiwiyall.
4. Harwfin I.
5. 'Abdal-MaHk.
6. al-Widl.
7. Sulayman.
8. 'TJmar.
9. YazidIL
10. Hisham.
11. al-WalidIL
IJmayyad Zhalifs.
FULL J^AME.
uXUll
^U-L
Juj; ^ JLO
DATE A.E.
41
60
64
64
65
86
96
99
101
105
125
EHALTFS OF BAGHDAD AXD EGYPT. 91
12.
Yazid III.
vj u ' JL* ** 126
13.
Ibrahim.
V ! M **\ <\ 1 9ft
OMIW &4 i , t <-* faA~3 1 .. ; i I & {J
14.
Marwan II.
^^ ^ J^JS" 12T
Abbasid Khalifs.
1.
al-Saffah.
\J- U >U \ v ~ \ * J \ , \ i o
,^.\XuJl <W 1 <J. ^rf-U,X<! fiJ I ItJ^S
2.
al-Mansur.
_^aiJ\ <d!\ 0^>r *^^ 136
3.
al-Mahdi.
-A^!! j^r- <d!l ^ .,1 158
4.
al-Hadi.
^J\^\ ^^ A^' .:! 169
5.
al-Eashid.
. A \ \ \ w I t -1 >TA
Ok^dMi J 1 ,j ^2> x^->" .M 1 * v/
6.
al-Amin.
^^T, J^-.^^^l 193
7.
al-Mamun.
\ \\ *\\\ \ - A y*_^ l\ 1 OQ
f.j4*-WU! AJJ 1 i-XdJi -XXi>- J i l?o
W^y . ^/ < y.
8.
al-Mu tasiin.
iWu Jtp*i^%.^\ &A*S? ftljs^i *ji 218'
* i L*' v '*
9.
aI-"WatMq.
^^ J-'V 1 uy^^^r r' 1 227
10.
al-Mutawakkil.
<U\ Jx jI.^^.A^ J^iJ^\ 232
11.
al-Muntasir.
<ldiLi ^iii^Ji J^s" i>- ^\ 247
y V * -/
12.
al-Musta'in.
<d!L ^^JI j^^-l ^rUl^l 248
13.
al-Mu 'tazz.
<d!b JS*A\ **?* <dll Jytf ; jl 251
14.
al-Muhtadi.
<dlb ^iX'j^iJl (X^s.-^ ^s** 5 ^ 4.\ 255
15.
al-Mu tamid.
^5 ^i*' ^*
16.
al-Mu 'tadid.
*UU A^^U^-l^L.^^^ 279
17.
al-Muktafi.
*Ulj L5 fc^l\ L5 Lj > ^^\ 289
18.
al-Muqtadir.
dbjjoJUN^tsr J^n^\ 295
19.
al-Qahix.
<d!b^fc\Ji!l tA/Ks^ 9 .^3^ jj| 320
20.
al-Eadi.
^JJb ,<^U^ ^^-^-^ ^jwUS\ yl 322
21.
al-Muttaqi.
^ ^ AA , ^ S J t \
XOEISilATICS.
22. d-Mustakil.
24. al-Ta'l.
25. al-Qadir.
26. al-Qa*im.
28. cil-lliistazhir.
29. al-3Instarshid.
30. al-Eashid.
31. al-3Iuqtafi.
32. al-llustanjid.
33. al-Mnstadl. <d!i **U
35. al-Zahir.
36. al-Mustansir. AXJU^S,
37. al~Miista'sim. <d3b ^
i - v
An interval occurred between the death of al-Musta'sim in
the month Sal ar ? 656 , and the succession of the first Egyptian
Khali! in 659 A.H.
Ahhasld Khalifs of Egypt.
1. al-Zahir. ^A^\ *J(&\ y\ <dJl^b^l!:i!l 659
2. al-Hakim I. Xw?-l ^l^l^l cdll^b ^iJl 661
3. al-llustakfi I. ^U-jLa j-^.^ ^^ ^b ^ix^^uAS^ 701
4. al-Wathiq ^1^1 ^b JJUi 740
5. al-Hakim II. d^s-l <d!l yb ^U 1 740
6. al-Hu tadid. S** *>\ ^^\ *Ji <wJb JkAdjjt^Ji 753
KHALIFS OF BAGHDAD AXD EGYPT. 93-
7. al-Mutawakkil I.
8. al-Mu'tasim.
9. al-Mutawakkil I, again.
10. al-"Wathiq, again.
11. al-Mu^tasim, again.
12. al-Mutawakkil I, again.
13. al-Musta'in.
14. al-Mu'tadid II.
15. al-Mustakfi II.
16. al-Qa'im.
17. al-Mustanjid.
18. al-Mutawakkil II. jjj*S! Ju
19. al-Mustamsik.
20. al-Mutawakkil III.
Passed to Othmanli Sultan Selim I.
POETICAL IEGEIDS,
The legends on coins in the Persian language are often in verse,
called o-j, couplet, distich. Sometimes they are in a double
couplet. Owing to the way in which the words are arranged to
bring the verse within the compass of the area, they are difficult
to make out, so a fairly full list of them is given below, with
translations, the latter being those in E. S. Poole's " Shahs of
Persia," S. Lane Poole's "lloghul Emperors/' L. "White King's
'"Baiakzai," il. Longworth Dames' "Durrani Dynasties," and
C. J. Ptodgers' various writings.
The verse begins most often, as is the case too when the legend
is not in verse, at the bottom, and is to be read upwards, as in
(<T.) Persian Shah Nadir Shah 'So. 2 ; sometimes at the top, as
(5) Persian Shah ITahniud No. 2 ; sometimes at the second line
from the top, as (c) Persian Shah Ashraf No. 2, or lower still, as
(rf) Ashraf No. 3 : in these two, (c) and (d), it will be seen the
reading is first upwards for the first verse and then downwards
for the second. In all these examples, too, the words or parts of
words are not consecutive in the way given in the couplets as
written out and as the metre and rhyme require, but are placed
or divided in a fanciful way. Often one verse of the couplet is
on the obverse and the other on the reverse of the coin, as
(e) Jahangir No. 22, which begins at the top of the obverse
and bottom of the reverse. (/) The double distich on the five
muhr piece of Jahangir No, 7 gives an example of several of these
difficulties on one coin.
POETICAL LEGENDS.
{c\ ls>- j j; (d) ,Ui , ;^-
\ v ; . >. v N / j C' .
(^ Obv. t'H Eev. iLi
X ^^
L>a Ifj-r^^
^l^.^ ,^Li
^U^j
(/) Obv. ^Ur Key.
L .,U; ,o J
' >
Shahs of Persia.
ISMAIL I. i -JLs.*! ^^ LLc
Call upon Ali, the manifesto! of miracles ;
Thou shalt find Mm a help unto thee in adversities.
All care and grief shall vanish
By thy holiness, AH, Ali, Ali.
ISMAIL II. \z~J\ >Ult-?JLj \3 ^--*
L^w:' *\AJ \jLs* j \ J \
If an Imam there be between the East and West,
Ali alone with Ali's house for us is the best.
96 MrSALDIAX NUMISMATICS,
ABBAS II. m , J ! . JL*^L,
Throughout the world Imperial money came,
Struck by God's grace in Abbas Sani's name.
(2)
Lo ! at this time throughout the world imperial money came,
Struck by God's grace in Ali's watchdog Abbas Sani's name.
II, STJLAI3E1N. (1) . ,-jlJ ^wL^ ^.mJb
Since Abbas Sani from the -world is passed away ?
Safi (the second's) money has imperial sway.
(2)
For the sake of winning grace of him who men and genii leads ,
The age's Solomon struck golden money for the people's needs.
(3) ^U. JJL^-J jJj U 1;
,w>
A v^j
Since on my soul I struck the stamp of Ali's love,
The world obeyed my rule by grace of God (above).
HTJBAIBT. L- ^- j
..
Money he struck by the grace of the Lord of East and
"West, the twain
Everywhere, dog of the Prince of the Faithful's shrine,,
Sultan Husain.
POETICAL LEGENDS. 97
TAHSIASP II. (I) Similar to the first of Abbas II,
"being substituted for (jwU^ in the second line.
(2) j
,UL&J! *J \}\ LJ-^ 3 . JUT 5! . ^ X
J -s L5 w
Tahmasp the Second struck in purest gold assayed
K"o man but All, and no sword but Ali's blade (the Zu al-fakar).
ABBAS III. u r^" J^ L^ (J^*P> *"*) jjj""** *****
Throughout the universe by grace divine a golden money came,
Struck by God's Shadow, a new Emperor, Abbas the Third by
name.
STTLAIMAN II. (1)
By grace divine he struck a coin of happy fame,
The Sovereign just, who second Solomon became.
(2) 2^^
Shines as the rising sun and moon upon the earth,
Heir of Sulaiman's right, the Shah of saintly birth.
MAHMTJD. (1) <_>bil ^J
Prom the east of Iran he struck coin like the solar face,
Shah Mahmud, world-conqueror, of the saintly race.
(2)
Below the earth sank down the moon and shining sun,
Envying the coin of Shah Mahmud, world-conquering one.
7
98
(3)
Like SUE and inoon the imperial coin is world-renowned,
For its pure metal by God's grace is free of alloy.
(4)
For the trne faith te prepared coin by God's direction.
May Mahmiid flourisli, the faith-protecting king.
ASHEIF. (1)
Upon the Ashrafi vas wrought the magic of his grace's name ;
jSTobility from Ashraf's name upon the sun there came.
(2)
> " J
Ashraf laid hold on majesty with might ;
Let his coin's legend read e Requited be unright."
(3)
By grace of Ashraf Shah, who keeps the right,
The gold of the four friends now sees the light.
(4) ^j)j> ** ^*j^ uJ^l (tij
^ j^ 5j^LJ :\ Sj*aj L^l^i^ it
In the exalted name (Ashraf) of sun and moon coin was made
from gold.
Gold and the sun of victory "by His grace were made bright.
(This is an unsatisfactory couplet, read conjecturally
by Dr. Eieu from a single coin, on which there is
POETICAL LEGENDS. 99
apparently another uJl-il or tJ^j which he has not
Included in it.)
(1)
By gold in all the earth Ms kingship shall be famed,
Phoenix (Nadir) of Persia's land, world -conqueror,
sovereign named.
(2)
Over Sultans of earth is Sultan,
Sadir, Shah of Shahs, Sahibkaran.
(3)
[or ^l^b] jjl^Jj A3 ^ ^ JbLi :^
The order issued from the Shah of Shahs, Nadir, Sahibkaran,
Let coin obtain in Herat from Shah Eukh's name and mark
(or glory).
ADIL SHAH. (1) ^J
JLI: AUJ
Decreed of him who ceases not, a currency there came,
The coinage of the sovereignty sent forth in Ali ? s name.
(2)
After the fortune of Nadir, Adil had coin on gold ;
In the name of the king of the faith, the exalted Lord,
the world was illumined.
100 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
(1) <
I " -/ vvy
By grace divine he struck a coinage of imperial worth,
Shah Ibrahim, his gold sun-like illumining the earth.
(-> ) " l*~***'j~s j uJy . j* (J^j
U, ^L xtl <L_X~J ,;_j u^-Jl j ^.U,
j r ^-^ CL^
By the Creator's bounty, and by fate's decree,
Gold of saintly Eiza has its currency.
SHAH BUSH. (1) \j ^jLiL
"Whenas Shah Eukh imperial money coined, 't was then
A second time Iran renewed herself again.
(2)
Throughout the world he struck his coin by grace divine,
Shah Eukh, the watchful dog of Ali Eiza's shrine.
(3)
Another emperor has coined, thanks to Nadir's efforts 7 worth,
Dog of the king of the East (Khurasan), Shah Eukh, the king
of the earth.
LTJTF ALI.
Its stamp has golden money won
From. Lutf Ali ; la far's son.
POETICAL LEGE2TOS. 101
TAHMASP II and Ijo- J^^ JJ* tj J
ABBAS III. U,
Erom out of Khurasan a golden coin by grace divine was sent,
And aid of Ali Musa's son the kingly saint benevolent.
MUHAMMAD HASAN and
AKA MUHAMMAD.
A golden coin by happy fate has run
In name of peaceful Ali, Musa's son.
EJJIDE KHAN and
KA MUHAMMAD.
"While gold and silver through the world shall flow,
Coin of the Age's Lord (the true Imam) shall go.
KAEIM KHAIS T ? ABU
SADIK, An MFRAD, and
AKA MUHAMMAD.
Silver and gold through all the world have now become the
moon and sun,
Thanks to the true Imam's imprint, the Age's Lord (the
rightful one).
AZAD KHAN.
As long as Azad on the earth shall stand,
The Age's Master shall the coin command,
AKA MUHAMMAD. (1) <xib ^
"While stamped shall be the gold and silver ore,
The coinage of the Age's Master shall endure.
102 MU3ALMAN NUMISMATICS.
(2)
"While stamp shall be on gold and silver ore,
The coinage of the Age's Master shall endure.
Durrani,
(1)
The order proceeded from the Incomparable Creator to
Ahmad the king : Strike coins in silver and gold from
the ascension of Pisces up to the moon."
(2) <
ali Ju^-1 ilx JU 2s'Uij
' r
The xrorld-protecting king Ahmad Shah struck coins in gold
by God's grace.
as Mzam.
The coin of Taimnr Shah got current in the world by the
order of Grod and the Prophet of the people.
TAIHUB, as king.
The revolution (of the heavens) brings gold and silver from
the sun and moon, that it may make on its face the
impression of the coinage of Tainmr Shah.
POETICAL LEGEIS'DS. 103
SHAH.
,tj ...MJ ,%._ Cl^-i-Je^ <WvJ -r-^J
The currency of the coin of the realm in the name of Shah
Zaman obtained permanency hy the order of the Lord
of both Worlds.
MAHMTJD SHAH. (1) *J1 J^Jiyj jjj
X\J* Ja/kS.^ .ols^
> *""'
The world-conquering Khusrau Mahmud Shah struck coins
in gold through God's support.
(2)
Sultan Mahmud, the second Khusrau, increased the coinage
of the realm in gold and silver.
SHIJJA Ai-MuLE. $
The religious king, Shuja al-Hulk Shah, struck coins in silver
and gold like the sun and moon.
QAISAE SHAH. a jj
The coinage in gold and silver in the name of Qaisar Shah
is current in the world by Grod's grace.
-DlJT.
The coinage became bright from King Kur al-Bin (Light of
the Faith), current from the saint Kutb al-Arifin (Pole
Star of the Wise).
104: MUSALHAX
ATTUB SHAH.
In the world the sun and moon were illuminated by the
darting forth of the rays of the coinage of Ayyub Shah.
(2) +~> *j\ j) il
*J^ jl&Lj JLsT Ju~
The coinage of Ayynb Shah in gold and silver came into
existence by the order of the exalted Creator.
(1)
sooner did Dost Muhammad reach dominion and dignity
than the period of the circulation of Payindah Khan's
coinage arrived.
(2) <xy <x&ju^ !L *-**-;
<XwJ i , . ,L^. % JCO Lj ^X0 J a t k^L^J a
J C/ v (l.^ -^
The sun and moon give good tidings to silver and gold, for
the period of the circulation of the coins of Payindah
Khan has arrived,
By the grace of the great Creator, the Amir, Dost Muhammad,
struck coins a second time in metal.
SUITA.N MUHAMMAD.
The money of the kingdom of the Sovereign of the Age has
engraved on its face the likeness of the sun and heavens.
POETICAL LEGENDS. 105
SHIE ALL (I) (j^}-i *-^ j*j- Zt^-j* ^j
C lj2 .**> ..A/) *. j ^.'sj AXJ L^^JUJ
By the favour of the Eternal Creator the money of Amir Shir
All has found circulation.
(2)
-X u*.*a .*/ I
By the abundant kindness of the Beneficent King of Heaven,
Amir Shir Ali coined money like the bright full moon.
(3) Jjj> jj uJliJL cjljLfi jl Jul
Through the graces and favours of the Eternal One, money
began to be circulated in the name of Shir Ali,
(4) i<W" J^. ^ (^T
f-^^ f~<A-J*' BIMniA /^ 1 &:~- J aO 1 \ J
Amir Shir Ali, a second time, struck coins in the world, like
the bright full moon.
MUHAMMAD AFZAL.
Two armies from the East and "West joined in battle, and
separated, and so Muhammad Afzal became the Amir of
the kingdom of Khurasan.
MUHAMMAD AZAM. jJb *jL J^ L_JlU! L^
Jwj Jifil Ju/l..^ 9 ^
As soon as, by the grace of Heaven's favours, his rights
became established, money began to circulate in Mu-
hammad Azam's name.
106 ilUSALMAN" XUMISMAXICS.
SHIS AIT. ^jj J ^J^- J*=3j
By tlie grace o! the eternal God Shir Ail has become the
GoTernor of Kandahar.
rebel. j^i Id
I make madness till on my head a tumult falls. Coin I strike
on metal, till its master is found.
Moghul Emperors.
AEBAE. (1) c^J j\ ^ c$ ->1 -^ *l i -^ -^xt
The sun of the seal of Shah Akbar is the glory of this gold,
"Whilst earth and sky are illumined by the shining sun.
(2)
By the seal of Akbar Padishah gold becomes bright.
On this gold the Shah's name is " light upon light."
(3)
Like the golden orb of sun and moon, may ever pass
In the -world's "West and East the stamp of Allahabad.
JAHAJSTOIB. (1)
The lord of the realm struck money of gold,
Shah Sultan Salim, Akbar Shah's (son).
POETICAL LEGENDS. 107
(2) *U_ 7r
Made tlie face of gold to sMne like tlie sun and moon ?
Shall Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.
(3)
Money struck in the city of Agra, the Caesar, refuge of
the world,
Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.
(4) The same with Jjlf substituted for &j*\ in the
first line.
The Shah, refuge of the faith, put this stamp on gold at Ajmir,
Shah "Nui al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.
(6) u^i L-^C
ob ^^ ^-ib ^^ I;
In East and West may the stamp of Ahmadabad,
G-od, while the world lasts, be current.
(7) (iA-*j }}* Ja
(jlAi^ _^; i^^s.\ ^LJj ^.S 1 jj
-*o ,-u uUJ o*u.]b U
To Shah Jahangir belongs the whirligig of time ;
In Agra by his name gold shines brightly :
So long as the pomp of the Eive Ghiards lasts in the world,
May the stamp of his Eiye Muhrs be current.
108 MrSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
(8) <&$ 1C u5y-^ o
On the money of Lahore may there ever be
Light, by the name of Shah Jahangir, Shah Akbars (son).
(9)
On the face of the golden coin, ornament and grace gave
The picture of Shah 2s ur al-JDin Jahangir, son of Akhar Shah.
The Shah, refuge of the faith, struck this coin of gold at Ajmir,
Shah !S"ur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.
(10) ^ j; j ^^/S^^ib
^Uli teJj^^rf
The face of gold was decorated at Agra by Jahangir Shah,
Shah Akbar's (son).
(11) j\ us^jj ^yjJ\ ^
^UbiU^^jl
The money of Agra gave ornament to gold, etc.
(12) &\\ L^LjL:^ jl_jlju^ljJ J: ^L-j
Honey struck at Ahmadabad, God's Paradise,
Shah ISfar al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.
(13) The same, with the first line ending 4! I cubUs j\
instead of A!! c^l)
POETICAL LEGENDS. 109
(14) j\ jlj \j jLjltXA^l j\
j^\ ilAx^ a Li ^-^J
To the gold of Ahmadabad gave adornment
Jahangir Shah, Shahanshah, Akbar's (son).
(15) j*j J*j t_ij b ^^ ^b
^.i>S ^Lc^LjL^ *L i *
So long as the heavens revolve, current be
In the name of Shah Jahangir the money of Lahore.
(16)
In Isfandarmiz at Agra this stamp struck on gold,
The Shah of Shahs of the world, Shah Jahangir, son of
Shah Akhar.
(17) The same, with jUb^jA instead of xj\ jJ \j in
the first line, and +*\ , ' of the people/ for
{^;t*j in the second.
(1 8) jj ji \j J5JL) i*r-t\ ^ ; jj b il j J r-H * W
In the month of Tir, the King, the defender of the faith,
Shah Jahangir, son of Akbar Shah, stamped this coin in
gold at Lahore.
C 19 ) JJJ tyj^jA ^ ^ O^H^ <*S*J\ ^
Second line as ]S"o. 16.
[10 MUSA.L1LO" NUMISMATICS.
(20) j^\ <
The gold of Lahore in the month Bahman became like
the shiniBg moon,
In the reign of Shah 2s"ur al-Din Jahangir, son of Shah
Akbar.
(21)
The light of the world at Ajmir became the money of gold,
By the light of the name of Jahangir Shah, Shah Akbar's (son).
(22)
The money of Kandahar became beauteous
Ey Jahangir Shah, Akbar Shah's (son).
(23) j.\ U f>. ^&
In the month of Earwardin the gold of Agra became luminous
like a star, by the light of the stamp of Shah Jahangir,
son of Shah Akbar.
(24) jj\ <
Second line as Ko. 23.
In the month of Earwardin the gold of Lahore became an
object of jealousy to the bright moon, through the light
of the stamp, etc.
POETICAL LEGENDS. Ill
,*: J^ w^-vit> ~j\sj>- *L$ A^S^
^>jj * > ^ i *
^j *x-j *L.i jb (jU^r jy ^l-Jj
By order of Shall Jahangir a hundred "beauties gained
Gold by the name of 2frir Jahan Padishah Begam.
SHAH JAHAK.
By the money of Shahjahanabad current through the world
For ever by the name of the second Sahib Kiran.
MTJEAD EAKHSH.
Took the heritage of Sahib Kiran Shah Jahan,
Murad Bakhsh iTuham'mad Shah, second Alexander.
AdBAXGZIB. (1) j++st jjf* j&~ U^rTj^ ^j ^^
~^*.JL.c i ^;u-&jO ^ ^
- x " r. > ^ y
Struck money through the world like the shining sun,
Shah Aurangzib Alamgir.
(2) The same, with the substitution of jJJ, moon, for
jjf* } sun, in the rst line.
AZAM SHAH. a\f>- . L^iSaJo t
Struck money through the world with might and majesty,
Padishah of the realms, Azam Shah.
BAKHSH. *Uj Ju-ij^^L^j Jj iLC
<3 if Li
Struck money on sun and moon, the Shah of the Deccan
Kam Bakhsh Padishah.
112 MUSALMIN NUMISMATICS.
B. (1) J3 L^U
Struck money of gold like the sun, the Sahib Elian
Jahandar Shah, Padishah oi the world.
(2)
,\Jut^- c^jl
In the horizons struck money like sun and moon,
Abu al-Path, victorious Jahandar Shah.
SIYAE. ,; a *-w: j / 'is>- /Lis ;1 J; ^xs
^ > p. _y. C/ "^ Jl y
j-wa ^ 2 __ j ^s^ iL-^jL-j
> (^y > * v
Struck money of gold and silver by grace of the Truth,
The Padishah of sea and land, Earrukh Siyar.
EAFJ AL-DAKAJAT.
Struck money in India, with a thousand blessings,
Shah of Shahs by sea and land, Eafi al-Darajat.
Struck money through the world by grace of Grod,
Muhammad Shah, Padishah of the age.
IBEAHIM. (1)
Money of silver struck through the world,
By favour of Muhammad, Ibrahim Shah of Shahs.
POETICAL LEG-ENDS. US
(2) Another reading of the same :
Strack money through the world, by favour of the Bountiful
One, Shah of Shahs, Muhammad Ibrahim.
ALAMGIS II. (1) *U ^,^ ^blj jjg+^jJuZ e^i&^j j:
Struck money in the seven climates shining like the sun
and moon,
Shah Aziz al-Din Alamgir, victorious Padishah.
(2) J\j3 L^
Bahadur Shah Alamgir Said struck coin like that of the
Sahib Kiran on gold.
BIDAR BAKHT.
U^csTjljuJ ifl-i u
The master of crown and throne, Muhammad Jahan Shah,
Bidar Bakht put Ms stamp on gold (or silver).
SHAH AIAM. (1) *JI ^-ob* :
The defender of the religion of Muhammad, Shah Alam,
Padishah through the aid of Grod, struck coins like those
of the Sahib Kiran.
(2) <d! J^Li Jj\~ij
2fl-i jb Jlc i'La
The defender of the religion of Muhammad, Shah Alam Padishah,
Shadow of the divine favour, put his stamp on the seven climes.
114 MUSALMAIST NUMISMATICS.
G-njarat Sultan.
MUHAMMAD II. jl> $li j^^s^* ,.^J^\ C^Lc. ,.,lkL-
^/*
jb *U
May tlie coin of Mulianiinad Shall Sultan, the Aid of the
Faith, remain so long as in the sphere of the seat of
the mint the orb of the sun and moon remains.
Kashmir.
EAKJIT DEO. j^ jLi 1 , J J ^j (j*~r-
Eanjit Deo peopled this part,
Lachmi ^arain made glad its heart.
Sikh.
Go TINE SINGH. LjC^JuJ ci
^xxi AxuS ^ jaS ux-3 1-3 :
Abundance, the sword, victory and help without delay,
Guru Gobind Singh obtained from JSTanak.
CERONOGHRAm 115
CH10IOGEAMS,
The Abjad,
The f^k>, chronogram, composed by means of the Abjad system,
is but seldom found on coins, although it is commonly used to
record dates in MSS. and inscriptions. The Abjad, so called from
the first four letters J ^ c-> \ in its table, is an arrangement by
which each letter of the Arabic alphabet represents a number in
the following scale :
\ = I u/or uJ = 20 jf oi j = 200
c-J or t-j = 2 J = 30 ^ = 300
^ or T = 3 p = 40 cL> or cu = 400
4 ^ = 50 L*J = 500
5 (jw = 60 ^ = 600
v a = 6 cj= 70 j = 700
j or j = 7 uJ = 80 yo = 800
- = 8 yo = 90 fe = 900
\y = 9 j = 100 c = 1000
o = 10
The date is found by adding together the value of the letters
composing the word or words indicated, as will be seen in the
following examples.
On a coin of Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, Urtukid of Kayfa,
there is alongside the head on obv. yJ !L~i : 4^ = 500, u =: 50,
^ = 6, i.e. 500 + 50 + 6 = 556 ; or C 1 L^ of Eijra,
A coin of Nadir Shah of Persia has on its obv. a couplet and
date HfAj and on rev. arranged in Tughra f orm j-^J ^^
jJ^ UJ By the Tarikh, " Whatever happens is best."'
70 4- 100 + 6 + 1 + 40 + 10 + 80 -f 200 + 10-f 600 -f 30 + 1 = 1148.
OF COIIS.
Until comparatively modern times no otter denominations were
put upon Musalman coins than jLjJ, dinar, on gold; *J>jJ,
dirham, on silver ; and ^Jj , f als, on copper. Exceptions to this
are the fractional pieces of the dinar noticed below.
The ,L> J, or, as it was spelt in the oldest times and very rarely
afterwards, jj J , was of good gold, weighing at the time of the
first Khalifs about 66 grains, and being about -75 inch in diameter.
later on the same denomination was used for gold coins of greater
or less weight and size. The quality of the metal was almost
always fine gold, exceptions being Turkish and Morocco coins,
some of which were far from being so. Divisions of the dinar
were but rarely noted in words, the legend being A^J Ijjb,
this dinar, whether the coin was a whole, half, or quarter one;
but sometimes they were in these terms: LjLaJ !jj&, this half,
oJJ U~a>, this third, j-J^Jl IjJb, this fourth, without the
word jbj J following. So they are called a nasf, a thilth, a ruba,
in much the same way as we speak of a tiers or a cent. The
value of a dinar is now so small in Persia that a copper piece of
Nasir al-Din, A,H. 1290, of the size of a penny is marked .IjJ *
and a smaller piece .UjJ f & .
The J&,J is the general name for a silver coin, as the <L)J is
of gold. It corresponds to the drachma, and when used as
a weight should equal 48 grains. But silver coins having the
name dirham on them vary much in weight and size, and although
half and double dirhams are not uncommon, they are not so
denoted in the legends they bear. The character of the metal
varies very much ; some of almost all periods is of very poor
quality. A plural form of the word is seen on a Morocco coin,
, ten dirhams. On some coins of the Dehli king
118 MUSALHAN XUMSMATICS.
Muhammad b. Taghlak is the phrase ^j o ^j^\ >&jAJl , The
dirham legal in the age.
(joAi or (jwji-i is the ordinary name for the copper or, in a few
cases, bronze coinage. The plural form .j-Jj is often used ia
a general way as a falus.'
Besides the above denominations several special ones must be
mentioned.
The nomenclature of the Turkish coinage is difficult to com-
prehend ; the changes have been so many and various. The
denominations are not, however, denoted upon the coins, so an
account of them need not be given here ; but some have their
value given ; thus, c^> and ,Jj with ciphers above them represent
so many piastras or ghurush, and c > stands in the same way
for paras.
The coinage of Persia has much changed in nomenclature during
the last 200 years, but none of the names are upon the coins
except (Jy^ ? Ashrafi, and ^UJ on gold, and the jta^ already
referred to on copper and on silver. The autonomous copper
coins of Persia, too, are nearly all marked jj*>Jj The curious
wire coins called Larin, from Lar, a Persian district at the head
of the Persian Gulf, where they were produced, were between 200
and 300 years ago the chief currency of the traffic between the
Western India coast and that Gulf, so much so that they became
a standard of value in the Konkan and Dekkan, and were made
there also, the Adil Shah dynasty of Bijapur adopting the pattern.
The coin is a piece of silver wire of the size of a crow-quill, and
from five to six inches long, doubled on its middle, and struck at
the folded part with a stamp on which was some Persian legend,
but only three or four letters of the stamp are upon any Larin, and
the legend has not been made out beyond - jjlkLa - J jlc - <y*
and Ai. The source of issue of the Larin is not known, nor
its origin. Probably it was found to be a convenient form of
money for carrying about, as they could be so easily stuck into
the folds of the turban or waist-cloth, and in that way too be
DENOMINATIONS OF COINS, 119
concealed in case of trouble in those piratical times and regions.
About Ceylon they are often found bent up in the form of a hook,
and are known in those parts as the fish-hook money/
Gold pieces of Khwarizm and of Afghanistan are called tilla ;
the name, however, is not put upon the coins except in a part of
the legend, as Ik ^ <U , in silver and gold.
The words *L(~: and ^li , meaning coinage or currency, are
very common upon the coins of India and the neighbouring
countries, the former word especially so, and often in the phrase
LjjU^ <^~; , auspicious coinage.
In India the Husalman coinage began with adaptation of the
Hindu currency it was to replace, as will be seen by the early
coins of the Dehli kings who introduced the tankah, 4&J , as the
standard in both silver and gold, of the weight of about 1 74 grains
in each metal, and the kani ,<J^> "Ar of a tankah, and equal to
four fals. These words are found, but rarely, on coins of this
class. In the reign of Sher Shah, A.H. 946-952, came into use
the silver rupee, *-Jjj, of 178 grains weight, which with little
variety in weight has been the standard coin of India to this day,
the gold piece being the^,^ , muhr, and the copper the ^J, dam.
The Emperor Akbar, with his other reforms, instituted an elaborate
coinage with great varieties of value and of shape, each variety
having a special name, but as none of these names, except those
of some of the copper, are found on the coins, they need not be
mentioned here. The muhr and the rupee, however, remained
the standard. On the copper coins of Akbar we find several
denominations given, ifjti , ,jj ^' , and &j lJ , with their divisions,
*.J half, d*2*- *i^->- fourth part, &^z>- ^lojuJb eighth part, and
<Us>. *JbJJjU) sixteenth part, and their multiples * and j>- (in
Hindustani) ; the (j^-*^ damri, the >\ J **j half-dam, and ,Jai
also meaning a half -dam. On the copper coins of Akbar' s son
Jahangir we find ^J^j rawani and *z\j raij, both words meaning
current coin, and their half *.J , the former corresponding in weight
with the tankah, the latter with one-eighth of a tankah.
120 MrSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
The gold coin called ,bj nisar, was made for the purpose of
distribution on tlie occasions of great festivals, such as State pro-
cessions or at marriages, when they were scattered amongst the
crowd. They are usually somewhat thinner than the coins of
currency, and are marked with the word J^J . The custom of
scattering coin on great occasions is still kept up in the East, but
the pieces for the nisar are usually now only of very thin gold,
little more than gold-leaf. Also there are the large handsome gold
pieces of 200, 100, 50, and 10 muhrs of Akbar and his three
successors, which were, no doubt, not for currency use exactly,
but for presentation in the way of honour from the emperor or
offered to the emperor or king, for tribute or acknowledgment of
fealty, <jlj3u , nazarana as it is called.
Under the East India Company the rupee remained the standard,
and its fineness and weight were fixed. So it has been since.
Gold muhrs of the value of at one time 16 and at others 15 rupees
have been struck, with half, third, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth
of muhr gold pieces, at Various dates, but the issue of a gold
currency was only temporary. Some were made in imitation of
the Dehli emperor's coinage, others have the arms of the Company
and the legend .jl$ Jj> Jol i**^ L_J~"^ Ashrafi, or gold coin of
the Honourable English Company. In 1835 and 1854 the lion and
palm-tree muhr and double muhr, marked ,y-^ t ^i - lAr^^j
were issued, and in 1870 a 10 rupee gold piece of Queen Yictoria.
In silver, besides the rupee, there are its divisions i, i, and i,
marked respectively &5l L^A& - &j]j\j^ . <Ul ^J. The copper
money is the <ui ana, 16 to a rupee, the Uu-o paisa, 4 to an ana,
and the ^b pai, 3 to the paisa. The ana is but a money of
account, the copper coins being the <Gl *.J half-ana, the Uu-j or
quarter ana, and the ^l> with its multiples \Jj\$>- and ^l> j<3.
But in Southern India the Hindu system of currency, which had
remained unchanged during the time of the Musalman power, con-
tinued to be in use for a considerable period under the East India
Company. In gold the ^yb hun, or pagoda, and double pagoda
DENOMINATIONS OF COINS. 121
a J5 *j, one being marked as J*-^ ^^ flowery pagoda. In
silver the ,jJ* *J and &** *^ t half and quarter pagoda, the *L$
fanam, JJ jJ and JJ ^o ; and in copper the ^w!J falus, and the
J& kas. The monev table being 20 kas = 1 falus. 4 falus =
w v
1 fanam, 42 fanam = 1 pagoda or him. But owing to attempts
made by orders to equalize the currencies of the Presidencies, the
relative value of the coins became altered, and we have copper
coins of Ifadras with a variety of legends stating their value, such
as u^d ^*l J~r~ ^j this is forty kas; others of twenty,
ten, five, two and a half, and two kas of a like character ; and
others bearing their relative value, such as c^-.-\ ^/wAi * (jj s,
c " ^ L/"A* Lm ^'" U*^ ^i ' an( ^ ^*-"~*\ (j*>*^ ^tr" L^^ L^-^-J ,
when 5 kas were equal to 1 falus. The coins bearing the following
inscriptions were proofs not made current.
Coin of the Ehinpani (Company),
1793, Christian era.
Two falus of the Honourable Company, 1801, Christian era.
^Jyj**Z lA'V Jj^S. Jj ( _
This coin, three falus, of the Honourable Company, is one little
fanam, 1807, Christian era,
The Native States of India which owed allegiance to theltoghul
emperor, usually coined silver in the name of the emperor, and
copper of their own style, often of irregular shape and bearing
a stamp of some figure or device without a legend. The common
name for them was ' dub.'
The coinage of the Native States of India is a difiicult but
interesting subject. The legend on the silver is usually a part,
sometimes but a small part, of the coin-legend of one of the later
emperors, without date or mint place ; moreover, the die was
generally a good deal longer than the coin to be struck, and con-
sequently there is but a portion of this imperfect legend on any
l^xS JULUSA-LALAJN
one piece. There are almost always marks or symbols which, were
intended to be indicative of the mint-place or State, and sometimes
they are so, but too often the same symbols -were used at different
times by more than one State, and a great number of the coins
remain still unassigned. The money-changers and dealers in India
know them generally by some nickname, but care and know little
as to what State they are the coinage of, During the last twenty
years or so the chiefs of many States hare adopted coinage of
a modern pattern struck from dies made in England, usually
bearing some figure as a characteristic mark ; thus, there is the
horse's hoof and fetlock for Baroda and the sun-face for Indore.
Tipu Sultan of ITaisur had a coinage of muhrs, rupees, and
paisa or kas, but gave new names to them in the 5th year of his
reign. These names appear on some of his coins, and are as
follows :
Gold. $&*JP-\ for muhr, ^^ for half muhr, and tJ^
for pagoda.
Silver. o t^t-^- ^ or double rupee, .^^ for rupee, ^Jolc for
half rupee, tjy V ^ or quarter rupee, i*jjS&>- for one-eighth rupee,
^^ for one-sixteenth of a rupee, and ^jjJ^ for one thirty-
second of a rupee.
Copper. JUdi and ^j:^^* for double paisa, #Jbj or L&j for
one paisa, J ^j for half paisa, ^>. \ for quarter paisa, and c-^ks
for one-eighth of a paisa.
The names were no doubt derived for the most part from
the names of the Prophet and the Imams. **>] one of the
names of the Prophet himself, (J-i*** X? *-*\ the 1st Khalif,
jjjU j*& the 2nd Khalif, ^Lc- j^>- the 1st Imam, ^U\
Imams, ^JoU! ^\ -yb A^jsS* _yi*^ - Ji^ {*y* ^ e ^
5th, 6th, and 7th Imam, ^ssL a Prophet who is supposed to
have discovered the Water of Life, ^Uls the 3rd Khalif,
the planet Jupiter, yuj Yenus, J^ Mars,^xc^l a star.
DENOMINATIONS OP COINS. 123
Travancore is a Hindu State, and has still a Hindu coinage, Imt
there are Hindustani words in Persian characters on a few of the
coins, viz.. <Lu M ^j H ^* xnuhr, five rupees, <LJ & , **J <LJ & , *L .
"v-V vJ \ ' A " v^/ \ " "v-^y > v
The money table, according to Mateer, is: Copper: 16 kas =
1 chuckram. $e7^r : 4 chuckram = 1 f anam ; 7 f anam =
I rupee. 0^? : Panam of various sorts = from 4 J to 7 chuckram ;
rasi= 10 chuckram; varahan= 52i- fanam.
Xutch and Kathiawar have a special currency, the standard for
which is a small silver coin called a kori. The denominations
are: Copper: *U*J!y tranbiya ; <d^J dokda = 2 tranbiya.
Silver : $j kori = 24 dokda. The word is dokta on the coins,
but is really dokda.
On coinage of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago we find
some other denominations. Native States have the \j** mas,
in gold, the 4JL kapang, the ^J kas, and the (jwAi falus, in
copper. A ducat of the Dutch East India Company, written in
Malay <j^Ju! 15^^ an< ^ U"*:.^J ,AJu, and of the Netherlands
Government, is called f^o dirham, a duit o:^, and a rupee
<U^ , with divisions of the rupee of J, -Ar, T-OO, and TO-Q in Malay
(see p. 6).
A Java rupee of the English East India Company is marked
jj^Lxxfc j^Jui ^Li , coin of the Henglish Company, a Port
Marlborough rupee is called *** LJ (J^* ?V > moiie y f
Company two soko, and there are also 4Jo and multiples of
the same.
A soko corresponds to a quarter dollar. A kapang is a small
copper coin of which 400 equal a Spanish dollar.
The small currency of these parts was, and still is, made of tin,
or of pewter largely composed of that metal, which is the
commonest one there, the tin-mines of the Peninsula and neigh-
bouring islands being the source of supply of it in the East. The
Portuguese made every endeavour, early in their traffic with
Sumatra and the Peninsula, to get the trade and to control the
124 3IUSAL1IAN NUMISMATICS.
mines, and the Dutch. were not slow in doing the same in the
islands where their possessions and influence lay. Following on
this the Portuguese Oovernraent in the sixteenth century made
pewter, or tiitenag coins for currency in "Western India, and as
it became recognized and acceptable for trade, the English
Government made tiitenag coins early in the eighteenth century
for use in the same parts of India, in very close imitation of the
Portuguese coinage. There are also some rare coins in this metal
struck in the name of the Dehli emperor Shah Jahan, made
probably at Surat.
Another denomination is to be found on a coin of Zanzibar,
viz. Jls real.
On some coins of Dehli and Bengal kings, instead of the
denomination the word t^i&\ the silver (coin), is used.
PLACE AND TIME OF MINTAGE.
PLACE AID OF MIffTAGE.
The usual legend about the striking of a Musalman coin is
[^^] jlijjJl 1 JkJb ijjts <LLH >**o In the name of God this dinar
(or dirham) was struck, followed by the name of the mint place
and the date. Instead of the word c^.^ on some ]\Iurabit coins
is (-J+2* *+\ ? ordered to be struck ; on some Dehli and Gujarat
coins, L-jyaJljlj, place of the striking ; on other Gujarat ones,
ei-vJ^ , struck; and on a Great Kaan coin, (^jt^sl\ J\^s , at the
place of striking. On some I^asrid pieces ^J? , struck, and on
some of the Norman kings of Sicily J^c , made, are used instead
of c-jys.
The following phrases are used with reference to the time of the
striking :
In the days of the state or empire, djj J >M <J> - ^^ fV.V
In the days of the king. uJl^i *W
In the days of the empire of the Lord Sultan.
In the time of.
At the date. ;fej| J _
Under the empire of the Lord Sultan.
In the time of.
In the time of the Imam. ,*Ui3\
By order. ^1 ^c.
nder the governorship. ijL o "
By authority of the Amir. j+*$\ & j*\ U^
The mint name had the preposition L-? , in, attached to it on
the older coins, but not often on the later ones ; for instance,
k-il^ in the time of the early Ehalifs and k*jU in that of the
Mongols of Persia. The article Jl , the, is prefixed to some
names and not to others, and a few mint names are sometimes
126 31USAL1IAX NUMISMATICS.
written with and sometimes without it, and that too even at about
the same date.
Before or after the mint name there is often a word or two
meaning place, city, port, etc , l* : \*\s ~ SjJj ~jjcj, or expressive
of quality, title, or condition, as < >,Lw&Jt the blessed, <jwJJL*
i -^
holy, ifjuJusil the new; or both, such as dJjaJLsr* 4jLJJt~ the
guarded city, <L*--J2 JjJj the good city, u->L^ \^ the blessed
port. These are called the titles of mint towns, and a list of
them follows that of the mints, showing the places to which the
title is given in each case.
The List of Mint Towns has been compiled from the one in
Soret's " Xumismatique ITusalrnane," with the addition of such
other places as have been found in numismatic writings since that
book was published. For the- purpose of greater accuracy as to
the geographical position of the towns such general descriptions
as "in Irak Arabi," in Khurasan," not being satisfactory the
latitude and longitude are given when they have been ascertained.
Some names have not been located, although they are mentioned
in Yakut's ' Mu jam al-Buldan"; in such cases a few words of
description by that author are quoted. A few more yet remain
uncertain : some of them probably have disappeared or sunk into
insignificance ; others may have been new names given to places
on their capture by a Musalman king, but since forgotten ; and
others are most likely misreadings. "When the mint name has
been noticed by only one writer his name is added, in brackets, as
the authority for including it in the list ; all the other mint names
have been given by more than one writer. The class of coin upon
which the mint name is found follows the geographical description,
and then the title or titles of the town, which are given as prefix
or suffix according to whether they precede or follow the name.
The spelling of the names is not, as will be seen, always the same ;
Arzerum is an instance of this : **^ \\j\ - **)jj\ - /*/ ijl - (V/^ '
Misreadings may account for this sometimes, but there are mis-
spellings and variations in spelling some of the names on the coins.
LIST OF MINT TOWS. 127
LIST OF MINT TOW1S.
Abhar. In Azarbaijan. 36S'K; 4920'E.
Sallarid (Markof).
Abrashahi;. Old name for Msabur. Umayyad;
Abbasid. Prefix dwj A/ .
Abarkuh, InFarsistan. 3110'IN T .; 53 C I5'E.
Mongols of Persia : Timurid ; Stalls of
Persia.
al-Abadan min al-Ahwaz. ?. Buwayhid.
Abu. In Eajputana, India. 24 35 ; N. ;
72-45' E. Behli Eings (Eoclgers).
Abuan. In Egypt, near Damietta ? Abbasid
(Soret). Prefix <?1? -u .
Abusaidiyab. ?. Mongols of Persia. (Some-
times written without the initial 1 .)
Abushahr. Bushire^ in Farsistan. 29 ; E". ; *r
50 52' E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix ; j^j .
Abiwarci In Khurasan. 3756'N. ; 5915'E. uS
Mongols of Persia.
Etawah. In K'W. Provinces of India. Xj\2\ .
26 47' K ; 79 3 ; E. Dehli Emperors.
Utrar. Farab, in Turkistan. 44 35' IT. ; \j\J
67 20' E. Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai.
Prefix jJj . jJj .ajj s* .
Attuk. In Panjab, India. 33 53' N. ; 72 16 r E.
Dehli Emperors ; Durrani.
Attuk Benares. The same. Dehli Emperors
(Eodgers).
Ajayur. Bakror, in Oudh, India. Dehli Emperor.
128 MUSALSTAX
Ajmir, In Eajputana, India. 26 27' ]N T . ;
74 C 43'E. Dehli Emperors. Prefixes^-JsJl^o.
>;\tjt ;,. ,?fj
to \jsi I .j*~^Mv*s$ m j JOw$w.A<*i .
Ujjain. In Malwah, India. 23 C 10' X. ; 75 47'E.
Dehli Kings and Emperors, and local.
Prefix ,Jjb\j\J.
Achah. Acheen, in Sumatra 5 G 10'K; 9535'E.
Local Sultan ; English. Prefixes ,a;j . ^j .x .
Ahsanabad. Gulburgah, in the Deecan, India.
17 18' IS T . ; 76 54 ; E, Dehli Emperors ;
Bahmani. Prefix CLJ-^
Ahmadabad, In Gujarat, India. *23 C 1 ; K. ;
72 38 7 E. Dehli Emperors ; Gujarat Eings.
Prefixes
Ahmadpur. In Bahawalptir State, India.
29 8' K".; 7118'E. Durrani. Local Eaja.
Ahmadshahi. Kandahar. Durrani; Barakzai.
Prefix d LN wJ;-il.
Ahmadnagar. In Gujarat, India. 2338 / 2\. ;
72 54' E. Gujarat Kings. Prefix jJ ^^
Ahmadnagar. In the Deecan, India. 195 ; ^T. ;
74 55' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Bajas.
Ahmadnagar Farukhahad. Earukhabad, in ,.
H.W.ProTinces, India. 27 C 23 / N.; 7936'E,
Dehli Emperors.
Akhtarnagar Oudh. Oudh. Dehli Emperors.
Akhsikat. Capital of Earghana. 41 36 ; F. ;
7l20'E. Abbasid(Tiesenhausen); Samanid;
Turkistan (Markof).
Ikhshin. In Earsistan (Yakut). Mongols of
Persia.
LIST OP JflXT TOWNS, 129
Akhsi. In Turkistan. 40 C 55']N T . ; 7l22'E.
Shaybanid (Markof).
Akhlat. Ebelat, in Armenia. 38 52' N. ;
42 10' E. Mongols of Persia.
Akhur? Cliagatai (Oliver).
Adrinali, Adrianople, in Turkey. 4127 ; K;
264Q'E. Othnianli.
Udaipnr. In Eajputana, India. 24 3 7'K ;
7349 / E. Denli Emperors. Prefix jWjucs^.
Azarbaijan. A Province of Persia. Uniayyad;
Abbasid; Tabirid.
Arran. A Province in Armenia. Uniayyad
(Markof) ; Abbasid ; Mongols of Persia.
Prefix <L Jw* .
Arbuk. In Knuzistan. 3 1 1 6' K ; 49 3' E.
Mongols of Persia.
Arbil. InTurkistan. 36 10' K ; 44 O'E.
Abbasid; Buktiginid; Buwaybid; Mongols
of Persia ; Jalair.
Arrajan. In Farsistan. 3042 / N.; 5026'E.
Abbasid ; Saffarid ; Buwayhid ; Tahirid ;
Mongols of Persia.
Arjisli. In Armenia. 390'K; 43 13 ; E.
Mongols of Persia.
Ardabil. In Azarbaijan. 38 9 ; 1ST. ; 48 19' E.
Abbasid ; Sajid ; Mongols of Persia ;
Chagatai; Atabeg; Jalair; Shahs of Persia.
Prefix Jj^Sljlj.
al-Ardun. The Jordan district of Syria.
Umayyad (Eodgers).
Ardashir Khiirrah. Eirozabad, in Parsistan.
28 42 ; N. ; 52 48' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid.
Urdu. A camp. Shaybanid; Shahs of Persia ;
Dehli Emperors.
130 JIUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Urdu dar rah-i-Dakhan. Camp on tlie road to ,. J &\ , ,j
r W -^ > /
the Dekhan. Dehli Emperors.
Urdu Zafar Q,arin. Camp linked to victory. ^j Jj J&
Dehli Emperor Akbar.
Arzarum. Erziroum. in Armenia. 39 57' X. ; _ * , j ,^ . * J
' J ! '^' p y
41 C 20' E. Saljuks ; Mongols of Persia ; *^J - ^ c ii
Othmanli.
Arzakan. IE Earsistan, on the sea-coast, as c
I think (Yakut), llongols of Persia
(Sauraire).
Arzan. In Armenia. 38" 10' X. ; 41 18 ; E.
Mongols of Persia.
Arzanjan. In Armenia. 39 38'X. ; 39 5-i'E. u
Saljnks ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Danish-
mandid ; Karaman ; Timurid. Prefix ij J^.
Arsaband. In Turkistan, two farsakhs from
Marv (Yakut). Mongols of Persia.
Ard-al-Hayr or Khayr. Karbala, in Irak ^sj\
Arabi. 3238 ; Is T .; 4433'E. Abbasid.
Arz-i-Aqdas. Meshhed, in Persia. Shahs of \JM&>\
Persia.
- Arkat. Arcot, in Karnatic India. 1 2 5 5' JT. ; c
79 24' E. Dehli Emperor ; E.I Company ;
local ^awab.
Arakan. On coast of Barman. 20 42' N. ;
9324 / E. Bengal Kings.
Urmiah. Urmi, in Persia. 3730 / X.: 45 19'E. ^,1 -
7 L5 ^
Abbasid; Mongols of Persia.
Arminiyah. Province of Armenia. Umayyad ;
Abbasid ; Sajid ; Mongols of Persia.
Ariwan. Eriwan, in Armenia. 40 8 7 JT. ; ^ , . U"jj\
44 25 X E. Mongols of Persia ; Othmanli.
Urush, for i.' . Timurid. (?) ^wj ,1
LIST OP MINT TOWNS. 131
Inimi. In Farsistan. Stalls of Persia; Kara
Eaiyunlid ( Fraelin) ; Mongols of Persia
(Earth olomei).
Arwand. Mount Elvand, near Hamadan.
34 40' ST.; 4S21'E. Mongols of Persia ;
Shahs of Persia.
Azaq. Azof, in Eussia. 47 8' K ; 39 10' E.
G-olden Horde; Othmanli. Prefixes z> .
Azammur. InMorocco. 33 18' K; 8 13' "W.
Marinid.
Azmir. Smyrna, in Anatolia. 3827'^T. ;
2712'E. Othmanli.
Asbaijab. Asfijab Sairam, in Tnrkistan. c
4142 / K; 8150'E. Chagatai ; Tnrldstan.
Astara. In Azarbaijan, on the Caspian.
38 30 ; N. ; 48 50' E. Mongols of Persia
(Sawalief) ; Jalair ; Chagatai.
Astarabad. In Mazandaran. 36 50' K ; jbl.L-l .
53 45 7 E. Ziyarid; Great Kaans; Mongols
of Persia; Sarbadarid ; Timurid; Shahs
of Persia. Prefixes <Lo J^
Usrushana. Uratnbe, in Turkistan.
68 58 ; E. Turkistan ; local Khan.
Isfarayin. In Biorasan. 37 3' N. ; 57 4' E.
Mongols of Persia ; Shaybanid.
Asia. Saffi, in Morocco. 3218'F.; S^O'W. J
Pilili Sharifs. Prefix ^ (Tychs.en), J^u
(Marcel).
Asfir. ?. Dehli Emperor (Tychsen).
al-Iskandariyah. Alexandria, Egypt. 31 12'IT. ; ,
2952'E. Fatimid; Zangid; Ayyubid;
Mamlnk; Othmanli,
132 31CSAL3IAN KU3XISMAXXCS.
IJskub or Skub. In Macedonia. 41-0'X. ;
2i c 19'E, Othmanli.
Islamabad. Chittagong, India. 22-21'X. ;
9 1 c 52' E. (Mathura, according to Rodgers. }
Delili Emperors.
Istambol. Stamboul, Constantinople. Othmanli.
Ismir, IQTJ*S*J\. Smyrna. Othmanli.
Uswariyah. Near Isfahan (Yakut). Mongols
of Persia (Maikof).
Asir. Asirgarh, in Central Provinces, India.
2128 / ^T. ; 7620 ; E. Dehli Emperor.
Ishbiliyah. Seville, in Spain. 37- 22 ; X. ;
5 59' W. Abbadid ; Murabit ; 3IuwahMd ;
Hudid.
Istikhan. Bukhara. Turkistan (Fraehn).
Istakhar. Persepolis, in Farsistan. 30 FX. ;
52 C 57'E. Umayyad; Abbasid.
Isbahan or Isfahan. In Irak Ajami, Persia.
32 42' IS T . ; 51 43' E. Abbasid ; Tahiiid ;
Buwayhid ; Kakwayhid ; Saljuks ; Mongols of
Persia ; Kara Knyunlid ; Timurid ; Chagatai ;
Shahs of Persia. Prefixes jx* . ^ikLJ^b .
Suffix Jj^\ .
Atarabalus. Tripoli, in Syria. 34 24' N. ;
35 51' E. Umayyad (Larois) ; Fatimicl
(Markof).
Izzabad. ?. Dehli Emperor (Tychsen).
Azimnagar. ?. Dehli Emperor.
Agharnathah ? for lilJ^i . Granada. Murabit.
Aghmat. In Morocco. 31 4' K. ; 80 /n \Y.
Mnrabit.
Afrikiyah. Tunis. 36 48 ; N. ; 10 10' E.
Umayyad; Abbasid; Aghlabid.
LIST OF 3IINT TOWNS. 133
Afiyun. Afioum, in AnatoKa. 38 48' 2f. ; ^-..M
30 20' E. Saljuk (Pietrazewski).
Aksara, Akshahr. Ak-Sarai, in Karamania. .] ^\
38 c 23'y.; 33 C 49'E. Saljuk (Soret); Mongols .
of Persia (Fraehn) ; Karaman. *-*S* "X**"
Aksa. In Circassia. 43 30' ST. ; 46 18' E.
"Uncertain Khan (Fraehn).
Aksn. In Turkistan. 41 10' K ; 80 40' E.
Chinese.
Akbarabad. Agra, IS 1 ".^ 1 ". Provinces, India.
Dehli Emperors. Prefixes - te\st\ J&
Akbarpur. In Ondh, India. 26 25' ]tf. ;
82 34' E. DeHi Emperors.
Akbarnagar. Eajniahal, in Bengal. 25 2' X. ;
87 52' E. Behli Emperors.
Akbarnagar Ondh. aJjl^&^^U
al-Akir. ?. Jalair; Mongols of Persia (Soret).
al-Akir, al-Agir. A fortress of Caucasus.
43 4' K ; 44 10' E. Mongols of Persia ;
Golden Horde.
Aksara. ?. Imam of Sana.
Akuniah. ?. Timurid (Bodgers).
Agrah. In N.TV. Provinces, India. 2710 / SJ".;
78 5' E. Kings and Emperors of Dehli.
Prefixes . *
Almeria. In Spam. 3650'K; 232'"W".
Spanish Umayyad ; Mnrabit.
Almalakah or al-Malakah. Knlja. 4358']Sr.;
81 15' E. Chagatai.
Almorah. In JS T ."W. ProTinces, India. 2935']Sr.;
79 41' E. DehH Kings j local Eajah.
134 MUSALMA2? NUMISMATICS.
Alinjali. Province to west of Isfahan, Persia. <
Jalair. Prefix 4*!jl .
Alwar. ID. Rajpntana, India. 27 34' X. ;
76" 38' E. Delili Eings ; local Rajah.
Ulns Bnlghar. Bulghar. Khan of Kazan. jUb
Amasiah. In Slras, Asia Minor. 40 : 09' X. ; <
35 ; 48' E. Mongols o! Persia ; Ottonanli.
Imtiyazgarh. Adoni, in Deecan, India. aj^j
15 37' B".; 77 s 19' E. D ehii Emperor ;
local Kavab.
Amid. Diarbakij in Armenia. 37 56' K. ;
40 8' E. Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Marwanid ;
Urtnkid; Ayynbid; Othmanli. Prefix ijj^.
Amdurman. In Sudan. 15 D 40'2(.; 32 C 34 ; E. ^
Local rulers.
Amritsar. In the Punjab, India. 31 c 37' "N. ;
7455'E. Sikh.
Amnl. In Mazandaran. 36 30' N. ; 52 C 25' E.
Samanid ; Ziyarid ; Tabaristan ; Chagatai ;
Mongols of Persia ; Timnrid ; Shahs of
Persia. Prefix j*x* .
Amirkot. Umarkot, in Sind. 25 C 21'K;
69 46 ; E. Dehli Emperors.
al-Anbar. Near Baghdad. 33 38' 1ST. ; 4343'E.
Umayyad (Eraehn) ; Buwayhid (Tychsen).
Anbar. In furkistan. 36 5' K; 64 30' E.
Bnwayhid ; Marwanid.
Anabnlia. Iniboli, in Asia Minor. 4155 / N.;
33 50' E. Othmanli ( Wellenheim) .
Andajan. Andokan, in Transoxiana. 4050 / N. ;
7225'E. Shaybanid; Timnrid; Chagatai.
Andarabak Indarab, in Turkistan. 3559 / K.;
69 39 ; E. Abbasid (Bodgers) ; Abu Daudid ;
Samanid; Ghaznawid.
LIST OF MIA T T TOWNS. 135
Indrapur. Indore, also *Bhartpur, in Central
India. Dehli Emperor ; local Eaj ah.
ai-Andalus. Cordova, in Spain. 37 52' 3T. ; j^J Jj'Jl
4 50' "W. Spanish Umayyad ; Hamudid ;
Idrisid ; Abbadid.
Indore. In Central India. 2242'2L ; 74 54' E. ^ jj I
Local Eaj ah.
Andijaraa. J^s?l> in. Elhurasan. Samanid
(Markof).
al-Andikaru. Antequera, in Spain. 373 / E". ;
4 C 31' "W. Spanish Umayyad (Stickel) .
Antakiyah. Antioch, in Syria. 36 11 ' K ; L ikj I
36 C 7'E. Abbasid; Tulunid; Saljuk.
Anknriyah. An gorah, in Anatolia. 39 56 ; ]Si". ; Xj&j\ . &>&]
32 C 45' E. Mongols of Persia ; Othmanli.
Anandghar. Probably Anandpur, in Pan jab. #.^JoJl - y*L&J\
3115'K; 7634 / E. Sikh.
Annlah. Aoula, in 'N.'W. Provinces, India. dy\
28 16' H.; 7912'E. Dehli Emperors;
Durrani (Eodgers).
Ani. Oni, in Armenia. 4248 / ]>T.j 43 1 5'E. J|
Jalair ; ITongols of Persia.
Aujan. In Azarbaijan. 3750']SL; 4640 ; E. J^-^\
Mongols of Persia.
Aujan, also ( ^s>-\ . In Malwah. Dehli
Emperors.
Aukri. Ochrida, in Eoumelia. 410 / K;
2045 r E. Othmanli.
Ondh. In India. 26 48' K ; 82 14' E. Dehli
Emperor ; local Kings. Prefixes . (
Aurcha. In Bandalkhand, India. 25 21 ; 1ST. ;
7842 / E. Local Eajah.
136 MUSALXAX NUMISMATICS.
-^ .
Ousk In Turkistan. 4045']N T . ; 723o'E.
Timurid; Chagatai.
Oukak. On the Yolga ? between Bulghar and
Serai. Golden Horde (Eraehn) ; Astrakhan
(Markof).
Ounik. In Armeniaj now Javan Kalah.
40 8' K ; 42 25' E. Mongols of Persia
(Soret).
Ahar. In Azarbaijan. 38 28' ]N T . ; 47 0' E.
King of Ahar ; Kara Kuyunlid (Soret).
al-Ahwaz. InKhuzistan. 319 ; N.; 4S44'E.
Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Saljuk. See also
j\^\jL^\ m jj&$\ j*i . \\*&1\ ^j^j .
Ayasulugh. Ephesus. 37 55' K ; 27 22' E.
Othmanli; Aydin Amir. Prefix ijJ^.
lij. In Earsistan,. afterwards Shabankara.
Timurid (Rodgers).
Urdu. Serai; also probablr Karakorama. ^,
7 r *. > _>
47" 15' X. ; 102 20' E. Golden Horde ;
Turkistan. Prefix Ja**tt .
Urdu Bazar. Serai. Hongols of Persia;
Golden Horde ; Astrakhan.
Urdu al-Jadidah. !Xew Urdu, Serai. Golden
Horde.
? Urdu Khanah. Timurid.
Urdu Humayun. Imperial Camp. Othmanii.
Aurangabad. In the Deccan, India. 1954'K;
7522 ; E. BeHi Emperors. Prefix ^u^s^
jLj .
Aurangnagar. BeHi Emperor ("White Eing). JsJLAj
Uzkand. In Turkistan. 40 3 28' X. ; 73 12 ; E. . Jj).M . Aiij
Turkistan. Prefixes ifjL . jL , Suffix
LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 137
lidaz. Malamir, in Khuzistan. 3 Pol' 2?".; r^
Cl_
49 45' E. Buwayhid ; Mongols o! Persia.
Eriwan, also J"*^ . In Armenia. 40 C 8' ]N T . ; ^.jj
4425'E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix x~*j*s?".
Ailia, with ,.,-laJJ . Jerusalem. 01 46' ]S T . ; JuW . LL!
7 W" " " " "
3516'E. Umayyad; Idrisid ; Ayyubid.
Eiichpur. In Berar, India. 21 10' K ;
77 30' E. Behli Emperors.
Iran. Persia. Shahs of Persia.
Ilak. In Turkistan. 39 0' K ; 64 12' E. jL\ .
Ilaks of Turkistan (llarkof ).
al-Bab. Darbend, on the Caspian Sea. 42 5'$".;
48 1 5' E. Umayyad. Prefix <L> J^ .
Bajara. In Mesopotamia. 36 42'$".; 39i2'E.
ITongols of Persia (Soret).
Bajnis. ^^o^-lj ^J^ . Abbasid.
Bar. ]N T ear Nisabur, in Khurasan. 3635'K;
58 4rE. Mongols of Persia (Soret). Prefix
Earan. K"ear Harv (Yakut). Mongols of ^U
Persia ; Jalair ; Kara Kuyunlid.
Barjin. In Khurasan. 33 8' K ; 59 49' E.
Golden Horde.
Bari. Barin, in Syria. 32 1 7' K ; 34 59' E.
Mongols of Persia (Soret).
Bariz. Paris. Filili Sharif Mulay Hasan.
Bazar. Probably ^Ub. Mongols of Persia ;
Jalair (Bartholomei).
Baziffc. Near Isfahan (Yakut and Sehindler).
Mongols of Persia (Sehindler).
Baghchih Sarai. In the Crimea. 44 44' K ; . ^\^ tjs*\>
33 53' E. Krim Khans. \
138 MUSAL3IAX
Baku. In the Caucasus. 40 21' X. ; 49 50' E. . */b . dj^b ./b
Golden Horde ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; 4ui b
Chagatai ; Kara Kuyunlid (Fraehn).
Balapur. In South India. 20-40'X.; 76 C '49'E. ^-b
Local (Tufnell).
Balkan. ]N T ear llerv * Golden Horde (Soret). J&\s
Bamian. In Afghanistan. 34-49'S".; 67 S 2S ; E.
Samanid (Tiesenhausen) ; Abu Daud; Khwarizm.
Banad, Banak. E"ear Eayy (Yakut). Jalair
(llarkof).
Baward. Abiward (Yakut). Mongols of
Persia (ITarkof).
Baibirt, In Armenia. 40 16'X. ; 40 10'E.
Mongols of Persia.
Batan. Bhutan District, in Northern India.
27 3 X. ; 90 E. Local (Eodgers).
Bajayah. Bougiah, in Algeria. 86 C 45'X. ;
54'E. Muwahhicl; Haf sid ; Harinid.
Prefis ^j J^t .
Bahrayn. Island in Persian Gulf. 25 E". ;
50 E. Abbasid.
Bukhara. In Tuxkistan. 39 48' K ; 64 34 r E. \j\ss?
Abbasid ; Tahirid ; Saljuk ; Shaybanid ;
Janid; Hangit. Prefixes . i^UJl ^ : dIJ\
<L? d, . jJu . ^ : jJj . Ljb-i .
Budaun. In KW. Provinces, India. 28 G 2'j$L; ^Jo
79 92' E. Dehli Emperors.
Badakhshan. In Afghanistan. 37 9' K ;
7033'E. Samanid; Chagatai; Timurid ;
Idrisid ; Babar (Eodgers). Prefix jJj .
Badaa. In Arabia. 25 16' K ; 50 40 X E.
Abbasid ; Idrisid ; Aghlabid ; Muwahhid ;
Jalair.
LIST OF 3SHNT TOWN'S.
Bidlis. BitKs, in Armenia. 3823'K; 426'E.
Amirs of Bidlis ; Chagatai ; Abbasid ?
Badhaghis. In Khurasan. 35 K ; 62 E.
Abbasid.
Brij Indarpur. Bhartpur. Dehli Emperors
(Eodgers).
Bardasir. Old name for Earman. Saljuk.
Bardaah. In Armenia. 4220 / K ; 46 10' E.
ITongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Abbasid ; Sajid ;
Saffarid (Tornberg).
Barkan. On east bank of the Jinim, near
Astrabad and Jurjan (Yakut). Uncertain
(Soret).
Barkaid. In Mesopotamia. 36 44' K ;
4152 / E. Local Amir.
Barkah. Baraka, in ST. Africa. 15 35'N. ;
3730 ; E. Abbasid.
Barujird. In Irak Ajami. 33 50' 3ST. ; 4855 / E.
Shahs of Persia.
Baroch. Broach, in Gujarat, India. 2143 / jST. ;
73 2' E. Local.
Baroda. In Gujarat. 22 1 T K ; 73 1 6' E.
Local Gaikwar.
Brusa. In Anatolia. 40 10' K ; 29 0' E.
Othmanli.
Burhanpur. In Kandesh, India. 21 1 8 ; K ; J
7616 ; E. Dehli Emperors ; local Eajah.
Prefixes j^jJ I jlj . ^^Is ^A!J .
Barili. Bareilly, in N.W. Provinces, India.
28 22' F. ; 29 26' E. Dehli Emperors ;
Durrani. Prefixes -JaS . jb UW (Eodgers) ;
dbli*! (kelson Wright).
Bazmkobad, Barmisad, Barmkobad. ?.
Umayyad.
140 3TUSAL3IAX XOIISMAXICS,
Bust, In Afghanistan. 31 : 20'X. ; 64'2'E.
Tahirid; Saffarid. Prefix JA*.
Bistam. In Khurasan. 34- 20' X. ; 47~ 6' E.
Mongols of Persia (Markof).
al-Basrah. In Irak Arabi. 30-26'X; 47 C 56 / E.
Umayyad ; Abbasid : Buwayhid ; Saljuk ;
Marwanid ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ;
Shahs of Persia. Prefix jL!* J .
i
Bnsri. Bozra, in Syria. 32 C 21'X.; 36 C 31'E.
TJmayyad,
Bataliyus. Badajoz, In Spain. 38 C 53' X. ;
6 56 ; AV. King of Badajoz.
Balabekk. Baalbac, in Syria. 34 s 3 ; X. ;
36 C 11 ; E. Umayyad; Abbasid.
Baghdad. In Mesopotamia. 33 22' X. ;
44 C 26' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ;
Kara Ejiynnlid ; Chagatai ; Mamlnk : Oth-
inanli ; Slialis of Persia. Prefix JuJU J .
Bekbek. ?. Mongols of Persia. i ^.' So
Bagalkot. In the Deccan, India. 16 I l x X. ;
75 44' E. Local.
Baljan. In Khuzistan, between Basrah and i^W^
Abbadan (Yakut). Mongols of Persia
(Schindler).
Baikh. In Khurasan. 36 C 47'X. ; 67 C 2S'E. ^
Umayyad; Abbasid; Samanid ; Ghaznawid;
Abu Daud ; Saljuk ; Shaybanid ; Janid ;
Barakzai. Prefix <ijj Ju .
Balkh al-Baida. In Daghastan (Fraehn). LiJl ^
Umayyad (Fraehn).
Balid. In Mesopotamia, near Mosil. 3625'X. ; jJj
42 50 7 E. Abbasid; Golden Horde; Ukaylid.
Baliim. Palermo, in Sicily. S8 C 7 ; X ; 1322 / E. ^Jj
Aghlabid of Sicily.
LIST OP HI^T TOWNS. 141
Buighar. In Eussia, on the Tolga. 54 59' IN . ;
490'E. Great Kaans ; Golden Horde;
Khan of Kazan. Prefix <j**\
Bulghar Garrison. Golden Horde (Markoi).
Bulghrad. Belgrade, in Servia. 44 48' 1$. ;
20 28' E. Othmanli
Balansiah. Yalencia, in Spain. 39 28'ST. ;
020'W. Amirid; Toledo Kings; Murabit.
Prefix jJu*.
Balukan, or Talukan, for ^USU?. KKwarizm.
Bali. In Java. 6 1'S. ; IH^T'E. English
Malay. Prefix
Bamm. In Kirman. 29 10 ; K ; 58 13' E.
Bwayhid; Saljuk (Ejrehl).
Banares. In KW. Provinces, India. 2518'K.;
83 3 ; E . Dehli Emperors. Prefix jb 1 dA^ .
Binakat. Same as Shahrukhia. 40 46' 1ST. ;
69C'E. Turkistan.
Bantan. Bantam, in Java 6 12 7 S. ; 106 10'E.
Malay ; local.
BanjarMasin. InBorneo. 332'S.; 11438 ; E.
Local Sultan (Millies).
Banjar, for^.*saj .
Bandar. Probably Bandar Abbas or Bushira.
Mongols of Persia (Schindler).
Bandarabin. In 2ST. "W. Proyinces, India.
27 23' K ; 77 44' E. Dehli Emperors.
Bandar Shahi. ?. Dehli Emperors.
Bandar Abbas. In Laristan. 27 10' EL ;
5618'E. Shahs of Persia.
Bindah. In Sind: Dehli Emperors.
Bundi. In Eajpntana, India. 2527'K;
7540'E. Local Eajah.
142 IfUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
Bink or Bik Bazar. Unknown town in Trans-
oxiana (Markof). Golden Horde (Fraehn) ;
Astrakhan Elan (Hark of).
Bankapur. In Bengal. 22 3 20'X.; 8825'E.
Dehli Emperor (White King).
Binketh. Chief toTrn of Shash (Yakut), i.e.
Taskand. Samanid ; Chagatai. Prefix jJj .
Bangala. Bengal. Dehli Emperor Akbar
(Thomas).
Bangalur. In llysore, India. 12 C 57']^". ;
77 3 36' E. Sultan of Mysore.
Bannnr, In Patiala State, Panjab, India.
30 C 48^ T .; 7642 ; E. Dehli Xings(Eodgers).
al-Buwazij. BuTraibab, in Mesopotamia.
36 25' ^ T . ; 38 12' E. Buktiginid (Heir).
Budhana. In X.W. Provinces, India. 2916 / ]S T .;
77 31' E. Behli Kings (Yost).
Burhandiyah. ?. Bengal Kings (Eodgers).
Buzkan. Buzjan, four days from Msabur
and six from Herat (Yakut). 35 12' K ;
60 38' E. Mongols of Persia.
Bnshahr, for Abushahr. Mongols of Persia
(Markof).
Bntah or Buzah. ]^ear Merv ? Abbasid
(MoeHer).
Bulis. ?. (Tiesenhausen.)
Bunt. Alpuenta, in Spain. 39 52' F. ; 1 3' "W".
Bini E/azin.
Bahadurpattan. Dehli Emperors.
Bahar. In Hamadan. 35 0' K ; 48 25' E.
Golden Horde.
Bhanpur. Bhanpnra, in Central Provinces,
India. 2430 / K; 7547'E. Dehli Kings
(Thomas).
LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 143
Bahawalpur. In Panjab, India. 29 24' 1ST. ;
71 47' E. Dehli Emperor (Eodgers) ; local
Bajah. Prefix JLH^ta.
Bahbihan. InKhuzistan, 3040'K; 5014'E.
Kings of Persia.
Bhartpur. In Bajputana, India. 2713'N. ;
7732'E. BeHi Emperors; local Eajah.
Bihkubadh al-Asfal. In the Saki i Purat, near JU1
Baghdad (Yakut). Uniayyad.
Bhakhar. In Sind. 3137'K; 71 5' E.
Shahs of Persia ; Dehli Emperors ; Durrani.
BhopaL In Centrallndia. 2315'jST.; 7725'E.
Local Begam.
Bhuj. In Hutch, Western India. 23 15' K;
6948 / E. Also written ^j T ^ . Local Eao.
Bhilsah. In Bhopal State. 23 31'K; 7750 / E.
Dehli Emperors.
al-Biyar. In Kumis territory, two days from
Bistam (Yakut). 36 13' N. ; 55 37 ; E.
^QW Biyarjumand. Samanid ; local copper.
al-Biyan. On estuary of Tigris. 30 21' K ;
48 12' E. Umayyad (Codrington).
Biyasa. Baeza, in Andalusia. 38 ; K ; 335'W.
Spanish Umayyad.
Biana. In Eajputana, India. 2657 ; K; .<Ulj.!jLj
7720 r E. Dehli King.
BaitJahrin. InPalestine. 3136'K.; 3453 / E.
Abhasid (Tiesenhausen).
Bijapur. In Deccan, India. 16 49' N. ; ^
7546'E. Dehli Emperors. Prenx.y^^b.
Bairut. In Syria. 33 54 ; K ; 35 29' E. CJ, -j .
/>
Abbasid.
1-44 3IUS1L3L1X XO1XSMATXCS,
Brnxlh. Xear Basinna, which Is near al-Arnvaz
(Yakut). Buwayhicl ; Mongols of Persia.
Baysha. Bish, in Yemen. 19 : 58 ; X. ; 4o s 30'E.
Abbaslcl ; Governor of Yemen (Markof).
Bairat. Probably Vairatu. in Rajputana. India.
27=42'y. ; 76 : 2:3'E. Dehli Emperors.
Bikanir. In Eajpntana, India. 28" ; X. ;
73"22'E. Local Eajah.
Bilakan. In Armenia, llongois of Persia.
Bilu. In Baluchistan. Local Khan (Eodgers).
? for ^L: .
Biylak In Baluchistan. 26 C 1 (T X. ; 66 23' E.
Local Jam.
Binazir. Hola Honnur, in llysorc. 14 C 0'I!\. :
7542'E. Sultan of Msore.
Pali. In Rajputana, India. 25 C 48' X. ; Jlj
73 25' E. Jodhpur Rajah.
Panipat In IST.W. Provinces, India. 29 C 23'X.; uuo Jb
77 2' E. Dehli Emperors (Badgers). Prefix
^^ (Eodgers), <Ua5 (Taylor).
Pattan. Saringapatam, in Mysore, India. ^
12 25' 1". : 76 45' E. Sultan of Mysore.
Pattan Deo. Dwarka, in Kathiawacl, India. ^
22 15' K ; 69 1 ; E. Dehli Emperors
(Badgers).
Patnah. In Bengal. 25 37' N.; 85 12'"E. teu
Dehli Emperors. Prefixes .
Pashawar. On British frontier of Afghanistan. . u
340 / K; 7138 / E. Ehwarizm; Sikh;
Shahs of Persia ; Durrani ; Dehli Emperors ;
Barakzai. Prefix Ifll .
LIST OF MINT OWNS. 145
Palarm. Palermo. 38' 7' N. ; 13 22' E.
Xorman Kings of Sicily.
Panahabad. Shnshi, in Kurdistan. 39 C 40' 3T. ;
47 32' E. Khan of Karabagh (Markof) ;
uncertain Persian (Fraehn).
Panjnagar. '?. Dehli Emperors (Bodgers).
Panjhir. In Afghanistan. 35 30' ST.; 6935'E.
Saffarid ; Samanid ; Daudid.
Poulo Panang. Prince of Wales Island,
Penang. 518'N.; 100 25' E. English
Malay.
Punah. Poona, in Deccan, India. 1 8 3 1 ' N. ;
73 53' E. Local Paishwah. Prefix AX .
Tajarjara. ? Tajarra, in East Africa. In
Algeria ? Idrisid (Lavoix).
Tashkand. InTurkistan. 4121'K ; 684l'E.
Shaybanid ; Tashkand Khans ; Chagatai.
Talddamt. In Algeria. 35 28' K ; 1 0' E.
Murabit ; Abel al-Kadir.
Tandah. In Oudh, India. 2633'jST.; 8242'E.
Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings.
Tanah Malayu. Malay Country. English
local.
Tabriz. In Azarbaijan. 38 3' ST. ; 46 20' E.
Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Golden Horde ;
Timurid ; Chagatai ; Kuyunlid ; Othmanli ;
Shahs of Persia, Prefixes -
Tattah. In Sind, India. 24 44' K. ; 68 O'E.
Dehli Emperors ; Durrani. Prefix jlfsn Jo .
Tadghah. In Morocco. 3244'N. ; 547 / 'W.
Idrisid; Abbasid (Markof).
10
Taghlakpur. Tirhut, district in Bengal. Dehli
Kings. Prefix *Jj\ . Suffix c^-A/ ^ .
Tiflis. In Georgia. 4141'3L; 44 59' E.
Umayyad; Abbasid; Great Kaans; Mongols
of Persia ; Othmanli ; Shahs of Persia.
Prefix LJ J^ - j^-i
Takrit. In Mesopotamia. 3433'X.; 4333'E.
Mongols of Persia (Sauvaire).
Talak Samawi. Teluk Samay, in Achin.
510'K; 9750'E. Achin.
146 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Tarjan. In Armenia. 39- 42 ; X. ; 4(P 30' E.
Mongols of Persia.
Tranganu. In Malacca. 5 5' 2f. ; 102 30' E. Jliy . jjl
Local. Prefix ^yC? .
Tirmidli. In Bukhara. 38" 17 X. ; 67 G 38' E.
Abbasid ; Samanid ; Chagatai ; Timurid.
Prefix JU--'. ^J Jw* .
Tarumin. Sumatra. O'f ; 100~30'E. Local
English. Prefix o-xJ.
Tarira. In Hadramaut. 18--41' X. ; 49 3 22'E.
Local Chief.
Tustar. Shustar, in Khuzistan. Mongols of
Persia (Markof).
Tustar min al-Ahxvaz. Canton of Alnraz.
Abbasid; Buwayhid.
TasTri. Tesowy, near Lake TJrmi. 38 s 18' X. ;
45 23' E. Mongols of Persia (Fraehn).
Tatv^an. Tetouan, in Morocco. 35 30' X. ;
5 29' TV. Filili Sharifs.
TutilaL Tudelah, in Spain. 42 7' 3f. ;
1 39' "W. Spanish Umayyad.
Taizz. In Yemen. 13 3 30'^T. ; 4410 r E. jau
Ayyubid ; Easulicl ; Imam of Sana. Prefix
LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 147
Till Lams. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair.
Tilimsan. Tlemsan, in Algeria. 35 0' N. ;
1 1 6' W. Murabit ; Muwahhid ; Marinid ;
Ziyanid; Othmanli. Prefix <fcoX/.
Talang. Telanga, district in S.E, India. Dchli
Kings. Prefix i^Ln .
Tukat. In Shras, Asia Minor. 40 20' N. ;
363S ; E. Mongols of Persia; Othmanli.
Tunis. In North Africa. 36 46' N. ; 10 5'E.
Muwanhid ; Haf sid : Othmanli.
Tunk. Tonk, in Eajputana, India. 2610'N.;
7556'E. Local Rajah.
Tunkit Ilak. Province of Ilak - Bukhara. - jlJ
39 0' ]ST. ; 64 12 7 E. Samanid ; Turkistan. jib
Tui, for ufj^ Shahs of Persia.
Tirah. Tyria, in Anatolia. 38 4' 1ST. ; 27 42' E.
Mongols of Persia ; Othraanli (LJ^-H ) 5 Shahs
of Persia.
al-Taimarah. Near Isfahan. Umayyad.
Thabat. In Yemen. ?. Rasulid.
Jahak. Near Tus, in Khurasan ( Yakut). Saljuk.
Jajarm. In Khurasan. 36 51' 38". ; 56 29 ; E.
Mongols of Persia.
1 Jalandar. In the Panjah, India. 31 20' K ; ^ jj U-
75 87' E. Dehli Emperors.
Java. EJ. Company; Netherlands. Title t\p-
Jarbath. Jerbah, near Tunis. 33 45 f IS. ; ci^ ^
10 30 ; E. Umayyad (Lavoix),
148 ML'SALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Jurjaii. In Tabaristan. 37 : 12' X. ; 54 : 52 ; E.
Abbiijid; Mongols of Persia; Samanid
(Marlvof); Buwayhid, (Fraelm); Tahirid
(Xornberg). Prefix j J^ .
Jarzuwan, Jarirwan, or Harir\ran (Ptodgers); -
Gazarwan (Eaverty). In Afghanistan.
35 r 40'X.; 6512'E. Ivawarizm Shalis.
al-Jazair. Algiers. 36 C 58' X. : 2' : 57' E.
Hafsid; Othmanli.
al-Jazirah. In Mesopotamia. 37 I5 ; 1ST. ;
42-14'E. Umayyad; Abbasid; Marwanid;
Hamdanid ; Zangicl ; Mongols of Persia ;
Kara KnynnlicL. Prefix jj ( *x* .
Jazirali Prins ab ^ r ailes. Prince of Wales
Island orPouloPcnang. 5" IS 7 ]S T . ; 100 C 25'E.
Englisb. local.
Jazirali Silulu or Silung'. Ceylon. Netherlands
E.I. Company.
al-Jisr. Probably Jisr Manbij, in Syria.
34 4 ; X. ; 35 38' E. Uniayyad (Rogers).
Jafarabad. Probably Yeramin, near Teheran.
35 1 5' ]S T . ; 51 42' E. Shahs of Persia.
Julad. In Daghistan ? GoldenHorde(Fraehn).
Jalalabad. In Afghanistan. 34 24' ]S T . ;
70 24' E. Dehli Emperor, with prefix
*Jjil . Also counter-strike on E.L Com-
pany's coins.
Jalalpur. In. the Panjab. 29 31' 1S T . ; 71 22 7 E.
Dehli Emperors (Yost).
Jalaun. In Is ."W. Proyinces, India. 26 9 ; jS T . ;
7922'E. Local Eajah.
Jalu. Army Mint. Or Jelo District in Kur-
distan. S725']S T .; 440'E. Shahs of
Persia.
Juzjan. District near Balkh, in Khurasan.
36 JNT. ; 65 E. Ghaznawkl ; Ziyarid.
Jaunpur. In KW. Provinces, India. 2544']Sr.;
82 44' E. Dehli Emperors ; Kings of
Jaunpur. Prefixes eL^d>- L^ _ d'J^ri. _
Jhalawar. In Eajputana, India. 24 20' IS. ;
7650'E. Local Eajah.
Jahanabad. In Bengal. 25 13' N. ; 85 2' E.
Dehli Emperors.
Jahanpanah. Dehli. Dehli Kings.
LIST OF 3II3TT TOWNS. 149
Jalimabad. ?. Dehli Emperors. jLlj J,:>-
Julair. ?. Delili Emperors (Eoclgers).
Jummun. In Kashmir. 32 44'^.; 7449'E.
Dehli Emperors (Eoclgers). Local Governor.
Prefixes ..,U81 ,b ...JiS.
\,^ > y>
Jinaba. Genaba, in Farsistan. 29 3 31'N.;
50 35' E. Saffarid ; Buwayhid.
Junabadh. Grmabad, in Khurasan. 3420'N. ; jj\i:>-
5833 / E. Sarbadarid.
Jannatabad. Lakhnauti, in Bengal. 24 55'jST. ;
88 8' E. Bengal Kings.
Juncli Sabur. In Khnzistan. o 7 18' 1ST. ; j
4885'E. Urnayyacl; Abbasid.
Janzah. Probably for ^rsa.i . Umayyad ;
Shaddadid (Markof).
Jodhpur. In Eajputana, India. 26 19' 2T. ;
73 8' E. Dehli Kings ; Delili Emperors
(Eodgers); local Eajah. Prefixes -jy& \ ^
. Suffix
Chatarkot. In KW. Provinces, India. 2518'^ r .;
80 54' E. Dehli Emperors (Burn).
Chitganu. Chittagong. 2221'K; 9152'E.
Bengal Kings. Prefix &*j. .
Chinapattan. Madras. Dehli Emperors.
1-50 MUSAL3XAN XCTISMATIC,*.
Jhansi. In Central India. 25 : 25'K; 78 C 3S'E.
Dehli Emperors.
Janansirabad. In X. "\V. Provinces, India.
<-'
28 s 24' X.; 7S : S' E. Dehli Emperors
(Hoernle).
Jahangxrpur. Jangipur, in Bengal. 24 C 24'X. ;
88 6'E. Delili Emperor.
Jahangirnagar. Dacca, in Bengal. 23' 43' K. :
90 26' E. Dehli Emperors.
Jhang. In the Panjab, India. 31 16' X. ;
72 21' E. SiJdi (Rodgers).
Jhusi. Xear Allahabad, X.W. Provinces. India. .-^.
25 26' K ; 81 58' E. Dehli Kings.
Jayy. Old Isfahan. Uniayyad ; Abbasid.
Prefix i^j-Vf .
Jiyan. Jaen, in Spain. 37 C 50'^.; C 49' TT.
Spanish Uniayyad ; lluwahhicl ; 2^asricl.
Jaipur. In Eajputana, India. 26 56' E". ;
75 55' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Rajah.
Prefixes ^^ . **4^ - uJ^^ a- .
Jiruft. In Zirman. 28 9' E". ; 57 40 ; E.
Buwayhid.
Jaisalmir. InRajputana. 2654'K ; 7054'E.
Local Rajah.
Chanicha. Cianitza, in Servia. 42 56' jST. ;
20 2 y E. OthmanlL
Chawalsfcan. ?. Dehli King (Hoernle). Prefix
LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 151
Chunar. In ~N~.W. Provinces, India, 2 5 C 7' $". ;
82 55' E. Dehli Kings; Dehli Emperors.
Chanpanir. In Gujarat, India. 22 31' ST. ;
73 36' E. Dehli Emperor ; Gujarat Kings.
Prefixes ^UjJK^ . J* j& - *&
Chhachrauli. In the Panjab, India. 30 1 5' Ef . ;
77 25' E. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).
Chushi, or Chusha. Shahabad (Yost) ; Dehli
Kings.
Chitur. In Eajputana, India. 24 52' K ;
74 41' E. Dehli Emperors.
Haji Turkhan. Astrakhan. 46 25' K ; 48 5' E.
Golden Horde; Astrakhan Khans. Prefix
Hafizabad. In the Panjab, India. 32 2' 1ST. ;
73 46' E. Dehli Emperors.
Habulta. Jabulta, near Baghdad. 34 47 ; 1ST. ;
43 37 7 E. Abbasid (Lavoix).
Hajr. In Yemen. 24 7' K ; 51 14' E.
Abbasid.
Harran. Charroe, in Mesopotamia. 36 52' ~N. ;
39 r E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Ayyubid ;
Buktiginid.
al-Hirmin al-Sharifin. The two Holy Cities
Mecca and Medinah. Othmanli.
Hazan. Salt Country. ?. Mongols of
Persia (Soret).
al-Hasan or al-Khush. Probably Khush, in
Syria. Umayyad- (Eogers).
Hasanabad or Husainabad. Probably Gaur in
Bengal Dehli Emperors; Bengal Kings.
Prefix ^j^. .
152 3IUSAL3IAN NUMISMATICS.
Hissar. In Turkistan. 38 C 25'N.; 68 45' E.
Tlmuiid ; Shaybanid.
Hissar. In X.TT. Provinces, India. 29 9'X. ;
75 C 50' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors ;
local E.ajah, Suffix $; -J .
Hissar Shadman. Hissar, in Turkistan. Timurid. ^U JU jLa
Hisn. Kaifa. Urtukid ; Mongols of Persia.
Hisn EhifEah. Hisr Kaghi. Hisn Kaifa, in
Turkistan. 37 40'X.; 41 C 20 / E. Trtnldd;
Mongols of Persia.
al-Hadhr. Atra, in Mesopotamia. 35 30 ; JS". ;
42 50' E. Ak-Ivuyunlid (Soret).
Halab. Aleppo, in Syria. 36 11' X. ; 37 9' E.
Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Hamdanid ; Zangid ;
Ayynbid ; Eatimid ; Mirdasid ; Mamluk ;
Jalair ; Othmanli. Prefix ^o IS- .
Hulwan. In Irak Arabi. 34 48' ]S T . ; 45 36' E.
Abbasid.
al-Hillah. In Mesopotamia. 32 25 ; K ; ^LsSi
44 30' E. Mongols of Persia ; Jalair.
Hamat. In Syria. 34 16 ; X.; 35 40' E. iU>.
Ayyubicl ; Mamlnk. Suffix LS* sr^l .
Hamad. Perhaps for O ^A>- ; or ^A^- , a
province in Asia Minor. Jalair (Mark of).
Hims. Emesa, in Syria. 34 25' K; 36 46' E.
Umayyad; Hamdanid; Eatimid; Tulunid;
Jalair.
Hauran. In Syria. 36 7' JS T . ; 36 40' E.
Othmanli (Soret).
Hautah. In NajdL 22 33' BT. ; 45 22' E.
Local (Eodgers).
Huwayza. In Khuzistan. 3117'K; 48 1'E.
Timurid.
LIST OF MIxNT TOWNS. 153
Haiclarabad. In theDeccan, India. 17 22' IT. ; j , *
75 32' E. Dehli Emperors ; local ]\ T izani.
Prefixes jLj *JLL^J . jUsll .b.
Kharpur. ?. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).
Khalakabad. Chandagal, near Mysore. 12 C 21'2T.;
7645'E. Mysore Sultan.
Khanpur. In Bahawalpur State, India.
2S35'N. ; 7041'E. Local Eajah.
Khanjah. Elizabethpol. 40 45 ; N. ; 46 1 4' E.
Othmanli.
Khanah Eikab. Army Mint. Shahs of Persia.
Zhabushan. Modern Knchan, in EHmrasan.
37 2-5' N.; 58 22'E. Mongols of Persia
(Markof).
Khutlan, al-Khnttul. In Transoxiana, about
37 46' ]S T . ; 68 40' E. Timurid (Fraehn) ;
Samanid.
Khuttan. In Turkistan. 37 7' K. ; 7755'E.
Mongols of Persia (Sanlcy) ; local Khan.
suffix Lj-y .
IQuijastuh Baniyad. Aurangabad. Dehli
Emperors.
Zhujindah. In Turkistan. 41 6' 1ST. ; 68 2' E.
Chagatai ; Turkistan.
Khartbirt. Diarbakr or Amid. 37 56' IT. ;
40 8' E. Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia.
Khurfah. In ITajd, Arabia. ?. Local Khan.
Prefix i : Alj.
Khazanah. The Treasury. Eengal Kings.
Khusrushadh Hurmnz. A district in the culti-
Tated part of Irak (Yakut). Umayyad.
154 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Khilat Akhlat, in Armenia. 38 3 52'K;
42 : 10' E. Marwanid ; Mongols of Persia.
al - Khalif an al-Aliyah. Constantinople.
Otnmanll.
Khulm. In Khurasan. 36 : 58' N. ; 67 8'E.
Timurid.
Ehalif atabad. Baglmrhat, in Bengal. 22 40' X. ;
89 49' E. Bengal Kings (Blochmann).
Khwarizm. EMva. 41 55' X. ; 60 5' E.
Golden Horde ; Cnagatai ; Timurid ; local
Khans. Prefixes *
Xhur. A village near Balk3i( Yakut). Timurid.
Klmrshid Suwad. Probably Bliarwar, in the
Deccan, India. 1527 / S".; 75 3' E. Mysore
Sultan.
Khu?h. ?. Mongols of Persia.
Khukand. In Tartary. 4032 / ]S T , ; 7058 / E.
Local Khans. Prefixes <uiljuu^ j\ -
^<U! ^1 J . Epithet L^JJ .
Khima. In Azarbaijan. 38 21'S".; 4400 ; E.
Abbasid.
Khui. In Azarbaijan. 38 33 ; ft. ; 45 5' E.
Mongols of Persia ; Golden Horde ; Jalair ;
Shahs of Persia ; Durrani (Leggett). Prefix
Khairpur. In Sind, India. 2731'jST.; 6S48'E.
Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).
Khizan. In Armenia. SS ^']^. ; 42 5' E.
Othmanli.
Khayuk. Khiva. Local Khans; Timurid d/^
(Soret).
LIST OF MINT TOWNS.
Dara. In Mesopotamia. 37'" S'K". ; 41 C 1'E.
Abbasid (Stickel).
Bar al-Tassuwir. Joudhpur. Behli Emperors j\
(Eodgers).
Barah. In Mesopotamia. 35 28']^.; 3952'E.
Saljuk (Lane Poole).
Baghastan. Province in Armenia. 42 $". ; ^
48 K Shahs of Persia.
Bamighan. In Khurasan. 3612'K; 5438'E.
Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ; Timuricl ;
Shahs of Persia. Prefix <wj JL* .
Bamla, near Saharanpur, K"W. Provinces,
India. Behli Emperor (Eodgers).
Baniat. In Syria, between Aleppo and
Kafartab (Yakut). Mongols of Persia
(Soret).
Baniat. Benia, in Spain, 38 52' K ; 04' W.
Kings of Benia ; Muwahhid. Prefix <LJ J^ .
Bawar. In Afghanistan. 33 15'^.; 65 5' E.
Shahs of Persia (Markof).
Bahar. ? for ^Uj. Behli Kings (Eodgers).
Babusiyah. In Transoxiana. 394S'j$T. ;
6550 / E. Golden Horde; Turkistan.
Babil. Ardabil. 389'N.; 4S19'E. Umayyad;
Abbasid.
Barabjird. Barab, in Earsistan. 28 42' K ; t^srlj J
54 9' E. Umayyad.
Birband. In Baghistan. 42 S'K ; 4810'E.
Golden Horde ; local Khan.
Barwadh. A fort in Azarbaijan (Yakut).
Shahs of Persia.
Bizful. In Khuzistan. 32 8' K ; 48 22' E.
Shahs of Persia (Eraehn).
Bistawa. In Earsistan (Yakut). Umayyad.
156 3IUSALMAN X
Dakuka. Tank, in Mesopotamia. 35S']N T .;
44" 28' E, Abbasicl ; Buktiginid (Soret).
Dilshadabad. ?. Dehli Emperors.
al-Dalikan , or Dolijan. 2s ear Isfahan (Yakut).
About 33 C 20' X. ; 51- 10' E. (Le Strange) ;
Abbasid (Fraehn).
Damawind. In Khurasan. 3539 / X. ; 52 9' E.
Timurid ; Shahs of Persia.
Damask. Damascus, 33 34' K ; 36 20' E.
IJniayyad : Abbasicl ; Saljuk ; Tulunid ;
Ikhshidid ; Fatimid ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ;
"
3Iamlnk; Othmanli. Suffix &*: .^ Au \ .
Bunaysir. In ^Mesopotamia. 3 7 2'$".;
4P18'E. Marwanid; Urtukid.
Dawrak. In Khuzistan. 3051']N T . ; 4855'E.
Shahs of Persia ; Timurid.
Dawkar. ?. Saljuk (B.tt. Cat.).
Dogam, Dogaon. Probably Dogon, near j^anpara,
In Bahraich, Oudh. Dehli Emperors. Pre-
fixes iils)\j!j . ,*!LS!j\j . AwJljta.
Daulatabad. Deogir, in the Decean, India.
19 57' IS T . ; 7o c 18' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli
Emperors. Prefix iliL^sf* .
Daha. In Java. Local English.
Dhar. In Central India. 23 36' K ; 75 24' E.
Dehli Kings. Aj&J j , the Pass of Dhar.
Dharwar. In south of Deccan, India. 1527'K;
75 3 ; E. Mysore Sultan.
Dahistan. In Hazanclaran. 28 32 ; E". ;
5524'E. Great Kaans; Shahs of Persia
(Dorn). Prefix jJj .
LIST OP MINT TOWXS. 157
DM. In y."W. Provinces, India. 2839'}s T . ;
77 IS'E. Belli Kings : Dehli Emperors ;
Local.
Dholpur. InEajputana. 26 C 42' 3". ; 77 C 54' E.
Local Eana.
Diarbakar. Amid, in ^Mesopotamia. 37 C 56'X. ;
40 8' E. Othmanli.
Diyr. la Syria. 35 4' X. ; 40 s 18' E. Oth-
manli; Kara Kuyunlid.
Dairajat. Hultan, in the Panjab. Durrani.
Dairah. Dereh, in the Panjab. 34 24' ]S T . ;
7259'E. Dehli Emperors ; Sikh; Durrani.
Dairahjat. Deraj at, in the Panjab. 322'jN T . ;
70 4' E. Durrani.
Dairah fath Khan. In the Panjab. 31 9'^ T . ;
70 50' E. Durrani.
al-Dailim. In Azerbaijan. S?^ 7 ^.; 4940'E.
Muhanimad b. Bnznngumir ; "Wahsondinide.
Dingarh. In the Panjab. 2856'K; 7449'E.
Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).
al-Dinawar. In Irak Arabi. 34 36' N. ;
47 36' E. Buwayhid (Markof ).
Diogir. Daulatabad, intheDeecan. 1957'K ;
7518 / E. DehliKings; dizain of Haidarabad.
Prefixes &*ks - CJ.-.a^ . ^L^\ ^ .
Dieval. In Sind, India. Dehli Emperors
(White King). Prefix ^ .
Darwat. In Hajaz (Yakut) ; Easulid L.
(ISTeitzel).
Dafarin. Uncertain. Timurid (LanePoole).
158
Damar. In Yemen. H~11'X.; 44 G ; E. jUj
Imam of Sana. Prefix , r -o .
Eajar. ? Eajan or Arjan. Golden Horde
(Sorct).
Eajaz. '?. Mongols of Persia (Lane Poole).
Eajgarh, In Eajpntana, India. 2618'^r. ;
74 C 42' E. Local Rajah of Alwar State.
Eahin. Eayin, in Eirman. 29 35' ]S T . ;
57 32' E. ITongols of Persia (ScMndler).
lladhanpur. In Eajputana, India. 2850 / X.; j
7l : 38'E. Local Eajah.
Eas al-Avin. In Mesopotamia. 36^52'X. ;
40- 5' E. Abbasid.
Eask. Inllakram. 2618 ; ^ T .; 6140'E.
Sanianicl (Frachn).
EasM. In Khurasan, eight farsakhs from
Tarmuz (Yakut). Sanianicl.
al-Eafikah. Eakkali, in Mesopotamia. 36Q'K;
S920'E. Abbasid; Tulunid; Buwa yhid ;
Hamdanid (Tornberg).
Eamhnimuz. In Khnzistan. 31 10' K ;
49 50' E. Umay yad ; Abbasid ; Bnwayhid ;
Tulunid ; Shahs of Persia.
Eanajin. ?. Dehli Emperors (Eoernle).
Ribat al-Fath. In Morocco. 34 0' N. ; Jiilt
B^^SO'TT. Elili Sharifs.
Eajan. In Farsistan. ? i^&-j\ - Golden
Horde (Markof).
al-Eahabah. In Mesopotamia. 34 54' JS". ; L
4011 ; E. Abbasid; Hamdanid.
Easht. In Gilan. 37 20']Sr.; 4950 A E. ^
Saljuk; Mongols of Persia; Knyunlid; Shahs
of Persia. Prefix \ \A .
LIST OF MINT TOW^S. 159
Bussid. In Irak Arabi. ?. In Yemen <\^\ . <x^
(Yakut) ; Golden Horde ; Mongols of Persia.
llanash. In Khuzistan. 3225 / jST.; 4S22'E. J^j
Shahs of Persia.
al-Eakkah. In Mesopotamia. 360'K; Z$j\
3920'E. Umayyad; Abbasid.
Eimm. District of the Kurds in Earsistan ; ' 1 .
Shahs of Persia (Markof).
al-Eama. In Palestine. 31 33' N. ; 35 8' UJ1
Ayyubid.
al-Eamlah. In Palestine. 31 54' K ; 34 56' E. IUJ1
Umayyad ; Abbasid.
llanthambhur. In Kajputana, India. 26 2' N. ; J5&&J
76 30' E. Dehli Kings.
Eangpur. In Bengal. 2544'K ; 89 16 ; E. j^j^
Local Eajah.
Eevan. Erivan. Othmanli. ^ t .
Eotaspnr. ?, Bengal Kings. J^AJ^
al-Eoudhbar. In Gilan. 36 55'K; 4925'E. jV^
Local Prince.
Euha. Edessi, in Mesopotamia. 375 / N. ; UjiL Uj
390'E. Umayyad; .Ayyubid; Othmanli.
al-Rayy. InlrakAjami. 36 0' 1ST. ; 5130'E. &]\
Umayyad; Abbasid; Saljuk; Ghaznawid;
Mongols of Persia.
Eikanz. Town near Merv (Yakut) ; Governor l^ .
of Sijistan.
Zabid. In Yemen. 14 10 ; K ; 43 20' E. j^j :
Easulid; Yiyadid; King of Yemen.
Zirinj. In Sijistan. 31 33' 1ST. ; 61 38 ; E. -Aj
Umayyad; Abbasid; Saffarid; Tahirid;
Mongols of Persia. Prefix
160 m'SALMAX NUMISMATICS.
ZamindraL. In Scrvia. 44 C 37 X.; 20 : 52 f E.
Othmunli,
al-Zamwar. Azamur. in Morocco. 33 : 17' 2s". ;
8 : ;}' "W. ITarinicl (Lavoix).
Zamindawar. In Afghanistan. 32 : 30' 2s T . ; J
64 : 30' E. Khwarizni.
Zinjan. In Khamsah, Persia. 36 : 45 ; X.;
48 C 2S'E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix aj\**u!l ,L\
>
Zanjihar. In East Africa. 6 C 0' S.j 39 C 20'E.
Local Sultan.
Zuilat. Zuila, in Tripoli. 27 C 20' X. ; 1 7 C 30' E. HL^J
Fatimid.
Zoha. ?. Sharif of Morocco (Sorct). Ifcj
al-Zahra. Xcar Cordova, in Spain. 36 C 52' X. ; L" 5 ;/"^
5 C 20'TT. Spanish TJmayyad. Prefix jJ^.
Zaydan. In Farsistan. 28 : 40' 2s". ; 53 10' E. a \ Juj
Mongols of Persia.
Zinat al-Bilad. Ahmadabad. Dehli Emperors jLSl jixj^
(Eodgers).
Sabir Ehonst. In Khuzistan. 32 C 50' K ;
4740'E. Buwayhid; Kakwayhid.
Sabur. In Farsistan. 29 oQ'ltf. ; 51 55' E.
Umayyad.
Sardis. Sart, in Anatolia. 38 26' K". ;
28 C 5' E. Saljuk.
Sarangpur. In Malwah. India. 23 3 1 1 IS". ;
76 30' E. Dehli Emperors.
Sari. In Mazandaran. 36 32' ]S T . ; 53 5' E.
Timurid ; Ziyarid ; Sabadarid ; Mongols of
Persia j Shahs of Persia; Khan of Dailixn.
Sakiz. Scio, in Grecian Archipelago. 38 20' K ;
26 ; E. Othmanli.
Sibzawar. In Khurasan: 36 18 7 K; 5746 / E.
Or in Afghanistan : 33 10' K; 62 ll'E.
Mongols of Persia; Timurid; BuwayMd;
Sabadarid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix j J^ .
Satgaon. In Bengal. 22 38' N. ; 88 25 r E.
Dehli Kings. Prefixes cjyd>- . ^r, .
Sijistan. Seistan, in Persia. 31 0' K ;
62 20' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; local
Governors; Ghaznawid; Saffarid.
Sijilniasah. In Morocco. 3115'M". ; I45 / W.
Spanish Umayyad ; Murabitid; Muwahhid;
Marinid ; Moorish ; Hasani Sharif s. Prefixes
LIST OP MINT TOWNS. 161
Samsun. In Trebizond, Asia Minor. 4121'K;
36 25 ; E. Mongols of Persia. Prefix j.X* .
Sarniyah. In Palestine. 3158'JSr. ; 3523'E.
Umayyad.
Sauj Bulagh. In Azarbaijan. 36 54' K ; cSb ~
45 C 45' E. Shahs of Persia.
Sawah. In Irak Ajami. 35 0' 2ST. ; 5026'E. J^
Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ;
Jalair; Timurid.
Sibtah. Ceuta. 3555']\ T .; 518' W. Hamudid;
Muwahhid ; Marinicl ; Moorish. Prefixes
Sidi-ah Kiysi. Sanjak, in Salonika. 40 38' K; ^J I ^
22 56' E. Othmanli.
Sarai. On the Yolga. 51 38' E". ; 46 O'E. ^\ ^
Golden Horde; White Horde; Othmanli.
Prefixes jjj . ^L .
Sarai al-Jadid. NewSarai, Tzaref , on the Yolga.
48 39' K ; 43 2' E. Golden Horde.
Sarai Chouk. little Sarai. Sarachik, on the -^ J ^
Ural. 46 16' N. ; 51 25 ; E. Golden Horde.
11
162 MUSALMAN XUMIS1IATICS.
Sarai al-Mahmsat. Garrisoned camp. Golden
Horde.
Sribarnijah. Srebernltza or Saiberaik ? in
Bosnia. 44 & X. ; 19 19 f E. Othmanli.
Sarakhs. In Khurasan. 3838'X. ; 61 13'E.
Umayyad; Saljuk; Mongols oi Persia ; Stalls
of Persia.
Sariz. Seriz, in Roumelia. 415'2T.; 2335'E.
Othmanli
Surrak. In Irak ArabL 31 8'N. ; 4736'E.
Umayyad.
Sarkan, for ^^ ? Mongols of Persia.
Sarrakustali, Saragossa, in Spain. 41 46' 2T. ;
58 ; W. Hudid. Prefix ij J^ .
Sirkan. Zergan, in Irak Ajami. 35 20' E". ;
49 10' E. Mongols of Persia.
Surra min raa. Samarra, in Irak Arabi.
3411'K; 4349'E. Abbasid; Buwayhid.
Sarmin. In Syria. 35 59' N. ; 36 57' E.
Othmanli (Eraenn).
Sirwan. In Afghanistan. 34 25' N. ; 62 3' E.
Umayyad (lYaehn).
Saraj, In Mesopotamia. 36 46' N.; 3843 / E.
Umayyad (Layoix).
Sirunj. In Eajputana, India. 24 6' IS. ;
7742'E. Dehli Emperors; local Eajah.
Sirhind. In ff/W. Provinces, India. 30 38' K;
7629'E. Debli Emperors ; Durrani; local
Kajah.
Srinagar. In Kashmir. 34 5'jST.; 7451'E. ;
Dehli Emperors j Eashmir Sultans. Prefix
.-H; .
> "*
Srinagar. In KW. Provinces, India. 3013'E".;
78 49' E Eajahs of Garhwal.
LIST OF 31INT TOWXS. 163
Sughad, also A,^ . Samarkand. Turkistan tX**Jl . Jx-c
(Fraeki).
Sighnak. In Georgia. 4129'j\ T . ; 46 0' E.
White Horde. Prefix db .
Sifurkan. Shibarkan, in Turkistan. 36 3*5' IT. ; j
65 42' E. Zhwarizm.
"Suk. ?. Mnzaffaricl.
Salamabad. Mysore, S. India. Mysore Sultan.
Salanik. Salonika. 40 38' 1ST. ; 22 56' E.
Othmanli.
Sultam, probably for ^LjUaL* . Shah of
Persia (Eodgers).
Sultanpnr. Warangol, in the Deccan, India.
1 7 58' 1ST. ; 79 40' E. Dehli Kings.
Sultaniyah. In Irak Ajami. 36 28' N. ;
4842 / E. Mongols of Persia; Jalair;
Chagatai ; Inju ; Timurid ; Shahs of Persia.
Prefix jL ; suffix , ****!! .
~sJ
Salmas. In Azaibaijan. SS ^'^".; 4440 / E.
Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Golden Horde.
Salamiyah. In Syria. 356'. ; 3659'E.
Abbasid,
SikaliyaL.. Sicily. Aghlabid.
Skub. Uskub, in. Anatolia. 40 54' N. ;
31 25' E. Othmanli.
Sikandarabad. In K!V. Provinces, India.
28 27' N. ; 77 44' E. DehU Emperors
(Hoernle).
Sala. Salee, in Morocco. 34 40 ; N. ; 6 45' W. L>
Muwahhid; Marinid.
'Salangur. Selangor, in Malay Peninsula. j^cUL
8 19'K; 101 13' E. Local English. Prefix
164 ilUSALMlX XOXISMATICS.
Samarkand. In Turkistan. 40- O'X. ; 67 40' E.
Abbasid ; Tahirid ; Samanid ; Great Kaans ;
Turkistan ; Khwarizm ; Chagatai ; Timurid ;
Shaybanid ; Janid. Prefixes i jJj - j A^ .
<2~*is-* <L?>Xi . Suffix iJUlL
v U>
Samnan. Scmnoon, in Khurasan. 35 C 29'K ;
53 D 20' E. Buwayhid ; Timurid : Cliagatai ;
Sliahs of Persia. Prefix j j^.
Samanjan. Fire days from Andarabah, and five
from Khulm (Yakut). Probably Haybak
(Le Strange). Timurid (Markof).
Sumanaf. Snmanap, in Madura, near Java.
7 C 2'S. ; 11345 / E. Stamped on some
Spanish coins.
Sunargaon. In Bengal. 39 45' X. ; 90 3 3S'E.
DeHi Eings ; Bengal Kings. Prefix
u v ^>-- -
Sambhal. In iS T . W. Provinces, India, 28 C 35' 3S[. ;
78 36 ; E. Dehli Kings.
Sinjar. In Diarbakr. 36 19' K ; 41 50' E.
Zangid ; Ukaylid ; Ayyubid ; Mongols of
Persia.
Sind, or Sindh. Shans of Persia.
Sanlukah. San Lucar, in Spain. 36 47' W. ;
6 22' W. Murabit.
Snwar. On Yolga. Yolga Bulghar Khans.
Siwai Jaipur, jyx&r * I) en ^- Emperors.
Sujat. In Jodlipur State, India. 25 49 ; ]ST. ;
7S37'E. Local Eajah.
Surat. In Gujarat, India. 219'K ; 7254 / E.
Dehli Emperors ; local Isfawab ; East India
Company. Prefix uxL/* jJcj .
Surin. Half-farsakh from Msabur (Yakut).
Mongols of Persia.
LIST OF 1EIAT OWNS. ' 165
Sus. Susa, in Kfauzistan. 31o5'K ; 4824 / E. ^J
Umayyad; Abbasid.
Susn. In Achin, Sumatra. 3 44' K ;
96 50' E. Straits Coinage.
Suk Ibrahim. Near Tlemsan, in Algeria. Sulai- *-j&
manid (Lavoix).
Suk al-Ahwaz. Ahwaz, in ELhuzistan. Umayyad ; ; \*
Abbasid; Buwayhid.
Suk Hurrah. In Khnzistan. Umayyad (Soret).
Saharanpur. In N". "W. Provinces, India.
29 58' N. ; 77 35 ; E. Dehli Emperors.
Prefix ^.Jljb.
SahlEanak. In Transoxiana. Half -farsakh from
Samarkand (Yakut). Abbasid (Moeller).
Sialkot. In the Panjab, India. 323i / ]tf.;
74 36 ; E. Dehli Emperors.
Sitapur. In Oudh, India. 2734'N.; 8042'E.
Behli Emperors.
Sitpur. In the Panjab, India. 29 10' N. ;
70 50 7 E. Behli Emperors (Eodgers).
Siraf. In TurMstan. 3037'N.; 51 40' E.
Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia.
Sirjan. Saidabad, in Kirman. 29 20' K ;
55 35 ; E. Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia.
Sis. In Adana, Asia Minor. 3721'K;
35 55' E. Saljuk.
Sistan. Sijistan. Shahs of Persia (Dorn).
Siruz. Serez, in Eoumelia. 41 5' K ;
23 35' E. Umayyad (Eraehn) ; Othmanli.
Sik. Sumatra. 30' K ; 102 E. Local '
English. Prefix ^Jl .
Si was. Sivas, or Eoum, in Asia Minor.
39 40' K ; 37 7' E. Saljuk ; Mongols
of Persia; Golden Horde; Kkrarnan.
166 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Shabiran. In Erivan. 39 D 53' K ; 44 54' E.
Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Golden Horde.
Shapurabad, Three farsakhs from Marv
(Yakut) ; Chagatai (Eraehn).
Shadiabad. - Mandu, in Halwah, India.
22 18'^ T . ; 75 24' E. ITahrah and Gujarat
Kings. Prefixes J <U- CL;-^=- -
al-Shash. Tashkend, in Turkistan. 42 4' K; ^llfiJI
68 11' E. Abbasid ; Samanid ; Chagatai.
Prefix jJj ; suffix jJ< <bS c .
Shatibah. Jativa, in Spain. 39 24' jST. ;
53' W. Hudid.
Shakan. Perhaps for ^liK, or perhaps that
in Turkistan. 4027']S T . ; 713'E. Mongols
of Persia.
al-Sham. Syria. Golden Horde (Eodgers).
al-Shamiyah, for L^sUull . Umayyad.
Shahabad. In Oudh, India. 27 38 7 N.
79 59' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix ~^J .
Shahjahanabad. Dehli. Dehli Emperor ; Shah <:
Nadir of Persia ; Durrani. Prefix 4iLsM ^b
Shah Eukhiyah. In Turkistan. 40 46' E". ; ^^
69 0' E. Timurid (Fraehn).
Shahgarh. In Central Provinces, India. *'4
24 19']S T .; 7940'E. Dehli Kings (Eodgers).
Shabankarah. In Earsistan. 29 10' K". ;
51 5' E. Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ;
Timurid.,
Shibarkhan. In Afghanistan. 36 35' E". ;
65 42 7 E. Buwayhid (Leggett). Possibly
misread for (J&- <*+*
ShibHiyah. Seville, in Spain. 37 26' K ;
60 / "W. Murabit.
LIST OP MINT TOWNS. 167
SMrki. On the west bank of the Tigris, east
of the round city of Baghdad (Yakut).
Mongols of Persia (Soret).
Shirish. Xeres, in Spain. 36 41' A T . ; 6 9' W.
Murabit.
Sharifabad. In Bengal. ?. Dehli Kings.
Sharif ah. In Irak Arabi, near Easrah (Yakut).
Mongols of Persia (Soret).
Shafurkan. Shibarghan, in Afghanistan.
36 40' N. ; 65 32' E. Khwarizm.
Shikar al-Gah. ?. Dehli Emperors (Leggett).
Shikarpur. In Sind. 27 57' tf. ; 68 40' E.
Local.
Shiki. Shamakhi, in Trans-Caucasia. Shahs
of Persia.
Sholapur. In the Deccan, India. 17 40' K ;
75 56' E. Dehli Emperors.
Shamakhi. In Trans-Caucasia. 40 56' "N. ;
47 30' E. Jalair ; Golden Horde ; Shirwan-
shahi; Kara Kuyunlid; Shahs of Persia;
Othmanli. Prenx a^kLJ \. \ j .
Shamsh. ?. Umayyad (Lavoix).
Shamhar. A mountain in Dailimite country,
a day's journey from Sariah (Yakut).
Barendid (Markof).
Shustar. In Khuzistan. 31 58' K ; 49 3' E.
Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Shahs of Persia.
Shahr al-Jadid al-Maharusah. The new city
garrisoned. Golden Horde.
Shahrzur. In Kurdistan. 3515'K ; 4530'E.
Atabeg (Meier).
Shahr Sabaz. In Turkistan. 39 2 ; K ;
66 52^ E. Chagatai.
Shirpur. In Bengal. 24 40 ; X. ; 89 28' E.
Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).
Shirgarh. In Bengal. 24 49' X. ; 8346 / E. -
Also Dehli. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors.
&
Prefixes <&JJ . <ulJi : suffixes ^ *
Shirwan. ShaniakMj in Trans -Caucasia, llbngols
of Persia ; Jalair ; Shirwanshahi (Markof) ;
Othmanli.
Sadat. In Yemen. 16 42' 2N".; 4242'E.
Eassid Imams.
al-Saghaniyan. In Turkistan. 37 30' IT. ;
6740 / E. Samanid; Turkistan.
Saghd. District between Samarkand and
Bukhara. 40 Kj 66 E. Chagatai (Tiesen-
hausen).
Safuriyah. In Syria. 32 46' 1ST.; 3516'E.
Abbasid (Lavoix).
168 3IUSA.LMAS XUMIS1IATICS.
Shahr I Xan. Xew city. Probably Gaur, in
Bengal. Bengal Kings. Prefix &Sj2 .
Shahristan. In Farsistan. 29 28' 2ST. ;
5;3 C 15'E. llongols of Persia. Suffix ^j^j .
Shahiin lluazam. ?. Golden Horde (Markof). *!a*'
Shaik abn Ishak. Unknown locality. Mongols
of Persia; Timurid (Markof).
SMraz. In Paiastan. 29 5 30'2s.; 5230'E.
Abbasid ; BuwayMd ; Atabeg ; Salgharid ;
llongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Timurid ; Mn-
zaffarid ; Chagatai ; Ak Enyunlid ; Shahs
of Persia. Prefixes
LIST OF 3IIXT lOTOS. 169
Sikiliyah. Sicily, also cLjJLc . Pa timid ;
Gorman Kings. Prefix <bj,X* .
Sana. In Yemen. 15 10' X. ; 4432'E.
Abbasid; Easulid; Imams of Sana; Othmanli.
al-Sannabra. ?. Chief of Batiha (Lane Poole).
Sur. Tyre, in Syria. 3316'N.; 3oll'E.
Abbasid (llarkof) ; Eatimid ; Othmanli.
Sofia. In Bulgaria. 42 44' N. ; 23 15' E.
Othmanli.
al-Suayrah. Mogadur, in Morocco. 31 30' N. ;
9 45' "W. Eilili Sharifs.
Dharabkhanah rikab. Army Hint. Shahs of
Persia.
Dhafar. In Yemen. 17 0' K ; 53 56' E.
Imam of Dhafar.
Tarim. District near Kazvin. 36 40' K ;
48 45' E. Timnrid (Markof).
'Talakan. In Eadakhshan. 3645'K. ; 6928'E.
Ehwarizm.
Tans, Tus. In Khurasan. 36 30' N. ; 59 26' E.
Mongols of Persia; Jalair; Chagatai; Timurid
(Markof).
'Tabaristan. ProTince of Persia. 36 14' K ;
5340'E. Abbasid; Shahs of Persia.
Prefix uXUH jlj .
Tabariyah. Tiberias, in Syria. 3247'K;
3539'E. Umayyad; Abbasid; Ikhshidid;
Fatimid.
'Tarabalus. Tripoli, in Syria. 3424'K ;
35 5rE. Eatimid; Mamluk; OthmanH?.
Tarabalus. Tripoli, in Africa. 32 48' 1ST. ;
13 23' E, Hafsid; Othmanli. Prefix c-i .
170 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
Taraz. Ters, In Turkistan. 42 C 38' 1\ T . ;
70 45' E. Chagatai ; Turkistan (Harkof).
Prefix jdj .
Tribizun. Trebizond. 41 ; K ; 39 46' E.
Othmanli.
Tarsus. In Syria. 36 C 57' 2s. ; 34 55' E.
Abbasid.
Tnrtnsa. -Tortosa, in Spain. 4050 / !s T .; 030'E.
Kings of Tortosa and Denia. Prefix Jjj .x* .
Tarif ak Tarifa, in Spain. 36 C I' ~$. ; 5 40' 1V T .
Spanish Umayyad.
Taghamak In Turkistan, 37 45 ; K ;
75 C 2o ; E. Samanid (Praehn).
Tuiitala. Toledo, In Spain. 39 54 ; ]S r . ; 4 0' W. flkli?
Kings of Toledo ; Elngs of Spain.
TanjaL Tangiers, in Morocco. 3540 / K ; <JsrLL
5 C 47'TV. Umayyad; Idrisid ; Pilili Sharif s.
Tiliiran. In Irak Ajami. 35 44' JN T . ; 51 25' E. J^
Shahs of Tersia; Jalair. Prefixes iikLJJ -
Zafar. In Yemen, near Sana, or according
to some, Sana itself (Yakut). Easulid
(JSTeitzel). -
Zafarabad. In N.W. Provinces, India. 260'N. ;
80 33' E. Behli Emperors.
Zafarpur. In the Panjab, India. ?. Dehli
Emperors.
Zafarnagar. Fathabad, in 'H.'W. Provinces,
India. 3) enl\ Emperors.
al-Aal. In Syria. 31 46' 1ST. ; 3552'E. JU11
Umayyad (Tiesenhausen).
Alamgirpur. Alumpur, in the Deccan, India.
15 32^. ; 78 11' E. Dehli Emperors.
LIST OF MIXT TCHYXS. 171
Alarnglrnaglr. A fort near Chittagong, Bengal.
Dehli Emperors.
al-Abbasiyah. $ear Baghdad (Yakut). Abbasid.
^"earKairowan, j^". Africa (Yakut). Aghlabid.
Aththar. In Yemen. 17 15' N. ; 42 20' E.
Abbasid.
al-Atibakah, al-Ikah. Madain. 35 7' K;
44 38' E. Umayyad (Lavoix). Prefix i^ll.
Aden. In S. Arabia. 12 46' K ; 45 10' E.
Zurayid ; Ayynbid ; Easnlid ; Zangid ;
Yemen King.
al-Irak. Irak or Jabal of Persia. Abbasid. .
Araban. In Mesopotamia. 3555 / K ; 4049'E.
Mongols of Persia.
al-Araishah. el-Arish, in Morocco. 35 T JST. ;
630'W. Klili Sharif s.
Izz al-Salam wa al-Kairuwan. Zayrid (Soret). ^jj*i&\ j A Lull j
Usfan. JSTear Mecca. 21 58 r ^.; 3942'E;
TJmayyad.
Askalan. Ascalon, in Palestine. 3139'K;
34 83' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Fatimid.
Askar PanjMr. Army of Panjhir. Samanid
(Markof).
Askar Mukram. In Khuzistan. 31 40' K ;
48 58' E. Abbasid ; Buwayhid.
Askar min al-Ahwa2:. Ahwaz. Buwayhid.
Azimabad. Patna. Debli Emperors. Prefix
Akar. Many places of this name in Meso- JLs
potamia (Yakut). Probably !ikr al-Humay-
diyah (Le Strange). Jalair (Markof).
Akka. Acre, in Syria. 32 55' N. ; 35 4' E.
IJmayyad ; Patimid ; Othmanli j Latin
Kingdom of Jerusalem.
172 OTSAI^IAX NU3IIS3IATICS.
Ukbara. In Mesopotamia. 33 : 50'X.; 422G'E.
Ukaylid (Lane Poole).
al-Aliah. Constantinople. Othmanli. Prefix
telsriyj. Abbasicl (Tiesenliauscn). Also
probably Fez. Idrisid (Lavoix).
Amman. la Syria. 3158'X.; 36 0' E.
TJmayyad ; Abbasid ; Buwayhid.
Ain. la Irak Arabi. 30 C 36'X. ; 46 3' E.
Abbasid (Lane Poole).
GliursHstan. District in Afghanistan. 34 to
35 C X. ; 64 C to 66 E. Umayyad (Codrington).
Gharnatah. Granada, in Spain. 37 C 14']^. ;
3 41' V. Idrisid ; Zayrid ; 3Tasrid ;
Hamudid; Murabit. Prefixes &&* .\j^s\.
Ghaznah. Ghazni, in Afghanistan. 3330 / ]Sr. ;
68 15'E. Ghaznawid; Zhwarizm ; Great
Kaaiis ; Dehli Kings ; Barakzai ; Sind.
Prefixes 3 jL . jjj .
Ghazzah. Gaza, in Syria. 31 C 29']S T .; 344l'E.
Fmayyad; Abbasid.
Ghnr. In Bengal. 24 55 X i\ T . ; 88 8 ; E.
Dehli Kings.
Ghur. ]\ T ear Herat. 3425 r rT. ; 632S'E.
Khwarizm (3Iarkof).
Ghiaspur. jSTear Gaur, in Bengal. Dehli Kings.
Ghian, for ^^ .
Tarab. Otrar, in Turkistan. 42 37 ; ]S". ;
68 10' E. Chagatai.
Fans. Ears, in Persia. 20 K ; 50 E. Or
inKuhistan. 340 / N.; 58 38'E. Abbasid;
Safiarid; Tahirid.
Earuki ISTagar. Bednore, in Mysore. 1348'E". ;
75 6' E. Mysore Sultan.
LIST OF MINT TOWXS. 173
Fas. Fez, in Morocco. 34 46' X. ; 4 57' W. ^wli-
Umayyad of Spain ; Murabit ; Muwahhid ;
Marinid ; Moorish ; Eilili Sharif ; Othmanli.
Prefixes &j A^ . *^^- .
Fathabad. Faridpur, in Bengal. 23 36' K ; jUl^d
89 50' E. Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings,
Prefix ^H j\i .
Fathpur. Fathpur Sikri, near Agra, India. j^
27 6' K ; 77 44' E. Dehli Emperors. ^
Prefix
al-Farab ? near Isfahan (Yakut) ; or al-Furat, C-^Lall
on eastern bank of estuary of Euphrates and
Tigris, facing Ubulla. Umayyad; Chagatai.
Farakhabad. In "N. "W. ProTinces, India.
2724']S T . ; 7940'E. Dehli Emperors;
Durrani. Also as a suffix to ^.x}j^=wl .
Farkhab Hissar. Ghituldrug, in Mysore, India.
14 14 ; IS". ; 76 27' E. Mysore Sultan.
Farakhnagar. j^ear Dehli. 2842 / K ; 7724'E.
Dehli Emperors.
Farukhi. Calicut, Malabar, India. 11 15' IT. ;
75 50 ; E. Mysore vSultan.
Farghanah. Khokand, in Turkistan. 40 32' E". ;
70 58' E. Abbasid ; Samanid ; Khan of
Khokand.
Parlis. In Malay Peninsula. 6 30 ; N. ;
100 28' E. Local Eajah.
Farama. Pelouse, in Egypt. 313'N.
32 82' E. Abbasid (Lavoix).
Farwan. Parwan, inAfghanistan. 35 12' If. ;
69 4' E. Ghaznawid; Samanid.
Firazan. Village near Isfahan (Yakut).
Mongols of Persia.
174: MUSA.L3IAX NUMISMATICS.
Eirah, In Afghanistan. 3227'X.; 62 S' E.
Abbasid (Eogers) ; Samanid (Eraehn).
Pirim. One day's march from SIriya, in
Bailimite Highlands (Yakut). Abbasid ;
Buwayhid ; Bavendid ; Mongols of Persia.
Eisa, or Besa. la Farsistan. 28 57' 31". ;
5348'E. Umayyad; Buwayhid ; (jhaz-
nawid (Soret).
al-Eustat. Old Cairo, in Egypt. Umayyad.
Patani. In llalay Peninsula. 6 20' K ;
10120'E. Local Eajah.
Eilistin. Palestine. Umayyad ; Abbasid ;
Talunid ; Hamdanid ; Ikhshidid ; Eatimid ;
KarmatMan. Also as suffix to LJj\ .
Palambang. In Sumatra. 2 48' S. ; 104 5' E.
Local Eajah. Suffix jJj .
PuntianakdanlEampawah. In Borneo. 015 / S.;
109 30' E. Local Eajah.
Eirim. Probably for *jy . Abbasid (Moeller) ;
Mongols of Persia.
Eiruzabad. Panduah, in Bengal. 23 3' K ;
8818'E. Bengal Kings. Prefixes Xj&s* .
Firuzpur. In the Panjab, India. 30 55' K ;
74 38' E. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).
Eiruznagar. ?. Behli Emperors (White King).
Eis Hissab or Hissar. Gooty, in Bellary
District, S. India. Mysore Sultan. .Lars-
Fil. In Khwarizm. 4150'K; 580 ; E.
Umayyad (Blau).
al-Fayum, In Egypt. 2925'K; 3052 / E.
Umayyad ; Abbasid (Layoix).
LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 175
Kadis. Cadiz, in Spain. 36 33' E". ; 6 19' W.
King of Granada (Longperier).
Kat*s. In Armenia. 4Q37'F. ; 43 10' E.
Othmanli.
Kazan. Sarai?. Mongols of Persia (Bodgers).
Prefix 3 <*j\j\)\> -
Kashan, for J^K . Saljuk ; Mongols of
Persia.
al-Kahirah. Cairo. 30 2' N. ; 31 25' E.
Fatimid ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ; Mamluk.
Prefixes or suffixes <Lo^ js i - Lj^\ .
Kain. In Khurasan. 3340'lsr.; 5910'E.
Mongols of Persia.
Koban. Goban, at head of Persian Gulf. ^1-3
30 20'3ST. ; 4835'E. Bini Kab.
Kutla Arku. ?. Turkistan (Fraehn). j\
al-Kudasiyah. In Mesopotamia. 34 ; ~E.
44 10' E. Abbasid.
Kadah. In the Malay Peninsula. 6 0' 1ST. ; *ji' . -jJi
100 18' E. Local Rajah.
Kara Urdu. Unknown town. Turkistan. jJ,l L5
KaraGhaj. In Azarbaijan. 370']Sr.; 470'E. . UUy . ^U ^J
Mongols of Persia ; Jalair. -.Ul ^
Kara Tagh. Montenegro. Othmanli Medal. clt 13*
Karatova. InEoumelia. 4217'ISr. ; 2233'E.
Othmanli.
Karkhi. In Turkistan. 37 30' K ; 65 8' E.
Mongols of Persia.
Karshi. In Turkistan. 3848'N.; 6540'E. *y
Shaybanid ; Shahs of Persia.
Kurtubah. Cordova, in Spain. 37 54' 1ST. ;
4 3 54'W. Abbasid; Murabit ; King of
Cordova. Prefix
176 ^SALMAN XUIIISMATICS.
Kark Ir. Tschufut Kalch, in the Crimea.
44 : 52 ; X. ; 34 10' E. Krira Khans.
Karkislya. Circesium, in Mesopotamia.
35 C 12' 2s . ; 40 : 26' E. Abbasid (Rogers) ;
Ukaylid ; Muhammad ibn Safwan (Lane
Poole).
Karauli. In Eajputana. 26 : SO ; X.; 77 4' E. J^J-
Local Eajah.
Krini. Crimea. Golden Horde ; Othmanli ; w Ji
Krim Elans. Prefixes i'jdj . <-\JJ .
Suffix Lt* ^ .
-/>
Krim al-Jadid. Xe~w Krim. Golden Horde. J^ Jcal ^j J
Euiiyah. Part of Baghdad. Mongols of <L\3
Persia (Eodgers).
Kazwin. In Irak Ajami. 36 16' K ; 49 55 ; E. (
Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia ;
Muzaffarid ; Chagatai ; Jalair ; Timuricl ;
Shahs of Persia. Prefix liLJl ,b.
Knstamuniyah. In Anatolia. 41 21' IT. ; <UJ
33 58' E. Mongols of Persia ; Kustamid
Amir.
Kustantiniyah, Constantinople. Othmanli.
Suffix i-^sA
Kusantinah. Constantine, in Algeria. 36 80 ; K ;
6 30' E. Hafsid (Lavoix) ; Othmanli.
al-Kasr. The Palace. Idrisid (Millies). ,*AR!!
Kasr al-Salam. al-Eakkah, in Mesopotamia.
Abbasid.
Kasr al-Kakhar, or al-Kadir, or al-Pakhir.
Doubtful. Abbasid.
Kutbabad. Old Dehli. Dehli Kings.
Kilat. Kelat, in Baluchistan. 29 0' N. ;
66 30'E. Local.
LIST OF 3IIXT TOWNS. 177
Jvllij Urdu. ?. Turkistan.
Kalat Ayub. Calatayud, in Spain. 41 25' 2s". ;
1 40' "W. Kings of Calatayud (Lavoix).
Kalat Jabir. In Syria. 35 55' X. ; 38 20' E.
Ayyubid (Layoix).
Ejinmi. In Irak Ajami. 34 36' K ; 50 57' E. *y . IS
Abbasid ; Samanid ; Buwayhid ; Cliagatai ;
Timurid ; Ak-Knyunlicl ; Tahirid ; Shahs of
Persia.
Kamarnagar. Kamul, in S. India. 1547 / ov". ;
78 5' E. Dehli Emperors.
Kanna. TownnearSharhzur. Samanid (ilarkof).
Kancluz. In Afghanistan. 36 C 45'K; 6955'E.
Snlaiman Mirza (Eodgers).
Kandahar. In Afghanistan. 31 40' 1ST. ;
65 55 ; E. Timurid ; Dehli Emperors ;
Shahs of Persia ; Barakzai. Prefix ^-kL^! \ \.
Kinnisrin. In Syria. 35 56' ]N T . ; 37 0' E.
Umayyad ; Abbasid.
Kanuj. See ^^ . yi
Kujaniyah. In Servia. 4430'N. ; 21 C 22 / E.
Othmanli (Moeller).
Kuras. Coras, in Syria. 36 42' ]S T . ; 36 56' E.
Umayyad (Soret).
Kus. In Egypt. 25 43' K ; 32 40' E.
Eatimid. Prefix j Ju .
Knmis. In Tabaristan. 3540'Is[". ; 5420'E,
Umayyad; Abbasid.
Kunkah. Cnenca, in Spain. 40 55' K ;
1 C 50'W. Mnrabit. Prefix io^,.
Kuniyah. Iconium, in Asia Minor. 37 55' 1$.
32 31' E. - Saljnk ; Mongols of Persia ;
Karaman ; Othmanli ; Arteinid (Markof).
Prefix <Uj Ju.
12
178 MUSAL3IAN NUMISMATICS.
al-Kairawan. In Tunis, jS\ Africa. 36 O'K;
10iO ; E. Fatimid; Zayrid. Prefix *LJ1 Js.
; - I v
Eaisariyah. Cassarea, in Anatolia. 38 40' }S T . ;
35 SO 7 E. Caesarea, in Syria. 32 30' tf . ;
3454'E. Saljuk ; Mongols of Persia;
Golden Horde. Prefix <wj A/ .
Palambang. In Sumatra. 246'S.; 104 50' E.
Local Eajah. Prefix jJj .
Pulopercha, or Pulopenelia. Sumatra. Local
English.
Pirak. In Malay Peninsula. 4 30' ^ T . ;
101 0' E. Local English. Prefix <s& .
Kabul. In Afghanistan. S430'K; 69 C 18'E.
Shahs oi Persia (Fraehn) ; Behli Emperors ;
Durrani; Barakzai. Prefixes
Kath. Near Khwarizm. 4142'.K ; 6023'E.
Golden Horde (Fraehn).
Karhi. Unknown. Mongols of Persia (Markof).
Karit. ?. Mongols of Persia (Soret), '
Kazarnn. In Farsistan. 2934 / K; 5153'E.
Mongols of Persia ; Muzaffarid ; Chagatai ;
Inchu.
Kasan. -In Turkistan. 41 10' K ; 71 35' E.
TurHstan (Markof).
Kashan. In Irak Ajami. 34 ; 1S T . ; 51 23 ; E.
Mongols of Persia ; Muzaf arid ; Timurid ;
Chagatai ; Ak-Ehiyunlid ; Kara Kuyunlid ;
Shahs of Persia. Prefixes
LIST OP HIxN'T TOWNS. 179
Kashghar. In Turkistan. 3924'^.; 76 6' E.
Turkistan; Atalik ; Chagatai; local Khans.
Prefix AjaUl jb . Suffix uJJJ .
Kalpi. In :OT. Provinces, India. 26 7' K;
7948'E. Dehli Kings; Dehli Emperors.
Prefix Ik^- . Suffix jlj 1 AAS* uJpt .
Kalinjar. In N. W. Provinces, India. 25 1 O'N. ;
80 32' E. Dehli Emperors (Leggett).
Kanan. ?. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).
Kandi. In Bengal. 23 58 ; K ; 88 5' E.
DehH Emperors (Eodgers). Prefix ci^J^b .
Kabir Shaikh. ? Kabirah, a village near the
Jilura (Yakut) ; Mongols of Persia.
al-Kitawa. Lektawa, in Morocco. 3025'N. ; ijlifll -
5 30' W. Hasani Sharifs. Prefixes S^>- .
Ivatak. Cuttaok, in theBerars, India. 20 28'N. ;
85 55' E. Dehli Emperors.
Kuchawan. In Jodhpur State, India. 27 1 2' K ; e^J^-F
74 48' E. Local Eajah.
Kachrauli. In Paniput, ~N. W. Provinces, J. .^f
India. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers),
Kuchbhnjnagar. Bhuj, in Kutch, India.
2315 / E'.; 6948'E. Local Eao.
Kadhaj. Portress in Azarhaijan (Yakut).
Mongols of Persia.
Kurbuj al-Dinar. Kear Ahwaz, 8 farsakhs
towards Basrah (Yakut). Ishmailite
(Bartholomei).
.al-Karkh. Part of Baghdad. Abbasid (Lavoix). L.
Kard Einna Khusrah. Close to Shiraz (Yakut). S uuri. Ui
Buwayhid.
Kurdistan. Province. 37 1ST. ; 44' E. Othmanli.
180 31USALMAX NUMISMATICS.
Eurdasht. In Azarbaijan. 3S~ 53' N. ; 46"' 8' E.
Shahs of Persia (Fraehn).
Eurzuwan. Gourzan. in Khurasan. 35 C 2S'X. ;
65 C 11'E. Khwarizin.
Karkin. In Shras. 39 58' X. ; 36- 52' E.
Mongols of Persia (Bartholomei).
Eirman. Capital of District in Persia ; formerly
Bardasir. 3Q25'K ; 5r 2'E. Umayyad:
Abbasid ; Great Eaans ; Atabeg ; Mongols
of Persia ; Muzaffaiid; Chagatai; Timurid:
Ak-Euyunlid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefixes
J^.b.jJL.-Iyx,.
j v ...
Eirmanshahan. In Kurdistan. 31 34 ; X. ;
54 52' E. Shahs of Persia. Prefixes
I!jj^j.SjJj.
Karminah. In Transoxiana. 40- 16' X. ;
65 1 2'E. Turkistan (Fraehn) ; Ghaznavrid
(Eraehn).
Eirni. ?. Jalair (Fraehn) ; Kuyunlid (Eraehn).
Earauli. In Eajputaoa, India. 26 30' K ;
77 4' E. Local Eajak
Eirimabad. ?. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).
Eurin. Perhaps Earin on the upper Euphrates,
called also Kalikala and Theodosiopolis.
Jalair ; Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia (Soret).
Easakar. Between Kufah and Basrah (Yakut).
Umayyad (Porter).
Eash. In Transoxiana. 4348']S T .; 8215 / E.
Or in Afghanistan. 31 55' K ; 62 20 f E.
Mongols of Persia (Fraehn) ; Chagatai ;
Shaybanid ; Turkistan.
Eisham. In Badakhshan. 3657'JS T .; 70 5' E.
Ehwarizm (Bodgers).
LIST OF MIX! TOTTXS. 181
Kashmir. 344']^.; 74 C 58'E. Dehli Emperors;
Kings of Kashmir ; Sikh ; Durrani. Prefix
Kishangarh. In Eajputana, India. 2635'X. ;
7455'E. Local Eajah.
Kaffah. In the Crimea. 45 5' tf. ; 35 C 35' E.
Kriin Khans.
Kaffah Jadidah. ]\ T ew Kaffah. Golden Horde
(Markof).
Kilat. In Turkistan. 3 7 1 5' ]N T . ; 59 48' E.
Local Khan.
Kalanur. In the Panjab, India. 32 1' !N". ;
75 11' E. Dehli Emperors.
Kalawanur. Cannanore, in Malabar, India.
11 51' K ; 75 24' E. Local (Millies).
Kalburgah. In the Deccan, India. 1 7 1 S' K ;
75 54 ; E. Dehli Emperors.
Kulisan, Kulistan. Sarai. Grolden Horde ;
Mongols of Persia. Prefix db ; suffix ^i^wJl .
Kulistwan, for ^bwuulS* . Mongols of Persia.
Kalkata. Calcutta. 2236 / K; 8824'E.
Dehli Emperors.
Kalantan. In the Malay Peninsula. 6 29' K ;
101 52' E. Local Eajah.
Kalian. In the Deccan, India. 1748'Is T . j
7718'E. Local Eajah.
Kalibar. In Azarbaijan ? Mongols of Persia
(Eraehn). Perhaps yul on Mount Sablan.
Azarbaijan (Le Strange).
Kalishahr. ?. Mongols of Persia (Eraehn).
Kalikut. Calicut, in Mysore, India. 11 15' , ;
75 49' E. Mysore Sultan. Suffix j Jcj .
Kiliwan. Small town in Khuzistan (Yakut).
Mongols of Persia (Markof).
182 IITSALIIIX ^
Kumishklianuh. Gumishkhana, la Armenia.
402S'X. ; :j9 : 44'E. Othmnli.
Kamnazar. ?. Mongols of Persia.
Hambayat. Cambay, IE Guzarat, India.
22" 18' 2s. ; 72 40' E. Dehii Emperors.
Ganjali. ElizabethpoL in Georgia. 4Q~35'2sL ;
46 22' E. Great Kaan* ; Mongol? o! Persia ;
Chagatal ; Othmanli ; Shalis of Persia;
IGaans of Ganjah.
Kinkiwar. In Hamadan. 34 : 38 / X. ; 47 C 55'E. J\^
Abbasid (Tiesenliausea).
Eangush.- '?. Asiatic copper unassigned. U"5*^
Eucba. In Turkistan. 4136']\ T . ; 80 C 55 / E. U-/
Local Eebel Chief.
Kara. Xora, in ~E. "W. Provinces, India. \ ^
26 6' 2f. ; 80 24 ; E. Dehli Emperors ;
E.L Company.
Kurat al-Muadliam. The Superb Town. Mecca?
Abbasid (Soret).
Kurghaznan. Gnazni. Gnaznawid,
Euzlu. Enpatoria, in the Crimea. 4512'S~. ;
330'E. KrimEhons;
Kotah. In Rajputana. 2512']N T .; 75 54'E.
Local Eajah.
al-Kufah. In Irak Arabi. 32 3 ; K ; 44 37 ; E.
Umayyad; Abbasid; Buwayhid ; Hamdanid.
Kufin. In Khurasan, six farsakhs from
Abivard (Yakut). Shaybanid; Timurid.
Knkaban. In Yemen, near Sana. 1534 / ]N[. ;
4352'E. Easnlid.
Kiz. lN T eai Isfahan. 3248'N".; 51 42' E,
Mongols of Persia.
Emu. ?. Saljuk (Lane Poole).
LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 183
Eiyfa. In Arabia. 27= 10' 2T. ; 43 0' E.
Or Hisn Haifa (see p. 152). Urtukid.
Ek. In Armenia. 38 2 45' N. ; 41 10' E.
Mongols o! Persia.
Guslitaspi. Shirwan, shore of Caspian Sea,
about 40 K, 49 E. Mongols of Persia;
Jalair.
Gulistan. Sarai. Golden Horde. Prefix A!J .
Gulistan al-Jadid. New Gulistan. Golden Jo <X<s \ ( j\z
Horde.
Gulistan Sarai. Golden Horde.
Gulkimdali. In the Deccan, India. 1722'E". ;
78 26' E. Dehli Emperors ; Kutb Shahs.
Gangpur. In Chutia Nagpnr, India. 220'ls T . ;
8520'E. Dehli Emperors.
Gvalior. In Central India. 26 13' K ;
78 12' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors.
Prefixes ^13 . AiSLsJljlj.
Gobindpur. Govindpur, in Eengal. 2338 ; E".;
869 / E. Dehli Emperors.
Guti. Gooty ; in S. India. 1 5 6' K ; 77 41' E.
Dehli Emperors.
Gorakpur. In X. "W. Provinces, India. .
26 44' K ; 8.3 23' E. Dehli Emperors.
Gokalgarh. ?. Dehli Emperors (White King).
Gohad. In Dholpur State. 2624'K; 7830'E.
Eana of Dholpur,
Lar. In Laristan. 27 38' Is r . ; 54 18' E,
Muzafarid; Timmid; Chagatai.
Laridah. Leridah, in Spain. 41 34' JST. ;
020'E. Hudid.
184 MUSALMAX XUMISMATICS.
Larandah. Karainan. ;37 3 9'X. ; 33 2' E. JjJ ,3
Karaman ; OthmanlL
Lanitah. In Morocco. 55 40' 2^. ; IG50'E. Ik^
Murabit (Tyehsen).
Lahijan. In Gilan. ;J7 3 8' X. ; 50 9' E. ^WvJbS . a U*!!
TImmid ; Kara Kuyiinlid ; Shahs of Persia.
Prefix \j*.\ h.
Lahore. IE the Panjab, India. 31 34' X. ; j^ -j^
74 C 21'E. Ghaznawid; Shahs of Persia;
Dehli Kings and Emperors ; Durrani ; Sikh;
local. Prefixes A^kLJi ,b . tel<^\ ^ .
-/ J
*jjj.
Lahaj. l\ T ear Aden. 13 12' ST. ; 42 04' E. ^
Local Sultan.
Ludd. Lydda, In Palestine. 31 57 ; U. ; ^
34 56 f E. Umayyad.
Ladakh. In Kashmir. 32 to 35 ^. ; 75 to J jj
79 E. Kashmir Kings ; local Governor.
Lucknow. In Oudh, India. 26 51 7 N. ; c^3
} ? v ^
8058'E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors ;
local Kings. Prefix aJlsJ^b.
Lakhnauti. Gaur, in Bengal. 24 52' N. ; 1$*?*$
88 10' E. Dehli Kings ; Bengal Kings.
Prefixes ^ . uJ.^- . *Jjil .
Lampong. In Sumatra. 550'S.; 10525 / E. C^A!
Local.
Ludhiana. In the Pan jab. 30 54' K ; ajLfcJj!
75 54' E. Dehli Kings (Eodgers).
Lurdijan. Near Isfahan. 3147K ; 510'E. a l^j! - uV^
Saljuk; Mnzaffarid.
Luluih. A fort in Syria. 3720 / N.; 3420 / E. XjJjJ
Saljuk; Mongols of Persia. Prefixes ^Jv/ .
LIST 01- MIX! TOWXS. 185
Lahri Bandar. In Sind, India. 2432'X. ; ,Jcj ^.^1
67 24' E. Dehli Emperors.
Laitsabad. Astrabad? Sarbidarid. jblui-J
Majir al-Jadid. In the Caucasus. 44 50' N. ; Jj Jusll j>-U
4410'E. Golden Horde.
Majun. On the Persian Gulf ? Timurid oifT^*
(Fraehn).
Martulah. Marbella, in Spain. 36 34' N.; aJj^U
4 52' W. Murabit (Escudero).
Marklin. In Diarbakr. 37 16' K ; 40 44' E. ^.-^
Abbasid ; Ayyubid ; Urtukid ; Chagatai ;
Mongols of Persia ; Ak-Kuyunlid ; Othraanli.
Suffix aU^I.
al-Mas Bazar. ?. Saljuk (Castiglione). ^*^!S .j\;L .^UJl
Jaipur. In Gujarat, India. 23 21' N. ; J JU
73 28' E. Dehli Emperors.
Malaka. Malaga, in Spain. 36 45' IT. ;
4 29' W. Hudid ; Idrisid ; Muwahhid ;
Kings of Granada. Prefix <Lji<x* .
Malkiriyan. ^"ear Multan, in the Panjab.
Sikh (Eodgers).
Manurka. Minorca. 40 IN". ; 4E. Muwahhid, i^,JU . <LJLjU
Manikpur. In Oudh, India. 25 46 ; K ;
81 26' E. Dehli Emperors (B. Burn).
Maughir. In Bengal. 25 23' 3". ; 86 31' E.
Dehli Emperor.
Mah al-Basrah. Jtlahawind, in Irak Ajami.
34 5' 1ST. ; 48 29 ; E. Abbasid ; Buwayhid.
Mah al-Kufah. Dinawar, in Irak Ajami. is*i!l
34 33 r K ; 47 36' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ;
Buwayhid; Tahirid.
Mahi. Near Marv, in Khurasan : or Hamadan ?
Umayyad ; Abbasid.
186 MUSA.L31AX X13IISMATICS.
al-Mubarikah. A village In Ehvrarizm (Yakut).
Umayyad ; Abbasid.
al-3Iubarikiyah. ?. Mongols of Persia.
Matgharah. Madrava, In Morocco ? 35 22' X. :
5 57' "W. Idrisid (Lavoix).
al-Mutawakaliyali. In Irak Arabi. 3 4 2 8' X. ;
43 C 50' E. Abbasid (Markoi) ; Amir al-
Umara ; Tamrid (Sorct). Prefix ^ujj^ .
Mattarah. Muttra, in X.W. Provinces, India.
27 30' X. ; 77^ 43 ; E. Dehli Emperors.
Majaz. In Xorthern Africa. 36 40' X. ;
9 C 3S ; E. Abbasid (Lavoix).
Machlilipatan. Masnlipatam, on Coromandel
Coast, India. !6 C 9' X. ; 81 1 1' E. Behli
Emperors.
Mahal. Maldive Islands. 6 : ST. ; 73 C E.
Local Sultan.
Mnhammadabad. Applied to Udaipur. jU.AAJsr 19
fa>- &2JS*,- .fc^J J I u-l J^ .
-/ _xV v J
Muhammadabad. Applied to Champanir.
Gujarat Kings, i .. <
Muhammadabad. Applied to Kalpi. Some-
times alone, sometimes with. , ^ .
Muhammadabad. Bidar ? in the Deccan.
17 53' ^ T . ; 77 34' E. Bahmani. Also
probably Firozabad In Bengal. Bengal
Kings.
Muhammadabad Banares. Benares. Dehli
Emperors.
al-Muhammadiyah. The name for u^ll after.
A.H. 148. Abbasid; Samanid; Buwayhid;
Tahirid ; Sajid. Also unidentified mint
town of Hasani Sharif s.
LIST OF MIXT TOWSS. 187
Muhammadnagar. Golkondah, in tiie Decean.
Dehli Emperors.
Mahrmidabad. InQilan. 36 C 46 ; IS T .; 5215 / E.
Golden Horde.
Mahrmidabad. In Bengal. ?. Bengal Kings.
Mahmudpur. Lahore. Grhaznawicl.
Mukhshi. ?. Golden Horde.
Mukhsusabad. Murshidabad, in. Bengal. Dehli
Emperors (Eodgers).
Madrid. In Spain. 40 25' ff. ; 3 40' W.
On a coin of circumstance, A.H. 1201.
Maclain. In Lower Mesopotamia. 83 10' K ;
44 40' E. Abbasid.
Madinat al-Taslim. In Irak Arabi ? Probably
Baghdad. Abbasid.
Madinat Easul Illah. lledinat, in Arabia.
24 35' N. ; 39 55' E. Fatimid.
Ifadinat al-Satailam. ?. Abbasid (Eogers).
Madinat al-Salam. Baghdad. Abbasid ; Amir
al-Umara ; Hamdanid ; Bmvayhid ; Saljuk.
Jalair, as prefix to J^dAj .
Madinat al-Atikah. Southern suburb of Bagh-
dad ? Umayyad.
al-Madinat al-Makhtara. The Chosen Town.
On Abrit Kharib Canal, half-way between
Basrah and Abbadan (Le Strange). Chief
of the Zanj (Casanova).
Madinat Madain. Madain. Mongols of Persia
(Soret).
al-Madhar. Mazar, near Balkh, 36 52' K ;
670'E. Umayyad; Abbasid.
Muradabad. In K "W. ProTinces, India.
28 49' K ; 78 49' E. Dehli Emperors ;
Durrani.
188 MUSAEMAX NOIISMATICS.
Maraghah, InAzarbaijan. 37-43'X. ; 46 C 2S'E. c^U
Sajid ; Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Ak-
"Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia. Prefix iu ,X*.
iXTarakash. Morocco. 31 s 40' X. ; 7 D 30'W. <*>]/
Murabit ; Muwahhicl ; Marinid ; Moorisli ;
Hasani and Filili Sharif s, Prefixes .*> -
cOjJw ; suffix ^..s'* .
Mursiyah. Murcia, in Spain. 37 59' K". ; ^^-^
PIO'TV. Murabit; MnwaliMd; Kings of
Mureia. Prefix
MursMdaTbad. In Bengal. 2411'K; 88 18'E. ^\^J^
Dehli Emperors ; East India Company.
Marghinan. In Tnrkistan. 40 31'^ T .; 7i40 ; E. uW^r*
Turkistan.
Marlaan. Maharlu, in Farsistan. 29 C 28 ; K; j
53 10' E. Mongols of Persia (Schindler).
Maraud. In Azarbaijan. 3830'K; 4550'E. &)y*
Timurid (Markof),
Marv. MerT, in Turkistan. 37 30' K ; ^
6210'E. Umayyad; Abbasid ; Tahirid;
Saljuk ^Shaybanid ; Saffarid- Great Kaans;
Timurid j Shahs of Persia.
Marv al - Eud. Menchak, in Turkistan. JjJ! a -^
35 55 ; ]S T . ; 62 45' E. Saljuk (Markof).
Marv Shaliijan. Marv. Khan of Khiva ^W^l^j ./
(Fraehn).
al-Mariyah. Almeria, in Spain. 36 50' $". ; L^\
232 / "W. Murabit; Nasrid.
Mazandaran. Province in Persia. Shahs of jjljJJ:L.(j1j<AJU
Persia.
Mazang Achhara. ?. Sikh (Eodgers).
al-Muzilah. Mosil ? Zangid.
LIST OF ML\ T T TOWXS.
Missaria. Messina, in Sicily. 38 D 1FN". ;
15 31' E. Norman Kings of Sicily. Prefix
Mastakar al-Mulk. Azimabad. Dehli Emperors
(Hoernle).
JSIuskat. In Oman. 23 C 37' S". ; 58 35' E.
Local Imam.
Mashhad. In Khurasan. 36 29' N. ; 59 30' E.
Timnrid ; Shaybanid ; Shahs of Persia ;
Durrani. Suffixes wJj! \ - U^ >l*\ .
. ,w-/i-\ - w J i .
Misr. Egypt. Abbasid ; Tnlunid ; Ikhshidid ;
Fatimid ; Ayyubid ; Othmanli. Suffix <wjj .s? 9 .
Misr al-Fustat. The old capital of Egypt.
Umayyad.
Masrin. A town in Asia Minor (Yakut) ;
Earaman (Markof).
Mustafabad. Junaghar, in Kathiawar, India.
21 31' N. ; 70 36 ; E. Gujarat Kings.
Prefix (Jiff I ^.
Mustafiabad. In the Panjab. 30 12' ]S T . ;
77 1 2' E. Dehli Emperors (Yost) .
al-ltisisah. Missis, in Adana, Asia Minor.
3655'K; 3537'E. Abbasid; Hamdanid.
Muzaffarabad. !N"ear Panduah, in Bengal.
Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).
-Muzaffargahr. In Panjab, India. 304']S T . ;
71 14 ; E. Dehli Emperors.
Maadin. In Armenia. 38 18' N. ; 39 34' E.
Samanid ; Saljuk ; Jalair ; Artanid. Suffix
^"'
Maadin Ba janis. Bajanis, in Armenia. Abbasid;
Tahirid.
Maadin Babirt. Baibirt, in Armenia. Saljuk.
190 MUSAL1TAN XUMIS1IATICS.
Maadin al-Shash. al-Shash, in Khurasan.
Abbasid; Tahirid (Fraehn). (
Maadin Luluah. Luluiah, in Syria. Saljuk.
Haarah Ifasiin. In Syria. 35 37' ]ST. ;
36 48' E. Umayyacl.
al-Muiayah. al-Kahirah. Cairo. Eatimid.
al-Muaskar. The Camp. ?. Saljuk.
Muazimabad. Probably Sonargaon, in Bengal.
Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings. Prefixes
Maakar. ?. Samanid (Moeller).
Maghaz. Magas, in Gilan. 36 c 37jN\; 5525'E.
lEongols of Persia (ITarkof).
al-lEagkrab. Morocco. Abbasid.
Magabastan ? Mongols of Persia.
al-llakalla. In Hadramaut. 14 25' ]N T . ;
49 20' E. Local ^akib.
Miknasan, Mequinaz, in Morocco. S3 57' IT. ;
5 40' W. MuwaliMd ; Mill Sharifs.
Prefix lf&>. .
Makkali. Mecca. 21 27' K. ; 40 4' E.
Abbasid ; Eatimid ; Othmanli.
Malatiyak In Armenia. S828'K; 3829'E.
Saljuk.
JVIultan. In the Pan jab, India. 30 12' IT. ;
71 30' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors ;
Durrani ; Sikh. Prefix ^U3\ ^b .
.Malikanagar. ?. Behli Emperors (Rodgers).
'Malut. In the Panjab, India. 3256 / K;
73 39' E. Dehli Kings (Eodgers).
Mulharnagar. Indore, in Central India.
Dehli Emperors. Local Holkar.
Mumbai Surat. Bombay. E.L Company.
LIST OP HINT TOWNS. 191
Manadhar. On Dizful river, half-way between
Askar Mukram and Ahwaz (Le Strange).
Manbaj. Bambuch, in Syria. 36 30' K". ;
380'E, Umayyad.
Mandurpur. Big, in Bhartpur State, India. j&j^Jo*
27 28' IS".; 7722'E. Local Rajah.
-Mandu. Mandogarh, in Centrallndia. 2221 / ET. ; ^J^
75 26' E. Dehli Kings ; Dehli Emperors.
al-Mansuriyah. In Morocco. 33 46' K ;
7 10' TV. Patimid ; Ayyubid.
Musil. In ITesopotamia. 36 19' ]ST. ; 43 7 ; E.
Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Buwayhid (Fraehn) ;
Hamdanid ; Ukaylid ; Zangid ; Hongols of
Persia ; Jalair ; Othmanli. Prefix ij J^ .
Mumanabad. In the Beccan, India. 18 42 ; K;
76 24' E. Dehli Emperors. Or Binclraban,
according to It. Burn.
alOIahjam. InTaman. 15 12 ; K. ; 42 55' E.
Easulid.
al-3Ialidiyah. In North Africa. 34 23 ; K ;
630'W. Abbasid; Fatimid.
.Maharandurpiir. Bhartpur ? Dehli Emperors.
Maharpur. ?. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).
Mah Indarpnr. Bhartpur. Behli Kings
(Eodgers).
Mahisnr. Mysore, in S. India. 12 1 8' K ;
76 41' E. Dehli Emperors ; local Sultans.
Mayyafarikin. In Mesopotamia. SSMO'N. ;
40 58' E. Hamdanid ; Bnwayhid ; Mar-
wanid; Ayyubid.
Mirath. Meernt, in KTV. Provinces, India.
29 0' Jtf. ; 77 48' E. Dehli Emperors.
Maysan. In Irak Arabi. 31 20' K ; 47 20' E.
Umayyad.
192 MUSAL3I1X NUMISMATICS.
-Mailapur. Madras. DeHi Emperors (White ,yL,^
King).
Miyurka. Majorca. 40 ; K ; 3 C E. Muwahhid; <Ls,^
Kings of Majorca. Prefix teJ** .
Xabha. Capital of IS'abha State, in the Panjab, ^lj . U>lj
India. 30 C 24' K". ; 76 1 2' E. Sikh ; Local
Eajali.
Nadirabad. Kandahar. Shahs of Persia. jbl,jlj
Narnul. In Eajputana, India. 28 15 ; !iS. ; (Jy^^
76 20' E. Dehli Xings ; Dehli Emperors.
l^asiri. Teheran. Shahs of Persia. Prefix
r. ?. Spanish Umayyad (Codeira).
]S T agpur. In Central India. 21 9-' ]S T . ; 79 7'E.
Dehli Emperors (TThite King). Prefix
]S T agur. In Jodhpur State, India. 2711 / E". ;
73 46' E. Dehli Emperors.
!N"ahan. In Sirmur State, Panjab, India.
30 34' K ; 7721 ; E. Local Eajah.
Fajafgahr. In N". W. Provinces, India.
26 1 8' ]S T . ; 80 36' E. Dehli Emperors
(Eodgers).
Fajibabad. In N. W. Provinces, India.
29 36' JS T . ; 78 23' E. Dehli Emperors.
Nakhjman. In Armenia. 39 15'K ; 4521'E.
Great Kaans ; Mongols of Persia ; Ak-
Kuynnlid ; Jalaii* ; Shahs of Persia.
jN T iikhawi. lathe Caucasus. 41 12' K ; 47 10'E.
Khan of Caucasus.
JN T arimkabad. In Irak Ajami ? Umayyad
(Soret).
LIST OF MINT TOWXS.
ISTarwar. In Gwalior State, India. 25 39 / ]\ T . ;
77- 56' E. Dehli Kings.
Xisa. In Khurasan. -J7 2 ' 53' X. ; 58-10' E.
Eliwarizm (Markof).
luisirabad. Xisabur. Samanicl. jW-AJ
j
Kisratabacl. In Bengal, in Ghoraghar Subhah jbb'^zi
of Akbar. Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings.
Sissibin. In Mesopotamia. 372'K ; 41 15'E. *~*aJ
TJmayyad ; Abbasid ; Hamdanid ; Ukaylid ;
Marwanid ; Zangid ; Atabeg ; Ayyubid.
Prefix L.^ .
Xaklat. ?. Mongols of Persia (Rodgers). ui;^
K"agar. Probably Xaggar, in Eannn, Pan jab. Jj
33 10' ]S T . : 71 5' E. DeHi Emperors
(Rodgers). Also for Beclnore. 13 48' JS T . ;
75 6' E. Mysore Sultan.
ISFiinroZj for ; .A-.J . G-reat Kaans. ; ^}
Ifamak. Pind daran Khan, in the Pan jab, uXJ
India. 3235 / N.; 73 5' E. Sikh.
Kinarkan. ?. Shahs of Persia (Eraehn). ^ jj
Xu. jSTnh, in the Panjab, India. 23 6' X. ; y
77 2 7 E. Dehli Eings (Rodgers).
Kurabardah. InServia. 4235'K; 2150 / E. aJjta
_/ j
Othmanli.
ISTuvar. ISTiiTabardah ? Othmanli. .L}
Nowanagar. In Kathiawar, India. 2226'K;
7016'E. LocalJam.
jSTubanjan, In Farsistan. 30 C 8'K; 5152 / E. U^y
Mongols of Persia.
Xnkan. Nurkan, in Khurasan. 3550'N.; ^15^
58 40 ; E. Mongols of Persia (Soret).
INTul. Lamtah, in Morocco. 35 40 ; JS T . ; k*l Jy . J J
1050'E, Murabit.
13
sh. Guarda, in Portugal. 40 30'K;
T 15' ~W. ]\ T asrid.
TTasit. In Mesopotamia. 31 51' K ;
46 7' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid ; Mongols
of Persia ; Jalair ; Buvayhid (Soret) ; Ham-
danid (Tychsen) ; Eatimid (Marsden) ;
Samanid (Tychsen).
AYatil. Uncertain. Idrisid (LaToix).
Van. In Armenia. 3835 / K; 4314'E.
Mongols of Persia ; Jalair ; Ak-Kuyunlid ;
Othmanli.
Wabah. In Palestine. 3038'K ; 3530 / E.
Umayyad (Lavoix).
Ubada. In Spain. 3756'K ; 322 / "W F .
King of Tortosa (Saulcy).
Ujtah, Oudjda, in Morocco. 34 Q 43 / K;
248 / ^T. Idrisid (Lavoix).
194 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
Nihawand. In Irak Ajami. 345 ; IS T . ; 48 29'E.
Abbasid, Prefix &j.x .
^"ahtarnagar. TricMnopoiy, in S. India.
49 10' X. ; 78 44' E. Mysore Sultan
(Marsden).
3>ahr Tirah. STear Ahwaz, on Kerkna river
(Le Strange). Umayyad; Abbasid.
Nisa. Probably f or ,^'uw-J . Shahs of Persia.
IMsabur. In Khurasan. 36 12' N". ; 58 49 7 E.
Abbasid ; Ghaznawid ; Samanid ; Saljuk ;
Tiarurid ; local Amir ; Mongols of Persia ;
Shahs of Persia ; Khwarizm. Prefix &j ( tX* .
al-^il. In Irak Arabi. 32 3 5' IS T . ; 44 42' E. JJ1
Abbasid (Karabacek).
Nimruz. Sijistan. Shahs of Persia. JJj***
LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 195
Udaipur. j%*?\ Local Eana. j^d^J
Warzighah. Warghah, in Algeria. 32 0' K ; Z~jj . bj ^
512'E. Idrisid (Lavois).
Urmi. L**j\ . Great Kaans (Harkof). Lf'VJ
Warangul. In the Deccan, India. 175S'K; J/'jj
7940'E. Delili Kings.
"Wazkand. Jc ; .1 . Turkistan.
-/^
"Wazakur. ?. Idrisid (Lavoix).
v y
Yastan. In Armenia. 38 25 ; j\ T . ; 435 / E.
Jalair.
Utit. Uncertain. Idrisid (Lavoix).
al-Watah. al-Hueta, in Spain. 4012'.N.;
2 38' W. Spanish Umayyad.
Walastajird. In Irak Ajami. 34 28'K.;
48 W E. Mongols of Persia.
"Walwaliz. Half-way "between Khnlm and
Tayikan, in Turkistan (Le Strange). Gha2-
nawid.
Walikh. In Morocco. 340 ; K; 530'W.
Idrisid.
.al-"Wilandi. Holland. o^.^ ^jJu^\ .
Batavia.
Hapur. In KW. Provinces, India. 28 43' N. ;
77 49' E. Dehli Emperors (Hoemle).
Hamnabad. In Kurdistan. 34 10' K ;
4645 / E. Ablbasid.
al-Harnniyah. In Baghdad district. 33 40' N. .;
44 5o ; E. Abbasid.
al-Hashamiyah. Near Kufah, "between it and
Hillah (Le Strange). Abbasid.
Hajaz. District of Arabia on the north-east
coast of the Eed Sea. Local Othmanli.
196 MFSAOIAX XOtISATieS.
Hirat. In Afghanistan. 04 c 29 f ^.; 62"8 ; E, C^U - J^
Umayyacl; Abbasid ; Ghaznawid; Saljuk;
Great Kaans; Shaybanid; Tahiricl; Timurid;
Samanid ; Soffarid ; Khwarizm ; Cliagatai ;
Kara Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia ; Karts ;
Barakzai. Prefixes fciL^ ^b. L^~!Uj -
(Sjjjw* . i' jJj . ^-U i'jJj .
al-Harrar. In East Africa. 9 : 20'N.; 42 D 22'E. ^il . SJ1 .^\
Local Kings. Prefix &j JL* .
Hardwar. In X.T. Provinces, India. 29 : 57 E". ; j^j&
78 12' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix c-^-o .
Huzu. Fort on the coast opposite to the jifc
island of Kish (Yakut). Beni Ommereh
(Tiesenhausen).
Hamadan. Haxnazan, inlrakArabi. 3448'N. ; ^d^-
48 30' E. Umayyacl ; Abbasid ; Buwayhid ;
Saljuk; Mongols of Persia; Jalair; Timurid;
Kara Kuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia ; Dulafid.
Prefixes d-J^ JjJj . ^ : jjj .
Hind. On the Indus. ?. Behli Kings XJ&
(Leggett).
al-Husam. Canton in mountains behind
Tabaristan and Bailim (Yakut), llongols
of Persia (Fraehn).
Hit. 2s T ear Baghdad. 33 39 ; I\ T . ; 42 51' E.
Mongols of Persia.
Yarkand. In TurkLstan. 3825'E".; 77 30'E.
Chinese ; Turkistan (Markof).
Yamur. A village near Anbar (Yakut).
Khwarizni.
Yubni. Yobna, or Jabneh, in Palestine,
8151']S T .; 34 45'E. Umayyad (Lavoix).
LIST OF MI^'X TOWNS. 197
Yajirlaan. Uncertain. Idrisid (Lavoix).
Yazd. In Farsistan. 32 3' K ; 54 47' E.
Mongols of Persia ; Timurid ; Chagatai ;
Atabeg ; Ak-EIuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia.
Prefix sjUjJl ilj .
al-Yazidiyah. Shamakhi, In Trans-Caucasia.
Abbasid (Lavoix).
Yikishahr. Yeskisher, in Anatolia. 3944'JNT. ;
3022 / E. Othmanli.
Yimash Bazar. ?. Saljuk of Bum (Markof). j\j\>
al-Yainamah. In Arabia. 24 5' K. ; 4710 / E.
Abbasid.
al-Yaman. Yemen, in S. Arabia. Abbasid.
Yangi Bazar. Unknown. Mongols of Persia t
(Markof).
Yangi Shahr. Shayer, in Turkistan. 4155'K ;
84 36 ; E. Golden Horde. Suffix i^^l
198
TITLES OF TOWIS.
Most Holy Ground. j^, U"^ (J 3 ^
The Host 'Noble of Cities. j&l*X,sJ jSLJt uJ^t
District. j^Jix; . J^^x! . jbUiix- . jb-lp- A*!-!
Mother of Cities, i-aj t)LJS A\
> f
Pleasing Road. J^A^ L^, /%U1
Place of Glory. }**>j$ j^j^ ~j*. "J^ ^
City. ilJfl . , xlil .
^ til
City. j\j\ ,!^\ . l ; lcsr . ili^ . (*j
^j^ - JCJ^A^ - <iji - 4>Wj.^J -
bil . jbUSix/*
Good City.
Excellent City, j^
The EseeUent City.
The Fortified City,
A Port.
The Port of Peace. Aj-1 |*LJ1
Blessed Port.
Throne Place.
At the' Throne Place.
TITLES OF MINT TOWNS. 199
Pilgrimage.
A Plain.
The ]\ T ew.
The Great Island. i.ls>.
>
Of Happy Protection, (j
A Fort. J^;
Presence (of the Eang).
Presence of Majesty. Jlf,L-> . jib jU> j!L>- c^*
The White. ILU^
Of Happy Foundation,
Treasury. jbLxu^ . e-^l^- JjJ^ . djl;^
City. Territory. c
Blessed City.
The Seat of Eectitude. J^l
The Seat of Islam. Jj* J . j - JU -with
The Seat of Safety. &j*
The Seat of Prosperity.
The Formed Place.
The Seat of War.
The Seat of the Khalifat.
^ Li .
200 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
The Seat of "Weal. ^^ J~SL\ jb
The Seat of the Empire. ^WJLjU/ ii.jJl J\ J
The Seat of the Sovereign. ,^.J\Jbj .^J ,U* j^Ji jb
The Seat of Happiness. ^IsTj sjUJl J b
The Seat of Peace. J\Juu . ^J* JLJ^b
The Seat of the Sultanat. jbb^t . U^ - fciaLJ! b
. ^ .
"
The Seat oi Pleasure,
The Seat of Yictory. j
The Ahode of the Pious. J j *jL*!i ,
-/" -X
The Seat of Justice, i^
The Seat of Learning. jl
The Seat of Yictory. ..,-
u "
The Blessed Place. p\j\
The Glorious Place. )&*
Jj't
The Seat of the District,
The Sculptured Place. j*+*fr
The Seat of the King, Juj^ . U J . ob b u'
The B eautiful Place . j ..Jb jy>- j^=^! I ^ b
The Abode of the Faithful, jb^ . ^UK ^^1 ^b
The Seat of Yictory. jU^i
The Seat of Yictory. *\j&
The Pleasing. j^
The Beauty of Towns. obU*>.\ jLJl vi-x ;
Town of Peace. -w*>- \
TITLES OF 3IIOT TOWS. 201
District.
City, jl
Great City. Jb
City, the Asylum of Eoyalty . s Z\
City of the Age. -JLx>- ^Ivj^ ^
Blessed City.
Eminent City.
]\ T oble City. ^
City of Great Light.
Province. s^\
/,
Tract of Land.
Known as Udaipur Conquered.
Known as Champanir.
Known as Behli. b *,+
Known as Kanouj.
Known as Muhammadabad.
Known as Tirhut.
West. jjjJjl^L
Choosing Peace.
Conquest of. -Jux>- ^
Of Happy Foundation, jb
Prosperous. jUss-
Metropolis of Islam. 1+****
Town.
Citadel.
Passing.
Fort, i
202 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
-n j_ ^' ^ "^ '' * M
Port. sp \ -^j-O - *<tej+z . ^ci
District, ^axip-
o . '
District. jw.
Throne. ,Uo . JjJ
> i **
Beautiful. A;J?4^. . .x^K . ,.^>.
J j C/
Blessed. Jj&lJi
j
Garrisoned City. jM .^,Ub . u-J.^. . i'U^- .
4 ' - ' iiwJ UA ^1 ^
City. Prefixed to a great number of mint tovrns.
City of Hen. J^ J
Guarded City. JcJ .AJ
Eesting-place of the Khalifat. j&9?\ . jb^l .
Resting-place of the Kingdom. J\jL*il - <Uu .
The Shining. ^ ,
A Mine. J^S
Place of Learned Men. *j;\^
The Eminent, ^u^l
The Flourishing. <Ljlkl-* c.j-
Captured. j-J^
Holy.
Country.
Country. <teJ . L .yllcy . \g*)J -
ERAS.
The dates on llutammadan coins are, as a rule, given according
to the Hijra Era, but otter eras are also used.
Hijra.
The era dates from the flight o! the Prophet Muhammad from
Mecca to Medina, which took place on the 15th July, 622 A.D.
The first day of it corresponds with the 16th July of that year.
This era is a purely lunar one of 12 lunations, and to make
it accord as nearly as possible with the moon's motion a day
is intercalated at the end of 11 of the years in a cycle of 30:
thus the mean length of the year is 354-J--J- days. The following
is a very simple rule of thumb ' by Dr. James Burgess for con-
verting dates of the Hijra to the Christian (Julian) : From Hijra
date deduct 3 per cent, and add 622 for the date A.D." As each
year is shorter than a Christian year it begins earlier in the
season than the preceding one. The following Table shows the day
of the month of the Christian year upon which each Hijra year
begins up to 1325 A.H. It is usual to give as the corresponding
year that one in which the greater part of the Hijra year is
included; for instance, A.H. 700 began on the 16th September,
1300, and ended on the 5th September, 1301, that is, 3-J- months
in 1300 and 8-J months in 1301. The latter A.D. year therefore
is the corresponding one, unless, of course, one of the early months
of the Hijra year is in question. Dr. Forbes gives this rule for
working out the corresponding date : " Express the Huhammadan
date in years and decimals of years; multiply by -970225; to
the product add 621*54, and the sum will be the precise period
of the Christian Era. 5 ' Another rule is that given by Soret :
"Date of Hijra multiplied by 97, to the product add 621-84,
separating by a decimal point the last two ciphers of the product.'*
2G4 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
Example: 1st day of 700 A.H. 700 X 97 = 67900. 67900 +
621-84 = 1300-84, that Is, 1300 and -84 of the year, which
corresponds with the middle of September.
Commonly there Is no indication on the coins of the date being
the Hiira one, but It is occasionally so stated, as i's-k . J^stfl*
A i ' _j . / .
S^^r 5 u^-: - ^\ i.js^ . , ^jj LJS-^ . On two coins of Mongols
of Persia, which bear also the Khanian date, the word <ui3j& , lunar,
is added to distinguish the date in that way from the Khanian,
which was a solar era.
Tipu Sultan, of Maisur, In the year 1201 A.H., i.e. the fifth
year of his reign, instituted a new era for use In his kingdom,
dating from the birth of Muhammad J*ks"* ^jcJ&u/*, instead of from
the year of the flight. The years were Luni- Solar. The date of
the birth of the Prophet Is generally given as 570 A.D., but it is
not certain whether Tipu counted from that time or about a year
later, as was held by some to be correct. On a coin of the fourth
year of his reign the date is given If" ^*<s^ tU^ , and on one
of the fifth year of his reign the date is written & 1 f i , that is,
1215 of the new era and in the new way of arranging the ciphers
(see p. 7). The difference of but 14 years between the dates
according to the two eras, although the period between the birth
and the flight of the Prophet was some 52 years, is to be accounted
for by the Miiludi years being longer, luni-solar, than the Hijra,
lunar, ones.
Khanian.
The Khanian Era was established by Ilkhan Ghazan Mahmud
on 1st Bajab, A.H. 701, but it is not found upon coins until the
time of his nephew, Abu Said, some 33 years later, and on
the coins of one or two of Abu's successors. The era was a solar
one, and is written <Ljl^M . There is no difficulty in computing
the corresponding year in the Hijra and Christian Eras, for the
year 1 of Khanian is 701 A,H. and 1301 A.D.
ERAS. 205
Christian,
Bates in the Christian Era are found on coins of Native States
of India, E.I. Company, and Straits Settlements, also on some
Christian Syrian coins in Arabic characters. It is usually indicated
z &* or (jy+z only, but on one of the Syrian it is put
as siU*4Jl tXlrsrUSI <&*i , rear of the Incarnation of the Messiah.
C
IlaM,
The Tarikh Ilahi was established by the Emperor Akbar in
the 30th year of his reign (A.H. 992), and began with his reign
on 5th Eabi al-Sani, A.E. 963, or 19th February, 1556 A.D.
The months and clays are Solar, without any intercalations.
The names of the months and days are the same as the old
Persian ones. The months have from 29 to 30 days ; there are
no weeks, but each day of the month is distinguished by a
different name.
The era was used by Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, often
together with the Hijra date. It is written on the coins ^\.
Samvat
The Samvat or Era of Yikramaditya began at B.C. 57. It is
luni-solar with intercalation. To convert Samvat into Christian
years it is necessary only to subtract 57 from the elate. The
era is used on coins of some of the Native States of India,
generally, when the legend is in the Arabic character, with the
Hijra date also. It is written '^^^^ .
The Spanish,
The Spanish, called also the Era of the Caesars, is reckoned
from 1st January, B.C. 38, being the year following the conquest
of Spain by Augustus. It is found on a bilingual coin of
Alphonse VIII of Spain, and there called
206 MUSALITA^ NUMISMATICS.
CYCLE YEARS,
Sultan Tipu, of llysore, in the first or second year of Ms
reign, adopted, in addition to the Hijra dates, the Hindu cycle
of sixty years, each distinguished by a particular name, which
was in use in his dominions and known as the Tamil Brihaspate
Cycle. But instead of the original names of the respective years,
he gave them new ones made up of letters which by the Abjad
system would denote the number of the year in the cycle. The
second year of Tipu's reign, A.D. 1783-84, was the 38th of the
current cycle, which began in A.D. 1747. That year he named
J;l (1 + 7 + 30), the next year JLSJ- (3 + 30 + 6), and the
next j!j (4 + 30 + 6), and these three names preceded by
the word JL year are found upon coins of the Sultan of the
2nd, 3rd, and 4th years of his reign, and dated I ! Q i A , 1 M ^ , If**
Hijra respectively. "When, however, in the 5th year of his reign
Tipu altered his era from the Hijra to the Muludi (see p. 204),
and replaced the Abjad system by the Abtas (see p. 116), he
gave other names to the years which would indicate the number
of the year in the cycle according to the latter system, and these
we find on his coins from his fifth regnal year, such as li (40 + 1),
IjL (30 + 1 + 10+1), etc.
The names ju^l and Ju/K.=*.l were given arbitrarily, in both
systems, to the first and second years, because no words sufficiently
short could be assigned to them to express one ' and two.'
CYCLE YEARS.
20?
Cycle
Year.
ibjad.
Abtas.
Cycle
Year.
Abjad.
Abtas.
Cycle!
Year.
Abjad.
Abtas.
1
2
Xfc^l
Z\
21
i
22
\
^
41
42
u
It
-/
3
cJ
vi
23
}*
^
43
r -
' V
4
u
u
24
&
ji-
44
fV
Li
5
Vi
Vb.
25
.jTjls-
J >
45
*o^
j^j
-6
l*c
v l;
26
^
^jj
46
J,
7^
7
^
lb-
27
M
wU IL)
47
J ; J
^L
8
jW
^
28
J^-J
>b
48
^
^;
9
*w
J3
29
^b
J l ;
49
s^!/
jLt
10
^
^
30
J
1 ^
50
r^-
c^J_^
11
f
Jul
31
^
^
51
r y
j,L
12
*r
vbl
32
v
Ji
52
^
vbb
13
JW
jV
33
^M
. cJ,j
53
l
o^u
u : ^
14
^
L-^-U
34
Jj
U-
i
54
w^-
j^j
15
^
^
35
jb
^^j
55
u^
j*i
16
*>j
Wv
36
JW
>-^
56
^u
^Uo
17
^jy>
j 1 -
37
L5 -^
^
57
^
c>
18
L5^
/ J
38
(Jj
u-
58
J^
^
19
^
>
39
^
jU
59
uW
C
20
&*
40
}*
^
60
!
>^
jLtjl
208 ^USALMIX XUMISIIATICS.
BATES.
Ordinarily the date of striking of the coin is preceded by thc-
word 4i! year, sometimes *U~j in the year, but there are some-
variations from this. Some Samanid coins have <La**. of the year,
some Dehli and others i-s^ i^-s , Turkistan --^ ^-s^ ^ o~*
year in the Hijra of the Prophet, Bhopal , C -;AJ i^c-s* tf-i-s year
of the holy Hijra. The word ^Ls, year, is used instead of *tx;
on some Spanish and African coins. "When the Christian date is
given the form is ^5*^-^ cL^, when the Sam vat ^^^^ .
On some coins the phrase fc~sj*$~> ^ , in the months of the
year, is used ; on some others the name of the month of issue
is stated, -2-i <Ji in the month, followed by the name of the month
of the Hijra year. "When the Ilahi year is given on the coins
of Akbar and his successors the month of the old Persian calendar
is employed with the Persian word *U month, as ^jLI iU ,d\,
Ilahi month A~ban. Yery rarely the day of the month is added
by a cipher, or in words as in the following legend on a coin of
a Governor of Bengal, !L~tjS>$\ ^jl\ ^ ^ ^JL*!t *^J^\ <J>
iU^s $ ^j^ ? on the date the twentieth of the month Eabi al-
Akhir of the year six hundred and twenty ; and on one of Tipu
Sultan, Li JL c5?W /*^~>j ^ e third of (month) Bahari of the
(cycle) year Sha.
Names of the Months.
HIJRA. OLD PERSIAN'.
2. jLs 2.
3. JjJl j_-.^ 3.
4. [or ^yW^^l ^j 4.
5. Jpl ^4}U>- 5.
6. [or ^\~\ j&3\ ^^^- 6.
7. ur 7.
BATES.
209
HUB A.
OLD PERSIAN.
10.
11.
12.
9.
10.
11.
Tipu Sultan, on giving to the cycle years new names, which
should denote the numerical order in which they stand in the
cycle (see p. 206), treated the months of which the year consists
in a similar way, but instead of the whole name being taken to
express the number in Abjad the initial letter only was made
to do so. Afterwards, with the change from the Abjad to the
Abtas, it was again necessary to alter the names to suit the latter
system. Only one or two of the months have been noted as
being on Tipu's coins, but more may be found, and therefore
the names are here given.
Names of the Twelve Months in Abjad and Abtas.
Abjad. Abtai
Abjad. 1 Abtas.
8
: Abjad. i Abtas.
10
11
12
The numbers of the llth and 12th month are made by using
the first two letters of the name, and in the Abjad the letters
\ (1) and c-> (2) are on the right of the letter ^ (10), as is
usual in writing in ciphers the numbers ! i and I f , whilst in the
Abtas the units \ and t-j are on the left of the decimal j , that is,
in the order in which the ciphers were placed, 1 1 and f I , in
Tipu Sultan's system (see p. 7).
14
210 MUSALMAX XUMIS1IATIC3.
REGIAL YEARS,
The year of tlie reign of the ruler is also usually noted on
the coins of the Moghul emperors of Dehli, Afghanistan, Native
States of India, Otlirnanli, and some other series of modern times,
"but not on the old Arabic.
It is, as a rule, on the other face of the coin to that on which
the date is, and in ciphers, except for the first year, which is
often written ^=>-l . (jw*l>- , accession or enthronement, is the
word used to express regnal year, with or without !L~s before it.
The phrase ^JL* c^-^.^ ^^>- ^> ' m the Y ear oi " ^is
reign of tranquil prosperity, adopted for Aurangzih, has been
a favourite one ever since in the East.
The regnal year is of the same length as the Hijra lunar one,
and consequently, beginning each year on the enthronement
anniversary, does not change its number on the same day as the
latter does, unless, of course, the enthronement was on 1st of
lluharram, and so apparent discrepancies occur; for instance,
Jahangir was proclaimed Emperor in Jumacla, 1014; one half,
therefore, of his issue of the regnal year 1 was in 1014 and
one half in 1015. But there are many real discrepancies owing
to carelessness of the mint masters or die engravers. In the
time of Jahangir and Shah Jahan, when the solar year of Akbar's
Ilahi Era was being again replaced by the Hijra, there was some
confusion, and mistakes were made. The E.I. Company in 1793,
in trying to establish a standard currency, ordered that all the
rupees coined for Bengal should for the future bear the impression
of the rupee of the 19th year of Shah Alam's reign; thus, the
1 \ L^i was retained on the obverse of the Sicca or 19 San rupee
of Murshidabad, whatever the Hijra year might be on the reverse,
REGNAL YEARS. 211
until 1835. In a similar way i~"! te~a was put on the E.I.C.
Farukhabad and Surat coins of the Shah Alam pattern, irrespective
of the date of issue, from 1805 to 1835.
On some coins of Indian Native States, of the pattern of the
Shah Alam rupee, is a (j*>- J ear cipher which is not that of
the Dehli Emperor, but that of the Eajah of the State, although
his name is not given upon the piece.
On the Othmanli coinage since the beginning of the reign
of Abel al-Haraid, A.H. -1187, only the date of the year of the
Sultan's accession is given throughout the reign, with a cipher,
usually above the area of the reverse, indicating the regnal year.
It is necessary, therefore, to add the number of the regnal year
to the date in order to arrive at the year in which any piece was
struck; e.g., all the coins of Mahmud II bear the Hijra date 1223,
although he reigned 32 years, and some of them were struck as
iate as 1254, as is shown by their bearing the regnal year 32.
typo
03 0) b
H or H
01 H
flCOC060505oOtf)NtO
01 H fl fl H 01 H
M h H h H h 5 1 5 1 iS r ' r ' ti i X A
rfrtrt^^^tfflflRftbhbflfl
htf)0)OHflCOfliOtONQ0050HflflOO
iQ'OiO^tOcOtOtOCDtOtOtOtOhhbhb
tOtOtOtO(0(0(0(OtOtOtOtOtOOtOtOtO(0
NGOO)OM(Nfl1iiO<0NCOCI)OHflcOfl
flHOOONOONbiOflflflflflbHO
fl H CO H fl H 01 H fl H fl H CO
, i li fel) '
bflfl^hddod(i<l<!<l^bb
OOHflCOfl'OtOhOOQOHClOOfliOtO
flflflflflflflflflflfl'O'OiOiOiOiOiO
(D(OtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtO<0(OtOtOtO
0)OHfl{OfliOtON00050HflWflOtO
H 01 01 fl fl 01 fl 01 fl 01 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
fl.
(0lOflCOflCOrtHOC505QO
H fl H 01 H fl fl H
k k fl d rt
b b b b b
k h k o, ft h >!
U LJ ui ^ i U U
T iJ :J J J W *?1
fl Fl fl ^ ^ N fl
fl fl 00 fl
01 H fl H
h h h b
OiCOfllOtOh00050HflCOfliO(ONCOO)
01 01 01 fl 01 01 01 01 CO CO 00 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO
tOcOtO(OtOtOtOtO(OtOtOtOtOtO(OtOtO(0
H fl CO fl
NOOO)OH01WfliOtOboO
HHHHHHHHH
HIJRA AXD CHRISTIAN TEARS.
213
A TT
A.D.
:I1*
.!
I
A.D
S T5 ' , i '
3 O
i H
V D
ic
? r
^3
* * i
t&'Z !
p a ,
i
I
55
674
D. 6
77
696
Ap.10
99
717
Ag.14
!
56
675
]tf. 25
78
697
Mr. 30 ! ;
100
718
Ag. 3
i
57
676
ST. 14
79
698
Mr.20j
101
719
Jy. 24
58
677
]N T . 3
80
699
Mr. 9'
102
720
Jy. 12
59
678
0. 23
81
700
F. 26:
103
721
Jy. i
60
679
0. 13
82
701
F. 15 !
104
722
Jn. 21
61
680
o. r
83
702
F. 4 :
105
723
Jn. 10
62
681
S. 20
84
703
Ja. 24:
106
724
My.29
i
63
682
S. 10
85
704
Ja. 14
107
725
My. 19
64
683
Ag. 30
86
705
Ja. 2
108
726
My. 8
65
684
Ag.18
87
705
D. 23!
109
727
A p. 28
66
685
Ag. 8
88
706
D, 12 1
110
728
Ap.16
67
686
Jy. 28
89
707
D. 1!
111
729
Ap. 5
68
687
Jy. 18
90
708
2T. 20
i
112
730
Mr. 26
69
688
Jy. 6
91
709
jST. 9
113
731
Mr. 15
70
689
Jn. 25
92
710
0. 29
114
732
Mr. 3
71
690
Jn, 15
93
711
0. 19
115
733
F. 21
72
691
Jn. 4
94
712
0. 7
116
734
F. 10
73
692
My.23
95
713
S. 26
117
735
Ja. 31
74
693
My. 13
96
714
S. 16
118
736
Ja. 20
75
694
My. 2
97
715
S. 5
119
737
Ja. 8
76
695
Ap.21
98
716
Ag.25
120
737
D. 29
214
3IUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
A.H.
I
i
A.D.
re _ ':
jFl <
i A.H.
A.D.
cC
Jc^l
; A.H.
A.D.
bf..
1 C S1
121
738
I). 18
143
: 760
Ap.22
; 165
781
Ag. 26
122
739
D. 7
144
; 76i
Ap. 1 1
\ 166
782
Ag.lo
123
740
X. 26
i 145
762
Ap. 1
: 167
783
Ag. 5
124
741
ST. 15
146
: 763
Mr. 21
168
784
Jy. 24
125
742
K 4
; 147
\ 764
Mr. 10
i 169
785
Jy. 14
12o
743
0. 25
148
i 765
F. 27
170
786
Jy. 3
127
744
0. 13
149
766
E. 16
171
787
Jn. 22
128
745
0. 3
150
767
E. 6
172
788
!
Jn. 11
129
746
S. 22
151
768
Ja. 26
173
789
My. 31
130
747
S. 11
152
769
Ja. 14
174
790
My.20
131
748
Ag.31
153
770
Ja. 4
175
791
My. 10
132
749
Ag. 20 1
154
770
D. 24
176
!
792
Ap.28
133
750
Ag. 9J
I
155
771
D. 13
177
793
Ap.18
134
751
Jy. so j
156
772
D. 2
178
794
Ap. 7
135
752
Jy. 18
157
773
N. 21
179
795
Mr. 27
136
753
Jy. 7
158
774
K 11
i
180
796
Mr. 16
137
754
Jn. 27
159
775
0. 31
181
797
Mr. 5
138
755
Jn. 16
160
776
0. 19
182
798
E. 22
139
756
Jn. 5
161
777
0. 9
183
799
F. 12
140
757
My.25
162
778
S. 28
184
800
E. 1
141
758
My. 14
163
779
S. 17
185
801
Ja. 20
142
759
My. 4 j
164
780 j
S. 6
186
802
Ja. 10
HIJEA AND CHBISTIAN TEARS.
215
I.E. A.D.
C
fS <-* **> !
.ij 'A.II. ' A.D.
S3 , :
p ~ ,
, .-,:
n - 1 JT-
m ;"
S c ^ >.
A - D - Hi
| PQ K
187
802 ! D. 30 I 209
824 My. 4
231
845
S. 7
188
803
D. 20 ; 210
825
Ap. 24
232
846
Ag.28
189
804
D. 8 211
826
Ap. 13
233
847
Ag.17
190
805
JS T . 27 212
II
827
Ap. 2
234
848
Ag. 5
191
806 K 17'
213 828
Mr. 22
235
849
Jy. 26
i
192
807
IN 1 ". 6
214
829
Mr. 11
236
850
Jy. 15
193
808
0. 25
i
215
830
F. 28
237
851
Jy. 5
194
809
0. 15
216
831
F. 18
238
852
Jn. 23
195
810
0. 4
217
832
F. 7
239
853
Jn. 12
196
811
S. 23
218
833
Ja. 27
240
854
Jn. 2
197
812
S. 12
219
834
Ja. 16
241
855
My.22
198
813
S. 1
220
835
Ja. 5
242
856
My. 10
199
814
Ag.22
221
835
D. 26
243
857
Ap.30
200
815
Ag.ll
222
836
D. 14
244
858
Ap. 19
201
816
Jy. 30
223
837
D. 3
245
859
Ap. 8
202
817
Jj. 20
224
838
N. 23
246
860
Mr. 28
203
818
Jy. 9;
225
839
tf. 12
247
861
Mr. 17
204
819
Jn. 28
226
840
0. 31
248
862
Mr. 7
205
820
Jn. 17
227
841
0. 21
249
863
F. 24
206
821
Jn. 6
228
842
0. 10
250
864
F. 13
207
! 822
My.27
229
843
S. 30
251
865
F. 2
208
823
My. 16
230
844
S. 18
252
866
Ja. 22
3IUSAL3IAX NUMISMATICS.
%~>.\
I
Ct \
i
tc
A.H.
A.D.
!1j
A.H. |
A.D.
112
A.H.
A.D.
5 3 i-3
a s
B 5
i
~ 3
253
867
Ja. 11
275
888
My. 16
i
297
909
S. 20
i
254
868
Ja. 1
276
889
My. 6
298
910 !
S. 9
255
868
D. 20
277
890
Ap. 25
299
911
Ag. 29
256
869
D. 9
278
891
Ap. 15
300
912
Ag.18
257
870
K 29
279
892
Ap. 3
3or
913
Ag. 7
258
871
^ T . 18
280
893
Mr. 23
302
914
Jy. 27
259
872
X. 7
281
894
Mr. 13
303
915
Jy. 17
260
873
0. 7
282
895
Mr. 2
304
916
Jy. 5
261
874
0. 16
283
896
E. 19
305
917
Jn. 24
262
875
0. 6
284
897
E. 8
306
918
Jn. 14
263
876
S. 24
285
898
Ja. 28!
307
919
Jn. 3
264
877
S. 13
286
899
Ja. 17
308
920
My.23
265
878
S. 3
287
900
Ja. 7
309
921
My.12
266
879
Ag.23
288
900
D. 26
310
922
My. 1
267
880
Ag.12
289
901
3). 16
311
923
Ap.21
268
881
Ag. 1
290
902
D. 5
312
924
Ap. 9
269
882
Jy. 21
291
903
1ST. 24
313
925
Mr. 29
270
883
Jy. 11
292
904
ff. 13
314
926
Mr. 19
271
884
Jn. 29
293
905
E". 2
315
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MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
A.IL
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1
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HIJIU AND CHRISTIAN YEARS.
223
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Ag.16
727
1326
K 27 i
749
1348
Ap. 1
1771
1369
Ag. 5
728
1327
K 17!
750
1349
Mr. 22 1
I
1 772
1370
Jy. 26
729
1328
2L 5
751
1350
Mr. 11
773
1371
Jy. 15
730
1329
0. 25:
752
1351
F. 28
774
1372
Jy. 3
731
732
1330
1331
0. 15
i
0. 4 !
753
754
1352
1353
F. 18
F. 6
775
776
1373
1374
Jn. 23
Jn. 12
733
734
1332
1333
S. 22:
j
S. 12 !
755
756
1354
1355
! Ja. 26
!
Ja. 16
777
778
1375
1376
Ja. 2
My.21
735
1334
S. 1
757
1356
Ja. 5
i 779
1377
My.10
736
1335
Ag. 2l'
758
1356
D. 25
' 780
1378
1 Ap. 30
05 00 00 s|
OQO
tO H
Oi i CO 10
HHMHMHMHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
0) CO Q CO CO W CO 05 05 W CO 03 CO 00 CO 05 CO CO CO CO CO W
(0(D00(0(DOQCQOQ5((]0(#a)0005a)t)5$GOvl
(0 03 ^ C) Ci ^ OMO M (0 GO 05 M Q 01 ^ Q 10 H Q Q
ffl a ffl ^ % fej B b
H K) H !0 H (0 10 CO H to H 10 H 10 H
05 if* Oi 0) H *i ^0 <0 H H 10 (0 10 il* 0) M 00 N ) (0
flooowooooooooooojooojoooooooooooocoooaioooo
tOtOlOtOIOHHHMMHHHHHQQOOOOO
M 05 M Q Oi (I* CO 10
CO M D Oi ^ J5 Iv
d B
H 10 H H
s| 00 Ot 00 M 15
H 10
tl ti
10 H |0 H 10 H 10
H 05 0) M M M 10
L if, [I* ^ i(* (I* ff* CO CO -Cl CO CO CO CO CO W CO tO 10 10 10 10
0) 0i ((* 00 10 H CO "4 0) Oi d* CO 10 H CO H Q Ci
ij* i)i W W 05 W CO CO Ci CO CO W 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
H tO 05 "1 0) Ci (I* 10 M 05 s] Q Ci ^ CO 10 H
flpOin&jlJjJtJ
lilillill!!'
H tO H 10 H tO M 10
10 tO tO tk k Oi (?) *J S 00 CD
CO M 10 H tO H 10
H to 10 CO W v't 0' 0)
EIJBA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS.
225
A. II.
A.D.
- v '
Pi
A. II. ;
A.D.
be
5 ~ ~ *
.5 C *" ;
jgr* 5
A.H.
A.D.
fcc
111
&*?
pq
847 i
i
1443
My. 1
869
!
1464
S. 3 j
891
1486
Ja. 7
848
1444
Ap. 20
870
1465
Ag.24
892
1486
D. 28
849
1445
Ap. 9
871
1466
Ag. 13
893
1487
D. 17
i
850
1446
Mr. 29
872
1467
Ag. 2
894
1488
D. 5
851
1447
Mr. 19
873
1468
Jy. 22
895
1489
ff. 25
852
1448
Mr. 7
874 1
1469
Jy. 11
896 |
!
1490
K 14
853
1449
F. 24
i 875
1470
Jn. 30
897
1491
]\ T . 4
854
1450
F. 14
876
1471
Jn. 20
898
1492
0. 23
855
1451
E. 3
877
1472
Jn. 8
899
1493
0. 12
856
1452
Ja. 23
878
1473
My.29
900
1494
0. 2
857
1453
Ja. 12
879
1474
My. 18
901
1495
S. 21
858
1454
Ja. 1
880
1475
My. 7
902
1496
S. &
859
1454
D. 22
881
1476
Ap.26
903
1497
Ag.30
860
1455
D. 11
882
1477
Ap.15
904
1498
Ag.19
861
1456
N. 29
883
1478
Ap. 4
905
1499
Ag. 8
862
1457
K 19
884
1479
Mr. 25
906
1500
Jy. 28
863
1458
]S T . 8
885
1480
Mr. 13
907
1501
Jy. 17
864
1459
0. 28
886
1481
Mr. 2
908
1502
Jy- T
865
1460
0. 17
887
1482
F. 20
909
1503
Jn. 26
866
1461
0. 6
888
1483
F. 9
910
1504
Jn. 14
867
1462
S. 26
889
1484
Ja. 30
911
1505
Jn. 4
868
1463
S. 15
890
1485
Ja. 18
912
1506
My.24
226
HUSA.LMAN NUMISMATICS.
i ..,
5-^|
I wC
A.H.
A.D.
!
Pi
A.H.
A.D.
i
*" S
A.H.
j
A.D.
Ij2
fcpS? 5S
913
15.07
My. 13
935
1528
S. 15
957
1550
Ja. 20
914
1508
My. 2
936
1529
S. 5
958
1551
Ja. 9
'915
1509
Ap. 21
937
1530
Ag. 25
959
1551
D. 29
916
1510
Ap. 10
938
1531
Ag. 15
960
1552
D. 18
917
1511
Mr. 31
939
1532
Ag. 3
961
1553
D. 7
918
1512
Mr. 19
940
1533
Jy. 23"
962
1554
K 26
919
1513
Mr. 9
941
1534
Jy. 13
963
1555
J\ T . 16
920
1514
F. .26
942
1535
Jy. 2
964
1556
K 4
921
1515
F. 15
943
1536
Jn. 20
965
1557
0. 24
922
1516
F. 5
944
1537
Jn. 10
966
1558
0. 14
923
1517
Ja. 24
945
1538
My.80
967
1559
0. 3
924
1518
Ja. 13
946
1539
My.19
968
1560
S. 22
-925
1519
Ja. 3
947
1540
My. 8
969
1561
S. 11
926
1519
D. 23
948
1541
Ap.27
970
1562
Ag.31
927
1520
D. 12
949
1542
Ap.17
971
1563
Ag.21
928
1521
D. 1
950
1543
Ap. 6
972
1564
Ag. 9
929
1522
H". 20
951
1544
Mr. 25
973
1565
Jy. 29
930
1523
K 10
952
1545
Mr. 15
974
1566
Jy. 19
931
1524
0. 29
953
1546
Mr. 4
975
1567
Jy. 8
932
1525
0. 18
954
1547
F. 21
976
1568
Jn. 26
933
1526
0. 8
955
1548
F. 11
977
1569
Jn. 16
934
1527
S. 27
956
1549
Ja. 30
978
1570
Jn. 5
HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS.
227
A.H.
A.D.
-C
. ^
A.H.
i
A.D.
to
fS " s
A.H.
A.D.
bO
|||
1
979
1571
My.26
1001
1592
0. 8
1023
1614
F. 11
980
1572
My. 14
1002
1593
i
S. 27
1024
1615
Ja. 31
i
1
981
i
1573
My. 3
1003
1594
S. 16
1025
1616
Ja. 20
982 j
1574
Ap. 23 |
1004
1595
S. 6
1026
1617
Ja. 9
983 j
1575
Ap. 12 |
! 1005
1596
Ag. 25
1027
1617
D. 29
984
1576
Mr. 31 i
1006
1597
Ag.14
1028
1618
D. 19
985 !
1577
Mr. 21 i
1007
1598
Ag. 4
1029
1619
D. 8
986 '
1578
Mr. 10 '
i 1008
1599
Jy. 24
1030
1620
X. 26
987
1579
F. 28|
i 1009
1600
Jy. 13
1031
1621
JN T . 16
988 :
1580
E. 17;
1010
1601
Jy. 2
1032
1622
ST. 5
989
1581
F. 5|
;1011
1602
Jn. 21
1033
1623
0. 25
990
1582
Ja. 26
: 1012
1603
Jn. 11
1034
1624
0. 14
991
1583
Ja.25*
i 1013
1604
My. 30
1035
1625
0. 3
992
1584
Ja. 14 j
1014
1605
My. 19
1036
1626
S. 22
993
1585
Ja. 3
1015
1606
My. 9
1037
1627
S. 12
994
1585
D. 23
1016
1607
Ap.28
1038
1628
Ag.31
995
1586
D. 12
1017
1608
Ap.17
1039
1629
Ag.21
996
1587
D. 2
1018
1609
Ap. 6
1040
1630
Ag. 10
997
1588
]S T . 20
1019
1610
Mr. 26
1041
1631
Jy. 30
998
1589
N. 10
1020
1611
Mr. 16
1042
1632
Jy. 19
999
1590
0. 30
1021
1612
Mr. 4
1043
1633
Jy. 8
1000
-irq-i
n TO
IfkOO
T? O1
^ f\ A A
1 /?O A
T
A.H. A.I). -|.^ A.I1. ' A.D. ' -f c J^ '' A.II. ! A.D.
1
1045; 1635
1046 ' 1636
1047; 1637
1048 1638
1049 1639
1050: 1640
1051 ; 1641
1052: 1642
1053^ 1643
1054J 1644
i
1055 J 1645
' Jn. 17-: 1067
Jn. 5 i 1068
: My.26-:i069
:Hy.l5H 1070
: My. 4'; 1071
Ap. 23 :1072
;Ap. 12 : : : 1073
JAp. 1 j j 1074
1 I ;
! Mr. 22 i 1075
1656 ! 0. 20 I 1089!
1657 0. 9.. 1090 i
1658 ; S. 29^ 1091 ;
I Mr. 10
1076
1056
1646
1057! 1647
!
1058 1648
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1649
1650
1650
1651
1652
1653
IF. 27 |1077
i 1 1
!F. 17 j 1078
i !
IF. 6 j| 1079
Ja. 27 | 1080
! j
Ja. 15 !J 1081
j]
Ja. 4JJ1082
i j i
JD. 25 1 1083
i ;
ID. 14 I j 1084
|D. 2JJ1085
1086
1087
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
S. 18 ; 1092!
S. 6.; 1093 |
Ag.27; ; 1094
Ag. 16 1095:
Ag. 5 ; : 1096;
Jy. 25 : 1097 |
Jy. 14
Jv. 4
11
1065 I 1654 |
1066 I 1655 ! 0. 31
10981
Jn. 23 i! 1100
Jn. 11
Jn. 1
My.21 |
My.lOJ
Ap.29
Ap. 18
1674 Ap. 7
1675
1676
1088; 1677
Mr. 28
Mr. 16
Mr. 6
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
Ja. 21
i
: Ja. 10
ID. 31
ID. 20
ID. 8
JK 28
*. ,7
K 7
0, 26
0. 15
0.- 5
S. 24
S. 12
S. 2
Ag.22
Ag.12
Jy. 31
Jy. 20
Jy. 10
JiJLJKA AJNJD UHllIttTlA^
A TT
A D.
1 'llS !
1
A.H.
A.D.
v
A.H.
A.D.
bp
~ :;3 a*
.S o t ~ i
' , ^ n:
i | ~~ |
jp!
1111
1699
i Jn. 29|
1133
1720
IS T . 2
1155
1742
Mr. 8
1112
1700
Jn. 18;
1134
1721
0. 22
1156
1743
F. 25
1113
1701
, Jn. 8 i
1135
1722
0. 12
1157
1744
F. 15
1114
1115
1702
1703
My.28
My.17
1136
1137
1723
1724
0. 1
S. 20
1158
1159
1745
1746
F. 3
Ja, 24
1116
1704
My. 6 j
1138
1725
S. 9
1160
1747
Ja. 13
1117
1118
1705
1706
Ap. 25
Ap. 15
1139
1140
1726
1727
Ag. 29
Ag.19
1161
1162
1748
1748
Ja, 2
B. 22
1119
1707
Ap. 4
1141
1728
Ag. 7
1163
1749
B. 11
1120
1708
Mr. 23
1142
1729
Jy. 27
1164
1750
K 30
1121
1709
Mr. 13
1143
1730
Jy. 17
1165
1751
L T . 20
1122
1123
1710
1711
Mr. 2
1
F. 19!
1144
1145
1731
1732
Jy. 6
Jn. 24
1166
1167
1752
1753
IS T , 8
0. 29
1124
1712
F. 9
1146
1733
Jn. 14
1168
1754
0. 18
1125
1713
Ja. 28
1147
1734
Jn. 3
1169
1755
0. 7
1126
1714
Ja. 17 l
1148
1735
My.24
17
1170
1756
S. 26
1127
1715
Ja. 7 i
1149
1736
My. 12
1171
1757
S. 15
1128
1715
B. 27
1150
1737
My. 1
1172
1758
S. 4
1129
1716
B. 16
1151
1738
Ap.21
1173
1759
Ag/25
1130
1717
B. 5
1152
1739
Ap. 10
i
1174
1760
Ag.13
1131
1718
K 24
1153
1740
Mr. 29
1175
1761
Ag. 2
1132
1719
K 14
1154
1741
Mr. 19
1176
1762
Jv. 23
230
MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.
A II. ; A.I). = 5 5 A.H. I A.D. ! J ^5 I! A.H. i A.D. i Jlf
; ! if'^ 5 ; . ! ! ^ S :! ; i ^ =
1177 1763 ; Jy. 12; 1199
1178 1764 ' Jy. 1 ; ; 1200
1179 : 1765 Jn. 20; : 1201
1180, 1766 Jn. 9 : i 1202
1181 1767 i My.30 : 1203
1182s 1768 'Mv.lS 1204
1183| 1769
I
1184 ! 1770
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
My. 18
My. 7
Ap.27
Ap. 16
Ap. 4
Mr. 2 5
Mr. 14
Mr. 4
E. 21
1777 I E. 9
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1784 ; K 14:1 1221 1806 . Mr.21
1785 ; N. 4J: 1222. 1807 . Mr. 1 1
1786 j 0. 24M 1223 ^ 1808 : F. 28
1787 I 0. 13:: 1224 ; 1809 , F. 16
1810 F. 6
1811 ! Ja. 26
i
1812 Ja. 16
I
1813 | Ja. 4
1788 I 0. 2;; 1225 :
1789 ! S. 21 i- 1226;
1790
1791
S. 10!! 1227
1192! 1778 j Ja. 30
; i j
1193 s 1779 I Ja. 19! 1215 1800
! ; !
1194; 1780 : Ja. 8 1216 1801
! I
1 !
1195- 1780 B. 28 j 1217 1802
1196! 1781 D. 17 1218 1803
j
1197! 1782 B. 7 1219 1804
1198! 1783 K 26 : 1220 1 1805
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
Ag.31h 1228
Ag.l9l|1229
; i
Ag. ol! 1230
Jy. 29 i
Jy. 18 j
Jy. 7
Jn. 26
Jn. 15
Jn. 5
My.25
My. 14
1231
1232 i
1814
B. 24
D. 14
1815 ! B. 3
!
1816 : K 21
1233! 1817
| 1234| 1818
1235, 1819
11
0. 31
0. 20
1236
1237
1238
My. 4N 1239
Ap.23
Ap.12
Ap. 1
1240
1241
1820 j 0. 9
1821 ! S. 28
1822 i S. 18
1823
1824
1825
11242! 1826
Ag.26
Ag. 16
Ag. 5
HIJBA AND CHRISTIAN TEARS.
231
4 TT
A D
: fll
A.H.
; A.D.
| c - jr
! A.H.
i A.D.
1 S z> _,
jr^ S
JFl
1
&-S r w
1243
1827
Jy. 25
1265
1848
JST. 27
1287
1870
Ap. 3
1244
1828
Jy. 14
1266
1849
^ T . 17
1288
1871
Mr. 23
1245
1829
Jy. 3
: 1267
1850
i
IT. 6 i
1289
1872
Mr. 11
1246
1830
Jn. 22
1268
1851
0. 27
1290
1873
Mr. 1
1247
1248
1831
1832
Jn. 12
My.31
1269
1270
1852
1853
0. 15
0. 4
1291
1292
1874
1875
F. 18
F. 7
1249
1250
1833
1834
My. 21
My. 10
1271
1272
1854
1855
S. 24
S. 13
1293
1294
1876
1877
Ja. 28
Ja. 16
1251
1835
Ap.29
1273
1856
S. 1
1295
1878
Ja, 5
1252
1836
Ap. 18
1274
1857
Ag. 22
1296
1878
D. 26
1253
1837
Ap. 7
1275
1858
Ag. 11
1297
1879
D. 15
1254
1838
Mr. 27
1276
1859
Jy. 31
1298
1880
D. 4
1255
1839
Mr. 17
1277
1860
Jy. 20
1299
1881
K 23
1256
1840
Mr. 5
1278
1861
Jy. 9
1300
1882
JN". 12
1257
1841
F. 23
1279
1862
Jn. 29
1301
1883
E\ 2
1258
1842
F. 12
1280
1863
Jn. 18
1302
1884
0. 21
1259
1843
F. 1
1281
1864
Jn. 6
1303
1885
0. 10
1260
1844
Ja. 22
1282
1865
My.27
1304
1886
S. 30
1261
1845
Ja. 10
L283
1866
My. 16
1305
1887
S. 19
1262
1845
D. 30
1284
1867
My. 5
1306
1888
S. 7
1263
1846
D. 20
1285
1868
Ap.24
1307
1889
Ag.28
1264
1847
D. 9
1286
1869
Ap. 13
1308
1890
Ag.17
MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.
-*-r%
i :
Jf^ =
Ji"'*
3
1309
1891
!Ag.
7
1315 ;
1897
Jn. 2
; 1
321
1903
Mr.
30
1310
1892
; Jy.
26 ;
1316:
1898
; My.22
! 1
322
1904
Mr.
18
1311
1893
! Jy.
15;
;1317
1899
\ My. 12
1
i i
323
1905
'Mr.
8
1312
1894
; Jy.
5 ,
. 1318
1900
My. 1
: 1
324
1906
E.
25
1313
1314
1895
1896
Jn.
j Jn.
i
i
24;
12;
1319
1320:
1901
1902
; Ap.20
j Ap. 10
! i
1
325
1907
F.
14
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
233
BXBLI0GBAPHY.
The following books and papers will be found useful in studying
several classes of Musalman coins :
All classes,
(Copper).
All classes of
Arabic,
MAESDEX, W. : " Suniismata Orientalia Illus-
trata." London, 1863.
TJmayyad
andAbbasid
Khalifs.
NN", J. : il Besehreibungderbekanntesten
Kufermiinzen," Band iii. Prag, 1863.
LAXE POOLE, S. : " Catalogue of Oriental Coins
in the British Museum." 10 vols.
London, 1879-90.
PKAEEN, Ch. : i Becensio ETumorum Muham-
medanonim." Petropoli, 1826.
LANE POOLE, S. : " Catalogue of Arabic Coins in
the Khedivial Library, Cairo."
London, 1897.
LANE POOLE, S., " Easti Arabic! " : J^um. Chron.,
1885-86-87 and -1892.
SAULCY, F., u Sur quelques points de la JSTumis-
naatique Arabe": Journ. Asiatique, ser. in,
tomes vii, viii, x, si, xiii ; ser. IY, tome vi.
TIESENHAUSEN, AY. : " Monnaies des Khalifes
Orientaux." St. Peter sbourg, 1873.
LATOIX, H. : " Catalogue des Monnaies Musul-
manes de la Bibliotheque Rationale,"
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