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_MAN UAL of

RUSSIAN _

| PRENTICEHALL

—.

Marine Biological Laboratory Library
Woods Hole, Mass.

Presented by

Prentice-Hall, Inc.
July, 1960

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Eis SS SS | SS fers

0 0301 0004074 &

Manual of

SCIENTIFIC RUSSIAN

THOMAS F. MAGNER, Ph.D.

Chairman, Department of Slavic Studies

Pennsylvania State University

Englewood Cliffs, N. J.
PRENTICE-HALL, INC.

{( AweHorsr’s)}
| BOEKHANDEL
A\WAGENINGEN }

permission in writing from the publishers.

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-12482

Printed in the United States of America

55361

SECTION

I -

Ie =

Ul -

INS =o

V -

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
Page

The Structure of Russian->+--+-..... 3
Jehrpechisaons} 6 6 6 6 6 oo 6,6 bo 6 OO 36
IMINO G5 oO 6sig Go Oo 6 6 6.0 66 50
VocabularyiHelip) cits, dea syies ee se ese 65
Techniques of Translation ........ 76
Russian Texts and Glossary ....... 78
INDEX

- iii -

INTRODUCTION

Though the "sputniks" whirling around in space provide the most dramatic
evidence of the present need for reading Russian scientific texts, Russian contributions
in other fields had already stimulated many American scientists to study the Russian
language. Their motivation must indeed have been of a high order, since present textbooks
are hardly adequate for the specialized task of developing rapidly an ability to read in-
volved Russian texts. To meet the pressing need for a serious textbook in this area, the
writer offers this manual with the hope that its use will enable American scientists to

establish scholarly communication with their Russian counterparts.

What is Scientific Russian?

All texts written in the Russian language are Russian, whether they deal with
algae or water nymphs. What is referred to here as Scientific Russian is simply that
Russian textual macter which deals with scientific subjects. The reference to texts
implies that the written language, rather than the spoken idiom, is the main object of
interest. This limitation of interest eliminates from consideration a host of compli-
cations, ranging from pronunciation problems to the vagaries of idiomatic usage. For
an adult the attainment of a skill in reading a foreign language is far easier than the
acquisition of even a modest fluency in the spoken language.

This manual will thus prepare the learner to read standard written Russian
and will, by the consideration of scientific texts, provide opportunities for familiar -

ization with Russian scientific terminology.

Discussion of the Problem

For the speaker of English the Russian language presents initially a formidable

appearance: a dense thicket of inflectional forms further obscured by a strange alphabet.

The large, similar-appearing word stock which English shares with languages such as
French and Spanish is not a common property of English and Russian. However, the
scientist has one distinct advantage in the matter of vocabulary, since specific scientific
terms in both languages may be quite similar, e.g. Russian fil'tratsiya, "filtration".

Difficulties there are in the learning process, but they need not be exaggerated.
The Russian language is an effective instrument of communication, serving, as it does,
as the general administrative language for the 210 millions of people in the Soviet Union.
Like all other languages, Russian has a definite system of sounds and sound combinations.
This language system is very efficiently represented by the Russian Cyrillic alphabet,
far more efficiently, in fact, than the English language is served by its antiquated ortho-
graphy.

The writer assumes that the typical user of this manual will be used to working
with complex systems and so will not be intimidated by linguistic complexity. All of the
complications of Russian appear at the very outset of the learner's effort, and thus a
short period of uncertainty(sometimes bewilderment) is to be expected. But there isa
definite limit to the grammatical complexities of Russian, and the learner, sooner or
later, reaches a stage where form identification becomes almost an automatic process.
On the assumption, then, that the potential user of this work is a mature person, used
to complex structures, the writer has dispensed with the slow, shock-avoiding approach
of the multi-purpose textbook. The structure of the Russian language has been described
as briefly and efficiently as possible, so that the learner may begin at an early stage to

read the Russian texts contained in the manual.

Divisions of the Manual

This book is designed to serve both as a textbook in the development of the reading
skill and, thereafter, as a reference book of Russian structure. As a textbook, it may be
used: 1) in an organized course of Scientific Russian, 2) in conjunction with a workbook,
or 3) by itself ina program of self-study. The last situation will be, quite obviously, the
most demanding. As a reference, it is divided into definite sections, so that a person who
reads Russian regularly may need to consult only one section, while the occasional reader
may require the help of two or more such sections. The learner is advised to spend an

hour or so in 'browsing' through the manual, acquainting himself with its contents.

THE STRUCTURE OF RUSSIAN

RUSSIAN LETTERS AND SOUNDS

SECTION I

Even though a student is learning only to read Russian, he will find it necessary
to vocalize the Russian letters in some way. Since he may have, ata later stage, the
opportunity to speak Russian, it would be wise for him to approximate the standard
Russian pronunciation from the very beginning of his studies. The brief description of
pronunciation below would be well supplemented by the acquisition of a tape or disc re-
cording of Russian sounds. *

The following six Russian letters are similar, both in appearance and sound value, to

six English letters:

Wir © = 25

OH Os RD

NHAOBN &

a
k
m
Oo
t
Zz

(as in father)

Tak
HO3a

"and, but”
"how, as”
"mama"
"ohm"

"SO, thus”

"goat"

The letters below are similar in sound value, though dissimilar in appearance, to certain

English letters:

ES Soo

OaQvwe my eS s&s

Ee)

Bou nw Go & Se

Coe il

tie}

Poet Het. Sis

(as in get, not
as in general)

(like z in azure

or s in pleasure)

(tongue-tip trilled)

6omo6a "bomb"
Ba3a. "vase"
TEMMa. "gamma"
norma "dogma"
Hada "toad"
Mali "May"
JaBa, "lava"
HOTa "note"
maKr "pact"
potTatop “rotator”
cona "soda"
lor "fleet"

Four Russian letters have sound values also present in English, where they are usually
They are:

represented by two or more letters.

I=) (=| o>)
f=} 1} fe =

TS
CH
SH
SHCH

ts
ch
sh

(as in cats)

(as in cheese)

(as in shush)

sheh (as in fresh cheese)

ana
uac
uTat

Oop

"trunnion"
"hour"
"state"
"beet soup”

*The only inexpensive recording known to the writer is an excellent vinylite record
(7", 33 1/3 micro-groove) produced by the EMC Recording Company(806 East 7th
street, St. Paul 6, Minn.). The price is one dollar, post-paid.

One Russian letter has a sound not similar to any English speech sound, though it is
quite similar to the friction sound made in the back of the mouth when one prepares to
expectorate. It is similar to ch in German ach.

Xen 1x XaH "khan"

All of the letters and their sounds treated above are called consonants, with the exception
of the two vowels a and o. Russian vowels are all similar in sound to English vowels
with one exception, namely,

H H CHH "son"

' This Russian sound may be approximated by pronouncing the English sound oo (as in the
word soon) with unrounded lips. Other Russian vowels are: i

Mon (like ee in meet) JMTp "liter"
y WY (like oo in toot) TytT "here"
3) (like e in bet) Ost "poet"

Four other Russian letters represent vowel sounds in combination with a preceding y-
sound. They is clearly heard when the sound(combination) occurs in initial position in
a word; in other positions the y is reduced to a fleeting glide, roughly similar to the
y-glide in the word beauty, as contrasted with booty. Thus,

A A ya Al [ya] reste
mAgA [dYad¥a] "uncle"

E e ye eM [yem ] "Teatit

56 Bek [vvek] "century"

E é€ yo ex [yozh ] "porcupine"
nén [10d] "ice"

0 »w yu or Lyug] "South"

Owpo [b¥uro] "bureau"

Two letters, which have no independent sound value, complete this brief inspection of
Russian letters and their sounds. They are referred to as "'signs" and indicate pronun-
ciation features of preceding letters. One, used infrequently, is called the "hard sign"
and occurs only in the interior of a word after a consonant and before a vowel, e.g.

b & OObEHT “object”
The other is called the "soft sign" and occurs quite frequently. It has the effect of pala-
talizing or "softening" a preceding consonant. The only effective way for the layman to

appreciate the role of the soft sign in pronunciation is to listen to a native speaker(or
record) make the following contrasts:

bob OpaT "brother" 6path "to take”
3aKOH "law" KOHB "horse, steed”

In a following section all of the above Russian letters are arranged in their proper order.

Russian Accent

The Russian language uses a stress or loudness accent, as does also English; e.g.,
demonSTRAtion, moNOtony, LAUdatory. Also as in English, the Russian accent is free ,
that is, it is not limited to a particular syllable but may occur on different syllables in
different words. Ordinarily, Russian texts do not indicate the place of stress, except in
cases of potential ambiguity, where an acute accent mark would be used, e.g.

38MOK "lock" 6ONbIIaA "big"
¥) Si C "
3AaMOK "castle" OOnbMAA "bigger

The two dots over the Russian letter e indicate both a distinctive sound quality(yo) and
also the place of the word accent, e.g.

OH OepéT "he takes”

Accent markings will not be used in the first part of the manual, since their limited use-
fulness for a person learning to read Russian hardly compensates for the cluttering effect
they have on a running text. In the two sections(Reference, and Vocabulary Help) and

in the glossary, where accents are indicated, an acute accent mark denotes the stress,
except when the stress falls on the first syllable or is indicated by é.

RUSSIAN ALPHABET

The Russian letters discussed in the preceding section are presented below in
their correct sequence. The manuscript or handwriting forms of the letters are also
added, since Russian scientific texts on occasions employ the manuscript forms for
special emphasis.

Since it will be necessary at times to transliterate(i.e. convert into Latin letters),
Russian words, the Latin equivalents are also given. Where a Russian word is similar
to an English word, there is, of course, no transliteration involved; the standard English
spelling would then be used.

Russian Russian Latin

Printed Manuscript Transliteration

Nee: OL Aa aTom QMO "atom"

By 6 th on Bb OaHK Sarwky "blank"

BB of b Viv BOJbT bowen "volt"

Psp on Vv Ge TOHr VHY "gong"

ee eee

im 6 G & E e OeH3uH NAN "gasoline"

Ets & e Yo yo énna CMU "Xmas tree”

K x MM We Zh zh KYK MCUKS "beetle"

Bh 5} 3 o Zz, 3BYK gtyw "sound"

“ou Uy Ww ‘ee upead UM ON "ideal"
2 9

hs Wu fie wok | MOW "ny"

Ko aR Sy Ky K k HapTa KON "map"

Ne alll JV al myHa WY HOV "moon"

Mo oo Ml MN M om MaTepval MOMTE|VULMAN "material

fal Me at HL Noo He OH hLOW "neon"

0 © (y Oo 0 0 onepatop ONLUUMOFY "operator"

Rime al WV P

p mpowecc VOCE EE "process"

*This is the usage of the Library of Congress. Ideally, the English letter y would, on
the basis of pronunciation similarity, make a better representation for Russian it, but
traditional usage has specialized English y for Russian H.

Pp if 1 Ror panmo felque "radio"

CGC oc C C Ss cnopt mmo "sport"

Ae ue IL Ange Tet TOK MOK "current”

Mi J W ou ayy Myr "pay"

o oo f ~ uP oe UuIbM GOUM-M/ ‘ei dim!
Korex O6 eo U Kh kh xuMuaA §=6OCAUUIN "chemistry"
Tt 7 U, Uy Ts ts WUKNOTPOH UytditvLONY/LOH “cyclotron”
You U ov, Ch ch uucno UCU "number"

w wm We UL Sh sh mKonma §=96ULK Or “school”

Il Ly Wy Sheh shch mera Ue ROL waneeen

b 8 ly (i [omit] oosem OCF ound

H ou WL Wy Y y THM HW reneet

b b ly ly 0 HYJIb eon oeratt
came S38 Ee SNeMeHT QWUHLHNY “element”
0 w HH) HY Yu yu MOP rombyu ania

A Og MW Ww

Ya ya APO dane" "nucleus"

In many Russian texts the two dots for the seventh letter(€) are omitted, a situation which
would rarely disturb the Russian reader but one which may confuse the foreigner. Study
of the context will usually resolve ambiguous cases. Formerly, the hard sign(b) could be
replaced by an apostrophe(’), and this usage may be met in the older texts.

Familiarization Practice with Russian Letters

1) What continents, countries or cities are denoted by the following names?

Asuar HemOpunx
Amepuka. HKy6a
Adpura. Jla6panop
BepsiuH Manpug
BopHeo MunHeanomuc
BaluHTToH Hpw-lMopx
Beuecyesla Ocno
T'nasro Poccur
Ly6nuH Cranmurpag
‘Eppoma Tpuect
iieHeBa YpyrBai
Vnnua rociaBMa
Vpnannua Anonua

2) Do you recognize the sciences indicated by the following Russian words ?

acTpOHOMMA MaTeMaTUHKa
OuonoruA MeTeOpOOMMaA
OoTaHNKa NCuXOOTUA

TeHeTMHA ousvKa

reorpagur
reouorna
300N0PuA

3) Who are these famous scientists ?

Bop

TlaBlosB
HbwtoH
Honuo-Hwopu
Bob
MeunemeesB
ApuctotTeslb
Jlo6aueBcHunu

BoDHKAa

cry THUK
Xpywés
HpemJIb
MocHBa
MomorTosB
CraJiuu

MunHecota
ra
OperoH
BawvHTTou
AttoBa
Texac
Ana6ama
He6pacx#a
Msu
CepepHan llaxota
ApusoHa
Hesana

mnan Jlaxota
Montana

Jnop mxua
Afinaxo
Muccypu
Oxmaxoma
Han3ac
Muccncnunu
TeHHeccn
HeHTyKEKU
BucKOHCHH
CepepHaan Hapomnune

OuSuONOTUA
XMIMUA
omMOpuouoruA

Jlama pH
JIomMOHOCOB
llactep
nau
Kanuna
Jlanyasbe
JHUT eH
@epmn

4) These Russian words are undoubtedly more familiar to you in their transliterated
forms.

Vpay

uapb

Oop
Jloctroescruu
Toncton
PacnyTuH
Jlenun

5) Below are tl:e Russian versions of American state names. The distinctive Russian
words for "Northern", "Southern" and "Western" will cause no difficulty, once you
know that the name for North Dakota will be listed before that of South Dakota.

Oraito
Bupruuua
OxHan Hapommua
Komopa no
HamvdopHua
Hpw-Mexcuxo
ApHeHsac
Jlynavana
Onopuna
Vnnuana
Muuurau
Unnvunolic

Sanaguaa Buprmuna
Hpw-Vopr
lleHCusIbBaHuA
Hpw-l'omnmmp
MaccauycerTc
Pon-Atineny
KOHHeEHTUKYT
Hpw-Lxepcn
Uenapep
Mopuneua
BepmMoutT
Baviomuur

ABBTDEEHBUHRKAIMHONPCTY®OXLYUMBHLSWA

aOsp re 6k su h HN M HOT p © T y Ox U4) 1b bb oss

Familiarization Practice with Russian Letters(continued)

6) Below is a mixture of Russian words from many fields. They are very similar, in
sound and meaning, to English words and so will provide good practice for the student
in reading Russian letters.

TeOMeTDUA JlupepnyJb SHBaTOP
colnat TeMOKpaTua Wnutep
Me€X@HUH dunocopua QuIbTp
TepMaHua apudmMetuKa amma
meTO IlywHMH Tun
llexcnup qeOwtTaHtT nepuog
HeamuTan TedilextTop BaKYYyM
aHralemMuk CrpaBuHCcKni aTmocwepa
cnelualuct KOHDyKTOp cTpyETypa
opunep HPUTUEK amnapat
opraH Ipoxombes NpOLyHT
Yepunsib KOHT€HCaTOp NpPUHOMT
YHMBepcuTer HOHTMHEHT aBTop
WpucT MeTp OHOMeTD
PpouHT OKeaH CnekTPOCHONMA
TosMa. Wadopatopna SHOHOMUCT
HOME IMA HpucTass ONTMMUCT
rurapa MUKPOCKON cyl
apXUTeKTOp ONTUMUCT xapaktTep
aka nemMuar napabomla DOKYMeHT
WHOA CeKTOp MMHMMYM
SKOHOMMUA 6om6a Hope

Haut CMMITOM KOHTpecc
cTaTuctTuKa dasa rpymna
OpxKecTp natpuor mpodeccop
JlapBuH opborpadua UHCTUTYT
CnuHosa nNapJaMeuT SHCTPaKTOp
MaTepvaw NapaJeNb Macca
iuTepatypa potop CTyTeHT
MeTaJdJI Hato HOMNOHEHT
peakuua CepHaHT KUJIOMETD
Tparequa ®ORCTpOT MUJIIMOH
Temnepatypa CurHad Tpunomn
daxtop usONOTuA WHBEpCuA
laute med OwnKeT
aHog IeHTp aBMaluA
Uexos uTat cyMMa
cxemMa apMuA SE KTPOMeETDP
Xpuctomop Komym6 SJe@MEHT TOCT

Has aHasor Caxapa

ABBTQDEEK3BUHKIMHONPCTY®@xX VUulWbHBboWaA

aosprnecu3uh HUMHONpPCTYPxuUuMma BUBSWA

Russian and English Correspondences

Scientific terminology is much the same for both Russian and English, since
scientists in both countries use Greek and Latin elements in the formation of new terms,
while such terms coined elsewhere are usually adopted in both countries. There is a
small number of scientific terms based on Russian roots, e.g.

BODOpoOL "hydrogen" < BOO-a "water" + POD “origin”

but the overwhelming mass of special terms for scientific phenomena will be recogniz-
able to the American scientist as soon as he acquires some facility in reading Russian
letters.

Russian, however, accommodates some letters from Greek and Latin bases in
a manner slightly different than the English practice; the result is a superficial differ-
ence and one which can be taken care of by a brief consideration of the Russian and Eng -
lish treatment of certain letters.

ENGLISH RUSSIAN

au author aB aBTOp
automobile ABTOMOOUJIb

eu Europe eB EBpona
rheumatism PeEBMAaTU3M

c calory K KaJIOpUA
doctor ORTOP

ch architect x ApxuTeKTOD
chemistry XUMMA

h humanism Teas TyYMaHM3M
hydrotherapy TruppoTrepanua

ph philosophy G0) uNOCOopuA
photograph oTorpawdua

qu quadrant HB HBa pat
qualification HBAIUPNKALNA

th mathematics rT MaTeMaTuHa
thermometer TeEPMOMeTD

Ww water -polo B BaTepnoso
watt BaTtT

y pyrometer u MUpoMeTp
type TUM

* In some words of foreign origin Russian replaces the letter h by Russian x, e.g.

xouxeli “hockey, xonnep"hopper".

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

To a speaker of English, the principal distinguishing characteristics of Russian
would seem to be:

1. A system of six grammatical cases for nouns, pronouns, adjectives
and numbers.

2. The phenomenon of gender(masculine, feminine and neuter) for nouns
and adjectives.

3. Great freedom of word order, made possible by the complex case
system.

4. Lack of the definite("the'') or indefinite("'a, an"') article.

5. Verbal system employing only two simple tenses: past and non-past
("present").

6. Verbal aspect: the choice between two Russian verbs, distinguished
by a nuance of completion, for every one English verb.

7. Reflexive verbs: verb forms with a special suffix which adds passive,
reflexive, reciprocal or no extra meaning, depending on the particular
verb.

8. Six verbals: four participles(verbal adjectives) and two gerunds(verbal
adverbs).

9. Lack of present forms("is,are'') of the verb "'to be”.
10. Double negatives with maintenance of negation.

Grammatical Terminology

Traditional grammatical terminology will be employed in this manual, not because
it has functional relevance, but simply because it will be found in other texts and diction-
aries which a learner will have occasion to consult. One should use these ancient terms
merely as labels for identifying grammatical categories peculiar to Russian, being care-
ful, however, not to regard grammatical phenomena in Russian and English as comparable
only because of a shared tradition of terminology.

CASE SYSTEM

There are six grammatical cases in Russian and their traditional names are:
Nominative(N), Accusative(A), Genitive(G), Dative(D), Prepositional(P) and Instrumental
(I). The differences between the elaborate case system of Russian and the English system
of two cases(possessive and non-possessive) may be demonstrated most readily by com-
paring the treatment in each language of four nouns in various simple sentence types.

The table is there. Crom Tam.
1) The lake is there. Osepo Tam.

The map is there. Hapta TaM.

The door is there. IiBepb TaM.
2) Isee the table/lake/map/door. AH puxy crom/osepo/Kapty/DBepb.
3) I know the table's/lake's/map's H sHaw pasMep crosa/osepa/KapTH

door's size. /DBEpu.
4) He is walking toward the table On wnéT Kk cTony
/lake/map/door. /osepy/KapTe/IBepi.

5) That's on the table/lake/map/door. STo Ha cTone/osepe/KapTe/mBepl.
6) That's behind the table/lake STO 3a CTONOM/O3eEPOM

/map/door.

/xapTon/1Bepby.

To make the contrast even more stark, the two form(table : table's) variation of English
could be reduced to one by using "of the table"' instead of the possessive form "table's".
The Russian forms may now be arranged and identified as to case in the following manner:

Hy OOS

cTon
cTon
cToma
cTosy
cTome
CTOJIOM

o3sepo
o3epo
o3sepa
osepy
osepe
o3epoM

KaptTa
KaptTy
KapTu
HaptTe
KapTe
Kapton

IBepb
Bepb
mBepu
IBepu
mBepu
DBepbw

Russian has, like English, a plural(pl.) number and so presents further distinctions for

the plurals of these six cases.

HPO OF Se

CTOJIH
CTOJIH
CTOJIOB
CTOJIAM
cTowlax
CTOJIAMU

Thus,

o3épa
o3épa
o3ép
osépam
osépax
o3épamu

KapTu
KapTu
Kapt
HapTaMm
KapTax
KapTaMu

OBepu
DBepu
mBepeli
DBepAM
DBepAXx
DBepAMNU

Closer inspection of this welter of forms will show a considerable amount of overlapping.
In the singular, for example, this situation is this:

N cTom o3epo HapTa nese,
A Vee cee wae yl Cese tay HaptTy IBepsr
G cToma, osepa HapTHy IBepu
D cTolly, o3sepy ee DBepu
P cTome, o3sepe —_ HaptTe OBepu
I CTOJIOM, O3EDOM HapTon * DBepbW

The plural is much less complex, since "ending" distinctions disappear entirely for
three cases; e.g.,

N ae eee ene eee

A CTOJIH o3épa KapTH mBepu

G CTOJIOB osep <—> Hapt mBepeli
—E_—~E—E—E OEE

D CTOI@aM, OS36paM, HapTaM, JBePAM

P cToyax, osépax, KapTax, JBepAX

ii CTONaMN, O3épaMM, KapTaMM, DBepAMM

GENDER

The four sets of nouns under consideration are distinguished by different "endings";
Looking only at the nominative singular(N-sg.) forms, e.g.
Set A

CTOJI

osepo

KaptTa

IIBepb

one could say that the distinctive difference for set B is the ending -o, for set C the ending
-a and the ending bfor set D. Set A is distinguished by not ending in a vowel, in fact, by
having no ending(Zero ending); this basic form has, characteristically, a consonant letter
in final position.

If one considers the meanings assigned to Russian words, it becomes obvious that

*A longer "ending" is optionally (and infrequently) used in this category, e.g. HapTOW.

most words designating beings of male gender fall into set A, while those which indicate
female beings go into set C. For example,

Set A Set Cc

CTYTeEHT student cTYTeEHTHa girl student, coed
oTel father babyurKa grandmother

Opat brother cecTpa sister

My husband KeHa wife

It is useful to refer to the nouns of set A as ''masculine (masc.), while the nouns of set

C may be called "feminine'(fem.). Since set B has, as a general rule, no terms denot-
ing living beings, its nouns receive the name "neuter''(neut.). These gender references
are helpful, but they do have certain limitations; there is, for example, nothing specifi-
cally "masculine" about ctog , "table" nor anything "feminine" aboutHKapTa- "map".
Furthermore, the nouns in set D(e.g.Bepb , "door") are also called "feminine", because
they are modified by the same form of the adjective used for nouns of set C; this will be
shown in a following section on adjectives.

Animate and Inanimate

In the accusative plural for all nouns and the accusative singular for masculine nouns
a form distinction is made between animate and inanimate entities. This does not mean
that a new form is created, since a form identical to that of the genitive is used for the
animate beings. Note the distinction in the accusative forms below; the sentence types

used mean: 1) Where is the ? /Where are the ?; 2) I see .; 3) There is no
here. /There are no here. a
Sg. 1 [ne ? (N) CTO cCTyeHT HapTa #KeHa IBepb
2 A Buy ° (A) cTON cTyneHTa HapTy MeHY IIBepb
3° 3necb HeT -(G) cTona cTynexTa KapTH MKeHH mBepu
Pl, 1) lane A (N) CTOIH cCTYJe@HTH HApTH HH nBepu
2 A Buy . (A) CTOIH CTYTE€HTOB HapTH xKeH_ mBepu
3 3necbh HeT ___. (G) CTONIOB CTYNEHTOB KaptT KEH mBepeu

AT THIS POINT THE WHOLE RANGE OF VARIATIONS IN NOUN DEC LENSIONS CAN BE
CONSIDERED BY TURNING TO SECTION II (PARADIGMS) OF THE MANUAL. STUDY
THE NOUN FORMS AND NOTE ANY FEATURES NOT COVERED IN THE ANALYSIS OF
THE PAST FEW PAGES.

Gender Markers in N-sg. Forms

An inspection of the noun declensions has undoubtedly indicated that the ''soft sign"
(p) is not characteristic only of nouns like Bepb , Since a number of masculine nouns
have final bin the N-sg. case. The other sg. case forms of such nouns serve to establish
the gender, e.g. G-Sg. xopaOnA : JBepM. To sum up, in the N-sg.,

masc. nouns have Zero ending(final consonant): CTON, CTYNeHT, Penni
Os) Sis 8 HOpaoJIb, ABTOMOOMJb
neut. nouns end in the vowel letter -o: O3epoO, MeCTO, OHKHO
Orcs. moe, slaHue, pykbe
fem. nouns end in the vowel letter -a : HapTa, uepTa, meHa
or-A : HefelA, JMHMA, 3eMJA

or-5 : IBepb, Bellb, BOS3MOKHOCTb

VARIATIONS IN CASE ENDINGS P

Inspection of the various noun declensions may have raised some doubt on the
part of the beginner about the exactness of the previous analysis of case endings. How-
ever, the variations exemplified in Section II will be readily understood if one accepts
the following pattern of alternations:

SO bac i {O represents Zero ending, that
-a/-A is, any final consonant except]
~o/-e,-€

-y/=10

-y/-"

Consider the case endings of three masc. nouns and notice how the ending variations are
to a great extent predictable from the above pattern.

Sg. N cron HOpa6JI-b cnyua-it
A cTON HOpaoJI-b cryua-it
G cTO-a, HOpaoJ-A cnyua-A
D cTou-y HOpaodJI-1 clyua-
P (cTou-e HOpaob-e cmyua-e )
I CTOI-OM KOpads-éem clyua-eM

Pl N CTOJI-H HOpa.oi-u clyua-n
A CTOJI-H KOpadi-u clyua-n
G CTOJI-OB (Hopadi-ef ) cryua-eB
D cToul-aMm HOpaOJ-AM clyua-AM
P cTON-ax HOPaOI-AX cmyua-Ax
I cTOI-aMu HOopaodJ-AMU cyua-AMM

The same catalyst may be applied to neuter and feminine( -a/a type) nouns anda similar
simplification will result.

P-sg. and D-sg.(fem.) Ending -e

This ending is out of the pattern of alternations, being regularly -e for nouns of all
genders in the P-sg; the same ending characterizes the D-sg. of fem. nouns. When
preceded by the vowel u, the same vowel is used for the ending, replacing -e, e.g.

D (cron-y) (cnyua-w) (renu-w) (osep-y) (snaHu-1) KOMHaT-e JMHM-m
P cTroi-e ciyua-e TeHv-m osep-e€ 3faHM-M KOMHAT-e€ JIMHM-n

Observations about Plural Endings
As previously pointed out, there are no specific gender endings for three cases

of the plural. If the catalyst is applied to the limited variation of endings in these three
cases, it will be seen that the simple alternation a/a is involved. Thus,

D cTON-am KopaoJi-am o3sép-amM TOJ-AM HapT-aM JIMHM-AM JBep-AM
P cTON-ax HOpabsI-AXx osép-ax mMou-Ax HapT-aX JIMHU-AX [Bep-AX
I CTOI-aMM HOpaOJ-AMM OS3ép-aMM TNO-AMM KapT-aMM JIMHM-AMM [Bep-AMM

Consider now the NA cases in the plural:

N cToi-H KOpadi-“ osép-a MOJ-A# HapT-H JIMHM-M OBep-u
A cTOI-H Kopaosl-n osép-a MO-A# KapT-H JMHM-m [Bep-V

There is not much variation here; it may be said that neut. nouns end in-a/-s , while

masc. and fem. have the ending alternation -4/7, If animate nouns are involved, the

A-pl. forms will be identical with thuse of the G-pl., e.g. N-pl. éu-n, A-pl.
HEH , G-pl. xéH.

The range of G-pl. endings may be exemplified as follows:

CTON-OB/CIyua-eB o3ép, 3naHnn-it HapT, JIMHM-i nBep-eli
mole HEDeJI-b

The typical masc. G-pl. ending is -op/ep,while neut. and fem. nouns have Zero ending
(no ending). Neut. and fem. nouns also occur with the ending -b or-fi* and some nouns
in all genders have the ending -el.

Some Special Situations for Masc. Nouns

A limited number of masc. nouns have the ending -y in the P-sg. after the preposi-
tions B and Ha. an

TOD "year" OF ROTE : B TOLy
Hpakw "porder" O Hpae : B Kpal
Oeper "shore" O Oepere : Ha Oepery

Certain masc. nouns have an accented a-ending in the N and A(inanimate) plural,
instead of the usual -n(/u).

N A G
DORTOp "doctor" DOHTOpa TOKTOPOB AOKTOPOB
Tropon "city" ropona ropona TOPODOB

yuNTelb “teacher” yunTenA yuuTenew yuntTener

A few masc. nouns have the ending ba in the N and A(inanimate) of the plural.

N A G
cTyi "chair" CTYIbA CTYIbA CTYJbeB
Opat "brother" OpaTbA OpaTbeB OpaTbesB

.. A number of masc. nouns which denote the young of animals are characterized by
-6HOR/OHOH in the singular but by -ATa/ata in the plural forms; the AG-pl. forms have
zero ending.

N A G D P a
Sg. TeN6HORK "calf” Te@HHa TeJEHKA TeNCHHY TeeHKE TeJEHHKOM
Pl, TeNATA TeIAT TCNAT TeIATaM TeNATAX TeIATAMM
ADJECTIVES

A division according to gender results in three sets of adjective forms in the
singular, while in the plural gender distinctions are ignored and there is only one set
of plural adjective forms, e.g.

Set A B C27 SD

HOBHM cTos HOBOe CJIOBO HOBaAH KaptTa HOBaA DBeEpb

Study of the adjective forms in Section II (PARADIGMS) will reveal the following basic
pattern:

N Hi -oe -aA -HEe

A -HM,-oTo =0e -y -He, -HX
(uoB-) ¢ ohinto -on -HX

D -Oomy -ou -HM

P -OM -ol -HX

I -HM -ol,-OW -HMU

*These could also be considered to represent zero endings, if one assumes that the letter

A= b/u any and that e=h/m+o. Thus, N-sg. HenesinA could theoretically be written
Hepelb-a 4 form which would have regularly G-pl.Henemb, while 30aHUli would be the
expected G-pl. of a hypothetical 3naHui-o(=-3nanu-e).

Forms for the adjective nocnenH- may be accommodated into this pattern by accepting
alternations similar to those set up for noun variations, e. g.

a/A
oy e
y/
. H/M
Two minor variations have not been taken into account as yet. They are:

1) In cases N and A(inanimate) of the masc. sg., the ending-of# occurs for some
adjectives. This ending always bears the accent, while-Hi never does; e.g.,

A 7 7 Z va Le x “2 4
pocto# HOBHM j#mpocToe HOBOe MpocTaA HOBaA : mpocrHe HOBHE

2) Some adjectives , which have -b- in pre-ending position for most forms, have
special short endings in NA-pl. and NA-sg.(for neut. and fem.); e.g.,

N tpetuii(nocneguui) Tperbe(nocmenuee) ppeTba(nocsegHAA) tpeTbu(-HMe)
A z ‘ : : TpeTEw( nocsegHWN ) Ww

SUMMARY OF ADJECTIVE ENDINGS

LE o neut. fem. pl.
N -Ha -uh -ol -oe -ee —be -af -AA -bA 0 0-He -Me —-bM
A -Hu -u% -ol, -oe -ee -be -yl -WW -bH -He -Me bil,
-oro *-ero * “HX -X
G -oro -ero -oh -el “HX —MX
D -OMy -eMY -on -eli -HM VIM
P -OM -eM -om -el -HX -lX
I -HM -uM -oh -el, “HMI -/IMu
-OHW -e1

Restrictions on Consonant-Vowel Groupings

The vocalic alternations which form such neat patterns in the matter of noun and
adjective endings are disturbed by a few restrictions on the grouping of Consonant and
vowel letters. The restrictions are these:

1) the letters he TX KUDQ JQ may be followed by 2 but not by A
2) the same letters Wy " Wa OP On Fy
3) the letters ey rx HUUMQ moot " no yom om ow #H

4) the letter 11 may be followed by or 1 but only by 4 in word endings.

5) the letters x u m m y may be followed by o only when it bears the accent (0);
otherwise, the vowel e occurs. For example, myx "husband", I-sg. MyKeM

Hom "knife", I-sg. HOKOM
Adjectives with Noun Meaning

A number of Russian words which are adjectival in form may occur alone with a
noun meaning; for example,

masc. fem. neut. pl.

pycckus "a Russian" pyccuaa "a Russian” HaceHOMOe "insect" pyccxue "Russians"
yuéHyi "scientist" HDMBAaA "curve" HMBOTHOG “animal” JaHHHE "data"
NOpTHOM "tailor" MOCTOB@A "pavement" Oynymee "the future’ KDMBHE "curves"

Many Russian family names have adjectival endings, particularly those ending in -cHui,
e.g.

UatHoBcHuit; mMysuxa YUaitHoBcKoro

"Tchaikovsky; the music of Tchaikovsky"

*The letter p in these adjectival endings represents the sound v, normally indicated by
the Russian letter B. This is one of the few irregularities of the Russian spelling
system.

16
Masc. Nouns in Fem. Declension
Some nouns are masc. in gender but are declined like fem. nouns; these nouns are

masc. in that they denote male beings and are modified by the masc. forms of the ad-
jective. For example,

MY KUMHA "men" OonbmOow myKUMHa "a big man”
DADA "uncle" CTapHa OADA "an old uncle"
cnyra "servant" BepHHH cdyTa "a faithful servant”

Indeclinable Nouns

A number of nouns borrowed into Russian have never been accommodated within the
case system; they are ''indeclinable'"', that is, they do not change or add endings, no
matter what the linguistic environment. Neuter gender has been assigned to most of
these nouns. A few examples are:

Me€TDpO "subway” MH e€TeM Ha MeTDO "we're going by subway”
pesime "resume" M3 HDaTHOTO pesHMe "from a short resume"
Home (masc.) "coffee" uépHHlt Home "black coffee"

USE OF CASES

Case selection for nouns and adjectives is, in general, automatic after the un-
changing forms called "prepositions". In most textual situations one simply locates a
preposition and then looks for adjectives and nouns in a determined case. Thus, if
the preposition(prep.) mocne "after" appears, one should look for forms in the genitive
case, e.g. mocwsle HOBOrO ypoKa "after the new lesson". The prepositional case is
used only after prepositions and so is immediately determined as to usage and inter-
pretation.

Below in tabular form are those prepositions which are frequently used; this
arrangement indicates the cases associated with particular prepositions. In a later
section(VOCABULARY HELP) a complete list of prepositions is presented, and the
meanings of the prepositions below may be quickly determined by a glance at the
longer listing.

= =

=
mpo uepes 3a B/BO Ha 38a Og

G 6e3 A O m3 xKpoMe oHonO0 oT mocne c/fco y
D H/KO 10 ie r

P mpx 0/o6/o60 B/BO Ha ‘a

+
Mexny Han mepen 3a c/co mon 3a

Prepositions - Motion vs. Rest

Though most prepositions occur in phrases where the case of the constituent noun or
adjective is determined by the preposition itself, there are four prepositions which have
two case possibilities, with the choice being made on the basis of meaning. If the prep.
serves to channel motion from verb to noun, then the case selection will be accusative;
if rest or location is intended, the prepositional case is used by two of the prepositions,
while two employ the instrumental case.

=>
B Ha OH nOonOMUA HHUTY B ANU /Ha COU "He placed the book into the drawer/
a ey onto the table.
B Ha Huura exuT B aAmuKe/Ha CTOJIE. "The book is lying in the drawer/
ee on the table.

3a mon Co6axa yOexana 3a cTon/non cTou. "The dog ran behind the table/

+ + under the table.

3a mon Co6axa cugMT 38 CTONOM/NOD CTOJOM. “The dog is sitting behind the table/

under the table.

USE OF CASES (continued)

With the exception of prepositional phrases the following brief survey covers the
chief case usages of nouns and adjectives.

NOMINATIVE

1) In simple questions or statements: [ne HOBaA HHMTa? "Where is the new book?”

oTO - MOA paoota. "That's my work.”

2) In both terms of equational sentences XumuA - BakHaA HayKa. "Chemistry is an

(e.g. A=B): important science.”
AmniuTyDH - BHCOHM. "The amplitudes are
high."
3) As subject of a verb: Ousux padotaer "The physicist is work-
B madoparopuu. ing in the laboratory.”
ACCUSATIVE
1) As the object of most Russian verbs: OH cnymaeT eKUM. "He attends the lecture.”
Hayka OTHDHJIa HOBHe “Science discovered new
MCTOUHUKU SHEPrUne sources of energy."
2) In certain expressions denoting duration Ilauveut oTgHxan "The patient rested
of time: BCH 3MMy. the whole winter.”
AH padotan upyrgui "I worked the whole
TOD. year round.
GENITIVE
1) Usually after a negated verb: Paubile yuéHHe He uMTamm "Formerly scientists
PYCCHKUX HypHAaJOB. did not read Russian
journals."
2) After net "there is not/there are not" Her nonesHoro "There is no useful
pesysbrata. result.”

3) In situations where English would use CBOMcTBa TOTO pacTeHMA "the properties
a possessive or the preposition "of"'': of that plant "
ueNoBek 6ONbMOTO TasaHTa

"a person of great talent”

4) After words such as Horo "many,much", wmHoro yMHHX "many intelligent
pie "little, a few", CKONbKO “how much", CTyMeHTOB students”
etc.:

CkombKO OMHTOB? “How many experiments?”

5) After verbs to denote ''some" or "a portion
of": Tlafite mHe BooH! "Give me some water!”

6) After certain verbs: Ona 60ANacb SHBaMeHaA. "She was afraid
-of the exam.”

USE OF CASES (continued)
DATIVE

1) Indirect object: IIpopeccop nan cratbw "The professor gave the
CBOeMy CTYIeHTy. article to his student.”

2) Subject of impersonal expressions: Mono mye pa6otaTtbh "Can I[Is it possible
for me] to work here?”

3B0eCb?
3) After certain verbs: AccucteHT nomoraet “The assistant helps
TIpopeccopy. the professor."

PREPOSITIONAL

(This case is used only after the prepositions: npu, B, Ha, 0/o6/060, 110 .)

INSTRUMENTAL
1) To denote means or instrument: A onuuy KapanHnamom. "I am writing with[by
Si means of] a pencil.”
2) Similarly, to denote agent: JlexuufA Oya mpouuTaHa "The lecture was
AMePUKAHCKMM yueHHM. given[read] by an
American scientist."
3) As a case of specification or reference: mupMHon "in width, as to width”
TONMMHON "in thickness”
DUIMHOM "in length”
4) Often with future and past tense forms
of the verb "to be”: Mc cyH OyeT BpauoM. "My son will be a
doctor.”
On ONT cOnnaToM. "He was a soldier.”
5) After special verbs: Ouu saHuManTca "They are carrying on
BAaXKkHHMM MCCIE€NOBAaHUAMM. important investi-
gations.”

Separation Vowel o/e

Certain consonant letters, which may occur in clusters before a vowel ending, e.g.
OKHO "window", are separated by the vowel letter 9 or e before zero ending(no ending),
e.g. G-pl.oxoH. The letters ("soft sign'') in such clusters is replaced by the e-vowel,
for example, N-sg. nucpmo "letter", G-pl. nucem. This vowel insertion may be noticed

in the following categorie s:

1) N-sg. of masculine nouns: HYCOK G-sg. KyCHa D-sg.KyCKy "piece"
eHub OHA DH) "day"
méq, wba IbLy “ice”

2) G-pl. of fem. and neut. nouns: omu6on N-se. omu6xa "mistake"

HOJIEL HOJIBILO "ring"
IlepeBeHb epeBHA "village"

3) Masc. short forms of some adjectives '

(see following section): NOJOH : nowHH Oe OLY
BUCH g BUDHEM "apparent"

TOBOJeH : TOBOIbHH "satisfied"

SHORT FORMS OF ADJECTIVES

Many Russian adjectives have special short forms, four in number, which occur
only in the nominative case and only in a predicative("the paper is white") usage. Thus,

Regular Forms Short Forms
Oe-Hi Oes-0e de-an 6em-He oer Oe-0 6en-a Oen-H
UuNCT-Hi umcT-Ooe uUNCcT-aA uucT-He uMCT UMCT-O uNncT-a UuUCT-H
Some examples are:

Bymara - 6eJla. "The paper is white.”

Oneano - uncto "The blanket is clean.”

VWsBecTHH TaHKe I6HHM "Tapes with a base...are

C OCHOBOM... also well-known."

These short forms never modify a noun. The freedom of Russian word-order may result
in the appearance of the predicative short form ahead of the noun, as in the last example
above, but the English translation must separate the noun and the short form adjective by
a form of the verb "to be'(i.e. is/are, was/were, will be).

The formation of the short form adjective is quite clear from the examples above.
However, for some adjectives the normal formation of the masc. short form(6en<¢ Cen-nit)
would leave a final cluster of consonants unacceptable to the Russian speaker(see page 18).
Such clusters are resolved by the insertion of the vowel 0 or e, e.g.

Kpacu-Hit "red" KpaceH KpacH-O HpacH-a KpacH-H
KOPOTH-Mi “short” HOPOTOK HOPOTH-O HKOPOTH-&@ HKOPOTH-M
yMH-Hit "chkever" yMéH yMH-O yMH-a. yMH-H

Adjectives ending in -cxuit do not have short forms, though the adverb in-cxu might
seem to the beginner to be a short form of the plural number(see page 31)

PRONOUNS
aus "you" hermes eewate: "she, her, "we, "you" "they, "-self”
me" cinta aan” us" them"
N A TH OH OHO oHa MH BH OHM ---
ES Le
A MeHA TeOA ero/Hero eb/Heé Hac Bac ux/HUX ceoa
G MeHA TeOA ero/Hero eé/ueé Hac Bac ux/HUX ceoaA
D MHe Te6e emy /HeMy eli/uelt HaM BaM uM /HIM ce6s
P MHe teode HEM Hel Hac Bac HUX ce6e
I MHOH, TOOOH, uM/HUM eli/uett, HaMM BaMM uMM/HuMM coool,
MHOIO TOOOW en/Hen cooon

The pronoun variants with initial H always-occur after prepositions, e.g.

6e3 Hero "without him"
Cc HMMM "with them"
My ToBOpusaM oO Hel. "We were talking about her."

Since the prepositional case is used only with prepositions, as in the last example above,
it has only a pronoun form with H.

There are three unchanging possessive words: ero "his"its", ee "hers,its'' and ux
"their", which should not be confused with similar-appearing case forms of the pronouns.

Some contrasts are:
B ero ome "in his house"

B HEM "in him"

6e3 WX HHUT "without their books”
6e3 HUX "without them"
H eé Buy. "I see her."

H puxy e€ nHuru. "I see her books."

The forms: ceOs, etc. refer back to the subject and are to be translated "oneself, my-
self, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves", depending on the
translation of the subject word. For example,

Ona BBANa Ha CeOA OTBETCTBEHHOCTDb. "She took upon herself the responsibility.”
My moctaBiau ce6e sty Wesb. "We set for ourselves this goal."

You and You

Russian has two words for "you": TH and BH in the nominative case. The pronoun TH
designates one person with whom the speaker or writer shares an informal relationship
(member of family, child, friend, colleague, etc.), while BH denotes either 1) two or
more persons, or 2) one person with whom the speaker is on more formal terms(stranger,
employer, visitor, etc.). The same distinction is reflected in the two sets of forms for
the pronominal adjective: "your", Tsoi (informal) and sam (formal).

COMPARISON

Things or actions may be compared or contrasted by the use of comparative or
superlative forms of adjectives. Comparative forms are made by the use of Oouee
"more" or MeHee "iess" before a regular adjective form; the basic adjective forms
change in case and number, but the forms 6onee/meneedo not. For example,

Oonee rmyOoxan pera "a deeper[more deep] river"
MeHee JOporow WHCTpyMeHT "a less expensive instrument”
Ha Oonee OHCTPOM HOHE "on a faster[more fast] mount"

The linking word "than" is expressed byuem, e.g.

Muccucunu - 6onee rmyOonan pexa, uem Muccypm. “The Mississippi is a deeper
river than the Missouri."

Superlatives

The superlative degree is achieved by the use of the appropriate form cf the adjective
camyi before the basic adjective; e.g.,

caMaA TulyOoKaA pera "the deepest[most deep] river"
Ha CaMOM OHCTPOM KOHe "on the fastest[most fast] mount”

Adverbs of Comparison

It is possible to form comparative adverbs from a large number of adjectives.
As adverbs, these forms do not change for number(i.e. sg./pl.) or gender; in usage
they appear only in the predicate(e.g., he is bigger, he talks more than he works, etc.).
For many words the transition from adjective to adverb of comparison is accomplished
simply by adding -ee(<eii) to the adjective base; e.g.,

OucTp-Hit "fast" OHCTp-ee "faster"
6e-Hit "white" 6eyl-ee "whiter"
VHTepeCH-Hi “interesting” UHTepecH~ee "more interesting"

Certain adjectives are converted by the addition of a final e to an altered base, e.g.

rayoornn "deep" ray O«Ke "deeper"
qoporoi "dear" Topone "dearer"

Frequently used comparative adverbs of this latter type are given in a reference listing
(REFERENCE)

With comparative adverbs of these two types "than" is expressed either by UeM
or simply by construing the comparative item in the genitive case; e.g.,

Bomra ray6xe BCex Bpyrux pex B Espone. "The Volga is deeper than all the
. + Ww
Bonra riy6xe uem BCe Opyrve pexu B Espone. Other rivers in Europe.

NUMBERS

Fortunately for the student of Scientific Russian, numbers will usually be encount-
ered as symbols(1,2,3,etc.) rather than as words. This is indeed fortunate, since the
declension pattern of numbers in Russian is decidedly a mixed one. All of the forms will
be given in Section II(PARADIGMS), but the following groupings may be presented here:

1) Number 1 has a complete adjectival declension.

2) Numbers 2, 3 and 4 have similar treatment to each other.

3) Numbers 5 10, 11-19, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70 and 80 are declined like the noun gBepb.

4) Numbers 40, 90 and 100 ‘are similar in their limited variations.

5) Numbers 200, 300 and 400 are alike.

6) Numbers 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 are alike.

7) Numbers 1,000 and 1,000,000 are declined as regular nouns, fem. and masc.
respectively.

Differences in Symbolism

Though English and Russian both use the same "Arabic" symbols(1,2,3,etc.), there
is a slight difference in the use of the comma and the decimal point: the usage of one
language is the reverse of the other; e.g.,

English 3,000 = Russian 3.000
1.50 1,50

Case Usage after Numbers

In cases GDPI nouns and adjectives have the same forms after numbers as they would

have without the presence of numbers.
When the number is used in the N or A case, dependent nouns and adjectives are put in

the G-pl. after all numbers above 5, e.g.

NATbB HOBHX MUHCTPYMEHTOB "five new instruments”
After 2, 3 or 4 the noun occurs in the G-sg., though the adjective may be either in the
N-pl. or the G-pl.; e.g.,

Tpu HOBHX MHCTPyMeHTa "three new instruments”
DBe HOBHE CTaTbu "two new articles"

In compound numbers the last element(2/3/4 : 5/above) determines this case selection.
In the NA cases there are two forms for 2 and also for the word "both"; gpa,o6a are
used with nouns of masc. or neut. gender, Be,o6e for fem. nouns.

mBa/o6a Buna "two/both types” mnpe/o6e HapTu "two/both maps”
mpa/o6a 30aHMA "“two/both buildings”

Number One

In Russian the word for 1, "one", is an adjective and thus varies in case, gender and
number according to the noun it enumerates. The plural forms of "one" are used with
nouns which occur only in the plural and with nouns or pronouns in the meaning "alone".

MOM uaCcCH "my watch" : OHM uUacH "one watch"
My OHM OHJIM TaM. "We alone were there."

THE RUSSIAN VERB
From the standpoint of dictionary listing the basic form of the Russian verb is

the infinitive. For the vast majority of Russian infinitives the characteristic signal is
a final-rp;for example,

uMTa-Tb "to read”
NUCa-Tb "to write”
TOBOPU-TB "to speak"

A small number of infinitives have the signals:-Ub and -TU e.g.,

MOUbB "to be able”
BecTu "to lead”

The Past Tense

The formation of the Russian past tense is quite simple. There are only four forms
and they may be easily derived from the regular infinitive: remove the infinitive signal and
add the past tense signal 2. An additionala is suffixed to designate fem. gender, an oO
for the neut. orm for all plural forms.

padotTa-Tb "to work”
A "I[male ] worked, was working”
TH padota-J wyous W were " "
OH "He " ® was si i
A "I[female] worked, was working"
TH pabota-sI-a etc.
OHa
OHO pabota-I-0 "It worked, was working"
MH "We worked, were working"
BH padota-1-u EYOUsse x is
OHM "They ” ” ”

The small number of verbs which have past tense forms not in accordance with this
simple pattern will simply be listed in a reference sheet(REFERENCE).

The Present Tense
The Russian verb has six forms in the "present" tense: three in the singular and three

in the plural. There are 2 basic types of present formation and they may be exemplified
by the following two sets of forms:

Sg. A TMwy "T write" CJIHUIy "I hear, am hearing"
TH MMe Wb CIHMMIUDb
on/oHa/OHO nuWweT | CIHMUT
Pl. MH TIMWweM CJIHWMM
BH nmumere CIHMMTE
OHU nMuyt CIHUAT

In four forms the two sets are distinguished by a pre- -final vowel: e for one set, uM for
the second. The first set has a pre-final vowel y in the 3rd. pl. form, while the second
set has pre-final a in this form. Most variations from these two basic patterns are

predictable. Here, for example, are slightly differing types belonging to the first set:

OyDy "Iwill be" Oepy "I take” 3HaI "I know” 0H "I sing"
Oy Tellb Oepéelb 3HAEllb NOeWb
6ynet 6epér 3HaeT NOet
Oy nem Oepéem 3HaeM TlOeM
6yneTe 6epete 3HaeTe moéte
Oy nyt Oepyt 3HANT TOT

The pronouns add emphasis and are often, as above , dispensed with. In the forms above
the variation y/1 should be familiar; here the } is selected after a vowel, e.g. 3HaW
The ‘€ ,with its distinctive vowel quality, results from the fact that it bears the accent;
contrast, for example, 6epét and 6Oynet. Consider now some variations in the second

set:

cnyxy "I serve” Tropopo "I speak” Buxy “I see" JHC6 110 "i lover
CILY MUS TOBOPMIMb BU DMD JWONWb
CUYKUT TOBOPUT BUDUT HOUT
CILY KUM TOBOpUM BIUOUM JWOuM
CIYKUTE roBoputTe BUQUTE monte
ClyHat TOBOPAT BUDAT JOOAT

The 3rd. pl. variation of a/fshould also be familiar, while the insertion of an extra
consonant in the Ist. sg. form of "I love"' will seem strange. There are other similar
variations special to the Ist. sg. form; these may be considered in the discussion of
"Consonant Alternations'"(page 32):

The Verb: "to be"

If one looks up the Russian forms of the verb: "to be", the infinitive OuT» will be
found. From this there may be derived the four past tense forms: Oyu Ona OHO ONJM
Some present forms of this verb are listed on this page, but they have the meaning "'will
be", etc. Ordinarily, Russian uses no verb forms to express English "is" or "'are"',e.g.

Ousuna - HayHa. "Physics is a science."
CryneHTH - OOJIbHH. "The students are ill."
Ouv He MOM HHUTU. "They are not my books."

There does exist one form, ects which functions, when used(infrequently), either as a
3rd. sg. or a 3rd. pl.;e. g. ;

Ug sToro NONOKeHMA e€CTb BHXOD. "From this position there is a way out."
Ectb mu y Bac KHMrn? " Do you have(lit.: Are there with you)
any books?"

The Imperative

Orders, commands and exhortations are expressed in Russian in the following ways:
2nd. person imperatives. Since Russian has a singular "you" and a plural "'you"', there
are two such imperative forms. The sg. form is character-
ized by the ending: -u/-ii/-b; the addition of-Te makes the
pl. form. The base for these imperative forms is the same as
that of the present tense.

The Imperative(continued)

The ending: -u

4XMB-V "live!" (oHM xKMB-yT)
KUB-U-Te i

roBop-u "speak!" (oHm rosop-sT)
NOBOPSN=Te ue

Oeper-M-cb "be careful” (onm Oeper-yT-cs)

Oeper-u-Te-Cb
The ending:-i is usual when the word base ends in a vowel.

3Ha-it "know!" (onm 3Ha-pT)
3Ha-N-Te ue
60-fi-cA “Peart” (oHm 60-AT-c#2)

60--Te-Cb ”

The ending: -, is used when the word base carries the accent in present tense forms.

6ya-b "be!" (oun 6yn-yT)
Oyn-b-Te
MOCTAB-b “place!” (oHM nmocTaB-AT)

NMOCTaB-b-Te Hi

3rd. person imperatives. The Russian equivalents of English expressions such as
"Let him do it"/"Let them doit", etc., are effected by
using the forms HyCTb/UYCHka jn conjunction with the
regular3rd. sg. or 3rd. pl. forms of the present tense; e.¢g.,

OH TOBOPUT "he is speaking” TyCTb OH FOBOPMT “let him speak!”
OHM NpMLyT "they will come" lycra mpugyt "let them come!”

Ist. person plural imperative. This category, rather frequent in scientific texts, simply
uses Ist. pl. forms of the present tense without the pronoun;
the verb form is usually of perfective aspect, a phenomenon
explained in the pages following. Some examples:

MH CHaiHeM we shall say CHaiKeM let us say
MH TIOCMOTDUM we shall look at NOCMOTPMM let us consider
MH TMpeQnosoKMM we shall assume mpegnosommm let us assume

INFINITIVES AND PRESENT TENSE FORMS

For the majority of verbs in Russian there exists a very clear relationship between
present tense forms and the infinitive so that, given one, the other can be readily deduced,
e.g. OH TOBOpUT : TOBOpuTb. There are less obvious relationships, and perhaps the
most important of these, since it concerns a verbal type used extensively for the creation
of new verbs in Russian, is the following:

Present Tense Infinitive

oopasyy oOpasoBnatTh "to form"
ob6pa3syellb
o6pasyer
oopasyem
o6pasyere
ob6pasynr

Some more examples of this type are:

OH HOHTEHCUpyet KOHT@HCMPOBaTh "to condense”
OH MPHOpUpyeT | MUPHOPMpPOBaThb "to ignore”
OH MCNOMbSYETCA UCMONBSOBATHCA "to use"

In this manual an attempt has been made to simplify the statement of present tense :
infinitive relationships, since it is assumed that the user is not a career student of the
Russian language. To this end the REFERENCE section contains lists of present tense
forms which do not accord with the statements below.

Present Tense Infinitive
Set I
1) -a-e- , -a-n- -a-Tb
RES 5 SS =A=Tb
OH 3HaeT OHM 3HANT 3HATb "to know"
OH TepAeT OHM TEPAWT TeCPATBb "to lose”
2) -e-e , -e-W- -e-Tb
OeneeT OeewrT OeeTb "to turn white”
umMeeT MMeWT MMeTb "to have"
8) ISS RIAD -HY-Tb
TOHET TOHYT TOHYTB "to sink"
HMHET HKMHYT KUHYTb "to fling”
aN) SVESS 4g AVE -OBa-Tb
OOpa3syeT OOpa3syntT oOpa3s0BaTb "to form"
manyet naxywr NakOBaTb "to pack”

Set II (only one type; all others in
REFERENCE listing)

Hie EVE -U-Tb
TOBOPUT TOBOPAT TOBOPUTh "to speak”
yunt yuat yUMTh "to teach”

VERBAL ASPECT

A beginning student, casually inspecting a Russian dictionary, may well be sur-
prised to note that two Russian infinitives are cited as equivalents of one English verb,
e.g.

"to write" - mMcaThb, HanucaTb
"to read" - wuMuTaTb, MpouNTaTb

The basic meaning, of writing or reading, is the same for each member of the pair, but
there is a meaning distinction in that the second member( HanucaTb,ipouuTaTh) also
implies a completion or limitation of the verbal action. For example,

A omucan MuCbBMO. "I wrote/was writing a letter."
A HanMCcas MMCbBMO. "I wrote([=finished writing] a letter."

Use of the first member fucan establishes the idea of an on-going action or state, which
may or may not have been eventually brought to a stage of completion; use of the second
member of the pair Hanuca however, makes a definite commitment as to the completion
of the verbal action.

This phenomenon is called "aspect", that is, the way a speaker or writer "views"
verbal action. It is a characteristic of the Russian verbal system and must be considered
when translating from Russian to English.

In aspectual pairs the first member, which signifies enduring action, is tradition-
ally referred to as a verb of imperfective(impf.) aspect, while the second member with
its added meaning of completion is called a verb of perfective(pf.) aspect.

Aspectual Future

Aspect adds nothing new in the way of distinctive tense forms. The examples on the
preceding page showed both aspects being employed in the same type of past formation.
Both aspects are also used in what has been termed the "present" tense, but the difference
in meaning which results is quite striking. First, some "present" forms:

A Haliuly..e.OH HAMUMeT...

A TIMMy..-OH MUMET... °
° A TIPOUMTANW...OH MIPOUUTAET...

A UNTaAW..-OH UNTACTe oe

The present forms of impf. aspect(on the left) are rendered into English with similar
present tense forms: "I write/I am writing", "I read/Iam reading", etc., but, since
action is not completed in present time and since the past tense of the pf. verbs( Hamucal,
upouutan) takes care of past time for the pf. aspect, the above pf.forms can be trans-
lated into English only with a future meaning; e.g.,

"He will write[and finish the writing of] a letter."
"He will read[{and finish reading] the book."

Ou HanumeT MMCbMO.
OH mpouuTaeT HKHUTYy.

This situation is the reason why the term "present tense" has been used in quotation
marks. The formation(verb base plus "endings"') is the same for all verbs,regardless
of aspect, but the meaning is "present" only for impf. verbs. It might more exactly
be referred to as "non-past", but "present tense" is the traditional term.

Combination Future
Future events, where a commitment as to termination is not possible or desired,

are expressed by a ''combination future" which employs "present tense" forms of a
verb meaning "will be" with the infinitive form of a verb of impf. aspect. Thus,

A Oyay "T shall read, I'll be reading”
TH OyDelb "You will read, you'll be reading"
on/oHa/OHO OyneT etc.
uNTaTb
MH OyqeM
BH OyeTe
OHM OyLytT

Only infinitives of impf. aspect may be used in this combination future. Now it is
possible to contrast this type of future with aspectual future, e.g.

SaBtTpa CTyYNeHT OyleT uuTaTb POMAaH. “Tomorrow the student will be reading the novel.”
3aBTpa CTyYLeHT mpouvTaeT poMaH. "Tomorrow the student will readf{and finish
reading] the novel."

Aspectual Pairs - Some Examples
Some frequently used verbs are listed below simply to impress upon the learner the

fact of aspectual difference. The 3rd. sg. forms of the "present" are given after the
infinitive forms:

BPOCATB ° BPOCUTb "to throw” TDYMATb s NODYMAT "to think"
OpocaetT OpocutT DyMaet nogymMaet

BUDETB 5 YBUTETH "to see” EXATb ; NOEXATB "to travel"
BUDUT yBugUT ener noeler

TOBOPUTh ; CHASAT "to speak, SABHBATB : SABHTh "to forget”
TOBOPUT cKaKeT eats 3a6HBaeT gabynetT

QABATB : DAT "to give" SAMEYATB : SAMETUTb "to notice”
qaer nact sameuaeT 3aMeTuT

HEATH >: CDEIATh "to do,make" SHATb : Y3HATB "to know"
nesaer chelaet 3HaeT ysHaer

VI PATb : CHI'PAThb "to play”
urpaer curpaert

UCKATb MOWUCHATD "to seek”
ner noumerT

KOHYATh KOHUMTh "to end”
HOHUaeT HOHUUT

HKPUYATB : KPVMKHY Tb "to shout"
HPUUNT KPUHHET

HASHBATH : HA3BATb "to name"
Ha3sHBaer Ha30BeT

HAUAHATBb : HAYATh "to begin"
HauNHaeT HauHeT

OBPAIATBCH : OBPATMTBCH “to turn to”
o6pamaerca o6paturca

OCTABJIHT OCTABUTB "to leave”
ocTaBlaet ocTaBUT

OTBEUATH : OTBETUTh "to answer"
orBeuaet OTBeTUT

OTKPHBATb : OTHPHTL "to open”
OTHPHBaeT oTKpoerT

TIMCAThb HATIMCATb "to write”
numer Haller

MIOHASHBATb ;: MOHKASATL "to show"
MOHaSHBaeT moKaKkerT

TOJYYATH : MOY UAT "to receive”
nomyuaer noyuut

MOMHUTS BCIOMHUTb “to remember”
NOMHMUT BCNOMHUT

REFLEXIVE FORMS

TOHVMATb ¢ MOHATH "to understand”
NOHUMaeT nofimet

IIPELCTABIATb : IIPEICTABMTb "to present”
mpencTaBlAer mpeqcTaBurt

NPMESHWATb : TMPUEXATb "to arrive"
IipuesKaer npueqer

TIPUXOLUTb : NPUUTU "to arrive”
IpM@xonurT Npuget

MPOUSBOLUTb : MFOMSEECTU "to produce"
TIpOusBOLMUT npousBeler

PACCHABHBATb : PACCHKASATb "to relate”
paccHasHBaeT paccKakeT

PEIIATb PEIMTh "to decide"
pellaet peuut

CHYUATBCH : CIYUMTBCH "to happen"
ciyuaetcA cIyuuTcA

CMOTPETb MOCMOTPETb “to look at”
CMOTPUT NOCMOTDUT

COBMPATb COBPATB "to collect"
cooOupaet cobepér

CTABUTb MOCTABMUTb "to place”
cTaBUT nmocTaBMuT

CMPAUWMBATb ;: CIPOCUTL "to question”
cnpalluBaet Cipocut

CTAPATBCH : MTOCTAPATBCH “to try”
cTapaetcA mocTapaetca

UMTATD MNPOUNTATb "to read”
unTaerT mpouuTaert

The reflexive signal is-chor-cb and may occur in final position in the forms of
verbs and verbals(treated in a later section). In verb forms -ca appears after consonants,

3aHUMaATb

"to occupy (some place)"

OH 3aHMMAJ
OHa 3aHMMada
OHO 38HUMaAlO

OHM 3aHUMaJu

A 3aHUMayw
3QaHMUMAelIb
3aHUMaAeT

3aHUM&aeM
3aHUMaeTe
3aHUManT

3aHuMal
3aHuMalite

The
form is

SaHUMAaTbCA

SAHUMAJICA
3SaHMMaslacb
38&aHUMAJIOCh

SaHUMaAJIMCh

3aHUMaWCb
SAHUMAECIIBCA
SA8HUMaeTCA

3SAaHMUMaAeMCHA
SAHUMAaETECh
SAaHUMAaWTCA

3aHuMalcaA
3aHMMauTeCcb

it and b, while -cp appears only after vowels. Some examples are:

"to occupy oneself with
(something), to study”

reflexive signal does not make any difference in form, that is, a present tense
still in the present tense, with or without the reflexive ending. There will,

however, be a difference in meaning and here the learner must depend on his dictionary.
In general, the reflexive signal will, depending on the particular verb, be interpreted

as:

Reflexive(continued)

1) reflexive: the action of the verb is not terminated in an object but is referred back
("'reflect ed back"') to the subject, e.g.

OH OpeeT... "He shaves (someone).”
OH OpeeTcaA. "He shaves (himself).”
2)passive; e.g.,
OHa TOBOpUT STO. "She says this.”
GTO He TOBOPUTCA NO-pyCcHH. "This is not said in Russian.”
3)reciprocal;e.g.,
Matb wenyeT nOUb. "The mother kisses the daughter.”
Matb mw qoub WesywTca. "The mother and daughter kiss(i.e.

each other)."

4) having no special meaning: this is so for a small number of verbs which occur
only with these "reflexive" endings. A few examples:

CM@ATBCA "to laugh My cMeAJIMCH. "We were laughing."
OOATBCA "to fear A O60wcb SHBaMeHa. "I'm afraid of the exam.”
cTapaTbBCA "to try" Ou cTapaeTCA CMe€ATBCA. "He's trying to laugh.”

It should be noted that a reflexive verb form (or verbal) is never followed by the
accuSative case.

Verbs and Cases
In Russian sentences of the type: "The boy is reading the paper"', the subject("boy'')

will be a noun in the N case and the object("paper") will usually be in the A case. Certain
verbs, however, have their objects in other cases; e.g.,

us6eratb [t+tG] On w36eraeT Bonpoca. "He avoids the question.”
TIOMOTaTb [ +D] YuuTeib MOoMOTaeT CTYe€HTy. "The teacher helps the student.”
NpaBUThb IE Gr at) Onu npaBaAT cTpaHol. "They govern the country.”

The verb in the last example is one of a sizeable number whick are followed by a noun
or adjective in the Icase. Some frequently used verbs which "govern" the I case are:

OHTS "to be”

BIaATeThb "to possess, control"
BOCHOJIB3SOBaTBCA (pf.) "to use, make use of"
HetatbcA "to be made, to become”
SAHUMaAaTbCA "to be occupied with, to study”
UHTEPECOBATbCA "to be interested in"
Ha3BaTbCA (pf.) "to be called, be named"
Ha3HBaTbCA iy " "
oonayath "to possess”

OHA3aTBCA (pf.) "to appear, to turn out to be”
OHaAa3HBaTbCA My Ks Wi us eee
OCTAaBaTbCA "to remain, to be left"
OCcTaTBCA (pf.) u D Tee a
NOJb3SO0BaTbCA _ "to use, make use of"
CHelatTbcA (pf.) "to be made, become"
CT@HOBUTBCA "to become"

cTaTb (pf.) W

CUUTAaTBbCA "to be considered”

yupaBsATb "to rule, control"

ABJIATBCA "to appear, to be”

This particle is used with past tense forms of the verb or with infinitives to express
conditions which might have taken place but did not, or conditions which might exist in
the future but probably will not. Of the various traditional names applied to this construct-
ion perhaps the most descriptive is a "contrary-to-fact condition". An example is:

Eomm 6H MONeHyNa OHA NOCNe HUM "If the molecule were the last

"HMPMMUOM MUpO3STaHVA", TO Ha DTOM "brick of world-creation', then with this

PacCMOTPe€HME SHEPIeETMUECCHUX Mpe- it could be possible to conclude the con-

BpameHuii MOKHO OHIO OH 3AKOHUMTD. sideration of energetistic transmutations."”
uTOOH

This connective is used after verbs of wishing, e.g.

A xouy, uToO6H OH Ceram 9To. "T want him to do this.”

or simply with the meaning "in order to". If the subject of the uro6u clause is the same
as that of the main clause, an infinitive may be used, e.g.

A BepHYJICA, UTOOH OHA MOTTA "I returned, so that she could talk
MOTOBOPMTb CO MHOMt. with me."

A BePHYNCH, UTOOH NOTOBOPUTh "I returned to have a talk with her.”
Cc Heli.

ABIACTCA, ABIAWTCA

In written Russian the above two forms(3rd. sg. and 3rd. pl. present) of the verb
ABIATBCA ''to appear", are used very often in the verbal meaning "to be", that is,
"is" and "are" respectively. The subject noun will be in the N case but the noun or
adjective to which it is equated will be in the I case. For example,

OcHOBHEMNU MaTHATHHMU xapakKTepucTukaMu "Its residual magnetic induction and
MaTHUTHOM NIGHRM ABIAWTCA €€ OCTATOUHAA coercive force are the basic magnetic
MaTHUTH@A WMHOYKUMA WM HOOPIMTUBHAA Ciuyla. characteristics of magnetic tape."

Special Use of 3rd. pl. Form of Verb

A 3rd. pl. form of the verb may appear without an expressed subject and equate, in
translation, to an English passive construction. Some examples are:

Snecb TOBOPAT MO-pyccHu. "Russian is spoken here."
Temnepatypy BOSTyxa USMePANT "Air temperature is measured with the
C NOMOMBY MeTeoporpadosB siiche help of meteorographs..."
Negation
The two particles which are used in Russian to express negation are:
HE Mniote
HeT "no, there is not/there are not"

The particle ye is used in simple equational statements, with verbs and in conjunction
with adjectives, e.g.

lerpoB He ®u3uE. "Petrov is not a physicist.”

fl He Buy ropona. "I don't see the city.”

OTO HeEOONbMUOM DOM. "That's a small{not large] house.”

The particle Her may be used by itself as an answer or it may be used with other words
in short sentences, e.g.

Negation(continued)
Bu Herpos? Hert. "Are you Petrov?" "No."
Tam HeT CTOJIOB. "There are no tables there."

In the last example there is illustrated the use of the genitive case after HeT, as is the
situation also after verbs negated with He.

The u...u.. which mean "both...and...' in positive statements becomeHu...HV...
"neither...nor...'' in negative statements.

Double Negation

In contrast to the situation in standard English, the doubling of negative words
serves only to intensify the negation. An example:
A HMKOTOTa HAKOMY HMuero He TaBasl.e "I never gave anything to anybody.”
(lit.: I never to nobody nothing didn't give. ]

This repetition of negatives is also a feature of sub-standard English, and the English
sentence in brackets above would be, with a different word-order, no stranger to the
ears of English-speakers.

Questions
Questions are formed in Russian by the use of question words("'who", "when", etc.
y 9 ’ ’

by placing the verb before the subject with or without the question particle J”, or by
using the statement order with question intonation(Spoken Russian).

Statement: Ou sHaeT ypOK. "He knows the lesson."
Question: Hto 3HaeT ypoH? "Who knows the lesson."
SHaeT JIM OH ypOK? "Does he know the lesson?”

SHaeT OH ypOK? B id .
Ou 3HaeT ypOH? [Spoken Russian] y "

mu, which indicates a question, appears in second position in fhe sentence or in third, if
the verb is negated; in indirect questions Ju may best be translated by "whether".

Ao He 3Han, Mpuer JM ona. "T don't know, whether she'll come.”
Use of cBofi, CBO€, CBOA, oe.

The usage of this possessive adjective may best be shown by the following series of
short statements:

Al nemato "I do my work.”
Ty nenaelb WYO do your work.”
Oun/Ona/Ouo nenaer "He/She/It does his/her/its work."
cBOow paooTy. Sl sn
My genaem "We do our work.”
BH jenaete "You do your work.”
Onn Tenant "They do their work."

Russian distinguishes explicitly between "his" and "his own", "her" and "her own", "their"
and "their own". Observe the following contrasts:

Ou nenaeT ero paosoty. "He is doing his[i.e. another's] work.”
Ou nemaeT cBow paboty.- "He " " his(-own) work."
Ona HaneBaeT eé€ IJIATLY "She puts on her[i.e. another's] hat."

Ona HaneBaeT CBOW MJANY. "She " " her(-own) hat.”

Russian Names

A Russian's name has three constituent parts, all nouns: a first name("Christian
name"), a middle name which is a patronymic, and a last name. For example, the
names of a brother and sister, whose father's first name is "Peter", would be:

Vsan Ilerpopuu Vsanos (John Peter-son Jones)
Bepa Iletpopua MBpaHosBa (Vera Peter-daughter Jones)

As shown, the patronymic(i.e. name reference to father) is derived from the father's
first name by the suffixation of -oBmu/-eBuUu for the son and -oBHa/-eBuHa for the
daughter. :

Most Russian last names end in -oB/-ex(IBanos, Anexcees) or -wH(Ilymnun, Bopouuu |
The declension of these names has special features which may be looked at, when
necessary, in the listing in Section II (PARADIGMS).

Russian last names in-cxuit have adjectival forms(see page 15).

Adverbs from Adjectives

A number of adverbs are identical in form with the neuter short form(page 19) of
a related adjective, e.g.
ACHO U3IIOKCHHOE TOKA8AaTeIbBCTBO
"a clearly demonstrated proof”
mMporu "wide"(mmpor, mm OKO, mupora ) OHM MMpOKO pasBepHyNM paOOTH ...

"They began projects widely(on a wide
scale)...”

Adjectives ending in -cxuii have no short forms, but their related adverbs are charact-
erized by -cry.

ACHHM “clear” (”CeH, ACHO, ACHa)

TepMeTuueCHIH TEPMETMUECCHU 3aHPHTHIi annapat
"a hermetically sealed apparatus"

Use of Adverbs

The unchanging forms known as "adverbs" have many uses, a few of which are:
1) with verbs;

OH Xopomo roBopuT. "He speaks well."
2) with adjectives;
Kpaline BHCOHAA CTOMMOCTB "extremely high cost"
3) with infinitives; A
MaruutHy) MIG@HKY MOKHO "It is possible to use magnetic tape

MHOTOHPaTHO MCNHONB3OBATb... many times...”
The last example, in which the adverb also signals the verbal idea, "it is'', occurs
frequently in Russian. In close proximity in one scientific text four sentences began
with this adverb construction:

XapakTepHo, UTOces "It is characteristic that..."
VUBBeECTHO, UTO... "It is well-known that..."
CoBeplleHHO ACHO, UTO.-- "It is completely clear that..."
TIOHATHO, UTOcee "It is understood that..."

Impersonal Constructions
A few examples will suffice to indicate the nature of this type of construction. Thus,

Tax nak B CIA He wmenocb B TO BpeMA "Since there were no[lit.: it was not had]

paspaooTaHHHX OOPasllOB oo. developed models in the USA at that time...”
ee eCHAPADH CIenyeT HIACCUPUUMpOBATh "Missiles should be classified[lit.: it
110 TaNbHOCTMU CTPeNbOH... follows/one must classify missiles]

according to range..."

Consonant Alternations

In certain definite situations some consonants alternate regularly with other
consonants. These alternations are so characteristic of Russian structure that the
learner should familiarize himself with them. Of the several categories affected by
these alternations only the three most important for the beginner are offered:

1) lst. sg. present tense forms of¥ verbs, e.g. A omw6s "I love" : On mH6uT

2) Past passive participles(treated in pages following) of mverbs, e.g.

OTMeCUCHHHM "marked" : OTMETUTb "to mark"

3) Word derivation; e.g.,
CBeT "light" : TWpocBemenue "education"

The consonant alternations are the following:

ae MHOTO "much" MHOMECTBO "ereat quantity"

oS ak BOSUTb "to convey” A BOomy (TH BOSMMb ...)

ot = CTYIMUTb "to cool” CTyKeHHHN "chilled"

a = #7 paccynUTb "to discuss paccymaTb "to discuss(impf.)"

KH - 4wU BocToH "East" BOCTOUHHIi “eastern”

no oS wi ymulaTuTb "to pay" A ynujauy (TH ynnaTumb ...)

ell CcBeT "light" ocBelmeHne "illumination"

Or > ia BHNYCTMTb “to release BHMYMeHHHIi "released"

CK - BOCK "wax" BOMMTb "to wax"

c - W HOCMTb "to wear" fA Homy (TH HOCMMb ...)

<a cTpax "fear" cTpalHBii "frightful"

1 - mW TOMmMTB "to heat” oronjeHne “heating”

6 - 6m CpyOuTb "to cut down Cpy6NeHHHi "cut down"

M - MJ KOPMUTbB "to feed" HOPMJIGEHMe "nursing"

B - BI TO6aBuThb "to ada" To6aBsexHuli "added"

m@ - on Tpadurbh "to draw A Tpadmo (TH rpadumb ...)
Ine Su

VERBALS(Participles and Gerunds)

The six grammatical categories called verbals have the following characteristics:
1) They are formed from verbs; 2) Once formed, they are either adverbs(gerunds) and
so have no further change of ending, or else they are adjectives with appropriate adjective
endings; and 3) They may be followed, as are verbs, by dependent ac‘ectives and nouns.
The names of these verbals are:

Participles(Verbal Adjectives) - 4 in number

1) Present Active Participle - the "now doing (something)" form
2) Present Passive Participle - the "now being done" form

3) Past Active Participle - the "having done (Something)" form
4) Past Passive Participle -the "having been done" form

Gerunds(Verbal Adverbs) - 2 in number

A Present Gerund - the "doing'"/"when doing"/"while doing" form
B) Past Gerund - the "having done"/ "after having done” form

Participles

1) Present Active Participles are characterized by the letter | before the adjectival
endings. Identifying the related verb(a necessary process Since dictionaries do not
list participles or gerunds) may be accomplished by comparing the participial form
with the 3rd. pl. form of the present tense, as follows:

rpen-m-nit "warming" OHM TpewW-T $: 9rpeTb

pasotan-m-uh “working” OHM paooTan-T : paoboTaTb

Houtu Bce 6voxumMuueckne peakKUUN, MPOMUCXONAMME B KMUBHX TeJIax U B CBOEM
"Almost all biochemicel reactions, which take place in living bodies and which in

3SAKOHOMEPHOM COUeTAHUN COCTABIAWIMINEe O6MeH BemeCTB, HaTaJIMSUPYWTCA

their normal combining involve an exchange of substances, are catalyzed

COOTBETCTBYNIMUMU MepMeHTAMM. (nponcxonAuMit: onM mponcxonaT)
(cocraBmaAwmuit: OHM COCTaBIANT

by corresponding enzymes." =
rs eae (cooTBeTcTByWUMii: OHM COOTBETCTEYNT)

NOTE: A present active participle may be identified by the letter 1 plus adjective
endings plus or minus the reflexive endingca (never -cb ) era

2) Present Passive Participles are, in appearance, similar to the lst. pl. form of
the present tense with suffixed adjectival endings. Some participial forms are:

Ha3HBaemMyul "named, called” MH H@3HBaeM : H&a3HBaTb
BHCYIMBaeMHM "being evaporated" MH BHCYIMBaAeM : BHCYMMBATb
UCNOMbSyemMH "being used” MH MUCHONB3yYeM $ MWCNOMbB3S0BaTh
BUDMMHM "being seen,visible MH BUDMM : BUDeETb

ooOorpeBaemyl MapoM, TrepmMeTMUeECHH "a steam-heated[heated by steam],
3@KPHTHH annapat hermetically sealed apparatus”

NOTE: A present passive participles may be identified by the letter m plus
adjectival endings.

3) Past Active Participles are characterized by the letter m or the letters Bw before
adjectival endings. In the case of a participle with the letters Bu , the infinitive
relationship may be easily established. To identify the infinitive for the -u- forms
is more complicated and so such participles are listed with their infinitives ina
reference sheet(REFERENCE).

BHCTYNU-BU-nu "having come out" BEILYCTU-Tb

y3Ha-Bu-“u "having learned” y3Ha-Tb

o6pas0Ba-Bu-uit “having formed" OOpaso0Ba-Tb

IpuHec-m-uii "having brought” IpWHec-Tu

IIpMBeNeHH CBeETeHNA O06 UTAIbAHCKOM "Included are data about the Italien
ucciezopaTele-siekTpodusuonore Hapno Merreyun, electro-physiologist Carlo Matteucci,
MUsyuaBlleM XMMMUECHMe DTelicTBMA OIeEKTPNUeECHOTO who studied the chem. actions of
TOHa M OnyOIuKOBaBMem B 1835 rony BHBODH ... electrical current and who published

[his] conclusions in 1835...

NOTE: The characteristic mark of the past active participle is B/au, m plus
adjectival endings plur or minus -ca(never-cb) - Saas

34
Participles(continued)

4) Past Passive Participles are the most frequently used of all the participial types.
The characteristic signal of the past passive participle is-HH- plus adjectival
endings; there is a small number of these participles which are characterized by
-t- plus adjectival endings and these will be listed on a reference sheet(REFERENCE).

Participles in -a-HH- are formed from infinitives in -a-Tb

paspaooTaHHHi "worked out” paspaoboTa-Tb "to work out”
onucaHHH "described" OnuCca-Tb "described"

Participles in -eHuuii/-éHHu are formed usually from infinitives in -uTb. A special
reference sheet will list such participles formed from other infinitive types.

u3yueHHul "learned" U3SyYUUTb "to learn"
YCT@HOBJIGHHHM "established" yCT@aHOBUTb "to establish"

In the short adjectival forms, which are frequently used, only one_H_ appears,e.g.

maSCe neut. fem. pl.
(etternmnn ONMCA@HHOe OMMNCAHH3AA Banana)
etc.
OmuUCaH OMNUCaHO onucaHa OmMUCaHH

An example of usage:

Ha pucyHre 4 u300pameHa BaHYyM-CYIIMIIbHAaA YCTAHOBKA ...

"In figure 4 a vacuum-drying installation is pictured...”

U3s00paxeHHHit "pictured" ‘ ws00pa3uTb ‘to, pietore”)
u3s06paxex "

NOTE: The characteristic mark of the past passive participle is +H plus
adjectival endings. a

Gerunds(Verbal Adverbs)

A Present Gerunds have as a characteristic signal a final-a or a final-a.As adverbs,
the gerunds are unchanging in form. Some examples are:

HUB-A "living, while living OHM KMB-yT
Tepx-a “holding, while holding" OHM Tepx-at
TOBOp-A "speaking, while speaking” OHM TOBOP-AT

3Ha--A "knowing, while knowing” OHU 3Ha-hT
npau-a "hiding, while hiding” OHM NpAU-yt
BHMI-A "having departed” OHM BHYo-yt
SaHMMa-A-Cb "studying" OHM 38HUMAa-WHT-CA

The 3rd. pl. forms of the present tense are given above, since they are a helpful
guide in the formation of present gerunds. An example of usage is:

MarHuTHy) MIéHKY MOKHO MHOTOKDAaTHO "It is possible to use a magnetic tape
VCIONbSOBATb, CTMPaA sapanee many times, erasing(/by erasing) the
3aluCaHHHe SBYH. previously recorded sounds.”

NOTE: The characteristic mark of the present gerund is -a/-8 plus or minus
the reflexive ending -Cb.

B Past Gerunds are distinguished by the signals -B or-Buu in final position. A
limited number of verbs have the signal -mm for the past gerund; such gerunds
are listed in a reference sheet(REFERENCE). In the examples below infinitive
forms are cited, since they provide the best 'point of departure’ in the formation
of the past gerunds.

crela-B (cnema-Tb) "having done, after having done”
cnrela-BUn \

VMe-B \ (ume-tB ) "having had, after having had"
MMe-BOIU

3AHVMMa-BUU-Cb (3aHmma-Tbca) "having studied, after having studie@"

IlpouuTaB cTaTbw, OH al "After he read the article, he gave it to [his]
eé HONETe. colleague."

NOTE: The characteristic signals of the past gerund are -p/-pum, -mu plus or
minus the reflexive signal -cb- = SSS aS

Translation of Gerunds

Regardless of the terms: "present" or "past", the English translation of the gerunds
is basically determined by the aspect of verb used. If the gerund represents a verb of
imperfective aspect, the action or status signified by the verb is taking place at the same
time as that of the principal verb of the sentence, e.g. ‘''while living in the city, he
studied Russian''. If the aspect is perfective, the meaning of the gerund applies to a
prior time, e.g. "having left the city/after he had left the city, he took up the study of
Russian".

Participles and Gerunds of Reflexive Verbs

On page 27 it was stated that the reflexive signal -caA occurs in verb forms after a

consonant, while -cb is used after a vowel. Though this statement is valid for gerunds,

an exception must be made for participles, which use only the signal -CA,no matter
what the preceding letter is. Actually, this situation(that participles may have only -cA
while gerunds use only -cnh)is helpful to the student in distinguishing forms which are

quite similar, e.g.

3@2HUMaBUUCh = Past Gerund
SAHMMaBUMeCA = NA-pl. of Past Active Participle

WORD ORDER

Russian word order seems remarkably free to a speaker of English, who
is habituated to the rigid patterns of word sequence in the English language. If care is
exercised in identifying grammatical signals("endings"'), the beginner should have no
trouble, even with such sentences as the following:

Bomee SHOHOMUUHYW KOHCTPYHUUW MMEWT TE WMHJIIMUCCKME YCHOPUTEJIN, wee

( A more economical construction[< A] have[3rd.pl.] those cyclical accelerators[NA-pl. ]...

"Those cyclical accélerators, ..., have a more economical construction.”

BO3MOKHO, uTO 30€Cb OCHOBHYW PpOJIb OynyT “urpaTb pawuouOKAaNMOHHHE METODTH.
("It is possible, that here the basic role will play radio-location methods."”)

"It is possible, that radio-location methods will play the basic role here.”

)

SECTION II

PARADIGMS

A paradigm is, according to Webster, ''an example of a conjugation or declension,
showing a word in all its inflectional forms." This section is therefore a collection of
such grammatical sets and will prove to be a valuable resource for the student who has
forgotten the analysis of the preceding section and yet wishes to view something more
substantial thanthe lists of "endings" in the following section.

NOUNS *

Masculine singular Neuter singular

N cTow CTYIeHT o3sep-0 MeECT-O
A CTO cTyleut-a** osep-o MeCT-O
G cTon-a cTylexuT-a osep-a MecT-a
D cTol-y cTyIeHuT-y osep-y MeCT-y
Pp cTos-e cTyleHT~e osep-e MecT-e
I cTO-oOMm cCTyIeHT-OM o3ep-oOM MeECT-OM
N kopaos-b HOPOJI-b OHH-O moje
A kOoOpaoJi-b HOPOJI-A ¥** OEKH-O NoJI-e
G KopabJ--# HOPOJI-A OHH-& NOJI-A
D HOpabsI-1H HOPOJ-H OKH-y NOJI-0
P HOpadJ-e KOpoJI-e OHH-€ TOI-e
I Hopa6és-ém KOPOJI-EM OKH-OM NOui-eM
N ore masel pykb-é 3aHu-e
A oty-d™ nasel pyKb-€ 3]aHu-e
G oTu-a naJbuy-a PYKb-A 30aHU-A
D oTU-y Naw buU-y PYHB-10 30aHMU-10
Ee Oril=e naJbu-e pykKb-e 32aHu-i
I OT-OM MaJIbIL-eM pyxb-ém 30QHU-EM
N cyayua-f reuu-f U3MeHEHM-e nevictBu-e
A cuyua-it renu-aA** VSMEHEHM-e nevictBu-e
G ciyua-A TeHU-f U3MECHEHM-A nevicTBu-aA
D cCiyua- TeHU-0 U3MCHEHU-1 nevcTBu-0
Pp cuyua-e TeHU- MU3MEHEHMWV qefictBu-u
I Ciayyua-em TeHU-eM USMEHEHMN-EM HeuctTBu-em
N por eHub uyBCTB-O MHEHU-e
A por IleH~b uyBCTB-O MHEHM-e
G pt-a H-fAl uyBCTB-a MHEHU-A
D pT-y H- uyBCTB-y MHEHU-10
1D joys IH-e uyBCTB-e MHEHM-
I pT-om H-éM UyBCTB-OM MHEHM-eM
* The meanings of the masc. nouns are: table student, ship king, father finger,

event genius, mouth day; the neut. nouns have the following meanings: lake
window field, gun building, change action, feeling opinion.

** Animate nouns(see page 12).

place,

936 =

Feminine singular - type C(N-sg. in -a/-a)*

KaptT~a
HapT-y
HapT-H
HapT-e
HapT-e
HapT-of,
KapT-oW

Hy vUQaYrS

pyH-a
Ppyk-y
pykK-u
pykK-e
pyH-e
pyH-ol,
pyHK-OW

HPD AaAresA

mTuu-a
ITuL-y
NTMM-H
nTUy-e
ITUy-e
NTUU-eM,
NTMUI-€10

HWPOQrSsa

KeH-a
MEH-y
MeH-H
eH-€
KEH-e
MeH-ON,
KEH-O10

cectTp-a
cectp-y
cecTp-H
cecTp-e
cectTp-e

cectTp-olt,
cecTp-OW

CeMb-A
CeMb-0
CeMb-i
CeMb-e
cemb-e
cemb-éii,
CeMb-eW

Feminine singular - type D(N-sg. in -3) **

IBep-b
IBep-b
UBep-
OBep-
IBep-
Bep-bl0

Tab tae) We) Tepe 4

MHII-5
MHUI-b
MHI
MHIU-1
MHII-i
MHIU- by

HVUAPr =a

Bell-b
Belul-b
Bell-u
Bel-u
Bell-u
Bel-b10

HOBOCT=-b
HOBOCT~5
HOBOCT-i
HOBOCT~-
HOBOCT-U

HOBOCT~-bW

HeLeJ-A 3eMJI-A
Hee N-10 3eMJI-10
HeLeI-u 3eMJI-u
Hefes-e 3eMJI-e
Hepel-e 3eMJI~e
Hepe-elt, 3emi-en,

Henes-en | 3eMJI-E
upne-A HONMU-A
une-0 HOMM~10
uge-u HOMMU-M
uge-e HONU-n
uge-e HOMM-
wne-er, HONM-en,

une-ew HOMM-e
UHDYKUMN-A NOpuvi-a
VHDYRUM-W NOpuu-w
NH TYRUM-u Nopuu-n
VHDYHUM-u nopuy-u
VHDYHUM-U NOpyu-u
NHoyKUU-er, nmopuu-el,

YH DYHUM-e NOopuu-e
BO3MOKMHOCT-b CHOPOCT=-b
BOSMOMHOCT=b CHOPOCT=-5b
BOSMOMHOCT=U cHOpocT=-u
BOSMOKHOCT-i CHOpOCT-n
BOSMOKHOCT-1 CHOpOCT-n
BO3MOMHOCT-bIO CHOPOCT=bW
HOU-5b MODpOOHOCT
HOU=b NODpoOOHOcT
HOU-L NODpooHocrT
HOU-U NODpOOHOCT
HOU-i NODpOOHOCT
HOU-b NOnpooHOocT

* From left to right the meanings are: map wife
bird family induction portion
** The meanings of the Russian words in type D are(from left to right):

copy mistake;

opportunity

speed; mouse

news

night detail.

week land line; h
snake.

JIMHU-#
JIMHU—10
IMHU-M
JIMHU-M
IMHM-n
IMHU-en ,
JIMHU-e1

omu6H-a
omm6u-y
ommoH-u
omm6xn-e
ommor-e
omm6n-on,
omu6K-O10

3Me-A
3Me-10
BMe-1
3Me-e
3Me-e
3Me-6lt,
3Me-€10

Ae)
=b
-u
“i
-u
-bw

and sister

door thing

idea

Masculine plural Neuter plural

Hyobare HHWUQPrSs HD UQPr Sse Hv UQPSe

HyovUara

CTOJI-H cTyNe€HT-H osep-a MecT-a
CTOI-H cTy TeHT-OB* o3ép-a MecT~-a
CTON-OB CTY TeHT-OB o3ép MeCcT
cTON-aMm cTyTeHT-aMm osép-am MeCT-aM
cTom-ax cTyReHT-ax osép-ax MeCcT~ax
cTOI-aMu CTY TeHT-amMu o3ép-amu MeCT-aMmMu
Hopaoi-n HOpOI-u OKH-a NOJI-A
HOpaoi-u HOpOuI-en * OHH-& NOJI-A
Hopab-el HOpOI-ent OHKOH mon-en
HOpaoJ-AM HODPOJI-AM OHH-aM NOJI-~ AM
HOpaOI-AX HOpOJI-AX OHH-a@X MOI“ AX
HOpaoJI-AMU KOpOJ-AMU OHH-aMu TOJI-AMM
OTU-H Ta JIbuU-w DYKb-A 30aHu-A
OTU-OB* NaJIbi-H PYMb-A 30aHu-A
OTI-OB mawbiu-eB pyx-er 3naHu-i
OTI-aMm Nas bil-aM DY B-AM 30aHN-AM
oTu-ax nad buy-ax DYKb-AX 30aHU-AX
oTlamu nad bu-aMu PYKb-AMN 30@Hu-AMN
clyua-u reHu-u M3MEHEHU-A DevictBu-A
cmyua-n TeHU-eB* N3MCHEHU-A nelicTtBu-f#
clyua-eB TreHM-eB MU3MeHeEHU-N nefictau-it
clyua-AM TeCHM-AM VU3MECHEHM-AM TenicTtBu-AM
cmyua-Ax TeHU-AX U3MEHEHU-AX TevctBu-Ax
clyua-AMM TreHN-AMM W3MCHEHM-AMN nefcTBu-AMu
pT-H TH-u uyBCTB-a MHEHU-A
pT qH-i uyBCTB-a MHEHU--A
pt-oB ou-elt uyBCTB MHeEHM~i
pt-am OH-AM uyBCTB-aM MHEHM-AM
pr-ax QH-AX uyBCTB-ax MHEHM-AX
pr-amu DH-AMM uyBCTB-aMul MHEHM-AMU

*Animate nouns(see page 12).

Feminine plural - type C

HDVOUQPrSs Lette) Le (py ta =

HyUAQ ra

Hapt-H
HapT-H
Kapt
KapT-aMm
HapT-ax
Kapt-aMmu

pyH-u
pyH-u
Ppyk
pyH-am
pyH-ax
pyH-amu

NTMIN-H
NTU *
NTUL
ITMU-am
NTuUW-ax
NTUL-amMn

MEH-H
HEH *
MEH

MeEH-aM
HEH-aXx
KeH-aMU

CecTp-H
cecTép *
cecrTép
cécTp-am
cécTp-ax
céctTp-amu

CEMb-u
CeMb-u
cemM-en
C€Mb-AM
CEMb-AX
CE€Mb-AMU

Feminine plural - type D

HyOUQPerSs

HDPUAPrPSsA

DBep-u"
aBep-u
qBep-eit
TBep-AM
DBep-Ax
DBep-AMU

MHIU-1
MHII-e*
MHlI-eN
MHIUI-aM
MHOI-ax
MHII-aMu

Bell-i
Bell-u
Bem-elt
Bell-aM
Bell-ax
Bell-amMu

HOBOCT-u
HOBOCT-lI
HOBOCT-eNx
HOBOCT-AM
HOBOCT-AX
HOBOCT-AMM

*Animate nouns(see page 12).

Heye-n
Heye-n
HeEDeJ-b
HeDeJ-AM
HeDe-AX
HeDeJ-AMM

wge-u
nge-u
une-fi
Ve-AM
Wqowe-AX
Ue-AMM

VHOYHUM-u
VHODYRUMN-U
MHOTyHUM-n
WH DYHUM-AM
MHTYRUM-AX
NHDYHUM-AMM

BOSMOMHOCT-u
BOSMOKHOCT-u
BOSMOMHOCT-el
BOSMOMHOCT-AM
BOSMOMHOCT-AX
BOSMOMHOCT-AMU

HOU-M
HOU-i
Hou-eu
HOU-aM
HouU-ax
HOU-aMi

3eMI-iM JIMHU-U
B3eMI-l JMHM-M
3EMEJI~b IMHu-i
3eCMJ-AM JMHM-AM
BeEMI-AX JIMHM-AX
3eMII-AMM IMHM- AMM
HONM-i omuoK-u
KONU-i ommMoHu-u
HONU-i OlMO0K
HONM-AM ommoOk-aM
KOMNM-AX omm6n-ax
KONM-AMM oOmu6k-aMu
nopyu-u 3Me-i
nopyu-u 3Me-ii *
nopuu-i 3Me-i
NOpPUM-AM 3Me-AM
NOpuUM-AX BMeC-AX
NOpUM- AMM 3Me-AMM
cHOpocT=-u
CHOpOCT=-n

cropoct-eli
CKOPOCT-AM
CKOpOCT-AX
CHOPOCT-AMM

NOnpoOoOuHOCT=-n
NODpOOHOCT=-n
noqpoouoct-eit
NOMpOOHOCT-AM
NODPOOHOCT-AXx
NODPOOHOCT-AMU

> e

2 Fl tog >a Lali lao} Iso} {ep}

Hy OQ >a Lelilie} kay ep)

> Se HPD aQ re

Lex li tao l=) Hep}

ADJECTIVES *

Masculine singular

HOB-Hit
HOB-HI,
HOB-OTO **
HOB-OTO
HOB-OMy
HOB-OM
HOB-HM

npoct-ol
mpoct-om,
Npoct-oro **
mpoct-oro
IIpOct-omy
Ipoct-om
TIpOCT-HM

Tper-uit
TpeT-ui,

ANOS SS HNNO) Zoe

TpeTb-ero
TDeTb-eMy
TpeTb-eM
TDeTB-uM

HOB-aA
HOB-yW

HOB-Olt
HOB-OM
HOB-oOlt
HOB-OM,
HOB-OW

Ipoct-aa
pocrT-yw

mIpocr-or
mIpoct-ol
mpoctT-of
mpoct-on,
IpoctT-ow

TDeTb-A
TDeTb—10

TpeTb-elt
TpeTb-en
TpeTb-elt
TpeTb-el,
TpeTb-e0

nocwenu-nit
NOcIenH-ui,
NOCJIENH~eTo **
MOCcIeDH-ero
NOCJIeNH-emMy
NOCcJIe@NH-eM
NOCJICH-MM

CUuH-uit
CuH-ui,
CMH-eTO **
CMH-eTO
CUH-emMy
CNH-eM
CNH-UM

cooau-un
co6au-ui,
CoOaub-ero **
co6aub-ero
cobaub-emy
co6aub-emM
co6aub-uM

Feminine singular (both types C and D)

NOCJICNH~AA
NOCJIE HH~HW

nocwienu-ev
mOocsIenH-en
mocnenH-en
moculenH-elt,
NOCIeDH-ew

CWUH"AA
CYuH-WW

CuH-en
CuH-el
CuH-elt
CUuH-el,
CUH-eW

CO0aUub-A
co6aub-h

cobaub-elt
cobaub-elt
cobaub-eh
co6aub-er,
coodaub-en

Neuter singular

HOB-O€
HOB=OC

HOB-OTO
HOB-OMy
HOB-OM
HOB-HM

mpoct-oe
mpoctT-oe

poct-oro
npoct-omy
TIpoct-om
Ipoct-uyM

TDeTb-e
TDeTb-e

TpeTb-eTo
TDeTb-eMy
TDeTb-eM
TDeTb-MM

Plural(all genders)

HOB-He
HOB-He,
HOB-HX **
HOB-HX
HOB-HM
HOB-HX
HOB-HMI

Ipoct-He
Mpoct-He,
MpocT-Hx **
IpoctT-Hx
TIpOCT-HM
IIpocT-Hx
IpoOct-HMU

TpeTb-n
TpeTb-N,
TDeTb-Ux **
TDeTb-uX
TpeTb-lM
TDeTbh-uxX
TDeTb-MMuU

mocwlenH-ee
mocuequ-ee

NOCJIENH-eTOC
NOCJE€DH-eMy
NOCJIENH-E€M
NOCJICENH-UM

CMUH-ee
Cun=ee

CMH-eTOo
CuH-eMy
CMH-eM
CMH-VM

cooOaub-e
cobaub-e

co6aub-ero
coOaub-emy
co6aub-em
Coo6aub-uM

moclenqH-Ne
nocue THe,
TOCIICDH-UX **
nocmeqH-ux
mocueqH-yM
nocjegqH-ux
nocuegqH-MMu

CuH-Me
CuH-ve,
CMH-UX **
CUH-UX
CUH-MIM
CMH-UX
CuH-YMU

co6aub-1
co6aub-n,
COOaub-ux **
CoO6aub-ux
CoOaub-MM
co6aub-Mx
coOaub-MMu

* The meanings of the six adjectives used here are: new last, common blve, third
** Used with animate nouns.

dog's.

KOTOPHi "who, which"
masc. neut. fem. pl.
N HOTOpHI HOTOpOEe HOTOpaA HOTOpHE
A HOTOpHM, KOTOpOoe HOTOpYyH HOTOPHE,
KOTOpOTrO KOTODHX
G HOTOpOTO HOTOpOM HOTOPHX
D HOTOPOMY HOTOpOM KOTOPHM
P HOTOPOM HOTOpOM HOTOPHX
I HOTOPHM HOTOpOH, HOTOPHMM
HOTOPOW
Special Nouns
uenoBexk : JWOM "person people" peOéHOK : geTu "child children”
AIS CRISES pl. mMasC. Sg. pl.
N ueOBeH WOU pe6eHor neTu
A uenoBera mnpen pedéura Deten
G uenoBera monet (uenosex**) pe6éuxa mere
D uenoBeHy JONAM pedenuy Tevram
P wueOBeKe JOT.AX peoéuKe Hevax
I wUenOBeHOM DHODEMM pedéurom DeTvpMi
M@aTb, JOUB "mother, daughter"
fem. Se fem. pl.
N MatTpb Toub MaTepl qouepu
A MAaTb Toub MatTepeit mouepeli
G MaTepi qouepu MaTepel qouepett
D MaTepn qcuep MaTepAM QOouepaAM
Pp MaTepn qouepu MaTepaAx TouepAx
I MaTepb Touepby MaTepAMN ToueppMu
WMA, BpeMA ~** “name, time"
neut. Sf. neut. pl.
Numa BpeMA MMeHa BpemMeHa
A YMA BpeMA ywmMeHa BpemMeHa
G wWMeHn BDeMeEHNM uMéH BDeMEH
D wWMeHn BPeMeHNU MMeHaM BDeMeHaM
P WMeHN BPeMeEHU VMeCHA.X BpeMeHax
I WMeHem BDeMCHEM MMeHaMu BpPeMeHaMM

*This word, which is used very frequently to introduce relative clauses, is, in form, a

completely regular adjective.
**only used after numbers.

***Other neuter nouns in this limited class are: OpeMa, BHMA, SHAMA, NJIAMA, MJICMA,
CeMA, CTDeMA, TeMA.

Russian Family Names in -OB/-e€B, “UH
masCe fem. pl. masC. fem. ple
N llerposB llerposa lletpoBy llymHuH Tymxuna llywHUHH
A Netposa lletposy llerpoBHx TlywHuua, llymHuny TywHuHyx
G lletpoBa llerpoBon lletpoBHx llymuuna IlymxuHont TlywHuuyx
D llerpoBy llerposof llerpoBHM Ilywuny Tyonunon lly wHMHEM
P lerpose lerposott NetpoByx Tlymuuue IlyuuuHoK TlywHMHHx
il Ilerpopym TIlerposoit, letpoByMn Tlymxuuam ITlymuunon, llymwHMHEMM
TlerpoBow IlymkuHot0
Pronouns
"IT,me” "you" "one's self" "we,us” "you"
N A TH — MH BH
A MeHA TeOA ceoa Hac Bac
G MeHA TeOA ceoan Hac Bac
D MHE Teoe ceoe HaM BaM
P MHE Te6e ceoe Hac Bac
I MHOM, Tooéon, cobon, HaMn BaMu
MHOW TO6OH co6bow
"he, him, it” wit" "she, her,it" "they, them”
N OH QHO oHa OHI
A eT0/Hero eé/uee ux/HuXx
G ero/Hero eé/neé ux/HUx
D emy/HeMy ef /nelt uM /HUM
P HEM Heli HUX
uf uM/HMM efi/ueftt, uM /HMMM
en/HeW
"who ,whom" "what"
N ETO uTO
A HOTO uTO
G KOTO uero
D KOMY uweMy
P KOM UueM
I HEM ueM
Pronominal Adjectives
Hall, »«.. “our” Ralls meets 8 OUT”
masc. neut. fem. mils masc. neut. fem. pls
N Hall Hae Hala Halu Ball Baile Bama Balu
A Hall, Hale Haly Halln , Ball, Bale Bally Ball
Halero Hallux Balero Balux
G Hallero Halel Halwux BaileTo Bale Ballux
D Halemy Hamlett Halu Balemy Bauew Ballum
a HalleM Hamel Hallux BalleM Ballet BaMmux
I Halu Halew , Hallumu Balu Bamew, BalluMn
Halle Ballei0
*Russian family names are, like other nouns, characterized by gender distinction. Thus,

the Russian names for husband and wife, brother and sister, etc., would vary according

to the masc.-fem. pattern above.

The plural, however, makes no distinction.

> se

[ah te} te)

> se

Call tao} te) tp)

HWwo OQ

CBOMM eee

"one's own"

Mofi, ... "my
masc. neut. fem. pl.
Moi MOC MOA MOM
Mo, MOE Mo MOM,
mMoero MOMUX
MOero Moen MOUX
MoeMy MOe MOuM
MOeM Moew MOnx
MOMM Moew, MOMMM
MOeI0
SLOT ee this!
3TOT 3sTO.) 0 oaTa
ToT, 9TO 80aTy
3TOTO
3TOTO eTonK
STOMY SsTon
STOM sToK
STMM STon,
STOW
Becb/BC- “all, the whole"
BeCb BCé BCA
BeECb, BCé BCH
BCeTO
BCero BCcen
BCeMy Bcel
BCéM Bcel
BCeM Bcel,
BCeW
cam "self, him-/her-/it- self"
cam camé cama
caM, camo camoée
camoroe /camy
camoro. camo
camomy camoft
camom camo
caMmuMm camoit,
camow

masc. neut. fem. pl.
CBolt cBoe CBOA CBOU
cBoli, cBOe CBOW CBOM,
CBoOero CBOMX
cBoero cBoen CBOMX
CBOeMYy cBoel CBOMM
CBOEM cBoei CBOMX
CBOMM cBoen, CBOMMU
CBOE
TOT "that"
oT TOT TO Ta Te
eTu, TOT, TO Ty Te,
STUX TOTO Tex
oTuUx TOTO TOM Tex
oTuM TOMy TOM TeM
OoTUX TOM TON TeX
STUMU TeM TOM, TeMu
TOW
uefi/up- "whose?"
BCe uelt Ube uUbA Ubu
BCe, uel, Ube Ub Ub,
BCeX ubero UbMX
BCex ubero ubelt UbBMX
BCeM ubeMy ube UDbUM
BCeX UbEM ubel UuBUX
BCeMU UbUM ubeM, UbMMM
ubeW
CaMmMHit ei "same, the very same, most"
cauu camuit camoe cdéMaA came
CAMI 5 camuit, camoe camy CaMHE ,
camix Camoro A CaMHX
CaMux CamMoro caMcii CaMHx
camMum camomy camo cAmHM
camux cAaMOM camo camyx
caMumn cAMHM camoft, CaMEMM
camo

* TRoil, ... “your[informal]” is declined like MOMi and CBOIi.

**This adjective, which is often used in Russian to express a superlative degree (page 20),
is a regular adjective; its forms are given here to contrast with the similar appearing

forms of

CaM.

NUMBERS

The various case forms of the cardinal numbers are listed below, with the exception
of the declensions for numbers 1 to 4, which appear on the following page. The Russian

words for the ordinals("'first", "second",

such in any dictionary, e.g. nepsyii(neppoe,nepBaa...), "first".

HO Wr

FoOONDW

ORMH
Ba
Tpu
ueTHDpe

OHO
Be

NATb
MeCTE
Ce€MBb
BOCEMB
O€BATh
Me€CATh

ONMHHA D8 Th
DBeCHADUaTb
TPUHADUATh
ueTHDHADUaTh
MATHA DATE
wecTHaqUaTb
CeMHaguath
BOCeMHaDUaTh
TeBATHADUaTh

TBaquath
TPUDUATh

OHa

GDP ag

NATbW
WeCTby
CeMbIO
BOCEMbH
DeBATbY
TleCATbY

NATH
wecTu
cemu
BOCBMU
NeBATH
Decatu

OWMHHa nla Tu
TBeHa TlaTy
TpPUHATvaTu
ueTHpHa Tle Tn
nATHa TE Tu
wecTHanletTn
CemHa natu
BOCeMHa Tatu
TeBATHE Datu

O0HU

(see following page)

”
"

ODUHHA Lia Th
MBeva Tua Tbyw
TDUHATvAaThyw
ueTHDHaTUWaThw
NATHADNatTbyw
mecThKagilaTtbw
CemMHaluatTby
BOCeMHa La Th
Me€BATHA Dia Thwv

OBanvatTu FBanvatThyw

(grouped with 90 and 100)

NATbBOeCCAT
MeECTbOeCAT
CE€MBUCCAT
BOCE€MBUCCAT

TpunuatTu TpuguatThbw
NATUTECATU NATBOOECATbW
MeCTUGeECATM WeECTbHONECATEN
CeMUTeCCATU CE€MBNLECAThH

BOCBMUTECATU BOCbMBNLTECAThW

NA GDPI
copoK copoKa
TeBRHOCTO neBaAHocTa
CTO cta

NA is D
DBeCTU UByXCOT IBYMCTSM
Tpuctra TPEXcor TpémcTam
ueTHPeECTa UeTHPEXCOT UeTHPEMCTAM
NATECOT NATUCOT NATUCTAM
MecTbCcoT wecTucoT leCTUCTaM
CeEMBCOT CeMMCOT cemuctaM
BOCEMBCOT BOCBMMCOT BOCBMUCTAM
DeBATBCOT eBATMCOT JeBATUCTeM

P
aByxcTax
TpéxctTax
ueTHpexcTax
naTuctax
wectTuctax
cemuctTax
BOCBMUCTAX
TeBATUCTax

etc.) are regular adjectives and are listed as

ag
OBYMACTaAaMuU
TPeMACTAMM
ueTHDPBMACTAMU
NATBWCTaMU
WeCTbHCTaMu
Ce€MbhWCTaAMU
BOCBMBNCTaMNU
DE€BATBNCTAMNU

ha]

Hd U DD

lo} te) fp)

Hypo

1,000
2,000
5,000

1,000,000

onuH/onH-

masc.
ODMH
ODUH ,
OTHOTO

mpa, oBe

masc./neut.
Ba
UBa 5
IByx

NATb

THCAYa,
OBe THCAUM
THCAY

MVUJIIMOH

"one Ww

OHOTO
OTHOMY
ONHOM
OTHUM

"7 two"

fem.

UBe

OBE,
ByX

DByX
IBYM
IByXx
DByMA

TpUu "three"

TOM
TD,
TPex
Tpéx
TpeM
Tpex
TDeMA

neut.
OHO
OHO

(declined like a fem. noun)

(declined like a masc. noun)

pl.
ODHU
OTHM,

ODHUX
OTHUX
ODHUM
ODHUX
ODHUMU

06a, o6e

masc./neut.

06a
06a,
o6cux
o6oux
ooouM
oooux
o6oumn

ueTHpe "four"
ueTHpe
ueTHDe,
ueTHpex
ueTHpex
ueTHPeM
ueTHpPex
ueTHD BMA

“both”

fem.

o6e
o6e,
o6eux
o6eux
o6eum
ooenx
obemmu

REVIEW OF VERB FORMS

Infinitive

Past
Tense

Past Act.
Participle

Past
Gerund

Past Pass.
Participle

Present
Tense

Imperative

Pres. Act.
Participle

Pres. Pass.
Participle

Pres. Gerund

Combination
Future

PHUATHS

"to decide(impf.)”

pema-n
pema-na
pema-s10

pema-su

pewa-Bu-uih

pella-B
pewa-BuM

pema-1
pella-ellb
pella-et

pela-em

pema-ete
pema-wr

pema-i
pela-fi-Te
pemla-w-m-n
pelma-e-M-Hit
pewa-A#

oy ny

Oy Tellb

Oy ner

6y nem

oynete
Oy nyt

* Future meaning: I shall

PHIMTS

"to decide(pf.)"

pemu-a
pemmu-na
pelm-m0

peuu-sau

peumu-Bu-nit

pelwu-B
pelm-Buu

pelu-eHH-Hit

pem-y *
pelu-wb
peuu-T
pellMu-M
pelm-te
pell-at

pel“
pel-u-Te

BPOCATHh

"to throw(impf.)”

Opoca-i
Opoca-na
6poca-s10

Opoca-1Mu

Opoca-Bu-u

Opoca-B
6poca-BaM

Opoca-
Opoca-elllb
6poca-er

Opoca-em

Opoca-ete
Opoca-nT

Opoca-i
6poca-h-Te
6poca-W-l-
Opoca-e-M-
6poca-A

Oy ay

Oy Dellb

oy net

Oy nem

oynetTe
Oynyt

6poca-Tb

BPCCUTB

"to throw(pf.)”

Opocu-1
Opocu-a
Opocu-s10

Opocu-1n

Opocu-Bu-n“h

Opocu-B
Opocu-BUM

Opoll-eHH-Hu

6pou-y *
Opocu-b
Opocu-T
6pocu-M

Opocu-te
Opoc-aT

OpOC-b
Opoc-b-Te

decide, you will decide, etc.; I shall throw, you will throw,etc.

The Verb ugru/-ifiru,

"to go"

Infinitive

Past Tense

Present Sg.

Tense

Imperative

Combination
Future

WwW WH

ugrn (also urrm)

wén wa wdsz0 WIM
mny Pl. woem

NDEWb mgere

nOeT UnLyT

wou

nugure

oyay

Oy Tels. NOTH
(etc. )

Four Irregular Verbs

Infinitive
Past Tense

Present Sg.
Tense

Imperative

Infinitive

Past Tense

Present Sg.
Tense

Imperative

tay)

O21 WM

WatTb "to give(pf.)"

Halt gala aso as
aM

Dalb

act

HaUuM
dapgutTe
nanyt

nau
nalite

XOTETb "to want(impf.)"
xoTeds XOTeJIa XOTEIO
XOTeCIU

xouy
XOUeIIB
xouerT

XOTUM
XOTUTE
XOTAT

mo-“utu (pf.)

moles momma momo MOWJIM
nofiyem
nofineéte
nolinyt

noiny
noMmneup
nouner
nmonu
noigure

eCTb "to eat(impf.)"

ei ela e10

esu

eM
€llb
ect

enum
enute
eNAT

ellb SS,
ellbTe SE is

OeKaTb "to run(impf.)”
Oexal Oenara Oexano
bexnamnu

Oery
OGKMMS
Oexut

bexkuM
OexuTe
OerytT

Oern
derute

Present Active Participles - Some Examples

38HMMa-W-l-Mi

"occupying, which occupies(ef. on 3AHVMa-W-T )

MaSsCe neut. fem. pl.
N 3AHMManwn li 3aHuMatlee 3aHUMaWlaA 3aHuMalouue
A 3AaHUMaAWlMn , 3aHuMatlee SAHUMAILY 10 BAHUMAWIINE ,
3aHMMaAWmero BAHMMAwlNx
G 3aHuMawlero 3aHMManme it BAHUMaAWUnx
D 3aHUMaWleMy 3aHMMewme ls 3a HUMabyM
P 3aHMMabileM 3aHuMawile V 3aHuManlyux
I 3AHMMAWIyiM 3aHuMawulen , 34 HUMANIMMU
3AHMMAaWlen
38HUMAa-W-W-MM-CA "studying" (cf. OHM 3aHuMa-W-T-cA)
masCe neut. fem. pl.
N 3aHMManiMica 3aHuMableecA SaHiManlaAca 3aHVMaWINeca
A BAHUMAWIIUMCA , B3aHMManwlleecA 3AaHUMaAWylca BAHMMAWIINECA,
BAHUMAWITEPOCA 3AHUMAWIUXCca
G BaHUMAaWleroca 3aHuMawllenca B3AHUMAWIMXCA
D 3aHMMaWlemMy CA 3aHuMallelica 3AHUMAWIIUMCA
P 3aHUMAWMNeMCA 3aHuManlelica 3AHUMAWIIMIXCA
i BAHMMAIWMMCA S38 HUMaWlelica, 338 HUMANWUMMUCA
BAHVMAWIIEWCA
Other examples(in N-sg.) are:
unymutt "soing" ( ef.onm ugyt)
crosumi “stendine" ( cf.oHnnm croar)
upMuanu# "shouting" ( cf-onm Hpmuat )
Present Passive Participles - Some Examples
UMTAa-eG-M-Hii “being read” (cf£MH unTa-em)
masc. neut. fem. pl.
N uuTaeMbli uNTaAeNoe uNTaeMan uuNTAEMHE
A UNTAeEMHyi , uuTaemMoe UMTAeMy10 uUTaeMHe,
uMTaeMOoro uNTaeMHx
G uMTaeMoro uuTaemoli UuNTAeMEX
D UuMTaeMOMYy uuTaemon UNTAaeMyM
> uNTaeMOM uuTaeMonu UuMNTAeMEX
a uNTaeMHM uuTaemoli, uuTaeMeMi
uuTaAeMO!O
Other éxamples(in N-sg.) are:
NpMHOCMMEM "being brought" (ef.my mpuHocnm)
BHCylUBaeMHy “being evaporated" (cf.mu BHCyUMBaeM )
NpOCcumyl "being requested" ( ef. ME nmpocum)
MCHONbB3SyeMHM "being used” (ef.wH ucnonbsyem)

Past Active Participles - Some Examples

3aHUMa-Bu-uii ="having occupied" (cf.3aHVMa-TB )

masCe neut. fem. pl.
N BaHuMaBIMui 3aHMM2 Bee 3AHMMAaBIlaA BaHMMa BIIMe
A 3aHuMaBIMn , 3aHMMa Bee 3aHMMaBIlyw 3AHMMABIIME ,
BaHUMABIerO 3aHMMa BIIMX
G 3AHUMAaBIUeTO 3aHMMaBuel 3aHuMaBUUX
D 3aHMMaBUeMy BaHuMaBuen 3AHMMaBIMM
P 3B@HUMaBIIeM 3aHuMaBe lt 3AHUMaBUMX
I 3AHUMaBIMM 3aHUMaBilen , 3AHUMa BIIMMU
BaHVMa Ble)
BAHNMa-BU-Mm-CcA "having studied" (f.3anuMa-Tb-cA)
N SAHVMMABIMNCA SB8HUMABIICCCA 3AHMMaBIAACA 3aHUMa BIIMECA
A SAHMMABIMNCA, SAaHUMAaBMeeCcA 3aHUMaBLYyWCA 3AHUMABIIM ECA 4
BaHUMaBIIETOCA 3aHUMABIIMXCA
G B3aHMUMABIMETOCA BaHUMaBUelcA BaHUMaBUMXCA
D 3aHUMaBIeMyCA BaHUMaBIIeMCA 3AHVMaBUMUMCA
P 3aHMMaBIeMCA BaHUMaBlevcA 38HMMaBIUMXCA
I 38HUMaABIUMMCA BAHUMABIICNCA, 38HUMABUMMUCA
3AHMMaBUIeWCA

Some other examples(in N-sg.) are:

(ef. moctpouTh )
(cf. mpmHectm)
(cr. umeTh)

TOCTpOuBUMi “having built”
IpMnecumtt "having brought"
uMe BUM "having had"

Past Passive Participles - Some Examples

Hanuca-HH-Hi "written" (cf.HamMuca-Tb )
M&SCe neut. fem. pl.

N HAMMCAaHHEL HanlicaHHoe HanucauHaaA HanucaHHye
A HaMMCaHHHl , HamucaHHoe HanlucaHHyh HalluCaHHHE 5

HamucaHHoro HalucaHHHx
G HanmucaHHOTo HanMucaHHol HanmucaHHox
D HanwcaHHOMy HanucaHHol HanlucaHHHM
2) HanuwCcaHHOM HaAnMCcaHnHol HanlucaHHyx
I HanwcaHHHM HanMuCcaHHoli, HanwcaHHHMU

Hallm@caHHoOw
masc. neut. fem. pl.

(Short forms - HaMucaH HanMcaHo Halwcana HanucaHy )

Some other examples(in N-sg.) are:

nocTpoerHuli Bbusag! (cr nocTpouts )
IpMwHeECEHHHI "brought” (cf npuHectn)
NORDHETHI “covered” (cf OHDHT )

SECTION II

REFERENCE

This section represents an attempt to reduce a body of grammatical lore to lists
of easily identifiable grammatical facts. It is basically a "finder" section, to which the
student may turn for rapid identification of Russian forms.

Only a small number of the forms contained in the following lists are actually
"irregular" in the traditional sense; most of the forms are regular and thus predictable,
but only within the framework of limited patterns. For example, a masculine form of
the past tense would normally(i.e. in the majority of instances) be a form like uutag
"he read/was reading", though a form such as mor "he was able", is explainable. Ex-
planations and their retention by the student are, however, possible only when the learning
process is spread over a period of time much longer than that available to the average
scientist. It is thus much more reasonable to expect the scientist-student to know that
uutag is the masc. form, past tense, of uuTaTb but to allow him to treat Mor asa
vocabulary item, identified and explained on an alphabetized list. a

This reference section contains the following compilations:

I Noun Forms
II Comparative Adverbs

Ill Determining Infinitives from Present Tense Forms
a) Present tense forms in -e-
b) Present tense forms in -n-

IV Identifying Past Tense Forms and Determining Infinitives
Vv Identifying Past Active Participles and Past Gerunds; Determining Infinitives
VI Identifying Past Passive Participles and Determining Infinitives

VII = Index of Signals
- Noun Endings
- Adjective Endings
- Noun and Adjective Endings
- Verb Endings
- Endings of Participles and Gerunds

VIII Standard Abbreviations in Russian

I Noun Forms

The following list identifies particular noun forms(e.g. anepG-pl. of Apo )
and also indicates stem variations between singular and plural(é.g. N-sg. rocnoguH :
N-pl. rocnona or between the N-sg. and all other case forms(e.g. N-sg.m06:G-Sg. 16a)
Alphabetic order will be followed, with this exception: the N-sg. form with its English
meaning will come first in a series of case-related forms.

aHTmudHun "Englishman" 6pat "brother" 6pemMeHeM I-se.

aHrMuaH AG-pl. 6paTbesB AG-pl. 6pemeHn GDP-sg.
aHTauuaHam D-pl. 6paTba N-pl. BpeMA (neut.) “time”
anTiuuaHe N-pl. 6peMA (neut.) "burden" BpeMeHa NA-pl.

-50-

BP eMeHAM
BpeMeHeM
BDeMeHM
BpeMéH
BHMA (neut.)
BHMCHEM
BHMeHM
rla3

Ta3

rasa.

rog

(3) rony
rocnoniy
rocnogy
rocnona
rpaxlaHiHy
rpaiklaH
rpaxnaue
TeuHb (masc.)
HA

D-pl.
I-sg.
GDP-sg.
G-pl.
"udder"
I-sg.
GDP-sg.
US ye"
G-pl.
NA-pl.

" ye ar"
P-se.
"sir,mister"”
AG-pl.
N-pl.
"citizen"
AG-pl.
N-pl.
"day"
G-sg.

DEHBrM NA-pl. "money"

neuer
Tepe BHA
TepeBeEHb
mepeBo
nepéBbeB
e@peéBbA
TeTn
qereit
DeThMut
Te TAM
TevTaAx
THO
TIOHbeEB
TOHBA
mockaé
DOCOH
TOUb
mouep-
opyt
mpysen
mpysbAa
Ipy3bAm
3BeHO
3BCHbEB
3BeCHbA
3eMJIA
3EMEJIb
3eDHO
36peH
3HAMA (neut.)
3HAMeCHEM
3HAMeHU
3HAMEH
3HaMeHAa
MMA (neut.)
VIMeH&

N-pl.

G-pl.
"village"
G-pl.

“tree”

G-pl.
NA-pl.
“children”
AG-pl.
I-pl.
D-pl.
P-pl.
"bottom"
G-pl.
NA-=-pl.
board
G-pl.
"daughter"
[see page 41]
Wiriendt
AG-pl.
N-pl.
D-pl.
Haein
G-pl.
NA-pl.
"earth, land"
G-pl.
"erain, kernel”
G-pl.
"banner"
I-sg.
GDP-sg.
G-pl.
NA-pl.
"time"
NA-=-pl.

UMCHEM I-sg.
VMMeHU GDP-se.
VIMeH G-pl.
HOJIbUO "ring"
KOJIEL G-pl.
KPCCTbAHMH “peasant”
KDeCTbAH AG-pl.
KPeCTbAHE N-pl.
Hypuya "chicken"
HYP AG-pl.
HKYPH N-pl.
eB "lion"
JIbBa AG-sg.
seT(G-pl of ron)

ney "ice"
Iba G-sg.
Rikobst te tlaxe
JbHa G-sg.
UCT "leaf, sheet”
JIMUCTbEB Gaile
JIMCTbA NA-pl.
106 "forehead"
6a G-sge
MaTb "mother"
MaTep- [see page 41]
MOX "moss"
Mxa G-sg.
My “husband”
My Kei AG-pl.
MyHbA N-pl.
HeOO "sky"
HeOeca NA-pl.
He6éEC G-pl.
ooaHo "cloud"
O6aHKOB Geile
oBla "sheep"
OBeL Coins
TIGHb (masc.) "stump"
NHA G-seg.
Tlep (of "pen"
TlepbeB G=pll.
Nepba NA-pl.
NecHA "song"
meCeH G-pl.
méc "hound"
mca AG-se.
MUCbMO. "letter"
nmMucem G-pl.
ama "flame"
IvlaMeHeM I-sg.
laMeHu GDP-sz.
nNwatTbe "dress"
Mathes Gants
IIJIeMA "tribe"
IIJIEMEH G-pl.
IIEMeHa. NA-pl.
NJIEMCHEM I-sg.

NI€MeHM GDP-sg.
NJeuo "shoulder"
nweuu NA-pl.
NYT (mase.) “way”
nyten G-pl.
nyTém I-se.

ny Tit GDP-sg. ,NA-pl.
pas "time"
pas Gepilte

poB "Dit"

pBa G-sg.

por "mouth"
pra G-sg.
(Bo) pry P-sg.
CeMA i “seed”
cemeHa NA-pl.
CeMeHEM I-sg.
CeMeHM GDP-sg.
cemMAH G-pl.
ceprue "heart"
cepne, G-pl.
cectpa "sister"
cecTép | G-pl.
ClaBAHUH "a Slav"
CNaBAH AG-pl.
claBAHE N-pl.
coiyzat "soldier"
compat G-pl.

COH "dream"
CHa G-sg.
cocen "neighbor"
cocenen AG-pl.
cocemn N-pl.
cocénAM D-pl.
COTHA "a hundred"
cOTeH Gaps
CTaTbA "article"
cTatTelt G-pl.
CTEHIO "glass"
cTéHon Lisi
CTpeMA "stirrup"
cTpemMeHa, NA-pl.
CTPeMeHeM I-sg.
CTpeMeHM GDP-sg.
CTPeMAH G-pl.
cTys Nehadw
CTYIbeEB G=piles
CTYJbA NA-pl.

Cy THO “ship”
cyna NA-pl.

cy 0B G-pl.
CyMepHM NA-pl. "twilight"
cymMepex Gaile
CyTHN NA-pl. "day(24 hr.)”
cyTOK G=pie

CHH eo "son"
CHHOBel AG-pl.

CHHOBbA
TeNEHOK
TeNAT-
TEMA (neut.)
TeMCHEM
TeMeHU
yrom

rie
(s) yray
yroub (masc.)
yrua
ysel
yana

OnmKe
6oraue
6omee
6onbme
BHIIe
BA3Ue
ryiake
ray Oue
ropue
rpomue
ryle
naspue
Temésae
Toubme
nopoxe
enue
waJibue
mapue
méctTue
HUE
KOpoue
HpatTue
Kpemue

kpyue
jerue

*For the usage of these forms consult page 20.

N-pl.

"calf"

[see page 14]
"top of head"
I-sg.

GDP-sg.
"corner, angle"
G-sge

P-sg.

coal”

G-sg.e

"knot, network"
G-sg.

Comparative Adverbs

(6nu3xuit)
(6oratuit)

(6onpudn )
(Bucdoxutt )
(Basxui)
(rnagnEuit)
(ray6oxuit)
(ropprutt)
(rpomxuit )
(ryctoi)
( qanéxuit )
(nemésuit )
(nonruit)
(noporoit)
(enxmit)
(xanHuit
(xapxumt )
(xécrxmit)
(xu gun )
(xoporxmit)
(xparxuit)
(xpenxuit)
(apy Toit)
(néruutt)

YPOBeHb (masc.) "level"

yPOBHA
yxo
yuo
ymén
yon
XO3AUH
XOBAEB
XOBACBA
Ber
Bera
IBeTOK
IBeTH

"closer"
"richer"
"more, -er
"bigger,more"
"higher, above"
"more viscous”

”

"smoother"
"deeper"

"more bitter”
"louder"
"thicker"
"farther"
“cheaper”
"longer"
"dearer"

"more caustic”
"more pitiful”
"hotter”

G-sge
Ww e ar"
D-pl.
G-pl.
NA-pl.

"host, owner”

AG-pl.

N-pl.

“color!

NA-pl.

"flower"

NA-pl.

"harder, rougher"
"more fluid, thinner”

"snorter”
"shorter"
"stronger"

yume
Mesbue
MeHee
MeHbIIe
MOOKHE
MATUe
HMKe
maocue
nose
npome
paHbue
pexe
pesue
cname
cTaple
cTpoKe
TREpKe
Tue
Tomme
TOHbIME
ye
xyxe
ualle

"tighter,more steeply une
"lighter,easier"

mupe
Apue

ueJIOBER “person”

ueJIOBEH G-pl.[after 5...]

uNCcIO "number"

uvcell Genie

ayo "marvel"

uyneéc G=plis

uymeca NA-pl.

WOB "seam"

mBa G-sge

ADDO. "nucleus"

Anep G=pls

ANILO "egg"

AMI Gapire
(xopomuit) "better"
(menuuit ) "finer"

"less"

(maneHpEmit ) "less,fewer”
(mononot) "younger"
(marxuit) "softer"
(uusxuit) "lower, below"
(nockum ) "Platter"
(nosaHuit) "later"
(npocr6it) "more common”
(pannuit ) "earlier"
(penuuit ) "rarer"
(pesxuit) "sharper"
(cnankuit ) "sweeter"
(crapuit) "older"
(crpormit ) "stricter"
(rBép quit ) "firmer"
(ruxuit ) “quieter”
(ronctuit ) “thicker”
(roHHuit "thinner"
(ysxuit "more narrow’
(nn0x6it) “worse”
( uacTHyu ) "more often"
(unctTHit "cleaner"
(umpoxui “wider”
( apxuit ) "brighter"

looking up the related adjective(in parentheses above) in a dictionary.

Additional meanings may be obtained by

Preliminary Remarks fcr Lists Il, IV, V and VI

In coping with forms of Russian verbs the beginning student finds himself at a great
disadvantage because of the economy of statement typical of the usual dictionary. If the
student is able to identify a particular form as a 3rd. sg., present tense, for example,
and if he is able to determine the appropriate infinitive, then the dictionary will supply
the general verbal meaning; if the verb form in question is such that its relationship to
an infinitive is not obvious, the average dictionary will then be of little, if any, help.

There are hundreds of Russian verbs which do not have an "obvious" relationship
between the infinitive and the other forms. This number can be greatly reduced, if one
"strips away"! the verbal prefixes and considers only the underlying simple verb. If, for
example, a student is trying to identify the past form mpou3Bé , he can remove the pre-
fixes mpo and m3. A glance at the past tense forms on List IV will show the student
that pém is the masc. form of the infinitive BectTu and he may then go to the dictionary and
determine the meaning of mpo-u3-BecTn.

The following simple procedure is basic to the use of the lists in identifying present
tense forms(List III), past tense forms(List IV), past active participles and past gerunds
(ListV), and past passive participles(List VI).

Detach the reflexive ending(-ca/-cb), if it occurs on the form in question.
Detach any of the prefixes(listed below) which may enter into

the constitution of the form.

Locate the simplex on the appropriate list and note the infinitive

form listed after it.

Attach the prefix(es) and the reflexive ending, if required, to the
infinitive. Occasionally the resultant infinitive uses a prefix variant,

as noted below.

5. Obtain the meaning for the derived infinitive from the dictionary.

EP OO Ne

Prefixes
6e3-/6e30- ot-/otTo-
B-/BO- mepe-
BO3-/B3-/B30-/BOe-/BC- mo-
BH- Ton-/noqo-
no- mpe-
3a- mpen-/mpeno-
u3-/u30-/uc- npu-
Ha- mIpo-
Hal-/Hapo- pas-/pas0-/pac-
Hu3-/Hu30-/HNC- c-/co-

0-/06-/060- y-

Ii Determining Infinitives from Present Tense Forms

a) Present tense forms in -e- ; 3rd. pl. forms iny/w. The 3rd. sg. and the 3rd. pl.
forms will represent the six present forms; the appropriate infinitive is listed after

the colon.
OepexéT Oeperyt: 6epéub
Gepér Gepyt: 6path
Onwnér Omwpnyt: 6nwcTu
Oopet- Oopyt-: 6oporTb-
6opmMouet 6opmouyT: 6opMoTaTh

6penét Openyt: 6pectTu
Opeet Openr: OpuTh
OpH3meT OpHsKyT: OpHsraTh
OyneT OynytT: OHTb

ObéT OBHT: OuTb

BeméT sBenyt: BecTH
BeeT BeWT?: BeATB

BeséT BesyT: BesTu
BepHeT BepHyT: BepHYTB
BeuéT BIeKyT: BIeUb
BOeT BOWT? BHTb
BONOUGT BOOKYT: BOJIOUB
BpéT BpyT: BpaTh

BbéT BbNT: BUT

BAKeET BAYT? BASATD |

rioxeT Tuaomyr: TIOLATh
THET THYT: THYTB ;
THeTET THETYT? THeECTU
THMET Hur? THUTB

Topher ropinr: ropeBaTh
rpedér rpeoyr: rpectn .
TpoxdueT rpoxouyT: PpOXOTATh
TpH3éT TPH3yT: T'PHCTh

maér yaw: aBarh

(mact) manyt: arb

UBuKeT TBUNYT: IBUTAaTh
-éeT- -nénT-: -éaTb-

TeHetT leHytT: qeTb
mepér wgepyt: mpats
DHWeT HHT: DHeBaTh
IpemieT pemMmwT: IpemMatTh
nyeT wywr: IyTb

eneT elyt: exaTb
KamLeT MAKLYT: HAMDaTh
HO6T o#KOyT: HDATh

MKET OMTYT? HeUb

HUBET MMMBYT: HUTS

HMET MYT: HATH

MHET KHYTS HaATh

HDET HpPyT: w#KpaTh

MYST OKYWT? MEBATH
-3HA6T -3HANT: -3HABATb
30B6T 30BYT: 3BaTb
unéT wnyT: wgTu/uTTy
-fner -hnyt: -hTn

myer mmyT? UCKATE
-iwét -iimyt: “HATE

-HAKET -HAKyT: -HASATb
KanneT Haluwr: Kallatb
HIanéT KIaLyT: HIACTb
KNemneT HEMT: KIeEMaTh

KOKOUeT KOKOUYT? HUIOKOTATS
KIOXUeT HIIOXUYT? HIOXTATB
KIWET HKIWKT:? KIGBATB
KIAHET HIAHYT: KIACTh
Komé6neT KONéONWT: KONeOaTH
KONeT KONWT: KOJOTB
KpanétT Hpanyt: KpacTh
HpoeT KDpONT: KPHTb
KY6T KYyHT: KOB&Th
meserT wslesytT: e3Tb
IHET JIPyt: ITatTh

IMKeT JMKyT: IM3aTb
IbeT JIBWT: IMTS

IbHET JIbHYT! IIbHYTb
nAKeT JIATYT: eub
MaxkeT ManKyT: Ma3aTb
MalleT MallyT: MAXaTb
MelleT MeJNT: MOJIOT
“MeT -MyT? “HAT
MeTéT MeTYT: MecTu
mMeueT MeuyT?: MeT&Tb
MH6T MHyT? MATB

MOeT MONT: MHT

MOKeT MOryT? MOUb
“-MpéT -MpyT: -MepéTb
HeCéT HeCyT: HecTit
HUET HMKYT: HMU3aTb
HOeT HONT: HHT5 ;
O6peTéT o6petTyT: o6pectu
oper OpyT: OopaTh

mager nagyt: MacTh
macér macyt: nacry
nametT mally: maxatTb
meuéT neKyT: meub
mumer mnMmyt: IMCAT
niauer mgauyt: Makar
niemer nmuemyT: NJIeCKATE
mierér mnyeryt: niecrii
IMIHB6T MIHBYT: IWIHTB
nMIWéT mT: Te BAT
MIAmeT mAMyT: IMACATD
-IHET -nHYT: -nATB
moéT mnowrT: neTh
monerT momwr: MONOTE —
nomsér nomsyt: NOWsTv
mopeT MopHhr: NOpOTb
npér mpyt: Mepevs

IpAneT mpanyt: IIPACTB

-npaxér -nmparyt: -TIpAub
mpaAuer mpauyr: NpATaTh
MIb6T MbWOT: IMTh
pactér pactyt: pact
pBeéT pByT: PBATh
peBéT penyT: PeBeTh
pexeT pexyT: pesath
~peuér- -peHyT-: -péub-
pHET pHyT: pHATh
poer ponr: pHTbB
CBMIeT CBMMyT: CBUCTaTh
ceuéT CeKyT: ceub
CKaMeT CHAMyT: CHaSaTb
cHaueT CHaUyT: CKAaHKaTh
cKpeOéT cHpeOyT: CHKpecTu
CINB6T CJHBYT: CJINTD
cMeeT CMeWT: CMeTh
CMeéT- CMenT-: CMCATb-
CHMMeT CHMMYT: CHATE
CHY€T CHYNT: CHOB&TB
cocéT cocyt: cocaTh
-cTaéT -crTanT: -CTABATh
cTaHeT cTaHyT: cTaTb
cTemeT CTeNWT: cTmaTh
cTepexér creperyt: cTepeub
Ill b) Present tense forms in -“-,3rd. pl.
Genmt (6eryt): 6eKATH
OnectuT OecTAT: 6ecTerh
6ovitT- 6oxAT-: 60ATb-
6ommT OoOnAT: 6onéTb
Openumt Openuar: 6peHuath
OphsKuT OpwsxKar: OpwW3HKATh
6ypumTr 6OypuarT: 6ypuatTb
BeIMT BeNAT: BeJIETh
BepellvuT Bepemar: Bepelatb
BepTMT BepTAT: BepTeTh
BMDUT BMDAT: BMDETh ~
BUSKMT BMSHATS BUSHATE
BUCMT BUCAT: BUCETh
BOPUNT BoOpuar: BOPUaTh
TUADIMT TORADAT: TUADETh
TOHMT TOHAT: THAaTb
TopuT ropar: TOpeTh >
Tpemuit rpemAr: TpeMeTh
Pryor ryar: PY NETh
Tepamt jepxat: TepHATh
mpe6esHnT mpe6esxart:
DpPOKMT Mpomar: MpOMaAT
DHUMT yHUaT: DHMATh
(ecr) ent: eCTb
MYHORMT VY HOK.T ¢ HY HOKATS
KYPUMT MYpUaT : HYPUaTb
SBeHMT S3BeHAT: SBCHETh
SBYUNT SBYyUaT: SBYUATE
BSYIMT SyQAT: sy Herb
KMMMT KUNAT: KUNET

mpe6esxatb

CTOHET CTOHYT: CTOHATh
ctpuxér crpurytT: cTpuub
cyéT cyhT: COBATE

CHMIeT CHIINT: CHNaThb
CAneT cALyT: cecTb

-TaéT -TaNnrT: -TaBaTh
TeuéT TeHKyT?: TeUb

Teller TellyT: TeCaTh

THET THYT: THAT
TONUET TOMHYT: TOJOUb
TonueT TonuyT: TONTAT
TpenserT TpenmNT: Tpenath
tpér TpyT: TepéTh —
TpACéT TDpACYT: TpACTH
xlemeT xmemyT: XNeECTATh
xmonouer xsomduyT: XNONOTATH
xouet (xorat): XOTETb~
IBeTeéT IWBeTyT: uBecti
uelleT uellyT: ueCaTh
-UHET “UHYT? -UaTb

-uTéT -uTyT: -uéCTb >
wenueT wenuyT: WMenTaTh
WIeT WNT: Cath
WenseT mWerntwT: mengéTb
-bMéT -bMYT? -ATB

forms in a/f.

KMLMT RMA HMUMETH
KOPIMT KOPTAT t KOPMETh
KpMUNT = HKpMuaT: KpMUaT
JexXMT JeKAT? HEMATE

erur JevTav: eveth
MOIUMT MONUaT: MOJIUAT
MUMT- MuUaT-: MuaTb-

MHUMT MHUaT: MHUaTB

TMT = TIMUa Ts NMWAT
pHUMT pHUdT: pHuaTb
CBMCTMT CBMCTAT? (CBUCTET
CuIuMT CULAT: | CugETD
CHOPOMT CKOPOAT: CKOPOETE
CKPUNMT CKPMMAT: CHPUNETh
CIHIMT CAHUAT: CIHUATB
CMOTPUT CMOTPAT: CMOTPETh
COmmT COnAT: COméTh

cnuT CHAT: cnatb

CTOMT CTOAT: CTOMTE

CTOMT CTOAT: CTOATH
CTyUnT cryuar: cTyuaTb
TOpunT TOpUaT: TOpPUaTb
TpemmT Tpemar: TpemaTh
ypuumT ypuar: ypuaT
(xouet) xoraT: XOTETH
xpamur xpanag: xpanléTb
xpycTuT Xpycrar: Xpyctets
mann? = WMTLsAT ® WUE Tb

my Mar INyMAT $ WyMETS >
WypUmT wypwaT: Wy PATS

IV Identifying Past Tense Forms and Determining Infinitives

masc.

Oeper
6 TON
Open
BE3
Bed
BJIEK
* -BHE
rac
rpeo
T'pyH3
esl
Ker
* wcues
HAJ
HIJA
KpaJ
ner
we3
Mén
Mep3
Mor
HEC
o6séK
o6pen
octeper
ma.J
mac
nér
me I
mous
mpeHeoéper
-IIpar
MpAg
-péer
poc
cek
cell
cKpé6
creper
eTpur
TeH
TEP |
TOOK
TPAC
yMep
UBedI
-uéll
mes
-1N6

fem.

6epernad
6 mwa
6pena
Besna
Bela
BIEKIA

- BHEIA
racja
rpe6ma
rpy3ssa
ema

xTIA
vucuesma
Kasra
KIAMA
Hpasia,
nerma
mesma
Mesa,
mépasa
Morse
HecHa
o6nenna
o6pena
ocrepersla
masa
acne
ners
mena
OR ECRIE!
nmpeHeOpersa
“nparsa
mpage
-pexma
pocma
cersa
cena
cxpeosa
crepersa
oTpursia
TeHIAa
Tépia.
TONHIA
TpACHa
ymepuia
Bea
-ua

ma
-mm6na

neut.

6eperso
60
6peno
Be3s0
BeO
BIeKIO
-BHHIIO
racio
rpe616
TPH3IO
es10
TIO
ucue3s0
Ha JO
KILAIO
KpaJlo
rerio
e3n0
MeIIO
MEp3I10
MOTO
HECIG
o6nern0
o6peno
ocTeperso
malo
macio
nexI0
me I0
MOBO
mpeHeOpers6
-TIpATIo
NIpAMO
-pexnd
pocno
CeHJO
ceno
cHpe6sd |
cTeperso
cTpurso
TeHIO
TEpIO
TONHIO
TpACIO
yMepJ10
IBeIO
-ul0
110
-mM6I0

infinitives will have final -HyTb.

pl. (all genders)

6epermu
6 HIM
6pemm
Be3sin
BeJM
BIIEHIM
-BHHIM
racan
rpe6smn
TpHSJIN
elu

HPI
ncuésin
KAI
HRILAIM
KpaJu
wer
less
Med
mep3 in
Mormm
HeCcJIM
o6neKnn
ovpent
ocrepersu
nas
macaw
neKIM
nem
nomsa0K
mpexeOpersn
-npArIM
mpAIM
pexsu
pocau
ceKIM
cenn
cepe6n
creperim
CTpursn
TeHIM
Tépsn |
TOJHJIM
TpACIM
yMepsn
UBeaM
-uIn

mJ
-mm6mn

infinitive

/
Oepeub
OnwceTit
OpectTu
BesTI
BecTH
BILCUb
-BHKHYTb
racHyTh
rpectu
TPHCTb
eCTb
HEUb
UCUESHYTH
KIACTb
KIACTB
KpacTh
eub
e3Tb
MecTiw
MEpSHYTb
MOUB
HecTu
o6méub
o6pectTu
ocTepéub
aCT
mactTn
Meub
mlectu
MON3sTu
IpeHeOpeub
-TIpAUb
IpACTh
-peub
pactu
ceub
CeCTh ©
ckpecTu
cTepeub
CTPUUb
TeUb
TEPeTh
TONOUD
TpACTU
yMepeTb
IBecTu
-uéCTb ;
woru/uTTH, -ATM
-MOUTD

The few non-regular past forms not listed here are of this type, that is, their

V Identifying Past Active Participles and Past Gerunds; Determining Infinitives

These two categories have a similar formation and so may be listed together. It
should be remembered, however, that the participles may appear with adjective endings
other than the masc. N-sg. ending used in the examples, while the gerunds, being adverbs,
are non-varying. The reflexive ending for participles is always-ca, but always-cb for

gerunds.

Participles Gerunds
6eperuui 6epéeruu
Onnquun 6 nN nouM
Benuun Be DIM
BesuNi BES
BIEKUMN BIE KUM
BOJOHMMM BOOK
-BHEUMM - BUEN
rac Tac
rpeoumit rpeouu
PpHBuMni rpHsmU
eBuutl eBUM
KIaABUMt HIABUM
KIABUMI KJIABIUIM
HpaBuui HpaBUM
neruni erin
nesuut Jesu
MeTUMM MeTIIM
HeCHUMu HéCclIM
o6nexuui oonexmn
o6perumit oopetun
ma BUM it 1a BM
Magnum <-----

Infinitives

6epeub
6nwcTh
BecTi
BesTu
BIeUb
BONOUb
-BHERHYTB
TacHyTb
rpectu
TPHCTB
eCTh
HIACTh
HIIACTH
KPacTh
yleub
e3Tb
mecrn
HeECTM
OOuIeUb
o6pectu
macth

Participles

macnn
neu
népuuy
neTrunn
nonsmun
mpeHebpermun
mpADuMi
-péermni
pocumn
ceBuun
ceHmUn
cHpeouuit
crepéruuit
cTpuruni
Tex
Tepuui
TONOHUMI
TpACHMM
UBeTunu
-ué TUM
we nuuyk
-un6uMit

Gerunds

a.clm
néxwu
nmeépum
Ne TOM
nous
mpeHeopermu
npADWM
-péruu
pocum
ceBM
CeKIM
cHpéOmn
cTepéermn
CTpUrLM
Te
Tépuu
TOJOKUM
TPACHIM
UBeTIM
-uéTIM
menu
-mMoum

VI Identifying Past Passive Participles and Determining Infinitives

Infinitives

macty
meub
MepeTh
miecti
nos3sTv
nmpeHeOpeub
NpACTB
-péub
pacru
CeCTh
ceub
cHpecTu
CTeEpeub
CTpMuUb
TeUb
TepeTb
TONOUB
TpACTN
IBeCTu
-ueCTb
ULTN, Tu
-1M OUT

Since the past passive participle is such a frequent form, both in spoken and
written Russian, great care should be taken in identifying it. One complicating circum-
stance is the fact that certain consonant changes(described on page 32) take place in

this grammatical category. The examples below will be given in the masc.,N-sg. form;

remember that one is dropped in the short forms; e.g., onucaHHoOe : ONMCAaHO.
Participial Ending Infinitive Ending Examples
-e@HHH “MTB BHOEJICHHHM : BHOeCIUTh
OObACHEHHHM : OOBACHMTDH
COTBOPE6HHHM : COTBOPUTh
-6eHHHIt -OUTb BIWONIGHHHA : BAWOMTS
-BIIGHHHM -BUTb laBJeHHHM : DaBMTh
-MJIGHHEM -MUTb HOPMJIGHHH : HKOPMMTB
-IWJI@HHHM -MMUTh HYMJI@HHHI : KYyNMTS
-PIeHHHM -OUTh rpadmenHHi : rpadurp
-HeHHHM -HUTD BSAYTOMEHHHM : 3ayTOKUTD
-3uTb TpykeHHul : Tpy3suTb
-uTb CTYHeHHHM : CTYDUTb

Participial Ending Infinitive Ending Examples
° Do 5 /
-HIGHHHM -IUTb YTBepMNeHHHM : YyTBepIMTb
-ueHHHi -UMTb NONyUeHHE : nNoLyuMTD
-TUTh yNaueHHE : ynnatTuTb
-leHHE -IIMTD COBepII6HHHIi : COBepIMTD
vA cs}
-CUTb MSHOMeCHHH = : MBHOCKTb
-le HHH -UTb HAMOpIeHHHH : HAaMOpMIMTS
-TUTh o6paméHnuyi : o6patuTh

Not all past passive participles fall into the above "regular" patterns and thus the

following two lists encompass the "non-regular" types.

-eHHHM/-éHHEM

OepexéHHHn
BeDeHHHM
Be3éHHHM
BUDECHHHM
BIIGUCHHHM
rpeoéHuuli
TPH3eHHHEM
-e TeHHHI
HOKEHHEM
HIaTeHHHM
HpagveHuHyl
MeTéHHHI
HalineHHul
HeCeHHEM
o6neuéHHHnt
o6peTéeHHEn
macéHHylt
MeueHHHli
WIeTeéHHHt
IpeHeOpexeHHHM
npADeHHHN
-TIpAeHHEM
CeueHHHM
cHpeOCHHHM
CMOTPeHHHM
cTepexéHHHi
CTPUKEHHHM
TOJUCHHHM
TDPACEHHE
-uTEHHEL
-lu6ésieHHHn

6epéub
BecTu
Bestii
BUIETh
BJIEUb
rpecTi
TpHSTb
-eCTb
KEUb
KIACTb
KpactTh
mMecTmH
Halu
HeCTnH
o6meub
o6pectn
m1acTu
meub ,
MIecTu
nmpeHeopeub
IIPACTh
-lIpAUb
ceub |
ckpecTu
CMOTPETb
cTepeub
CTpMUb
TONOUD
TpACTH
-ueCTb
-M6UTD

OutTEit
OputTal
-6HTHI
BSATHI
BUTHT
rpeTun
nerTuii
qyTHH
KATH
KIUATHM
HOJOTHI
HPHTHM
JIUTHM
MOJOTHM
METH
MATH
HauaTHM
-HyTHI
“HATH
o6yTHn
néptun
MutT
nopoTu
-ATHM
pasytHii
puTHn
TéptTun
WuTHit

*(This entry represents those verbs in HyTb
which have past passive participles

in T, €-&.
3aTpoHyTHl
pasqBMHyTHi

OUT
OpuTb
-OHTB
BSATb
BUT
Tpetb
meth
nyTh
HAaTb
HJIACTb
HOJOTB
HDPHTb
IMTS
MOJOTB
MHTb
MAT
HauaTb
-HYTBb
-HATb
O6yTb
TlepétTb
MMT
MOpOTh
“TAT
pasyTb
PHTh
TEPETh
WUTh

3a TPOHYTH
pasqBUHyTb ]

VII Index of Signals - Noun Endings

Singular

ba
>

;

*No ending; the word ends in a consonant which remains an integral part of the word in all
case variations. Examples are such masc. words(N-sg.) as CTO, MOpT, TOM, BOJH,
neut. words(G-pl.) like cnoB(cnoB-0), mect(mectT-o) and fem. words(G-pl.) such as
KoMHaT(KOMHaT-a), KEMP (HHMT-a).

**Parentheses indicate a usage by a restricted number of nouns.

- Adjective Endings

Index of Signals

Singular

Short Forms

Index of Signals - Noun and Adjective Endings

-Hit/-of/-uit
-oe/-ee/-be

-oro/-ero
-omy/-emy
-om/-em
-yM/-vM

-an/-aAAn/-bA
-yn/-nn/-bw
-oli/-en
-olt/-elt
-on/-ef \

-0W/-eW

-an/-aAn/-bA
-yw/-1W/-bw
-ont/-el
-oft/-ef \

-o1n/-e

-ye/-ne/-biul
-He/-ne/-bu
-Hx/-mx
-ux/-"x
-Hx/-"x
-ux/-1X
-yx/-ux
-uM/-"IM
-yMu/-nMn

-olt/-elt/-éh
-on/-en/-60

-amu/-AMM

Singular, ,

Singular,

Plural,

masc. NA

neut.e NA

masc./neut. G,
masc./neut. D
masc./neut. P
mase./neut. I

fem. N
fem. A
fem. GDP
fem. I
fem. I

masc./fem. NA

mase.(anim.) A

neut. NA, (masc. NA)

masc. G, A(anim.)
fem./neut. G,fem. A(anin. )
fem./neut. G,fem. A(anim.)
masc./neut./fem. G,masc./fem.A

masc./neut./fem. P

masc./neut./fem. D
masc./neut./fem. I

(anim. }

Index of Signals - Verb Endings

Non-reflexive

=D Infinitive
Sein W
—uUb "

-JI Past Tense, sing., masc., 1-2-3 persons

yi Hh Ww "n w fem. w Ww

=JI=0 iM " " neut., 3rd. person

~I-i " " pl., masc. fem.neut.,1-2-3 persons

ny Present Tense, sing., lst. person("I")

-h0 w " ” Ww Ww

~ellb n " ” 2nds. “" ("Youffam.]")
-6 wb ” ” ” ” WwW we

” 1 ” "W

-eT w w W 3rd. ” ("*he/she/it”)

-eTe W " uy 2nd. u ("you" )

-yT " W " 3rd. w ( "they" )

Reflexive

-TBCA
-TUCh
-ubCA

-JICA

-acb
-JlOCb
-JIMCh

-yCb
-10Cb
-ellbCA
-¢lbCA
-WbCA
-eTCA
-ETCA
-VITCA

-eMCA
-6MCA
-UIMCA
-eTeCb
-eTeECh
-UTeCb
-yTCA
-WTCA
-aTca
-ATCA

-MCb
-licA
-bCA
-MUTeECb
-fiTecb
-bTeECb

Index of Signals - Endings of Participles and Gerunds

Present Gerund

” ”"

, reflexive

" " "

Present Passive Participle

W i My » short form,
’

" " " ”

» reflexive

vw w " ”

iM M4 , reflexive

” ”" ”

Present Active Participle

” " "

, reflexive

,» short form, masc.

fem.
neut.

plural.

masc.
fem.
neute

plural

VIII Standard Abbreviations in Russian

Abbreviations pose a problem for the student of Scientific Russian, since it is
impossible to standardize and list all possible abbreviations in all fields. There are
some abbreviations which occur over and over in all fields, and these are listed below.
For abbreviations not here, a student may consult the compendium: Russian Abbreviations,
A Selected List(see "Available Dictionaries" in the following section), or he may try to
expand the abbreviation by analysis of the context and inspection of the dictionary with
the few letters given.

There are basically two methods of abbreviating: 1) the first or first few letters

of a word are given, e.g. CTD.=CcTpaHuua "page'’, or 2) the first and last letters are
given, e.g. y-ra-xucnota "acid".

at. Be= &@TOMHHM Bec "atomic weight"

6.= OHBUIMM "former"

6. UNM M.= OONeCe UIM MeHEe "more or less"

6. U. = OONbUeK uacTh "for the most part”
Be) BE "century"

BBe= BeHxd "centuries"

B-BO = BeljeCTBO "substance"

BT. Ue= B TOM UNCHE "in that number”
BHI.e= BHIIYCH "issue"

Tse WO "year"

Eite= LOUH "vears"

Til. OOp.= TAaBHHM O6pa30M "in the main, chiefly"
TO H. 9.= TO Halle opy "before our era, B.C.”
“w Dp. =" gpyrve "and others, etc."
M30. =U3TaHue “edition”

M30. = U3TaTesbCTBO "publishing house”

uM mpe MU Mmpouee "and the rest, etc."
Woh ie — Mo Tar fanmee "and so on, etc."
“UT. Me= M TOMY MOO6HOe "and similarly, etc.”
MMe ~ UMCHU "having the name of"
Ke Jle = HAKOM-1M60 "some"

Ke H. = HAaKOM-HNOyOb "some, any”

H-puit = HOTOpHit "who, which"

H-Ta = KMCIOTA "acia”

ut. ~ uuTepatypa "literature"

Me 6. = MOKHET OHTB "perhaps, maybe”

Me IIPe = MEHDY NPOUMM "among other things, besides”
H. 9. = Hallelt OpyH “of our era, A.D."
Hamp. = HampumMép "for example”
HeH-PpHM= HeEHOTODHH "a certain, some”

CMe = CMOTDI "look, consult"

CCCP "USSR"

CTp. = cTpaHnvya “page”

CIA "USA"

T.= TOM "volume"

Te €.= TO CTL "that is, i.e.”

Tere = Tah Han "since, because"

T. He. = Tak HasHBaeMHli "s0-called"”

TaH Ha3s:= Tak HasHBaeMHi mean

Te O. = TAKUM o6pa30m "in such fashion, thusly”

é Ww nw
Te lO Niet volumes

oreenoe “Eth ,

(= (LIBRARY) >)

= cee >
SECTION IV \ oF S
\ & ttass 4S,

VOCABULARY HELP

Phenomena, linguistic or other, of a high frequency of occurrence are quite
obviously worthy of special note. This section presents, then, lists of Russian words
and phrases which appear very frequently in Russian texts. The beginning student will
spare himself much dictionary ''thumbing" by an occasional review of this material. At
the end of the section there are listed various general and special Russian dictionaries
available in this country.

The contents of this section have been arranged in the following order:

3} Word Derivation
Prepositions
a Connectives and Question Words
Frequently-used Present Tense Forms
5) Frequently-used Adverbs
6) Frequently-used Past Passive Participles
7) Frequently-used Phrases
8) List of Elements
9) Available Dictionaries

1) Word Derivation

Analysis of the constituents(prefix, root, suffix) of a new word in a foreign language
is often helpful in determining the meaning of the word. It is a technique, however, which
must be used with caution, since the meaning of the whole word may not necessarily be
the sum of the constituent meanings, as a consideration of the English verb "understand"
will demonstrate.

Prefixes and initial elements in common use, along with their meanings, are cited
below. The student can determine the relevance of these ''chunks" of meaning to his
particular problem of learning vocabulary in the following manner: select one of the
special dictionaries and leaf through it, observing whether or not these elements make
their contribution to meaning in a consistent and predictable way.

6e3-/6ec- without, less, dis-,a-
B3auMO- mutual, inter-,reciprocal
B-/BO- into,in,to,intro-,en-
B3-/BC-/BO03-/BOC- up

BH- out ,de-

aBy-/DEYXx- two, bi-,double, duplex, twin
dOo- up to,till, pre-,ante-

3a- behind, trans-,tra-,begin to[lwith verbs]
u3-/uc- out of out, from,ex-,e-,de-
Mex-/MexILy- among, inter-

Halse on, onto

Had- over, above, super-

He = not ,non-,un-,in-

HM3-/HUC- down, de-

0-/06-/060- about, around

NlepBO- first, primary, initial, proto-
nepe- across, trans-, tra-, over, per-

-65-

T10-
non-/m00-
nosy-
nmocme-
mpe-
mpen-
nIpui-

mIpo-
paBHO-
pas-/pac-
pasHo-
c-/co-
c-/co-
CBepx-
TDEx-

[perfectivizes verbs]
under, sub-

half, semi-,demi-,hemi-, twin, duplex

after, post-

across, trans-,tra-,very
before, pre-

to, towards, ad-

through, past

equal, equi-, homo-
dis-,di-,asunder

different,diverse,con-,hetero-

with, together, con-,co-
down,off,

hyper-, ultra, super-
three, tri-,triple

away

There are many suffixal elements used in the formation of nouns, adjectives and
verbs, but the following selection contains the most important ones for the student.

Adjectives

-H-Hit mpoon "fraction" MpoOuBit "fractional"
-cK-uit MHCTUTYT “institute” MHCTUTYTCHUL "institutional"
-uecH-uit onTuHa "optics" ontuueckui “optical”
Nouns
-TeCJIb (masc. ) yuuiTh "to teach” yuutenb "teacher"
-HUK " paddora "work" padorHnn "worker
-CTBO (neut. ) Bellb "thing" BelleCTBO. "substance"
-HMe : coOupatb “to collect” coOupdume = "collecting"
“UMA (fem.) [= Eng. words in -tion] WHOYHUMA "induction" MOpUMA "portion"
-OCTb " mMononon "young" MOJIONOCTh “youthfulness”
/-HOCTb MaccCuBHHM "passive" M&aCCMBHOCTb "passiveness"
Verbs
~OBa-Tb WHTepéc "interest" UHTeEPeCOBATB "to interest”
-UpoBa-Tb KOHTpAcT "contrast" KOHTpPacTMpOBaTh "to contrast"

-USUpPOBa-TBh

Prepositions

cra6ummsalua "stabilization" craOumIMsMpOBaTb

6e3/6e30
6naronapA
61u3/61u30
B/BO

B/BO
BMeECTO
IA

u3/u30

(+G) without

(D) thanks to, because of
(G) near

(A) into, on[{temporal ]

(P) in, at

(G) in place of, instead of
(G) for

(G) up to, as far as, till
(A) behind, for

(I) behind, for

(G) out of, from

"to stabilize"

K/ KO (D) to, toward, for

KHpOMe (G) besides, except

Mex Ly (I) between, among

Ha (A) onto, into, for

Ha (P) on, in, at

Hagl/Hano (I) over, on

0/06/060 (A) against

0/06/060 (P) about, concerning

OKOJIO (G) around, about, approximately

ot/oro (G) from

Nepeg/mepeno (I) vdefore, in front of

10 (A) up to, as far as

110 (D) through, according to, in

10 (P) after

non/nono (A) under, near

mon/MOO (I) under

mocse (G) after

lip (P) at, during, in presence of

TIpo (A) about, concerning

NpOTusB (G) opposite, against

nyTémM (G) by way of, by means of

c/co (A) about, approximately

c/co (G) from, off of, since

c/co (I) with, along with

y (G) near, at, at home of, in
possession of, from

uepes (A) over, across, inf{temporal ]

3) Connectives and Question Words

a and, but

6naronapA Tomy uTo due to the fact that

OynTo that, as if, as though

BBULY TOPO uTo in view of the fact that

B CBASM C TEM UTO in connection with the fact that
B CUJly TOTO UuTO in virtue of the fact that
BCJENCTBUeE TOTO UTO as a result of the fact that

Tye : where

OIA Toro uTo because, as
0 TOPO KaK before
ecJin lig

CCIMeceys T'Olsveie:
ecau 6H/ecin 6

if..., then/in that case...
if [unreal condition]

3aTo on the other hand

3auém why, for what reason

ul - - and

VioccoWece both...andece

“JIN or

WIIMeooANes. either...0Tree..

Hak how, as, like

Hak OynTO as though

HaHeeeTAK Woon as...and also as..., both as.-.and aSe..~

Hak ,LOIBKO ; as soon as
HAKOM, -OC, —Afye-- what kind of, which
Hora when

4) Frequently-used Present Tense Forms

4 S f -.
HOTOPHIi, -O€, -AAy.e-
KTO
Hy 0a
mM
IM
JMO. 6 eJMOO's
Hite weHise
HO
oTKy na
oTToro uTo
mepeaq TeM Hak
m0 Mepe TOTO Kar
nod
HOHE 0cHOe ss
mocue Toro Hak
noToMy uTO
mouemy
CKONBHO
CTOMb K..sHKAH Ueee
CTONBHO. « eCKONbHOe oe
Tak Hak
TaH uTO
XOTA
uTO
uTO
uTOOH/uTOO

BABMCUT OT
sanumgercr
3QHUMANTCA
3HaUMT

uméer

UMENT
HAKeETCA
Hao6mWDAerT
HadIW DAT
Ha6mmlaerca
HaONWDANTCA
o6pasyer
obpa3syntT
o6pasyerca
o6pasyhrca
OKASHBACTCA
OTHOCUTCA
OTHOCATCA
mpeqcTaniner
npegcraBlAwr
MpeqcTaBlAer cobok
MIpeqcTaBlaAwT codon

which, what

who

where, where to

? [indicates a question]
whether [in indirect question]
either...or...
neither...nOTr...

but

from where, whence
because

before

to the extent that, in proportion as, as

while, when

until

after

because

why

how much, how many
AS..eASeee

as much/many...as
because, since
such that
although

what, that

that which

in order to, that

depends on

studies, is occupied with
study, are occupied with
(it) means

has

have

it seems

observes

observe

is observed

are observed

forms

form

is formed

are formed

turns out, appears
belongs to, is to be referred to
belong to, are to be referred to
presents

present

represents

represent

*In addition to the 3rd. sg. forms, the 3rd. pl. forms are cited, if they are used

frequently.

mpemeHsier
npemenitor
npemenfleTca
IIPCMeHAWTCA
cnenyer
cocranmaer
COCTABIANT
cocTomr u3
COCTOAT U3

7
cocTout B TOM UTO
COCTOAT B TOM UTO

cuuTaer
cuuTanr
cuuTaerca
cuuTawrTca
yuaetca
ABJAeTCA
ABIAWTCA

Frequently-used Adverbs

BeIb
BeCHO!t
BeECbNa
BeuepoM
BMeCTe
BHaUa Je
BOSMOMHO
BOT
BOJIHE
Bcerna
BCE
BCE-TAHN
Buepa
Be
THe-HuOy Db
Te-To
ropa3no
TaBHO
Tame
THEM

e DBA,

ele
saBTpa
3aTEM
3IeCb
3umofi

Ha /
U3BECTHO
MMCHHO
mnaue
uHorga
HAH-HMOY Db
HAH-TO

applies, uses

apply, use

is applied, is used

are applied, are used

it follows, one must
constitutes

constitute

consists of

consist of

consists of this, namely,
consist of this, namely,
considers

consider

is considered

are considered

is successful, is able
is

are

but, indeed

in Spring

very

in the evening
together

in the beginning
possibly, it is possible
there, there is

fully, entirely

always

ever, always
nevertheless

yesterday

higher, above

anywhere

somewhere

much(more )

long ago,for a long time
even

during the day, afternoon
hardly, scarcely
still, more, again
tomorrow

thereupon, subsequently
here

in Winter

also, even, too

known, it is known
precisely, namely
otherwise

sometimes

anyhow

somehow

KOrna-HuNOy ob

HOTIE-TO
HOHEéUHO
JIeTOM
JIM
MO}KHO
HNO
Hasay
HAKOHEL
HaJIEBO
HampaBo
He
HeEb3A
HeEMHOTO
HeEOOXODMMO
HIKE
HMKOT IA
HOUBIO
ODHAHO
OnATS
OCeHBIO
océ6eHHO
OUeHD
NOTOM
noury
peaEHO
DAnOM
ceroguHA
cefiuac
cneBa
CuIMIKOM
cHauasa.
COBCEM
cnpana
cpasy
CTOIBHO
cond
Tak
TAHKE
TaM
Tenépb
TOKE
TOKO
Tyne
TyT

ye
yTPOM
XOpomo
uactTo
ueM

anytime

sometime

of course

in Summer

hardly, only
possible, it is possible
necessary, it is necessary
back, backwards
finally

on the left, to the left
on the right, to the right
not

it is impossible
not much, a little
(it is) necessary
lower, below
never

at night

however

again

in Autumn
especially

very

afterwards, then
almost

seldom, rarely
alongside

today

now, this moment
from the left

too, too much

at first, to begin
wholly, completely
from the right

at once

so many

here, to here
thus, so

also, likewise
there

now

also

only

there, to there
here

already

in the morning
well, (it is) good
often

than

BHOpaHHHt
BHpakeHEH
aHHun

( naHHHe
moxasaHHult
nocturuy Tit
Bak IOUCHHHM
sakpenuénHBit
3akKPHTHIt
us6paHHuli
U3 TaHHEl
U30JMpOBAHHHM
usyueHHult
UCHIMUCHHHM ;
uccnrenOBaHHHN
Ha3BaHHbli
HalineHHHl
HanMucaHHHlh
oOuapyxeHHHli
o6osHaueHHult
o6pas0BaHnHHli
ooOpamé Hubli
odycidBieHHuh
OKpy#eHHHl
omvicaHHHlt
onpetese HHH
ocHopanHult
OTEDHTHH
orméeueHHbht
llepeBeeHHHM
noxdsaHHult
nonmicanHyli
noxpuTuit
nomyuenHult
mipe BpawéHHuit
npequasHaueHHult
npeqnondxexHlh
npudasaeHuuli
npuBeLéHHNHt
mpuroTdBleHHult
pas yeréunult
paspaddrannuii
pacnouomeHHult
pacnpezenéHnuyh
pacnpocTpaHéHHHl
peléuHn
CBA3aHHH
cremqaHHEl
cKa3aHHHl
cmellaHHHli
cHaoOMeHHEM
cosnraHHEt
cocpeqoToueHHuli
yrasanuuli
y CHOBIeHHET
yCTaHOBJIeHHHM

6) Frequently-used Past Passive Participles

selected, chosen
expressed

given

data)

proved, demonstrated
achieved, reached
enclosed, concluded
fastened

closed

elected, chosen
issued, published
isolated

studied

excluded, excepted
investigated

named, termed

found

written

disclosed, discovered
denoted

formed, educated
converted
conditioned
surrounded
described
determined, defined
based

opened, disclosed
marked, noted
translated

shown

signed

covered

received, attained
transformed, converted

designated
assumed, supposed
added

cited, submitted, offered
pre pared

divided

worked out

situated

distributed

spread out, wide-spread
decided, solved
connected

made, done

said

mixed

supplied, equipped
created

concentrated

pointed out

agreed

established

Frequently-used Phrases

6onee WsiM MeHee
6omee TOTO
6onbuleh uacTbyw

B 3QBMCUMOCTM OT
B HauUeCTBE

B HaCTOAjee BDeMA
B oomleM

BO BDEeMA
(BOBpeMA

BO BCHHOM culyuae
BO-BTOPHX
BO-IIEPBEX

B OCHOBHOM
ocdé6eHHOCTU
oTimune OT
mponomxénne
MpOTuBHOM cyuae
CBASH C

cuny
BOMeLCTBNe uerd
BCeETCTBUe STOTO
B cpelHeM

B TO BpeMA

B TOM Cjyuae
B-TpeTbhux

B STO BpeMA

B STOM CJIyuae
TJaBHHM 06pa30M
pen0 B TOM UTO
mo cux mop

HDOMe TOTO

MeHee BCerO
MOKeT OHTB
HapAny c

He pa3

HECMOTPA Ha

HM pasy
NO-aHTIMMCKM

mo Kpaiineli mepe
lo Mepe Tord kak
MO-pyCCKu

mpexme Bcero

pu momo

mpm STOM

Cc npynofi CTOPOHH
C OHO cTOpoHH
C MOMOMbIO

cy nd 110

TAKUM OO6pasoM
Tem Ooulee

TeM He MeHee
TOMy Haséau

wood

more or less

more than that, besides that
for the mogc part

depending on, dependent on

in quality, in the form of, like,

at the present time

in general

in the time of, during

on time)

in any case

secondly, in the second place
firstly, in the first place
basically, fundamentally
especially

as distinguished from

in the course of, during

in the opposite case

in connection with

in virtue (of)

as a result of which

as a result of this

on the average

at that time

in that case

thirdly, in the third place
at this time

in this case

in the main, chiefly

the fact of the matter is

up to now
besides that,
least of all
maybe, perhaps
along with
many times
regardless of, not considering
not once

in English

at least

in proportion as,
in Russian

first of all

with the help (of)
along with this, in addition

on the other hand

on one hand

with the help (of)

since that time

judging by

in such fashion, in such manner,
so much the more, the more

none the less

ago

in addition

to the extent that

thus

8) List of Elements

Though this manual does not attempt to compete with the dictionary in providing
meaning equivalents, still it seems desirable to aid the student in the matter of Russian
terminology for the basic elements, since these terms are not readily accessible. The
Russian terms have been alphabetized and are followed, in each case, by the English
term, the symbol and the atomic number. Russian uses Latin letters for the symbols,
which are the same for both languages with but one exception(see Tyuuit).

asor nitrogen N 7 HenTyHuli neptunium Np 93
akTuHMit actinium Ac 89 HMHKEIb nickel Ni 28
AaJWMMUHMt aluminum Al 13 Hud6uit niobium Nb 41
amepulinii americum Am 95 HOoemMmM nobelium ? 102
aprox argon A 18 ONOBO tin Sn 50
acTaTuH astatine At 85 ocmun osmium Os 76
6apul barium Ba 56 nannagun palladium Pa 46
Sepnrmun beryllium Be 4 nmlatuue platinum Pt 78
6epHemun berkelium Bk 97 nay TOHu plutonium Pu 94
6op boron B 5 noon polonium Po 84
6pom bromine Br 35 mIpaseonu praseodymium Pr 59
BaHa mui vanadium V 23 mpomérnit promethium Pm 61
BUCMYT bismuth Bi 83 MpOTaKTMHMM protactinium Pa 91
BOTOpOn hydrogen H 1 panun radium Ra 88
BOIbbpaM tungsten/wolfram W 74 panou (/smanauma) radon Rn 86
raloiMEnl gadolinium Gd 64 pernit rhenium Re 75
raJJun gallium Ga 31 ponun rhodium Rh 45
radu hafnium Hf 72 pTyTb mercury Hg 80
remnit helium He 2 pyougnit rubidium Rb 37
repmanuii germanium Ge 32 pyTennii ruthenium Ru 44
roubunii holmium Ho 67 cama put samarium Sm 62
qucnpdsuii dysprosium Dy 66 CBMHEL lead Pb 82
eBpommnii europium Eu 63 CeJleH selenium Se 34
HeME3O iron Fe 26 cepa sulfur S$ 16
30N0TO gold Au 79 cepedpo silver Ag 47
WHOM indium In 49 craHnuit scandium Se 21
non Fodiner Tl 53 cTpoHumit strontium Sr 38
npn Faekiin 1G Wy cypbMa, antimony Sb 51
urrépoun ytterbium Yb 70 Tanith thallium Tl 81
uTTpUL yttrium Y 39 TaHTadl tantalum Ta 73
HagMui cadmium Cd 48 TeJyp tellurium Te 52
Kadun potassium K 19 Tepount terbium Tb 65
HaNMmOpHuit californium Cr 98 TexHeLMM technetium Te 43
HaJbuun calcium Ca 20 TUTaH titanium Ti 22
KUCTOpOn oxygen 0 8 Topuit thorium Th 90
HOOaIbT cobalt Co 27 Tyiun | thulium Tn, TulRussian] 69
HPeMHUM silicon Si 14 yriepog carbon C 6
KDMMTOH krypton Kr 36 ypau uranium U 92
HCCHOH xenon Xe 54 dbepmuii fermium Fm 100
HIOpuli curium Cm 96 hocwop phosphorous P 15
JaHTaHy lanthanum La 57 mpanuyui francium Fr 87
IUTUM lithium Li 3 OTOP fluorine F 9
morennit lutetium Lu 71 XIOP chlorine Cl 17
Marunit magnesium Mg 12 XpoOM chromium Cr 24
MapraHell manganese Mn 25 wesw cesium Cs 55
Me Ib copper Cu 29 epui cerium Ce 58
mMeHTeeBuit mendelevium My 101 UMHE zine Zn 30
MOIMOTEH molybdenum Mo 42 UMpKOHUM zirconium Zr 40
MHUBEE arsenic As 33 ofinuréfinuii einsteiniun E 99
HaTpult sodium Na 11l oMaHaluA (/panon) emanation Em 86
HeEO TUM neodymium Nd 60 aponn erbium Er 68

HeEOH

neon Ne 10

9) Available Dictionaries

It can be said that the scientist will require at least two dictionaries for the
translation of Russian texts. One dictionary will be general in nature, that is, the
usual Russian-English type; the other will contain terms specific to technology or
to a particular scientific field. Since dictionaries of the latter type are usually ex-
pensive, the student is advised to check the resources of the nearest library for works
in this area.

Dictionaries are listed below in two categories: General, and Scientific. The
number of entries in General category could easily be increased, but the ones cited
are those in common use in this country. The listing of dictionaries in the Scientific
category is(to the writer's knowledge) complete, though new glossaries are undoubt-
edly now in preparation. Data concerning publication, number of pages, etc., are
given, where known; the prices listed have been taken from various book lists, but
they may well have been changed by now.

General

1) M. A. O'Brien, New English-Russian and Russian-English Dict., 767 ppe, Dover Publ.,
New York, 1944. $2.00.

2) L. Segal, Russian-English Dict., 4th. ed., 1,016 pp., Stechert Co., New York,

TOSS $10.00. [has many scientific terms]
3) A. I. Smirnitsky, Russian-English Dict., 3rd. ed., 951 pp., Moscow, 1958.
$4.50. {an excellent dict. with many scientific terms]

Scientific

Biology: 1) Russian-English Hydrobiology Glossary, 85 ppe, 6,000 terms, Consultants
Bureau, New York, 1958. £1.20.

2) Cf. Medicine, No. l.

Chemistry: 1) L.I.Callaham, Russian-English Technical and Chemical Dict.,794 pp.,

Wiley and Sons, New York, 1956. $16.50.
Commerce: 1) 3B. T. Kolpakov, Russian-English Glossary of Economic and Trade Terms,
800 terms, Telberg Book Co., New York, 1958. $3.50.

Electronics: 1) English-Russian, Russian-English Electronics Dict. (TM 30-545, Army
Tech.Man.),944 pp.,Washington,1956. $3.50.

2) PP. Robeson(ed.), Russian-English Glossary of Electronics and Physics,
343 pp-, Consultants Bureau, New York,1957. 210.00.

3) Lists of Russian electronic terms with English equivalents in

Proceedings of the IRE, issues: June 1954; Jan.,May,Aug.,Nov. of 1956.

4) Russian-English - English-Russian Electronics Dict., McGraw-Hill,
London, 1958.

5) L. K. Ptashny, English-Russian Dict. on Automation and Control
Instruments, Moscow, 1957. $1.50. [this may be used as a
Russian-English dict.; since pages 259-279 offer an index of all
Russian terms with references to the English entries]

Geography: 1) T. Deriugina, Dict. of Russian Geographical Names, 4,509 names, Telberg
Book Co., New York, 1958. £9.80.
2) Soviet Topographic Map Symbols (TM 30-548), U.S. Gov't Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1958. $1.00.

Mathematics: 1) Russian-English Vocabulary, 66 pp. in all, 39 pp. of terms, Amer.

Math. Soc., Rhode Island, 1955. Kepl GIO)
Medicine: 1) E. A. Carpovich, Russian-English Biological and Medical Dict., 400 pp.,

35,000 terms, Technical Dict. Co., New York, 1958.
2) S. Jablonski, Russian-English Medical Dict., 423 pp., Academic Press,
New York, 1958. 11.00.

Dictionaries(continued)

Meteorology: 1) W.A. Baum, Russian-English Dict. of Meteorological Terms and Express-
ions, 175 pp., Washington, 1949. $7.50.
2) Russian-English Dict. of Meteorological and Related Terms, Gov't
Printing Office, Washington, 1943.

Mining: 1) A. Akhonin, Russian-English Glossary of Metallurgical and Metal-
Working Terms, 175 pp.,Center for Int'l Studies (MIT), Cambridge,1955.

Physics: 1) E.A. Carpovich, Russian-English Atomic Dict., 317 pp.,23,000 terms,

Technical Dict. Co., 1957. $12.00.

2) I. Emin(ed.), Russian-English Glossary of Solid State Physics,90pp.,
4,000 terms, Consultants Bureau, New York,1958. £10.00.

3) Glossary of Technical Terms: English, Chinese, French, Russian,Spanish
(United Nations, Atomic Energy), 182 pp., 1953. 23.00.

4) D. I. Voskoboinik(ed.), Russian-English Dict. of Nuclear Physics and
Engineering, 350 pp.,Moscow,1955. Reprint,Assoc.Tech.Serv.,Orange,
Niedics) 2956). $9.00.

5) Cf. Electronics, No. 2.

Rockstry: 1) A. M. Murashkevich, English-Russian Rocket Dictionary, Moscow,
1958. $1.50. (This may be used as a Russian to English dict-

ionary, since pages 170 to 231 contain an alphabetical listing
of the Russian terms with page references to English entries. )

Technical: 1) A. Bray, Russian-English Scientific Technical Dict., 551 pp.,New York,
1945. $10.00.

2) L.N. Kondratov, Russian-English Polytechnical Dict., Moscow,
1946; London, 1948.

3) Cf. Chemistry, No. l.

Other Lexical Aids:

1) A. Rosenberg, Russian Abbreviations: A Selected List, 2nd. ed., 513 pp.,
Library of Congress(Gov't Printing Office), 1957. £2.75

2) Jlexun u Ilerpop, CnoBpapb wHOCTpaHHHX CJIOB (Dictionary of Foreign
Words), 5th. ed., 20,000 words, Moscow, 1955. [though all in
Russian, this dict. is valuable because it identifies many
scientific terms recently borrowed into Russian]

3) Kparxynit nommTexHvuecuum cmoRapb(A Short Polytechnical Dict.),
1,136 pp., Moscow, 1956. $7.00. [though all in Russian,
this dict. is profusely illustrated with drawings and sketches]

SECTION V

TECHNIQUES OF TRANSLATION

Preparation of Aids

The chief aids to translation will be the dictionary or dictionaries and this man-
ual. Both the student's personal dictionary and the manual should be tabbed(equipped
with projecting indices) for ready reference.

Translation

Out of an experience of observing many American scientists enter upon the task
of Russian translation the following procedure for approaching a Russian sentence has
been developed by the author.
1) Is a tense form(present, past, future) of the verb expressed?
2) If no tense form of the verb appears, the "is/are" can be indicated by:
a) an adverb, e.g. MOKHO "it is possible (to)”
b) a question word, e.g. Kto - OH? "Who is he?"
c) sTOo “it is, that is, they are”
d) BOT "there is, there are"
e) the equation of two nouns, e.g. Buomorua - HayKa. "Biology is a science?

f) the equation of noun and adjective, e.g. CrommoctTb - BHCOHA. "The cost is high"
; ea ABmeHme w3yueHO... "The phenomenon
3) If there is a verb, is it: is studied...”
a) singular or plural?
b) 1lst., 2nd. or 3rd. person? (The 3rd. person is the one in predominant use in
scientific texts.)
c) present, future or past tense? (Remember that perfective verbs have future
meaning in "present" forms. )

4) If a verb is expressed in the singular, for example, look for a possible singular
subject, that is, a singular noun, adjective or pronoun in the nominative case.

5) With the verb and subject determined, look for a possible object in the accusative
case.

6) When a preposition occurs, determine the noun which terminates the prepositional
phrase. If a phrase is complicated, isolate the core: preposition and terminal
noun, then work back from the noun, adjective by adjective, towards the prep.

7) In constructions which students refer to as the "on-the-corner-standing-man" type,
that is, where one or more phrases are enclosed withing a phrase, translate the
basic phrase first, then the enclosed phrase or phrases. Often a "who" or "which"
clause will be needed for rendering an unwieldy phrase into acceptable English.

Some Examples

Ho sTO - TONbHO NOJOBMHA 3anaum. "But that is only half of the task.”

BoT BaM MHTepeCHHM MpMMep. "There's an interesting example for you.”

Tlemexo00B HanoO IHWOUTD. "One must love[lit. it is necessary to
love] pedestrians.”

B KaKMxX CIyuanx OyleT HyKHa "In what cases will the transmission of

nepenaua SHeEprMa Oe3 IIPOBOLOB? energy without wires be necessary.”

-767-

Translation by Steps - Some Examples

OONOOA WW

ale

NO OP WW

Bompmoe MecTo B TBOPUeCTBE JlomoHocoBa 3aHMMasu BOMNPOCH OTITUHM.

”

" large place in creative work of Lomonosov occupied questions of optics

3aHMMaJMu - verb,plural, past tense
BOMpPOCH - noun,plural,N or A, here N as subject
BONPOCH 3€HMMaJIM MeCTO - the nucleus of the sentence

BOMpOCH ONTMKM B3aHVMaM OONbUOe MECTO.

B TBOPUECTBEe

JlovoHOCOBa

B TBOpuectBe JlomoHOCOBa

Bonmpocy onTuHM 3aHuMamm OoNbUOoe MecTO B TBOpuecTBe JlomoHOCOBa.

"Questions of optics occupied a large place in the creative work of Lomonosov.”

CcoOeCHHO BeEIMKM aMMIMTyDH TemMnepatTyp BO3Lyxa B NyCTHHAX TPOMMUeCHKUX
o6macten.
"Especially high amplitudes of temperatures of air in deserts of tropical
regions"

AaMMJIUTYOHH - BeIMKU "the amplitudes are high" - the nucleus of the sentence
AaMIJIMTY DH Temnepatyp
AaMIJIUTYOH Temiepatyp Bosgyyxa
B TlyCTHHAX
B MyCTHHAX TpOMMueCcHMx OOnacTel
AmMniutTyny Temmepatyp BOsqyxa B NyCTHHAX TponMuecHux oOnacTeli

- OCOOCHHO BeJIMEKM.

"The amplitudes of air temperature(s) are especially high in the deserts of
tropical regions."

CUA ...MPMBeHIM MMEBIUMX ONHT HEMeELHMX CHeUMaMCTOB..

"USA ...attracted having had experience German specialists..."

CIUA mpuBMeKIM CnhelmManmucTOB. "The USA attracted specialists.” - the nucleus
CIA TIpuBekKIM HeMeELHMX CHelMaIUuCTOB
CA MpMBNeHIM HEMeELHUX CHelMaNMuCTOB, MMeEBIIMX OMHT.

"The USA ...attracted German specialists, who had experience.

Vispectuyi B-Auraimu KOHCTPyHTOP yMpaBIAeCMHX CHAPADOB M paxKeT

"well-known in England designer of guided missiles and rockets
K. Tsrnaug BO BBeTeHMuM K CBOem NepemsmaHHOw B 1956 r. mu nepeBeneHHOw
C. Gatland in introduction to his reprinted in 1956 year and translated

Ha pyCCkult A3HK KHUTe...-MMIeT...

into Russian language book...writes...

KOHCTPyYKTOP ypaBJAeMHX CHapAnOB u paxetT, HK. Tornauy, u3sBecTHHii
B AHTIMM...MmMleT...
BO BBeeHUu 4. » wumre 5. x cBoel KHuTe
K CBOeli KHUTe, MepemsnaHHO B 1906 rony u
NepeBeLeEHHOM Ha PYCCHUM ASHK.

Bo BBeTeHuM K CBOeM KHUTe, NepewsnaHHOl B 1906 rony mw mepeBpeneHHOL
Ha pycckui asyun, KH. Tetnang, KOHCTPpyHTOp ympaBJIAeMHX CHAPALOB u
paket, m3BecTHHw B AHTAMN, MumeT...

"In the introduction to his book, which was reprinted in 1956 and (then) trans-

lated into Russian, C. Gatland, a designer of guided missiles and rockets, well-
known in England, writes...

SECTION VI

RUSSIAN TEXTS AND GLOSSARY

Coming to a collection of Russian texts, the scientist will undoubtedly search
eagerly for an article in his particular field. It is, obviously, impossible to present
a completely representative body of texts and, furthermore, it is not necessary. At
this stage the student must learn above all to manipulate the Russian grammatical
apparatus and this can be done effectively with any non-literary Russian texts. With
one exception(3) the texts included in this manual are all concerned with scientific
subjects, so selected as to provide interesting, as well as useful, reading. *

Texts

Theory

Peter L. Kapitsa (an outstanding Russian physicist)
Dostoevsky and Sputnik

Classification of Insects

Suitable Units of Measurement

Atoms

The Syndrome of Dementia

Chemical Abstracts

oot Oo fF WO DY

Differential Equations

10 The Use of Radioactive Isotopes in Medicine

Se
*If the student feels the need of guidance in reading these texts and if there is no
course in Scientific Russian at a local educational institution, he may wish to take
advantage of the course in Scientific Russian recently announced by the Correspondence
Study Department of the University of Minnesota. The correspondence course will cover
these texts and others, to be selected by the individual students.

1 TEOPMA

TEOPVA (or rpeueckoro cmoBa Yewpia - paccmoTpeHue, uccleqoBaHue,
HayuHoe nosHaHMe) - cmcTeMa OCHOBHHX Moe B TO unu mHO OTpacnu sHAaHUA,
OoOoomaNnmMx ONHT, NMpakTMHY u OTPAKaWMMX OOBEKTMBHHE 3AKHOHOMEPHOCTM TIpMpogy,
oo6mecTBa uM uenoBeuecKoro MHMeHuA. IlpumMeHeHue TepMMHa BECbMa MHOTOOOpa3HO,
OTHAaKO OOacThH, Toe OH MpaBOMepeH B MPAMOM M TOUHOM CBO@M CMHCJI€, ABUIACTCA

TONbKO Hayka.

HayuHaaA TeOpuA ommpaeTCA Ha PeSyIbTATH HaOWTeHM, SKCMePMMEHTOB,
TIpakTMKN, T. €. UMEET CObEHTMBHOE OGOOCHOBaHMe. HO mpoctoe onucaHue PaKToB,
TlepeumcieHme TOTO, UTO M3BeECTHO O HUX M3 SMMMPMUeCKMX HaOIONeHUM, emée HE
cocTaBlAeT Teopuu. B cpaBHeHMM C TaHHHMM ONWTa TeOpumA MpeycTraBlaerT coool
HOBOe, OONee THyCoKOe, OOOOMeHHOe SHAHMe, BHPAakawlee PESYIbTATH AKTUBHOTO
IIPOHMHHOBCHMA UeOBeEHA B OOBEHKTUBHYH TeMCTBUTENIBHOCTD C MOMOMbW abcTpaKT-

HOTO MHIINJICHUA.

Onupawleecsh Ha Mpaxtuny oOob6méHHOe BHAHMe BHpAaKaeTCA B HayxHe
He TONBKO B POpMe TeOopum, HO mM B POpMe TunoTesH M HayuHOTO 3aKOHAa.

(Bompman Copercrhan Onumunonenua, tom 42,cTp. 228)

2 FATIMA

HATMUA, lérp Jeoumnosuu (pogunca 1894) - cosercuut dusux, anxane-
mux(c 1939), Tepoi Coumanuctuuecroro Tpyna(1945). B 1918 oxonumn Ilonmrex-
Huueckui wucruryt B lerporpage. Tleppye padory Kanvyy nocBAMeHy usyueHMI
WHEPUMM OIEKXTPOHOB M MSyueHMwW CBOMCTB paqMoaKTMBHOTO MaiyueHua. Hanuya
paspadorasl ycraHoBKy JIA padoT cO CBepXMOMHHMM MarHyTHHMM monAMu. OH
HaomMad pacilenmenwe CNeKTPAIbHHX IMHMit B MOomAx no 320 uunoraycc, ObKapy-
HMI B CMIbHHX MAPHVTHHX -IOJAX IMHefHOe yBemMUeHMe STeKTPMUeCKOrO CONpoTu-
BJIGHMA MeTAINOB B 3ABMCMMOCTM OT NOJA M MBSyUaI MATHMTOCTPUKIMM [MaMearHuTHHX

Tell B OTUX NOJAX.

Hanmya paspasorad BOMOpOnHH oMMMATeNb OoNbUOh NpousBogMTeNbHOCTH,
CKOHCTpPyMpOBad M OCYMECTBUI OPUTMHaNbHYW yYCTAaHOBKY DJIA OMMMeHNA OONbUMX
HONMUECTB TeIMA anvabaTmueckumM MeTonom. C 1935 go 1946 Hanuua 6yn gupexTop-
om Mucrutyta pusmuechux mpo6nem Axanemum Hayx CCCP. Hannua paspa6oran
HOBH/ MeETON OKMWHXEHUA BOSTyxXa C NMOMOMbI UMKIAa HMBSKOTO TaBNeHMA M mMpumMeHeHUA
Typ6onetannepa (cm. Jerannep). Vcnonpsya typ6onetannepHylt meTon ommKeHNA
Bosgyxa, Hana cosa MOWHY) yCTAHOBHY DJIA NOMyUeHMA OONbUMX KONMUECTB

HMQHOTO HUCIOpOna myTémM pextTuduxnanun.

3a pasoty "Typ6oneTaHnep OIA NOMyueHMA HU3KMX TeMIepatyp mM ero
IPMMCHEHMA DIA OKMMeHMA BOSTyxa" (1939) Hanuya B 1941 ynocroeu CrannucKolt
mpemuu. VM mporeneHy uccnenoBaHuA CBOscTB xMnHOTO Temua II (cm. Tenn) n
OTHPHTO ABIeHMe CBepxTexyuectu (cmM.). 3a oTm paboTH, pesybTaTH KOTOPHX
ony6MkOBaHH B Tpyzax "“TenmonepeHoc mu cBepxTexyuecTb reama 11"(1941) n
"iccnenoBaHMe MeXaHM3Ma Tennonepenauu B reamm 11"(1941), Hanuua xs 1943
yqoctoeuH CranmHcKol mpemuu. B cBasu c m3yueHvemM DevcTBUA pexTMduKalMOHHHX
KOJOHH Hanuye mpoBeReHH MCCNeTOBAaHMA BOJHOBHX M TeEMMOBHX MPOIeCcoB B
IBMyUMXCA TOHKMX CNOAX mugKOCTM. HarpamxnéH Tpema opgeHamu JleHuHa u
IBYMA MeT@aJAMM.

(Bonpman Copetcrxaa Suymnnonenua, T. 20, crp. 74)

3 CIYTHVK

- UTo craHeTCA B MpocTpaHcTBe C TOMOpOM? Quelle idee! Ecum nyza
NONManeT momampile, TO MpuMeTCA, A TyMalW, JIETaTb BOKPyY SeMJM, CaM He 3HaA
3aueM, B BMge cnyTHMHAa. ACTPOHOMH BHUMCIIAT BOCXOMMeHMNe M 3axOKTeEHUe
tonopa, T'atTiuyHx BHeCéT ero B HasieHTapb, BOT M BCE.

(®. M. Tocroescuui, Bpa tba Hapama3s0Bh, uacTh 4, rapa 1x)

4 CWCTEMATMHA HACEHKOMHX

B wacTosllee BpeMA OMMCaHO OxONO 750 THCAU BUOB HACEHOMHX.
B peficrpuTembHOCTM Ke MX UMCIO, NOBMENMOMy, SHAUMTeNbHO Oonbme. Huaacc
HACe€HOMHX JCJMUTCA Ha Ba NOgHNacca: HMSUMX - OeCKDHIHX HAaCeKOMHX (Apterygota),
WM BHCIMX - KPHIAaTHX HACeKOMHX (Pterygota). lHepsyh nonKHNacc oObequHAeT 4
OTPANa: GOECCAKKOBHX, HOTOXBOCTHHX, BMJIOXBOCTHHX M MeTMHOXBOCTHHX. Bropoii
MODENIaCc TeNMTCA Ha [Ba OTTENa: MPeBHEXPHJIHX (Palaeoptera), BANUAWIMX 2
OTpANa - NOME6HRM M CTPeHOSH, M HOBOKPHJHX (Neoptera). llocneqHNe pas TeIAWTCA
Ha 3 MOMOTME Ia: Polyneoptera, HYTa BXODAT TapakaHH, OOTOMOJIH, TEPMUTH, MpAMO-
HKPHJIHe, MaJOUHMHOBHE, BECHAHHM, SMOMM M yXOBeEPTHM; Paraneoptera, BHINUAWINe
OTPADH MOyKECTROKPHIHX, PABHOKPHIINX XOOOTHHX, CeHOeNOB, MyxOeOB, Bilel,
TPMMCOB, M Oligoneoptera, HYDa& BXODAT HYHM, BUCJOKPHIKM, BePONWOKM, CeT-
UATOKPHJIHE, CKOPMMOHHMIK, DByKPHIHeE, ONOxM, NepemoHuaTOHpHHe, PyUueHuKN
WM uellyexpHJIne. :
(Bonpman Copetcraa Suumunonenma, tT. £9, ctp. 191)

5 YOBHHE EQAHMUD WSMEPEHVIA

Pa3sMepH aTOMOB M MOJIGHYJI OUCHB M@JIH, BO MHOTO pa3 MeHbille OKpyka-
WMMxX HAC MpeomMeToB. UTOOH MUSMEPATb OTM UaACTMIH, HEOOXORMMO BHOpaTb NOg-
XOTANME CNMHUIH W3SMeEPeHMA.

OnpenemAA pasMepH Bellefi, MH MOJb3syemcA B HMTeACKOM NpaKTuKe
MeTpaMu Mw CaHTMMeTpamu. Came MaJIGEHBRMe MpeOMeTH, HOTOPHe MH elle BUTMM
TIa3s0M, yHOOHEE MSMeEPpATh MuNIuMeTpamu. Muiaumetp - 8TO ecATaA OIA
caHTMMeTpa.

Equuuuei, yROOHOM IIA WSMepeHMA uaCTMUeK, BUDMMHX B MMKPOCKON,
ABIACTCA MUKPOH. ODMH MMKPOH B THCAUY Pas MeHbile MMJIMMeTpa.

1 MMKDOH = \ MUJIIUMeTpa

1000

OA W3SMepeHMA Ke ATOMOB M MOJGKyJ MPMMeHAeCTCA eCDMHUIa, KOTOpaA elle B THCAUY
pas MeHbile MukpoHa. Ee Ha3SHBaNT MMJIIMMMKDOHOM.

1 mMunuumMuKpOH = — MUKDOHA = oro" MUJJIMMeTpa

Uacto Taxxke NONMbSyHTCA eLMHMIe, elle B TECATb pas MeHbileli; Ona
Ha3HBaeTCA @HTCTPeM.

1 aurctpem = a MUJIIMMUKPOHA
il

HeBoopyi#e€HHHM TJIA30M MOHHO BUDeETb MpeQMeTH Pa3sMePOM DO HECHOJbDKMX
e€CATHX Oe munmuMeTpa, TO €CTb QO HECKONBHMX COTeH MMUKPOHOB. Ilpm nomomn
xXOpOMerO MMUKPOCKONa MOXHO pa3srJiAgeTb MpeqMeTH, MMeWMmMe pasMepH FO ODHOTO
MuxpoHa. HenaBHoO uSO0OpeTeHHHE SJEKTPOHHHE MMKDOCHOMH MO3SBOJAWT OTORBMHYTb
TpaHUuly HEBMIMMOTO JO HECKONBHUX MMIMMMKPOHOB. MenHbmImMxX UaCTMI] MH yBUDeETh
OKA He MOKeEM M CynuM 06 MX pasMepaxX TOJIbKO NO HOCBEHHKM MpmsHaxam (Kak
MOHHO M3MEPUTb BeIMUMHY uaCTMI, He BMA MX, BH ysHaeTe Fasee B OTOM KHMKKE).

A tenepb, BHOpaB E€TMHMIH M3SMECPeCHMA DNA ATOMOB M MOJeHY, NMOSHAKO-
MMMCA C yCTpOlicTBOM OTMX HEBMDMMHX UaCTMUeH.

(A. U. Kuraitroporcruit, CrpoeHue BellecTBa M ero SHEprMA,
erp. 7-8)

‘Nod XH-H OH ‘GOHOdLHOH H GOHOL

-odu ‘aonodimere iavedee onqroL oH uIrMIraeduo uxuen@
‘FOHUPAOEHLeALHOH 199 UR
PHOLOdU Z HM eHOdLMOIre Z :aOHOLOdU ¢ HamMexRderoo ‘annLo
-th A HW weM ‘OK VONPL LOVAQ dMaLOMY OMIOHHdLMAIre 99 OL
‘aoHOLOdu » H BHOdLMeLre Z Kee xKdaOO ‘RMMLOBh BOLIOWH

lqmwLoeh onMIehHdLyere eIAdy eH IAdY Loikaloyer wey “| ‘ong

(“| -|>)

oveu aonarpduinay SGD,
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uIrogq ‘({ ‘oud eH AWOXd ‘WO) PHOdLMOIre 7 @ WOMHIEH BRI
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say eiddy eH IAdY aLesosL1OHOl WHAPLORE IW HIrdd ‘KHHOM
-Kindu ernud LeLtoedeod eeed yp a oIMq “HOLOdU | @ MOMHIeu
Bemexdorvoo ‘eMHLOeh Woh ‘VoHaIHD ced diBaeY a HOdLUNOIrE
HHYO LOvaHIBLNdU ‘(aOHOdINeLe BIIMh VMALOQ G BH HOHOL
-odU OoHh) AOHOLOdU 6 & NomuieH ‘dawuduen ‘Bermexdoroo
‘RHHLOWRA (NWIHALIHIVYOWHPERT WHAYDDAHAdINOLE
BOLIVAMECH NHLOVh XHMIHHdLNOLE OHHVAMALELLO WH OHHOKKL
-Hd[] ‘XBHHBOLOOVd XIGdONPHUYO BH IdHOsKOLOUIed HHO HILIG
‘eiddy 1o JAdy eHodinere eal H OLh ‘HOIrHd 3K HOLD eIAdY
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-emud1o eHodiuere A e ‘dISHIILaLWyKOIOL. HHO eHOLOdu A

OH ‘IMifedee OHUAHIEd Ol BMgoNeHHIO eHOLOdU u BHOdL
-were A Olh ‘NOL BOLOBHOBLQO XeGLIOAHYON xMaHaed a eiAdY
JAdY qivaocnrediyeH aOHOLOdU wu sOHOdLuare OsLOHOAD

*(«-++» WOMBHE BOLOBhHEHE
-090 eaLodhHdi ere WedeE HIGHIVALWKOPOU) OHILILURK
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*(K—» WONPHE BOLOPHEHEOQO WHdee HHNOOHNdL MOLE HIAHIIEL
-enHdlo) WIHHOKBdeE OHALILENHdLO OJ WORE
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OLeL sONRL OdU ‘HWeELOHOGD MWHADOhHdLMALE LOPYeLrgO 3H
ore. H ‘eddy sAdY «LoikeurediydH» HHO OL ‘aOHOLOdU'H SOH
-OdLNOLE OMLIBHHLON VOdONBHHYC LH KdeYoOD Orel HLOg
“HN EPMHLOICh HNHHIIHAHGLNIIE BOLO
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‘AsAdy uw aAdr

HLOOEHYQ HOHHOALOYed.OUeH @ BILBYOXVH 9H HHO OMGIOL

virco ‘aoHOdiHeH xHJAdY MH ‘dOHOLOdL HH ‘dOHOdLHOIrE
HH <«LOIBhOWRE 9H» HHO :IGHOdLMeH BO IATOd OheH]{

‘AaAdy uw addy woateanipiudu LAvAg Hod.yerre

H HoLodu ‘autodueyy ‘eHoLodu eal uv BQV0 LAYOd OK APL

‘eikdy 1o JAdY BOILAHYLOLLO BOLBWIdLD HHO OL ‘eikdY Lo
JAdY Overey GHohO 9H BOLKYOXPH eHOdLMeLrEe ea HIroq

*HINPMIHLO

-Bh HWIGHCPLHOWOLE LOIeAIIseH XH SM4HOdLHOH WH WHOL
-odu ‘GHOdLMOWE ‘BUHL HdL BOLIOWH NHLOCh XHAL IL

‘IHLOh XHMIPOW 9d1r0g Ve €H MHIOdLD

-OLl IGWOLB OLh ‘OHOIAOHBLO“ “HBL 9H OLE OLh ‘WORHE IFN Lh
-HOD “WHIPSWOH WOLR OLh ‘HIeWAY odHehA OHARIOH ONY

MHOLV 9

Olh ‘LORAIIERNOU LIVIQ (I “LM YOIS-] ‘HOWd-y BOLOIeAITERH
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BKOFLULOONOM LOKOW Old WOKE @ WOLE Hd]] “WHOLO OU
guhorogo HOHHOdimere a woLomereduoed mHodierE
‘edie OIOHNOLe eB
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-odimere H SOHOLOdM WOLrdvh BOLOIBIeVedUO AOWOLP XIGHHHIF
-eed BaldHOdd OUMIOhUWHX H BHMOhNENd ‘woeedgo wuxe L
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HHWO BOLUYOXtH BWOLe O1OHYodoroa odie d ANOLE OHHOALO
-logl00d uU ‘HOdLMere HHO Hexorouoed eYodorod eNoLe

PWOLE HYhOWVOQO HOHHOdimere BUHIOdLO BNEXD "Eg ‘Md

@YhOLOQO HOHHOdIuere a ‘BJ ‘AOHOLOdU orovwh HW OHbUI
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KOLergerom dOWOLR xidHnueed A oyhOLrogo HOHHOdLMsIrE
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‘COHOLOGH BIOUh LO BOLIPAUITLO ONIIPOMINH HH OHaed xu
oVouh OL ‘edb OIOHWOLE €PLOOD @ DKMEL XHMBIOXE ‘AOHOdL
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‘ods eH LoIeYeu 9H HHO AWOLEOU
‘HOLASKHEY MHOMLYOLE *BHHOKBLINdH MIrHd LoAaLovel HEH
-odisarre u nodrs AISKOW eriodovoui HW BULUI AOWOLE
‘aowo1e edie xumoideed yypovogo amHHOdLerE ‘% ‘Hg
-90 ‘AOHOLOdU WOdLIIhHION H ppodovony wowy enw wow
‘QMhOloQO HOHHOdINEIre @ BO
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“0h amu eiddy Lo hdr BO
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XHMOIOHHWHX — LOIN
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mwoly ‘(g:‘oHd) ewore ANhorogo oOiAHHOdINOIrE
sHMOIBLABLIOD ‘GHOdIMeLre IHaKorouDed edrB sAdyog
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‘qONOLR Xood €H 199 UIroe :danudu HoweL HLOVaHdU OH KON
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omMqHeW eed hBOML uNLBOeY a ede dlaneHY ‘(Nd ,¢ QJ)
BdLOWHLHED OO HOHHOHLIHMWOLD HOHYO neded eWwoLe dion
-BHY WoHYedd @ iGPGW OHILILMOINOH BWOLP IadawEerd
‘aOHOdLHOH H sOHOLOdu
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-dalld oisg ueM ‘VeTMBOLIOD ‘Od YK O19 BOLHVOXeH BNOLE
O1OISKeN odiHON g ‘OHUMLOHYO dOWOLR xe0dd 9HHIOdLD
*BHYOI00
euABH Loevieroused WOLE 90 HMWBHHOYed) UWHNeN LOg
éXBWOLP xXidHhHYerd d BoLoIeIeLoused HHO OK Mey
‘AMHULOCh OIHURLHOWOLE IGaOUe ]
‘eHOdiuere dolraxuL ced gpg] @ ondewndu nouAdr
HW LOL {004 YWIAGONVHHYO HLhOU LOIQWH HOdIMeH HM HOLOd]]

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if
Hoded HO :aiMaeLoredu 9990 OHYAdL 90a

Olq ‘HOdLYere — MonuLoeh xedL XHLE EM BeMJel BEWED

(panutquos) AWOLVY 9

jenweda

84
6 ATOMH (continued)

TepBHM cnow O6ONOUKM, HeEMOCpeNCTBEHHO OKPYKaWWMlt ADDO, MOMET BMECTUTH
TONbHO & SMeHTpOHaA, BTopom - 8, Tpetuw - 18 ut. Oo.

TloscHuM 8TO Ha TpuMepax ATOMOB KMCNOpona u HaTpuA. Anpo KMCNOpona
coctout us 8 mporoHoB u 8 HettpoHoB. Ero 8 sieKTpOHOB PaCcNONOMeHH B DByXx
SJIGXHTPOHHHX CJIOAX: B TepBoM 2 uM BO BTopoM 6. Bropom olexTpOHHHM col
ocTaeTCH HeMHOTO HeSaMOJHEHHHM; OH MOT 6H BMECTMUTb elle & oeKTpOHa. Aynpo
aTtoMa HaTpwaA mmMeetT 11 npoToHoB u 11 mau 12 HefrpoHoB. 11 onexTpoHOB HaTpMA
pacmpenesieHH B TpexX SJIEKTPOHHHX COAX: B TepBoM 2, BO BTopom & um B TpeTbeM
1 snextpoH. B atromax Jerxux SIeMEHTOB SJICEHTPOHH MOTYT OHTb B CJlenywiem
SICKTPOHHOM CIOe€ TOMDKO TOPTa, KOTRA MpedyaymMM cow sanouHeH.

( A. VU. Kurafiropogckui, Crpoeuue BemectBa Mw ero SHEprMA,
ctp. 8-12)

7 CVHOPOM UEMEHUMM

CuHEpOM TeMeHIMM, CNas6oyMuA, xapakKTepHHit BNA Tpy6o opraHMmuecHux
nopameHuli mosra (nporpeccuBHuft napanuu, cudumuc mMosra, apTepMocKJepos mosra,
OnyxOJM, TAKeIHeE TpaBMaTMUeCHMe NOPAaMeHUA MO3Ta), CAaraeTCA B OCHOBHOM M3
HapyleHui MaMATM, BHUMAaHMA M HpVTMKM. C yMCTBeHHHM yNagqKOM HeM36exHO
CBA3AHO CyKeHMe KPYTOB MHTepecoB: HusiiMme BleuennA (ronoa, mOonOBOe uyBCTBO)
HepeJKO BHCTYNAaWT MpM STOM H& NepBH mlaH,He OOy3THBaeMHe COO6pameHMAMM
Ipummuun, gomra. OT nernuux hopm emMeHuuM BeyT CTyYNeHM K CAaMHM TAKEJHM
MOpPMaM NOJHOTO paspylleHuA BCeh ncuxnueCkOM TeATeENbHOCTM;MoCNenHee HEpeKO
NPUXONMTCA HAaOMWTaTb B MCXOQHHX CTAQMAX NpOrpeccuBHOrTO Mapasmmua, Korma
OObHNeE yee HE TONbKO HMUeETO He MepexMBAWT M HE COOOpakawT, HO TepAWT Tap
peu, He MOTYT CAMOCTOATeEJIBHO €CTb, MOUATCA M MCMPakHAWTCA Mon ceOA.

VWnorga Mpuw MeCTHHX, OUaPrOBHX NOPAMeHMAX MOBTAa KH DMdhySHHM, T. e.
OOWMM, PACMPOCTPAHEHHHM ABJEHMAM T€MECHIUMM MpMCOeQMHACTCA Take MOTOPHAA JM
C€H3O0PHaA adasuMA; STO elle ycyryOlAeT MCuxuueCHYN HeEDOCTAaTOUHOCTh UU Oec-
NOMOMHOCTh TaKMX OObBHEX.

Oco60 cnenyeT yNOoMAHyTb CBOeObpasHynW PopMy DeMeHUMM B BME Tak
Ha3HBaeMOPO aMHeCTMUeCHOTO CuHEpoma (HxOpcaKoBCHOTO), HOra B NepByW OUepenb
TOpamaeTCA CMOCOOHOCTh 3aNOMMHAHMA MpM CpABHMUTeENbHOM COxXpaHHOCTM yApyrux
NCMXMUCCHUX PYHKUMM. oTu OOMbHHE HE B COCTOAHMM 3ANOMHMTb HMUerO HOBOTO,
HampMMep, CBOe MECTO 3a CTOJIOM, NanatTy, HKOMKy, BDeMA DHA, damusuw Bpaua.

Onv He 3a8MOMMHANWT MOCIeNHMX BieuaTneHMii, HO B TO Ke BpeMA MOTyT
XOpOMO NOMHUTb BCe, UTO HaCaeTCA TeTCTBa, OTPOUeECTBA, WHOJIbHHX SHAHMM.
IIpopask NaMATM STM OONbHHE UaCTO BANOTHAWT Tak H@SHBAeCMHMM HOHMAaAOyIAUMAMN,
T. €. BHMHCJOM, COUMHMTeNbCTBOM. Ha Bonpoc O TOM, UTO OH eNan cerogHA,
OONbHOM, HanpyMep, 3aAqBNAeT: "Jieranm Ha aspommaHe". TOT CMHIPOM OCO6eHHO
yuacTo HaOlWnaeTcCA y CTapHx aslKoronmmKOB (cm. O cuHapome Hopcaropa B rulaBe
"llommHepput"), a Taxxe Mp CeHMNbHNX MCMxXO3aX, NOCHE TAKENNX TPABMaTMUeCKUX
nopaxeHult mosra.

(B.B. Muxees u A. B. Heiman, HeppHye mu mceuxmueckue
6onesHu, ctp. 108-109)

sPBRBOEPATUBHbIUN XKYPHAA
X UM WM SF

PIABHBI PEXAKTOP B. B. Cepnuncxut. YOEHbIM CEKPETAPh EZ. A. Tepenmoeca
PYKOBOMHTEIH CEKTOPOB: J. A. Bousap, B. B. KagGapoe, B. I. Kpemoeuu,
A. H. Kypcanoe, Kk. C. Tonuuee, H. A. Sync

Pegepatn 76295 — 79039

Nb 24

25 KekaOpa 1957 r.

OBUIME BOITPOCHI

METOJIOJIOrHA. UCTOPHA. HAYIHBIE YIPEIKTEHAWA A KOHOEPEHOMM. NPENOJABAHHE.
BOIIPOCbI BUBJIMOrPAMHH WH HAYWHOM JOKYMEHTAQUH

Pegaxtop J. H. Tymapxun

76295. Ycnexm opranwueckoii xuaMHnm Ha YkKpanHe 3a
40 net Copetckoi pnuactu. Kun puanos A, H., Yup.
xu. 2K., 1957, 23, Ne 4, 460—473

76296. XuMuA B COBeTCKOM MIKONe 3a copoK Jet, Ia p-
mMenuos K. Al., Xumua B moe, 1957, Ne 5, 50—60

76297. Ycnexu xXMMH3annHH 8 § CcebCKOrO xosalicTBa
CCCP. Bapanos II. A., Yaobpenue u yporkait, 1957,
Ne 9, 1—18

76298. Kanonsenounad DpoMBIMinenHOcTh K 40-1eTHI0
Beanxoro OxtaOpa. Hanunikun A., Texumka KHHO
vu Tesepuyenus, 1957, Ne 9, 1—12

76299. OupeyxereHHA aTOMHBIX BeCOB PyCCKHMH XHMH-
kamu B XIX Bs. (yo 1869 r.). DuryposeKkuil H. A.,
Kypuunon B. ., 7K. das. xumun, 1957, 31, Ne 6,
1429—1433
Buoa. 41 was. Tens

76300. OnekTpoxHMuyecKkHe 3aKOHBI Dapanen onpe-
qedenwe okBuBaeHTHHIX BecoB. I, Ane (Faraday’s
electrochemical] laws and the determination of equi-
valent weights. Ehl Rosemary Gene, Ihde
Aaaron J.), J, Chem. Educ., 1954, 31, Ne 5, 226—232
(aHra.)

Sakon Mapagean (1834) noaTH DomHOCTHIO urHOpupo-
BawHcb B HayKe po 1880 r. Ileppoe ux ucnomb30BaHne
WIA OMpeyeneHuA XMM. DKBABANeCHTOB OTHOCHTCA KO Bpe-
MeHH nocie 1873 r. IlpuanHow aBptop cuutTaeT aBTopH-
tet Bepyemyca, BHICTyOUBMero c KPHTHUKOM 9KcHepZ-
MeHTOB Mapafen uM MO KOHMa cBoel mu3HH (1848) He
IpH3HaBaBmero JocTOBepHCcTu 3Tux 3aKoOHOB. [IpuBese-
HEI cBeeHuA 00 HTAIbHHCKOM MccresoBaTee-3eKTpO-
@usnonore Hapno Martreyyuu (1811—1868), usyaapniem
XMM. [lelicTBue ONeKTPHY. TOKa uw ONyOMMKOBaBIIeM B
1835 1. BEIBO,BI, aHaslorH4uHEe 3sakoHamM MWapayen; o6-

cymaeTca Boupoc oO wmpHoputerte. :
10. Benyenpmreita
76301. Braayq Wawa Bb pasBuTue Heoprannueckoii x4-

mun. Mexvta (India’s contribution to inorganic che-
mistry. Mehta S. M.), Sci. and Culture, 1957, 23,
Ne 4, 5—14 (aura.) f
Hpatkuii ucTopuy. ovepKk Do epwogam: fo XIX B.;

XIX B.; 1901—1920; 1921—1940; 19411955. in, ANG

76302. OcnoBHble oTanbt pa3sBuTaa oOmjel, Heopranu-
yecKol u dbusuueckoH xumMu4 Ha YKpauHe (70 1917 r.).
Typueuko A. W. (Ocnosni eranu pospuTKy _3arasib-
HOI HeopraniyHoi i di3snuHoi XiMil Ha Yxpaini (0
1917 p.). Typaeuxo fi. I.), Hapuen 3 ictopii tex.
AH YPCP, 1957, sun. 4, 25—46 (yxp.)

76303. Ws panseii uctopau dusuonormyecko xuMaH
B Tepmanun. 3ummep (Aus der Aufangen der phy-
siologischen Chemie in Deutschland. Simmer
Hans), Sudhoffs Arch. Geschichte Med. und Natur-
wiss., 1955, 39, Ne 3, 216—236 (Hem.) :
Bnorpapuyeckue cpeqeHua uM O4epK Hay4Ho pen-

TempHoctn Teopra Kapaa Jhoqsura 3ursapra (1784—

1864) a YO:myca Diirena IIxoccSeprepa (1819—1860)

B TioOmHreHcKom yu-Te. Oyepk BOSHMKHOBeHHA 4H pa3sBu-

THA UCCTeTOBAaTeTbCKOM mu yyeOHO paboTH mo dusuono-

rua. xuMun B TioOunrenckom yH-Te-B XIX zB. JX. T.

76304. Croaetwe neun Cumenca. Crogmuag -(Cente-
nary of the Siemens furnace. Schofield M.), Glass,
1957, 34, Ne 1, 26 (anrz.)

Kpatkaa cupaBKa 06 uctopau us0obpeTenua Hapiom
BunsrenbMom (Yapip30m Bustbamom) Cumencom pereHe-
PaTHBHOM Mews, NpUMeHeHHOM AAA BapKM cTeKya.

H. Uasnymnuag

76305. Pa3ssutme saKxos. Weropmueckoe oGo3penne..
Bayp (Welche Anregungen kénnen wir aus einer
historischen Betrachtung der Entwicklung des La-
ckes gewinnen? Baur P.), Farbe und Lack, 1956, 62,
Ne 11, 543—528 (Hem.)

TexHuueckHe MU UcTOpH4. cBeqeHaA O Makax uo uckyc-
cTBe JakupopKu B Bocrounoit Asnu (Kurtait, Anonua,
CuamM) c —peBHHxX BpeMeH uw O Ha¥yanbHOM mepuoye
mpou3-Ba jaKos B Espone. Hpupeqesst penpoxyKuan
(21). Bu6n. 18 Hass. Bb. Wlemaxuyg
76306. Ponmb yuensix Tlerep6ypra — Jlesnurpaga Bs

pasBuTHn XuMayeckoli Hayku, HukoabeKull DB. IL,

B c6.: Xumna. JI, Tocxamuamat, 1957, 7—20
76367, Xumuueckan mnpompimaenHocts Tletep6ypra.

(Kparkaii ovepx), ABepbanos H. H., B c6.:. Xu-

Musi. JI., Tocxamusyar, 1957, 21—37
76308. Sapoy «Kpacnai Xuma‘) («Tenterescknim) a

ero BKIa_ B pa3sBHTHe XHMHYECKHX MpoMsBOCTE.

Iimexrep A. M., Gepuak M. A. B c6.: Xumua.

JI., Tocxumusyat, 1957, 68—73
76309. Paspaime KepamuKa B IlerepOypre — Jlenun-

rpaje. ABvycrunaan A. W, B c6.: Crpont. ma-

Tepmambi. JI., Toc. a30-B0 nut. m0 CTp-By M apXUTeKT.,

1957, 75—84

Vicropnuecknit ovepx. ait be
76310. Tlepsetii dbapcboposstii sason B Poccun. Coxo-

ao8 A. C., B c6.: Crpont. matepuansi. JI, Toc. 43]-BO

WHT. MO CTP-By WM apxuTexKT., 1957, 104—119

Oyepk ucTOpun BO3sHUKHOBeHHA 1 pa3sBuTaA mapdopo-

76784

yMeHbmaetca, JIMA aKcHepuM. UccMeqoBaHuA Tpomecca
OCAKTCHUA TACTUI, U3 CTpyM UpousBoyusocy Potorpapu-
poBaHwe TpaeKTopuit yacTun; OnaroqapaA cuerKa HumGH-
mpuy. dopme II momyyanoch pe3Koe ms06paKenHue ee
upoduns., PesyiptaTLl HoATRepyuIM UpnoOmm7KeHHyIO TeO-
pHi OcasKJeHuA BACTHI U3 CTpyu WM WOsBOMMIM BEIBECTH

Heopzanureckan cumun. Konnaerkcnuoe coedunenunr

1957 r.

@-0hI, JoctaTouHHie Aad UpuomwKeHHOTO BETMMCIeCHUA
Koa, 3axBaTa KOHMMeTpa. B. Tyucxuit

Cm. Take: pasyen Xumua evicokomoseKYyAAPHoIZ CO-
eOunenui WM pedbepaT dIeKTPOMUKPOCKoOUMY. wUcCcMey. KOI-
moupoB 76908

HEOPrAHMYECKAA XMMMA. KOMIVJIEKCHBIE COEJMHEHWA
Penaxtop A. 5. Hetidune

76784. CospemMenHad HeOpraHmuecKkaA XHMHA B CBeTE
uyei JJ. W. Menpeneesa. Ilyxapes C. A., 3H. He-
opraHmy. xumnu, 1957, 2, Ne 4, 713—718

76785. OrTtenenne WWHKa OT ANIOMMHHA MeTOXOM HOH-
Horo oomena. ILuumesuy E, II., Becto. Mock. yu-tTa.
Cep. MaTeM., MexaH., acTpoH., (bus3., xumMun, 1957, Ne 4,
150—155
Viccnegosano nopeyenue Zn u Al Ha KaTHoHUTe «CBC»

B IpMcyTCTBAN BUHHOM, cymEocanmyMTOBOM MW MaBese-

Bol K-T, a TakyKe B UpucyTcTBuA UMporannona uw rau-

HepuHa. Ha ocHoBaHAu pasxm4HOW ycToMuMBocTH KOM-

IeKCHBIX COC MHeHMIT yKa3aHHbIX OpraHuy. peaKTABOB

e Zn u Al paspa6oTanbi MeTOAEI KONMY. pasfeleHua

nocuequux. YcTaHOBeHO, 4TO HanOonee yHOOHEIMA KOM-

HieKcooOpa3ylWMuMu B-BaMM JIA pasqemenua cmecu Al

ua Zn ABNAIOTCH BUHHAA, cylbMocammounoBaA W MaBese-

Bafl K-THI. Pesiome aBTopa

76786. Ounctka u dusnueckue cpolictsa ptyTH. Io p-
you, Yuuepe (Purification of mercury and its phy-
sical properties. Gordon Charles L, Wichers
Edward), Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1957, 65, Ne 5,
369—387 (aurs.)

O6sop. Bu6n. 132 Hass. B. If.
76787. Xumua- nantanuyop. MucymMu CFYR=FIG

Ok & =AR=), bk rcs, HKarany to xcré,

Chem. and Chem. Ind. 1957, 10, Ne 3, 1418—128

(AMOHCH.)

O6s30p. Bn6x. 100 mass. M. M.

76788. PeqxoseMeibHble 9eMeHTH TYIW HW MpomeTui
upHoOperaior TexHuyeckyio WenHocTs. Horan B. i.,
I[petH. Metamm, 1957, Ne 6, 92—95
O6s0p uHOCTpaHHo uuTepatypH. Bubx.20na3sz. B. II.

76789. WecneqosanHe peaknnii B3aaMOjeiicTBuA TBep-
qbix Bemects. K Bompocy 0 nonyseHuM KpHcTanmmee-
ckoro cyab@una Bucmyta. Taucteuxo H. W., Tp.
Boponener. yH-ta, 1956, 40, 23—29
VMsy4eHn rerepor. p-luu B CacTeMe TBepfoe B-5O — p-p

H DouyaeHb! pasmm4nbe oOpasnbl KpucTanmm., BiSs;

B zadop. ycnoBpuax. HuneTau, KpuBLe U3y4eHHEIX

p-uit UMeIoT ACHO BIPAavKeHHbIM MAKCAMYM, XapakKTep-

HIM [IA TOUOXUM. p-Wuu. BHeminaa cbopMa DomyaeHHEIx

Kpuctannos Bi,S3 coorBercTByeT BHelHeli d@opMe ucxon-

HEIX TBepPBIX B-B. Pesiome aBTopa

76790. Tuaparn yByoxucu TuTana. KHacumos A. K.,
Wiss. AH KasCCP. Cep. xum., 1956, Berm. 10, 10—21
TiO. c¢ Boqom OOpasyer H,TiOs a HaTi,Os. H2TiO; o6pa-

p-pax Ha xowOny, a TakeKe Opn rugponuse TiCl, upa

KOMHaTHou t-pe. OOpasopanue HeTi,Os Hadmtoqaetca

apa rugponuse Ti(SQ,)2 B uHTepBane t-p 60—100°.

TuTaHoBad K-Ta, ocasKeHHaA U3 p-poB cone Ti pei-

CTBHEM Meuoueii uu TuApomM30M U UpOABAAIOMaA cBoit-

€TBa G-KHCIOTH, UpescTaBiaet coboli mo cocraby HeTiOs,

a THTAaHOBaA K-Ta, ocarKgeHHan u3 Ti(SQ,). Upw Harpe-

BaHuo uw oOOsafawnian cpolicrBamao f-Kucn0T,—H2Ti.Os.

O6e 9TH K-TH ABIAIOTCA MHUBALYyabHSIMA coepuHe-

HuaAMU. H,TiO3; a H2Ti.0s mpefxcraBAAIoT MpodHEte coenu-

HCHHA, BbIepyKuBalolue HarpeBaHwe WO choeM BOE

upu 100°. B mpomecce crapeHuA G-THTaHOBaA K-Ta epe-

xoyut B fB-TuTaHOBy1O K-Ty HM yTpagMBaeT cmocobHOCT

pacTBopATBca B pas0. HeOpraHu4. K-Tax, HO 110 cBOeMy
coctaBy He usmensetcs. He oOHapysKeHO cyljecTBOBaHue

K-THI coctaBa Hy,TiOy. V3 pesiome apTopa

76791. Weenegonanne foyuyqHoro MeToya pactbMHupoBa-
Hua Uupkonna. DaktTopsl, BIMAIOMIMe Ha CKOPOCTb
mponecca padunnpopanua. Emeabanos B. C.,
Bucrpos Il. ., Escrwoxun A.W. CRBECEL
ZAVUAAaAVARHOMR.=RVVT-ITVS..S AAP
v7 P.D., z7azy2reVA.I.), JR F-= HRW, ATOME.
oHeprua, Toucu onapyru, 1956, 1, Ne 1, 56—67 (amoHcK.)
Tlepepog. Cm. PiKXum, 1956, 68069.

76792. O saxrncu asora. Hakaysuma( HBReILS BI
BVct. PEE), SRY 7~BHB, Moany racy
Kéxkalicu, J. Soc. High Pressure Gas Ind. 1956, 20,
Ne 7, 13—17 (atoHcK.)

O6sop. Bun. 29 Hass. H. Iupserna

76793. OneKTpomuTMyecKoe BOCccTaHOBNeHHe a30THOM
KHCIOTH JO rajpoKcuizamuna. Yacts Il. PamacBaMH
(Electrolytic reduction of nitric acid to hydroxyl-
amine. Part I. Ramaswamy D.), J. Scient. and
Industr. Res., 1957, BC16, Ne 3, Bi28—B131 (aunraz.)

OuucaH MeTox HorysaeHua NH,OH onextponmarTa4. Boc-
cTaHoBnieHuem p-pa HNO; c Pt-aHofom ua Hg-KaToomM
B UpucytctBuu NaSOx, NeNO; uau NaCl. Anonmutom
myeut 15—20%-ant Na,SO. Upa ontamanpeHx ycuo-
Buax: Kony-um HNO; 1,15 w., Konn-un Na,SO, 10%,
T-pe 0—20° 8 upucytcTBuu KaTanu3aTopos (0,001—0,002 M@
coneit Th aaa Fe un 0,025 M movepuust) BEIXO 10 TOKY
upesrimaert 90%. B KatectBe MOOOUHHIX MpOAyKTOB oOpa-
syiotca HNOs, H2N2Oo, NHs3, N2Os, No uw ap. Hatanuray.
qeiicTBue MOUCBHHEI DoKasbiBaeT, 1TO HNO» He ABIACTCA
IIpOMe7KYTOUHEIM UPOAyKTOM Up BoccTaHoBeHun. Oue-
BUJHO, BHaYale UpoucxogxuT oCpasopanue Na mo cxeme

6Nat@zekTPOMMS) ENa + Ge, sarem Na maer c Hg-KaToqoM
aMambramy. AMambrama Na BoccTaHaBIMBaeT 3aTeM a30T-
Hy K-Ty: 6Na(Hg) + HNO; + 4H.O = NH,OH + 6NaOH.
TipnOaBpneHublt K omeKTponutTy Na,SO, cayxuT ucTOounH-
KomM woHOB Na+ a, KpoMe TOFO, yBeMMaMBaeT BeKTPO-
IpoOBOHOCTB. YW. Cnonum
76794. O mpoyyktTax B3auMo,elicTBHA NeHTaxXIOpusOB

TaHTala WH HUOGHAA c¢ xNOpoKucHio dbocdopa. Hu cexzs-

cou J. A., Wt. peopranw4a. xumun, 1957, 2, Ne 4, 816—819

YcranobieHo, 4TO UpH FelictBun usdniTKa POCI; Ha
meHtaxiopuyH Ta a Nb oOpasyloTcA KOMIeKCHEIC Coeqn-
HeHMA, COCTaB KOTOPHIX oTBeuaeT cb-ue Ta(Nb)Cls- POCIs.
Ilpu HarpebaHuu yKa3aHHEIX coequHeHHli mpoucxo_uT
oTmemuenue uacta POCl;, noKa He oOpa3yloTca mpo-
TyKTH, MeperoHstomimeca Oe3 u3MeHeHMA cocTaBa. KUM.
aHalus 9TMX IpOfyKTOB, WeperoHAOMmuxcAh Upw aTMo-
cdepHoM flabmeHuu, Aan ua Ta-pofqyKTa oTHOMeHHe
Ta: P=1,22:1, a gaa Nb-aponyxta— Nb: P = 1,49: 1.
Haiigeno, 4To meperoHaiomulica Ta-apoqykKT unaBHTca
B wuHTeppane 129—133,5°, a Nb-mponyrxt 120,5—131°
T. Kuo. Ta-upogyKtTa cocTaBinet ~ 285°, a Nb-uponyxra
~ 263° mpm aTmocdepHom yaBneHuu. M3 pesiome aBTopa

"yunHonaeds

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‘wnnanevdh o2onayvonhnad agp
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xisHareninnodadpur BunedodudsainH

: — ee == *p =
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OSs =f af ar i) ar i)
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PHOIHOJOHW OJOLE JHOLWOLD OL ‘unum kd YOHLIVAEHOH LO enredou
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buHoHaedA OJoHsreuMHodadpur q1oeh weal MIIdg
“eNYKdOU OJOsdau uNbuHOHARGA BILOIIIaL

O= AD (oh + 5X) + xP (oh — gx) gus a +
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pat 3X0 cates sftp
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i 4 « x
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wus=tot+ pate. & o=Mrx+@r (1

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uvo9 ‘eHOYeH LovAQ MNWPHUAMIOd HWIMWONDN AKON ILIOWMINELE

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nwiusvonnnadagene woLoieanern ‘erenunHododdur viru yorrossuodu
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(9-4 ‘dao ‘umHoHaedsA
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ouHoHeWMdy * (oauetred] aoaqirery: y*y)

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9OHDEOT °“W OT

SECTION VI (continued)

Russian-English Glossary

This glossary contains the traditional dictionary-entry forms for all the words
used in the foregoing texts. Care has been taken to cite the most relevant meanings
for the words, but it will no doubt happen that a specialist may substitute more exact
terminology in a text dealing with his particular field. The author would appreciate
any suggestions for more exact renderings of particular Russian terms.

In the glossary, the following grammatical information is available:

Gender is indicated for the nouns only when the nominative singular form

The genitive singular form is cited for those nouns which have the added

Nouns
ends in the soft sign(b). Otherwise, singular nouns are
masculine, if terminated by a consonant:
neuter, if the final letter is the vowel —o or -e
feminine, if the final letter is -a or -s
vowel -o- or -e- in the nominative singular.
Verbs

The 3rd. singular form of the "present" is given in parentheses, when its
formation would not be obvious from inspection of the infinitive.
Aspect is indicated by explicit labelling of the perfective verbs.

Prepositions

The case or cuses of nouns and adjectives associated with a preposition are
indicated in parentheses after the preposition.

Accent

A word with no accent marking has the stress accent on the first syllable.
The letter e with two dots(&) symbolizes the place of the accent.

An acute accent mark(’) indicates the place of accent, when it is not so
indicated by the first two devices.

The abbreviations used throughout
below:

this manual and in the glossary are summarized

masculine
neuter
feminine

singular
plural

adjective
preposition
participle

p-rfective aspect
imperfective aspect

nominative
accusative
genitive
dative
prepositional
instrumental

ee 3:
a and, but
adcTpaKTHult abstract
aBTop author
ABTOPUTET authority
amuabaTmuecuui Adiabatic
Asa Asia
a30T nitrogen
a3s0THHi nitric
aka jéMux academic(a title)
aKa leMun academy
aKTUBHNH active
aIKOTOIUE alcoholic
amoMmHiit aluminum
amasibrama amalgam
amHecTuuecKuht amnestic
AH-AnanémuaA Hayk Academy of Sciences
auriuiicunht English
aHTCTPeM angstrom
aHog anode
aHOJUT ‘ anolyte
apTepuocKIEpos arteriosclerosis
aCTPOHOM astronomer
acTpOHOMMA astronomy
atom atom
aTOMHHI atomic
adasua aphasia
asponwyan aeroplane

B 6
6es (4G) without
OecKpHIuIt wingless
6eCCAKKOBHE protura
SecnoMOmHOCTh helplessness
Onaronapa ( D) because of
6nuxA hunk closest
OuuMs0ctTb (fem.) closeness
6n0xa flea
6oromon praying mantis
Somee more
6one3sHeHHNM sickly, painful
6onesHb (fem.) sickness
OoNb (fem.) pain, ache
60nbHO sick, patient
6ombme more, greater
Conbmuin greater(adj.)
6o0ubMOK big
Opat (pl.6OpaTbA) brother
OyHBa letter
6yuTb (6yzet to be

BB
B/BO (+A, P) in,at
BapHKa boiling
Beab of course, really
BeIMEMit great

BeIMUMHA
BepouWnKa
BepxHui

Bec |
BECHAHKA
pectu (BenéT)

BeCb, BCE, BCA, BCE

BeECbMa
BelleCcTBO

Bemb (fem.)
BBaUMOTEeNCTBUE
BU

Bunetb (Bugut)
BU DUM
BUIIOXBOCTHHM
BUHHHN ,
BUCIORPHIKA
BUCMYT

BHIAL,
BHIADHBAaTbCA
BHINUATD
BACT (fem. )
BIeUCHME
BIMATB
BMeCTUTD [pf. ]
BHauase
BHectn (BHecéT)
BHemHUn
BHUMAHMe
BHYTPb (+G)
Bola

BOMOpOn
BOTOpOnHHM

size, magnitude

camel-fly,Inocellia

upper erassicornis

weight

mayfly

to lead, carry out
all

very

substance,matter

thing

reciprocal action

appearance, view, form

to see

visible

fork-tailed

tartaric

Sialis lutaria

bismuth

contribution

to be placed in

to include,turn on

power

inclination, appetite

to influence

to contain, insert

in the beginning

to bring in, put in (pf.]

external, outer

attention

inside of

water

hydrogen

pba

posgélicrpopath(-yert) to work on, influence

BOSqyx
BOSHUKHOBEHME

Bospacti(-pacrér)

Boxpyr (+G)
BOIHOBOH
BoMpOc
Bopouexnuit
BOCCTAHOBIEHNE
BOCCTAHABIUBATb
BOCTOUHHM
BocxouneHne
BOT

BOT uM BCE
BOWb, BUM (fen.)
BIepBHE
BrevaTJeHMe
BHOIHE

Bpay |

BpemuTD (D)
BpemMA (neut.)

B TO me BDeMA
BCE

BCeTO

air

springing up,formation
{pf.] to grow, increase
around

wave (adj. )

question

Voronezh(adj.)
reduction

to reduce

eastern
rising,ascent
here, here is
that's all

louse

first,for the first time
impression
completely

doctor

to harm, injure
time

at the same time
all, all the time
in all, in toto

BTopott
BXODUTD
BH

second

to enter,go in
you

BHOpatb (BHOepeT) [pf.] to select

BHBectu (BHBeTeT)

BHBOY
BHDCPHUBATb
BHSHBaTb
BHMHCeJ, BHMHCIa
BHILYCK

BHPaHKaT
BHDakaTbCA
BHpAa)KeHHHIi
BHPASuTb [pf.]

BHCOROMOJIeRY IApHUIt of high molecular weight

BHCTYNATb
BHCTYNMTb ([pf.]
BHCMMIt
BHXOD
BHUMCIEHNE
BHUMCIUTb ([pf.]

1 a9

Tas

Tariy

rye

remit
Tepmanna
repo

TMgpar
TMOpPOKCUIAaMUH
rugpomMs
runoTesa,
TwlaBa.
rlaBHHlt
TWa3 ,

ray OonMM
TOBOPUTb

roy

rowoy
TOpTaHb (fen. )
rocyTapCTBeHHH!t
TpaMM
rpaHuua
rpahurt
rpeuecHult
rpy6o

ie a

napaTb (naér)
TaBIeHue
qTamee
TaseKo
TampyHe hunit

B O-mWemM
TaHHWE

to lead out,develop[ pf. ]

conclusion
to sustain
to call out,
fiction
issue

to express
to be expressed
expressed

evoke

to express

to come forward

to come out,speak out
higher

outlet

computation

to compute

gas
Gattsuk(Gad-zooks)
where

helium
Germany

hero

hydrate
hydroxylamine
hydrolysis
hypothesis
chapter
main,chief
eye

deep

to speak, talk
year

hunger
larynx, throat
governmental
gram
boundary
graph
Greek(adj-)
crudely, severely

to give

pressure

further

far

furthermost

at the highest point
data

TaHubit given
yap gift
OBa, Be two
UBUTaTbCA (apuxeTca) to move,operate
npy pian two-winged,dipterous
IByMA (I) two
mByx (G) two
TeBATb nine
nevicTBue action
neficTBMTeNbHOCTh activity, reality

B O-cTu in actuality
nefictBopaTbh (-yer) to act,work
eKaoOpb December
Helarh to do, make
TeNutThb to divide
TeIMTBCA to be divided
neMeHuMA dementia

meHb, OHA day
Mepxats (mepsur) to hold
nepxa Tbr to be held
TeCATOH, WecATHa a tenth, a ten
TeCAThb ten
Tecatult tenth
leTangyep expansion engine
DeETcTtBo childhood
nemépme cheaper

Te ATEIbHOCTH action, activity,work
guaTHoOCcTuKa diagnostics
mMarHocTmuecKnit diagnostic
IvamMaruntuuii diamagnetic
quameéTp diameter
GupekTOp | director
mudhepeHywad differential
mucbepenuma IbHBIt differential (adj.)
muhby SHH diffuse
mma (+G) for

OA Toro uTO6H in order to

nO (+G) up to, till

gO Tex Mop up to that time

03a dose

AoID duty

TOMKEH , NOIMHO , HOMKHA

TLOJIMHH obliged

HOA portion
noporocroammit expensive
nocTaTOuHO sufficiently
nocTaTounnit sufficient
TOCTOBEpHOCT veracity
upeBHexpHauhh ancient-winged
mpeBHun ancient

gpyr gpyra one another

opyr kK opyty
Gpyr Ha gpyra
mpyr oT gpyra
rpyroit

nyMaT
UNXATeJIbHHI

to one another
at/on one another
from one another

other
to think
respiratory

Ee
JE /é

Espona

ero

eqununa
@IMHCTBeHHHIt
ee
ee

ecau

ecu 6H
eCTECTBEHHO
ecTéCTBeHHHi
eCTh

eCTh

emé

meyNOK, Key OKA
HUDHUM

HUDKOCTH (fen. )
HUBSHb (fem. )
uuTecHHI

HYHK

MYPHAI

3 3

3a ;
3a6oneBaHne

Europe
his, its
him, it
unit
single
her, its
her, it

if [unreal condition]
naturally
natural

to eat
still, yet

but, now

stomach

fluid, liquid
liquid

life

worldly, life(adj.)
beetle

magazine, journal

behind, for,during
illness

BABMCMMOCTD (fem. )dependence, correlation

3aBOL

3auaua

3aKUCb

BaKOH
BAKOHOMEPHOCTh
3aMéHa
BaMeuaTh
3an0NHEHHHM
3anOIHUTE (pr. ]
3anOJIHATh
3anOMMHaHNe
3alOMMHaTb
BANOMHUTh [pf.]
3apan

sapaAnurTa ([pf.]
sapAKeHHult
3acTaBuTb [pf.]
3aTém :
3aTPYTHATD
B3aXBaT
BaxOKDeHMe
3aueM

BAABIATB
30pOBHI
3eMEJbBHHM

plant, factory
task, problem
oxide

law

regulerity
substitution

to notice

filled

wey ae hital

ite) aiid
recollection

to remember

to remember
charge

to charge

charged

to force
thereupon

to make difficult
hold, fastening
descent

why

to announce,declare
healthy
terrestrial, land (adj.)

SeMIA

3eMHOli
30KAaUeECTBEHHHM
3HAK

3HAHME

BHATb

3HauéHie
BHAUMNTeEIBHO
3HAUMTB

“ou

urououKa

wnéA

m3 (+G)
USOHTOH, usoOuTKa
WsBECTHUE

U3 BeCTHHH
U3STATEIBCTBO
u3sNaratbcA

us nMler
usiqyuéHue
M3MeHEHME
USMeCHATBCA
usmMepéHue
usMéputTb [pf.]
U3MEPATh
u306pamxeHue
us06perénue
u300peTéHHHA
u3oTon

USyUaTb
usyuéHue
usyueHHuli
usyuutb [Epf.]
wa

wm (I)
uMéTb
VUMéTBCA
wHaue
VHIMBUTyAIbHui
UH OUKATOpHHM
Unga
UHEPIMA
wHorga

uHon
WHOCTpaHHHh
UHCTUTYT
WHTerpas
WHTerpaJbHyli
UHTerpmpoBaHne
MHTepBaI
UHTepec
NOHHHK
UCKIWUEHME
VUCKINUNTEIbHO
ViCKOMH iit

(uméer)

earth, land, ground
earthly, terrestrial
malignant

sign, symbol
knowledge

to know

meaning
significantly

to mean

and

even, still, also

needle(diminutive)
idea

out of, from
surplus, excess

news

known, well-known

publishing house

to be explained

excess, superfluity

emission, radiation

change

to be changed

measuring, measurement

to measure

picture, image

discovery, invention

discovered, invented

isotope

to study

study

studied

to study

by him, by it

to have

to be had

otherwise

individual (adj.)

indieator(adj.)

India

inertia

sometimes

some, Other

foreign

institute

integral

integral (adj.)

integration

interval

interest

ionic

exception

exceptionally

unknown,what is being
sought

UCKY CCTBeHHHIt artificial
UCKYCCTBO art
UCHONMb3SOBaHUe using, use
ucnOmb30BaTb (-yerT) to use
UCNOIb30BATBCA to be used
UCIPAaKHATLCA to defecate
uccuénoBanne investigation, research
vuccnénoBaHHHli investigated
UCCIENOBATeIb researcher
WCCIENOBATS (-yer) to investigate
UCTOPUA history, story
UCXODHUM original, initial
ux their
Ux them
hit
fomuguun iodide (aaj. )
ag a

K (4D) to, towards
Kanu each, every
Kak how, as, like
Hak OH as though
Hak...TAK UM poth...and...
Hanon what kind of
KaJeHDapb (masc.) calendar
KacaThBCA to concern
KaTasMsatop catalyzer
KaTUOHUT cationic exchange resin
HaTon cathode
HAUeCTBO quality

B HauecTBe like, as
HEpaMuka ceramics

HuOTay Cc kilogauss

HUHO movie
HUHONICHOUHHM movie sound track(adj.)
EUCIOpPOn oxygen
KMCNOpPOgHHi oxygenous
HUCIOTA acid
Kurafi China
HHMUKHA book, booklet
KOOaIbT cobalt
KOr ga when
KOKA skin
HOHA cot
HomeOaTbca (HONMeé6NeTCA) to shake
KOMMUCCTBEHHHI quantitative
HOJIMUECTBO quantity
HONNONT colloid
KOJIOHHA column
KOMHATS room
HOMHATHHI room(adj.), indoor
HOMII6KCHHM complex, complete
HOHE, KOHIA end
KOHeUHHI final, finite
HOHUMETDp konometer

KOHICHTpAT
KOHa Oy JIALMA
KOpCcaHOBcEUl
HOCBeHHHM
HOTOpH
KOSMDULUCHT
KOSmPULMEHTHHM
HpacHHl
KpaTKuit
KDMBAA :
KpMcTasIMmuecKuit
KpUTMKAa
Hpome (+G)
KpomMe Toro
Hpyr
Hy Ouueckuht
Kya ’
ecim KyYna
HpHIaTHl

I oan

ja6opaTopuuli
wan
JAKMPOBKA
JAHTAHUD

JIe BHM

néernult
erHO
érHoe

yet (G-pl.: Ton)
-jeTue
quTepatypa
ylevath
euenue

mune fui
IMHMA

IMTul

IMU

mu06 Olt

HOM (N-pl.)

MoM

MarHuTHnlt ;
MaTHUTCTPUKALMA
MAaKCMMAJbHBI
MAKCUMYM
MaJICHbEUM
Masui
MATeEMAaTUKa
MeTaNb (fem. )
Me DUUMHa

Me DMUMHCKUH
Mexgoy (+I)
MerHUM

MeHee

MeHbmMe

concentrate
confabulation
Korsakov(adj.)
indirect

which, who
coefficient
coefficient (adj.)
red

short

curve

crystalline
criticism, review
besides, apart from
in addition to that

circle
cubic

where to

if somewhere
winged

laboratory(adj.)
lacquer
lacquering
lanthanide

left

light, easy
lightly, easily
lung

years
anniversary
literature

to fly

cure, healing
linear

line

lithium

only

beam, ray

any

people

magnetic
magnetostriction
maximal

maximum

small
small

mathematics
medal

medicine
medical
between, among
fine, shallow
less

less, fewer

MeCHbIMM
MeCTHHI
MeCTO
MeTaad
MeTOT,
METD
MeXaHiU3M
MexdHUKa.
MUHDOH
MUKpOCKON
MusINapT
MUIIMMETD
MUIIMMMKD OH
MUJIINOHHBI
MUpPHEY
MHOTMi
MHOTO
MHOTOOOpasHuit
MHOTOUJIEH
MOMHO

Mo3sr
Moményma
MOJOUHHTt
MOCKOBCHUIf
MoTOpHuIt
MOUeBMHA
MOUMTBCA
moun (Mmoxer)
MOH

MH
MHIINIeHNE

jal oe
Ha (+A,P)
HaOIWDaTh
HAO IWLaTECA
HaoswTeHMe
HaTpadurh
HaTrpaxeHHHt
HarpeBaHve
Ha3sBaHue
HA3HBETb
HaSHBATBCA
Han6osee
Hannenuyl
Hafity
Ha KOHEL
HAMpaBLATECA
HanpuMep
HanporTus
Hapyuéuue
Hac (AGP ; MH)
HaceHxOMOoe
HACHOJIBHO
HacToAmuit
HACTYNMTh [pr]
HaTpun
HayHa
HayuHul

less
local,
place
metal
method
meter
mechanism
mechanics
micron
microscope
billion
millimeter
millimicron
millionth

peaceful
many

much, many
multiform,diverse
polynomial

possibly, it is possible
brain

molecule
lacteal, mammary
Moscow(adj.)
motor(adj.)

urea

to urinate

to be able
powerful

we
though, thinking

regional

on,onto,for, in
to observe

to be observed
observation

to reward
awarded

heating

name, term, title
to name, term
to be named

the most

found

(Hafimér) (pr.] to fina

finally

to be directed

for example

opposite,on the contrary
breach, infraction

insect

as far as, as much as

present, actual

to approach, set in
sodium

science

scientific, learned

HaxODUTh
HaXxXOUUTbCA
HaAXxomméHue
Haud ABET
HaUMHATh
He ,
HeBMDUMBIt
He BOOPYREHHHIt
HeT&BHO

He LeMMHM
He TOCTATOK

to find

te be located,be at
finding

beginning, initial
to begin

not

invisible

unarmed, naked
recently
indivisible
deficiency, lack

HeENOCTATOUHOCTh(fem.) insufficiency

Heé (A,G) .
He3aBMCMMHM
He3andJIHeHHHI
HeMSOE3HO
HeEM3BECTHHM

her, it
independent
unfilled
inescapably
unknown

Hefirpamu30BaTE (-yet) to neutralize

HelitpasM30BaTbCA

HefiTpanbHo
HefTpasbuHi
He“TpoH
HeKOTOpHIA
Hemen Rui
HEMHOTO
HeEOOXxODMMO
HeODHOpODHHIi

HEMOCPEACTBEHHO
HeNOCpeNCTBEHHHMt direct,

HepBHHT
HepenHO
HECHOJIBEMM
HeECKOJIBEO
HM.» HU
HUE

HUSHUM
HUSMMH
HMHAKOM
HuO6un

HUX (A,G,P)
Huuero

HO ;
HOBOHDPHJIHe
HOB ; .
HOTOXBOCTHHI
HOC

O. @

0/06/0600 (+P)
o6a, o6e
0630p
o6nanatp (1)
o6mactb (fem.)
ob6syuéuue
O6méH
oOvapyxeHHHlt

OOHapyHUTh (pt. J

o606maTn
o6ooméuHyit
O6038HaUaThb

to be neutralized
neutrally
neutral
neutron
a certain, some,few
German (adj.)
some, a little
necessarily, necessary
heterogeneous
directly, immediately
immediate
nerve(adj.), neural
not seldom, often
few, several

somewhat, a few

neither...nor
lower, below
low

lower

no, not any
niobium

them

nothing

but
new-winged,neoptera
new

collembolic
nose

about, concerning
both

survey

to possess
district,field
exposure

exchange
uncovered, discovered
to discover

to generalize
generalized

to designate

o6osHauaTBeA to be designated
oOospeHne review. survey
ooomouKa cover, casing
oOoCcHOBaHNe basis, ground, reason
oopas shape, form, image

TAKVM o6pa3s0M in such fashion
o6paséy, O6pasia specimen, model

oOpasHee more graphically
oopasoBanne formation
o6pasoBara (-yer) to form
oopallars to turn
oOcnyxmBaTh to serve, attend
oOcyHTaTECA to be judged
o6y3THBaTb to check, repress
oOmectTBO society
oomun general
OOBeLUHATD to unite, join
OO beRTUBHHM objective
oObéM volume, size, bulk
OOBACHATBCA to be explained
OOHHHOBEHHHI usual, ordinary
o6HuHHT usual
orpoMHHii huge, vast
OnMH one
OIUHEA KOBE same, identical
ONHAHO however
ODHOpORHHA homogeneous
ODHOTMMHO one-type (adv. )
OKMHATECID liquefier
ommEéeHne liquefying
OHASEBATh to show, exert
OHUCh oxide
OpurnuadEunit original
OHONIO (+G) about, around
OHOHUMTS {pf.] to finish
OHpyHaThb to circle,encompass
OKTAOPS (masc.) October
OH he, it
OHa she, it
OHO it
onacHylt dangerous
onuparbea to rest on,be supported
onucaune description
onncaHyun described
onucath. (onumet) [pf.] to describe
onpeneméuue determination
onpenenéHHHn determined
onpenenuitb [pf.] to determine
onpeqesATS to determine
ONpe TeEIATBCA to be determined

omyOmmxoBaTb [pf.] to publish
OTlyXONB (fem. ) swelling, tumor

OnuHT experiment, experience
Opran » organ

op TaHM3M organism
opraHiiuecxuit organic

OpieH order, medal

ocanuTh ([pf.]
ocamnenue

to precipitate
precipitation

OCcamDEHHHM precipitated,deposited
OCHOBAHME foundation, basis
OCHOBHOM basic, fundamental
B OCHOBHOM basically
ocO6eHHO especially
0cd60 apart, separately,extra
OocTaBaTbCA to remain,be left over
OcylileCTBUTHE[ pf. ]to realize,accomplish
oT (+G) from
oTres section,division
oTmenéHnue division, department
OTHDHTMe discovery
oTAMUaTECA to be distinguished
oTmmune distinction
B OoTNMuue oT in contrast to,unlike
OTHOCMTBCA to relate, pertain,refer
oTHoméHue relationship, connection
oromBiHyTb (-Her)[pf.] to move back
OTPAKATh to reflect
OTpacib (fem.) branch
OTPUNATe HO negatively
OTPMIATeIbHHA negative
OTpouecTBO boyhood, girlhood
orpan detachment, branch
oTTasHNBaHue repulsion
OTTANHUBATHCA to be repelled,resisted
OTTONMKHYTHCA [pf.] to be repelled
oudr focus, nidus
ouaroBuit focal,nidal
OueBMIHO obviously
OUCHB very
ouepenb (fem.) turn,course,line
OuepH outline
ouvcTHa purification

ql oo
ma ntatb to fall
nasarTa chamber, ward
Ta NOUHMKOBHI stick-shaped
NaMAT (fem. ) memory
mapas paralysis
neHTaxsOpny pentachloride
nepBHit first
nepeBog translation
nepeg (+I) before
TepeHUBATS to experience
nlepeMéHHBi variable
nepenouuaTOXpHuIHe hymenoptera
Tepe xXODUTb to pass over
nepewucnénne enumeration
nepuon period
llerporpag = Jlenuurpan
TepCoHasI personnel
mleub (fem. ) stove, furnace
muporannon pyrogallol
nMumeBon oesophagus
mau plan
m0. =—(4+D) through, in, along

mooouuult secondary, subsidiary
NOBeHeHNe behavior
MNOBEPXHOCTHO on the surface
NOBEPXHOCTH (fem.) surface

mog (+A,1) under

movasbue somewheres out there
TOBMNUMOMY apparently

NODeCHKM mayflies, Ephemeridae
NODHIACC subclass

MOOT LEM subdivision
NODCTaHOBHA substitution
NOLTBEpIUTS (pf. ] substantiate
nogxonsmmit suitable,appropriate
NO3BOIMTh[pf.] to permit
NOSBONATB to permit
MO3SHAKOMMTBCA [pf.] to become acquainted
nosHaHue perception

mo0Ka. while,meanwhile
TOK. « HE until

NOKA3HBATD to show

noJe field

NOJMHEBPUT polyneuritis
NOMMTeEXHMUeCHUM polytechnical
MONHOCTb (fem.) fulness

NOJIHHM full

MONOBOM sexual

nonOReHME position, state
NOMOMUTEIbHO positively
NONOMMTENBHY positive

MONOGTh (fem. ) hollow, cavity, void
NOJYKECTHOHDHJIHE hemiptera

nosypacnay half-life
NONYUaTS to receive,obtain
nomyuaTEer to be obtained
nosyuénne receiving, obtaining
nowyueHHyh received, obtained

nombsopaTbca ( -yetca) to use
NOMeCTUTBCA [pf.] to be placed in

momemjéuue room, quarters, space
NOMHUTB to remember

TIOMOWb (fem.) help

monactbh (nonanér) [pf.] to get( out there)
mopa time, it's time

mo Tex mop up to that time
TOpaHkaThca to be infected

mopaneHme infection, disease

MOPADOH, NOPADHA order, form, rank
nocBatTuTh [pf.] to dedicate

NOCBANECHHHM dedicated, devoted
mocne (+G) after

nocueqHnti last, latter
NOCTPOeHHNt built, constructed
nocTyNaTh to act, behave,go in
nOouTu almost

TOSTOMy for this reason
NOACHMTB [pf.] to explain, illustrate
paBoMepHHn proportionable, consistent
mpakTuna practice
mparxTuuecHu practically

nmpeppamlaTaca to be converted
pe BUA Tb to exceed,go beyond
mpelMet subject, topic
npegqckasannnit predicted
mpeqcraBuTs [pf.] to present
mpeqcTaBsATS to present

npencTaBlAaTS co6ofi to represent

npequnymun foregoing, preceding
npexHnit former

lIpeuMyle CT BO advantage

TIpeMuA prize

mpenapar preparation, compound
mpenorananue teaching

TIpm (+P) at,during, with
Tipu STOM besides

npuOaBuTe [pf.] to add, augment
npuoawkeHHHH approximate, close
npUoTMSUTeMbHO approximately

npupe 1éHHuI cited, brought forward

IpuBectyt (npupenét) [pr. ] to adduce,cite
NIpUsHaBaTh to acknowledge, admit

NpU3sHak sign, symptom, mark
IIPUHNADHBATbCA to be applied
npusMmune decency
IpuMeHeHMe application, use
IPMMCHUT [pf.] +o apply, use
IIPUMeHEHHHI applied, used
TIPUMeHATE to apply
IpUMeHATECA to be applied
mpumep example

npuMépHo about, approximately

NPUHATECA (mpumetca) [pf.] be taken

npuo6perTare to discover, receive
npwopurét priority

nmpupona y nature
IIPUCOCNMHATBCA to be added, joined to
npucyTcrBme presence
NpUTATUBATh to attract,draw to
NDUTATUBATECA to be attracted
npuraKéune attraction, gravity
npwunna reason

NIPUXOLMTSCA to be obliged to, must
TIpo (+A) about, concerning
mIpo61éma problem
mpoBeWeHHH conducted,carried out
mporpeccuBunl progressive

MPOMSBOQMTENBHOCTL productivity
NPOMS3BOLUTD to produce
NpoMsBoOqHAA derivative
MpOMSBOACTBO production
NpOwHTerpupoBaHHult integrated

MpOMCXOLUTE to take place, happen
mpoBan fall,downfall,dip
mpomeéruii promethium
mpomexyT ouHHit intermediate

NPOMMUL CHHOCTE (fem.) industry

MNPOHUKaAThb to penetrate
/

IIPOHUKHOBeHUe

npocrelhumin

penetration, infusion
most common

mpocroti
IpOCTpaHCTBO
NpoTou
Npodusb (masc.)
npouéce
MpOUHHt
MIpOABIATB
npAMOtt
MIpAMOKDHIIHe
NICMXMUUeECKMM
NCUx03

MyTeM (+G)
NYTb (masc.)
my xoé nH
myuok

pabora
PaBeHCTBO
paBHORpHINK
paBHEt
DaBHATBCA
pannit
panuuoarTuByyit
panvordbanbr
panou

pas
pas6opHyl
pasBurie

pasrmagétp [pf.]

pasnén
pasnenénue
pasnerATECA
pasiMunulh
pasuult

pasmep
paspao6doTaHHnit

paspa6orarts [pf.]

paspyménue

pak

paHHun

pacnay -
pacnomararh
pacnomaratTbhcea
pacnouOmeHHNit
pacnpenenATbCA

pacnpocTpaHéHHH

paccmaTpHBaTh
paccmorTpenne
paccrosnue
pacTsop —
pacTBOPATLCA
pacuét
pacienjéHue
padunvupopanue
pearTUB
peaxuMa
penaxrop
penEuu

common
space, outer space
proton

profile

process

stable

to manifest

straight

orthoptera

psychically

psychosis

by means of, way of
way, road, route
chewing lice, Mallophaga
cluster, beam

work

equality

equal-winged

equal

to be equal to

radium

radioactive
radiocobalt

radon

time

separable, sectional
development

to view

division, section
division, dividing

to be divided
various, different
different, diverse
dimension, size
worked out

to work out
destruction, collapse
cancer

early

disintegration

to dispose, place,set
to be disposed, intend
situated, located

to be distributed
spread out,distributed
to examine
examination, scrutiny
distance

solution

to be dissolved
calculation, account
splitting, fission
refining, purification
reagent, agent
reaction

editor

seldom, rare

pesHun sharp, abrupt
PCKTUMRAUMOHHEM fractionatinz (adj.)
pertTudunauna rectification
DeHTPeHOBHI x-ray (adj.)
penpoqoqyxKuMA reproduction
peub (fem.) speech
pemeHue decision, solution
PUCYHOH, pucyHra drawing, sketch
pomb (fem.) role
por, pra mouth
ponutTpca (pf. ] to be born
prytp (fem.) mercury
pyuefunnn caddis flies,Trichoptera
pAD row, series
PYKOBODMTENb leader, guide,manager
(masc. )

G 6
c/co (+I) with
c/fco (+G) from, off
CaM self
CaMOCTOATEJIBHO independently
camMult very, most
CaHTMMETp centimeter
COOPHUK collection
cBé menue knowledge, information
CBepxXMOMHHM superpower (adj. )
CBEpxXTeHyUeCTb super-fluidity
cBoeobpa3sHnit singular, unique
CBOM one's own
CBA3aHHHM connected
CBOMCTBO property
CBASb (fen.) connection, bond
cebe (D,P) one's self
ceon (A, G) a My
CeroquqHA today
cefuac now, at once
cerxpeTapb (masc.) secretary
CexTOp ye sector
C€JBCHOG XOSANCTBO agriculture
ceméficTBO family
CeH30pHHIi sensory
CeHUJIBHHM senile
CeHOE DH copeognatha
cepua series
CeTUaTOHDHIHe — neuroptera
cusa power, force
CMJIbHEe stronger
CUJIBHO strongly, vigorously
CUJIBHHM strong
CuHIpOM syndrome
cucTema system
cuctTemaTnHa classification
CupunMc syphilis
CHOHCTpyupoBaTh [pf.] to design
CHOpOCTb (fem.) speed
CKOPMMOHHNUH scorpions
cma6oymue feeble-mindedness

cnaratThca
cnierHa

to be composed
slightly, lightly

cnenopaTh (cnenyet) to follow, must

cnenynuun
cIMsuctun
COBO

con

cMeCb (fen. )
CMHCJI
coBercHui
COBpeMeHHHI

the following
mucous
word
layer
mixture,
sense, meaning

composite

Soviet
contemporary

conepxdta (conépamt) to contain

COepHATLCA
coenuHénue

to be contained
compound, combination

cosmaBaTh (cosnaér) to create

CONIb (fem)
coobpaxath
coo6paxéxnne
COOTBETCTBEHHO
CooTBéTCTBIUe

salt
to consider
consideration

according, accordingly
correspondence

cooTBeTcTBOBaTb (-yeT) to correspond

CONpoTuBIeHNe resistance, opposition
cocTaB composition, formation
cocTaBNATh to constitute
cocToAHue condition, state
coctoats (cocrout) to consist (of)
COTHA hundred

COXpaHHOCTh preservation
coluuamuctmuecnult socialistic
COUMHUTEIBCTBO fantasy
cnexTpasbHHnt spectral
CneuMmaIbHNM special

CmoCcOOHOCTB (fem.) ability, capacity

cmpaBHa
cipeccoBnath (pf. ]
CnyTHuk
cpaBHéHne
CpaBHUTeIbHNM
cpeqHuit

B cpelHeM
cccP

cTagqua
CrammHcuuit
cTapéHne

cTapHyi
cTaTb

information, reference
to press together
satellite
comparison
comparative
middle, average
on the average
USSR

stage, phase
Stalin(adj.)
ageing

old

(craHet) [pf.] to become

ctaTben (craHeTca) to happen

cTeHld
CTeMeHb
cCTOn

3a CTOJOM
cToneTue
CTOMUJIMOHHUM
eTpanviva
cTpanath
cTpexo3a
cTpemMuTbhCA
crpoéuue
CTpOMTeIbHHM

(fem. )

glass

degree, order
table

at the table
century
100-millionth
page

to suffer
dragon-fly

to strive for
building, structure

construction(adj.)

oTpy#

CTYMeHb (fem. )
cy IMT
cyéHue
cymboun
cynlecTBoBaHue
cxema
cunTaTh
CUuMTaTBCA

TaH

Tak Hak

TAK HasHBAeMHit
TaHKe

stream, flow

step, stage

to judge

narrowing

sulphide
existence, being
scheme, drawing

to count, consider
to be considered

thus, so
since

so-called
likewise

TAHOB, TAKOBO, TAKOBA,

TAHKOBH
TaKOd

TakKWM OO6pa3oMm
TAHTA
TapaKaH
TBEpINM
TeneBunéHue
TeNO
TemnepaTypa
Tenlonepenaua
TeNNOMNepeHoc
TeOpMA

Tenépb
TeNIOBOH
TeEpMMH

TepMMT

TCPATh
TeEXHUKA

Tun

TUTAH
TUTAHOBHT
THAHDb (fem. )

TO €CTb

TO me Camoe
Torna
TOMTECTBO
TOKE
TOK

TOJbKO
TOHKMY
TONOp
Tonoxumuueckuit
TOT, TO,Ta,7e
TOUHO
TOUHHM
TpapMatiuecunit
TpaexTOpHEL
TpemMA (I: Tpv)
TpeTun
TpEex (AGP)
Tpu
TPUNC

such

such a

in such manner, thus
tantalum
cockroach
firm, hard
television
body
temperature
heat transmission
heat transfer
theory

now

heat(adj.), thermal
term

termite

to lose
technology, procedure
type

titanium

titanic

texture, tissue
then, in that case
that is, namely, i.e.
the same thing
then

identity
also
current
only
thin, fine
axe
topochemical
that, those
exactly
exact
traumatic
trajectory(adj.)
three
third
three
three
thrips

Tpy6a

Tpydoura

Tpya

TPYDHO
TpPyDHOCTh (fem.)
Tym
TypOonerangep

Typ6onerannepHuli

THCAUAa
TAKEIEe
TAME JNM

Y y

YG)
yBemmuéHme

yBUeTb
yNaBaTbon
ynaaMTS (pt. ]
ymoonee
ynoouuit
ecg eane
yuocToeHHHh
yué
ysxunt
ySuatb (pf. J
yrasannuit
yHASATb
Yupanna
yxpanucHuit
YMeHBIATECA
yMCTBeHHHIi
yHUBepCcurTeéeT
YHUUTORMTDS (pt. ]
ynanox, ynagua
yNOMAHYTS (pf. ]
ynorpeOnATE
ypaBHeHne
ypaH
ypoxa ii
yenoBue
yenex
ycTaHaBIMBaTbCA
yCTaHOBMTE Bjone J
ycTaHOBKa
yCTaHOBNeHHHTi
yercfumpocrs
ycTpoficTBO
yorynmath
ycyryONATb
yTpauNBate
yXOBEepTHU
yuéHult
yupexmenue

® &
axe

pipe, conduit
little tube
work, labor
difficult
difficulty
thulium

turbine-type expansion

engine

(adj. for above)
thousand
harder,heavier
heavy, difficult

near,with(a person)
increase

(ysugut) Cpf.] to see
(ymaétca) to succeed

to remove

more suitable
suitable, convenient
fertilizer

awarded, conferred
already

narrow

to find out

pointed out

(yxamet) [pf.] to point out

Ukraine

Ukrainian

to be lessened
mental

university

to destroy
decline, fall

to mention, refer
to use

equation

uranium

harvest

condition
success, achievement
to be established

to establish

installation, apparatus

establiShed
stability

arrangement, structure

to give in,submit

to redouble, aggravate

waste
dermoptera
scientist
institution

to lose,
earwigs,
scholar,

fact

daHTop
haus
dhaphoposyii
Ousur
dusuna
dusuonor
@usnuecruit
opma
dopmysa
dochop
dororpabupopanme
PYHRIUMA

Ken:

xapaxTepHult
XMMUBAIMA
XUMUE
xumiuecnuit
XUMUA
XIOPOHMC
XOOOTHHM
XOOL
xopoumit
xOpomo

sa ae

UBe THOM
lesrHi

B IeJIOM
Web (fem. )
IlGHHOCTD (fem. )
WeHTp
UMHS
UIMHTpuuecHuit
UVHE
UMpPROHI

uacrTnia

uacTmuKra

uacTHHyit

uacto

uacTb (fem.)

ueOBeH

uenoBéeuecHult

UeIHCTb (fem.)

uem

uepes (+A)
uelly €KDHIHE

uucmo

upesBHUa HO

uTO

uTOOH

uy BCTBO

factor

last name
porcelain(adj.)
physicist
physics
physiologist
physical

form

formula
phosphorous
photographing
function

characteristic
chemicalization
chemist
chemical
chemistry
oxychloride
proboscis(adj.)
cold

good

good, well

colored
whole

on the whole
goal, purpose
value

center

cycle
cylindrical
zine
Zirconium

particle
very fine particle

private, particular
often
part
person,
human
jaw
than
throuzh
lepidoptera
number, date
extremely
that, what
in order to,
feeling

man

that

uyBCTBOBATb (-yer) *o feel

100

wap
mMpoxnit
WMpOKO
wHOTa
WEKOJbBHEM

WaBeseByn
nmanamun
Wménoub (fem.)
-
IMe€TUHOXBOCTHHE
BS 8)

OKCHEPUMEHT

ball, globe, sphere
wide

widely

school

school (adj.)

oxalic

merciful, sparing
alkali

thysanura

experiment

SHCIEPMMCHTAIbHHI experimental

aIeKTpPMUeCHM
snexTpiuecxutt
SIEHTPMUECTBO
SIEKTPO-

electrically
electrical
electricity
electro-

MuKpOCHOMMuecHuf microscopic

STeKTPOH
SJEKTPOHHHIt
SJIeMEHT
SeMeHTApHHM
oMouu
omnupmueckuii
SHeEprua ;
SHUMKIONE WUA
9Tan

STO
STOT,S8TC,9Ta,
STU

Ao a

ABIATBCA
ABIIEHNE
ABHEI
ADpO
Anouua
ANOHCKNI
AICHO

electron
electronic
element
elementary
Embiidae
empirical
energy
encyclopedia
stage

it is, they are
this

these

to appear, be
phenomenon
evident, clear

nucleus
Japan

Japanese
clearly, it is clear

101

INDEX
Abbreviations 64 Verbals 32-35
Adjectives 14-15 Verbs
Adverbs from 31 Aspect 25-27
As nouns 15 Conditional 29
Comparative 20 Endings 62
Endings 60-61,14-15 Future 25-26
Paradigms 40 Imperative 23-24
Pronominal 42-43 Infinitive 22,24-25,53-58
Short Forms alte) Irregular 47
Superlative 20 Past Tense 22,56
Present Tense 22-25,54-55
Adverbs 20,31,52,69-70 Reflexive 27-28
Review 46
Alphabet 3-9 Use of Grd. pl. 29

With Cases 28
Cases 10-11,14
Word Derivation 65-66
Case Usages 17-18
Word Order SO
Comparison 20-21,52

Connectives 67-78
=a ne RUSSIAN ENTRIES

Consonant Alternations 32

ates OeCHATH 47
Dictionaries 74-75 ae 29
Elements 73 Ball 42

BEChyBC= 143
Gender 11-12 BPeMA 41
Darth 47
Gerunds 34-35,57,63 neTnu Al
‘ TOub 41
Impersonal Construction 31 ecTh "is" 23
” w 7
Names 31,42 Keil ONE
Ta EEE “OTU 47
Negation 29-30 MMA : 41
HOTOpDHH 41
Nouns 10-14,16 KTO 42
JO" 41
Adjective forms 15 MaTb 41
Animate -e . moti 43
Endings 59,61 Hall 42
Indeclinable 16 aSaOR 41
Irregular 50-52 pe
Paradigms 36-39 cam Bi 43
CaMHuU 43
Numbers 21-22,44-45 cBon 30,43
TOT 43
Participles 32-34, 48-49,57,63,71 XOTCTH a?
ree uel 43
Prepositions 16,66-67 uejloBeK 41
uTO 42
Prono 19-20, 42
ES ROROUMS) ’ UTO6H 29
STOT 43

Separation vowel o/e 18

Translation 76-77

ABJIHETCA 29

Questions 30,67-68

, he
a fis

ia)

Lhe

es
ies

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