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This book should be returned on or ^ore the date
last marked below.
Ot>e 3\ural Manuals
EDITED BY L. H. BAILEY
MANUAL OF
TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Ol) 3\ural Manuals
EDITED BY L. II. BAILEY
MANUAL OF GARDENING Bailey
MANUAL OF FARM ANIMALS Ifapper
FARM AND GARDEN RULE-BOOK Bailey
MANUAL OF FRUIT INSECTS Slingerland and Crosby
MANUAL OF WEEDS Georgia
THE Pit UN ING-M ANUAL Bailey
MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES Ilesler and Whelzel
MANUAL OF MILK PRODUCTS Slocking
MANUAL OF YEC.ETABLE-GAHDEN INSECTS Crosby and
Leonard
MANUAL OF THEE DISEASES /fcmfew
MANLJAL OF HOME-MAKING Van Uensselacr, Rose and
Canon
MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING Hedrick
THE NURSERY- MANUAL Bailey
MANUAL OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUITS
Popenoe
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS Felt
MANUAL
OF TREE AND SHRUB
INSECTS
A General Account of the More Important or
Common Insects Attacking Shade and
Forest Trees and Shrubs and
Woody Orn ante n t a Is
IVY
EPHRAIM PORTER KELT
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF NEW YOHK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1928
All right* reserved
Copyright, 1924
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and electrotyped.
Published August, 1924
Printed in the United States of America by
THE FERRIS PRItf&Nd COMPANY, NEW YORK.
PREFACE
WE should not overlook the insects when planning for the
better protection of forest and other trees.
It is the purpose of this volume to give a readable and
practical summary of the insect problem in its relation to both
forest and shade trees. The writer has been keenly interested
in this phase of entomology for over thirty years. There have
been many valuable contributions to our knowledge of forest
insects by various workers within the nearly twenty years
which have elapsed since the author's "Insects Affecting Park
and Woodland Trees" appeared as Memoir 8 of the New York
State Museum, not to mention the introduction in this coun-
try of a number of important tree enemies and the marked
progress in control work during this period. The insect prob-
lems in relation to trees are likely to become more serious, if
one may judge from the developments of the past twenty-
five years.
The illustrations in this volume are reprinted in large meas-
ure from the author's earlier works, most of them having been
executed by the late L. H. Joutel, one of our gifted delineators
of insect life. A number of photographs or figures have been
reproduced through the courtesy of the following: Dr. L. O.
Howard, Dr. A. D. Hopkins and Mr. A. F. Burgess of the
Federal Bureau of Entomology, Professor C. R. Crosby of
Cornell University, Dr. W. E. Britton, State Entomologist of
Connecticut, Professor J. S. Houser of the Ohio Agricultural
Experiment Station and Professor E. O. Essig of the Univer-
sity of California; to all of whom due acknowledgments are
made.
E. P. FELT.
ALBANY, N.-,Y.
June 1, 1923.
CONTENTS
PART I PAGE
EXPLANATION 1
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION 3
THE PARTS OF AN INSKCT 5
TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS 7
ORIGIN OF INSECT PESTS 11
INTRODUCED SHADE TREE AND ORNAMENTAL PESTS ... 11
LITERATURE 12
CHAPTER II
NATURAL CHECKS AND METHODS OF CONTROL FOR INJURI-
OUS INSECTS 15
SELECTION AND PLANTING OF RESISTANT TREES 17
CONTROL AND REMEDIAL MEASURES 19
CITING AND SUCKING INSECTS 19
INSECTICIDES 21
SPRAYING APPARATUS 23
BARRIER BANDS 24
DESTRUCTION OF EGG MASSES 24
CONTROL OF BORERS 25
PART II
INSECTS ATTACKING SHADE TREES AND ORNAMENTALS . 27
CH/VPTER III
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 29
LEOPARD MOTH 32
CARPENTER WORM 33
vii
viii CONTENTS
PAGE
FLAT-HEADED BORER 35
ROUND-HEADED APPLE BORER 36
SUGAR MAPLE BORER 38
PIGEON TREMEX 40
MAPLE AND OAK TWIG-PRUNER 42
CALLOUS BORER 43
PITTED AMBROSIA BEETLE 44
ELM BORER 45
EUROPEAN ELM BARK-BEETLE 47
ELM SNOUT-BEETLES 48
HICKORY BARK-BEETLE 49
HICKORY SAPERDA 51
HICKORY SNOUT-BEETLE 52
BRONZE BIRCH BORER 52
TWO-LINED CHESTNUT BORER 53
LOCUST BORER 54
LOCUST TWIG-BORER 56
MOTTLED WILLOW BORER 57
COTTONWOOD BORER 58
POPLAR BORER 59
WILLOW-SHOOT SAWFLY 61
LINDEN BORER 62
LILAC BORER 63
THORN LIMB-BORER 64
ROSE STEM-GIRDLER 64
RHODODENDRON CLEAR WING 65
EUROPEAN HORNET 66
WHITE ANTS 67
LARGE CARPENTER BEE 69
CHAPTER IV
LEAF-FEEDERS DESTRUCTIVE TO ORNAMENTAL TREES . . 70
GIPSY MOTH 73
BROWN-TAIL MOTH 77
CONTENTS ix
PACE
FALL WEBWORM 79
WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH 80
FOREST TENT-CATERPILLAR 81
BAGWORM 83
ELM LEAF-BEETLE 84
ELM SAWFLY 86
SPINY ELM CATERPILLAR 87
CANKER-WORMS 88
EUROPEAN ELM CASE-BEARER 89
ELM LEAF-MINER 91
GREEN MAPLE WORM 92
GREEN-STRIPED MAPLE WORM 93
MAPLE LEAF-STEM BORER 94
LOCUST LEAF-MINER 95
COTTON WOOD LEAF-BEETLE 96
IMPORTED WILLOW LEAF-BEETLE 97
SATIN MOTH 99
POPLAR SAWFLY 100
CAT ALP A SPHINX 101
CAT ALP A MIDGE 102
LARCH CASE-BEARER 103
EIGHT-SPOTTED FORESTER 104
ROSE SLUGS OR ROSE WORMS 105
ROSE CHAFER 106
BOX LEAF-MIDGE 107
HONEYSUCKLE SAWFLY 108
AMERICAN HOLLY LEAF-MINER 109
ARBOR- VIT^E LEAF-MINER 110
CHAPTER V
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS Ill
WOOL SOWER 115
GOUTY OAK GALL 116
HORNED OAK GALL 116
x CONTENTS
PAGE
RIBBED BUD GALL 117
WHITE OAK CLUB-GALL 117
OAK FIG GALL 117
BULLET-GALLS 119
OAK APPLES 119
ROSE GALLS 120
WARTY OAK LEAF-GALL 120
BIRCH-SEED GALL-MIDGE 121
OCELLATE MAPLE LEAF-GALL 121
BALSAM GALL-MIDGE 121
WILLOW CO INK-GALL 122
POPLAR TWIG-GALL 122
WITCH-HAZEL CONE-CALT 123
SPINY WITCH-HAZEL GALL 123
VAGABOND GALL 124
POPLAR LEAF-STEM GALL 124
GRAPE PHYLLOXERA 124
HACKBERRY GALLS 125
BLADDER MAPLE GALL 125
COCKSCOMB ELM GALL 126
ASH FLOWER-GALL 127
SPRUCE GALL- APHID 128
S1TKA SPRUCE GALL 130
EUROPEAN WILLOW GALL-MIDGE 131
HICKORY LEAF-GALLS 131
HICKORY GALL-APHID 131
CHAPTER VI
PLANT-LICE OR APIIIDS 133
NORWAY MAPLE APHID 136
PAINTED MAPLE APHID 137
ELM LEAF-APHID 137
WOOLLY APHIS OF APPLE AND ELM 137
CONTENTS xi
PAGE
WALNUT APHID 138
WOOLLY LARCH APHID 139
ROSE APHIDS 139
VIBURNUM APHIS 140
WOOLLY BEECH LEAF-APHID 140
BIRCH APHID 141
BEET ROOT-APHIS 142
ARBOR-VnVE APHID ] 42
PINE BARK-APHID 142
ALDER BLIGHT- APHID 144
CHAPTER VII
SCALE INSECTS 146
OYSTER-SHELL SCALE 149
SAN JOSE SCALE 149
PUTNAM'S SCALE 150
WALNUT SCALE 151
OBSCURE SCALE 151
HEMLOCK SCALE 151
SCURFY SCALE ] 52
PINE LEAF-SCALE 152
EUONYMUS SCALE 153
JUNIPER SCALE 153
ROSE SCALE 154
BLACK-BANDED SCALE 1 54
EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM 155
TULIP TREE SCALE 156
MAGNOLIA SCALE 157
GOLDEN OAK SCALE 157
COTTONY MAPLE SCALE 158
MAPLE LEAF-SCALE 159
MAPLE PHENACOCCUS 159
ELM BARK-LOUSE 161
WOOLLY PINE SCALE 162
xii CONTENTS
PAGE
CYPRESS BARK-SCALE 162
AZALEA BARK-SCALE 163
CAMPHOR SCALE 163
SPRUCE BUD-SCALE 164
CHAPTER VIII
OTHER SUCKING INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ORNAMENTAL
TREES 166
BOX ELDER PLANT-BUG 167
NORWAY MAPLE LEAF-HOPPER 167
ROSE LEAF-HOPPER 168
RHODODENDRON LACE-BUG 169
AZALEA LACE-BUG 170
CALIFORNIA CHRISTMAS-BERRY TIN CIS 170
LAUREL PSYLL1D 171
PRIVET MITE 172
PERIODICAL CICADA 173
PART III
FOREST INSECTS 175
CHAPTER IX
THE FOREST INSECT PROBLEM 177
CHAPTER X
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS 182
LURID DICERCA 183
TWIG-GIRDLER 184
RED-SHOULDERED TWIG-BORER 184
PACIFIC OAK TWIG-GIRDLER 186
NORTHERN BRENTHIAN 187
CHESTNUT TIMBER WORM 187
PAINTED HICKORY BORER 188
BANDED HICKORY BORER 188
CONTENTS xin
PAGE
TIGER HICKORY RORER 190
RUSTIC RORER 190
RANDED ASH RORER 191
BROAD-NECKED PRIONUS 191
LESSER PRIONUS 192
PARAJNDRA RORER 193
OWL REETLE 194
POWDER-POST BEETLES 194
CHAPTER XI
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS 199
HICKORY HORNED DEVIL 201
HICKORY TUSSOCK MOTH 202
BLACK WALNUT CATERPILLAR 203
PECAN BUD-WORM 203
YELLOW-STRIPED OAK CATERPILLAR 201
BUCK OR MA I A MOTH 205
CALIFORNIA OAK MOTH 206
SNOW-WHITE LINDEN MOTH 208
MAPLE TRUMPET SKELETONIZER 210
MAPLE LEAF-CUTTER 211
BIRCH LEAF-SKELETON IZER 213
YELLOW-SPOTTED WILLOW SLUG 213
SPOTTED WILLOW LEAF-BEETLE 215
ALDER FLEA-BEETLE 215
CHAPTER XII
NUT WEEVILS AND NUT WORMS 216
CHESTNUT WEEVILS 217
HICKORY-NUT WEEVIL 218
HAZEL-NUT WEEVIL 218
ACORN WEEVILS 218
BUTTERNUT CURCULIO 219
xiv CONTENTS
PAGE
BLACK WALNUT CURCULIO 220
HICKORY-NUT CURCULIO 220
WALNUT HUSK-MAGGOT 221
HICKORY CURCULTO 221
PECAN NUT CASE-BE AREUS 222
PECAN SHUCK WORM 223
CODLIN-MOTIT 223
CONTROL MEASURES FOR IN IT WEEVILS 224
CHAPTER XIII
CONIFEROUS FOHEST TREE BORERS 226
WHITE PINE WEE V IT 227
PALES WEEVIL 229
PT1NE TWIG-BORERS 230
PITCH MIDGES 232
PITCH-MASS BORER 233
ANTS AND TREES 233
SAWYER 235
RIBBED PINE BORER 237
SPOTTED HEMLOCK BORER 238
CHAPTER XIV
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA OR TIMBER BEETLES
ATTACKING CONIFERS 241
WESTERN PINE BEETLE 250
SOUTHWESTERN PINE BEETLE 251
ROUND-HEADED PINE BEETLE 252
SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE 252
ARIZONA PINE BEETLE 254
SMALLER MEXICAN PINE BEETLE 251
LARGER MEXICAN PINE BEETLE 254
COLORADO PINE BEETLE 254
MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE 255
CONTENTS XV
PACK
BLACK HILLS BEETLE 256
JEFFREY PINE BEETLE 256
EASTERN LARCH BEETLE 257
DOUGLAS FIR BEETLE 258
EASTERN LARCH BEETLE 258
DOUGLAS FIR BEETLE 258
EASTERN SPRUCE BEETLE 258
ENGELM ANN SPRUCE BEETLE 259
ALASKA SPRUCE BEETLE 260
SITKA SPRUCE BEETLE 260
RED- WINGED PINK BEETLE 261
LODGE-POLE PINE BEETLE 261
ALLEGHENY SPRUCE BEETLE 261
BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE 262
RED TURPENTINE BEETLE 263
COARSE WRITING BARK -BEETLE 261
PINE BARK-BEETLE 265
SOUTHERN IPS 266
OTHER BARK-BEETLES 267
BALSAM BARK-BEETLE 268
SPRUCE BARK-BEETLE 269
RED CEDAR BARK-BEETLE 270
TOOTHED SPRUCE BARK-BEETLE 271
DRYOCCETES SPECIES 271
MINUTE SPRUCE BARK-BEETLE 272
PITYOPHTHORUS SPECIES 272
ASH TIMBER BEETLE 273
DARK ELM BARK-BORER 273
HICKORY TWIG-BORER 274
AMBROSIA OR TIMBER BEETLES 274
CHAPTER XV
CONIFEROUS LEAF-FEEDERS 281
PINE SAWFLIES 281
xvi CONTENTS
PAGE
PINE BUTTERFLY 284
NANTUCKET PINE MOTH 285
SPRUCE BUD-WORM 285
PART IV
INSECTS IN (IKNKKAL 289
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 291
HYMENOPTERA IWES, WASPS, ANTS, AND THE LIKE . . . 292
SIIUCII) K, HORN-TAILS 292
XYPHIDRID/E 293
TENTHREDIMD K, SAW FLIES 294
IRALIID E 297
CYNIPID E, GALL-WASPS 298
COLEOPTERA, BEETLES 298
CLERID E, CHECKERED BEETLES 298
CORYNETID/E 299
MORDELL1D/E 300
ANTUICIDE 30 L
ELATERID/E, CLK K OR SNAPPING BEETLES 302
BUPRESTID E, METALLIC WOOD-RORERS 302
COCCINELLID i:, LADY BEETLES 305
CUCUJID E, CUCUJIDS 306
TENEBRIONID/E 306
MELANDRYID/E, MELANDRYID BARK-BEETLES 307
SCARAB.EID.E, LEAF-CHAFERS, JUNE BEETLES, AM) THE
LIKE 308
CERAMBYC ID.]:, LONG-HORNED BEETLES 310
CHRYSOMELHVE, LEAF-BEETLES 319
CURCULIONIDE, CURCULIOS OR WEEVILS 322
1PID/E, BARK- OR ENGRAVER-BEETLES, TIMBER BEETLES 324
LEPIDOPTERA, BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS 325
RHOPALOCERA, BUTTERFLIES 325
CONTENTS xvii
PAC;K
HETEROCERA, MOTHS . 327
SPHINGID/E, HAWK OR SPHINX MOTHS 328
SATURNIID/E, GIANT SILK-WORMS 330
CERATOCAMPID/E, ROYAL MOTHS 33 4
ARCTIID.E, TIGER MOTHS, TUSSOCK CATERPILLARS . . . 336
NOCTUID/K, OWLET MOTHS 336
NOTODONTID/E, PROMINENTS 338
LIPARID/E, TUSSOCK MOTHS 3 10
LASIOCAMPID E, LAPPET MOTHS AND TENT-CATERPILLARS 311
GEOMETRID/E, MEASURING- WORMS 342
MEGALOPYGID.E, FLANNEL MOTHS 313
COCHLIDIID/E, SLUG CATERPILLARS 313
COSSID/E, CARPENTER MOTHS OR WOOD-BORING CATER-
PILLARS 315
SESiiD/E, CLEAR-WINC;ED MOTHS OR SESIIDS 316
PYRALID/E, PYRALIDS 348
TORTRICID/E, LEAF-ROLLERS 348
GELECHIID/E 351
ELACHISTID E, CASE-BEARERS AND OTHERS 351
TINEID/E 352
DIPTERA, TRUE FLIES 353
ITONIDID/E, GALL-MIDGES 353
SYRPHID/E, FLOWER-FLIES 353
TACHINID/E, TACHINA FLIES 354
HEMII>TERA, TRUE BUGS, APHIDS AND SCALE INSECTS . . 355
PENTATOMID/E, STINK BUGS 355
REDUVIIDyE, ASSASSIN BUGS 356
MEMBRACID/E, TREE-HOPPERS 357
CERCOPID/E, SPITTLE INSECTS 358
FULGORID/E, LANTERN FLIES 359
TINGITID/E, LACE BUGS 360
PSYLLID.E, JUMPING PLANT-LICE 360
ORTHOPTERA, GRASSHOPPERS AND ALLIES 361
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG. PAGE
1. Leopard moth 32
2. Carpenter worm 34
3. Flat-headed borer, work in apple 34
4. Round-headed borer, work in apple 37
5. Sugar rnaple borer 38
6. Sugar maple borer, work on trunk 39
7. Pigeon tremex 40
8. Exit holes of pigeon tremex and lunate long-sting . . 41
9. Maple and oak twig-pruner 42
10. Callous borer 43
11. Pitted ambrosia beetle, work in rhododendron stem . 44
12. Elm borer, work of elm snout-beetles 46
13. Hickory bark-beetle 49
14. Hickory bark-beetle, early work and galleries of young
borers 50
15. Bronze birch borer 52
16. Bronze birch borer, annular swellings in limb .... 53
17. Two-lined chestnut borer 54
18. Locust borer 55
19. Mottled willow borer 57
20. Poplar borer 59
21. Willow-shoot sawfly 61
22. Linden borer 62
23. Lilac borer 63
24. Thorn limb-borer 64
25. Rhododendron clear wing, work 65
26. European hornet 66
27. European hornet, work on birch 67
xix
xx ILLUSTRATIONS
FIC}. PAGE
28. Large carpenter bee and work ' . 69
29. Gipsy moth, female and egg 1 masses 73
30. Gipsy moth, pupa and east larval skin 73
31. Gipsy moth caterpillars 74
32. Brown-tail moth, winter nests 77
33. Brown-tail moth caterpillars 78
34. Fall web worm 79
35. White-marked tussock moth 80
36. Forest tent-caterpillar 82
37. Bagworm 84
38. Elm leaf-beetle 85
39. Elm sawfly 86
40. Spiny elm caterpillar 87
41. European elm case-bearer, work 90
42. Elm leaf-miner, work 91
43. Green maple worm 92
41. Maple leaf-stem borer 94
45. Locust leaf-miner, work 95
46. Cottonwood leaf-beetle 97
47. Imported willow leaf-beetle 98
48. Satin moth 99
49. Satin moth larva 100
50. Catalpa sphinx, work 101
51. Larch case-bearer; larch sawfly larvae 104
52. Eight-spotted forester 105
53. Eight-spotted forester, larvae 105
51. Hose chafer and grub 106
55. Box leaf-midge, affected leaves 107
56. Arbor-vitaj leaf-miner, work 110
57. Gall of wool sower 115
58. Gouty oak gall 116
59. Horned oak gall 116
60. Ribbed bud-gall 118
61. Oak fig gall. 118
ILL USTRA TIONS xxi
PIG. PAGE
62. Bullet-gall 119
63. Oak apple 119
64. Spiny rose gall 120
65. Regal rose gall 120
66. Warty oak leaf-gall 120
67. Ocellate maple leaf-gall
68. Willow cone-gall
69. Witch-hazel cone-gall
70. Spiny witch-hazel gall
71. Poplar leaf-stem gall
72. Grape phylloxera galls
73. Hackberry bud-gall
71. Bladder maple gall
75. Cockscomb elm gall
76. Ash flower-gall
77. Spruce cone-gall
78. Sitka spruce gall
79. European willow gall
80. Hickory stem-gall
81. Norway maple aphid
82. Elm leaves deformed by Schizoneura
83. Woolly larch aphid
84. Woolly beech leaf-aphid
85. Pine bark-aphid
86. Alder blight-aphid
87. Oyster-shell scale
88. San Jose* scale
89. Putnam's scale
90. Scurfy scale
21
22
22
23
23
25
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
36
38
39
41
43
44
49
50
50
52
53
54
55
56
95. Golden oak scale 156
91. Euonymus scale.
92. Bose scale . . .
93. Black-banded scale
94. Tulip tree scale . .
xxii ILL USTRA TIONS
FIO. PAGE
96. Cottony maple scale 158
97. Maple leaf-scale 159
98. Maple phenacoccus 160
99. Elm bark-louse 161
100. Spruce bud-scale 165
101. Rhododendron lace-bug 169
102. Periodical cicada 174
103. Twig-gird ler and work 184
104. Red-shouldered twig-borer 185
105. Northern brent hian 186
106. Painted hickory borer 189
107. Rustic borer 191
108. Broad-necked prionus : 192
109. Lesser prionus 192
110. Owl beetle 194
11. Powder-post beetle 195
12. Hickory horned devil 200
13. Regal moth, parent of hickory horned devil .... 201
14. Hickory tussock moth 202
15. Black walnut caterpillar 203
16. Yellow-si riped oak caterpillar 204
17. Ruck or Maia moth 205
18. California oak moth 206
19. California oak moth, adult and eggs 207
20. California oak moth, larva? and work 207
21. California oak moth, larva? and pupa? 208
22. Snow-white linden moth 208
23. Snow-white linden moth, eggs 209
121. Snow-white linden moth, larva and pupa? 209
125. Maple trumpet skeletoni/er, work 210
126. Maple leaf-cutter 212
127. Yellow-spotted willow^ slug 214
128. Chestnut weevils and infested nuts 217
129. Butternut curculio 219
ILL USTRA TIONS xxiii
FIG. PAGE
130. White pine weevil 228
131. Pales weevil 229
132. Pitch twig moth 230
133. Pine- tip moth 230
134. European pine-shoot moth, work 231
135. Pitch midge-work 232
136. Pine needle gall-fly 232
137. Carpenter ant, work in poplar 231
138. Sawyer 235
139. Sawyer, work in pine 236
140. Ribbed pine borer 237
111. Ribbed pine borer, larva, pupa and pupal cells . . . 238
142. Spotted hemlock borer 239
143. Spotted hemlock borer, work and grubs 239
144. Western pine beetle, work 250
145. Southwestern pine beetle, work 251
146. Douglas fir beetle, work 258
147. Black turpentine beetle 262
148. Red turpentine beetle 262
149. Red turpentine beetle, work and grubs 263
150. Coarse wriling bark-beetle 264
151. Pine bark-beetle, work 265
152. Southern ips, work 266
153. Balsam bark-beetle, early work 268
154. Balsam bark-beetle, advanced work 268
155. Spruce bark -beetle, work 269
156. Red cedar bark-beetle, work 270
157. Oak bark-beetle, work 272
158. Ash timber beetle, work 273
159. Platypus 275
160. Spruce timber beetle 275
161. Eastern pine wood-stainer 276
162. Eastern pine wood-stainer, galleries in pine 276
163. Apple wood-stainer 277
xxi v ILLU8TRA TIONS
FIG. PAGE
16 1. Apple wood-stainer, work in maple 277
165. Hickory timber-beetle 277
166. Hickory timber-beetle 278
167. Leconte's sawfly on pine 282
168. Fir sawfly on pine 282
169. Spruce bud-worm, adults and eggs 286
1 70. Spruce bud-worrn, pupa 1 and larva 286
171. While-horned I'rocerus 292
172. False pine webworm, work 296
m. Willow pea gall 297
171. Ibalia maculipennis 297
175. Monophylla terrninata 299
176. Knoelerus quadriguttatus 299
177. Phylloba'ims dislocatus 300
178. Chariessa pilosa 300
179. Tomoxia bidentata 300
180. Tomoxia lineella 301
181. Mordella octopunetata 301
182. Noloxus anchora 302
18,3. Coryrnbites hieroglyphicus 302
181. Adult of flat-headed borer, Chaleophora virginionsis . 303
185. Adult of flat-headed borer, Bupreslis fasciata . . . . 304
186. Adult of flat-headed borer, Chrysobothris dentipes . 304
187. Adult of Hal-headed borer, Dicerca punctulata . . . 304
188. Fifteen-spotted lady beetle 306
189. Calilys scabra 306
190. Forked fungus beetle 307
191. Hoplocephala bicornis 307
192. While grubs in underground cells 308
193. Light-loving grapevine beetle, Anomala lucicola. . . 308
194. Spotted grapevine beetle 309
195. Dichelonycha albicollis 309
196. Harris's prionus 310
197. Lesser pine borer 311
ILLUSTRATIONS xxv
FIG. PAGE
198. Tetropium cinnamopterum 311
199. Centrodera decolorata 312
200. Gaurotes cyanipennis 312
201. Anthophilax attenuatus 313
202. Leptura subhamata 313
203. Leptura vagans 313
204. Leptura zebra 314
205. Physocnemum brevilineum 314
206. Blue pine borer 314
207. Blue pine borer, early work 315
208. Phymatodes dimidiatus 315
209. Xylotrechus undulatus 316
210. Euderces picipes 316
211. Dorcaschema nigrum 316
212. Acanthoderes decipiens 317
213. Leiopus alpha 317
214. Hyperplatys maculatus 318
215. Cryptocephalus quadrimaculatus 320
216. Glyptoscelis trifasciata 320
217. Typophorus canellus 320
218. Poplar leaf-beetle 321
219. Dull red willow leaf-beetle 321
220. Gray-sided oak weevil 323
221. Madarellus undulatus 323
222. Cossonus platalea 323
223. Fruit-tree bark-beetle, work in apple 324
224. Pine hylurgops 325
225. Orange dog 326
226. Mourning cloak butterfly 327
227. Humming-bird moth, Hemaris diffinis 328
228. Sphinx caterpillar 328
229. Virginia creeper worm 329
230. Promethea caterpillars 330
231. Cecropia caterpillars 331
xx vi ILL USTRA TIONS
FIC3. PAGE
232. Luna caterpillar 332
233. Luna cocoon 332
234. Io caterpillar 333
235. lomoth 333
236. Imperial moth 335
237. Imperial moth, larva 335
238. Green maple worm, adult 337
239. Ilarpyia species 339
240. Poplar tent-maker on its tent 339
241. Velleda lappet moth 341
242. Knnomos inagnarius 343
243. Hag moth caterpillar 31 4
241. Saddleback caterpillar 341
215. Arehips fervidana, nest 350
246. Tachinid fly and caterpillar 354
217. Spined soldier bug 355
248. Ring-legged tree-bug 355
249. Spined assassin bug 356
250. Two-marked tree-hopper, egg masses 357
251. Three tree-hoppers: Thelia acuminata, T. godingi and
Cyrtolobus finest rat us 358
252. Obtuse Clastoptera 358
253. Lightning leaf-hopper 359
254. Hawthorn tingis 360
255. Bramble (lea-louse 361
256. Walking stick 362
PART I
EXPLANATION
A GENERAL account of the nature and transformation of
insects, their place and balance in the world of living things,
the checks that have arisen in the course of time, and the
means by which man has learned to control them, together
with a citation of important literature.
MANUAL OF TREK AND
SHRUB INSECTS
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION
THERE is nothing more attractive and characteristic than a
well-grown tree or a group of trees on the lawn, in a park,
along the streets of cities or villages and in the forest. There
is an inspiration in a perfect specimen or group of trees which
appeals to the best in man. The cities and villages of America
have a glorious heritage in their trees, the result of wise and
loving planting by earlier generations.
The last fifty years or thereabouts have witnessed the intro-
duction of a number of destructive tree pests, such as the elm
leaf -beetle, the gipsy moth and the leopard moth, while native
insects, like the white-marked tussock moth, the bagworm
and the sugar maple borer, have not been slow to take advan-
tage of extensive and reliable food supplies provided by city
and village trees with the accompanying considerable protec-
tion from insectivorous birds. These somewhat recent devel-
opments have resulted in a gradual increase in insect dep-
redations which for the most part have been regarded as
inevitable. A careful examination of our trees at the present
time shows the effect in a lamentable scarcity of perfect spec-
imens, many of them with appreciable injury and not a few
seriously deformed as a result of insect work. The operations
3
4 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
of the sugar maple borer arc particularly insidious, since a
period of five to ten years may elapse between an apparently
insignificant injury and the death of a considerable propor-
tion of a symmetrical maple before its prime.
The long period between planting and the attainment of
maturity renders trees particularly susceptible to insect
attack. It requires a generation to produce even a moderate-
sized tree, while the stately monarchs on lawns and in parks
may have complacently viewed the passing of five or six
human generations. Tree hazards are immensely greater
than they were fifty years ago, and those who have benefited
by the foresight of predecessors should recognize this and take
precautions which will make it possible to hand down an un-
impaired inheritance. This can be done by recognizing the
dangers and anticipating injury, rather than by attempting
to reshape badly deformed trees or reinvigorate those which
have been devitalized, though such methods have a place in
attempting to remedy the earlier injuries.
The acceptance of insect ravages as inevitable is an inheri-
tance from an age which knew little or nothing of arsenical
poisons and had no knowledge of spraying apparatus better
than a whisk-broom or a hand pump designed for the washing
of windows. Generally speaking, insect depredations may be
prevented. This is particularly true of the more valuable
trees on lawns and in parks and to a smaller extent in the
case of woodland areas, though much can be accomplished in
bettering the forest situation by modifying the conditions
which affect the abundance of insects and especially by pro-
tecting some of the most efficient insect enemies, the birds.
The severe injury by the gipsy moth showed the need of
systematic protection of trees, and Massachusetts has made
provision for the appointment of tree wardens in the towns
of that state. The trees of a number of cities in the eastern
United States at least are in charge of shade tree commis-
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION 5
sions or city foresters and are in much better condition than
they were a few years ago.
A number of tree-protecting firms have been organized and
are operating in various parts of the country. Some are doing
most excellent work. Others, with less regard for the future,
have in the past done much scraping of the rough bark from
trunks, a very questionable procedure so far as the welfare
of the tree is concerned. Many communities would welcome
reasonable moderate-riced protection for trees, a service
which can be rendered by local parties possessing some
knowledge of trees and the ability to operate efficient spray-
ing outfits.
THE PARTS OF AN INSECT
An insect is a six-legged tracheate animal with the princi-
pal body divisions, namely, head, thorax and abdomen, sepa-
rate. The insect may be distinguished from the closely
related spiders, because adults of the latter have eight legs
and the head and thorax are fused into a compound cephalo-
thorax. The related adult mites have eight legs and may be
recognized by the unsegmented abdomen being fused with the
thorax. The large number of legs in centipedes and milli-
pedes, together with their elongate form, should prevent their
being confused with insects.
The head of the insect bears the principal sense organs, the
eyes and the antennae and also those for the prehension and
mastication of food, the latter consisting of the mandibles,
the maxillae with their palpi and the lower lip or labium, the
last also provided with palpi.
The thorax bears the principal organs of locomotion, the
wings and the legs.
Wings may be absent in some cases, as in the primitive
Thysanura, and in certain sexes and some species of the
6 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
higher orders. The wings may be almost veinless, as in some
tiny parasites or with a large number of veins as in most may-
flies. They may be clothed with hairs as in some flies or
thickly covered with scales as in the butterflies and moths.
The fore-wings may be modified to form protective shields,
the wing-covers of beetles, or basally thickened, as in the
anterior wings of the Heteroptera or true bugs, and to a still
less extent in many grasshoppers or Orthoptera. The modifi-
cations of these organs are of great aid in classification. The
hind-wings may be reduced to mere vestiges, known as 1ml-
teres or balancers, as in the flies.
There are normally six legs, although occasional species
have but four, the anterior two in some butterflies being
reduced to mere rudiments. Some very degenerate forms,
females of certain scale insects, have no legs. The principal
parts of the leg are the troehanter, femur, tibia and tarsus.
The first is the small segment close to the body, the femur
and tibia are usually of nearly equal length, the former
stouter, while the tarsus is rather slender and usually con-
sists of three to five segments, the terminal one bearing a pair
of claws or a sucking disk or both. There are considerable
modifications in each of these parts and their relative devel-
opment, length, clothing and color are much used in classi-
fication.
The abdomen has ten or fewer segments and is usually
considerably longer than the harder, more complex thorax. It
is composed of a series of very similar segments, the terminal
ones bearing the sexual organs, which are very diverse in
different orders and families, and sometimes present consid-
erable differences in related species.
The larva* of insects diverge greatly from the normal struc-
ture and occasionally appear to lack important organs. The
head is usually present, the eyes are simple, though some-
times absent, the antennae are often very minute and the
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION 7
wings are wanting, as is also the case with the true legs in
many families. The abdomen is relatively much longer and
in ceitain groups at least is provided with false legs or pro-
legs, which are of material service in locomotion. It may be
stated as a general rule that the larvae of some of the
highly developed insects are the most helpless degraded
forms, being dependent on the mother to place the egg or the
young where food is of easy access, or else it is possible for
them to attain maturity only through paternal aid, which in
some instances is bestowed by a nurse form. Larvae of the
more lowly or less specialized insects arc better able to pro-
vide for themselves and many of them are relatively well
equipped to meet the struggle for existence, some being more
powerful than the adult. This last is particularly true of
the mayflies.
TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS
It is well known that insects exist in various stages, namely,
the egg, the larva variously known as caterpillar, maggot, grub
and erroneously termed a worm, the pupa or chrysalis, and the
adult or perfect insect. Development always follows this
sequence, although the cycle is variously modified in certain
forms. For example, the egg stage may be suppressed and
the young produced alive, as in the case of certain blow flies
and their allies; there may be an indeterminate series of par-
thogenetic generations as in the case of many aphids or green
lice; or pedogenetic generations, that is, larvae producing larvae
in certain small midges; all are adaptations favorable to the
existence of the various species.
Generally speaking, all insects develop from eggs. These
are frequently of exceedingly beautiful design. They may be
placed in clusters, bunches or singly on or in leaves, bark, food
products, and the like, tucked in all manner of crevices,
dropped at random in the grass or buried in the soil. They
8 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
may be arranged in single or double rows, in bands about a
twig, left unprotected or covered with hairs or scales or shel-
tered by a gummy or wax-like excretion. The duration of the
egg stage may vary from a few days to nearly a year.
The term "larva" is applied to the young of insects having
a complete and incomplete metamorphosis and is frequently
limited to those of the former class commonly known as cater-
pillars, grubs and maggots. The larval stage is the period of
growth and it is while in this form that most injurious insects
commit their depredations. Growth is possible only by a
series of molts and shedding of the relatively inelastic old skin
and especially the head case, and the development beneath
of a new and larger integument. An impending molt is indi-
cated by the larva neglecting its food and appearing dumpish,
and is followed later by a retraction of the head from its old
case and a swelling of the thoracic segments. Soon the old
skin splits over the newly developed head case and the cater-
pillar slowly emerges, leaving the old skin in a collapsed,
shrivelled condition. One of the readiest methods of ascer-
taining whether a molt has taken place is to look for the empty
head case or to measure the width of the head, since a marked
increase in diameter usually indicates a molt.
All larva*, generally speaking, have a distinct head, well-
developed mouth-parts, simple eyes, six thoracic legs and an
abdomen destitute of true legs. The membranous pro-legs of
Hymenopterous, Coleopterous and Lepidopterous larvae are
secondary developments to meet the necessities of existence
and vary in number from a large anal one among the grubs
of many beetles to sixteen in some sawflies. The larvae of
some of the more highly developed insects, such as bees and
flies, are legless and have a very small head and poorly
developed mouth-parts.
A knowledge of the immature stages is of much importance
to the economic entomologist because most insects are injurious
PRELIM IN A R Y IN FOR MA TION Q
during the larval existence. Sawfly larva* may be recognized
by their usually cylindrical form and the twelve to sixteen
pro-legs in addition to the six true or thoracic legs, while cater-
pillars, the young of butterflies and moths, are usually provided
with four to ten pro-legs in addition to the six true legs. Most
of the young of beetles or grubs possess six thoracic legs and
are often provided with a fleshy appendage at the posterior
extremity.
The transformation to the adult is preceded by the assump-
tion of the pupal form. Tins may occur in the open, as in the
case of the chrysalids of butterflies, within a more or less elab-
orate cocoon as in many moths or in an underground cell as
with a number of moths and many beetles. The pupa is usually
conical or subconieal in form with the rudimentary antenna-,
wings and legs closely oppressed to the breast. It may be
concealed by the last larval skin which usually turns brown,
hardens and then is known as the puparium, a structure com-
mon with many of the more specialized flics. The unsheltered
pupa 1 of many beetles are protectively colored.
The adult or imago stage is not marked by growth. Flies
of various sizes, as a rule, belong to different species. The
larger arc never parents of the smaller. Some mature insects
take no food in the adult condition. A few moths are wingless
and merely emerge, deposit their eggs in a few days and die,
although the larger number consume enough to maintain life
for a longer period. The main object of adult existence is to
provide for the perpetuation of the species and death usually
follows soon after. This stage is marked by the greatest
diversity of form, and a study of the perfect insects, in par-
ticular the relation of one to another, forms the basis of
systematic entomology. The elaborate classifications now
recognized are not the work of one man or even of a generation
but represent the combined efforts of many students from the
time of Linnaeus to the present.
10 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The winter is a period of comparative quiet, and little is
seen then of insect life in temperate latitudes. Insects winter
in all stages, the egg, the larva, the pupa and the adult, though
each species is usually closely restricted in its manner of hiber-
nation. Considerable series of insects winter successfully in
the egg stage. Not a few partly grown caterpillars pass the
dormant period in sheltering grass or within cleverly concealed
silken cases on twigs or branches. The silken cocoons upon
trees, near sheltered places or the earthen cells, are also well-
known winter retreats for many species. Beetles, bugs and
even delicate moths and butterflies can withstand extreme cold
and some forms are apparently able to survive the winter in
either the larva, pupal or adult condition. It is a well-known
fact that caterpillars may be frozen stiff and revive, though
they are very likely to perish if this is repeated several times.
The marked changes outlined above are not true of all
insects. Some of the lowest and simplest, such as the snow
fleas, slides or silver-fish, the Thysanura and their allies,
undergo no transformation, i.e., there is very little or no
difference except in size between recently hatched young and
adults.
Grasshoppers and related insects have what is known as an
incomplete metamorphosis or transformation, which means
that there is a gradual development through a succession of
active stages to the adult. The immature individuals are
frequently spoken of as nymphs and the best authorities limit
this term to the young of species having an incomplete meta-
morphosis. The development of grasshoppers is a common
and typical illustration of incomplete metamorphosis.
The greatest changes in development are seen in insects, as
moths, butterflies and beetles which undergo a series of
marked changes, such as from the active caterpillar or maggot
to the quiet pupa or puparium and then the beautiful moth
or butterfly, the differences between these stages being so
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION 11
marked that little in the way of a general resemblance can be
discerned. A very large proportion of insects undergo a com-
plete metamorphosis, and special knowledge of the immature
stages is almost necessary to the ready identification of many
destructive species.
ORIGIN OF INSECT PESTS
The balance of nature is really a very unstable state of
equilibrium readily disturbed by the massing of food plants,
the introduction of new species and a reduction in the num-
ber of natural enemies, such as birds and parasites. An insect
injurious under one set of conditions may be extremely rare
in another environment, and the scourge of the present may
be noteworthy for its absence ten to twenty years hence.
There are variations not only from year to year but from
month to month and also within much narrower limits, a
striking difference occasionally following marked climatic
changes.
The insect enemies of American shade trees have come
largely from two sources, namely, native forest insects which
have found in shade trees unusually favorable conditions for
multiplication, such as the fall webworm, the spiny elm cater-
pillar and the bronze birch borer, and the species accidentally
brought in from other countries. A very considerable pro-
portion of the most important agricultural pests are intro-
duced species and the same is true of the insect enemies of
shade trees and ornamentals. This is well illustrated by the
following list.
INTRODUCED SHADE TREK AND ORNAMENTAL PESTS
BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS
Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Linn.
European Lyctus, Lyctns linearis Goeze.
European elm bark-beetle, Scolytus multistriatus Marsh.
12 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Mottled willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn.
European pine shoot moth, Evetria buoliana Shiff.
Rose stem-girdler, Agrilus viridis Linn.
European hornet, Vespa crabro Linn.
LEAF-FEEDERS
Gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn.
Brown-tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linn.
Elm leaf-beetle, Galerucella xanthomelama Schrank.
European elm case-bearer, Coleophora limosipennella Dup.
p]lm leaf-miner, Kaliofenusa ulrni Sund.
Imported willow leaf-beetle, Plagiodera versicolora Laich.
Satin moth, Stilpnotia salicis Linn.
Poplar sawfly, Trichiocampus viminolis Fabr.
Larch case-bearer, Coleophora laricclla Hubn.
Bristly rose slug, Cladius pectinicornis Fourc.
Coiled rose slug, Emphytus cinctus Linn.
Box leaf-midge, M onarthropalpus buxi Lab.
Imported pine sawfly, Diprion simile Hartig.
Larch sawfly, Nematus erichsonii Hartig.
SUCKING AND OTHER INSECTS
Spruce gall-aphid, Chermes abietis Linn.
European willow gall-midge, Rhabdophaga salicis Schrk.
Woolly larch aphid, Chermes strobilobius Kalt.
Rose aphis, Macrosiphum rosce Linn.
Woolly beech leaf-aphid, Phyllaphis fagi Linn.
Elm bark-louse, Gossyparia spuria Modeer.
Oyster-shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.
Rose scale, Aulacaspis rosce Bouche.
San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
Golden oak scale, Aster olecanium variolosum Ratz.
Camphor scale, Pseudaonidia duplex Ckll.
Spruce bud-scale, Physokermes picece Schr.
Norway maple leaf-hopper, Alebra albostriella Fall.
Laurel psyllid, Trioza alacris Flor.
LITERATURE
There have been considerable additions to the literature of
forest entomology during recent years, although the work of
the pioneers in this branch of the science Asa Fitch, of New
York state, and A. S. Packard, formerly of the United States
PRELIMINARY INFORMATION 13
Entomological Commission can not be overlooked. These
men have had able successors in A. D. Hopkins, of the United
States Bureau of Entomology, and his associates. A number
of the more important works on American entomology are
listed below.
1857, Fitch, Asa. Insects Infesting Evergreen Forest Trees. Ins. N. Y.
4th Kept., pp. 5-67.
1858, Fitch, Asa. Insects Infesting Deciduous Forest Trees. Ins. N. Y.
5th Kept., pp. 1-74.
1881, Packard, A. S. Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees.
U. S. Ent. Com. Bull. 7, pp. 1-275.
1890, Packard, A. S. Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees.
U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Kept., pp. 1-945.
1893, Hopkins, A. D. Catalogue of West Virginia Scolytidae and Their
Enemies. W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 31, pp. 121-168.
1893, Hopkins, A. D. Catalogue of West Virginia Forest and Shade
Tree Insects. W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 32, pp. 171-251.
1895, Packard, A. S. First Memoir on the Bombycine Moths. Nat.
Acad. Sci. 7:291.
1896, Marlatt, C. L. Revision of the Nematinse of North America.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Tech. Ser. 3, pp. 1-135.
1897, Hubbard, H. G. The Ambrosia Beetles of the United States.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bull. 7, n.s., pp. 9-30.
1898, Felt, E. P. Insects Injurious to Maple Trees. Forest, Fish and
Game Com. 4th Kept., pp. 367-395.
1899, Felt, E. P. Insects Injurious to Elm Trees. Forest, Fish and
Game Com. 5th Rept., pp. 351-379.
1901,Beutenmuller, William. Monograph of the Sesiidse of America
North of Mexico. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mem. 6, pp. 217-352.
1901, Hopkins, A. D. Insect Enemies of the Spruce in the Northeast.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Bull. 28, n.s., pp. 1-48.
1903, Felt, E. P. T nsects Affecting Forest Trees. Forest, Fish and
Game Com. 7th Rept., pp. 479-534.
1905, Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. N. Y.
State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. l-a459.
1906, Felt, E. P. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. N. Y.
State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 333-877.
1906, Hopkins, A. D. The Locust Borer. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent.,
Bull. 58, Part I, pp. 1-16.
1906, Webb, J. L. The Western Pine-Destroying Bark Beetle. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull 58, Part II, pp. 17-30.
14 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
1907, Hopkins, A.. D. Additional Data on the Locust Borer. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. 58, Part III, pp. 31-40.
1909, Webb, J. L.~ The Southern Pine Sawyer. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Ent., Bull. 58, Part IV, pp. 41-56.
1909, Hopkins, A. D. Insect Depredations in North American Forests
and Practical Methods of Prevention and Control. U. S. Dept.
Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. 58, Part V, pp. 57-114.
1909, Hopkins, A. D. I. Bark Beetles of the Genus Dendroctonus.
U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Bull. 83, Part I, pp. 1-169.
1909, Hopkins, A. D. I. The Genus Dendroctonus. U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 17, Part I, pp. i-xiii, 1-164.
1914, Swaine, J. M. Forest Insect Conditions in British Columbia. A
Preliminary Survey. Can. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., Ent. Bull. 7,
pp. 1-41.
1915, Hopkins, A. D. II. Preliminary Classification of the Superfamily
Scolytoidea. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Tech. Ser. 17, Part II,
pp. i-vi, pp. 165-232.
1915, Hopkins, A. D. Classification of the Cryphalinae, with Descrip-
tions of New Genera and Species. U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of
Secy., Kept. No. 99, pp. 1-75.
1918,Blackman, M. W., and Stage, H. H. I. Notes on Insects Bred
from the Bark and Wood of the American Larch. N. Y. Coll. of
Forestry, Tech. Pub. 10, pp. 1-115.
1918, Houser, J. S. Destructive Insects Affecting Ohio Shade and
Forest Trees. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 159-487.
1918, Swaine, J. M. Canadian Bark Beetles, Part II. Can. Dept. Agr.,
Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, pp. 1-143.
1920, Blackman, M. W. North American Ipidffi of the Sub-Family
Micracinse. with Descriptions of New Species and Genera. Miss.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9, pp. 1-62.
1921, Blackman, M. W. Descriptions of Eight New Bark Beetles
(Ipidae) from Mississippi. Miss. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10,
pp. 1-16.
1921, Kotinsky, Jacob. Insects Injurious to Deciduous Shade Trees and
Their Control. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bull. 1169, pp. 1-110.
1922, Blackman, M. W. Bark Beetles. Miss Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull.
11, pp. 1-130.
1922, Hopping, Ralph. Coniferous Hosts of the Ipidse of the Pacific
Coast and Rocky Mountain Regions. Can. Ent. 54:128-134.
CHAPTER II
NATURAL CHECKS AND METHODS OF CONTROL FOR
INJURIOUS INSECTS
INSECT life is so prolific and varied that it would speedily
overrun the world if it were not for various natural checks
or controlling agencies.
Adverse climatic conditions, such as extremes in tempera-
ture, moisture and light affect all insects, some of which
thrive best under one series of conditions and others under
another. A general knowledge of the relation of climate to
outbreaks by various insects is of material service in forecast-
ing probabilities. The chinch bug, for example, becomes
numerous in the drier sections of the country, many plant-
lice thrive in somewhat cool spring weather and elm leaf-
beetles are greatly reduced by persistent cool wet weather.
Aside from the above, probably no agents are more effec-
tive than birds and particularly is this true in relation to
forest insects. There appears to have been within the last
twenty or twenty-five years a marked increase in the depre-
dations by native leaf-eating forest caterpillars in the north-
eastern United States and it is perhaps significant to note
that this has been accompanied or preceded by a marked
decrease in the number of native birds. The indiscriminate
destruction of these beneficial forms should receive more
attention on account of the material service birds render
in destroying numerous leaf-eating caterpillars and boring
grubs, even if one is blind to aesthetic considerations and
ignores the appeal of a numerous and varied bird life.
15
16 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Parasitic and predaceous insects are exceedingly important
in controlling insect outbreaks and occasionally they may
be the principal agents in reducing the numbers of a serious
pest.
There are entire families of parasitic insects, many of
which work internally and are easily reared from their hosts.
The true parasites belong to several families of the four-
winged flies or Hymenoptera and to one in the Diptera.
Many of the largest and most important parasites are found
in the Ichneumonidse, a very large group containing species
of Pimpla, Ophion, Rhyssa and others distinguished by their
wasp-like appearance and by having the abdomen usually
flattened as though by pressure from above and with the first
abdominal segment bent at nearly right angles, although
certain species have the abdomen strongly compressed; that
is, flattened as though by pressure from each side. The
Chalcididse and the Proctotrypidsc comprise long series of
minute exceedingly valuable parasites, many in the latter
family being egg parasites and so small that they can obtain
their entire sustenance from such a small object as the speck-
like egg of the codlin-moth.
Practically all of the Dipterous parasites belong to the
Tachinidse, a large family containing numerous forms having
much the appearance of the common housefly and presenting
remarkable variations in habit. They are more general in
their food habits than most of the Hymenopterous parasites
and frequently attack insects belonging to very different
groups.
There are considerable series of predaceous insects which
render material service in checking injurious species. The
ground beetles or Carabidae, a large series of very similar
forms, are mostly predaceous in habit and some are known
to be exceedingly efficient insect enemies.
The checkered beetles or Cleridae occur very commonly on
NATURAL CHECKS AND METHODS OF CONTROL 17
forest trees infested with various bark and wood-borers and
it is by no means uncommon to find their reddish brown-
headed grubs in the burrows of bark-borers.
The lady beetles or Coccinellidae are common and voracious
enemies both of plant-lice and scale insects, the adults and
young feeding readily on these plant pests. An abundant
infestation of plant-lice or scale insects is usually followed
shortly by the appearance of many lady beetles and their
young, and in not a few instances the outbreaks are speedily
checked by these beneficial insects.
The flower flies or Syrphidse are represented by numerous
bright-colored, frequently yellow-marked, moderate-sized
flies which deposit their eggs upon aphid infested foliage, the
varicolored, frequently greenish and reddish marked mag-
gots quickly devouring hosts of the pests. This group rivals
the lady beetles in controlling aphid outbreaks.
Certain plant bugs, somewhat triangular, yellowish or yel-
lowish-brown, moderate-sized insects belonging to the genera
Podisus and Euschistus, are sometimes abundant and prey
very effectively upon leaf-eating insects, such as the apple
tent-caterpillar.
The Southern praying Mantis, Stagmomantis Carolina Linn.,
and the recently established European praying Mantis, Mantis
religiosa Linn., are both well-known predaceous forms which
do not hesitate to prey upon a great many insects.
SELECTION AND PLANTING OF RESISTANT TREES
The abundance of serious insect enemies makes it advisable
to consider the resistance of certain' trees to insect injury
before planting them upon streets or in parks. The sugar
maple and the American elm have been general favorites as
street trees in the northeastern United States at least, the
latter being a somewhat unfortunate selection in areas in
18 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
which the elm leaf-beetle became established in numbers.
All too frequently most of the trees in a community are
limited to one species, a condition very favorable to injury
when a destructive insect becomes established. It is a well-
recognized principle that large areas devoted to a single crop,
especially for a series of years, increase the danger from
insect enemies, a condition very true of both fruit and shade
trees. It would be much better if different varieties were
alternated on the same street or at least set in small groups
so that, in case a few became badly infested by a somewhat
local pest, such as the white-marked tussock moth or the elm
leaf-beetle, there would be appreciable obstacles to their
establishing themselves upon other trees.
As a guide to the selection of street trees, the following
list has been prepared. The figure 3 indicates practical
immunity, 2.5, some damage, 2, trees having one somewhat
serious enemy, 1.5, those having at least one notorious pest,
and greater probabilities of injury are indicated by 1 and
still more by .5.
Tulip tree 3
"Tree of Heaven 3
Gingko 3
Hardy catalpa 2.5
Red oak 2.5
Scarlet oak 2.5
Yellow oak 2.5
Oriental plane tree 2.5
American plane tree 2.5
Sycamore maple 2.5
Norway maple % 2
Sugar maple 2
White oak : 2
Bur oak 2
Red maple 2
Honey locust 2
European linden 1.5
American linden 1.5
Horse-chestnut 1.5
NATURAL CHECKS AND METHODS OF CONTROL 19
Soft or silver maple 1.5
American elm 1
*Hackberry 1
European elm 5
Scotch elm 5
Cottonwood 5
Balm of Gilead 5
Black locust 5
Those that arc starred have been seen only in parks or in
such small numbers that the rating can be regarded as pro-
visional only.
CONTROL AND REMEDIAL MEASURES
The possibilities of direct control methods against insects
occurring upon shade and park trees justify measures which
could not be recommended for ordinary forest areas except
under very unusual conditions, consequently it is necessary
to distinguish clearly between the two. The following general
discussions relate in particular to the more valuable trees of
roadsides and parks and apply to only a very limited extent
to ordinary forest areas.
Biting and sucking insects.
It is necessary at the outset to distinguish between these
two groups, because the former actually consume or ingest
tissues and consequently may be destroyed by the applica-
tion to the foliage or other tissues attacked of a poison, such
as arsenic in some form, which acts internally. On the other
hand, there are numerous sucking insects which draw their
nourishment from the underlying tissues through an extremely
small beak and are consequently unaffected by the compara-
tively inert particles of poison, such as arsenic, lying upon
the surface of the leaves or other parts of affected plants.
Biting insects ordinarily may be destroyed with internal
poisons, provided the insecticide can be placed where the
20 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
pests must eat it or go hungry. This latter is of importance,
since many leaf-feeders distinguish to a greater or less extent
between poisoned and unpoisoned foliage.
The sucking insects can be destroyed successfully only by
the application of some contact insecticide ; that is, a material
containing a powerful irritant or corrosive which will destroy
by external action, such as nicotine sulfate or the various lime
sulfides occurring in the generally used lime-sulfur wash, or
a material which will spread over the insect and smother it
to death by preventing air gaining entrance to the spiracles,
as, for example, a mineral or vegetable oil or an emulsion of
the same. In other words, effective treatment against sucking
insects is conditioned on ability to throw a contact insecticide
upon the insect.
There are exceptions to the above and variations in habit
which must be taken into account. Some insects are very
resistant to poisons, although as a rule the difficulty is likely
to be a lack of thoroughness in treatment. Many biting
insects, such as leaf-miners, twig-, bark- and wood-borers,
work in places where it is impracticable to poison them.
Others feed underground and must be fought in special ways.
Sucking insects also present problems. Some are so well
protected, such as scale insects and certain plant bugs, that
it is well-nigh impossible to kill them with preparations
which will not also injure the plant. The attacks of many
plant-lice cause the leaves to curl so that it is difficult to hit
them with a spray and others are well protected by masses
of waxy cottony matter. Certain small leaf-hoppers are
exceedingly active and not easily reached with any spray.
The problem of the economic entomologist is to develop
practicable control methods in the case of all injurious species.
This is usually possible with a full knowledge of the habits
and limitations of the different pests.
NATURAL CHECKS AND METHODS OF CONTROL 21
Insecticides.
Arsenate of lead is very generally used as a poison, as it
is one of the most adhesive and there is little danger of
burning the foliage, even if applied in somewhat excessive
amounts. Most v leaf-feeders succumb to spraying with six
pounds of the paste (three pounds of powder) to 100 gallons
of water, though in the case of the gipsy moth ten pounds
of paste are ordinarily recommended.
Paris green and london purple are two of the oldest and
most widely used insecticides, although at present they are
rarely applied to shade and park trees except when there is
a very serious infestation and, therefore, urgent need for
destroying the caterpillars speedily. These poisons work more
quickly than arsenate of lead and may be used at the rate of
one pound with an equal amount of recently slaked lime to
100 gallons of water.
There are material advantages in early applications of
poisons, since young caterpillars succumb more quickly than
older ones and there is also less likelihood of material damage
to the foliage.
Tobacco is a favorite and most effective insecticide. A con-
centrated standardized tobacco solution, such as nicotine sul-
fate, 40 per cent nicotine, is the preferred form. It should be
used at the rate of three-quarters of a pint to 100 gallons
of water together with six to eight pounds of any cheap soap,
the latter serving as a spreader. This is particularly valuable
against plant-lice and leaf-hoppers. It may be used in com-
binations without the soap with arsenate of lead and a lime-
sulfur wash or the bordeaux mixture.
Miscible oils are somewhat widely used as early spring
applications for scale insects and certain plant-lice, especially
the spruce gall-aphid. The oil preparations spread over a
tree rapidly. There is some danger of injuring trees and the
directions should be followed carefully in the case of all com-
22 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
mercial miscible oils. It is inadvisable to apply oils to sugar
maples.
Lime-sulfur washes are among the cheapest and most
effective insecticides, as well as exceedingly valuable fungi-
cides. There are a number of good commercial brands on the
market. They usually test 30 Baume and are valuable in
proportion to their density; that is, the amount of material in
solution. The usual winter application is one to eight and
for summer treatment one to thirty or even fifty, much
depending on the foliage. These last have been limited largely
to fruit-trees.
Various scale insects are controlled very successfully by
fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas, a method largely de-
veloped and extensively followed on the Pacific Coast for the
protection of fruit-trees. There is no reason why this gas
might not be utilized in certain cases for shade or park trees,
although the large size of the trees may be a serious obstacle.
Poison bait can frequently be used to advantage in destroy-
ing grasshoppers as well as cut-worms and army-worms. A
mash composed of twenty-five pounds of bran, one pound of
salt, one pound of arsenic, three-fourths of an ounce of amyl
acetate (banana oil), two quarts of molasses and ten quarts
of water has given excellent results in the West. 1 The bran
and poison should be mixed while dry, the sweetening and
flavor added to the water, then the poison bran, mixed thor-
oughly and sown thinly in infested fields. It is desirable to
use the technical grade of amyl acetate, since it does not
contain impurities that detract to any extent from the pleas-
ing banana-like odor, a fault of the commercial "banana oils,"
"bronzing liquids" and "amyl acetate derivatives." Six
oranges or lemons may be used in the place of the amyl
acetate and, if this is done, the fruit should be squeezed into
a vessel containing the molasses and water, adding also the
1 1922, Parker, J. R., Mont. Ajzr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 148.
NATURAL CHECKS AND METHODS OF CONTROL 23
finely chopped or grated remains of the fruit and then the
sweetened flavored liquid and the poison bran mixed with it.
The above quantities are sufficient for five acres. The salt
increases efficiency under certain conditions, though it is not
necessary.
Poison baits should not be placed where domestic animals,
such as rabbits and chickens, can gain access to them. The
best results are obtained if the poison bait is put out shortly
before the period of most active feeding. Ordinarily very
satisfactory results may be obtained if the bait is distributed
in the late morning of bright warm days.
Spraying apparatus.
There have been great developments in spraying apparatus
and methods within recent years. An adequate outfit is neces-
sary for rapid and satisfactory results in the treatment of
shade trees of cities in particular, although the same general
principles apply to the shade trees of villages. Even the best
hand equipment means slow, careful work with much climbing
if satisfactory results are to be secured.
One of the most important advances in recent years has
been the development of a high-power spraying outfit capable
of rapidly and thoroughly covering from the ground the
foliage of even the largest trees. An effective horse-drawn
outfit of this type should have a ten horse power gasoline
engine and a triplex pump capable of delivering thirty-five
gallons of liquid a minute at a pressure of 225 to 350 pounds.
The engine and pump together with a 400-gallon tank can be
mounted on a well-built wagon. A more efficient type having
higher power and capable of greater working pressure may be
mounted on a motor truck. It is necessary to use an inch
hose of superior quality and by increasing the pressure at the
machine the spray can be conducted through several thousand
feet of hose if necessary without greatly reducing the nozzle
24 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
pressure, which latter should be maintained at about 225
pounds. A solid stream spray delivered through a long nozzle
of the Worthley type makes it possible thoroughly to spray
even the tallest trees from the ground.
Barrier bands.
Sticky bands of various kinds applied to the trunks of trees
are very useful in preventing caterpillars from ascending and
may be employed to protect trees near to, but not touching,
others which may be badly infested. An effective and suit-
able banding material has been developed recently in connec-
tion with the gipsy moth work. It has the advantage of
remaining sticky over a considerable period, it can be applied
rapidly and renewed at intervals by combing and it does not
penetrate the bark sufficiently to injure trees. It is unsafe to
apply bands of tar, grease and some other preparations to the
unprotected bark, because such materials may penetrate
deeply and kill the trees.
Bands of cotton-batting tied near the middle around the
trunk and the upper portion turned down over a string are
very serviceable barriers, although not so satisfactory as the
sticky bands described above.
These devices afford a considerable protection against the
caterpillars of such insects as canker-worms, white-marked
tussock moth and gipsy moth.
Destruction of egg masses.
The egg masses of the white-marked tussock moth are con-
spicuous and easily removed from the flimsy cocoons. Trees
cleaned of egg masses in the winter and protected by bands
during the caterpillar season can not be injured by this pest.
The egg masses of the gipsy moth are easily found and readily
destroyed by the application of creosote as noted elsewhere.
It is sometimes possible by judicious trimming to remove
NATURAL CHECKS AND METHODS OF CONTROL 25
most of the egg belts of the forest tent-caterpillar and the
egg-bearing cases of the bagworm.
Control of borers.
Borer control in shade trees is difficult and is usually de-
pendent to a considerable degree on preventive measures, such
as keeping the trees in a vigorous condition and the speedy
trimming out of diseased and dead wood. There are some
borers, such as the leopard moth, carpenter worm and the
hickory bark-beetle, which can be controlled on valuable
trees by hand methods, such as the injection of carbon bisul-
fide into inhabited galleries and the sealing of the orifices
with putty or other material. Systematic attention will do
much to lessen serious injury. This should be supplemented
by careful dressing of wounds in order to promote rapid
healing.
Prevention of borer attack by the application of deterrent
washes is frequently advised. One of the earlier and better
formulas is the following: One pint of crude carbolic acid
(one half pint refined, one gallon of soft soap; thin with one
gallon of hot water, stir in the acid, allow it to set overnight
and then add eight gallons of soft water. Another formula is
to add to a saturated solution of washing-soda enough soft
soap to make a thick paint; this may be improved by adding
one pint of crude carbolic acid and one-half pound of paris
green to ten gallons of wash. A third wash may be made by
dissolving one gallon of soft soap in six gallons of saturated
solution of washing-soda, to which add one pint of carbolic
acid and mix thoroughly; enough lime should be slaked in
four gallons of water so that when added a thick whitewash
will result, then add one-half pound of paris green and mix
thoroughly. Young locust borers may be destroyed by spray-
ing the infested parts of the tree with a soluble arsenate, such
as one- fourth of a pound of sodium arsenate or arsenite in five
26 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
gallons of water and added to a quart of miscible oil, making
the application in particular to places where there is oozing sap
and borings.
The following treatment has given excellent results against
flat-headed borers in Michigan, according to Pettit, and is
worthy of more extensive trial: Place fifty pounds of common
laundry soap (a potash, not a soda soap) over steam pipes
and allow it to soften for a few days, then place it in a double
boiler with three gallons of water and cook until the tempera-
ture reaches 180 F., then stir in two pounds of flour and add
twenty-five pounds of flake naphthalene and again bring the
temperature to 180 F., at which temperature the naphthalene
will have melted, since its melting point is 167 F.; then cool
as quickly as may be, since speedy cooling results in smaller
naphthalene crystals, stirring the mixture occasionally during
the cooling. It may be made up in winter and stored in air-
tight drums. It should be applied with a brush to the trunk
and branches after warming and thinning slightly to the con-
sistency of heavy cream. Applications made at three-week
intervals, beginning June 1st, resulted in practical immunity
from borers and no injury to the trees.
PART II
INSECTS ATTACKING SHADE TREES AND ORNAMENTALS
THERE is no sharp division between shade tree insects and
those occurring in forests, aside from the fact that the shade
tree environment is favorable to certain insects and also
permits relatively greater expenditures for the control of in-
jurious insects. It frequently happens that a species some-
what rare in woodlands is a serious menace to trees in cities
and villages and occasionally there may be a pronounced
shifting in the character of the area attacked, as, for example,
in the case of the snow-white linden moth, which, prior to
the advent of the English sparrow, was a serious urban pest,
whereas at the present time its depredations are confined
largely to woodlands. This distinction between shade and
forest tree insects is largely a practical one and in most in-
stances it is believed that this division, though by no means
entirely satisfactory, will prove convenient.
CHAPTER III
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS
BORERS are among the most important enemies of shade
trees, largely because their work is concealed and in certain
cases the injury does not become apparent until long after
it is accomplished. It is very desirable to keep a close watch
for anything suggestive of borer work and to take prompt
measures to check such operations if they are discovered.
KEY TO DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS
Maples, elms and other trees
Dead limbs projecting above leafy branches or broken or hanging
limbs in the midst of otherwise healthy trees, a general borer.
Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Linn., p. 32.
Irregular circular galleries some % inch in diameter containing large
whitish caterpillars and with unsightly scars upon the larger limbs
and trunks of various trees.
Carpenter worm, Prionoxystus robince Peck, p. 33.
Sinuous flattened galleries, mostly in the sapwood, containing flat-
headed white grubs, occur in a number of trees.
Flat-headed borer, C hrysobothris femorata Fabr., p. 35.
Circular galleries about % inch long containing stout round-headed
grubs, occur mostly in thorn, mountain ash and shad.
Round-headed apple borer, Saperda Candida Fabr., p. 36.
Maples
Dead limbs among leafy branches or transverse ridges and dead areas
on branches or trunks of sugar maple.
Sugar maple borer, Glycobius speciosus Say, p. 38.
Round holes the size of a medium lead pencil in diseased sugar maple
trunks, also in elm and other trees.
Pigeon tremex, Tremex columba Linn., p. 40.
29
30 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Small cleanly cut twigs of sugar maple falling during late summer or
hanging with dried leaves in midsummer, also on oak.
Maple and oak twig-pruner, Hypermallus villosus Fabr., p. 42.
Deformed and frequently enlarged trunks or branches with ugly
warty scars, on both sugar and soft maple.
Callous borer, Sesia acerni Clem., p. 43.
Wilting shrubs or small trees easily broken off near the surface of the
ground and containing blackened, closely set, nearly horizontal gal-
leries, occurs in a variety of trees and shrubs.
Pitted ambrosia beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm., p. 44.
Elms
Unthrifty American elms and usually dying or dead limbs.
Elm borer, Saperda tridentata Oliv., p. 45.
Yellowing foliage and dying tips with characteristic bark-beetle work.
European elm bark-beetle, Scolytus multistriatus Marsh, p. 47.
Dying or dead limbs, the inner bark with approximately uniform
sinuous galleries.
Elm snout-beetles, Magdalis barbita Say and M. armicollis
Say, p. 48.
Hickory borers
Falling leaves in early summer, dying branches or tops and numerous
shot-hole-like exits.
Hickory bark-beetle, Scolytus quadrispinosus Say, p. 49.
Large, white, legless grubs in good-sized galleries in the bark and
sapwood.
Hickory saperda, Saperda discoidea Fabr., p. 51.
Dying or dead hickory limbs inhabited by a black long-snouted
beetle.
Hickory snout-beetle, Magdalis olyra Herbst., p. 52.
Birch
Dying tops, the smaller limbs with somewhat obscure annular ridges
and flattened tortuous galleries in the cambium.
Bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory, p. 52.
Oak and chestnut
Dying tops with a flat-headed grub in tortuous interlacing galleries.
Two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus Weber, p. 53.
Locust, black
Irregular ugly scars on trunks or limbs leading to galleries about
% inch in diameter.
Locust borer, Cyllene robinice Forst., p. 54.
Irregular twig swellings 1 to 3 inches long.
Locust twig-borer, Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zell., p. 56.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 31
Willow and poplar
Swollen knotty areas on the smaller branches and limbs or shallow
burrows overlaid with brown shrunken bark.
Mottled willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn., p. 57.
Cottonwood and willow
Cuttings and very young cottonwood trees may be injured by small
borers cutting the bark and preventing sap flow or larger borers
tunneling the wood and weakening the tree.
Cottonwood borer, Plectrodera scalator Fabr., p. 58.
Willow
Sudden wilting of terminal willow shoots in early summer.
Willow-shoot sawfly, Janus integer Norton, p. 61.
Poplar
Blackened swollen scars and large galleries with coarse excelsior-like
borings.
Poplar borer, Saperda calcarata Say, p. 59.
Linden
Large irregular galleries at the base of the trunk inhabited by white
legless borers.
Linden borer, Saperda vastita Say, p. 62.
Ash and lilac
Whitish or yellowish legless grubs in trunks and stems.
Lilac borer, Podosesia syringes Harr., p. 63.
Crataegus or thorn
Oval swellings about 1 inch long with four to five longitudinal scars
on small limbs and stems.
Thorn limb-borer, Saperda fayi Bland., p. 64.
Rose
Elongate stem swellings, sometimes in several places or following
spiral or longitudinal lines.
Rose stem-girdler, Agrilus viridis Linn., p. 64.
Rhododendron
Wilting or yellow leaves and borings in branches or stem.
Rhododendron clear wing, Sesia rhododendri Beutm., p. 65.
(See also Pitted ambrosia beetle, p. 44.)
Gnawing bark from various trees and shrubs.
European hornet, Vespa crabro Linn., p. 66.
Boring in dead wood
White, wingless, ant-like creatures in decaying timbers and dead
stumps.
White ants, Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar, p. 67.
Burrows about % inch in diameter in telegraph poles, door posts, and
the like.
Large carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica Drury, p. 69.
32
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
LEOPARD MOTH
Zeuzera pyrina Linn.
Dead limbs projecting above leafy branches or broken and
hanging limbs in the midst of otherwise healthy trees are the
most conspicuous signs of this
borer's presence.
The leopard moth (Fig. 1) at-
tacks a very large number of
trees and shrubs. It shows a
marked preference for elms and
maples, particularly soft maples,
though horse-chestnut, beech,
birch, dogwood, hickory, oak
and walnut may be severely
injured. The insect is well es-
tablished along the coast of the
northeastern United States. The
white, blue and black-spotted
moths have a wing spread from
nearly 2 to about 3 inches, the
larger being females. Flight oc-
curs during June through to
September, the moths being most
numerous early in July. The
eggs are deposited in crevices in
the bark, on branches as well as
on the trunk. The young cater-
pillars frequently enter the twigs
at the base of a bud, often caus-
ing wilting, and as they increase
in size desert the smaller branches and make large irregular
galleries in the larger limbs or trunks. These later workings
cajise the somewhat characteristic breaking of limbs about
FIG. 1. Leopard moth, adult,
work in small twig, borings
hanging from the bark and
nearly full-grown larva, re-
duced.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 33
two inches in diameter so evident on badly infested trees. The
borer is a pinkish or white caterpillar with numerous, well-
defined, darker spots or tubercles on its body, a brown head,
and thoracic and anal shields of nearly the same size and color
near the extremities of the body. The second summer is the
period of greatest injury. Full-grown caterpillars are over
three inches long. They winter in the burrows and transforma-
tion to the moth occurs the following season, approximately
two years after the eggs were laid.
It is entirely possible to check this pest effectively by sys-
tematically cutting infested twigs in late summer and early
fall and burning them at once, otherwise the borers may escape
from the twigs. This can also be followed to a limited extent
with larger branches, though better results are likely to fol-
low the destruction of the larger caterpillars in their burrows
with a bent wire or by the injection of bisulfide of carbon,
with the aid of a long-spouted oil-can. Inhabited burrows
are readily detected by the fresh borings or frass. It is fre-
quently possible to destroy some of the rather sluggish females
before eggs are deposited, particularly on small trees. Col-
lecting at lights or the use of a moth trap consisting of a pan
containing kerosene and water hung under lights are both
useful supplements to the foregoing measures.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 75-79.
1911,Britton, W. E., and Cromie, G. A., Conn. Agr..Exp. Sta. Bull. 169,
pp. 1-24.
1911, Chapman, J. W., The Leopard Moth and other Insects Injurious
to Shade Trees in the Vicinity of Boston, pp. 1-29.
CARPENTER WORM
Prionoxystus robinice Peck
The large reddish-white caterpillars boring large holes in
the bigger limbs and trunks of different kinds of oak, maple
and locust usually belong to this species (Fig. 2).
34
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The insect is a widely distributed native species only occa-
sionally sufficiently abundant to endanger the life of the tree,
although it rather frequently produces large unsightly scars.
It appears to be primarily wound-infesting and continues
year after year to increase the size of an infested area on the
FIG. 2. Carpenter worm, moth, eggs,
pupa, borer and work, slightly re-
duced.
FIG. 3. Flat -headed
borer, work in apple,
reduced.
trunk or large limb. Most of the tunneling is through the
wood and consequently the vital cambium escapes injury to
a considerable extent. It is not uncommon for this borer
fairly to riddle portions of a trunk fifteen inches or more in
diameter.
The moths are in flight in New York state during the greater
part of June and early in July and on the Pacific Coast during
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 35
May and June. The eggs are apparently deposited by prefer-
ence in the vicinity of some wound or scar and after the insect
has once obtained an entrance this seems to be a favorite
point of attack. The young larra feed first upon the soft
inner bark, later penetrating the harder sapwood and finally
the solid hard wood, the galleries running mostly in a longi-
tudinal direction. The life cycle of this species is believed to
extend over three years. The full-grown caterpillar is about
2% inches long. The head is brown and there are well-
developed, dark brown, thoracic and anal shields near the
extremities of the body. The adult is a magnificent grayish
moth having a wing spread of about 3 inches. The fore part
of the hind-wings is nearly black, the most of the posterior
portion with a large reddish blotch.
The moth's habit of depositing eggs in crevices, particularly
about injuries caused by earlier attacks, suggests keeping the
trunks of trees as smooth as possible. Rough wounded places
should be carefully dressed and in the case of more serious
injury, treatment with carbon bisulfide and the sealing of the
galleries with cement or other material is advisable. Inclos-
ing the infested portion of the trunk with a temporary screen
cage and the daily destruction of the borers during the flight
period has been recommended by Burke for highly valued
trees. This is probably the most economical and effective
method of controlling the pest.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 79-84.
1921, Burke, H. E., Econ. Ent. Journ. 14:369-372.
FLAT-HEADED BORER
Chrysobothris femorata Fabr.
These rather slender white grubs, noteworthy because of
the greatly enlarged anterior portion, make wavy flattened
galleries in the wood of various trees (Fig. 3).
36 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The parent insect is an inconspicuous, metallic, grayish,
flattened beetle about y 2 to y% of an inch long. It is in flight
from the latter part of May into September and frequently
may be seen on the sunny side of a tree. The eggs are de-
posited on the bark, probably in crevices, the young grubs
making their way into the tree and during the early stages
feeding upon the sapwood. Increase in size is accompanied
by penetration deeper into the tree, the winter being passed
at some depth within the wood. The borers, nearly 1 inch
long when full grown, come toward the surface in the spring,
construct a pupal cell and the beetles emerge as indicated.
This species is known to attack a considerable series of trees.
Trees in an unthrifty condition are more likely to be
attacked. One of the most promising control measures is to
cut and burn all sickly or dying wood, thus reducing favorable
breeding conditions to a minimum. Pettit has obtained excel-
lent control of this pest by painting limbs and branches with a
naphthalene-soap compound. (See page 26.)
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 86-87.
1914, Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R., Manual of Fruit Insects,
pp. 194-198.
ROUND-HEADED APPLE BORER
Saperda Candida Fabr.
A stout, white, legless grub over an inch long infests thorn-
apple, mountain ash and shad-bush as well as fruit-trees,
working mostly at the base of the trunk (Fig. 4) , frequently
killing trees.
This insect is better known as an apple-tree pest, though
it attacks a number of other trees and is particularly likely to
injure valued ornamentals. The parent beetle is about y^
inch long and may be recognized easily by its brownish color
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS
37
with two broad white bands joined at the front and extending
to the tip of the wing-covers. It is abroad from May to Sep-
tember and most of the eggs are pre-
sumably deposited in small slits in
the bark in June. The young grubs
work in the inner bark and sapwood,
tunneling the tree at or close to the
surface of the ground. An inhabited
burrow is easily recognized by the
fresh borings hanging therefrom. It
is generally believed that three years
are necessary for the completion of
the life cycle.
There is no more effective method
of preventing injury by this insect
than the repeated examination of trees
for signs of borings and the destruc-
tion of the pests before they are large
enough to cause serious injury. A
careful inspection in early spring and
fall should be sufficient. It is advisa-
ble to keep the ground around the
base of the tree clear of weeds or rank
growths of grass. Some protection
can be secured by the use of bands of
old newspapers or wire mosquito net-
ting, provided they are applied so well
that the beetles can not get behind them or work up from
beneath. Ordinarily they are not used extensively.
REFERENCES
1904, Felt, E. P., and Joutel, L. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 74, pp. 23-39.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 84-86.
1914, Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R., Manual of Fruit Insects,
pp. 185-193.
Fia. 4. Round - headed
borer, work in apple,
reduced.
38
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
SUGAR MAPLE BORER
Glycobiics speciosus Say
Dead limbs among leafy branches or transverse ridges and
dead areas on branches or trunks of sugar maples are signs of
the work of the large fleshy grub
of this insect (Figs. 5, 6).
The sugar maple borer is a
very common insidious enemy of
sugar maples in the northeastern
United States, and mutilates and
destroys many trees. It is unusual
to find a group of sugar maples in
New York state uninfested by
this insect and in not a few in-
stances a goodly proportion of
the trees have been seriously
damaged. The work progresses
so slowly that ordinarily it at-
tracts no attention and in many
cases may be attributed to other
causes.
The powerful, whitish, legless
grubs, some 2 inches long when
full grown, confine their opera-
tions largely to the inner bark
and sapwood, running burrows
FIG. 5. Sugar maple borer, several feet long and usually
showing egg-slit, young and obliquely transverse for a dis-
<?"". T y effectively gird-
ling a portion of a trunk or large
limb. This injury is followed by the development of new
tissue in an effort on the part of the tree to heal the wound
and the characteristic oblique ridge which may later break
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS
39
away and expose to the elements a constantly increasing area
of dead wood. Sometimes there are a series of interlacing
burrows on one side of the trunk and a
large, dead, decaying area soon develops.
The large, black, brilliantly yellow-
marked beetles about an inch long occur
on the trunks of maples from the latter
part of June till into August, depositing
eggs in slit-like cavities in the bark.
These latter are indicated by an irregular
discoloration caused in part by sap flow-
ing from the wound and partly from ex-
pelled frass or excrement, the latter often
hanging in small masses from the point
of entrance. The young borers winter in
a rather shallow excavation in the sap-
wood, and the following season, the period
of maximum injury, cut galleries in the
inner bark and sapwood about half an
inch in width and one-third of an inch
in depth, running in almost any direc-
tion, though usually longitudinally or
obliquely upward and partly around the
tree.
The most effective control measure,
practicable only on valued shade and
lawn trees, is to examine the trunk and
the base of the larger limbs in particular
in September for the early work of young
grubs and the cutting out and destroying
them before material injury is caused.
It is also feasible, in some instances, to
capture the beetles in June and July, preferably before they
have had an opportunity to deposit eggs.
FIG. 6. Sugar maple
borer, work on
trunk, greatly re-
duced.
40 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 51-56.
PIGEON TREMEX
Tremex columba Linn.
Round holes the size of a medium lead pencil in the diseased
trunks of maples, elms and other trees are characteristic of
the work of this insect (Figs. 7, 8).
FIG. 7. Pigeon tremex.
The pigeon tremex is a black and yellow marked, magnifi-
cent, four-winged fly about 2 inches long, a wing spread of
2y 2 inches and a rather prominent horn at the posterior ex-
tremity of the abdomen. This structural peculiarity has led
to the bestowal of the common name, horn-tails, on these and
related insects. The females are frequently found on trees
with the short stout ovipositor bent at right angles to the
body and driven to its full length into the tree. Occasionally
the remains of a number of these wasp-like insects may be
found securely attached to trees by their ovipositors, the in-
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 41
sects having been unable to withdraw them. Observations
show that the grubs confine their operations to the fungus-
affected or dying trees and consequently cause little or no
injury.
The pigeon tremex is occasionally parasitized by the lunate
long-sting, Megarhyssa lunator Fabr., a slender, brown and
yellow wasp-like insect about l*/2 inches long and noteworthy
because of the delicate tail or ovipositor some 3 inches long,
FIG. 8. Exit holes of pigeon tremex, larger,
and lunate long-sting, smaller, greatly
reduced.
whence its common name of long-sting. This insect is fre-
quently seen with its long ovipositor arched over the back
and the membrane of the terminal segments of the abdomen
distended as it forces its slender tool into the wood in an
effort to place eggs in the vicinity of a borer, usually in a
borer gallery. The lunate long-sting is also a parasite of the
sugar maple borer and is more serviceable on this account than
because of its destroying larvae of the pigeon tremex. There
is also a larger very similar parasite to the lunate long-sting
42
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
known as the black long-sting, Megarhyssa atrata Fabr., with
similar habits.
Control or remedial measures are not recommended for
either the pigeon tremex or the long-
stings, since the first causes negligible
injury and the latter are beneficial
rather than injurious.
REFERENCE
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol.
1, pp. 61-63.
MAPLE AND OAK TWIG-PKUNER
Hypermallus villosus Fabr.
Small cleanly cut twigs of oak and
maple falling during late summer or
hanging with dried leaves from midsum-
mer on are signs of this insect's work
(Fig. 9).
This beetle is a true twig-pruner and
confines its operations to branches or
small limbs with a diameter of about an
inch or less. It seems to be particularly
abundant and injurious in the vicinity of
New York City. The eggs are deposited
in July on the smaller twigs, the young
Fig. 9. -Maple and bg feedi for a time under the bark
oak twig-pruner, " .
work on small an( * later boring along the center of the
branches, borer and branches, making a more or less oval
pupa in galleries, channel In late summer the borer eats
reduced.
away a large portion of the woody fiber,
plugs the end of its burrow with castings and waits for a high
wind to break off the nearly severed branch. Late in the fall
or in early spring the grub changes to a pupa and a rather
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 43
slender grayish-brown beetle about % of an inch long emerges
and continues abroad till September. The life cycle is prob-
ably completed in one year. The insect has been recorded as
attacking apple, pear, plum, peach, grape, quince, orange,
osage orange, hickory, chestnut,
locust, sassafras and sumac.
Since the insect winters within
the fallen twigs, a very fair degree
of local control can be secured by
collecting and burning these twigs
during the winter or early spring.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem.
8, vol. 1, pp. 59-61.
CALLOUS BORER
Sesia acerni Clem.
Deformed and frequently en-
larged trunks or branches of
maples or ugly scars here and
there on the trunk showing brown-
ish powdery borings near the sur-
face and frequently small circular
orifices about % inch in diameter
are usually the work of this insect
(Fig. 10).
This small borer displays a marked partiality for the soft
tissues around healing wounds on maples and is sometimes
very abundant and at least somewhat injurious to soft maples.
The moths are in flight from the latter part of May to the
middle of June. The eggs are deposited on roughened places in
the bark. They soon hatch and the young caterpillars tunnel
the inner bark and sapwood. The full-grown caterpillars are
whitish, brown-headed and about y> inch long.
FIG. 10. C a 1 1 o u s borer,
work, pupal skin, exit
holes, pupa and borers,
greatly reduced.
44 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The most 'promising control measure consists in taking ad-
vantage of the moths' marked inclination to deposit eggs on
rough bark. The trunks of trees should, therefore, be kept as
smooth as possible and wounds carefully covered with graft-
ing wax, paint or other protective substances. An infested
area should be carefully examined, the borers dug out and
destroyed and the surface dressed as in the case of any other
wound.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp, 56-58.
PITTED AMBROSIA BEETLE
Corthylus punctatissimus Zimra.
Wilting or dead shrubs or small trees easily broken off near
the surface of the ground and containing series of blackened,
closely set, nearly horizontal galleries % 6 inch in diameter
may be the work of this insect.
This insidious borer is quite local in its
habit and is occasionally very injurious to
ornamentals. The beetles enter the side
of the stem at or just below the surface
of the ground or protecting mulch through
a circular hole about % 6 inch in diameter.
This opens into a more or less regular
FIG. 11. Pitted am- . . . . . . .
brosia beetle, sec- senes of circular, closely placed, hon-
tion of work in zontal galleries which may be so numer-
r h o d o d e n- ous as o ] eave on jy a very thin shelter
dron stem. J J
of bark with a little of the outer sapwood
and almost no direct longitudinal wood fibers between the
outer and inner horizontal galleries. From each of these
latter there are series of vertical brood chambers, each about
% inch long and usually one or more nearly vertical gal-
leries which lead to lower or upper series of workings, not
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 45
infrequently both. The work of this borer is confined to
parts within three inches above the ground and apparently
does not extend to the roots, though the lowest galleries
may approach closely to the ground. The dark brown or
black, cylindrical, rather stout beetles about % inch long
are known to attack sugar maple, sassafras, dogwood, water-
beech (Carpinus), ironwood (Ostyra), hazel, huckleberry and
rhododendron (Fig. 11). The species is widely distributed
throughout the eastern United States.
Seriously infested shrubs and small trees can not be saved.
The wilting infested stems should be cut and burned, care
being taken to prevent breaking the shoots at the point of
injury and thus allowing a number of the beetles to fall out
of the galleries and invade other plants. Systematic cutting
out of weakened specimens is advisable in the case of orna-
mentals and if followed up should prevent serious injury. In-
jury appears to be confined largely to shaded localities where
there is an abundance of mulch, sunny grassy areas being
practically free from the pest. This latter is suggestive so
far as future plantings are concerned.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 65-67.
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 175, pp. 36-39.
ELM BORER
Saperda tridentata Oliv.
An unthrifty condition indicated by dying or dead limbs
and diseased or dying areas of bark on the trunk of Ameri-
can elms are the most frequent signs of injury by this pest
(Fig. 12).
This borer is sometimes as injurious to the white elm as
the sugar maple borer is to sugar maples and in places in
46
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
which the elm pest has become well established, even greater
damage may result from its attack. The first signs of in-
festation are usually seen in the lighter thinner foliage fol-
lowed by a limb dying here
. and there. Soon dark sawdust
collects in the crevices of the
bark, an indication of boring,
and after the attack has
progressed for a time, large
portions of the bark can be
pulled easily from the tree,
and it is then seen that the
inner bark and outer sap-
wood have been entirely
destroyed. The cause of this
injury is a modest, gray, red-
marked, black-spotted beetle
about y% inch long. The
life cycle is probably com-
pleted in one year, though
there is a possibility that two
may be required. The change
to pupae occurs about the
middle of May and the
beetles begin to appear the
latter part of that month and
continue to emerge for some
time, depositing eggs in the
bark. This borer appears to
infest the white elm almost exclusively, though it has been
recorded from the slippery elm.
Badly iniested trees should be cut and burned before the
beetles have had an opportunity to emerge. The systematic
removal and destruction of infested trees or parts of trees is
FIG. 12. Elm borer, grub and gal-
leries, pupa, adult (enlarged) ;
smaller borings work of elm
snout-beetles, reduced.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 47
probably the most satisfactory method of handling infestations
of this character.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 67-71.
EUROPEAN ELM BARK-BEETLE
Scolytus multistriatics Marsh
Yellowing foliage and dying tips of elm are the first signs
of borer injury in the upper part of the tree. In the case of
this insect there are found under the bark series of connected
galleries inhabited by legless white maggots, or black and red
bark-beetles about Vs inch long may be found in oval cells
in the bark and outer sapwood.
This bark-borer is another addition to the already formi-
dable list of shade tree pests recently established in this coun-
try. It probably occurred in the vicinity of Boston prior to
1905 and in 1911 it was found in a number of towns in the
vicinity of Boston, Massachusetts.
The first signs of attack are collections of reddish bark saw-
dust excavated by the beetles as they enter the tree. These
are found on the rough portions of the bark below the point
of entrance. Numerous circular exit holes about % inch in
diameter indicate that the insects have left the tree. This
insect breeds by preference in weak or sickly elms, though it
has been recorded in England from poplar, cherry, pear, plum
and oak. The female excavates a long vertical gallery between
the inner bark and sapwood, depositing minute whitish eggs
in chambers on either side. The longest galleries sometimes
contain as many as 140 eggs, usually there are not more than
80. Oviposition extends over a period of several weeks, con-
sequently a gallery may contain both eggs and partly de-
veloped larvae. The first brood in eastern New England
deposits eggs the last of May and in June and the second
the last of August and early in September. The grubs of the
48 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
second brood winter in the inner bark and complete their
development during the first warm days of spring. The pupal
cells are constructed in the outer bark just under the surface.
The beetles are stout, cylindric, %o ^ /^ mQ h l n - The
thorax is shiny black and somewhat longer than broad. The
wing-covers are pitchy red and the antennae and legs light
brown. The male is smaller than the female, the latter with
prominent toothed projections on the lateral edges of the
third and fourth abdominal segments. The full-grown grub is
about y$ inch long, whitish, wrinkled, legless and usually
rather strongly curved, the thoracic segments distinctly larger.
Keeping elms in a healthy vigorous condition tends to pre-
vent attack. The trees should be examined frequently and
weak or dying branches cut and burned before the borers
begin to issue.
REFERENCE
1911, Chapman, J. W., The Leopard Moth and other Insects Injurious
to Shade Trees in the Vicinity of Boston, pp. 30-40.
ELM SNOUT-BEETLES
Magdalis barbita Say and M. armicollis Say
Dying or dead limbs with the inner bark infested by short,
white, curved, legless grubs in approximately uniform galleries
or with the outer bark showing numerous small circular exit
holes are usually caused by the work of one or both of these
insects.
The adults emerge from infested wood the latter part of
May or early in June and feed to some extent upon the foliage.
The beetles are only about *4 inch long, the first-named species
being jet black and the second, apparently the rarer, reddish.
The life cycle is probably completed in one year. The bur-
rows of the grubs are l 1 /^ inches long, somewhat uniform in
size, sinuous, running generally with the grain and are con-
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 49
fined very largely to the inner layers of the bark (Fig. 12,
smaller workings).
Systematic cutting and burning of infested wood as recom-
mended for the elm borer is the most effective control measure,
though some protection may be secured by spraying the foliage
toward the last of May with
an arsenical poison.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus.
Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 73-75.
HICKORY BARK-BEETLE
Scolytus quadrispinosus Say
Signs of infestation by this
insect are falling leaves in
early summer, dying branches,
tops of trees or entire trees,
followed by numerous shot-
hole-like exits made by small
brown or black beetles.
The hickory bark-beetle
(Figs. 13, 14) is the most
deadly enemy of this valuable
tree in the northeastern United FIG. 13. Hickory bark -beetle,
States. At irregular intervals ^JjJ 68 and galleries ' much
it becomes extremely abundant
and kills thousands of hickories, including some of the largest
and noblest trees. This insect occurs over the entire eastern
United States in all varieties of hickory.
The dark brown or black beetles about l /r t inch long appear
from the last of June to the last of July, persist to the middle
of August and bore into young twigs, terminal buds and green
nuts and frequently cause the wilting and dropping of leaves
50
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
and the death of twigs. The beetles attack the bark of the
trunk and larger branches in July, each female making a
vertical gallery an inch or more in length, on the sides of
which twenty to forty or more eggs are deposited in small
notches. The young grubs work at first at approximately
right angles to the wood fibers, thus very effectively girdling
portions of the tree. The older grubs, especially those near
each end of the parental gallery, usually
turn away from the central portion and as
a result there is a very characteristic gallery.
Frequently hundreds of beetles enter the
trunk in somewhat regular rows one above
the other on all sides and consequently a
badly infested tree is speedily girdled and
killed.
Wilting leaves in early summer and dead
twigs in midsummer are the first signs of
infestation, although in most cases the in-
sect escapes notice until the top begins to die
or the entire tree is practically killed. In-
vasion of the trunk is indicated by fine par-
ticles of brownish and white sawdust in
the crevices of the bark. Trees which have
been entered by thousands of beetles are be-
yond hope, practically speaking, and should be cut and the
bark at least burned before another spring in order to prevent
the beetles escaping and attacking other trees. There are
grounds for believing that hickories not suffering from drought
or other adverse conditions are more likely to resist infes-
tation, consequently abundant nourishment and plenty of
moisture are excellent general preventives. The early feed-
ing habits of the beetles suggest thorough spraying of prized
lawn trees about the middle of May, using arsenate of lead at
the rate of six to eight pounds of paste to fifty gallons of
FIG. 14. Hick-
ory bark-
beetle, early
work and
galleries o f
young borers,
reduced.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 51
water, taking special pains to cover the twigs and base of the
leaf-stalks with the insecticide. Beetles can be destroyed just
after they have entered the tree by injecting gasoline, carbon
bisulfide or some similar material in the burrows. This is
a costly, laborious operation and advisable only in special
cases. In woodland areas cutting and destroying infested
trees or parts of trees as directed above is practically the only
hope and if over 75 per cent of the insects are killed in this
manner, there is little danger from the survivors.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 275-279.
1918,Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 320-321.
HICKORY SAPERDA
Saperda discoidea Fabr.
The large, white, legless grub of this insect makes good-
sized galleries in the bark and sapwood of hickory.
Ordinarily this species does not cause much damage,
although it is a rather common borer in hickory. It fre-
quently follows the work of the hickory bark-beetle and is
occasionally so abundant that a piece of bark six inches square
may contain a dozen or more borers. It is remarkable in that
the sexes are so unlike that one unacquainted with the fact
would certainly consider the two as belonging to distinct
species. The beetles are abroad the latter part of June and
in July. The borers work partly in the bark and partly in
the wood. The female is about % inch long, has a yellowish
thorax and yellowish markings on the brownish wing-covers,
while the male is about J /2 inch long and has a black head and
thorax and uniform gray wing-covers. A closely related
species, the red-edged Saperda, Saperda lateralis Fabr., also
attacks hickory, it being especially prevalent near the roots
and in the base of sprouts on recently cleared land.
52
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 269-270.
HICKORY SNOUT-BEETLE
Magdalis olyra Herbst.
Dying or dead hickory limbs are rather commonly in-
habited by a black long-snouted beetle about % 6 inch long..
This species appears to confine its attack very largely to
diseased and dying trees and is sometimes found in such large
numbers that the inner bark and outer sapwood may be almost
riddled by the many irregular confused galleries. It appears
to prefer limbs from 4 to 6 inches in diameter, although it
has also been reared from small twigs. It is ordinarily not
considered as an important enemy of
hickory.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol.
1, pp. 274-275.
BRONZE BIRCH BORER
Agrilus anxius Gory
Dying tops of white birch, the smaller
limbs with somewhat obscure annular
ridges and flattened tortuous galleries be-
neath the bark, are characteristic of this
pernicious borer (Figs. 15, 16).
A very considerable proportion of the
ornamental white birch in parks and on
lawns in the northeastern United States
and in some western cities and villages have been killed by
the work of the slender, white, flat-headed grub about 3/J inch
long, with peculiar brownish forks at the posterior extremity,
FIG. 15. B r o n z e
birch borer,
adult and grub,
enlarged.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 53
found in tortuous shallow galleries in the inner bark and outer
sapwood of various birches. The rather slender brownish
beetles, only % to y% inch long, appear usually in June, feed
for a time and then deposit eggs in tiny slits in the bark, the
grubs working as indicated above and the parent insects
issuing the following spring.
Dying trees or parts of trees should be
cut and burned during the winter or early
spring following attack; otherwise the con-
tained insects may escape and attack other
birches. All too frequently this cutting and
burning is delayed until the beetles have
escaped, which latter is evidenced by numer-
ous irregularly oval holes, after which such
operations have little control value. The
beetles feed to some extent upon birch and
elm foliage, consequently spraying birch and
adjacent trees early in June with a poison
would presumably destroy many of the in-
sects before they could deposit eggs in the
trees. Fig. 1 6. Bronze
REFERENCES birch borer,
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. Annular swellings
1, pp. 284-287.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 326-327.
TWO-LINED CHESTNUT BORER
Agrilus bilineatus Weber
Dying tops or limbs of oak and chestnut may follow the
work of a white flat-headed grub found in tortuous interlacing
burrows under the bark.
This beetle (Fig. 17), like the related destructive bronze
birch borer, is locally abundant in the northeastern United
States at least and not infrequently causes the death of indi-
54
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
vidual trees or groups of trees, much depending on local con-
ditions. The parent beetle is only % inch long, rather slender,
blackish and sparsely clothed with a light golden-yellow
pubescence. The beetles are abroad the latter part of May or
in June, the eggs are deposited in the tree and the grubs work
in the inner bark and outer sapwood. The galleries are flat-
tened, very sinuous, usually interlacing and inhabited by a
slender, whitish, flat-headed grub about 1/2 inch fong and
peculiar in the possession of a pair
of brownish forks at the posterior
extremity. The final transforma-
tions occur in the wood, the beetles
appearing the following spring.
Badly infested trees or parts
should be cut and the outer bark
at least burned in the winter or
early spring following infestation.
Numerous obliquely oval exit holes
indicate that most of the beetles
have escaped. The systematic
trimming and burning of dying or dead wood will do much to
reduce the danger of infestation. The beetles probably feed
to some extent upon the foliage, consequently some benefit
may be expected by spraying with a poison late in May or
early in June.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N, Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 280-283.
LOCUST BORER
Cyllene robinice Forst.
The irregular ugly scars on locust trunks and leading into
galleries about y inch in diameter are the work of the
locust borer.
Fie. 17. Two - lined chest-
nut borer, adult, grub and
pupa, enlarged.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 55
This borer (Fig. 18) is very destructive to black locust in
different parts of the United States and in some sections makes
it very difficult to grow locusts, badly disfiguring them and
occasionally destroying considerable plantings of trees 2 to
5 inches in diameter.
The black golden-marked beetles
about % inch long appear in late
summer and during September in
particular may be seen in large
numbers feeding on the blossoms of
goldenrod. The eggs are commonly
deposited in small crevices on the
bark, and the young grubs bore for
the remainder of the season and
hibernate in the outer bark, pene-
trating more deeply the following
spring and excavating the series of
characteristic curved galleries so
frequently found in this tree. The
first evidence of attack in the spring
is brownish sawdust and wet spots.
Later the work of the borers is indi-
cated by wet yellowish sawdust and
gummy exudations. The most seri-
ous injury is caused by the boring
in the inner bark and outer sap-
wood. Growth is rapid and trans-
formation to the beetle occurs about midsummer or a little
later, adults appearing in August and September.
Craighead states that locusts planted in thick stands or
grown in the shade of other trees for the first ten or fifteen
years are relatively free from borer injury. There is a pos-
sibility of saving very badly injured locust plantings by cut-
ting and burning all the badly affected trees and relying on
18 . L c u g t borei ,
wor k and adult, reduced.
56 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
the growth of sprouts. Systematic cutting and burning of
badly infested trees over considerable areas has been recom-
mended. Young borers can be killed readily on the more
valuable shade trees by spraying with an arsenical poison
when the new growth begins in the spring, giving special
attention to places where borers are working, the latter indi-
cated by oozing sap and borings. A soluble arsenate, such as
one-quarter pound of sodium arsenate or arsenite in five gal-
lons of water added to a quart of miscible oil, has proved most
effective.
REFERENCES
1890, Packard, A. S., U. S. Ent. Comm., 5th Kept., pp. 355-358.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 93-97.
1906, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bull. 58, Parts I, III.
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 175, pp. 62-63.
1915, Garman, H., 2nd Bien. Kept. State Forester, Ky., Separate,
pp. 3-21.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 316-317.
1919, Craighead, F. C., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 787, pp. 1-12.
LOCUST TWIG-BORER
Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zell.
The work of this insect is indicated by irregular twig swell-
ings 1 to 3 inches long, containing a whitish or pale yellowish
caterpillar about */2 inch long.
The locust twig-borer is an important enemy of nursery
trees in Kentucky. The twig swelling is produced by the
gnawing of the interior of the branch. There appear to be
several generations in Kentucky, though Houser states that
in Ohio the borers drop to the ground by mid-autumn and
pupate among the leaves, the adults emerging late in the
season. The most effective control measure is to cut and
burn the infested shoots.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 478.
1915, Garman, H., 2nd Bien. Rept. State Forester, Ky., pp. 22-23.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 317-318.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS
57
MOTTLED WILLOW BORER
Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn.
Willow and poplar branches and trunks are frequently
seriously injured by small white grubs
which transform in midsummer to dark
colored snout-beetles about ^ inch long.
The mottled willow borer (Fig. 19) is
another introduced enemy of trees. It was
found in New Jersey in 1887 and has since
become rather generally distributed in the
northeastern United States. The work of
this borer is most frequently indicated by
swollen knotty areas on the smaller limbs
and branches, the shallow burrows fre-
quently being overlaid with brown shrunken
bark. The full-grown borer or grub is about
1/2 inch long, fleshy, white and legless. The
beetle or curculio is from % to % inch in
length. The body is dull black with little
spots or tufts of jet black scales or hairs on
the thorax and the wing-covers, the pos-
terior third of the latter, the sides of the
thorax, the base of the anterior femora and
portions of the middle and posterior femora
being pinkish-white. The beetles appear in
midsummer and deposit their eggs in small
punctures in the bark. The burrows of the
young grubs may be found around buds, at
the base of limbs and frequently partly girdle the stem. The
nearly full-grown borers make galleries about % inch in
diameter and work in about the same manner as the smaller
grubs. When full grown they penetrate to the center of the
small stems, frequently a distance of 3 or 4 inches, pupate
FIG. 19. Mottled
willow borer, ex-
ternal signs and
section of galler-
ies, reduced.
58 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
at the extremity, the adults issuing during July, August and
September, indicating a considerable divergence in the period
of development.
Badly infested trees or parts of trees should be cut and
burned in winter in order to destroy the contained borers.
It is possible to destroy many of the hibernating grubs by
applying a carbolineum emulsion in December or April, the
latter probably being safer. Experiments indicate a con-
siderable degree of benefit by spraying with poison the last
two weeks in July.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 100-103.
1907, Schoene, W. J., N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 286, pp. 85-184.
1915, Matheson, Robert, Econ. Ent. Journ., 8:522-525.
Blackman, M. W., and Ellis, W. 0., N. Y. State Coll. Forestry
Bull. 26, pp. 67-71.
COTTONWOOD BORER
Plectrodera scalator Fabr.
Cottonwood and willow trees may be injured by small
borers cutting the bark and preventing sap flow or by larger
borers tunneling the wood and weakening the tree.
The cottonwood beetle is l 1 ^ to 1^ inches long, stout,
black, with irregular stripes and patches of cream-colored
scales and with slender antennae distinctly longer than the
body. The eggs are deposited in the trunks of cottonwoods
and willows at or a little below the surface of the ground,
the young borers working first in the cambium layer near the
surface of the ground to several inches below. Two years
are required for the completion of the life cycle, adults being
abroad during most of July and into August. Serious injuries
to both cottonwoods and willows by this insect have been
reported from the Middle West.
Since the eggs are deposited only on the trunks of the trees
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 59
near the surface of the ground, infestation may be prevented
by screening the bases of the trees during July and August.
Young larvae may be cut out early in September.
REFERENCE
1916, Milliken, F. B., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 424, pp. 1-7.
POPLAR BORER
Saperda calcarata Say
The large, blackened, swollen scars on the trunks and limbs
of poplars and the coarse excelsior-like borings are usually
caused by this insect (Fig. 20).
Fig. 20. Poplar borer, adult, pupa, larva
and work, reduced.
60 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The poplar borer is locally abundant and in the East occa-
sionally quite destructive to individual trees or groups of
trees. The work of this pest is most noteworthy in park and
shade trees, though it also is injurious in the forest. It ap-
pears to be generally destructive to cottonwoods and poplars
in the western states.
The parent insect is a large, grayish, yellowish-marked,
stout beetle about I 1 /! inches long. It may be found on the
trunks and branches from July to September. The eggs are
deposited in slits in the bark and the young borers work in
the inner bark and outer sapwood and before the approach of
cold weather penetrate to a greater depth. The burrows of
the second year are very largely at some depth in the wood
and during this stage trunks or limbs may be honeycombed
with very large irregular galleries. The nearly full-grown
borers not infrequently excavate large shallow galleries in the
sapwood and inner bark and appear to subsist to a considerable
extent on the sap collecting in such cavities. They frequently
produce quantities of coarse excelsior-like borings which col-
lect at the base of badly infested trees. Transformation to
the adult occurs within the trees, the pupal stage lasting about
three or four days. Three years are probably required to
complete the life cycle. This insect attacks practically all
poplars and ranges from Canada south to Texas and entirely
across the United States.
Painting egg scars in October with carbolineum or creosote
kills the young borers. Digging out the older ones with a
wire or destroying them by injecting carbon bisulfide are
the most practical control measures. Badly infested trees
should be cut and burned or dried quickly.
REFERENCES
1904, Felt, E. P., and Joutel, L. H., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 74, pp. 39-44.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 98-100.
1918, He-user, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 318-319.
1920, Hofer, George, U. S. Dept, Agr. Farm. Bull. 1154, pp. 1-11.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS
61
WILLOW-SHOOT SAWFLY
Janus integer Norton
Sudden wilting of the terminal shoots may be caused by
this insect girdling the twigs after the eggs are deposited.
The wasp-like insect (Fig. 21) about ] /2 inch long not only
attacks willows but is well known as an enemy of currants.
It occasionally becomes so abundant as severely to injure an
entire planting of basket willows. It has been reported from
FIG. 21. Willow-shoot sawfly, egg, pupa,
larva, galleries, injured shoot and adult,
reduced.
Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. The female deposits her eggs
in shoots in early spring and then girdles the stem below in
order to prevent its further growth and thus protect the egg.
The borers traverse the pith for a distance of two feet or more,
completing their growth in early November. The transforma-
tion to the adult occurs within the shoot. Cutting and burn-
ing the wilting shoots, although somewhat costly, effectively
controls this insect.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 302-303.
62 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
LINDEN BORER
Saperda vestita Say
Large irregular galleries at the base of the tree containing
white legless borers are most probably the work of this insect
(Fig. 22).
The linden borer is a rather common
pest and is occasionally quite injurious,
attacking young trees in the nursery as
well as older specimens. The beetles
appear toward the end of the summer
and feed on the bark, leaf-stems, the
underside of the larger veins and often
kill the tips of branches, by injuring
the green bark. The eggs are deposited
in slight incisions on the trunk and
branches and the grubs mine the bark
for a distance of six to eight inches and
often penetrate the wood to a consider-
able extent. This borer confines its
operations very largely to parts of the
tree near or below the surface of the
ground. The parent beetle, about %
inch long, has an olive-yellow appear-
ance due to the dense pubescence, the
underlying black usually showing as
Fia 22. -Linden borer, ft gerieg of gix blftck gtg near the
work, adult and grub,
reduced. middle.
Systematic watching for the work of
this insect and the early destruction of the borers are the most
practical control measures.
REFERENCES
1904, Felt, E. P., and Joutel, L. H, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 74, pp. 54-68.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 91-92.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 63
LILAC BORER
Podosesia syringce Harris
Whitish or yellowish legless grubs in lilac stems and ash
(Fig. 23) very likely belong to this species.
This insect is much better known as a lilac borer than an
enemy of the ash, although
it occurs in both and is oc-
casionally a somewhat seri-
ous pest in lilacs. Infesta-
tion is usually indicated by
the wilting of individual
shoots and the fresh hang-
ing borings, the point of at-
tack occasionally showing a
break in the stem. In the
Middle West the closely re-
lated Podosesia fraxini Lug-
ger is credited as being a
serious enemy of small ash
trees, the pest working more
commonly just below the
surface of the soil
The parent insect is a
clear-winged moth resem-
bling a wasp in general
color and movement and
having a wing spread of 1
to 1% inches. The eggs are
deposited in masses on
rough or knotty places and
the young larvae work first in the sapwood and later enter the
heartwood and, in the case of lilac, frequently eat away most
of the center of the stem. The final transformations occur
within the galleries.
FIG. 23. Lilac borer, work in
ash, reduced.
64
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Systematic cutting and burning of infested shoots is a most
effective control measure which may be supplemented in the
case of larger stems by the injection of a little carbon bisul-
fide into inhabited galleries and the
sealing of the opening with grafting
wax or similar material.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8,
vol. 1, p. 92.
1919, Weiss, H. B., N. J. Dept. Agr. Circ. 26,
pp. 43-44.
THORN LIMB-BORER
Saperda fayi Bland.
Oval swellings about an inch long,
with four to five longitudinal scars, oc-
Jcur on the small limbs and stems of
'wild thorn (Fig. 24).
The cinnamon-brown white-marked
insect flies the last week of May or
early in June. Oviposition probably
occurs at night, limbs from % to 1%.
inches in diameter being selected. Three
to six longitudinal incisions about % inch long, equally distant
and parallel one to another, are made in the bark and an
egg placed in each. The grub bores in the outer layer of the
wood and produces a somewhat characteristic swelling.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 283-284.
ROSE STEM-GIRDLER
Agrilus viridis Linn.
The work of this insect is indicated by elongated stem
swellings sometimes in several places or following spiral or
longitudinal lines.
FIG. 124. T horn
limb-borer, work
and a d u 1 1, re-
duced.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS
65
The stem-girdler is another recent
European introduction which occasion-
ally causes considerable damage to
Rosa rugosa in New Jersey. The adult
is a small, elongate, metallic-colored
beetle which is abroad in June and
July and deposits eggs singly upon the
bark. The young larvae make spiral
bands or channels, these being close to-
gether for a distance of 1 to 2% inches
and causing an almost imperceptible to
very evident swelling. In many cases
the enlargement is marked by shallow
longitudinal splitting of the bark. The
leaves of infested canes turn yellow,
finally withering, and the stem dies, it
breaking easily at the point of attack.
Cutting and burning infested canes is
the most practical control measure.
REFERENCE
1921, Weiss, H. B., N. J. Dept. Agr. Bur.
Stat. & Insp. Circ. 36, pp. 9-10.
RHODODENDRON CLEAR WING
Sesia rhododendri Beutm.
Wilting or yellow rhododendron leaves
on small plants or twigs and the occur-
rence of whitish boring caterpillars just
under the bark are characteristic of this
insect.
The rhododendron borer limits its operations largely to
stems or branches a foot or more above the ground. The
young larvae frequently work just under the bark and in the
FIG. 25. Rhododen-
dron clear wing,
work, reduced.
66 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
sapwood, excavating irregular, longitudinal, more or less
frass-filled galleries some three inches long and terminating
in irregular, oval, sparsely silk-lined cells with a major dimen-
sion of % inch, the hibernating shelters (Fig. 25). There
are frequently one or more broad transverse galleries par-
tially girdling the twig. Eggs are deposited singly on the
small twigs, the larvae being half grown late in August and
nearly full grown at the end of October. Young plants
or small twigs are frequently girdled and soon wilt or die.
Larger stems may bear ugly scars on the main stem and
branches.
The most effective control measure is to prune out and
burn all dead or infested portions of bushes in the fall or
winter. Large plants may be protected by first scraping the
injured parts and then applying a coat of thick tar paint,
one in the fall as a repellant to woodpeckers and another in
the spring, preferably in late April or early May, to prevent
emergence of the moths.
REFERENCE
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus.
Bull. 175, pp. 19-21.
EUROPEAN HORNET
Vespa crabro Linn.
Fig. 26.-European hornet. , Ear ^ in June Or durin g Jul y
the living twigs of various
shrubs and trees may be partly or completely girdled by the
removal of the bark (Figs. 26, 27). This is the work of a
recently introduced European hornet decidedly larger than
the native white-faced hornet, which latter is best known on
account of the large hanging paper nests it constructs. This
European introduction rarely builds free hanging nests. They
are more commonly found within cavities of trees and in con-
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS
67
fined places in buildings, as between rafters and underground.
The paper or wall of the nest is decidedly darker than that
of the American species. This giant hairy black hornet with
dark yellowish-orange markings is about an inch long. The
stripping of bark from twigs of various trees
and shrubs has been recorded in Europe as well
as in this country. The material damage is
limited largely to ornamentals.
The most satisfactory control measure is to
locate the nest by observation and destroy the
contained insects by burning sulfur or with
carbon bisulfide, preferably in the early eve-
ning. The hornets can be trapped in long-necked
flasks containing sweetened water.
REFERENCE
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 71-73.
WHITE ANTS
Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar
White wingless ant-like creatures occurring
in dead stumps or in decaying or other timbers
of houses are not uncommon.
White ants are not even closely related to
the much better known true ants, although
there is a superficial resemblance in form and
habits. White ants are peculiar in that they
avoid the light and must have a certain degree
of moisture, consequently the invasion of any
wood is from below and, if a direct entry is not
possible, the approach is through a covered
gallery. At certain seasons the winged sexed individuals
swarm in large numbers and in not a few instances this is
the first intimation of their occurrence in a dwelling. White
FIG. 27. Euro-
pean hornet,
work on
birch, r e-
duced.
68 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
ants breed not only in decaying stumps but also invade living
trees, and under certain conditions may cause serious injury,
particularly. in the southern part of the United States.
Wood in contact with the soil is most likely to be invaded
and infestation is more probable in sections in which there
is more or less decaying wood, as, for example, in recently
cleared woodland areas. These insects, however, will con-
struct covered tunnels if necessary and in that way may
ascend concrete piers or other obstacles. It is very easy to
destroy these covered avenues of approach and the few ants
remaining are unable to maintain themselves unless the con-
necting passageway is rebuilt. In areas where white ants
are prevalent, foundations should be well above the ground
and rest upon stone or cement. Wood used in places where
infestation is likely to occur should be treated with a 1
per cent solution of bichloride of mercury. Coal tar creosotes
and carbolineums have also proved most effective preventives
of infestation. If preventive treatment is impossible, the
more resistant woods should be employed so far as possible.
Trees are invaded only through some scar or wound. A
colony within a tree may be destroyed by fumigation with
carbon bisulfide and reinfestation prevented by sealing the
point of entrance with cement, coal tar or similar materials.
Recent investigations have shown that white ants in a build-
ing may be destroyed by raising the temperature of the
infested parts of the structure to 135 F., and maintaining this
heat for a period of twenty-four hours.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 87-89.
1919,Snyder, T. E., U. S. Farmers' Bull. 1037, pp. 1-16.
1922, O'Kane, W. C., and Osgood, W. A., N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 204
pp. 1-20.
1922,Snyder, T. E., Econ. Ent. Journ. 14:496-501.
DESTRUCTIVE BORERS AND WOOD GNAWERS 69
LARGE CARPENTER BEE
Xylocopa virginica Drury
Burrows about 1/2 inch in diameter occasionally may be
observed in telegraph poles, door posts and similar places and
large-bodied dusky-winged bees may be seen passing in and
out (Fig. 28).
FIG. 28. Large carpenter bee and work, note circular
exit hole, reduced.
This carpenter bee is about the size and has the general
appearance of a bumblebee, although the abdomen is jet black
and frequently somewhat bare. It excavates tunnels in solid
wood, sometimes to a distance of a foot or more, in which it
constructs cells for the rearing of young.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 484.
CHAPTER IV
LEAF-FEEDERS DESTRUCTIVE TO ORNAMENTAL
TREES
THE work of leaf-feeders is easily detected although fre-
quently a considerable injury has been caused before there
is any suspicion of insect attacks. Early detection of out-
breaks is extremely desirable because young caterpillars, as
a rule, are more readily killed by poison than older ones and,
furthermore, spraying in an incipient stage of an attack pre-
vents much injury which can not be avoided if operations are
delayed until later. It is possible in the case of such leaf-
feeders as the white-marked tussock moth and both the apple
and forest tent-caterpillars to anticipate the need of spraying
by looking for egg masses upon the trees any time during
the winter. Preparedness is more than half the battle in
controlling insect outbreaks.
KEY TO DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS
General leaf-feeders
Brownish caterpillars with blue and reddish warts and about W*
inches long, on oak, birch, willow and fruit-trees.
Gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Linn., p. 73.
Small firm webbed tents on the tips of twigs in midwinter and looser
webs in late summer, on oak, pear, maple, elm and the like.
Brown-tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linn., p. 77.
Conspicuous loose webbed tents in July and August inclosing skele-
tonized browned leaves, on many trees.
Fall webworm, Hyphantria textor Harr., p. 79.
Red-headed yellow and black caterpillars with three long black tufts,
on horse-chestnut, linden, maple and elm.
White-marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. and
Sm., p. 80.
70
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 71
Blue-headed caterpillars about 3 inches long and with a row of silvery
diamond-shaped spots down the back, on maples, poplars, apple
and oak.
Forest tent-caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubn., p. 81.
Bag-shaped cases in midsummer contain small caterpillars, on arbor-
vitse, red cedar and other trees.
Bagworn, Thyridopteryx ephemerae formis Haw., p. 83.
Elms
Blister-like mines on the foliage of skeletonized leaves.
Elm leaf-beetle, Galerucella xanthomelcena Schrank, p. 84.
Cylindrical coiled yellowish-white worm with a black line down the
back, also on willows, poplars and other trees.
Elm sawfly, Cimbex americana Leach, p. 86.
Large black red-marked spiny caterpillars about 2 inches long, also
on willow and poplar.
Spiny elm caterpillar, Euvanessa antiopa Linn., p. 87.
Dark looping caterpillars or measuring worms about 1 inch long, also
on other trees.
Canker-worms, Paleacrita vernata Peck and Alsophila pometaria
Harr., p. 88.
Spotted mining of elm leaves and cigar-like cases.
European elm case-bearer, Coleophora limosipennella Dup., p. 89.
Circular, somewhat irregular, blister leaf-mines, especially on Camper-
down elm.
Elm leaf-miner, Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund., p. 91.
Maples
Light green white-marked caterpillars about 2 inches long defoliate
soft maple and ash.
Green maple worm, Xylina antennata Walk., p. 92.
Pale yellowish-green caterpillars striped with darker green, 1% inches
long.
Green-striped maple worm, Anisota rubicunda Fabr., p. 93.
Leaf-stems bored by yellowish larvae and dropping in June.
Maple leaf-stem borer, Caulacampus acericaulis MacG., p. 94.
Locust, black
Irregular circular holes in the leaves or skeletonized foliage.
Locust leaf-miner, Chalepus dorsalis Thunb., p. 95.
Willows and poplars
Yellowish beetles about % inch long and variably marked with black,
or black grubs about % of an inch long.
Cottonwood leaf-beetle, Lina scripta Fabr., p. 96.
Browned skeletonized leaves bearing metallic blue beetles about %
of an inch long or dark grubs *4 of an inch long.
Imported willow leaf-beetle, Plagiodera versicolora Laich, p. 97.
72 MANUAL OF THEE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Midsummer defoliation by somewhat hairy, black, white-mottled
caterpillars about 2 inches long.
Satin moth, StUpnotia salicis Linn., p. 99.
Orange-yellow black-spotted false caterpillars about %o of an inch
long, limited to Carolina poplar.
Poplar sawfly, Trichiocampus viminalis Fabr., p. 100.
Catalpa
Stout green black-marked caterpillars about 3 inches long and with a
posterior horn.
Catalpa sphinx, Ceratomia catalpce Bvd., p. 101.
Distorted leaves with browned eye-like spots or distorted pods and
tender twigs.
Catalpa midge, Itonida catalpce Comst., p. 102.
Larch
Needles with the tips yellowish or brownish and infested with case-
bearers.
Larch case-bearer, Coleophora laricella Hubn., p. 103.
Grape and Virginia creeper
Reddish black-ringed caterpillars about l 1 /^ inches long.
Eight-spotted forester, Alypia octomaculata Fabr., p. 104.
Rose
Greenish false caterpillars Vs to over % inch long seriously damage
rose foliage.
Rose slugs or rose worms, p. 105.
Grape, rose and other plants
Light yellowish-brown long-legged beetles swarming when grapes are
in blossom.
Rose chafer, Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr., p. 106.
Box, ornamental
Irregularly oval swellings or mines in the leaves.
Box leaf-midge, M onarthropalpus buxi Lab., p. 107.
Honeysuckle
Yellowish black-spotted orange-banded larvae about an inch long
destroy the leaves.
Honeysuckle sawfly, Abia inflata Nort., p. 108.
Holly
Tortuous yellowish or yellowish-brown leaf -mines.
American holly leaf-miner, Phytomyza ilicicola Loew, p. 109,
Arbor-vitse
Brown and mined leaf-tips.
Arbor-vitse leaf -miner, Argyresthia thuiella Pack., p. 110.
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS
GIPSY MOTH
73
Porthetria dispar Linn.
Swarming brownish caterpillars with blue and reddish
warts and about 2V& inches when full grown defoliate wood-
w .
FIG. 29. Gipsj' moth Jteimue at rest
and two egg masses, reduced,
FIG. 30. Gipsy
moth, pupa and
cast larval skin
in light web.
land areas in the northeastern United States, being espe-
cially partial to oak, birch, willow, poplar, beech, larch and,
among fruit-trees, apple.
This European insect (Figs. 29-31) was brought into the
country in 1868 or 1869 and is now generally established in
74 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
most of New England, spreading slowly into adjacent terri-
tory in spite of systematic and costly efforts to restrict its
distribution. It is one of the most serious forest pests, being
particularly dangerous in mixed plantings. The great pro-
lificacy of the insect, and the practical inability of the female
to fly, results in very dense irregular infestations with re-
FIG. 31. Gipsy moth caterpillars.
peated strippings of the trees and in some cases death of the
more serious affected woodlands. Pines growing in or near
deciduous trees may be defoliated and killed by one strip-
ping, while deciduous trees under certain conditions will sur-
vive defoliation for three or more successive seasons. The
pest has already cost the country about twenty million dollars
and the developments of recent years indicate the practical
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 75
impossibility of growing trees for timber in badly infested
areas.
The gipsy moth winters in characteristic oval egg masses
about y 2 inch i n diameter, covered with short light buff
hairs and attached to the underside of limbs, trunks and
other hard objects. Hatching occurs from the last of April
to the middle of June and feeding extends from about
the first of May to the middle of July. The partly and full-
grown caterpillars cluster upon the branches and trunks of
infested trees when not feeding. Transformations to pupae
occur late in June or early in July in almost any sheltered
area, the dark brown pupae with a few scattering, curved,
golden hairs hanging in a light open web. The moths appear
from the latter part of June to the last of July and belated
individuals may occasionally be found in September. The
moderately large whitish females with wavy black marks have
a wing spread of about two inches, are practically unable to
fly and almost invariably deposit their eggs near the place
of pupation. The active flying males are olive-brown, black-
marked, have feather-like antenna? and a wing spread of
about l l /2 inches.
The spread of the gipsy moth is mainly through the ship-
ment of nursery stock, timber and the like, bearing eggs, the
drifting in the wind of young caterpillars from elevated badly
infested areas and, to a much less extent, the conveyance of
caterpillars by automobiles and other agencies. Much has
been accomplished by quarantine regulations in preventing
the spread of this pest through artificial agencies. The policy
followed in Massachusetts of keeping roadside trees compara-
tively free from the gipsy moth has undoubtedly helped
greatly in checking the spread. Cities and towns in the infested
area have been compelled to resort to systematic spraying
with poisons and in some cases to the annual treatment of
76 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
egg masses in order to prevent serious injury by this prolific
and voracious pest. Recent work has indicated that the
judicious removal of favored host plants is of much service
in protecting woodland areas.
Thirty years' experience has shown immense possibilities in
high-powered spraying outfits capable of thoroughly treating
from the ground even the tallest trees. It has also demon-
strated the possibility of exterminating isolated infestations
even under adverse conditions. This has been applied to com-
prehensive measures for delaying spread and may even result
in the establishment of a barrier zone for the protection of
large uninfested areas.
There are no more efficient local control measures than
reasonably early and thorough spraying with arsenate of lead,
used at the rate of 10 pounds to 100 gallons of water. This
should be supplemented in some cases by adhesive bands or
other barriers on the trunks to prevent caterpillars ascending
the trees. These bands also obviate the necessity of destroy-
ing egg masses below such barriers. Serious infestations in
orchards can usually be controlled by the amount of poison
indicated above and making the first two applications as ad-
vised for codlin-moth. Poor or hollow trees should be removed
and, if a badly infested woodland is near by, the fruit-trees
should be protected with sticky bands.
There is a very extensive literature in relation to this insect
and only a few of the more comprehensive works can be cited.
REFERENCES
1896, Forbush, E. H., and Fernald, C. H., The Gipsy Moth, Porthetria
dispar Linn., A Report of the Work, etc., published by the Mass.
State Bd. Agr., pp. 1-495, i-c.
1905, Kirkland, A. H., The Gipsy and Brown-Tail Moths, Office Supt.
Suppr. Gipsy and Brown-Tail Moths, Bull. 1, pp. 1-27.
1910, Fiske, W. F., Parasites of the Gipsy and Brown-Tail Moths Intro-
duced into Massachusetts, published by the Mass. State Forester,
pp. 1-66
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS
77
1915, Burgess, A. F., Report of the Gipsy Moth Work in New England,
U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 204, pp. 1-32.
1915, Collins, C. W., Dispersion of Gipsy Moth Larvae by the Wind,
U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 273, pp. 1-23.
1915, Mosher, F. H., Food Plants of the Gipsy Moth in America, U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bull. 250, pp. 1-39.
1917, Clement, G. E., and Munro, Willis, Control of the Gipsy Moth
by Forest Management, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 484, pp. 1-54.
FIG. 32. Brown-tail moth, winter nests.
1917, Burgess, A. F., The Gipsy Moth and the Brown-Tail Moth and
Their Control, U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull. 845, pp. 1-28.
1923, Felt, E. P., and Others, The Gipsy Moth, an Imminent Menace
to the" Forest and Shade Trees of the State of New York, N. Y.
State Dept. Farms and Markets' Bull. 148, pp. 1-58.
BROWN-TAIL MOTH
Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linn.
Small firm webbed tents on the tips of trees in midwinter
(Figs. 32, 33) are characteristic of this species, particularly
78
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
m ch long are found
if small reddish caterpillars about
within.
This European insect is a serious enemy of fruit-trees, such
as pear, apple, plum and cherry, and it also thrives on oak,
maple and elm. The snow-white moths with a wing spread
of about 1*4 inches and a conspicuous reddish-brown tuft at
the tip of the abdomen fly during July and deposit some two
to three hundred eggs in brown hair-covered egg masses on
, - - the underside of the leaves.
They hatch in a short time
and the young feed on the
surface of the leaves and on
the approach of cold weather
construct the familiar, firm,
hibernating webs. They issue
therefrom early in the spring
and often attack swelling
buds, completing their growth
in early June. The insect
is especially obnoxious be-
cause the urticating hairs of
the larvse frequently produce
the well-known brown-tail
itch. This insect is easily
distinguished from the fall
webworm by the smaller firmer webs and their common
occurrence upon pear.
The pest is easily controlled on small trees by cutting and
burning the hibernating nests during the winter. It is also
very susceptible to poison sprays.
REFERENCES
1903, Fernald, C. H., and Kirkland, A. H., The Brown Tail Moth, Mass.
State Bd. Agr., pp. 1-73.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 163-166.
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 103, pp. 14-20.
FIG. 33. Brown-tail moth cater-
pillars.
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS
79
FALL WEBWORM
Hyphantria textor Harris
Conspicuous web tents in July and August inclosing skele-
tonized usually brown leaves on the tips of branches are
characteristic of this insect.
The fall webworm (Fig. 34) is one of the common late sum-
mer feeders which occurs on
a considerable variety of trees
and is most easily recognized
by the filmy webbing at the
tips of branches. The nearly
snow-white moths fly from
early in June to the middle
of August and deposit yel-
lowish globular eggs to the
number of three hundred or
thereabouts on the underside
of the leaves and the pale
yellowish hairy caterpillars
eat away the tender portion
of the leaves and as they
move about inclose the foliage
in filmy webs. The full-
grown caterpillars are about
li/ 2 inches long, hairy, yel- ^ 34 __ Fall webwornij larvcfi , adult
lowish and variably marked an a pupa, reduced,
with brown and black.
Transformation to the adult occurs in a thin oval cocoon spun
at or just below the surface of the ground.
It is comparatively easy to crush the insects in their webs
when on small trees. The pests are also readily destroyed
by an application of poison. The variable abundance of this
insect is dependent to a large extent on the efficiency of
80
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
natural agents. Under certain conditions this can be in-
creased (see the comprehensive study by Tothill cited below) .
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 142-146.
1922, Tothill, J. D., Can. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull. 3, n. s., pp. 1-107.
WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH
Hemerocainpa leucostigma Abb. and Sm.
Red-headed yellow and black caterpillars with three long
black tufts (Fig. 35) are sometimes extremely abundant on
shade trees, such as horse-chestnut, linden, maple and elm.
FIG. o.j. \Vhil r-murk<<l ni>suek moth, caterpillar, male,
female, egg mass and cocoons, reduced.
This is one of the common city pests, probably because the
English sparrow has driven away the native birds which in
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 81
earlier years prevented an undue increase. The insect winters
in conspicuous egg masses covered by a frothy white substance
and having a diameter of approximately half an inch. These
are usually attached to the loose open cocoons of the wing-
less females. The young caterpillars hatch the latter part of
May in New York state and begin to feed on the more tender
lower surface of the leaf, soon devouring all but the principal
veins. Growth is completed in a month or a little more and
pupation in the vicinity of Albany, New York, occurs the
latter part of June or early in July. The pupal stage occupies
ten to fifteen days and the wingless females then emerge and
deposit eggs as stated above. There is normally but one gen-
eration in Albany, two in Boston and New York City and
three in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. The insect is
attacked by a considerable series of parasites which aid greatly
in keeping the pest down.
The partly grown caterpillars are readily destroyed with
arsenical poisons and small trees are most easily protected by
removing the whitish egg masses and burning them. Owing
to the wingless condition of the females, adjacent uninfested
trees may be protected by applying to the trunk sticky bands
or bands of loose cotton so as to prevent the ascent of crawl-
ing caterpillars.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 132-142.
1912, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 156, pp. 14-17.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 207-213.
FOREST TENT-CATERPILLAR
Malacosoma disstria Hubn.
Blue-headed caterpillars about 2 inches long when full
grown and with a line of silvery diamond-shaped spots down
the middle of the back occasionally defoliate maples, poplars
and oaks in early summer.
82
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
This insect (Fig. 36) is one of the common occasionally
very destructive forest pests in the northeastern United States.
It strips poplars and sugar maples in the Adirondack region,
the latter and apple trees in the Hudson Valley and oaks on
Long Island. It winters in characteristic light-brown egg
belts about half an inch long deposited on the smaller twigs of
FIG. 36. Forest tent-caterpillar, adult, co-
coon, larva, old larval skins and egg
mass, reduced.
its favorite host trees. The caterpillars hatch in very early
spring. When not feeding they form characteristic clusters,
the younger on the branches and the nearly full grown upon
the trunks of badly infested trees. Growth is completed about
June 1st. The transformation to the moth occurs in oval
whitish cocoons spun mostly in leaves, although other con-
venient shelters are frequently utilized. The moths fly the
latter part of June and July, depositing their eggs as stated
above.
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 83
The insect is closely related to the apple tent-caterpillar,
Malacosoma americana Fabr., a noteworthy pest of wild
cherry trees and also a well-known enemy in the orchard.
Both of these species are attacked by numerous parasites and
are preyed upon by many birds. The varying activities of
these natural agents explain in large measure the periodical
abundance of the two.
Both of these pests are easily destroyed by timely and espe-
cially early applications of an arsenical poison. This is
usually practical only on the more valued shade and orchard
trees.
REFERENCES
1898, Felt, E. P, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 23, pp. 191-201.
1899, Lowe, V. H., N. Y. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 15, pp. 33-60.
1899, Slingerland, M. V., Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 170, pp. 557-564.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 106-115.
BAQWORM
Thyridopteryx ephemerae formis Haw.
Various trees are frequently stripped or partly defoliated
by small caterpillars in curious bag-like shelters (Fig. 37).
This is one of the more destructive shade-tree pests of New
York City and farther south. It has a special fondness for
arbor-vitae and red cedar, although it occurs commonly upon
a considerable number of trees and shrubs. The wingless
female deposits her eggs within the case in the fall, the young
caterpillars appearing some time in May or early June and
begin by eating the softer parts of the leaf. They repair to
the stems when not feeding and then cover themselves with
shelters made by biting off pieces of bark and building them
into a silk-lined case which is habitually worn as a protection.
The appearance of the case is modified by the pieces of foliage
from which it is made frequently flat bits of leaves are
utilized. The caterpillars attain their full size in July cp
84 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
August and in early September become restless and wander to
other trees. The cases themselves, about 2 inches long, are
firmly attached to a twig, transformations to adults occur and
the eggs are deposited as indicated above.
This insect is readily controlled by timely applications of
poison, though in the case of small trees it is frequently more
Fia. 37. Bagworm, winter case,
left, summer case and head of
larva, right, enlarged.
satisfactory to remove and burn the cases some time during
winter or early spring.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 123-128.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 215-218.
ELM LEAF-BEETLE
Galerucella xanthomelcena Schrank
Irregular circular holes in the leaves or skeletonizing and
browning of the foliage in the summer are somewhat char-
acteristic of this insect.
The elm leaf-beetle (Fig. 38) is now well distributed in the
eastern United States and is particularly injurious to the
European elms, both English and Scotch, though under cer-
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS
85
tain conditions it is very destructive to American elms. It is
primarily a city and village pest and appears to thrive best
in the vicinity of structures affording suitable winter shelter,
such as belfries. It is also more likely to be injurious on streets
FIG. 38. Elm leaf-beetle, egg mass, young and
full-grown larvae, pupa, adults, work of grubs
and beetles, reduced.
traversed by many vehicles, particularly street-cars. The
over-wintering beetles appear in early spring and eat oval
holes less than % inch in diameter in the developing leaves.
They begin to deposit clusters of light yellowish-orange eggs
86
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
on the undersides of the leaves early in June and continue for
approximately a month, individual beetles depositing as many
as 600. The grubs feed only upon the under surface of the
leaf, devouring the more tender part, and complete their growth
in fifteen to twenty days. They are then about l /2 inch long
and descend the trees wholly or in part and transform to
golden-yellow oval pupae, the greenish, black-lined beetles
about 14 inch long issuing therefrom approximately a week
later. There is usually but one brood in Albany although
about 1898 a partial second generation was commonly pro-
duced.
This pest is most easily controlled by early and thorough
spraying with a poison. The application should be made when
the leaves are about half
grown or else early in June,
in which event the spray
should be thrown upon the
under surface of the leaves.
REFERENCES
1902, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State
Mus. Bull. 57, p. 143.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State
Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp.
146-155.
1912, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State
Mus. Bull. 156, pp. 6-14.
ELM SAWFLY
Cimbex americana Leach
A cylindrical, coiled, yel-
lowish-white worm (Fig.
FIG. 39. Elm sawfly, adult, larva and
cocoon.
39) , with a black line down
the middle of its back, is found in midsummer on willows, elms,
poplars and other trees.
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS
87
This insect occurs in small numbers in the northeastern
United States and appears to be much more abundant in the
West, particularly in Nebraska, where it has been recorded
as defoliating willows. The eggs are laid in small blistered
areas in the leaves, the small curled larva? hatching and feed-
ing upon the foliage. They become full grown the latter part
of July or August and then rest in an irregular spiral-shape
with a major dimension of 1 inch, the body diameter being
about y inch. A tough coarse silken cocoon is spun in the
debris at or just below the surface of the ground and the large
wasp-like female with a length of about 1 inch, wing spread
of 2 inches, a black head and steely blue body appears the
following spring.
Ordinarily control measures are not necessary. Spraying
with a poison is the
most satisfactory remedial
treatment.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State
Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp.
155-158.
SPINY ELM CATERPILLAR
Euvanessa antiopa Linn.
Large, black, red-marked,
spiny caterpillars about 2
inches long (Fig. 40) feed
in clusters in June and
defoliate the terminal
branches of elm, willow,
poplar and several other
trees.
This is one of the few
destructive butterfly cater-
Fia. 40. Spiny elm caterpillar, eggs,
full-grown larva and work, reduced
88 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
pillars. The parent butterfly is dark maroon, the wings black,
blue-spotted, yellow-bordered and with an expanse of about 3
inches. The yellowish eggs are deposited in naked bands
around the smaller twigs. The recently hatched caterpillars
are brown, black and hairy and as they increase in size the
arge spines and the somewhat diamond-shaped red spots down
the middle of the back become apparent. There are two gen-
erations, the caterpillars of the first brood becoming full
grown the latter part of June or early in July, and those of the
second in August and September.
An early application of poison is the most satisfactory
method of checking this pest, although as a rule such treat-
ment is unnecessary.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 158-162.
CANKER-WORMS
Paleacrita vernata Peck and Alsophila pometaria Harr.
Dark looping caterpillars or measuring- worms about an inch
long defoliate elms and other trees in early spring.
The canker-worms are best known as pests of the orchard,
the trees appearing in June as though swept by fire. They
also feed on a variety of trees and occasionally are very in-
jurious to elms in particular.
The spring canker-worm, Paleacrita vernata, is the common
injurious species in the northern United States. The yellow-
ish-green oval eggs are deposited in early spring by the wing-
less females in irregular pits or clusters on the trunks and
branches. They hatch at about the time the leaves begin
to push out of the buds. The caterpillars feed voraciously,
completing their growth the latter part of May. They are
then about an inch long, vary in color from a light mottled
yellowish-brown to dull black and may be distinguished from
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 89
the frequently associated fall canker-worms by the presence
of but two pairs of pro-legs.
The fall canker-worm, Alsophila pometaria, is often asso-
ciated with the spring canker-worm. The wingless females
deposit their dark gray, tiny, flower-pot-shaped eggs on the
bark in somewhat regular clusters and mostly in late fall,
although occasionally not until spring. The eggs hatch about
the time the leaves begin to push out of the bud, the cater-
pillars completing their growth the latter part of May and
being then about an inch long, mostly black, usually with
three narrow white stripes and a broader lemon-yellow stripe
on each side. These measuring-worms are easily distinguished
from those of the spring canker-worm by the presence of three
pairs of pro-legs.
Since both of these insects undergo their transformations in
the ground and the females are wingless, trees can readily be
protected by the application of sticky adhesive bands. They
should be applied in October and kept in effective condition
during moderate weather until into April in order to prevent
the moths of both species from ascending the trees. An early
spring application of arsenate of lead, six pounds of paste to
100 gallons of water, is very effective. In the case of large
trees seriously affected only by canker-worms, it is probable
that systematic banding would be more satisfactory.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 547.
1922, Quaintance, A. L., U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull. 1270, pp. 33-37.
EUROPEAN ELM CASE-BEARER
Coleophora limosipennella Dup.
Angularly spotted mining of elm leaves and the presence
of somewhat flattened, very minute, cigar-shaped cases on the
foliage are characteristic of this pest (Fig. 41).
90 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The work of this insect, another recent European invader,
is indicated by somewhat rectangular, mined areas upon the
leaves, each with a small hole about the size of a pin head
near the center and limited on two sides by the principal veins.
These mined areas quickly turn brown and give a peculiar
spotted appearance to affected trees. The cause of the trouble
FIG. 41. European elm case-bearer, work,
reduced, a small portion enlarged and
showing feeding holes.
is a small caterpillar which lives in a light brown, cylindrical,
somewhat flattened case about % inch in length. It eats a
small hole into the leaf and then stretching from this point of
entry devours all of the softer green tissues which can be
reached without deserting the sheltering case. The moths are
in flight the latter part of July. The winter is passed in a
partly grown condition, the hibernating larvae, as in the case
of the related apple case-bearers, attacking the leaves as soon
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS
91
as they appear and in some instances mining them so com-
pletely that the foliage is practically destroyed. This Euro-
pean case-bearer is somewhat local in its operations and
certain groups of trees may be very seriously affected, the
English and Scotch elms being favorites. This newly intro-
duced pest is well established in southeastern New York and
adjacent areas.
Early and thorough spraying with an arsenical poison is
the most effective control measure. Data indicate that equally
good results might follow
the use of a lime-sulfur wash
at winter strength.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State
Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp.
167-168.
ELM LEAF-MINER
Kaliofenusa ulmi Sund.
Circular somewhat irreg-
ular blister mines in elm
leaves (Fig. 42), especially
the Camperdown elms, are
the work of this recently
introduced pest.
The small shining black
sawflies about % inch long
deposit their eggs in the
leaves the latter part of
May. The legless grubs
work between the upper and
lower surface, producing rather characteristic irregular
blistered areas and desert the leaves the latter part of June
FIG. 42. Elm leaf-miner, work,
reduced.
92 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
or very early in July, enter the ground and spin brown papery
cocoons in which they winter, the parent insects appearing
the following May. Natural enemies are holding this insect
in check much more satisfactorily than in 1898 when it was
first discovered in this country. Spraying early in June with
a tobacco soap preparation has proved very effective in
destroying the grubs within their mines.
A closely related species designated as the European alder
sawfly, Kaliosysphinga dohrnii Tishb., was already established
in New York state in 1891. Its habits are similar to the bet-
ter known elm species and it can be controlled by the same
treatment. A brief account is given by Slingerland (See m/ra,
pp. 58-62). There is also a good one by
Swaine.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1,
pp. 162-163.
1905, Slingerland, M. V., Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bull. 233, pp. 51-57.
1912, Herrick, G. W., Journ. Econ. Ent. 5:171-172.
1917, Swaine, J. M., Ent. Soc. Ont., 47th Kept.,
pp. 97-100.
GREEN MAPLE WORM
Xylina antennata Walker
Light green white-marked caterpillars
occasionally defoliate soft maple and ash
in early summer (Fig. 43).
IG mapie~worm. e D T *^ s ^ nsect * s one f tne verv occasional
leaf-feeders which sometimes appears in
immense numbers. It has a marked preference for soft maples
and usually the injury is limited to wild growth along river
banks or woodlands and it is only occasionally that shade
trees are molested. The caterpillars are not usually ob-
served till May or early June, at which time they are about
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 93
half grown. They become full grown the last of June,
enter the ground, pupate and most of the moths issue in
September and winter, although some pupae hibernate. The
eggs are said to be deposited upon the under surface of the
leaves. The caterpillar, when full grown, is 1 to iy% inches
long, rather stout, smooth, light green with yellowish-white
or white stripes along the body and a pale yellowish-green
head.
Birds are very effective checks on this insect and ordinarily
they and parasites prevent it becoming excessively abundant.
It is also susceptible to arsenical poisons.
REFERENCES
1898, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 23, pp. 207-212.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 129-132.
1912, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 155, pp. 48-52.
GREEN-STRTPED MAPLE WORM
Anisota rubicunda Fabr.
A large pale yellowish-green caterpillar striped with darker
green occasionally defoliates maples'.
This is a native widely distributed insect which sometimes
occurs in such numbers as to defoliate considerable areas in
midsummer. It appears to be a most serious pest in the
western states. The full-grown caterpillar is about l 1 /^ inches
long, pale yellowish-green, longitudinally striped above alter-
nately with eight very light yellowish-green lines and seven
of a darker green, inclining to black. There are two slender
black spines on the second segment behind the head and two
lateral rows of sharper shorter spines. The head is yellowish,
abdominal segments seven and eight are a little dilated and
rose-colored on the sides. The moth is rose-colored, the wing
spread about 2 inches, the fore-wings being crossed by a broad
pale yellowish band.
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N, Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 537-538.
MAPLE LEAF-STEM BORER
Caulacampus acericaulis MacG.
Dropping of maple leaves in June may be due to the work of
a larva boring in the leaf-stalk.
The yellowish nearly legless sawfly larva only % inch long
when full grown tunnels the leaf-stalks of various maples in
June (Fig. 44) , frequently
causing serious dropping from
the lower branches in par-
ticular. Until within recent
years it was supposed that two
Microlepidoptera, Steganopty-
cha claypoliana Riley and Pro-
teoteras cesculana Riley, were
responsible for most of this
injury, which is not the case
in the northeastern United
States, although it may be true
of Ohio and farther west, par-
ticularly of the borers working
in the leaf-stems of buckeye.
The fact that this sawfly
works almost entirely in the
lower leaves would make it
comparatively easy to pick and
destroy the infested leaves
about mid-June and this might
well be supplemented in the
FIG. 44. Maple leaf -stem case of trees standing on
S's^tiS IS t closely clipped lawns by pick-
larged, ing up the infested stems as
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 95
soon as they begin to fall in numbers and burning them with
the contained larvae. There is a possibility that spraying the
ground under the infested trees with a contact insecticide, such
as kerosene emulsion, would destroy many of the borers.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P, N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 540-541.
1912, Britton, W. E., Conn. State Ent., llth Kept., pp. 305-307.
1918, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 198, pp. 63-64.
LOCUST LEAF-MINER
Chalepus dor sails Thunb.
Blister-like spots or eroded skeletonized brown or dead
areas on black locust leaves are common (Fig. 45), sometimes
generally present and
accompanied by the
death of the foliage in
midsummer over wide
areas.
Occasionally the black
locusts of the eastern
United States, particu-
larly in the West Vir-
ginia section, Ohio and
on Long Island, may be
so badly affected by this
insect and the closely
related rosy hispa, FlG - 45. Locust leaf-miner, work of
. 1 . . . . 7 . beetles.
An op I it i s incequatis
Web. (Chalepus nervosa Panz), that large areas will show
only browned dead foliage or no leaves in midsummer. This
condition is caused by a small, reddish black-marked beetle
about 14 inch long, which winters in sheltered places, appears
as soon as the leaves have fully developed, eats small holes
96 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
and later in the season skeletonizes the upper surface. The
eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves, partly under an
excretion; they hatch in about six to eight days and the
larvae excavate somewhat irregularly circular mines, two or
three weeks probably being required to complete growth.
A very considerable degree of protection has been secured
by thorough spraying with a poison, first just after the leaves
are fully developed and secondly the latter part of July, the
latter being applied especially to the under surface of the leaf
and directed against the rosy hispa. The smooth surface of
the locust leaf makes advisable the use of an adhesive or
spreader.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 325-329.
1912, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 155, pp. 59-65.
1913, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 165, p. 100.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 231-236.
COTTONWOOD LEAF-BEETLE
Lina scripta Fabr.
Yellowish beetles about l /> inch long, variably marked with
elongated black spots or blackened grubs about % inch in
length, frequently defoliate willows and poplars (Fig. 46),
especially in the western states. They have also proved a
serious enemy of the European osier or basket willow grown
in central New York.
The beetles appear in early spring and feed on the tender
shoots. This causes the basket willows to branch and renders
them nearly useless for commercial purposes. The yellowish
or reddish eggs are deposited in clusters on the under surface
of the leaves and the nearly black grubs skeletonize the lower
surface of the foliage. The immature stages require fifteen
days in midsummer. There are probably five broods in the
West, and possibly three or four in New York state, where
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS
97
the insect is credited with disappearing from the basket wil-
lows about the first of August. The species presumably occurs
throughout most of the northern United States.
Early and thorough spraying with an arsenical poison is
the most practical method of controlling this insect on orna-
FIG. 46. Cottonwood leaf-beetle, eggs,
grubs and their work.
mental willows or in commercial plantings, although a beetle
catcher has been used with some degree of success.
REFERENCES
1896, Lintner, J. A., N. Y. State Ent., llth Kept., pp. 181-189.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 317-322.
IMPORTED WILLOW LEAF-BEETLE
Plagiodera versicolora Laich.
Browned skeletonized willow foliage is often caused by
metallic blue beetles about l /s inch long or dark grubs about
14 inch long (Fig. 47).
This European leaf-beetle has recently become established
98 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
in the vicinity of New York City, increasing enormously on
groups of willows and in some cases practically destroying the
foliage in midsummer. The species displays a marked prefer-
ence for the black willow and was also observed upon the
golden and weeping willow. It also feeds on poplar. The
FIG. 47. import eel willow leaf-beetle,
beetle, grubs and their work, pupa
enlarged.
beetles of the first brood appear in late April or early May
and those of the second in early June and continue to issue
until into July. The adult is a moderately stout metallic
blue beetle about % inch long and closely resembling several
flea-beetles, though it does not have equal jumping powers.
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 99
Early and thorough spraying or dusting with an arsenical
poison should control this insect on ornamentals. The appli-
cation should be made to the underside of the foliage because
the grubs feed only upon the lower surface of the leaves.
REFERENCE
1919, Weiss, H. B., N. J. Dept. Agr. Circ. 26, pp. 18-19.
SATIN MOTH
Stilpnotia salicis Linn.
Midsummer defoliation of poplars and willows may be
caused by a somewhat hairy, black white-mottled caterpillar.
FIG. 48. Satin moth.
The satin moth, a recently introduced European species,
has become established over a considerable area in eastern
Massachusetts and also in the vicinity of Vancouver, British
Columbia. It is related to the much better known and more
generally distributed brown-tail moth. It feeds largely upon
poplars and willows and becomes sufficiently abundant locally
to defoliate individual trees, or groups of trees. The moth
(Fig. 48) is larger than any of the snow-white insects, it hav-
ing a wing spread of l 1 /^ to over 2 inches, the smaller being
100
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
males, and a peculiar satiny texture which suggests the com-
mon name.. The young caterpillars winter like those of the
brown-tail moth except that hiberna-
tion, mostly singly, is in protectively
colored silken pockets on the bark of
the branches as well as the trunk.
The full-grown caterpillars (Fig. 49)
are about 2 inches long with a bluish-
black head and a black body with
irregular white markings, and spots
down the middle of the back sugges-
tive of those of the forest tent-cater-
pillar. The insect feeds on the
relatively unimportant willow and
poplar, although there is an English
record to the effect that it also occurs
upon oak.
Early spraying with an arsenical
poison to which a sticker has been
added, is a most promising control
method when such measures are justi-
fied.
REFERENCE
1921, Burgess, A. F., U. S. Dept. Agr., Dept.
Circ. 167, pp. 3-16.
FIG. 49.- Satin moth,
larva, enlarged.
POPLAR SAWFLY
Trichiocampus viminalis Fabr.
The orange-yellow black-spotted false caterpillars feed
side by side rather commonly on Carolina poplar leaves in
the early part of June.
This European insect attracted notice in 1888 on account of
its defoliating poplars. The lame have been found rather
commonly on Carolina poplar in recent years and caused some
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 101
apprehension. The full-grown larva is about %
orange-yellow with two rows of large irregularly rounded
black spots down the back and rows of smaller ones on each
side. It has a black head and is sparsely clothed with numer-
ous short whitish hairs. The first brood completes its growth
the last of June and the second appears in August.
Spraying with an arsenical poison is recommended if the
infestation is sufficiently
severe.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P, N. Y. State
Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp.
568-569.
CATALPA SPHINX
Ceratomia catalpce Bvd.
Catalpas are often de-
foliated by a large dark
green black-marked cater-
pillar with a posterior
horn.
The catalpa sphinx is
sometimes extremely abun-
dant, particularly in south-
ern Ohio, and may strip
groves of catalpas and oc-
casionally entire planta-
tions may be killed as a T - ~n <- , i i i
J IIG. uO. Ciilalpu sphinx, work.
result of successive attacks
(Fig. 50). This insect is best known on account of its re-
semblance to the tomato or tobacco horn-worm. It is about
3 inches long when full grown, dark green with black mark-
ings and a well-developed horn at the posterior extremity.
102 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The winter is passed as a pupa. The moths issue shortly
after the. appearance of the catalpa foliage in the spring,
deposit their eggs, the larvae feeding gregariously for a time
and developing rapidly, the eggs and caterpillars of a second
brood being found in late July and early August. This in-
sect is most abundant east and south of the Mississippi and
Ohio rivers and in parts of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois.
The catalpa sphinx is easily destroyed by poison applica-
tions. Dusting infested trees with powdered arsenate of lead
distributed from an aeroplane has proved a very satisfactory
method.
REFERENCE
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 238-241.
CATALPA MIDGE
Itonida catalpce Comst.
Distorted leaves, browned eye-like spots or larger browned
areas on the leaves, distorted pods and slightly swollen black-
ened tender twigs followed by excessive branching are all the
work of this pest.
The parent insect is a fragile yellowish midge only about
% 6 inch in length which emerges presumably from the soil in
late May and early June and deposits great quantities of eggs
in the buds and upon the unfolding leaves. Maggots occur in
abundance at Wooster, Ohio, as early as June 5th. Some
transform to adults within the affected parts of the host,
although a larger number probably drop to the ground. The
full-grown maggot is about % inch long, varies in color from
pale whitish to orange and may be recognized easily by its
springing into the air to a height of several inches, this being
accomplished by bringing the extremities of the body together,
forming a bow and then suddenly straightening out. The
insect causes serious injury by stunting and dwarfing the
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 103
leaves as a result of the constant killing back of the terminal
bud. Repeated injury results in excessive branching and a
dwarfed bushy growth instead of a straight upright tree.
No satisfactory control measures have been demonstrated.
There is a possibility of trapping many of the midges by
spraying the trees in late May, at the time the insects are
just beginning to fly, with a molasses solution, using about
six pounds of molasses to 50 gallons of water.
REFERENCES
1881, Comstock, J. H., U. S. Com. Agr. Kept. 1880, pp. 266-267 (Diplosis).
1890, Packard, A. S., U. S. Ent. Com. Fifth Kept., pp. 666-668 (Diplosis).
1908, Gossard, H. A., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 197, pp. 1-3 (C eddomyia) .
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 312-314.
1921, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 231-232, pp. 194-195.
LARCH CASE-BEARER
Coleophora laricella Hubn.
The tips of larch needles sometimes turn yellow or brown,
the work of a brown black-headed case-bearing caterpillar
about 14 inch long (Fig. 51).
This European case-bearer was first recorded in this country
in 1886. It appears to be somewhat widely distributed in the
northeastern United States at least and occasionally becomes
sufficiently abundant rather seriously to injure the host tree.
The small delicate gray moths occur in June or July and the
recently hatched caterpillars appear to content themselves
with mining in a leaf until the mine is big enough to form a
case. It is then cut off and functions as a movable shelter.
It is at first whitish but gradually becomes gray. The case-
bearers winter upon the smaller branches and resume feeding
in early spring, at which time they cause the greatest mischief.
The larch case-bearer is easily controlled by thorough spray-
104
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
ing with an arsenical poison or by the application of a lime-
sulfur wash at winter strength in early spring.
FIG. 51. Larch case-bearer, mined tips
of leaves, larva partly out of case,
eggs natural size; also larch sawfly
larva;.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 170-171.
1912, Herrick, G. W., Econ. Ent. Journ. 5:172.
EIGHT-SPOTTED FORESTER
Alypia octomaculata Fabr.
Reddish black-ringed caterpillars about 11/2 inches long
feed from June into August on Virginia creeper and grape-
vine.
The strikingly marked caterpillar of this species (Figs. 52,
53) is occasionally quite injurious to Ampelopsis or Virginia
creeper as well as grapevine. It is easily recognized by its
reddish color with the sharply defined black rings, and can
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 105
readily be controlled by spraying with an arsenical poison.
The adult is a beautiful black moth with eight large lemon-
yellow spots on its wings, which latter have a spread of l l /2
inches.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y, State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 575.
1917, Lowry, Q. S., Econ. Ent. Journ. 10:47.
FIG. 52.Eight-spotted FIG. 53. Eight-spotted forester,
forester, larvae. larvae.
ROSE SLUGS OR ROSE WORMS
Greenish false caterpillars some % to over V 2 inch long
skeletonize and seriously damage rose foliage.
The American rose slug, Endelomyia rosoe Harr., is the
smallest of the three species which attack the rose, is only
about % inch long when full grown, greenish and slug-like.
The adults issue early in the spring, about the first of April
in the District of Columbia and the third week in May or even
not till the middle of June in Massachusetts. The eggs are
inserted in incisions in the leaves and the slugs skeletonize the
foliage, working for a period of five or six weeks. This is a
common destructive species in New York state.
The bristly rose slug, Cladius pectinicornis Four, is a little
over V 2 inch long when full grown, yellowish or greenish in
color and most easily recognized by the bristly armor or
106 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
spines. The eggs are deposited in slits in the upper surface
of the leaf-stem in late April and early May in the District of
Columbia, a second generation beginning work about the sec-
ond week in July. The slugs skeletonize the leaves in the
earlier stages, eating large irregular holes later.
The coiled rose slug, Emphytus cinctus Linn., is most easily
recognized by the characteristic curled posterior extremity.
The full-grown larva is about % inch long, perfectly smooth,
and metallic green with numerous white dots. This insect
produces two and possibly three generations. The eggs are
deposited upon the under surface of the leaves, the slugs feed-
ing along the edges and eating out irregular areas.
All of the slugs are readily destroyed by timely spraying
with poison, although in many cases hellebore at the rate of
one ounce to two or three gallons of water or a tobacco soap
preparation is preferable, the applications being made when
the young slugs are numerous and before appreciable injury
has been caused. In the case of the species with two or three
broods, roses should be watched rather closely throughout the
season.
REFERENCE
1908, Chittenden, F. H., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 105, pp. 1-12.
ROSE CHAFER
M ' acrodactylus subspinosus Fabr.
Light yellowish-brown long-legged
beetles (Fig. 54) about % inch long
swarm upon roses and a number of
other plants.
The rose beetle or chafer is a noto-
FIG. 54.-Ro chafer and ^^ p ^ - n gandy ^^ appearing
at about the time grapes are in blos-
som. The white grubs of this insect, nearly ^ inch when
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 107
full grown, live on the roots of various grasses growing in
sandy areas. The adults issue in large numbers and attack
many plants.
The rose chafer is most abundant in or near wild sandy
areas. The growth of cultivated crops is unfavorable to its
development. Valued plants can be protected to a consider-
able extent by thorough spraying with a poison, such as
arsenate of lead, using ten pounds of the paste to 100 gallons
of water. A few mall trees or shrubs may be protected with
mosquito netting.
Box LEAF-MIDGE
Monarthropalpus buxi Lab.
More or less irregular oval swellings on
the leaves, each marking an eccentric, oval,
clear space mined beneath by one or more
pale yellowish-white maggots about % 6 inch
long, are an early sign of infestation (Fig.
55). Badly affected plants may have lost
many of the older leaves.
The box leaf-midge is a recent European
introduction now well established from
Rhode Island southward at least to the FIG. 55. Box leaf-
latitude of Washington. It has become ex- idge ' a f ecte , d
, . x . ... . leaves, enlarged,
tremely abundant and very injurious in
some box plantings. Badly infested leaves may contain six
or more of the maggots and most of the foliage under such
conditions may be nearly destroyed. Badly infested box in
mid-June may have the leaves fairly bristling with the whit-
ish "casts" from which the yellowish midges, with a length
of approximately % i nc h, issue in swarms the latter part of
May or early in June. A very small proportion of the mag-
gots may remain unchanged toward the end of June. The
108 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
eggs are deposited in slits in the foliage late in May or early
in June. The first evidence of attack is a slight change in
color and then an increase in size of the discolored areas ac-
companied by more or less swelling. Toward the end of the
season these may extend to the edge of the leaf and if there
are several maggots they may unite. The maggots winter
within the leaves, the flies appearing the following spring.
Spraying with a molasses solution has given excellent re-
sults, using four to six pounds of molasses to 50 gallons of
water and making the application just as the midges begin to
issue from the leaves and repeating the treatment, if the best
possible protection is desired, every two days during the time
the small yellowish flies are numerous, usually for ten days or
two weeks. The precise time to begin spraying can be ascer-
tained by looking for the delicate yellowish "skins" or "casts"
protruding from the under surface of the leaves. Some garden-
ers believe they have obtained better results by adding to
the molasses solution a general insecticide containing nicotine,
soap and miscible oil. The latter would probably destroy
recently hatched maggots and be particularly desirable in the
later applications.
REFERENCES
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 42-46.
1921, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 231-232, pp. 235-238.
HONEYSUCKLE SAWFLY
Abia inflata Nort.
Yellow, black-spotted, partly orange-banded sawfly larvae
occasionally defoliate honeysuckle.
The honeysuckle sawfly larvae are rather common on Lo-
nicera in the vicinity of New York City, occasionally partly
stripping the vines early in June. These false caterpillars are
about 1 inch long when full grown. The head is brown, the
DESTRUCTIVE LEAF-FEEDERS 109
body mostly yellowish and sooty yellowish with a broad,
variable yellowish stripe broken by a series of rectangular
spots down the middle of the back.
Injury may be prevented by spraying with a tobacco soap
combination or arsenate of lead before the pests are half
grown.
REFERENCE
1912, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 155, pp. 114-115.
AMERICAN HOLLY LEAF-MINER
Phytomyza ilicicola Loew
Tortuous yellowish or yellowish-brown mines in the rich
green leaves of holly are produced by the maggot of this leaf-
miner.
The latter part of May old affected leaves contain numer-
ous puparia from which the flies emerge in due time. The
eggs are laid presumably on the underside of the leaves and
the young maggots work in the foliage through most of the
season, probably winter in this condition and transform to
puparia the following spring. It is certain that the insect
winters in the leaves. This American insect is probably
closely related to the European Phytomyza ilicis Kalt., a
species recorded as abundant in certain English localities.
Since holly leaves remain on the trees for two years or
more and the holly leaf-miner is found therein for but one
season, the destruction of the fallen leaves would have no
effect on the miner, because by the time they dropped the
insects would have deserted that part of the foliage. The
most promising method of controlling the miner is to spray
with tobacco soap solution, such as three-quarters of a pint
of Black-Leaf 40 to 100 gallons of water to which should be
added a spreader, such as casein, or six to eight pounds of any
cheap soap. The first application should be made the last of
110
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
May or very early in June and the trees then watched and
if there are signs of small mines in the new foliage in late
June or July the spraying should be repeated. This latter
treatment presumably will be more effective if given just
after the insects have commenced their mining operations and
the injury is, therefore, relatively inconspicuous.
ARBOR- VIT^E LEAF-MINER
Argyresthia thuiella Pack.
The tips of arbor-vite leaves turn brown, a condition re-
sulting from the interior being mined
by a small caterpillar (Fig. 56).
The eggs are probably deposited in
the summer, the young larvae mining
the leaves of the preceding year and
becoming nearly full grown toward
the end of the season. They are then
about % inch long, mostly yellowish,
the head a variable yellowish and
dark brown. The moths issue the fol-
lowing June.
Cutting off and burning the in-
fested leaves in fall or early spring
^inerw^t^ed^ "<** destroy many of the pests.
Thorough spraying with a tobacco
soap preparation early in July very probably would destroy
many of the young caterpillars.
REFERENCE
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 175, pp. 22-24.
CHAPTER V
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS
A VERY large number of insects belonging to diverse groups
produce deformations or galls upon a great variety of plants,
although most species of gall insects are rather closely re-
stricted not only to specific or nearly related plants but fre-
quently to special parts, such as the seed, the bud, the leaf,
leaf-stem, twig or branch, stem or trunk and root. Practically
speaking, every part of all plants may be attacked by one or
more gall insects and compelled not only to provide food but
shelter for the insect.
The development of gall-making habits among insects, as
well as modifications in other lines, has been a gradual one
and it is comparatively easy to find all stages in the process
from the simple wrinkle or fold, which might or might not be
considered a gall, to the highly modified seed, leaf or other
part of the plant exhibiting such a great change that its true
nature can be established only with difficulty. Many species
attack trees of various kinds, although practically all having
such habits are of minor importance.
The Cynipidse or gall wasps constitute one of the larger
and best-known group of gall-makers. These highly special-
ized insects attack plants referable to only seven botanical
families and assignable to but nineteen plant genera, by far
the greater proportion of the numerous species living upon
oaks and producing an enormous variety of deformations in
111
112 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
the acorns, buds, leaves, twigs and roots and incidentally
exhibiting ' a most interesting specialization known as the
alternation of generations. That is, the succeeding generation
in many of these gall wasps is so different, frequently develop-
ing in a very different gall, that it has heretofore been referred
to a distinct genus. The second generation following pro-
duces the same type of gall and is identical in structure with
the grandparents. Some of the twig gall-makers on certain
oaks are occasionally extremely abundant and may produce
an unhealthy condition in the twigs and branches and at times
even cause the death of trees.
The gall-midges or Itonididse are another extremely large
group of gall-makers and, unlike the Cynipidse, they do not
present such extremes in specialization and narrow limitations
in hosts, although there are marked preferences for the mem-
bers of certain botanical families, such as the willows in the
Salicacese, the hickories of the Juglandacese and various Com-
posite, particularly Solidago, Aster and Artemisia. A com-
paratively few gall-midges attack trees. These may be
considered at most only moderately injurious and, as a rule,
negligible or nearly so.
The plant-lice or Aphididse contain a number of gall-making
forms. The Phylloxeras occur in great numbers on a con-
siderable variety of hickories, although one species breeds
commonly upon grape. One gall-making aphid, which occurs
on birch and witch-hazel, has a very complex and most inter-
esting life history.
The jumping plant-lice or Psyllidse contain one genus,
Pachypsylla, remarkable for its extreme abundance on hack-
berry or Celtis, a variety of galls being produced by a series
of closely related species.
Galls of a largely mechanical type are produced by various
borers belonging to the Coleoptera or beetles and the Lepidop-
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS 113
tera, particularly the moths. However, there is not in these
groups any such well developed and somewhat closely re-
stricted gall-making habit as occurs in the earlier-mentioned
families.
The plant-mites or Eriophyidse, although not belonging
with insects strictly speaking, deserve mention, since they
produce a great variety of deformations on many different
plants, some of these galls closely approaching in general
appearance those produced by insects. Plant-mite galls are
usually easily distinguished by the more or less distinct
opening or entrance and the excessive development of hairs.
A number of species of gall-mites live in small areas of greatly
developed plant-hairs known as Erinea. Many of the more
complex galls produced by these forms are simply leaf-folds
or pouches, the orifice being surrounded by somewhat char-
acteristic plant-hairs. A very common pouch gall on soft
maple and a less abundant nail-like gall on hard maple are
produced by plant-mites.
A summary of insect galls, containing a large number of
illustrations, may be found in New York State Museum Bulle-
tin 200, 1918.
KEY TO INSECT GALLS
Oak
White, pink-marked, woolly twig growth, 1 to l l /2 inches in diameter,
on white oak in June.
Wool sower, Andricus seminator Harr., p. 115.
Rough, hard, scaly twig swellings about l l /> inches in diameter, on
red oaks.
Gouty oak gall, Andricus punctatus Bass., p. 116.
Irregularly rounded, horned, woody twig-gall, diameter % to 1%
inches, on various oaks.
Horned oak gall, Andricus cornigerus O. S., p. 116.
Conical strongly ribbed galls about %e inch long, crowded in longi-
tudinal cracks, on twigs.
Ribbed bud-gall, Andricus gemmarius Ashm., p. 117.
Subglobular, woody, apical twig-galls l /2 to 1 inch long, on white oak.
White oak club-gall, Andricus clavula O. S., p. 117.
114 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Densely clustered, irregular, reddish-tinted twig or mid-rib leaf-galls,
dimensions x /4 to % inch.
Oak fig gall, Biorhiza forticornis Walsh, p. 117.
Bullet-shaped twig-galls with a diameter of approximately */ inch.
Bullet-galls, Disholcaspis spp., p. 119.
Globose, greenish or brown leaf-galls, diameter IVfc inches.
Oak apples, Amphibolips spp., p. 119.
Irregularly rounded, hard, woody leaf-galls, dimensions Vs to % inch.
Warty oak leaf-gall, Cincticornia piluke O. S., p. 120.
Rose
Numerous galls on leaves, branches and roots are produced by a
number of species.
Rose galls, Rhodites spp., p. 120.
Maple, soft
Circular, eye-like, reddish, yellow-margined leaf-spots.
Ocellate maple leaf -gall, Cecidomyia ocellaris O. S., p. 121.
Bladder-like, green or reddish leaf-galls, diameter Mo of an inch.
Bladder maple gall, Phyllocoptes quadripes Shirn., p. 125.
Elm
Comb-like, greenish, usually red-tipped galls between leaf-veins.
Cockscomb elm gall, Colopha ulmicola Fitch, p. 126.
Birch
Deformed catkins and greatly swollen seed capsules.
Birch-seed gall-midge, Oligotrophus betulce Winn., 121.
Spruce
Conical many-celled galls about % inch long, on Norway spruce.
Spruce gall-aphid, Chermes abietis Linn., p. 128.
Elongate twig galls, 2 to 3 inches long, on Sitka spruce.
Sitka spruce gall, Gillettea cooleyi Gill., p. 130.
Balsam
Oval enlargements at the base of the needles.
Balsam gall-midge, Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintu., p. 121.
Willow
Cone-like apical twig deformities about an inch long.
Willow cone-gall, Rhabdophaga strobiloides Walsh, p. 122.
Irregular fusiform stem swellings on basket willow.
European willow gall-midge, Rhabdophaga salicis Schrk., p. 131.
Poplar
Folded convolute masses of poplar leaves.
Vagabond gall, Pemphigus vagabundus Walsh, p. 124.
Oval somewhat elongate petiole-galls.
Poplar leaf-stem gall, Pemphigus populi-transversus Riley, p. 124.
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS
115
Witch-hazel
Conical red-tipped leaf-galls, J /& inch long.
Witch-hazel cone-gall, Hormaphis hamamelidis Fitch, p. 123.
Many spined, green or reddish, oval bud-galls, % inch long.
Spiny witch-hazel gall, Hamamelistes spinosus Shim., p. 123.
Hickory
Globose or conical frequently abundant leaf-galls.
Phylloxera spp., p. 131.
Bullet-like, hollow, green or black galls on leaf, stems or twigs.
Hickory gall-aphid, Phylloxera caryacaulis Fitch, p. 131.
Hackberry
A number of leaf- and twig-galls.
Pachypsylla spp., p. 125.
Grape
Warty leaf-galls about % inch in diameter.
Grape phylloxera, Phylloxera vitifolice Fitch, p. 124.
Ash
Fringed tabulate flower masses, di-
ameters 1 A to % inch.
Ash flower-gall, Eriophyes frax-
ini flora Felt, p. 127.
For information on the following
galls, see E. P. Felt, New York
State Museum Memoir 8, 1906,
vol. 2, pp. 622-685.
WOOL SOWER
Andricus seminator Harr.
The white, pinkish-marked,
woolly growth 1 to l 1 /^ inches in
diameter produced by this insect
encircles the small twigs of white
oak in June (Fig. 57) . This is one
of the most beautiful structures in
nature, the delicate creamy-white
being admirably set off by blotches of bright pinkish-red.
Large numbers of flies may issue in June. There is a very
FIG. 57. Gall of wool sower.
116 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
similar wool oak gall, A. operator Osten Sacken, the alternate
generation of which produces a pip-like gall aborting the
acorns.
GOUTY OAK GALL
Andricus punctatus Bass.
The rough, hard, woody, gnarled, scaly swellings produced
1 ky this gall-wasp (Fig. 58) on red oak
I limbs and twigs not over I 1 /! inches in
||| diameter are sometimes extremely abun-
The galls range in diameter from
than 1 /2 to l 1 /^ inches, depending on
I:-.- 1 -; I the size of the twig, are of variable length
anc ^ frequently several coalesce to form
i ,.''< an elongated mass of diseased tissue,
which seriously interrupts the circulation
! J ; -: of the sap. This gall-wasp frequently
'''- ' : kills sma H branches, occasionally destroys
- 1 ' - :.: ! larger limbs
- and is credited
FlG ' 58 --S, outy ak with seriously
damaging
good-sized trees.
HORNED OAK GALL
Andricus cornigerus Osten Sacken
This is an irregular, rounded,
woody gall (Fig. 59), i/ 2 to iy 2
inches in diameter and somewhat
similar to the preceding except that
the surface bears numerous horn-
like protuberances through which
the gall-flies escape. It occurs on
the branches of pin, scrub and FIG. 59. Horned oak gall.
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS 117
blackjack oak and is sometimes very common in the vicinity of
New York City and farther south. It, like the preceding, kills
branches and occasionally practically destroys entire trees.
RIBBED BUD-GALL
Andricus gemmarius Ashm.
The somewhat conical strongly ribbed galls of this species
(Fig. 60) are about % G inch long and issue in crowded masses
from longitudinal cracks in the bark. A sweetish secretion
exudes from the galls in early summer and occasionally
attracts hosts of bees and flies. A serious infestation may not
only kill twigs but result in the death of trees.
REFERENCE
1918, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 202, pp. 63-65.
WHITE OAK CLUB-GALL
Andricus clavula Osten Sacken
These subglobular, apical, woody twig-galls, % to 1 inch
long on white oak, are sometimes very common. These are
very likely to result in the breaking of the twig at the injured
point and when accompanied by the destruction of numerous
buds, possibly by the alternate generation, serious injury may
be caused.
REFERENCE
1918, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 202, p. 63.
OAK FIG GALL
Biorhiza forticornis Walsh
The galls produced by this insect (Fig. 61) are irregular,
reddish-tinted, bladder-like growths which occur in dense
118
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
clusters along the midrib of the leaves or upon the leaf-stems
and small twigs of white and scrub oaks in midsummer. The
FIG. 60. Ribbed bud-gall.
FIG. 61. Oak
fig gall.
galls vary in dimensions from % to */2 inch. The outer sur-
face is covered with fine short hairs which soon become rubbed
off from the more exposed portions.
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS
BULLET-GALLS
119
Disholcaspis spp.
There are a number of bullet-like galls (Fig. 62) having a
diameter of approximately y 2 inch which occur rather com-
monly upon various oaks, although as a rule they are not
injurious.
Fid. 62. Bullet-gall.
FIG. 63. Oak apple.
OAK APPLES
Amphibolips spp.
These peculiar somewhat globose galls (Fig. 63) may have
a diameter of about lVi> inches, are greenish or brown, and con-
tain a central larval cell surrounded by a spongy or filamen-
tous mass. Occasionally these modifications of leaves are
somewhat abundant, although they can hardly be considered
as injurious.
120 MANUAL OF TRl'E AND SHHUB INSECTS
ROSE GALLS
Rhodites spp.
A considerable series of deformities of the leaves, branches
and roots are produced by gall-wasps belonging to this genus
FIG. 64. Spiny rose gall.
FIG. 65. Regal rose gall.
(Figs. 64, 65), one or two species occasionally becoming so
abundant as to cause material damage.
WARTY OAK LEAF-GALL
Cincticornia pilulce Osten Sacken
The somewhat rounded hard woody
galls of this species vary in size from
approximately % to *4 inch and
occur commonly on the leaves of pin,
red, blackjack and scrub oak, being
bright red or reddish-brown with
reticulate markings, in August or Sep
tember (Fig. 66).
FIG.
66. Warty
leaf-gall.
oak
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS
BIRCH-SEED GALL-MIDGE
121
Oligotrophus betulce Winnertz
This European species, now well established in this coun-
try, develops in the seeds of birch, transforming them into
greatly swollen empty
capsules. The larvae be-
come full grown early in
October.
OCELLATE MAPLE LEAF-
GALL
Cecidomyia ocellaris Osten
Sacken
Red maple leaves are
frequently thickly spot-
ted with circular eye-like
spots about % inch in
diameter (Fig. 67), the
disk being yellow and
with the margin and cen-
tral dot cherry-red. The
depressed center of this
peculiar marking is occu-
pied by a nearly trans-
parent fly-maggot, the 11*,,
, ,. - i i FIG. 67. Ocellate maple leaf-gall,
adult of which is un-
known, although this affection of the leaves is very common.
BALSAM GALL-MIDGE
Cecidomyia balsamicola Lintn.
The yellowish maggots of this small midge produce an oval
enlargement near the base of balsam needles. The adult is
unknown.
122 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
WILLOW CONE-GALL
Rhabdophaga strobiloides Walsh
The peculiar cone-like deformities about an inch long on
the tips of willow shoots are produced by the larvae of this
midge (Fig. 68). Occasionally a large proportion of the shoots
in one clump of willows is infested. The adult midges appear
in April or early May and the gall attains full size by the
middle of June.
FIG. 68. Willow cone-gall. FIG. 69. Witch-hazel cone-gall.
POPLAR TWIG-GALL
Agromyza schineri Giraud
Greenish-yellow maggots of this fly occur in spongy oval
masses on the sides of poplar twigs, the swellings ranging
from about % inch in length to compound masses an inch
long. The smaller galls contain only one larva, while the
larger ones may be inhabited by several.
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS
123
WITCH-HAZEL CONE-GALL
Hormaphis hamamelidis Fitch
Conical green or green and reddish-tipped galls about */
inch long are sometimes very common on the upper surface
of witch-hazel leaves (Fig. 69). The galls appear in the
latitude of Washington about the middle of April, attaining
full growth toward the end of May. This insect migrates to
the foliage of birch, developing a number of generations
thereupon. There is then a return migration, the insect win-
tering in the egg stage upon witch-hazel.
FIG. 70. Spiny witch-hazel gall.
FIG. 71. Poplar Icaf-stciii
gall.
SPINY WITCH-HAZEL GALL
Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer
The many spincd, green or reddish, somewhat oval galls,
really bud deformations, about % inch long, found on witch-
hazel from June to the latter part of August, are produced by
this plant-louse (Fig. 70), a species which likewise migrates
to the foliage of birch and produces several different gen-
124 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
erations thereupon, one causing a corrugated or pseudo-galled
condition of the leaves. The insect winters in the egg upon
witch-hazel.
VAGABOND GALL
Pemphigus vagabundus Walsh
Folded convolute masses of poplar leaves some two inches
in diameter are somewhat common, the conspicuous, brownish
or blackened, dried remains of these galls hanging on the
trees over winter. The plant-lice issue in September and the
green hollow galls develop the following summer.
POPLAR LEAF-STEM GALL
Pemphigus populi- trans versus Riley
This species produces oval somewhat elongated galls, with
transverse openings near the middle of the leaf-petioles of
cottonwood during the latter part of the summer (Fig. 71).
The galls are nearly ^ inch in diameter and occasionally a
very considerable proportion of the leaf-stems are thus
deformed.
GRAPE PHYLLOXERA
Phylloxera vitijoliw Fitch
The numerous small wart-like leaf-galls (Fig. 72) about %
inch long on the upper or lower surface of grape leaves are
the work of this insect. The species is much better known
because of its very injurious work on European grapes, due
to the abundant production of irregular galls upon the roots
and the consequent gradual dying of the affected vines. The
galls of this insect occur commonly on wild grapes. It is a
serious pest on European grapes in California and also in
the wine-producing areas of Europe.
REFERENCE
1915,Essig, E. 0., Inj. Ben. Ins. Cal., pp. 72-73.
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS
HACKBERRY GALLS
125
Pachypsylla spp.
Several species of this genus (Fig. 73) develop on the hack-
berry and produce galls upon the twigs and leaves, these
deformities occasionally being extremely abundant.
FIG. 72. Grape phylloxera gulls.
BLADDER MAPLE GALL
FIG. 73. Hackberry
bud-gall.
Phyllocoptes quadripes Shimcr
The small bladder-like galls about % inch in diameter
of this plant-mite (Fig. 74) are sometimes extremely abundant
on the upper surface of the leaves of soft maple and cause a
126
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
considerable deformation of the foliage and some disfigura-
tion, since 'the galls are sometimes closely crowded and as
they develop change from the normal leaf green to dull purple
and finally dry up and blacken toward the end of the sum-
mer. Spraying in early spring with a lime-sulphur wash at
winter strength appears to control this mite satisfactorily.
Fia. 74, Bladder maple gall, a portion enlarged, one gall more
enlarged.
COCKSCOMB ELM GALL
Colopha ulmicola Fitch
The leaves of American elms are sometimes seriously de-
formed by irregular, comb-like, greenish, red-tipped elevations
between the leaf-veins (Fig. 75) and partly filled with strug-
gling plant-lice and glistening globules of honey-dew. The
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS 127
young galls appear about the first of May as slightly elevated
ridges on the upperside of the leaf. Usually there is only a
sparse infestation. Very occasionally most of the leaves may
be affected rather seriously and walks under infested trees
FIG. 75. Cockscomb elm gall.
kept moist with the honey-dew. No practical remedial
measures are known and usually treatment is unnecessary.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 186-187.
1910, Patch, E. M., Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 181, pp. 196-208.
ASH FLOWER-GALL
Eriophyes jraxiniflora Felt
The staminate flowers of white ash are distorted by the
work of this mite in such a manner as to produce series of
irregular fringed, lobulated masses joined one to the other
128
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
(Fig. 76), each group ranging from % to about % inch in
diameter and eventually drying and remaining on the trees
FKJ. 76. Ash flower-gall.
over winter. Winter applications of a miscible oil are
reported as effective in preventing this unsightly development.
SPRUCE GALL-APHID
Chermes abietis Linn.
Cone-shaped many-celled green galls about % inch long
and located at the base of young spruce shoots appear in
June and later in the season turn brown, dry and crack open.
This European insect has become generally distributed in
New York state and in some localities has seriously marred
the appearance of Norway spruce, since the twig beyond the
gall frequently dies and in bad infestations there is usually
serious deformity (Fig. 77). The light yellow eggs are de-
posited from the second week in May to about the time
spruces are putting forth new shoots and may then be en-
veloped in a white woolly mass in clusters of about 300 at the
base of the buds. The eggs hatch in about a week and the
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS 129
young crawl to the tender shoots and establish themselves
in cracks at the base of the leaves of young galls which have
already begun to form. The infested buds develop in such
a manner as to inclose the young gall-aphids in a series of
chambers and when fully developed the growth presents a
somewhat general resemblance to a minute pineapple. Early
in August the galls lose their dark green color, turn yellowish,
crack open and the winged plant-lice escape. Eggs laid by
FIG. 77. Spruce cone-gall.
these latter hatch, and the young winter on the leaves or at
the base of buds. The reader is also referred to the account
of the spruce bud-scale, a frequently associated insect, see
page 164.
Spraying thoroughly in April with a good contact in-
secticide, such as a standard miscible oil, diluted ope to
twenty, is a very effective control measure. A higher pro-
portion of oil may result in foliage injury. On small trees it
is possible to destroy most, if not all the insects, by cutting
and burning the galls before they have turned yellow and
begun to crack open. This should be done some time in July
or even in June.
130
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 189-191.
SITKA SPRUCE GALL
Gillettea cooleyi Gill.
This insect causes elongate twig galls, really swollen con-
tiguous needle or leaf-bases, resembling very long Norway
spruce galls some % to 3 inches
long on Sitka spruce and the
dying of the affected branches.
This species (Fig. 78) is a
serious enemy of the Sitka
spruce in British Columbia,
trees of all ages and varying
in height from ten to over a
hundred feet being heavily in-
fested. The galls occur on the
leading shoots of all the side
branches and in many cases
the entire shoot is destroyed.
The entire twig may be af-
fected or only a part, and if
this be limited to one side
there is marked deformation.
The result is a steady weaken-
ing of the new growth and a pronounced reduction in the size
of the galls. The life history is a complicated one, involving
several host trees. This insect, better known as Chermes,
lives also upon the Douglas fir (var. coweni Gill.) and
western hemlock, about half of the insects on the Douglas
fir developing wings in the spring and migrating to the Sitka
spruce, the galls and the principal injury appearing on this
latter tree.
FIG. 78. Sitka spruce gall.
PLANT GALLS AND GALL INSECTS 131
REFERENCES
1916, Chrystal, R. N., Ent. Soc. Ont. 46th Kept., pp. 123-129.
1922, Chrystal, R. N., and Story, Fraser, Forestry Comm.
(London), Bull. 4, pp. 1-50.
EUROPEAN WILLOW GALL-MIDGE
Rhabdophaga salicis Schrk.
This European insect has become well estab-
lished in the central part of New York state.
The distinct cane swellings (Fig. 79) inhabited
by yellowish jumping maggots make the wil-
lows brittle and consequently unfit for binding
purposes. The midges appear in early spring
and presumably deposit their eggs in the de-
veloping buds, the galls resulting from the irri-
tation produced by the numerous maggots as
they develop in small groups. Nothing better
in the way of control measures can be suggested FIG. 79. Eu-
than cutting and burning the infested shoots in ropean wil-
, . low gall,
early spring.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 299-302.
HICKORY LEAF-GALLS
Phylloxera spp.
There are a considerable variety of globular, conical and
other hickory leaf-galls produced by species belonging to this
genus and easily recognized by the presence of minute wing-
less aphids or plant-lice within.
HICKORY GALL- APHID
Phylloxera carycecaulis Fitch
Bullet-like hollow green galls of a leathery texture (Fig. 80)
occur on hickory twigs or leaf-stems in June, turning black
132
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
the latter part of the month or early in July and then some-
what resembling the black-knot of plum.
The galls of this species are more or less common every
season and occasionally become extremely abundant with a
corresponding amount of injury to the tree. The winter is
probably passed in the egg stage, the initial attack pre-
sumably occurring on the leaf-stalk or young shoot as growth
begins in the spring. The galls
| are globular in shape and range
\m size from that of a pea to an
I ounce ball. They are attached to
| the side of the stem and often
j cause a bend or distortion, espe-
cially when two or three are con-
tiguous or confluent. The inside
of the nearly developed gall is literally covered with minute
shiny lice of different ages and at that time presents a marked
resemblance to the geode of the mineral kingdom.
Large series of hickory leaf-galls are produced by the
genus Phylloxera and those interested should consult the ad-
mirable work by Pergande and the latter cited publication
by the writer.
REFERENCES
1904, Pergande, Theodore, Davenport, Acad. Sci. Proc. 9:185-283.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 331-352.
1918, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 200, pp. 43-48.
FIG. 80. Hickory stem-gall.
CHAPTER VI
PLANT-LICE OR APHIDS
THE species belonging to this group, over 300, have much in
common. They are small mostly delicate insects with some-
what pear-shaped bodies, long antennae, four delicate wings
with a few veins and usually near the posterior extremity of
the body a pair of honey-tubes. Some species may be cov-
ered so thickly with a waxy secretion as entirely to conceal
the insects. There are wingless as well as winged forms, al-
though otherwise not differing in general appearance. Many
species are greenish, some yellowish, a few bright red, others
black and some present well-marked patterns of various
colors. All are sucking insects and consequently are not
affected by arsenical poisons.
Many species produce a number of generations in the
course of a year and in not a few instances there is a marked
alternation in food habits, as from birch to witch-hazel or
alder to soft maple. Migration is preceded by the develop-
ment of winged forms. Such changes are advantageous to
the species since they enable these weak and defenseless forms
to escape for a time at least from their natural enemies, such
as lady beetles and their ugly black-spined grubs, the vari-
colored voracious maggots of flower-flies and the bloodthirsty
aphis lions; all of which tend to become extremely abundant
on badly infested plants and in not a few instances destroy
most of the aphids. It is worthy of note that cool weather is
favorable to some plant-lice, whereas moderately warm sea-
sonable conditions are quickly followed by a great increase in
133
134 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
the number of natural enemies and a speedy disappearance
of the aphids.
The parthenogenetic reproduction in this group that is, the
development of a series of generations of "wingless females
only appears to be one of nature's adaptations which enable
plant-lice to maintain themselves in the face of tremendous
odds; namely, a weak and defenseless condition and hordes
of voracious enemies. The very short life cycle in the
parthenogenetic generations, about a week, also aids greatly
in offsetting the enormous losses inflicted by natural enemies.
The conditions outlined above result in enormous fluctua-
tions in the aphid population of various trees and other plants
and yet this group contains some of the most destructive
insects. The green bug of the wheat fields of the Southwest,
the hop aphid of the plum and hop yards, and the apple
aphids of the orchards, are familiar examples of species which
occasionally become excessively abundant and injurious.
Aphids are known carriers of plant diseases, such as pear-
blight and mosaic.
Plant-lice produce large quantities of honey-dew and in
the case of badly infested trees it is not uncommon to see
the foliage smeared with this exudation and blackened with
a sooty fungus which quickly develops in this medium. The
walks under trees are not infrequently kept moist with honey-
dew even in hot, dry weather. This secretion is advantageous
to the aphids since it attracts ants and they in turn give more
or less efficient protection from other insects. Certain species
produce an abundant woolly secretion which protects from
natural agents. It is interesting to note in this connection
that the caterpillars of a small butterfly habitually live under
the woolly matter secreted by the alder blight aphis and
frequently devour all of the aphids in such masses.
Generally speaking, plant-lice are easily controlled by
thorough spraying with a contact insecticide, such as a to-
PLANT-LICE OR APHIDS 135
bacco soap preparation or an oil emulsion, provided the in-
sects are actually hit. The woolly species are protected to
some extent and in such cases it is necessary to use a coarse
forcible spray wKich will penetrate the covering and come in
contact with the insect beneath.
KEY TO PLANT-LICE OR APHIDS
These are small mostly delicate insects with somewhat pear-shaped
bodies, long antennae, usually four delicate wings and near the extremity
of the body a pair of honey-tubes.
Maples
Somewhat large, rather hairy, greenish, brown-marked, on the under-
side of Norway maple leaves.
Norway maple aphid, Chaitophorus lyropicta Kess., p. 136.
Small, red-eyed, black and white marked with wing-veins bordered
with dark brown, on soft maple leaves.
Painted maple aphid, Phymatosiphum acerijolii Thos., p. 137.
Conspicuous cottony masses on soft maple leaves from early spring
to mid-July, also on alder.
Alder blight-aphid, Prodphilus tessellatus Fitch, p. 144.
Elm
Inconspicuous green plant-louse on the underside of American elm
leaves.
Elm leaf-aphid, Callipterus ulmifolii Mon., p. 137.
Woolly aphids in badly curled leaves or upon wound tissue of the
trunk and limbs.
Woolly elm aphids, Schizoneura, spp., p. 137.
Walnut
Yellowish aphids on leaves.
Walnut aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola Kalt., p. 138.
Rose
Greenish plant-lice clustering on the terminal shoots.
Rose aphids, Macrosiphum rosoe Linn., p. 139.
Macrosiphum solanijolii AshpL
Myzus rosarum Kalt.
Birch
Yellowish plant-lice on leaves in midsummer.
Birch aphid, Euceraphis betulcecolens Fitch, p. 141.
Beech
Cottony masses on the underside of the leaves.
Woolly beech leaf -aphid, Phyllaphis fagi Linn., p. 140.
Viburnum
Leaves badly curled and discolored.
Viburnum aphis, Anuraphis viburnicola Gill., p. 140.
136 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Poplar
Aphids in folded cottonwood leaves.
Beet root-aphis, Pemphigus betce Doane, p. 142.
Larch
Woolly aphids upon the leaves, suggesting a dusting with flour.
Woolly larch aphid, Chermes strobilobius Kalt., p. 139.
Arbor-vita?
Brownish aphids on small twigs.
Arbor-vita3 aphid, Lachnus thujajalinus Del Guer, p. 142.
Pine, white
Patches of white flocculent downy material on the smooth bark of
the trunk and underside of the limbs.
Pine bark-aphid, Chermes pinicorticis Fitch, p. 142.
NORWAY MAPLE APHID
Chaitophorus lyropicta Kessler
This is the species commonly present on Norway maples
in the northeastern United States. The rather large, hairy,
FIG. 81. Norway maple aphid, portion of
infested leaf and wingless female, latter
enlarged.
greenish, brown-marked aphids occur on the underside of the
leaves throughout the summer (Fig. 81). Sometimes the
PLANT-LICE OR APHIDS 137
foliage is so seriously affected that all the leaves are badly
wrinkled, blackened and only about two-thirds the normal
size. In some cases this aphid appears to be responsible for
a somewhat heavy leaf drop in midsummer. It is easily con-
trolled with a tobacco soap spray.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 174-175.
PAINTED MAPLE APHID
Phymatosiphum acerifolii Thos.
This species is very commonly present in scattering numbers
on the leaves of soft maple. It is a small, red-eyed, black and
white marked plant-louse with the wing-veins broadly mar-
gined with dark brown. Spraying for the control of this
species is rarely necessary.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 175-176.
ELM LEAF-APHID
Callipterus ulmijolii Monell
This is a common, inconspicuous, green plant-louse which
is found occasionally in very large numbers upon American
elms, the walks under infested trees being kept damp even in
hot dry weather by the constantly dripping honey-dew. It
is most likely to be numerous in midsummer.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 176-177.
WOOLLY APHIS OF APPLE AND ELM
Schizoneura lanigera Hausm.
This insect is a well-known pest of apple trees, living upon
the roots, the trunk the branches and even the water-sprouts.
American elm leaves (Fig. 82) are frequently badly curled
and twisted in June because of the abundant infestation by a
138
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
woolly plant-louse, which recent investigations have shown to
be identical with the woolly aphis of the orchard. In the case
of bad infestations, the interior of the partly rolled leaf may
be brimful of struggling plant-lice. The insects desert the
leaves the last of June, consequently treatment for the elm
curl is generally inadvisable. A closely related species,
FIG. 82. Elm leaves deformed by Schizoneura.
Schizoneura rileyi Thos., produces clusters of white woolly
matter on knotted or wound tissue on the limbs and trunks
of elms.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 177-178, 192.
1912, Patch, E. M., Econ. Ent. Journ. 5:395-398.
1913, Patch, E. M., Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 220, pp. 263-271.
WALNUT APHID
Chromaphis juglandicola Kalt.
Light yellow plant-lice with black markings on the antennse,
legs and abdomen may cause the smutting of walnut trees in
PLANT-LICE OR APHIDS
139
California during the early summer months. The winter is
passed as eggs which hatch in February and March. Spray-
ing with a commercial lime sulfur one to twenty between
November and March kills the eggs. Summer applications
of a 2 per cent distillate oil emulsion to which is added nico-
tine sulfate have given excel-
lent results. A nicotine dust
has been used very success-
fully.
REFERENCES
1915, Essig, E. O., Inj. Ben. Ins.
CaL, pp. 82-83; also 1921,
Econ. Ent. Journ. 14:392-393.
WOOLLY LARCH APHID
Chermes strobilobius Kalt.
Larches badly infested by
this insect appear as though
they had been lightly dusted
with flour or very small par-
ticles of woolly matter. The
insect (Fig. 83) winters as
masses of eggs at the base of
the leaves, the young hatching in May and developing a con-
spicuous woolly excretion in June. The life history is com-
plicated.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 187-188.
ROSE APHIDS
Macrosiphum rosce Linn.
This greenish plant-louse occurs commonly on roses, clus-
tering on the terminal shoots and frequently causing serious
FIG. 83. Woolly larch aphid, eggs
at base of whorl of leaves, young
in woolly matter on leaf and
young more enlarged.
140 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
injury. A similar species, Myzus rosarum Kalt., also occurs
upon the 'terminal shoots, both being practically limited to
the rose. A third species, Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashm.,
better known as the pink and green potato aphis on account
of the serious injury to that crop by summer generations,
has the rose as the one primary host upon which it normally
winters, although it occurs in summer on a great variety of
plants. Aphid infestations are easily controlled by early and
thorough spraying with a tobacco soap preparation.
REFERENCES
1912, Davis, J. J., State Ent. 111. 27th Kept., p. 117.
1914, Patch, E. M., Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 233, pp. 268-269, and
Bull. 303, 1921, pp. 321-344.
VIBURNUM Arms
Anur aphis viburnicola Gill.
The leaves of the common snowball or viburnum are fre-
quently badly curled or deformed by an ashy-gray or dark-
greenish aphid and discolored by sooty fungus growing in the
abundant honey-dew. The young appear with the leaves and
desert the host in June. Bud spraying with a tobacco soap
preparation before there is serious injury is the most effective
treatment.
REFERENCE
1909, Gillette, C. P., Ent. News, 20: 280-285.
WOOLLY BEECH LEAF-APHID
Phyllaphis jagi Linn.
The cottony masses somewhat common on the underside
of beech leaves usually shelter young of this somewhat com-
mon plant louse (Fig. 84). They are pale greenish -yellow,
usually with a few scattering, bluish-white filaments at the
PL ANT -LICE OR APHIDS 141
posterior extremity. The aphids frequently nestle among the
leaf-hairs. Thorough spraying with a tobacco soap prepara-
tion is the most effective control measure.
FIG. 84. Woolly beech leaf-aphid, infested leaf, adult enlarged.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 601-602.
BIRCH APHID
Euceraphis betulcecolens Fitch
This delicate yellowish plant-louse is sometimes very inju-
rious to birches in midsummer in the northeastern United
142 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
States, particularly the ornamental cut-leaved variety. Early
and thorough spraying with a tobacco soap preparation is one
of the best control measures.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 601.
BEET ROOT-APHIS
Pemphigus betce Doane
The young of this species hatch from winter eggs deposited
upon the twigs and attack the developing leaves, causing them
to fold. The next generation migrates to the fields and is
there known as a serious pest of beets.
REFERENCE
1915,Essig, E. 0., Inj. Ben. Ins. Cal., pp. 75-76.
ARBOR- VIT^ APHID
Lachnus thuja jalinus Del Guer.
The hairy amber-brown aphids about % inch long and with
the upper surface partly covered with a whitish powder feed
in clusters upon the bark of the branches of arbor-vitse and
are probably responsible for unexplained weakness of smaller
branches. The insects appear to be widely distributed and
presumably can be controlled by thorough forcible applica-
tions of a contact insecticide.
REFERENCE
1915,Essig, E. 0., Inj. Ben. Ins. Gal, p. 80.
PINE BARK-APHID
Chermes pinicorticis Fitch
Patches of white, flocculent, downy material on the smooth
bark of the trunk and undersides of the limbs of white pine
and balsam are usually caused by this insect (Fig. 85). These
PLANT-LICE OR APIIIDS
143
white patches are really colonies of dark brown plant-lice cov-
ered with an abundant woolly secretion. They are frequently
so numerous, especially in parks, as seriously to reduce the
vitality of the trees. The infestation may result in a sickly
condition, terminating in a few years with the
death of the pines.
The insect winters as eggs deposited in
downy balls near the bases of the leaves, each
containing from five to sixty or more. The
eggs hatch early in May and the young crawl
actively for a time and then establish them-
selves on the tender bark of the young growth,
increase rapidly in size, becoming dark reddish-
brown, approaching black, and the cottony
secretion soon hides them from view. Maturity
is attained toward the end of May and eggs
deposited for another brood. There are several
generations each season.
When a good head of city water is available,
it is easy to wash these masses of woolly aphids
from the trees by the judicious use of a some- ^ .
, . . , ; J w , , ., , . FIG. 85. Pine
what powerful stream. Whale-oil soap used in bark -aphid;
the white
woolly matter
is characteris-
tic.
May at the rate of one pound to four gallons
of water has given good results with some, pro-
vided the spray was coarse and applied with
force. Spraying with a tobacco preparation to
which soap or a spreader, such as casein, has been added, is
one of the later more promising control measures, since it
can be applied during the summer and treatments repeated
within a week or ten days of each other, thus killing many
of the issuing young. In all cases, it is necessary to use a
somewhat coarse forcible spray in order to drive the insec-
ticide through the protective woolly matter so as to bring it
into contact with the insects underneath.
144
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 187-188.
ALDER BLIGHT-APHID
Prociphilus tessellatus Fitch
Conspicuous cottony masses on the underside of alder stems
and similar masses on soft maple leaves from early spring to
mid-July conceal plant-lice belonging to this species (Fig. 86).
The alder blight is well
known to all familiar with
the Adirondacks. Only re-
cently has the identity of this
insect and the woolly aphid
occurring on soft maples been
established. The alder-in-
habiting form is further note-
worthy because the caterpil-
lar of the little orange butter-
fly, Feniseca tarquinius Fabr.,
works under the woolly
masses and preys on the
plant-lice. The migration
from the alder to soft maple
occurs in the fall, the mi-
grants then producing true,
apterous males and females,
the latter depositing eggs
upon the bark from which
the maple leaf-inhabiting
forms develop the following
spring. The insect also win-
ters upon the alder, the hardy
Fia. 86. Alder blight-aphid, adults hibernating generation
and young. ascending from leaf-protected
PLANT-LICE OR APHID8 145
retreats on the base of the alders and establishing themselves
in early spring on the alder tips.
Ornamental alders can be protected simply by washing the
insects off with a forcible spray or the application of a contact
insecticide driven through the woolly covering so that it will
come into contact with the insect beneath. The soft maple
form ordinarily will desert the trees shortly after the infes-
tation is discovered and as a rule remedial measures would
hardly be advisable.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 195-196.
1909, Patch, E. M., Econ. Ent. Journ. 2:35-36.
CHAPTER VII
SCALE INSECTS
SOME of the most important enemies of trees are among
scale insects. The recently introduced San Jose scale has been
noteworthy in this respect, having killed thousands of trees
of various kinds, although its depredations in fruit orchards
have naturally attracted the most attention. There is a very
large series, some 2,000 species, of scale insects. They are
closely related to their food plants, there being, as a rule,
only a very limited period of activity, and as a consequence
of this close association scale insects have become widely dis-
seminated through the extensive distribution of both orna-
mental and fruit-trees. Many scale insects are quite restricted
in food habits, while others thrive to a greater or less extent
on a considerable variety of plants and when those belonging
to this latter class are very prolific, serious injury is likely to
result. The American species fall readily into three groups;
namely, the mealy-bugs, the soft scales and the armored
scales. The first are represented by the common mealy-bugs
of the greenhouse, the second by the numerous hemispheric
brown scales occurring on various plants, such as the tulip
soft scale, and the third by the familiar oyster-shell scale and
the scurfy scale of the orchard. These last are distinguished
from the others by the waxy scale, really a matting down of
a waxy secretion, which begins to form as soon as the scale
insect establishes itself upon the plant and the adherent
exuviae, and soon come to resemble closely indeed the surface
to which they are attached. Once established upon the
146
SCALE INSECTS 147
bark, the armored scales are unable to move, although they
produce free-crawling young. Most scale insects are small
in size. The largest native species, the magnolia scale, has a
diameter of approximately half an inch. The soft and the
armored scales are the forms ordinarily injurious to trees.
The former are usually controlled by early spring applications
of a miscible oil, care being exercised not to apply too con-
centrated a solution or too much, and the latter are generally
checked very effectually by winter or early spring applications
of a lime-sulfur wash, winter strength. There is also an oppor-
tunity of destroying armored scales by spraying during the
growing season and at a time when the delicate young are
active and therefore not protected from caustic or deadly
applications.
KEY TO SCALE INSECTS
These are all small, rarely *4 inch in diameter, usually oval or cir-
cular and generally covered with a scale, hence the common name,
although sometimes protected by woolly excretions. They occur on the
leaves and bark, mostly the latter.
Elms and other trees
Brownish, oyster shell-like scales about Vs inch long, on twigs, more
abundant on ash, poplar and balm of Gilead.
Oyster-shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., p. 149.
Irregularly oval whitish scales about ^o inch long, on twigs, especially
abundant on Japanese quince. This and related species occur on a
variety of trees.
Scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfura Fitch, p. 152.
Circular, blackish, grayish, or yellowish-gray scales about YIQ inch in
diameter, abundant on Japanese quince and on a large variety of
trees and shrubs.
San Jose* scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., p. 149.
A somewhat larger scale with brick red in place of yellowish, less
abundant than the San Jose scale.
Putnam's scale, Aspidiotus ancylus Putn., p. 150.
A circular dark-brown scale, diameter %o inch, southern, occurs on a
great variety of trees.
Camphor scale, Pseudaonidia duplex Ckll., p. 163.
Reddish woolly bordered bark-louse about Vio inch long, on bark; the
yellowish young on leaves in midsummer, on elms only.
Elm bark-louse, Gossyparia spuria Mod., p. 161.
148 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Amber to reddish-brown scale about Vs inch in diameter.
European fruit lecanium, Eulecanium corni Bouche, p. 155.
Maple
Cottony masses protruding from a brown scale, on sugar maple leaves.
Maple leaf-scale, Pulvinaria acericola Walsh and Riley, p. 159.
Cottony masses on sugar maple leaves, showing no brown scales, or
a chalky appearance on the trunk.
Maple phenacoccus, Phenacoccus acericola King, p. 159.
Cottony masses protruding from under a brown scale and extremely
abundant upon the twigs, especially soft maple.
Cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis Linn., p. 158.
Hemispheric, reddish, black-marked scales % to % inch in diameter,
on twigs of sugar and soft maple.
Black-banded scale, Eulecanium nigrofasciatum Perg., p. 154.
Tulip tree
Hemispherical brown twig-scales nearly % inch in diameter.
Tulip tree scale, Toumeyella liriodendri Gmel., p. 156.
Magnolia
A large, hemispherical, brown twig-scale about ^ inch in diameter.
Magnolia scale, Neolecanium cornuparvum Thrs., p. 157.
Euonymus
Brownish oyster shell-like scales and whitish ridged male scales, both
on the bark, also on bittersweet.
Euonymus scale, Chionaspis euonymi Comst., p. 153.
Rose
A whitish scurfy scale on rose canes.
Rose scale, Aulacaspis roses Bouche, p. 154.
Oak
Circular dark gray scales about ^o inch in diameter, occurs on a
number of trees.
Obscure scale, Chrysomphalus obscurus Comst., p. 151.
Golden scale about YIQ inch in diameter, occurring in pits or depres-
sions of the bark.
Golden oak scale, Asterolecanium variolosum Ratz., p. 157.
Walnut
Circular, light grayish scale, diameter % inch.
Walnut scale, Aspidiotus juglans-regice Comst., p. 151.
Azalea
A woolly oval scale % inch long.
Azalea bark-scale, Eriococcus azalea Comst., p. 163.
Juniper
A circular snowy-white scale, diameter %o inch, on leaves.
Juniper scale, Diaspis carueli Targ., p. 153.
SCALE INSECTS 149
Pine
White-specked needles.
Pine leaf-scale, Chionaspis pinifolice Fitch, p. 152.
Oval, dark gray, often blackish leaf-scales, diameter Vio inch, occurs
also on hemlock, fir and maple.
Hemlock scale, Aspidiotus abietis Schr., p. 151.
Woolly scales on the tender growth of pitch pine.
Woolly pine scale, Pseudophilippia quaintancii Ckll., p. 162.
Spruce
Subglobose chestnut-brown scales on small dying twigs.
Spruce bud-scale, Physokermes picece Schr., p. 164.
OYSTER-SHELL SCALE
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.
The brownish oyster shell-like scale (Fig. 87) about % inch
long of this species is rather common on a considerable variety
of trees and shrubs, being particularly
abundant on ash, poplar and balm
of Gilead. The dying of small elm
branches is frequently caused by
this or a closely related insect. The
winter is passed as delicate whitish
eggs under the female scales, the mi-
nute yellowish young appearing from
the middle of May to early June.
Early spring applications of a lime- _ ^ ^ A .
, , . . , FIG. 87. Oyster-shell scale,
sulfur wash at winter strength or a young and full, grown,
miscible oil, one to fifteen, have one showing circular hole
proven very effective. It is also possi- ^ b e ^ ed parasite '
ble to check this pest by applying a
tobacco soap preparation at the time the young are crawling.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 211-213.
SAN JOSE SCALE
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
This is a circular grayish or yellowish scale insect about % 6
inch in diameter (Fig. 88) . It is notorious on account of the
150
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
FIG. 88. San Jose
enormous losses caused in earlier years and has been an impor-
tant factor in bringing about the development of comprehen-
sive quarantine regulations in this country. The female scale
is frequently surrounded by large numbers of much smaller
nearly black scales having a central nipple
and one or two grayish rings. This insect
winters in a partly grown condition, the
young appearing in the latitude of New
York toward the last of June. There are
probably three generations annually, with
a fourth developing under exceptionally
favorable conditions. This pest occurs
scale, young and upon a very large number of trees and
shrubs > thrivin s best n a pp ie > p ear and
Japanese quince.
Natural enemies have controlled the San Jose scale to a
considerable extent in various localities during recent years.
Thorough spraying in early spring with a lime-sulfur wash
at winter strength has proved effective, although some prefer
a miscible oil, one to fifteen.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 216-226.
PUTNAM'S SCALE
Aspidiotus ancylus Putn.
This resembles the preceding species
rather closely, except that it is somewhat
larger and the nearly central exuvium in
this scale is brick-red rather than yellowish. FIG. 89. Putnam's
This species (Fig. 89) is rarely abundant |^'/ reatly en "
enough to cause material injury and when
numerous can be controlled in the same way as the San Jose
scale.
SCALE INSECTS 151
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 226-227.
WALNUT SCALE
Aspidiotus juglans-regice Comst.
The life history of this light gray scale insect, some y$ inch
in diameter, is practically the same as that of the San Jose
scale. It is very injurious to English walnut in California,
killing large branches or even entire trees. The control is the
same as for the San Jose scale.
REFERENCE
1915,Essig, E. 0., Inj. Ben. Ins. Cal., pp. 177-179.
OBSCURE SCALE
Chrysomphalus obscurus Comst.
This is a small, circular, easily overlooked, dark-gray scale
about %o i nc h l n g> occurring on oaks and a number of other
trees. It frequently causes the death of twigs, limbs and
branches and sometimes of the entire tree. It is somewhat
southern in habit and, like the preceding pest, passes the win-
ter in a partly grown condition. Applications of lime sulfur
or a miscible oil at winter strength are the control measures
advised.
REFERENCE
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 284-285.
HEMLOCK SCALE
Aspidiotus abietis Schr.
This is an oval, dark gray, often blackish scale with a lighter
margin, a length of about % i nc h and sometimes with a
bluish, brownish or purplish tinge. It occurs on hemlock, pine,
fir and has been recorded from maple.
152
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 690.
SCURFY SCALE
Chionaspis jurjura Fitch
A bad infestation by this insect gives the trunks and limbs
a whitish scurfy appearance (Fig. 90). The whitish female
scale is irregularly oval, with a yellowish point and about
% inch long. The male scale is
elongate and tricarinate. The
purplish-red eggs may be found
under the scales during the win-
ter, the young appearing from
the middle to the last of May.
This insect has a special fond-
ness for Japanese quince, al-
though it is known to occur on a
considerable variety of plants.
Lime-sulfur washes or miscible
oils, one to fifteen, have proven
very effective in controlling this
insect.
Scurfy scales similar to the
preceding occur on elm and dog-
wood. The former is Chionaspis
americana Johns and the latter C. corni Cooley. Their habits
are practically the same and the control measures identical
with those recommended for the scurfy scale.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 214-216.
PINE LEAF-SCALE
Chionaspis pinifolice Fitch
Needles of various pines sometimes bear snowy-white specks
and occasionally are so abundantly infested as to suggest a
narrow, greatly enlarged.
SCALE INSECTS
153
dusting with starch. Purplish eggs may be found under the
scales during the winter, the young appearing in May and
those of a second generation some time in July. This insect is
very common in California. Spraying with a miscible oil,
one to sixteen or twenty in early spring before the foliage
starts, has given very satisfactory results. The extended
breeding season makes summer spraying inadvisable.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 229-231.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 291-293.
EUONYMUS SCALE
Chionaspis euonymi Comst.
This insect (Fig. 91) is limited to various species of Euony-
mus and bittersweet. The
female resembles the oyster-
shell scale, while that of
the male is ridged and white.
The winter is passed in the
egg stage and there are at
least two generations each
season. This is a greenhouse
species in California. A mis-
cible oil, one to fifteen, ap-
plied in early spring has
given excellent results.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 213-214.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 293-294.
JUNIPER SCALE
Diaspis carueli Targ.
This is a circular, snowy-white, widely distributed scale
about % i n(J h m diameter which is occasionally somewhat
154 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
abundant and injurious on juniper leaves. The winter is
passed in a nearly full-grown condition, the young appearing
early in June. Spraying with
a miscible oil, one to twenty,
in early spring has given
very good results.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State
Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, p. 229.
ROSE SCALE
Aulacaspis rosce Bouche
A whitish scurfy appear-
ance on the canes of roses
usually means an infestation
by this widely distributed
insect (Fig. 92). Purplish
FIG. 92.-Rose scale, greatly enlarged. e gg s ma y be found under the
scales during the winter, the
young appearing the latter part of May or early in June. All
stages occur practically throughout the year in California.
Badly infested canes should be cut and burned and others
sprayed in early spring with a lime-sulphur wash, winter
strength, or a miscible oil, one to sixteen.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, p. 228.
BLACK-BANDED SCALE
Eulecanium nigrofasciatum Perg.
A small, hemispheric, reddish, black-marked scale insect
with dimensions of % to % inch (Fig. 93) is sometimes ex-
tremely abundant and somewhat injurious to maples, both
SCALE INSECTS 155
sugar and soft. It also attacks a variety of other trees, such
as plum, apple, pear, quince and in
Ohio is reported as being injurious
to sycamore. The crawling young
appear from about the middle of
June till the middle of July, estab-
lishing themselves first on the
greener shoots near the base of the
leaves. The partly grown females
winter, development being com-
pleted the following spring. Badly
infested twigs have a sour semi-
putrid odor which is somewhat
characteristic of the species. Early
spring applications of a miscible oil
are advisable except on sugar
maple, where it is safer to limit
treatment to tobacco soap prepara-
tions, applied when the young are FIG. 93.-Black-banded scale
.... . infested twig, females and
crawling in large numbers. male much enlarged.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 200-203.
1918,Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 299-301.
EUROPEAN FRUIT LECANIUM
Eulecanium corni Bouche
An amber to dark reddish-brown very convex scale about
Y 8 inch in diameter occurs on elms and a variety of trees and
shrubs over a great part of the United States. The winter is
passed in a partly grown condition, the small yellowish young
appearing in April and May in California and in May or
June in New York state. Winter applications of a miscible
oil are best for this insect and related forms, provided there
is no danger of injuring the host tree.
156
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCE
1915, Egsig, E. O., Inj. Ben. Ins. CaL, pp. 146-148.
TULIP TREE SCALE
Toumeyella liriodendri Gmel.
The large hemispherical brown scales of this insect (Fig.
94), nearly *4 inch in diameter, are conspicuous objects on
the underside of tulip tree branches in midsummer. It has,
like the black-banded scale, a somewhat unpleasant odor.
The winter is passed as small inconspicuous partly grown
scale insects. The young appear late in August. Spraying in
FIG. 94. Tulip tree scale, badly
infested twig.
FIG. 95. Golden oak
scale, infested twig.
SCALE INSECTS 157
early spring with a miscible oil, one to fifteen, has given ex-
cellent results. Britton advises lime-sulfur, winter strength,
just after the leaves fall, since under certain conditions there
is danger of oil injury.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 208-210.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 301-302.
1921, Britton, W. E., 21st Kept. State Ent. Conn., pp. 176-178.
MAGNOLIA SCALE
Neolecanium cornuparvum Thrs.
This scale is larger than the preceding, measuring about
1/2 inch in diameter. The young are produced in late July
or early August. The habits of the insect and methods of
control are practically as in the preceding.
REFERENCE
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 302-303.
GOLDEN OAK SCALE
Asterolecanium variolosum Ratz.
This golden, pit-making scale insect, about % 6 inch in
diameter (Fig. 95), is sometimes very abundant on oak twigs
and branches and is recorded as one of the most destructive
scale insects of oaks. Large trees as well as small ones may
be killed outright. The young begin to appear in May, the
insect evidently wintering in a full grown or nearly full grown
condition. This pest is noteworthy because of the well-
marked pits in the bark, evidently caused by the bark tissues
under and in the near vicinity of the scale failing to develop
normally. It is probably widely distributed. Spraying in
early spring with a miscible oil, one to fifteen, has given
excellent results.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 329-331.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 306-308.
158
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
COTTONY MAPLE SCALE
Pulvinaria vitis Linn.
This is by far the most common and injurious of the cottony
maple scales (Fig. 96). It occurs on a considerable variety of
plants, thrives best on soft maple and to a less extent on
hard maple. The maple scale is mainly a twig, rather than a
leaf insect, and in early summer it is not unusual in the
vicinity of New York City to see the smaller twigs of soft
maples fairly festooned with bunches of cottony matter pro-
jecting from closely placed oval brown scales
nearly *4 inch in diameter, the entire mass,
scale and cottony material, frequently with a
major dimension of ^2 inch. The eggs are laid,
occasionally to the number of 500, in the cot-
tony mass, some time in June, the young in New
York state crawling in immense numbers the
latter part of July. The breeding season at
Washington extends from the latter part of
May or early June into July and may last till
August. The safest control measure on hard
maple is to apply a tobacco soap preparation
when about one-half of the eggs have hatched,
making a second application about ten days
later. Soft maples are not equally susceptible
oil, and early spring applications of an oil
tony maple emulsion, one to fifteen parts of water, have
scale, infested g j ven excellent results. Kerosene and carbolic
acid emulsions or a resin wash when the young
are hatching are recommended in California.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 196-200.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 295-297.
FIG. 96. Cot-
SCALE INSECTS
MAPLE LEAF-SCALE
159
Pulvinaria acericola Walsh and Riley
This insect (Fig. 97) produces considerable cottony matter
and easily may be mistaken for the cottony maple scale, a
much more common and injurious species. This leaf insect
occurs on the sugar maple and is easily recognized by the
FIG. 97. Maple leaf-scale, full grown on leaf, with fully
developed egg sac on left.
cottony masses protruding from under the ovate brownish
scales. The eggs hatch the latter part of May or in June, the
young establishing themselves upon the leaves and developing
gradually until October, at which time migration occurs to
the trunk, where hibernation takes place. The insects become
active again in the spring, the females migrating to the leaves
and depositing eggs. It appears to be a southern species and
occurs rarely in New York state.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 179-182.
MAPLE PHENACOCCUS
Phenacoccus acericola King
The cottony masses sheltering females of this species (Fig.
98) are frequently very abundant in midsummer on the under
160 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
surface of sugar maple leaves. The full-grown males migrate
to the trunk and settle in such large numbers as to give a
characteristic chalky appearance to badly infested trees.
There are three generations, the second brood hatching in
June, the third in August, the young of the last over-wintering.
The sugar maple is so sensitive to oil applications that such
treatments can not be advised. Thorough and usually re-
FIG. 98. Maple phenacoccus, young and
females on leaf, males on bark.
peated spraying at one or more weekly intervals with a
tobacco soap preparation at the time the minute yellowish
young are crawling is the safest and on the whole the most
satisfactory method of control.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 182-186.
SCALE INSECTS
161
ELM BARK-LOUSE
Gossyparia spuria Modeer
This soft scale (Fig. 99), a recent introduction, has become
well established in the United States. It was extremely
abundant and injurious about 1900, and in later years there
has been a perceptible reduction in its numbers, presumably
as a result of the activity of various natural agents. The
underside of elm limbs may be crowded thickly in summer
with reddish woolly-bordered bark-lice about l / w inch long
FIG. 99. Elm bark-louse, infested twig,
young and male cocoons on left, fully
developed female on right, two latter
greatly enlarged.
and, if the infestation is severe, walks beneath the infested
trees are frequently moistened with the excreted honey-dew.
The winter is passed in a partly grown condition, the minute
yellowish young appearing in early July, establishing them-
selves upon the leaves and leaf-stems and later migrating to
the twigs and branches. This insect has been widely dis-
tributed with nursery stock, and in cities it is unquestionably
carried from tree to tree by birds.
162 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Early spring applications of a miscible oil, one to fifteen,
have given excellent results. Where a good head of water is
convenient, many of the insects may be dislodged by a forcible
spray in early spring.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 203-207.
1918,Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 303-305.
WOOLLY PINE SCALE
Pseudophilippia quaintancii Ckll.
A conspicuous snow-white woolly scale on the more tender
growth of pitch pine is suggestive of spittle insect infestation,
though it is really a scale insect. This is known locally as
"bleeding pitch" and "pitch pine wool." The twigs turn brown
and become purple soon after the scales drop off. A black
fungus develops in the excreted honey-dew.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 689-690.
CYPRESS BARK-SCALE
Ehrhornia cupressi Ehr.
The Monterey cypress frequently is badly infested with this
woolly bark-louse. A limb or two of an infested cypress may
turn yellow, then red or brown and give the tree a scraggy
appearance. This often starts near the top of the tree and
works down toward the center or perhaps spreads from one
limb to the others until the entire tree is dead. Yellow and
red spots may appear in cypress hedges and these finally in-
crease to large proportions, leaving wide gaps dead. The
insect infests a large percentage of these trees in California
and causes much injury, particularly in thickly planted hedge-
rows. It winters as a full-grown female. The deposition of
eggs begins in the spring and lasts throughout the summer.
SCALE INSECTS 163
This species affects not only the Monterey cypress but the
Arizona and Guadalupe cypress and incense-cedar, the last
probably the original host.
Spraying twice, once in August and once the latter part of
September, with a miscible oil emulsion, one to seven, has
given very satisfactory control.
REFERENCE
1920, Herbert, F. B., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 838, pp. 1-22.
AZALEA BARK-SCALE
Eriococcus azalece Comst.
This native species has invaded greenhouses and within
recent years has been very troublesome to azaleas in the
western part of New York state. It is most easily recognized
as an oval cottony deposit upon the twigs, each insect being
about y$ inch long. The scale appears to multiply very
rapidly under cool conditions. Laying the potted plants on
boards outside the greenhouse and literally washing off the
scale insects with a forcible stream of water checks the pest
very effectively.
CAMPHOR SCALE
Pseudaonidia duplex Ckll.
A circular, moderately convex, dark blackish-brown scale
insect about % mc ^ l n g an d with large, round, orange-
colored exuviae nearly to one side occurs upon the bark of
many trees and shrubs in some southern states.
This Japanese scale insect was first brought to notice in
1896 in a Japanese nursery in San Francisco. It has recently
become established in Louisiana, and several infestations,
reported as having been eradicated, have been recorded from
Mississippi. This scale proved very injurious in Louisiana
to a large number of trees and shrubs, such as camphor, fig,
164 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
rose, hackberry, elm, citrus and others, the list of known
hosts including 172 species of plants. The toxic effect is very
marked. Only a few scales on a twig are sufficient to cause
defoliation. Trees have been killed within six months after
attack. Little is known concerning the biology of this pest.
The females deposit about 200 eggs over a period of approxi-
mately a month, the scales settling within a few hours after
hatching, the males on the leaves and the females on the
twigs. The over-wintering female scale is remarkable on
account of its unusually large size as compared with the
summer form. It is believed that ants are a factor in pro-
moting infestation.
Defoliation by pruning out all branches and limbs which
have leaves and spraying with a 2 per cent emulsion consist-
ing of fish-oil, potash soap and junior red engine oil (a
Standard Oil product), has been found to give 100 per cent
control. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas has given
excellent results in California.
REFERENCES
1896, Cockerell, T. D. A., Psyche, vol. 7, Supplement, p. 20.
1896, Craw, Alexander, Cal. State Bd. Hort., 5th Bien. Kept., pp. 33-34.
1922, Barber, E. R., Econ. Ent. Journ. 15:105-106.
SPRUCE BUD-SCALE
Physokermes picece Schr.
Weakened or dying tips of Norway spruce branches ap-
parently suffering from no particular insect or disease may
have been killed by this scale insect (Fig. 100).
This peculiar pest establishes itself at the base of the
branchlets, there sometimes being clusters of two to five or
even six of the oval chestnut-brown scales on a twig having
a diameter of less than % inch. Each of these insects very
closely resembles a somewhat abnormally developed bud,
SCALE INSECTS 165
hence the common name, and is easily mistaken for such.
Occasionally this scale becomes so very abundant and secretes
so much honey-dew in May and June as to attract swarms
of bees. The tender young scales issue the latter part of July.
This pest frequently occurs on trees
infested by the spruce gall-aphid,
Chermes abietis Linn., and this lat-
ter insect credited with causing all
the injury, although cases of severe
damage follow infestation by this
scale insect. A related species,
P. insignicola Craw, occurs on the
Monterey and other pines and fir in
California.
Spraying in early spring with a
miscible oil diluted one to twenty is
one of the most promising methods
of controlling this pest. It can also
be checked to a considerable extent FI G- 100. Spruce bud-scale;
, ! , ! v , f , i note resemblance to buds,
at least by applications of a tobacco en i arKe d
soap preparation, in the latter part
of July, at the time the tender young are active.
REFERENCES
1909, Gates, B. N., Econ. Ent. Journ. 2:466.
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 85-86.
CHAPTER VIII
OTHER SUCKING INSECTS INJURIOUS TO
ORNAMENTAL TREES
THIS division merely includes those species of sucking in-
sects which can not be placed in any one of the previous
easily recognized natural groups.
KEY TO OTHER SUCKING INSECTS
Box elder
A moderately stout, blackish, red-marked bug about % inch long on
trunks and branches in late summer.
Box elder plant-bug, Leptocoris trivittatus Say, p. 167.
Maple, Norway
Badly swollen apparently cankerous twigs and leaves with numerous
yellowish hoppers.
Norway maple leaf-hopper, Alebra albostriella Fall., p. 167.
Rose
Minute white spots on the leaves and numerous whitish jumping
insects.
Rose leaf-hopper, Empoa rosce Harr., p. 168.
Rhododendron
Yellowish or brown-spotted foliage.
Rhododendron lace-bug, Stephanitis rhododendri Horv., p. 169.
Azalea
Discolored foliage, in severe cases the leaves are almost white.
Azalea lace-bug, Stephanitis pyrioides Scott, p. 170.
California Christmas-berry
Brown sun-burned appearance on the under surface of the leaves.
California Christmas-berry tingis, Corythuca incurvata
p. 170.
Laurel or sweet bay
Smutty galled leaves and greatly stunted trees.
Laurel psyllid, Trioza alacris Flor., p. 171.
Privet
Yellowing or fading leaves and dying plants.
Privet mite, Tenuipalpus bioculatus McG., p. 172.
166
OTHER SUCKING INSECTS 167
Various trees
Wilting or broken twigs in midsummer bearing numerous small
splintered punctures.
Periodical cicada, Tibicina septendecim Linn., p. 173.
Box ELDER PLANT-BUG
Leptocoris trivittatus Say
A moderately stout blackish red-marked bug about ^ inch
long when full grown is sometimes extremely abundant on
box elder in the western states.
The adults winter in sheltered nooks and corners, particu-
larly in the crevices of stone walls and similar places and
appear singly or in clusters on warm days. With the coming
of spring they attack box elder and occasionally ash and soon
scatter and deposit eggs. After midsummer all sizes of these
bugs may be found in great numbers in lines up and down
the trunks and branches of the trees, a habit which persists
more or less until October and November.
The assembled insects may be destroyed by spraying with
a contact insecticide, kerosene being desirable when the in-
sects are clustered upon stones and in other places where
there is no danger of injuring plants.
REFERENCES
1895, Lintner, J. A., Insects, New York, 10th Rept., pp. 332-339.
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 239-240.
NORWAY MAPLE LEAF-HOPPER
Alebra albostriella Fall.
Badly swollen apparently cankerous twigs and foliage in-
fested with numerous small yellowish hoppers may be
attributed to this insect.
The yellowish or yellowish-orange insects occurring on
Norway maple, occasionally in large numbers, are about the
168 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
same size as the much better known rose leaf-hopper. This
pest has increased greatly in recent years and seriously in-
jured Norway maples in the vicinity of New York City. The
damage to the young twigs, a badly swollen apparently
cankerous condition suggestive of fungus or bacterial disease,
is caused by the abundant deposition of eggs just under the
tender bark, in small oval cells about % 5 inch long. The sur-
face of such twigs is slightly ridged and there are numerous
small openings suggesting fungus infection and a consequent
rupturing of the overlying tissues.
Spraying with a tobacco soap preparation in early spring
has proven a very effective check.
REFERENCE
1921, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 231-232, p. 68.
ROSE LEAF-HOPPER
Empoa rosce Harris
Minute white spots on the leaves or a general spotting and
yellowing of the foliage accompanied by numerous, small,
whitish, jumping insects are common signs of the work of this
pest.
The rose leaf-hopper, sometimes incorrectly termed "thrips,"
is a very common widespread insect about % inch long
and easily controlled, since the over-wintering eggs are de-
posited in small blisters on the younger wood and the pale
green recently hatched hoppers appear in early spring and
confine their attack to the under surface of the leaves. Their
presence is then indicated by minute white spots not at all
suggestive of the general injury likely to follow when they
become full grown and literally swarm upon the bushes, pro-
ducing a badly spotted unhealthy foliage.
The delicate slow-moving young on the under surface of
the leaves are easily destroyed by spraying with any contact
OTHER SUCKING INSECTS 169
insecticide, such as a tobacco soap preparation, and treatment
at that time means immunity for the remainder of the season
and practically no damage, provided there is not a reinfesta-
tion from near-by roses.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 191-192.
1912, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 155, pp. 65-68.
RHODODENDRON LACE-BUG
Stephanitis rhododendri Horv.
Unsightly yellowish or brown
spotting of the leaves accom-
panied by more or less serious
injury to the foliage is pre-
sumptive evidence of infesta-
tion. FIG. 101. Rhododendron lace-
rri . ,. A bug, adult and young, greatly
This native American species enlarged
(Fig. 101) occurs on rhodo-
dendron and mountain laurel. The young and adults live on
the underside of the leaves and in feeding produce a light
mottling on the upper surface, while the opposite side is dis-
figured with numerous dark varnish-like spots of excrement.
The insect winters in somewhat irregular cylindrical, flask-
shaped eggs inserted on the lower surface, usually along the
midrib and with the square cut end projecting slightly. The
eggs hatch early in May, the young maturing early in June
and laying eggs through that month and part of July, from
which the second brood issues in August. The latter deposits
the hibernating eggs and thus completes the life cycle.
Spraying the under surface of the leaves with whale-oil
soap at the rate of six or seven pounds to fifty gallons of
water has proven very effective. A nicotine soap solution
should be equally efficient.
170 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCES
1910, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 141, pp. 72-75 (Leptobyrsa
explanata).
1919, Weiss, H. B., N. J. Dept. Agr. Circ. 26, pp. 36-37 (Leptobyrsa).
AZALEA LACE-BUG
Stephanitis pyrioides Scott
The work of the azalea lace-bug is indicated by discolora-
tion of the upper surface of the foliage, the leaves becoming
almost white in severe cases and drying and dropping.
Azaleas in New Jersey are sometimes seriously affected with
a small lace-bug presenting a general resemblance to the
much better known rhododendron lace-bug. The injury is
caused by the young and adults feeding on the under surface
and causing a discoloration on the upper side of the leaves,
which in severe cases may become almost white. The under
surface is also disfigured by the excrement of the pests. The
eggs, which remain unhatched over winter, are smooth, white,
flask-shaped and deposited in the under surface of the leaves
along the midrib and larger veins. The cap is sometimes
visible as a whitish, oval or irregular circular ring and is
sometimes covered with a brownish scab-like substance. As
many as ninety eggs have been found upon one leaf. Hatch-
ing occurs the latter part of May in central and southern
New Jersey; in the latter there are three generations, the
average length of each being about a month.
Repeated spraying with whale-oil soap at the rate of five
to six pounds to fifty gallons of water is the most satisfactory
control measure.
REFERENCE
1918, Weiss, H. B., N. J. Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 100, pp. 8-9.
CALIFORNIA CHRISTMAS-BERRY TINGIS
Corythuca incurvata Uhler
A browned sun-burned appearance on the under surface
of the leaves of the California Christmas-berry is indicative
of injury by this insect.
OTHER BUCKING INSECTS 171
The California Christmas-berry, Heteromeles arbutifolia,
takes the place of the eastern holly and is sometimes seriously
damaged by small lace-bugs and their young, the entire
foliage turning to a brown unhealthy color. The effects of
the attack are aggravated by the development in the honey-
dew of a black smut, Capnodium heteromeles, which results
in a still more unsightly condition. The tingis is also recorded
as occurring occasionally and in small numbers on the live
oak, Quercus agrifolia, when the trees are near Christmas-
berry bushes.
The hibernating females begin egg-laying about the middle
of March, depositing them upon the under surface of the
leaves, the maximum oviposition occurring about the middle
of April. The whitish oval eggs, about % 5 inch long, are
inserted upright in the leaf, the broad half being beneath the
surface and fitting snugly into an incision. The egg is then
covered by a brown sticky substance, leaving a truncate cone-
like elevation, a group of these suggesting miniature volcanoes
with crater-like openings. There are several generations dur-
ing the season, the period of activity lasting about eight
months and in December most activities have ceased. The
adults winter under fallen leaves, sticks and other shelter.
Cleaning up and burning rubbish and other shelter from
December to March has resulted in a considerable decrease in
the numbers of the pest. It is probable that thorough spraying
of the under surface of the foliage with a good contact insec-
ticide the last of April or at any time after the insects become
numerous upon the leaves would prove a very effective check.
REFERENCE
1911,Pemberton, C. E,, Econ. Ent. Journ. 4:339-343.
LAUREL PSYLLID
Trioza alacris Flor.
Smutty galled leaves and greatly stunted trees may be
caused by this insect.
172 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The. laurel psyllid winters in California as more or less
active adults, the eggs being laid in March or April on the
very small leaves of the tender shoots. The young feed upon
the edges, cause a decided curling and thickening and produce
definite leaf-galls, which latter gradually become lighter, later
bright-reddish and eventually brown or black. There are
several broods in California, the last maturing in October
and November. Two generations are reported in Europe.
This insect is recorded from laurel or sweet bay, Laurus
nobilis, the cherry laurel or English laurel, Prunus Lauro-
cerasus, and the canary laurel, Laurus canariensis. It also
occurs in New Jersey.
The thick waxy secretion and the occurrence of the nymphs
within leaf-galls make ordinary control measures ineffective.
Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas readily kills all forms.
Fumigating with tobacco, as for aphids, has given good results.
Repeated and thorough applications of miscible oils or oil
emulsions kill all stages not protected by galls.
REFERENCES
1917,Essig, E. O., Econ. Ent. Journ. 10:439-444.
1921, Weiss, H. B., N. J. Dept. Agr., Bur. Stalls. & Insp. Circ. 36, pp. 5-7.
PRIVET MITE
Tenuipalpus bioculatus McG.
Yellowing or fading privet leaves without marked dis-
coloration may be the work of this pest.
This mite occurs on a number of plants aside from privet.
The feeding is on the under surface of the leaves where repro-
duction continues until the foliage may be entirely over-run
and swarming with mites in all stages of development. This
is accompanied by a marked weakening of the foliage and a
second crop of leaves may be developed. The destruction
of the latter greatly weakens the plant and may be followed
OTHER SUCKING INSECTS 173
by death of the shrubs. The blood-red eggs are usually de-
posited with the long axis perpendicular to the leaf and, when
the mite is abundant, there are often closely packed clusters
of several hundred eggs. The life cycle may be completed in
about three weeks and there are probably six or seven genera-
tions in the latitude of Batesburg, South Carolina.
Spraying with a lime-sulfur wash or potassium sulfide has
given excellent control.
REFERENCE
1916, McGregor, E. A., Econ. Ent. Journ. 9:556-561.
PERIODICAL CICADA
Tibicina septendecim Linn.
Wilting or broken twigs in midsummer bearing numerous
small splintered punctures may be the work of this species
(Fig. 102).
The periodical cicada, one of the most interesting insects of
North America, has a life cycle of seventeen years in the
northern states and thirteen in the southern states and a brood
distribution such that it appears in some section of the coun-
try every year. These broods are so well known and charted
that it is possible to predict the appearance of the insect
years in advance, even to within a few days of the time when
the first adults appear. This cicada, sometimes known as the
seventeen-year locust, is a forest insect and a very large pro-
portion of its existence is as a subterranean grub-like form
feeding upon the roots of forest trees. Toward the end of
the period the full-grown grubs make their way to near the
surface of the ground and under certain conditions construct
peculiar above-ground chambers of pellets of soil. The large
stout black insect is about l 1 ^ inches long and has a wing
spread of nearly 3 inches, the veins of the fore-wings and
the eyes being red. It appears above ground the last of May
or in early June, and when at all numerous makes the wood-
174 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
lands resound with its shrilling. The injury to trees is a
mechanical one, due to the females depositing eggs in slits
cut in the smaller twigs and usually is not serious, though
young trees may be damaged greatly. It is advisable to avoid
planting small trees in areas where broods of cicadas are
expected within two or three years and in case highly valued
trees are threatened with injury, protection can be secured by
covering them with netting.
FIG. 102. Periodical cicada, lower one at rest on twig showing
oviposition scars.
The dog-day cicada or harvest fly, Tibicen tibicen Linn., is
a close relative of the periodical cicada, though easily distin-
guished by its larger size and dark green instead of reddish
markings. It is found each summer in small numbers on
trees and causes no appreciable injury. Its shrill note is rather
common in late summer.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 231-237.
J907, Marlatt, C. L., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 71, pp. 1-179.
PART III
FOREST INSECTS
AN attempt has been made to segregate the more important
enemies of timbered areas, because the treatment under such
conditions is vastly different from that practicable in cities
and villages. It is possible in this connection to discuss only
a relatively small proportion of the large number of insects
in woodlands and ordinarily these accounts should be consid-
ered as typical of groups or classes, rather than comprehending
all of the species likely to be troublesome in woodlands.
There are a great many borers in various trees, a number of
additional species being noticed briefly in the systematic part
under the metallic wood-borers and the long-horned beetles
in particular. Similarly, many leaf-feeders are discussed
under the groups to which they belong, as, for example, the
sawflies in Part IV.
CHAPTER IX
THE FOREST INSECT PROBLEM
THE forest insect problem is neither simple nor one that can
be ignored. A brief outline of the situation is necessary to
an adequate understanding of the problem. Only about three-
fifths of the original timber remains in the United States. Less
than 5 per cent of the virgin forests of New England and but
12 per cent of her original stand of timber are left. New York
state now manufactures not more than one-tenth of the re-
quirements of her own population and industries and Pennsyl-
vania cuts less than the amount consumed in the Pittsburgh
district. The original pine forests of the Lake states, esti-
mated at 350 billion feet, are now reduced to less than eight
billion feet. The bulk of the building and structural timbers
used in the eastern and central states during the last twenty
years was grown in the pine forests of the South. The cut
of southern pine is falling off and within another decade prom-
ises to exceed by little, if at all, the requirements of the
southern states themselves. The country is cutting more of
every class of timber than it is growing. Even trees too
small for the saw-mill are being used, on which our future
lumber supply depends, three and one-half times as fast as
they are being produced. 1
Various states, through their forest officials, are promoting
reforestation and some at least have established large state
parks or natural recreation areas and provided for fire protec-
x The above data are from U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 112, prepared in
response to Senate Resolution 311.
177
178 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
tion through the erection of fire towers and the organization
of corps of observers. These are all steps in the right direc-
tion. Estimates prepared a few years ago placed the annual
loss by forest fires at fifty million dollars and, surprising
though it may be, the losses resulting from forest insects
exceed this enormous total by a considerable figure and
amount to $62,500,000 annually according to data prepared
by A. D. Hopkins. Briefly, the United States is facing a
serious shortage of forest products and as yet has done little
toward preventing the tremendous losses caused by insects.
The control of forest insects is largely a question of judi-
cious management supplemented by a knowledge of the more
destructive insects and the best methods of preventing losses
through their activities. Direct control or remedial measures
are impracticable under present conditions.
It is well known that natural agents of one kind or another
are exceedingly important factors in limiting the numbers of
various insects. It is well recognized that many native birds
perform a most valuable service in feeding on leaf -eating
caterpillars and the apparent increase of insect depredations
the last two decades or thereabouts appears to be correlated
closely with a marked reduction in bird life. These facts
should be more generally recognized and the wild life of the
forest given better protection as a direct method of re-estab-
lishing a more normal balance between insect activities and
forest growth, even if other considerations are given little
weight.
Without question the character of the forest has a material
influence on the development of insect life. Recent investi-
gations, for example, have shown that the exceedingly destruc-
tive outbreaks of the spruce bud-worm are closely correlated
with large areas in which mature balsam predominates. In
other words, a broad forest policy which would effect a reduc-
tion in the proportion of balsam to that of other trees would
THE FOREST INSECT PROBLEM 179
go far toward eliminating this periodical menace to the
enormous spruce forests and the resulting outbreaks by bark-
beetles. A similar condition obtains in relation to the intro-
duced gipsy moth, which thrives on oak, birch, willow and
some other trees and is unable to maintain itself in pure stands
of maple, pine and spruce. These are only two instances in
which the danger of insect outbreaks can be lessened mate-
rially through a judicious forest policy.
The outbreaks by bark-borers discussed elsewhere originate
largely in local unusually favorable conditions. In some
instances they start, as intimated above, in trees weakened
by defoliation, or they may originate in areas damaged by
fire or blown down by wind. The production of millions of
these little insects within a restricted area is a direct menace
to adjacent forests. These insidious outbreaks can be detected
and as their significance becomes more apparent a progressive
forest policy will insist on such material being cut and handled
in such a way as practically to eliminate danger of further
damage. An insect patrol for the detection of small outbreaks
would logically follow the fire protection now somewhat
general.
Methods of lumbering should be scrutinized carefully for
the purpose of eliminating conditions favorable to the great
multiplication of destructive borers of various kinds, since it
has been clearly established that an abundant slash is a most
favorable breeding ground for destructive bark-beetles. The
very injurious pin-hole borer outbreaks of the southern lumber
region in particular undoubtedly occur through a super-
abundance of favorable breeding material, a condition which
could be mitigated greatly if there were a general recognition
of the important factors involved.
Healthy rapidly growing trees are less subject to insect
attack than those which have attained maturity or have been
weakened through various causes, consequently cutting trees
180 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
at their prime or shortly thereafter and the removal so far as
practicable of sickly or dying trees lessen the probability of
serious insect losses.
The handling of the logs or lumber in the forest, at the mill
and in the mill yard should be scrutinized carefully for the
purpose of correcting faulty methods which frequently result
in very material losses.
The extensive and justifiable planting of forest trees in areas
unsuitable for other purposes is bringing to the front another
phase in relation to insects and trees. These young trees are
put out in various environments and sometimes under condi-
tions which will inevitably result in serious injury, as, for
example, young pines in a section in which many of the older
trees have the rounded bushy top indicative of earlier and
persistent injury by the white pine weevil. In some cases
more than 50 per cent of the young pines from 2 to 5 feet in
height are seriously damaged or killed by this insect. Plant-
ings under such conditions arc unwise, unless provisions are
made either to protect the trees during the critical period or
offset the loss to a large extent by somewhat thick planting,
the method adopted depending to a great degree on local
conditions. The pales weevil is another dangerous enemy of
young conifers and reasonable precautions should be adopted
to prevent injury to the seedlings.
Planting young trees in extensive grassy or coarse herba-
ceous growths exposes them in the former case to danger of
injury by grasshoppers and in the latter by tree crickets.
Grasshopper injury is only occasional and largely can be pre-
vented before it becomes serious by the judicious use of poison
bait. The probabilities of damage by tree crickets may be
reduced greatly by burning areas with coarse herbage and
briars in late fall or early spring, thus destroying the eggs
within the stems.
Black locust has been extensively planted in some parts of
THE FOREST INSECT PROBLEM 181
the country. It is very liable to injury by the locust borer
and is sometimes seriously damaged by leaf -feeding insects.
The conditions favorable to borer infestation should be
avoided carefully so far as possible if one would escape seri-
ous losses.
The planting of forest trees should not be undertaken with-
out some recognition of the dangers threatening their early
growth and the avoidance, so far as practicable, of conditions
favorable to serious injury. It even may be advisable under
some conditions to adopt direct control or remedial measures.
CHAPTER X
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS
A VERY large number of borers occur in forest trees. The
more injurious ones attack the trunk and the larger limbs and
make extensive galleries in the cambium layer. Outbreaks of
this character are usually preceded by the somewhat general
occurrence of the insects in a few trees or in restricted areas
and under certain conditions, at least, the attack can be
checked by the judicious cutting and disposition of the affected
trees. A host of borers occur in sickly and dead timber, being
secondary rather than primary. It is very desirable to dis-
tinguish between these two classes.
KEY TO PRINCIPAL BORERS IN DECIDUOUS FOREST TREES
Borers in limbs of dying or sickly trees
Yellowish-white flat-headed grubs in broad sinuous galleries.
Lurid dicerca, Dicerca obscura var. lurida Fabr., p. 183.
Twig girdlers in various trees
Girdled and occasionally severed twigs and branches.
Twig-girdler, Oncideres cingulatus Say, p. 184.
Stout, cylindrical, black, red-shouldered beetles, % inch long in cylin-
drical powder-filled galleries of dying limbs.
Red-shouldered twig-borer, Xylobiops basillare Say, p. 184.
Small areas of fading yellow, red or brown foliage, on live oak.
Pacific oak twig-girdler, Agrilus angelicus Horn, p. 186.
Borers in solid wood of various trees
Slender grubs, % inch long, ^ inch thick.
Northern brenthian, Eupsalis minuta Drury, p. 187.
Extensive blackened galleries in sapwood and heartwood of chestnut.
Chestnut timber worm, Melittomma serviceum Harr., p. 187.
182
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS 183
Hickory borers
Blackish golden-marked beetles about % inch long.
Painted hickory borer, Cyllene pictus Drury, p. 188.
Brownish beetles about 1 inch long.
Banded hickory borer, Chion cinctus Drury, p. 188.
Tawny gray beetle about 1 inch long.
Tiger hickory borer, Goes tigrinus DeG., p. 190.
Blackish beetle about MJ inch long, also in oak and other trees.
Rustic borer, Xylotrechus colonus Fabr., p. 190.
Ash
Dark purple yellowish beetles about */ inch long.
Banded ash borer, Neoclytus caprcea Say, p. 191.
Borers in dead wood
Thick fleshy grubs some 3 inches long in roots and stumps.
Broad-necked prionus, Prionus laticollis Drury, p. 191.
A rather slender brownish beetle about 1M> inches long.
Lesser prionus, Derobrachus brunneus Forst., p. 192.
Stout, whitish, round-headed borers in heartwood.
Parandra borer, Parandra brunnea Fabr., p. 193.
A blackish white-marked beetle, I 1 /-* inches long and with two eye-
like spots on the thorax.
Owl beetle, Alaus osculatus Linn., p. 194.
Borers in dried or seasoned hard wood
Very fine mealy borings, especially in sapwood.
Powder-post beetles, Lyctus spp. and others, p. 194.
LURID DICERCA
Dicer ca obscura var. lurida Fabr.
The flat-headed yellowish-white grubs bore in the trunks
and limbs of pignut and hickory, transforming to flattened,
hard-shelled, lurid, dull brassy colored beetles about l /2 inch
long. This brilliant beetle may be found during June and
July upon the limbs of dying or sickly trees. The grubs make
shallow galleries in the affected branches. The insect is widely
distributed.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 442-443.
184 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
TwiG-GlRDLER
Oncideres cingulatus Say
Girdled and occasionally severed twigs and branches of
various trees may be the work of a thick-bodied long-horned
beetle (Fig. 103).
This beetle is a true twig-girdler in
that it cuts a broad girdle around the
twig, not leaving the severing of the
branch to the larvae as in the case of
the oak and maple twig-pruner. The
adult is a stout brownish beetle from
% to % inch long with distinctly
darker brown markings on the base
of the antennae and at the base and
near the middle of the wing-covers.
There are also well-developed spines
on each side of the thorax. The bee-
tles appear the last of August and
early in September, deposit their eggs
just beneath the bark of the girdled
shoots and at the base of side shoots
or aborted buds, the larvae wintering
in the fallen twig. This species occurs
m - 11 j upon a considerable variety of plants,
FIG. 103. Twig-girdler and ^ . . ,
wor k. such as persimmon, oak, pecan, apple,
pear, quince, peach and orange.
The collecting and burning of the fallen twigs is an effective
control measure.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 271-274.
RED-SHOULDERED TWIG-BORER
Xylobiops basillare Say
The small, cylindrical, stout, black, red-shouldered beetle
(Fig. 104) about % inch long is occasionally reared from
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS
185
the branches of hickories and other deciduous trees in large
numbers.
This insect appears to be restricted almost entirely to the
smaller limbs, those 4 inches in diameter or less, of hickory
and other trees in a dying condition. The grubs make
numerous, frequently almost contiguous, cylindrical, usually
longitudinal, galleries about % inch in diameter through-
out all parts of the wood. The galleries are almost invariably
filled with mealy wood powder. A cross-section of a badly
infested limb frequently shows an almost completely riddled
condition. The beetles issue from circular shot-hole-like exits.
This species has been re-
corded also from persim-
mon, mulberry, apple, peach
and grape, and Hopkins
states that it infests most
other deciduous trees. It
appears to be distributed
generally in the northeast-
ern United States. FIG. 104. Red-shouldered twig-borrr,
The closely related west- larva > PP a and adult > enlarged.
ern Scobida declivis Lee.
breeds freely in the dead or dying limbs of various oaks and
also of a number of other trees, presumably being somewhat
general in its food habits. This species has recently attracted
much attention because of its piercing the lead sheathing of
aerial cables. An exhaustive account of this insect and its
work is given by Messrs. Burke, Hartman and Snyder in the
United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1107, 1922.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 442.
186
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
PACIFIC OAK TWIG-GIRDLER
Agrilus angelicus Horn
Large and small live oaks thickly spotted with small areas
of fading yellow, red or brownish foliage are probably infested
with this pest.
The patches of fading foliage in connection with the small
mine with its winding course under the bark is characteristic
of this borer. The gallery
for the first year is only a
few inches long and during
the second it may be ex-
tended for a foot or more,
sometimes two feet, the bur-
row having a spiral direc-
tion around the branch and
killing the portion beyond.
The foliage on affected
twigs varies from a fad-
ing green to reddish-brown.
Most of the branches killed
105. Northern brenthian, en- , .,/ . 1 . ,.
larged are not over % inch in di-
ameter. The borer is about
% inch long when full grown, whitish, the mouth-parts and tip
of the posterior extremity dark brown or black. The eggs
hatch during June and July, and by the middle of the first
winter the larva is about !/4 inch long. At the end of the
second summer it is about % inch long, the adults issuing
the following season. The life cycle, therefore, requires two
years.
Cutting and burning infested twigs about April 1st is the
most effective control measure. Many of the borers are
parasitized, consequently it is better practice to keep the
infested twigs in a box or barrel tightly covered with sixteen-
FIG.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS 187
mesh wire screen so that the beneficial parasites may escape.
Spraying with poisons kills some of the beetles.
REFERENCE
1920, Burke, H. E., Econ. Ent, Journ. 13:379-384.
NORTHERN BRENTHIAN
Eupsalis minuta Drury
A slender grub % inch long and not quite % inch thick
bores in the solid wood of white oak and changes to a peculiar
weevil with a rather prolonged thick snout (Fig. 105). This
remarkable somewhat sluggish weevil is found in small num-
bers on oak, although it has been recorded from chestnut,
beech, elm, cypress and presumably occurs on other trees. The
grubs make extensive galleries in the solid wood and the insect
presumably has a wide distribution in the northeastern United
States.
REFERENCE
1005, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 261-263.
CHESTNUT TIMBER WORM
Melittomma sericeum Harris
Extensive galleries in the wood of living and dead chestnut
and oak are frequently made by a slender white grub with a
conspicuous hump behind the head and a dark brown, obliquely
truncate, serrate posterior extremity.
This is a very destructive timber borer, since it tunnels the
sapwood and heartwood of chestnut in all directions, though
its blackened galleries are frequently oblique and along the
lines of growth. Entrance is effected at some wound or where
a limb has broken off. Its work in chestnut is so abundant
in many sections as to cause material depreciation in the
value of the timber. The adult is a slender, chestnut-brown,
188 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
yellow-haired beetle about V 2 inch long. The larva is white,
slender, cylindrical and about % inch long. It has a peculiar
hump behind the light yellowish head and a hard, dark brown,
excavated, obliquely truncate posterior extremity margined
with stout quadrate teeth.
All fallen or dead timber should be removed from the forest
as soon as practicable since this insect breeds readily in dead
trunks. Unnecessary blazing should be avoided because
wounds are very favorable to infestation by this borer.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 449.
PAINTED HICKORY BORER
Cyllene pictus Drury
This is a blackish golden-marked beetle (Fig. 106) about
% inch long, which is frequently bred from hickory logs. This
species is remarkable in its very close resemblance to the
locust borer, Cyllene robinice Forst., some holding the two to be
identical, though certain differences appear to be fairly con-
stant. The hickory beetles, however, appear in the spring,
whereas the locust beetles are abroad in the fall. It has also
been reared from black walnut, butternut, mulberry and osage
orange.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 264-266.
BANDED HICKORY BORER
Chion cinctus Drury
A brownish beetle may be found on cut hickory the latter
part of May, the large fleshy grubs making irregular longi-
tudinal burrows in the wood.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS
189
This species is more or less common wherever hickory grows.
It works mostly on cut timber and wood that has been allowed
to lay for a year or two after felling. Then it is frequently so
full of galleries that its value even for fire wood is greatly
*i<;. 106. Fainted hickory borer, adult,
pupa and work.
diminished. The parent insect is a grayish-brown beetle
about 1 inch long, commonly with a yellowish oblique band
on each wing-cover. The beetles are abroad the latter part
of May. The insect is widely distributed, although not
abundant in the northeastern United States.
190 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Cutting in fall or early winter or peeling the bark is believed
to afford considerable immunity from attack.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 267-268.
TIGER HICKORY BORER
Goes tigrinus DeG.
The large creamy-yellowish grubs of this species make big
holes lengthwise in the inner bark and sapwood of living
hickory, oak and possibly some other trees.
This insect has been characterized by Packard as perhaps
the most common borer in hickory and walnut in the southern
states. The beetle is about 1 inch long, brown and covered
with a short, tawny, gray pubescence which is more dense on
the wing-covers, the latter with a broad dark brown band
beyond the middle and another at the base. The grub has
been recorded from the inner bark, sapwood and the solid
wood of hickory and oak.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 268-269.
RUSTIC BORER
Xylotrechus colonus Fabr.
Broad, irregular, shallow galleries in the inner bark and
outer sapwood of oak, hickory and other trees may be the
work of this species.
The blackish beetles (Fig. 107) , some % inch long, variably
marked with yellowish or slaty white, are sometimes reared
in enormous numbers from infested trees. The adults appear
in May and the eggs are probably deposited in crevices of the
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS 191
bark. It is a well-known oak and hickory borer and also
occurs in chestnut, ash and elm.
The western X. nauticus Mann, works in the twigs and
branches of the coast live oak and attacks
a number of other trees.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol.
1, pp. 259-261.
1915,Essig, E. O., Inj. Ben. Ins. Cal., pp. 254-
255.
BANDED ASH BORER
Neoclytus caprcea Say
Logs of black ash and dying trees are
frequently injured by this borer. The FlG .
beetle is about % inch long, mostly dark er, enlarged.
purple with narrow yellow lines on the
thorax and three yellow bands upon the wing-covers. It has
also been reared from the limbs and trunk of elm and hickory
and presumably has somewhat general food habits.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 279-280.
BROAD-NECKED PRIONUS
Prionus laticollis Drury
The thick, fleshy, legless grub, some 3 inches long when full
grown, bores in the roots and stumps of a number of trees.
This large beetle (Fig. 108) measures about l 1 /^ inches long
and nearly % inch in width. It varies from brown to very
dark brown or black and is a common insect in the north-
eastern United States. The work of the grubs is usually
192 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
limited to comparatively worthless forest trees, although
occasionally highly valued oaks may be injured seriously. It
has been recorded from pine, various oaks, linden, poplar,
chestnut, apple and grapevine. The western P. californicus
Mots, likewise occurs in a considerable variety of trees.
FIG. 108. Broad-necked pri-
onus, enlarged. FIG. 109 Lesser prionus.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 486-487.
LESSER PRIONUS
Derobrachus brunneus Forst.
This is a rather slender brown beetle (Fig. 109) about 1%
inches long and less than 3 / inch broad. This insect is common
amongst our larger beetles. The larvae live almost en-
tirely in decaying wood and have been recorded from pine,
hemlock, hickory, walnut, oak and chestnut It is said to
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS 193
occur in the decaying logs and stumps of nearly all forest
trees.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 487-488.
PARANDRA BORER
Parandra brunnea Fabr.
The stout, whitish, round-headed borers rather commonly
found in the heartwood of a great variety of trees may be of
this species.
This borer, when full grown, is about an inch long and
resembles the common round-headed apple tree-borer except
for the strong forward slope of the thorax and the small low-
set head. It works commonly in the heartwood usually within
a few feet of the ground and frequently attacks the living
and dead heartwood and sapwood. Beech appears to be pre-
ferred, although it occurs freely in pine, black walnut, hickory,
willow, chestnut, oak, elm, maple, ash and other trees. Entry
is effected at dead or decaying places on the surface. Three
years are probably necessary for the completion of the life
cycle. The parent beetle is glossy, chestnut-brown and
usually less than % inch long. The insect has been reported
as causing serious injury to chestnut telegraph poles.
Keeping trees in a healthy condition and protecting cut
surfaces are excellent preventives against attack by this
insect. Impregnating poles with creosote by some standard
process is advisable.
REFERENCES
1910,Snyder, T. E., U. S. Dept. Agr, Bur. Ent., Bull. 94, Part I,
pp. 1-12.
1911,Gahan, A. B., Econ. Ent. Journ. 4:299-301.
1911, Hart, C. A., 111. State Ent., 26th Rept., pp. 68-73.
1915, Brooks, F. E., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 262, pp. 1-7.
1922, Britton, W. E., Conn. State Ent., 21st Rept., pp. 201-202. .
194
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
OWL BEETLE
Alaus oculatus Linn.
The owl beetle (Fig. 110) is large, rather stout, black, finely
white-marked, some 1% inches long and bearing two con-
spicuous eye-like spots on the thorax.
This, our largest snapping beetle, attracts attention on ac-
count of its size. It is rather commonly found in or about
rotting wood and for a time its
larva was supposed to be a borer
in such materials. It now seems
rather clearly established that the
larva preys on borers found in
rotting wood. This insect is able
to throw itself into the air as well
as the smaller more common snap-
ping beetles. This is possible by
means of a peculiar springing ap-
paratus on the ventral surface. A
stout spine on the thorax projects
back in a socket in the abdomen
and by bending its body backward,
the beetle can raise the spine and
rest it on the edge of the socket and
then with a sudden muscular exertion spring it back into the
cavity. The impact throws the insect into the air to a height
several times its length and is commonly used to enable the
beetle, when bottom side up, to regain its feet.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 485-486.
POWDER-POST BEETLES
Lyctus spp. and others
Fine white dust-like borings and numerous minute holes
in the sapwood of well-dried hardwoods are characteristic
Fia. 110. Owl beetle,
enlarged.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS 195
signs of infestation by several slender, reddish-brown or black
beetles less than ^4 inch long (Fig. 111).
There is in this group an introduced European species,
Lyctus linearis Goeze, and the American L. planicollis Lee.,
L. parallelopipedus Melsh. and L. cavicollis Lee., the first
of the three native species being southern, the second eastern
and southern and the third western. A somewhat stouter
dark-brown beetle with beautiful branching antennae and
known as the small red-horned borer, Ptilinus ruficornis, may
occur in seasoned wood, particularly birch and maple, and
produce very similar injuries. These different species have
somewhat the same habits and attack a great
variety of seasoned hardwood, especially hick-
ory, ash and oak and injure such stock as hubs,
spokes and other parts of vehicles, not exclud-
ing automobiles, and may attack beams and
the interior finish or trim and ornamental
woodwork in dwellings and parts of furniture,
such as tables, chairs, bookcases, and the like. FIG. ill. -Pow-
A large variety of woods are affected in addi- ^er-post bee-
. tie, enlarged,
tion to those mentioned above, such as black
walnut, butternut, maple, elm, orange and bamboo. Wood
that has been seasoned a year or more is especially liable to
attack. These beetles are widely distributed over the world
and consequently infestation is somewhat general. The slender
white eggs are deposited in the pores of the wood and the
young grubs burrow in all directions. When full grown they
are yellowish-white, about % inch long, and have the tip of
the body curved toward the head. The beetles commonly
emerge in late spring and early summer.
The loss occasioned by these minute insects ranges from 1
to 50 per cent of the value of seasoned hardwood products
and amounts to an enormous total for the entire cpuntry.
196 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The danger of infestation increases with the length of time
wood is held in storage, and under certain conditions infested
stock is a menace to human life as in the case of weakened
ladder rungs or essential parts in the construction of vehicles.
The piling of second growth, white wood or sapwood, espe-
cially hickory, ash and oak for several years, is very favorable
to infestation by powder-post beetles, especially if old stock
is allowed to accumulate and serve as a breeding center.
Piling the different kinds of hardwood separately lessens the
probabilities of infestation. It is very desirable to eliminate
useless sapwood in sheds or yards and avoid the use of sap-
wood piling sticks for the same reason. Partially damaged
material should be burned, preferably between October and
the 1st of March, the period when the insects are all in the
wood.
The pests may be destroyed in the wood by painting with
kerosene, or three parts creosote and one part kerosene oil, or
three parts kerosene and one part creosote in order to obtain
deeper penetration. One part creosote and three parts
naphtha have been used very successfully. Spraying or paint-
ing equivalent to a liberal wetting with orthodichlorobenzene
is recommended. Such wood should be kept by itself until
certain that all the borers have been killed. The use of oils,
pure or diluted, involves a fire hazard and possibly may be
detrimental to the wood for certain purposes.
The fumes from paradichlorobenzene crystals are protec-
tive. Eight to ten pounds should be used to 1,000 cubic feet
in ordinary rooms and two or four pounds in sealed or air-
tight rooms.
Steaming under pressure, although it weakens and discolors
the wood, kills the insects. They also may be destroyed by
subjecting the seasoned wood to temperatures of over 200 F.
in dry kilns. Fumigation with the fumes of sulfur, when the
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE BORERS 197
insects are emerging, has been recommended for killing the
beetles and preventing egg^laying.
Much may be accomplished by the adoption of systematic
preventive measures, such as annual inspections during the
cooler months of the year and the keeping of woods most
likely to be infested, such as hickory, ash and oak, by them-
selves, remembering that the older seasoned wood is most
liable to attack. This last should be disposed of as rapidly
as possible. The accumulation of refuse material should be
avoided and only heartwood piling sticks used in lumber piles.
Care should be taken to avoid the introduction into lumber
yards and storehouses of powder-posted material.
Stock that has been seasoned longer than eight months may
be rendered immune by treating with two coats of boiled lin-
seed oil applied hot or it may be immersed in vats of hot oil.
This oil stains the wood slightly yellow. This is not objec-
tionable in the case of ordinary wagon stock. Creosotes may
be used for wood in which a brown stain is not detrimental.
Any substance which closes the pores of wood, such as
paraffine, wax, varnish, and the like, will protect finished
products from infestation. The sapwood portions of interior
surfaces of cabinet work, trim and furniture, should be treated
to prevent attack.
Powder-post injury occasionally develops in buildings,
vehicles and other places where preventive or control measures
indicated above can not be applied. Recent experiments in
super-heating of buildings indicate that a temperature of
135 F., preferably somewhat higher, maintained for a period
of twenty-four hours, will destroy the insects within the wood.
This is certainly worth trying in dwellings and other places
where infested wood can not be removed and treated without
great expense. This will not prevent reinfestation. It may
kill all the insects.
198 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 296-298.
1917, Hopkins, A. D., and Snyder, T. E., U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull.
778, pp. 1-20.
1922, Alston, A. M., Timber Trades Journal, April 15 to May 13, sepa-
rate, pp. 1-24.
1922, 0'Kane, W. C., and Osgood, W. A., N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 204,
pp. 1-20.
CHAPTER XI
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS
A NUMBER of species are more or less abundant each year
and a few become exceptionally numerous at irregular inter-
vals, the latter class being represented by the forest tent-
caterpillar, the measuring-worms of the snow-white linden
moth and the birch leaf-skeletonizer. The better protection
of bird life is one of the most effective natural checks against
outbreaks of this character. There appears to be a close rela-
tion between a marked reduction in the bird life of the country
some thirty years ago and an increase in the number and
severity of attacks by these pests.
KEY TO VARIOUS LEAF-FEEDERS
Hickory and other trees
Large bluish-green caterpillar with four long horn-like projections,
length 5 inches, also on other trees.
Hickory horned devil, Citheronia regalis Febr., p. 201.
White, black-dotted, black-tufted, hairy caterpillars from July to
September, also on other trees.
Hickory tussock moth, Halisidota caryce Harr., p. 202.
Reddish, white-striped or blackish, white-haired caterpillars, length
% to lYz inches.
Black walnut caterpillar, Datana integerrima Gr. & Rob., p. 203.
Yellowish-green caterpillars, ^ inch long, feed in developing buds.
Pecan bud-worm, Proteopteryx bolliana Sling., p. 203.
Oaks
Black spiny caterpillars with four orange-yellow stripes, length 1^4
inches.
Yellow-striped oak caterpillar, Anisota senatoria Abb. & Sm., p.
204.
Black spiny caterpillars, length 2 inches.
Buck or Maia moth, Hemileuca maia Drury, p. 205.
199
200
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Oli-ve-green, black and yellow, longitudinally striped caterpillars, l l /2
inches long.
California oak moth, Phryganidia calijornica Pack., p. 206.
Maple
Brownish-black, yellow-marked measuring-worms some 2 inches long
and with a dull reddish or yellowish-brown head, occur also on
beech, hickory, chestnut and other trees.
Snow-white linden moth, Ennomus subsignarius Hubn., p. 208.
Long, tapering, blackish, trumpet-like tubes containing caterpillars, on
red maple.
Maple trumpet skeletonizer, Thiodia signatana Clem., p. 210.
FIG. 112. Hickory horned devil.
Irregular oval holes about % inch in diameter in leaves and similar
cases, on sugar maple.
Maple leaf -cutter, Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch, p. 211.
Birch
Skeletonized or browned white birch Ic-aves in late summer.
Birch leaf-skeletonizer, Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb., p. 213.
Willow
Greenish-black yellow-spotted sawfly larvae about ^ inch long.
Yellow-spotted willow slug, Pteronus ventralis Say, p. 213.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS 201
Reddish black-spotted beetles about a /4 inch long.
Spotted willow leaf-beetle, Lina lapponica Linn., p. 215.
Alder
Bluish flea-beetles about % inch long or black grubs.
Alder flea-beetle, Haltica bimarginata Say, p. 215.
HICKORY HORNED DEVIL
Cither onia regalis Fabr.
The large bluish-green caterpillar with four conspicuous
horn-like projections on the thoracic segments and a number
of smaller ones occurs in September on hickory and other trees.
FIG. 113. Regal moth, parent of hickory horned devil.
This is one of our largest native caterpillars (Fig. 112),
measuring some 5 inches when full grown and in a crawl-
ing attitude. The general color is green with a yellowish cast.
There are on the thoracic segments eight serrate horns, four
small and black and the other four quite long, orange-brown
or red with black extremities. The popular name is somewhat
suggestive of the appearance of the caterpillar. The moth
(Fig. 113) is one of our most magnificent insects with a wing
spread of about 6 inches, the markings being reddish-brown
202 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
and yellowish. Ordinarily this large caterpillar is not suffi-
ciently abundant to cause material injury.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 305-306.
HICKORY TUSSOCK MOTH
Halisidota caryce Harris
Snow-white, black-dotted, black-tufted caterpillars occur in
July, August and September on the tender leaves of hickory
and other trees.
This insect (Fig. 114)
is rather common in
New York state and
is a somewhat general
feeder, although it shows
a decided preference for
walnut, butternut and
sumac and is said to be
common on elm, ash
and linden. Occasion-
ally it is present in such
FIG. 114. Hickory tussock moth, larva and . .
adult, large numbers as to
cause considerable in-
jury to various trees in limited localities. The full-grown cat-
erpillars are about l a /o inches long, very hairy and are most
easily recognized by the two long black pencil-like tufts on the
fourth and tenth segments and the white hairs in short spread-
ing tufts with a row of eight black tufts along the back. The
final transformations occur in oval thin hairy cocoons under
stones or in crevices, the moths flying the following June.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 314-315.
1918 ; Bouser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 246-247.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS 203
BLACK WALNUT CATERPILLAR
Datana integerrima Grote and Robinson
Reddish, white-striped or blackish white-haired caterpillars
(Fig. 115), from % to 1^2 inches in length, feed in large
clusters in midsummer on hickory, black walnut, butternut and
other trees.
This is one of the commonest defoliators of hickories in the
northeastern United States, the trees
frequently being entirely stripped. The
whitish hemispheric eggs approaching
a cylindrical form are deposited in
masses of 300 or more on the under-
side of the leaves. The recently
hatched caterpillar is about l / 5 inch
long, with a brick-red body and with
a faint subdorsal, a lateral yellowish FlTTlS.-Black walnut
' J caterpillar,
stripe and a lower diffused yellow-
ish line. The third stage, nearly % inch long, is of a
deeper yellow color with the yellowish lines more distinct.
The full-grown caterpillar varies from a deep reddish-brown
to a jet black, there being in both rather long flossy whitish
hairs. Full growth is attained in September, when the cater-
pillars enter the ground, the moths appearing the following
spring.
Spraying with a poison will kill these caterpillars, although
this is usually impracticable.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 303-305.
PECAN BUD- WORM
Proteopteryx bolliana Sling.
The yellowish-green caterpillars about % inch long feed in
early spring in the developing buds of pecans and presumably
hickories, causing a stunted growth and excessive branching.
204
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
This insect appears to be a pest of nursery and newly set
trees, sometimes occurring in considerable numbers and caus-
ing rather serious mischief. There are at least five generations
in south Georgia, the earlier ones feeding on the new and
tender shoots and the later working upon the leaves. The
moths of this insect winter and begin to lay their first eggs on
the branches near the buds, the later ones upon the upper
surface of the leaves. The caterpillars feed from three to
four weeks and the time necessary to complete a life cycle is
but forty days. The most serious injury is caused by the
first-brood caterpillars.
When the pest is abundant, it can be controlled to some
extent by spraying with an arsenical poison just as the buds
are opening. Ordinarily it is not serious in bearing orchards.
REFERENCES
1917, Gill, J. B., U. S. Farmers'
Bull. 843, pp. 25-27.
1918, Turner, W. F., Ga. State
Bd. Ent. Bull. 49, pp. 21-
22.
YELLOW-STRIPED OAK
CATERPILLAR
Anisota sanatoria Abbott and
Smith
A black spiny caterpil-
lar with four orange-yel-
low stripes on the back
and two along each side
frequently strips the foli-
age from scrub and other
oaks in midsummer.
This leaf-feeder (Fig.
116) is common in scrub-
oak regions of the northeastern United States and is occasion-
"ici. 110. Yellow-striped oak cater-
pillar, work, full grown and para-
sitized larvse and male moth, re-
duced.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS 205
ally extremely abundant and injurious. The moths appear
early in June and deposit 500 or more whitish eggs in irregu-
lar clusters on the under surface of the leaves. Oviposition
extends over a period of three or four weeks, consequently
there is considerable variation in development, some becom-
ing full grown the latter part of August and others about a
month later. The winter is passed in earthen cells, the moths
appearing as indicated above.
This insect is easily controlled by poison sprays, although
ordinarily these are impracticable.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 306-310.
1918, Houser, J. S., Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 332, pp. 249-251.
BUCK OR MAIA MOTH
Hemileuca maia Drury
The small black spiny caterpillars of this insect occur in
early summer, feeding gregariously on the leaves of various
oaks, especially in swampy places.
FIG. 117. Buck or Maia moth.
The buck moth (Fig. 117) is occasionally associated in some
numbers with the yellow-striped oak caterpillar, although
ordinarily it is much less abundant. The moths issue from
the ground late in September or early in October and the eggs
206 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
are deposited in small masses, 70 to 200, encircling twigs. The
young caterpillars hatch the latter part of May and attain
maturity in July. The full-grown caterpillar is about 2 inches
long, has a red head, rows of long branching spines on the
blackish body except for a median line of brown-red spots
on segments five to eleven and a reddish, mottled, sublateral
area. Transformations occur in the ground, the moths issuing
in the fall.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 310-314.
CALIFORNIA OAK MOTH
Phryganidia calijornica Pack.
Olive-green, black and yellow, longitudinally striped cater-
pillars 1 to iy 2 inches long defoliate various oaks.
This species (Figs. 118-
[121) not infrequently de-
j foliates large oak trees over
considerable areas. There
are two generations. The
winter brood hatches from
eggs late in the autumn on
the leaves of live oak and
FIG. H8.-Califomia oak moth. deciduous oaks, the larvae
hatching, and only those on
the live oaks surviving. Transformation to adults occurs in
May and June and eggs are again laid upon the new foliage
of the deciduous oaks as well as upon the leaves of the live
oaks about the last of June. These develop into the large
and very destructive summer brood, the caterpillars becom-
ing full grown in September and October. Transformation
to the adult occurs in free hanging pupae. The moths of the
two broods fly in June and November, respectively. A third
brood is reported, although this appears to be unusual.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS
207
The caterpillars are readily destroyed by arsenical poisons,
applied preferably the last of July or early in August.
FIG. oak and
eggs,
work.
REFERENCES
1915,Essig, E. 0., Inj. Ben. Ins. Cal., pp. 403-405.
1920, Burke, H. E., U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull. 1076, pp. 1-14.
208
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
SNOW-WHITE LINDEN MOTH
Ennomus subsignarius Hubn.
A brownish-black, yellow-marked, looping caterpillar or
measuring-worm with a dull reddish or yellowish-brown head
FKJ. 121. California oak moth, larva; and pupa;.
may defoliate beech, maple, hickory and chestnut in early
summer.
This insect (Figs. 122-124)
is best known because of its
serious injuries to shade trees
prior to about 1880. The
English sparrow appears to
have driven it from cities and
villages and it is now a for-
est pest, which occasionally
becomes exceedingly abun-
dant, defoliating extensive
areas and the snow-white
moths attracting attention in
midsummer as they fly to the
FIG. 122. Snow-white linden moth.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS
209
lights of cities and villages. The adults are abroad the
last of July and early in August and shortly deposit their
somewhat barrel-shaped light-brown eggs in irregular masses
on the bark of trees. The young caterpillars appear with the
unfolding foliage and attain
full growth in five or six
weeks, the last of July. The
full-grown caterpillar is 2
inches long, has a dull red-
dish or yellowish-brown
head, and the body is mostly
dull brownish-black with ir-
regular yellowish markings
on the sublateral lines. The
FIG. 123. Snow-white linden moth,
eggs, enlarged.
yellowish-brown irregularly
black-spotted pupae occur
among the leaves and are sheltered with very light, thin, yel-
lowish-brown cocoons. The moth is rather slender-bodied,
usually snow-white and with a wing spread of about 1%
inches. Better protection for birds is the most promising
method of preventing outbreaks.
FIG. 124. Snow-white linden moth, larva and pupae.
REFERENCES
1908, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 124; pp. 23-28.
1909, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 134, pp. 51-54.
1910, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 141, pp. 100-102.
1911, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 147, pp. 62-64.
210 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
MAPLE TRUMPET SKELETONIZER
Thiodia signatana Clem.
Red maple leaves loosely folded in August and September
may contain a long, tapering, blackish, trumpet-like tube, the
adjacent tissues being skeletonized (Fig. 125).
FIG. 125. Maple trumpet skeletonizer, work.
This insect has attracted little attention in economic litera-
ture, although it seems to be rather common on the red and
to a much smaller extent on sugar maples. It is probable that
its work is overlooked, as a rule, because the insect appears
so late in the season that the injury is very slight even though
the skeletonizer is somewhat abundant. The full-grown cater-
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS 211
pillar is light green with a yellowish head and about y% inch
long. The insect can be controlled readily by the timely and
thorough application of an arsenical poison.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 168-169.
MAPLE LEAF-CUTTER
Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch
Sugar maple leaves with irregular oval holes about ^2 i nc h i* 1
diameter (Fig. 126) may have been injured by this leaf-cutter.
This is one of the smaller more interesting woodland insects,
which occasionally becomes exceedingly abundant and some-
what destructive in limited areas, especially in the Adiron-
dacks. The work is characteristic, since the small caterpillar
reaches out from its oval case and eats all that is within
range and then migrates to another spot. Infested leaves may,
therefore, show one or more oval holes with circular skeleton-
izing here and there, the centers of some of the areas at least
being occupied by an oval case with a diameter of about %
of an inch. This work is usually upon the upper surface,
though the insects occur also on the underside of the foliage.
The injury is especially marked on the lower limbs of large
trees and on small trees and is practically confined to hard
maple. The bluish-green moth with a wing spread of about
% inch flies during May and deposits her eggs in tiny pear-
shaped pockets in the leaves just beneath the lower epidermis.
The caterpillars become full grown in early fall, drop with
the leaves and hibernate within their cases, consequently the
raking and burning of the leaves in infested areas would
destroy most of the insects. Spraying with poison in early
June should also prove effective.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 541.
1912, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 155, pp. 56-59.
212 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
FIG. 126. -Maple leaf-cutter, adult and work, former enlarged.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS 213
1922, Herrick, G. W., Econ. Ent. Journ. 15:282-288.
1923, Herrick, G. W., C. U. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 417, pp. 1-15.
BIRCH LEAF-SKELETONIZER
Bucculatrix canadensisella Chamb.
In early fall skeletonized or browned white birch leaves,
especially if bearing circular whitish cocoons, have been in-
jured by the small pale green caterpillars of this pest.
This native species is widely distributed and occasionally
becomes excessively abundant, as in 1901 and again in 1922.
It feeds by preference on the common gray birch, though when
numerous it may occur upon practically all birches. The
full-grown caterpillars are pale green and less than y inch
long. The larvae appear the latter part of August or in early
September and feed on the softer parts of the leaf, skeleton-
izing it thoroughly. At this time they spin upon the leaves
small, circular, whitish, false cocoons about % inch in diam-
eter. The true cocoons are brownish-yellow ribbed structures
about l / 5 inch long, attached to the twigs, and provide winter
shelter for the insect.
Control measures are impracticable under ordinary con-
ditions, although lawn trees are easily protected by spraying
from the middle to the latter part of August with an arsenical
poison.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 315-317.
YELLOW-SPOTTED WILLOW SLUG
Pteronus ventralis Say
Greenish-black sawfly larvae or false caterpillars about ^2
inch long and with heart-shaped yellowish spots on each side
defoliate willow and poplar.
214 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
This species (Fig. 127) is one of the worst enemies of
basket willows in the South on account of its producing sev-
eral generations annually. All varieties are liable to injury,
except possibly the weeping willow. The greatest injury
occurs on young growth and consequently arsenical poisoning
is possible when advisable. The first signs of infestation are
the blister-like swellings containing eggs on the upper surface
FIG. 127. Yellow-spotted willow slug,
adult, larvae, cocoon and work.
of the foliage. The young slugs eat small holes in the leaves
and usually feed near each other, though hardly gregarious.
Growth is completed in ten days to three weeks. The full-
grown caterpillars are slaty black with lighter spots on the
sides. The final transformations occur in dark-brown cocoons
on or near the surface of the ground.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 322-324.
DECIDUOUS FOREST TREE LEAF-FEEDERS 215
SPOTTED WILLOW LEAF-BEETLE
Lina lapponica Linn.
A reddish black-spotted beetle about ^4 * ncn l n g feeds
during the summer on willow leaves.
This close ally of the striped cottonwood beetle, L. scripta
Fabr., (see page 96) , has practically the same habits, the larvae
being indistinguishable. Some seasons it is just as abundant
as the better known cottonwood leaf-beetle.
A related species, Lina tremulce Fabr., easily distinguished
by the greenish head and thorax and the brownish finely
punctured wing-covers, is exceedingly abundant and injurious
to willows in the northwestern states. It also attacks poplars.
Both of these insects can be controlled by poison sprays.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 564-565.
ALDER FLEA-BEETLE
Haltica bimarginata Say
Bluish rounded flea-beetles % inch long or dark brown,
black-headed, black-tubercled grubs are frequently abundant
on alder leaves.
This species is sometimes exceedingly numerous in the
Adirondacks, the combined work of the active jumping beetles
and the rather sluggish grubs resulting in the skeletonizing
of the foliage in July and later. The insect appears to be
widely distributed. The grubs attain maturity in August or
September, construct rude cells in the leaf-mold an inch or
so below the surface, the beetles issuing about two weeks
later, feeding for a time on the leaves and then hibernating,
issuing when alder leaves are well expanded. This flea-beetle
is also recorded on willow, cottonwood and poplar on the
Pacific Coast.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 573-574.
1917, Woods, W. C., Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 265, pp. 249-3$.
CHAPTER XII
NUT WEEVILS AND NUT WORMS
THE nut-trees of the country are subject to attack by a
number of insects and, since the problems in relation thereto
are similar, they are discussed under a common heading.
Many nuts attacked by insects drop early or before the depre-
dator escapes, and one very effective though somewhat labori-
ous control measure is to collect and destroy all such nuts
before the pests enter the soil. This is particularly true of
the nut weevils.
NUT WEEVILS AND NUT WORMS, LIST OF HOSTS AND SPECIES
Acorn
Balaninus baculi Chittn.
Balaninus confusor Ham.
Balaninus nasicus Say.
Balaninus orthorhynchus Chittn.
Balaninus quercus Horn.
Black walnut
C onotrachelus retentus Say.
Butternut
C onotrachelus juglandis Lee.
Chestnut
Balaninus proboscideus Fabr.
Balaninus rectus Say.
Hazel
Balaninus obtusus Bland.
Hickory
Balaninus caryce Horn.
Conotrachelus affinis Boh.
C onotrachelus aratus Germ.
216
NUT WEEVILS AND NUT WORMS
217
Pecan
Acrobasis hebescella Hulst.
Acrobasis caryivorella Rag.
Laspeyresia car y ana Fitch.
Walnut
Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.
CHESTNUT WEEVILS
Balaninus proboscideus Fabr. and B. rectus Say
The weevils (Fig. 128), as well as closely related species,
are noteworthy because of the very long proboscis or beak.
Both are brown, the larger
almost 1/2 inch long, the fe-
male with a beak iy times
to twice the body length,
while the smaller has a
length of % to ! /5 inch, the
beak being longer than the
body. The weevils appear
about the time the chest-
nuts bloom and oviposit in
the young burrs. The long
snout of the female is well
adapted for piercing the
kernel and one or more eggs are then deposited. The slight in-
jury to the husk and nut soon heals and there is no exterior
indication of the insect's presence. The holes seen in wormy
chestnuts are made by the grubs when they leave for pupation
in the soil. Most of these weevils transform to adults the fol-
lowing season, although a delay to the second year is quite
common. The smaller chestnut weevil breeds also in Chin-
quapin nuts and acorns.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 585-588.
1910, Brooks, F. E., W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 128, pp. 157-162.
FIG. 128. Chestnut weevils and
infested nuts.
218 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
HICKORY-NUT WEEVIL
Balaninus caryce Horn
This is a very serious enemy of pecans, the loss in some of
the southern states amounting to 75 per cent of the crop in
certain years. The brownish weevil is about % inch long
and similar in appearance to the chestnut weevils. The
beetles appear on the trees in July in West Virginia and
oviposition occurs in August and September, and farther south
development may be about a month later. The grubs leave
the infested nuts and presumably transform in the soil. Fumi-
gation of infested nuts as for chestnut weevils has been recom-
mended.
REFERENCES
1910, Brooks, F. E., W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 128, pp. 162-165
1917, Gill, J. B., U. S. Farmers' Bull. 843, pp. 13-16.
HAZEL-NUT WEEVIL
Balaninus obtusus Blanch.
This species is very similiar to the weevils that attack
chestnut. It is *4 to Vs inch long, very similar in color and
may be distinguished from them by its shorter more robust
form and very much shorter beak. The female is about y%
inch long and the beak is about one-half as long as the body.
The beetles are abroad from about June 20th to July 15th,
and the last of August infested nuts drop and the grubs
escape from them.
REFERENCE
1910, Brooks, F. E., W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 128, pp. 165-168.
ACORN WEEVILS
Balaninus quercus Horn, B. nasicus Say, B. orthorhynchus Chittn.,
B. baculi Chittn. and B. confusor Ham.
It will be seen that there are at least five similar weevils
attacking oaks, a condition not surprising when one remembera
NUT WEEVILS AND NUT WORMS 219
the numerous species of oaks, since there is frequently a
parallel development between host and insect. Those par-
ticularly interested in the habits and biology of these species
are referred to the account by F. E. Brooks in the West Vir-
ginia Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 128, pages 168-
175, 1910.
BUTTERNUT CURCULIO
Conotrachelus juglandis Lee.
Numerous small nuts on the ground in July under black
and white walnut trees are likely to show the crescent-shaped
scars of this insect (Fig. 129), a close relative of the plum
curculio. It is about y inch in length,
reddish-brown and prettily ornamented
with golden and silvery hairs. It has
also been recorded from various species
of hickory. The first eggs are de-
posited in young black walnuts about
June 10th to 15th and oviposition con-
tinues for more than a month, the wal-
nuts being nearly half grown before
the beetles have completed their task
and toward the last the husk is so solid
that only hollow pits are made instead IG '
of larger excavations. The nuts drop
after the grubs have fed for about ten days or two weeks. The
larvae complete their growth in one or two weeks thereafter,
enter the ground and soon pupate in earthen cells. The
beetles issue during August and September, hibernate and
reappear soon after the blossoms have dropped from the trees.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 581-582.
1910, Brooks, F. E., W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 128, pp. 176-177.
1922, Brooks, F. E., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1066, pp. 2-7.
220 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
BLACK WALNUT CURCULIO
C onotrachelus retentus Say
Numerous young black walnuts on the ground in June are
likely to have the crescent-shaped scars of this pale reddish
weevil about ^4 inch long and covered with a grayish pubes-
cence. It appears to be a common pest of young black walnuts
in the eastern United States. Occasionally the grubs burrow
in tender shoots of black walnut. Oviposition normally be-
gins after the female catkins on the points of the nuts are
beginning to wither, in West Virginia the last of May and
continues through June and most of July. The newly devel-
oped beetles issue in August, and in late summer and early
fall they may be found on the host tree, apparently feeding
on leaf-petioles. They reappear in the spring when the male
catkins are fully developed.
REFERENCE
1922, Brooks, F. E,, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1066, pp. 7-11.
HlCKORY-NuT CURCULIO
C onotrachelus affinis Boh.
This species is very similar to the two preceding except that
it attacks immature nuts of various kinds of hickory instead
of walnuts. The beetles appear on the trees somewhat later
in the spring than the other two and lay their first eggs in
hickory-nuts that are at least half grown. The most con-
spicuous evidence of infestation is the dropping of many nuts
in July and August, each bearing a circular or somewhat
crescent-shaped oviposition scar. The insect appears to de-
velop much later in New York state, since grubs provisionally
identified as those of this species were leaving the nuts in mid-
October. The grubs desert the nuts some ten days or two
weeks after they have fallen to the ground, and the young
NUT WEEVILS AND NUT WORMS 221
beetles appear from about the middle of August to the middle
of October. Oviposition in West Virginia begins late in June
and extends over a period of four weeks.
REFERENCES
1910, Brooks, F. E., W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 128, pp. 178-179.
1922, Brooks, F. E., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1066, pp. 11-14.
WALNUT HUSK-MAGGOT
Rhagoletis suavis Lw.
The work of this insect in the nuts of black walnut is indi-
cated by the blackened hulls which are slimy within and
contain numerous whitish maggots which move freely through
the soft pulp. Such nuts are disagreeable to handle and in
hulling the husk sticks to the inner shell and leaves it dirty
and unattractive. The parent fly is dark and yellowish with
brown-banded wings and about the size of the housefly. It
appears on walnut trees at the time nuts are maturing and
lays clusters of eggs in the husk of the nuts. These soon
hatch and the maggots destroy the green tissues. There is
but one generation annually. Spraying in early August with
arsenate of lead, three pounds to fifty gallons of water, has
given considerable protection.
REFERENCE
1921, Brooks, F. E., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 992, pp. 1-S.
HICKORY CURCULIO
Conotrachelus aratus Germ.
This insect disfigures the tender tips and leaf-petioles of
hickory with dark V-shaped galleries % inch long soon after
growth begins in the spring. These may occur in series of
five to ten along the shoot, one above each leaf-axil. The
pale grayish-brown curculio, with a more or less indistinct
222 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
broad band of yellowish pubescence behind the middle of the
elytra and a narrow line of the same color on each side of the
thorax, is less than *4 inch long and % 2 inch wide. The
beetles issue from the ground in midsummer and probably
remain comparatively inactive before hibernating. They re-
appear as soon as the hickory shoots are a few inches long,
feed freely for a time and deposit eggs as described above.
REFERENCE
1922, Brooks, F. E., U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1066, pp. 14-16.
PECAN NUT CASE-BEARERS
Acrobasis hebescella Hulst and A. caryivorella Rag.
Nuts the size of garden peas may be webbed together by
dark olive-green caterpillars not over % inch long belonging
to one of the above-mentioned species and inhabiting short
silk-lined tubes. This insect is very destructive in the southern
states and not infrequently the injury is attributed to frost
instead of the true cause. The parent insect is a grayish-
black moth with a wing spread of about % inch. There are
three generations annually, the over-wintering larvae attack-
ing young and tender shoots in the spring. The eggs from the
first generation moths, which appear from May 7th to 24th,
are laid on the calyx end of the nut and the young caterpillars
soon bore into them as described above. The second genera-
tion moths appear from the middle of June to the first week
of July, and those of the third generation during the first
three weeks in August. It is the larvae from the first genera-
tion moths which cause most of the injury.
Experiments have shown a very considerable degree of
protection resulting from spraying with arsenate of lead at the
rate of three pounds to fifty gallons of water, making the
first treatment at about the time the earliest moths appear
and the second two weeks later. A third application was
NUT WEEVILS AND NUT WORMS 223
given the last of June for the purpose of destroying second
brood larvae.
REFERENCES
1917, Gill, J. B., U. S. Farmers' Bull. 843, pp. 3-9.
1918, Turner, W. F., Ga. State Bd. Ent. Bull. 49, pp. 14-19.
1918, Matz, J., Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 147, p. 152.
1921, Bilsing, S. W., Journ. Econ. Ent. 14:149-153.
PECAN SHUCKWORM
Laspeyresia caryana Fitch
The whitish caterpillars of this insect, % inch long when
full grown, burrow in the outer shucks or husks and prevent
the development of the young nuts and injure larger ones so
that they may contain only shrivelled kernels. There are
probably one to three generations, the moths beginning to
appear in northern Florida as early as mid-February and con-
tinuing to emerge until the latter part of April, most of them
issuing before the appearance of pecan foliage and nuts. The
first brood of larvae feed mostly on small hickory-nuts, pene-
trating to the center and causing early dropping. The last
brood confines its operations to mining in the shucks and
winters therein. This habit suggests that systematic collect-
ing and destroying of shucks will result in a considerable
reduction in the numbers of this pest.
REFERENCES
1916, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 583.
1917, Gill, J. B., U. S. Farmers' Bull. 843, pp. 9-13.
1918, Turner, W. F., Ga. State Bd. Ent. Bull. 49, pp. 22-23.
1918, Matz, J., Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 147, pp. 153-154.
CODLIN-MOTH
Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.
It has been demonstrated conclusively in recent years that
this common apple pest is a serious enemy of walmi$& on the
224 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Pacific Coast. The eggs are first found on the young walnuts
about the middle of May and a large proportion of the young
larvae enter or attempt to enter at the calyx end of the nut,
although toward the last of June the nut becomes too hard
and the young larvae then frequently enter where two nuts are
in contact. Pupation of the first brood of larvae occurs from
the middle of June until the last half of July, the latter being
the preferred period. Transformation to the moths occur from
the last of June through to September, the maximum being the
very last of July. Eggs of the second brood may be found
from early July into August, the heaviest deposition occurring
the first week in August. Timely application of arsenate of
lead has resulted in very satisfactory control.
REFERENCE
1921,Quayle, H. J., Journ. Econ. Ent. 14:440-444, and vol. 15, pp.
371-372.
CONTROL MEASURES FOR NUT WEEVILS
The nut industry of the country is rapidly increasing in im-
portance with the probability that the relatively few com-
mercial orchards of the present may be increased greatly in
the future. The higher prices of nuts in recent years justify
measures which earlier were impracticable on account of the
relatively great cost. Little effective control can be hoped
for on miscellaneous trees, which latter would serve as breed-
ing centers for reinfestation.
A number of the nut weevils at least feed on the foliage to
a greater or less extent and this habit makes arsenical poison-
ing a possibility. Britton and Kirk have found that appli-
cations of lead arsenate at the strength of six pounds to fifty
gallons of water is an effective method of controlling the
walnut curculio and another case is on record of very effective
control of the butternut curculio.
NUT WEEVILS AND NUT WORMS 225
Fumigation of recently gathered nuts for a period from
twelve to twenty-four hours with bisulfide of carbon, using
half an ounce for each bushel, has been recommended for nut
weevils by various authorities and is advisable as in most
cases it destroys most of the grubs at once and at least pre-
vents further injury and also aids somewhat in reducing the
crop of weevils likely to attack the trees the next season.
Infested chestnuts are easily separated, since they are lighter
than water and float and these should be fed to hogs or
destroyed before there is an opportunity for the worms to
escape.
REFERENCES
1912, Britton, W. E., and Kirk, H. B., 12th Kept, of Conn. State Ent.,
pp. 248-249.
1919, Morris, Robert T., Amer. Nut Journ., vol. 10, No. 5, p. 71.
CHAPTER XIII
CONIFEROUS FOREST TREE BORERS
(Bark and Timber Beetles Excepted)
CONIFEROUS trees have a somewhat peculiar fauna and
practical considerations make it advisable to distinguish be-
tween insects attacking these trees and those affecting the
deciduous species, although there are some insects which occur
in both classes.
The coniferous forests suffer mostly from the attack of
borers, particularly the bark-borers, although the larch saw-
fly, the pine butterfly and the spruce bud-worm are marked
exceptions in their extensive defoliations, injuries which are
frequently followed by bark-beetle invasions.
KEY TO BORERS AND INSECTS ATTACKING WOOD OR BARK
Pines
Wilting, browning or dead leaders in midsummer, also in spruce.
White pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, p. 227.
Seedlings may have the bark badly gnawed or scored.
Pales weevil, Hylobius pales Boh., p. 229.
Wilting or browning of portions of the tips of shoots or granular pitch
masses.
Pitch twig moth, Evetria comstockiana Fern., p. 230.
Pine-tip moth, Pinipestis zimmermanni Grote, p. 230.
European pine-shoot moth, Evetria buoliana Sniff., p. 231.
Yellowish-orange maggots in pitch exudations or pine needles.
Pitch midges, Retinodiplosis spp., p. 232.
Large brownish pitch masses on pine trunks.
Pitch-mass borer, Parharmonia pini Kell., p. 233.
Ants boring in trees or injuring young seedlings.
Carpenter ant, Camponotus herculeanus Linn., p. 234.
Mound ant, Formica exsectoides Forel, p. 234.
226
CONIFEROUS FOREST TREE BORERS 227
Large, white, fleshy, legless grubs in inner bark, sapwood and heart-
wood.
Sawyer, Monochamus confusor Kir., p. 235.
Broad-headed flattened grubs under the bark of dead trees.
Ribbed pine borer, Rhagium lineatum Oliv., p. 237.
Hemlock
Flattened sinuous galleries in the inner bark of living or dying trees.
Spotted hemlock borer, Melanophila fulvoguttata Harr., p. 238.
WHITE PINE WEEVIL
Pissodes strobi Peck
Wilting, browning, dying or dead leaders in midsummer or
later, usually on trees 3 to 15 feet high, are characteristic
signs of this insect's work (Fig. 130).
The cause of this difficulty is a small, reddish-brown, irregu-
larly whitish marked weevil about % inch long. The weevils
winter in any shelter and attack trees from early in the spring,
remaining in greater or less numbers throughout the summer
and may even survive a second winter and continue their
work another season. The eggs are deposited here and there
along the leaders and the small stout white grubs or motionless
pupae may be found under the bark in galleries or cells from
the last of May to the latter part of July and even until early
September. This insect seriously injures young pine plantings,
especially in regions where scattering pines promote a general
infestation. It also attacks spruce, occasionally causing con-
siderable damage.
Peirson recommends moderately thick planting with the
expectancy that the loss from this insect will not exceed 10
per cent, many of the trees recovering if the planting is thick
enough to force leader growth. He finds less likelihood of
injury in mixed plantings, providing the growth is moderately
thick. Recent work by Blackman of the New York State
College of Forestry suggests that considerable protection can
be secured by inter-planting Scotch and white pines, $ie rows
228
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
being at right angles to the prevailing winds of spring and
early summer. The more rapid early growth of Scotch pine
protects the white pine to a large extent. The Scotch pines,
when 20 to 30 feet high, may be cut out for box boards or
other cheap lumber.
Owners of extensive plantings of
young pines may accomplish much
by cutting out and burning infested
shoots in the first half of July and
placing them in a barrel with the
opened end closely covered with
ordinary wire mosquito netting, thus
allowing beneficial parasites to
escape and preventing the weevils
gaining access to other trees.
A direct and positive method of
protecting recently set trees is sys-
tematically to collect the beetles,
beginning in early spring and re-
peating at three to five day intervals
until practically no weevils are cap-
tured. An ordinary insect net may
be used, held beside and a little be-
low the shoots and the leaders
tapped lightly with a stick so that
the insects drop into the net. The
collected weevils may be killed by
emptying them into a little kerosene
and water. Small individual trees
on lawns may be protected for a
period in early spring, the time when
injury is most likely to occur, by putting white mosquito net-
ting over the trees. The covering should not be left on more
than a few weeks.
FIG. 130. White pine wee-
vil, much enlarged, work
natural size.
CONIFEROUS FOREST TREE BORERS 229
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 397-401.
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 175, pp. 30-33.
1922, Peirson, H. B., Harvard Forest Bull. 5, pp. 1-42.
PALES WEEVIL
Hylobius pales Boh.
Young conifers may have the bark badly gnawed or scored,
especially in recently cut pine trees.
This weevil (Fig. 131) is frequently in association with the
much better known and more destructive white pine weevil.
It is a rather heavy, dark reddish-brown to black beetle about
1/3 inch long, with the wing-covers ornamented
with tufts of rather long gray or yellowish
hairs. The weevils appear the latter part of
April or during May and immediately begin
feeding. They are attracted to white pine
logs or stumps in which they deposit eggs,
the grubs developing in much the same way
as those of the white pine weevil, the full-
grown insects appearing the following Sep-
tember or October. The most serious dam-
,,. , ,, . , . FIG. 131. Pales
age to seedlings occurs at this season and is we evil much
most prevalent in the vicinity of recently cut enlarged.
pine land.
Experience has indicated that it is unsafe to plant young
pines during the first two seasons after cutting pine lands, or
to plant them in the near vicinity of freshly cut logs or sawn
lumber, since the beetles may be attracted in large numbers
to these latter and are then likely to spread to and seriously
injure near-by seedlings. When natural reproduction is de-
sired, there should first be a thinning to stimulate pine repro-
duction, or if a clear cut is made the fall or winter following
a heavy fall of seed, preliminary thinning is not necessary.
230
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The slash should be burned in piles after cutting and the new
crop on the cut-over area usually should be weeded twice,
depending on the site.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 664.
1921, Peirson, H. B., Harvard Forest Bull. 3, pp. 1-33.
PINE TWIG-BORERS
Wilting or browning portions of the tips of shoots or gran-
ular masses of pitch from galleries in the twigs are evidences
of work of several small boring
caterpillars.
The native pitch twig moth
(Evetria comstockiana Fern., Fig,
132) works in the smaller limbs
and twigs of hard pine and builds
up granular masses of pitch, cov-
p 100 r>- t x , ering the entrance to the burrow
Inc. 132. Pitch twig moth, .,?.,,, . -,
work. inhabited by a small, yellowish-
white, brown-headed caterpillar
about 1/2 inch long. The insect is injurious to individual limbs
and occasionally causes rather marked damage. The cater-
pillars winter in their burrows, the moths ap-
pearing in early June. The eggs are presum-
ably deposited on the twigs.
The pine-tip moth (Pinipestis zimmermanni
Grote, Fig. 133) caterpillars work nearer the tips
of the new shoots, dwarf the needles and build
small tubes of pitch at the base of the injured
part. The affected shoots soon turn brown.
This species produces "spike top" in western
pines, attacking mature trees from between 10
to 30 feet down from the top, and second growth moth, work!
CONIFEROUS FOREST TREE BORERS
231
from about breast high to a height of 35 to 40 feet, killing
many trees.
The European pine-shoot moth (Evetria buoliana Shiff.,
Fig. 134) is a recent European introduction, which usually at-
tacks several terminal buds and fre-
quently produces the peculiar bayonet-
shaped deformation figured. As many
as six buds may be destroyed in one
whorl. The early stages of infestation
are indicated by a rather obscure exuda-
tion of pitch, frequently somewhat gran-
ular, at the base of the buds and within
small, brown, black-headed caterpillars,
the orange-colored irregularly silvery-
lined moths issuing mostly during June.
The eggs are laid on the terminal buds
the latter part of July or in August.
This species infests all kinds of Euro-
pean pines and is recorded as equally in-
jurious to American pines.
Shoots badly affected by any of these
twig-borers may be cut out and burned,
a practice which can be recommended
only in ornamental plantings. In the
West, badly infested or "brood trees"
should be cut and burned, thus materi-
ally lessening infestation by the pine-tip
moth.
REFERENCES
1914, Busck, August, Econ. Ent. Journ. 7:340.
1915, Busck, August, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 170,
pp. 1-11.
1915, Brunner, Josef, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 295, pp. 1-12.
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 180, pp. 39-42.
Fia. 134. European
pine-shoot moth,
work ; note the
blasted buds at the
base of the shoot.
232
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
FIG. 135. Pitch
midge, work;
note cast skins
projecting from
the pitch.
PITCH MIDGES
Retinodiplosis spp.
Yellowish-orange maggots with a distinct breast-bone live
in pitch exudations of pine or infest the needles or twigs and
occasionally cause material injury (Fig. 135).
Small hard pines are sometimes in an
unhealthy condition, due in part to an ex-
cessive flow of pitch and in certain cases
pitch masses % inch in diameter or there-
abouts may be found upon the branches,
each containing a few to a number of yel-
lowish maggots. The transformations oc-
cur within the pitch masses. This is the
work of one of the earliest known pitch
midges, Retinodiplosis resinicola Osten
Sacken.
Another species produces obscure sub.-
cortical swellings in the smaller branches of the scrub pine,
Pinus rigida and P. virginiana, the full-grown maggots issu-
ing from the branches and undergoing
their final transformations in small
whitish oval cocoons upon the needles
or the tips of the twigs. This species
is R. inopis Osten Sacken.
A western form, R. resinicoloides
Wlms., is found in California in the
resinous exudations of the Monterey
pine, Pinus radiata, and occasionally
weakens trees to a considerable extent.
A fourth species, R. palustris Felt,
was reared from pitch on twigs of the
long-leafed pine collected in Alabama.
A somewhat abnormal species, R. Fu , 136 _ Pinr noe dlo
taxodii Felt, has been reared from gall-fly, infested shoot.
CONIFEROUS FOREST TREE BORERS 233
cones of the bald-cypress, Taxodium distichum, the larvae liv-
ing in galls which are evidently modified or aborted seeds.
The pine needle gall-fly, known as Ceddomyia pini-rigidoe
Packard (Fig. 136), probably belongs to the genus Retino-
diplosis and is especially interesting because of the sub-
globular basal swelling it produces in aborted pine needles,
considerable groups on individual branches sometimes being
affected.
REFERENCES
1880, Comstock, J. H., U. S. Dept. Agr. Kept., 1879, pp. 256-257.
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 410-413, 423-425.
1921, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bulls. 231-232, pp. 156-162.
PITCH-MASS BORER
Parharmonia pini Kellicott
Large brownish pitch masses on pine trunks are usually the
work of this boring caterpillar.
The pitch caterpillar is rarely abundant enough to cause
serious injury, although the masses of pitch are far from
uncommon. The borer is peculiar in its ability to move freely
through the semi-fluid pitch, and, despite its living in such a
medium, it is subject to attack by parasites. The tree is
usually invaded somewhere just below a branch or near the
border of a wound made by an axe or other agency. Large
trees are very liable to attack. Pupae occur the last of May
and the moths appear from the middle to the end of June.
This insect is allied to the troublesome squash vine-borer of
the garden. No practical control measures are known.
REFERENCE
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 341-342.
ANTS AND TREES
A great many ants are observed on and about trees and
some at least are known to be directly injurious. A, number
234
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
of species of ants protect plant-lice, the young of tree-hoppers,
and the like, and probably cause a considerable amount of
mischief by producing conditions favorable to an enormous
development of these minute insects.
The large black carpenter ant, Camponotus herculeanus
Linn. (Fig. 137), is the common timber ant of dwellings and
forests. Occasionally it becomes so abundant in houses as to
prove a veritable nuisance on account of forays in the pantry
and in not a few instances it
may weaken a dwelling struc-
turally by excavating large
irregular galleries in timbers.
It is not at all uncommon to
find balsam trees in the Adi-
rondacks which have broken
over because this species
gained an entrance to the
trunk and ate away most of
the interior. The excavations
in balsam are beautifully reg-
ular and determined in large
Fir, 137.-Carpenter ant, work measure b ^ the alternations
in poplar, reduced. of somewhat hard and softer
wood due to different periods
of growth, whereas the work of the same insect in elm is ex-
tremely irregular, as the interlacing fibers present almost
equal difficulties to the insect working in any direction.
The mound ant, Formica exsectoides Forel, constructs nests
in rather open woodland areas and the investigations of H. B.
Peirson have shown that these ants destroy young pine trees
by tearing away the epidermis and ejecting formic acid on
the exposed delicate tissues. This coagulates the cell contents,
prevents the downward flow of sap and thus kills the trees.
It is possible only in the cases of small trees; is somewhat
CONIFEROUS FOREST TREE BORERS 235
general in some areas and apparently occurs only when the
trees shade the ant nests too much.
Ant control is usually directed toward locating the nest and
killing the insects with carbon bisulfide, using a pint or so for
a good-sized nest and facilitating its entrance by punching
several holes, pouring the insecticide in and then preventing
its escape by covering the nest and fumigant either with a
large pan, blanket or other material so as to hinder evapora-
tion. Carpenter ants in houses presumably can be destroyed
most easily by the use of a diluted, sweetened, arsenical prepa-
ration, since the nests of
this species are usually
inaccessible.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State
Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, p.
90.
1922, Peirson, H. B., Journ. of
Forestry, 20:325-336.
SAWYER
Monochamus conjusor Kirby
Large, white, fleshy,
legless grubs from 1^/2 to
2 inches long frequently FI G . 138. Sawyer,
work in the inner bark,
sapwood and heartwood of dying pines, spruces and balsams
(Figs. 138, 139).
The sawyer is one of the largest and most common borers
under the bark of logs and dead and dying coniferous trees.
Its presence may be detected easily by the masses of coarse,
white sawdust-like borings, which frequently collect on the
ground or may be found under the bark. The magnificent
grayish beetles have a body length of % to l*/2 inches and
236 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
antenna* which may measure from 2 to 3 inches additional.
They are abroad in midsummer and are usually found on
dying or sickly trees. This insect frequently follows attack
by bark-borers. The eggs are deposited in gashes cut in the
FIG. 139. Sawyer, work in pine, note oval oviposition scar,
circular exit hole and broad, irregular galleries; the smaller
galleries are the work of bark-beetles, about half natural size.
bark. The young grubs work mostly in the inner bark, the
older ones penetrating the sapwood and even traversing the
heart of the tree. The life cycle may be completed in one
year, although some believe it extends over two seasons,
CONIFEROUS FOREST TREE BORERS 237
There are several closely related and very similar appear-
ing species, namely, M. scutellatus Say, M. titillator Fabr. and
M. marmoratus Kirby. These latter are smaller, though they
have practically identical habits with the first named. These
insects and ambrosia beetles are very injurious to timber.
Logs of pine and spruce carried over a season should, if
possible, be placed in water as soon as the ice is gone. If they
are in a loose boom so there is considerable drift and the tops
of the logs are therefore wet, no further attention is necessary;
otherwise they should be turned about a month after they
have been floated. Logs left in the woods may be protected
by barking them before the middle of July and, if this be
too expensive, fairly good results may be secured by piling
them on skidways and thickly covering them with green
spruce, pine or balsam boughs, the spruce being the best.
Recent investigations have shown that many bark-borers
are destroyed in logs left exposed to the sun. Consequently
if those in the open are turned, provided the bark is not too
thick, there is less likelihood of their
being seriously damaged.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8,
vol. 2, pp. 360-366.
1917, Swaine, J. M., Ent. Soc. Ont. 47th Rept.,
pp. 96-97.
RIBBED PINE BORER
Rhagium lineatum Olivier
A white, broad-headed, flattened grub
is frequently under the bark of dead
trees (Figs. 140, 141).
The grubs of this grayish, black mottled, stout beetle about
V 2 inch long are very common in partly rotten pine bark.
They are easily recognized by the peculiar pupal cell some
238 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
% inch in diameter, partly lined with somewhat decayed wood
particles, though most of the cell is composed of splinters
torn from the wood at the bottom of the cell. The grub
ranges in length from % to U/4 inches and is remarkable for its
broad amber-colored head which is fully as wide as the tho-
racic segments. Both grubs and beetles winter under the bark.
A smaller more slender grub is frequently found with
Rhagium. It constructs a nearly circular pupal cell about
FIG. 141. Ribbed pine borer, larva, pupa and pupal cells, the dark cell
(9) that of the associated Pytho.
% inch in diameter and is easily recognized by the fact that
the walls are entirely composed of partly rotted borings. The
beetle, Pytho americanus Kirby, is about Vk inch long, black
except for the dark bluish-green striated wing-covers. Neither
of these species is especially injurious.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 366-369.
SPOTTED HEMLOCK BORER
Melanophila fulvoguttata Harris
Numerous flattened sinuous galleries in the inner bark of
living or dying trees may contain the slender whitish grubs
about % inch long of this borer (Figs. 142, 143).
CONIFEROUS FOREST TREE BORERS
239
The flattened dark metallic colored beetle
less than y 2 inch long with grayish reflections
and six circular, yellowish or whitish spots on
the wing-covers is responsible for serious in-
jury to hemlocks. It is credited by Burke with
having caused the death of a large amount of
hemlock timber throughout the Appalachian 142 s
and northeastern states and in 1913 it was the ted hemlock
borer,
larged.
en-
active agent in destroying a number of mag-
nificent trees within the limits of New York
City. Infestation by
this insect may be so
severe as to result in
127 beetles and 72 para-
sites being reared from
a log 2 1 /2 feet long and
12 inches in diameter.
The trunks of infested
trees under such condi-
tions are fairly girdled
with the innumerable,
interlacing, sinuous,
flattened galleries. The
beetle is mostly a mid-
summer species, being
abroad in June and
July. The eggs are evi-
dently laid in crevices
of the bark, sometimes
in pairs. The older
grubs excavate broad
and irregular partly
f rass-filled burrows
FIG. 143. Spotted hemlock borer, work
and grubs.
which very effectively
240 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
girdle the tree. The species is recorded as occurring through-
out the middle and the northern part of the United States.
The most effective control measure is to cut out all dead
or sickly trees and burn the thicker bark at least during the
winter or early in the spring. Hemlocks injured by fire or
wind storms after April 1st may well be left as trap trees
and removed the following spring.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 390-391.
1915, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 175, pp. 26-30.
CHAPTER XIV
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA OR TIMBER BEETLES
ATTACKING CONIFERS
A NUMBER of bark-beetles are among the most injurious
insect pests of coniferous trees and to a certain extent of some
other trees. All lumbermen and many others are accustomed
to associate the dying of trees over extensive areas with
various fires. There is no question but that fires have been
responsible for enormous losses, yet the investigations of
Hopkins have brought forth very conclusive evidence that
some of the large denuded areas in the Rocky Mountains sup-
posed to have been caused by forest fires were primarily the
work of one or more species of bark-beetles belonging to the
genus Dendroctonus. The studies of Hopkins lead him to
place the stumpage value of timber destroyed by these insects
in the United States during the past fifty years at more than
one billion dollars.
A few specific cases will illustrate conditions resulting from
bark-beetle attack. The work of the spruce-destroying beetle,
Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk., was observed by the late
C. H. Peck in the Adirondacks from 1874 to 1876 and, in com-
menting on conditions in the latter year, he states that there
is reason to believe that much of the spruce timber in Hamil-
ton County had already been invaded by the beetle. This
insect is credited with destroying a very large percentage of
the mature spruce over thousands of square miles of forests.
There was wide-spread and serious injury to pines in the
southeastern United States by the southern pine bark-beetle,
Dendroctonus frontaKs Zimm., from about 1880 till 1892, the
241
242 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
damage being general over thousands of acres in five states
and in some areas including nearly all pines. The spruce-
destroying beetle was again active in northern New England,
particularly Maine, in 1900, the large amount of dead spruce
in the upper Androscoggin attracting especial attention, the
affected trees occurring individually or in clumps of a few
to several hundred scattered through the forest or left in the
cutting, the best stands and largest timber being affected
irrespective of soil, exposure or altitude. The Black Hills
beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosce Hopk., is credited in 1909 by
its describer with having killed more than a billion feet of
timber in the Black Hills forest reserve and also with being
injurious in central Colorado and New Mexico, attacking
western yellow pine and white spruce. The western pine-
destroying bark-beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis Lee., was
responsible, in the opinion of Hopkins, for the death in 1905
of 2 to 5 per cent of the matured standing bull pine timber in
the section of Idaho investigated that season. During the last
twenty years a very different bark-beetle, the hickory bark-
borer, Scolytus quadrispinosus Say, has caused the death
of many thousands of magnificent hickory trees in the north-
eastern United States. Hopkins estimates the loss caused by
forest insects at a considerably higher figure than that result-
ing from forest fires.
All of these beetles attack the trees in swarms. They enter
the bark of the trunk, frequently about midway of the height
of the tree and excavate their egg galleries for a greater or
less distance, the eggs being deposited in minute notches on
either side. This weakens the tree and greatly increased
damage results from the galleries, usually more or less trans-
verse, of the young as they work away from the tunnel of
the parent insect. A general infestation speedily results in
the girdling of the trees and their death, due to the fact that
the galleries are made in the inner bark and outer sapwood.
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 243
The earliest signs of infestation are limited to particles of
brown or whitish borings in the bark crevices accompanied
sometimes by more or less exudation of resin or sap. Some
of the pine bark-beetles use the exuding pitch for the con-
struction of conspicuous pitch tubes around the entrance to
their galleries. These pitch tubes and accumulations of pitch
in the galleries, especially the latter, remain for years and
are conclusive evidence of trees having been attacked while
alive. Trees showing numerous circular holes in the bark
appearing as though they had been caused by buck-shot have
been deserted by the bark-beetles and have, therefore, ceased
to be a menace to the adjacent forest. Control measures
designed to destroy insects in trees and thus protect other
areas must be carried out before the beetles have had an
opportunity to escape, which usually means some time before
warm weather of the spring following attack.
The bark-beetles are small, cylindrical, stout, dark brown
or black insects rarely % inch long and usually y i n h
long or less. They resemble each other closely and are not
easily identified by themselves. Fortunately the work of
many species differs markedly from that of others and the
type of gallery in connection with the n\me of the host tree
makes it comparatively easy to identify the more common
species. Furthermore, the general similarity of habit and
the fact that preventive or control measures are about the
same for most species, makes the question of specific identity
somewhat less important so far as the lumberman is con-
cerned, although it may be decidedly advantageous to be able
to distinguish between the work of beetles likely to increase
greatly and become very injurious and those which are rarely
able to do more than maintain themselves in small numbers.
Certain bark-beetles breed freely in healthy trees and others
thrive in those with a reduced vitality. Moreover, condi-
tions which result in a great production of bark-beetles may
244 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
be followed by unusual injury, since to a certain extent the
ability of the beetles to enter and kill a tree is matched
against the resistance of the host. It is obviously impossible
under present forest conditions to practice many direct con-
trol measures, although a recognition of the conditions favor-
able to injury may indicate precautions which may be carried
out to a greater or less extent and result in a considerable
mitigation of the danger.
In the first place, it is well recognized that bark-beetles
thrive in recently cut or killed trees or parts of trees, conse-
quently general logging operations, which result in the leaving
of large quantities of slash, are a potential danger, because
of the possibility of beetles breeding in this material and
then spreading to adjacent woodlands. Practical modifica-
tions of logging, which will reduce slash to a minimum, are
therefore very desirable.
It is also known that trees partly killed by fire are at-
tractive to bark-beetles and enormous reproduction in such
material is a positive menace to adjacent areas. The early
cutting and marketing of lumber and wood from such tracts
means not only salvage of present resources but protection
to near-by forests.
The extensive defoliation of woodlands by any of the leaf-
eating insects means reduced vitality and the starting of
natural processes which may result in invasion by various
borers, their multiplying in large numbers in such areas and
then spreading to healthy trees.
It should be noted that practically all of the more destruc-
tive bark-bettles show a decided preference for the larger,
more matured trees, the younger timber being attacked later.
It obviously follows that the older timber should be removed
first in areas in which there is danger of bark-borer injury.
Bark-beetles are subject to attack by a number of natural
enemies. Various species of woodpeckers are among the more
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 245
efficient and it is not uncommon to find trees which were badly
infested practically free of the insects as a result of the
activities of these birds. Also a number of parasitic insects
and predaceous species commonly attack bark-beetles and
are, therefore, decidedly beneficial. Unfortunately, there are
no very practical methods of increasing the activities of these
natural enemies.
Systematic cutting year after year provides conditions at-
tractive to bark-beetles and may actually result in protection
to adjacent areas, whereas sporadic cutting here and there
may produce conditions favorable for the enormous multi-
plication of bark-beetles in one season and their being com-
pelled to attack living trees the next because nothing suitable
can be found in the vicinity.
Ordinarily winter cutting is the safer procedure, since bark-
beetles may be attracted in large numbers to trees felled in
midsummer. Winter cutting, especially in areas injured by
bark-beetles, and the early disposal of the lumber would do
much to reduce the probability of injury another season.
The investigations of Hopkins have shown that it is not
necessary to remove all of the infested timber and that in
some instances a reduction of 75 per cent is sufficient to pre-
vent serious injury. It is very probable that systematic work
along these lines continued over extensive areas would bring
about a gratifying reduction in the numbers of bark-beetles.
Experience has demonstrated the utility of the methods out-
lined above. A most striking example occurred in 1907 when
some 65,000 feet of timber on an Idaho estate were infested
by the Black Hills beetles with the probability of their issuing
in large numbers and attacking considerably more timber.
The owner was advised of the situation but no action was
taken and at the end of the season the infestation had spread
to such an extent as to involve 250,000 feet. This was cut
out and the owner reported later that the outcome i?as en-
246 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
tirely satisfactory, the operation resulting in a net profit of
about $5 a thousand feet on the logs at the mill.
The cutting alone of infested timber is not sufficient to
prevent the breeding out of the insects and their spread to
other trees the following season. Slab-wood with the bark
badly infested by borers should be burned before spring has
advanced, and saw-logs which can not be worked up prior
to warm weather should be immersed in water and if there
is more or less wave action no other precaution is necessary;
otherwise they should be turned several weeks after they have
been put in the water in order to drown all the borers. The
infested bark of branches and trunks and slash should be
burned so far as possible. Well directed and general work
along this line will do much to bring bark-beetle prevalence
below the danger point. This has been demonstrated in the
forests of the western United States.
Bark-beetle infestations are spotty in character and may
be recognized easily at a distance by the red tops of the
affected trees and, on a closer examination, by the pale yellow
or brown borings or sawdust and the grubs or borers in the
inner bark and sapwood. The practical lumberman desirous
of cutting the most from his holdings should give first atten-
tion so far as possible to injured trees, whether they have
been damaged from one cause or another, because immediate
cutting means securing most of the wood in the best possible
condition under the circumstances, and with the proper han-
dling of the slash this plan would result in the destruction of
millions of insects which might otherwise spread and carry
destruction to near-by trees.
HOSTS OF AMERICAN BARK AND AMBROSIA OR TIMBER BEETLES 1
Arbor-vitae
Phloeosinus dentatus Say.
'See Can. Ent. 54:128-134, 1922, for an extended list of western Ipids
and hosts.
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 247
Ash
Leperisinus aculeatus Say.
Balsam
Crypturgus atomus Lee.
Dryocoetes pseudotsugce Swaine.
Scolytus picece Swaine.
Pityokteines sparsus Lee.
Beech
Monarthrum mail Fitch.
Xyleborus xylographus Say.
Xyloterinus politics Say.
Birch
Dryocoetes betulce Hopk.
Monarthrum mali Fitch.
Xyleborus xylographus Say.
Xyloterinus politus Say.
Cedar, red
Phlceosinus dentatus Say.
Cypress
Phlceosinus cristatus Lee.
Phlo3osinus cupressi Hopk.
Xyleborus sacchari Hopk.
Dogwood
Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus Zimm.
Elm
Hylurgopinus rufipes Eich.
Fir
Scolytus picece Swaine
Fir, Douglas
Dendroctonus pseudotsugce Hopk.
Dryoccetes pseudotsugce Swaine.
Hemlock
Xyleborus xylographus Say.
Hickory
Chramesus hicorice Lee.
Scolytus quadrispinosus Say.
Xyleborus celsus Eich.
Xyleborus xylographus Say.
Larch
Dryoccetes americanus Hopk.
Dryoccetes autographus Ratz.
Gnathotrichus materiarius Fitch.
Ips pini Say.
Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby.
248 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Larch, eastern
Dendroctonus simplex Lee.
Orthotomicus ccelatus Eich.
Larch, western
Dendroctonus pseudotsugce Hopk.
Xyleborus xylographus Say.
Maple
Xyleborus xylographus Say.
Xyloterinus politus Say.
Oak
Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus Zimm.
Monar thrum mali Fitch.
Xyleborus xylographus Say.
Pine
Crypturgus atomus Lee.
Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopk.
Dendroctonus parallelocollis Chap.
Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv.
Dendroctonus valens Lee.
Gnathotrichus materiarius Fitch.
Orthotomicus ccelatus Eich.
Pityophthorus spp.
Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby.
Monarthrum mali Fitch.
Xyleborus xylographus Say.
Pine, hard
Ips cacographus Lee.
Pine, Jeffrey
Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopk.
Pine, limber
Dendroctonus ponderosce Hopk.
Pine, lodge-pole
Dendroctonus monticolce Hopk.
Dendroctonus murrayance Hopk.
Dendroctonus ponderosce Hopk.
Pine, Mexican white
Dendroctonus ponderosce Hopk.
Pine, silver or western white
Dendroctonus monticolce Hopk.
Pine, sugar
Dendroctonus monticolce Hopk.
Pine, western white
Ips integer Eich.
Pine, western yellow
Dendroctonus approximatus Dietz.
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 249
Dendroctonus arizonicus Hopk.
Dendroctonus barberi Hopk.
Dendroctonus brevicomis Lee.
Dendroctonus convexijrons Hopk.
Dendroctonus monticolce Hopk.
I ps emarginatus Lee.
Ips integer Eich.
Ips oregoni Eich.
Pine, white
Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby.
Dryocostes americanus Hopk.
Dryoccetes autographus Ratz.
Ips calligraphus Germ.
Ips pini Say.
Pityokteines sparsus Lee.
Pine, yellow
Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopk.
Dendroctonus ponderosce Hopk.
Pinus contorta
Ips radiatce Hopk.
Pinus radiata
Ips radiatce Hopk.
Spruce
Crypturgus atomus Lee.
Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv.
Dendroctonus valens Lee.
Dryocostes americanus Hopk.
Dryoccetes autographus Ratz.
Dryocoetes pseudotsugaz Swaine.
Gnathotrichus materiarius Fitch.
Ips pini Say.
Orthotomicus cadatus Eich.
Pityokteines sparsus Lee.
Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby.
Monar thrum mail Fitch.
Trypodendron bivittatum Kirby.
Xyleborus xylographus Say.
Spruce, Alaska
Dendroctonus borealis Hopk.
Spruce, big-cone
Dendroctonus pseudotsugos Hopk.
Spruce, black
Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk.
250
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Spruce, Engelmann
Dendroctonus engelmanni Hopk.
Dendroctonus ponderosce Hopk.
Ips interpunctus Eich.
Spruce, red
Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk.
Dendroctonus punctatus Lee.
Spruce, Sitka
Dendroctonus obesus Mann.
Spruce, white
Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk.
Dendroctonus ponderosce Hopk.
Dendroctonus valens Lee.
Scolytus piceoB Swaine.
Ips interpunctus Eich.
Tamarack
Scolytus picece Swaine.
WESTERN PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus brevicomis Lee.
This species attacks healthy, injured and felled western
yellow pine and sugar pine and is destructive to living timber
in the mountains of California and north-
ward and eastward to Washington and
Montana. It winters in the bark in all
stages and the over-wintering parent
beetles extend their galleries (Fig. 144) or
excavate new ones and deposit eggs dur-
ing April and May, the younger stages
developing later and continuing to issue
from the trees until the last of July.
There is a partial second brood; its
P rinci P al attack occurs the last of August
to the middle of September. The infesta-
tion is indicated by the reddish borings
and the pitch tubes on the trunk or yellowing foliage in
August, September or October, depending on the time of at-
tack. The species can be attracted to girdled and felled trees
beiSe * work
reduced. ' '
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES
251
and continued timber cutting usually provides sufficient breed-
ing places. Burning of slash for the control of this species
should be done about the first of August for winter and spring
cutting and during winter for late sum-
mer and fall cutting.
REFERENCES
1906, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dopt. Agr., Bur.
Ent. Bull. 58, Part II, pp. 17-30.
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur.
Ent. Bull. 83, Part I, pp. 42-49.
SOUTHWESTERN PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus barberi Hopk.
This borer attacks living, injured
and felled western yellow pine in
southern Colorado and Utah and in the
mountains of Arizona, New Mexico,
western Texas and northern Mexico.
Its presence in standing timber is in-
dicated by pitch tubes and by the fad-
ing yellowish to red foliage (Fig. 145).
The winter is passed in all stages, from
young to fully developed beetles, the
latter issuing the last of May and con-
tinuing to appear until the last of June
or later. The earlier emerging adults
of the first generation attack the trees
and begin to deposit eggs about the
first of August, the principal attack
being in August and September. The control measures are
practically the same as in the case of the western pine beetle.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 49-52.
145. Southwestern
pine beetle, work, a
pitch tubes, b entrance
burrow, c egg gallery,
d ventilating burrow,
e pupal cells, / exit
burrow, greatly re-
duced.
252 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
ROUND-HEADED PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus convexifrons Hopk.
This borer attacks injured, felled and healthy western
yellow pine from southern Arizona to northern New Mexico
and southern Colorado. It winters in the bark in all stages
excepting the egg and possibly pupa. The over-wintered
parent beetles extend the old galleries or excavate new ones
from May until the last of June, while the over-wintered brood
of young adults begins to emerge and deposit eggs in June
and continues activities until September. There is only a
partial generation annually and some individuals may not
complete their development until the second year. The re-
moval and burning of the bark for the control of this species
should be done between the first of October and the middle
of the following June.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 53-56.
SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus jrontalis Zimm.
This species attacks healthy, injured and felled trees of all
the pines and spruces from southern Pennsylvania southward
into Florida and westward into eastern Texas and Arkansas.
It winters principally as matured larvae in the outer bark,
though some pupae and small larvae also hibernate. The
wintering matured larvae begin to transform to pupae and
adults in March and April, the principal transformation occur-
ring in April. Most of the over-wintering broods have issued
by the middle of June and all by the last of July. The over-
wintering young adults deposit their first eggs early in May
and the making of galleries and oviposition continues probably
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 253
into June. There are five generations and in the southern
section, including the Atlantic or Gulf region of loblolly and
long-leaf pines, there is a complex overlapping of probably
five or six generations. There is one principal period of de-
structive attack in the mountains of North Carolina, namely,
August and September, while in the area represented by Tryon,
North Carolina, there are two, from the middle of June to the
last of August, the other occurring in September and October.
This latter is probably true of the Atlantic or Gulf region just
mentioned. This species shows a decided preference for living
healthy trees, although it will breed in those which have been
injured or felled. Hopkins considers this one of the most
dangerous enemies of the pine forests of the southern states,
Pitch tubes on the upper to middle trunk are the first external
evidences of attack or there may be reddish borings in the
loose bark and around the base of the tree. A severe attack
will be followed in about two weeks by the fading yellowish
appearance of the leaves, and two weeks later the leaves will
be yellowish to reddish. All of the bark excepting that on the
base of the trunks will be dead and the broods ready to emerge
or even out of the trees.
Removing and burning the bark of infested trees is neces-
sary to insure destruction of the insects, since the beetles of
this species winter in the outer dry bark. Infested logs should
be immersed if the bark can not be removed and destroyed,
although if the upper surface of the trunk of felled trees or
logs is scored so as to facilitate the entrance of water, the
insects will be killed during the winter by the excessive
moisture.
REFERENCES
1899, Hopkins, A. D., W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 56, pp. 197-461.
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part l^pp. 5&-72.
254 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
ARIZONA PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus arizonicus Hopk.
This brown to black beetle attacks healthy, injured and
felled western yellow pine in central Arizona. Its habits are
apparently similiar to those of the southwestern pine bark-
beetle and the control measures would, therefore, be the same
as recommended for that species.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 72-73.
SMALLER MEXICAN PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopk.
This species attacks pine trees in Mexico and apparently
has habits similar to those of the southwestern, southern and
Arizona beetles.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 74-75.
LARGER MEXICAN PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus parallelocollis Chap.
This large species, % to % inch long, attacks living pine
trees in Mexico, making coarse, slightly winding, longitudinal
or oblique and sometimes branched egg galleries in the inner
bark.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I, p. 75.
COLORADO PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus approximatus Dietz
This species attacks injured, dying and healthy western
yellow pine from central Colorado and Utah to southern
Arizona and New Mexico. The winter is passed in all stages,
except the egg and possibly pupa, the over-wintering parent
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 255
beetles extending their old galleries, excavating new ones and
depositing eggs from the beginning of warm weather until into
June. The over-wintered broods of young adults begin to
issue from the trees early in June and continue until September
or later. The principal attack occurs during June, July and
August. It appears to prefer injured, dying and felled trees
and is, therefore, less likely to become of economic importance.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 77-80.
MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus monticolce Hopk.
This borer attacks injured, felled and healthy silver or
western white pine, western yellow pine and lodge-pole pine
in Montana, western Wyoming, Idaho, Oregon and Washing-
ton. It also attacks sugar pine, western yellow pine and
lodge-pole pine in the mountains of Washington, Oregon and
California. The winter is passed in all stages, except eggs
and pupa?, the parent over-wintering adults extending their
incompleted egg galleries or excavating new ones and depositing
eggs in April and May. The over-wintered broods of young
adults begin to emerge in July, the principal period of issuance
being in August, although retarded broods continue to come
out until September or later. The broods of larvae begin to
transform in April and May and continue until September or
later. This species prefers to attack injured and felled trees,
though it often infests healthy ones. Pitch tubes, reddish
borings and the fading of foliage in fall and spring, followed
by a yellowish or sorrel-top condition in May to June and by
red tops from July to September, are evidences of infestation.
The bark from infested trees should be removed and burned
between October and the following June. This insect develops
most successfully only in the thinner bark of the lowej;portion
256 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
of the trunk of medium to large lodge-pole pines, consequently
the removal and burning of this from a comparatively few
may be all that is necessary to check an infestation.
REFERENCES
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 80-90.
1914,Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr. Ent. Bull. 7, pp. 26-28.
BLACK HILLS BEETLE
Dendroctonus ponderosce Hopk.
This insect attacks living and sometimes injured and felled
yellow pine, lodge-pole pine, limber pine, Mexican white pine,
white spruce and Engelmann spruce from the Black Hills,
South Dakota, to southern Arizona and westward into Utah.
It is classed as a very destructive species. Pitch tubes on the
trunks of infested trees in the summer and fall and fading
yellowish and reddish foliage the following season from May
to August are signs of infestation. The larger and best trees
are usually attacked first, but after these are killed the beetle
will enter and kill medium to small trees. Over-wintered
parent adults begin work in April and May and over-wintered
broods of young adults commence to attack trees and deposit
eggs toward the last of July. The principal attack is during
August and continues into September and October. The
removal and burning of bark infested by this insect is advised
when possible and efforts directed toward destroying 75 per
cent of the insects.
REFERENCE
1905, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 56, pp. 5-24;
Bull. 83, Part I, 1909, pp. 90-101.
JEFFREY PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopk.
This borer attacks living and dying Jeffrey and yellow pine
in the Yosemite National Park and San Bernardino County,
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 257
California, the infested trees being indicated by pitch tubes
in the summer and fall and during the following May to
August by the fading yellowish foliage. The habits of this
beetle appear to be quite similar to those of the mountain
pine and Black Hills beetles and it is evident that practically
the same control measures should be adopted.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 101-103.
EASTERN LARCH BEETLE
Dendroctonus simplex Lee.
This species attacks injured, dying, felled and healthy
eastern larch from New Brunswick, Canada, westward to
northern Michigan and probably to the western and northern
limits of this tree and south in the higher Alleghenies to north-
eastern West Virginia and western Maryland. Attack is indi-
cated by a flow of resin or red borings on the bark. The
broods enter the bark of stumps and logs and the trunks of
standing trees from the ground to the branches or into the
tops. There is but one generation annually, activities begin-
ning in April, May or June. Infested trees should either be
barked, burned or placed in water and the stumps barked
between September and the following May. Trap trees felled
during May and June appear to be of service in attracting
the beetles.
REFERENCES
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 103-106.
1918,Blackman, M. W., and Stage, H. H., N. Y. State Col. For., Tech.
Pub. 10, pp. 39-41.
258 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
DOUGLAS FIR BEETLE
Dendroctonus pseudotsugce Hopk.
This beetle attacks dying, felled and living Douglas fir,
big-cone spruce and western larch from British Columbia
southward into New Mexico, Arizona and California. At-
tack is indicated by red borings (Fig. 146) and the pinkish
yellow foliage of dying trees, although some remain green
in the fall and turn brown during the winter
and spring. The insect prefers to infest stumps
and logs of felled and standing trees, which
are injured or dying, though it attacks and
kills healthy trees under favorable conditions.
Activities begin in April and the principal
attack occurs during April, May and June,
though it may continue into July or later.
The borer appears to thrive best in the drier
regions where the growth of the trees is slow
FIG. 146. Doug- and where there is frequent injury by fire,
work^ gS 6 ; storms > land-slides and the like. Newly in-
reduced. fested trees may be barked during July and
the first of August. It is necessary to burn
the infested bark. Continued timber cutting usually pro-
vides sufficient material so this borer does not become very
destructive.
REFERENCES
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 106-114.
1914,Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr. Ent. Bull. 7, pp. 28-33.
EASTERN SPRUCE BEETLE
Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk.
This species attacks the red, black and white spruces from
New Brunswick, Canada, southward in the mountains of New
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 259
York and Pennsylvania and westward to Virginia. The insect
is rarely found in trees under 10 inches in diameter, breast
high, and prefers those with a diameter of 18 inches or
more. Infestation is indicated by reddish borings and the
numerous fresh gummed spots or pitch tubes mixed with
whitish or reddish borings on the bark of the middle or lower
portion of the trunk. The fallen needles on the ground have
a faded pale green appearance during September and October
and the tops are reddish. The winter and spring following
there are frequently evidences of woodpecker work. The over-
wintered beetles begin to emerge about the middle of June
and continue until August, the principal issuance taking place
during July. The main deposition of eggs occurs during June
and July, although it may continue into September or later.
The removal of bark from infested trees results in the death
of the immature stages of this insect. If a large amount of
timber is infested, logging operations should be directed in
such a way as to remove the most of it between the middle of
October and the middle of May.
REFERENCES
1901, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. Bull. 28, n. s., pp. 1-48.
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 379-385.
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 114-126.
ENGELMANN SPRUCE BEETLE
Dendroctonus engelmanni Hopk.
This insect attacks Engelmann and probably other spruces
from central Idaho southward to the mountains of southern
New Mexico and white spruce in the Black Hills of South
Dakota. The medium to larger trees are the ones usually
attacked. The beetles begin to emerge from the bark in May
or June, the larvae feeding in the inner bark. This species is
regarded by Hopkins as the most important enemy df ' Rocky.
260 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Mountain spruces and in his opinion there "has been a most
intimate inter-relation of destructive bark-beetles and forest
fires in the denudation of the vast areas of once heavily for-
ested lands in the Rocky Mountain region and that in very
many cases the insects have first killed the timber and the
fire has then followed, leaving the charred trunks and logs as
apparent proof that the fire alone was responsible." Control
measures are essentially the same as for the eastern spruce
beetle.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 126-132.
ALASKA SPRUCE BEETLE
Dendroctonus borealis Hopk.
This species resembles closely in general character the
eastern spruce beetle, although it is smaller and presents cer-
tain structural differences.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I, p. 132.
SITKA SPRUCE BEETLE
Dendroctonus obesus Mann.
This borer attacks living bark on the trunks of living, dying
and newly felled trees, stumps and large branches of Sitka
spruce from Newport, Oregon, northward to the coast of
Alaska, probably following the distribution of the tree in
which it lives. Apparently it will not attack healthy trees
when there is an abundance of felled and injured ones. Activi-
ties begin in April and adults begin to infest the trees and
deposit eggs early in May and continue through June and
probably into August, though the principal attack occurs in
May and June.
BARK-BEETLES AXTD AMBROSIA BEETLES 261
REFERENCES
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 132-136.
1914,Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr. Ent. Bull. 7, pp. 33-36.
RED- WINGED PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby
This species attacks felled white pine in northwestern Michi-
gan. The primary or egg gallery is evidently of the same
character as that of the spruce beetle, although the larval
mines are probably like those of the European spruce beetle
and the black and red turpentine beetles of this country. The
winter is passed as adults and larvae.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Ent. Bur. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 136-138.
LODGE-POLE PINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus murrayance Hopk.
This borer attacks lodge-pole pine in southern Wyoming
and occurs northward to Alberta, British Columbia. The egg
gallery is like that of the eastern spruce beetle, although the
larval mines more closely resemble those of the European
spruce beetle. This species attacks living trees near the base,
excavating galleries as much as 18 inches in length, with large
pitch tubes at the entrance, and deposits the eggs along one
side, in cavities partitioned off with borings.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 138-139.
ALLEGHENY SPRUCE BEETLE
Dendroctonus punctatus Lee.
Hopkins took one specimen from a freshly excavated gallery
in the bark of a stump of red spruce felled the previous
262
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
winter. This appears to be a rare species and little is known
concerning it.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 13&-141.
BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE
Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv.
This insect (Fig. 147) attacks the living bark, usually at
the base of injured, dying or healthy trees or the stumps of
felled pine and spruce from Long Island, New York, southward
to Florida and westward to Texas and West Virginia, although
FIG. 147. Black
turpentine bee-
tle, enlarged.
FIG. 148. Red tur-
pentine beetle,
enlarged.
it is more common in the south Atlantic and Gulf states. The
stout yellowish-white cylindrical larvae with reddish heads
and stout spines on the dorsal plates of the last abdominal
segments do not make separate larval mines but all feed to-
gether and eat out cavities in the inner bark from a few
inches to several feet square. The broad larval chambers are
often filled with semi-liquid resin which does not appear to
affect the grubs. Activities begin in March or April, the
principal excavation for egg galleries occurring in April and
May. The over-wintering large larvae complete their develop-
ment in May and June. This species is considered of secon-
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES
263
dary importance and only occasionally does it cause the death
of trees. This is particularly true on Long Island and in New
Jersey. Its work, however, makes conditions favorable for
injury by fire and invasion by other borers.
REFERENCE
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 146-153.
RED TURPENTINE BEETLE *
Dendroctonus valens Lee.
This species (Figs. 148, 149) attacks the living bark of in-
jured, dying, healthy and felled pine and spruce in the east-
ern United States and Canada, north
from the mountains of North Caro-
lina, westward to the Pacific Coast
and southward from British Colum-
bia into Mexico. It is more widely
distributed and abundant than the
preceding, especially in the northeast-
ern and western areas of the United
States. The beetles excavate broad, Fl ?- W9.-Red turpentine
... , ... . . beetle, work and grubs,
somewhat irregular, winding, longi- grea tly reduced.
tudinal egg galleries, the eggs being
placed in groups at intervals along the sides of the galleries.
1 The above summary accounts of various species of Dendroctonus
would be incomplete without a reference to the admirable, systematic
discussion given by Dr. Hopkins in Technical Series No. 7 of the
Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, 1909,
and although this contains much technical data of interest only to the
specialist, it has a fundamental value in accurately defining species and
establishing their range. Our Canadian authority on forest insects,
Dr. J. M. Swaine, has given an excellent, systematic and economic
discussion of Dendroctonus and allied bark-beetles in Technical Bulletin
No. 14 of the Entomological Branch of the Canadian Department of
Agriculture. Both of these works are profusely and admirably illus-
trated, the one by Dr. Hopkins delineating the structures of various
species and that of Dr. Swaine having many illustrations of Work, which
are most helpful in identifying bark-borers.
264
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
It has been found in practically all of the eastern pines and
spruces within its range and in nearly all of the principal
western pines but in none of the western spruces, except the
white spruce in the Black Hills of South Dakota. It is often
exceedingly abundant in the stumps of felled trees, in fire-
scorched trees and especially in the bark at the base of those
killed by other species of Dendroctonus. This beetle, like
the preceding, is of secondary importance.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 342-345 as
D. terebrans.
1909, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bull. 83, Part I,
pp. 153-165.
COARSE WRITING BARK-BEETLE
Ips calligraphus Germ.
There are a number of species of bark-beetles belonging to
the genus Ips which approach in habit and form the much
more destructive Dendroctonus, although most of the species
of Ips are easily recognized by the usually distinct tooth-like
processes on the outer margins of the
posterior concave or excavated slope or
declivity of the wing-covers. This
group, partly on account of the sys-
tematic difficulties and presumably
also because of its smaller economic
importance, has not been studied in the
same thorough-going manner and only
a few of the more common species are
discussed in this connection.
The coarse writing bark-beetle (Fig.
150) is one of the larger and commoner
S P ecieS On Or in the thick bark of white
enlarged. pine in the eastern United States and
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES
265
Canada. It usually occurs in dying trees and logs, although
it sometimes enters trees green enough so that pitch tubes are
constructed. The beetles are about % inch long and make
more or less longitudinal burrows in the thicker bark of the
trunk and larger limbs of various pines. The development of
this insect requires about ten
weeks. Large numbers were
observed entering a slender
pine August 5th and eight
weeks later two-thirds of the
needles were brown and the
remainder were changing rap-
idly. About three weeks
later, October 6th, practically
all of the needles were brown
and dead, the bark mostly
dead and all of the bark-
borers had forsaken the tree,
although some were found in
the vicinity. This attack may
have been an indirect out-
come of a reduced vitality
following unusual drought
conditions.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus,
Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 345-351.
1918, Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept
Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14,
pp. 112-113.
PINE BARK-BEETLE
Ips pini Say
This is one of the smaller
commonest pine bark-beetles
_ <M
Fw - ^l-
, work,
266 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
(Fig. 151) occurring in the moderately thin bark of dying
trees and apparently killing white pines under certain condi-
tions. It appears to be limited largely to white pine, although
it has been recorded from spruce and larch. The beetle is
about % inch long. Attacks are frequent in midsummer and
are indicated by brown borings, pitch tubes and, as the work
advances, by fading and browning of the foliage. It is widely
distributed in the northern United States and Canada, prob-
ably extending into Alaska. Hibernation occurs in the tree
and there is probably more than one
generation annually, a midsummer attack
| being known to occur.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol.
2, pp. 351-356.
1916, Clemens, W. A., Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
383, pp. 287-298.
1918, Swaine, J. C., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br.,
Tech. Bull. 14, pp. 115-116.
SOUTHERN IPS
Ips cacographus Lee.
The small brown or blackish beetles
about % inch long occur rather commonly
in hard pine at Karner, Albany County, on
Long Island and farther south. The insect
prefers the thinner bark of smaller trees
and the beetles were observed entering
limbs in large numbers in October, mak-
ing very irregular tortuous galleries (Fig. 152) in which
hibernation occurs.
REFERENCE
1906 ; Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp, 356-359.
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 267
OTHER BARK-BEETLES
A number of other species habitually occur in pine, some of
the more important being: /. radiatce Hopk. from Califor-
nia to Idaho in Pinus radiata and P. contorta; I. emargina-
tus Lee. attacks western yellow pine throughout the yellow
pine region of southern British Columbia and extending into
the western United States; /. integer Eich. recorded from
both the western yellow and western white pine through-
out the range of yellow pine in the interior of British
Columbia and extending south through the western United
States into Mexico and occurring as a secondary enemy in
slash and dying trees and sometimes as a primary enemy;
/. interpunctus Eich. in Engelmann and white spruce in
Alaska and Yukon, British Columbia, northern and western
Alberta and extending into the United States, usually a
secondary to sometimes a primary enemy; and I. oregoni
Eich. in western yellow pine in British Columbia and western
United States, probably throughout the range of its host,
usually a secondary enemy, although evidently at times an
important primary enemy. Very brief accounts of these and
other species of Ips are given by Swaine in his "Canadian
Bark-Beetles" (Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, pp.
107-120).
Orthotomicus ccelatus Eich.
This bark-beetle is brownish or nearly black, about %Q
inch long and frequently associated in New York state with
Ips calligraphus Germ. Like other small forms it prefers the
thinner bark of smaller trees or the upper part of the trunk
of larger trees. Hopkins records this species as very common
in West Virginia in partly living b$rk on living, dying and
dead, standing and felled trees and adds that it infests all of
the pines, the native and introduced spruces, and that it is
widely distributed. It occurs in eastern Canada andtAhe east-
268
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
ern United States and has also been recorded from eastern
larch.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 354-356.
1918, Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, pp. 121-122.
BALSAM BARK-BEETLE
Pityokteines sparsus Lee.
This minute bark-beetle, only about % i nc h l n g> ^ s a
widely distributed and important primary enemy of the east-
FIG. 153. Balsam bark-beetle,
early work.
FIG. 154. Balsam bark-beetle,
advanced work.
ern balsam, frequently attacking trees in hosts. The minute
beetles enter the bark and cause more or less exudation of
balsam and the common, somewhat characteristic red tops.
This borer appears to prefer living, vigorous trees and appar-
ently is able to kill them within a few weeks, since a serious
attack is quickly followed by the almost total destruction of
the inner bark and outer sapwood, due to the numerous inter-
lacing galleries of both adults and grubs (Figs. 153, 154) . The
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 269
parent galleries are transverse and in the case of a small limb
a group of two or three beetles may practically girdle it. This
species has been found in small numbers associated with Ips
pini Say, a species of Pityogenes in white pine and in company
with Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby in spruce. Systematic cut-
ting of infested trees is the most promising general control
measure, although the low commercial value of balsam makes
extensive operations inadvisable.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus.
Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 375-379.
1918, Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr.,
Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, pp. 123-
124.
SPRUCE BARK-BEETLE
Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby
This small light brown or black
rather stout beetle about % inch
long is a very common species,
occurring particularly in spruce
and larch and rarely in pine. It
is usually found in dying trees
and the bark of logs and slash, FlG ' 155 '~ S bark " beetl
although it is a more or less im-
portant enemy of black and white spruce. Hopkins considers
that this species may have been responsible for the great
destruction of spruce timber in West Virginia from 1883 to
1885. Its work is somewhat characteristic (Fig. 155) and the
general methods advised for the control of other bark-beetles
are equally applicable here.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 386-390.
1918, Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, pp. 56-56.
1918, Blackman, M. W., and Stage, H. H., N. Y. State Col. For., Tech.
Pub. 10. pp 42-18.
270
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
RED CEDAR BARK-BEETLE
Phloeosinus dentatus Say
This is a rather common light brown or black beetle, about
y 1G inch long, most easily recognized
by the peculiar and somewhat beauti-
ful galleries in red cedar or arbor-
vitse (Fig. 156). It appears to confine
its attack to sickly and dying trees
and is not an important forest insect.
Incipient attacks on recently set orna-
mentals may be checked by liberal
watering.
Another species of this genus, P.
sequoia?' Hopk., about % inch long,
infests the giant arbor-vitse or sequoia
of British Columbia and the western
United States.
Phloeosinus cupressi Hopk. and P.
cristatus Lee. attack a number of
cypresses and cypress-like trees on
the Pacific Coast. They excavate
galleries several inches long under the
bark parallel with the grain of the
wood and deposit eggs in small niches
on each side. They may also attack
Small branches about % inch in diam-
eter, entering through the bark and tunneling the centers;
consequently many twigs break of their own weight. This
work is sometimes so general that a pile of fallen twigs 2%
feet high and nearly as wide may be raked up under an
ordinary sized Monterey cypress. Adults occur presumably
throughout the year.
FIG. 156. Red cedar
bark-beetle, work.
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 271
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 391-393.
1915, Essig, E. O., Inj. Ben. Ins. Cal., pp. 312-314.
1918, Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, p. 70.
1920, Herbert, F. B., Econ. Ent. Journ. 13: 361-363.
TOOTHED SPRUCE BARK-BEETLE
Scolytus picece Swaine
The rather stout blackish beetle, about % inch long, breeds
in white spruce, balsam, fir and tamarack, the adults issuing
from the trees in June and egg-laying occurring in July. It
occurs throughout eastern Canada and probably the north-
eastern United States and breeds ordinarily in half-dried limbs
and presumably dying or weakened trees.
REFERENCES
1918, Blackman, M. W., and Stage, H. H., N. Y. State Col. For., Tech.
Pub. 10, pp. 49-55.
1918, Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, p. 53.
DRYOCCETES SPECIES
Dryoccetes americanus Hopk., probably D. autographus
Ratz., is a small bark-beetle about % inch long, occurring
commonly in the stumps and lower part of the trunk of
spruce, larch and white pine and exhibiting a marked prefer-
ence for dying or dead bark. It usually works near the sur-
face of the ground and is of little economic importance.
Another common species in this genus, D. betulce Hopk., is
somewhat general in the stumps of birch, probably all Cana-
dian and northeastern United States species. D. pseudotsugce
Swaine breeds in Douglas fir and may be found in balsam and
spruce. It is very abundant in the coast region of British
Columbia and probably occurs throughout the range of its
host tree southward to Oregon, '**"
272 . MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 672.
1918, Blackman, M. W., and Stage, H. H., N. Y. State Col. For., Tech.
Pub. 10, pp. 59-60.
1918,Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, p. 131.
MINUTE SPRUCE BARK-BEETLE
Crypturgus atomus Lee.
This is one of the smallest and most common bark-beetles,
being only about % inch long and attacking the pines,
spruces, balsam and larch of eastern Canada and the United
States. It excavates numerous very small irregular channels
in the inner bark. The beetles are sometimes extremely nu-
merous, many mines occurring within a very limited area.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus.
Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 359-360.
1918, Blackman, M. W., and Stage,
H. H., N. Y. State Col. For.,
Tech. Pub. 10, pp. 55-58.
1918, Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept.
Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull.
14, p. 54.
PlTYOPHTHORUS SPECIES
A number of minute bark-
beetles belonging to this genus
work in the thinner dying or
dead bark of various trees
and produce somewhat char-
fcicteristic galleries. They are
not particularly injurious and,
as the adults resemble each
other closely, they have not been studied thoroughly. The
minute oak bark-beetle, Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus
Zimm. (Fig. 157) , is somewhat common in the thinner bark
FIG. 157. Oak bark-beetle,
note exit holes.
work:
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES
273
of various oaks and dogwood. A number of species have
been recorded from different conifers.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, p. 295; 1906, vol. 2,
pp. 372-374.
1918,Swaine, J. M,, Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br,, Tech. Bull. 14, pp. 98-104.
ASH TIMBER BEETLE
Leperisinus aculeatus Say
This beetle is the most common ash borer, two females
usually working in opposite directions
from the entrance point, the latter
generally indicated by a slight notch
and speedily girdling the infested
Ymb. The eggs are deposited in
nctches on either side of the primary
galleries, the young grubs making
slender longitudinal, galleries from V*i
to nearly 2 inches long (Fig. 158).
The species is widely distributed
and usually occurs in dying and
recently killed trunks and limbs.
FIG. 158. Ash timber
beetle, work.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 288-289.
1918,Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, p. 72.
DARK ELM BARK-BORER
Hylwrgopinus rufipes Eich.
This species is better known as Hylesinus opaculus Lee. It
mines under the green bark of sickly and dying elms and also
attacks basswood. The parent beetle is dark brown, about
% inch long, the wing-covers marked with deeply impressed
274 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
punctured furrows and bearing short hairs. It is not, as a rule,
injurious.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, p. 288.
1918,Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, p. 74.
HICKORY TWIG-BORER
Chramesus hicorice Lee.
One of the smallest bark-beetles, a stout, black species only
% 6 inch long, is common in hickory twigs from % to 1 inch
in diameter, the burrows being mostly in the wood and just
scoring the bark. There is a single longitudinal channel about
1 inch long, the larvae working at right angles for a short dis-
tance and then turning and boring nearly parallel with the
wood fibers. Adults appear in June and July. The species is
widely distributed in eastern North America.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 448-449.
1918,Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, p. 58.
AMBROSIA OR TIMBER BEETLES
The ambrosia or timber beetles belong with the bark-beetles
and are most interesting on account of their feeding on am-
brosia or fungus grown in the cylindrical usually blackened
galleries, each species living on a peculiar fungus. They are of
great economic importance because they cause pin holes,
principally in the sapwood, and thus materially reduce the
commercial value of the lumber. These insects attack trees
which have been weakened or are in a dying condition, the
moisture being necessary to the successful development of the
young. The holes made in the wood by these insects afford
entrance to wood-staining fungi. These latter cause rapid
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 275
discoloration and also reduce the value of the product. The
borers are rather easily recognized by their somewhat elongate
cylindric form and especially by the uniform sized galleries,
the latter penetrating to a considerable depth, following a
rather well-defined plan and having the walls blued or black-
ened by fungus, which latter is carefully propagated by the
mother beetle on a packed bed or layer of chips, sometimes
near the entrance in the bark, though usually at the end of a
branch gallery. In some species it is grown only in certain
brood chambers.
FIG. 159. Platy- FIG. 160. Spruce
pus, greatly en- timber beetle,
larged. greatly enlarged.
The pin-hole borers (Fig. 159) in cypress, Platypus com-
positus Say, Xyleborus sacchari Hopk. and others, are some-
times so abundant in the Gulf states that trees girdled by the
lumberman and left standing several months, or until the
timber is dry enough to be floated, are invaded by hosts of
these little insects and millions of feet of timber have their
value reduced from 10 to 25 per cent or more. The remark-
ably light balsa wood of Central America is also attacked by
ambrosia beetles.
Spruce timber beetle, Trypodendron bivittatum Kirby (Fig.
276
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
160), is a rather stout brownish-black beetle, % inch long,
which attacks the exposed wood of spruce, pine, arbor-vitae,
larch, hemlock and balsam over much of the timbered area of
the northern United States and southern Canada. The gal-
leries penetrate the wood vertically for some distance and
then branch, the brood chambers being arranged at about
equal distances and extending above and below in a direction
parallel with the wood fibers. Several other species occur in
the conifers and some attack the hardwoods.
Xyloterinus politus Say is about % inch long, varies from
light brown to nearly black and commonly attacks beech,
FIG. 16 1.
Eastern pine
wood -stain-
e r, greatly
enlarged.
FIG. 162. Eastern pine wood-stainer, gal-
leries in pine, reduced.
maple, birch and other hardwood trees in a sickly or dying
condition. It is widely distributed in the eastern United
States and eastern Canada.
Eastern pine wood-stainer, Gnathotrichus materiarius Fitch
(Figs. 161, 162), is a more slender brownish-black beetle than
the preceding. It attacks pines, spruce and larch throughout
eastern Canada and the eastern United States and makes
slender cylindrical burrows across the wood fibers, the lateral
branches usually being parallel with the lines of growth and
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES
277
leading to a series of vertical brood chambers. Other species
of this genus attack western conifers and are mentioned briefly
by Swaine.
The popular name of the apple wood-stainer, Monarthrum
mail Fitch (Figs. 163, 164), is a misnomer since this common
Fig. 163. Ap-
ple wood-
stainer, en-
larged.
FIG. 164. Apple wood-stainer, work in
maple, reduced.
ambrosia beetle breeds in oak, birch, beech, spruce, pine and a
number of other trees. The adult is a minute reddish-brown
cylindrical beetle about % 2 inch long. It sinks its slender
blackened galleries deeply
into the wood of a consider-
able variety of trees and,
like its allies, subsists upon
a peculiar fungus or am-
brosia.
The hickory timber-beetle,
Xyleborus celsus Eich.
(Figs. 165, 166), is a cy-
lindrical brownish beetle
about % 6 inch long which
sinks its rather characteris-
tic simple galleries deep into
the wood. It occurs gener- FIG. 165!~-Hickory timber-beetle, male
ally in the eastern and and female, greatly enlarged.
278
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
southern states. Other species of this genus with similar
habits occur in various hardwoods. X. xylographus Say has
been recorded on the Pacific Coast from beech, larch, pine,
hickory, oak, maple, hemlock and spruce by Van Dyke.
Protection from invasion by ambrosia beetles depends in
considerable measure on avoiding conditions attractive to these
insects and within certain limits these vary with the different
species. Trees cut in late fall and winter generally remain
in an attractive condition till early the following spring, while
those felled between April and September may be attacked
within a few days, although
\ the danger period for a
given species may not ex-
tend over more than a few
weeks. There are certain
general precautions which
may be followed. There
should be as little delay as
possible between cutting and
manufacture into rough
products, especially in the
case of trees cut from April
to September in the region
north of the Gulf states and from March to November in the
latter, while late fall and winter cuttings should all be worked
up by March or April. Timbers should not be left round in
the woods or on skidways during the danger period, and if this
is unavoidable, every precaution should be taken to hasten the
rapid drying of the inner bark by keeping the logs off the
ground, in the sun or in loose piles, or else, if feasible, they
should be kept in water. Removing the bark is also service-
able in the case of trees which will not be injured by checking
or season cracks. The cutting or girdling should be timed so
as to avoid the most dangerous periods of the year. Products
FIG.
166. Hickory timber-beetle,
galleries, reduced.
BARK-BEETLES AND AMBROSIA BEETLES 279
cut from saplings and left with the bark on can be protected
to a considerable extent by removing from the woods soon
after they are cut or by not storing for several months in
one place.
Two series of ambrosia beetles are concerned in the pin-hole
injury to cypress. 1 One, .represented by Xyleborus sacchari
Hopk., is a small, short, cylindrical, reddish beetle % to Vs
inch long and limited exclusively to sapwood. As a rule it is
not common in girdled trees, although abundant in logs from
living trees. The other, represented by Platypus compositus
Say, is an elongate, slender, reddish, cylindrical beetle % inch
long which often extends its borings deep into the heartwood
and frequently is quite injurious both to felled and girdled
trees. It has been found that trees girdled in March, April,
October and November are but slightly damaged by borers
belonging in the latter class, while those girdled in May, June,
July and September were more or less seriously injured, and
apparently those girdled in August were not so badly affected
as those in July and September. These pin-hole borers must
have moist wood in which to burrow and rear their young.
Living trees felled in April and August appear to be especially
attractive to the ambrosia beetles and these might be used as
traps to attract the insects and thus lessen the probabilities of
their attacking others. It is important that trap trees felled in
April be burned or placed in water during the following June
and those felled in August should be treated in the same man-
ner in October. Comparatively worthless trees may be utilized
as traps and if those selected stand near water, it is easier to
dispose of them in one of the ways indicated above.
Pin-hole damage to stave and shingle bolts cut in the warm
season can be prevented by removing the bark from the timber
as soon as it is felled and by converting the bolts into the
1 1907, Hopkins, A. D., U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent., Circ. 82, pp. 1-4.
280 * MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
,mallest practicable dimensions and piling them so as to hasten
drying.
In brief, timber should be cut at the time when insect injury
is less likely to develop and the most practicable means em-
ployed to hasten seasoning because these beetles in particular
are attracted by partially seasoned stock.
REFERENCES
1905, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 1, pp. 289-293, 369-370.
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 371-372, 446-448.
1918, Swaine, J. M., Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., Tech. Bull. 14, pp. 85, 87,
91, 128, 383.
CHAPTER XV
CONIFEROUS LEAF-FEEDERS
RELATIVELY few species are included in this group, largely
because only the very destructive forms are considered of
sufficient economic importance to warrant treatment in this
connection. There are many other leaf-feeders which subsist
upon the foliage of evergreens, although they are usually
present in such small numbers as to be practically negligible in
average forest areas.
LEAF-FEEDERS
Pine
Greenish or yellowish false caterpillars an inch or less in length, feed
ing in clusters, defoliating branches and sometimes trees.
Pirie sawnies, Diprion and Neodiprion, p. 281.
Greenish purplish-tinged caterpillars about an inch long and with two
yellowish-white stripes defoliate various western pines.
Pine butterfly, Neophasia menapia Feld., p. 284.
Small yellowish caterpillars about MJ inch long web and injure the
terminal buds and mine the twigs and bases of the leaves.
Nantucket pine moth, Evetria frustrana Scudd., p. 285.
Spruce and balsam
Dark-brown caterpillars % inch long attack spruce, producing a con-
dition suggestive of the work of a light fire and causing the death
in masses of a few to many trees.
Spruce bud-worm, Harmologa fumiferana Clem., p. 286.
PINE SAWFLIES
Diprion and Neodiprion
Greenish or yellowish false caterpillars an inch or less in
length frequently feed in clusters and defoliate branches or
entire trees.
281
282
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The sawflies on pines and related evergreens have so much
in common that they are discussed under one head. They are
all false caterpillars of moderate size and can be recognized
easily by the numerous legs and the curled posterior extremity.
The eggs of these insects are deposited in little slits cut in the
leaves of the host plant.
The imported pine sawfly, Diprion simile Hartig, is a
European species first discovered in this country at New
Haven, Connecticut, in 1914. It is larger than the native
FIG. 167. Leconte's sawfly on pine.
FIG. 168. Fir
sawfly on pine.
species and has been associated with the European D. pini in
extensive depredations in northern Europe. The full-grown
sawfly is about an inch long, the head is black, the body
greenish-yellow with a mid-dorsal double stripe of brown and
on either side a yellow stripe broken with transverse brown
markings, the remainder of the sides dark brown with many
irregular yellowish or whitish spots. The winter is passed in
an oval rather thick brown cocoon about % inch long, the
adults appearing the latter part of April, the first brood of
larvae feeding during May and early June, and the second in
CONIFEROUS LEAF-FEEDERS 283
August and September. Several parasites are known to prey
on the insect in this country.
The larvge of Leconte's sawfly, Neodiprion lecontei Fitch
(Fig. 167), are red-headed, dirty yellowish, black-spotted
caterpillars about an inch long when full grown. They feed in
clusters usually near the tips of the branches, the first period
of larval abundance being July and the second in September
and October. Transformations occur in an oval brown cocoon
spun in any shelter near the surface of the ground.
The yellowish, black-headed, black-spotted, false caterpil-
lars of Abbott's pine sawfly, Neodiprion pinetum Norton, are
nearly an inch long when full grown. There are probably two
periods of larval abundance, the first being in midsummer and
those of the second in September and October.
The fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis Harris, has a dark-
headed, dark green, dark striped, false caterpillar about %
inch long which defoliates fir, spruce and pitch pine in mid-
summer and probably early fall. It is easily distinguished
from the other native species by marked differences in colora-
tional characters (Fig. 168).
The European larch sawfly, Nematus erichsonii Hartig, has
repeatedly defoliated extensive areas of larch in the Adiron-
dacks and Canadian forests. It is well established in the
northeastern United States and Canada. The fully grown
larva may be recognized by its round jet black head and the
peculiar green of the body resembling that of the underside
of a larch leaf. There are no lateral stripes or spots (Fig. 51).
This insect attacks ornamentals as well as trees growing in
the forest late in June, during July and early in August.
Ordinarily outbreaks by pine sawflies are not noticed until
too late because the larvae develop rapidly and are usually full
grown or nearly so when discovered. The few occasionally
found on a small branch of an ornamental are easily removed
284 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
or crushed or the tree can be protected by early spraying with
a poison.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 413-423.
1918, Britton, W. E., Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 203, pp. 273-290.
1921, Middleton, W. M., Journ. Agr. Res. 20:744-760.
PINE BUTTERFLY
Neophasia menapia Felder
Greenish purplish-tinged caterpillars about an inch long and
with two yellowish-white lateral stripes may defoliate various
western pines.
Adults and larvae of this species attracted the notice of
R. H. Stretch in midsummer, 1882, the insects at that time
being exceedingly abundant and injurious in the vicinity of
Loon Lake and Brown's, some fifty miles from Spokane Falls,
Washington. The pests then displayed a marked preference
for yellow pine, Pinus ponderosa, although Finns contorta and
Abies balsamea were also injured. Subsequent observations
have shown that the nut pine, Pinus monticola, may be affected
seriously. It is stated that the butterflies were so numerous
about 1883 that the bay at Seattle was almost white with
their floating bodies, and in 1898 dead butterflies occurred in
such numbers in parts of Idaho as to dam small streams. The
insect has been recorded from California and Colorado, north-
ward into British Columbia and eastward into Idaho. The
outbreaks are evidently at irregular periods and occasionally
very severe.
REFERENCES
1882, Stretch, R. H., Papilio, 2: 103-110.
1890, Packard, A. S., U. S. Ent. Comm. 5th Kept., pp. 762-767.
1908, Hopkins, A. D., Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 159-160.
CONIFEROUS LEAF-FEEDERS 285
NANTUCKET PINE MOTH
Evetria frustrana Scudder
The new growth of certain pines may be injured severely
by small yellowish caterpillars which spin a delicate web
around the terminal bud and mine both the twig and the bases
of the leaves.
This species has a record of being very injurious to hard
pines, P. inops and P. rigida on Nantucket Island and that
general region, and also in the scrub pine area of Virginia near
Washington. A serious infestation may result in practically
every new shoot being attacked. The work is so unobtrusive,
due to the fact that the small caterpillars feed under the
delicate web inclosing the base of the bud and the surround-
ing new leaflets, that it is hardly noticed until the twigs are
almost completely destroyed. The small yellowish cater-
pillars are only about % inch long. They begin feeding in
early spring and transform to pupae early in June, a second
brood developing in the vicinity of Washington the latter part
of August. Hibernation is usually in the pupal stage.
REFERENCES
1880, Comstock, J. H., U. S. Dept. Agr. Kept., 1879, pp. 236-237.
1890, Packard, A. S., U. S. Ent. Comm. 5th Kept., pp. 745-754.
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 405-407.
SPRUCE BUD-WORM
Harmologa fumiferana Clem.
Trees appearing as though a light fire had passed through
them or dying in masses of greater or less extent may have
been injured by this very destructive pest (Figs. 169, 170).
The spruce bud-worm is one of the most serious enemies of
balsam and spruce, not only because of the direct injuries
which are very great in themselves, but on account of the
286
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
marked insect damage developing as a consequence of large
areas of sickly or dying trees offering unusually favorable con-
FIG. 1G9. Spruce bud-worm, adults and eggs, greatly enlarged.
ditions for the breeding of enormous numbers of bark-borers,
which in turn may spread to other trees and start a series of
FIG. 170. Spruce bud-worm, pupae and larva.
attacks with far-reaching consequences. There has been in
recent years a wide-spread outbreak of spruce bud-worm in
CONIFEROUS LEAF-FEEDERS 287
the northern forest areas, resulting in 50 per cent of the mer-
chantable balsam in the province of Quebec, Canada, being
killed and three years' increment loss on the spruce. There was
a great outbreak of this insect some twelve years earlier and
again in the late 70's and early 80's. An attack may continue
for some three or four years and may be followed by slow
dying of trees from a variety of causes.
The grayish brown-marked moths with a wing spread of
about % inch are most numerous in June and early July, de-
positing their pale green, scale-like, flat eggs upon the needles.
Hatching occurs in about ten days. The young caterpillars
winter in a partly grown condition beneath various shelters
and feed for three weeks or more in early spring. The larvae
attack the leaves or needles of the terminal shoots both of
the first and second year's growth. There is a marked prefer-
ence for balsam, particularly the taller trees. The relation
between dead spruce and dead fir is seldom greater than two
to three. The larvae attack spruce after the balsam is largely
consumed. They gnaw off the bases of the needles, separating
them from the twig, meanwhile spinning a silken thread by
which the needles and bud-scales are loosely attached to the
twigs. The caterpillars move about freely and do not live
in a regular tube, although they sometimes draw together two
adjacent shoots. The full-grown caterpillar is about % inch
long with an unusually thick, stout, dark brown body bearing
conspicuous yellowish-white warts or tubercles. The life
cycle is completed in June or July.
Balsam is the favorite tree for egg-laying and feeding.
Recent investigations indicate that predominance of balsam,
especially tall mature trees, is favorable to a great multiplica-
tion of the pest and a resultant wide-spread injury to the more
valuable spruce. Consequently, any method of forestry which
tends to establish a more normal relation between the propor-
tion of balsam and spruce than usually obtains will tend to
288 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
prevent great periodic outbreaks at irregular intervals.
Spruce and balsam in a mixture of hardwoods are fairly
immune. Restricted outbreaks of this pest can be controlled
by cutting the infested trees in the winter and thus starve out
the young larvae. This is obviously impracticable in the case
of outbreaks developing over hundreds of square miles of
territory.
Craighead recommends the use of various species of conifers,
especially those not affected by the bud-worm and mixing them
thoroughly over an area and also experimenting with mixed
stands of rapidly growing hardwoods, largely for the sake of
obtaining conditions which can be studied advantageously
when the next serious bud-worm outbreak occurs.
REFERENCES
1890, Packard, A. S., U. S. Ent. Comm. 5th Rept., pp. 830-838.
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 416-418.
1922, Craighead, F. C., Forest Protective Conf . Proc., pp. 16-23.
1922, Peirson, H. B., American Forestry, 22 : 628-634.
1922,Tothill, J. D., Acadian Ent. Soc. Proc., No. 7, pp. 45-48.
1922, Schierbeck, F., Barnjum $5,000 Prize, Treatise on the Spruce Bud
Worm, Bark Beetle and Borer, Montreal, Canada, pp. 1-63.
PART IV
INSECTS IN GENERAL
THE tree-frequenting insects are interesting to many lovers
of wild life. The more common species and groups are briefly
noticed in this glimpse, as it were, of woodland insects and
their relation to each other.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
This discussion is concerned primarily with the character-
istics and habits of the more important groups of insects
affecting trees and shrubs. The large number of insect species
and the great diversities in form and habit make it impossible
to give within reasonable space limitations a fairly complete
account of the group as a whole.
For a characterization of insects and a brief outline of the
earlier stages, see page 5.
KEY TO THE MORE IMPORTANT GROUPS OF FOREST AND SHADE TREE INSECTS
Series with Complete Metamorphosis
Wasp- or bee-like insects having four membranous wings with compara-
tively few or no transverse veins, the hind-wings smaller than the fore-
wings and the mouth-parts adapted for biting and sucking.
Hymenoptera, bees, wasps, ants and the like, p. 292.
Usually hard-shelled insects with horny wing-covers or elytra which
meet in a straight line down the middle of the back and covering a
single pair of membranous wings, mouth-parts adapted for biting.
Coleoptera, beetles, p. 298.
The four membranous wings (a few species are wingless) are covered
with overlapping scales which are easily rubbed off as powder; the
mouth-parts are adapted for sucking.
Lepidoptera, butterflies and moths, p. 325.
Insects with two membranous wings, the veins usually relatively few,
mostly moderate sized to small.
Diptera, true flies, p. 353.
Series with an Incomplete Metamorphosis
Insects with sucking mouth-parts and four wings, the anterior pair in
one suborder thickened at the base and the thinner extremities over-
lapping.
Hemiptera, true bugs, aphids and scale insects, p. 355.
Insects with four wings, the first pair thickened and overlapping when
291
292 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
at rest, the second thinner and folded in plates like a fan; mouth-
parts adapted for biting.
Orthoptera, grasshoppers and allies, p. 361.
HYMENOPTERA
BEES, WASPS, ANTS AND THE LIKE
A very large number of insects belong to this relatively well-
known group. All have four membranous wings with com-
paratively few or no transverse veins. The hind-wings are
smaller than the fore-wings and the mouth-parts are adapted
for biting and sucking. The ovipositor is frequently modified
into a stinging or piercing instrument and the transformations
or metamorphoses are complete.
The insects comprising the Hymenoptera vary greatly in
appearance and structure. There is a long series of mostly
leaf-eating false caterpillars, numerous species of gall-wasps,
large numbers of parasitic insects, many so extremely minute
that they develop successfully within the eggs of even very
small insects. These last
are beneficial, because
most of them live at the
expense of insects which
otherwise might become
destructively abundant.
Siricidas, horn-tails.
These are mostly large
cylindrical insects which
h ave gained their common
TT 1*1 u- i i TT
Fig. 171. White-horned Urocerus. , ,. _
name because the end of
the body in both adult and larva usually bears a spine or horn.
The pigeon tremex, noticed elsewhere, is a common and char-
acteristic representative of the group and, like a number of its
associates, lives in decaying usually fungus-infested wood.
White-horned Urocerus, Urocerus albicornis Fabr. (Fig.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 293
171), is one of the larger bluish-black horn-tails about 1%
inches long, recorded from spruce, hemlock and fir, the adults
being abroad during July and August. It is closely related to
the pigeon tremex and apparently restricts its attack to dying
or dead trees. The banded horn-tail, U. abdominalis Harris,
may prove to be the male of this species. There is also a small,
blue, red-legged horn-tail, Paurums cyaneus Fabr., which
attacks spruce and fir.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 667-669.
Xyphidridce.
This group comprises moderate-sized somewhat soft-bodied
boring wasps, the larvae of which work in decaying wood and
have a horny process at the posterior extremity much as in the
Siricidse. These insects are comparatively rare and are of
little or no economic importance.
Xyphidria provancheri Cress, has a whitish larva, easily
recognized by the moderately stout horn at the posterior ex-
tremity. It bores in the partly decayed wood of standing
white birch, the galleries being about % inch in diameter and
the adults issuing from the tree through circular holes of
about the same size.
The white-horned maple borer, Xyphidria albicornis Harris,
is a slender blackish wasp-like insect about % inch long and
with most of the antenna white. The larva works in decaying
hard maple limbs, presumably in much the same way as
X. provancheri Cress, bores in decaying birch.
Slender birch horn-tail, Konowia attenuate, Norton, makes
moderately large cylindrical burrows in decaying birch.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 459-466. ,
294 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Terithredinidce, sawflies.
The sawflies comprise a rather distinct group and are so
named because the females are provided with somewhat typi-
cal serrate ovipositors with which incisions are made, usually
in leaves, for the reception of eggs. The larvae of most are
leaf-feeders, although some are gall-makers. They may be
distinguished readily because of the many legs, having, in
addition to the six true or thoracic legs, twelve to sixteen
abdominal pro-legs. Several species are extremely abundant
and destructive over large areas as, for example, the well-
known larch sawfly of the Adirondacks. Most of these forms
are comparatively harmless, and yet excite interest when they
become somewhat abundant, a marked exception being the
larch sawfly, Nematus erichsonii Hartig, a European species,
noticed briefly with certain pine sawflies.
Amauronematus luteotergum Norton has a black-headed,
greenish larva, which feeds gregariously on the edges of alder
leaves in the Adirondacks. The full-grown larva is about %
inch long.
Hylotoma pectoralis Leach occurs rather commonly during
August and early September on birches. It has a yellowish
black-spotted larva, about % inch long and with a reddish-
yellow head. It is generally distributed and appears to be
somewhat abundant in the Adirondacks. The winter is passed
in the cocoons, the larvae appearing the following July or early
in August.
The yellowish, black-spotted larvae of Hylotoma scapularis
Klug., nearly % inch long when full grown, feed on the foliage
of American elms in August. They show a general resem-
blance to those of H. pectoralis Leach.
Hylotoma macleayi Leach has black-headed, yellowish-
green, black-spotted, false caterpillars nearly % inch long.
They feed in August on choke-cherry foliage, the adults ap-
pearing the following May.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 295
Nematus unicolor Marlatt is a brown-headed greenish saw-
fly larva about % inch long when full grown. It occurs on
the underside of white birch leaves.
Pristiphora sycophanta Walsh is a whitish green-tinted
false caterpillar about % inch long when full grown. Trans-
formations occur in brownish cocoons in the earth. It is found
on willow, white and yellow birch.
Pteronus hudsonii Dyar is a black-headed bluish or leaf-
green sawfly larva having a series of large orange-yellow
blotches on segments three to twelve and numerous black spots.
It is somewhat over y 2 inch long when full grown and occurs
on the edges of poplar leaves.
The uniformly pale green, false caterpillars of the spruce
sawfly, Pteronus integer Say, nearly % inch long when full
grown, feed singly on spruce the latter part of the summer,
the adults being abroad in early June.
Pteronus latisfaciatus Cresson has brown-headed, purplish,
solitary or partly gregarious larvae about % inch long when
full grown. They occur on white birch.
The false caterpillar of Pteronus mendicus Walsh is a nearly
uniform leaf-green, about % inch long when full grown. It
feeds on willow.
The black-headed green larva of Pteronus odoratus Dyar is
about % inch long and feeds on willow.
Pteronus thoracicus Harrington is a greenish solitary saw-
fly found on the under surface of the leaves of shad-bush,
Amelanchier canadensis. The full-grown larva is about ^
inch long.
Pteronus vertebratus Say is a greenish, solitary, edge-feed-
ing poplar sawfly larva which is about % inch long when full
grown.
Large flocculent white masses on the underside of butternut
leaves in midsummer may conceal the bluish yellowish-white
larvae of the butternut woolly worm, Monophadnus caryce
296
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Norton. It is about % inch long. The insect is somewhat
rare. These false caterpillars feed in company, devouring the
terminal part of the leaf and leaving the midrib and usually a
small basal part.
False pine webworms, Lyda sp., Benta melanogrammos Zell.
and Itycorsia zappei Roh. (Fig. 172), inhabit loose web nests
thickly sprinkled with excrement and occur rather commonly
FIG. 172. False pine webworm, work.
on the terminal twigs. They are about % inch long when full
grown, greenish or yellowish-brown, and most easily recog-
nized by the conspicuous antennae and the almost equally
developed anal filaments.
Pontanias or willow gall-flies resemble each other closely
and produce galls on the leaves of willow.
The willow apple-gall, Pontania pomum Walsh, is smooth,
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
297
globular or a slightly oval rosy-cheeked gall, resembling a
miniature apple and measuring from l / 3 to ^> inch. It occurs
upon one side of the midrib of the leaf of Salix caudata.
The willow pea gall, Pontania
pisum Walsh (Fig. 173), is sub-
spherical, pea-like and found on
the under surface of the leaves
of Salix discolor.
The galls of Pontania des-
modioides Walsh are smooth,
flattened, yellowish-green and
occur on both sides of the leaves
of Salix humilis.
The galls of Pontania hyalina
Norton are fleshy, red and are arranged in two parallel rows,
one on either side of the midrib, sometimes touching but
not originating from the latter and rarely extending to the
edge of the leaf. They
occur on Salix fragilis.
Several species of the
genus Euura produce
petiole or twig swellings
upon willows.
FIG. 173. Willow pea gall.
FIG. 174. Ibalia maculipennis.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State
Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp.
536-677.
1918, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 200, pp. 33-36.
1920,Britton, W. E., Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 226, pp. 179-182.
Ibaliidce.
The striking and peculiar insect placed here is closely re-
lated to the gall-wasps or Cynipidsc, although it is presumably
parasitic upon the pigeon tremex and possibly related borers
working in dead and dying trees.
298 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Ibalia maculipennis Hald. (Fig. 174) is a small wasp-like
insect some % inch long. It is black with strongly contrasting
yellowish markings on the greatly compressed abdomen. It
is a parasite of various borers, occurring in dying and dead
trees.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 499.
Cynipidce, gall-wasps.
This is a large group of small insects best known on account
of the numerous galls produced by the various species. See
page 111.
COLEOPTERA
BEETLES
The beetles are easily recognized by the pair of horny wing-
covers known as elytra which meet in a straight line down
the middle of the back and serve as covers for a single pair of
membranous wings. These insects have biting mouth-parts
and the metamorphoses are complete.
A very large number of beetles are known. More than 10,000
representing upwards of eighty families occur in America
north of Mexico. The more important forest insects are com-
prised in the flattened metallic Buprestidse, the long-horned
borers or Cerambycidse, the abundant leaf-feeders or Chry-
somelidse, the weevils or Curculionidae and the bark or wood-
borers, the Ipidae.
Clerid, checkered beetles.
Many of the species are beautifully marked with strongly
contrasting colors. They are harder and firmer than the
lightning beetles and not so hard as the click beetles. Fre-
quently they are more or less ant-like in form, the thorax in
these cases being slightly narrower than the head and nar-
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 299
rower than the wing-covers. They occur mostly on flowers,
recently cut timber, trunks and foliage of trees and low shrubs.
Both adults and larvae are predaceous on many wood-borers,
especially bark-beetles, and the rather
slender reddish or brown grubs are fre-
quently found in the burrows of these
latter.
Monophylla terminate, Say (Fig. 175)
is a small cylindrical nearly black beetle
about 14 inch long and remarkable be-
cause of the greatly developed antenna
in the male.
The removal of a piece of bark from Fl f* 175,-Monophylla
/ . termmata, enlarged,
a tree badly infested by bark-borers is
very likely to reveal a number of active, rather stout, reddish
and black adults of the American bark-beetle destroyer,
Thanasimus dubius Fabr. These prey on the bark-borers and
are, therefore, beneficial.
Enoclerus quadriguttatus Oliv. (Fig. 176) is
a jet-black beetle only *4 i nc h long, with the
basal portion of the wing-covers reddish and
near the middle an irregular transverse band
of silvery-white markings. It is a predaceous
beneficial species found in borer-infested pine
bark in midsummer.
FIG. 176. Enoc- -,
lerus quadri- REFERENCE
guttatus, en- 1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2,
larged. pp. 500-502, 666.
Corynetidce.
These small beetles, formerly associated with the checkered
beetles or Cleridse, have recently been separated as a distinct
family. They are with little question predaceous on various
wood-borers.
300
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Phyllobcenus dislocatus Say (Fig. 177) is a small blackish
yellow-marked beetle about % 6 inch in length found in the
galleries of certain borers on hickory, namely, those of Chryso-
bothris femorata Fabr. and Magdalis olyra Herbst.
Chariessa pilosa Forst (Fig. 178) is a rather
stout black beetle, with yellow-margined thorax,
about 1/2 inch long and easily recognized by the
branching antenna of the male. It presumably
preys on various borers.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2,
pp. 50a-504.
FIG. 177. Phyl-
lobaenus dislo-
c a t u s, e n-
larged.
Mordellidce.
The large number of small beetles belonging
here are most easily recognized by their some-
what triangular form and the arched body, the head being
X 3ent down and the abdomen ending in a slender point. Many
of the common species are black, some are variegated and all
FIG. "1^8. Chariessa
pilosa, enlarged. FIG. 179. Tomoxia bidentata, enlarged.
clothed with fine hairs. The beetles are rather common on
flowers. The grubs live in rotten wood and in the pith of
various plants. They are not of much economic importance.
Tomoxia bidentata Say (Fig. 179) is a narrow triangular
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
301
FIG. 180. To-
moxia lineella.
grayish beetle from % to ^ inch long which is found some-
what commonly on hickory in June.
Tomoxia lineella Lee. (Fig. 180) is a narrow,
triangular, brownish, gray-marked beetle about
14 inch long. It occurs on decaying hickory in
early June. It is easily recognized by the
somewhat variable linear gray markings on the
thorax and wing-covers.
Mordella borealis Lee. is a small narrow
triangular beetle about % 6 inch long irregu-
larly marked with silvery-white. It occurs in
midsummer on spruce and decaying maple.
Mordella octopunctata Fabr. (Fig. 181) is a narrow trian-
gular blackish beetle, ^ inch long, marked with lines and
spots of yellowish or orange. It occurs on various flowers in
June. It is one of the prettiest of a consider-
able series of related forms. The larva bores
in oak.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2,
pp. 433, 441-442, 672.
Anthicidce.
These are medium or usually small-sized in-
sects varying much in form, although agreeing
in having the head drooping and strongly con-
stricted behind the eyes to a slender neck.
They are often marked with bright or contrasting colors.
Some bear a striking resemblance to ants and others are re-
markable for the prominent horn on the front of the thorax.
They are found usually on flowers, although some live in rotten
wood.
Notoxus bifasciatus Lee. is a small brown or blackish beetle
only % inch long with lighter transverse bands on the wing-
FIG. 181. Mor-
della octo-
punctata.
302 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
covers and a conspicuous pronotal process. It may be exceed-
ingly common on hard pine during June and early July. The
related N. anchora Hentz. (Fig. 182) is
very similar, although lighter colored.
Both species probably feed on fungi.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol.
2, pp. 696-697.
Elateridce, click or snapping beetles.
FIG 182.-Notoxus Thege medium . sized or small dull brown
anchora, enlarged.
or black insects are easily recognized by
their elongate form, tapering more or less toward each end,
and especially by the peculiar ability to throw themselves
several inches in the air with a marked snap or jump. One
of the most noteworthy native species is
the eyed Elater, Alans oculatus Linn.,
described elsewhere.
The larvae or grubs are long, narrow, of
a nearly uniform diameter, hard and
brownish or yellowish. They are the
familiar wire-worms of the grassland and
potato fields. Nearly 600 species are
known in the United States.
Corymbites hieroglyphic^ Say (Fig.
183) is a yellowish snapping beetle about
l /2 inch long, the wing-covers marked with curved dark brown
or black lines. It is found on hard pine in midsummer.
Buprestidce, metallic wood-borers.
The beetles are flattened, frequently brilliantly colored,
usually stout and sometimes cylindrical but with a broad
thorax and with the wing-covers tapering back from the
shoulders. There are a large number of injurious species in
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
303
this group, the young or borers being easily recognized by the
greatly enlarged thoracic segments, giving the grubs a flat-
headed appearance, hence the common name of "hammer
heads" or "flat heads." The burrows are broad and shallow
and in the case of some species are limited very largely to the
inner bark and outer sapwood. A few species live as miners
in leaves. The adults are usually found on flowers or the
branches of limbs or trees basking in the sunshine. A few
species of this group are mentioned be-
low, although some of the more im-
portant are discussed in connection with
the trees they usually injure.
Brachys cerosa Melsh. is a small, tri-
angular, flattened metallic-colored beetle
only about % 6 inch in length which oc-
curs on oak and elm leaves in midsum-
mer. The larvae are leaf-miners. A re-
lated species, B. ovata Weber, is very
common on scrub oak foliage in May
and June.
Two large dark metallic or copper-
colored beetles ranging in length from
% to P/4 inches occur rather commonly on pine. The larger
is Chalcophora virginiensis Drury (Fig. 184) and the smaller
C. liberta Germ. The smaller golden Buprestis, B. striata
Fabr., is a brilliant, sparkling, copper-red beetle, varying in
length from about % to nearly % inch. It occurs on pine
and spruce in May and June. Several species of Dicerca,
brassy metallic beetles about % inch long, are found on pines
and probably other evergreens in midsummer. Several species
of Chrysobothris, notably C. pusilla Lap. and Gory, are very
common on pines in midsummer. The larvae of all of these
flat-headed pine borers are of the well-known flat-headed
type and work in the inner bark or the sapwood, excavating
Fro. 184. Adult of flat-
headed borer, Chalco-
phora virginiensis.
304
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
irregular sinuous channels and usually confining their opera-
tions to somewhat sickly trees or parts of trees.
The banded Buprestid, Buprestis jasciata
Fabr. (Fig. 185), is a handsome, brilliant
green, golden-yellow, flat beetle about % inch
long, the larva of which works in maple. It
has also been recorded as abundant on poplar.
Buprestis maculiventris Say is a large,
metallic, flattened, oval beetle about % inch
long. It occurs on balsam and spruce in June
an( * ^ u ^ an( ^ ^ as been reare d from pine.
Chrysobothris azurea Lee. is a small flat-
borer, Bupres- tened, brilliantly colored, purplish or bluish
beetle about ^ inch lon > which occurs in
May on birch and other deciduous trees. It
may be recognized by the three sparkling blue depressions on
each purplish wing-cover. C. dentipes Germ. (Fig. 186) is
common on pine.
is-A 1 It
flat-headed
FIG. 186. Adult
of flat-headed
borer, Chryso-
bothris denti-
pes, enlarged.
FIG. 187. Adult
of flat-headed
borer, Dicerca
punctulata, en-
larged.
Divaricated Buprestis, Dicerca divaricata Say, is a flat
brassy beetle a little less than an inch long, with the wing-
covers divergent at the tips. It attacks a large number of
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 305
deciduous trees, including beech and maple. The related cop-
pery D. punctulata Schon. (Fig. 187) occurs on pitch pine.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 457-459, 467,
512-514, 653-658, 674, 692-693.
1917, Burke, H. E., Notes on Some Western Buprestidae, Econ. Ent.
Journ. 10 : 325.
1918, Burke, H. E., Notes on Some Southwestern Buprestidse, Econ. Ent.
Journ. 11:209.
1918, Burke, H. E., Biological Notes on Some Flat-Headed Wood Borers
of the Genus Buprestis, Econ. Ent. Journ. 11 : 334.
1919, Burke, H. E., Biological Notes on Some Flat-Headed Bark Borers
of the Genus Melanophila, Econ. Ent. Journ. 12 : 103.
1919, Burke, H. E., Biological Notes on the Flat-Headed Apple Tree
Borers, Econ. Ent. Journ. 12 : 326.
1922, Weiss, H. B., Wood Boring Beetles of the Genus Agrilus Known
to Occur in New Jersey, N. J. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. and Insp.,
Circ. 48, pp. 1-20.
Coccinellidce, lady beetles.
Lady beetles or lady-bugs are very common on trees and
shrubs in midsummer and usually indicate a serious infesta-
tion with plant-lice. These moderate to small insects are
more or less hemispherical in shape, sometimes a little more
oval in outline and then are usually less convex. Both the
beetles and the grubs of this group feed on plant-lice, some
species being well known because of their preying upon scale
insects. The two-spotted lady beetle, Adalia bipunctata
Linn., and the twice-stabbed lady beetle, Chilocerus bivulnerus
Muls., are two very common beneficial species. A long series
belonging to this group makes it impossible to notice all and
consequently only two brief accounts are given below.
Fifteen-spotted lady beetle, Anatis quinquedetimpunctata
Oliv. (Fig. 188) , is one of the largest and most common lady
beetles on various trees infiested with plant-lice. The spiny
black grubs also feed on aphids and are likewise beneficial.
Nine-spotted lady beetle, Cocdnella novemnotatd*%Lerb&t.,
306 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
is a small, yellowish, nine-spotted beetle, which occurs rather
commonly on hard pines late in the season. The three-banded
lady beetle, C. perplexa Muls., is frequently associated with
the preceding.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus.
Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 604, 691.
Cucujidce, Cucujids.
These beetles are very flat,
FIG. 188. Fifteen-spotted lady usually elongated, mostly brown,
enlarged!^ * ^ ^ althou S h some are bri g ht red -
Many species live under bark
and are believed to be carnivorous, both as adults and larvae,
while some occur in granaries and among stored food products.
Calitys scabra Thunb. (Fig. 189) is a flattened reddish beetle
about % inch long which is rather common in June on certain
fungi growing from the ends of decaying hemlock logs. A
related species, Phellopsis obcordata Kirby, oc-
curs under similar conditions.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2,
p. 496.
Tenebrionidce.
These beetles are mostly black or dark FIG. 189. Cal-
brown, oblong or oval in shape with a peculiar ^ s scabra,
somewhat loosely jointed appearance and long
rather clumsy awkward legs. The antennae are generally
bead-like and the mouth-parts small. The insects feed mostly
on fungi or under bark, although in the desert regions of the
West they are found on the ground beneath covers of any
kind. The larvae or grubs are long and slender with the body
often flattened somewhat like that of a wire-worm and of a
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
307
hard horny texture. They are mostly scavengers living in
dead or decaying wood and dry vegetable products.
The forked fungus beetle, Bolitotherus cornutus Panz. (Fig.
190) , is a very striking insect occurring on fungus growing on
beech and maple in June. The male is remarkable for the
greatly produced somewhat clubbed processes on the prothorax.
Hoplocephala bicornis Oliv. (Fig. 191) is a small rather
stout greenish beetle about l /$ inch long which may be recog-
nized easily by the two conspicuous horn-like processes on the
front. This species breeds in April and May on fungi occurring
upon maple and beech.
Fig. 191. Hoplo-
FIG. 190. Forked fungus beetle, male left, cephala bicornis,
female right, enlarged. enlarged.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 498.
Melandryidce, Melandryid bark-beetles.
These insects are usually elongated and loosely jointed with
the thorax margined at the side, broad behind and often
marked with two basal impressions. They vary much in form
and size and occur beneath bark or in dry fungi. They are
often thickly clothed with fine silken hairs.
The slender, whitish, wood-boring grub of the blazed tree-
borer, Serropalpus barbatus Schall, enters the wounds on living
trees and bores deeply into the sapwood and heartwood. It
is recorded as common in blazed wood on balsam, fir and
spruce.
308
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 671.
Scarabceidce, leaf -chafers, June beetles, and the like.
The members of this very large family vary greatly in size,
form and habits, although all have a characteristic club com-
FIG. 192. White grubs in underground cells.
posed of three to seven leaves or lamellae at the tip of the
antenna. Most of the insects grouped here are short, convex
and stout-bodied, the well-known May or June beetles being
Fig. 193. Light-loving grapevine beetle.
Anomala lucicola, very common on pine.
typical. One group, the dung beetles or scavengers, live on
putrefying or decomposing matter, and the larger, the leaf-
chafers, feed either upon the leaves of trees or the pollen and
petals of flowers.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
309
grapevine beetle,
enlarged.
The larvae or grubs are either white or yellowish and with a
brown horny head bearing prominent mandibles. The body is
usually much wrinkled and enlarged toward the posterior ex-
tremity and when at rest the grubs lie on one side in a partly
coiled position, the tip of the abdomen
almost touching the long spiny legs.
The grubs of the May or June beetles,
Phyllophaga spp., are primarily grass-
root-eating insects. They occasionally
become excessively abundant and may FIG. T94. Spotted
destroy the roots of young trees. The
parent beetles issue in large numbers and
feed for a time on the foliage of near-by trees ; the northeastern
species typified by P. fusca Froh. (Fig. 192) and associated
forms display a marked preference, about in the order listed,
for the foliage of the following trees: oak, ash, hickory, butter-
nut or black walnut, elm and birch. Some of
the smaller forms, as Anomala lucicola Fabr.
(Fig. 193), are sometimes exceedingly abun-
dant and injurious to the foliage of various
trees and shrubs.
The rose beetle, Macrodactylus subspinosus
Fabr., noticed elsewhere, is a well-known pest
belonging to this family. The goldsmith beetle,
Cotalpa lanigera Linn., the spotted grapevine
beetle, Pelidnota punctata Linn. (Fig. 194),
FIG. 195. Dich- and the western white-lined Scarabseids, Poly-
elonycha al- phylla decemlineata Say and P. crinita Lee.,
l-.* 1 1 : ._ PTI
are some of the larger and more striking.
Serica trociformis Burm. is a small, stout,
brown and black beetle a trifle less than % inch long which is
common on scrub oaks in June. It may be recognized by its
black head, very dark thorax and brick red rather deeply
striated wing-covers.
bicollis,
larged.
310 'MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Dichelonycha albicollis Burm. (Fig. 195) is a greenish, cop-
pery, somewhat elongate, parallel-sided beetle about % inch
long which occurs rather sparsely on hard pine in midsummer.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 514, 694.
Cerambycidce, long-horned beetles.
The numerous rather oblong or elongate more or less cylin-
drical beetles belonging in this group have very long antennae,
these latter with few exceptions being much longer than the
head and thorax and often longer than the
entire body. These insects are strong fliers,
have long legs and are swift runners. Many
remain motionless on trees for long intervals
and frequently can be picked up, although
some voice resentment by an indignant
squeaking produced by rubbing the pro-
thorax and mesothorax together. The colors
are variable, often very pretty, and the
FIG. 196. Harris's beetles are great favorites with collectors,
pnonus. Dead logs and recently cut timbers or lum-
ber are much favored by these insects, although some species
attack living trees.
The larvae or grubs are white or yellowish legless borers
with the body tapering slightly from the head to the posterior
extremity. A few live in sapwood, although most work in
dead or dying trees and some mine the inner bark in such a
way as to loosen it from the wood. The grubs are not flat-
tened like those of the metallic wood-borers and are usually
spoken of as round-headed borers. Two or three years are
required by some species to complete the life cycle. The sugar
maple borer, the locust borer and the poplar borer, all noticed
elsewhere, are among the more destructive species belonging
in this group.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
311
Harris's prionus, Tragosoma harrisii Lee. (Fig. 196), is a
large stout brownish beetle about P/4 inches long, which breeds
in pine stumps and is credited with an extended distribution.
Lesser pine borer, Asemum mcestum Hald. (Fig. 197), a
blackish-brown beetle * to % inch long, occurs late in May
on pine. The grubs make flattened cylindrical holes or mines
which perforate in all directions the trunk of white pine and
other trees. It has also been recorded from spruce, oak and
grape.
FIG. 197. Lesser
pine borer, en-
larged.
Fia. 198.Tetropium
cinnamopterum, en-
larged.
Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby (Fig. 198) is a some-
what cylindrical black or brownish beetle about % inch long
which occurs rather commonly in July on spruce. It infests
the green bark and wood of injured and dying spruce.
Criocephalus agrestis Kirby is a large brownish-black nar-
row beetle about 1 inch long which occurs on pine in June and
July. It is recorded as widely distributed and bores in the
roots of pine and spruce.
Four-marked ash borer, Eburia quadrigeminata Say, is a
light brown beetle about % i ncn l n g an d peculiar in having
at the base and near the middle of each wing-cover pairs of
312
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
ivory-like oval elevations. The grub bores in ash, hickory
and honey locust.
The stout, brownish, gray-spotted beetle an inch long of the
dusty oak borer, Romaleum atomarium Drury, is frequently
reared from oak, walnut, hickory, cherry and even the dry
leaf-stems of palmetto. The larvae are recorded from stumps
and logs of recently killed oak.
The numerous slender flattened tortuous galleries in ash
YIQ to about Ys inch in width and cutting the wood largely are
very likely produced by the grub of Obrium rubrum Newman.
This adult is a flattened reddish or rufus beetle about *4 inch
long and noteworthy for its long slender antenna.
FIG. 199. Centrodera decol-
orata, enlarged.
FIG. 200. Gaurotes cy-
anipennis, enlarged.
Centrodera decolorata Harris (Fig. 199) is a slender light
brown beetle about an inch long which bores in butternut and
beech.
The grubs of Gaurotes cyanipennis Say (Fig. 200), a red-
horned, red-legged, black, brilliant greenish beetle about %
inch long, work in white heart hickory and probably butter-
nut. The beetles frequent sumac blossoms.
Anthophilax attenuatus Hald. (Fig. 201) is an olive-gray
mottled beetle with black head and thorax and about % inch
long. It occurs in early spring on partly decayed beech
stumps.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
313
Canadian Leptura, Leptura canadensis Fabr., is a large
handsome black beetle about % inch long with the basal por-
tion of the wing-covers deep red and the middle antennal
joint broadly ringed with reddish. The grubs work under
spruce and hemlock bark, the adults occurring in midsummer.
Leptura subhamata Rand. (Fig. 202) is a rather slender
somewhat triangular black beetle about % inch long and with
conspicuous yellowish markings. It occurs in midsummer on
hemlock and has been taken on oak and beech.
FIG. 201 . -Anthophilax
attenuates, enlarged.
FIG. 202. Leptura
subhamata, en-
larged.
FIG. 203. Leptura va-
gans, enlarged.
Leptura vagans Oliv. (Fig. 203) is a black beetle about %
inch long, variably marked with dark orange, and occurs in
midsummer on oak.
The grubs of this beautiful black golden-marked beetle,
Leptura zebra Oliv. (Fig. 204), are about % inch long and
bore in living chestnut bark.
Bellamira scalaris Say is a slender brownish beetle ranging
from about % inch to nearly l 1 /^ inches in length and lives as a
larva under the bark of yellow birch. It has also been taken
ovipositing on maple.
314
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Typocerus velutinus Oliv. is a black beetle about l /2 inch
long with brick-red wing-covers marked with reddish-yellow
spots. It occurs on scrub oak in July and is a common species.
FIG. 204. Leptura ze-
bra, enlarged.
FIG. 205. Physocnemum brev-
ilineum, enlarged.
Physocnemum brevilineum Say (Fig. 205) is a rather stout
black beetle nearly % inch long with brownish or bluish-
purple wing-covers, each or-
namented with four rather
short whitish lines. The legs
are somewhat long and the
femora remarkable on ac-
count of their being greatly
swollen toward the apex. It
is a somewhat common elm
borer.
Cedar tree borer, Hy-
FIG. 206.-Blue pine borer, enlarged, lotrupes ligneus Fabr., is a
brownish beetle about y 2 inch
long with two large blue patches at the base of the wings and
a broad yellowish band near the apical third. The grubs
work in the bark and surface of the wood of living arbor-
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
315
vitse, causing the death of the tree and serious defects in
the wood.
Callidium cereum Newm. is a brownish flat-
tened beetle about a /2 inch long. It mines as
a larva the inner bark of chestnut and pre-
sumably hastens or even causes the death of
aged or injured trees.
Blue pine borer, Callidium antennatum
Newm. (Figs. 206, 207), is a bluish flat beetle
about 1/2 inch long. It is one of the more com-
mon pine borers, the larvae being associated
with the very badly eroded wood of pine
branches about 2 inches in diameter and the
beetles frequently issuing in some numbers
from lumber in recently constructed dwellings.
It also bores in spruce.
Phymatodes dimidiatus Kirby (Fig. 208)
is a black red-shouldered flattened beetle about
% c> inch long. It occurs in midsummer on
spruce. This insect occasionally issues from
manufactured lumber and is widely distributed.
The grubs of this rather slender, slightly flattened beetle
about y% inch long, the variable oak borer,
Phymatodes variabilis Fabr., and with red
prothorax and bluish wing-covers, mine the
inner bark of dead and dying oaks and are
also injurious to tan bark.
Thunderbolt beetle, Arhopalus fulminans
Fabr., is rather slender, blackish gray and
about % inch long. As a larva it mines
the inner bark and sapwood of chestnut
and oak. It occurs throughout the early
FIG. 208. Phymato- par t o f the summer.
Calloides nobilis Say is a stout black
FIG. 207. Blue
pine borer,
early work;
the small gal-
leries are the
work of Pity-
ophthorus.
des dimidiatus, en-
larged.
beetle about an inch long. It may be
316
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
recognized easily by the three broad yellow spots at the base
of each wing-cover, the smallest being at the extreme margin,
FIQ. 209. Xylo-
trechus un-
dulatus, en-
larged.
FIG. 210. Euderces pici-
pes, enlarged.
in connection with the two somewhat transverse lines of the
same color across the apical half. It occurs on chestnut, oak
and hickory and presumably has habits similar to the closely
related sugar maple borer,
Glycobius speciosus Say.
Xylotrechus undulatus
Say (Fig. 209) is a beau-
tiful cylindrical brown-
ish beetle about % inch
long and ornamented with
sulfur-yellow markings .
It occurs on both hem-
lock and spruce in mid-
summer and is widely
distributed.
Euderces picipes Fabr. (Fig. 210) is a small jet-black beetle
about 14 inch long, with an oblique white line on each side
FIG. 211. Dorcaschema nigrum,
enlarged.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
317
FIG. 212. Acanthode-
res decipiens, en-
larged.
just before the middle of the wing-covers and greatly swollen
femora. The beetle presents a somewhat general resemblance
to an ant. The grubs bore in hickory and chestnut branches.
Dorcaschema nigrum Say (Fig. 211) is
a black slender cylindrical beetle about
% inch long. It is rather commonly
reared from hickory twigs. It appears to
be widely distributed.
Beautiful hickory borer, Goes pulchra
Hald., is a stout beetle about an inch long,
beautifully marked with dark brown, sil-
very and reddish-yellow, there being a
broad transverse lighter band across the
wing-covers, the tips of which are con-
spicuous on account of the golden pubescence. The work of
the grubs in young hickories causes the trunk to enlarge and
produces a gall-like swelling and structural weakness.
Acanthoderes decipiens Hald. (Fig.
212) is a rather stout blackish beetle
about !/2 inch long and irregularly
marked with gray. It occurs in June on
poplar and hickory.
The grubs of prickly leptostylus, Lep-
tostylus aculiferus Say, a small brownish-
gray beetle only about % inch long, re-
semble young apple borers and sometimes
occur in large numbers under the bark of
FIG. 213. Leiopus al- apple and maple trees, making winding
pha, enlarged. gra dually expanding galleries. They have
also been recorded from sweet gum, oak, osage orange and
poplar trees.
Leiopus alpha Say (Fig. 213) is a moderately stout gray-
ish beetle only about a /4 inch long, remarkable for the long
&*
318 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
delicate antenna?. The legless grubs make irregular galleries
in dead sumac and other twigs.
Leiopus punctatus Lee. is a brownish-gray beetle about % 6
inch long, remarkable for the very long slender antennae. It
occurs in June on oak and is a somewhat rare species. It has
also been recorded from flowering dogwood and plum.
Lepturges querci Fitch is a small, black, yellowish-gray
beetle nearly 14 inch long which may be reared in May and
June from the limbs of hickory, oak and other trees. The
slender antennae are nearly twice the length of the body.
Hyperplatys maculatus Hald. (Fig.
214) is a small grayish black-
spotted beetle about y inch long
with extremely slender black an-
tennae. It bores the dead twigs of
oaks and other trees and has been
recorded from orange, apple, hick-
ory, poplar, oak, maple, elm, locust.
FIG. 214,-Hyperplatys mac- fa fa d
ulatus, enlarged.
Urographis fasciatus DeGeer is a
stout, brown, grayish-mottled beetle about 1 /^> inch long which
occurs in midsummer on oak and various other trees, having
been recorded in addition from hickory, chestnut, beech, apple,
pear and pine. It appears to prefer oak.
Graphisurus obsoletus Oliv. is a grayish-brown mottled
beetle about % 6 to ^ inch long, occurring on white pine. The
female is remarkable because of her long ovipositor, which
extends some % inch beyond the tip of the abdomen. The
adults are abroad during July and August.
The larva of Saperda concolor Lee., a cylindrical slaty-gray
beetle about % inch long, girdles the trunks of sapling poplars
and causes a swelling twice the diameter of the tree. The
beetles are abroad from the last of May until toward the end
of June.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 319
The stems of alder are frequently deformed by irregular
gall-like swellings resulting from the partial girdling by the
larvae of the alder borer, Saperda obliqua Say, a light reddish-
brown beetle about % inch long and with dark brown de-
pressed bands on the wing-covers.
Saperda populnea Linn, is a small, brown or black, coarsely
punctured, European beetle about ^ inch long. It produces
galls in balsam poplar. One variety is western and another
eastern.
Woodbine borer, Saperda puncticollis Say, is a jet-black
bright yellow-marked beetle almost % inch long, the grub of
which bores in woodbine, sumac and possibly poison ivy.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 431-676.
Chrysomelidce, leaf-beetles.
This is a very large family of medium or small-sized beetles
usually with short bodies and a more or less oval outline.
The antennae are moderately long, the legs short and the in-
sects are often prettily variegated, although some are a uni-
form metallic blue or green and others dull brown or black.
The yellowish eggs are usually deposited upon the leaves
and the frequently fleshy, convex, chunky, hump-back slugs
or grubs, as, for example, the young of the Colorado potato
beetle and those of the elm leaf-beetle, feed on the foliage.
Those exposed to the light are more or less highly colored,
some are flattened and curiously armed with spines, while a
few cover themselves partially with their own excrement.
Some leaf-miners or stem-borers are long and slender; the
grubs of one large group are case-bearers and those of an
entire tribe are root-feeders.
This family is very important since it contains some of the
most destructive insects, such as asparagus beetles, ^striped
320
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
cucumber beetles, the elm leaf-beetle and a number of injuri-
ous flea-beetles.
Two species of Cryptocephalus, each only
V& inch long, occur on hard pines in midsum-
mer. C. schreibersii Suffr. is a uniform yel-
lowish-brown, while C. quadrimaculata Say
(Fig. 215) is a somewhat stouter black red-
spotted beetle. The latter is also known to
FIG. 215. Cryp- occur on New Jersey tea and Rubus.
tocephalus Glyptoscelis trifasciata Linn. (Fig. 216) is
tus tl enlarged. a small shining black beetle about y inch
long with four irregular orange markings on
the wing-covers. It is found in the galleries of various wood-
borers, particularly those with exuding sap.
Metachroma marginalis Crotch is a light
brown beetle less than Mi inch long. It is
rather common on hard pine in midsummer,
though it does not appear to be particularly
injurious. The larvae are probably root-
feeders.
Typophorus canellus Fabr. (Fig. 217) is a
small, roundish, brown and black-marked
beetle about % 6 inch long, which occurs in
May and early fall on butternut, mountain ash and various
plants. The beetles eat irregu-
lar oval or elongate holes in
the foliage.
Poplar leaf-beetle, Phyto-
decta pallida Linn. (Fig. 218),
is a pale brown black-spotted
beetle about % inch long,
which is occasionally destruc-
FIG. 217. Typophorus caneflus, tive to willow and poplar in
enlarged. early June.
FIG. 216. Glyp-
toscelis trifas-
ciata, enlarged.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 321
Chrysomela bigsbyana Kirby is a yellowish black-marked
hemispheric beetle about Vi inch long. It feeds the latter part
of the summer on willows and hard pines.
Alder leaf-beetle, Chrysomela scalans
Lee., is a rather stout, brilliant, bottle-
green, oval beetle about % inch long and
with silvery-white wing-covers ornamented
with several conspicuous green spots and a
median jagged stripe of the same color. It
feeds on the "leaves of elm, linden, willow
and alder throughout the season. The
over-wintering beetles are abroad from FlG - 218. Poplar
May to June and those of the second brood i arge d. '
may be found in September and October.
Cherry leaf-beetle, Galerucella cavicollis Lee., is a small
red leaf -beetle about Vs i ncn l n g- K is abroad in midsummer
and eats irregular round holes in the leaves of wild cherry,
occasionally becoming extremely abun-
dant, especially in the Adirondacks.
Dull red willow leaf-beetle, Galerucella
decora Say (Fig. 219) , is a dull yellow or
dusky-brown beetle about % inch long.
It is very abundant and occasionally
somewhat injurious to willow. It is
closely related to our imported elm leaf-
beetle.
Willow leaf-beetle, Disonycha carolin-
iana Fabr., is a striped, rather stout,
FIG. 219. Dull red , , , ' , ,, *\ ' ,, . , , '
willow leaf-beetle, black and y ellow beetle about % inch long,
enlarged. occurring in June on willow, the larvae be-
coming full grown in early August.
Red-footed leaf-beetle, Crepidodera rufipes Linn., is a red-
headed blue flea-beetle about % inch long which is sometimes
very abundant on locust and apple foliage in early spring.
322 ' MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Black-margined flea-beetle, Systena marginalis Illiger, is
yellowish-brown, black-margined, and about % 6 inch long.
It feeds ^commonly and sometimes in great numbers during the
summer and autumn on oak, hickory and birch.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 515-695.
Curculionidce, curculios or weevils.
Beetles of this family have on the lower side of each wing-
cover a strong fold near the outer margin which limits a large
groove in which the outer edge of the abdomen fits. The
mandibles have no scar. The antennae are usually elbowed
and have a ring or solid club. The grubs are white, soft, foot-
less and maggot-like. They feed chiefly on fruits, seeds and
nuts, although all parts of the plant are subject to attack.
The destructive white pine weevil and the nut weevils, all
noticed elsewhere, are probably the best known members of
this large and very important family.
New York weevil, Ithycerus noveboracensis Forst., is a large
grayish insect about ^2 inch long. It occurs on the buds of a
variety of trees from May to June, having been recorded from
oak, hickory and beech. The beetles eat into the buds and
gnaw into the twigs, chiefly at the base, thus causing them to
break and fall. The grubs are borers in twigs and tender
branches of oak and hickory.
Two-spotted curculio, Attelabiis bipustulatus Fabr., is a
rather stout highly polished black beetle about % 6 inch long
and with two large orange-red spots at the base of the wing-
covers. It is most interesting because of its habit of rolling
the terminal oak leaves into neat cylindrical cases containing
an egg. The species is widely distributed, although rarely
numerous.
Attelabus rhois Boh., a dull reddish beetle, has the body
clothed with short yellowish down and is about % inch long.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
323
It is noteworthy because it deposits eggs in June and July in
peculiar thimble-like rolls of leaves on alder, hazel and sumac.
Gray-sided oak weevil, Pandeletejus
hilaris Herbst (Fig. 200), is small and
grayish, % to % 6 inch long. It occurs on
oak foliage from May to September, the
larvae tunneling in the wood.
Dorytomus parvicollis Casey, a small
brownish-black yellow-specked we evil
about !/4 inch long, is sometimes very
abundant in early spring under the loose
bark of poplars. A smaller species, D.
vagenotatus Casey, about % inch long, is
found in much smaller numbers under
similar conditions.
Elleschus ephippiatus Say is a small
brownish long-snouted beetle % to nearly
thickly clothed with golden and brownish pubescence. It
occurs in considerable numbers on willow in early spring.
inch long and
FIG. 221. Madar-
elltis tmdulatus,
enlarged.
FIG. 222. Cossonus
platalea, enlarged.
Madarellus undulatus Say (Fig. 221) is a stout, jet-black,
highly polished curculio with deeply striated wing-covers,
324 'MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
about y$ inch long. It occurs on Virginia creeper, poison ivy
and grape.
Cossonm ptatalea Say (Fig. 222) is a flattened, jet-black,
snout-beetle about *4 inch long which occasionally is found in
large numbers in butternut, poplar and
other woods, where it makes numerous
irregular galleries, the beetles issuing in
early May.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8,
vol. 2, pp. 436-574.
Ipidce, bark- or engraver-beetles, tim-
ber beetles.
These are all mostly small cylindrical
beetles. The larger ones rarely exceed
1/4 inch in length and there are numerous
smaller almost microscopic forms. The
prevailing color is brown, sometimes
black. The posterior extremity of the
body is very blunt as though cut off and
in some species curiously toothed. The
insects are most easily recognized by the
characteristic galleries or borings and
many of the more important species are
FIG. 223. Fruit-tree noticed under the general term bark-
bark-beetle, work in borers and timber beetles, pages 241-
app e ' 280, so named because the former work
mostly under the bark and the latter in the wood, even pene-
trating to considerable depths.
Fruit-tree bark-beetle, Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. (Fig. 223),
is best known as a fruit-tree pest, although it occasionally
attacks wild cherry. It is a dark brown, oblique, stout bark-
beetle about % inch long.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 325
Peach bark-beetle, Phloeotribus liminaris Harris, is minute,
brownish, rather stout, about % inch long. It is better
known as a fruit-tree pest, although it occasionally attacks
wild cherry, probably plum and related trees.
Pine Hylurgops, Hylurgops glabratus Zett.
(Fig. 224), is a stout, brownish bark-beetle
about % 6 inch long, which works under pine
bark during early spring and again in Septem-
ber. It is recorded from pine lumber in mill
yards and also in the bark of white pine stumps.
REFERENCE FIQ 224 __ pine
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, Hylurgops
pp. 452-453, 665-666. enlarged.
LEPIDOPTERA
BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
The butterflies and moths are easily recognized by the four
membranous wings (a few species are wingless) covered with
over-lapping scales, the sucking mouth-parts and a complete
transformation or metamorphosis.
This group is one of the most important to the forester,
since it includes a considerable number of leaf-eating cater-
pillars which defoliate many trees, some becoming so enor-
mously abundant as to strip the foliage from large areas.
The larvae or young of both butterflies and moths are the
common caterpillars so frequently seen and incorrectly termed
worms. They are usually cylindrical and provided with eight
to sixteen legs. The six thoracic legs, almost invariably pres-
ent, are hard and jointed, while those of the abdomen, two to
ten in number, are simple fleshy processes, usually with nu-
merous minute hooks at the tips and are known as false legs or
pro-legs.
Rhopalocera, butterflies.
The butterflies differ from the moths in that no cocoon is
spun, and the pupa, generally known as a chrysalis, is attached
326 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
to some support and steadied by a band or belt of silk. The
chrysalids frequently harmonize with their surroundings and
a few are highly colored. Butterflies almost invariably rest
with the wings in a vertical position, and they are furthermore
distinguished by the distinct knob or club at the tip of the
antenna.
Ordinarily butterfly caterpillars are not sufficiently abun-
dant to cause extensive injuries, marked exceptions being the
eastern spiny elm caterpillar, Euvanessa antiopa Linn., and the
western pine butterfly caterpillar, Neophasia menapia Feld.
FIG. 225. Orange dog, reduced slightly.
The caterpillar of the orange dog, Papilio thoas Linn. (Fig.
225), is large and brownish with conspicuous annular cream-
colored markings on its middle and at its posterior extremity.
It is sometimes rather abundant on prickly ash. It is about
2V2 inches long when full grown. There are two generations
of this butterfly in the northern area and about four in its
southern range.
There are three species of smaller spiny elm caterpillars,
Polygonia spp., related to the much more abundant and dis-
tinctly larger spiny elm caterpillar, Euvanessa antiopa Linn.
(Fig. 226), which may be found feeding on elm in early spring
and again in August. These are the larvae of the violet tip,
P. interrogationis Fabr., the hop merchant, P. comma Harr.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 327
and the Gray comma, P. progne Cram., the second being well
known as a pest in hop yards.
The large pale green caterpillars of the locust leaf-folder,
Epargyreus tityrus Fabr., are about 2 inches long when full
grown, with a red neck and a large red head with a yellow
FIG. 226. Mourning cloak butterfly, parent
of spiny elm caterpillar.
spot on each side above the mouth. They draw the leaves of
the locust together and feed at night during July.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 544-557.
Heterocera, moths.
This suborder comprises an extremely large and varied
series of Lepidoptera most easily distinguished from the but-
terflies or Rhopalocera by the fact that the antennae, although
exceedingly varied in structure, do not have a knob or club
at the tip. Very few moths rest with the wings in the char-
acteristic vertical position of butterflies. This suborder pre-
sents great extremes in size, some of the largest and many ex-
tremely small species belonging here. A very large propor-
tion of the more destructive leaf-eating caterpillars belong in
this subfamily. ***
328
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Sphingidce, hawk or sphinx moths.
The insects grouped here have stout spindle-shaped bodies,
long, narrow and strong wings and the antenna? are more or
less thickened in the middle
or toward the tip, which lat-
ter is frequently recurved.
The common name of hum-
ming-bird moths (Fig. 227)
has been given to certain
members of this group on ac-
count of their rapid darting
FIG.
227. Humming-bird
Hemaris diffinis.
moth,
flight and the habit of re-
maining poised in the air
over flowers. Some of the brighter-colored, clear-winged
species fly in midday, although most are on the wing in early
twilight.
FIG. 228. Sphinx caterpillar.
The larvae are large stout-bodied caterpillars frequently 3
inches or more in length and usually with a curved horn or
process near the posterior extremity or in place of this a
polished eye-like spot (Figs. 228, 229). They may rest with
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 329
the head and anterior body segments elevated and when in
this position suggest the "sphinx," a name used in earlier years
for members of this family. The common "green worms" of
the tomato and potato are typical of the group.
The stout apple-green caterpillar of the ash sphinx, Sphinx
kalmice Abb. and Sm., is about 3 inches long, has seven oblique
stripes on each side and a light blue caudal horn. It feeds on
the leaves of ash, lilac and mountain laurel.
Four-lined sphinx, Ceratomia amyntor Hubn., is a stout,
pale green, reddish-brown larva about 3 inches long, with a
FIG. 229. Virginia creeper worm.
conspicuous caudal horn and four large tubercle-like eleva-
tions on the thoracic segments. This insect occurs in Sep-
tember on elm, beech, linden and probably ash. It is
ordinarily not particularly abundant.
The variably light green caterpillar of the wavy sphinx,
Ceratomia undulosa Walk., is about 1% inches long when full
grown and has reddish legs, a caudal horn and a series of
seven oblique whitish stripes on each side of the body. It
feeds on the foliage of white and black ash, lilac and privet.
Harris's pine hawk moth, Lapara bombycoides Walk., has
a grass-green, yellow and white-striped caterpillar, 2 to 2^
330
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
inches long when full grown, whick feeds on pine in the middle
of September, the moths appearing the following June. The
linear markings of the larvae are such as to conceal it some-
what effectively as it rests among the pine needles.
Walnut sphinx, Cressonia jugland'is Abb. and Sm., is a
stout, light apple-green caterpillar, with a prominent horn at
its posterior extremity and ornamented with seven oblique
stripes on each side. It feeds on the leaves of hickory, black
walnut and ironwood and has been recorded as occurring on
wild cherry. The full-grown caterpillar is about 2% inches
long.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 518-519, 546,
548, 679.
Saturniidoe, giant silk-worms.
This family includes some of the larger moths, such as
Cecropia, Luna and Polyphemus. All are heavy-bodied and
FIG. 230. Promethea caterpillars.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 331
broad-winged, with beautifully plumed or pectinate antenna*
in the male. The caterpillars are variously armed with
tubercles and spines and the winter is passed in large silken
cocoons.
Promethea moth, Callosamia promethea Drury, feeds in
midsummer on the foliage of a considerable number of trees
and shrubs, being common on lilac. The large, delicate, bluish-
white caterpillar (Fig. 230) , with four large yellow or red
tubercles on the posterior thoracic segments and large ones
FIG. 231. Cecropia caterpillars.
on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment, is some 2Vi
inches long when full grown. The moderate-sized rather firm
silken cocoons are constructed within a partly folded leaf and
hang from the twigs through the winter.
Cecropia moth, Samia cecropia Linn., is one of the largest
moths. The large pale green caterpillar about 4 inches long
when full grown (Fig. 231) is ornamented with conspicuous
blue, yellow and red tubercles and feeds on a large variety of
trees and shrubs in midsummer.
The caterpillar of the American silk-worm, Telea polyphe-
mus Hubn., is very large, pea green, with a brown head and
332
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
small reddish-brown tubercles with silvered bases. It is about
3 inches long when full grown, occurs in midsummer on the
foliage of a great variety of trees and is not abundant, as a
FIG. 232. Luna caterpillar.
rule. The dull ocher-yellow moth with its wings shaded with
innumerable black particles has a wing expanse of S 1 /^ inches.
FIG. 233. Luna cocoon.
Luna moth, Tropea luna Linn. (Figs. 232, 233), has a stout
apple-green caterpillar about 3 inches long when full grown
with six rows of small, pink, hairy tubercles. It occurs in
midsummer on a considerable variety of trees. The moth is
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 333
a magnificent light green long-tailed insect with a wing spread
of about 4 inches.
FIG. 234. lo caterpillar.
lo caterpillar, Automeris io Fabr. (Figs. 234, 235) , is a large
pale greenish stout caterpillar with delicate markings of
yellowish-red and it is most easily recognized by the uniform
rather thick clothing of groups of irritating, sharp, poisonous
FIG. 235. Io moth.
spines. The full-grown caterpillar is about 2 inches long and
feeds in late summer on the foliage of many trees. The earlier
stages are somewhat gregarious. *H-
334 ' MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
The nearly black finely red-striped spined caterpillar of the
western day moth, Pseudohazis eglanterina Boisd., is some
2 inches long when full grown. The eggs are laid in spring in
clusters around small stems or branches. The larvae feed on
a great variety of both wild and cultivated trees and shrubs.
The pupae winter in the soil. The egg masses are easily de-
stroyed by hand picking and the larvae killed with an arsenical
spray.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 521-557.
1915,Essig, E. 0., Inj. Ben. Ins. Cal., pp. 388-389.
Ceratocampidce, royal moths.
These are stout-bodied hairy moths with sunken heads and
strong wings. They are of medium to large size, a few being
among the largest. The wings are narrow and the antennae
less plumose or pectinate than among the moths of the related
giant silk-worms.
The caterpillars feed on a variety of trees and shrubs and
are variously armed with horns or spines, those on the second
thoracic segment and sometimes those of the third being long
and curved. The largest caterpillar, the hickory horned
devil, Cither onia regalis Fabr., attains a length of 4 to 5
inches (Fig. 112).
Spiny oak worm, Anisota stigma Hubn., is rare in the
northern states, although in the South it is frequently as de-
structive as the closely related Anisota senatoria of the
northern states. This bright, tawny or orange-colored cater-
pillar with a dusky strip along its back and prominent spines
on the thoracic segments feeds on oak in September. The
related green-striped maple worm, Anisota rubicunda Fabr.,
is occasionally very abundant.
Imperial moth, Basilona imperialis Drury (Figs. 236, 237),
has a large thick pale green caterpillar some 3 to 4 inches long
when full grown with a pale orange head and legs and six
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 335
spined yellowish tubercles behind the head. It occurs on white-
pine needles late in August and through September. The
magnificent yellowish and purplish-brown spotted moth has a
wing spread of some 5M> inches.
FIG. 236. Imperial moth.
FIG. 237. Imperial moth, larva,
336 ' MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 527, 678-679.
1908, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 124, pp. 13-21.
Arctiidce, tiger moths, tussock caterpillars.
The moths in this family are stout-bodied with moderately
broad wings, most of the species being conspicuously striped
or spotted. The larvae are the familiar and sometimes very
common woolly bears and in this group are certain hickory
and oak tussock caterpillars. (See Fig. 114 for the general
characteristics of the group.)
Oak tussock moth, Halisidota maculata Harris, shows a
marked preference for oak, although it occurs also on poplar,
willow and alder. This black-headed caterpillar about I 1 /*
inches long when full grown is thickly clothed with yellowish
hairs with interspersed black tufts.
Pale tussock moth, Halisidota tessellaris Hubn., is a yellow-
ish brown-headed caterpillar about 1*4 inches long when full
grown and clothed with delicate tufts of yellow hairs and
with four light brown dorsal pencils. It feeds in the fall on a
large variety of trees.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 523-524.
Noctuidce, owlet moths.
This is a very large group of dull-colored stout-bodied
moths, the short, stiff, triangular fore-wings and the broader
hind-wings being general distinguishing characters (Fig. 238).
The larvae of a number of species are the common and
destructive cutworms of the garden. The exceedingly injurious
cotton worm of the South, the corn ear-worm and the army-
worm of the North all belong in this group. The caterpillars
are naked, stout-bodied and of moderate size.
The long series of under-wings or Catocalas, easily recog-
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 337
nized by their moderately large size, usually sombre coloring
of the fore-wings and the bright frequently yellow or red-
marked hind wings, belong here. The larvse are likewise dull-
colored, are peculiar in having an orange-colored dorsal fold,
and both adults and larvse present striking cases of protective
resemblance.
White pine tufted caterpillar, Panthea jurcilla Pack., occurs
on pine during late August and in September. The dull red
caterpillar banded with brighter red and with a light lateral
line and reddish hairs in clusters attains a length of over 1^
inches.
Fia. 238. Green maple worm, adult.
The rather large, yellowish, short-haired caterpillars of
American dagger moth, Apatela americana Harris, are about
2y% inches long when full grown and bear a pair of long black
hair pencils on the first and third abdominal segments and
one on the eighth. This black-headed leaf caterpillar is a
very general feeder on maple, elm, chestnut, oak and a number
of other trees.
Smeared dagger moth, Apatela oblinita Abb. and Sm., is
a black-headed velvety-black caterpillar usually with a con-
spicuous, somewhat broken, subdorsal yellow stripe and
another along the stigmatal line. It occurs in September
and October on poplar, willow, alder, button-bush and other
deciduous trees.
Semilooper maple worm, Homoptera lunata Drury, is a
338 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
drab-colored caterpillar about 1% inches long with a large
orange dorsal spot, which is exposed at the juncture of the
first and second abdominal segments when the body is bent.
It feeds on maple, oak, willow and rose in May and June, the
moths appearing the last of June and in early July. A second
generation of larvse occur in August and September, the moths
developing in November and living over winter.
The pretty yellowish or whitish long-haired caterpillar of
Apatelodes torrefacta Abb. and Sm., has three dark hair pencils
along the median line, one each on the second and third
thoracic and the eighth abdominal segments. It attains a
length of about 2 inches and occurs in midsummer on a great
variety of food plants.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 525, 538, 549,
560, 679.
Notodontidce, promincnts.
These are moderate-sized moths presenting a general re-
semblance to the numerous owlet moths or Noctuidse. The
wings are strong, not very broad and with the anal angle of
the hind-wings rarely extending to the tip of the abdomen.
The larvsc or caterpillars are naked or only sparsely haired,
although they often have spines, spurs, humps or other proc-
esses and in some species of Harpy ia (Fig. 239) the anal legs
are produced posteriorly as a pair of slender processes re-
sembling a long fork. The antlered maple caterpillar, Hetero-
campa guttivitta \Valk., is one of the most destructive species
in this family.
The black yellow-striped larvse of poplar tent-maker, Mela-
lopha inclma Hubn., are about P/4 inches long when full
grown and have a pair of large black tubercles close together
on the dorsum of the first and eighth abdominal segments.
They feed in moderately large colonies within the folded
webbed-together leaves of poplars and willows (Fig. 240) .
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 339
The black, yellow-necked, yellow-striped caterpillars nearly
2 inches long of yellow-necked apple worm, Datana ministra
Walk., occur in clusters during midsummer on the twigs of a
variety of trees. The insect is best known as an apple pest,
although the larvse are general feeders, having been recorded
on a considerable variety of forest trees.
Green oak caterpillar, Nadata gibbosa Abb. and Sm., is a
pale greenish caterpillar about an inch long when full grown
and with a more or less distinct yellowish lateral line. It has
been recorded from oak, maple, white birch and sugar plum
and ranges across the country. It is common, although rarely
abundant.
FIG. 239. Harpyia spe- FIG. 240. Poplar tent-maker on its ic^c.
cies, showing long-
tailed larva and co-
coon.
Red-humped oak caterpillar, Rymmerista albifrons Abb.
and Sm., is red-headed, striped, with a conspicuous red hump
on the eighth abdominal segment and a series of yellow and
black body lines on a pale lilac ground. It is easily recog-
nized as one of the common late summer oak feeders. The
eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves and the young
caterpillars, at first gregarious, scatter over the tree after the
first or second molt. They also feed on maple and beech.
The caterpillar of rosy hyparpax, Hyparpax aurora Abb.
340 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
and Sm., is about l l / 2 inches long when full grown, has a red
head and conspicuous pointed elevations on the first and eighth
abdominal segments and variably brown and yellowish or
pinkish dorsal markings. It occurs on different species of oak
during midsummer and has a rather striking appearance which
is heightened by the caterpillar's habit of carrying its posterior
extremity, with the slender extended pro-legs, elevated in the
air.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 51&-521, 535,
536, 560-561.
Liparidce, tussock moths.
The caterpillars of the tussock moths are among the most
brilliantly colored and beautifully ornamented larvae with their
characteristic tufts or pencils of long hairs at the extremities
of the body and the shorter brush-like groups on the inter-
vening segments. The destructive, native, white-marked
tussock moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma Abb. and Sm. (Fig.
35), and the introduced gipsy moth, Porthetria dispar Hubn.,
belong in this group.
The moths of Liparidse are relatively plain, frequently with
shades of gray or brown and in Hemerocampa the females are
grayish, wingless and almost grub-like in appearance.
Definite-marked tussock moth, Hemerocampa definita
Pack., has a yellow-headed, light-yellowish tufted caterpillar
.resembling very closely that of the common white tussock
moth. It feeds on the foliage of oak and a number of other
trees.
The black-headed yellow or white tufted caterpillar of
rusty tussock moth, Notolophus antiqua Linn., is about 1%
inches long when full grown. It is most easily recognized by
the lateral black hair pencil on each side; otherwise it re-
sembles closely the common white-marked tussock moth cater-
pillar. It feeds on most deciduous trees.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
341
Dark tussock moth, Olene achatina Abb. and Sm., is a
black-headed caterpillar clothed with grayish hairs and with
two black hair pencils on the second segment and square tufts
on segments five to seven. It is closely related to the rusty
tussock moth and like it feeds on a considerable variety of
forest trees.
The grayish caterpillars of California tussock moth,
Hemerocampa vetusta Boisd., are l 1 /^ to 2 inches long when
full grown and have numerous colored spots, the four thick
white dorsal tufts and the longer black pencil tufts at the
extremities of the body. The eggs are deposited during May,
June and July. They remain unhatched over winter, the
young caterpillars feeding in the spring on the foliage of oak,
black walnut and other trees and also injuring various fruits.
Collecting egg masses and banding are recommended since the
larvae are very resistant to arsenical poisons.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 522-524.
1915, Essig, E. O., Inj. Ben. Ins. Cal., pp. 408-410.
Lasiocampidce, lappet moths and tent-caterpillars.
These moths are stout-bodied, medium-sized and with the
antennae pectinate in both
sexes. The wings are rather
short and broad, very
densely clothed and usually
with pale or darker median
lines, as in the Velleda lap-
pet (Fig. 241).
The lappet caterpillars
are most interesting on ac-
count of the flattened shape
and the fringed lateral proc-
esses enabling them when at FIG. 241. Velleda lappet moth.
342 ' MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
rest to harmonize so closely with the surface as to be almost
invisible.
Larch lappet, Tolype lands Fitch, is recorded as feeding on
pine, hemlock and larch and has been taken on plum and
cherry. The dull, rusty brown, irregularly white spotted,
flattened caterpillar with scries of grayish tufts on each side
harmonizes very closely with pine bark and is not easily
detected when at rest, even though it be some three inches
long. The cocoon also harmonizes very closely with the bark
and is not easily seen.
The webbed tents of apple tent-caterpillar, Malacosoma
americana Fabr. 7 in the forks of wild cherry and apple trees
in early spring, are so well known that little need be said,
except that wild cherry is the favorite food and the usual
breeding ground for the infestation of near-by orchards. This
insect is closely related to the important woodland species,
the forest tent-caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubn.
American lappet moth, Epicnaptera americana Harris, is
found on oak, ash and apple and is rarely abundant. This
large, grayish, scarlet marked caterpillar about 2 1 /2 inches long
is peculiar on account of the large bordering grayish fringes
on each side, these greatly assisting in concealing the cater-
pillar when at rest on the bark of trees.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 525, 550, 680.
Geometridce, measuring -worms.
The caterpillars of this long series of small or medium
slender moths are known as measuring-worms and are easily
recognized by their characteristic looping habit. They are
also interesting because of their protective resemblance.
The moths have broad very delicate wings, the prevailing
colors being shades of brown or gray and the markings linear
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 343
or angular (Fig. 242). There are a number of destructive
species in this family.
The yellow, black striped caterpillars of cherry scallop shell
moth, Hydria undulata Linn., web together the leaves of wild
cherry in July and August,
producing brownish unsightly
webby masses. The caterpil-
lars attain full growth in Au-
gust or September.
Large maple spanworm,
Sabulodes transversata
Drury, is a large slender- Pja 242 ._ Knnomos n ,, gnarlus .
bodied spanworm marked
with dark purple, brown and red and about 1% inches long
when full grown. It occurs on maples in July.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 539, 551.
Megalopygidce, flannel moths.
These rather large moths have stout bodies and the wings
clothed with long hairs. The larvse are remarkable in the
possession of an additional pair of abdominal legs, namely,
seven. The cocoon is a curious case-like structure with a trap
door at one end.
The peculiar, stout, somewhat flattened larva of crinkled
flannel moth, Lagoa crispata Pack., attains an inch in length
and is thickly covered with long mouse-gray and faun-colored
hairs. It occurs in September on the foliage of a variety of
plants, such as oak, elm, apple and raspberry.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 529-530.
Cochlidiidce, slug caterpillars.
Peculiar, brightly colored, variously shaped and usually
motionless, slug-like caterpillars, rarely an inch long, occur
in midsummer on the foliage of various deciduous trees.
344
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
FIG. 243. Hag moth
caterpillar.
These very peculiar caterpillars are remarkable because of
the apparent absence of legs and on account of their brilliant
color in connection with more or less well-developed defensive
armor. They vary widely in appear-
ance, occur on a large number of trees
and shrubs and are very rarely
abundant enough to be regarded as
anything more than natural curios-
ities. Some sting severely and thus
call attention to themselves in a very
unpleasant manner. Glands at the
bases of the spines have been detected
by European investigators who state
that the hollow spines may be filled
with formic acid or a formate in
solution. A number of these peculiar larvae are oval in shape,
with the flattened surface closely appressed to the leaf, giving
them the appearance of brightly colored very large scale in-
sects or slugs. For brief accounts
of a number of species see Felt,
E. P., 1906, N. Y. State Mus. Mem.
8, vol. 2, pp. 527-529.
The hag moth caterpillar, Phobe-
tron pithecium Abb. and Sm. (Fig.
243), is a brownish slug caterpillar
about % inch long and remarkable
for the ten long tapering plume-
like processes extending from either
side of the back. It occurs on
the foliage of a number of trees
from July to September.
The saddleback caterpillar, Sibine
stimulea Clem. (Fig. 244) , is brownish, about 1 inch in length
and apparently with a green saddle cloth on its back and a
ill
FIG. 244. Saddleback
caterpillar.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 345
brownish saddle, the latter margined with white and edged
with a black line. There are long brown-spined tubercles at
both extremities. The larva occurs commonly on oak and
cherry and is capable of inflicting a very severe sting.
Eudea indetermina Boisd. is from % to % inch long, oval,
and with a series of six fiery red lines along the back on either
side. It feeds on various low bushes and limbs of trees.
Eudea ddphinii Boisd. is oval in shape, closely appressed
to the leaf, greenish and variably marked with red and with
pale orange subdorsal stripes. The full-grown larva is about
l /2 inch long and occurs on a considerable variety of trees.
Oriental slug caterpillar, Cnidocampa flavcscens Walk., is
a European species. It is a general feeder and is well estab-
lished in the vicinity of Boston, Massachusetts. The larva
is about % inch long, yellowish, red marked, blue spotted,
green and greenish-brown and with groups of large spiny
processes at both extremities. The cocoon is attached to
twigs, oval, about % inch long and with peculiar broad white
markings.
REFERENCES
1907, Fernald, H. T., Mass. Exp. Sta. Bull. 114.
1907, Fernald, H. T., and Summers, J. N., Ent. News 18: 321-327.
1907, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 110, pp. 47-48.
Cossidoz, carpenter moths or wood-boring caterpillars.
These are mostly large moths with spindle-shaped bodies
and narrow strong wings very suggestive of the Sphingidse.
The large wood-boring caterpillars of this family penetrate
readily into the trunks of such trees as oak and maple and
in some instances cause serious injury. The recently intro-
duced leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Linn., belongs in this
group.
Lesser oak carpenter worm, Prionoxystus macmurtrei Giuer.-
Men., is closely related to the larger and more commod^car-
346 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
penter worm, P. robinice Peck. The brown-headed greenish
larva with rose-colored elevated points is about iy% inches
long when full grown and bores in black oak.
The stout, white naked caterpillars of poplar carpenter
worm, Cossus centerensis Lintn., are about 1% inches long
when full grown and bore in poplar trunks. The grayish
black-marked moth with a wing spread of 2 to 2 l /2 inches
harmonizes so closely with poplar bark that it is very difficult
to detect.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 439, 476-477.
Sesiidce, clear-winged moths or sesiids.
These moths are remarkable on account of their resemblance
to bees and wasps, owing to the wings being mostly trans-
parent and also to marvelously close resemblances in color
patterns. These insects are of moderate to rather small size
and with narrow fore-wings.
The naked white caterpillars bore in the stems, trunks,
roots or branches of many living trees and plants.
Memythrus asilipennis Boisd. is a large, brownish yellow-
marked, yellow-banded moth with a wing spread of l l /2
inches, the whitish caterpillars of which bore in ash and alder.
The golden yellow and black, wasp-like clear-wing, Memy-
thrus simulans Grote, has a wing spread of l l /2 inches and is
recorded as being very injurious to red oak in Minnesota,
the moths appearing from the end of May and throughout
the month of June, some trees harboring hundreds of borers
in the trunks and limbs. It is a widely distributed species.
Three-banded clear-wing, Memythrus tricinctus Harris, is a
black moth with three conspicuous yellow bands on the abdo-
men and a wing spread of about 1 inch. The larva works in
the trunks of willows and poplars and has been reared from
the galls produced by Saperda concolor Lee.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 347
apijormis Clerck, a large, brown, yellow-marked
clear-wing moth, has a wing spread of 1% inches. The larvae
work in the roots of willow and poplar.
JEgeria tibialis Harris is a large, brown, yellow-marked,
clear- wing moth with a wing spread of 1% inches. The larva
works in the trunks of willow and poplar. It ranges across
the northern United States.
Sesia bolteri Hy. Edw. is a steel-blue clear-wing moth with
a broad scarlet-red abdominal band and red fore-wings. The
larvae bore in willow canes.
The whitish caterpillars of Sesia albicornis Hy. Edw., a
blue-black clear-wing moth with a wing spread of % inch,
bore in the trunks and branches of young willows growing in
swampy places and has also been reared from burrows of the
mottled willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn. It is a
widely distributed species.
The whitish caterpillars of the purplish-black, yellow-
marked, red-tailed clear-wing moth, Sesia corni Hy. Edw,,
with a wing expanse of about % inch, bore in the branches
and twigs of maple, often producing rough bark or gnarled
excrescences. This attack frequently causes branches to die
or weakens them so they are broken by winds.
The whitish boring caterpillars of Sesia pictipes Gr. and
Rob., a blue-black clear-wing having a wing spread of about
1 inch and with several yellow bands on the abdomen and
legs, work under the bark of plum and cherry, both wild and
cultivated, juneberry and chestnut. The moths are in flight
during June and July.
Sesia rubristigma Kellicott is a black, clear-winged moth
with red-spotted wings and yellow-banded legs and abdomen.
It is about % inch long and has been reared in June and July
from the horned oak gall, Andricus cornigerus, on Quercus
palustris.
The dogwood appears to be the favored food plant oi Sesia
348 . MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
scitula Harris. The whitish caterpillars of this bluish-black
clear-wing, some % inch long and with yellow-banded legs
and abdomen, work under the bark of chestnut and dogwood
and are also found in the horned oak gall, Andricus cornigerus.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 437-473.
Pyralidw, pyralids.
This family includes a large number of moderate or small
moths varying greatly in appearance. A considerable series
of species are well-known grass-feeders. Some are borers in
stems of various plants and one is a rather common pine
borer noticed elsewhere.
Young brownish spruce cones are sometimes infested with
a red-headed brownish caterpillar about % inch long, the
spruce cone-worm, Dioryctria reniculella Grote, the infested
cones being disfigured with a mass of webbed excreta. Occa-
sionally a bunch of cones is webbed together and partially
concealed by the accumulated debris.
Barberry pyralid, Omphalocera dentosa Grote, has blackish
white-spotted caterpillars about 1^ inches long when full
grown which occur in late summer within excrement-filled
webs on barberry.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 684.
1911,Britton, W. E., Econ. Ent. Joura. 4: 521-524.
Tortricidce, leaf-rollers.
The moths of leaf-rollers are usually small or moderate
sized and have broad, squarely cut fore-wings, the anterior
margins of which are usually arched toward the base.
Brownish-gray and golden are common colors.
The free-living caterpillars usually roll the leaves and
generally wriggle rapidly and drop upon the least disturb-
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 349
ance. There are also a number of stem- and root-borers and
some which feed in seeds and growing fruits.
The greenish black-headed caterpillars of rose bud-worm,
Olethreutes nimbatana Clem., are about V% inch long and bore
in rose buds or web together the leaves. The first brood ap-
pears in early spring and the moths of the second may be
found abroad early in June. There are two and possibly
three generations about Albany and three or even four in the
District of Columbia.
Rose tips blackened and tightly webbed together in early
spring with glistening white silk may contain greenish larvae
about 1/2 inch long, which feed on the growing points and not
only blacken and distort the young leaves but in many cases
blast the incipient flower-buds. There are three generations
of rose leaf-tier, Olethreutes cyanana Murtf., in Missouri, and
locally fully 20 per cent of the buds, especially the white or
light-colored varieties, may be destroyed.
Douglas fir cone moth, Cydia pseudotsugana Kearf., Has a
reddish larva about % inch long when full grown, which is
very injurious to the seeds of Douglas fir in Montana and
possibly to the seeds of Englemann spruce in Montana.
An unidentified species destroys the seed of western yellow
pine.
The yellowish-green, brown-headed, sparsely haired cater-
pillar a little over % inch long of Cenopis pettitana Rob.
occurs on oak and rose. This species may invade green-
houses and possibly destroys rose buds.
The black-headed yellowish-green caterpillars of Archips
fervidana Clem. (Fig. 245), which are nearly an inch long
when full grown, occur in thick webbed nests on scrub oak in
early June and are occasionally somewhat abundant.
The brown-headed greenish caterpillars of oblique banded
leaf-roller, Archips rosaceana Harr., are about % inch long
when full grown and occur in May and early June$4n the
350
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
webbed leaves of a large number of trees. It has been re-
corded from cherry, lilac, horse-chestnut, burr oak, poplar,
hazel and sumac. The moths appear the latter part of June
or early in July.
The dark olive-green brown-headed caterpillars of rose
leaf-folder, A r chips rosana Linn., feed within the webbed-
together leaves of rose and a
number of other plants. Their
habits are very similar to those
of the preceding.
Ugly nest cherry worm, Ar chips
cerasivorana Fitch, has yellowish
black-headed caterpillars about
1/2 inch long. They are some-
times exceedingly abundant and
may then inclose in thick masses
of web most of the foliage, even
of large-sized clumps of choke-
cherry. Fortunately this species
does not attack more valuable
trees or shrubs.
V-marked leaf-roller, Archips
argyrospila Walk., is closely re-
lated to the oblique banded leaf-
toller, Archips rosaceana Harris.
The brown-headed delicate green
caterpillars about % i nc h l n g
when full grown feed on oak and other trees in early June and
also in August or early September. They have been recorded
from a variety of trees, such as hickory, apple, wild cherry,
rose, soft maple and elm. There are two generations, the
moths of the first appearing the last of June or early in July.
The caterpillars of pine tube builder, Eulia pinatubana
Kearf., usually attract notice because of the peculiar cylin-
FIQ. 245. Archips fervidana,
nest.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 351
drical tubes of webbed-together pine needles, generally about
fifteen, which occur in midsummer on white and probably
other pines, the terminal third of the needles being eaten off
at an almost uniform height.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 530-531, 552,
576-579, 580-581, 681-682.
1908,Cooley, R. A., Mont. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 70, pp. 125-130.
1909, Sanderson, E. D., Econ. Ent. Journ. 2 : 391-403.
Gelechiidce.
A large series of small moths belong to this family*; a few
noteworthy because of the stem-galls they produce on various
plants.
Pine leaf-miner, Paralechia pinifoliella Chamb., is common
although ordinarily not particularly destructive. The small
cylindrical, yellowish-brown larva with a dark head, thoracic
shield and anal plate mines the leaves of various species of
pine, causing the affected needle tips to die and turn brown.
There is a very recently introduced European form, Ocneros-
toma piniariella Zeller, which has become established in Brit-
ish Columbia. The work is very similar to the native species
although transformations to the adult occur in a slight co-
coon between the needles.
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 681.
1922, Felt, E. P., Econ. Ent. Journ. 15 : 432-433.
Elachistidce, case-bearers and others.
This is a large family of small usually beautiful moths.
One of the largest and most important genera is Coleophora,
the case-bearers, easily recognized in the immature stages by
the peculiar cases which shelter the larvae. There are also
a number of leaf-miners.
352 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Sour gum case-cutter, Antispila nyss&foliella Clem., is a
small miner which works in sour gum leaves the latter part
of August and in early September, cutting out oval cases the
latter part of that month. Occasionally it is very abundant
on Long Island, although not particularly injurious.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 555-566.
TineidcB.
Nearly all these moths are minute, with narrow wings
bordered with long fringes, although there are a few species
of considerable size, and broader narrowly fringed wings.
The moths are often extremely beautiful.
Most of the caterpillars are leaf-miners, some being of
considerable importance, such as Bucculatrix canadensisella
Fern, noticed elsewhere. There is a considerable series of
leaf-miners, only a few of which are mentioned here.
Oak leaves frequently have the foliage seriously disfigured
by the irregular, whitish, blotch-like mines made by minute,
footless, brownish and yellowish larvae of white-blotched oak
leaf-miner, Phyllonorycter hamadryella Clem. The work is
most conspicuous toward the end of the season. Collecting
and burning infested leaves aids in controlling the insect.
A poplar leaf-miner, Phyllonorycter tremuloidella Braun,
has been recorded recently as severely injuring poplars in
Idaho.
The light green or whitish larvae of cypress moth, Argyres-
thia cupressella Walsin., have a reddish dorsal spot on the
eighth segment and are nearly */ inch long when full grown.
They burrow into Monterey cypress tips, causing them to
enlarge and finally die. The eggs are laid singly in May
upon the small terminal twigs, the larvae attacking the twigs
and boring downward for about an inch. There are apparently
two generations annually in California.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 353
REFERENCES
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 632-633.
1915,Essig, E. 0., Inj. Ben. Ins. Cal., pp. 453-454.
DlPTERA
TRUE FLIES
The true flies are mostly moderate-sized to small two-
winged insects, the wing-veins being usually relatively few.
The metamorphosis is complete.
There are a large series of insects in this group, most of
them relatively unimportant as enemies of forest trees. The
gall-making midges, Itonididae, cause many deformations in
various plants but ordinarily are not especially injurious.
Species belonging to a few other genera have also developed
the gall-making habit. Flies are of most importance on ac-
count of their carrying pollen from plant to plant, including
trees, and as predaceous or parasitic enemies of other insects,
such as the flower-flies or Syrphidae and the Tachinidae, the
last including many very efficient natural checks on the
development of various insects.
Itonididw, gall-midges.
The gall-midges are small slender flies, usually with broad
wings, long antennae and legs and are represented in America
by a very large number of species, some 1,000 or more. They
produce a great variety of vegetable deformations known as
galls and may be reared from many different plants. The
larvae of a few species prey on other insects. The maggots of
gall-midges are usually moderately stout, yellowish and may
be distinguished easily by the brownish breastbone and their
leaping habits.
Syrphidce, flower-flies.
The Syrphidae are small to rather large usually brightly
colored flies banded with yellow on a black, bronz^or blue
354 . MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
ground. These sun-lovers feed on honey and pollen and occur
commonly about flowers. The maggots are moderate in size,
generally wrinkled and not infrequently varicolored. They
are best known on account of their preying on plant-lice and
are among the more efficient checks on these very prolific
pests.
Tachinidce, Tachina flies.
The insects resemble house flies, flesh flies and to a less
extent blue-bottle flies, although they are much more bristly,
FIG. 246. Tachinid fly and portion of caterpillar showing
the oval, white eggs.
as a rule. Most of the Tachina flies (Fig. 246) are parasitic
and hence beneficial in checking insect outbreaks. Occasion-
ally 98 or 99 per cent of the caterpillars of such a pest as
the forest tent-caterpillar may be destroyed by flies belonging
to this family. Some of the adults lay their eggs directly on
their prey, others deposit eggs upon the leaves and still
others living maggots striking illustrations of the variations
in habit among very similar and to many apparently identical
insects.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
355
HEMIPTEBA
TRUE BUGS, APHIDS AND SCALE INSECTS
This order includes large series of extremely varied insects
which agree in having the mouth-parts de-
veloped for sucking, the possession of four
wings, the anterior pair in one suborder
thickened at the base and the thinner ex-
tremities overlapping; the metamorphosis is
incomplete.
This group is of interest to foresters
largely on account of the leaf-hoppers and
tree-hoppers, the aphids or plant-lice (see
page 133), and the scale insects (see page
146), the last named departing so widely
from the normal that their relation to other
Hemiptera is not readily ascertained.
FIG. 247. Spined
soldier bug, en-
larged.
Pentatomidce, stink bugs.
These are moderate-sized, usually somewhat angular, some-
times triangular, flattish bugs most easily recognized by their
dull yellowish, gray or darker colors and nauseous odor, in
this latter respect approaching in offen-
siveness the well-known squash bug of
the garden. A number of species occur
somewhat commonly upon trees, sev-
eral at least being predaceous.
Soldier bugs, Podisus (Fig. 247) , and
Euschistus, comprise a number of sim-
ilar, somewhat triangular, variably
brownish and yellowish marked insects
ranging in length from about % to
inch > f Und ab Ut the tents
FIG. 248.-Ring-legged
tree-bug, enlarged. of the common apple-tree tent-cater-
356 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
pillar, Malacosoma americana Fabr., and wherever various
leaf-caterpillars are somewhat numerous.
These insects have a marked odor and are
commonly known as stink bugs. They prey
on the young of various smaller insects and
are consequently beneficial.
Ring-legged tree-bug, Brochymena annul-
ata Fabr. (Fig. 248), is a dark grayish,
rather broad insect about % inch long which
occurs from midsummer to the end of the
FIG. 249. Spined season and probably in early spring on
assassin bug, en- various trees. It is recorded as injuring
twigs and limbs. Two closely related
species, B. quadripustulata Fabr. and B. arborea Say, presum-
ably have similar habits.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 588-591, 607-613.
Reduviidce, assassin bugs.
These are long-legged bugs, some at least having the
anterior pair of legs enlarged and adapted to grasping or
seizing the prey. The head is narrow, the eyes small and
prominent and there is a very short stout thorax. These bugs
prey on other insects and are, therefore, beneficial.
Acholla multispinosa DeGeer (Fig. 249) is a light to dark
brown insect about ^ inch long which preys on various leaf-
feeders in much the same way as the soldier bugs. It is
easily recognized by its slender form and the somewhat con-
spicuous spines upon the fore legs.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 613-614.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
357
Membracidce, tree-hoppers.
The tree-hoppers are represented by a large number of
species common on the twigs of various trees and shrubs.
These insects are moderate in size, rarely ^2
inch long, and present many extremes in form,
particularly in angular or horn-like projections
of the prothorax. The spiny odd-shaped young
or nymphs are equally grotesque.
Two-marked tree-hopper, Enchenopa 6mo-
tata Say, is a brownish-black insect with an
enormous horn-like projection over the head.
It occurs in the fall on a number of plants. The
egg covering is a snow-white frothy mass about
% 6 inch long and % inch broad, and in earlier
years was mistaken for a scale insect (Fig.
250). This species breeds in large numbers on
the shrubby bittersweet, Celastrus scandens, al-
though it has been recorded from a number of
other plants. Adults and young occur during
July and August and a group at that time
somewhat resembles a flock of young and old
partridges in miniature.
Buffalo tree-hopper, Ceresa bubalus Fabr., is
a grass-green, triangular, two-horned bug about
% inch long which occurs the latter part of the
summer on a number of trees and shrubs. The
principal loss results from the scars made in
the smaller twigs and branches when the eggs FlQ 250 Two-
are deposited in two parallel rows just under
the bark. This injury frequently causes a con-
siderable swelling and interruption in the nor-
mal circulation, even if it. does not permit the entrance of
injurious fungi.
Thelia acuminata Fabr., T. godingi Van Duz. and Cyrto-
It
marked tree-
hopper, egg
masses.
358
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
lobus fenestratus Fitch (Fig. 251) are related tree-hoppers
worthy of mention, since they typify various forms in this
large and interesting group.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 591-597.
Cercopidce, spittle insects.
Masses of frothy-like spittle on pine indicate the presence
underneath of small, stout, triangular or rounded dull-colored
FIG. 251. Three tree-hoppers: Thelia acuminata, T. godingi and
Cyrtolobus fenestratus, from left to right, all enlarged.
bugs. Several of these interesting species occur on pines.
Saratoga spittle insect, Aphrophora saratogensis Fitch, is a
uniform brownish color, variegated with light brown or yellow.
It is about % inch long and more slender than the following.
Adults occur from the last of June to the end
of September.
Parallel spittle insect, Aphrophora parallela
Say, is about 1/2 inch long and may be recog-
nized easily by the whitish spot in the center
of each wing-cover and by the smooth whitish
line along the dorsum of the head and pro-
thorax. It is sometimes common on hard
FIG 252. T Obtuse ine in Jul
Clastoptera, en- * J .
larged, Quadrangular spittle insect, Aphrophora
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 359
quadrangularis Say, prettily oblique banded, !/4 inch long,
occurs in small numbers on hard pine in August and Sep-
tember.
Pine clastoptera, Clastoptera pina Fitch, is a stout oval
blackish tree-hopper, % inch long, the young occurring on
pines in early June.
Obtuse clastoptera, Clastoptera obtusa Say (Fig. 252), is a
small species ranging from % to % 6 inch in length and is
irregularly marked with yellowish-brown and yellowish-white.
It occurs during June and is remarkable for its short, stout,
obtuse shape.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 686-687.
Fulgoridce, lantern flies.
This family is best known by the great lantern fly of Brazil
and the peculiar candle flies of China and the East Indies,
both monstrous and bizarre forms.
The native species are moderate to
small-sized insects and with rela-
tively little suggesting relationship
to the above-mentioned exotic species.
Lightning leaf-hopper, Ormenis
pruinosa Say (Fig. 253), is an active
little insect something over ^4 inch
long and may be recognized easily by
,, , ... i . r ., , i Fia. 253. Lightning leaf-
the whitish covering of its dark pur- hopper> enlarged .
plish or brownish wings and the long
flocculent masses of woolly matter dropping from the young.
Both are very active and occasionally extremely abundant on
viburnum and other ornamentals.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, p. 598.
360 MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
Tingitidce, lace bugs.
There are a number of these small bugs, the expanded
thoracic margins and the fore-wings being very suggestive of
lace drapings, hence the common name. These sucking insects
are rarely more than % inch long. The young are peculiar on
account of the numerous spines, and the eggs of a number of
species resemble miniature black volcanoes upon the leaves.
A severe infestation by insects belonging in this group usually
results in a black-specked, yellowish-spotted, unhealthy con-
dition of the foliage. For a general ac-
count of these interesting insects, see Bar-
ber, H. G., and Weiss, H. B., 1922, N. J.
Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. and Insp., Circ.
54, pp. 1-24.
Hawthorn tingis, Corythuca arcuata
Say (Fig. 254) , is a minute net-veined in-
sect about % inch in length. It is very
j^ ^N^U^CDV beautiful when examined under a micro-
FIG. 254. Hawthorn SCO p e . Adults and young may be found
tingis, enlarged. on ^ underside of the leaveg of thom
and oak during the summer. The blackish eggs resemble
small truncated cones attached to the under surface of the
foliage. A closely related species, Corythuca ciliata Say,
occurs on the underside of the foliage of button-wood or
sycamore during midsummer.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 598-600.
Psyllidce, jumping plant-lice.
These active insects are usually small, rarely more than %
: nch long, and generally occur in numbers on favored plants,
the (miniature) cicada-like adults with their somewhat
numerous wing- veins jumping and flyiug readily. A large
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 361
number of species is known, although comparatively few
are sufficiently abundant to be of noteworthy importance.
Bramble flea-louse, Trioza tripunctata Fitch (Fig. 255), a
small reddish-brown jumping plant-
louse y$ inch long, is sometimes
abundant on hard pine the latter
part of the season and early in the
spring. The immature stages are
known to develop on blackberry, the
adults hibernating.
Minute, black, narrowly white,
fringed bodies less than % 5 inch long FIG. 255.-Bramble flea-
, . r 7->7 i L *" 4.1 r 11 louse, enlarged.
on twigs of Rhus glabra in the fall
and suggestive of scale insects may be the immature stages of
this jumping plant-louse, Calophya flavida Schwarz.
REFERENCES
1904, Schwarz, E. A., Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 6 : 243.
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 688-689.
ORTHOPTERA
GRASSHOPPERS AND ALLIES
The moderate to large-sized insects in this order are best
known through the numerous grasshoppers which sometimes
swarm, especially in sandy areas where there is a sparse
vegetation. Occasionally these insects, driven by shortage of
grasses and other normal provender, attack trees, even gnaw-
ing the bark and causing serious injury. This latter develop-
ment is somewhat uncommon. Swarms of grasshoppers may
be greatly reduced by the use of poisoned baits. (See page 22.)
The bizarre walking-sticks and the whitish tree crickets as
well as the true crickets are also placed in this group.
Walking stick, Diapheromera femorata Say (Fig. 256), is
a slow-moving green or brown stick-like insect, sometimes
362
MANUAL OF TREE AND SHRUB INSECTS
measuring, exclusive of the antennae, 3 inches in length. It
occurs in small numbers in forest areas, although occasionally
becoming extremely abundant. The young insects are green
and closely resemble the color of the foliage, the nearly full
grown ones toward the end of the season assuming a brown
color, which harmonizes very
closely with the tints of the
twigs of oak and other food
plants.
White flower cricket, Oecan-
thus niveus DeGeer, is a deli-
cate pale greenish or whitish
insect about % inch long, occur-
ring from the middle of August
to the latter part of September
on various herbs, shrubs and
trees. These flower or tree
crickets are beneficial in that
they feed on a variety of smaller
insects, such as plant-lice, and
injurious on account of their
depositing eggs in the twigs and
canes of various trees and
shrubs, such as apple, grape,
cherry, oak, elm, hazel, sumac
and willow. These oviposition
FIG. 256. Walking stick resting
on small twigs.
scars afford ready entrance for fungus diseases, which latter
sometimes produce serious results.
Several of these pale green pine tree crickets, Oecanthw spp.,
may be found on pines in midsummer and later. They re-
semble each other closely and are distinguishable most easily
by differences in the black markings at the base of the
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 363
antennae, the three species being 0. pini Beutm., 0. nigricornis
Walk., and 0. quadripunctatus Beutm.
REFERENCE
1906, Felt, E. P., N. Y. State Mus. Mem. 8, vol. 2, pp. 533-535, 602-603,
INDEX
abdominalis, Urocerus, 293
Abia inflata, 108
abietis, Aspidiotus, 151
Chermes, 128
Neodiprion, 283
Acanthoderes decipiens, 317
acericaulis, Caulacampus, 94
acericola, Phenacoccus, 159
Pulvinaria, 159
acerifoliella, Paraclemensia, 211
acerifolii, Phymatosiphum, 137
acerni, Sesia, 43
achatina, Olene, 341
Acholla multispinosa, 356
Acorn weevils, 218
^crobosis caryivorella, 222
hebescella, 222
acuJeato, Leperisinus, 273
aculiferus, Leptostylus, 317
acuminata, Thelia, 357
Adalia bipunctata, 305
JEgeria apiformis, 347
tibialis, 347
cereum, Callidium, 315
cerosa, Brachys, 303
cesculana, Proteoteras, 94
affinis, Conotrachelus, 220
agrestis, Criocephalus, 311
Agrilus angelicus, 186
armws, 52
bilineatus, 53
viridis, 64
Agromyza schineri, 122
alacris, Trioza, 171
Alaska spruce beetle, 260
<dems oculatus, 194
albicollis, Dichelonyche, 310
albicornis, Sesia, 347
Urocerus, 292
Xyphidria, 293
albifrons, Symmerista, 339
albostriella, Alebra, 167
Alder blight-aphid, 144
flea-beetle, 215
insects, 294, 318, 323, 337
sawfly, European, 92
Alebra albostriella, 167
a/pfoz, Leiopus, 317
Alaophild pometaria, 88
Alypia octomacidata, 104
Amauronematus luteotergum, 294
Ambrosia beetles, 241, 274
hosts, 246
pitted, 44
American rose slug, 105
silk- worm, 331
americana, Apatela, 337
Chionaspis, 152
Cimbex, 86
Epicnaptera, 342
Malacosoma, 356
americanus, Dryoccetes, 271
Amphibolips, 119
Amyl acetate, 22
amyntor, Ceratomia, 329
^na^'s quinquedecimpunctata t 305
anchora, Notoxus, 302
ancylus, Aspidiotus, 150
Andricus clavula, 117
cornigerus, 116
gemmarius, 117
punctatus, 116
seminator, 115
angelicus, Agrilus, 186
365
366
INDEX
Anisota rubicunda, 93, 334
senatoria, 204
stigma, 334
annulata, Brochymena, 356
Anomala lucicola, 309
Anoplitis incequalis, 95
Ant, black carpenter, 234
mound, 234
antennata, Xylina, 92
antennatum, Callidium, 315
Anthicidos, 301
Anthophilax attenuatus, 312
antiopa, Euvanessa, 87, 326
antiqua, Notolophus, 340
Antispila nysscefoliella, 352
Ants, 234
and trees, 233
white, 67
Anuraphis vibumicola, 140
anxius, Agrilus, 52
Apatela americana, 337
oblinita, 337
Apatelodes torrejacta, 338
Aphids, 133
key to, 135
Aphrophora parallela, 358
quadrangularis, 359
saratogensis, 358
apiformis, Mgcria, 347
Apple worm, yellow-necked, 339
approximatus, Dendroctonus, 254
aratus, Conotrachelus, 221
Arbor- vitse aphid, 142
insects, 71, 72, 83, 136, 246
leaf-miner, 110
arborea, Brochymena, 356
Archips argyrospila, 350
cerasivorana, 350
jervidana, 349
rosaceana, 349, 350
rosana, 350
Arctiidce, 336
arcuata, Corythuca, 360
^' \resthia cupressella, 352
VeHa, 110
argyrospila, Archips, 350
Arphopalus fulminans, 315
arizonicus, Dendroctonus, 254
armicollis, Magdalis, 48
Arsenate of lead, 21
^.semwm moestum, 311
Ash borer, banded, 191
flower-gall, 128
insects, 31, 114, 183, 247, 309, 311,
329
timber beetle, 273
asilipennis, Memythrus, 346
Aspidiotus abietis, 151
ancylus, 150
juglans-regice, 151
perniciosus, 149
Assassin bugs, 356
Asterolecanium variolosum, 157
atomarium, Romaleum, 312
atomus, Crypturgus, 272
atrata, Megarhyssa, 42
Attelabus bipustulatus, 322
r/iois, 322
attenuata, Konowia, 293
attenuatus, Anthophilax, 312
Aulacaspis rosce, 154
aurora, Hyparpax, 339
autographus, Dryoccetes, 271
Automeris io, 333
Azalea bark-scale, 163
lace-bug, 170
azalece, Eriococcus, 163
azurea, Chrysobothris, 304
baculi, Balaninus, 218
Bagworm, 83
Balaninus baculi, 218
caryce, 218
confusor, 218
nasicus, 218
obtusus, 218
orthorhynchus, 218
proboscideus, 217
gwercws, 218
recite, 217
INDEX
367
Balsam bark-borer, 268
gall-midge, 121
insects, 247, 304, 307
balsamicola, Cecidomyia, 121
Banana oil, 22
Bands, cotton, 24
sticky, 24
barbatus, Serropalpus, 307
barberi, Dendroctonus, 251
Barberry pyralid, 348
barbita, Magdalis, 48
Bark-beetle, coarse writing, 264
control, 244
hosts, 246
injury, 241
Barrier bands, 24
basillare, Xylobiops, 184
Basilona imperialis, 334
Beech insects, 135, 247, 305, 312,
313, 318, 322, 329, 339
leaf-aphid, woolly, 140
Beet root-aphis, 142
Beetles, 317
long-horned, 310
Bellamira scalaris, 313
betce, Pemphigus, 142
betulce, Oligotrophus, 121
betulcecolens, Euceraphis, 141
bicornis, Hoplocephala, 307
Bichloride of mercury, 68
bidentata, Tomoxia, 300
bifasciatus, Notoxus, 301
bigsbyana, Chrysomela, 321
bilineatus, Agrilus, 53
bimarginata, Haltica, 215
binotata, Enchenopa, 357
bioculatus, Tenuipalpis, 172
Biorhiza forticornis, 117
bipustulatus, Attelabus, 322
Birch aphid, 141
borer, 30
insects, 30, 70, 114, 135, 199, 247,
293, 295, 309, 313, 339
leaf-skeletonizer, 213
seed gall-midge, 121
Birds, 15, 178
Biting insects, 19
Bittersweet, 357
bivittatum, Trypodendron, 275
bivulnerus, Chilocerus, 305
Black-banded scale, 154
hills beetle, 256
long-sting, 42
walnut caterpillar, 203, 219; cur-
culio, 220
Bladder maple gall, 126
Bolitotherus cornutus, 307
bolliana, Proteopteryx, 203
bolteri, Sesia, 347
bombycoides, Lapara, 329
borealis, Dendroctonus, 260
Mordella, 301
Box elder plant-bug, 167
leaf-midge, 107
Brachys cerosa, 303
ovata, 303
Bramble flea-louse, 361
brevicomis, Dendroctonus, 250
brevilineum, Physocnemum, 314
Bristly rose slug, 105
Brochymena annulata, 356
arborea, 356
quadripustulata, 356
Bronze birch borer, 52
Brown-tail moth, 77
brunnea, Parandra, 193
Brunneus, Derobrachus, 192
bubalus, Ceresa, 357
Bucculatrix canadensisella, 213
Buck moth, 205
Bullet galls, 119
buoliana, Evetria, 231
Buprestidae, 302
Buprestis fasciata, 304
maculiventris, 304
striata, 303
Butterflies, 325
Butternut, 295, 312, 320, 324
curculio, 219
woolly worm, 295
bwd, Monarthropalirua, 107
368
INDEX
cacographus, Ips, 266
ccelatus, Orthotomicus, 267
calcarata, Saperda, 59
California oak moth, 206
calif ornica, Phrygarddia, 206
calijornicus, Prionus, 192
Calitys scabra, 306
Callidium aereum, 315
antennatum, 315
calligraphus, Ips, 264
Callipterus ulmijolii, 137
Calloides nobilis, 315
Callosamia promethea, 330
Callous borer, 43
Calophya fiavida, 361
Camphor scale, 163
Camponotus herculeanus, 234
canadensis, Leptura, 313
canadensisella, Bucculatrix, 213
Candida, Saperda, 36
canellus, Typophorus, 320
Canker-worms, 88
caprcea, Neoclytus, 191
Carabidae, 16
Carbolic acid wash, 25
Carbolinium, 68
caroliniana, Disonycha, 321
Carpenter bee, large, 69
moths, 345
worm, 33
Carpocapsa pomonella, 223
carueli, Diaspis, 153
caryce, Balaninus, 218
Halisidota, 202
Monophadnus, 295
carycecaulis, Phylloxera, 131
caryana, Laspeyresia, 223
caryivorella, Acrobasis, 222
Catalpa leaf-feeders, 72
midge, 102
sphinx, 101
catalpce, Ceratomia, 101
Itordda, 102
Caulacampus acericaulis, 94
cavicollis, Galerucella, 321
Lyctus, 195
Cecidomyia balsamicola, 121
ocellaris, 121
pini-rigidce, 233
Cecropia moth, 330
Celastrus scandens, 357
celsus, Xyleborus, 277
Cenopis pettitana, 349
Centrodera decolorata, 312
Cerambycida3, 310
cerasivorana, Archips, 350
Ceratocampidae, 334
Ceratomia amyntor, 329
catalpce, 101
undulosa, 329
Cercopidse, 358
cercropia, Samia, 330
Ceresa bubalus, 357
Chaitophorus lyropicta, 136
Chalcididae, 16
Chalcophora liberta, 303
virginiensis, 303
Chalepus dorsalis, 95
nervosus, 95
Chariessa pilosa, 300
Checkered beetles, 298
Chermes abietis, 128
pinicorticis, 142
strobilobius, 139
Cherry insects, 321, 323, 330, 342,
345, 347, 350
worm, ugly nest, 350
Chestnut borer, 30
borer, two-lined, 53
insects, 30, 313, 315, 317, 318, 337
timber worm, 187
weevils, 217
Chilocerus bivulnerus, 305
C/won cinctus, 188
Chionaspis americana, 152
corni, 152
euonymi, 153
fur fur a, 152
piwfolioe, 152
Choke-cherry, 294
Chramesus hicorice, 274
INDEX
369
Christmas-berry tingis, California,
170
Chromaphis juglandicola, 138
Chrysobothris azurea, 304
dentipes, 304
jemorata, 35
pusilla, 303
Chrysomela bigsbyana, 321
scalaris, 321
Chrysomelidae, 319
Chrysomphalus obscurus, 151
chrysorrhcea, Euproctis, 77
Cicada, dog-day, 174
citoa, Corythuca, 360
Climbex americana, 86
Cincticornia piludce, 120
cinctus, Chion, 188
Emphytus, 106
cingulatus, Oncideres, 184
cinnamopterum, Tetr opium, 311
Citheronia regalis, 334
Cladius pectinicornis, 105
Clastoptera obtusa, 359
pina, 359
clavula, Andricus, 117
claypoliana, Steganoptycha, 94
Cleridse, 16, 298
Club-gall, white oak, 117
Cnidocampa flavescens, 345
Coccinella novemnotata, 305
perplexa, 306
Coccinellidae, 17, 305
Cochlidiidse, 343
Cockscomb elm gall, 127
Codlin-moth, 223
Coiled rose slug, 106
Coleophora laricella, 103
limosipennella, 89
Coleoptera, 298
colonus, Xylotrechus, 190
Colopha ulmicola, 127
columba, Tremex, 40
comma, Polygonia, 326
compositiis, Platypus, 275, 279
comstockiana, Evetria, 230
concolor, Saperda, 318
confusor, Balardnus, 218
Monochamus, 235
Coniferous leaf-feeders, 281
tree borers, 226
Conotrachelus affinis, 220
arait^s, 221
juglandis, 219
reienit^, 220
Control measures, 19
convexijrons, Dendroctonus, 252
cooleyi, Gillettea, 130
corni, Chionaspis, 152
Eulecanium, 155
Sesta, 347
cornigerus, Andricus, 116
cornuparvum, Neolecanium, 157
cornutus, Bolitotherus, 307
Corthylus punctatissimus, 44
Corymbites hieroglyphicus, 302
Corynetidce, 299
Corythuca arcuata, 360
ciftata, 360
incurvata, 170
Cossidae, 345
Cossonus platalce, 324
Cossus centerensis, 346
Cotalpa lanigera, 309
Cottonwood borer, 58
leaf-beetle, 96
Cottony maple scale, 158
crabro, Vespa, 66
Crataegus insects, 31
Creosotes, coal tar, 68
Crepidodera rufipes, 321
Cressonia juglandis, 330
crinita, Polyphylla, 309
Criocephalus agrestis, 311
crispata, Lagoa, 343
cristatus, Phl&osinus, 270
Cryptocephalus quadrimaculatus,
320
schreibersii, 320
Cryptorhynchus lapathi, 57
Cryturgus atomus, 272
Cucujidae, 306
370
INDEX
cupressi, Ehrhornia, 162
Phlceosinus, 270
cupressella, Argyresthia, 352
Curculionidse, 322
cyanna, Olethreutes, 349
cyaneus, Paururus, 293
cyanipennis, Gaurotes, 312
Cydia pseudotsugana, 349
Cyllene pictus, 188
robinice, 54
Cynipidae, 111, 298
Cypress bark-scale, 162
moth, 352
Cyrtolobus fenestratus, 358
Datana integerrima, 203
ministra, 339
decemlineata, Polyphylla, 309
decipiens, Acanthoderes, 317
declivis, Scobicia, 185
decolorata, Centrodera, 312
decora, Galerucella, 321
definita, Hemerocampa, 340
delphinii, Euclea, 345
Dendroctonus approximatus, 254
arizonicus, 254
barberi, 251
borealis, 260
brevicomis, 250
convexifrons, 252
engelmanni, 259
frontalis, 252
jefireyi, 256
mexicanus, 254
monticolce, 255
murrayance, 261
obesus, 260
parallelocollis, 254
piceaperda, 258
ponderosce, 256
pseudotsugce, 258
punctatus, 261
rufipennis, 261
simplex, 257
, 262
s, 263
dentatus, Phlceosinus, 270
dentipes, Chrysobothris, 304
dentosa, Omphalocera, 348
Derobrachus brunneus, 192
desmodioides, Pontania, 297
Diapheromera femorata, 361
Diaspis carueli, 153
Dicerca divaricata, 304
obscura, 183
punctulata, 305
Dichelonycha albicollis, 310
dimidiatus, Phymatodes, 315
Dioryctria reniculella, 348
Diprion simile, 282
Diptera, 353
discoidea, Saperda, 51
Disholcaspis, 119
dislocatus, Phyllobwnus, 300
Disonycha caroliniana, 321
dispar, Porthetria, 73
disstria, Malacosoma, 81
divaricata, Dicerca, 304
Dogwood, 347
dohrnii, Kaliosysphinga, 92
Dorcaschema nigrum, 317
dorsalis, Chalepus, 95
Dorytomus parvivollis, 323
Douglas fir beetle, 258
cone moth, 349
Dryoccetes americanus, 271
autographus, 271
dubius, Thanasimus, 299
duplex, Pseudaonidia, 163
Eburia quadrigeminata, 311
Ecdytolopha insiticiana, 56
Eggs, insect, 7, 24
eglanterina, Pseudohazis, 334
Ehrhornia cupressi, 162
Eight-spotted forester, 104
Elachistidse, 351
Elateridae, 302
Elleschus ephippiatus, 323
Elm bark-borer, dark, 273
bark-louse, 101, 273
borers, 29, 45
INDEX
371
Elm case-bearer, European, 89
caterpillar, spiny, 87
insects, 29, 30, 70, 71, 135, 147,
294, 309, 314, 326, 329, 337, 350
leaf-aphid, 137
leaf-beetle, 84
leaf-feeders, 71
leaf-miner, 91
sawfly, 86
snout-beetles, 48
Emphytus cinctus, 106
Empoa rosce, 168
Enchenopa binotata, 357
Endelomyia rosce, 105
engelmanni, Dendroctonus, 259
Ennomus subsignariiis, 208
Enoclerus quadriquttatus, 299
Epargyreus tityrus, 327
ephemerceformis, Thyridopteryx, 83
ephippiatus, Elleschus, 323
Epicnaptera americana, 342
erichsowi, Nematus, 283
Eriococcus azalece, 163
Eriophyes jraxiniflora, 128
EucerapJus betulcecolens, 141
Euclea delphinii, 345
indeterminea, 345
Euderces picipes, 316
Eulecanium corni, 155
nigrofasciatum, 154
Eulia pinatubana, 350
euonymi, Chionaspis, 153
Euonymus scale, 153
Euproctis chrysorrhoea, 77
Eupsalis minuta, 187
European alder sawfly, 92
elm bark-beetle, 47
elm case-bearer, 89
fruit Lecanium, 155
hornet, 66
willow gall-midge, 131
Euvanessa antiopa, 87
Evetria buoliana, 231
comstockiana, 230
jrustrana, 285
exsectoides, Formica, 234
fagi, Phyllaphis, 140
Fall web worm, 79
fasciata, Buprestis, 304
fasciatus, Urographis, 318
jayi, Saperda, 64
femorata, Chrysobothris, 35
Diapheromera, 361
Jenestratus, Cyrtolobus, 358
Feniseca tarquinius, 144
jervidana, Archips, 349
Flannel moths, 343
Flat-headed borer, 35
flavescens, Cnidocampa, 345
flavida, Calophya, 361
flavipes, Reticulitermes, 67
Flower cricket, white, 362
flies, 17, 353
Forest insects, 175
tent-caterpillar, 81
tree, deciduous, borers, 182
key to, 182
tree, deciduous, leaf-feeders, 199
key to, 199
Forester, eight-spotted, 104
Formica exsectoides, 234
forticornis, Biorhiza, 117
fraxiniflora, Eriophyes, 128
frontalis, Dendroctonus, 252
jrustrana, Evetria, 285
Fulgoridae, 359
julminans, Arhopalus, 315
fulvoguttata, Melanophila, 238
fumiferana, Harmologa, 285
Fungus beetle, forked, 307
furcilla, Panthea, 337
furfura, Chionaspis, 152
fusca, Phyllophaga, 309
Galerucella cavicollis, 321
decora, 321
xanthomelcena f 84
Gall insects, 111, 112, 297, 353
Galls, key, 113
Gaurotes cyanipennis, 312
Getechiidse, 351
gemmarius, Andricy$ t 117
372
INDEX
Geometridae, 342
gibbosa, Nadata, 339
Gillettea cooleyi, 130
Gipsy moth, 73
glabratus, Hylurgops, 325
Glycobius speciosus, 38
Glyptoscelis trijasciata, 320
Gnathotrichus materiarius, 273
godingi, Thelia, 357
Goes pulchra, 317
tigrinus, 190
Golden oak scale, 157
Goldsmith beetle, 309
Gossyparia spuria, 161
Gouty oak gall, 116
Grape insects, 72, 115
Phylloxera, 124
Grapevine beetle, spotted, 309
Graphisurus obsoletus, 318
Grasshoppers, 10
Green maple worm, 92
guttivitta, Heterocampa, 338
Hackberry galls, 112, 125
Hag moth, 344
Halisidota caryce, 202
maculata, 336
tessellaris, 336
Haltica bimarginata, 215
hamadryella, Phyllonorycter, 352
hamamelidis, Hormaphis, 123
Hamamelistes spinosus, 123
Harmologa fumiferana, 285
Harpy ia spp., 338
harrisii, Tragosoma, 311
Harvest fly, 174
Hawthorn tingis, 360
Hazel-nut weevil, 218
Heat for borers, 197
hebescella, Acrobasis, 222
Hemerocampa definita, 340
leucostigma, 80
vetusta, 341
Hemileuca maia, 205
Hemiptera, 355
Hemlock borer, spotted, 238
insects, 151, 247, 306, 316
scale, 151
herculeanus, Camponotus, 234
330
Heterocampa guttivitta, 338
Heterocera, 327
Hibernation, 10
Hickory bark-borer, 49
borer, banded, 188
borer, painted, 188
borer, tiger, 190
curculio, 221
gall-aphid, 131
horned devil, 201, 334
insects, 30, 115, 183, 199, 300,
301, 309, 312, 316, 317, 318, 322
leaf-galls, 124
nut curculio, 220
nut weevil, 218
Saperda, 51
snout-beetle, 52
timber-beetle, 277
tussock moth, 202
twig-borer, 274
hicorice, Chramesus, 274
hieroglyphicus, Corymbites, 302
hilaris, Pandeletejus, 323
Holly leaf-miner, American, 109
Homoptera lunata, 337
Honeysuckle sawfly, 108
Hoplocephala bicornis, 307
Hormaphis hamamelidis, 123
Horned oak gall, 116
Horn-tails, 292
hudsonii, Pteronus, 295
hyalina, Pontania, 297
Hydria undulata, 343
Hydrocyanic acid gas, 22
Hylobius pales, 229
Hylotoma macleayi, 294
pectoralis, 294
scapularis, 294
Hylotrupes ligneus, 314
Hylurgopinus rufipes, 273
Hylurgops glabratus, 325
INDEX
373
Hymenoptera, 292
Hyparpax aurora, 339
Hypermallus villosus, 42
Hyperplatys maculatus, 318
Hyphantria t ex tor, 79
Ibalia maculipennis, 298
Ibaliidse, 297
Ichneumonidae, 16
ilicicola, Phytomyza, 109
Imperial moth, 334
imperialis, Basilona, 334
incequalis, Anoplitu, 95
inclusa, Melalopha, 338
incurvata, Corythuca, 170
indetermina, Euclea, 345
inflata, Abia, 108
inopis, Retinodiplosis, 232
Insect galls, key, 113
Insecticides, 21
insignicola, Physokermes, 165
insiticiana, Ecdytolopha, 56
integer, Janus, 61
Pteronus, 295
integerrima, Datana, 203
interrogationis, Polygonia, 326
io, Automeris, 333
caterpillar, 333
Ipidae, 324
7ps cacographus, 266
calligraphus, 264
ptni, 265
Ironwood, 330
Ithycerus noveboracensis, 322
Itonida catalpce, 102
Itonididce, 112, 353
integer, 61
juglandicola, Chromaphis, 138
juglandis, Conotrachelus, 219
Cressonia, 330
juglans-regice, Aspidiotus, 151
June beetles, 308
Juniper scale, 153
Kaliofenusa ulmi, 91
Kaliosysphinga dohrnii, 92
kalmice, Sphinx, 329
Konowia attenuata, 293
Lace bugs, 360
Lachnus thujajalinus, 142
Lady beetle, 17, 305
spotted, 305
nine-spotted, 305
three-banded, 306
twice-stabbed, 305
two-spotted, 305
Lagoa crispata, 343
lanigera, Schizoneura, 137
Lantern flies, 359
Lapara bombycoides, 329
lapathi, Cryptorhynchus, 57
Lappet moth, American, 342
lapponica, Lina, 215
Larch aphid, woolly, 139
beetle, eastern, 257
case-bearer, 103
insects, 72, 136, 247
lappet, 342
sawfly, 284
laricella., Coleophora, 103
lands, Tolype, 342
Lasiocampidse, 341
Laspeyresia caryana, 223
lateralis, Saperda, 51
laticollis, Prionus, 191
latijasciatus, Peteronus, 293
Laurel, mountain, 329
psyllid, 171
Leaf-chafers, 308
hopper, lightning, 359
roller, oblique-banded, 349
lecontei, Neodiprion, 283
Leiopus alpha, 317
punctatus, 318
Leopard moth, 32
Leperisinus aculeatus, 273
Lepidoptera, 325
Lepidosaphes ulmi, 149
Leptocoris trivittdtus, 167
Leptostylus aculijeryt, 317
374
INDEX
Leptura canadensis, 313
subhamata, 313
vagans, 313
zebra, 313
Lepturges querci, 318
leucostigma, Hemerocampa, 80
liberta, Chalcophora, 303
ligneus, Hylotrupes, 314
Lilac borer, 63
insects, 31, 329
Lime sulfur washes, 22
liminaris, Phlceotribus, 325
limosipennella, Coleophora, 89
Lma lapponica, 215
scrip ta, 96
tremulce, 215
Linden borer, 31, 62
insects, 31, 329
linearis, Lyctus, 195
lineatum, Rhagium, 237
lineella, Tomoxia, 301
Liparidae, 340
liriodendri, Toumeyella, 156
Locust borer, 30, 54
insects, 30, 71, 321, 327
leaf-miner, 95
twig-borer, 56
London purple, 21
Long-sting, black, 42
lunate, 41
lucicola, Anomala, 309
Luna moth, 332
Tropea, 332
Lunate long-sting, 41
lunata, Homptera, 337
Megarhyssa, 41
Lurid Dicerca, 183
luteotergum, Amauronematus, 294
Lyctus cavicollis, 195
linearis, 195
parallelopipedus, 195
planicollis, 195
lyropicta, Chaitophorus, 136
macleayi, Hylotoma, 294
macmurtrei, Prionoxystus, 345
M acrodactylus subspinosus, 106
Macrosiphum rosce, 139
solanifolii, 140
maculata, Halisidota, 336
maculatus, Hyperplatys, 318
maculipennis, Ibalia, 298
maculiventris, Buprestis, 304
Madarellus undulatus, 323
Magdalis armicollis, 48
barbita, 48
olyra, 52
Magnolia scale, 157
ram'a, Hemileuca, 205
Malacosoma americana, 83, 342
disstria, 81
ma&, Monarthrum, 277
Mantis religiosa, 17
Maple and oak twig-pruner, 42
caterpillar, 338
insects, 29, 70, 71, 114, 135, 148,
199, 248, 301, 305, 313, 317, 339,
347, 350
leaf-cutter, 211
leaf-scale, 159
leaf-stem borer, 74
Phenacoccus, 159
trumpet skeletonizer, 210
worm, green, 92
worm, green-striped, 93, 334
marginalis, Metachroma, 320
Systena, 322
marmoratus, Monochamus, 237
materiarius, Gnathotrichus, 276
Megalopygidae, 343
Megarhyssa atrata, 42
lunator, 41
Melalopha inclusa, 336
Melandryidse, 307
Melanophila fulvoguttata, 238
Melittomma sericeum, 187
Membracidse, 357
Memythrus asilipennis, 346
simulans, 346
tricinctus, 346
menapia, Neophasia, 284
Mercury bichloride, 68
INDEX
375
Metachroma marginalis, 320
mexicanus, Dendroctonus, 254
ministra, Datana, 339
minuta, Eupsalis, 187
minutissimus, Pseudo-pityoph-
thorus, 272
Miscible oils, 21
moestum, Asemum, 311
Molasses, 108
M onarthropalpus buxi, 107
Monarthrum mail, 277
Monochamus conjusor, 235
marmoratus, 237
scutellatus, 237
titillator, 237
Monophadnus caryce, 295
Monophylla terminata, 299
monticolce, Dendroctonus, 255
Mordella borealis, 301
octopunctata, 301
Mordellidse, 300
Mottled willow borer, 57
multispinosa, Acholla, 356
multistriatus, Scolytus, 47
murrayance, Dendroctonus, 261
Myzus rosarum, 140
Nadata gibbosa, 339
Nantucket pine moth, 285
Naphthalene, flakes, 26
nasicus, Balaninum, 218
nauticus, Xylotrechus, 191
Nematus erichsonii, 283
unicolor, 295
Neoclytus caprcea, 191
Neodiprion abietis, 283
lecontei, 283
pinetum, 283
Neolecanium cornuparvum, 157
Neophasia menapia, 284
nervosus, Chalepus, 95
Nicotine sulfate, 21
nigricornis, Oecanthus, 363
nigrojasciatum, Eulecanium, 154
nigrum, Dorcaschema, 317
nimbatana, Olethreutes, 349
niveus, Oecanthus, 362
nobilis, Calloides, 315
Noctuidce, 336
Northern brenthian, 187
Norway maple aphid, 136
leaf-hopper, 167
Notodontidae, 338
Notolophus antiqua, 340
Notoxus anchora, 302
bifasciatus, 301
noveboracensis, Ithycerus, 322
novemnotata, Coccinella, 305
Nut weevils, 216
worms, 216
nysscefoliella, Antispila, 352
Oak apples, 119
carpenter worm, lesser, 345
caterpillar, green, 337; red-
humped, 339 ; yellow-striped,
204
ng gall, 117
insects, 30, 70, 71, 113, 148, 199,
303, 309, 313, 315, 317, 318, 322,
323, 334, 336, 337, 339, 340, 345
leaf-miner, white-blotch, 352
moth, California, 206
tussock moth, 336
twig-pruner, 42
oblinita, Apatela, 337
obcordata, Phellopsis, 306
obesus, Dendroctonus, 260
oblinita, Apatela, 337
obliqua, Saperda, 319
Obrium rubrum, 312
obscura, Dicer ca, 183
Obscure scale, 151
obscurus, Chrysomphalus, 151
obsoletus, Graphisurus, 318
obtusa, Clastoptera, 359
obtusus, Balaninus, 218
ocellaris, Cecidomyia, 121
Ocellate maple leaf-gall, 121
Ocnerostoma piniariella, 351
octomaculata, Alypia, 104
octopunctata, Mordellai 301
'
376 INDEX
oculatus, Alaus, 194
Oecanthus nigricornis, 363
niveus, 362
pini, 363
quadripunctatus, 363
Oils, miscible, 21
Olene achatina, 341
Olethreutes cyanana, 349
nimbatana, 349
Oligotrophus betulce, 121
olyra, Magdalis, 52
Omphalocera dentosa, 348
Oncideres cingulatus, 184
Oriental slug caterpillar, 345
Ormenis pruinosa, 359
Orthodichlorobenzene, 196
Orthoptera, 361
orthorhynchus, Balaninus, 218
Orthotomicus ccelatus, 267
Other bark-beetles, 267
Osage orange, 317
ovata, Brachys, 303
Owl beetle, 194
Oyster-shell scale, 149
Pachypsylla spp., 125
Painted maple aphid, 137
Paleacrita vernata, 88
pales, Hylobius, 229
weevil, 229
pallida, Phytodecta, 320
palustris, Retinodiplosis, 232
Pandeletejus hilaris, 323
Panthea furcilla, 337
Papilio thoas, 326
Paraclemensia acerifoliella, 211
Paradichlorobenzene, 196
Paralechia pinifoliella, 351
paralleela, Aphrophora, 358
parallelocollis, Dendroctonus, 254
parallelopipedus, Lyctus, 195
Parandra borer, 193
brunnea, 193
Parasitic insects, 16
Parharmonia pini, 233
Paris green, 21
parvicollis, Dorytomus, 323
Paururus cyaneus, 293
Pecan bud-worm, 203
nut case-bearers, 222
shuckworm, 223
pectinicornis, Cladius, 105
pectoralis, Hylotoma, 294
Pelidnota punctata, 309
Pemphigus betce, 142
populi-transversus, 124
vagabundus, 124
Pentatomidse, 355
Periodical cicada, 173
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 149
perplexa, Coccinella, 306
pettitana, Cenopis, 349
Phellopsis obcordata, 306
Phenacoccus acericola, 159
Phloeosinus cristatus, 270
cupressi, 270
dentatus, 270
Phloeotribus limlnaris, 325
Phobetron pithecium, 344
Phryganidia calif ornica, 206
Phyllaphis fagi, 140
Phyllobcenus dislocatus, 300
Phyllocoptes quadripes, 126
Phyllonorycter hamadryella, 352
tremuloidella, 352
Phyllophaga jusca, 309
Phyllophaga spp., 309
Phylloxera caryoecaulis, 131
spp., 124
vitifolice, 124
Phymatodes dimidiatus, 315
variabilis, 315
Phymatosiphum acerfolii, 137
Phrgganidia calif ornica, 206
Physocnemum brevilineum, 314
Physokermes insignicola, 165
picecB, 164
Phytodecta pallida, 320
Phytomyza ilicicola, 109
piceaperda, Dendroctonus, 258
picece, Physokermes, 164
Scolvtus. 271
INDEX
377
picipes, Euderces, 316
pictipes, Sesia, 347
pictus, Cyllene, 188
Pigeon tremex, 40
pilosa, Chariessa, 300
pilules, Cincticornia, 120
Pine bark-aphid, 142
bark-beetle, 265
beetle, Arizona, 254; Colorado,
254; Jeffrey, 256; lodge pole,
261; Mexican, 254; mountain,
255; red-winged, 261; round-
headed, 252; southern, 252;
southwestern, 251 ; western,
250
borer, ribbed, 237
butterfly, 284
clastoptera, 359
insects, 136, 149, 226, 247, 281,
296, 305, 311, 315, 318, 320, 321,
329
leaf-miner, 351
leaf-scale, 152
needle gall-fly, 232
sawflies, 281
shoot moth, European, 231
tip moth, 230
tube builder, 350
twig-borers, 230
wood-stainer, eastern, 276
pinetum, Neodiprion, 283
pin-hole borers, 275
piniariella, Ocnerostoma, 351
pina, Clastoptera, 359
Ips, 265
Oecanthus, 363
Parharmonia, 233
pinicorticis, Chermes, 142
pinifolice, Chionaspis, 152
pinifoliella, Paralechia, 351
Pinipestis zimmermanni, 230
pini-rigidoB, Ceddomyia, 233
pinitubana, Eulia, 350
Pissodes strobi, 227
pisum, Pontania, 297
Pitch-mass-borer, 233
midges, 232
twig moth, 230
pithecium, Phobetron, 344
Pitted ambrosia beetle, 44
Pityokteines sparsus, 268
Pityophthorus, 272
Plagiodera versicolora, 97
planicollis, Lyctus, 195
Plant galls, 111
lice, 133; jumping, 112, 360
platalea, Cossonus, 324
Platypus composite, 275, 279
Plectrodera scalator, 58
Podosesia jraxini, 63
syringce, 63
Poison baits, 22
politus, Xyloterinus, 276
Polygonia comma, 326
interrogationis, 326
progne, 327
Polygraphus rufipennis, 269
polyphemus, Telea, 331
Polyphylla crinita, 309
decemlineata, 309
pometaria, Alsophila, 88
pomonella, Carpocapsa, 223
pomum, Pontania, 296
ponderosce, Dendroctonus, 256
Pontania desmodioides, 297
hyalina, 297
pisum, 297
pomum, 296
Poplar, borers, 31, 59
carpenter worm, 346
insects, 31, 71, 72, 114, 135, 295,
304, 317, 318, 320, 323, 337, 338,
346, 347
leaf-stem gall, 124
sawfly, 100
tent-maker, 338
twig-gall, 122
populi-transversus, Pemphigus, 124
populnea, Saperda, 319
Porthetria dispar, 73
Potato aphis, 140 ^
378
INDEX
Powder-post beetles, 194
Praying mantis, 17
Predaceous insects, 16
Prickly ash, 326
Prionoxystus macmurtrei, 345
robinice, 33
Prionus, broad-necked, 191
calijornicus, 192
laticollis, 191
lesser, 192
Pristiphora sycophanta, 295
Privet, 329
mite, 172
proboscideus, Balaninus, 217
Prociphilus tessellatus, 144
Proctotrypidae, 16
progne, Polygonia, 327
promethea, Callosamia, 330
moth, 330
Proteopteryx bolliana, 203
Proteoteras cesculana, 94
provancheri, Xyphidria, 293
pruinosa, Ormenis, 359
Pseudaonidia duplex, 163
Pseudohazis eglanterina, 334
Pseudophilippia quaintancii, 162
Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus,
272
pseudotsuga, Dendroctonus, 258
pseudotsugana, Cydia, 349
Psyllidje, 112, 360
Pteronus, hudsonii, 295
integer, 295
latifasciatus, 295
thoracicus, 295
ventralis, 213
vertebratus, 295
Ptilinus ruficornis, 195
pulchra, Goes, 317
Pulvinaria acericola, 159
ffl'Jts, 158
punctata, Pelidnota, 309
punctatissimus, Corthylus, 44
punctatus, Andricus, 116
Dendroctonus, 261
Leiopus, 318
puncticollis, Saperda, 319
punctulata Dicerca, 305
pusilla, Chrysobothris, 303
Putnam's scale, 150
Pyralida?, 46
pyrina, Zeuzera, 32
pyrioides, Stephanitis, 170
quadrangularis, Aphrophora, 359
quadrigeminata, Eburia, 311
quadriguttatus, Enoclerus, 299
quadrimaculatus, Crypt ocephalus,
320
quadripes, Phyllocoptes, 126
quadripunctatus, Oecanthus, 363
quadripustulata, Brochymena, 356
quadrispinosus, Scolytus, 49
quaintancii, Pseudophilippia, 162
querci, Lepturges, 318
quercus, Balaninus, 218
quinquedecimpunctata, Anatis, 305
rectus, Balaninus, 217
Red cedar, 83
bark-beetle, 270
Red-horned borer, 195
shouldered twig-borer, 184
Reduviida3, 356
regalis, Citheronia, 201, 334
Remedial measures, 19
reniculella, Dioryctria, 348
resinicola, Retinodiplosis, 232
resinicoloides, Retinodiplosis, 232
retentus, Conotrachelus, 220
Reticulitermes flavipes, 67
Retinodiplosis inopis, 232
palustris, 232
resinicola, 232
resinicoloides, 232
taxodii, 232
Rhabdophaga salicis, 131
strobiloides, 122
Rhagium lineatum, 237
Rhagoletis suavis, 221
Rhodites, 120
INDEX
379
rhododendri, Sesia, 65
Stephanitis, 169
Rhododendron borers, 31
clear wing, 65
lace-bug, 169
rhois, Attelabus, 322
Rhopalocera, 325
Rhus glabra, 361
Ribbed' bud-gall, 117
pine borer, 237
robinice, Cyllene, 54
Prionoxystus, 33
Romaleum atomarium, 312
rosaceana, Archips, 349, 350
rosce, Aulacaspis, 154
Empoa, 168
Endelomyia, 105
Macrosiphum, 139
rosana, Archips, 350
rosarum, Myzus, 140
Rose aphis, 139
bud-worm, 349
chafer, 106
galls, 120
insects, 31, 72, 114, 135, 166
leaf-feeders, 72
leaf-folder, 350
leaf-hopper, 168
leaf-tier, 349
scale, 154
slug, American, 105; bristly, 105;
coiled, 106
stem-girdler, 64
worms, 105
Rosy hispa, 95
Round-headed apple borer, 36
rubicunda, Anisota, 93, 334
rubristigma, Sesia, 347
rubrum, Obrium, 312
ruficorrds, Ptilinus, 195
rufipennis, Dendroctonus, 261
Polygraphus, 269
rufipes, Crepidodera, 321
Hylurgopinus, 273
rugulosus, Scolytus, 324
Rustic borer, 190
Sabulodes transversata, 343
sacchari, Xyleborus, 275, 279
Saddleback caterpillar, 344
safe's, Rhabdophaga, 131
Stilpnotia, 99
Samia cecropia, 330
San Jose scale, 149
Saperda calcarata, 59
Candida, 36
concolor, 318
discoidea, 51
}ayi f 64
hickory, 52
lateralis, 51
obliqua, 319
populnea, 319
puncticollis, 319
red-edged, 53
tridentata, 45
vestita, 62
saratoyensis, Aphrophora, 358
Satin moth, 99
Saturniidse, 330
Sawflies, 9, 294
Sawyer, 235
scabra, Calitys, 306
scalaris, Bellamira, 313
Chrysomela, 321
scalator, Plectrodera, 58
Scale insects, 146
scapularis, Hylotoma, 294
Scarabseidae, 308
schineri, Agromyza, 122
Schizoneura lanigera, 137
schreibersii, Cryptocephalus, 320
scitula, Sesia, 348
Scobicia declivis, 185
Scolytus multistriatiLSj 47
picece, 271
quadrispinosus, 49
rugulosus, 324
scripta, Lina, 96
Scurfy scale, 152
scutellattts, Monochamus, 237
seminator, Andricu8 t l)
senatoria, Anisota, 2m
38Q
INDEX
septendecim, Titncina, 173
Serica trocijormis, 309
sericeum, Melittomma, 187
Serropalpus barbatus, 307
Sesia acerni, 43
albicornis, 347
bolteri, 347
corni, 347
pictipes, 347
rhododendri, 65
rubristigma, 347
scitula, 348
Sesiidae, 346
Shad-bush, 295
Shade tree pests, 27
Sibine stimulea, 344
signatana, Thiodia, 210
simile, Diprion, 282
simplex, Dendroctonus, 257
simulans, Memythrus, 346
Siricidae, 292
Sitka spruce beetle, 260
spruce gall, 130
Slug caterpillars, 343
Snow-white linden moth, 208
Sodium arsenate, 25
solanifolii, Macrosiphum, 140
Sour gum case-cutter, 352
Southern ips., 266
sparsus, Pityokteines, 268
speciosus, Glycobius, 38
Sphingidse, 328
Sphinx kalmicB, 329
spinosus, Hamamelistes, 123
Spiny elm caterpillar, 87
witch-hazel gall, 123
Spittle insects, 358
Spraying apparatus, 23
Spruce bark-beetle, 269; Allegheny,
261 ; eastern, 258 ; Engelmann,
259; minute, 272; toothed, 271
bud-scale, 164
bud-worm, 285
cone-worm, 348
gall-aphid, 128
Spruce insects, 144, 149, 247, 281,
295, 301, 304, 307, 311, 315, 316,
348
sawfly, 295
timber beetle, 275
spuria, Gossyparia, 161
Stagmomantis Carolina, 17
Staganoptycha claypoliana, 94
Stephanitis pyrioides, 170
rhododendri, 169
Stilpnotia salicis, 99
stigma, Anisota, 334
stimulea, Sibine, 344
Stink bugs, 355
striata, Buprestis, 303
strobi, Pissodes, 227
strobilobius, Chermes, 139
strobiloides, Rhabdophaga, 122
suavis, Rhagoletis, 221
subhamata, Leptura, 313
subsignarius, Ennomus, 208
subspinosus, Macrodactylus, 106
Sugar maple borer, 38
Sumac, 318, 323
Sweet gum, 317
sycophanta, Pristiphora, 295
Symmerista albifrons, 339
syringce, Podosesia, 63
SyrphidsB, 17, 353
Systena marginalia, 322
Tachinidse, 16, 354
Tamarack insects, 248
tarquinius, Feniseca, 144
taxodii, Retinodiplosis, 232
Telea pplyphemus, 331
Tenebrionidae, 306
Tent caterpillar, apple, 83, 342
forest, 81
Tenthredinidse, 294
Tenuipalpus bioculatus, 172
terebrans t Dendroctonus, 262
terminata, Monophylla, 299
tessellaris, Halisidota, 336
tessellatus, Prodphilus, 144
Tetropium cinnamopterum, 311
INDEX
381
textor, Hyphantria, 79
Thanasimus dubius, 299
Thelia acuminata, 357
godingi, 357
Thiodia signatana, 210
thoas, Papilio, 326
thoracicus, Pteronus, 295
Thorn limb-borer, 64
thuiella, Argyresthia, 110
thujajalinus, Lachnus, 142
Thunderbolt beetle, 315
Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis, 83
tibialis, dZgeria, 347
Tibicen tibicen, 174
Tibicina septendecim, 173
tigrinus, Goes, 190
Timber beetles, 241, 246, 274
problem, 177
Tineidse, 352
Tingitidse, 360
titillator, Monochamus, 237
tityrus, Epargyreus, 327
Tobacco, 21
Tolype laricis, 342
Tomoxia bidentata, 300
lineella, 301
torrejacta, Apatela, 338
Tortricidae, 348
Toumeyella liriodendri, 156
Tragosoma harrisii, 311
transversata, Sabulodes, 343
Tree-hopper, Buffalo, 357
two-marked, 357
Tree insects, key to groups, 291
Trees, resistant, 17
Tremex columba, 40
tremulce, Lina, 215
tremuloidella, Phyllonorycter, 352
Trichiocampus viminalis, 100
tricinctus, Memythrus, 346
tridentata, Saperda, 45
trifasdata, Olyptoscelis, 320
Trioza alacris, 171
n;pttncata, 361
tripunctata, Trioza, 361
trivittatiiA, Leptocoris, 167
trociformis, Serica, 309
Tropea luna, 332
Trypodendron bivittatum, 275
Tulip tree insects, 148
scale, 156
Turpentine beetle, black, 262
red, 263
Tussock moths, 80, 202, 336
Twig-borer, red-shouldered, 184
girdler, 184; Pacific oak, 186
primer, maple and oak, 42
Two-lined chestnut borer, 53
Typocerus velutinus, 314
Typophorus canellus, 320
ulmi t Kaliofemisa, 91
Lepidosaphes, 149
ulmicola, Colopha, 127
ulmifolii, Callipterus, 137
undulata, Hydria, 343
undulatus, Madarellus, 323
Xylotrechus, 316
widulosa, Ceratomia, 329
unicolor, Nematus, 295
Urocerus abdominalis f 293
albicornis, 293
Urographis Jasciatus, 318
Vagabond gall, 124
vagabundus, Pemphigus, 124
vagans, Leptura, 313
i;oien, Dendroctonus, 263
variabilis, Phymatodea, 315
variolosum, Asterolecarrium, 157
velutinus, Typocerus, 314
ventralis, Pteronus, 213
vernota, Paleacrita, 88
versicolora, Plagiodera, 97
vertebratus, Pteronus, 295
Fespa crabro, 66
vestita, Saperda, 62
vetusta, Hemerocampa, 341
viburnicola, Anuraphis, 140
aphis, 140
villosus, Hypermallus,^
viminalis, Trichiocamjws,
100
382
INDEX
Virginia creeper, 72
virginica, Xylocopa, 69
virginiensis, Chalcophora, 303
viridis, Agrilus, 64
vitifolice, Phylloxera, 124
vitis, pulvinaria, 158
Walking-stick, 361
Walnut aphid, 138
black, 330
husk-maggot, 221
insects, 135, 148
scale, 151
Warty oak leaf-gall, 120
White ants, 67
marked tussock moth, 80
pine weevil, 227
Willow apple-gall, 296
borer, mottled, 57
cone-gall, 122
insects, 31, 70, 71, 72, 199, 295,
297, 320, 321, 323, 337, 338, 347
leaf-beetle, imported, 97
leaf-beetle, spotted, 215
pea gall, 297
shoot sawfly, 61
slug, yellow-spotted, 213
Witch-hazel cone-gall, 123
Woodbine insect, 319
Wood-stainer, apple, 277
Woolly aphis, apple, 137; elm, 137
beech leaf-aphid, 140
larch aphid, 139
pine scale, 162
Wool sower, 115
xanthomelaena, Galerucella, 84
Xyleborus celsus, 277
sacchari, 275, 279
xylographus, 278
Xylina antennata, 92
Xylobiops basillare, 184
Xylocopa virginica, 69
xylographus, Xyleborus, 278
Xyloterinus politus, 276
Xylotrechus colonus, 190
nauticus, 191
undulatus, 316
Xyphidrida, 293
provancheri, 293
Xyphidridoe, 293
Yellow-striped oak caterpillar, 204
zebra, Leptura, 313
Zeuzera pyrina, 32
zimmermanni, Pirtipesti*, 230
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