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REES 


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Cljarlea  J&prastte  Sargent 


A  MANUAL  OF  THE  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA,  EX- 
CLUSIVE OF  MEXICO.  With  over  600  illustrations  drawn 
by  Charles  Edward  Faxon.  In  one  octavo  volume.  $6.00, 
net,  postpaid. 

THE  SILVA  OF  NORTH  AMERICA;  OR  A  DESCRIPTION 
OF  THE  TREES  WHICH  GROW  NATURALLY  IN  NORTH 
AMERICA,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO.  With  about  740 
plates,  drawn  from  Nature,  by  Charles  Edward  Faxon,  de- 
scribing 567  species  belonging  to  the  Forest  Flora  of  North 
America,  exclusive  of  varieties.  14  volumes.  410,  $350.00,  net. 
{Sold  only  by  subscription  for  the  entire  set.} 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS.  Illustrations  of  New  or  Little  Known 
Ligneous  Plants.  Prepared  chiefly  from  material  at  the  Ar- 
nold Arboretum  of  Harvard  University,  and  edited  by  Charles 
Sprague  Sargent.  Issued  in  410  Parts,  four  Parts  to  a  Volume. 
With  Plates,  by  Charles  Edward  Faxon.  Each  Part,  $5.00, 
net.  Volume  I.  now  ready. 


THE   FOREST   FLORA   OF  JAPAN. 
$7.50,  net. 


With  illustrations.     410, 


HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  AND  COMPANY 
Boston  and  New  York 


TREES  OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


100  JOO  800  l"05w 


«    - 


PRINCIPAL  TREE  REGIONS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

A  North  Eastern  B  North  "Western  A  B  North  Eastern  &  North  Western 

C  South  Eastern  D  Tropical  Florida  E  Texas- Mexican  Boundary 


F  Kocky  Mountains  G  Oregon  &  California       H  New  Mexico  &  Arizona 

Mexican  Boundary 


COPYRIGHT   IQOS   BY   CHARLES   SPRAGUE  SARGENT 
ALL   RIGHTS   RESERVED 


Published  March, 


To  M.  R.  S., 

THE  WISE  AND  KIND  FRIEND  OF  THIRTY  YEARS,  THIS  BOOK  IS 
DEDICATED  WITH  GRATITUDE  AND  AFFECTION 


PREFACE 

IN  this  volume  I  have  tried  to  bring  into  convenient  form  for  the  use  of  students 
the  information  concerning  the  trees  of  North  America  which  has  been  gathered  at 
the  Arnold  Arboretum  during  the  last  thirty  years  and  has  been  largely  elaborated 
in  my  Silva  of  North  America. 

The  indigenous  trees  of  no  other  region  of  equal  extent  are,  perhaps,  so  well 
known  as  those  that  grow  naturally  in  North  America.  There  is,  however,  still 
much  to  be  learned  about  them.  In  the  southern  states,  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
extratropical  regions  in  the  world  in  the  richness  of  its  arborescent  flora,  several 
species  are  still  imperfectly  known,  while  it  is  not  improbable  that  a  few  may  have 
escaped  entirely  the  notice  of  botanists;  and  in  the  northern  states  are  several  forms 
of  Crataegus  which,  iu  the  absence  of  sufficient  information,  it  has  been  found  im- 
practicable to  include  in  this  volume.  Little  is  known  as  yet  of  the  silvicultural 
value  and  requirements  of  North  American  trees,  or  of  the  diseases  that  affect  them ; 
and  one  of  the  objects  of  this  volume  is  to  stimulate  further  investigation  of  their 
characters  and  needs. 

The  arrangement  of  families  and  genera  adopted  in  this  volume  is  that  of  Engler  & 
Prantl's  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzenfamilien,  in  which  the  procession  is  from  a  simpler  to 
a  more  complex  structure.  The  nomenclature  is  that  of  The  Silva  of  North  America. 
Descriptions  of  a  few  species  of  Cratsegus  are  now  first  published;  and  investiga- 
tions made  since  the  publication  of  the  last  volume  of  The  Silva  of  North  America, 
in  December,  1902,  have  necessitated  the  introduction  of  a  few  additional  trees  de- 
scribed by  other  authors,  and  occasional  changes  of  names. 

An  analytical  key  to  the  families,  based  on  the  arrangement  and  character  of  the 
leaves,  will  lead  the  reader  first  to  the  family  to  which  any  tree  belongs;  a  con- 
spectus of  the  genera,  embodying  the  important  and  easily  discovered  contrasting 
characters  of  each  genus  and  following  the  description  of  each  family  represented 
by  more  than  one  genus,  will  lead  him  to  the  genus  he  is  trying  to  determine; 
and  a  similar  conspectus  of  the  species,  following  the  description  of  the  genus,  will 
finally  bring  him  to  the  species  for  which  he  is  looking.  Further  to  facilitate  the 
determination,  one  or  more  letters,  attached  to  the  name  of  the  species  in  the 
conspectus  following  the  description  of  the  genus,  indicate  in  which  of  the  eight 
regions  into  which  the  country  is  divided  according  to  the  prevailing  character  of 
the  arborescent  vegetation  that  species  grows  (see  map  forming  frontispiece  of  the 
volume).  For  example,  the  northeastern  part  of  the  country,  including  the  high  Ap- 
palachian Mountains  in  the  southern  states  which  have  chiefly  a  northern  flora,  is 
represented  by  (A),  and  a  person  wishing  to  learn  the  name  of  a  Pine-tree  or  of  an 


Vlii  PREFACE 

Oak  in  that  region  need  occupy  himself  only  with  those  species  which  in  the  conspectus 
of  the  genus  Quercus  or  Pinus  are  followed  by  the  letter  (A),  while  a  person  wishing 
to  determine  an  Oak  or  a  Pine-tree  in  Oregon  or  California  may  pass  over  all  species 
which  are  not  followed  by  (G),  the  letter  which  represents  the  Pacific  coast  region 
south  of  the  state  of  Washington. 

The  sign  of  degrees  (°)  is  used  in  this  work  to  represent  feet,  and  the  sign  of  min- 
utes (')  inches. 

The  illustrations  which  accompany  each  species  and  important  variety  are  one 
half  the  size  of  nature,  except  in  the  case  of  a  few  of  the  large  Pine  cones,  the  flow- 
ers of  some  of  the  Magnolias,  and  the  leaves  and  flower-clusters  of  the  Palms.  These 
are  represented  as  less  than  half  the  size  of  nature  in  order  to  make  the  illustrations 
of  uniform  size.  These  illustrations  are  from  drawings  by  Mr.  Faxon,  in  which  he 
has  shown  his  usual  skill  and  experience  as  a  botanical  draftsman  in  bringing  out 
the  most  important  characters  of  each  species,  and  in  them  will  be  found  the  chief 
value  of  this  Manual.  For  aid  in  its  preparation  I  am  indebted  to  him  and  to  my 
other  associates,  Mr.  Alfred  Render  and  Mr.  George  R.  Shaw,  who  have  helped  me 

in  compiling  the  most  difficult  of  the  keys. 

C.  S.  SARGENT. 

ABNOLD  ARBORETUM,  JAMAICA  PLAIN,  MASS. 
January,  1905. 


TABLE  OF   CONTENTS 

PAGE 

MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  (exclusive  of  Mexico)  showing  the  eight  re- 
gions into  which  the  country  is  divided  according  to  the  prevailing 
character  of  the  trees  ......  Frontispiece 

SYNOPSIS  OF  FAMILIES  OF  PLANTS xi 

ANALYTICAL  KEY  OF  FAMILIES  OF  PLANTS,  based  on  the  character  of 

their  leaves    ...........  xvi 

MANUAL  OF  TREES 

Gymnospermae        ..........  1 

Angiospermae .  .102 

Monocotyledons 10- 

Dicotyledons !-."> 

Apetala lltf 

Petalaa :n:> 

Polypetalae 315 

Gamopetalae 718 

GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS 815 

INDEX  819 


SYNOPSIS 

OF  THE  FAMILIES  OF  PLANTS   DESCRIBED  IN  THIS  BOOK 
Class  I.   GYMNOSPERM^E. 

Resinous  trees ;  stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  or  pith,  and  increasing  in  diam- 
eter by  the  annual  addition  of  a  layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark  ;  flowers  uni- 
sexual ;  stamens  numerous ;  ovules  and  seeds  2  or  many,  borne  on  the  face  of 
a  scale,  not  inclosed  in  an  ovary ;  embryo  with  2  or  more  cotyledons ;  leaves 
straight-veined,  without  stipules. 

I.  Conif  erae  (p.  1 ).    Flowers  usually  monoecious  ;  ovules  2  or  several ;  fruit  a  woody  cone 
(in  Juniperus  berry-like)  ;  cotyledons  2  or  many ;  leaves  needle-shaped,  linear  or  scale-like, 
persistent  (deciduous  in  Larix  and  Taxodium). 

II.  Taxaceae   (p.  (,l~).    Flowers  dioecious,  axillary,  solitary ;  ovules  1 ;  fruit  surrounded 
by  or  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  fleshy  aril-like  disk  of  the  flower ;    cotyledons  2  ;    leaves 
linear,  alternate,  persistent. 

Class  II.  ANGIOSPERM^. 

Carpels  or  pistils  consisting  of  a  closed  cavity  containing  the  ovules  and 
becoming  the  fruit. 

Division  I.    MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  with  woody  fibres  distributed  irregularly  through  them,  but  without 
pith  or  annual  layers  of  growth ;  parts  of  the  flower  in  3's  ;  ovary  superior, 
3-celled ;  embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon  ;  leaves  parallel-veined,  persistent, 
without  stipules. 

III.  Palmae  (p.  102).    Ovule  solitary ;  fruit    baccate   or  drupaceous,  1  or  rarely  2  or 
3-seeded  ;  leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  flabellate  or  orbicular,  persistent. 

IV.  Liliaceae  (p.  115).    Ovules  numerous  in  each  cell ;  fruit  3-celled,  capsular  or  bac- 
cate ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate. 

Division  II.    DICOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  or  pith,  and  increasing  by  the  addition  of  an 
annual  layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark ;  parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  4's  or  5's ; 
embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons  ;  leaves  netted-veined. 

SUBDIVISION  1.  APETAL^.  Flowers  without  a  corolla  and  sometimes  with- 
out a  calyx. 

Section  1.  Flowers  in  unisexual  aments  (female  flowers  of  Juglans  and 
Quercus  solitary  or  in  .syy/V.-t's)  ;  ovary  inferior  (superior  in  Leitneriacece) 
when  a  calyx  is  present. 

V.  Juglaiidaceae  (p.  125).    Flowers  monoecious;  fruit  a  nut  inclosed  in  an  indehiscent 
(Juglans)  or  4-valved  (Hicoria)  fleshy  or  woody  shell ;  leaves  alternate,  unequally  pinnate, 
without  stipules,  deciduous. 


xii  SYNOPSIS    OF   THE   FAMILIES 

VI.  Myricaceae   (p.  146).    Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  fruit  a  dry  drupe,  covered 
with  waxy  exudations  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  resinous-punctate,  persistent. 

VII.  Leitiieriaceae  (p.  150).   Flowers  dioecious,  the  staminate  without  a  calyx  ;  ovary 
superior;   fruit  a  compressed  oblong  drupe;    leaves  alternate,   simple,  without  stipules, 
deciduous. 

VIII.  Salicaceae  (p.   152).   Flowers  dioecious,  without  a  calyx.   Fruit  a  2-4-valved 
capsule.    Leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

IX.  Betulaceae  (p.  189).  Flowers  monoecious ;  fruit  a  nut  at  the  base  of  an  open  leaf- 
like  involucre  (Carpinus),  in  a  sack-like  involucre  (Ostrya),  in  the  axil  of  a  scale  of  an 
ameiit  (Betula),  or  of  a  woody  strobile  (Alnus) ;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  stipules, 
deciduous. 

X.  Fagaceae  (p.  216).    Flowers  monoecious ;  fruit  a  nut  more  or  less  inclosed  in  a  woody 
often  spiny  involucre  ;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  stipules,  deciduous  (in  some  species  of 
Quercus  and  in  Castanoj)sis  and  Pasania  persistent). 

Section  2.  Flowers  unisexual  (perfect  in  Ulmus)  ;  calyx  regular,  the 
stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  them  ;  ovary  superior,  1-celled  ; 
seed  1. 

XI.  Ulmaceae  (p.  287).    Fruit  a  compressed  winged  samara  (Ulmus)  or  a  drupe  (Celtis) ; 
leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

XII.  Moraceae  (p.  302).    Flowers  in  ament-like  spikes  or  heads;   fruit  drupaceous, 
inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx  and  united  into  a  compound  fruit,  oblong  and  succulent 
(Morus),  large,  dry  and  globose  (Toxylon),  or  immersed  in  the  fleshy  receptacle  of  the 
flower  (Ficus)  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous  (persistent  in  Ficus), 

Section  3.  Flowers  usually  perfect ;  calyx  5-lobed  ;  ovary  superior,  1-celled ; 
fruit  a  nutlet  inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx ;  leaves  simple,  persistent. 

XIII.  Polygonaceae  (p.  311).   Leaves  alternate,  their  stipules  sheathing  the  stems. 

XIV.  Nyctaginaceae  (p.  313).   Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  without  stipules. 

SUBDIVISION  2.  PETALS.  Flowers  with  both  calyx  and  corolla  (without 
a  corolla  in  Lauracece,  in  Liquidambar  in  Hamamelidacece,  in  Cercocarpus 
in  Rosacece,  in  Euphorbiacece,  in  some  species  of  Acer,  in  Reynosia,  Con- 
dalia,  and  Krugiodendron  in  Rhamnacece,  in  Fremontodendron  in  Sterculia- 
cece,  in  Chytraculia  in  Myrtacece,  and  in  Conooarpus  in  Combretacece). 

Section  1.     Polypetalse.     Corolla  of  separate  petals. 

A.  Ovary  superior  (partly  inferior  in  Hamamelidacece  ;  inferior  in  Mains, 
Sorbus,  Cratcegus,  and  Amelanchier  in  Rosacece). 

XV.  Magnoliaceae  (p.  315).     Flowers  perfect ;  sepals  and  petals  in  3  or  4  rows  of  3 
each  ;  fruit  cone-like,  composed  of  numerous  cohering  carpels ;  leaves  simple,  alternate, 
their  stipules  inclosing  the  leaf-buds,  deciduous  or  rarely  persistent. 

XVI.  Aiionaceae  (p.  326).      Flowers  perfect ;  sepals  3  ;  petals  6  in  2  series ;  fruit  a 
pulpy  berry  developed  from  1  or  from  the  union  of  several  carpels ;  leaves  simple,  alter- 
nate, without  stipules,  deciduous  or  persistent. 

XVII.  Lauraceae  (p.  329).     Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual;   corolla  0;  fruit  a  1-seeded 
drupe  or  berry ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  punctate,  without  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous 
in  Sassafras). 

XVIII.  Capparidaceae  (p.  338).     Flowers  perfect ;  sepals  and  petals  4  ;  fruit  baccate, 
elongated,  dehiscent;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

XIX.  Hamamelidaceae  (p.  339).     Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual ;  sepals  and  petals  5 
(corolla  0  in  Liquidambar) ;  ovary  partly  inferior ;  fruit  a  2-celled  woody  capsule  opening  at 
the  summit ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 


SYNOPSIS    OF   THE    FAMILIES  Xlll 

XX.  Platanaceae  (p.  34:)).  Flowers  monoecious,  in  dense  unisexual  capitate  heads; 
fruit  an  akene;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

XXL.  Rosaceae  (p.  :'.!>).  Flowers  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  5  { jietals  0  in  Cercocar- 
pus)  ;  ovary  inferior  in  Mains,  rturbita.  Grata  t/nx.  am/  A/nclanc/tif  r  ;  fruit  a  drupe  (Hetero- 
meles,  Prunus.  and  Chrysobalanns),  a  capsule  ( Vaui|uelinia  and  Lyonothamnus).  an  akene 
(Cercocarpus),  or  a  pome  (Mains,  Sorlms,  rrata>gus.  and  Anielaneliier)  ;  leaves  simple 
or  pinnately  compound,  alternate  (opposite  in  Lyunothamnus),  with  stipules,  deciduous  or 
persistent. 

XXII.  Leguminosae  (p.  5:',:)).    Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irregular;  fruit  a  legume; 
leaves  compound,  or  simple  (l)alea).  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous  or  persistent. 

XXIII.  Zygophyllacese   (p.  57*).    Flowers  perfect;  calyx   5-lohed  ;    petals  5;    fruit 
capsular,  becoming  ileshy  ;    leaves  opposite,  pinnate,  with  stipules.  p,-rsistenr. 

XXIV.  Rutaceae   (p.   5Si>).     Flowers  unisexual  or  perfect  ;    fruit    a  capsule  ( Fagara),  a 
samara   (Ptelea),  of  indehiscent  winged    1 -seeded   carpels   ( Heli.-tta '.  or  a  drupe  (Ainyris); 
leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  compound,  glandular-punctate,  without  stipules,  persistent  or 
rarely  deciduous  (0  in  Canotia). 

XXV.  Simarubaceae    (p.  5S<»).    Flowers  dioecious,   calyx  5-lobed ;    petals  5;    fruit 
drupaceous;  leaves  alternate,  equally  pinnate,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

XXVI.  Burseraceae  (p.  5'.U).    Flowers  perfect  ;   calyx  4  or  5-parted  ;   petals  5  ;  fruit 
a  drupe;  leaves  alternate,  compound,  without  stipules,  deciduous. 

XXVII.  Meliaceae  (p.  51KJ).    Flowers  perfect  ;  calyx  5-lobed  ;  petals  5  ;  fruit  a  5-celled 
dehiscent  capsule;  leaves  alternate,  equally  pinnate,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

XXVIII.  Euphorbiaceae  (p.  504).    Flowers  perfect;  calyx  4-ii-parted  ( Drypetes),  3- 
lobed  (Ilippomane),  or  0  (Gymnanthes) ;  petals  0;  fruit  a  drape  (Drypetes  and  Ilipponiane). 
or  a  3-lobed  capsule  (( Jynmanthes). 

XXIX.  Aiiacardiaceae  (p.  001).    Flowers  usually  unisexual,  diu-cious  or  polygamo- 
dioecious;  fruit  a  dry  drupe  ;  leaves  simple  or  compound,  alternate,  without  stipules,  decid- 
uous iprrtixtrnt  in  one  specif*  «f  Ilhus). 

XXX.  Cyrillaceae  (p.  (110).    Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-8-lobed  :    petals  5-S  :    fruit  an 
indehiscent    capsule  ;  leaves  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent  (>nor>  or  h-sa  di  ciduoits  in 
Cyrilla). 

XXXI.  Aquifoliaceae   (p.  013).     Flowers  polygamo-dioecious;    calyx  4   or  5-lobed; 
petals  5;   fruit  a  drupe,  with  4-S  1 -seeded  nutlets;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  stipules, 
persistent  or  deciduous. 

XXXII.  Celastraceae  (p.  01'.)).    Flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or  dioecious:   calyx  4  or 
5-lobed;   petals  4  or  5;  fruit  a  drupe,  or  a  capsule  (Kvonymus)  :   le.-ives  simple,  opposite  or 
alternate,  with  or  without  stipules,  persistent  (dicitliiunx  in  Krntii/mut). 

XXXIII.  Aceraceae    (p.  <>24).    Flowers  diu-cious    or  mono'ci.iiisly    polygamous  ;  calyx 
usually  5-parted;   petals  usually  5.  or  0;    fruit  of  '2  long-winged  samara  joined  at  the  base  ; 
leaves  opposite,  simple  or  rarely  pinnate,  without  or  rarely  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

XXXIV.  Hippocastaiiaceae    (p.   U4:!).    Flowers    perfect,  irregular;   calyx   5-lobed; 
petals  4  or  5,  unequal;  fruit  a  3-celled  3-valved  capsule;  leaves  opposite,  digitately  com- 
pound, long-])etiolate,  without  stipules,  deciduous. 

XXXV.  Sapindaceae  (p.  049).    Flowers  polygamous;  calyx  4  or  5-lobed;  corolla  of 

4  or  5  petals;  fruit  a  berry  (Sapindus  and   Kxothea),  a  drupe  (Hypelate).  or  a  ^-celled 
capsule  (Ungnadia)  ;  leaves  alternate,  compound,  without  stipules,  persistent,  or  deciduous 
(Ungnadia). 

XXXVI.  Rhamnaceae  (p.  057).  Flowers  usually  perfect ;  calyx  4  or  5-lobed  ;  petals  4  oi< 

5  (0  in  Reynosia,  Condalia.  and  Knujimlf  tu/ron)  ;  fruit  drupaceous  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate 
(mostly  opposite  in  Reynosia  and  Kruyiodendron),  with  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in  some 
species  <>f  lihamnn^. 

XXXVII.  Tiliaceae  (p.  O(iit).    Flowers  perfect;  sepals  and  petals  5  ;  fruit  a  nut-like 
berry  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  mostly  oblique  at  the  base,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 


xiv  SYNOPSIS   OF   THE   FAMILIES 

XXXVIII.  Sterculiaceae  (p.  676).   Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed  ;  petals  0  ;  fruit 
a  4  or  f)-valved  dehiscent  capsule  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  with  stipules,  persistent. 

XXXIX.  Theaceae  (p.  677).   Flowers  perfect ;  sepals  and  petals  5  ;  fruit  a  5-celled 
woody  dehiscent  capsule,  loculicidally  dehiscent ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules, 
persistent  or  deciduous. 

XL.  Caiiellaceae  (p.  680).  Flowers  perfect ;  sepals  3  ;  petals  5 ;  filaments  united  into  a 
tube  ;  fruit  a  berry  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

XLI.  Kceberliniaceae  (p.  681).  Flowers  perfect ;  sepals  and  petals  4,  minute  ;  leaves 
bract-like,  alternate,  without  stipules,  caducous. 

XLII.  Caricaceae  (p.  682).  Flowers  unisexual  or  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  petals  5; 
fruit  baccate  ;  leaves  palniately  lobed  or  digitate,  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

B.  Ovary  inferior  (partly  inferior  in  fthizophora) . 

XLIIL  Cactaceae  (p.  684).  Flowers  perfect ;  petals  and  sepals  numerous  ;  fruit  a  berry  ; 
leaves  usually  wanting. 

XLIV.  Rhizophoraceae  (p.  691).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  4-parted ;  petals  4;  ovary 
partly  inferior ;  fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  berry  perforated  at  the  apex  by  the  germinating 
embryo  j  leaves  simple,  opposite,  entire,  with  stipules,  persistent. 

XLV.  Myrtaceae  (p.  693).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  usually  4-lobed,  or  reduced  to  a 
single  body  forming  a  deciduous  lid  to  the  flower  (Chytraculia)  ;  petals  usually  4  (0  in 
Chytraculia)  ;  fruit  a  berry ;  leaves  simple,  opposite,  pellucid-punctate,  without  stipules, 
persistent. 

XLVI.  Combretaceae  (p.  700).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous;  calyx  5-lobed; 
petals  5  (0  in  Conocarpus) ;  fruit  drupaceous ;  leaves  simple,  alternate  or  opposite,  without 
stipules,  persistent. 

XL VII.  Araliaceae  (p.  704).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous  ;  sepals  and  petals  usu- 
ally 5  ;  fruit  a  drupe  ;  leaves  twice  pinnate,  alternate,  with  stipules,  deciduous. 

XLVIII.  Cornaceae  (p.  706).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious ;  calyx  4  or  5- 
toothed ;  petals  4  or  5  ;  fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  ;  leaves  simple,  opposite  (alternate  in  one  species 
ofCornus),  without  stipules,  deciduous. 

Section  2.  Gamopetalse.  Corolla  of  united  petals  (divided  in  Elliottia  in 
Ericacece,  0  in  some  species  of  Fraxinus  in  Oleacece.) 

A.  Ovary  superior  (inferior  in  Vaccinium  in  Ericacece,  partly  inferior  in 
Symplocacece  and  Styracece). 

XLIX.  Ericaceae  (p.  718).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  5-lobed  (in  Elliottia 
corolla  of  4  petals) ;  (ovary  inferior  in  Vaccinium)  ;  fruit  capsular,  drupaceous  or  baccate  ; 
leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in  Elliottia  and  Oxydendrum). 

L.  Myrsinaceae  (p.  733).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  5-lobed;  stamens  5; 
fruit  a  drupe  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

LI.  Theophrastaceae  (p.  735).  Flowers  perfect,  with  staminodia  ;  sepals  and  petals 
5  ;  stamens  5  ;  fruit  a  berry  ;  leaves  simple,  opposite  or  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules. 

LII.  Sapotaceae  (p.  736).  Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  5-lobed  ;  corolla  5-lobed  (G-lobed 
in  Mimusops),  often  with  as  many  or  twice  as  many  internal  appendages  borne  on  its 
throat ;  fruit  a  berry ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in 
some  species  of  Bumelia). 

•  LIII.  Ebenaceee  (p.  748).  Flowers  perfect,  dioecious,  or  polygamous ;  calyx  and  co- 
rolla 4-lobed  ;  fruit  a  1  or  several  seeded  berry  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  entire,  without 
stipules,  deciduous. 

LIV.  Symplocaceae  (p.  752).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  5-lobed;  ovary 
partly  inferior ;  fruit  a  drupe  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules,  deciduous ;  pubes- 
cence simple. 


SYNOPSIS    OF   THE    FAMILIES  XV 

LV.  Styraceae  (p.  754).  Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  4-toothed  ;  corolla  4-lobed  or  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  ;  ovary  partly  inferior ;  fruit  a  drupe  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  without 
stipules,  deciduous ;  pubescence  mostly  scurfy  or  stellate. 

LVI.  Oleaceae  (p.  757).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dicecious ;  calyx  4-lobed  (0  in 
some  species  of  Fraxinus) ;  corolla  2-6-parted  (0  in  some  species  of  Fraxinus};  fruit  a  winged 
samara  (Fraxinus)  or  a  fleshy  drupe  (Chionanthus  and  Osmanthus) ;  leaves  pinnate  (Fraxinus) 
or  simple,  opposite,  without  stipules,  deciduous  (persistent  in  Osmanthus). 

LVII.  Borraginaceae  (p.  781).  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous ;  calyx  and  corolla 
5-lobed ;  fruit  a  drupe  ;  leaves  simple,  alternate,  scabrous-pubescent,  without  stipules,  per- 
sistent or  tardily  deciduous. 

LVIII.  Verbenaceae  (p.  787).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  5-lobed;  corolla  4  or  5-lobed; 
fruit  a  drupe  or  a  1-seeded  capsule ;  leaves  simple,  opposite,  without  stipules,  persistent. 

LIX.  Bignoniaceae  (p.  791).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  bilabiate;  corolla  bilabiate,  5- 
lobed ;  fruit  a  woody  capsule  (Catalpa  and  Chilopsis)  or  a  berry  (Crescentia) ;  leaves  sim- 
ple, opposite  (sometimes  alternate  in  Chilopsis),  without  stipules,  deciduous  (persistent  in 
Crescentia). 

B.  Ovary  inferior  (partly  superior  in  Sambucus  in  Caprifoliacece). 

LX.  Rubiaceae  (p.  798).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  4  or  5-lobed;  fruit  a  cap- 
sule (Exostema  and  Pinckneya),  a  drupe  (Guettarda),  or  nut-like  (Cephalanthus);  leaves 
simple,  opposite,  or  in  verticils  of  3  (Cephalanthus),  with  stipules,  persistent  (deciduous  in 
Pinckneya  and  Cephalanthus). 

LXI.  Caprifoliaceae  (p.  804).  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  and  corolla  5-lobed;  fruit  a 
drupe;  leaves  unequally  pinnate  (Sambucus)  or  simple  (Viburnum),  opposite,  without 
stipules,  deciduous. 


ANALYTICAL  KEY 

TO  THE  FAMILIES   OF  PLANTS  INCLUDED    IN   THIS  BOOK, 
BASED  ON  THE  CHARACTER  OF  THE  LEAVES 

1.  Leaves  opposite. 
*Leaves  simple. 
-i-Leaves  persistent. 

a  Leaves  with  stipules.  • 

Leaves  entire  or  sometimes  slightly  crenate  or  serrate. 

Leaves  emarginate  at  the  apex,  very  short-stalked,  H'-2'  long. 
Leaves  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  petioles. 

Gyminda  in  Celastraceae  (p.  621). 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base  (rarely  alter- 
nate). 

Reynosia  and  Krugiodendron  in  Rhamnaceae  (pp.  658,  660). 
Leaves  obtusish,  3£'-5'  long.  RhizOphoraceae  (p.  691). 

Leaves  acute  or  acuminate. 

Exostema  and  Guettarda  in  Rubiaceae  (pp.  800,  803). 
Leaves  serrate  (usually  compound).          Lyonothamnus  in  Rosaceae  (p.  350). 
aa  Leaves  without  stipules. 

Petioles  with  2  large  glands ;  leaves  obtuse,  l-£'-2£'  long. 

Laguncularia  in  Combretaceae  (p.  703). 
Petioles  not  glandular. 

Leaves  furnished  on  the  under  side  with  dark  glands,  obtuse  to  acute,  aromatic  ; 
petioles  short.  Myrtaceae  (p.  693). 

Leaves  without  glands  on  the  under  side. 
Leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate,  rarely  acute. 

Leaves  green  and  glabrous  beneath,  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  !'-!£'  long 

(sometimes  alternate).  Nyctaginaceae  (p.  313). 

Leaves  pubescent  or  canescent  beneath,  generally  obovate-oblong,  2'-4'  long. 

Verbenaceae  (p.  787). 

Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  glabrous.       Osmanthus  in  Oleaceae  (p.  779). 
-«--*-Leaves  deciduous. 

a  Leaves  without  lobes. 
6  Leaves  serrate. 

Winter-buds  with  several  opposite  outer  scales ;  leaves  puberulous  beneath. 

Evonymus  in  Celastraceae  (p.  619). 

Winter-buds  enveloped  by  2  large  scales ;  leaves  glabrous,  or  rufous-tomentu- 
lose  along  the  midribs  beneath.         Viburnum  in  Caprif  oliaceae  (p.  804). 
bb  Leaves  entire. 

c  Leaves  without  stipules. 
Leaves  oval  to  oblong. 

Winter-buds  small,  with  several  pairs  of  opposite  scales. 

Fraxinus  anomala  and  Chionanthus  in  Oleaceae  (pp.  765, 777). 
Winter-buds  enveloped  by  2  opposite  scales. 

Cornus  in  Cornaceae  (p.  712). 


ANALYTICAL   KEY   TO    THE   FAMILIES  xvii 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate,  5'-12  long,  on  long 

petioles.  Catalpa  in  Bignoniaceae  (p.  702). 

Leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  short-stalked  or  sessile  (s<nnftiiin'x  alternate). 

Chilopsis  in  Bignoniaceae  (p.  791). 
cc  Leaves  with  persistent  stipules,  entire. 

Pinckneya  and  Cephalanthus  in  Rubiaceae  (pp.  7i»s,  SOL'). 
aa  Leaves  palmately  lobed.  Aceraceae  (p.  024). 

**Leaves  compound. 

-^-Leaves  persistent,  with  stipules. 

Leaves  equally  pinnate  ;  leaflets  entire.  Zygophyllaceae  (p.  578). 

Leaves  unequally  pinnately  parted  into  3-8  linear-lanceolate  segments  (tomitiiitt s 
entire).  Lyonothamnus  in  Rosaceae  (p.  :i.")O). 

Leaves  trifoliate.  Helietta  and  Amyris  in  Rutaceae  (pp.  •> 

-+--*-Leaves  deciduous. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate  or  trifoliate. 

Winter-buds  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  obtuse  outer  scales,  usually  puberulous. 
Leaflets  3-5,  incisely  serrate;  primary  veins  extending  to  the  teeth. 

Acer  Neguiido  in  Aceraceae  (p.  641). 

Leaflets  usually  many,  rarely  3  or  1,  crenate-serrate  or  entire,  the  veins  arching 

and  uniting  within  the  margin.  Fraxinus  in  Oleaceae  (p.  "•>). 

Winter-buds  with  many  opposite  acute  glabrous  scales;  leaflets  sharply  serrate; 

branches  with  thick  pith.  Sambucus  in  Caprifoliaceae  (p.  M>.~>). 

Leaves  digitate,  with  5-7  sharply  serrate  leaflets ;  terminal  buds  lar^e. 

Hippocastauaceae  (p.  C.4:'-). 
2.  Leaves  alternate. 
*Leaves  simple. 
-••Leaves  persistent. 

a  Leaves  crowded  at  the  end  of  simple  or  sparingly  branched  stems,  parallel-nerved, 
without  stipules. 

Leaves  flabellate,  stem  simple.    Thrinax,  Coccothrinax,  Sabal,  Wash- 
ingtonia.  Serenoa  in  Palmae  (pp.  lo.'Mll). 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  stem  often  branched.  Liliaceae  (p.  1 1~>). 

aa  Leaves  scattered  singly  or  in  fascicles  along  the  branches. 
6  Leaves  linear  or  scale-like,  without  stipules. 

Leaves  linear,  flattened,  light  green  beneath ;  branchlets  remaining  green   2-4 

years.  Taxaceae  (p.  !»7). 

Leaves  scale-like,  needle-shaped  or  flattened ;  marked  by  white  bands  of  stomata. 

Coniferae  (p.  1). 
66  Leaves  orbicular  to  lanceolate. 
c  Leaves  palmately  lobed. 

Leaves  stellate-pubescent,  about  H'  in  diameter,  with  stipules. 

Sterculiaceae  (p.  r,7r,). 

Leaves  glabrous,  l°-2°  in  diameter,  without  stipules.       Caricaceae  (p.  (»>•_'). 
cc  Leaves  not  lobed. 

d  Branches  spinescent. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  at  least  2'-.'}'  long. 

Bucida  in  Combretaceae  (p.  702). 

Leaves  scattered,  not  more  than  i'-l'  long,  generally  obovate,  mucronate, 
glabrous  and  green  or  brownish  tomentulose  beneath. 

'    Condalia  in  Rhamnaceae  (p.  <..Y7). 

Leaves  fascicled  on  lateral  branchlets   obtuse  or  emarginatt1,  pah-  and  gla- 
brous beneath.  Bumelia  angustifolia  in  Sapotaceae  (p.  744). 
dd  Branches  not  spinescent. 
e  Leaves  serrate  or  lobed. 


XVlii  ANALYTICAL   KEY   TO   THE    FAMILIES 

/Juice  watery. 

0  Stipules  present. 

h  Primary  veins  extending  straight  to  the  teeth. 

Pasania  and  some  species  of  Quercus  in  Fagaceae  (pp.  224, 

226). 

hh  Primary  veins  arching  and  united  within  the  margin. 
Leaves  3-nerved  from  the  base. 

Ceanothus  in  Rhamnaceae  (p.  665). 
Leaves  not  3-nerved. 
Leaves  acute. 
Leaves  sinuately  dentate,  with  few  spiny  teeth,  glabrous. 

Ilex  opaca  in  Aquifoliaceae  (p.  614). 
Leaves  serrate. 

Vauquelinia,  Heteromeles,and  Prunus  Carolin- 
iana  and  Prunus  ilicif  olia  in  Rosaceae  (pp.  349, 

358,  527,  530). 

Leaves  obtuse,  sometimes  mucronate. 
Leaves  spinose-serrate,  glabrous. 

Rhamnus  crocea  in  Rhamnaceae  (p.  662). 
Leaves  crenate  (often  entire),  oval  to  oblong. 

Hex  vomitoria  in  Aquifoliaceae  (p.  616). 
hkh  Primary  veins  extending  straight  to  the  teeth. 

Cercocarpus  in  Rosaceae  (p.  504). 
gg  Stipules  wanting. 

Leaves  resinous-dotted,  aromatic.  Myricaceae  (p.  146). 

Leaves   not  resinous-dotted,   crenately  serrate,  gradually  narrowed 
into  short  stout  petioles  ;  bark  red-brown. 

Gordonia  Lasianthus  in  Theaceae  (p.  678). 
//"Juice  milky. 

Hippomane  and  Gymnanthes  in  Euphorbiaceae  (pp.  598, 599). 
ee  Leaves  entire  (rarely  sparingly  toothed  on  vigorous  branchlets). 
i  Stipules  present. 
j  Stipules  connate,  at  least  at  first. 

Stipules  persistent,  forming  a  sheath  surrounding  the  branch  above 
the  node;  leaves  obtuse.  Polygonaceae  (p. 311). 

Stipules  deciduous,  enveloping  the  young  leaf  before  unfolding. 
Leaves  ferrugineous-tomentose  beneath. 

Magnolia  fcetida  in  Magnoliaceae  (p.  316). 
Leaves  glabrous  beneath,  with  milky  juice. 

Ficus  in  Moraceae  (p.  308). 
jj  Stipules  free. 
k  Juice  milky. 

Drypetes  and  Gymnanthes  in  Euphorbiaceae 

(pp.  595,  599). 
kk  Juice  watery. 

I  Leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex. 

Leaves  with  ferrugineous  scales  beneath,  their  petioles  slender. 

Capparidaceae   (p.  338). 
Leaves  without  ferrugineous  scales. 

Leaves   rarely  2'-3'    long,  standing   on   the  branch  at  acute 

angles.  Chrysobalanus  in  Rosaceae  (p.  532). 

Leaves  rarely  more  than  1'  long,  spreading  (sometimes  3-nerved). 

Ceanothus  spinosus  in  Rhamnaceae  (pp.  667). 


ANALYTICAL   KEY   TO   THE   FAMILIES  xix 

U  Leaves  acute. 

Petioles  with  2  glands. 

Conocarpus  in  Combretaceae  (p.  700). 
Petioles  without  glands. 

Leaves  and  hranchlets  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  while 
young. 
Leaves  fascicled  except  on  young  hranchlets. 

Cercocarpua  in  Rosaceae  (p.  504). 
Leaves  not  fascicled. 

Winter-buds  minute,  with  few  pointed  scales. 

Ilex  Cassine  in  Aquifoliaceae  (p.  <>i:>). 
Winter-buds  conspicuous,  with  numerous  scales. 

Castanopsis.  Fasania,  and  Quercus  in 
Fagaceae  (pp.  2L'2,  -2-24,  ^r,). 
Leaves  and  branchlets  glabrous. 

Frunus  (Cherry  Laurels),  in  Rosaceae  (p.  527). 
u  Stipules  wanting. 

m  Leaves  aromatic  when  bruised. 

Leaves  resinous-dotted.  Myricaceae  (p.  146). 

Leaves  not  resinous-dotted. 

Leaves  obtuse,  obvate,  glabrous.  Canellaceae  (p.  680). 

Leaves  acute. 

Leaves  mostly  rounded  at  the  narrowed  base,  glabrous. 

Anona  in  Anonaceae  (p.  328). 
Leaves  more  or  less  wedge-shaped  at  the  base. 

Fersea,  Ocotea,  and  Umbellularia  in  Lauraceae 

(pp.  329,  332,  334). 
mm  Leaves  not  aromatic. 

n  Leaves  acute  or  acutish. 

Leaves  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  short  petioles. 
Leaves  2'-2£'  long.      Schaefferia  in  Celastraceae  (p.  622). 
Leaves  at  least  G'-8'  long. 

Crescentia  inBignouiaceae  (p.  796). 
Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong  or  ovate. 

Leaves  rough  above,  pubescent  below,  subcordate  to  cuneate  at 
the  base. 

Ehretia  and  Cordia  in  Borraginaceae  (pp.  781,  785). 
Leaves  smooth  above. 
Winter-buds  scaly. 

Rhododendron,  Kalmia,  Xolisma.  Arbutus 
in  Ericaceae  (pp.  720.  722,  720,  727). 
Winter-buds  naked. 

Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  below. 

Sideroxylum,  Dipholis,  Chrysophyllum  (with 
milky  juice),  in  Sapotaceae  (pp.  737.  7: 58,  745). 
Leaves  glabrous  beneath,  marked  by  minute  black  dots. 

Myrsinaceee  (p.  733). 
nn  Leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex. 

o  Leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  emarginate,  their  petioles 
slender. 

Leaves  reniform  to  broadly  ovate,  cordate ;  juice  watery. 

Cercis  in  Leguminosae  (p.  551). 
Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong,  rounded  at  base ;  juice  milky  or  viscid. 


ANALYTICAL   KEY  TO  THE   FAMILIES 

Leaves  emarginate  ;  petioles  slender,  rufous-tomentulose. 
Mimusops  in  Sapotaceae  (p.  746). 
Leaves  obtuse  at  the  apex  ;  petioles  stout,  grayish-tomen- 
tulose  or  glabrous. 

Rhiis  integrifolia  in  Anacardiaceae  (p.  609). 
oo  Leaves  cuneate  at  the  base. 

Petioles  slender,  £'  long.   Bourreria  in  Borraginaceae  (p.  784). 
Petioles  short  and  stout. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  with  thick  revolute  margins  (sometimes  oppo- 
site). Theophrastaceae  (p.  735). 
Leaves  subcoriaceous,  slightly  revolute. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate  ;  branches  spreading. 

Vaccinium  in  Ericaceae  (p.  731). 

Leaves  obovate-oblong  to  oblong -lanceolate  ;  branches  upright 
(sometimes  deciduous  in  Cyrilla).         Cyrillaceae  (p.  610). 
^Leaves  deciduous. 
++Leaves  conspicuous. 

a  Leaves  entire,  sometimes  3  or  4-lobed. 
6  Stipules  present. 

Juice  milky.  Moraceee  (p.  302). 

Juice  watery. 

Stipules  connate,  enveloping  the  young  leaves.      Magnoliaceae  (p.  315). 
Stipules  distinct. 

Branches    spinescent,   leaves    glandular,  caducous   (crenately  serrate    on 
vigorous  shoots).  Dalea  in  Leguminosae  (p.  570). 

Branches  not  spinescent ;  leaves  without  glands. 
Winter-buds  with  a  single  pair  of  connate  scales. 

Salix  in  Salicaceae  (p.  166). 

Winter-buds  with  several  pairs  of  imbricate  scales  ;  branchlets  without 
terminal  buds. 

Celtis  Mississippiensis  in  Ulmaceae  (p.  300). 
bb  Stipules  wanting. 

c  Leaves  broad,  oval  to  lanceolate. 

Branchlets  bright  green  and    lustrous  for  the  first  2  or  3  years;  leaves 
sometimes  3-lobed,  aromatic.  Sassafras  in  Lauraceae  (p.  335). 

Branchlets  brown  or  gray. 
Leaves  acute  or  acuminate. 

Leaves  10'-12'  long,  obovate-oblong,  acuminate,  glabrous,  emitting  a 
disagreeable  odor.  Asimina  in  Anonaceae  (p.  326). 

Leaves  smaller. 

Leaves  glabrous,  or  pubescent  below  at  maturity. 

Petioles  very  slender  l'-2'  long ;  leaves  elliptic,  acuminate. 

Cornus  alternifolia  in  Cornaceae  (p.  717). 
Petioles  short. 

Branchlets  without  lenticels,  light  reddish  brown. 

Elliottia  in  Ericaceae  (p.  719). 
Branchlets  with  small  lenticels. 
Branchlets  with  terminal  buds. 

Nyssa  in  Cornaceae  (p.  707). 
Branchlets  without  terminal  buds. 

Diospyros  Virginiana  in  Ebenaceae  (p.  749). 
Leaves  tomentose  below,  elliptic  to  lanceolate-oblong. 

Leitneriaceae  (p.  150). 


ANALYTICAL   KEY   TO    THE   FAMILIES  XXI 

Leaves  obtuse  or  acute. 
Branehlets  not  spinescent. 

Leaves  glabrous  at  maturity,  their  petioles  slender. 

Cotinus  in  Anacardiaceae  (p.  601). 

Leaves  pubescent  below  at  maturity  ;  their  petioles  short  and  thick. 
Diospyros  Texana  in  Ebenaceae  (p.  750). 
Branehlets  spinescent ;   leaves  often  fascicled  on  lateral  branchlets. 

Bumelia  in  Sapotaceae  (p.  740). 

cc  Leaves  linear,  fascicled  and  scattered  on  the  young  branches,  or  2-ranked  in 
Taxodium.  Larix  and  Taxodium  in  Coniferae  (pp.  34,  70). 

era  Leaves  serrate  or  pinnately  lobed. 
d  Stipules  present. 
e  Winter-buds  naked. 

Leaves  oblique  at  the  base,  the  upper  side  rounded  or  subcordate,  ob- 
ovate,  coarsely  toothed. 

Hamamelis  in  Hamamelidaceae  (p.  341). 
Leaves  equal  at  the  base,  cuneate,  finely  serrate  or  crenate. 

Rhamnus  Caroliniana  and  Rhamnus  Purshiana  in 
Rhamnaceae  (pp.  (kio.  r,04). 
ee  Winter-buds  covered  by  scales. 

Winter-buds  with  a  single  pair  of  connate  scales. 

Primary  veins  arching  and  uniting  within  the  margins;  leaves  sim- 
ply serrate  or  crenate,  sometimes  entire. 

Salix  in  Salicaceae  (p.  KJrt). 

Primary  veins  extending  to  the  teeth,   leaves  doubly  serrate,  often 
slightly  lobed.  Alnus  in  Betulaceae  (p.  208). 

fee  Winter-buds  with  several  pairs  of  imbricate  scales. 

Terminal  buds  wanting,  branchlets  prolonged  by  upper  axillary  buds. 
Leaves  distinctly  oblique  at  the  base.  Ulmaceae  (p.  287). 

Leaves  slightly  or  not  at  all  oblique  at  the  base. 

Carpinus,  Ostrya,  and  Betula  in  Betulaceae  (pp.  100, 

I'.tl.  194). 
Terminal  buds  present. 

Primary  veins  arching  and  uniting  within  the  margin  (extending  to 
the  margin  in  the  lobed  leaves  of  Mains). 

Winter-buds  resinous  ;  leaves  crenate,  usually  truncate  at  the 
base ;  petioles  slender. 

Populus  in  Salicaceae  (p.  152). 
Winter-buds  not  resinous. 

Malus,  Amelanchier,  Prunus  in  Roaaceae  (pp.  351, 

300,  509). 
Primary  veins  extending  to  the  teeth  or  to  the  lobes. 

Leaves  lobed  or  remotely  dentate  or  crenate  ;  lobes  not  serrate, 
but  occasionally  coarsely  toothed. 

Fagus,  Castanea,  Quercus  in  Fagaceae  (pp.  217, 

219,  ±20). 

Leaves  doubly  or  simply  serrate,  or  lobed,  with  serrate  lobes  ; 
branches  often  furnished  with  spines. 

Malus  and  Crataegus  in  Rosaceae  (pp.  351,  363). 
dd  Stipules  wanting. 
^Leaves  not  lobed. 

Leaves  subcoriaceous. 
Leaves  obovate,  acute. 

Gordonia  Altamaha  in  Theaceae  (p.  679). 


ANALYTICAL   KEY   TO   THE   FAMILIES 

Leaves  oblong1,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  sometimes  nearly  entire. 

Symplocaceae  (p.  752). 
Leaves  membranaceous. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  puberulous  while 
young,  turning  scarlet  in  the  autumn. 

Oxydendrum  in  Ericaceae  (p.  724). 

Leaves   ovate   to   elliptical,   stellate-pubescent   while  young,  turning 
yellow  in  the  autumn.  Styraceae  (p.  754). 

ves  palmately  lobed. 
Stipules  large,  foliaceous,  united  ;  branchlets  wHhout  terminal  buds. 

Platanaceae  (p.  343). 
Stipules  small,  free,  caducous ;  branchlets  with  terminal  buds. 

Liquidambar  in  Hamamelidaceae  (p.  339). 
****  Leaves  inconspicuous  or  wanting  ;  spiny  or  prickly  trees. 

Branches  or  stems  succulent,  armed  with  numerous  prickles. 

Cactaceae  (p.  684). 
Branches  rigid,  spinescent. 

Leaves  minute,  narrowly  obovate. 

Branchlets  bright  green.  Kceberliniaceae  (p.  681). 

Branchlets  red-brown.  Dalea  in  Leguminosae  (p.  570). 

Leaves  scale-like.  Canotia  in  Celastraceee  (p.  623). 

**Leaves  compound. 
-*•  Leaves  3-foliolate,  without  stipules. 

Leaves  persistent ;  leaflets  entire.  Hypelate  in  Sapindaceae  (p.  654). 

Leaves  deciduous,  strongly  scented  and  bitter ;  leaflets  serrate  or  entire,  acute. 

Ftelea  in  Rutaceae  (p.  587). 
-••Leaves  pinnate. 

a  Leaves  twice  pinnate ;  stipules  present. 

Branches  and  stem  armed  with  scattered  prickles ;  leaves  2°-4°  long ;  leaflets 
serrate,  2'-3'long.  Araliaceae  (p.  704). 

Branches  unarmed,  or  armed  with  axillary  or  stipular  spines ;  leaflets  entire  or 
crenate-serrate. 

Zygia,  Lysiloma,  Acacia,  Leucaena,  Gymnocladus,  Gle- 
ditsia  in  Leguminosae  (pp.  535,  538,  540,  545,  553,  555). 
aa  Leaves  equally  pinnate. 

Stipules  wanting ;  leaves  persistent ;  leaflets  entire. 

Leaflets  2-4,  generally  oblong-obovate.      Exothea  in  Sapindaceae  (p.  653). 
Leaflets  6-12. 

Leaflets  obtuse,  6-12. 

Leaflets  8-12,  2'-3'  long ;  leaves  occasionally  opposite. 

Simarubaceae  (p.  589). 

Leaflets  6-8,  !'-!£'  long.  Fagara  coriacea  in  Anacardiaceae  (p.  584). 
Leaflets  acuminate,  6-8.  Meliaceae  (p.  593). 

Stipules  present ;  leaves  deciduous  or  persistent. 

Prosopis,  Parkinsonia,  Cercidium,  Eysenhardtia,  Olneya 
in  Leguminosae  (pp.  547,  559,  562,  569,  575). 
aaa  Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 
b  Stipules  present. 

Leaflets  sharply  serrate  ;  leaves  deciduous ;  winter-buds  resinous. 

Sorbus  in  Rosaceae  (p.  356). 

Leaflets  entire  or  crenately  serrate  ;  leaves  deciduous  (persistent  in  Eysenhardtia, 
Olneya,  and  in  Sophora  secundiflord). 

Gleditsia,  Sophora,  Cladrastis,  Robinia,  Olneya, Ichthy- 
omethia  in  Leguminosae  (pp.  555,  564,  567,  571,  575,  577). 


ANALYTICAL   KEY   TO   THE   FAMILIES  XXU1 

bb  Stipules  wanting. 

c  Leaves  clustered  at  the  apex  of  simple  stout  stems,  parallel-nerved,  persistent. 

Roystonea  and  Pseudophcenix  in  Pa.lm.se  (pp.  112,  114). 
cc  Leaves  scattered  on  branched  stems. 
d  Leaves  persistent. 

Leaflets  long-stalked  (sometimes  nearly  sessile  in  Fagara  flava). 
Leaflets  ovate-oblong,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base. 

Fagara  flava  in  Rutaceae  (p.  583). 
Leaflets  broadly  ovate,  usually  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base. 

Metopium  in  Anacardiaceae  (p.  603). 
Leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
Petiole  and  rachis  winged. 
Leaflets  crenate,  obovate,  about  £'  long ;  branches  prickly. 

Fagara  Fagara  in  Rutaceae  (p.  581). 
Leaflets  entire,  oblong,  usually  acute,  3'-4'  long  ;  branches  unarmed. 

Sapindus   Saponaria  in  Sapiiidaceae  (p.  650). 
Petiole  and  rachis  not  winged;  leaflets  acuminate,  7-1 1). 

Sapindus  marginatus  in  Sapiiidaceae  (p.  651). 
dd  Leaves  deciduous. 

Leaflets  long-stalked,  entire,  acute,  3-7.  Burseraceae  (p.  591). 

Leaflets  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Branches  prickly  ;  leaflets  crenate. 

Fagara  Clava-Herculis  in  Rutaceae  (p.  582). 
Branches  unarmed. 

Juice  milky  or  viscid ;   leaflets   serrate  or  entire ;   rachis  sometimes 
winged.  Rhus  in  Anacardiaceae  (p.  604). 

Juice  watery ;  rachis  without  wings. 
Leaflets  entire,  acuminate,  7-9. 

Sapindus  Drummondi  in  Sapindaceae  (p.  652). 
Leaflets  serrate  or  crenate. 

Winter-buds  large  and  scaly  or  naked ;  leaves  aromatic. 

Juglandaceae  (p.  125). 

Winter-buds  minute,  globose,  scaly ;  leaflets  5-7,  ovate,  not  aro- 
matic. Unguadia  in  Sapindaceae  (p.  655). 


TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

(EXCLUSIVE  OF  MEXICO) 

CLASS  1.   GYMNOSPERM^E. 

OVULES  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale,  not  inclosed  in  an 
ovary  ;  resinous  trees,  with  stems  increasing  in  diameter  by  the  annual 
addition  of  a  layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark. 

I.  CONIFERJE. 

Trees,  with  narrow  or  scale-like  generally  persistent  clustered  or  alternate 
leaves  and  usually  scaly  buds.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring,  mostly  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  an  involucre  of  the  more  or  less  enlarged  scales  of  the 
buds,  unisexual,  monoecious  (dioecious  in  Jnniperus),  the  staminate  consisting 
of  numerous  2-celled  anthers,  the  pistillate  of  scales  bearing  on  their  inner 
face  2  or  several  ovules,  and  becoming  at  maturity  a  woody  cone  or  rarely  a 
berry.  Seeds  with  or  without  wings ;  seed-coat  of  2  layers  ;  embryo  axile  in 
copious  albumen  ;  cotyledons  2  or  several.  Of  the  thirty-one  genera  scattered 
over  the  surface  of  the  globe,  but  most  abundant  in  northern  temperate  regions, 
thirteen  occur  in  North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Scales  of  the  pistillate  flowers  in  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts ;  ovules  and  seeds  borne 
directly  on  the  scales. 

ABIETINE^:.    Scales  of  the   pistillate  flower  numerous,  spirally  arranged ;  ovules  2, 
inverted ;  seeds  attached  at  the  base  in  shallow  depressions  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
scales,  falling  from  them  at  maturity  and  usually  carrying  away  a  scarious  wing ; 
leaves  fascicled  or  scattered  (deciduous  in  Larix). 
Fruit  maturing  in  two  or  rarely  in  three  seasons. 
Leaves  fascicled,  needle-shaped. 

Leaves  in  axillary  l-fi-h-aved  clusters,  inclosed  at  the  base  in  a  membranaceous 
sheath  ;  cone-scales  thick  and  woody,  much  longer  than  their  bracts. 

1.  Pinus. 
Fruit  maturing  in  one  season. 

Leaves  in  many-leaved  clusters  on  short  spur-like  branchlets,  deciduous  ;  cone- 
scales  thin,  usually  shorter  than  their  bracts.  2.  Larix. 
Leaves  scattered,  linear. 

Cones  pendulous,  the  scales  persistent  on  the  axis. 

Branchlets  roughened  by  the  persistent  leaf -bases ;  leaves  deciduous  in  dry- 
ing  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  cone -scales. 

Leaves  sessile,  4-sided,  or  flattened  and  stomatiferous  above.     3.  Picea. 
Leaves  stalked,  flattened  and  stomatiferous  below,  or  angular.  4.  Tsuga. 


2  TEEES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Branchlets  not  roughened  by  leaf -bases. 

Leaves  stalked,  flattened ;    bracts  of  the  cone  2-lobed,  aristate,  longer 
than  the  scales.  5.  Pseudotsuga. 

Cones  erect,  their  scales  deciduous  from  the  axis,  longer  or  shorter  than  the 
bracts. 

Leaves  sessile,  flat  or  4-sided.  6.  Abies. 

Scales  of  the  pistillate  flowers  without  bracts ;  ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  minute 
scales  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  flower-scales,  enlarging  and  forming  the  scales  of  the 
cone. 

TAXODLE.  Scales  of  the  pistillate  flowers  numerous,  spirally  arranged,  forming  a  woody 
cone  ;  ovules  erect,  2  or  many  under  each  scale  ;  leaves  linear,  alternate,  often  of  2 
forms  (deciduous  in  Taxodium). 

Ovules  and  seeds  numerous  under  each  scale  ;  leaves  persistent.          7.  Sequoia. 
Ovules  and  seeds  2  under  each  scale  ;  leaves  mostly  spreading  in  2  ranks,  decidu- 
ous. 8.  Taxodium. 
CuPBESSiNE2E.   Scales  of  the  pistillate  flower  few,  decussate,  forming  a  small  cone,  or 
rarely  a  berry ;  ovules  2  or  many  under  each  scale  ;  leaves  decussate  or  in  3  ranks, 
often  of  2  forms,  usually  scale-like,  mostly  adnate  to  the  branch,  the  earliest  free 
and  subulate. 

Fruit  a  cone  ;  leaves  scale-like. 

Cones  oblong,  their  scales  oblong,  imbricated  or  valvate ;  seeds  2  under  each 
scale,  maturing  the  first  year. 

Scales  of  the  cone  6,  the  middle  ones  only  fertile  ;  seeds  unequally  2-winged. 

9.  Libocedrus. 

Scales  of  the  cone  8-12  ;  seeds  equally  2-winged.  10.  Thuya. 

Cones  subglobose,  the  scales  peltate  or  wedge-shaped,  maturing  in  one  or  two 
years ;  seeds  few  or  many  under  each  scale. 

Fruit  maturing  in  two  seasons  ;  seeds  many  under  each  scale. 

11.  Cupressus. 
Fruit  maturing  in  one  season ;  seeds  2  under  each  scale. 

12.  Chamaecyparis. 

Fruit  a  berry  formed  by  the  coalition  of  the  scales  of  the  flower ;  ovules  in  pairs 
or  solitary  ;  flowers  dioacious ;  leaves  decussate  or  in  3's. 

Leaves  subulate  or  scale-like,  often  of  2  forms.  13.  Juniperus. 

1.  PINUS,  Duham.   Pine. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  deeply  furrowed  and  sometimes  laminate  or  with  thin 
and  scaly  bark,  hard  or  often  soft  heartwood  often  conspicuously  marked  by  dark 
bands  of  summer  cells  impregnated  with  resin,  pale  nearly  white  sapwood,  and  large 
branch-buds  formed  during  summer.  Leaves  needle-shaped,  clustered,  the  clusters 
borne  on  rudimentary  branches  in  the  axils  of  scale-like  primary  leaves,  inclosed  in 
the  bud  by  numerous  scales  lengthening  and  forming  a  more  or  less  persistent  sheath 
at  the  base  of  each  cluster.  Staminate  flowers  clustered  at  the  base  of  leafy  growing 
shoots  of  the  year,  each  flower  surrounded  at  the  base  by  an  involucre  of  3-6  scale- 
like  bracts,  composed  of  numerous  sessile  anthers,  imbricated  in  many  ranks  and  sur- 
mounted by  crest-like  nearly  orbicular  connectives  ;  the  pistillate  subterminal  or 
lateral,  their  scales  in  the  axils  of  non-accrescent  bracts.  Fruit  a  woody  cone  matur- 
ing at  the  end  of  the  second  or  rarely  of  the  third  season,  composed  of  the  hardened 
and  woody  scales  of  the  flower  more  or  less  thickened  on  the  exposed  surface  (the 
apophysis),  with  the  ends  of  the  growth  of  the  previous  year  appearing  as  terminal 
or  dorsal  brown  protuberances  or  scars  (the  umbo).  Seeds  usually  obovate,  shorter  or 


CONIFERS  3 

longer  than  their  wings;  outer  seed-coat  crustaceous  or  thick,  hard,  and  bony,  the 
inner  membranaceoiis ;  cotyledons  3-18,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Piuus  is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  hemisphere  from  the  Arctic 
Circle  to  the  West  Indies,  the  mountains  of  Central  America,  the  Canary  Islands, 
northern  Africa,  Bermuda,  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  Sumatra.  About  eighty  species 
are  recognized.  Of  exotic  species  the  so-called  Scotch  Pine,  Pinus  sylvestris,  L.,  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  the  Swiss  Stone  Pine,  Pinus  Cembra,  L.,  and  the  Austrian  Pine  and 
other  forms  of  Pinus  Laricio,  Poir.,  from  central  and  southern  Europe,  are  often 
planted  in  the  northeastern  states,  and  Pinus  Pinaster,  Ait.,  of  the  coast  region  of 
western  France  and  the  Mediterranean  Basin  is  successfully  cultivated  in  central  and 
southern  California.  Pinus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Pine-tree. 

The  North  American  species  can  be  conveniently  grouped  in  two  sections,  Soft 
Pines  and  Pitch  Pines. 

SOFT  PINES. 

Wood  soft,  close-grained,  light-colored,  the  sapwood  thin  and  nearly  white  ;  sheaths  of  the 
leaf -clusters  deciduous ;  leaves  with  one  fibro-vascular  bundle. 
Leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters. 
Cones  long-stalked. 

Cones  bright  green  at  maturity,  becoming  light  yellow-brown,  their  scales  thin, 
with  terminal  unarmed  umbos.  WHITE  PINES. 

Seeds  shorter  than  their  wings ;  leaves  4/  long  or  less. 
Leaves  slender,  flexible. 

Cones  5'-6'  long.  1.  P.  Strobus  (A). 

Leaves  stout,  more  rigid. 

Cones  5'-ll'  long.  2.  P.  monticola  (B,  G). 

Cones  12'-18'  long.  3.  P.  Lambertiana  (G). 

Seeds  longer  than  their  wings  ;  leaves  slender,  3$'-4'  long. 

Cones  5'-9'  long,  their  scales  strongly  reflexed  at  the  apex. 

4.  P.  strobiformis  (H). 
Cones  short-stalked. 

Cones  green  or  purple  at  maturity,  becoming  yellow-brown,  their  scales  thick  with 
terminal  sometimes  pointed  umbos. 

Seeds  much  longer  than  their  wings  ;  leaves  2'  long  or  less,  stout  and  rigid. 
STONE  PINES. 

Cones  3' -10'  long,  their  scales  opening  at  maturity  and  losing  their  seeds. 

5.  P.  flexilis  (F). 
Cones  $'-3'  long,  their  scales  remaining  closed  at  maturity. 

6.  P.  albicaulis  (B,  F,  G). 

Cones  purple  at  maturity,  their  scales  thick,  the  dorsal  umbos  armed  with  slender 
prickles ;  seeds  shorter  than  their  wings  ;  leaves  in  crowded  clusters,  incurved, 
less  than  2'  long.  FOXTAIL  PINKS. 

Cones  armed  with  minute  incurved  prickles.  7.  P.  Balfouriana  (G). 

Cones  armed  with  long  slender  prickles.  8.  P.  aristata  (F,  G). 

Leaves  in  1-4-leaved  clusters. 

Cones  globose,  green  at  maturity,  becoming  light  brown,  their  scales  few,  concave, 
much  thickened,  only  the  middle  scales  seed-bearing ;  seeds  large  and  edible, 
their  wings  rudimentary  ;  leaves  2'  or  less,  often  incurved.  Xt'T  PINES. 

Leaves  stout,  usually  in  4-leaved  clusters.  9.  P.  quadrifolia  (G). 

Leaves  slender,  usually  in  3-leaved  clusters.  10.  P.  cembroides  (H). 

Leaves  stout,  in  2-leaved  clusters.  11.  P.  edulis  (F). 

Leaves  stout,  usually  in  1-leaved  clusters.  12.  P.  monophylla  (F,  G). 


TREES    OP   NORTH   AMERICA 


1.  Leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters. 

*  Cones  long-stalked,  their  scales  thin,  unarmed. 
— h  Wings  longer  than  the  seeds. 

1.  Finns  Strobus,  L.   White  Pine. 

Leaves  soft  bluish  green,  whitened  on  the  ventral  side  by  3-5  bands  of  stomata, 
3'-5'  long,  mostly  turning  yellow  and  falling  in  September  in  their  second  season, 

or  persistent  until 
the  following  June. 
Flowers:  stami- 
nate  yellow,  pistil- 
late bright  pink, 
with  purple  scale 
margins.  Fruit 
fully  grown  by  July 
1st  of  the  sec- 
ond season,  o'-ll' 
long,  opening  and 
discharging  its 
seeds  in  September ; 
seeds  narrowed  at 
the  ends,  \'  long, 
red-brown  mottled 
with  black,  about 
one  fourth  as  long 
as  their  wings. 

A     tree,     while 

young  with  slender  horizontal  or  slightly  ascending  branches  in  regular  whorls 
usually  of  5  branches;  at  maturity  often  100°,  occasionally  250°  high,  with  a  tall 
straight  stem  3°-4°  or  rarely  6°  in  diameter;  when  crowded  in  the  forest  with 
short  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  or  rising  above  its  forest  companions  with 
long  lateral  branches  sweeping  upward  in  graceful  curves,  the  upper  branches 
ascending  and  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated 
at  first  with  rusty  tomentum,  soon  glabrous,  and  orange-brown  in  their  first  winter. 
Bark  on  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  smooth,  green  tinged  with  red,  lustrous 
during  the  summer,  becoming  l'-2'  thick  on  old  trunks  and  deeply  divided  by  shal- 
low fissures  into  broad  connected  ridges  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  pur- 
plish scales.  Wood  light,  not  strong,  straight-grained,  easily  worked,  light  brown 
often  slightly  tinged  with  red  ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber,  shingles,  and 
laths,  used  in  construction,  for  cabinet-making,  the  interior  finish  of  buildings, 
woodenware,  matches,  and  the  masts  of  vessels. 

Distribution.  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  through  the  northern  states  to  Penn- 
sylvania, Illinois,  and  Iowa,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  eastern  Kentucky 
and  Tennessee  and  northern  Georgia,  forming  nearly  pure  forests  on  sandy  drift 
soils,  or  more  often  in  small  groves  scattered  in  forests  of  deciduous-leaved  trees  on 
fertile  well-drained  soil,  also  on  the  banks  of  streams,  river  flats,  or  rarely  in  swamps. 
Largely  planted  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  states,  and 
in  many  European  countries,  where  it  grows  with  vigor  and  rapidity. 


CONIFERS 


2.  Finns  monticola,  D.  Don.   White  Pine. 

Leaves  blue-green,  glaucous,  whitened  by  2-6  rows  of  ventral  and  often  by  dorsal 
stomata.    Flowers  :  staminate  yellow;  pistillate  pale  purple.    Fruit  12'-18'  long, 


shedding  its  seeds  late  in  the  summer  or  in  early  autumn;  seeds  narrowed  at  the 
ends,  $'  long,  pale  red-brown  mottled  with  black,  about  one  third  as  long  as  their  wings. 

A  tree,  often  100°  or  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  frequently  4°-5°  or 
rarely  7°-8°  in  diameter,  slender  spreading  slightly  pendulous  branches  clothing 
young,  stems  to  the  ground  and  in  old  age  forming  a  narrow  open  often  unsymmetri- 
cal  pyramidal  head,  and  stout  tough  branchlets  clothed  at  first  with  rusty  pubescence, 
dark  orange-brown  and  puberulous  in  their  first'and  dark  red-purple  and  glabrous  in 
their  second  season.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  smooth,  light  gray, 
becoming  on  old  trees  f'-l^'  thick  and  divided  into  small  nearly  square  plates  by 
deep  longitudinal  and  cross  fissures  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  purple  scales. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close, straight-grained,  light  brown  or  red;  sometimes 
manufactured  into  lumber,  used  in  construction  and  the  interior  finish  of  buildings. 

Distribution.  Scattered  through  mountain  forests  from  the  basin  of  the  Columbia 
River  in  British  Columbia  to  Vancouver  Island,  along  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  northern  Montana,  on  the  mountains  of  northern  Idaho  and 
Washington,  on  the  coast  ranges  of  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  on  the  Cascade 
and  Sierra  Nevada  ranges  southward  to  the  Kern  River  valley,  California  ;  most 
abundant  and  of  greatest  value  in  northern  Idaho  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams 
tributary  to  Lake  Pend  Oreille;  reaching  the  sea-level  on  the  southern  shores  of  the 
Straits  of  Fuca,  and  elevations  of  10,000°  on  the  California  Sierras. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  Europe,  and  occasionally  in  the  eastern 
United  States  where  it  grows  more  vigorously  than  any  other  Pine-tree  of  western 
America. 

3.  Finus  Lambertiana,  Dougl.    Sugar  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  3^ '-4'  long,  marked  on  the  two  faces  by  2-6  rows  of  stomata; 
deciduous  during  their  second  and  third  years.  Flowers  :  staminate  light  yellow, 
pistillate  pale  green.  Fruit  fully  grown  in  August  and  opening  in  October,  11/-18' 
or  rarely  21'  long;  seeds  l^'-5'  long,  dark  chestnut-brown  or  nearly  black,  and  half 


G 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


the  length  of  their  firm  dark  brown  obtuse  wings  broadest  below  the  middle  and 
£'  wide. 

A  tree,  in  early  life  with  remote  regular  whorls  of  slender  branches  often  clothing 
the  stem  to  the  ground  and  forming  an  open  narrow  pyramid ;  at  maturity  200°-220° 
high,  with  a  trunk  6°-8°  or  occasionally  12°  in  diameter,  a  flat-topped  crown  fre- 
quently 60°  or  70°  across  of  comparatively  slender  branches  sweeping  outward  and 
downward  in  graceful  curves,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  or  rufous 
pubescence,  dark  orange-brown  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  dark  purple- 
brown.  Bark  on  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  smooth,  dark  green,  becoming  on 
old  trunks  2'-3'  thick  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  long  thick  plate-like 
ridges  covered  with  large  loose  rich  purple-brown  or  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  straight-grained,  light  red-brown;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  and 


used  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  woodwork,  and  shingles.  A  sweet  sugar-like 
substance  exudes  from  wounds  made  in  the  heartwood. 

Distribution.  Mountain  slopes  and  the  sides  of  ravines  and  canons;  Oregon  from 
the  valley  of  the  Santiam  River  southward  along  the  Cascade  and  coast  ranges;  Cali- 
fornia along  the  northern  and  coast  ranges  to  Sonoma  County,  along  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  it  grows  to  its  greatest  size  at  elevations  between 
3000°  and  7000°,  on  the  mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state;  and  on  Mt.  San 
Pedro  Martir  in  Lower  California. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  Europe  and  in  the  eastern 
states,  the  Sugar  Pine  has  grown  slowly  in  cultivation  and  shows  little  promise  of 
attaining  the  large  size  and  great  beauty  which  distinguish  it  in  its  native  forests. 

-»-  -i-  Wings  shorter  than  the  seeds. 

4.  Pinus  strobiformis,  Engelm.  White  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  rigid,  pale  green,  whitened  on  the  ventral  side  by  3-4  rows  of 
stomata,  3£'^1'  long,  deciduous  during  their  third  and  fourth  years.  Fruit  5'-9'  long, 
with  scales  much  reflexed  at  the  apex;  seeds  broadly  ovate,  ty  long,  about  ^'  wide, 
dark  red-brown,  with  a  thin  shell  produced  into  a  narrow  margin,  their  wings 
rounded,  about  £'  wide. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  2°  in  diameter,  a  narrow 


CONIFERS! 


p\  ramidal  head  of  slender  often  pendulous  branches  and  slender  branchlets  at  first 
orange-brown,  becoming  pur- 
ple, often  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom  and  coated 
while  young  with  rufous  pu- 
lu-srcnce.  Bark  !'-!£'  thick 
and  irregularly  divided  by 
•  •onnected  fissures  into 
narrow  rounded  ridges  cov- 
ered by  small  loose  red-brown 
scales.  Wood  hard,  light, 
not  strong,  pale  red. 

Distribution.  Scattered 
usually  singly  or  occasionally 
in  small  clusters  on  rocky 
ridges  and  the  sides  of  ca- 
nons of  the  Santa  Catalina, 
Santa  Rita,  and  Chiracahua 
Mountains  of  southern  Arizona,  and  on  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Chihuahua. 

**Cones  short-stalked,  their  scales  thickened  •  irings  much  shorter  than  the  seeds. 

5.  Finus  flexilis,  James.  Rocky  Mountain  White  Pine. 
Leaves  stout,  rigid,  dark  green,  marked  on  all  sides  by  1-4  rows  of  stomata, 
l£'-3'  long,  deciduous  in  their  fifth  and  sixth  years.  Flowers:  staminate  reddish; 
pistillate  clustered,  bright  red-purple.  Fruit  oval  or  subcylindrical,  horizontal  or 
slightly  declining,  green  or  rarely  purple  at  maturity,  3'-10'  long,  with  narrow  and 
slightly  reflexed  scales  opening  at  maturity  ;  seeds  compressed,  \'-%  long,  dark 
red-brown  mottled  with  black,  with  a  thick  shell  produced  into  a  narrow  margin. 

their  wings  about  ^'  wide,  generally 
persistent  on  the  scale  after  the  seed 
falls. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°,  occasionally 
80°  high,  with   a    short  trunk    '-°-5° 
in     diameter,    stout     long  -  persistent 
branches     ultimately    forming    a    low 
wide    round-topped    head,    and   stout 
branchlets  orange-green  and  covered 
at  first  with  soft  fine  pubescence,  usu- 
ally soon  glabrous  and  darker  colored; 
at  high  elevations  often  a  low-spread- 
ing shrub.     Bark  of  young  stems  and 
branches  thin,  smooth,   light  gray  or 
silvery  white,  becoming  on  old  trunks 
l'-2'   thick,    dark    brown    or    nearly 
black,  and  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  broad  ridges  broken  into  nearly  square  plates 
covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales.     Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  pale 
clear  yellow,  turning  red  with  exposure  ;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 
Distribution.    Eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Alberta  to  western 


\VM 


8  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

Texas,  and  westward  on  mountain  ranges  at  elevations  of  5000°  to  12,000°  to  Montana, 
and  southeastern  California,  reaching  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  at  the 
head  of  King's  River;  usually  scattered  singly  or  in  small  groves;  forming  open 
forests  on  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana  and  on  the  ranges 
of  central  Nevada;  attaining  its  largest  size  on  those  of  northern  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

6.  Pinus  albicaulis,  Bngelm.   White  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  slightly  incurved,  dark  green,  marked  by  1-3  rows  of  dorsal 
stoinata,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  l^'-2^'  long,  persistent  for  five  to 
eight  years.  Flowers  opening  in  July,  scarlet.  Fruit  ripening  in  August,  oval  or 
subglobose,  horizontal,  sessile,  dark  purple,  l^'-3'  long,  with  scales  thickened,  acute, 
often  armed  with  stout  pointed  umbos,  remaining  closed  at  maturity;  seeds  acute, 
subcylindrical  or  flattened  on  one  side,  \'-^'  long,  \'  thick,  with  a  thick  dark  chestnut- 
brown  hard  shell  produced  into  a  narrow  border,  and  wings  about  V  broad. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-30°  or  rarely  60°  high,  generally  with  a  short  trunk  2°-4°  in 

diameter,  stout  very 
flexible  branches,  finally 
often  standing  nearly 
erect  and  forming  an 
open  very  irregular 
broad  head,  and  stout 
dark  red-brown  or  or- 
ange-colored branchlets 
pubertilous  for  two  years 
or  sometimes  glabrous; 
at  high  elevations  often 
a  low  shrub,  with  wide- 
spreading  nearly  pros- 
trate stems.  Bark  thin, 

6  except  near  the  base  of 

old  trunks  and  broken 

by  narrow  fissures  into  thin  narrow  brown  or  creamy  white  plate-like  scales. 
Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  brittle,  light  brown.  The  large  sweet  seeds  are 
gathered  and  eaten  by  Indians. 

Distribution.  Alpine  slopes  and  exposed  ridges  between  5000°  and  12,000°  eleva- 
tion, forming  the  timber-line  on  many  mountain  ranges  from  latitude  53°  north  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  from  the  valley  of  the  Iltasyouco  River  southward  through 
British  Columbia,  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Yellowstone  plateau,  and  on 
the  mountains  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  the  Cascade  Range,  on  Mt. 
Shasta  and  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  of  southern 
California. 

* Cones  short-stalked,  subcylindrical,  dark  purple,  their  scales  armed  with  slender 
prickles  •  wings  longer  than  the  seeds  ;  leaves  in  crowded  clusters. 

7.  Pinus  Balfouriana,  A.  Murr.   Foxtail  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  back,  pale  and  marked  on  the 
ventral  faces  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata,  l'-l£'  long,  persistent  for  ten  or  twelve 
years.  Flowers:  staminate  dark  orange-red  ;  pistillate  dark  purple.  Fruit  3£'-5' 


CONIFERS; 


long,  with  scales  armed  with  minute  incurved  prickles,  dark  purple,  turning  after  open- 
ing dark  red  or  mahogany  color;  seeds  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  compressed  at 
the  base,  pale,  conspicuously  mottled  with  dark  purple,  \'  long,  their  wings  nar- 
rowed and  oblique  at  the  apex, 
about  1-  long  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  or 
rarely  90°  high,  with  a  trunk 
generally  l°-2°  or  rarely  5°  in 
diameter,  short  stout  branches 
forming  an  open  irregular 
pyramidal  picturesque  head, 
and  long  rigid  more  or  less 
spreading  puberulous,  soon 
glabrous,  dark  orange-brown 
ultimately  dark  gray-brown  or 
nearly  black  branchlets,  clothed 
only  at  the  extremities  with 
the  long  dense  brush  -  like 
masses  of  foliage.  Bark  thin, 
smooth,  and  milky  white  on  the  stems  and  branches  of  young  trees,  becoming  on  old 
trees  sometimes  f  thick,  dark  red-brown,  deeply  divided  into  broad  Hat  ridges, 
broken  into  nearly  square  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales.  "Wood  light,  soft  and  brittle,  pale  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.  California,  on  rocky  slopes  and  ridges,  forming  scattered  groves  on 
Scott  Mountain,  Siskiyou  County,  at  elevations  of  r>000°-(30000,  on  the  mountains  at 
the  head  of  the  Sacramento  River,  on  Mt.  Yolo  Bally  in  the  northern  Coast  Range, 
and  on  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  elevations  of  11,500°,  growing  here  to  its 
largest  size,  and  here»at  the  highest  elevations  often  a  low  shrub,  with  wide-spread- 
ing prostrate  stems. 

8.  Finns  aristata,  Engelm.   Foxtail  Fine.    Hickory  Pine. 

Leaves  stout  or  slender,  dark  green,  lustrous  on  the  baek,  marked  by  numerous 

rows  of  stomata  on  the  ventral  faces, 
!'-!£'  long,  often  deciduous  at  the  end 
of  ten  or  twelve  years  or  persistent 
four  or  five  years  longer.  Flowers  : 
staininate  dark  orange-red,  pistillate 
dark  purple.  Fruit  3'-3^'  long,  with 
scales  armed  with  slender  incurved 
brittle  prickles  nearly  \'  long,  dark 
purple-brown  on  the  exposed  parts,  the 
remainder  dull  red,  opening  and  scat- 
tering their  seeds  about  the  1st  of  Octo- 
ber ;  seeds  nearly  oval,  compressed, 
light  brown  mottled  with  black,  j'  long, 
their  wings  broadest  at  the  middle, 
about  \'  long  and  ^-'  wide. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  40°-50° 
high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  short  stout  branches  i«  regular  whorls 


10  TKEES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

while  young,  in  old  age  growing  very  irregularly,  the  upper  erect  and  much  longer 
than  the  usually  pendulous  lower  branches,  and  stout  light  orange-colored,  glabrous, 
or  at  first  puberulous,  ultimately  dark  gray-brown  or  nearly  black  branchlets 
clothed  at  the  ends  with  long  compact  brush-like  tufts  of  foliage.  Bark  thin,  smooth, 
milky  white  on  the  stems  and  branches  of  young  trees,  becoming  on  old  trees  ^'-f ' 
thick,  red-brown,  and  irregularly  divided  into  flat  connected  ridges  separating  on 
the  surface  into  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  light 
red;  occasionally  used  for  the  timbers  of  mines  and  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Rocky  or  gravelly  slopes  at  the  upper  limit  of  tree  growth  from 
the  outer  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  to  those  of  southern  Utah,  cen- 
tral and  southern  Nevada,  southeastern  California,  and  the  San  Francisco  peaks  of 
northern  Arizona. 

2.   Leaves  in  1-^-leaved  clusters ;  cones  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  globose,  with 
few  much-thickened  scales  •  seeds  large  and  edible,  with  rudimentary  wings. 

9.  Pinus  quadrifolia,  Sudw.    Nut  Pine.    Fifion. 

Leaves  in  1-5  usually  4-leaved  clusters,  stout,  incurved,  pale  glaucous  green, 
marked  on  the  three  surfaces  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata,  l^'-l^'  long,  irregularly 

deciduous,  mostly  falling  in  their 
third  year.  Flowers:  staminate 
in  elongated  spikes,  the  bracts  of 
their  involucres  large  and  conspic- 
uous; pistillate  nearly  sessile. 
Fruit  subglobose,  l£'-2'  broad; 
seeds  narrowed  and  compressed 
at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base, 
I'  long,  dark  red-brown  and  mot- 
tled, their  wings  •£-'  wide. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a 
short  trunk  occasionally  18'  in 
diameter,  and  thick  spreading 
branches  forming  a  compact  regu- 

'    '^    7  lar  pyramidal  or  in  old  age  a  low 

round-topped  irregular  head,  and 

stout  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  soft  pubescence  and  light  orange-brown.  Bark 
i'-f  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad 
flat  connected  ridges  covered  by  thick  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  close-grained,  pale  brown  or  yellow.  The  seeds  form  an  important  article 
of  food  for  the  Indians  of  Lower  California. 

Distribution.  Arid  mesas  and  low  mountain  slopes  of  Lower  California  south- 
ward to  the  foothills  of  Mt.  San  Pedro  Martir,  extending  northward  across  the  bound- 
ary of  California  to  the  desert  slopes  of  the  Santa  Rosa  Mountains,  Riverside 
County,  where  it  is  common  at  elevations  of  5000°  above  the  sea-level. 

10.  Finus  cembroides,  Zucc.    Nut  Fine.    Pifion. 

Leaves  in  2  or  3-leaved  clusters,  slender,  much  incurved,  dark  green,  marked  by 
rows  of  stomata  on  the  3  faces,  1/-2'  long,  deciduous  irregularly  during  their  third  and 
fourth  years.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  short  crowded  clusters,  yellow  ;  pistillate 


CONIFERS 


11 


IO 


dark  red.  Fruit  subgtobose,  l'-2'  broad  ;  seeds  subcylindrical  or  obscurely  tri- 
angular, more  or  less  compressed  at  the  pointed  apex,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base, 
nearly  black  on  the  lower  side  and  dark  chestnut-brown  on  the  upper,  £'~f'  long, 
their  wings  light  chestnut-brown,  about  ^'  wide. 

A  bushy  tree,  with  a  short  trunk 
rarely  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter 
and  a  broad  round-topped  head,  usually 
15°-20°  high,  stout  spreading  branches, 
and  slender  dark  orange  -  colored 
branchlets  covered  at  first  with  matted 
pale  deciduous  hairs,  dark  brown  and 
sometimes  nearly  black  at  the  end  of 
five  or  six  years;  in  sheltered  canons 
on  the  mountains  of  Arizona  and  in 
Lower  California  occasionally  50q  or 
00°  tall.  Bark  about  %  thick,  irregu- 
larly divided  by  remote  shallow  fis- 
sures and  separated  on  the  surface  into 

numerous  large  thin  light  red-brown  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  pale 
clear  yellow.  The  large  oily  seeds  are  an  important  article  of  food  in  northern 
Mexico,  and  are  sold  in  large  quantities  in  Mexican  towns. 

Distribution.  Mountain  ranges  of  central  and  southern  Arizona,  usually  only 
above  elevations  of  6500°,  often  covering  their  upper  slopes  with  open  forests; 
Lower  California,  and  over  many  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern  Mexico. 

11.  Pinus  edulis,  Engelm.    Nut  Pine.  Pifion. 

Leaves  in  2  or  rarely  in  3-leaved  clusters,  stout,  semiterete  or  triangular,  rigid, 
incurved,  dark  green,  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata,  £'-!£'  long,  deciduous 
during  the  third  or  not  until  the  fourth  or  fifth  year,  dropping  irregularly  and  some- 
times persistent  for  eight  or  nine  years.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  elongated'  clusters, 
dark  red;  pistillate  short-stalked.  Fruit  subcylindrical,  f'-H'  long  and  almost 
as  broad;  seeds  ovate,  acute,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  dark  red-brown  on  the 

lower  and  light  orange-yellow  on  the  upper 
side,  £'  long,  with  a  thin  brittle  shell,  their 
wings  light  reddish  brown  and  about  \'  wide. 
A  tree,  rarely  30°-40°  high,  with  a 
short  often  divided  trunk  occasionally  2£° 
in  diameter,  stout  branches  forming  at  first 
a  broad  compact  pyramid,  and  in  old  age  a 
dense  low  round-topped  head,  and  stout 
branchlets  orange  color  during  their  first 
and  second  years,  finally  becoming  light  gray 
or  dark  brown  sometimes  tinged  with  red. 
Bark  £'-$ '  thick  and  irregularly  divided  into 
connected  ridges  covered  by  small  closely 
appressed  light  brown  scales  tinged  with 

red  or  orange  color.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  pale  brown;  largely 
used  for  fuel  and  fencing,  and  as  charcoal  used  in  smelting;  in  western  Texas 
occasionally  sawed  into  lumber.  The  seeds  form  an  important  article  of  food 


12 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


among  Indians  and  Mexicans,  and  are  sold  in  the  markets  of  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico. 

Distribution.  Eastern  foothills  of  the  outer  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  from 
Colorado  to  western  Texas,  westward  to  the  eastern  borders  of  Utah,  southwestern 
Wyoming,  northern  and  central  Arizona,  and  over  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico; 
often  forming  extensive  open  forests  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
on  the  Colorado  plateau,  and  on  many  mountain  ranges  of  northern  and  central  Ari- 
zona up  to  elevations  of  7000°  above  the  sea. 

12.  Pinus  monophylla,  Torr.   Nut  Pine.    Pifion. 

Leaves  in  1  or  2-leaved  clusters,  rigid,  incurved,  pale  glaucous  green,  marked 
by  18-20  rows  of  stomata,  usually  about  1^'  long,  sometimes  deciduous  during 

their  fourth  and  fifth  seasons,  but 
frequently  persistent  until  their 
twelfth  year.  Flowers:  staminate 
dark  red  ;  pistillate  short-stalked. 
Fruit  short-oblong,  1^-2^'  long; 
seeds  oblong,  full  and  rounded  at 
the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  dark 
red-brown  and  rounded  on  the  lower 
side,  slightly  compressed  and  pale 
yellow-brown  on  the  upper  side, 
about  I'  long  and  ^'  broad,  with  a 
thin  brittle  shell,  their  wings  light 
brown,  ^'  to  £'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  15°-20°,  occa- 
sionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  short 
trunk  rarely  more  than  a  foot  in 
diameter  and  often  divided  near  the  ground  into  several  spreading  stems,  short  thick 
branches  forming  while  the  tree  is  young  a  broad  rather  compact  pyramid,  and  in 
old  age  often  pendulous  and  forming  a  low  round-topped  often  picturesque  head, 
and  stout  light  orange-colored  ultimately  dark  brown  branchlets.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
about  f  thick  and  divided  by  deep  irregular  fissures  into  narrow  connected  flat 
ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed  light  or  dark  brown  scales 
tinged  with  red  or  orange  color.  Wood  light,  soft,  weak,  and  brittle;  largely  used 
for  fuel,  and  charcoal  used  in  smelting.  The  seeds  supply  an  important  article  of 
food  to  the  Indians  of  Nevada  and  California. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  slopes  and  mesas  from  the  western  base  of  the  Wasatch 
Mountains  of  Utah,  westward  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  Nevada  to  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada,  and  to  their  western  slope  at  the  head-waters 
of  King's  River,  and  southward  to  northern  Arizona  and  to  the  mountains  of  southern 
and  Lower  California;  often  forming  extensive  open  forests  at  elevations  between 
5000°  and  7000°. 


p 

'    l(5    12 


PITCH  PINES. 

Wood  usually  heavy,  coarse-grained,  generally  dark-colored,  with  pale  often  thick  sap- 
wood  ;  cones  green  at  maturity  (sometimes  purple  in  15  and  ,?7)  becoming  various  shades 
of  brown  ;  cone-scales  more  or  less  thickened,  mostly  armed  ;  seeds  shorter  th?^n  their 
wing-s  (fxcqrt  in  23  and  34}  ;  leaves  with  2  fibro-vascular  bundles. 


CONIFERS  13 

Sheaths  of  the  leaf-clusters  deciduous. 

Cones  V-2'  long,  maturing  in  the  third  year,  leaves  in  3-leaved  clusters,  slender, 
long.  13.  P.  Chihuahuana  (H). 

Sheaths  of  the  leaf -clusters  persistent. 

Leaves  in  3-leaved  clusters  (•-'  and  ..'-leaved  in  15,  17,  and  21,  5-leaved  in  14)- 
Cones  subterminal. 

CotlM  2*-2f  long;  leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters.  14.  P.  Arizonica   (H). 

Cones  usually  deciduous  above  the  basal  scales  persistent  on  the  branch. 

IJuds  brown ;  leaves  in  2  and  3-leaved  clusters.   15.  P.  poilderosa  (B,  F,  G,  H). 
Im.is  white.  !<>•  P.  paluatris  (C). 

Cones  lateral. 

( \ini-s  symmetrical,  their  outer  scales  not  excessively  developed. 

Young  cones  reflexed;  leaves  in  2  and  3-leaved  clusters,  8'-12'  long. 

17.  P.  Caribaea  (C). 

( 'ones  oblong,  prickles  stout ;  leaves  G'-9'  long.  is.  P.  Taeda  ( A 

Cones  ovate,  prickles  slender. 

Leaves  3'-5'  long.  !'.».  P.  rigida  (A). 

Leaves  ii'-8'  long.  20.  P.  serotina  (C). 

<  'ones  unsymmetrical  by  the  excessive  development  of  the  scales  on  the  outer  side. 

Prickles  of  the  cone-scales  minute.  21 .  P.  radiata  (G). 

Prickles  of  the  cone-sc-ales  stout.  22.  P.  atteiiuata  (G). 

( 'ones  G'-14'  long,  their  scales  prolonged  into  stout  straight  or  curved  spines  ; 

leaves  long  and  stout. 

Cones  broad-ovate  ;  seeds  longer  than  their  wings.         23.  P.  Sabiniaiia 
« ',.ues  oblong-conical  24.  P.  Coulter!  (G) 

Leaves  iii  2-h-aved  clusters  (.'  and  3-leaved  in  29). 
Cones  subterminal. 

Cones  symmetrical.  2'-21, '  long,  their  scales  unarmed  ;  leaves  5'-(i  long,  flexible. 

•_'.">.  P.  resinosa  (A). 

Cones  unsymmetrical  by  the  greater  development  of  the  scales  on  the  outer 
side,  armed  with  slender  prickles;   leaves  l'-4'  long. 

26.  P.  contorta  (B,  F,  G). 

Cones  lateral. 

Cones    about   2'  long,  mostly  unarmed  and    incurved,   their  scales  very  unevenly 
developed ;  leaves  less  than  2'  long.  27.  P.  divaricata  (A). 

Cones  about  2'  long,  their  scales  evenly  developed,  armed  with  weak  or  decidu- 
ous prickles;  leaves  4    long  or  less. 

IJark  of  the  branches  and  upper  trunk  smooth.  2S.   P.  glabra  (C). 

Hark  of  the  branches  and  upper  trunk  nm-hened.   2J>.  P.  echinata  (A,  C). 
Cones  about  3'  long,  armed  with  persistent  spines. 

Cone-scales  evenly  developed,  their    prickles   slender,   acuminate,  from   a  broad 
base  ;  leaves  soft,  .'!'  long  or  less. 

Conea  opening  at  maturity.  30.  P.  Virginiana  i 

Cones  often  remaining  closed  for  many  years.  31.   P.  clausa  (C). 

Outer  cone-scales  excessively  developed  and  armed  with  stout  prickles. 

Cones  2'-3i'  long,  remaining  close, 1 :  leaves  I'-d'  long.  32.  P.  muricata  (G). 
Cone-scales  armed  with  very  stout  hooked  spines. 

Cones  2|'-3'  long ;  leaves  2'  long  or  Lew,  3.",.  P.  pungeiis  (A). 

Leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters. 

Cones  4  -('»'  long,  unsymmetrical,  their  scales  thick  ;  seeds  shorter  than  their  wings  : 
leaves  stout,  9'-13'  long.  34.   P.  Torreyana  (G). 


14  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

1.  Sheaths  of  the  leaf-clusters  deciduous  •  leaves  in  3-leaved  clusters. 

13.  Pinus  Chihuahuana,  Engelni.    Yellow  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  pale  glaucous  green,  marked  by  6-8  rows  of  conspicuous  stomata 
on  each  of  the  3  sides,  2|'-4'  long,  irregularly  deciduous  from  their  fourth  season, 
their  sheaths  deciduous.  Flowers  :  staminate  yellow;  pistillate  yellow-green.  Fruit 

ovate,  horizontal  or  slightly 
declining,  long-stalked,  l£'-2' 
long,  becoming  light  chestnut- 
brown  and  lustrous,  maturing 
at  the  end  of  the  third  season, 
with  scales  only  slightly  thick- 
ened, their  ultimately  pale  um- 
bos  armed  with  recurved  de- 
ciduous prickles  ;  seeds  oval, 
rounded  above  and  pointed  be- 
low, about  ^'  long,  with  a  thin 
dark  brown  shell,  their  wings 
\'  long  and  broadest  near  the 
middle. 

A    tree,   rarely    more    than 
40°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk 

sometimes  2°  in  diameter,  stout  slightly  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  open 
pyramidal  or  round-topped  head  of  thin  pale  foliage,  and  slender  bright  orange- 
brown  branchlets,  soon  becoming  dull  red-brown.  Bark  of  old  trunks  f'-l^'  thick, 
dark  reddish  brown  or  sometimes  nearly  black,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat 
ridges  covered  with  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong  but 
durable,  light  orange  color,  with  thick  much  lighter  colored  sap  wood  ;  occasionally 
used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Mountain  ranges  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  usually  at 
elevations  between  6000°  and  7000°  ;  not  common  ;  more  abundant  on  the  Sierra 
Madre  of  northern  Mexico  and  on  several  of  the  short  ranges  of  Chihuahua  and 
Sonora,  and  of  a  larger  size  in  Mexico  than  in  the  United  States. 

2.  Sheaths  of  the  leaf-clusters  persistent. 

*  Leaves  in  3-leaved  clusters  (3  and  2-leaved  in  15,  17,  and  21,  5-leaved  in  llf). 
-t- Cones  subterminal. 

14.  Pinus  Arizonica,  Engelni.    Yellow  Pine. 

Leaves  tufted  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  in  5-leaved  clusters,  stout,  rigid,  dark 
green,  stomatiferous  on  their  3  faces,  5'-7'  long,  deciduous  during  their  third  season. 
Flowers  dark  purple:  staminate  in  short  spikes;  pistillate  on  stout  peduncles,  usually 
in  pairs.  Fruit  oval,  horizontal,  2'-2£'  long,  becoming  light  red-brown,  with  thin 
scales  much  thickened  at  the  apex  and  armed  with  slender  recurved  spines  ;  seeds 
full  and  rounded  below,  slightly  compressed  towards  the  apex,  £'  long,  with  a  thick 
shell,  their  wings  broadest  above  the  middle,  about  £'  long  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  massive  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  thick 
spreading  branches  forming  a  regular  open  round-topped  or  narrow  pyramidal  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  orange-brown  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dark  gray- 


CONIFERS: 


15 


brown.  Bark  011  young  trunks  dark  brown  or  almost  black  and  deeply  furrowed, 
becoming  on  old  trees  l^'-2'  thick  and  divided  into  large  unequally  shaped  plates 
separating  on  the 
surface  into  thin 
closely  appressed 
light  cinnamon-red 
scales.  Wood  light, 
soft,  not  strong, 
rather  brittle,  light 
red  or  often  yellow, 
with  thick  lighter 
yellow  or  white  sap- 
wood  ;  in  Arizona 
occasionally  manu- 
factured into  coarse 
lumber. 

Distribution. 
High  cool  slopes  on 
the  sides  of  canons  of 

the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Arizona  at  elevations  between  G000°  and  8000°, 
sometimes  forming  nearly  pure  forests  ;  more  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on 
the  mountains  of  Sonora  and  Chihuahua. 

15.  Finus  ponderosa,  Laws.   Yellow  Pine.    Bull  Pine. 

Leaves  tufted  at  the  ends  of  naked  branches,  in  2-  or  iti  2  and  3-leaved  clus- 
ters, stout,  dark  yellow-green,  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata  on  the  3  faces, 
o'-ll'  long,  mostly  deciduous  during  their  third  season.  Flowers  :  staminate  yel- 
low; pistillate  clustered  or  in  pairs,  dark  red.  Fruit  oval,  horizontal  or  slightly 
declining,  nearly  sessile  or  short-stalked,  3'-G'  long,  often  clustered,  bright  green  or 
purple  when  fully  grown,  becoming  light  reddish  brown,  with  narrow  scales  much 

thickened  at  the  apex  and 
armed  with  slender  prickles, 
mostly  falling  soon  after 
they  open  and  discharge 
their  seeds,  generally  leav- 
ing the  lower  scales  attached 
to  the  peduncle  ;  seeds 
ovate,  acute,  compressed  at 
the  apex,  full  and  rounded 
below,  ^'  long,  with  a  thin 
dark  purple  often  mottled 
shell,  their  wings  usually 
broadest  below  the  middle, 
gradually  narrowed  at  the 
>blique  apex,  I'-IJ-'  long, 
about  1'  wide. 

A  tree,  sometimes  150°- 

230°  high,  with  a  massive  stem  5°-8°  in  diameter,  short  thick  many-forked  often 
pendulous  branches  generally  turned  upward  at  the  ends  and  forming  a  regular 


16  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

spire-like  head,  or  in  arid  regions  a  broader  often  round-topped  head  surmounting 
a  short  trunk,  and  stout  orange-colored  branchlets  frequently  becoming  nearly 
black  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  years.  Bark  for  80-100  years  broken  into 
rounded  ridges  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  scales,  dark  brown,  nearly 
black  or  light  cinnamon-red,  on  older  trees  becoming  2'-4'  thick  and  deeply  and 
irregularly  divided  into  plates  sometimes  4°-5°  long  and  12'-18'  wide,  and  sepa- 
rating into  thick  bright  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  hard,  strong,  comparatively 
tine-grained,  light  red,  with  nearly  white  sapwood  sometimes  composed  of  more 
than  200  layers  of  annual  growth  ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  used  for  all 
sorts  of  construction,  for  railway-ties,  fencing,  and  fuel. 

Distribution.  Mountain  slopes,  dry  valleys,  and  high  mesas  from  northwestern 
Nebraska  and  western  Texas  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  from  southern 
British  Columbia  to  Lower  California  and  northern  Mexico  ;  extremely  variable  in 
different  parts  of  the  country  in  size,  in  the  length  and  thickness  of  the  leaves,  size  of 
the  cones,  and  color  of  the  bark.  The  form  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (var.  scopulorum, 
Engelm.),  ranging  from  Nebraska  to  Texas  and  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  Wy- 
oming, eastern  Montana,  and  Colorado,  and  to  northern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
where  it  forms  on  the  Colorado  plateau  the  most  extensive  Pine  forests  of  the  conti- 
nent, has  nearly  black  furrowed  or  bright  cinnamon-red  bark,  rigid  leaves  in  clusters 
of  2  or  3  and  3'-6'  long,  and  smaller  cones,  with  thin  scales  armed  with  slender 
prickles  hooked  backward.  More  distinct  is 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  Jeffreyi,  Vasey. 

This  tree  forms  great  forests  about  the  sources  of  the  Pitt  River  in  northern 
California,  along  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  central  and  southern  Sierra  Nevada, 


growing  often  on  the  most  exposed  and  driest  ridges,  and  in  southern  California  on 
the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  ranges  up  to  elevations  of  8000°  above  the  sea, 
on  the  Cuyamaca  Mountains,  and  in  Lower  California  on  Mt.  San  Pedro  Martir. 

•A  tree,  100°  to  nearly  200°  high,  with  a  tall  massive  trunk  4°-6°  in  diameter, 
covered  with  bright  cinnamon-red  bark  deeply  divided  into  large  irregular  plates, 
atiffer  and  more  elastic  leaves  4'-9'  long  and  persistent  on  the  glaucous  stouter 
branchlets  for  six  to  nine  years,  yellow-green  staminate  flowers,  short-stalked  usually 


CONIFERS  IT 

purple  cones  5'-15'  long,  their  scales  armed  with  stout  or  slender  prickles  usually 
hooked  backward,  aud  seeds  often  nearly  £'  long  and  larger  wings. 

Occasionally    planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  eastern   Europe,   especially    the 
variety  Je/reyi,  which  is  occasionally  successfully  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states. 

16.   Firms  palustris,  Mill.   Long-leaved  Pine.    Southern  Pine. 
Leaves  in  crowded  clusters,  forming  dense  tufts  at  the   ends  of  the  branches, 
slender,  flexible,  pendulous,  dark  green,  8'-18'   long,  deciduous  at  the  end  of  their 


second  year.  Flowers  in  very  early  spring  before  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves, 
staminate  in  short  dense  clusters,  dark  rose-purple;  pistillate  just  below  the  apex 
of  the  lengthening  shoot  in  pairs  or  in  clusters  of  3  or  4,  dark  purple.  Fruit 
cylindrical  or  conical-oblong,  slightly  curved,  nearly  sessile,  horizontal  or  pendant, 
6'-10'  long,  with  thin  flat  scales  rounded  at  the  apex  aud  armed  with  small  retlexed 
prickles,  becoming  dull  brown  ;  in  falling  leaving  a  few  of  the  basal  scales  attached 
to  the  stems;  seeds  almost  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  prominently 
ridged,  about  \'  long,  with  a  thin  pale  shell  marked  with  dark  blotches  on  the  upper 
side,  and  wings  widest  near  the  middle,  gradually'  narrowed  to  a  very  oblique  apex, 
about  If  long  and  ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  100°-120°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  slightly  tapering  trunk  usually  2°-2£° 
or  occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  stout  slightly  branched  gnarled  and  twisted  limbs 
covered  with  thin  dark  scaly  bark  and  forming  an  open  elongated  and  usually  very 
irregular  head  one  third  to  one  half  the  length  of  the  tree,  thick  orange-brown 
brauchlets,  and  acute  winter-buds  covered  by  elongated  silvery  white  lustrous  scales 
divided  into  long  spreading  filaments  forming  a  cobweb-like  network  over  the  bud. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'-^'  thick,  light  orange-brown,  separating  on  the  surface  into 
large  closely  appressed  papery  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  bard,  strong, 
tough,  coarse-grained,  durable,  light  red  to  orange  color,  with  very  thin  nearly 
white  sapwood  ;  largely  used  as  "southern  pine"  or  "pitch  pine"  for  masts  and 
-pars,  bridges,  viaducts,  railway-ties,  fencing,  flooring,  the  interior  finish  of  buildings, 
the  construction  of  railwav-cars,  and  for  fuel  and  charcoal.  A  large  part  of  tin* 
naval  stores  of  the  world  is  produced  from  this  tree,  which  is  exceedingly  rich  in 
resinous  secretions. 


18  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Distribution.  Generally  confined  to  a  belt  of  late  tertiary  sands  and  gravels 
stretching  along  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  and  rarely  more  than  125 
miles  wide,  from  southeastern  Virginia  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  the  shores  of  Tampa 
Bay,  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  uplands  east  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
extending  northward  in  Alabama  to  the  southern  foothills  of  the  Appalachian  Moun- 
tains; west  of  the  Mississippi  River  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  and  through 
eastern  Texas  and  western  Louisiana  nearly  to  the  northern  borders  of  this  state. 

-^-t-Cones  lateral. 

17.  Pinua  Caribsea,  Morelet.    Slash  Pine.    Swamp  Pine. 

(Pinus  heterophylla,  Silva  N.  Am.  xi.  157.) 

Leaves  stout,  in  crowded  2  and  3-leaved  clusters,  dark  green  and  lustrous, 
marked  by  numerous  bands  of  stomata  on  each  face,  8'-12'  long,  deciduous  at  the 
end  of  their  second  season.  Flowers  in  January  and  February  before  the  appear- 
ance of  the  new  leaves,  staminate  in  short  crowded  clusters,  dark  purple;  pistillate 
on  long  peduncles,  pink.  Fruit  ovate  or  elongated,  reflexed  during  its  first  year, 
conical,  pendant,  3'-6'  long,  with  thin  flexible  flat  scales  armed  with  minute  incurved 
or  recurved  prickles,  becoming  dark  rich  lustrous  brown ;  seeds  almost  triangular, 


full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  l^'-l^'  long,  with  a  thin  brittle  dark  gray  shell  mottled 
with  black,  and  dark  brown  wings  |'-1'  long  and  \'  wide,  their  thickened  bases  en- 
circling the  seeds  and  often  covering  a  large  part  of  their  lower  surface. 

A  tree,  often  100°  high,  with  a  tall  tapering  trunk  2^°-3°  in  diameter,  heavy  hori- 
zontal branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  head,  and  stout  orange-colored 
ultimately  dark  branchlets.  Bark  f'-£'  thick,  and  irregularly  divided  by  shallow 
fissures  into  thin  dark  red-brown  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong, 
durable,  coarse-grained,  rich  dark  orange  color,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  ; 
manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  construction  and  railway-ties.  Naval  stores 
are  largely  produced  from  this  tree. 

Distribution.  Coast  region  of  South  Carolina  southward  over  the  coast  plain  to 
the  keys  of  southern  Florida  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  River, 
Louisiana;  common  on  the  Bahamas,  on  the  Isle  of  Pines,  and  on  the  highlands  of 


CONIFERS  19 

Central  America;  in  the  coast  region  of  the  southern  states  gradually  replacing  the 
Long-leaved  Pine,  Pinu*  pdluxtritt,  Mill. 

18.   Pinus  Tseda,  L.   Loblolly  Pine.    Old  Field  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  stiff,  slightly  twisted,  pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous,  6'-9' 
long,  marked  by  10-12  rows  of  large  stomata  on  each  face,  deciduous  during  their 
third  year.  Flow- 
ers opening  from 
the  middle  of  March 
to  the  first  of  May; 
staminate  crowded 
iu  short  spikes,  yel- 
low; pistillate  lateral 
below  the  apex  of  the 
growing  shoot,  soli- 
tary or  clustered, 
short -stalked,  yel- 
low. Fruit  ovate- 
oblong  to  broadly 
conical,  nearly  ses- 
sile, 3'-o'  l°ngi  he- 
coming  light  reddish 
brown,  with  thin 

scales  rounded  at  the  apex  and  armed  with  short  stout  straight  or  reflexed  prickles, 
opening  irregularly  and  discharging  their  seeds  during  the  autumn  and  winter,  and 
usually  persistent  on  the  branches  for  another  year;  seeds  rhomboidal,  full  and 
rounded,  \'  long,  with  a  thin  dark  brown  rough  shell  blotched  with  black,  and  pro- 
duced into  broad  thin  lateral  margins,  encircled  to  the  base  by  the  narrow  border  of 
their  thin  pale  brown  lustrous  wings  broadest  above  the  middle,  1'  long  and  about 
\'  wide. 

A  tree,  generally  80°-100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  usually  about  2°  but  occa- 
sionally 5°  in  diameter,  short  thick  much  divided  branches,  the  lower  spreading,  the 
upper  ascending  and  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head,  and  comparatively  slender 
glabrous  branches  brown  tinged  with  yellow  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  dur- 
ing their  first  season  and  gradually  growing  darker  in  their  second  vear.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  |'-1£'  thick,  bright  red-brown,  and  irregularly  divided  by  shallow  fissures 
into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  with  large  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  weak, 
brittle,  coarse-grained,  not  durable,  light  brown,  with  orange-colored  or  often  nearly 
white  sapwood,  often  composing  nearly  half  the  trunk;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber,  used  for  construction  and  the  interior  finish  of  buildings. 

Distribution.  Cape  May,  New  Jersey,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Cape  Malabar 
and  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  westward  to  middle  North  Carolina  and  through 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia  and  the  eastern  Gulf  states  to  the  Mississippi  River,  ex- 
tending into  southern  Tennessee;  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  from  southern  Arkan- 
sas and  the  southwestern  part  of  the  Indian  Territory  through  western  Louisiana  to 
the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  through  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the 
Colorado  River;  on  the  Atlantic  coast  often  springing  up  on  lands  exhausted  by 
agriculture;  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  one  of  the  most  important  timber-trees, 
frequently  growing  in  great  nearly  pure  forests  on  rolling  uplands. 


20  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

19.  Fiuus  rigida,  Mill.    Pitch  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  dark  yellow-green,  marked  on  the  3  faces  by  many  rows  of 
stomata,  3'-5'  long,  standing  stiffly  and  at  right  angles  with  the  branches,  decidu- 
ous during  their  second  year. 
Flowers  :  staminate  in  short 
crowded  spikes,  yellow  or 
rarely  purple  ;  pistillate  often 
clustered  and  raised  on  short 
stout  stems,  light  green  more 
or  less  tinged  with  rose  color. 
Fruit  ovate-conical  or  ovate, 
nearly  sessile,  often  clustered, 
l'-3|'  long,  becoming  light 
brown,  with  thin  flat  scales 
armed  with  recurved  rigid 
prickles,  often  remaining  on 
the  branches  for  ten  or  twelve 

2.O  '^^^^^^  years  ;  seeds  nearly  triangular, 

full  and  rounded  on  the  sides, 
^'  long,  with  a  thin  dark  brown 

mottled  roughened  shell  and  wings  broadest  below  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed 
to  the  very  oblique  apex,  |'  long,  ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  or  rarely  80°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionall}'  3°  in  diameter, 
thick  contorted  often  pendulous  branches  covered  with  thick  much  roughened  bark, 
forming  a  round-topped  thick  head,  often  irregular  and  picturesque,  and  stout 
bright  green  branchlets  becoming  dull  orange  color  during  their  first  winter  and 
dark  gray-brown  at  the  end  of  four  or  five  years;  often  fruitful  when  only  a  few  feet 
high.  Bark  of  young  stems  thin  and  broken  into  plate-like  dark  red-brown  scales, 
becoming  on  old  trunks  f'-l^'  thick,  deeply  and  irregularly  fissured  and  divided 
into  broad  flat  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thick  dark  red-brown 
scales  often  tinged  with  purple.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse- 
grained, very  durable,  light  brown  or  red,  with  thick  yellow  or  often  white  sap- 
wood  ;  largely  used  for  fuel  and  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal ;  occasionally  sawed 
into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Sandy  plains  and  dry  gravelly  uplands,  or  less  frequently  cold  deep 
swamps  ;  valley  of  the  St.  John  River  in  New  Brunswick  to  the  northern  shores  of 
Lake  Ontario,  southward  in  the  Atlantic  states  to  northern  Georgia;  crossing  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  to  their  western  foothills  in  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  and 
Tennessee  ;  very  abundant  on  the  Atlantic  coast  south  of  Massachusetts  Bay  ;  often 
forming  extensive  forests  in  southern  New  Jersey. 

20.  Finus  serotina,  Michx.    Pond  Pine.    Marsh  Pine. 

Leaves  in  clusters  of  3  or  occasionally  of  4,  slender,  flexuose,  dark  yellow-green, 
6'-8'  long,  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata  on  the  3  faces,  deciduous  dur- 
ing their  third  and  fourth  years.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  crowded  spikes,  dark 
orange  color  ;  pistillate  clustered  or  in  pairs  on  stout  stems.  Fruit  subglobose  to 
ovate-oblong,  full  and  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  subsessile  or  short-stalked, 
horizontal  or  slightly  declinate,  2'-2£'  long,  with  thin  nearly  flat  scales  armed  with 


CONIFERS 


21 


slender  incurved  mostly  deciduous  prickles,  becoming  light  yellow-brown  at  matu- 
rity, remaining  closed  tor  one  or  two  years  and  after  opening  long-persistent  on  the 
branches  ;  seeds  nearly  tri- 
angular, often  ridged  be- 
low, full  and  rounded  at  the 
sides,  I'  long,  with  a  thin 
nearly  black  roughened 
shell  produced  into  a  wide 
border,  and  wings  broadest 
;it  the  middle,  gradually 
narrowed  at  the  ends,  f 
long,  y  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50° 
or  occasionally  70°-80° 
high,  with  a  short  trunk 
sometimes  3°  but  generally 
not  more  than  2°  in  diame- 
ter, stout  often  contorted  branches  more  or  less  pendulous  at  the  extremities,  form- 
ing an  open  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  dark  green  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  dark  orange  color  during  their  first  winter  and  dark  brown  or 
often  nearly  black  at  the  end  of  four  or  five  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-?-'  thick, 
dark  red-brown  and  irregularly  divided  by  narrow  shallow  fissures  into  small  plates 
separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  resinous, 
heavy,  soft,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  dark  orange  color,  with  thick  pale  yellow  sap- 
wood  ;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber.  In  the  coast  region  of  North  Caro- 
lina turpentine  is  produced  from  this  tree. 

Distribution.   Low  wet  flats  or  sandy  or  peaty  swamps  ;  North  Carolina  southward 
near  the  coast  to  the  banks  of  the  .St.  John's  River,  Florida. 

++Cones  unsymmelrical  by  the  excessive  development  of  the  scales  on  the  outside. 

21.  Pinus  radiata,  D.  Don.   Monterey  Pine. 

Leaves  in  3  rarely  in  2-leaved  clusters,  slender,  bright  rich  green,  4'-6'  long, 

mostly  deciduous  during 
their  third  season.  Flow- 
ers :  staminate  in  dense 
spikes,  yellow  ;  pistillate 
clustered,  dark  purple. 
Fruit  oval,  pointed  at  the 
apex,  very  oblique  at  the 
base,  short-stalked,  deflexed, 
3'-5'  long,  becoming  deep 
chestnut-brown  and  lustrous, 
with  scales  much  thickened 
and  mammillate  toward  the 
base  on  the  outer  side  of  the 
cone,  thinner  on  the  inner 
side  and  at  its  apex,  and 
armed  with  minute  thickened  incurved  or  straight  prickles,  long-persistent  and 


22 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


often  remaining  closed  on  the  branches  for  many  years  ;  seeds  oval,  compressed,  \' 
long,  with  a  thin  brittle  rough  nearly  black  shell,  their  wings  light  brown,  longitudi- 
nally striped,  broadest  above  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  and  oblique  at  the 
apex,  V  long  and  %'  wide. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  usually  2°-3°  but  occasionally  5°-6°  in 
diameter,  spreading  branches  forming  a  regular  narrow  open  round-topped  head, 
and  slender  branchlets  light  or  dark  orange  color,  at  first  often  covered  with  a  glau- 
cous bloom,  ultimately  dark  red-brown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  l^'-2'  thick,  dark  red- 
brown,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick 
appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained  ; 
occasionally  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Only  in  a  narrow  belt  a  few  miles  wide  on  the  California  coast  from 
Pescadero  to  the  shores  of  San  Simeon  Bay,  on  the  islands  of  Santa  Rosa  and  Santa 
Cruz  of  the  Santa  Barbara  group;  and  on  Guadaloupe  Island  off  the  coast  of  Lower 
California  ;  most  abundant  and  of  i\$  largest  size  on  Point  Pinos  south  of  the  Bay  of 
Monterey. 

Largely  planted  for  the  decoration  of  parks  in  western  and  southern  Europe, 
occasionally  planted  in  the  southeastern  states  and  in  Mexico,  Australia,  New  Zea- 
land, and  other  regions  with  temperate  climates,  and  more  generally  in  the  coast 
region  of  the  Pacific  states  from  Vancouver  Island  southward  than  any  other  Pine- 
tree. 

22.  Pinus  attenuata,  Lemm.   Knob-cone  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  firm  and  rigid,  pale  yellow  or  bluish  green,  marked  by  numerous 
rows  of  stomata  on  their  3  faces,  3'-7',  usually  4'-5'  long.  Flowers  :  staminate 


orange-brown;  pistillate  fascicled,  often  with  several  fascicles  on  the  shoot  of  the 
year.  Fruit  elongated,  conical,  pointed,  very  oblique  at  the  base  by  the  greater 
development  of  the  scales  on  the  upper  side,  whorled,  short-stalked,  strongly  reflexed 
and  incurved,  3'-6'  long,  becoming  light  chestnut-brown,  with  thin  flat  scales  rounded 
at  the  apex,  those  on  the  outer  side  being  enlarged  into  prominent  transversely  flat- 
tened knobs  armed  with  thick  flattened  incurved  spines,  those  on  the  inner  side  of 
the  cone  slightly  thickened  and  armed  with  minute  recurved  prickles,  persistent  on 
the  stems  and  branches  for  thirty  or  forty  years,  often  becoming  completely  imbedded 
in  the  bark  of  old  trunks  and  usually  not  opening  until  the  death  of  the  tree ;  seeds 


CONIFERS 


23 


nearly  oval,  compressed,  acute  at  the  apex,  £'  long,  with  a  thin  oblique  shell,  their 
wings  broadest  at  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  ends,  1^'  long,  £'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  about  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  often  fruitful 
when  only  4°  or  5°  tall  ;  occasionally  growing  to  the  height  of  80°-100°,  with  a 
trunk  2£°  thick,  and  frequently  divided  above  the  middle  into  two  ascending  stems, 
slender  branches  arranged  in  regular  whorls  while  the  tree  is  young,  and  in  old  age 
forming  a  narrow  round-topped  straggling  head  of  sparse  thin  foliage,  and  slender 
dark  orange-brown  branchlets  growing  darker  during  their  second  season.  Bark  of 
young  stems  and  branches  thin,  smooth,  pale  brown,  becoming  at  the  base  of  old 
trunks  \'-%  thick  and  dark  brown  often  tinged  with  purple,  slightly  and  irregularly 
divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  broken  into  large  loose  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  sapwood  sometimes 
slightly  tinged  with  red. 

Distribution.  Dry  mountain  slopes  from  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  in 
Oregon  over  the  mountains  of  southwestern  Oregon,  where  it  is  most  abundant  and 
grows  to  its  largest  size,  often  forming  pure  forests  over  large  areas,  southward 
along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  the  cross  ranges  of  northern 
California,  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  over  the  California  coast 
ranges  from  Santa  Cruz  to  the  southern  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains, 
where  it  is  abundant  up  to  elevations  of  4000°  above  the  sea. 

•M--M-  Cones  very  large,  their  scales  prolonged  into  stout  straight  or  curved  spines. 

23.  Pinus  Sabiniana,  Dougl.   Digger  Pine.    Bull  Pine. 

Leaves  stout,  flexible,  pendant,  pale  blue-green,  marked  on  each  face  with  numer- 
ous rows  of  pale  stomata,  8'-12'  long,  deciduous  usually  in  their  third  and  fourth 
years.  Flowers:  staminate  yellow;  pistillate  on  stout  peduncles,  dark  purple. 
Fruit  oblong-ovate, 
full  and  rounded  at 
the  base,  pointed,  be- 
coming light  reddish 
brown,  6'-10'  long, 
long-stalked,  pendu- 
lous, with  scales  nar- 
rowed into  promi- 
nent flattened  knobs 
erect  or  incurved 
above  the  middle  of 
the  cone,  strongly  re- 
flexed  below,  and 
armed  with  short 
sharp  hooks  and 
spur-like  incurved 
spines  ;  seeds  full 

and  rounded  below,  somewhat  compressed  toward  the  apex,  £'  long,  £'  wide,  dark 
brown  or  nearly  black,  with  a  thick  hard  shell,  encircled  by  their  wings  much  thick- 
ened on  the  inner  rim,  obliquely  rounded  at  the  broad  apex  and  about  ^f  longer 
than  the  seeds. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°  but  occasionally  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diame- 


•24 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


ter,  divided  generally  15°-20°  above  the  ground  into  3  or  4  thick  secondary  stems, 
clothed  with  short  crooked  branches  pendant  below  and  ascending  toward  the  sum- 
mit of  the  tree,  and  forming  an  open  round-topped  head  remarkable  for  the  sparse- 
ness  of  its  foliage,  and  stout  pale  glaucous  branchlets,  becoming  dark  brown  or 
nearly  black  during  their  second  season.  Bark  of  the  trunk  l£'-2'  thick,  dark 
brown  slightly  tinged  with  red  or  nearly  black  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided 
into  thick  connected  ridges  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  brittle,  light  brown  or  red,  with  thick  nearly 
white  sapwood.  Abietine,  a  nearly  colorless  aromatic  liquid  with  an  odor  of  oil  of 
oranges,  is  obtained  by  distilling  the  resinous  juices.  The  large  sweet  slightly  resin- 
ous seeds  formed  an  important  article  of  food  for  the  Indians  of  California. 

Distribution.  Scattered  singly  or  in  small  groups  over  the  dry  foothills  of  western 
California,  ranging  from  500°  up  to  4000°  above  the  sea-level  and  from  the  southern 
slopes  of  the  northern  cross  range  to  the  Tehachapi  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  de  la 
Liebre  ;  most  abundant  and  attaining  its  largest  size  on  the  eastern  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  near  the  centre  of  the  state  at  elevations  of  about  2000°;  here  often 
the  most  conspicuous  feature  of  the  vegetation. 

24.  Pinus  Coulteri,  D.  Don.   Pitch  Pine. 

Leaves  tufted  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  stout,  rigid,  dark  blue-green,  marked 
by  numerous  bauds  of  stomata  on  the  3  faces,  6'-12'  long,  deciduous  during  their 
third  and  fourth  seasons.  Flowers:  staminate  yellow;  pistillate  dark  reddish  brown. 


Fruit  oval,  acute,  short-stalked  and  pendant,  10'-14'  long,  becoming  light  yellow- 
brown,  with  thick  broad  scales  terminating  in  flattened  elongated  knobs  straight  or 
curved  backward  and  armed  with  flattened  more  or  less  incurved  spines  ^'-H'  long, 
gradually  opening  in  the  autumn  and  often  persistent  on  the  branches  for  several 
years  ;  seeds  oval,  compressed,  \'  long,  \'-\'  wide,  dark  chestnut-brown,  with  a  thick 
shell,  inclosed  by  their  wings  broadest  above  the  middle,  oblique  at  the  apex,  nearly 
1'  longer  than  the  seeds,  about  |'  wide. 

A  tree,  50°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  4°  in  diameter,  thick  branches  covered 
with  dark  scaly  bark,  long  and  mostly  pendulous  below,  short  and  ascending  above, 


CONIFERS  25 

and  forming  a  loose  unsymmetrical  often  picturesque  head,  and  very  stout  branch- 
lets  dark  orange-brown  at  first,  becoming  sometimes  nearly  black  at  the  end  of 
three  or  four  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  l£'-2'  thick,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black 
and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  connected  ridges  covered  with  thin  closely 
appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  red, 
with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  ;  occasionally  used  for  fuel.  The  seeds  were  for- 
merly gathered  in  large  quantities  and  eaten  by  the  Indians  of  southern  California. 
Distribution.  Scattered  singly  or  in  small  groves  through  coniferous  forests  on  the 
dry  slopes  and  ridges  of  the  coast  ranges  of  California  at  elevations  of  3000°-6000° 
above  the  sea,  from  Mount  Diablo  and  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  to  the  Cuyamaca 
Mountains  ;  most  abundant  on  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  ranges  at  eleva- 
tions of  about  5000°. 

• 

** Leaves  in  2-leaved  cluster*  (.>  and  3-leaved  in  . 
-t- Cones  subterminal. 

25.  Pinus  resinosa,  Ait.    Red  Pine.   Norway  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  soft  and  flexible,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  o'-6'  long,  obscurely 
marked  on  the  ventral  faces  by  bands  of  minute  stomata,  deciduous  during  their 


fourth  and  fifth  seasons.  Flowers:  staminate  in  dense  spikes,  dark  purple;  pistil- 
late terminal,  short-stalked,  scarlet.  Fruit  ovate-conical,  subsessile,  2'-2^'  long,  with 
thin. slightly  concave  scales,  unarmed,  becoming  light  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous 
at  maturity  ;  shedding  their  seeds  early  in  the  autumn  and  mostly  persistent  on  the 
branches  until  the  following  summer;  seeds  oval,  compressed,  -|'  long,  with  a  thin 
dark  chestnut-brown  more  or  less  mottled  shell  and  wings  broadest  below  tho  middle, 
oblique  at  the  apex,  |'  long.  ^'-^'  broad. 

A  tree,  usually  70° -80°  or  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk 
2°-3°  in  diameter,  thick  spreading  more  or  less  pendulous  branches  clothing  the 
young  stems  to  the  ground  and  forming  a  broad  irregular  pyramid,  and  in  old  age 
an  open  round-topped  picturesque  head,  and  stout  branchlets  at  first  orange  color, 
finally  becoming  light  reddish  brown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f'-iy  thick  and  slightly 
divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  by  thin  loose  light  red- 
brown  scales.  Wood  light,  hard,  very  close-grained,  pale  red,  with  thin  yellow 
often  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  used  in  the  construction  of  bridges  and  build- 
ings, for  piles,  masts,  and  spars.  The  bark  is  occasionally  used  for  tanning  leather. 


26  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

Distribution.  Light  sandy  loam  or  dry  rocky  ridges,  usually  forming  groves 
rarely  more  than  a  few  hundred  acres  in  extent  and  scattered  through  forests  of  other 
Pines  and  deciduous-leaved  trees  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Lake  St.  John,  westward 
through  Quebec  and  central  Ontario  to  the  valley  of  the  Winnipeg  River,  and  south- 
ward to  eastern  Massachusetts,  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania;  and  to  central 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota,  most  abundant  and  growing  to  its  largest  size 
in  the  northern  parts  of  these  states;  rare  and  local  in  eastern  Massachusetts  and 
southward. 

Often  planted  for  the  decoration  of  parks,  and  the  most  desirable  as  an  ornamental 
tree  of  the  Pitch  Pines  which  flourish  in  the  northern  states. 

26.  Pinus  contorta,  Loud.    Scrub  Pine. 

Leaves  dark  green,  slender,  I'-l^'  long,  marked  by  6-10  rows  of  stomata  on  each 
face,  mostly  deciduous  in  their  seventh  and  eighth  years.  Flowers  orange-red  : 
staminate  in  short  crowded  spikes  ;  pistillate  clustered  or  in  pairs  on  stout  stalks. 

Fruit  oval  to  subcylindri- 
cal,  usually  very  oblique 
at  the  base,  horizontal  or 
declining,  often  clustered, 
f'-2'  long,  with  thin 
slightly  concave  scales 
armed  with  long  slender 
more  or  less  recurved 
often  deciduous  prickles, 
and  toward  the  base  of 
the  cone  especially  on  the 
upper  side  developed  into 
thick  mammillate  knobs, 
becoming  light  yellow- 
brown  and  lustrous,  sometimes  opening  and  losing  their  seeds  as  soon  as  ripe,  or 
remaining  closed  on  the  branches  and  preserving  the  vitality  of  their  seeds  for  many 
years  ;  seeds  oblique  at  the  apex,  acute  below,  about  \'  long,  with  a  thin  brittle 
dark  red-brown  shell  mottled  with  black  and  wings  widest  above  the  base,  gradually 
tapering  toward  the  oblique  apex,  \  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  fertile  when  only  a  few  inches  high,  usually  15°-20°  or  occa- 
sionally 30°  tall,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  18'  in  diameter,  compara- 
tively thick  branches  forming  a  round-topped  compact  and  symmetrical  or  an  open 
picturesque  head,  and  stout  branchlets  light  orange  color  when  they  first  appear, 
finally  becoming  dark  red-brown  or  occasionally  almost  black.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
£'-!'  thick,  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  by  vertical  and  cross  fissures  into  small 
oblong  plates  covered  with  closely  appressed  dark  red-brown  scales  tinged  witli 
purple  or  orange  color.  "Wood  light,  hard,  strong  although  brittle,  coarse-grained, 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  ;  occasionally  used  for 
fuel. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Alaska,  usually  in  sphagnum-covered  bogs  southward  in 
the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Albion  River,  Men- 
docino  County,  California  ;  south  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States 
generally  inhabiting  sand  dunes  and  barrens  or  occasionally  near  the  shores  of 
Puget  Sound  the  margins  of  tide  pools  and  deep  wefc  swamps  ;  spreading  inland 


CONIFERS  27 

and  ascending  the  coast  ranges  and  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  where 
it  is  not  common  and  where  it  gradually  changes  its  habit  and  appearance,  the  thick 
deeply  furrowed  bark  of  the  coast  form  being  found  only  near  the  ground,  while 
the  bark  higher  on  the  stems  is  thin,  light-colored,  and  inclined  to  separate  into 
scales,  and  the  leaves  are  often  longer  and  broader.  This  is 

Pinus  contorta,  var.  Murrayana,  Engelm.   Lodge  Pole  Pine. 

Leaves  yellow-green,  usually  about  2'  long,  although  varying  from  1/-3'  in 
length  and  from  ty  to  nearly  |'  in  width.  Fruit  occasionally  opening  as  soon  as 
ripe  but  usually  remaining  closed 
and  preserving  the  vitality  of 
the  seeds  sometimes  for  twenty 
years. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  but 
often  150°  high,  with  a  trunk 
generally  2°-3°  but  occasionally 
5°-G°  in  diameter,  slender  much- 
forked  branches  frequently  per- 
sistent nearly  to  the  base  of 
the  stem,  light  orange-colored 
during  their  early  years,  some- 
what pendulous  below,  ascend- 
ing near  the  top  of  the  tree, 
and  forming  a  narrow  pyrami- 
dal spire-topped  head.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  ^'  thick,  close  and 
tirm,  light  orange-brown  and  covered  by  small  thin  loosely  appressed  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  not  strong,  close,  straight-grained  and  easily  worked,  not  durable, 
light  yellow  or  nearly  white,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  ;  occasionally 
manufactured  into  lumber,  also  used  for  railway-ties,  mine-timbers,  and  for 
fuel. 

Distribution.  Common  on  the  Alaska  hills  in  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  River  ;  on 
the  interior  plateau  of  northern  British  Columbia,  and  eastward  to  the  eastern  foot- 
hills of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  covering  with  dense  forests  great  arras  in  the  basin  of 
the  Columbia  River  ;  forming  forests  on  both  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of 
Montana,  on  the  Yellowstone  plateau  at  elevations  of  7000°-8000°;  common  on  the 
mountains  of  Wyoming,  and  extending  southward  to  southern  Colorado;  common 
on  the  ranges  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  on  the  mountains  of  northern 
California,  and  southward  along  the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  it  attains  its  greatest  size 
and  beauty  in  alpine  forests  at  elevations  between  8000°  and  9500°  ;  in  southern 
California  forming  the  timber-line  on  the  highest  peaks  of  the  San  Bernardino  and 
San  Jacinto  Mountains. 

-+•  -«•  Cones  lateral. 

27.  Pinus  divaricata,  Du  Mont  de  Cours.    Gray  Pine.    Jack  Pine. 

Leaves  in  remote  clusters,  stout,  flat  or  slightly  concave  on  the  inner  face,  at  first 

light  yellow-green,  soon  becoming  dark  green,  f '-IV  lo»{?>  gradually  and  irregularly 

deciduous  in  their    second  or  third  year.    Flowers  :   staminate  in    short   crowded 

clusters,  yellow  ;  pistillate  clustered,  dark  purple,  often  with  2  clusters  produced  on 


28  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

the  same  shoot.  Fruit  oblong-conical,  acute,  oblique  at  the  base,  sessile,  usually 
erect  and  strongly  incurved,  l£'-2'  long,  dull  purple  or  green  when  fully  grown, 
becoming  light  yellow  and  lustrous,  with  thin  stiff  scales  armed  with  minute  incurved 
often  deciduous  prickles  ;  seeds  nearly  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  f ' 
long,  with  an  almost  black  roughened  shell  and  wings  broadest  at  the  middle,  full 
and  rounded  at  the  apex,  ^'  long,  ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  frequently  70°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  sometimes  free  of  branches 
for  20°-30°  and  rarely  exceeding  2°  in  diameter,  long  spreading  branches  form- 
ing an  open  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  tough  flexible  pale  yellow-green  branch- 
lets  turning  dark  purple  during  their  first  winter  and  darker  the  following  year; 
often  not  more  than  20°-30°  tall,  with  a  stem  10'-12'  in  diameter  ;  generally 
fruiting  when  only  a  few  years  old  ;  sometimes  shrubby  with  several  low  slender 
stems.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  very  irregu- 
larly divided  into  narrow  rounded  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into 
small  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained, 
clear  pale  brown  or  rarely  orange  color,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  ;  used  for 
fuel  and  occasionally  for  railway-ties  and  posts  ;  occasionally  manufactured  into 
lumber. 

Distribution.  From  Nova  Scotia  to  the  valley  of  the  Athabasca  River  and  down 
the  Mackenzie  to  about  latitude  65°  north,  ranging  southward  to  the  coast  of  Maine, 


northern  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,  northern  New  York,  the  southern  shores 
of  Lake  Michigan,  northern  Illinois,  and  central  Minnesota  ;  abundant  in  central 
Michigan,  covering  tracts  of  barren  lands  ;  common  and  of  large  size  in  the  region 
north  of  Lake  Superior  ;  most  abundant  and  of  its  greatest  size  west  of  Lake  Winni- 
peg and  north  of  the  Saskatchewan,  here  often  spreading  over  great  areas  of  sandy 
sterile  soil. 

28.   Pinus  glabra,  "Walt.    Spruce  Pine.    Cedar  Pine. 

Leaves  soft,  slender,  dark  green,  l^'-3'  long,  marked  by  numerous  rows  of  sto- 
mata,  deciduous  at  the  end  of  their  second  and  in  the  spring  of  their  third  year. 
Flowers  :  staminate  in  short  crowded  clusters,  yellow;  pistillate  raised  on  slender 
slightly  ascending  peduncles.  Fruit  single  or  in  clusters  of  2  or  3,  reflexed  on  short 
stout  stalks,  subglobose  to  oblong-ovate,  ^'-2'  long,  becoming  reddish  brown  and 
rather  lustrous,  with  thin  slightly  concave  scales  armed  with  minute  straight  or 
incurved  usually  deciduous  prickles;  seeds  nearly  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on 


CONIFERS 


29 


the  sides,  \'  long,  with  a  thin  dark  gray  shell  mottled  with  black  and  wings  broadest 
below  the  middle,  |'  long,  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°  or  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-2£°  or  rarely 
3£°  in  diameter,  comparatively  small  horizontal  branches,  and  slender  flexible  branch- 
lets  at  first  light  red  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple,  ultimately  dark  reddish 
brown.  Bark  £'-f  thick, 
slightly  and  irregularly 
divided  by  shallow  fis- 
sures into  flat  connected 
ridges  broken  into  small 
closely  appressed  light 
reddish  brown  scales. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not 
strong,  brittle,  close- 
grained,  light  brown,  with 
thick  nearly  white  sap- 
wood  ;  occasionally  used 
for  fuel  and  rarely  maim- 
fai-tured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.     Valley 
of  the  lower  Santee  River, 

South  Carolina  to  middle  and  northwestern  Florida,  and  to  central  Mississippi  and 
the  swamps  of  Bayou  Phalia,  eastern  Louisiana  ;  usually  growing  singly  or  in  small 
groves;  attaining  its  largest  size  and  often  occupying  areas  of  considerable  extent  in 
northwestern  Florida. 

29.  Pinus  echinata,  Mill.    Yellow  Pine.    Short-leaved  Pine. 
Leaves  in  clusters  of  2  and  of  3,  slender,  flexible,  dark  blue-green,  .">'  -Y  long,  be- 
ginning to  fall  at  the  end  of  their  second  season  and  dropping  irregularly  until  their 
fifth  year.    Flowers  :  staminate  in  short  crowded  clusters,  pale  purple  ;  pistillate  in 


clusters  of  2  or  3  on  stout  ascending  stems,  pale  rose  color.  Fruit  ovate  to  oblong- 
conical,  subsessile  and  nearly  horizontal  or  short-stalked  and  pendant,  generally 
clustered,  l^'-2^'  long,  becoming  dull  brown,  with  thin  scales  nearly  flat  below  and 
rounded  at  the  apex,  armed  with  short  straight  or  somewhat  recurved  frequently 


30  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

deciduous  prickles;  seeds  nearly  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  about 
T3g'  long,  with  a  thin  pale  brown  hard  shell  conspicuously  mottled  with  black,  their 
wings  broadest  near  the  middle,  \'  long,  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  tall  slightly  tapering  trunk 
3°-4°  in  diameter,  a  short  pyramidal  truncate  head  of  comparatively  slender  branches, 
and  stout  brittle  pale  green  or  violet-colored  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  a  glau- 
cous bloom,  becoming  dark  red-brown  tinged  with  purple  before  the  end  of  the  first 
season,  their  bark  beginning  in  the  third  year  to  separate  into  large  scales.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  f '-!'  thick  and  broken  into  large  irregularly  shaped  plates  covered  with 
small  closely  appressed  light  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  very  variable  in  quality, 
and  in  the  thickness  of  the  nearly  white  sapwood,  heavy,  hard,  strong  and  usually 
coarse-grained,  orange-colored  or  yellow-brown;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Staten  Island,  New  York,  to  North  Florida  and  to  West  Virginia 
and  eastern  Tennessee,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  eastern  Louisiana,  and 
southern  Missouri  to  eastern  Texas;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  west  of 
the  Mississippi  River. 

30.  Pinus  Virginiana,  Mill.   Jersey  Pine.   Scrub  Pine. 

Leaves  in  remote  clusters,  stout,  gray-green,  l^'-3'  long,  marked  by  many 
rows  of  minute  stomata,  gradually  and  irregularly  deciduous  during  their  third  and 
fourth  years.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  crowded  clusters,  orange-brown;  pistillate 
on  opposite  spreading  peduncles  near  the  middle  of  the  shoots  of  the  year,  gener- 
ally a  little  below  and  alternate  with  1  or  2  lateral  branchlets,  pale  green,  the  scale- 


tips  tinged  with  rose  color.  Fruit  oblong-conical,  often  curved,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous, with  thin  nearly  flat  scales,  bright  red-brown  umbos  and  stout  or  slender 
persistent  prickles,  2'-3'  long,  becoming  dark  red-brown,  opening  in  the  autumn 
and  slowly  shedding  their  seeds,  turning  dark  reddish  brown,  and  remaining  on  the 
branches  for  three  or  four  years;  seeds  nearly  oval,  full  and  rounded,  \'  long,  with  a 
thin  pale  brown  rough  shell,  their  wings  broadest  at  the  middle,  £'  long,  about  ^'  wide. 
A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  18'  in  diame- 
ter, long  horizontal  or  pendulous  branches  in  remote  whorls  forming  a  broad  open 
often  flat-topped  pyramid,  and  slender  tough  flexible  branchlets  at  first  pale  green 
or  green  tinged  with  purple  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  becoming  purple 


CONIFERS  31 

and  later  light  gray-brown  ;  toward  the  western  limits  of  its  range  a  tree  frequently 
100°  tall,  with  a  trunk  2£°-3°  in  diameter.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  broken 
by  shallow  fissures  into  flat  plate-like  scales  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin 
closely  appressed  dark  brown  scales  tinged  with  red.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong, 
brittle,  coarse-grained,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  light  orange  color,  with 
thick  nearly  white  sapwood  ;  often  used  for  fuel  and  occasionally  manufactured  into 
lumber. 

Distribution.  Long  Island,  New  York,  southward  generally  near  the  coast  to 
the  valley  of  the  Savannah  River,  Georgia,  to  northeastern  Alabama  and  through 
eastern  and  middle  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  to  southern  Indiana  ;  usually  small  in 
the  Atlantic  states  and  only  on  light  sandy  soil,  spreading  rapidly  over  exhausted 
fields  ;  attaining  its  largest  size  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  on  the  low  hills 
of  southern  Indiana. 

31.  Pinus  clausa,  Sarg.    Sand  Pine.    Spruce  Pine. 

Leaves  slender,  flexible,  dark  green,  2'-3^'  long,  marked  by  10-20  rows  of  sto- 
mata,  deciduous  during  their  third  and  fourth  years.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  short 
crowded  spikes,  dark  orange 
color;  pistillate  lateral  on  stout 
peduncles.  Fruit  ovoid-conical, 
often  oblique  at  the  base,  usu- 
ally clustered  and  reflexed,  2'- 
3£'  long,  nearly  sessile  or  short- 
stalked,  with  concave  scales 
armed  with  short  stout  straight 
or  recurved  deciduous  prickles, 
becoming  dark  reddish  brown 
in  the  autumn;  some  of  the 
cones  opening  at  once,  others  re- 
maining closed  for  three  or  four 
years  before  liberating  their 
seeds,  ultimately  turning  to  an 
ashy  gray  color;  others  still  un- 
opened becoming  enveloped  in  the  growing  tissues 'of  the  stem  and  branches  and 
finally  entirely  covered  by  them  ;  seeds  nearly  triangular,  compressed,  \'  long,  with 
a  black  slightly  roughened  shell,  their  wings  widest  near  or  below  the  middle,  ^'  long, 
about  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  15°-20°  high,  with  a  stem  rarely  a  foot  in  diameter,  generally 
clothed  to  the  ground  with  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  bushy  Hat-topped 
head,  and  slender  tough  flexible  branchlcts,  pale  yellow-green  when  they  first  appear. 
becoming  light  orange-brown  and  ultimately  ashy  gray  ;  occasionally  growing  to 
the  height  of  70°-80°  with  a  trunk  2°  in  diameter.  Bark  on  the  lower  part  of 
the  trunk  \'-%  thick,  deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  irregularly  shaped 
generally  oblong  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  closely  appressed  bright 
red-brown  scales;  on  the  upper  part  of  the  trunk  and  on  the  branches  thin, 
smooth,  ashy  gray.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  light  orange  color  or 
yellow,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  occasionally  used  for  the  masts  of  small 


Distribution.     Coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from   southern  Alabama  to   Peace 


32  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Creek,  Florida,  seldom  extending  more  than  thirty  miles  inland  ;  eastern  Florida 
from  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Augustine  to  New  River,  occupying  a  narrow  belt 
usually  not  more  than  a  mile  or  two  wide,  and  covering  sandy  wind-swept  plains  ; 
growing  to  its  largest  size  on  the  east  coast  of  Florida  near  the  head  of  Halifax 
River. 

32.  Pinus  muricata,  D.  Don.    Prickle-cone  Pine. 

Leaves  in  crowded  clusters,  thick,  rigid,  dark  yellow-green,  4'-6'  long,  beginning 
to  fall  in  their  second   year.    Flowers:    staminate   in   elongated   spikes,   orange- 


colored  ;  pistillate  short-stalked,  whorled,  2  whorls  often  being  produced  on  the 
shoot  of  the  year.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  oblique  at  the  base,  sessile,  in  clusters  of  3-5 
or  sometimes  of  7,  2'-3£'  but  usually  about  3'  long,  becoming  light  chestnut-brown 
and  lustrous,  with  scales  much  thickened  on  the  outside  of  the  cone,  those  toward 
its  base  produced  into  stout  mammillate  incurved  knobs  sometimes  armed  with  stout 
flattened  spur-like  spines  incurved  above  the  middle  of  the  cone  and  recurved 
toward  its  apex,  and  on  the  inside  of  the  cone  slightly  flattened  and  armed  with 
stout  or  slender  straight  prickles;  often  remaining  closed  for  several  years  and  usu- 
ally persistent  on  the  stem  and  branches  during  the  entire  life  of  the  tree  without 
becoming  imbedded  in  the  wood  ;  seeds  nearly  triangular,  \'  long,  with  a  thin 
nearly  black  roughened  shell,  their  wings  broadest  above  the  middle,  oblique  at  the 
apex,  nearly  1'  long  and  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°  but  occasionally  90°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diame- 
ter, thick  spreading  branches  covered  with  dark  scaly  bark,  in  youth  forming  a 
regular  pyramid,  and  at  maturity  a  handsome  compact  round-topped  head  of  dense 
tufted  foliage,  and  stout  branchlets  dark  orange-green  at  first,  turning  orange- 
brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple.  Bark  of  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  often 
4'-6'  thick  and  deeply  divided  into  long  narrow  rounded  ridges  roughened  by  closely 
appressed  dark  purplish  brown  scales.  Wood  light,  very  strong,  hard,  rather 
coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  ;  occasionally  manu- 
factured into  lumber. 

Distribution.  California  coast  region  from  Mendocino  County  southward,  usually 
in  widely  separated  localities  to  Tomales  Point,  north  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco, 


CONIFERS 


33 


aiid  from  Monterey  to  San  Luis  Obispo  County;  in  Lower  California  on  Cedros 
Island,  and  on  the  coast  between  Ensanado  and  San  Quintan;  of  its  largest  size  and 
the  most  common  Pine-tree  on  the  coast  of  Mendocino  County. 

33.  Finus  puiigens,  Michx.   Table  Mountain  Pine.   Hickory  Pine. 

Leaves  in  clouded  clusters,  rigid,  usually  twisted,  dark  blue-green,  l^'-2£'  long, 
deciduous  during  their  second  and  third  years.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  elongated 
loose  spikes,  yellow;  pistillate  clustered,  long-stalked.  Fruit  oblong-conical,  oblique 
at  the  base  by  the  greater  development  of  the  scales  on  the  upper  than  on  the  lower 
side,  sessile,  deflexed,  in  clusters  usually  of  3  or  4,  or  rarely  of  7  or  8,  2'-3£' 
long,  becoming  light  brown  and  lustrous,  with  thin  tough  scales  armed  with  stout 
hooked  spines  incurved  above  the  middle  of  the  cone  and  recurved  below  it,  those 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  cone  slightlv  thickened,  and  on  the  outer,  especially  near 
the  base  of  the  cone,  produced  into  much  thickened  mam  initiate  knobs,  opening 
as  soon  as  ripe  and  gradually  shedding  their  seeds,  or  often  remaining  closed  for 
two  or  three  years  longer,  and  frequently  persistent  on  the  branches  for  eighteen  or 
twenty  years;  seeds  almost  triangular,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  nearly  ^' 
long,  with  a  thin  conspicuously  roughened  light  brown  shell,  their  wings  widest 
below  the  middle,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  ends,  1'  long,  ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  when  crowded  in  the  forest  occasionally  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  iu 
diameter,  and  a  few  short  branches  near  the  summit  forming  a  narrow  round-topped 
head;  ill  open  ground 
usually  20°-30°  tall, 
and  often  fertile 
when  only  a  few  feet 
high,  with  a  short 
thick  trunk  frequent- 
ly clothed  to  the 
ground,  and  long 
horizontal  branches, 
the  lower  pendulous 
toward  the  extremi- 
ties, the  upper  sweep- 
ing in  graceful  up- 
ward curves  and 
forming  a  flat-topped 
often  irregular  head, 

and  stout  branchlets,  light  orange  color  when  they  first  appear,  soon  growing  darker 
and  ultimately  dark  brown.  Bark  on  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  ^'-1'  thick  and 
broken  into  irregularly  shaped  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  loose  dark 
brown  scales  tinged  with  red,  higher  on  the  stem,  and  on  the  branches  dark  brown 
and  broken  into  thin  loose  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  very  coarse- 
grained, pale  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  ;  somewhat  used  for  fuel, 
and  in  Pennsylvania  manufactured  into  charcoal. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains 
from  Pennsylvania  to  North  Carolina  and  eastern  Tennessee,  sometimes  ascending 
to  elevations  of  3000°,  with  isolated  outlying  stations  in  Virginia,  eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  western  New  Jersey;  often  forming  toward  the  southern  limits  of  its 
range  pure  forests  of  considerable  extent. 


34  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

***Leaves  in  5-leaved  clusters. 
Seeds  shorter  than  their  wings. 

34.  Pinus  Torreyana,  Torr.   Torrey's  Pine. 

Leaves  forming  great  tufts  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  stout,  dark  green, 
conspicuously  marked  on  the  3  faces  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata,  8'-13'  long. 
Flowers  from  January  to  March  ;  staminate  yellow,  iu  short  dense  heads  ;  pistillate. 


subterminal  on  long  stout  peduncles.  Fruit  broadly  ovate,  spreading  or  deflexed,  on 
long  stalks  4'-6'  in  length,  becoming  bright  chestnut-brown,  with  thick  scales  armed 
with  minute  spines  ;  mostly  deciduous  in  their  fourth  year  and  in  falling  leaving 
a  few  of  the  barren  scales  on  the  stalk  attached  to  the  branch  ;  seeds  oval,  more 
or  less  angled,  f'-l'  long,  dull  brown  and  mottled  on  the  lower  side,  light  yellow- 
brown  on  the  upper  side,  with  a  thick  hard  shell,  nearly  surrounded  by  their  dark 
brown  wings  often  nearly  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  about  1°  in  diameter,  or  occa- 
sionally 50°-60°  tall,  with  a  long  straight  slightly  tapering  stem  2^°  in  diameter, 
stout  spreading  and  often  ascending  branches,  and  very  stout  branchlets  bright  green 
in  their  first  season,  becoming  light  purple  and  covered  with  a  metallic  bloom  the 
following  year,  ultimately  nearly  black.  Bark  of  the  trunk  -|'-1'  thick,  deeply  and 
irregularly  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  by  large  thin  closely  appressed 
light  red-brown  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  light  yellow, 
with  thick  yellow  or  nearly  white  sapwood;  occasionally  used  for  fuel.  The  large 
edible  seeds  are  gathered  in  large  quantities  and  are  eaten  raw  or  roasted. 

Distribution.  Only  in  a  narrow  belt  a  few  miles  long  on  the  coast  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Soledad  River  just  north  of  San  Diego,  and  on  the  island  of  Santa  Rosa,  Cali- 
fornia; the  least  widely  distributed  Pine-tree  of  the  United  States. 

2.   LARIX,  Adans.   Larch. 

Tall  pyramidal  trees,  with  thick  sometimes  furrowed  scaly  bark,  heavy  heartwood, 
thin  pale  sapwood,  slender  remote  horizontal  often  pendulous  branches,  elongated 
leading  branchlets,  short  thick  spur-like  lateral  branchlets,  and  small  subglobose 
buds,  tlreir  inner  scales  accrescent  and  marking  the  lateral  branchlets  with  promi- 


CONIFERvE  35 

nent  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  awl-shaped,  triangular  and  rounded  above,  or  rarely 
4-angled,  spirally  disposed  and  remote  on  leading  shoots,  on  lateral  branchlets  in 
crowded  fascicles,  each  leaf  in  the  axil  of  a  deciduous  bud-scale,  deciduous.  Flowers 
solitary,  terminal,  the  staminate  globose,  oval  or  oblong,  sessile  or  stalked,  on  leaf- 
less branches,  yellow,  composed  of  numerous  spirally  arranged  anthers  with  connec- 
tives produced  above  them  into  short  points,  the  pistillate  appearing  with  the  leaves, 
subglobose,  composed  of  few  or  many  green  nearly  orbicular  stalked  scales  in  the 
axes  of  much  longer  mucronate  usually  scarlet  bracts.  Fruit  a  woody  ovoid-oblong 
conical  or  subglobose  short-stalked  cone  composed  of  slightly  thickened  suborbicular 
or  oblong-obovate  concave  scales,  shorter  or  longer  than  their  bracts,  gradually  de- 
creasing from  the  centre  to  the  ends  of  the  cone,  the  small  scales  usually  sterile. 
Seeds  nearly  triangular,  rounded  on  the  sides,  shorter  than  their  wings;  the  outer 
seed-coat  crustaceous,  light  brown,  the  inner  membranaceous,  pale  chestnut-brown 
and  lustrous;  cotyledons  usually  (5,  much  shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Larix  is  widely  distributed  over  the  northern  and  mountainous  region  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  Oregon 
in  the  New  World,  and  to  central  Europe,  the  Himalayas,  central  China,  and  Japan 
in  the  Old  World.  Nine  species  are  recognized.  Of  the  exotic  species  the  European 
Larix  Larix,  Karst.,  has  been  much  planted  for  timber  and  ornament  in  the  northeast- 
ern states,  where  the  Japanese  Larix  Kirm/ifcri,  Sarg.,  also  flourishes. 

Lurix  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Larch-tree. 

CONSPECTUS   OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

uall,  subglobose ;  their  scales  few,  longer  than  the  bracts. 

L.-aves  triangular.  1.  L.  Americana  (A  B,  F). 

("ones  elongated  ;  their  scales  numerous,  shorter  than  the  bracts. 

Young  branchlets  pubescent,  soon  becoming  glabrous  ;  leaves  triangular. 

2.  L.  occidentalis  (B,  G). 
Young  branchlets  tomentose  ;  leaves  4-angled.  ',}.  L.  Lyallii  (B,  F). 

1.  Larix  Americana,  Michx.    Tamarack.    Larch. 

Leaves  linear,  triangular,  rounded  above,  prominently  keeled  on  the  lower  surface, 
I'-lj'  long,  bright  green,  conspicuously  stomatiferous  when  they  first  appear;  turn- 
ing yellow  and  falling  in  September  or  October.  Flowers  :  staminate  subglobose 
and  sessile,  pale  yellow  ;  pistillate  oblong,  with  light-colored  bracts  produced  into 
elongated  green  tips,  and  nearly  orbicular  rose-red  scales.  Fruit  on  stout  incurved 
stems,  oblong,  rather  obtuse,  ^'-f  long,  composed  of  about  20  scales  slightly  erosi- 
on their  nearly  entire  margins,  rather  longer  than  broad  and  twice  as  long  as  their 
bracts,  bright  chestnut-brown  at  maturity,  usually  falling  during  their  second  year: 
seeds  J -'  long,  about  one  third  as  long  as  their  light  chestnut-brown  wings  broadest 
near  the  middle  and  obliquely  rounded  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  oO°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  small  horizontal  branches 
forming  during  the  early  life  of  the  tree  a  narrow  regular  pyramidal  head  always 
characteristic  of  this  tree  when  crowded  in  the  forest,  or  with  abundant  space  sweep- 
ing out  in  graceful  curves,  often  becoming  contorted  and  pendulous  and  forming  a 
broad  open  frequently  picturesque  head,  and  slender  leading  branchlets  often  covered 
at  first  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  becoming  light  orange-brown  during  their  first  win- 
ter and  conspicuous  from  the  small  globose  dark  red  lustrous  buds.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  £'-|'  thick,  separating  into  thin  closely  appressed  rather  bright  reddish  brown 


36  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  rather  coarse-grained,  very  durable,  light 
brown ;  largely  used  for  the  upper  knees  of  small  vessels,  fence-posts,  telegraph-poles, 
and  railway-ties. 

Distribution.    At  the  north  often  on  well-drained    uplands,   southward  in  cold 
deep  swamps  which  it  often  clothes  with  forests  of  closely  crowded  trees,  from 


Labrador  to  the  Arctic  Circle,  ranging  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  latitude 
65°  35'  north,  and  southward  through  Canada  and  the  northern  states  to  northern 
Pennsylvania  and  Preston  County,  West  Virginia,  northern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and 
central  Minnesota,  and  along  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  about 
latitude  53°;  very  abundant  in  the  interior  of  Labrador,  where  it  is  the  largest 
tree;  common  along  the  margins  of  the  barren  lands  stretching  beyond  the  sub- 
Arctic  forest  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Sea;  attaining  its  largest  size  north  of  Lake 
Winnipeg  on  low  benches  which  it  occasionally  covers  with  open  forests;  rare  and 
local  toward  the  southern  limits  of  its  range. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northeastern  states,  growing  rapidly 
and  attaining  in  cultivation  a  large  size  and  picturesque  habit. 

2.  Larix  occidentalis,  Nutt.   Tamarack. 

Leaves  triangular,  rounded  on  the  back,  conspicuously  keeled  below,  rigid,  sharp- 
pointed,  l'-lf  long,  about  fa'  wide,  light  pale  green,  turning  pale  yellow  early  in 
the  autumn.  Flowers:  staminate  oblong,  pale  yellow;  pistillate  oblong,  nearly  ses- 
sile, with  orbicular  scales  and  bracts  produced  into  elongated  tips.  Fruit  oblong, 
short-stalked,  V-\\'  Ipng,  with  numerous  thin  stiff  scales  nearly  entire  and  some- 
times a  little  reflexed  on  their  margins,  much  shorter  than  their  bracts,  more  or  less 
thickly  coated  on  the  lower  surface  below  the  middle  with  hoary  tomentum,  and 
standing  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  cone,  or  often 
becoming  reflexed;  seeds  nearly  \'  long,  with  a  pale  brown  shell,  one  half  to  two 
thirds  as  long  as  the  thin  fragile  pale  wings  broadest  near  the  middle  and  obliquely 
rounded  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  sometimes  250°  high,  with  a  tall  tapering  naked  trunk  6°-8°  in  diame- 
ter, or  on  dry  soil  and  exposed  mountain  slopes  usually  not  more  than  100°  tall, 
surmounted  by  a  short  narrow  pyramidal  head  of  small  branches  clothed  with  scanty 


CONIFERS 


37 


foliage,  or  occasionally  by  a  larger  crown  of  elongated  drooping  branches,  stout 
branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  soft  pale  pubescence,  usually  soon 
glabrous,  bright  orange-brown  in  their  first  year,  ultimately  becoming  dark  gray- 
brown,  and  dark  chestnut-brown  winter-buds  about  £'  in  diameter.  Bark  of  young 
stems  thin,  dark-colored  and  scaly,  becoming  near  the  base  of  old  trunks  5'  or  6'  thick 
and  breaking  into  irregularly  shaped  oblong  plates  often  2°  long  and  covered  with 
thin  closely  appressed  light  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly 
hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  bright  light  red, 
with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  used  for  railway-ties  and  fence-posts,  and 
manufactured  into  lumber  used  in  cabinet-making  and  the  interior  finish  of  buildings. 
Distribution.  Moist  bottom-lands  and  on  high  benches  and  dry  mountain  sides 
generally  at  elevations  between  2000°  and  7000°  above  the  sea-level,  usually  singly  or 


in  small  groves,  through  the  basin  of  the  upper  Columbia  River  from  southern  British 
Columbia  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  continental  divide  of  northern  Montana,  and 
to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Oregon;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams  flowing  into  Flat  Head  Lake  in  northern 
Montana,  and  in  northern  Idaho. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Europe,  but  in  cultivation  showing 
little  promise  of  attaining  a  large  size  or  becoming  a  valuable  ornamental  or  timber- 
tree. 

3.  Larix  Lyallii,  Parl.    Tamarack. 

Leaves  1-angled,  rigid,  short-pointed,  pale  blue-green,  l'-iy  long.  Flowers  : 
staminate  oblong,  with  pale  yellow  anthers;  pistillate  ovate-oblong,  with  dark  red  or 
occasionally  pale  yellow-green  scales  and  dark  purple  bracts  abruptly  contracted 
into  elongated  slender  tips.  Fruit  ovate,  rather  acute,  l^'-2'  long,  snbsessile  or 
raised  on  slender  stalks  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  with  dark  reddish  purple  or 
rarely  green  erose  scales,  fringed  and  covered  on  their  lower  surface  with  matted 
hairs  and  at  maturity  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  and  finally  much  reflexed, 
much  shorter  than  their  dark  purple  very  conspicuous  long-tipped  bracts;  seeds  full 
and  rounded  on  the  sides,  ^'  long  and  about  half  as  long  as  their  light  red  lustrous 
wings  broadest  near  the  base  with  nearly  parallel  sides. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50C  but  occasionally  75°  high,  with  a  trunk  generally  18'-20' 
but  rarely  3°-^°  in  diameter,  and  remote  elongated  exceedingly  tough  persistent 


38  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

branches  sometimes  pendulous,  developing  very  irregularly  and  often  abruptly  ascend- 
ing at  the  extremities,  stout  branchlets  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  usually  persist- 
ent until  after  their  second  winter,  ultimately  becoming  nearly  black,  and  prominent 
winter-buds  with  conspicuous  long  white  matted  hairs  fringing  the  margins  of  their 
scales  and  often  almost  entirely  covering  the  bud.  Bark  of  young  trees  and  of  the 
branches  thin,  rather  lustrous,  smooth,  and  pale  gray  tinged  with  yellow,  becoming 
loose  and  scaly  on  larger  stems  and  on  the  large  branches  of  old  trees,  and  on  fully 
grown  trunks  \'-\'  thick  and  slightly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  irregularly 
shaped  plates  covered  by  thin  dark  red-brown  loosely  attached  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  coarse-grained,  light  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.  Near  the  timber-line  on  mountain  slopes  at  elevations  of  4000°- 
5200°,  from  southern  Alberta  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the 
interior  of  southern  British  Columbia,  southward  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  of 


northern  Washington  to  Mt.  Stewart  at  the  head  of  the  north  fork  of  the  Yakima 
River,  and  along  the  continental  divide  to  the  middle  fork  of  Sun  River,  forming 
here  a  forest  of  considerable  size  at  elevations  of  7000°-8000°,  and  to  Fend  d'Oreille 
Pass,  Montana. 

3.  PICEA,  Link.    Spruce. 

Pyramidal  trees,  with  tall  tapering  trunks  often  stoutly  buttressed  at  the  base, 
thin  scaly  bark,  soft  pale  wood  containing  numerous  resin  canals,  slender  whorled 
twice  or  thrice  ramified  branches,  their  ultimate  divisions  stout,  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
and  leaf-buds  usually  in  3's,  the  2  lateral  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves.  Leaves  linear, 
spirally  disposed,  extending  out  from  the  branch  on  all  sides  or  occasionally  appear- 
ing 2-ranked  by  the  twisting  of  those  on  its  lower  side,  mostly  pointing  to  the  end 
of  the  branch,  entire,  articulate  on  prominent  persistent  rhombic  ultimately  woody 
bases,  keeled  above  and  below,  4-sided  and  stomatiferous  on  the  4  sides,  or  flattened 
and  stomatiferous  on  the  upper  or  occasionally  on  the  lower  side,  persistent  from 
seven  to  ten  years,  deciduous  in  drying.  Flowers  terminal  or  in  the  axils  of  upper 
leaves,  the  staminate  usually  long-stalked,  composed  of  numerous  spirally  arranged 
anthers  with  connectives  produced  into  broad  nearly  circular  toothed  crests,  the  pis- 
tillate oblong,  oval  or  cylindrical,  with  rounded  or  pointed  scales,  each  in  the  axis  of 
an  accrescent  bract  shorter  than  the  scale  at  maturity.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong- 


CONIFERS  39 

cylindrical  pendant  cone,  crowded  on  the  upper  branches  or  in  some  species  scattered 
over  the  upper  half  of  the  tree.  Seeds  ovoid  or  oblong,  usually  acute  at  the  base, 
much  shorter  than  their  wings  ;  outer  seed-coat  crustaceous,  light  or  dark  brown,  the 
inner  membranaceous,  pale  chestnut-brown  ;  cotyledons  4-15. 

Picea  is  widely  distributed  through  the  colder  and  temperate  regions  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  some  species  forming  great  forests  on  plains  and  high  mountain 
slopes.  Eighteen  species  are  now  recognized,  ranging  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  the 
slopes  of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  and  to  those  of  northern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  in  the  New  World,  and  to  central  and  southeastern  Europe,  the  Caucasus, 
the  Himalayas,  western  China  and  Japan.  Of  exotic  species  the  so-called  Norway 
Spruce,  Picea  Abies,  Karst.,  one  of  the  most  valuable  timber-trees  of  Europe,  has 
been  largely  planted  for  ornament  and  shelter  in  the  eastern  states,  where  the  Cau- 
casian Picea  orientalis,  Carr.,  and  some  of  the  Japanese  species  also  flourish. 

Picea  was  probably  the  classical  name  of  the  Spruce-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  4-sided,  with  stomata  on  the  4  sides. 
Cone-scales  rounded  at  the  apex. 

Cone-scales  stiff  and  rigid  at  maturity  ;  branchlets  pubescent. 

Cones  ovate  on  strongly  incurved  stalks,  persistent  for  many  years,  their  scales  erose 

or  dentate  ;  leaves  blue-green.  1.  P.  Mariana  (A  B,  F). 

Cones  ovate-oblong,  early  deciduous,  their  scales  entire  or  denticulate  ;  leaves  dark 

yellow-green.  2.  P.  rubens  (A). 

Cone-scales  soft  and  flexible  at  maturity  ;  branchlets  glabrous. 

Cones  oblong-cylindrical,  slender,  their  scales  entire  ;  leaves  blue-green. 

3.  P.  Canadensis  (A  B,  F). 

Cone-scales  oblong  or  rhomboidal,  narrowed  to  the  truncate  or  acute  apex ;  leaves  blue- 
green. 

Cones  oblong-cylindrical  or  oval ;  branchlets  pubescent ;  leaves  soft  and  flexible. 

4.  P.  Engelmanni  (F,  B,  G). 
Cones  oblong-cylindrical ;  branchlets  glabrous ;  leaves  rigid,  spinescent. 

5.  P.  Parryana  (F). 

Leaves  flattened,  usually  with  stomata  only  on  the  upper  surface. 
Cone-scales  rounded,  entire  ;  branchlets  pubescent. 

Cones  oblong-cylindrical,  leaves  obtuse,  with  stomata  only  on  the  upper  surface. 

6.  P.  Breweriana  (G). 

Cone-scales  oblong-oval,  rounded,  denticulate  above  the  middle  ;  branchlets  glabrous. 
Cones  cylindrical-ovoid,  leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  with  stomata  occasionally  on  the 
lower  surface.  7.  P.  Sitchensis  (B,  G). 

1.  Leaves  4-sided. 

*  Cone-scales  rounded  at  the  apex. 
-^Branchlets  pubescent. 

1.  Picea  Mariana,  B.,  S.  &  P.    Black  Spruce. 

Leaves  slightly  incurved  above  the  middle,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into 
short  callous  tips,  pale  blue-green  and  glaucous  at  maturity,  -J-'-f '  l°"g»  hoary  on 
the  upper  surface  from  the  broad  bands  of  stomata,  and  lustrous  and  slightly  stoma- 
tiferous  on  the  lower  surface.  Flowers  :  staminate  subglobose,  with  dark  red 
anthers  ;  pistillate  oblong-cylindrical,  with  obovate  purple  scales  rounded  above,  and 
oblong  purple  glaucous  bracts  rounded  and  denticulate  at  the  apex.  Fruit  ovate, 


40 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


pointed,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  strongly  incurved  stalks,  £'-!£' 
long,  with  rigid  puberulous  scales  rounded  or  rarely  somewhat  pointed  at  the  apex 
and  more  or  less  erose  on  the  notched  pale  margins,  turning  as  they  ripen  dull  gray- 
brown  and  becoming  as  the  scales  gradually  open  and  slowly  discharge  their  seeds 
almost  globose  ;  sometimes  remaining  on  the  branches  for  twenty  or  thirty  years, 
the  oldest  close  to  the  base  of  the  branches  near  the  trunk  ;  seeds  oblong,  nar- 
rowed to  the  acute  base,  about  ^'  long,  very  dark  brown,  with  delicate  pale  brown 
wings  broadest  above  the  middle,  very  oblique  at  the  apex,  about  ^  long  and  ^' 
wide. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-30°  and  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-12'  and  rarely 
3°  in  diameter,  and  comparatively  short  branches  generally  pendulous  with  upward 
curves,  forming  an  open  irregular  crown,  light  green  branchlets  coated  with  pale 
pubescence,  soon  beginning  to  grow  darker,  and  during  their  first  winter  light  cinna- 
mon-brown and  covered  with  short  rusty  pubescence,  their  thin  brown  bark  gradu- 
ally becoming  glabrous  and  beginning  to  break  into  small  thin  scales  during  their 
second  year  ;  at  the  extreme  north  sometimes  a  low  semiprostrate  shrub  ;  fre- 
quently cone-bearing  when  only  2°-3°  high.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  light 
reddish  brown,  puberulous,  about  |'  long.  Bark  \'-\'  thick  and  broken  on  the  surface 
into  thin  rather  closely  appressed  gray-brown  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong, 
pale  yellow-white,  with  thin  sapwood ;  probably  rarely  used  outside  of  Manitoba  and 
Saskatchewan,  except  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  pulp.  Spruce-gum,  the  resinous 


exudations  of  the  Spruce-trees  of  northeastern  America,  is  gathered  in  considerable 
quantities  principally  in  northern  New  England  and  Canada,  and  is  used  as  a  mas- 
ticatory. Spruce-beer  is  made  by  boiling  the  branches  of  the  Black  and  Red  Spruces. 
Distribution.  At  the  north  on  well-drained  bottom-lands  and  the  slopes  of  barren 
stony  hills,  and  southward  in  sphagnum-covered  bogs,  swamps  and  on  their  borders, 
from  Labrador  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  in  about  latitude  65°  north,  and, 
crossing  the  Rocky  Mountains,  through  the  interior  of  Alaska  to  the  valley  of  White 
River  ;  southward  through  Newfoundland,  the  maritime  provinces,  eastern  Canada 
and  the  northeastern  United  States  to  Pennsylvania,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains to  northern  Virginia;  and  from  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
in  Alberta,  through  Assiniboia,  northern  Saskatchewan  and  northern  Manitoba,  to 
central  Wisconsin  and  Michigan  ;  very  abundant  at  the  far  north  and  the  largest 
coniferous  tree  of  Saskatchewan  and  northern  Manitoba,  covering  here  large  areas 


CONIFEILE 


41 


p 

PC,    41 


and  growing  to  its  largest  size  ;  common  in  Newfoundland  and  all  the  provinces  of 
eastern  Canada  except  southern  Ontario  ;  in  the  United  States  less  abundant  and 
usually  only  in  cold  sphagnum  swamps. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree,  the  Black  Spruce  is  short-lived  in  cul- 
tivation and  one  of  the  least  desirable  of  all  Spruce-trees  for  the  decoration  of  parks 
and  gardens. 

2.  Picea  rubens,  Sarg.    Red  Spruce. 

Leaves  more  or  less  incurved  above  the  middle,  acute  or  rounded  and  furnished 
at  the  apex  with  short  callous  points,  dark  green  often  slightly  tinged  with  yel- 
low, very  lustrous, 
marked  on  the  upper 
surface  by  4  rows  of 
stomata  and  on  the 
lower  less  conspicu- 
ously by  2  rows  of 
stomata  on  each  side 
of  the  prominent  mid- 
rib, ^'—  I'  long,  nearly 
ty  wide.  Flowers: 
staminate  oval,  al- 
most sessile,  bright 
red;  pistillate  ob- 
long-cylindrical,  with 
thin  rounded  scales 

reflexed  and  slightly  erose  on  their  margins,  and  obovate  bracts  rounded  and  lacini- 
ate  above.  Fruit  on  very  short  straight  or  incurved  stalks,  ovate-oblong,  gradually 
narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  acute  apex,  l^'-2'  long,  with  rigid  puberu- 
lous  scales  entire  or  slightly  toothed  at  the  apex  ;  bright  green  or  green  somewhat 
tinged  with  purple  when  fully  grown,  becoming  light  reddish  brown  and  lustrous 
at  maturity,  beginning  to  fall  as  soon  as  the  scales  open  in  the  autumn  or  early 
winter,  and  generally  disappearing  from  the  brunches  the  following  summer  ; 
seeds  dark  brown,  about  £'  long,  with  short  broad  wings  full  and  rounded  above  the 
middle. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  and  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  dia- 
meter, branches  long-persistent  on  the  stem  and  clothing  it  to  the  ground,  forming 
a  narrow  rather  conical  head,  or  soon  disappearing  below  from  trees  crowded  in 
the  forest,  stout  pubescent  light  green  branchlets,  becoming  bright  reddish  brown 
or  orange-brown  during  their  first  winter,  glabrous  the  following  year,  and  covered 
in  their  third  or  fourth  year  with  scaly  bark.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  ^'-J' 
long,  with  light  reddish  brown  scales.  Bark  \'-^f  thick,  and  broken  into  thin  closely 
appressed  irregularly  shaped  red-brown  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained, 
not  strong,  pale  slightly  tinged  with  red,  with  paler  sapwood  usually  about  2'  thick; 
largely  manufactured  into  lumber  in  the  northeastern  states,  Pennsylvania,  and 
western  Virginia,  and  used  for  the  flooring  and  construction  of  houses,  for  the 
sounding-boards  of  musical  instruments,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  pulp. 

Distribution.  Well-drained  uplands  and  mountain  slopes,  often  forming  a  large 
part  of  extensive  forests,  from  Prince  Edward  Island  and  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  southward  to  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  along  the  interior  hilly  part  of 


42 


TKEES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


New  England  and  New  York,  and  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  the  high  peaks  of 
North  Carolina. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Europe  as  an  ornamental  tree, 
but  growing  in  cultivation  more  slowly  than  any  other  Spruce-tree. 

-4—+Branchlets  glabrous. 

3.  Picea  Canadensis,  B.,  S.  &  P.   White  Spruce. 

Leaves  crowded  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branches  by  the  twisting  of  those  on  the 
lower  side,  4-sided,  incurved,  acute  or  acuminate  and  terminating  in  rigid  callous 
tips,  pale  blue  and  hoary  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dark  blue-green  or  pale 
blue,  marked  on  each  of  the  4  sides  by  3  or  4  rows  of  stomata,  \'-%  long.  Flowers : 
staminate  pale  red,  soon  appearing  yellow  from  the  thick  Covering  of  pollen  ;  pis- 
tillate oblong-cylindrical,  with  round  nearly  entire  pale  red  or  yellow-green  scales, 
broader  than  long,  and  nearly  orbicular  denticulate  bracts.  Fruit  nearly  sessile  or 
borne  on  short  thin  straight  stems,  oblong-cylindrical,  slender,  slightly  narrowed  to 
the  ends,  rather  obtuse  at  the  apex,  usually  about  2'  long,  pale  green  sometimes 

tinged  with  red  when 
fully  grown,  becom- 
ing at  maturity  pale 
brown  and  lustrous, 
with  nearly  orbicu- 
lar scales,  rounded, 
truncate,  and  slight- 
ly emarginate,  or 
rarely  narrowed  at 
the  apex,  and  very 
thin,  flexible  and 
elastic  at  maturity, 
usually  deciduous  in 
the  autumn  or  dur- 
ing the  following 

winter;  seeds  about  ^'  long,  pale  brown,  with   narrow  wings  gradually  widened 
from  the  base  to  above  the  middle  and  very  oblique  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  with  disagreeable  smelling  foliage,  sometimes  150°  high,  with  a  trunk 
3°^4°  in  diameter,  but  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  especially  toward  the  south- 
eastern limits  of  its  range  rarely  more  than  60°-70°  tall,  with  a  trunk  not  more 
than  2°  in  diameter,  long  comparatively  thick  branches  densely  clothed  with  stout 
rigid  laterals  sweeping  out  in  graceful  upward  curves,  and  forming  a  broad-based 
rather  open  pyramid  often  obtuse  at  the  apex,  stout  glabrous  branchlets  orange- 
brown  during  their  first  autumn  and  winter,  gradually  growing  darker  grayish 
brown.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  covered  by  light  chestnut-brown  scales 
with  thin  often  reflexed  ciliate  margins.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  separating  irregularly 
into  thin  plate-like  light  gray  scales  more  or  less  tinged  with  brown  on  the  surface. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  straight-grained,  light  yellow,  with  hardly  distinguish- 
able sapwood;  manufactured  into  lumber  in  the  eastern  provinces  of  Canada  and 
in  Alaska,  and  used  in  construction,  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  and  for  paper 
pulp. 

Distribution.    Banks  and  borders  of  streams  and  lakes,  ocean  cliffs,  and  in  the 


CONIFERS  43 

north  the  rocky  slopes  of  low  hills,  from  Labrador  along  the  northern  frontier  of 
the  forest  nearly  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Sea,  reaching  Behring  Strait  in  66°  44' 
north  latitude,  and  southward  down  the  Atlantic  coast  to  southern  Maine,  northern 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and  New  York,  northern  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  the 
Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  and  through  the  interior  of  Alaska  and  along  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  northern  Montana. 

Often  planted  in  Canada,  northern  New  England,  and  northern  Europe  as  ar 
ornamental  tree;  southward  suffering  from  heat  and  dryness. 

**  Cone-scales  oblong  or  rhomboidal. 
-t-Branchlets  pubescent. 

4.  Picea  Engelmanni,  Engelm.    White  Spruce.    Engelmann  Spruce. 
Leaves  soft  and  flexible,  with  acute  callous  tips,  slender  nearly  straight  or  slightly 
incurved  on  vigorous  sterile  branches,  stouter  shorter  and  more  incurved  on  fer- 


43 


tile  branches,  !'-!£'  long,  marked  on  each  face  by  3-5  rows  of  stomata,  covered 
at  first  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  soon  becoming  dark  blue-green  or  pale  steel-blue. 
Flowers  :  staminate  dark  purple;  pistillate  bright  scarlet,  with  pointed  or  rounded 
and  more  or  less  divided  scales,  and  oblong  bracts  rounded  or  acute  or  acuminate 
and  denticulate  at  the  apex  or  obovate-oblong  and  abruptly  acuminate.  Fruit 
oblong-cylindrical,  oval,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  ends,  usually  about  2'  long, 
sessile  or  very  short-stalked,  produced  in  great  numbers  on  the  upper  branches,  hori- 
zontal and  ultimately  pendulous,  light  green  somewhat  tinged  with  scarlef  when 
fully  grown,  becoming  light  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  with  thin  flexible  slightly 
concave  scales,  generally  erose-dentate  or  rarely  almost  entire  on  the  margins, 
usually  broadest  at  the  middle,  wedge-shaped  below,  and  gradually  contracted  above 
into  a  truncate  or  acute  apex,  or  occasionally  obovate  and  rounded  above;  mostly 
deciduous  in  the  autumn  or  early  in  their  first  winter  soon  after  the  escape  of  the 
seeds  ;  seeds  obtuse  at  the  base,  nearly  black,  about  \'  long  and  much  shorter  than 
their  broad  very  oblique  wings. 

A  tree,  with  disagreeable  smelling  foliage,  often  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  4°-5° 
in  diameter,  spreading  branches  produced  in  regular  whorls  and  forming  a  narrow 
compact  pyramidal  head,  gracefully  hanging  short  lateral  branches,  and  compara- 
tively slender  branchlets  pubescent  for  three  or  four  years,  light  or  dark  orange- 


44  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

brown  or  gray  tinged  with  brown  during  their  first  winter,  their  bark  beginning  to 
separate  into  small  flaky  scales  in  their  fourth  or  fifth  year.  Winter-buds  coni- 
cal or  slightly  obtuse,  with  pale  chestnut-brown  scales  scarious  and  often  free  and 
slightly  reflexed  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'—^'  thick,  light  cinnamon-red, 
and  broken  into  large  thin  loose  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained, 
pale  yellow  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapvvood ;  largely  manu- 
factured into  lumber  used  for  the  construction  of  buildings;  also  employed  for  fuel 
and  charcoal.  The  bark  is  sometimes  employed  in  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  High  mountain  slopes,  often  forming  great  forests  from  the  moun- 
tains of  Alberta  and  British  Columbia,  southward  over  the  interior  mountain  sys- 
tems of  the  continent  to  northern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  from  elevations  of  5000° 
at  the  north  up  to  11,500°  at  the  south,  and  westward  through  Montana  and  Idaho 
to  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon;  attaining  its  greatest  size 
and  beauty  north  of  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  New  England  states  and  north- 
ern Europe,  where  it  grows  vigorously  and  promises  to  attain  a  large  size;  usually 
injured  in  western  Europe  by  spring  frosts. 

-t—t-Branchlets  glabrous. 

5.  Picea  Parryana,  Sarg.   Blue  Spruce. 

Leaves  strongly  incurved,  especially  those  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branch,  stout, 
rigid,  acuminate  and  tipped  with  long  callous  sharp  points,  l'-l|'  long  on  sterile 

branches,  often  not  more 
than  half  as  long  on  the 
fertile  branches  of  old 
trees,  marked  on  each 
side  by  4-7  rows  of  sto- 
mata,  dull  bluish  green 
on  some  individuals  and 
light  or  dark  steel-blue 
or  silvery  white  on  oth- 
ers, the  blue  colors  grad- 
ually changing  to  dull 
blue-green  at  the  end  of 
three  or  four  years. 
Flowers:  staminate  yel- 
low tinged  with  red  ;  pis- 
tillate with  broad  oblong 
or  slightly  obovate  pale 

green  scales  truncate  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the  denticulate  apex,  and  acute  bracts. 
Fruit  produced  on  the  upper  third  of  the  tree,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  oblong- 
cylindrical,  slightly  narrowed  at  the  ends,  usually  about  3'  long,  green  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red  when  fully  grown  at  midsummer,  becoming  pale  chestnut-brown 
and  lustrous,  with  flat  tough  rhomboidal  scales  flexuose  on  the  margins,  and  acute, 
rounded,  or  truncate  at  the  elongated  erose  apex  ;  seeds  %'  long  or  about  half  the 
length  of  their  wings,  gradually  widening  to  above  the  middle  and  full  and  rounded 
at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°  or  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  3°  in  dia- 


CONIFERS  45 

meter  and  occasionally  divided  into  3  or  4  stout  secondary  stems,  rigid  horizontal 
branches  disposed  on  young  trees  in  remote  whorls  and  decreasing  regularly  in 
length  from  below  upward,  the  short  stout  stiff  branchlets  pointing  forward  and 
making  flat-topped  masses  of  foliage,  011  old  trees  short  and  remote,  with  stout 
pendant  lateral  branches  forming  a  thin  ragged  pyramidal  crown  and  stout  rigid 
glabrous  branchlets,  pale  glaucous  green,  becoming  bright  orange-brown  during  the 
first  winter  and  ultimately  light  grayish  brown.  Winter-buds  stout,  obtuse  or  rarely 
acute,  \'~^'  long,  with  thin  pale  chestnut-brown  scales  usually  rettexed  on  the  mar- 
gins. Bark  of  young  trees  gray  or  gray  tinged  with  cinnamon-red  and  broken  into 
small  oblong  plate-like  scales,  becoming  on  the  lower  part  of  old  trunks  f'-l^' 
thick  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  covered  with  small  closely  ap- 
pressed  pale  gray  or  occasionally  bright  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
close-grained,  weak,  pale  brown  or  often  nearly  white,  with  hardly  distinguishable 
sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  or  on  the  first  benches  above  them  singly  or  in 
small  groves  at  elevations  between  GoOO°  and  10,000°  above  the  sea;  Colorado  and 
eastern  Utah  northward  to  the  Wind  River  Mountains  of  Wyoming. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  and  northern  states  and  in 
western  and  northern  Europe,  especially  individuals  with  blue  foliage;  very  beauti- 
ful in  early  life  but  in  cultivation  soon  becoming  unsightly  from  the  loss  of  the 
lower  branches. 

2.  Leaves  flattened. 

*  Cone-scales  rounded  at  the  apex. 

6.  Picea  Breweriana,  Wats.   Weeping  Spruce. 

Leaves  abruptly  narrowed  and  obtuse  at  the  apex,  straight  or  slightly  incurved, 
rounded  and  obscurely  ridged  and  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  lower  surface,  flat- 


tened and  conspiciiously  marked  on  the  upper  surface  by  4  or  5  rows  of  stomata  on 
each  side  of  the  prominent  midrib,  f'-l^'  long,  fa'-  fa'  wide.  Flowers :  staminate 
dark  purple;  pistillate  oblong-cylindrical,  with  obovate  scales  rounded  above  and  re- 
flexed  on  the  entire  margins  and  oblong  bracts  laciniately  divided  at  their  rounded 
or  acute  apex.  Fruit  oblong,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the  ends,  acute 


46  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

at  the  apex,  rather  oblique  at  the  base,  suspended  on  straight  slender  stalks,  deep 
rich  purple  or  green  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple  when  fully  grown,  becoming 
light  orange-brown,  2'-4'  long,  with  thin  broadly  ovate  flat  scales  longer  than  broad, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  opening  late  in  the  autumn  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds,  often 
becoming  strongly  reflexed  and  very  flexible;  usually  remaining  on  the  branches  until 
the  second  winter;  seeds  acute  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  on  the  sides,  ^'  long, 
dark  brown,  and  about  one  quarter  the  length  of  their  wings  broadest  toward  the 
full  and  rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter  above  the  swell- 
ing of  its  enlarged  and  gradually  tapering  base,  and  furnished  to  the  ground  with 
crowded  branches,  those  at  the  top  of  the  tree  short  and  slightly  ascending,  with  com- 
paratively short  pendulous  lateral  branches,  those  lower  on  the  tree  horizontal  or 
pendulous  and  clothed  with  slender  flexible  whip-like  laterals  often  7°-8°  long  and 
not  more  than  £'  thick  and  furnished  with  numerous  long  thin  lateral  branchlets, 
their  ultimate  divisions  slender,  coated  with  fine  pubescence  persistent  until  their 
third  season,  bright  red-brown  during  their  first  winter,  gradually  growing  dark 
gray-brown.  Winter-buds  conical,  light  chestnut-brown,  \'  long  and  ^'  thick.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  £'-f '  thick,  broken  into  long  thin  closely  appressed  scales  dull  red-brown 
on  the  surface.  Wood  heavy,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown  or  nearly  white,  with 
thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  mountain  ridges  and  peaks  near  the  timber-line  on  both  slopes 
of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  on  the  boundary  between  California  and  Oregon,  forming 
small  groves  at  elevations  of  about  7000°  above  the  sea;  on  a  high  peak  west  of 
Marble  Mountain  in  Siskiyou  County,  California;  on  the  Oregon  coast  ranges  at  the 
head-waters  of  the  Illinois  River  at  elevations  of  4000°-£000°. 

**  Cone-scales  oblong-oval,  denticulate  above  the  middle. 

7.  Picea  Sitchensis,  Carr.    Tideland  Spruce.    Sitka  Spruce. 

Leaves  standing  out  from  all  sides  of  the  branches  and  often  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  them,  frequently  bringing  their  white  upper  surface  to  view  by  a  twist  at 
their  base,  straight  or  slightly  incurved,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  long  callous  tips 
slightly  rounded,  green,  lustrous,  and  occasionally  marked  on  the  lower  surface  with 
2  or  3  rows  of  small  conspicuous  stomata  on  each  side  of  the  prominent  midrib, 
flattened,  obscurely  ridged  and  almost  covered  with  broad  silvery  white  bands 
of  numerous  rows  of  stomata  on  the  upper  surface,  £'-!•£ '  long  and  iV~iV  w^e> 
Flowers  :  staminate  at  the  ends  of  the  pendant  lateral  branchlets,  dark  red  ;  pistil- 
late on  rigid  terminal  shoots  of  the  branches  of  the  upper  half  of  the  tree,  with 
nearly  orbicular  denticulate  scales,  often  slightly  truncate  above  and  completely 
hidden  by  their  elongated  acuminate  bracts.  Fruit  cylindrical-oval,  short-stalked, 
yellow-green  often  tinged  with  dark  red  when  fully  grown,  becoming  lustrous  and 
pale  yellow  or  reddish  brown,  2^'^t'  long,  with  thin  stiff  oblong-oval  scales  rounded 
toward  the  apex,  denticulate  above  the  middle,  and  nearly  twice  as  long  as  their  lan- 
ceolate denticulate  bracts,  deciduous  mostly  during  their  first  autumn  and  winter; 
seeds  full  and  rounded,  acute  at  the  base,  pale  reddish  brown,  about  \'  long,  with 
narrow  oblong  slightly  oblique  wings  \'-\'  in  length. 

A  tree,  usually  about  100°  high,  with  a  conspicuously  tapering  trunk  often  3°  - 
4°  in  diameter  above  its  strongly  buttressed  and  much-enlarged  base,  occasionally 
200°  tall,  with  a  trunk  15°  - 16°  in  diameter,  horizontal  branches  forming  an  open 


CONIFERS 


47 


loose  pyramid  and  on  older  trees  clothed  with  slender  pendant  lateral  branches 
frequently  2°-3°  long,  and  stout  rigid  glabrous  branchlets  pale  green  at  first, 
becoming  dark  or  light 
orange-brown  during 
their  first  autumn  and 
winter  and  finally  dark 
gray  -  brown  ;  at  the 
extreme  northwestern 
limits  of  its  range  occa- 
sionally reduced  to  a 
low  shrub.  Winter- 
buds  ovate,  acute,  or 
conical,  \'-^'  long,  with 
pale  chestnut  -  brown 
acute  scales,  often 
tipped  with  short 
points  and  more  or  less 
reflexed  above  the  mid- 
die.  Bark  \'-^'  thick  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  large  thin  loosely  attached 
dark  red-brown  or  on  young  trees  sometimes  bright  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  not  strong,  straight-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick 
nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  used  in  the  interior  finish 
of  buildings,  for  fencing,  boat-building,  cooperage,  wooden-ware,  and  packing-cases. 

Distribution.  Moist  sandy,  often  swampy  soil,  or  less  frequently  at  the  far  north 
on  wet  rocky  slopes,  from  the  eastern  end  of  Kadiak  Island  southward  through  the 
coast  region  of  Alaska,  British  Columbia,  Washington,  and  Oregon  to  Mendocino 
County,  California. 

Often  planted  in  western  and  central  Europe  and  occasionally  in  the  middle  Atlan- 
tic states  as  an  ornamental  tree. 


4-6 


4.  TSUGA,  Carr.   Hemlock. 

Tall  pyramidal  trees,  with  deeply  furrowed  astringent  bark  bright  cinnamon-red 
except  on  the  surface,  soft  pale  wood,  nodding  leading  shoots,  slender  scattered  hori- 
zontal often  pendulous  branches,  the  secondary  branches  three  or  four  times  irregu- 
larly pinnately  ramified,  with  slender  round  glabrous  or  pubescent  ultimate  divisions, 
the  whole  forming  graceful  pendant  masses  of  foliage,  and  minute  winter-buds. 
Leaves  flat  or  angular,  obtuse  and  often  emarginate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  spirally 
disposed,  usually  appearing  almost  2-ranked  by  the  twisting  of  their  petioles,  those 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  branch  then  much  shorter  than  the  others,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed into  short  petioles  jointed  on  ultimately  woody  persistent  bases,  with  stomata 
on  the  lower  surface  ;  on  one  species  not  2-ranked,  and  of  nearly  equal  length,  with 
stomata  on  both  surfaces.  Flowers  solitary,  the  staminate  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of 
the  previous  year,  globose,  composed  of  numerous  subglobose  anthers,  with  connec- 
tives produced  into  short  gland-like  tips,  the  pistillate  terminal,  erect,  with  nearly 
circular  scales  slightly  longer  or  shorter  than  their  membranaceous  bracts.  Fruit 
an  ovate-oblong,  oval,  or  oblong-cylindrical  obtuse  usually  pendulous  nearly  sessile 
green  or  rarely  purple  cone  becoming  light  or  dark  reddish  brown,  with  concave  sub- 
orbicular  or  ovate-oblong  scales  thin  and  entire  on  the  margins,  much  longer  than 


48  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

their  minute  bracts,  persistent  on  the  axis  of  the  cone  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds. 
Seeds  furnished  with  resin-vesicles,  ovate-oblong,  compressed,  nearly  surrounded  by 
their  much  longer  obovate-oblong  wings;  outer  seed-coat  crustaceous,  light  brown, 
the  inner  membranaceous,  pale  chestnut-brown,  and  lustrous  ;  cotyledons  3-6,  much 
shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Tsuga  is  confined  to  temperate  North  America,  Japan,  central  and  western  China, 
and  the  Himalayas  ;  seven  species  have  been  distinguished. 

Tsuga  is  the  Japanese  name  of  the  Hemlock-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  flat,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  with  stomata  only  on  the  lower  surface  ; 
cones  ovate-oblong  or  oval. 
Cones  stalked. 

Cone-scales  orbicular-oblong,  about  as  wide  as  long,  their  bracts  broad  and  truncate. 

1.  T.  Canadenais  (A). 
Cone-scales  oblong,  much  longer  than  wide,  their  bracts  obtusely  pointed. 

2.  T.  Caroliniana  (A). 
Cones  sessile. 

Cone-scales  oblong,  longer  than  broad,  often  abruptly  contracted  near  the  middle, 
their  bracts  gradually  narrowed  to  an  obtuse  point. 

3.  T.  heterophylla  (B,  F,  G). 

Leaves  convex  or  keeled  above,  bluntly  pointed,  with  stomata  on  both  surfaces  ;  cones  ob- 
long-cyndrical. 

Cone-scales  oblong-obovate,  longer   than   broad,  much  longer  than  their  acuminate 
short-pointed  bracts.  4.  T.  Merteusiana  (B,  F,  G). 

1.   Tsuga  Canadensis,  Carr.    Hemlock. 

Leaves  oblong,  rounded  and  rarely  emarginate  at  the  apex,  dark  yellow-green, 
lustrous  and  obscurely  grooved  especially  toward  the  base  on  the  upper  surface, 
marked  on  the  lower  surface  by  5  or  6  rows  of  stomata  on  each  side  of  the  low 
broad  midrib,  ^'-f'  long,  about  fa'  wide,  deciduous  in  their  third  season  from  dark 
orange-colored  persistent  bases.  Flowers  :  staminate  light  yellow  ;  pistillate  pale 
green,  with  broad  bracts  coarsely  laciniate  on  the  margins  and  shorter  than  their 
scales.  Fruit  on  slender  puberulous  stalks  often  \'  long,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  |'-f' 
long,  with  orbicular  oblong  scales  almost  as  wide  as  long,  and  broad  truncate  bracts 
slightly  laciniate  on  the  margins,  opening  and  gradually  losing  their  seeds  during 
the  winter  and  mostly  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  following  spring  ;  seeds 
fa'  long,  usually  with  2  or  3  large  oil-vesicles,  nearly  half  as  long  as  their  wings 
broad  at  the  base  and  gradually  tapering  to  the  rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°,  and  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-4°  in  diame- 
ter, gradually  and  conspicuously  tapering  toward  the  apex,  long  slender  horizontal 
or  pendulous  branches,  persistent  until  overshadowed  by  other  trees  and  forming 
a  broad-based  rather  obtuse  pyramid,  and  slender  light  yellow-brown  pubescent 
branchlets,  growing  darker  during  their  first  winter  and  glabrous  and  dark  red- 
brown  tinged  with  purple  in  their  third  season.  'Winter-buds  obtuse,  light  che*st- 
nut-brown,  slightly  puberulous,  about  fa  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-f '  thiclc,  deeply 
divided  into  narrow  rounded  ridges  covered  with  thick  closely  appressed  scales 
varying  from  cinnamon-red  to  gray  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple.  Wood  light, 
soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  difficult  to  work,  liable  to  wind-shake  and 
splinter,  not  durable  when  exposed  to  the  air,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin 


CONIFERS  49 

somewhat  darker  sapwood ;  largely  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber  employed  for 
the  outside  finish  of  buildings.  The  astringent  inner  bark  affords  the  largest  part 
of  the  material  used  in  the  northeastern  states  and  Canada  in  tanning  leather.  From 
the  young  branches  oil  of  hemlock  is  distilled. 

Distribution.  Scattered  through  upland  forests  and  often  covering  the  northern 
slopes  of  rocky  ridges  and  the  steep  rocky  banks  of  narrow  river-gorges  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  eastern  Minnesota,  and  southward  through  the  northern  states  to  New- 
castle County,  Delaware,  southern  Michigan,  southwestern  Wisconsin,  and  along  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  to  northwestern  Alabama;  most  abundant  and  frequently 


Pic,  47 


an  important  element  of  the  forest  in  New  England,  northern  New  York,  and  west- 
ern Pennsylvania;  attaining  its  largest  size  near  streams  on  the  slopes  of  the  high 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Largely  cultivated  with  numerous  seminal  varieties  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the 
northern  states,  and  in  western  and  central  Europe. 

2.  Tsuga  Caroliniana,  Engelm.    Hemlock. 

Leaves  retuse  or  often  emarginate  at  the  apex,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  conspic- 
uously grooved  on  the  upper  surface,  marked  on  the  lower  surface  by  a  band  of 
7  or  8  rows  of  stomata  on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  ^'-f '  long,  about  Jj'  wide,  decidu- 
ous from  the  orange-red  bases  during  their  fifth  year.  Flowers:  staminate  tinged 
with  purple;  pistillate  purple,  with  broadly  ovate  bracts,  scarious  and  erose  on  the 
margins  and  about  as  long  as  their  scales.  Fruit  on  short  stout  stalks,  oblong,  !'-!£' 
long,  with  oblong  scales  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  rather  abruptly 
contracted  at  the  base  into  distinct  stipes,  thin,  concave,  puberulous  on  the  outer 
surface,  twice  as  long  as  their  broad  pale  bracts,  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  to 
the  axis  of  the  cone  at  maturity,  their  bracts  rather  longer  than  wide,  wedge-shaped, 
pale,  nearly  truncate  or  slightly  pointed  at  the  broad  apex  ;  seeds  ^'  long,  with 
numerous  small  oil-vescicles  on  the  lower  side,  and  one  quarter  as  long  as  the  pale 
lustrous  wings  broad  or  narrow  at  the  base  and  narrowed  to  the  rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-oO°,  or  occasionally  70°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding 
2°  in  diameter,  short  stout  often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  handsome  compact 
pyramidal  head,  and  slender  light  orange-brown  pubescent  branchlets,  usually 
becoming  glabrous  and  dull  brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  orange  during  their 


50 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


third  year.    Winter-buds  obtuse,  dark  chestnut-brown,  pubescent,  nearly  £'  long. 

Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-!£'  thick,  red-brown,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  con- 
nected ridges  cov- 
ered with  thin  closely 
appressed  plate-like 
scales.  Wood  light, 
soft,  not  strong,  brit- 
tle, coarse-grained, 
pale  brown  tinged 
with  red,  with  thin 
nearly  white  sap- 
wood. 

Distribution. 
Rocky  banks  of 
streams  usually  at 
elevations  between 
2500°  and  3000°  on 
the  Blue  Ridge  from 

southwestern  Virginia  to  northern  Georgia,  generally  singly  or  in  small  scattered 

groves  of  a  few  individuals. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  and  occasionally  in 

western  Europe. 

3.  Tsuga  heterophylla,  Sarg.    Hemlock. 

Leaves  rounded  at  the  apex,  conspicuously  grooved,  dark  green  and  very  lus- 
trous on  the  upper  surface,  marked  below  by  broad  white  bands  of  7-9  rows  of 
stomata,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base  into  slender  petioles,  ^'-f '  l°ng  and  ^'"iV 
wide.  Flowers  :  staminate  yellow;  pistillate  purple  and  puberulous,  with  broad 
bracts  gradually  narrowed  to  an  obtuse  point  and  shorter  than  their  broadly  ovate 


slightly  scarious  scales.    Fruit  oblong-oval,  acute,  sessile,  -f'-l'  long,  with  slightly 
puberulous  scales  longer  than  broad,  often  abruptly  narrowed  near  the  middle,  and 


CONIFERS  51 

dark  purple  puberulous  bracts  rounded  and  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex;  seeds 
^'  long,  with  occasional  oil-vesicles,  one  third  to  one  half  as  long  as  their  narrow 
wings. 

A  tree,  frequently  200°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6°-10°  in  diameter,  and  short 
slender  usually  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  and  slender 
pale  yellow-brown  branchlets  ultimately  becoming  dark  reddish  brown,  coated  at 
first  with  long  pale  hairs,  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  for  five  or  six  years.  Win- 
ter-buds ovate,  bright  chestnut-brown,  about  ^'  long.  Bark  on  young  trunks  thin, 
dark  orange-brown,  and  separated  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  flat  plates  broken 
into  delicate  scales,  becoming  on  fully  grown  trees  l'-l£'  thick  and  deeply  divided 
into  broad  flat  connected  ridges  covered  with  closely  appressed  brown  scales  more 
or  less  tinged  with  cinnamon-red.  Wood  light,  hard  and  tough,  pale  brown  tinged 
with  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood  ;  stronger  and  more  durable  than  the 
wood  of  the  other  American  hemlocks;  now  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  used 
principally  in  the  construction  of  buildings.  The  bark  is  used  in  large  quantities 
in  tanning  leather;  from  the  inner  bark  the  Indians  of  Alaska  obtain  one  of  their 
principal  articles  of  vegetable  food. 

Distribution.  Southeastern  Alaska,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Marin  County, 
California,  extending  eastward  over  the  mountains  of  southern  British  Columbia, 
northern  Washington  and  Idaho,  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  continental  divide,  and 
through  Oregon  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  sometimes  ascend- 
ing in  the  interior  to  elevations  of  6000°  above  the  sea ;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  coast  of  Washington  and  Oregon;  often  forming  a  large  part  of 
the  forests  of  the  northwest  coast. 

Frequently  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  temperate  Europe. 

4.  Tsuga  Mertensiana,  Sarg.    Mountain  Hemlock.    Patton  Spruce. 
Leaves  standing  out  from  all  sides  of  the  branch,  remote  on  leading  shoots  and 
crowded  on  short  lateral  branchlets,  rounded  and  occasionally  obscurely  grooved  or 


on  young  plants  sometimes  conspicuously  grooved  on  the  upper  surface,  rounded  and 
slightly  ribbed  on  the  lower  surface,  bluntly  pointed,  often  more  or  less  curved, 
stomatiferous  above  and  below,  with  about  8  rows  of  stomata  on  each  surface,  light 
bluish  green  or  on  some  individuals  pale  blue,  -^5'-!'  long,  about  fa'  wide,  abruptly 


52  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

narrowed  into  nearly  straight  or  slightly  twisted  petioles  articulate  on  bases  as  long 
or  rather  longer  than  the  petioles,  irregularly  deciduous  during  their  third  and  fourth 
years.  Flowers  :  staminate  borne  on  slender  pubescent  drooping  stems,  violet- 
purple;  pistillate  erect,  with  delicate  lustrous  dark  purple  or  yellow-green  bracts 
gradually  narrowed  above  into  slender  often  slightly  reflexed  tips  and  much  longer 
than  their  scales.  Fruit  sessile,  cylindrical-oblong,  narrowed  toward  the  blunt  apex 
and  somewhat  toward  the  base,  erect  until  more  than  half  grown,  pendulous  or 
rarely  erect  at  maturity,  |'-3'  long,  with  thin  delicate  scales  usually  as  broad  as 
long,  and  gradually  contracted  from  above  the  middle  to  the  wedge-shaped  base, 
rounded  at  the  slightly  thickened  more  or  less  erose  margins,  puberulous  on  the 
outer  surface,  usually  bright  bluish  purple  or  occasionally  pale  yellow-green,  four 
or  five  times  as  long  as  their  short-pointed  dark  purple  or  brown  bracts  ;  seeds  light 
brown,  ty  long,  often  marked  on  the  surface  next  their  scales  with  1  or  2  large 
resin-vesicles,  with  wings  nearly  ^'  long,  broadest  above  the  middle,  gradually 
narrowed  below,  slightly  or  not  at  all  oblique  at  the  rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-100°  but  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  slightly  tapering  trunk 
4°-5°  in  diameter,  gracefully  pendant  slender  branches  furnished  with  drooping 
frond-like  lateral  branches,  their  ultimate  divisions  erect  and  forming  an  open 
pyramid  surmounted  by  the  long  drooping  leading  shoots,  and  thin  flexible  or  some- 
times stout  rigid  branchlets  light  reddish  brown  and  covered  for  two  or  three  years 
with  short  pale  dense  pubescence,  becoming  grayish  brown  and  very  scaly.  Winter- 
buds  acute,  about  ^'  long,  the  scales  of  the  outer  ranks  furnished  on  the  back  with 
conspicuous  midribs  produced  into  slender  deciduous  awl-like  tips.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  I'-l^'  thick,  deeply  divided  into  connected  rounded  ridges  broken  into  thin 
closely  appressed  dark  cinnamon  scales  shaded  with  blue  or  purple.  Wood  light, 
soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  pale  brown  or  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood; 
occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Exposed  ridges  and  slopes  at  high  altitudes  along  the  upper  border 
of  the  forest  from  southeastern  Alaska,  southward  over  the  mountain  ranges  of 
British  Columbia  to  the  Olympic  Mountains  of  Washington,  and  eastward  to  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Selkirk  Mountains  in  the  interior  of  southern  British  Colum- 
bia, northern  Montana,  northern  Idaho,  the  Powder  River  Mountains,  and  along  the 
Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon,  on  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern 
California,  and  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  canon  of  the  south  fork  of  King's 
River,  California;  in  Alaska  occasionally  descending  to  the  sea-level,  and  toward 
the  southern  limits  of  its  range  often  ascending  to  elevations  of  10,000°. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  and  central  Europe,  and  rarely  in 
the  eastern  United  States. 


5.   PSEUDOTSUGA,  Carr. 

Pyramidal  trees,  with  thick  deeply  furrowed  bark,  hard  strong  wood,  with  spirally 
marked  wood-cells,  slender  usually  horizontal  irregularly  whorled  branches  clothed 
with  slender  spreading  lateral  branches  forming  broad  flat-topped  masses  of  foliage, 
ovate  acute  leaf-buds,  the  lateral  buds  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  their  inner  scales 
accrescent  and  marking  the  branchlets  with  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  linear,  flat, 
rounded  and  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  straight  or  incurved,  grooved  on  the 
upper  side,  marked  on  the  lower  side  by  numerous  rows  of  stomata  on  each  side  of 
the  prominent  midrib,  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  branch.  Flowers 


*  CONIFERS  53 

solitary,  the  staminate  axillary,  scattered  along  the  branches,  oblong-cylindrical, 
with  numerous  globose  anthers,  their  connectives  terminating  in  short  spurs,  the  pis- 
tillate terminal  or  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  composed  of  spirally  arranged  ovate 
rounded  scales  much  shorter  than  their  acutely  2-lobed  bracts,  with  midribs  pro- 
duced into  elongated  slender  tips.  Fruit  an  ovate-oblong  acute  pendulous  cone 
maturing  in  one  season,  with  rounded  concave  rigid  scales  persistent  on  the  axis  of 
the  cone  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds,  and  becoming  dark  red-brown,  much  shorter 
than  the  2-lobed  bracts  with  midribs  ending  in  rigid  woody  linear  awns,  those  at  the 
base  of  the  cone  without  scales  and  becoming  linear-lanceolate  by  the  gradual  sup- 
pression of  their  lobes.  Seeds  nearly  triangular,  full,  rounded  and  dark-colored  on 
the  upper  side  and  pale  on  the  lower  side,  shorter  than  their  oblong  wings  infolding 
the  upper  side  of  the  seeds  in  a  dark  covering;  outer  seed-coat  thick  and  crusta- 
ceous,  the  inner  thin  and  membranaceous;  cotyledons  6-12,  much  shorter  than  the 
inferior  radicle. 

Pseudotsuga  is  confined  to  western  North  America  and  Japan.  Three  species  are 
recognized. 

Pseudotsuga,  a  barbarous  combination  of  a  Greek  with  a  Japanese  word,  indicates 
the  relation  of  these  trees  with  the  Hemlocks. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  usually  rounded  and  obtuse  at  the  apex,  dark  yellow-green  or  rarely  blue-green ; 
cones  small,  their  bracts  much  exserted.  1.  P.  mucronata  (B,  E,  F,  G,  H). 

Leaves  acuminate  at  the  apex,  bluish  gray ;  cones  large,  their  bracts  slightly  exserted. 

2.  P.  macrocarpa  (G). 

1.  Pseudotsuga  mucronata,  Sudw.    Douglas  Spruce.    Red  Fir. 

Leaves  straight  or  rarely  slightly  incurved,  rounded  and  obtuse  at  the  apex,  or 
acute  on  leading  shoots,  |'-1^'  long,  ^'"lY  w'de,  dark  yellow-green  or  rarely  light 
or  dark  bluish  green,  usually  persistent  until  their  eighth  year.  Flowers  :  stami- 
nate orange-red ;  pistillate  with  slender  elongated  bracts  deeply  tinged  with  red. 
Fruit  pendant  on  long  stout  stems,  %-ty'  long,  with  thin  slightly  concave  scales 
rounded  and  occasionally  somewhat  elongated  at  the  apex,  usually  rather  longer  than 
broad,  when  fully  grown  at  midsummer  slightly  puberulous,  dark  blue-green  below, 
purplish  toward  the  apex,  bright  red  on  the  closely  appressed  margins,  and  pale 
green  bracts  becoming  slightly  reflexed  above  the  middle,  \'~^'  wide,  often  extending 
£' beyond  the  scales;  seeds  light  reddish  brown  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  marked 
below  with  large  irregular  white  spots,  \'  long,  nearly  \'  wide,  almost  as  long  as  their 
dark  brown  wings  broadest  just  below  the  middle,  oblique  above  and  rounded  at  the 
apex. 

A  tree,  often  200°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  frequently  taller,  with  a 
trunk  10°-12°  in  diameter,  but  in  the  dry  interior  of  the  continent  rarely  more  than 
80°-100°  high,  with  a  tnmk  hardly  exceeding  2°-3°  in  diameter,  slender  crowded 
branches  densely  clothed  with  long  pendulous  lateral  branches,  forming  while  the 
tree  is  young  an  open  pyramid,  soon  deciduous  from  trees  crowded  in  the  forest,  often 
leaving  the  trunk  naked  for  two  thirds  of  its  length  and  surmounted  by  a  compara- 
tively small  narrow  head  sometimes  becoming  flap-topped  by  the  lengthening  of  the 
upper  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  pubescent  for  three  or  four  years,  pale  orange 
color  and  lustrous  during  their  first  season,  becoming  bright  reddish  brown  and  ulti- 
mately dark  gray-brown.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  the  terminal  bud  often  \'  long 


54  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

and  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  lateral  buds.  Bark  on  young  trees  smooth,  thin,  rather 
lustrous,  dark  gray-brown,  usually  becoming  on  old  trunks  10'-12'  thick,  and  divided 
into  oblong  plates  broken  into  great  broad  rounded  and  irregularly  connected  ridges 
separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thick  closely  appressed  dark  red-brown  scales. 
Wood  light  red  or  yellow,  with  nearly  white  sapwood  ;  very  variable  in  density, 
quality,  and  in  the  thickness  of  the  sapwood ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  in 
British  Columbia,  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  used  for  all  kinds  of  con- 
struction, fuel,  railway-ties,  and  piles.  The  bark  is  sometimes  used  in  tanning 
leather. 

Distribution.  From  about  latitude  55°  north  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  from  the 
head  of  the  Skeena  River  in  the  coast  range,  southward  through  all  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain system  to  the  mountains  of  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
and  of  northern  Mexico,  and  from  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
the  Pacific  coast,  but  absent  from  the  arid  mountains  in  the  great  basin  between  the 
Wahsatch  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  ranges ;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  near 
the  sea-level  in  the  coast  region  of  southern  British  Columbia  and  of  Washington 


and  Oregon,  and  on  the  western  foothills  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  ascending  on 
the  California  Sierras  to  elevations  of  5500°  above  the  sea. 

Often  planted  for  timber  and  ornament  in  temperate  Europe,  and  for  ornament  in 
the  eastern  and  northern  states,  where  only  the  form  from  the  interior  of  the  con- 
tinent flourishes. 

2.  Pseudotsuga  macrocarpa,  Mayr.    Hemlock. 

Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  terminating  in  slender  rigid  callous  tips,  apparently 
2-ranked  by  the  conspicuous  twist  at  their  base,  incurved  above  the  middle,  f '-IV 
long,  about  -fa'  wide,  dark  bluish  gray.  Flowers :  staminate  pale  yellow,  inclosed 
for  half  their  length  in  conspicuous  involucres  of  the  lustrous  bud-scales;  pistillate 
with  pale  green  bracts  tinged  with  red.  Fruit  produced  on  the  upper  branches  and 
occasionally  on  those  down  to  the  middle  of  the  tree,  short-stalked,  4'-6£'  long,  with 
scales  near  the  middle  of  the  cone  l£'-2'  across,  stiff,  thick,  concave,  rather  broader 
than  long,  rounded  above,  abruptly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  puberulous  on  tKe 
outer  surface,  often  nearly  as  long  as  their  comparatively  short  and  narrow  bracts 
with  broad  midribs  produced  into  short  flattened  flexible  tips;  seeds  full  and  rounded 


CONIFERS  55 

on  both  sides,  rugose,  dark  chestnut-brown  or  nearly  black  and  lustrous  above,  pale 
reddish  brown  below,  £'  long,  $'  wide,  with  a  thick  brittle  outer  coat  and  wings 
broadest  near  the  middle,  about  ^'  long,  nearly  -J'  wide,  and  rounded  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°  and  rarely  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°^°  in  diameter, 
remote  elongated  branches   pendulous  below,  furnished  with  short  stout  pendant 


or  often  erect  laterals  forming  an  open  broad-based  symmetrical  pyramidal  head, 
slender  branchlets  dark  reddish  brown  and  pubescent  during  their  first  year,  be- 
coming glabrous  and  dark  or  light  orange-brown  and  ultimately  gray-brown.  "Win- 
ter-buds ovate,  acute,  usually  not  more  than  -|'  long,  often  nearly  as  broad  as 
long.  Bark  3'-6'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded 
ridges  covered  with  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong, 
close-grained,  not  durable;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber;  largely  used  for 
fuel. 

Distribution.  Steep  rocky  mountain  slopes  in  southern  California  at  elevations  of 
3000°-5000°  above  the  sea,  often  forming  open  groves  of  considerable  extent,  from 
the  Santa  Inez  Mountains  in  Santa  Barbara  County  to  the  Cuyamaca  Mountains. 

6.  ABIES,  Link.   Fir. 

Tall  pyramidal  trees,  with  bark  containing  numerous  resin-vesicles,  smooth,  pale, 
and  thin  on  young  trees,  often  thick  and  deeply  furrowed  in  old  age,  pale  and  usually 
brittle  wood,  slender  horizontal  wide-spreading  branches  in  regular  remote  4  or 
5-branched  whorls,  clothed  with  twice  or  thrice  forked  lateral  branches  forming  flat- 
topped  masses  of  foliage  gradually  narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  branch, 
the  ultimate  divisions  stout,  glabrous,  or  pubescent,  and  small  globose  or  oblong  win- 
ter branch-buds  usually  thickly  covered  with  resin,  or  in  one  species  large  and  acute, 
with  thin  loosely  imbricated  scales.  Leaves  linear,  sessile,  on  young  plants  and  on 
lower  sterile  branches  flattened  and  mostly  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  or  in  one 
species  4-sided,  rounded  and  usually  emarginate  at  the  apex,  appearing  2-ranked  by 
a  twist  near  their  base  or  occasionally  spreading  from  all  sides  of  the  branch,  only 
rarely  stomatiferous  above,  on  upper  fertile  branches  and  leading  shoots  usually 
crowded,  more  or  less  erect,  often  incurved  or  falcate,  thick,  convex  on  the  upper 
side, or  quadrangular  in  some  species  and  then  obtuse,  and  acute  at  the  apex  and 


56  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

frequently  stomatiferous  above;  persistent  usually  for  eight  or  ten  years,  in  falling 
leaving  small  circular  scars.  Flowers  axillary,  from  buds  formed  the  previous  sea- 
son on  branchlets  of  the  year,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  conspicuous  involucres  of 
enlarged  bud-scales,  the  staminate  very  abundant  on  the  lower  side  of  branches  above 
the  middle  of  the  tree,  oval  or  oblong-cylindrical,  with  yellow  or  scarlet  anthers  sur- 
mounted by  short  knob-like  projections,  the  pistillate  usually  on  the  upper  side  only 
of  the  topmost  branches,  or  in  some  species  scattered  also  over  the  upper  half  of  the 
tree,  erect,  globose,  ovoid  or  oblong,  their  scales  imbricated  in  many  series,  obovate, 
rounded  above,  cuneate  below,  much  shorter  than  their  acute  or  dilated  mucronate 
bracts.  Fruit  an  erect  ovoid  or  oblong  cylindrical  cone,  its  scales  closely  imbricated, 
thin,  incurved  at  the  broad  apex  and  generally  narrowed  below  into  long  stipes, 
decreasing  in  size  and  sterile  toward  the  end  of  the  cone,  falling  at  maturity 
with  their  bracts  and  seeds  from  the  stout  tapering  axis  of  the  cone  long-persist- 
ent on  the  branch.  Seeds  furnished  with  large  conspicuous  resin-vesicles,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  acute  at  the  base,  covered  on  the  upper  side  and  infolded  below  on  the 
lower  side  by  the  base  of  their  thin  wings  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  oblique  apex; 
seed-coat  thin,  of  2  layers,  the  outer  thick,  coriaceous,  the  inner  membranaceous; 
cotyledons  4-10,  much  shorter  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Abies  is  widely  distributed  in  the  New  World  from  Labrador  and  the  valley  of  the 
Athabasca  River  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina,  and  from  Alaska  through  the 
Pacific  and  Rocky  Mountain  regions  to  the  highlands  of  Guatemala,  and  in  the  Old 
World  from  Siberia  and  the  mountains  of  central  Europe  to  southern  Japan,  central 
China,  the  Himalayas,  Asia  Minor,  and  the  highlands  of  northern  Africa.  Twenty- 
five  species  are  now  recognized.  Several  exotic  species  are  cultivated  in  the  north- 
ern and  eastern  states;  of  these  the  best  known  and  most  successful  as  ornamental 
trees  are  Abies  Nordmanniana,  Spach,  of  the  Caucasus,  Abies  Cilicica,  Carr.,  of 
Asia  Minor,  Abies  Cephalonica,  Loud.,  a  native  of  Cephalonia,  Abies  Veitchi,  Lindl., 
and  Abies  homolepis,  S.  &  Z.,  of  .Japan,  Abies  Picea,  Lindl.,  of  the  mountains  of  south- 
ern and  central  Europe,  and  Abies  Pinsapo,  Boiss.,  of  the  Spanish  Sierra  Nevada. 

Abies  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Fir-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  flat  and  grooved  above,  with  stomata  on  the  lower  and  sometimes  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, rounded  and  often  notched,  or  on  fertile  branches  frequently  acute  at  the  apex. 
Leaves  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below. 
Cones  purple. 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  much  longer  than  their  scales,  reflexed. 

1.  A.  Fraseri  (A). 
Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  shorter  or  rarely  slightly  longer  than  their  scales. 

2.  A.  balsamea  (A). 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  gradually  narrowed  into  long  slender  tips  half  the  length 
of  their  scales ;  leaves  crowded,  silvery  white  below.      3.  A.  amabilis  (B,  G). 
Cones  green. 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  laciniate  and  short-pointed  at  the  apex  ;  leaves  conspicu- 
ously notched  on  fertile  branches.  4.  A  grandis  (B,  G). 
Leaves  pale  blue-green. 
Cones  purple. 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  rounded,  emarginate  and  long-pointed  at  the  apex ;  leaves 
obtusely  pointed  and  occasionally  notched,  and  on  fertile  branches  thickened  and 
acute  at  the  apex.  5-  A.  lasiocarpa  (B,  F,  G). 


CONIFERS 


57 


Cones  purple,  green,  or  yellow. 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  short-pointed ;  leaves  more  or  less  erect  by  the  twist  at 
their  base,  on  fertile  branches  often  falcate,  thickened  and  keeled  above. 

<;.  A.  concolor  (F,  G,  H). 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  produced  into  elongated  rigid,  flat  tips  many  times  longer 
than  the  obtusely  pointed  scales ;  leaves  acuminate,  dark  yellow-green  above, 
white  below,  similar  on  sterile  and  fertile  branches;  winter-buds  large,  with  thin 
loosely  imbricated  scales.  7.  A.  venusta  (G). 

Leaves  often  4-sided,  blue-green,  usually  glaucous,  with  stomata  on  all  surfaces,  bluntly 
pointed  or  acute,  incurved  and  crowded  on  fertile  branches  ;   cones  purple. 
Leaves  of  sterile  branches  flattened  and  distinctly  grooved  above. 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  rounded  and  fimbriate  above,  long-pointed,  incurved,  light 
green,  much  longer  than  and  covering  their  scales.  8.  A.  nobilis  (G). 

Leaves  of  sterile  branches  4-sided. 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  acute  or  acuminate  or  rounded  above,  with  slender  tips 
shorter  or  longer  than  their  scales.  9.  A.  magiiifica  (G). 

1.  Leaves  Jlat. 

*  Leaves  dark  green. 
-*•  Cones  purple. 

1.  Abies  Fraseri,  Poir,   Balsam  Fir.    She  Balsam. 

Leaves  obtusely  short-pointed  or  occasionally  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  marked  on  the  lower  surface  by 


wide  bands  of  8-12  rows  of  stomata,  ^'  to  nearly  1'  long,  about  Ty  wide.  Flowers  : 
staminate  yellow  tinged  with  red;  pistillate  with  scales  rounded  above,  much  broader 
than  long  and  shorter  than  their  oblong  pale  yellow-green  bracts  rounded  at  the 
broad  apex  terminating  in  a  slender  elongated  tip.  Fruit  oblong-ovate  or  nearly 
oval,  rounded  at  the  somewhat  narrowed  apex,  dark  purple,  pubertilous,  about  2^' 
long,  with  scales  twice  as  wide  as  long,  at  maturity  nearly  half  covered  by  their  pale 
yellow-green  reflexed  bracts;  seeds  |'  long,  with  dark  lustrous  wings  much  ex- 
panded aind  very  oblique  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  and  rarely  70°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  2£°  in  diame- 
ter, and  rather  rigid  branches  forming  an  open  symmetrical  pyramid  and  often  dis- 


58  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

appearing  early  from  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk,  and  stout  branchlets  pubescent  for 
three  or  four  years,  pale  yellow-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  reddish 
brown  often  tinged  with  purple,  and  obtuse  orange-brown  winter-buds.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  \'-^f  thick,  and  covered  with  thin  closely  appressed  bright  cinnamon-red  scales, 
generally  becoming  gray  on  old  trees.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained, 
pale  brown,  with  nearly  white  sap  wood;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Appalachian  Mountains  from  southwestern  Virginia  to  western 
North  Carolina  and  eastern  Tennessee,  often  forming  forests  of  considerable  extent 
at  elevations  between  4000°  and  6000°  above  the  sea-level. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  parks  and  gardens  of  the  northern  states  and  of 
Europe,  but  short-lived  in  cultivation  and  of  little  value  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

2.  Abies  balsamea,  Mill.   Balsam  Fir. 

Leaves  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  silvery  white  on  the  lower 
surface,  with  bands  of  4-8  rows  of  stomata,  £'  long  on  cone-bearing  branches  to  iy 


long  on  the  sterile  branches  of  young  trees,  straight,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  short 
or  elongated  rigid  callous  tips,  spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  to  the  branch  on 
young  trees  and  sterile  branches,  on  the  upper  branches  of  older  trees  often  broadest 
above  the  middle,  rounded  or  obtusely  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  occasionally 
emarginate  on  branches  at  the  top  of  the  tree.  Flowers:  staminate  yellow,  more 
or  less  deeply  tinged  with  reddish  purple;  pistillate  with  nearly  orbicular  purple 
scales  much  shorter  than  their  oblong-obovate  serrulate  pale  yellow-green  bracts 
emarginate  with  a  broad  apex  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  slender  recurved  tip. 
Fruit  oblong-cylindrical,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  rounded  apex,  puberulous,  dark 
rich  purple,  2'-4'  long,  with  scales  usually  longer  than  broad,  generally  almost  twice 
as  long  but  rarely  not  as  long  as  their  bracts ;  seeds  about  £'  long  and  rather 
shorter  than  their  light  brown  wings. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  usually  12'-18',  or  rarely  30'  in  diameter,  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  open  broad-based  pyramid,  the  lower 
branches  soon  dying  from  trees  crowded  in  the  forest,  and  slender  branchlets  pale 
yellow-green  and  coated  with  fine  pubescence  at  first,  becoming  light  gray  tinged 
with  red,  and  often  when  four  or  five  years  old  with  purple.  'Winter-buds  nearly 
globose,  $'-\'  in  diameter,  with  lustrous  dark  orange-green  scales.  Bark  on  old 
trees  often  ^'  thick,  rich  brown,  much  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  plates  covered 


CONIFERS  59 

with  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  perishable,  pale  brown 
streaked  with  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  occasionally  made  into 
lumber  principally  used  for  packing-cases.  From  the  bark  of  this  tree  oil  of  fir  used 
in  the  arts  and  in  medicine  is  obtained. 

Distribution.  From  the  interior  of  the  Labrador  peninsula  northwestward  to  the 
shores  of  the  Lesser  Slave  Lake,  southward  through  Newfoundland,  the  maritime 
provinces  of  Canada,  Quebec  and  Ontario,  northern  New  England,  northern  New 
York,  northern  Michigan  and  Minnesota  to  northern  and  central  Iowa;  and  along 
the  Appalachian  Mountains  from  western  Massachusetts  and  the  Catskills  of  New 
York  to  the  high  mountains  of  southwestern  Virginia;  common  and  often  forming 
a  considerable  part  of  the  forest  on  low  swampy  ground ;  on  well-drained  hillsides 
sometimes  singly  in  forests  of  spruce  or  forming  small  almost  impenetrable  thickets; 
near  the  timber-line  on  the  mountains  of  New  England  and  New  York  reduced  to  a 
low  almost  prostrate  shrub. 

Often  planted  in  the  northern  states  in  the  neighborhood  of  farmhouses,  but 
usually  short-lived  and  of  little  value  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  cultivation;  formerly 
but  now  rarely  cultivated  in  European  plantations. 

3.  Abies  amabilis,  Forbes.   White  Fir. 

Leaves  deeply  grooved,  very  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  sil- 
very white  on  the  lower,  with  broad  bands  of  6  or  8  rows  of  stomata  between  the 
prominent  midribs  and  recurved  margins,  on  sterile  branches  obtuse  and  rounded, 
or  notched  or  occasionally  acute  at  the  apex,  f'-l^'  long,  fa  -^  wide,  often  broadest 
above  the  middle,  erect  by  a  twist  at  their  base,  very  crowded,  those  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  branch  much  shorter  than  those  on  the  lower  and  usually  parallel  with 


and  closely  appressed  against  it,  on  fertile  branches  acute  or  acuminate,  with  callous 
tips,  occasionally  stomatiferous  on  the  upper  surface  near  the  apex,  ^'-f '  long,  on 
vigorous  leading  shoots  acute,  with  long  rigid  points,  closely  appressed  or  recurved 
near  the  middle,  about  \'  long  and  nearly  \'  wide.  Flowers:  staminate  red;  pistil- 
late with  broad  rounded  scales  and  rhombic  dark  purple  lustrous  bracts  erose  above 
the  middle  and  gradually  contracted  into  broad  points.  Fruit  oblong,  slightly  nar- 
rowed to  the  rounded  and  often  retuse  apex,  deep  rich  purple,  puberulous,  3£'-6' 
long,  with  scales  I'-l^'  wide,  nearly  as  long  as  broad,  gradually  narrowed  from  the 
rounded  apex  and  rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  their  reddish  rhombic  or  oblong- 


60  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

obovate  bracts  terminating  in  long  slender  tips;  seeds  light  yellow-brown,  ^'  long, 
with  oblique  pale  brown  lustrous  wings  about  -|'  long. 

A  tree,  often  250°  tall,  or  at  high  altitudes  and  in  the  north  usually  not  more  than 
70°-80°  tall,  with  a  trunk  4°-6°  in  diameter,  in  thick  forests  often  naked  for  150°, 
but  in  open  situations  densely  clothed  to  the  ground  with  comparatively  short 
branches  sweeping  down  in  graceful  curves,  and  stout  branchlets  clothed  for  four  or 
five  years  with  soft  fine  pubescence,  light  orange-brown  in  their  first  season,  becom- 
ing dark  purple  and  ultimately  reddish  brown.  Winter-buds  nearly  globose,  \'-^ 
thick,  with  closely  imbricated  lustrous  purple  scales.  Bark  on  trees  up  to  150  years 
old  thin,  smooth,  pale  or  silvery  white,  becoming  near  the  ground  on  old  trees  !£'- 
2^'  thick,  and  irregularly  divided  into  comparatively  small  plates  covered  with 
small  closely  appressed  reddish  brown  or  reddish  gray  scales.  Wood  light,  hard, 
not  strong,  close-grained,  pale  brown,  with  nearly  white  sapwood ;  in  -Washington 
occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber  used  in  the  interior  finish  of  buildings. 

Distribution.  High  mountain  slopes  and  benches  from  British  Columbia  south- 
ward along  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  northern  Oregon,  and  on  the  coast  ranges  of 
Oregon  and  Washington ;  attaining  its  largest  size  on  the  Olympic  Mountains,  where 
it  is  the  most  common  Fir-tree. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  Europe,  but  without  de- 
veloping there  the  beauty  which  distinguishes  this  species  in  its  native  forests. 

-H — i- Cones  green. 

4.  Abies  grandis,  Lindl.   White  Fir. 

Leaves  thin  and  flexible,  deeply  grooved,  very  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface,  with  two  broad  bands  of  7-10 


rows  of  stomata,  on  sterile  branches  remote,  rounded  and  conspicuously  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  l£'-2^'  long,  usually  about  \'  wide,  spreading  in  two  ranks  nearly  at 
right  angles  to  the  branch,  on  cone-bearing  branches  more  crowded,  usually  I'-l^' 
long,  less  spreading  or  nearly  erect,  blunt-pointed  or  often  notched  at  the  apex,  on 
vigorous  young  trees  £'-• f'  long,  acute  or  acuminate.  Flowers:  staminate  pale  yel- 
low sometimes  tinged  with  purple;  pistillate  light  yellow-green,  with  semiorbicular 


CONIFERS  61 

scales  and  short  oblong  bracts  emargiuate  and  denticulate  at  the  broad  obcordate 
apex  furnished  with  a  short  strongly  reflexed  tip.  Fruit  cylindrical,  slightly  nar- 
rowed to  the  rounded  and  sometimes  retuse  apex,  puberulous,  bright  green,  2'-4' 
long,  with  scales  usually  about  two  thirds  as  long  as  wide,  gradually  or  abruptly  nar- 
rowed from  their  broad  apex  and  three  or  four  times  as  long  as  their  short  pale 
green  bracts;  seeds  f  in  length,  light  brown,  with  pale  lustrous  wings  £'— f'  long 
and  nearly  as  broad  at  their  abruptly  widened  rounded  apex. 

A  tree,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  250°-300°  high,  with  a  slightly  tapering 
trunk  often  4°  in  diameter,  long  somewhat  pendulous  branches  sweeping  out  in 
graceful  curves,  and  comparatively  slender  pale  yellow-green  puberulous  branchlets 
becoming  light  reddish  brown  or  orange-brown  and  glabrous  in  their  second  season; 
on  the  mountains  of  the  interior  rarely  more  than  100°  tall,  with  a  trunk  usually 
about  2°  in  diameter,  often  smaller  and  much  stunted  at  high  elevations.  Winter- 
buds  globose,  ^'-\'  thick.  Bark  becoming  sometimes  2'  thick  at  the  base  of  old  trees 
and  gray-brown  or  reddish  brown  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  low  flat  ridges 
broken  into  oblong  plates  roughened  by  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light, 
soft,  coarse-grained,  not  strong  nor  durable,  light  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sapwood;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber  in  western  Washington  and  Oregon 
and  used  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  packing-cases,  and  wooden-ware. 

Distribution.  Vancouver  Island  southward  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to 
Mendocino  County,  California,  and  along  the  mountains  of  northern  Washington 
and  Idaho  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  continental  divide  in  northern  Montana,  and  to 
the  mountains  of  eastern  Oregon;  near  the  coast  scattered  on  moist  ground  through 
forests  of  conifers;  common  in  Washington  and  northern  Oregon  from  the  sea  up 
to  elevations  of  4000°;  in  the  interior  on  moist  slopes  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams 
from  2500°  up  to  7000°  above  the  sea. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  parks  and  gardens  of  temperate  Europe,  where  it 
grows  rapidly  and  promises  to  attain  a  large  size ;  rarely  planted  in  the  United 
States. 

**Leaves  pale  blue-green. 
Cones  purple. 

5.  Abies  lasiocarpa,  Nutt.   Balsam  Fir. 

Leaves  marked  on  the  upper  surface  but  generally  only  above  the  middle  with 
4  or  5  rows  of  stomata  on  each  side  of  the  conspicuous  midribs  and  on  the  lower 
surface  by  2  broad  bands  each  of  7  or  8  rows,  crowded,  nearly  erect  by  the  twist 
at  their  base,  on  lower  branches  l'-lf  long,  about  ^'  wide,  and  rounded  and  occa- 
sionally emarginate  at  the  apex,  on  upper  branches  somewhat  thickened,  usually 
acute,  generally  not  more  than  £'  long,  on  leading  shoots  flattened,  closely  appressed, 
with  long  slender  rigid  points.  Flowers:  staminate  dark  indigo-blue,  turning  violet 
when  nearly  ready  to  open;  pistillate  with  dark  violet-purple  obovate  scales  much 
shorter  than  their  strongly  reflexed  bracts  contracted  into  slender  tips.  Fruit 
oblong-cylindrical,  rounded,  truncate  or  depressed  at  the  narrowed  apex,  dark  purple, 
puberulous,  2^'-4'  long,  with  scales  gradually  narrowed  from  the  broad  rounded  or 
nearly  truncate  apex  to  the  base,  usually  longer  than  broad,  about  three  times  as 
long  as  their  oblong-obovate  red-brown  bracts  laciniately  cut  on  the  margins,  rounded, 
emarginate  and  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into  long  slender  tips;  seeds  ^' 
long,  with  dark  lustrous  wings  covering  nearly  the  entire  surface  of  the  scales. 


62  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

A  tree,  usually  80°-100°,  occasionally  175°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-5°  in  diame- 
ter, short  crowded  tough  branches,  usually  slightly  pendulous  near  the  base  of  the 


tree,  generally  clothing  the  trunks  of  the  oldest  trees  nearly  to  their  base  and  form- 
ing dense  spire-like  slender  heads,  and  comparatively  stout  branchlets  coated  for  three 
or  four  years  with  fine  rufous  pubescence,  or  rarely  glabrous  before  the  end  of  their 
first  season,  pale  orange-brown,  ultimately  gray  or  silvery  white.  Winter-buds 
subglobose,  \'-\'  thick,  covered  with  light  orange-brown  scales.  Bark  becoming  on 
old  trees  f'-l^'  thick,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  roughened  by  thick  closely 
appressed  cinnamon-red  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  pale  brown  or  nearly 
white,  with  light-colored  sapwood;  little  used  except  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  High  mountain  slopes  and  summits  from  about  latitude  61°  in 
Alaska,  southward  along  the  coast  ranges  to  the  Olympic  Mountains  of  Washington, 
over  all  the  high  mountain  ranges  of  British  Columbia  and  Alberta,  and  southward 
along  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon,  over  the  mountain  ranges 
of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  of  Idaho,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utah 
to  the  San  Francisco  peaks  of  northern  Arizona. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  United  States  and  in 
northern  Europe. 

-K  Cones  yellow,  green,  or  purple. 

6.  Abies  concolor,  Lindl.  &  Gord.   White  Fir. 

Leaves  crowded,  spreading  in  2  ranks  and  more  or  less  erect  from  the  strong 
twist  at  their  base,  pale  blue  or  glaucous,  becoming  dull  green  at  the  end  of  two  or 
three  years,  with  2  broad  bands  of  stomata  on  the  lower,  and  more  or  less  stoma- 
tiferous  on  the  upper  surface,  on  lower  branches  flat,  straight,  rounded,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  2'-3'  long,  about  ^'  wide,  on  fertile  branches  and  on  old 
trees  frequently  thick,  keeled  above,  usually  falcate,  acute  or  rarely  notched  at 
the  apex,  -f'-l^'  long,  often  \'  wide.  Flowers:  staminate  dark  red  or  rose  color; 
pistillate  with  broad  rounded  scales,  and  oblong  strongly  reflexed  obcordate  bracts 
laciniate  above  the  middle  and  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into  short  points. 
Fruit  oblong,  slightly  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  ends,  rounded  or  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  3'-5'  long,  puberulous,  grayish  green,  dark  purple  or  bright  canary- 
yellow,  with  scales  much  broader  than  long,  gradually  and  regularly  narrowed  from 


CONIFERS 


63 


the  rounded  apex,  rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  their  emarginate  or  nearly 
truncate  bracts  broad  at  the  apex  and  terminating  in  short  slender  tips;  seeds  £'-£' 
long,  acute  at  the  base,  dark  dull  brown,  with  lustrous  rose-colored  wings  widest 
near  the  middle  and  nearly  truncate  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  on  the  California  sierras  200°-250°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  6°  in  diame- 
ter or  in  the  interior  of  the  continent  rarely  more  than  125°  tall,  with  a  trunk  seldom 
exceeding  3°  in  diameter,  a  narrow  spire-like  crown  of  short  stout  branches  clothed 
with  long  lateral  branches  pointing  forward  and  forming  great  frond-like  masses  of 
foliage,  and  glabrous  lustrous  comparatively  stout  branchlets  dark  orange  color  dur- 
ing their  first  season,  becoming  light  grayish  green  or  pale  reddish  brown,  and  ulti- 
mately gray  or  grayish  brown.  Winter-buds  globose,  \'-^'  thick.  Bark  becoming 
on  old  trunks  sometimes  5'-G'  thick  near  the  ground  and  deeply  divided  into 
broad  rounded  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  irregularly  shaped  plate-like  scales. 


Wood  very  light,  soft,  coarse-grained  and  not  strong  nor  durable,  pale  brown  or 
sometimes  nearly  white;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber  and  in  northern 
California  used  for  packing-cases  and  butter-tubs. 

Distribution.  Rocky  Mountains  of  southern  Colorado,  westward  to  the  mountain 
ranges  of  California,  extending  northward  into  northern  Oregon,  and  southward 
over  the  mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  into  northern  Mexico;  the  only  Fir- 
tree  in  the  arid  regions  of  the  Great  Basin  and  of  southern  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  Europe,  and  in  the  eastern  states  where  it 
grows  more  vigorously  than  other  Fir-trees. 


***Leaves  yellow-green. 

Bracts  of  the  cone-scales  with  long  rigid  flat  tips ;  winter-buds  elongated,  with 
loosely  imbricated  scales. 

7.  Abies  venusta,  K.  Koch.    Silver  Fir. 

Leaves  thin,  flat,  rigid,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  gradually  or  abruptly  nar- 
rowed toward  the  base,  often  falcate  especially  on  fertile  branches,  acuminate,  with 
long  slender  callous  tips,  dark  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  slightly  rounded  on  the  upper 


64  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

surface,  marked  below  the  middle  with  obscure  grooves,  silvery  white  or  on  old 
leaves  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  with  bands  of  8-10  rows  of  stomata  between  the 
broad  midrib  and  the  thickened  strongly  revolute  margins,  2-ranked  from  the  con- 
spicuous twist  near  their  base  and  spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  to  the  branch  or 


somewhat  ascending  on  upper  fertile  branches,  l£'-2£'  long,  on  leading  shoots  stand- 
ing out  at  almost  right  angles,  rounded  on  the  upper  surface,  more  or  less  incurved 
above  the  middle,  1^'-1|'  long,  about  ^'  wide.  Flowers  :  staminate  produced  in 
great  numbers  near  the  base  of  the  branchlets  on  branches  from  the  middle  of  the 
tree  upward,  pale  yellow ;  pistillate  near  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  of  the  upper 
branches  only,  with  oblong  scales  rounded  above  and  nearly  as  long  as  their  cuneate 
obcordate  yellow-green  bracts  ending  in  slender  elongated  awns.  Fruit  on  stout 
peduncles  sometimes  £'  long,  oval  or  subcylindrical,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex, 
glabrous,  pale  purple-brown,  3'-4'  long,  with  thin  scales  strongly  incurved  above, 
obtusely  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  obscurely  denticulate  on  the  thin  margins,  about 
one  third  longer  than  their  oblong-obvate  obcordate  pale  yellow-brown  bracts  termi- 
nating in  flat  rigid  tips  I'-lf '  long,  above  the  middle  of  the  cone  pointing  toward  its 
apex  and  often  closely  appressed  to  its  sides,  below  the  middle  spreading  toward  its 
base  and  frequently  much  recurved,  firmly  attached  to  the  cone-scales  and  decidu- 
ous with  them  from  the  thick  conical  sharp-pointed  axis  of  the  cone;  seeds  dark 
red-brown,  about  |-'  long,  and  nearly  as  long  as  their  oblong-obovate  pale  reddish 
brown  lustrous  wings  rounded  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  100°-150°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  3°  in  diameter,  comparatively 
short  slender  usually  pendulous  branches  furnished  with  long  sinuous  rather  remote 
lateral  branches  sparsely  clothed  with  foliage,  forming  a  broad-based  pyramid 
abruptly  narrowed  15°-20°  from  the  top  of  the  tree  into  a  thin  spire-like  head,  and 
stout  glabrous  light  reddish  brown  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 
Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  f '-!'  long,  \'-^'  thick,  with  very  thin  loosely  imbricated 
pale  chestnut  brown  acute,  boat-shaped  scales.  Bark  becoming  near  the  base  of  the 
tree  ^'-f '  thick,  light  reddish  brown,  slightly  and  irregularly  fissured  and  broken  into 
thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  not  hard,  coarse-grained,  light  brown 
tinged  with  yellow,  with  paler  sapwood. 

Distribution.  In  a  few  isolated  groves  along  the  moist  bottoms  of  canons,  usually 


CONIFERS 


65 


at  elevations  of  about  3000°  above  the  sea  on  both  slopes  of  the  outer  western  ridge 
of  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains  in  Monterey  County,  California. 

Occasionally  and  successfully  grown  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  milder  parts  of 
Great  Britain  and  in  northern  Italy. 

2.  Leaves  mostly  J^-sided,  blue-green. 
*  Cones  purple. 

8.  Abies  nobilis,  Lindl.   Red  Fir.   Larch. 

Leaves  marked  on  the  upper  surface  with  deep  sharply  defined  grooves,  rounded 
and  obscurely  ribbed  on  the  lower  surface,  stomatiferous  above  and  below,  dark 
or  light  blue-green,  often  very  glaucous  during  their  first  season,  crowded  in 
several  rows,  those  on  the  lower  side  of  the  branch  two-ranked  by  the  twisting 
of  their  bases,  the  others  crowded,  strongly  incurved,  with  the  points  erect  or 
pointing  away  from  the  end  of  the  branch,  on  young  plants  and  on  the  lower 


sterile  branches  of  old  trees  flat,  rounded,  usually  slightly  notched  at  the  apex,  I'-l^' 
long,  about  ^'  wide,  on  fertile  branches  much  thickened  and  almost  equally  4-sided, 
acuminate,  with  long  rigid  callous  tips,  £'-f  long,  on  leading  shoots  flat,  gradually 
narrowed  from  the  base,  acuminate,  with  long  rigid  points,  about  1'  long.  Flowers: 
staminate  reddish  purple;  pistillate  often  scattered  over  the  upper  part  of  the  tree, 
with  broad  rounded  scales  much  shorter  than  their  nearly  orbicular  bracts  erose  on 
the  margins  and  contracted  above  into  slender  elongated  strongly  reflexed  tips. 
Fruit  oblong-cylindrical,  slightly  narrowed  but  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  4' -5' 
long,  purple  or  olive-brown,  pubescent,  with  scales  about  one  third  wider  than  long, 
gradually  narrowed  from  the  rounded  apex  to  the  base,  or  full  at  the  sides,  rounded 
and  denticulate  above  the  middle  and  sharply  contracted  and  wedge-ahaped  below, 
nearly  or  entirely  covered  by  their  strongly  reflexed  pale  green  spatulate  bracts,  full 
and  rounded  above,  fimbriate  on  the  margins,  with  broad  foliaceous  midribs  produced 
into  short  broad  flattened  points;  seeds  ^'  long,  pale  reddish  brown,  about  as  long 
as  their  wings,  gradually  narrowed  from  below  to  the  nearly  truncate  slightly 
rounded  apex. 

-A  tree,  in  old  age  with  a  comparatively  broad  somewhat  rounded  head,  usually 
150° -200°  and  occasionally  250°  high,  with  a  trunk  6°-^°  in  diameter,  short  rigid 


66 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


branches,  short  stout  remote  lateral  branches  standing  out  at  right  angles,  and  slender 
reddish  brown  branchlets  puberulous  for  four  or  five  years  and  generally  pointing 
forward.  Winter-buds  ovoid-oblong,  red-brown,  about  \'  long.  Bark  becoming 
on  old  trunks  l'-2'  thick,  bright  red-brown,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges 
irregularly  broken  by  cross  fissures  and  covered  with  thick  closely  appressed 
scales.  Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  rather  close-grained,  pale  brown  streaked  with 
red,  with  darker  colored  sapwood;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used 
under  the  name  of  larch  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings  and  for  packing-cases. 

Distribution.  Often  forming  extensive  forests  on  the  Cascade  Mountains  of  Wash- 
ington, ranging  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  Oregon;  coast  moun- 
tains of  Washington  to  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  California;  most  abundant  on  the 
western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Range  in  Washington  and  northern  Oregon  at  eleva- 
tions of  2500°  to  5000°  above  the  sea;  less  abundant  and  of  smaller  size  on  the 
eastern  and  northern  slopes  of  these  mountains. 

Often  planted  in  western  and  central  Europe  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  in  the 
eastern  states  hardy  in  sheltered  positions  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

9.  Abies  magnifica,  A.  Murr.   Red  Fir. 

Leaves  almost  equally  4-sided,  ribbed  above  and  below,  with  6-8  rows  of 
stomata  on  each  of  the  4  Sides,  pale  and  very  glaucous  during  their  first  season,  later 


becoming  blue-green,  persistent  usually  for  about  ten  years;  on  young  plants  and 
lower  branches  oblanceolate,  somewhat  flattened,  rounded,  bluntly  pointed,  f'-l^' 
long,  ^j'  wide,  those  on  the  lower  side  of  the  branch  spreading  in  2  nearly  horizon- 
tal ranks  by  the  twist  at  their  base,  on  upper,  especially  on  fertile  branches,  much 
thickened,  with  more  prominent  midribs,  acute,  with  short  callous  tips,  ^'  long  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  branch  to  \\'  long  on  the  lower  side,  crowded,  erect,  strongly 
incurved,  completely  hiding  the  upper  side  of  the  branch,  on  leading  shoots  f  long, 
erect  and  acuminate,  with  long  rigid  points  pressed  against  the  stem.  Flowers: 
staminate  dark  reddish  purple;  pistillate  with  rounded  scales  much  shorter  than 
their  oblong  pale  green  bracts  terminating  in  elongated  slender  tips  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red.  Fruit  oblong-cylindrical,  slightly  narrowed  to  the  rounded  truncate 
or  retuse  apex,  dark  purplish  brown,  puberulous,  from  6'-9'  long,  with  scales  often 
1^'  wide  and  about  two  thirds  as  wide  as  long,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  cordate  base, 


CONIFERS 


67 


somewhat  longer  or  often  two  thirds  as  long  as  their  oblong  spatulate  acute  or  acu- 
minate bracts  with  slender  tips  slightly  serrulate  above  the  middle  and  often  sharply 
contracted  and  then  enlarged  toward  the  base;  seeds  dark  reddish  brown,  |'  long, 
about  as  wide  as  their  lustrous  rose-colored  obvate  cuneate  wings  nearly  truncate 
and  often  f  '  wide  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  in  old  age  occasionally  somewhat  round-topped,  often  200°  high,  with 
a  trunk  8°-10°  in  diameter  and  often  naked  for  half  the  height  of  the  tree,  com- 
paratively short  small  branches,  the  upper  somewhat  ascending,  the  lower  pen- 
dulous, and  stout  light  yellow-green  branchlets  pointing  forward,  slightly  puberulous 
during  their  first  season,  becoming  light  red-brown  and  lustrous  and  ultimately  gray 
or  silvery  white.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  £'-£'  long,  their  bright  chestnut-brown 
scales  with  prominent  midribs  produced  into  short  tips.  Bark  becoming  4'-6'  thick 
near  the  ground,  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  by  cross  fissures 
and  covered  by  dark  red-brown  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  comparatively 
durable,  light  red-brown,  with  thick  somewhat  darker  sapwood;  largely  used  for 
fuel,  and  in  California  occasionally  manufactured  into  coarse  lumber  employed  in 
the  construction  of  cheap  buildings  and  for  packing-cases. 

Distribution.  Cascade  Mountains  of  southern  Oregon,  southward  over  the  moun- 
tain ranges  of  northern  California,  and  along  the  entire  length  of  the  western  slope 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  common  in  southern  Oregon  at  elevations  between  5000°  and 
7000°  above  the  sea,  forming  sometimes  nearly  pure  forests;  very  abundant  on  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  principal  tree  in  the  forest  belt  at  elevations  from  6000°  to 
9000°;  ascending  towards  the  southern  extremity  of  its  range  to  over  10,000°. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  and  central  Europe,  and  some- 
times hardy  in  the  United  States  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

A  distinct  form  is 

Abies  magnifica,  var.  Shastensis,  Lemm.   Red  Fir. 

On  the  mountains  of  southern  Oregon  and  at  high  elevations  on  those  of  northern 
California,  and  on  the  southern  Sierra  Nevada,  occurs  this  form  distinguished  only 


by  the  longer  rounded  or  obtusely  pointed  (not  acute)  bright  yellow  bracts  which 
sometimes  cover  nearly  half  their  scales. 


68  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

7.  SEQUOIA,  Endl. 

Resinous  aromatic  trees,  with  tall  massive  lobed  trunks,  thick  bark  of  2  layers,  the 
outer  composed  of  fibrous  scales,  the  inner  thin,  close  and  firm,  soft,  durable,  straight- 
grained  .red  heartwood,  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  short  stout  horizontal  branches, 
terete  lateral  branchlets  deciduous  in  the  autumn,  and  scaly  or  naked  buds.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  or  linear  and  spreading  in  2  ranks  especially  on  young  trees  and 
branches,  or  linear,  acute,  compressed,  keeled  on  the  back  and  closely  appressed  or 
spreading  at  the  apex,  the  two  forms  appearing  sometimes  on  the  same  branch  or  on 
different  branches  of  the  same  tree.  Flowers  minute,  solitary,  monoacious,  appearing 
in  early  spring  from  buds  formed  the  previous  autumn,  the  staminate  terminal  in  the 
axils  of  upper  leaves,  ovoid  or  oblong,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  numerous  im- 
bricated ovate  acute  and  apiculate  bracts,  with  numerous  spirally  disposed  filaments 
dilated  into  ovate  acute  subpeltate  connectives  bearing  on  their  inner  face  2-5  pendu- 
lous globose  2-valved  anther-cells;  the  pistillate  terminal,  ovoid  or  oblong,  composed 
of  numerous  spirally  imbricated  ovate  scales  abruptly  keeled  on  the  back,  the  keels 
produced  into  short  or  elongated  points  closely  adnate  to  the  short  ovule-bearing 
scales  rounded  above  and  bearing  below  their  upper  margin  in  2  rows  5-7  ovules  at 
first  erect,  becoming  reversed.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  short-oblong  pendulous  cone  ma- 
turing during  the  first  or  second  season,  persistent  after  the  escape  of  the  seeds,  its 
scales  formed  by  the  enlargement  of  the  united  flower  and  ovuliferous  scales,  becom- 
ing woody,  bearing  large  deciduous  resin-glands,  gradually  enlarged  upward  and 
widening  at  the  apex  into  a  narrow  thickened  oblong  disk  transversely  depressed 
through  the  middle  and  sometimes  tipped  with  small  points.  Seeds  5-7  under  each 
scale,  oblong-ovate,  compressed;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  produced  into  broad  thin 
lateral  wings;  cotyledons  4-6,  longer  than  the  inferior  radicle. 

Sequoia,  widely  scattered  with  several  species  over  the  northern  hemisphere  during 
the  cretaceous  and  tertiary  epochs,  is  now  confined  to  the  mountains  of  California, 
where  two  species  exist. 

The  name  of  the  genus  is  formed  from  Sequoiah,  the  inventor  of  the  Cherokee 
alphabet. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  of  2  forms,  mostly  spreading  in  2  ranks ;  cones  maturing  in  one  season ;  buds  scaly. 

1.  S.  sempervirens  (G). 

Leaves  ovate,   acute  or  lanceolate,  slightly  spreading  or  compressed ;    cones  maturing  in 
their  second  season ;  buds  naked.  2.  S.  Wellingtonia  (G). 

1.  Sequoia  sempervirens,  Endl.   Redwood. 

Leaves  of  secondary  branches  and  of  lower  branches  of  young  trees  lanceolate, 
more  or  less  falcate,  acute  or  acuminate  and  usually  tipped  with  slender  rigid  points, 
slightly  thickened  on  the  revolute  margins,  decurrent  at  the  base,  spreading  in  2  ranks 
by  a  half-turn  at  their  base,  \'-\'  long,  about  \'  wide,  obscurely  keeled  and  marked 
above  by  2  narrow  bands  of  stomata,  glaucous  and  stomatiferous  below  on  each 
side  of  their  conspicuous  midribs,  on  leading  shoots  disposed  in  many  ranks,  more 
or  less  spreading  or  appressed,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  incurved  at  the  rounded  apicu- 
late apex,  thickened,  rounded,  and  stomatiferous  on  the  lower  surface,  concave,  promi- 
nently Iceeled  and  covered  with  stomata  on  the  upper  surface,  usually  about  \'  long; 
dying  and  turning  reddish  brown  at  least  two  years  before  falling.  Flowers  opening 


CONIFERS  69 

in  late  winter  or  very  early  spring;  staminate  ovate,  obtuse  ;  pistillate  with  about 
20  broadly  ovate  acute  scales  tipped  with  elongated  and  incurved  or  short  points. 
Fruit  oblong,  f '-!'  long,  £'  broad,  its  scales  gradually  enlarged  from  slender  stipes 
abruptly  dilated  above  into  disks  penetrated  by  deep  narrow  grooves,  and  usually 
without  tips;  seeds  about  ^'  long,  light  brown,  with  wings  as  broad  as  their  body. 

A  tree,  from  200°-340°  high,  with  a  slightly  tapering  and  irregularly  lobed  trunk 
usually  free  of  branches  for  75°-100°,  usually  10°-15°,  rarely  28°  in  diameter  at 
the  much  buttressed  base,  slender  branches,  clothed  with  branchlets  spreading  in 
2  ranks  and  forming  while  the  tree  is  young  an  open  narrow  pyramid,  on  old  trees 
becoming  stout  and 
horizontal,  and  form- 
ing a  narrow  rather 
compact  and  very 
irregular  head  re- 
markably small  in 
proportion  to  the 
height  and  size  of 
the  trunk,  and  slen- 
der leading  branch- 
lets  covered  at  the 
end  of  three  or  four 
years  after  the  leaves 
fall  with  cinnamon- 
brown  scaly  bark. 
Buds  with  numerous 
loosely  imbricated 

ovate  acute  scales  persistent  on  the  base  of  the  branchlet.  Bark  6'-12'  thick,  divided 
into  rounded  ridges  and  separated  on  the  surface  into  long  narrow  dark  brown 
fibrous  scales  often  broken  transversely  and  in  falling  disclosing  th'e  bright  cinnamon- 
red  inner  bark.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  easily  split  and  worked, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  clear  light  red;  largely  manufactured  into 
lumber  and  used  for  shingles,  fence-posts,  railway-ties,  wine-butts,  and  for  building 
purposes. 

Distribution.  Southern  borders  of  Oregon,  southward  near  the  coast  to  Monterey 
County,  California,  rarely  found  more  than  twenty  or  thirty  miles  from  the  coast,  or 
beyond  the  influence  of  the  ocean  fogs,  or  over  3000°  above  the  sea-level;  often  form- 
ing in  northern  California  pure  forests  occupying  the  sides  of  ravines  and  the  banks 
of  streams;  southward  growing  usually  in  small  groves  scattered  among  other  trees; 
most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  north  of  Cape  Mendocino. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  temperate  countries  of  Europe. 

2.  Sequoia  Wellingtonia,  Seem.    Big  Tree. 

Leaves  ovate  and  acuminate,  or  lanceolate,  rounded  and  thickened  on  the  lower 
surface,  concave  on  the  upper  surface,  marked  by  bands  of  stomata  on  both  sides 
of  the  obscure  midribs,  rigid,  sharp-pointed,  decurrent  below,  spreading  or  closely 
appressed  above  the  middle,  ^'-^'  or  on  leading  shoots  £'  long.  Flowers  opening  in 
late  winter  and  early  spring;  staminate  in  great  profusion  over  the  whole  tree,  ter- 
minal, with  ovate  acute  or  acuminate  connectives;  pistillate  with  25-40  pale  yellow 
scales  slightly  keeled  on  the  back  and  gradually  narrowed  into  long  slender  points. 


70  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Fruit  "maturing  in  the  second  year,  ovate-oblong,  2'-3^'  long,  i^'-2£'  wide,  dark 
reddish  brown,  the  scales  gradually  thickened  upward  from  the  base  to  the  slightly 


P/Q  64- 


dilated  apex,  f -1^'  long  and  ^'-^'  wide,  deeply  pitted  in  the  middle  and  often  fur- 
nished with  an  elongated  reflexed  tip  ;  seeds  linear-lanceolate,  compressed,  \'-\' 
long,  light  brown,  surrounded  by  laterally  united  wings  broader  than  the  body  of  the 
seed,  apiculate  at  the  apex,  often  very  unequal. 

A  tree,  at  maturity  usually  about  275°  high,  with  a  trunk  20°  in  diameter  near 
the  ground,  occasionally  becoming  320°  tall,  with  a  trunk  35°  in  diameter,  much 
enlarged  and  buttressed  at  the  base,  fluted  with  broad  low  rounded  ridges,  in  old  age 
naked  often  for  150°,  with  short  thick  horizontal  branches,  slender  leading  branchlets 
becoming  after  the  disappearance  of  the  leaves  reddish  brown  more  or  less  tinged 
with  purple  and  covered  with  thin  close  or  slightly  scaly  bark  and  naked  buds.  Bark 
l°-2°  thick,  divided  into  rounded  lobes  4°-5°  wide,  corresponding  to  the  lobes  of 
the  trunk,  separating  into  loose  light  cinnamon-red  fibrous  scales,  the  outer  scales 
slightly  tinged  with  purple.  Wood  very  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle  and  coarse- 
grained, turning  dark  on  exposure;  manufactured  into  lumber  and  used  for  fencing, 
in  construction,  and  for  shingles. 

Distribution.  Western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  California,  in  an  inter- 
rupted belt  at  elevations  of  5000°-8400°  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  from  the  middle  fork 
of  the  American  River  to  the  head  of  Deer  Creek  just  south  of  latitude  36°;  north  of 
King's  River  in  isolated  groves,  southward  forming  forests  of  considerable  extent, 
and  best  developed  on  the  north  fork  of  the  Tule  River. 

Universally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  all  the  countries  of  central  and 
southern  Europe;  and  occasionally  in  the  eastern  United  States,  where  it  does  not 
flourish. 

8.  TAXODIUM,  Rich.    Bald  Cypress. 

Resinous  trees,  with  furrowed  scaly  bark,  light  brown  durable  heartwood,  thin  white 
sapwood,  crept  ultimately  spreading  branches,  deciduous  usually  2-ranked  lateral 
branchlets,  scaly  globose  buds,  and  stout  horizontal  roots  often  producing  erect  woody 
projections  {knees}.  Leaves  spirally  disposed,  pale  and  marked  with  stomata  below 
on  both  sides  of  the  obscure  midribs,  dark  green  above,  linear-lanceolate,  spreading 
in  2  ranks,  or  scale-like  and  appressed  on  lateral  branchlets,  the  two  forms  appearing 


CONIFERS  71 

on  the  same  or  on  different  branches  of  the  same  tree  or  on  separate  trees,  deciduous. 
Flowers  unisexual,  from  buds  formed  the  previous  year;  staminate  in  the  axils  of 
scale-like  bracts  in  long  terminal  drooping  panicles,  with  6-8  stamens,  opposite  in  2 
ranks,  their  filaments  abruptly  enlarged  into  broadly  ovate  peltate  yellow  connectives 
bearing  on  their  inner  face  in  2  rows  4-9  2-valved  pendulous  anther-cells  ;  pistillate 
scattered  near  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  the  previous  year,  subglobose,  composed 
of  numerous  ovate  spirally  arranged  long-pointed  scales  aduate  below  to  the  thick- 
ened fleshy  ovuliferous  scales  bearing  at  their  base  2  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules. 
Fruit  a  globose  or  obovoid  short-stalked  woody  cone  maturing  the  first  year  and  per- 
sistent after  the  escape  of  the  seeds,  formed  from  the  enlargement  and  union  of  the 
flower  and  ovule-bearing  scales  abruptly  dilated  from  slender  stipes  into  irregularly 
4-sided  disks  often  mucronate  at  maturity,  bearing  on  the  inner  face,  especially  on 
the  stipes,  large  dark  glands  filled  with  blood-red  fragrant  liquid  resin.  Seeds  in 
pairs  under  each  scale,  attached  laterally  to  the  stipes,  erect,  unequally  3-angled; 
seed-coat  light  brown  and  lustrous,  thick,  coriaceous  or  corky,  produced  into  3  thick 
unequal  lateral  wings  and  below  into  a  slender  elongated  point;  cotyledons  4-9, 
shorter  than  the  superior  radicle. 

Taxodium,  widely  distributed  through  North  America  and  Europe  in  Miocene  and 
Pliocene  times,  is  now  confined  to  the  coast  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
states  and  to  Mexico.  Two  species  are  distinguished. 

The  generic  name,  from  rd^of  and  eZdof,  indicates  a  resemblance  of  the  leaves  with 
those  of  the  Yew-tree. 

1.  Taxodium  distichum.  Rich.    Bald  Cypress.    Deciduous  Cypress. 

Leaves  on  distichously  spreading  branchlets  linear-lanceolate, apiculate,  ^'-f '  long, 
about  Ty  wide,  light  bright  yellow-green  or  occasionally  silvery  white  below,  or  ou 


the  form  with  pendulous  compressed  branchlets  long-pointed,  keeled  and  stomatifer- 
ous  below,  concave  above,  more  or  less  spreading  at  the  free  apex,  about  ^'  long;  in 
the  autumn  turning  with  the  branchlets  dull  orange-brown  before  falling.  Flowers: 
panicles  of  staminate  flowers  4'-5'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  with  slender  red-brown  stems, 
obovate  flower-buds  nearly  |'  long,  pale  silvery-gray  during  winter  and  purple  when 
the  flowers  expand  in  the  spring.  Fruit  usually  produced  in  pairs  at  the  extremity 


72  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

of  the  branch  or  irregularly  scattered  along  it  for  several  inches,  nearly  globose  or 
obovate,  rugose,  about  1'  in  diameter,  the  scales  generally  destitute  of  tips  ;  seeds 
with  wings  nearly  £'  long  and  ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  with  a  tall  lobed  gradually  tapering  trunk,  rarely  12°  and  generally  4Q-5° 
in  diameter  above  the  abruptly  enlarged  strongly  buttressed  usually  hollow  base, 
occasionally  150°  tall,  in  youth  pyramidal,  with  slender  branches  often  becoming 
elongated  and  slightly  pendulous,  in  old  age  spreading  out  into  a  broad  low  rounded 
crown  often  100°  across,  and  slender  branchlets  light  green  when  they  first  appear, 
light  red-brown  and  rather  lustrous  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  darker  the 
following  year,  deciduous  lateral  branchlets  3' -4'  long,  spreading  at  right  angles  to 
the  branch,  or  in  the  form  with  acicular  leaves  pendulous  or  erect  and  often  6'  long. 
Bark  1/-2'  thick,  light  cinnamon-red  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat 
ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  long  thin  closely  appressed  fibrous  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  not  strong,  easily  worked,  light  or  dark  brown,  sometimes  nearly  black; 
largely  used  for  construction,  in  cooperage,  railwa.y-ties,  posts,  and  fences. 

Distribution.  River  swamps  usually  submerged  during  several  months  of  the 
year,  low  wet  banks  of  streams,  and  the  wet  depressions  of  Pine-barrens  from  south- 
ern Delaware  southward  near  the  coast  to  the  shores  of  Mosquito  Inlet  and  Cape 
Romano,  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  coast  region  to  the  valley  of  Devil  River, 
Texas,  through  Louisiana  and  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Missouri,  and  through  west- 
ern Mississippi,  Tennessee,  and  Kentucky  to  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana;  most 
common  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  often  cover- 
ing with  nearly  pure  forests  great  river  swamps.  From  South  Carolina  to  western 
Florida  and  southern  Alabama  the  form  with  acicular  leaves  ( Taxodium  distichum, 
var.  imbricarium,  Sarg.)  is  not  rare  as  a  small  tree  in  Pine-barren  ponds. 

Often  cultivated,  especially  the  var.  imbricarium,  AS  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  north- 
ern United  States,  and  in  the  countries  of  temperate  Europe. 

9.  LIBOCEDRUS,  Endl. 

Tall  resinous  aromatic  trees,  with  scaly  bark,  spreading  branches,  flattened  branch- 
lets  disposed  in  one  horizontal  plane  and  forming  an  open  2-ranked  spray  and  often 
ultimately  deciduous,  straight-grained  durable  fragrant  wood,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves 
scale-like,  in  4  ranks,  on  leading  shoots  nearly  equally  decussate,  closely  compressed 
or  spreading,  dying  and  becoming  woody  before  falling,  on  lateral  flattened  branch- 
lets  much  compressed,  conspicuously  keeled,  and  nearly  covering  those  of  the  other 
ranks ;  on  seedling  plants  linear-lanceolate  and  spreading.  Flowers  monoecious,  solitary, 
terminal,  the  two  sexes  on  different  branchlets;  staminate  oblong,  with  12-16  decus- 
sate filaments  dilated  into  broad  connectives  usually  bearing  4  subglobose  anther-cells; 
pistillate  oblong,  subtended  at  the  base  by  several  pairs  of  leaf-like  scales  slightly 
enlarged  and  persistent  under  the  fruit,  composed  of  6  acuminate  short-pointed  scales, 
those  of  the  upper  and  middle  ranks  much  larger  than  those  of  the  lower  rank,  ovate 
or  oblong,  fertile  and  bearing  at  the  base  of  a  minute  accrescent  ovuliferous  scale  2 
erect  ovules.  Fruit  an  oblong  cone  maturing  in  one  season,  with  subcoriaceous  scales 
marked  at  the  apex  by  the  free  thickened  mucronulate  border  of  the  enlarged  flower- 
scales,  those  of  the  lowest  pair  ovate,  thin,  reflexed,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong 
thicker  scales  of  the  second  pair  widely  spreading  at  maturity;  those  of  the  third 
pair  confluent  into  an  erect  partition.  Seeds  in  pairs,  erect  on  the  base  of  the  scale; 
seed-coat  membranaceous,  of  2  layers,  produced  into  thin  unequal  lateral  wings,  one 


CONIFERS  73 

narrow,  the  other  hroad,  ohlique,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale;  cotyledons  2,  about 
as  long  as  the  superior  radicle. 

Libocedrus  is  confined  to  western  North  America,  western  South  America,  where  it 
is  distributed  from  Chili  to  Patagonia,  New  Zealand,  New  Caledonia,  New  Guinea, 
Formosa,  and  southwestern  China.  Eight  species  are  distinguished. 

Libocedrus,  from  \i&ds  and  Cedrus,  relates  to  the  resinous  character  of  these  trees. 

1.  Libocedrus  decurrens,  Torr.   Incense  Cedar. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  decurrent  and  closely  adnate  on  the  branchlets  except  at 
the  callous  apex,  \'  long  on  the  ultimate  lateral  branchlets  to  nearly  £'  long  on  leading 


Pic,  66 


shoots,  those  of  the  lateral  ranks  gradually  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
keeled  and  glandular  on  the  back,  and  nearly  covering  the  flattened  obscurely  glandu- 
lar-pitted and  abruptly  pointed  leaves  of  the  inner  ranks.  Flowers  appearing  in 
January  o.n  the  ends  of  short  lateral  branchlets  of  the  previous  year;staininate  tinge- 
ing  the  tree  with  gold  during  the  winter  and  early  spring,  ovate,  nearly  ^'  long,  with 
nearly  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate  connectives,  rounded,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex  and  slightly  erose  on  the  margins;  pistillate  subtended  by  2-6  pairs  of  leaf-like 
scales,  with  ovate  acute  light  yellow-green  slightly  spreading  scales.  Fruit  ripening 
and  discharging  its  seeds  in  the  autumn,  oblong,  |'-1'  long,  pendulous,  light  red- 
brown;  seeds  oblong-lanceolate,  J'-^'  long,  semiterete  and  marked  below  by  con- 
spicuous pale  basal  hilums;  inner  layer  of  the  seed-coat  penetrated  by  elongated 
resin-chambers  filled  with  red  liquid  balsamic  resin. 

A  tree,  frequently  150°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  slightly  and  irregularly  lobed 
trunk  tapering  from  a  broad  base  and  sometimes  7°  in  diameter,  slender  branches  erect 
at  the  top  of  the  tree,  below  sweeping  downward  in  bold  curves,  forming  a  narrow  open 
feathery  crown  becoming  in  old  age  irregular  in  outline  by  the  greater  development 
of  a  few  ultimately  upright  branches  forming  secondary  stems,  and  stout  branchlets 
somewhat  flattened  and  light  yellow-green  at  first,  turning  light  red-brown  during  the 
summer  and  ultimately  brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple,  the  lateral  branchlets 
much  flattened,  4'-6'  long,  and  usually  deciduous  at  the  end  of  the  second  or  third 
season.  Bark  £'-!'  thick,  bright  cinnamon-red,  and  broken  into  irregular  ridges 
covered  with  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained 


74  TREES    OP   NORTH   AMERICA 

very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap- 
wood;  often  injured  by  dry  rot  but  largely  used  for  fencing,  laths  and  shingles,  the 
interior  finish  of  buildings,  for  furniture,  and  in  the  construction  of  flumes. 

Distribution.  Singly  or  in  small  groves  from  the  basin  of  the  Santiam  River,  Ore- 
gon, southward  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  on  the  California  coast  ranges  from  Mendocino  County  to  the  mountains 
of  southern  California  and  Lower  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size 
on  the  sierras  of  central  California  at  elevations  of  5000°-7000°  above  the  sea. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  and  central  Europe,  where  it 
grows  rapidly  and  promises  to  attain  to  a  large  size;  hardy  and  occasionally  planted 
in  the  middle  Atlantic  states. 

10.  THUYA,  L.   Arbor-vitae. 

Resinous  aromatic  trees,  with  thin  scaly  bark,  soft  durable  straight-grained  heart- 
wood,  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  slender  spreading  or  erect  branches,  pyramidal 
heads,  flattened  lateral  pendulous  branchlets  disposed  in  .one  horizontal  plane,  form- 
ing a  flat  frond-like  spray  and  often  finally  deciduous,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves 
decussate,  scale-like,  acute,  stomatiferous  on  the  back,  on  leading  shoots  appressed 
or  spreading,  rounded  or  slightly  keeled  on  the  back,  narrowed  into  long  slender 
points;  on  lateral  branchlets  much  compressed  in  the  lateral  ranks,  prominently 
keeled  and  nearly  covering  those  of  the  other  ranks;  on  seedling  plants  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Flowers  minute,  monoecious,  from 
buds  formed  the  previous  autumn,  terminal  solitary,  the  two  sexes  usually  on  dif- 
ferent branchlets  ;  stamiuate  ovoid,  with  4-6  decussate  filaments,  enlarged  into  sub- 
orbicular  peltate  connectives  bearing  on  their  inner  face  2-4  subglobose  anther-cells; 
pistillate  oblong,  with  8-12  oblong  acute  scales  opposite  in  pairs,  the  ovuliferous 
scales  at  their  base  bearing  usually  2  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules.  Fruit  an  ovoid- 
oblong  erect  pale  cinnamon-brown  cone  maturing  in  one  season,  its  scales  thin, 
leathery,  oblong,  acute,  marked  near  the  apex  by  the  thickened  free  border  of  the 
enlarged  flower-scales,  those  of  the  2  or  3  middle  ranks  largest  and  fertile.  Seeds 
usually  2,  erect  on  the  base  of  the  scale,  ovate,  acute,  compressed,  light  chestnut- 
brown  ;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  usually  produced  into  broad  lateral  wings  distinct 
at  the  apex;  cotyledons  2,  longer  than  the  superior  radicle. 

Thuya  is  confined  to  northeastern  and  northwestern  America,  to  Japan  and 
northern  China.  Four  species  are  recognized.  Of  the  exotic  species  the  Chinese 
Thuya  orientalis,  L.,  with  many  varieties  produced  by  cultivation,  is  frequently  planted 
in  the  United  States,  especially  in  the  south,  for  the  decoration  of  gardens,  and  is 
distinguished  from  the  Japanese  and  American  species  by  the  thick  umbonate  scales 
of  the  cone,  only  the  4  lower  scales  being  fertile,  and  by  the  thick  rounded  dark  red- 
purple  seeds  without  wings. 

Thuya  is  the  classical  name  of  some  coniferous  trees. 

* 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Fruit  with  usually  4  fertile  scales.  1.  T.  occidentalis  (A). 

Fruit  with  usually  6  fertile  scales.  2.  T.  plicata  (B,  F,  G). 

1.  Thuya  occidentalis,  L.    White  Cedar.   Arbor-vitae. 

Leaves  on  leading  shoots  often  nearly  \'  long,  long-pointed  and  usually  conspicu- 
ously glandular,  on  lateral  branchlets  much  flattened,  rounded  and  apiculate  at  the 


CONIFERS  75 

apex,  without  glands  or  obscurely  glandular-pitted,  about  %'  long.  Flowers  opening 
in  April  and  May,  liver  color.  Fruit  ripening  and  discharging  its  seeds  in  the  early 
autumn,  £'-£'  long;  seeds  £'  long,  the  thin  wings  as  wide  as  the  body. 

A  tree,  50-60°  high,  with  a  short  often  lobed  and  buttressed  trunk,  occasion- 
ally 6°  although  usually  not  more  than  2°-3°  in  diameter,  often  divided  into  2  or 
3  stout  secondary  stems,  short  horizontal  branches  soon  turning  upward  and  forming 
a  narrow  compact  pyramidal  head,  light  yellow-green  branchlets  paler  on  the  lower 
surface  than  on  the  upper,  changing  with  the  death  of  the  leaves  during  their 
second  season  to  light  cinnamon-red,  growing  darker  the  following  year,  gradually 
becoming  terete  and  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base  and  finally  covered  with  smooth 
lustrous  dark  orange-brown  bark,  and  marked  by  conspicuous  scars  left  by  the 
falling  of  the  short  pendulous  lateral  branchlets.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  light  red-brown 
often  tinged  with  orange  color  and  broken  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  flat 
connected  ridges  separating  into  elongated  more  or  less  persistent  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  brittle,  very  coarse-grained,  durable,  fragrant,  pale  yellow-brown;  largely 


used  in  Canada  and  the  northern  states  for  fence-posts,  rails,  railway-ties,  and  shin- 
gles. Fluid  extracts  and  tinctures  made  from  the  young  branchlets  are  sometimes 
used  in  medicine. 

Distribution.  Frequently  forming  nearly  impenetrable  forests  on  swampy  ground 
or  often  occupying  the  rocky  banks  of  streams,  from  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 
wick, northwestward  to  the  mouth  of  the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  through  the 
northern  states  to  southern  New  Hampshire,  central  Massachusetts  and  New  York, 
northern  Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  northern  Illinois,  and  central  Minnesota, 
and  along  the  high  Alleghany  Mountains  to  southern  Virginia  and  northeastern 
Tennessee;  very  common  at  the  north,  less  abundant  and  of  smaller  size  southward; 
on  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains  only  at  high  elevations. 

Often  cultivated,  with  many  forms  produced  in  nurseries,  as  an  ornamental  tree 
and  for  hedges;  and  in  Europe  from  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

2.  Thuya  plicata.   D.  Don.   Red  Cedar.    Canoe  Cedar. 

Leaves  on  leading  shoots  ovate,  long-pointed,  often  conspicuously  glandular  on 
the  back,  frequently  \'  long,  on  lateral  branchlets  ovate,  apiculate,  without  glands 


76 


TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


or  obscurely  glandular-pitted,  usually  not  more  than  \'  long.    Flowers  about  11^' 
long,  dark  brown.    Fruit  ripening  early  in  the  autumn,  clustered  near  the  ends  of 

the  branches,  much  reflexed, 
£'  long,  with  thin  leath- 
ery scales,  conspicuously 
marked  near  the  apex  by 
the  free  border  of  the  flow- 
er-scales furnished  with 
short  stout  erect  or  recurved 
dark  mucros;  seeds  often 
3  under  each  fertile  scale, 
rather  shorter  than  their 
usually  slightly  unequal 
wings  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  frequently  200° 
high,  with  a  broad  gradu- 
ally tapering  buttressed 
base  sometimes  15°  in  di- 
ameter at  the  ground  and  in  old  age  often  separating  toward  the  summit  into  2  or  3 
erect  divisions,  short  horizontal  branches  usually  pendulous  at  the  ends  forming  a 
dense  narrow  pyramidal  head,  and  slender  much  compressed  branchlets  often  slightly 
zigzag,  light  bright  yellow-green  during  their  first  year,  then  cinnamon-brown,  and 
after  the  falling  of  the  leaves,  usually  in  their  third  year,  lustrous  and  dark  reddish 
brown  often  tinged  with  purple,  the  lateral  branchlets  5'-6'  long,  light  green  and 
lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  somewhat  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  turning  yellow 
and  falling  generally  at  the  end  of  their  second  season.  Bark  bright  cinnamon-red, 
i'— £''  thick,  irregularly  divided  by  narrow  shallow  fissures  into  broad  ridges  rounded 
on  the  back  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  long  narrow  rather  loose  plate-like  scales. 
Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  easily  split,  dull  brown  tinged 
with  red;  largely  used  in  Washington  and  Oregon  for  the  interior  finish  of  build- 
ings, doors,  sashes,  fences,  shingles,  and  in  cabinet-making  and  cooperage.  From 
this  tree  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  split  the  planks  used  in  the  construction 
of  their  lodges,  carved  the  totems  which  decorate  their  villages,  and  hollowed  out 
their  great  war  canoes;  and  from  the  fibres  of  the  inner  bark  made  ropes,  blankets, 
and  thatch  for  their  cabins. 

Distribution.  Singly  and  in  small  groves  on  low  moist  bottom-lands  or  near 
the  banks  of  mountain  streams,  from  the  sea-level  to  elevations  of  6000°  in  the 
interior,  and  from  Yas  Bay,  Alaska,  southward  along  the  coast  ranges  of  British 
Columbia,  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  where  it  is  the  most  abundant  and 
grows  to  its  largest  size,  and  through  the  California  coast  region  to  Mendocino 
County,  spreading  eastward  along  many  of  the  interior  ranges  of  British  Columbia 
to  the  western  slope  of  the  continental  divide,  and  along  those  of  northern  Washing- 
ton and  Idaho  to  the  mountains  of  northern  Montana. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  parks  and  gardens  of  western  and 
central  Europe  where  it  has  grown  rapidly  and  vigorously,  and  occasionally  in  the 
middle  and  north  Atlantic  states. 


CONIFERS  77 

11.  CUPRESSUS,  L.   Cypress. 

Resinous  trees,  with  bark  often  separating  into  long  shred-like  scales,  fragrant 
durable  usually  light  brown  heartwood,  pale  yellow  sapwood,  stout  erect  branches 
becoming  horizontal  in  old  age,  slender  4-augled  branchlets,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves 
scale-like,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  with  slender 
spreading  or  appressed  tips,  thickened,  rounded,  and  often  glandular  on  the  back, 
opposite  hi  pairs,  becoming  brown  and  woody  before  falling;  on  vigorous  leading 
shoots  and  young  plants  needle-shaped  or  linear-lanceolate  and  spreading.  Flowers 
minute,  moiuBcious,  terminal,  yellow,  the  two  sexes  on  separate  branchlets;  the 
staminate  oblong,  of  numerous  decussate  stamens,  with  short  filaments  enlarged 
into  broadly  ovate  connectives  bearing  2-6  globose  pendulous  anther-cells;  pistil- 
late oblong  or  subglobose,  composed  of  6-10  thick  decussate  scales  bearing  in  sev- 
eral rows  at  the  base  of  the  ovuliferous  scale  numerous  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules. 
Fruit  an  erect  nearly  globose  cone  maturing 'in  the  second  year,  composed  of  the 
much  thickened  ovule- bearing  scales  of  the  flower,  abruptly  dilated,  clavate,  and 
flattened  at  the  apex,  bearing  the  remnants  of  the  flower-scales  developed  into  short 
central  more  or  less  thickened  mucros  or  bosses;  long-persistent  on  the  branch 
after  the  escape  of  the  seeds.  Seeds  numerous,  in  several  rows,  erect,  thick,  and 
acutely  angled  or  compressed,  with  thin  lateral  wings;  seed-coat  of  2  layers,  the 
outer  thin  and  membranaceous,  the  inner  thicker  and  crustaceous;  cotyledons  3  or 
4,  longer  than  the  superior  radicle. 

"Cupressus  with  ten  or  twelve  species  is  confined  to  Pacific  North  America  and 
Mexico  in  the  Xew  World  and  to  southeastern  Europe,  southwestern  Asia,  the  Hima- 
layas, and  China  in  the  Old  World.  Of  the  exotic  species  Cupressus  semper vir ens,  L., 
of  southeastern  Europe  and  southwestern  Asia,  and  especially  its  pyramidal  variety, 
are  often  planted  for  ornament  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Pacific  states. 

Cupressus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Cypress-tree. 

¥ 
CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  obscurely  glandular. 

Branchlets  stout;  leaves  dark  green.  1.  C.  macrocarpa  (G). 

Branchlets  stout ;  leaves  glaucous.  2.  C.  Arizonica  (F,  H). 

Branchlets  slender;  leaves  dark  green.  3.  C.  Goveniana  (G). 

Branchlets  stout ;  leaves  dark  green  ;  seeds  black.  4.  C.  pygmaea  (G). 
Leaves  conspicuously  glandular;  branchlets  slender;  leaves  dark  green,  often  slightly 

glaucous.  .">.  C.  Macnabiana  (G). 

1.  Cupressus  macrocarpa,  Gord.    Monterey  Cypress. 

Leaves  about  \'  long,  dark  green,  on  young  plants  prominently  ridged  below  and 
\'-^'  long;  deciduous  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years.  Flowers  opening  late  in  Feb- 
ruary or  early  in  March,  yellow;  staminate  with  6  or  8  stamens,  their  connectives 
bearing  4  or  5  dark-colored  pollen-sacs;  pistillate  oblong,  with  spreading  acumi- 
nate scales.  Fruit  clustered  on  short  stout  peduncles,  oblong,  slightly  puberulous, 
I'-l^'  long,  about  f '  broad,  composed  of  4  or  6  pairs  of  scales,  with  broadly  ovate  thick- 
ened or  occasionally  on  the  upper  scales  snbconical  bosses,  the  scales  of  the  upper 
and  lower  pairs  being  smaller  than  the  others  and  sterile;  seeds  about  20  under  each 
fertile  scale,  angled,  light  chestnut-brown,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  often  60°-70°    high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  or  exceptionally  5°-6° 


78 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


6s 


in  diameter,  slender  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  or  broad  bushy  pyramidal 
head,  becoming  stout  and  spreading  in  old  age  into  a  broad  flat-topped  crown,  stout 

branchlets  covered  when 
the  leaves  fall  at  the  end 
of  three  or  four  years 
with  thin  light  or  dark 
reddish  brown  bark  sep- 
arating into  small  pa- 
pery scales.  Bark  |'-1' 
thick  and  irregularly  di- 
vided into  broad  flat  con- 
nected* ridges  separating 
freely  into  narrow  elon- 
gated thick  persistent 
scales,  dark  red-brown 
on  young  stems  and  up- 
per branches,  becoming 
at  last  almost  white  on 

old  and  exposed  trunks.    Wood  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  very  durable,  close-grained. 
Distribution.   Coast  of  California  south  of  the  Bay  of  Monterey,  occupying  an  area 
about  two  miles  long  and  two  hundred  yards  wide  from  Cypress  Point  to  the  shores 
of  Carmel  Bay,  with  a  small  grove  on  Point  Lobos,  the  southern  boundary  of  the  bay. 
Universally  cultivated  in  the  Pacific  states  from  Vancouver  Island  to  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, and  often  used  in  hedges  and  for  wind-breaks ;  occasionally  planted  in  the 
southeastern  states;  much  planted  in  western  and  southern  Europe,  temperate  South 
America,  and  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand. 

2.  Cupressus  Arizonica,  Greene.    Cypress. 

Leaves  thick,  keeled,  usually  without  glands,  pale  glaucous  green,  about  \'  long, 
dying  and  becoming  light  red-brown  and  glaucous  in  their  second  season,  and 
remaining  on  the 
branches  for  two  or 
three  years  longer. 
Flowers  :  stami- 
nate  oblong,  obtuse, 
their  6  or  8  stamens 
with  broadly  ovate 
acute  yellow  connec- 
tives slightly  erose 
on  the  margins;  pis- 
tillate not  seen. 
Fruit  on  stout  pe- 
duncles, \'—\'  long, 
subglobose,  slightly 

puberulous,  about  1'  I   I Q 

in    diameter,    dark 

red-brown,  covered  with  a  thick  glaucous  bloom,  their  6  or  occasionally  8  scales  with 
stout  cylindrical  pointed  or  incurved  prominent  bosses;  seeds  oblong  to  nearly  tri- 
angular, ^g'-|'  long,  dark  red-brown,  with  thin  narrow  wings. 


CONIFERS  79 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°  but  occasionally  70°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-4°  in  diame- 
ter, horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramid  or  occasionally  a  broad  flat  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  covered  after  the  leaves  have  fallen  with  smooth  close  thin  light 
red-brown  bark  more  or  less  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  Bark  of  young  trunks 
and  branches  broken  into  large  irregular  thin  scales,  becoming  on  old  trees  dark  red- 
brown,  and  separating  freely  into  long  shreds  l'-2'  wide,  and  often  persistent  for 
many  years.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  gray  often  faintly  streaked  with 
yellow. 

Distribution.  Mountains  of  central,  eastern,  and  southern  Arizona,  often  on 
northern  slopes  forming  almost  pure  forests  of  considerable  extent  at  elevations  of 
5000°-GOOO°  above  the  sea;  on  the  mountains  of  northern  Souora  and  Chihuahua. 

Rarely  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  Europe. 

3.  Cupressus  Goveiiiana,  Gord.    Cypress. 

Leaves  obscurely  glandular  or  without  glands,  dark  green,  j1^'— J-'  long,  turning 
bright  red-brown  in  drying  and  falling  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years;  on  young 
plants  i'-j'  long. 
Flowers:  staminate 
with  thin  slightly 
erose  connectives; 
pistillate  of  6  or  8 
acute  slightly  spread- 
ing scales.  Fruit 
subglobose  or  oblong, 
\'-V  long,  reddish 
brown  or  purple,  lus- 
trous, slightly  puber- 
ulous,  its  6  or  8  scales 
with  broadly  ovate 
generally  rounded 

and      flattened      and    '  F'<i     70 

rarely  short-obconical 
bosses;  seeds  light  brown  and  lustrous,  ^'  long,  about  20  under  each  fertile  scale. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°  in  diameter,  slender  erect  or 
spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  open  head,  and  thin  branchlets  covered  with 
close  smooth  bark,  at  first  orange-colored,  becoming  bright  reddish  brown,  and  ulti- 
mately purple  or  dark  brown;  usually  much  smaller  and  often  shrubby.  Bark 
\'-%  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  irregularly  divided  into  narrow  ridges  cov- 
ered with  thin  persistent  oblong  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  light  brown, 
with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Widely  distributed  through  the  California  coast  regions  from  So- 
noma County  to  the  mountains  of  San  Diego,  frequently  ascending  in  the  canons  of 
the  mountain  ranges  of  the  central  part  of  the  state  to  elevations  of  nearly  3000° 
above  the  sea-level. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  western  and  southern  Europe  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

4.  Cupressus  pygmsea,  Sarg.    Cypress. 

Leaves  dark  green,  without  glands.  Flowers :  staminate  obscurely  4-angled, 
with  broadly  ovate  peltate  connectives;  pistillate  with  6-10  ovate  pointed  scales. 


80 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


Fruit  usually  sessile,  short-oblong,  \'-%  long,  its  scales  terminating  in  small  bosses; 
seeds  compressed,  black,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  often  beginning  to  bear  cones  when  only  1°  or  2°  tall, 
with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  1°  in  diameter,  ascending  branches,  and  comparatively 


7' 


stout  bright  reddish  brown  branchlets,  becoming  purple  and  ultimately  dark  reddish 
brown.  Bark  bright  reddish  brown,  about  \'  thick,  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures 
into  flat  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  long  thread-like  scales.  Wood  soft, 
very  coarse-grained,  pale  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.  Sandy  barrens  of  Mendocino  County,  California,  in  a  narrow  belt, 
beginning  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  ocean,  and  extending  inland  for 
three  or  four  miles  from  Ten-Mile  Run  on  the  north  to  the  Navarro  on  the  south. 

5.  Cupressus  Macnabiana,  A.  Murr.    Cypress. 

Leaves  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded  and  conspicuously  glandular  on  the 
back,  deep  green,  often  slightly  glaucous,  usually  not  more  than  Ty  long.  Flowers 

in  March  and  April,  the 
staminate  nearly  cylindri- 
cal, obtuse,  with  broadly 
ovate  rounded  connectives; 
pistillate  subglobose,  with 
broadly  ovate  scales  short- 
pointed  and  rounded  at  the 
apex.  Fruit  oblong,  sub- 
sessile  or  raised  on  a  slen- 
der stalk,  f'-l'  long,  dark 
reddish  brown  more  or 
less  covered  with  a  glau- 
cous bloom,  slightly  puber- 
ulous,  especially  along  the 
margins  of  the  6  or  rarely 
8  scales,  their  prominent  bosses  thin  and  recurved  on  the  lower  scales,  and  much 


CONIFERS  81 

thickened,  conical,  and  more  or  less  incurved  on  the  upper  scales  ;  seeds  dark 
chestnut-brown,  usually  rather  less  than  -fa'  long,  with  narrow  wings. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-15'  in  diameter,  slender 
branches  covered  with  close  smooth  compact  bark,  bright  purple  after  the  falling  of 
the  leaves,  soon  becoming  dark  brown;  more  often  a  shrub  with  numerous  stems 
6°-12°  tall  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head.  Bark  thin,  dark  reddish  brown, 
broken  into  brown  flat  ridges,  and  separating  on  the  surface  into  elongated  thin 
slightly  attached  long-persistent  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained. 

Distribution.  California,  dry  hills  and  low  slopes,  Mt.  JEtna,  in  central  Napa 
County  through  Lake  County  to  Red  Mountain  on  the  east  side  of  Ukiah  Valley, 
Mendocino  County,  and  in  Trinity  County  between  Shasta  and  Whiskey  town. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  western  and  southern  Europe  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

12.  CHAMJBCYPARIS. 

Tall  resinous  pyramidal  trees,  with  thin  scaly  or  deeply  furrowed  bark,  nodding 
leading  shoots,  spreading  branches,  flattened,  often  deciduous  or  ultimately  terete 
branchlets  2-ranked  in  one  horizontal  plane,  pale  fragrant  durable  heartwood,  thin 
nearly  white  sapwood,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves  scale-like,  ovate,  acuminate,  with 
slender  spreading  or  appressed  tips,  opposite  in  pairs,  becoming  brown  and  woody 
before  falling,  on  vigorous  sterile  branches  and  young  plants  needle-shaped  or  linear- 
lanceolate  and  spreading.  Flowers  minute,  momficious,  terminal,  the  two  sexes  on 
separate  branchlets,  the  staminate  oblong,  of  numerous  decussate  stamens,  with 
short  filaments  enlarged  into  ovate  connectives  decreasing  in  size  from  below  upward 
and  bearing  usually  2  pendulous  globose  anther-cells;  the  pistillate  subglobose, 
composed  of  usually  6  decussate  fertile  peltate  scales  bearing  at  the  base  of  the  ovu- 
liferous  scales  2-5  erect  bottle-shaped  ovules.  Fruit  an  erect  globose  cone  maturing 
at  the  end  of  the  first  season,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  sterile  lower  scales  of 
the  flowers,  formed  by  the  enlargement  of  the  ovule-bearing  scales,  abruptly  dilated, 
club-shaped  and  flattened  at  the  apex,  bearing  the  remnants  of  the  flower-scales  as 
short  prominent  points  or  knobs;  persistent  on  the  branches  after  the  escape  of  the 
seeds.  Seeds  1-5,  erect  on  the  slender  stalk-like  base  of  the  scale,  subcylindrical 
and  slightly  compressed  ;  seed-coat  of  2  layers,  the  outer  thin  and  membranaceous, 
the  inner  thicker  and  crustaceous,  produced  into  broad  lateral  wings;  cotyledons  2, 
longer  than  the  superior  radicle. 

Chamaecyparis  is  confined  to  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  coast  regions  of  North 
America,  and  to  Japan  and  Formosa.  Six  species  are  distinguished.  Of  exotic  species 
the  Japanese  Retinosporas,  Chamazcyparis  obtnxa,  Endl.,  and  Chamcecyparis  pisifera, 
Endl.,  with  their  numerous  abnormal  forms  are  familiar  garden  plants  in  all  tem- 
perate regions. 

Chamcecyparis,  is  from  xa^al,  on  the  ground,  and  «uir<{pi<r(ros,  cypress. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Bark  thin,  divided  into  flat  ridges. 

Branchlets    slender,    often   compressed;    leaves  dull  blue-green,    usually  conspicuously 

glandular.  1.  C.  thyoides  (A,  C). 

Branchlets  stout,   slightly  flattened  or  terete ;  leaves  dark  blue-green,  usually  without 

glands.  2.  C.  Nootkatensis  (B,  G). 

Bark  thick,  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges. 

Branchlets  slender,  compressed  ;  leaves  bright  green,  conspicuously  glandular. 

3.  C.  Lawsoniana  (G). 


82  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

1.  Chamaecyparis  thyoides,  Britt.    White  Cedar. 

(Cupressus  thyoides,  Silva  N.  Am.  x.  111.) 

Leaves  closely  appressed  or  spreading  at  the  apex,  especially  on  vigorous  leading 
shoots,  keeled  and  glandular  or  conspicuously  glandular-punctate  on  the  back,  dark 
dull  blue-green,  at  the  north  becoming  russet-brown  during  the  winter,  ^'-\'  long, 
dying  during  the  second  season  and  then  persistent  for  many  years.  Flowers  :  stami- 
nate  composed  of  5  or  6  pairs  of  stamens,  with  ovate  connectives  rounded  at\he  apex, 
dark  brown  below  the  middle,  nearly  black  toward  the  apex;  pistillate  subglobose, 
with  ovate  acute  spreading  pale  liver-colored  scales  and  black  ovules.  Fruit  globose, 
\'  in  diameter,  sessile  on  a  short  leafy  branch,  light  green  covered  with  a  glaucous 


bloom  when  fully  grown,  then  bluish  purple  and  very  glaucous,  finally  becoming  dark 
red-brown,  its  scales  terminating  in  ovate  acute,  often  reflexed  bosses;  seeds  1  or  2 
under  each  fertile  scale,  ovate,  acute,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  sightly  com- 
pressed, gray-brown,  about  \'  long,  with  wings  as  broad  as  the  body  of  the  seed  and 
dark  red-brown. 

A  tree,  70°-80°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  usually  about  2  and  occasionally  3°-4° 
in  diameter,  slender  horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  spire-like  head,  2-ranked 
compressed  branchlets  disposed  in  an  open  fan-shaped  more  or  less  deciduous  spray, 
the  persistent  gradually  becoming  terete,  light  green  tinged  with  red,  light  reddish 
brown  during  the  first  winter,  and  then  dark  brown,  their  thin  close  bark  separating 
slightly  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years  into  small  papery  scales.  Bark  |'-1' 
thick,  light  reddish  brown,  and  divided  irregularly  into  narrow  flat  connected  ridges 
often  spirally  twisted  round  the  stem,  separating  on  the  surface  into  elongated  loose 
or  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained, 
slightly  fragrant,  light  brown  tinged  with  red;  largely  used  in  boat-building  and 
cooperage,  for  woodenware,  shingles,  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  fence-posts,  and 
railway-ties. 

Distribution.  Cold  swamps  usually  immersed  during  several  months  of  the 
year,  often  forming  dense  pure  forests,  from  southern  Maine  southward  only  near 
the  coast  to  northern  Florida,  and  westward  to  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  River,  Mis- 
sissippi; most  abundant  south  of  Massachusetts  Bay;  comparatively  raTe  east  of 
Boston  and  west  of  Mobile  Bay. 


he,  74 


CONIFERS 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  the  coun- 
tries of  temperate  Europe. 

2.  Chameecyparis  Nootkatensis,  Lamb.   Yellow  Cypress,  Sitka  Cypress. 

(Cupressus  Nootkatensis,  Silva  N.  Am.  x.  115.) 

Leaves  rounded,  eglandular  or  glandular-pitted  on  the  back,  dark  blue-green, 
closely  appressed,  about  £'  long,  on  vigorous  leading  branchlets  somewhat  spreading 
and  often  ^'  long,  with 
more  elongated  and 
sharper  points;  begin- 
ning to  die  at  the  end 
of  their  second  year 
and  usually  falling  dur- 
ing the  third  season. 
Flowers  :  staminate 
on  lateral  brauchlets  of 
the  previous  year,  com- 
posed of  4  or  5  pairs  of 
stamens,  with  ovate 
rounded  slightly  erose 
light  yellow  connec- 
tives ;  pistillate  clus- 
tered near  the  ends  of 

upper  branchlets,  dark  liver  color,  the  fertile  scales  bearing  2—4  ovules  each.  Fruit 
ripening  in  September  and  October,  subglobose,  nearly  ^'  in  diameter,  dark  red- 
brown,  with  usually  4  or  6  scales  tipped  with  prominent  erect  pointed  bosses  and 
frequently  covered  with  conspicuous  resin-glands;  seeds  2^4  under  each  scale,  ovate, 
acute,  slightly  flattened,  about  ^'  long,  dark  red-brown,  with  thin  light  red-brown 
wings  often  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  the  body  of  the  seed. 

A  tree,  frequently  120°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  5°-6°  in  diameter,  horizontal 
branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  stout  distichous  somewhat  flattened  or 
terete  light  yellow  branchlets  often  tinged  with  red  at  first,  dark  or  often  bright 
red-brown  during  their  third  season,  ultimately  paler  and  covered  with  close  thin 
smooth  bark.  Bark  £'-f  thick,  light  gray  tinged  with  brown,  irregularly  fissured 
and  separated  on  the  surface  into  large  thin  loose  scales.  Wood  hard,  rather 
brittle,  very  close-grained,  exceedingly  durable,  bright  clear  yellow,  with  very  thin 
nearly  white  sapwood;  fragrant,  with  an  agreeable  resinous  odor;  used  in  boat  and 
shipbuilding,  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  and  the  manufacture  of  furniture. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Alaska,  and  southward  over  the  highlands  and  coast 
mountains  of  Alaska  and  British  Columbia,  and  along  the  Cascade  Mountains  of 
Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  valley  of  the  Santiam  River,  extending  eastward  to 
the  head-waters  of  the  Yakima  River  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  range;  most  abun- 
dant and  of  its  largest  size  near  the  coast  of  Alaska  and  northern  British  Columbia, 
ranging  from  the  sea-level  up  to  elevations  of  3000° ;  at  high  elevations  on  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  sometimes  a  low  shrub. 

Occasionally  cultivated,  with  its  numerous  abnormal  forms,  as  an  ornamental  tree 
in  the  middle  Atlantic  states  and  in  California,  and  commonly  in  the  countries  of 
western  and  central  Europe. 


84  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

3.  Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana,  A.  Murr.   Port  Orford  Cedar.    Lawsoii 

Cypress. 

(Cupressus  Lawsoniana,  Silva  N.  Am.  x.  119.) 

Leaves  bright  green,  conspicuously  glandular  oil  the  back,  usually  not  more  than 
^'  long  on  lateral  branchlets,  on  leading  shoots  often  spreading  at  the  apex,  \'  to 
nearly  ^'  long;  usually  dying,  turning  bright  red-brown  and  falling  during  their 
third  year.  Flowers  :  staminate  with  bright  red  connectives  bearing  usually  2  pol- 
len-sacs; pistillate  with  dark  ovate  acute  spreading  scales,  each  bearing  2-4  ovules. 
Fruit  clustered  on  the  upper  lateral  branchlets  and  produced  in  great  profusion, 
ripening  in  September  and  October,  globose,  about  \'  in  diameter,  green  and  glaucous 
when  full  grown,  red-brown  and  often  covered  with  a  bloom  at  maturity,  its  scales 
with  thin  broadly  ovate  acute  reflexed  bosses  ;  seeds  2-4  under  each  fertile  scale, 
ovate,  acute,  slightly  compressed,  \'  long,  light  chestnut-brown,  with  broad  thin  wings. 

A  tree,  often  200°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  frequently  12°  in  diameter  above  its 
abruptly  enlarged  base,  a  spire-like  head  of  small  horizontal  or  pendulous  branches 
clothed  with  remote  flat  spray  frequently  6'-8'  long.  Bark  often  10'  thick  at  the 


base  of  old  trees  and  3'^'  thick  on  smaller  stems,  dark  reddish  brown,  with  2  dis- 
tinct layers,  the  inner  \'-^'  thick,  darker,  more  compact,  and  firmer  than  the  outer, 
divided  into  great  broad-based  rounded  ridges  separated  on  the  surface  into  small 
thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  abound- 
ing in  fragrant  resin,  durable,  easily  worked,  light  yellow  or  almost  white,  with 
hardly  distinguishable  sapwood  ;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  used  for  the 
interior  finish  and  flooring  of  buildings,  railway-ties,  fence-posts,  and  ship  and  boat- 
building, and  on  the  Pacific  coast  almost  exclusively  for  matches.  The  resin  is  a 
powerful  diuretic. 

Distribution.  Usually  scattered  in  small  groves  from  the  shores  of  Coos  Bay, 
southwestern  Oregon,  south  to  the  mouth  of  the  Klamath  River,  California,  ranging 
inland  usually  for  about  thirty  miles;  also  near  Waldorf,  in  Josephine  County,  Ore- 
gon, on  the  slopes  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  and  on  the  southern  flanks  of  Mt. 
Shasta;  most  abundant  north  of  Rogue  River  on  the  Oregon  coast  and  attaining  its 
largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Coast  Range  foothills,  forming  between  Point 


CONIFERS  85 

Gregory  and   the  mouth  of   the  Coquille    River   a  nearly  continuous  forest  belt 
twenty  miles  long. 

Often  cultivated  with  the  innumerable  forms  originated  in  nurseries,  in  the  middle 
Atlantic  states  and  California,  and  in  all  the  temperate  countries  of  Europe. 

13.  JUNIPERUS,  L.  Juniper. 

Pungent  aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  usually  thin  shreddy  bark,  soft  close-grained 
durable  wood,  slender  branches,  and  scaly  or  naked  buds.  Leaves  sessile,  in  whorls 
of  3,  persistent  for  many  years,  convex  on  the  lower  side,  concave  and  stomatiferous 
above,  linear-subulate,  sharp-poiuted,  without  glands;  or  scale-like,  ovate,  opposite  in 
pairs  or  ternate,  closely  imbricated,  appressed  and  aduate  to  the  branch,  glandular  on 
the  back,  becoming  brown  and  woody  on  the  branch,  but  on  young  plants  and  vigor- 
ous shoots  often  free  and  awl-shaped.  Flowers  minute,  dioecious,  axillary  or  terminal 
on  short  axillary  branches  from  buds  formed  the  previous  autumn  on  branches  of 
the  year;  the  staminate  solitary,  oblong-ovate,  with  numerous  stamens  decussate  or 
in  3's,  their  filaments  enlarged  into  ovate  or  peltate  yellow  scale-like  connectives 
bearing  near  the  base  2-6  globose  pollen-sacs;  the  pistillate  ovoid,  surrounded  at 
the  base  by  many  minute  scale-like  bracts  persistent  and  unchanged  under  the  fruit, 
composed  of  2-6  opposite  or  ternate  pointed  scales  alternate  with  or  bearing  on  their 
inner  face  at  the  base  on  a  minute  ovuliferous  scale  1  or  2  ovules.  Fruit  a  berry-like 
succulent  fleshy  blue,  blue-black,  or  red  strobile  formed  by  the  coalition  of  the  flower- 
scales,  inclosed  in  a  membranaceous  epidermis  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  ripening 
during  the  first,  second,  or  rarely  during  the  third  season,  smooth  or  marked  by  the 
ends  of  the  flower-scales,  or  by  the  pointed  tips  of  the  ovules,  closed,  or  open  at  the 
top  and  exposing  the  apex  of  the  seeds.  Seeds  1-12,  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  terete 
or  variously  angled,  often  longitudinally  grooved  by  depressions  caused  by  the  pres- 
sure of  resin-cells  in  the  flesh  of  the  fruit,  smooth  or  roughened  and  tuberculate, 
light  chestnut-brown,  marked  below  by  the  large  conspicuous  usually  2-lobed  hilum; 
seed-coat  of  2  layers,  the  outer  thick  and  bony,  the  inner  thin,  membranaceous  or 
crustaceous;  cotyledons  2,  or  4-6,  about  as  long  as  the  superior  radicle. 

Juniperus  is  widely  scattered  over  the  northern  hemisphere  from  the  Arctic  Cir- 
cle to  the  highlands  of  Mexico,  Lower  California,  and  the  West  Indies  in  the  New 
World,  and  to  the  Azores  and  Canary  Islands,  northern  Africa,  Abyssinia,  the  moun- 
tains of  east  tropical  Africa,  Sikkim,  central  China,  and  the  mountains  of  southern 
Japan  in  the  Old  World.    About  thirty-five  species  are  now  distinguished.    Of  the 
*  exotic  species  cultivated  in  the  United  States  the  most  common  are  European  forms 
of  Juniperus  communis,  L.,  with  fastigiate  branches,  and  dwarf  forms  of  Juniperus 
Sabina,  L.,  and  of  Juniperus  recurva,  I).  Don,  of  the  Himalayas. 
Juniperus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Juniper. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH   AMERICAN   SPECIES. 

Flowers  axillary ;  stamens  decussate;  ovules  3,  alternate  with  the  scales  of  the  flower,  their 
tips  persistent  on  the  fruit ;  seeds  usually  3 ;  leaves  in  3's,  awl-shaped,  rigid,  free  and 
jointed  at  the  base,  without  glands ;  buds  scaly. 

Fruit  subglobose,  bright  blue  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  ;  leaves  spreading,  dark 
yellow-green,  channeled  and  white  glaucous  on  the  upper  surface. 

1.  J.  communis  (A,  B,  F). 
Flowers  terminal,  on  short  axillary  branchlets ;  stamens  decussate  or  in  3's ;  ovules  in  the 


86  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

axils  of  small  fleshy  scales,  often  enlarged  and  conspicuous  on  the  fruit;  seeds  1-12; 
leaves  in  3's  or  opposite,  mostly  scale-like,  crowded,  closely  appressed  and  adnate  on  the 
branches,  free  and  awl-shaped  on  vigorous  shoots  and  young  plants ;  buds  naked. 
Fruit  large,  reddish  brown,  with  dry  fibrous  sweet  flesh. 
Seeds  single  or  few  ;  cotyledons  4-6. 

Fruit  usually  oblong  ;  seeds  1  or  2  ;  leaves  in  3' 8,  rounded  at  the  apex,  conspicu- 
ously glandular  on  the  back ;  branchlets  stout.  2.  J.  Calif  ornica  (G). 
Fruit  mostly  globose ;  seeds  usually  solitary ;  leaves  in  3's  or  in  pairs,  acute  or 
acuminate,  without  glands ;  branchlets  slender.              3.  J.  Utahensis  (F,  G). 
Seeds  4-12  ;  cotyledons  2. 

Fruit  oblong  or  globose  ;  leaves  in  pairs,  glandular,  often  slightly  spreading  at  the 
acute  or  acuminate  apex  ;  branchlets  slender.  4.  J.  flaccida  (F). 

Fruit  globose ;  seeds  usually  4  ;  leaves  in  pairs,  acute,  glandular  ;  branchlets  slen- 
der ;  bark  thin,  broken  into  small  oblong  plates.    5.  J.  pachyphlaea  (E,  F,  H). 
Fruit  small  (large  in  6),  blue  or  blue-black  (rarely  copper  color  in  7),  with  resinous 

juicy  flesh  ;  seeds  1-4 ;  cotyledons  2. 

Fruit  subglobose  or  oblong,  the  flesh  filled  with  large  resin-glands  ;  seeds  2  or  3  ; 
leaves  in  3's,  conspicuously  glandular  ;  branchlets  stout. 

6.  J.  occidentalis  (B,  G). 

Fruit  globose  or  oblong ;  seeds  1   or  rarely  2 ;   leaves  usually  without  glands ; 
branchlets  slender.  7.  J.  monosperma  (F). 

Fruit  globose ;  seeds  1-4 ;  leaves  obtuse  or  rarely  acute,  Reeled  and  glandular ; 
branchlets  slender.  8.  J.  sabinoides  (C). 

Fruit  subglobose  ;  seeds  1-4  ;  leaves  acute,  acuminate,  or  rarely  obtuse,  glandu- 
lar ;  branchlets  stout,  often  erect.  9.  J.  Virginiana  (A,  C). 
Fruit  small,  subglobose ;  seeds  usually  2 ;  leaves  in  pairs,  acute  or  acuminate, 
glandular;  brauchlets  very  slender  ;  pendulous.          10.  J.  Barbadensis  (C). 
Fruit  subglobose,  maturing  the  second  season  ;  seeds  usually  2 ;  leaves  acute  or 
acuminate;  branchlets  rigid,  often  erect.                   11.  J.  scopulorum  (B,  F). 

1.  Leaves  awl-shaped,  rigid,  free  and  jointed  at  the  base. 

1.  Juniperus  communis,  L.   Juniper. 

Leaves  in  ternate  whorls,  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  branchlets,  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute  and  tipped  with  sharp  slender  points,  articulate  and  truncate  at  the 
base,  thickened,  rounded,  obscurely  ridged,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  lower 
surface,  snowy  white  and  covered  with  stomata  on  the  upper  surface,  \'-^'  long,  about 
3*3 '  wide,  turning  during  winter  a  deep  rich  bronze  color  on  the  lower  surface,  per- 
sistent for  many  years.  Flowers  :  staminate  composed  of  5  or  6 "whorls  each  of  3» 
stamens,  with  broadly  ovate  acute  and  short-pointed  connectives,  bearing  at  the  very 
base  3  or  4  globose  anther-cells;  pistillate  surrounded  by  5  or  6  whorls  of  ternate 
leaf-like  scales,  composed  of  3  slightly  spreading  ovules  abruptly  enlarged  and  ope.n 
at  the  apex,  with  3  minute  obtuse  fleshy  scales  below  and  alternate  with  them. 
Fruit  maturing  in  the  third  season,  subglobose  or  oblong,  tipped  with  the  remnants 
of  the  enlarged  points  of  the  ovules,  about  \'  in  diameter,  with  soft  mealy  resinous 
sweet  flesh  and  1-3  seeds;  often  persistent  on  the  branches  one  or  two  years  after 
ripening;  seeds  ovate,  afcute,  irregularly  angled  or  flattened,  deeply  penetrated  by 
numerous  prominent  thin-walled  resin-glands,  about  \'  long,  the  outer  coat  thick  and 
bony,  the  inner  membranaceous. 

In  America  only  occasionally  tree-like  and  20°-30°  tall,  with  a  short  eccentric  ir- 
regularly lobed  trunk  rarely  a  foot  in  diameter,  erect  branches  forming  an  irregular 


CONIFERS  87 

open  bead,  slender  brauchlets,  smooth,  lustrous,  and  conspicuously  3-angled  between 
the  short  nodes  during  their  first  and  second  years,  light  yellow  tinged  with  red, 
gradually  growing  darker,  their  dark  red-brown  bark  separating  in  the  third  season 
into  small  thin  scales,  and  ovate  acute  buds  about  ^'  long  and  loosely  covered  with 
scale-like  leaves  ;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  many  short  slender  stems  prostrate  at 
the  base  and  turning  upward  and  forming  a  broad  mass  sometimes  20°  across  and 
3°  or  4°  high ;  at  high  elevations  and  in  the  extreme  north  prostrate,  with  long  de- 
cumbent stems  (var.  Sibirica,  Rydb.).  Bark  about  fa'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown, 
separating  irregularly  into  many  loose  papery  persistent  scales.  Wood  hard,  close- 
grained,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  light  brown,  with  pale  sapwood.  In 


northern  Europe  the  sweet  aromatic  fruit  of  this  tree  is  used  in  large  quantities  to 
impart  its  peculiar  flavor  to  gin;  occasionally  employed  in  medicine. 

Distribution.  Southern  Greenland  to  the  highlands  of  Pennsylvania,  northern 
Nebraska,  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona, 
and  on  the  Pacific  coast  from  Alaska  to  northern  California,  only  becoming  truly 
arborescent  in  America  on  the  limestone  hills  of  southern  Illinois;  in  the  Old  World 
widely  distributed  through  all  the  northern  hemisphere  from  arctic  Asia  and  Europe 
to  the  Himalayas  and  the  mountains  of  the  Mediterranean  Basin. 

Often  planted,  especially  in  some  of  its  pyramidal  and  dwarf  forms,  in  the  eastern 
United  States  and  in  the  countries  of  western,  central,  and  northern  Europe. 

2.  Leaves  scale-like,  closely  oppressed  and  adnate  to  the  branches. 
*Fruit  large,  reddish  brown. 
-t-Seeds  single  or  few. 

2.  Juniperus  Californica,  Carr.   Juniper. 

Leaves  usually  in  3's,  closely  appressed,  thickened,  slightly  keeled  and  conspicu- 
ously glandular-pitted  on  the  back,  rounded  at  the  apex,  distinctly  cartilaginously 
fringed  on  the  margins,  light  yellow-green,  about  |'  long,  dying  and  turning  brown 
on  the  branch  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  years;  on  vigorous  shoots  linear-lanceolate, 
rigid,  sharp-pointed,  \'-^'  long,  whitish  on  the  upper  surface.  Flowers  from 
January  to  March;  staminate  of  18-20  stamens,  disposed  in  3's,  with  rhomboidal 


88 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


short-pointed  connectives;  scales  of  the  pistillate   flower  usually  6,  ovate,  acute, 

spreading,  obliter- 
ated or  minute  on 
the  fruit.  Fruit 
ripening  in  the  au- 
tumn of  the  second 
season,  globose  or 
oblong,  ^'-f'  long, 
reddish  brown,  with 
a  niembranaceous 
loose  epidermis  cov- 
ered with  a  thick 
glaucous  bloom,  thin 
fibrous  dry  sweet 
^_  flesh,  and  1  or  2 

|    l^    77  ^d$^  large  seeds;  seeds 

ovate,  acute,  sharp- 
pointed,  irregularly 

lobed  and  angled,  with  a  thick  shell,  the  outer  coat  hard  and  bony,  the  inner  thin, 
white,  and  cartilaginous,  and  4-6  cotyledons. 

A  conical  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  straight  large-lobed  unsymmetrical 
trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter;  more  often  shrubby,  with  many  stout  irregular  usually  con- 
torted stems  forming  a  broad  open  head.  Bark  thin  and  divided  into  long  loose 
plate-like  scales  ashy  gray  on  the  outer  surface  and  persistent  for  many  years.  Wood 
soft,  close-grained,  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with 
red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood;  used  for  fencing  and  fuel.  The  fruit  is  eaten 
by  Indians  fresh  or  ground  into  flour. 

Distribution.  Dry  mountain  slopes  and  plains  from  the  valley  of  the  lower  Sac- 
ramento River  southward  through  the  California  coast-ranges  to  Lower  California, 
spreading  inland  along  the  southern  coast  mountains  to  their  union  with  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  northward  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  sierras  to  the  neighborhood 
of  Kernville;  also  on  the  desert  slopes  of  the  Tehachapi  Mountains,  or  the  north- 
ern foothills  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  and  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  San 
Jacinto  and  Cuyamaca  ranges. 

3.  Juniperus  Utahensis,  Lemm.   Juniper. 

Leaves  opposite  or  occasionally  in  3's,  rounded,  mostly  without  glands  on  the  back, 
acute  or  often  acuminate,  light  yellow-green,  rather  less  than  |'  long,  persistent  for 
many  years,  the  elongated  and  long-pointed  leaves  of  young  shoots  passing  gradually 
into  the  acerose  leaves  of  more  vigorous  shoots  and  seedling  plants.  Flowers  : 
staminate  with  18-24  opposite  or  ternate  stamens,  their  connectives  rhomboidal; 
scales  of  the  pistillate  flower  acute,  spreading,  often  in  pairs.  Fruit  ripening  during 
the  autumn  of  the  second  season,  subglobose  or  oblong,  marked  by  the  more  or  less 
prominent  tips  of  the  flower-scales,  reddish  brown,  with  a  thick  firm  epidermis  cov- 
ered with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  closely  investing  the  thin  dry  sweet  flesh,  \'-\'  long, 
with  1  or  rarely  2  seeds;  seeds  ovate,  acute,  conspicuously  acutely  angled,  marked 
nearly  to  the  apex  by  the  hilum,  TV~i'  l°ng»  w^n  a  hard  bony  shell,  a  membranaceous 
pale  brown  inner  seed-coat,  and  4-6  cotyledons. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  exceeding  20°  in  height,  with  a  short  usually  eccentric  trunk 


CONIFERS  89 

sometimes  2°  in  diameter,  generally  divided  near  the  ground  by  irregular  deep  fis- 
sures into  broad  rounded  ridges,  many  erect  contorted  branches  forming  a  broad  open 
head,  slender  light  yellow-green  brauchlets  covered  after  the  falling  of  the  leaves 
with  thin  light  red-brown  scaly  bark;  more  often  with  numerous  stems  spreading 
from  the  ground  and  frequently  not  more  than  8°-10°  high.  Bark  about  \'  thick, 


ashy  gray  or  sometimes  nearly  whits,  and  broken  into  long  thin  persistent  scales. 
Wood  light  brown,  slightly  fragrant,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  used 
locally  for  fuel  and  fencing.  The  fruit  is  eaten  by  Indians  fresh  or  ground  and 
baked  into  cakes. 

Distribution.  In  the  desert  region  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  where  it  is  the  most  abundant  and  most  generally  distributed  tree,  from  the 
western  foothills  of  the  Wahsatch  Mountains  in  eastern  Utah  to  southeastern  Cali- 
fornia, northern  Arizona,  western  Colorado,  and  southern  Wyoming;  in  central 
Nevada  often  descending  into  the  valleys  and  forming  open  stunted  forests  at  ele- 
vations of  about  5000°  ;  more  abundant  and  of  larger  size  on  arid  slopes  to  eleva- 
tions of  8000°  above  the  sea  in  dense  nearly  pure  forests. 


4.  Juniperus  flaccida,  Schlecht.   Juniper. 

Leaves  opposite,  long-pointed,  and  sometimes  slightly  spreading  at  the  apex, 
rounded  and  conspicuously  glandular  on  the  back,  light  yellow-green,  about  -J-'  long, 
turning  cinnamon-red  and  dying  on  the  branch;  on  vigorous  young  shoots  ovate- 
lanceolate,  sometimes  ^'  long,  with  elongated  rigid  callous  tips.  Flowers:  stami- 
nate  slender,  composed  of  16-20  stamens,  with  ovate  pointed  connectives  promi- 
nently keeled  on  the  back;  pistillate  with  acute  or  acuminate  spreading  scales. 
Fruit  globose  or  oblong,  irregularly  tuberculate,  dull  red-brown,  more  or  less 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  marked  by  the  numerous  reflexed  tips  of  the  flower- 
scales,  £'-£'  long,  with  a  close  firm  epidermis  and  dry  mealy  flesh  ;  seeds  4-12, 
often  abortive  and  distorted,  about  \'  long,  with  2  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  gracefully  spreading  branches  and  long  slender 
drooping  branchlets,  covered  after  the  leaves  fall  with  thin  bright  cinnamon-brown 
bark  separating  into  thin  loose  papery  scales;  often  a  shrub. 


90 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


F".  79 


Distribution.  In  the  United  States  only  on  the  slopes  of  the  Chisos  Mountains 
in  southwestern  Texas;  common  in  northeastern  Mexico,  growing  at  elevations  of 
6000°-8000°  on  the  hills  east  of  the  Mexican  table-lands. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  southern  France  and  Algeria. 

5.  Juniperus  pachyphlaea,  Torr.   Juniper.    Checkered-bark  Juniper. 

Leaves  in  pairs,  appressed,  rounded  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  thickened,  obscurely 
keeled  and  glandular  on  the  back,  bluish  green,  rather  less  than  ^'  long;  on  vigorous 
shoots  and  young  branchlets  linear-lanceolate,  tipped  with  slender  elongated  points, 
and  pale  blue-green  like  the  young  branchlets.  Flowers  opening  in  February  and 
March,  the  staminate  stout,  \'  long,  with  10  or  12  stamens,  their  connectives  broadly 
ovate,  obscurely  keeled  on  the  back,  short-pointed;  scales  of  the  pistillate  flower 
ovate,  acuminate,  and  spreading.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  of  the  second 
season,  globose  or  oblong,  irregularly  tuberculate,  about  £'  long,  usually  marked 


TIC,  SCO 


with  the  short  tips  of  the  flower-scales,  occasionally  opening  and  discharging  the 
seeds  at  the  apex,  dark  red-brown,  more  or  less  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom, 
especially  during  the  first  season  and  then  occasionally  bluish  in  color,  with  a  thin 
epidermis  closely  investing  the  thick  dry  mealy  flesh,  and  usually  4  seeds;  seeds 
acute,  conspicuously  ridged  and  gibbous  on  the  back,  with  a  thick  shell,  a  pale  inner 
seed-coat,  and  2  cotyledons. 


CONIFERS  91 

A  tree,  often  50°-60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  3°-5°  in  diameter,  long  stout 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad-based  pyramidal  or  ultimately  a  compact  round- 
topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  after  the  disappearance  of  the  leaves 
with  thin  light  red-brown  usually  smooth  close  bark  occasionally  broken  into  large 
thin  scales.  Bark  £'-4'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  deeply  fissured  and 
divided  into  nearly  square  plates  l'-2'  long,  and  separating  on  the  surface  into  small 
thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained, 
clear  light  red  often  streaked  with  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood.  The 
fruit  is  gathered  and  eaten  by  Indians. 

Distribution.  Dry  arid  mountain  slopes  usually  at  elevations  of  4000°-6000° 
above  the  sea,  from  the  Eagle  and  Limpio  mountains  in  southwestern  Texas,  west- 
ward along  the  desert  ranges  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  south  of  the  Colorado 
plateau,  extending  northward  to  the  lower  slopes  of  many  of  the  high  mountains  of 
northern  Arizona  and  southward  into  Mexico. 

**Fruit  small  [large  in  6],  blue  or  blue-black  •  seeds  1-4- 

6.  Juniperus  occidentalis,  Hook.   Juniper. 

Leaves  in  3's,  closely  appressed,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  and  conspicuously 
glandular  on  the  back,  gray-green,  about  ^'  long.  Flowers  :  staminate  stout,  obtuse, 
with  12-18  stamens,  their  connectives  broadly  ovate,  rounded,  acute  or  apiculate  and 


scarious  or  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins;  scales  of  the  pistillate  flower  ovate, 
acute,  spreading,  mostly  obliterated  from  the  fruit.  Fruit  subglobose  or  oblong, 
\'-^'  long,  with  a  thick  firm  blue-black  epidermis  coated  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  thin 
dry  flesh  filled  with  large  resin-glands,  and  2  or  3  seeds;  seeds  ovate,  acute,  rounded 
and  deeply  grooved  or  pitted  on  the  back,  flattened  on  the  inner  surface,  about 
\'  long,  with  a  thick  bony  shell,  a  thin  brown  inner  seed-coat,  and  2  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  60°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  more 
often  hardly  exceeding  20°  in  height,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes  10°  in  diameter, 
enormous  branches,  spreading  at  nearly  right  angles  and  forming  a  broad  low  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  covered  after  the  leaves  fall  with  thin  bright  red-brown  bark 
broken  into  loose  papery  scales;  frequently  when  growing  on  dry  rocky  slopes  and 


92  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

toward  the  northern  limits  of  its  range  shrubby,  with  many  short  erect  or  semi- 
prostrate  stems.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  bright  cinnamon-red,  divided  by  broad  shallow 
fissures  into  wide  flat  irregularly  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin 
lustrous  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  very  close-grained,  exceedingly  durable,  light  red 
or  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sap  wood ;  used  for  fencing  and  fuel.  The  fruit  is 
gathered  and  eaten  by  the  California  Indians. 

Distribution.  Mountain  slopes  and  high  prairies  of  western  Idaho  and  western 
Washington  and  Oregon,  along  the  summits  and  upper  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
of  California,  southward  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains;  attaining  its  greatest 
trunk  diameter  on  the  wind-swept  peaks  of  the  California  sierras,  usually  at  eleva- 
tions between  6000°  and  10,000°  above  the  sea. 

7.  Juniperus  monosperma,  Sarg.   Juniper. 

Leaves  in  pairs  or  rarely  in  3's,  often  slightly  spreading  at  the  apex,  acute  or 
occasionally  acuminate,  much  thickened  and  rounded  on  the  back,  usually  without 


or  occasionally  with  obscure  dorsal  glands,  gray-green,  rather  less  than  \'  long,  turn- 
ing bright  red-brown  before  falling;  on  vigorous  shoots  and  young  plants  ovate,  acute, 
tipped  with  long  rigid  points,  thin,  conspicuously  glandular  on  the  back,  often  \'  long. 
Flowers :  staminate  with  8-10  stamens,  their  broadly  ovate,  rounded,  or  pointed  con- 
nectives slightly  erose  on  the  margins;  pistillate  with  spreading  pointed  scales. 
Fruit  globose  or  oblong,  \'-\'  long,  dark  blue  or  occasionally  copper  color,  with  a 
thick  firm  epidermis  covered  with  a  thin  glaucous  bloom,  thin  resinous  flesh,  and  1  or 
rarely  2  or  3  seeds;  seeds  broadly  ovate,  often  4-angled,  somewhat  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  with  numerous  slender  grooves  between  the  ridges,  a  comparatively  thin  brittle 
shell,  and  2  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  stout  much-lobed  and  buttressed  trunk 
sometimes  3°  in  diameter,  short  stout  branches  forming  an  open  very  irregular 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  after  the  falling  of  the  leaves  with  light  red- 
brown  bark  spreading  freely  into  thin  loose  scales.  Bark  thin,  ashy  gray,  divided 
into  irregularly  connected  ridges,  broken  into  long  narrow  persistent  shreddy  scales. 
"Wood  heavy,  slightly  fragrant,  light  reddish  brown,  with  nearly  white  sapwood  and 
eccentric  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  fencing  and  fuel.  The  fruit  is 


CONIFERJE  93 

ground  into  flour  and  baked  by  the  Indians,  who  use  the  thin  strips  of  fibrous  bark 
in  making  saddles,  breechcloths,  and  sleeping-mats. 

Distribution.  Along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  the  divide 
between  the  Platte  and  Arkansas  rivers  in  Colorado  to  western  Texas,  spreading 
over  the  Colorado  plateau,  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  Nevada,  southern  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico;  often  covering,  with  the 
Nut  Pine,  in  southern  Colorado  and  Utah,  and  in  northern  and  central  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona,  great  areas  of  rolling  hills  6000°-7000°  above  the  sea-level;  reaching 
its  largest  size  in  northern  Arizona. 

8.  Juniperus  sabinoides,  Nees.    Cedar.    Rock  Cedar. 

Leaves  in  pairs,  thickened  and  keeled  on  the  back,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
mostly  without  glands,  rather  more  than  ^'  long,  dark  blue-green;  on  vigorous 
young  shoots  and  seedling  plants  lanceolate,  long-pointed,  rigid,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers : 
staminate  with  12-18  stamens,  their  connectives  ovate,  obtuse,  or  slightly  cuspidate; 
scales  of  the  pistillate  flower  ovate,  acute,  and  spreading,  very  conspicuous  when  the 
fruit  is  half  grown,  becoming  obliterated  at  its  maturity.  Fruit  subglobose,  \'-\'  in 
diameter,  dark  blue,  with  a  thin  epidermis  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  sweet 
resinous  flesh,  and  1  or  rarely  2  seeds;  seeds  broadly  ovate,  acute,  slightly  or 


conspicuously  ridged,  rarely  tuberculate,  nearly  \'  long  and  \'  thick,  with  a  small 
hilum,  a  thin  outer  seed-coat,  a  membranaceous  dark  brown  inner  coat,  and  2  coty- 
ledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  but  generally  not  more  than  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short 
or  elongated  slightly  lobed  trunk  seldom  exceeding  a  foot  in  diameter,  small  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  wide  round-topped  open  and  irregular  or  a  narrow  pyramidal 
head,  slender  sharply  4-angled  branchlets  becoming  terete  after  the  falling  of  the 
leaves,  light  reddish  brown  or  ashy  gray,  with  smooth  or  slightly  scaly  bark;  often  a 
shrub,  with  numerous  spreading  stems.  Bark  on  young  stems  and  on  the  branches 
gray  tinged  with  red,  covered  with  a  network  of  flat  plates,  scaly  on  the  surface  and 
separated  on  the  margins  into  thin  pale  shreds,  becoming  on  old  trees  %'-$'  thick, 
brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  into  long  narrow  slightly  attached  scales  per- 
sistent for  many  years  and  clothing  the  trunk  with  a  loose  thatch-like  covering. 


94  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Wood  light,  hard,  not  strong,  slightly  fragrant,  brown  streaked  with  red;  largely 
used  for  fencing,  fuel,  telegraph-poles,  and  railway-ties. 

Distribution.  From  Brazos  County  over  the  low  limestone  hills  of  western  and 
southern  Texas,  and  southward  into  Mexico;  forming  great  thickets  and  growing  to 
its  largest  size  on  the  San  Bernardo  River;  much  smaller  farther  westward,  and 
usually  shrubby  at  the  limits  of  vegetation  on  the  high  mountains  of  central  Mexico. 

9.  Juniperus  Virginiana,  L.   Red  Cedar.    Savin. 

Leaves  in  opposite  pairs,  acute  or  acuminate  with  short  slender  points  or  occa- 
sionally obtuse,  rounded  and  glandular  or  eglandular  on  the  back,  about  ^'  long, 


dark  blue-green  or  glaucous,  at  the  north  turning  russet  or  yellow-brown  during  the 
winter,  beginning  in  their  third  season  to  grow  hard  and  woody,  and  remaining  two 
or  three  years  longer  on  the  branches;  on  young  plants  and  vigorous  branches  linear- 
lanceolate,  long-pointed,  light  yellow-green,  without  glands,  £'-f '  long.  Flowers  : 
dioecious  or  very  rarely  monoecious;  staminate  with  10  or  12  stamens,  their  connec- 
tives rounded  and  entire,  with  4  or  occasionally  5  or  6  pollen-sacs;  scales  of  the 
pistillate  flower  violet  color,  acute  and  spreading,  becoming  obliterated  from  the 
fruit.  Fruit  subglobose,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  pale  green  when  fully  grown,  dark  blue 
and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  at  maturity,  with  a  firm  epidermis,  thin  sweet- 
ish resinous  flesh,  and  1  or  2  or  rarely  3  or  4  seeds;  seeds  acute  and  occasionally 
apiculate  at  the  apex,  marked  below  with  a  comparatively  small  2-lobed  hilum, 
•£'— I'  long,  with  a  thick  bony  outer  coat,  a  pale  brown  raembranaceous  inner  coat, 
and  2  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  often  lobed  and 
eccentric,  and  frequently  buttressed  toward  the  base,  generally  not  more  than  40°- 
50°  tall,  with  short  slender  branches  horizontal  on  the  lower  part  of  the  tree,  erect 
above,  forming  a  narrow  compact  pyramidal  head,  in  old  age  usually  becoming  broad 
and  round-topped  or  irregular,  and  slender  4-angled  branchlets  terete  after  the  dis- 
appearance of  the  leaves  and  covered  with  close  dark  brown  bark  tinged  with  red  or 
gray.  Bark  \'—\'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  separated  into  long  narrow 
scales  fringed  on  the  margins,  and  persistent  for  many  years.  Wood  light,  close- 
grained,  brittle,  not  strong,  dull  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood,  very  fragrant, 
easily  worked;  largely  used  for  posts,  the  sills  of  buildings,  the  interior  finish  of 


CONIFERS 


95 


houses,  the  lining  of  closets  and  chests  for  the  preservation  of  woolens  against  the 
attacks  of  moths,  and  largely  for  pails  and  other  small  articles  of  woodenware.  A 
decoction  of  the  fruit  and  leaves  is  used  in  medicine,  and  oil  of  red  cedar  distilled 
from  the  leaves  and  wood  as  a  perfume. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  slopes  and  rocky  ridges,  often  immediately  on  the  sea- 
coast,  from  southern  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  the  coast  of  Georgia,  the 
interior  of  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  westward  to  the  valley  of  the 
lower  Ottawa  River,  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory and  eastern  Texas,  not  ascending  the  mountains  of  New  England  and  New 
York  nor  the  high  southern  Alleghanies;  in  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and 
northern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  covering  great  areas  of  low  rolling  limestone  hills 
with  nearly  pure  forests  of  small  bushy  trees. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  northern  and  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree  and 
occasionally  in  the  gardens  of  western  and  central  Europe. 

10.  Juniperus  Barbadensis,  L.   Red  Cedar. 

Leaves  opposite  in  pairs,  narrow,  acute  or  gradually  narrowed  above  the  middle 
and  acuminate,  marked  on  the  back  by  conspicuous  oblong  glands.  Flowers  open- 
ing in  early  March,  staminate  elongated,  £'  to  nearly  \'  long,  with  10  or  12  stamens, 
their  connectives  rounded,  entire,  and  bearing  usually  3  pollen-sacs;  pistillate  with 
scales  gradually  narrowed  above  the  middle,  acute  at  the  apex,  and  obliterated  from 


the  ripe  fruit.  Fruit  subglobose,  dark  blue,  covered  when  ripe  with  a  glaucous 
bloom,  usually  about  £'  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  epidermis,  sweet  resinous  flesh, 
and  usually  2  seeds. 

A  tree,  sometimes  50°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  2°  in  diameter,  small  branches 
erect  when  the  tree  is  crowded  in  the  forest,  spreading  when  it  has  grown  in  open 
ground  and  forming  a  broad  flat-topped  head  often  30°  or  40°  in  diameter,  long 
thin  secondary  branches  erect  at  the  top  of  the  tree  and  pendulous  below,  and 
slender  4-angled  pendulous  branchlets  becoming  light  red-brown  or  ashy  gray  at  the 
end  of  four  or  five  years  after  the  disappearance  of  the  leaves.  Bark  thin,  light 
red-brown,  separating  into  long  thin  scales.  Wood  light,  close,  straight-grained, 


96  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

fragrant,  dull  red;  formerly  exclusively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  best  lead 
pencils. 

Distribution.  Inundated  river  swamps  from  southern  Georgia,  southward  to  the 
shores  of  the  Indian  River,  Florida,  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida  from  the  north- 
ern shores  of  Charlotte  Harbor  to  the  valley  of  the  Appalachicola  River,  often  forming 
great  thickets  under  the  shade  of  larger  trees;  common  on  the  Bahamas,  San  Do- 
mingo, the  mountains  of  Jamaica,  and  Antigua. 

Often  planted  for  the  decoration  of  squares  and  cemeteries  in  the  cities  and  towns 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  from  Florida  to  western  Louisiana,  and  now  often 
naturalized  on  the  Gulf  coast;  occasionally  cultivated  in  the  temperate  countries  of 
Europe,  and  in  cultivation  the  most  beautiful  of  the  Junipers. 

11.  Juniperus  scopulorum,  Sarg.   Red  Cedar. 

Leaves  opposite  in  pairs,  closely  appressed,  acute  or  acuminate,  marked  on  the 
back  by  obscure  elongated  glands,  dark  green,  or  often  pale  and  very  glaucous. 
Flowers  :  staminate  with  about  6  stamens,  their  connectives  rounded  and  entire, 


bearing  4  or  5  anther-sacs  ;  scales  of  the  pistillate  flower  spreading,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, and  obliterated  from  the  mature  fruit.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  the  second 
season,  nearly  globose,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  bright  blue,  with  a  thin  epidermis  covered 
with  a  glaucous  bloom,  sweet  resinous  flesh,  and  1  or  usually  2  seeds;  seeds  acute, 
prominently  grooved  and  angled,  about  T3^'  long,  with  a  thick  bony  outer  coat  and  a 
small  2-lobed  hilum. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  sometimes  3°  in  diameter,  often 
divided  near  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  spreading  stems,  thick  spread- 
ing and  ascending  branches  covered  with  scaly  bark,  forming  an  irregular  round- 
topped  head,  and  slender  4-angled  branchlets  becoming  at  the  end  of  three  or  four 
years  terete  and  clothed  with  smooth  pale  bark  separating  later  into  thin  scales. 
Bark  dark  reddish  brown  or  gray  tinged  with  red,  divided  by  shallow  fissures 
into  narrow  flat  connected  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  persistent  shredded 
scales. 

Distribution.  Scattered  often  singly  over  dry  rocky  ridges,  except  near  the 
coast  usually  at  elevations  of  more  than  5000°  above  the  sea,  from  the  eastern  foot- 


TAXACE^E  97 

hill  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Alberta  to  western  Texas,  and  westward  to 
the  coast  of  British  Columbia  and  Washington  and  to  eastern  Oregon,  Nevada,  and 
northern  Arizona. 

II.    TAXACEJB. 

Slightly  resinous  trees  and  shrubs,  producing  when  cut  vigorous  stump 
shoots,  with  fissured  or  scaly  bark,  light-colored  durable  close-grained  wood, 
slender  green  branchlets,  linear-lanceolate  entire  rigid  acuminate  sharp-pointed 
spirally  disposed  leaves,  usually  appearing  2-ranked  by  a  twist  in  their  short 
compressed  petioles  and  persistent  for  many  years,  and  small  ovate  acute  buds. 
Flowers  opening  in  early  spring  from  buds  formed  the  previous  autumn, 
dioecious,  axillary  and  solitary,  surrounded  by  the  persistent  decussate  scales 
of  the  buds,  the  staminate  composed  of  numerous  filaments  united  into  a 
column,  each  filament  surmounted  by  several  more  or  less  united  pendant  pollen- 
cells  ;  the  pistillate  of  a  single  erect  ovule,  becoming  in  fruit  a  seed  with  a 
hard  bony  shell,  raised  upon  or  more  or  less  surrounded  by  the  enlarged  and 
fleshy  aril-like  disk  of  the  flower;  embryo  axile,  in  fleshy  ruminate  or  uniform 
albumen  ;  cotelydons  2,  shorter  than  the  superior  radicle.  Of  the  ten  genera 
widely  distributed  over  the  two  hemispheres,  two  occur  in  North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Filaments  dilated  into  4  pollen-sacs  united  into  a  half  ring ;  fruit  drupe-like ;  albumen 
ruminate.  1.  Tumion. 

Filaments  dilated  into  a  globose  head  of  4-8  connate  pollen-sacs  ;  fruit  berry-like,  scarlet ; 
albumen  uniform.  2.  Taxus. 

1.  TUMION,  Raf. 

Glabrous  foetid  or  pungent  aromatic  trees,  with  fissured  bark  and  verticillate  or 
opposite  spreading  or  drooping  branches.  Leaves  thin,  long-pointed,  abruptly  con- 
tracted at  the  base,  slightly  rounded  on  the  back,  grooved  below,  with  a  broad  sto- 
matiferous  groove  on  each  side  of  the  midvein,  revolute  and  slightly  thickened  on 
the  margins,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  often  pale  on  the  lower 
surface.  Flowers  :  the  staminate  crowded  in  the  axils  of  adjacent  leaves,  oval  or 
oblong,  composed  of  6  or  8  close  whorls  each  of  4  stamens,  subverticillately  arranged 
on  a  slender  axis ;  filaments  stout  and  expanded  above  into  4  globose  yellow  pollen- 
sacs  united  into  a  half  ring,  their  connectives  produced  above  the  cells  ;  the  pistillate 
less  numerous  and  scattered,  sessile,  the  ovule  surrounded  by  and  finally  inclosed 
in  an  ovate  urn-shaped  fleshy  sac,  and  becoming  at  maturity  an  ovoid  or  obovate 
drupe-like  green  or  purple  fruit  pointed  at  the  apex,  separating  when  ripe  from  the 
basal  scales  persistent  on  the  short  stout  stalk,  covered  with  a  thick  leathery  outer 
coat  closely  investing  the  seed.  Seed  ovoid,  acute  at  the  ends,  apiculate  at  the  apex, 
marked  at  the  base  by  the  large  dark  hilum;  seed-coat  thick  and  woody,  its  inner 
layer  folded  into  the  thick  white  albumen. 

Tumion  is  now  confined  to  Florida,  western  California,  Japan,  and  central  and 
northern  China.  Four  species  are  recognized.  Of  the  exotic  species  the  Japanese 
Tumion  nuciferum,  Greene,  is  occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states. 

Tumion  is  from  OV/JLIOV,  a  name  given  by  the  ancients  to  some  kind  of  Yew-tree. 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  slightly  rounded  on  the  back,  pale  on  the  lower  surface ;  fruit  more  or  less  deeply 
tinged  with  purple  ;  leaves,  branches,  and  wood  foetid.  1.  T.  taxifolium  (C). 

Leaves  nearly  flat,  green  below,  elongated  ;  fruit  green  slightly  tinged  with  purple  ;  leaves, 
branches,  and  wood  pungent-aromatic.  2.  T.  Calif  oriiic urn  (G). 

1.  Tumion  taxifolium,  Greene.   Stinking  Cedar.   Torreya. 

Leaves  slightly  falcate,  1^'  long,  about  £'  wide,  somewhat  rounded,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  above,  paler  and  marked  below  with  broad  shallow  grooves.  Flowers 
appearing  in  March  and  April;  staminate  with  pale  yellow  anthers;  pistillate  broadly 
ovate,  with  a  dark  purple  fleshy  covering  to  the  ovule,  |'  long,  and  inclosed  at  the 
base  by  broad  thin  rounded  scales.  Fruit  fully  grown  at  midsummer,  slightly  obovate, 
dark  purple,  V-\\'  long,  f '  broad,  with  a  thin  leathery  covering,  a  light  red-brown 
seed  furnished  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  brittle  woody  coat  with  2  opposite  longitu- 
dinal thin  ridges  extending  from  the  base  toward  the  apex,  and  conspicuously  rumi- 
nate albumen  penetrated  by  the  brown  inner  seed-coat. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  whorls  of 
spreading  slightly  pendulous  branches  forming  a  rather  open  pyramidal  head 


tapering  from  a  broad  base.  Bark  \'  thick,  brown  faintly  tinged  with  orange 
color,  and  irregularly  divided  by  broad  shallow  fissures*into  wide  low  ridges  slightly 
rounded  on  the  back  and  covered  with  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  clear  bright  yellow,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for 
fence-posts. 

Distribution.  Limestone  soil  on  bluffs  along  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Appalachi- 
cola  River,  Florida,  from  River  Junction  to  the  neighborhood  of  Bristol,  Gadsden 
County. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  northern  states  and  in  western  Europe. 

2.  Tumion  Californicum,  Greene.    California  Nutmeg. 

Leaves  slightly  falcate,  nearly  flat,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  some- 
what lighter  and  marked  with  deep  narrow  grooves  on  the  lower  surface,  tipped  with 
slender  callous  points,  l'-3^'  long,  fa'-\'  wide.  Flowers  appearing  in  March  and 


TAXACILE  99 

April;  staminate  with  broadly  ovate  acute  scales;  pistillate  nearly  ^'  long,  with 
oblong  ovate  rounded  scales.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  I'-l^'  long,  light  green 
more  or  less  streaked  with  purple. 

A  tree,  50°-70°  but  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-2°  or  rarely  4°  in 
diameter,  and  whorls  of  spreading  slender  slightly  pendulous  branches  forming 
a  handsome  pyramidal  and  in  old  age  a  round-topped  head.  Bark  £'-£'  thick, 
gray-brown  tinged  with  orange  color,  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  by  broad  fis- 
sures into  narrow  ridges  covered  with  elongated  loosely  appressed  plate-like  scales. 


Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  clear  light  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood; 
occasionally  used  for  fence-posts. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  mountain  streams,  California,  nowhere  common  but 
widely  distributed  from  Mendocino  County  to  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains  in  the  coast 
region  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  from  Eldorado  to  Tulare 
County  at  elevations  of  3000°-5000°  above  the  sea;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest 
size  on  the  northern  coast  ranges. 

Rarely  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  Europe. 

2.  TAXUS,  L.  Yew. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  brown  or  dark  purple  scaly  bark,  and  spreading  usually  hori- 
zontal branches.  Leaves  flat,  often  falcate,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  dark 
green,  smooth  and  keeled  on  the  upper  surface,  paler,  papillate,  and  stomatiferous 
on  the  lower  surface,  their  margins  slightly  thickened  and  revolute.  Flowers  :  the 
staminate  composed  of  a  slender  stipe  bearing  at  the  apex  a  globular  head  of  4-8 
pale  yellow  stamens  consisting  of  4-6  conical  pendant  pollen-sacs  peltately  con- 
nate from  the  end  of  a  short  filament;  the  pistillate  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
scale-like  bracts  of  a  short  axillary  branch,  the  ovule  erect,  sessile  on  a  ring-like 
disk,  ripening  in  the  autumn  into  an  ovate-oblong  seed  gradually  narrowed  and 
short-pointed  at  the  apex,  marked  at  the  base  by  the  much-depressed  hiluin,  about  ^' 
long,  entirely  or  nearly  surrounded  by  but  free  from  the  now  thickened  succulent 
translucent  sweet  scarlet  aril-like  disk  of  the  flower  closed  or  open  at  the  apex; 
seed-coat  thick,  of  two  layers,  the  outer  thin  and  membranaceous  or  fleshy,  the 
inner  much  thicker  and  somewhat  woody;  albumen  uniform. 


100 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Taxus  with  six  species,  which  can  be  distinguished  only  by  their  leaf  characters  and 
habit,  is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  is  found  in  east- 
ern North  America  where  two  species  occur,  in  Pacific  North  America,  Mexico,  Europe, 
northern  Africa,  western  and  southern  Asia,  China  and  Japan.  Of  the  exotic  species 
the  European,  African,  and  Asiatic  Taxus  baccata,  L.,  and  its  n\imerous  varieties,  is 
often  cultivated  in  the  United  States,  especially  in  the  more  temperate  parts  of  the 
country,  and  is  replaced  with  advantage  by  the  hardier  Taxus  cuspidata,  S.  &  Z.,  of 
eastern  Asia  in  the  northern  states,  where  the  native  shrubby  Taxus  Canadensis, 
Marsh,  with  monoecious  flowers  is  sometimes  cultivated. 

Taxus,  from  rc^os,  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Yew-tree. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 


Leaves  short,  yellow-green. 

Leaves  elongated,  usually  falcate,  dark  green. 


1.  T.  brevifolia  (G). 

2.  T.  Floridana  (C). 


1.  Taxus  brevifolia,  Nutt.   Yew. 


Leaves  £'-f'  long,  about  Ty  wide,  dark  yellow-green  above,  rather  paler  below, 
with  stout  midribs,  and  slender  yellow  petioles  -^  long,  persistent  for  four  or  five 
years.  Flowers  and  fruit  as  in  the  genus. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°  but  occasionally  70°-80°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk 
l°-2°  or  rarely  4^°  in  diameter,  frequently  unsymmetrical,  with  one  diameter  much 
exceeding  the  other,  and  irregularly  lobed,  with  broad  rounded  lobes,  and  long  slender 
horizontal  or  slightly  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  open  conical  head.  Bark 
about  \'  thick  and  covered  with  small  thin  dark  red-purple  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  strong,  bright  red,  with  thin  light  yellow  sap  wood;  used  for  fence-posts  and  by 
the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  for  paddles,  spear-handles,  bows,  and  other  small 
articles. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams,  deep  gorges,  and  damp  ravines,  grow- 
ing usually  under  large  coniferous  trees;  nowhere  abundant,  but  widely  distributed 


usually  in  single  individuals  or  in  small  clumps  from  Queen  Charlotte  Islands  and 
the  valley  of  the  Skeena  River,  southward  along  the  coast  ranges  of  British  Colum- 
bia, Washington,  and  Oregon,  where  it  attains  its  greatest  size,  along  the  coast  ranges 
of  California  as  far  south  as  the  Bay  of  Monterey,  and  along  the  western  slopes  of 


101 

the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Tulare  County  at  elevations  between  5000°  and  8000°  above 
the  sea-level,  ranging  eastward  in  British  Columbia  to  the  Selkirk  Mountains,  and 
over  the  mountains  of  Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  conti- 
nental divide  in  Montana;  in  the  interior  much  smaller  than  near  the  coast  and 
often  shrubby  in  habit. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  western  Europe. 

2.  Taxus  Floridana,  Chapm.    Yew. 

Leaves  usually  conspicuously  falcate,  f '  to  nearly  1'  long,  ^'-J'  wide,  dark  green 
above,  pale  below,  with  obscure  midribs  and  slender  petioles  about  -fa'  long.  Flowers 
appearing  in  March.  Fruit  ripens  in  October. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  1°  in  diameter, 
and  numerous  stout  spreading  branches;  more  often  shrubby  in  habit  and  12°-15° 


f  i(i  90 


tall.  Bark  ^'  thick,  dark  purple-brown,  smooth,  compact,  occasionally  separating 
into  large  thin  irregular  plate-like  scales.  "Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained, 
dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  River  bluffs  and  ravines  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Appalachicola 
River,  in  Gadsdeu  County,  western  Florida,  from  Aspalaga  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Bristol. 


102  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


CLASS   2.    ANGIOSPER1VLE. 

Carpels  or  pistils  consisting  of  a  closed  cavity  containing  the  ovules 
and  becoming  the  fruit. 

DIVISION  I.  MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  with  woody  fibres  distributed  irregularly  through  them,  but 
without  pith  or  annual  layers  of  growth.  Parts  of  the  flower  in  3's  : 
ovary  superior ;  embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon.  Leaves  parallel- 
veined,  alternate,  long-persistent,  without  stipules. 

HI.    PALM-SI.    PALMS. 

Trees,  growing  by  a  single  terminal  bud,  with  stems  covered  with  a  thick 
rind,  usually  marked  below  by  the  ring-like  scars  of  fallen  leaf-stalks,  and 
clothed  above  by  their  long-persistent  sheaths  ;  occasionally  stemless.  Leaves 
clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  plaited  in  the  bud,  fan-shaped  or  pinnate, 
their  rachises  sometimes  reduced  to  a  narrow  border,  long-stalked,  with  petioles 
dilated  into  clasping  sheaths  of  tough  fibres  (vaginas),  on  fan-shaped  leaves, 
furnished  at  the  apex  on  the  upper  side  with  a  thickened  concave  body  (ligule). 
Flowers  minute,  perfect  or  unisexual,  in  the  axils  of  small  thin  mostly  decid- 
uous bracts,  in  large  compound  clusters  (spadix)  surrounded  by  boat-shaped 
bracts  (spathes)  ;  sepals  and  petals  free  or  more  or  less  united  ;  stamens 
usually  6 ;  anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  opening  longitudinally ;  ovary  3-celled, 
with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell ;  styles  1—3.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  berry ;  embryo 
cylindrical  in  a  cavity  of  the  hard  albumen  near  the  circumference  of  the  seed. 
Of  the  130  genera  now  usually  recognized  and  chiefly  inhabitants  of  the  tropics, 
seven  have  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Leaves  fan-shaped. 
Leaf-stalks  unarmed. 

Calyx  and  corolla  united  into  a  short  6-lobed  cup. 

Fruit  white,  drupaceous  ;  albumen  even.  1.   Thrinax. 

Fruit  black,  baccate  ;  albumen  channeled.  2.   Coccothrinax. 

Perianth  of  a  distinct  calyx  and  corolla. 

Filaments  subulate,  united  below  into  a  slender  cup  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla ; 
fruit  baccate.  3.   Sabal. 

Leaf -stalks  armed  with  marginal  spines. 

Filaments  slender,  free  ;  fruit  baccate.  4.   Washingtonia. 

Filaments  triangular,  united  into  a  cup  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  fruit  dru- 
paceous. 5.    Sereiioa. 
Leaves  pinnate. 

Flower-clusters  produced  on  the  stem  below  the  leaves  ;  fruit  violet-blue. 

6.  Roystonea. 
Flower-clusters  produced  from  among  the  leaves ;  fruit  bright  orange-scarlet. 

7.  Fseudophcenix. 


PALM^E  103 

1.   THRINAX,  Sw. 

Small  unarmed  trees,  with  stems  covered  with  pale  gray  rind.  Leaves  orbicular,  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  thick  and  firm,  usually  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface,  divided 
to  below  the  middle  into  narrow  acuminate  parted  segments  with  thickened  margins 
and  midribs;  rachises  narrow  borders,  with  thin  usually  undulate  margins;  ligules 
thick,  concave,  pointed,  lined  while  young  with  hoary  tomeutum  ;  petioles  com- 
pressed, rounded  above  and  below,  thin  and  smooth  on  the  margins,  with  large  clasp- 
ing bright  mahogany-red  sheaths  of  slender  matted  fibres  covered  with  thick  hoary 
tomentura.  Spadix  interfoliar,  stalked,  its  primary  branches  short,  alternate,  flat- 
tened, incurved, with  numerous  slender  rounded  flower-bearing  branchlets;  spathes 
numerous,  tubular,  coriaceous,  cleft  and  more  or  less  tomentose  at  the  apex.  Flowers 
opening  in  May  and  June,  and  occasionally  irregularly  in  the  autumn,  solitary,  per- 
fect ;  perianth  6-lobed  ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth,  with  subulate 
filaments  thickened  and  only  slightly  united  at  the  base,  or  nearly  triangular  and 
united  into  a  cup  adnate  to  the  perianth,  and  oblong  anthers;  ovary  1-celled,  grad- 
ually narrowed  into  a  stout  columnar  style  crowned  by  a  large  funnel-formed  flat  or 
oblique  stigma;  ovule  basilar,  erect.  Fruit  a  globose  drupe  with  juicy  bitter  ivory 
white  flesh  easily  separable  from  the  thin-shelled  tawny  brown  nut.  Seed  free,  erect, 
slightly  flattened  at  the  ends,  with  an  oblong  pale  conspicuous  subbasilar  hihun,  a 
short-branched  raphe,  a  thin  coat,  and  uniform  albumen  more  or  less  deeply  pene- 
trated by  a  broad  basal  cavity  ;  embryo  lateral. 

Thrinax  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World  and  is  distributed  from  south- 
ern Florida  through  the  West  Indies  to  the  shores  of  Central  America.  Seven  or 
eight  species  are  now  generally  recognized. 

The  wood  of  the  Florida  species  is  light  and  soft,  with  numerous  small  fibro-vascu- 
lar  bundles,  the  exterior  of  the  stem  being  much  harder  than  the  spongy  interior. 
The  stems  are  used  for  the  piles  of  small  wharves  and  turtle  crawls,  and  the  leaves 
for  thatch,  and  in  making  hats,  baskets,  and  small  ropes. 

Thrinax,  from  6piva£.  is  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  leaves. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

• 

Flowers  on  elongated  pedicels  ;   perianth  obscurely  lobed ;  filaments  subulate,  barely  united 
at  the  base  ;  stigma  oblique.  1.  T.  Floridana  (D). 

Flowers  on  short  pedicels;  lobes  of  the  perianth  ovate,  acuminate  ;  filaments  nearly  trian- 
gular, united  below  into  a  cup  ;  stigma  flat. 

Seeds  pale  chestnut-brown  ;  spadix  about  6°  long ;  leaves  3°-4°  in  diameter. 

i'.  T.  Keyensia  (D). 

Seeds  dark  chestnut -brown  ;  spadix  less  than  3°  long  ;  leaves  not  over  2°  in  diameter. 

3.  T.  microcarpa  (D) 

1.  Thrinax  Floridana,  Sarg.    Thatch. 

Leaves  2^°-3°  in  diameter,  rather  longer  than  broad,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface,  with  long-pointed,  bright 
orange-colored  ligules  |'  long  and  broad;  their  petioles  4°-4^°  long,  pale  yellow-green 
or  orange  color  toward  the  apex,  coated  at  first  with  hoary  deciduous  tomentum, 
much  thickened  and  tomentose  toward  the  base.  Flowers:  spadix  3°-3^°  long, 
the  primary  branches  6'-8'  long  and  ivory-white,  flower-bearing  branches  l^'-2'  in 
length.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  nearly  •£'  long,  ivory-white,  very  fragrant,  with 


104  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

an  obscurely-lobed  perianth,  much  exserted  stamens  barely  united  at  the  base,  and 
an  oblique  stigma.   Fruit  -f'  in  diameter,  somewhat  depressed  at  the  ends;  seeds 


from  -|'  to  nearly  \'  in  diameter,  dark  chestnut-brown,  penetrated  almost  to  the 
apex  by  the  broad  basal  cavity. 

A  tree,  with  a  slightly  tapering  stem  20°-30°  high  and  4'-6'  in  diameter,  clothed 
to  the  middle  and  occasionally  almost  to  the  ground  with  the  sheaths  of  dead  leaf- 
stalks. 

Distribution.  Florida,  dry  coral  ridges  and  sandy  shores  of  keys  from  Long  Key 
to  Torch  Key,  and  on  the  mainland  from  Cape  Romano  to  Cape  Sable. 

2.  Thrinax  Keyensis,  Sarg.   Thatch. 

Leaves  rather  longer  than  broad,  3°-4°  long,  the  lowest  segments  parallel  with  the 
petiole  or  spreading  from  it  nearly  at  right  angles,  light  yellow-green  and  lustrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  with  bright  orange-colored  margins,  below  coated  while  young 


with  deciduous  hoary  tomentum  and  pale  blue-green  and  more  or  less  covered 
with  silvei-y  white  pubescence  at  maturity,  with  thick  pointed  ligules  1'  long  and 
wide,  lined  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum ;  their  petioles  flattened  above,  obscurely 


PALMJS  105 

ridged  on  the  lower  surface,  tomentose  while  young,  pale  blue-green,  3°-4°  long. 
Flowers:  spadix  usually  about  6°  long,  spreading  and  gracefully  incurved,  with 
spathes  more  or  less  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  large  compressed  primary 
branches,  and  short  bright  orange-colored  flower-bearing  branches.  Flowers  on  short 
thick  disk-like  pedicels,  about  \'  long,  white,  slightly  fragrant,  with  a  tubular 
perianth,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate  and  acute,  stamens  with  nearly  triangular  filaments 
united  at  the  base,  and  a  flat  stigma.  Fruit  fa'  to  nearly  ^'  in  diameter;  seeds 
brown,  ^'  in  diameter,  penetrated  only  to  the  middle  by  the  basal  cavity. 

A  tree,  with  a  stem  often  25°  high  and  10'-14'  in  diameter,  raised  on  a  base 
of  thick  matted  roots  2°-3°  high  and  18'-20'  in  diameter,  and  a  broad  head  of 
leaves,  the  upper  erect,  the  lower  pendulous  and  closely  pressed  against  the  stem. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  soil  close  to  the  beach  on  the  north  side  of  the  largest 
of  the  Marquesas  Keys,  and  on  Crab  Key,  a  small  island  to  the  westward  of  Torch 
Key,  one  of  the  Bahia  Honda  group,  Florida;  on  the  Bahamas. 

3.  Thrinax  microcarpa,  Sarg.   Silver-top  Palmetto.   Brittle  Thatch. 

Leaves  2°-3°  across,  pale  green  above,  silvery  white  below,  more  or  less  thickly 
coated  while  young  with  hoary  tomentum,  especially  on  the  lower  surface,  divided 


near  the  base  almost  to  the  rachis,  with  orbicular  thick  concave  ligules  lined  with 
a  thick  coat  of  white  tomentum;  their  petioles  thin  and  flexuose.  Flowers:  spadix 
elongated,  with  short  compressed  erect  branches  slightly  spreading  below,  numerous 
slender  pendulous  flower-bearing  branches,  and  long  acute  spathes  deeply  parted 
at  the  apex,  coriaceous  and  coated  above  the  middle  with  thick  hoary  tomentum. 
Flowers  on  short  thick  disk-like  pedicels,  with  a  cupular  perianth,  the  lobes  broadly 
ovate  and  acute,  stamens  with  thin  nearly  triangular  exserted  filaments  slightly 
united  at  the  base  and  oblong  anthers  becoming  reversed  and  extrorse  at  maturity, 
and  a  deep  orange-colored  ovary  narrowed  above  into  a  short  thick  style  dilated 
into  a  large  funnel-formed  stigma.  Fruit  globose,  -|'  in  diameter;  seeds  subglobose, 
bright  to  dark  chestnut-brown,  depressed,  penetrated  nearly  to  the  middle  by  the 
broad  basal  cavity. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter. 

Distribution.  Dry  coral  soil,  on  the  shores  of  Sugar  Loaf  Sound,  and  on  No 
Name  and  Bahia  Honda  keys,  Florida. 


106 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


2.  COCCOTHRINAX,  Sarg. 

Small  unarmed  trees,  with  simple  or  clustered  stems  or  rarely  stemless.  Leaves 
orbicular,  or  truncate  at  the  base,  pale  or  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface,  divided 
into  narrow  obliquely-folded  segments  acuminate  and  divided  at  the  apex;  rachises 
narrow;  ligules  thin,  free,  erect,  concave,  pointed  at  the  apex;  petioles  compressed, 
slightly  rounded  and  ridged  above  and  below,  thin  and  smooth  on  the  margins, 
gradually  enlarged  below  into  elongated  sheaths  of  coarse  fibres  forming  an  open 
network  covered  while  young  by  thick  hoary  tomentum.  Spadix  interfoliar,  panicu- 
late, shorter  than  the  leaf-stalks,  its  primary  branches  furnished  with  numerous 
short  slender  pendulous  flower-bearing  secondary  branches;  spathes  numerous,  papery, 
cleft  at  the  apex.  Flowers  solitary,  perfect,  jointed  on  elongated  slender  pedicels; 
perianth  cup-shaped,  obscurely-lobed ;  stamens  9,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perianth, 
with  subulate  filaments  enlarged  and  barely  united  at  the  base,  and  oblong  anthers; 
ovary  1-celled,  narrowed  into  a  slender  style  crowned  by  a  funnel-formed  oblique 
stigma;  ovule  basilar,  erect.  Fruit  a  subglobose  berry  raised  on  the  thickened  torus 
of  the  flower,  with  thick  juicy  black  flesh.  Seed  free,  erect,  depressed-globose,  with 
a  thick  hard  vertically-grooved  shell  deeply  infolded  in  the  bony  albumen;  hilum 
subbasilar,  minute;  raphe  hidden  in  the  folds  of  the  seed-coat;  embryo  lateral. 

Coccothrinax  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World.  Two  species,  of  which 
one  is  stemless,  inhabit  southern  Florida,  and  at  least  two  other  species  are  scat- 
tered over  several  of  the  West  Indian  islands. 

Coccothrinax,  from  K&KKGS  and  Thrinax,  is  in  allusion  to  the  berry-like  fruit. 

1.  Coccothrinax  jucunda,  Sarg.    Brittle  Thatch. 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  the  lower  segments  usually  parallel  with  the  petiole,  thin 
and  brittle,  18'-24'  in  diameter,  divided  below  the  middle  of  the  leaf  or  toward  its 


base  nearly  to  the  ligule,  with  much-thickened  bright  orange-colored  midribs  and  mar- 
gins, pale  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  bright  silvery  white  and 
coated  at  first  on  the  lower  surface  with  hoary  deciduous  pubescence,  with  thin  undu- 
late obtusely  short-pointed  dark  orange-colored  rachises,  thin  concave  crescent- shaped 
often  oblique  slightly  undulate  short-pointed  and  light  or  dark  orange-colored  ligules 


107 

I'  wide,  £'  deep,  their  petioles  slender,  pale,  yellow-green,  2^°-3°  long.  Flowers  : 
spadix  18'-24'  long,  with  flattened  stalks,  slender  much-flattened  primary  branches 
8'-10'  long  and  light  orange-colored  slender  terete  flower-bearing  branches  l^'-3' 
long,  and  pale  reddish  brown  spathes  coated  toward  the  ends  with  pale  pubescence. 
Flowers  opening  in  June  and  irregularly  also  in  the  autumn  on  ridged  spreading 
pedicels  ^'  long,  with  an  orange-colored  ovary  surmounted  by  an  elongated  style 
dilated  into  a  rose-colored  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  six  months,  from 
V-|'  in  diameter,  bright  green  at  first  when  fully  grown,  becoming  deep  violet  color, 
with  succulent  very  juicy  flesh,  ultimately  black  and  lustrous;  seeds  light  tawny 
brown. 

A  tree,  with  a  stem  slightly  enlarged  from  the  ground  upward,  15°-25°  high,  4'-6' 
thick,  covered  with  pale  blue  rind,  and  surmounted  by  a  broad  head  of  leaves  at  first 
erect,  then  spreading  and  ultimately  pendulous.  "Wood  used  for  the  piles  of  small 
wharves  and  turtle  crawls.  The  soft  tough  young  leaves  are  made  into  hats  and 
baskets. 

Distribution.  Dry  coral  ridges  and  sandy  flats  from  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne 
along  many  of  the  southern  keys  to  the  Marquesas  group,  Florida. 

3.  SABAL,  Adans.   Palmetto. 

Unarmed  trees,  with  stout  columnar  stems  covered  with  red-brown  rind.  Leaves 
flabellate,  tough  and  coriaceous,  divided  into  many  narrow  long-pointed  parted 
segments  plicately  folded  at  the  base,  often  separating  on  the  margins  into  narrow 
threads;  rachises  extending  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  leaves,  rounded  and  broadly 
winged  toward  the  base  on  the  lower  side,  thin  and  acute  on  the  upper  side;  ligules 
adnate  to  the  rachises,  acute,  concave,  with  thin  incurved  entire  margins;  petioles 
rounded  and  concave  on  the  lower  side,  conspicuously  ridged  on  the  upper  side,  acute 
and  entire  on  the  margins,  with  elongated  chestnut-brown  shining  sheaths  of  stout 
fibres.  Spadix  interfoliar,  stalked,  decompound,  with  a  flattened  stem,  short  branches, 
slender  densely  flowered  ultimate  branches,  and  numerous  acuminate  spathes,  the 
outer  persistent  and  becoming  broad  and  woody.  Flowers  solitary,  perfect,  calyx 
tubular,  unequally  lobed,  the  lobes  slightly  imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla  deeply 
lobed,  with  narrow  ovate-oblong  concave  acute  lobes  valvate  at  the  apex  in  the  bud; 
stamens  6,  those  opposite  the  corolla-lobes  rather  longer  than  the  others,  with  subu- 
late filaments  united  below  into  a  shallow  cup  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and 
ovate  anthers,  their  cells  free  and  spreading  at  the  base;  ovary  of  3  carpels,  3-lobed, 
3-celled,  gradually  narrowed  into  an  elongated  3-lobed  style  truncate  and  stigmatic 
at  the  apex;  ovule  basilar,  erect.  Fruit  a  small  black  1  or  2  or  3-lobed  short-stemmed 
berry  with  thin  sweet  dry  flesh.  Seed  depressed-globose,  marked  on  the  side  by  the 
prominent  micropyle,  with  a  shallow  pit  near  the  minute  basal  hilum,  a  thin  seed-coat, 
and  a  ventral  raphe;  embryo  minute,  dorsal,  in  horny  uniform  albumen  penetrated 
by  a  hard  shallow  basal  cavity  filled  by  the  thickening  of  the  seed-coat. 

Sabal  belongs  to  the  New  World,  and  is  distributed  from  the  Bermuda  Islands 
and  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  of  North  America,  through  the  West  Indies 
to  Venezuela  and  Mexico. 

Of  the  eight  species  now  recognized  four  inhabit  the  United  States;  of  these  two 
are  small  stemless  plants. 

The  generic  name  is  of  uncertain  origin. 


108  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Spadix  short ;  fruit  subglobose,  1-celled  ;  seed-coat  light  chestnut  color. 

1.  S.  Palmetto  (C). 

Spadix  elongated ;  fruit  often  2  or  3-lobed,  with  2  or  3  seeds  ;  seed-coat  dark  chestnut- 
brown.  2.  S.  Mexicaiia  (E). 

1.  Sabal  Palmetto,  R.  &  S.  Cabbage  Tree.  Cabbage  Palmetto. 
Leaves  5°-6°  long  and  7°-8°  broad,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  deeply  divided 
into  narrow  parted  recurved  segments,  with  ligules  4' long;  their  petioles  6°-7°  long 
and  \\'  wide  at  the  apex.  Flowers  :  spadix  2°-2£°  long,  with  slender  incurved 
branches,  slender  ultimate  divisions,  and  thin  secondary  spathes  flushed  with  red  at 
the  apex  and  conspicuously  marked  by  pale  slender  longitudinal  veins.  Flowers  in 
the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  perianth,  opening  in 


June.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  subglobose  or  slightly  obovate,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  at  the  base,  1-seeded,  about  £'  in  diameter  ;  seeds  light  bright  chestnut- 
colored,  \'  broad. 

A  tree,  with  a  trunk  often  30°-40°  high,  and  2°  in  diameter,  broken  by  shallow 
irregular  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  ridges,  with  a  short  pointed  knob-like  under- 
ground stem  surrounded  by  a  dense  mass  of  contorted  roots  often  4°  or  5°  in  diameter 
and  5°  or  6°  deep,  from  which  tough  light  orange-colored  roots  often  nearly  ^'  in 
diameter  penetrate  the  soil  for  a  distance  of  15°  or  20°,  and  a  broad  crown  of  leaves  at 
first  upright,  then  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  stem,  and  finally  pendu- 
lous. Wood  light,  soft,  pale  brown,  with  numerous  hard  fibro-vascular  bundles,  the 
outer  rim  about  2'  thick  and  much  lighter  and  softer  than  the  interior.  In  the  south- 
ern states  the  trunks  are  used  for  wharf-piles,  and  polished  cross  sections  of  the 
stem  sometimes  serve  for  the  tops  of  small  tables;  the  wood  is  largely  manufactured 
into  canes.  From  the  sheaths  of  young  leaves  the  bristles  of  scrubbing-brushes  are 
made.  The  large  succulent  leaf-buds  are  cooked  and  eaten  as  a  vegetable,  and  coarse 
hats,  mats,  and  baskets  are  made  from  the  leaves.  Pieces  of  the  spongy  bark  of  the 
stem  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  scrubbing-brushes. 

Distribution.  Sandy  soil  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast  from 
Smith  Island  at  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  to  Key  Largo, 


PALM^E  109 

Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola  River;  most 
abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Florida  peninsula. 
Occasionally  cultivated  for  ornament  in  the  cities  of  the  south  Atlantic  states. 

2.  Sabal  Mexicana,  Mart.   Palmetto. 

Leaves  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous,  5°-6°  long,  often  7°  wide,  divided  nearly 
to  the  middle  into   narrow  divided   segments,  with  thickened  pale  margins  sepa- 


rating  into  long  thin  fibres,  with  ligules  about  6'  long,  their  petioles  7°-8°  long,  1^' 
wide  at  the  apex.  Flowers  :  spadix  7°-8°  long,  with  stout  ultimate  divisions. 
Flowers  in  Texas  appearing  in  March  or  April  in  the  axils  of  persistent  bracts  half 
as  long  as  the  perianth.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  the  summer,  globose,  often  2  or 
3-lobed;  seeds  nearly  \'  broad  and  £'  wide,  dark  chestnut-brown,  with  a  broad  shallow 
basal  cavity  and  a  conspicuous  orange-colored  hilum. 

A  tree,  with  a  trunk  30°-50°  high,  often  1\°  in  diameter,  and  a  broad  head  of  erect 
ultimately  pendulous  leaves.  Wood  light,  soft,  pale  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick 
light-colored  rather  inconspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundles,  the  outer  rim  1'  thick,  soft, 
and  light-colored.  On  the  Gulf  coast  the  trunks  are  used  for  wharf-piles,  and  on  the 
lower  Rio  Grande  the  leaves  for  the  thatch  of  houses. 

Distribution.  Rich  soil  of  the  bottom-lands  near  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande 
in  Texas,  and  southward  in  Mexico  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast.  Frequently 
planted  as  a  street  tree  in  the  towns  on  the  lower  Rio  Grande. 

4.  WASHINGTONIA.    H.  Wendl. 

Trees,  with  stout  columnar  stems  and  broad  crowns  of  erect  and  spreading  finally 
pendulous  leaves.  Leaves  flabellate,  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  many  narrow 
deeply  parted  recurved  segments  separating  on  the  margins  into  numerous  slender 
pale  fibres;  rachises  short,  slightly  rounded  on  the  back,  gradually  narrowed  from  a 
broad  base,  with  concaved  margins  furnished  below  with  narrow  erect  wings,  and 
slender  and  acute  above;  ligules  elongated,  oblong,  thin  and  laciniate  on  the  margins; 
petioles  elongated,  broad  and  thin,  flattened  or  slightly  concave  on  the  upper  side, 
rounded  on  the  lower,  armed  irregularly  with  broad  thin  large  and  small  straight 
or  hooked  spines  confluent  into  a  thin  bright  orange-colored  cartilaginous  margin, 


110 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


gradually  enlarged  at  the  base  into  thick  broad  concave  bright  chestnut-brown 
sheaths  composed  of  a  network  of  thin  strong  fibres.  Spadix  interfoliar,  stalked, 
elongated,  paniculate,  with  pendulous  flower-bearing  ultimate  divisions  and  numerous 
long  spathes.  Flowers  perfect,  jointed  on  thick  disk-like  pedicels;  calyx  tubular, 
scarious,  thickened  at  the  base,  gradually  enlarged  and  slightly  lobed  at  the  apex, 
the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla  funnel-formed,  with  a  fleshy  tube  inclosed 
in  the  calyx  and  about  half  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  lobes,  thickened  and  glandular 
on  the  inner  surface  at  the  base,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla,  with  free  filaments  thickened  near  the  middle  and  linear-oblong 
anthers;  ovary  3-lobed,  3-celled,  with  slender  elongated  flexuose  styles  stigmatic  at 
the  apex;  ovules  lateral,  erect.  Fruit  a  small  ellipsoidal  short-stalked  black  berry 
with  thin  dry  flesh.  Seed  free,  erect,  oblong-ovate,  concave  above,  with  a  flat  base 
depressed  in  the  centre,  a  minute  sublateral  hilum,  a  broad  conspicuous  rachis,  a 
minute  lateral  micropyle,  and  a  thin  pale  chestnut-brown  inner  coat  closely  investing 
the  simple  horny  albumen;  embryo  minute,  lateral,  with  the  radicle  turned  toward 
the  base  of  the  fruit. 

Two  species  of  Washingtonia  are  known:  one  inhabits  the  interior  dry  region  of 
southern  California  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Lower  California,  and  the  second  the 
mountain  canons  of  western  Sonora  and  southern  Lower  California. 

The  genus  is  named  for  George  Washington. 

1.  Washingtonia  filamentosa,  O.  Kuntze.   Desert  Palm.   Fan  Palm. 
Leaves  5°-6°  long  and  4°-5°  wide,  light  green,  slightly  tomentose  on  the  folds, 
their  petioles  4°-6°  long  and  about  2'  broad  at  the  apex,  with  sheaths  16'-18'  long 
and  12'-14'  wide,  and  ligules  4'  long  and  cut  irregularly  into  long  narrow  lobes. 


Flowers:  spadix  10°-12°  long,  3  or  4  being  produced  each  year  from  the  axils 
of  upper  leaves,  the  outer  spathe  inclosing  the  bud,  narrow,  elongated,  and  gla- 
brous, those  of  the  secondary  branches  coriaceous,  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  and 
laciniate  at  the  apex.  Flowers  slightly  fragrant,  opening  late  in  May  or  early  in 
June.  Fruit  produced  in  great  profusion,  ripening  in  September,  ^'  long;  seeds 
\'  long,  \'  thick. 

A  tree,  occasionally  75°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  50°-60°  tall  and  2°-3°  in 
diameter,  covered  with  a  thick  light  red-brown  scaly  rind  and  clothed  with  a  thick 


111 

thatch  of  dead  pendant  leaves  descending  in  a  regular  cone  from  the  broad  crown  of 
living  leaves  sometimes  nearly  to  the  ground.  Wood  light  and  soft,  with  numerous 
conspicuous  dark  orange-colored  fibro-vascular  bundles.  The  fruit  is  gathered  and 
used  as  food  by  the  Indians. 

Distribution.  Often  forming  extensive  groves  or  small  isolated  clumps  in  wet 
usually  alkali  soil  in  depressions  of  the  Colorado  Desert  in  southern  California, 
sometimes  extending  for  several  miles  up  the  canons  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San 
Jacinto  mountains,  and  in  Lower  California. 

Now  largely  cultivated  in  southern  California,  southern  Europe,  and  other  tem- 
perate regions. 

5.  SERENOA,  Hook.  f. 

Unarmed  trees  and  shrubs,  with  tall  often  clustered  stems,  or  on  one  species 
with  subterranean  stems.  Leaves  semiorbicular,  truncate  at  the  base,  coriaceous, 
divided  from  the  apex  to  below  the  middle  into  numerous  parted  segments  ob- 
liquely folded  at  the  base;  rachises  short,  acute;  ligules  thin,  concave,  abruptly 
short-pointed,  with  a  broad  thin  dark  red  deciduous  border;  petioles  slender,  flat  on 
the  upper,  rounded  and  ribbed  on  the  lower  surface,  denticulate  on  the  margins, 
with  thin  light  mahogany-red  sheaths  of  slender  fibres.  Spadix  interfoliar,  pani- 
culate, elongated,  with  a  slender  compressed  stem  and  numerous  slender  elongated 
gracefully  drooping  flat  branches  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  slender  terete  flower- 
bearing  secondary  branches,  and  flattened  clavate  spathes  furnished  at  the  apex 
with  a  thin  red-brown  border.  Flowers  perfect,  sessile,  solitary,  or  in  2  or  3-flow- 
ered  clusters;  calyx  unequally  lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla  parted 
nearly  to  the  base,  its  divisions  valvate  in  the  btod,  oblong,  thick,  concave,  acute, 
grooved  on  the  inner  surface  with  2  or  3  deep  depressions;  stamens  with  nearly 
triangular  filaments  united  below  into  a  cup  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  and 
short-oblong  anthers;  ovary  of  3  carpels,  free  below,  united  above  into  a  long  slen- 
der style  tipped  with  a  minute  stigma;  ovule  erect  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell. 
Fruit  a  1-seeded  black  drupe,  the  outer  coat  thin  and  fleshy,  the  inner  orange- 
brown,  resinous,  fibrous,  and  strong-smelling,  closely  investing  the  pale  brown  thin- 
shelled  nut.  Seed  erect,  with  a  hard  chestnut-brown  coat,  lighter-colored  with  a 
conspicuous  mark  on  the  ventral  side,  a  small  subbasilar  hilum,  and  an  elongated 
ventral  raphe;  embryo  lateral  in  homogeneous  albumen. 

Serenoa,  with  two  species,  is  confined  to  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  region  of  North 
America.  One  species  is  arborescent,  the  other  is  a  low  shrub  often  occupying  wide 
areas  of  sandy  barren  soil  from  South  Carolina  to  Louisiana. 

Serenoa  commemorates  the  botanical  labors  of  Sereno  Watson. 

1.  Serenoa  arboresceiis,  Sarg. 

Leaves  about  2°  in  diameter,  light  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  blue-green 
on  the  lower  surface,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  numerous  lobes,  slightly  thick- 
ened at  the  pale  yellow  midribs  and  margins,  their  petioles  18'-24'  long,  armed 
with  stout  flattened  curved  orange-colored  teeth.  Flowers:  spadix  3°-4°  long, 
with  a  slender  much-flattened  stalk,  paniclod  lower  branches  18'-20'  in  length,  and 
6-8  thick  firm  pale  green  conspicuously  ribbed  spathes  deeply  divided  and  dilated 
at  the  apex  into  a  narrow  membranaceous  border.  Flowers  solitary  toward  the 
ends  of  the  branches  and  in  2  or  3-flowered  clusters  at  their  base,  with  a  light  chest- 
nut-brown calyx  and  a  pale  yellow-green  corolla.  Fruit  globose,  \'  in  diameter; 


112  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

seeds  subglobose,  somewhat  flattened  below,  with  a  pale  vertical  mark  on' the  lower 
side,  and  a  minute  hilum  joined  to  the  micropyle  by  a  pale  band. 

A  tree,  from  30°-40°  high,  with  1  or  several  clustered  erect  inclining  or  occa- 


sionally  semiprostrate  stems  3'-4'  in  diameter,  covered  almost  to  the  ground  by 
the  closely  clasping  bases  of  the  leaf-stalks  and  below  with  a  thick  pale  rind. 

Distribution.  Low  undrained  soil  covered  for  many  months  of  every  year  in 
water  from  1/-18'  deep,  occasionally  occupying  almost  exclusively  areas  of  several 
acres  in  extent  or  more  often  scattered  among  Cypress-trees  or  Royal  Palms,  in  the 
swamps  and  along  the  hummocks  adjacent  to  the  Chokoloskee  River  and  its  tribu- 
taries in  southwestern  Florida. 

6.  ROYSTONEA,  Cook.   Royal  Palm. 

Unarmed  trees,  with  massive  stems  enlarged  near  the  middle,  and  terminating  in 
long  slender  bright  green  cylinders  formed  by  the  densely  imbricated  sheaths  of 
the  leaf-stalks.  Leaves  equally  pinnate,  with  linear-lanceolate  long-pointed  un- 
equally cleft  plicately-folded  pinnae  inserted  obliquely  on  the  upper  side  of  the  rachis, 
folded  together  at  the  base,  with  thin  midribs  and  margins;  rachises  convex  on  the 
back,  broad  toward  the  base  of  the  leaf  and  acute  toward  its  apex;  petioles  semi- 
cylindrical,  gradually  enlarged  into  thick  elongated  green  sheaths.  Spadix  large, 
decompound,  produced  near  the  base  of  the  green  part  of  the  stem,  with  long 
pendulous  branches  and  2  spathes,  the  outer  semicylindrical  and  as  long  as  the 
spadix,  the  inner  splitting  ventrally  arid  inclosing  the  branches  of  the  spadix. 
Flowers  monoecious,  in  a  loose  spiral,  toward  the  base  of  the  branch  in  3-flowered 
clusters,  with  a  central  staminate  and  smaller  lateral  pistillate  flowers,  higher  on  the 
branch  the  staminate  in  2-flowered  clusters;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  of  minute 
broadly  ovate  obtuse  scarious  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  much  shorter  than  the 
corolla;  petals  nearly  equal,  valvate  in  the  bud,  ovate  or  obovate,  acute,  slightly 
united  at  the  base,  coriaceous;  stamens  6,  9,  or  12,  with  subulate  filaments  united 
below  and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  and  large  ovate-sagittate  anthers,  the 
cells  free  below;  ovary  rudimentary,  subglobose  or  3-lobed;  pistillate  flowers  much 
smaller,  ovoid-conical;  sepals  obtuse;  corolla  erect,  divided  to  the  middle  into  acute 


PALM.E 


113 


erect  lobes  incurved  at  the  apex;  stain inodia  6,  scale-like,  united  into  a  cup  adnate  to 
the  corolla;  ovary  subglobose,  obscurely  2  or  3-lobed,  2  or  3-celled,  gibbous,  the  cells 
crowned  with  a  3-lobed  stigma  becoming  subbasilar  on  the  fruit;  ovule  ascending. 
Fruit  a  short-stalked  drupe  with  thin  crustaceous  flesh.  Seed  oblong-reniform, 
marked  by  the  conspicuous  fibrous  reticulate  branches  of  the  raphe  radiating  from 
the  narrow  basal  hilum,  and  covered  with  a  thin  crustaceous  coat;  embryo  minute, 
cylindrical,  lateral,  in  uniform  albumen. 

Roystonea  is*  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World,  where  two  or  three  species 
occur. 

The  genus  as  here  limited  was  named  for  General  Roy  Stone  of  the  United  States 
army. 

1.  Roystonea  regia,  Cook.   Royal  Palm. 
(Oreodoxa  regia,  Silca  N.  Am.  x.  31.) 

Leaves  10°-12°  long,  closely  pinnate,  the  pinnae  2^°-3°  long,  !£'  wide  near  the 
base  of  the  leaf,  and  gradually  decreasing  in  size  toward  its  apex,  deep  green  with 
slender  conspicuous  veins,  and  covered  below  with  minute  pale  glandular  dots,  their 
petioles  almost  terete,  concave  near  the  base,  with  thin  edges  separating  irregularly 


into  pale  fibres,  and  enlarged  into  bright  green  cylindrical  clasping  bases  8°  or  9° 
long  and  more  or  less  covered  with  dark  chaffy  scales.  Flowers:  spadix  about  2°  long, 
with  a  nearly  terete  peduncle  and  slightly  ridged  primary  and  secondary  branches 
compressed  above,  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base,  and  simple  slender  flexuose  long- 
pointed  flower-bearing  branchlets  3' -6'  long,  pendant  and  closely  pressed  against 
the  secondary  branches.  Flowers  opening  in  Florida  in  January  and  February,  the 
staminate  nearly  \'  long  and  rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  pistillate.  Fruit 
oblong-obovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  violet-blue, 
about  £'  long,  with  a  thin  outer  coat  and  a  light  red-brown  inner  coat,  loose  and 
fibrous  on  the  outer  surface,  and  closely  investing  the  thin  light  brown  seed. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  rising  from  an  abruptly  enlarged  base,  grad- 
ually tapering  from  the  middle  to  the  ends  and  often  2°  in  diameter,  covered  with 
light  gray  rind  tinged  with  orange  color,  marked  with  dark  blotches  and  irregularly 
broken  into  minute  plates,  the  green  upper  portion  8°-10°  long,  and  a  broad  head 
of  gracefully  drooping  leaves.  Wood  of  the  interior  of  the  stein  spongy,  pale  brown, 


114  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

much  lighter  than  the  hard  exterior  rim,  containing  numerous  dark  conspicuous  fibro- 
vascular  bundles.  The  outer  portion  of  the  stem  is  made  into  canes,  and  the  trunks 
are  sometimes  used  for  wharf-piles  and  in  construction. 

Distribution.  Florida,  hummocks  on  Rogue  River  twenty  miles  east  of  Caximbas 
Bay,  Long's  Key,  and  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscay ne  near  the  mouth  of  Little  River; 
common  in  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 

Largely  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  tropical  countries,  and  often  planted 
to  form  avenues,  for  which  its  tall  pale  columnar  stems  and  noble  heads  of  graceful 
foliage  make  it  valuable. 

7.  PSEUDOPHCBNIX,  H.  Wendl. 

A  tree,  with  a  slender  stem  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base  or  tapering  from  the 
middle  to  the  ends,  covered  with  thin  pale  blue  or  nearly  white  rind,  and  conspicu- 
ously marked  by  the  dark  scars  of  fallen  leaf-stalks.  Leaves  erect,  abruptly  pinnate, 
with  crowded  linear- lanceolate  acuminate  leaflets  increasing  in  length  and  width 
from  the  ends  to  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  yellow-green 
above,  pale  and  glaucous  below;  rachises  convex  on  the  lower  side,  concave  on  the 
upper  side  near  the  base  of  the  leaf,  with  thin  margins,  becoming  toward  the  apex  of 
the  leaf  flat  and  narrowed  below  and  acute  above,  marked  on  the  sides  at  the  base 
with  dark  gland-like  excrescences;  petioles  short,  concave  above,  with  thin  entire 
margins  separating  into  slender  fibres,  gradually  enlarged  into  broad  thick  sheaths 
of  short  brittle  fibres.  Spadix  interfoliar,  compound,  pendulous,  stalked,  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  witli  spreading  primary  branches,  stout  and  much  flattened 
toward  the  base,  slender  and  rounded  above  the  middle,  furnished  at  the  base  with 
a  thickened  ear-like  body,  slender  secondary  branches,  short  thin  rigid  densely  flow- 
ered ultimate  divisions,  and  compressed  light  green  double  spathes  eroded  on  their 


thin  dark  brown  margins.  Flowers  unknown.  Fruit  a  stalked  globose  2  or  3-lobed 
orange-scarlet  thin-fleshed  drupe  marked  by  the  lateral  style  and  surrounded  below 
by  the  withered  remnants  of  a  3-lobed  calyx,  oblong  reflexed  petals,  and  6  slender 
spreading  staminodia  tipped  with  abortive  anthers;  peduncle  abruptly  enlarged  at 
the  base,  articulate  from  a  persistent  cushion-like  body  furnished  in  the  centre  witli 


115 

a  minute  point  penetrating  a  cavity  in  the  base  of  the  peduncle.  Seed  subglobose, 
free,  erect,  with  a  basal  hilum  and  a  thin  light  red-brown  coat  marked  by  the  pale 
conspicuous  ascending  2  or  3-branched  raphe;  embryo  minute,  basal,  in  uniform 
horny  albumen. 

PseudopluEnix  with  a  single  species  inhabits  the  keys  of  southern  Florida,  and  the 
Bahamas. 

The  generic  name  is  in  allusion  to  a  fancied  resemblance  to  Phoenix,  a  genns  of 
Palms. 

1.  Pseudophcenix  Sargenti,  H.  Wendl. 

Leaves  5°-6°  long,  with  pinnae  often  18'  long  and  1'  wide  near  the  middle  of 
the  leaf,  becoming  at  its  extremities  not  more  than  half  as  long  and  wide;  their 
petioles  6'-8'  in  length.  Flowers  :  spadix  3°  long  and  2^°  wide.  Fruit  ripening  in 
May  and  June,  ^'-f  in  diameter  on  a  peduncle  \'  long;  seeds  -}'  in  diameter. 

Distribution.  Florida,  east  end  of  Elliott's  Key,  and  east  end  of  Key  Largo  near 
the  southern  shore,  here  forming  a  grove  of  200  or  300  plants. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  southern  Florida. 


IV.    LILIACE-ffi. 
(YUCCLE.) 

Leaves,  alternate,  linear-lanceolate.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles  ;  sepals 
and  petals  nearly  similar,  subequal,  withering-persistent ;  ovary  with  more  or 
less  deeply  introduced  dorsal  partitions  ;  ovules  numerous,  2-ranked  in  each 
cell ;  embryo  subulate,  obliquely  placed  across  the  seed  ;  cotyledon  arched  in 
germination. 

Yuccae  as  here  limited  consists  of  two  American  genera,  Hesperaloe.  with  two 
species,  low  plants  of  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  Yucca. 

1.  YUCCA,  L. 

Trees,  with  simple  or  branched  stems  prolonged  by  axillary  naked  buds,  dark 
thick  corky  bark,  light  fibrous  wood  in  concentric  layers,  and  large  stout  horizontal 
roots.  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  at  first  erect,  usually  becoming  reflexed,  abruptly 
narrowed  above  the  broad  thickened  clasping  base,  usually  widest  near  the  middle, 
concave  on  the  upper  surface,  involute  toward  the  horny  usually  sharp-pointed  apex, 
convex  and  often  slightly  keeled  toward  the  base  on  the  lower  surface,  the  margins 
serrulate  or  filamentose,  light  or  dull  green.  Flowers  fertilized  by  insects  and  open- 
ing for  a  single  night,  on  slender  pedicels  in  2  or  3-flowered  clusters  or  singly  at  the 
base  of  the  large  compound  panicle  furnished  with  conspicuous  leathery  white  or 
slightly  colored  bracts,  those  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels  thin  and  scarious;  perianth 
cup-shaped,  with  thick  ovate-lanceolate  creamy  white  segments  more  or  less  united 
at  the  base,  usually  furnished  with  small  tufts  of  white  hairs  at  the  apex,  those  of  the 
outer  rank  narrower,  shorter,  and  more  colored  than  the  more  delicate  petal-like 
segments  of  the  inner  rank;  stamens  6,  in  2  series,  free,  shorter  than  the  ovary  (as 
long  in  1),  white,  with  club-shaped  fleshy  filaments,  obtuse  and  slightly  3-lobed  at 
the  apex,  and  cordate  emarginate  anthers  attached  on  the  back,  the  cells  opening 
longitudinally,  curling  backward  and  expelling  the  large  globose  powdery  pollen- 
grains;  ovary  oblong,  6-sided,  sessile  or  stalked,  with  nectar-glands  within  the  par- 
titions, dull  greenish  white,  3-celled,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  or  elongated 


116  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

3-lobed  ivory-white  style  forming  a  triangular  stigmatic  tube.  Fruit  oblong  or  oval, 
more  or  less  distinctly  6-angled,  6-celled,  usually  beaked  at  the  apex,  baccate  and 
indehisceut  or  capsular  and  3-valved,  the  valves  finally  separating  at  the  apex;  peri- 
carp of  2  coats,  the  outer  at  maturity  thick,  succulent  and  juicy,  thin,  dry  and 
leathery,  or  thin  and  woody.  Seeds  compressed,  triangular,  obovate  or  obliquely  ovate 
or  orbicular,  thick,  with  a  narrow  2-edged  rim,  or  thin,  with  a  wide  or  narrow  brittle 
margin;  seed-coat  thin,  black,  slightly  rugose  or  smooth;  embryo  in  plain  or  rarely 
ruminate  hard  farinaceous  oily  albumen;  cotyledon  much  longer  than  the  short 
radicle  turned  toward  the  small  oblong  white  hilum. 

Yucca  is  confined  to  the  New  World  and  is  distributed  from  Bermuda  and  the 
eastern  Antilles,  through  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  and  through  New  Mex- 
ico and  northward  along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  South  Dakota, 
westward  to  middle  California,  and  southward  through  Arizona,  Mexico,  and  Lower 
California  to  Central  America.  About  thirty  species  with  many  varieties  and  probable 
hybrids  are  recognized.  Of  the  species  which  inhabit  the  territory  of  the  United 
States  nine  assume  the  habit  and  attain  the  size  of  small  trees.  The  root-stalks  of 
Yucca  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap,  and  ropes,  baskets,  and  mats  are  made  from 
the  tough  fibres  of  the  leaves.  Many  of  the  species  are  cultivated,  especially  in 
countries  of  scanty  rainfall,  for  their  great  clusters  of  beautiful  flowers,  or  in  hedges 
to  protect  gardens  from  cattle. 

The  generic  name  is  from  the  Carib  name  of  the  root  of  the  Cassava. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flower-clusters  usually  sessile,  or  short-stalked. 

Fruit  pendulous,  with  thick  succulent  flesh  ;  seeds  thick  ;  albumen  ruminate. 
Segments  of  the  perianth  slightly  united  at  the  base. 
Panicle  glabrous  or  puberulous. 
Ovary  stipitate. 

Leaves  sharply  toothed  on  their  horny  margins,  smooth,  dark  green,  slightly  con- 
cave. 1.  Y.  aloifolia  (C). 
Ovary  sessile. 

Leaves  concave,  blue-green,  rough  on  the  lower  surface. 

2.  Y.  Treculeana  (E). 
Leaves  concave  above  the  middle,  smooth,  light  yellow-green. 

Style  elongated.  3.  Y.  macrocarpa  (E,  H). 

Style  short.  4.  Y.  Mohavensis  (G,  H). 

Panicle  coated  with  hoary  tomentum. 

Leaves  concave,  smooth,  light  yellow-green.  5.  Y.  Schottii  (H). 

Segments  of  the  perianth  united  below  into  a  narrow  tube. 

Leaves  flat,  smooth,  dark  green.  6.  Y.  Faxoniana  (E). 

Fruit  erect  or  spreading,  the  flesh  becoming  thin  and  dry  at  maturity  ;  seeds  thin ;  albu- 
men entire. 

Leaves  concave  above  the  middle,  blue-green,  sharply  serrate. 

7.  Y.  arborescens  (F,  G). 

Leaves  thin,  flat  or  concave  toward  the  apex,  rough  on  the  lower  surface,  dull  or 
glaucous  green,  more  or  less  plicately  folded.  8.  Y.  gloriosa  (C). 

Flower-clusters  long-stalked  ;  fruit  capsular,  erect,  finally  splitting  between  the  carpels 
and  through  their  backs  at  the  apex  ;  seeds  thin  ;  albumen  entire. 

Leaves  thin,  flat,  filamentose  on  the  margins,  smooth,  pale  yellow-green. 

9.  Y.  radiosa  (E.  H). 


LILIACE^E 

1.  Fruit  with  thick  succulent  flesh. 
*  Segments  of  the  flower  slightly  united  at  the  base. 


117 


1.  Yucca  aloifolia,  L.   Spanish  Bayonet. 

Leaves  18'-32'  long,  l\'-2%  wide,  erect,  rigid,  conspicuously  narrowed  above  the 
light  green  base,  widest  above  the  middle,  slightly  concave  on  the  upper  surface, 
smooth,  dark  rich  green,  with  stiff  dark  red-brown  spines  and  horny  finely  and  ir- 
regularly serrate  margins;  long-persistent.  Flowers  from  June  until  August  on 
stout  pedicels,  in  nearly  sessile  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  panicles  18'-24/  long; 
perianth  I'-l^'  in  length  and  3'  or  4'  across  when  fully  expanded,  the  segments 
ovate,  thick  and  tumid  toward  the  base,  those  of  the  outer  rank  rounded  and  often 


marked  with  purple  at  the  apex,  the  inner  acuminate  and  short-pointed ;  stamens  as 
long  or  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  the  light  green  ovary  raised  on  a  short  stout 
stipe.  Fruit  ripening  from  August  to  October,  elongated,  elliptical,  hexagonal, 
3' -4'  long,  l^'-l^'  thick,  light  green  when  fully  grown,  and  in  ripening  turning 
dark  purple,  the  outer  and  inner  coats  forming  a  thick  succulent  mass  of  bitter- 
sweet juicy  flesh,  finally  becoming  black  and  drying  on  its  stalk;  seeds  \'-^'  broad, 
about  -j^'  thick,  with  thin  narrow  ring-like  borders  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  usually  much  smaller,  with  an  erect  or  more  or  less 
inclining  simple  or  branched  trunk  slightly  swollen  at  the  base,  and  rarely  more 
than  6'  in  diameter;  sometimes  with  numerous  clustered  stems.  Bark  near  the 
base  of  the  trunk  thick,  rough,  dark  brown,  marked  above  by  scars  left  by  falling 
leaves. 

Distribution.  Sand  dunes  of  the  coast  from  North  Carolina  to  eastern  Louisi- 
ana ;  west  of  the  Appalachicola  River  attaining  its  largest  size  and  sometimes 
ranging  inland  through  Pine  forests  for  thirty  or  forty  miles. 

A  common  garden  plant  in  all  countries  with  a  temperate  climate,  and  long  natu- 
ralized in  some  of  the  West  Indian  islands  and  on  the  Gulf  coast  of  Mexico.  Forms 
with  leaves  variously  striped  with  white,  yellow,  and  red  are  frequent  in  cultivation. 

2.  Yucca  Treculeana,  Carr.    Spanish  Bayonet.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  2^°^°  long,  2'-3^'  wide,  slightly  or  not  at  all  contracted  above  the 
dark  red  lustrous  base,  concave,  stiff,  rigid,  dark  blue-green,  rough  on  the  lower  sur- 


118  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

face,  nearly  smooth  on  the  upper,  with  short  stout  dark  red-brown  spines  and  dark 
brown  margins  roughened  by  minute  deciduous  teeth  and  ultimately  separating  into 
slender  dark  fibres;  persistent  for  many  years,  the  dead  leaves  hanging  closely 
appressed  against  the  trunk  below  the  terminal  crown  of  closely  imbricated  living 
leaves.  Flowers  in  March  and  April  on  slender  pedicels,  in  dense  many-flowered 


glabrous  or  puberulous  panicles  2°-4°  long  and  raised  on  short  stout  stalks;  peri- 
anth l'-2'  long,  2'-4'  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded,  with  narrow  elongated  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  ovate  segments,  \'  wide,  acute,  thin  and  delicate,  furnished  at  the  apex 
with  conspicuous  tufts  of  short  pale  hairs;  filaments  slightly  papillose,  about  as 
long  as  the  prismatic  ovary  gradually  narrowed  above  and  crowned  by  the  deeply 
divided  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  summer,  3'-4'  long,  about  1'  thick, 
dark  reddish  brown  or  ultimately  black,  with  thin  succulent  sweetish  flesh;  seeds 
about  \'  broad,  nearly  Ty  thick,  with  narrow  borders  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  2°  in  diameter  and 
numerous  stout  wide-spreading  branches;  usually  smaller  and  often  forming  broad 
low  thickets  4°-5°  tall.  Bark  on  old  trunks  \'  -\'  thick,  dark  red-brown  and 
broken  into  thin  oblong  plates  covered  by  small  irregular  closely  appressed  scales. 
Wood  light  brown,  fibrous,  spongy,  heavy,  difficult  to  cut  and  work. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Matagorda  Bay,  southward  through  western  Texas  into 
Nuovo  Leon,  and  through  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  eastern  base  of  the 
mountains  of  western  Texas;  forming  open  stunted  forests  on  the  coast  dunes  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande;  farther  from  the  coast  often  spreading  into  great  im- 
penetrable thickets. 

Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  gardens  of  central  and  western  Texas, 
and  occasionally  in  those  of  southern  Europe. 

3.  Yucca  macrocarpa,  Coville.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  l^°-2°  long,  l'-2'  wide,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  dark  red  lustrous 
bases  to  above  the  middle,  rigid,  concave,  yellow-green,  rough  on  the  lower  surface 
and  frequently  also  on  the  upper  surface,  with  stout  elongated  dark  spines  and  thick- 
ened margins  separated  into  stout  gray  filaments.  Flowers  in  March  and  April  in 
densely  flowered  sessile  or  short-stalked  glabrous  or  occasionally  pubescent  panicles; 
perianth  usually  about  2'  long,  with  acuminate  segments,  those  of  the  outer  and 


LILIACE^E 


119 


inner  rows  nearly  of  the  same  size;   stamens  shorter  than  the  elongated  style. 
Fruit  3'— i'  long,  about  1^'  thick,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into  a  stout  point, 


nearly  black  when  fully  ripe,  with  sweet  succulent  flesh;  seeds  about  £'  wide, 
\'  thick,  with  narrow  borders  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  rarely  exceeding  15°  in  height,  with  a  usually  simple  stem  6'-8'.  in 
diameter,  and  often  clothed  to  the  ground  with  living  leaves.  Bark  dark  brown  and 
scaly. 

Distribution.  Arid  plains  from  western  Texas  to  eastern  Arizona  and  southward 
in  Chihuahua. 

4.  Yucca  Mohavensis,  Sarg.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  18'-20'  long,  about  1^'  wide,  abruptly  contracted  above  the  dark  red  lus-* 
trous  base,  gradually  narrowed  upward  to  above  the  middle,  thin  and  concave  except 


toward  the  slightly  thickened  base  of  the  blade,  dark  green,  smooth  on  both  sur- 
faces, with  stout  rigid  sharp-pointed  tips  and  entire  bright  red-brown  margins  soon 
separating  into  numerous  long  thick  pale  filaments.  Flowers  from  March  to 


120 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


May  on  slender  erect  ultimately  drooping  pedicels  I'-l^'  long,  in  densely  flowered 
sessile  or  short-stemmed  panicles  12'-18'  in  length  ;  perianth  l'-2'  long,  the  seg- 
ments united  at  the  base  into  a  short  tube,  thickened  and  hood-shaped  at  the  apex, 
those  of  the  outer  rank  often  deeply  flushed  with  purple,  but  little  longer  than 
the  less  prominently  ribbed  usually  wider  and  thinner  segments  of  the  inner  rank; 
stamens  with  more  or  less  pilose  filaments  nearly  as  long  as  the  short  style.  Fruit 
ripening  in  August  and  September,  3'-4'  long,  about  1^'  thick,  usually  much  con- 
stricted near  the  middle,  abruptly  contracted*  at  the  apex  into  a  short  stout  point, 
dark  dull  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  flesh  often  nearly  £'  thick;  seeds  £'  wide, 
rather  less  than  -J-'  thick,  with  narrow  borders  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  rarely  exceeding  15°  in  height,  with  a  trunk  usually  simple  or  occasionally 
furnished  with  short  spreading  branches,  and  6'-8'  in  diameter,  usually  sur- 
rounded by  a  cluster  of  shorter  more  or  less  spreading  stems  and  often  clothed  to 
the  ground  with  living  leaves.  Bark  dark  brown  and  scaly.  Wood  soft,  spongy, 
light  brown. 

Distribution.  Southern  Nevada  and  northwestern  Arizona  across  the  Mohave 
Desert  to  the  California  coast,  extending  northward  to  the  neighborhood  of  Monterey, 
California,  and  southward  into  northern  Lower  California;  common  and  attaining 
its  largest  size  on  the  Mohave  Desert,  and  sometimes  ascending  arid  mountain  slopes 
to  elevations  of  4000°  above  the  sea. 

5.  Yucca  Schottii,  Engelm.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  2£°-3°  long,  about  1^'  wide,  gradually  narrowed  upward  from  the  com- 
paratively thin  lustrous  red  base  to  above  the  middle,  flat  except  toward  the  apex, 


smooth,  light  yellow-green,  with  long  rigid  sharp  light  red  points  and  thick  entire 
red-brown  margins  finally  separating  into  short  thin  brittle  threads.  Flowers  from 
July  to  September  in  erect  stalked  tomentose  panicles;  perianth  I'-lf  long,  the 
broad  oval  or  oblong-obovate  thin  segments  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface  toward 
the  base  and  furnished  at  the  apex  with  conspicuous  clusters  of  white  tomentum ; 
stamens  about  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  ovary,  with  filaments  pilose  at  the  base, 
and  only  slightly  enlarged  at  the  apex.  Fruit  ripening  in  October  and  November, 
obscurely  angled,  3^'-4'  long,  about  1^'  thick,  often  narrowed  above  the  middle,  with 


LILIACE^E 


121 

broad,  about  1'  thick, 


a  stout  thick  point,  and  thin  sweet  succulent  flesh;  seeds 
with  thin  conspicuous  marginal  rims. 

A  tree,  in  Arizona  rarely  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  crooked  or  slightly 
inclining  and  simple  or  furnished  with  2  or  3  short  erect  branches,  covered  below 
with  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  roughened  for  many  years  by  persistent  scars  of  fallen 
leaves,  and  clothed  above  by  the  pendant  dead  leaves  of  many  seasons. 

Distribution.  Dry  slopes  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  Arizona  near  the  Mexican 
boundary,  usually  at  elevations  between  5000°  and  6000°,  and  southward  through 
Sonora. 

** Segments  of  the  flowers  united  below  into  a  narrow  tube. 

6.    Yucca  Faxoniana,  Sarg.,  nov.  nom.    Spanish  Dagger. 

( Yucca  macrocarpa,  Silva  N.  Am.  x.  13.) 

Leaves  2^°^10  long,  2^' -3'  wide,  abruptly  contracted  above  the  conspicuously 
thickened  lustrous  base,  widest  above  the  middle,  flat  on  the  upper  surface,  thick- 
ened and  rounded  on  the  lower  surface  toward  the  base,  rigid,  smooth  and  clear  dark 
green,  with  short  stout  dark  spines  and  brown  entire  margins  breaking  into  numer- 


ous  stout  gray  or  brown  fibres  short  and  spreading  near  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  longer, 
more  remote,  and  forming  a  thick  cobweb-like  mass  at  their  base.  Flowers  appear- 
ing in  April  on  thin  drooping  pedicels,  in  dense  many-flowered  glabrous  panicles 
3°-4°  long,  with  elongated  pendulous  branches;  perianth  2^'  long,  the  segments  thin, 
concave,  widest  above  the  middle,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  united  at  the  base  into  a 
short  tube,  those  of  the  outer  rank  being  about  half  as  wide  as  those  of  the  inner 
rank  and  two  thirds  as  long;  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  ovary,  with  slender 
filaments  pilose  above  the  middle  and  abruptly  dilated  at  the  apex;  ovary  con- 
spicuously ridged,  light  yellow  marked  with  large  pale  raised  lenticels,  and  gradually 
narrowed  into  an  elongated  slender  style.  Fruit  ripening  in  early  summer,  slightly 
or  not  at  all  angled,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into  a  long  or  short  hooked  beak, 
3'-4'  long,  1 '-!•£'  thick,  light  orange-colored  and  lustrous  when  first  ripe,  becoming 
nearly  black,  with  thick  succulent  bitter-sweet  flesh ;  seeds  \'  long,  about  \'  thick, 
with  narrow  nearly  obsolete  margins  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  often  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  2°  in  diameter  above  the  broad 


122  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

abruptly  enlarged  base,  unbranched  or  divided  into  several  short  branches,  and 
covered  above  by  a  thick  thatch  of  the  pendant  dead  leaves  of  many  seasons;  fre- 
quently smaller  and  until  ten  or  twelve  years  old  clothed  from  the  ground  with 
erect  living  leaves.  Bark  near  the  base  of  old  trees  dark  reddish  brown,  £'-^'  thick, 
broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  loose  scales. 

Distribution.   Common  on  the  high  desert  plateau  of  southwestern  Texas. 

2.  Fruit  with  thin  dry  flesh. 

7.  Yucca  arborescens,  Trel.   Joshua  Tree. 

Leaves  5'-8'  or  on  young  plants  rarely  KX-12'  long,  \'-^'  wide,  rigid,  crowded 
in  densely  imbricated  clusters,  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  from  the  bright  red- 
brown  lustrous  base,  bluish  green  and  glaucous,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened,  con- 


cave  above  the  middle,  with  sharp  dark  brown  points,  and  thin  yellow  margins 
armed  with  sharp  minute  teeth;  persistent  for  many  years.  Flowers  appearing 
from  March  until  the  beginning  of  May,  the  creamy  white  closely  imbricated  bracts 
of  the  nearly  sessile  pubescent  panicle  forming  before  its  appearance  a  conspicuous 
cone-like  bud  8'  or  10'  long  ;  perianth  globose  to  oblong,  l'-2'  long,  greenish  white, 
waxy,  dull  or  lustrous,  its  segments  slightly  united  at  the  base,  keeled  on  the 
back,  thin  below  the  middle,  gradually  thickened  upward  into  the  concave  incurved 
rounded  tip,  those  of  the  outer  rank  rather  broader,  thicker,  and  more  prominently 
keeled  than  those  of  the  inner  rank,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  stamens  about  half  as 
long  as  the  ovary,  with  filaments  villose-papillate  from  the  base;  ovary  conical, 
3-lobed  above  the  middle,  bright  green,  with  narrow  slightly  developed  septal  nectar- 
glands  and  a  sessile  nearly  equally  6-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  May  or  June, 
spreading  or  more  or  less  pendant  at  maturity,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  slightly  3-angled, 
2'-4'  long,  l^'-2'  broad,  light  red  or  yellow-brown,  the  outer  coat  becoming  dry  and 
spongy  at  maturity;  seeds  nearly  \'  long,  rather  less  than  Ty  thick,  with  broad 
well-developed  margins  to  the  rim  and  large  conspicuous  hilums. 

A  tree,  30°^100  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  rising  abruptly  from  a 
broad  thick  basal  disk,  stout  tough  roots  descending  deeply  into  the  soil,  and  stout 
branches  spreading  into  a  broad,  often  symmetrical  head  formed  by  the  continued 
forking  of  the  branches  at  the  base  of  the  terminal  flower-clusters;  until  8°-10° 


LILIACE^E 


123 


high  the  stem  simple  and  clothed  to  the  ground  with  leaves  erect  until  after  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  first  flowers,  then  spreading  at  right  angles  and  finally  becoming 
reflexed.  Bark  I'-l^'  thick,  deeply  divided  into  oblong  plates  frequently  2°  long. 
Wood  light,  soft,  spongy,  difficult  to  work,  light  brown  or  nearly  white;  sometimes 
cut  into  thin  layers  and  used  as  wrapping  material  or  manufactured  into  boxes  and 
other  small  articles.  The  seeds  are  gathered  and  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Utah  to  the  western  and  northern  rim  of  the  Mo- 
have  Desert  in  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  foothills  on 
the  desert  slope  of  the  Tehachapi  Mountains. 

8.  yucca  gloriosa,  L.    Spanish  Dagger. 

Leaves  2°-2^°  long,  gradually  narrowed  above  the  broad  base  and  then  gradually 
broadened  to  above  the  middle,  thin,  flat  or  slightly  concave  toward  the  apex, 
frequently  longitudinally  folded,  dull  often  glaucous  green,  roughened  on  the  under 
surface  especially  above  the  middle,  with  stout  dark  red  points,  and  pale  margins 
serrulate  toward  the  base  of  the  leaf,  with  minute  early  deciduous  teeth,  or  occa- 
sionally separating  into  thin  fibres.  Flowers  in  October,  in  pubescent  or  glabrate 
panicles,  2°-4°  long,  on  stout  stalks  sometimes  3°-4°  in  length,  their  large 


creamy  white  bracts  forming  before  the  panicle  emerges  a  conspicuous  egg-shaped 
bud  4'-6'  long;  perianth  when  fully  expanded  3£'^4'  across,  its  segments  thin,  ovate, 
acute,  or  lance-ovate,  often  tinged  with  green  or  purple,  slightly  united  at  the  base, 
pubescent  at  the  apex;  stamens  about  as  long  as  the  ovary,  with  hispid  or  slightly 
papillose  filaments  and  deeply  emarginate  anthers;  ovary  slightly  lobed,  6-sided, 
light  green,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  elongated  spreading  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit 
very  rarely  produced,  prominently  6-ridged,  pendulous,  3'  long,  V  in  diameter, 
cuspidate,  raised  on  a  short  stout  stipe,  with  a  thin  leathery  almost  black  outer 
coat;  seeds  \'  wide  and  about  ^'  thick,  with  a  smooth  coat. 

A  tree,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  6°-8°  high  and  4'-6'  in  diameter,  simple  or 
rarely  furnished  with  a  few  short  branches  and  usually  clothed  to  the  base  with  pend- 
ant dead  leaves;  in  cultivation  often  becoming  much  larger,  with  a  stout  trunk 
covered  with  smooth  light  gray  bark,  and  erect  or  in  one  form  (var.  recurvifolia, 
Engelm.)  pendulous  leaves. 


124 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Distribution.  Sand  dunes  and  the  borders  of  beaches  of  the  South  Carolina 
seacoast. 

Often  cultivated  with  many  forms  in  the  gardens  and  pleasure-grounds  of  all 
temperate  countries. 

3.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

9.  Yucca  radiosa,  Trel.    Spanish  Dagger. 

(Yucca  constricta,  Silva  N.  Am.  x.  27.) 

Leaves  20'-30'  long,  \'-%  wide,  rigid,  gradually  narrowed  from  the  thin  base, 
tapering  toward  the  apex,  or  sometimes  somewhat  broadest  at  the  middle,  thin,  flat 
on  the  upper  surface,  slightly  thickened  and  rounded  on  the  lower  surface  toward 


the  base,  smooth,  pale  yellow-green,  with  slender  stiff  red-brown  points,  and  thick- 
ened entire  pale  margins  soon  splitting  into  long  slender  filaments.  Flowers  in 
May  and  June  on  slender  spreading  more  or  less  recurved  pedicels,  in  glabrous  much- 
branched  panicles  4°-6°  long,  raised  on  stout  naked  stems  3°-7°  in  length ;  perianth 
ovate  and  acute  in  the  bud,  when  fully  expanded  3^'^!'  across,  its  segments  united 
at  the  base  into  a  short  slender  distinct  tube,  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  those  of  the 
outer  rank  usually  acute,  not  more  than  half  as  broad  as  those  of  the  inner  rank; 
stamens  as  long  or  a  little  longer  than  the  ovary,  with  slender  nearly  terete 
filaments;  ovary  sessile,  almost  terete,  pale  green,  abruptly  contracted  into  the 
stout  elongated  style.  Fruit  an  erect  oblong  capsule  rounded  and  obtuse  at  the 
ends,  tipped  by  a  short  stout  mucro,  conspicuously  3-ribbed,  with  rounded  ridges  on 
the  back  of  the  carpels,  l£'-2'  long,  !'-!£'  wide,  with  a  thin  firm  light  brown  ligneous 
outer  coat  closely  adherent  to  the  lustrous  light  yellow  inner  coat,  in  ripening  split- 
ting from  the  top  to  the  bottom  between  the  carpels  and  through  their  backs  at  the 
apex;  seeds  \'  wide  and  about  ^'  thick,  with  a  smooth  coat  and  thin  brittle  wide 
margins  to  the  rim. 

A  tree,  with  a  tough  much-branched  underground  stem  penetrating  deep  into  the 
soil  and  a  trunk  often  10°-12°  high  and  T-S'  in  diameter,  covered  above  with  a 
thick  thatch  of  the  pendant  dead  leaves  of  many  years,  simple,  or  branched  with 
numerous  short  stout  branches  densely  covered  with  leaves  at  first  erect,  then 
spreading  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  finally  pendulous.  Bark  dark  brown,  irregu- 


JUGLANDACE^:  125 

larly  fissured,  broken  into  thin  plates,  about  \'  thick.    Wood  light,  soft,  spongy, 
pale  brown  or  yellow. 

Distribution.  High  desert  plateaus  from  southwestern  Texas  to  southern  Arizona, 
southward  into  northern  Mexico;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  continental  divide  in  southern  New  Mexico  and  along  the  northern  rim 
of  the  Tucson  Desert  in  Arizona. 


DIVISION  II.   DICOTYLEDONS. 

Stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  or  pith,  and  increasing  by  the  addi- 
tion of  an  annual  layer  of  wood  inside  the  bark.  Parts  of  the  flower 
mostly  in  4's  and  5's  ;  embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons. 
Leaves  netted-veined. 

Subdivision  1.    Apetalae.    Flowers  without  a  corolla  and  some- 
times without  a  calyx. 

Section  1.  Flowers  in  unisexual  aments  (female  flowers  of 
Juglans  and  Quercus  solitary  or  in  spikes)  ;  ovary  inferior 
(superior  in  Leitneriacece)  when  calyx  is  present. 

V.    JUGLANDACE-5J. 

Aromatic  trees,  with  watery  juice,  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  the  lateral 
buds  usually  superposed,  2^  together,  and  alternate  unequally  pinnate  decid- 
uous leaves  with  elongated  grooved  petioles,  and  without  stipules,  the  leaflets 
increasing  in  size  from  the  lowest  upward,  penniveined,  sessile,  short-stalked  or 
the  terminal  usually  long-stalked.  Flowers  monoecious,  opening  after  the  un- 
folding of  the  leaves,  the  staminate  in  lateral  aments  and  composed  of  a  3-6- 
lobed  calyx  in  the  axil  of  and  ad n ate  to  an  ovate  acute  bract,  and  numerous 
stamens  inserted  on  the  inner  and  lower  face  of  the  calyx  in  2  or  several  rows, 
with  short  distinct  filaments  and  oblong  anthers  opening  longitudinally ;  the 
pistillate  in  a  spike  terminal  on  a  branch  of  the  year  and  composed  of  a  1-3- 
celled  ovary  subtended  by  an  involucre  free  toward  the  apex  and  formed 
by  the  union  of  an  anterior  bract  and  2  lateral  bractlets,  a  1  or  4-lobed  calyx 
inserted  on  the  ovary,  a  short  style  with  2  plumose  stigmas  stigmatio  on  the 
inner  face,  and  a  solitary  erect  orthotropous  ovule.  Fruit  a  nut  inclosed  in  an 
indehiscent  or  4-valved  husk,  its  walls  and  partition!  more  or  less  penetrated 
by  internal  longitudinal  cavities  filled  with  dry  powder.  Seed  solitary,  2-lobed 
from  the  apex  nearly  to  the  middle,  light  brown,  its  coat  thin,  of  2  layers,  with- 
out albumen  ;  cotyledons  fleshy  and  oily,  sinuose  or  corrugated,  2-lobed  ;  radicle 
short,  superior,  filling  the  apex  of  the  nut.  Of  the  six  genera  of  the  Walnut 
family  two  occur  in  North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Aments  of  staminate  flowers  simple,  sessile,  or  short-stalked  ;  husk  of  the  fruit  indehiscent ; 

nut  sculptured  ;  pith  in  plates.  1.  Juglans. 

Aments  of  staminate  flowers  branched,  long-stalked  ;  husk  of  the  fruit  4-valved ;   nut  not 

sculptured  ;  pith  solid.  2.  Hicoria. 


126  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

1.  JUGLANS,  L.    Walnut. 

Trees,  with  furrowed  scaly  bark,  durable  dark-colored  wood,  stout  branchlets, 
laminate  pith,  terminal  buds  with  2  pairs  of  opposite  more  or  less  open  scales  often 
obscurely  pinnate  at  the  apex,  those  of  the  inner  pair  more  or  less  leaf-like,  and  ob- 
tuse slightly  flattened  axillary  buds  formed  before  midsummer  and  covered  with  4 
ovate  rounded  scales,  closed  or  open  during  winter.  Leaves  with  numerous  leaflets, 
and  terete  petioles  leaving  in  falling  large  conspicuous  elevated  obcordate  3-lobed 
leaf-scars  displaying  3  equidistant  U-shaped  clusters  of  dark  fibro-vascular  bundle- 
scars;  leaflets  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  unequal 
at  the  base,  with  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins.  Aments  of  the  stami- 
nate  flowers  many-flowered,  elongated,  solitary  or  in  pairs  from  lower  axillary  buds  of 
upper  nodes,  appearing  from  between  persistent  bud-scales  in  the  autumn  and  remain- 
ing during  the  winter  as  short  cones  covered  by  the  closely  imbricated  bracts  of  the 
flowers;  calyx  3-6-lobed,  its  bract  free  only  at  the  apex;  stamens  8-40,  in 2  or  several 
ranks,  their  anthers  surmounted  by  a  conspicuous  dilated  truncate  or  lobed  con- 
nective; pistillate  flowers  in  few-flowered  spikes,  their  involucre  villous,  free  only  at 
the  apex  and  variously  cut  into  a  laciniate  border  (corolla  f)  shorter  than  the  erect 
calyx-lobes;  ovary  rarely  of.  3  carpels;  stigmas  club-shaped,  elongated,  fimbriately 
plumose.  Fruit  ovoid,  globose  or  pyriform,  cylindrical  or  obscurely  4-angled,  with 
a  fleshy  indehiscent  glabrate  or  hirsute  husk;  nut  ovoid  or  globose,  more  or  less  flat- 
tened, hard,  thick-walled,  longitudinally  and  irregularly  rugose,  the  valves  alternate 
with  the  cotyledons,  and  more  or  less  ribbed  along  the  dorsal  sutures  and  in  some 
species  also  on  the  marginal  sutures.  Seed  more  or  less  compressed,  gradually  nar- 
rowed or  broad  and  deeply  lobed  at  the  base,  with  conspicuous  dark  veins  radiating 
from  the  apex  and  from  the  minute  basal  hilum. 

Juglans  is  confined  to  temperate  North  America,  the  West  Indies,  South  America 
from  Venezuela  to  Peru,  Persia,  northwestern  India,  northern  China,  Manchuria,  and 
Japan.  Ten  species  are  known.  Of  exotic  species  Juglans  regia,  L.,  an  inhabitant 
probably  of  Persia  and  northwestern  India,  is  cultivated  in  the  middle  Atlantic  and 
southern  states  and  largely  in  California  for  its  edible  nuts,  which  are  an  important 
article  of  commerce.  The  wood  of  several  species  is  valued  for  the  interior  finish  of 
houses  and  for  furniture. 

Juglans,  from  Jupiter  and  glands,  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Walnut-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Fruit  racemose  ;  nut  prominently  4-ribbed  at  the  sutures,  2-celled  at  the  base  ;  heartwood 
light  brown. 

Leaflets  11-17,  oblong-lanceolate.  1.  J.  cinerea  (A). 

Fruit  usually  solitary  or  in  pairs  ;  nut  without  sutural  ribs,  4-celled  at  the  base  ;  heartwood 
dark  brown. 

Leaflets  15-23,  ovate-lanceolate ;  nut  prominently  and  irregularly  ridged,  with  often 
interrupted  ridges.  2.  J.  nigra  (A,  C.) 

Leaflets  9-23,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate  ;  nut  deeply  grooved. 

3.  J.  rupestris  (C,  E,  H). 
Leaflets  11-17,  ovate-lanceolate  ;  nut  obscurely  grooved.  4.  J.  Californica  (G.) 

1.  Juglans  cinerea,  L.    Butternut. 

Leaves  lo'-30'  long,  with  stout  pubescent  petioles,  and  11-17  oblong-lanceolate 
acute  or  acuminate  leaflets  2'-3'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  finely  serrate  except  at  the 


JUGLANDACEvE  127 

unequal  rounded  base,  glandular  and  sticky  as  they  unfold,  at  maturity  thin,  yellow- 
green  and  rugose  above,  pale  and  soft-pubescent  below,  turning  yellow  or  brown  and 
falling  early  in  the  autumn.  Flowers  :  staininate  in  thick  aments  3' -5'  long,  calyx 
usually  6-lobed,  light  yellow-green,  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  \'  long,  their 


bracts  rusty-pubescent,  acute  at  the  apex;  stamens  8-12,  with  nearly  sessile  dark 
brown  anthers  and  slightly  lobed  connectives;  pistillate  in  6-8-flowered  spikes,  con- 
stricted above  the  middle,  about  ^'  long,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  coated  with  sticky 
white  or  pink  glandular  hairs  and  rather  shorter  than  the  linear-lanceolate  calyx- 
lobes;  stigmas  bright  red,  £'  long.  Fruit  in  3-o-fruited  drooping  clusters,  cylindri- 
cal, obscurely  2  or  rarely  4-ridged,  ovate-oblong,  coated  with  rusty  clammy  matted 
hairs,  l^'-2£'  long;  nut  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  and  acuminate  at  the  apex,  with  4 
prominent  and  4  narrow  less  conspicuous  ribs,  light  brown,  deeplv  sculptured  between 
the  ridges  into  thin  broad  irregular  longitudinal  plates,  2-celled  at  the  base  and 
1-celled  above  the  middle,  with  a  narrow  pointed  apical  cavity;  seed  sweet,  very 
oily,  soon  becoming  rancid. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  and 
sometimes  free  of  branches  for  half  its  height;  more  frequently  divided  20°  or  30° 
above  the  ground  into  many  stout  limbs  spreading  horizontally  and  forming  a  broad 
low  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  dark  orange-brown  or  bright  green  rather 
lustrous  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  rufous  pubescence,  covered  more  or  less  thickly 
with  pale  lenticels,  gradually  becoming  puberulous,  brown  tinged  with  red  or  orange 
in  their  second  year  and  marked  by  light  gray  leaf-scars  with  large  black  fibro-vas- 
cular  bundle-scars  and  elevated  bands  of  pale  tomentum  separating  them  from  the 
lowest  axillary  buds.  Winter-buds  :  terminal  £'-$'  long,  ^'  wide,  flattened  and 
obliquely  truncate  at  the  apex,  their  outer  scales  coated  with  short  pale  pubescence; 
axillary  ovate,  flattened,  rounded  at  the  apex,  \'  long,  covered  with  rusty  brown  or 
pale  pubescence.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  smooth  and  light  gray, 
becoming  on  old  trees  f'-l'  thick,  light  brown,  deeply  divided  into  broad  ridges 
separating  on  the  surface  into  small  appressed  plate-like  scales,  that  of  young  trunks 
and  branches  smooth  and  light  gray.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained, 
light  brown,  turning  darker  with  exposure,  with  thin  light-colored  sapwood  com- 
posed of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  employed  in  the  interior  finish  of 


128  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

houses,  and  for  furniture.  The  inner  bark  possesses  mild  cathartic  properties.  Sugar 
is  made  from  the  sap,  and  the  green  husks  of  the  fruit  are  used  to  dye  cloth  yellow 
or  orange  color. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  near  the  banks  of  streams  and  on  low  rocky  hills, 
southern  New  Brunswick  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  in  Ontario  to 
eastern  Dakota,  southeastern  Nebraska,  central  Kansas,  northern  Arkansas,  and 
Delaware,  and  on  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  northern 
Alabama;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  northward. 

2.   Juglans  nigra,  L.    Black  "Walnut. 

Leaves  l°-2°  long,  with  pubescent  petioles,  and  15-23  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets 
3'-3^'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  often  unequal  at  the  base,  long-pointed,  sharply  serrate 
except  at  the  more  or  less  rounded  unequal  base,  thin,  bright  yellow-green,  lustrous 
and  glabrous  above,  soft-pubescent  below,  especially  along  the  slender  midribs  and 


primary  veins,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling.  Flowers  : 
staminate  in  stout  puberulous  aments  3' -5'  long,  rotund,  6-lobed,  with  nearly  orbicu- 
lar lobes  concave  and  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  their  bracts  \'  long,  nearly 
triangular,  coated  with  rusty  brown  or  pale  tomentum;  stamens  20-30,  arranged 
in  many  series,  with  nearly  sessile  purple  and  truncate  connectives;  pistillate  in 
2-5-flowered  spikes,  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  apex,  \'  long,  their  bracts  and 
bractlets  coated  below  with  pale  glandular  hairs  and  green  and  puberulous  above, 
sometimes  irregularly  cut  into  a  laciniate  border,  or  reduced  to  an  obscure  ring  just 
below  the  apex  of  the  ovary;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  light  green,  puberulous  on  the 
outer,  glabrous  or  pilose  on  the  inner  surface;  stigmas  yellow-green,  tinged  on  the 
margins  with  red,  ^'—| '  long.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  globose,  oblong  or  slightly 
pyriform,  light  yellow-green,  roughened  by  clusters  of  short  pale  articulate  hairs, 
l^'-2'  in  diameter;  nut  oval  or  oblong,  slightly  flattened,  l^'-l^'  in  diameter,  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red,  deeply  divided  on  the  outer  surface  into  thin  or  thick  often 
interrupted  irregular  ridges,  4-celled  at  the  base  and  slightly  2-celled  at  the  apex; 
seed  sweet,  soon  becoming  rancid. 

A  tree,  frequently  100°  and  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  often  clear 
of  branches  for  50°-60°  and  4°-6°  in  diameter,  thick  limbs  spreading  gradually 
and  forming  a  comparatively  narrow  shapely  round-topped  head  of  mostly  upright 


JUGLANDACE^E  129 

rigid  branches,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  pale  or  rusty  matted  hairs, 
dull  orange-brown  and  pilose  or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  marked  with 
raised  conspicuous  orange-colored  lenticels  and  elevated  pale  leaf-scars,  gradually 
growing  darker  and  ultimately  light  brown.  "Winter-buds:  terminal  ovate,  slightly 
flattened,  obliquely  rounded  at  the  apex,  coated  with  pale  silky  tomentuin,  £'  long, 
with  usually  4  obscurely  pinnate  scales;  axillary  £'  long,  tomentose,  their  outer  scales 
opening  at  the  apex  during  the  winter.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  light 
brown  and  covered  with  thin  scales,  becoming  on  old  trees  2'-3'  thick,  dark  brown 
slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  on  the 
surface  into  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  coarse- 
grained, very  durable,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  10-20 
layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  in  cabinet-making,  the  interior  finish  of  houses, 
gun-stocks,  and  in  boat  and  shipbuilding. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  and  fertile  hillsides,  western  Massachusetts  to 
southern  Ontario,  southern  Michigan  and  Minnesota,  central  and  northern  Nebraska, 
eastern  Kansas,  and  southward  to  western  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi, 
and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River,  Texas;  most  abundant  in  the  region  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  high 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  and  on  the  fertile  river  bottom-lands 
of  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  southwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory; 
largely  destroyed  for  its  valuable  timber,  and  now  rare. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and 
in  western  and  central  Europe. 

3.  Juglans  rupestris,  Engelrn.   Walnut. 

Leaves  7'-15'  long,  with  slender  scurfy-pubescent  petioles  and  9-23  ovate-lanceo- 
late leaflets  unequal  on  the  two  edges,  coarsely  or  finely  crenulate-serrate  nearly  to 


the  rounded  or  unequal  base,  dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous,  2|'-5'  long,  \'-l±' 
wide,  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous,  or  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface, 
especially  along  the  stout  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  yellow  before 
falling  in  the  autumn.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  aments  2^'-4'  long,  3-5-lobed, 
nearly  orbicular,  light  yellow-green,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface,  short-stalked,  their  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  coated  with  thick  pale 


130  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

tomentum;  stamens  about  20,  with  nearly  sessile  yellow  anthers  and  dark  conspicu- 
ous slightly  lobed  connectives;  pistillate  in  few-flowered  spikes,  narrowed  at  the 
ends,  coated  with  pale  or  rufous  tomentum,  ^'-J'  long,  their  bract  and  bractlets  green 
above,  puberulous  at  the  apex  on  the  outer  surface,  and  irregularly  divided  into  a 
laciniate  border  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes  puberulous  on  the 
outer  surface;  stigmas  green,  tinged  with  red,  \'  long.  Fruit  globose  or  rarely 
oblong,  ^'-1^'  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  husk  glabrate  or  coated  with  short  rufous 
hairs;  nut  globose,  without  ridges,  often  compressed  at  the  ends  and  sometimes 
flattened  laterally,  dark  reddish  brown  to  black,  deeply  grooved,  with  longitudinal 
simple  or  forked  grooves,  4-celled  at  the  base,  2-celled  at  the  apex;  seed  small 
and  sweet,  retaining  its  flavor  for  a  long  time. 

A  tree,  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  5°  in  diameter,  sometimes 
divided  near  the  ground  or  usually  10°-15°  above  it  into  several  stout  nearly 
upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  or  in  moist  soil  frequently  spreading  a 
few  feet  above  the  division  of  the  trunk  and  becoming  pendulous  at  the  extremities, 
and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  or  light  brown  scurfy  pubescence  or  tomentum 
often  persistent  for  two  or  three  years,  orange-red  in  their  first  winter,  marked  by 
many  small  pale  lenticels,  and  ultimately  pale  or  nearly  white;  often  a  shrub  send- 
ing up  from  the  ground  a  cluster  of  stems  only  a  few  feet  tall.  Winter-buds:  ter- 
minal \'—%  long,  compressed,  narrowed  and  often  oblique  at  the  apex,  covered  with 
rusty  or  pale  tomentum;  axillary  \'  long,  compressed,  coated  with  pale  pubescence. 
Bark  of  young  trunks  and  of  the  branches  smooth,  pale,  often  nearly  white,  becoming 
on  old  trees  V  thick,  deeply  furrowed  and  brbken  on  the  surface  into  thin  appressed 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white 
sapwood. 

Distribution.  Limestone  banks  of  the  streams  of  central  and  western  Texas,  here 
shrubby  or  rarely  more  than  30°  high;  common  and  of  larger  size  in  canons  of  the 
mountains  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  south  of  the  Colorado  plateau;  in  northern 
Mexico.  •> 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and  hardy  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts;  and  rarely  in  Europe. 

4.  Juglans  Californica,  Wats.    "Walnut. 

Leaves  6'-9'  long,  with  slender  puberulous  petioles,  and  11-17  ovate-lanceolate 
often  somewhat  falcate  long-pointed  leaflets  l^'-3'  long,  ^'-f '  wide,  coarsely  serrate 
except  at  the  rounded  or  subcordate  or  wedge-shaped  base,  thin,  light  green,  glabrous 
or  furnished  on  the  under  surface  with  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  primary 
veins.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  puberulous  aments  2'-3'  long,  calyx  elongated, 
light  green,  coated  like  its  bract  on  the  outer  surface  with  rufous  pubescence,  divided 
into  5  or  6  acute  lobes,  short-stalked;  stamens  30-40,  with  yellow  anthers  and  short 
connectives  bifid  at  the  apex;  pistillate  broadly  ovate  or  subglobose,  glabrate  or 
puberulous,  \'  long,  the  free  border  of  their  bract  and  bractlets  ring-like,  nearly  entire 
and  much  shorter  than  the  broad  ovate  pubescent  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  yellow,  ^'  long. 
Fruit  globose,  f '-!£'  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  dark-colored  husk  coated  with  soft 
pubescence;  nut  nearly  globose,  without  ridges,  slightly  compressed,  sometimes  flat- 
tened at  the  ends,  dark  brown,  obscurely  grooved,  with  remote  shallow  grooves, 
4-celled  at  the  base,  imperfectly  2-celled  at  the  apex;  seed  large  and  sweet, 
retaining  its  flavor  for  several  months. 

A  tree,  rarely  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  and  stout  pendulous 


JUGLANDACE^E 


131 


branches  forming  a  graceful  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets 
covered  while  young  with  rufous  scurfy  tomeutum,  dark  reddish  brown,  puberulous, 
and  marked  during  their  first  winter  with  pale  scattered  lenticels  and  small  elevated 
obscurely  3-lobed  leaf -scars,  becoming  darker  and  gradually  glabrous  in  their  second 
year  and  ultimately  nearly  white;  often  much  smaller,  sometimes  shrubby  in  !fkbit. 


"Winter-buds:  terminal  acute,  compressed,  more  or  less  oblique  at  the  apex,  coated 
with  pale  tomeutum,  \'  long;  axillary  usually  solitary,  nearly  globose,  ^ff'  long,  and 
covered  with  thick  pale  rufous  tomentum.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  upper  branches 
smooth,  pale  or  nearly  white,  becoming  on  old  trunks  ^'-^'  thick,  dark  brown  or 
nearly  black,  deeply  divided  into  broad  irregular  ridges  separating  on  the  surface 
into  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  rather  cross-grained,  dark  brown, 
often  mottled,  with  thick  pale  sapwood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  bottom-lands  in  the  California  coast  region, 
usually  twenty  or  thirty  miles  from  the  sea,  from  the  valley  of  the  lower  Sacramento 
River  to  the  southern  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains. 

Often  cultivated  in  California  as  a  shade-tree  and  as  stock  on  which  to  graft 
varieties  of  Juglans  regia,  L. 

2.  HICORIA,  Raf.    Hickory. 

Trees,  with  smooth  gray  bark  becoming  on  old  trunks  rough  and  scaly,  strong 
hard  tough  brown  wood,  tough  terete  flexible  branches,  solid  pith,  buds  covered  with 
few  valvate  or  with  numerous  imbricated  scales,  the  axillary  buds  often  stalked  and 
sometimes  solitary.  Leaves  often  glandular-dotted,  their  petioles  sometimes  per- 
sistent on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  and  in  falling  leaving  large  elevated  ob- 
long or  semiorbicular  more  or  less  3-lobed  emarginate  leaf-scars  displaying  small 
marginal  clusters  and  central  radiating  lines  of  dark  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars; 
leaflets,  involute  in  the  bud,  ovate  or  obovate,  usually  acuminate,  thick  and  firm, 
serrate,  mostly  unequal  at  the  base,  with  veins  forked  and  running  to  the  margins, 
turning  clear  bright  yellow  in  the  autumn.  Aments  of  the  staminate  flowers  ternate, 
slender,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year  or  at  the  base 
of  branches  of  the  year  from  the  inner  scales  of  the  terminal  bud,  the  lateral  branches 


132 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


in  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  persistent  bracts;  calyx  usually  2  rarely  3-lobed, 
its  bract  free  nearly  to  the  base  and  usually  much  longer  than  the  ovate  rounded 
calyx-lobes;  stamens  3-10,  in  2  or  3  series,  their  anthers  ovate-oblong,  emarginate 
or  divided  at  the  apex,  pilose  or  hirsute,  as  long  or  longer  than  their  slender  con- 
nectPfes;  pistillate  flowers  sessile,  in  2-10-flowered  spikes,  with  perianth-like  involu- 
cres, slightly  4-ridged,  unequally  4-lobed  at  the  apex,  villous  on  the  outer  surface, 
the  bract  much  longer  than  the  bractlets  and  single  calyx-lobe  ;  stigmas  short, 
papillose-stigmatic.  Fruit  ovoid,  globose  or  pyriform,  with  a  thin  or  thick  husk 
becoming  hard  and  woody  at  maturity,  4-valved,  the  sutures  alternate  with  those  of 
the  nut,  sometimes  more  or  less  broadly  winged,  splitting  to  the  base  or  to  the  mid- 
dle; nut  oblong,  obovate  or  subglobose,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
tipped  by  the  hardened  remnants  of  the  style,  narrowed  and  usually  rounded  at  the 
base,  cylindrical  or  compressed  contrary  to  the  valves,  the  wall  thin  and  brittle  or 
thick,  hard,  and  bony,  smooth  or  variously  rugose  or  ridged  on  the  outer  surface, 
4-celled  at  the  base,  2-celled  at  the  apex.  Seed  compressed,  variously  grooved  on 
the  back  of  the  flat  or  concave  lobes,  sweet  or  bitter. 

Hicoria  is  confined  to  the  temperate  region  of  eastern  North  America  from  the 
valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  highlands  of  Mexico.  Of  the  twelve  species, 
eleven  inhabit  the  territory  of  the  United  States. 

The  generic  name  is  formed  from  the  popular  name  of  these  trees. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Bud-scales  few,  valvate,  the  inner  strap-shaped  and  only  slightly  accrescent ;  fruit  more  or 
less  broadly  winged  at  the  sutures  ;  shell  of  the  nut  thin  and  brittle,  with  large  cavities 
(thick  in  4). 

Aments  of  staminate  flowers  nearly  sessile,  usually  on  branches  of  the  previous  year. 
Leaflets  13-15,  oblong-lanceolate,  more  or  less  falcate ;  nut  ovate-oblong,  cylin- 
drical;  kernel  sweet.  1.  H.  Pecan  (A,  C). 
Leaflets  7-11,  lanceolate,  often  falcate  ;  nut  oblong,  compressed;  kernel  bitter. 

2.  H.  Texana  (C). 

Aments  of  staminate  flowers  long-stalked  on  branches  of  the  year  or  of  the  previous 
year. 

Leaflets  7-11,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  ;  nut  often  broader  than  long,  slightly 
4-angled  ;  kerne.1  bitter.  3.  H.  minima  (A,  C). 

Leaflets  7-11,  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate-obovate ;  nut  ellipsoidal,  cylindrical, 
thick-shelled;  kernel  sweet.  4.  H.  myristicaeformis  (C). 

Leaflets  7-13,  lanceolate,  more  or  less  falcate  ;  nut  compressed,  rugose,  prominently 
ridged;  kernel  bitter.  5.  H.  aquatica  (C). 

Bud-scales  numerous,  imbricated,  the  inner  becoming  much  enlarged,  often  highly  colored 
and  much  reflexed  and  twisted  before  falling  ;  aments  of  staminate  flowers  at  the  base 
of  branches  of  the  year,  long-stalked ;  fruit  without  sutural  wings  (sometimes  slightly 
winged  in  11)  ;  shell  of  the  nut  thick  and  bony,  with  minute  cavities. 
Bark  separable  from  old  trunks  in  long  loose  plates. 
Branchlets  light  red-brown  ;  nut  pale  or  nearly  white. 

Leaflets  5-7,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  obovate ;  nut  thick  or  thin-shelled ; 
branchlets  stout.  6.  H.  ovata  (A,  C). 

Leaflets  usually  5,  lanceolate  ;  nut  thin-shelled  ;  branchlets  slender.  » 

7.  H.  Carolinae-septentrionalis  (C). 
Branchlets  pale  orange  color. 

Leaflets  5-9,  obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface  ;  nut 
ovate,  thick-walled,  prominently  4-angled,  dull  white  to  light  reddish  brown. 

8.  H.  laciniosa  (A,  C). 


JUGLANDACE2E  133 

Bark  closely  furrowed,  rarely  exfoliating  in  plate-like  scales. 

Leaflets  7-0,  oblong-lanceolate  to  obovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less  tomentose  on  the 
lower  surface,  very  fragrant ;  nut  globose  or  oblong,  often  long-pointed,  4-ridged 
toward  the  apex,  thick-shelled,  reddish  brown.  U.  H.  alba  (A,  C). 

Leaflets  usually  5-7,  oblong  to  obovate-lauceolate,  glabrous  or  villous-pubeaeent ; 
fruit  pyriform  or  globose  ;  husk  usually  thin,  slightly  ridged  at  the  sutures ;  nut 
oblong-oval  or  globose,  thick  or  thin-shelled.  10.  H.  glabra  (A,  C). 

Leaflets  5-0,  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  pubescent  and  covered  below  while  young 
with  silvery  peltate  scales ;  fruit  subglobose  to  pyriform  ;  husk  thin  ;  nut  angled, 
thick-shelled.  1 1.  H.  villosa  (A,  C). 

1.  Bud-scales  few,  valvate. 

1.  Hicoria  Pecan,  Britt.   Pecan. 

Leaves  12'-20'  long,  with  slender  glabrous  or  pubescent  petioles,  and  9-17 
lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate  more  or  less  falcate  long-pointed  coarsely  often 
doubly  serrate  leaflets  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  unequal  base,  sessile,  with 
the  exception  of  the  terminal  leaflet,  or  short-stalked,  thin  and  firm,  dark  yellow- 
green  and  glabrous  or  pilose  above,  and  pale  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  below, 


4'-8'  long,  1/-3'  wide,  with  narrow  yellow  midribs  and  conspicuous  veins.  Flowers: 
staminate  in  slender  puberulous  clustered  aments  3'-5'  long,  from  buds  formed  in 
the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year  or  occasionally  on  shoots  of  the  year,  sessile 
or  short-stalked;  calyx  light  yellow-green  and  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  with 
broadly  ovate  acute  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  oblong  or  obovate  bract,  and  nearly 
sessile  yellow  anthers;  pistillate  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ends, slightly  4-angled  and 
coated  with  yellow  scurfy  pubescence.  Fruit  in  clusters  of  3—11,  pointed,  4-winged 
and  angled,  l'-2^'  long,  ^'-1'  broad,  dark  brown  and  coated  with  clusters  of  yellow 
articulate  hairs,  with  a  thin  hard  and  brittle  husk  splitting  at  maturity  nearly  to  the 
base  and  often  persistent  on  the  branch  during  the  winter  after  the  discharge  of 
the  nut;  nut  ovoid  to  ellipsoidal,  nearly  cylindrical  or  slightly  4-angled  toward  the 
pointed  apex,  rounded  and  usually  apiculate  at  the  base,  bright  reddish  brown,  with 
irregular  black  markings,  l'-2'  long,  with  thin  brittle  walls  and  papery  partitions; 


134  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

seed  sweet,  red-brown,  its  nearly  flat  lobes  grooved  from  near  the  base  to  the  apex 
by  2  deep  longitudinal  grooves. 

A  tree,  100°-170°  high,  with  a  tall  massive  trunk  occasionally  6°  in  diameter  above 
its  enlarged  and  buttressed  base,  stout  slightly  spreading  branches  forming  in  the 
forest  a  narrow  symmetrical  and  inversely  pyramidal  head,  or  with  abundant  room  a 
broad  round-topped  crown,  and  branchlets  at  first  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  coated 
with  loose  pale  tomentum,  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous  in  their  first  winter, 
and  marked  with  numerous  oblong  orange-colored  lenticels  and  with  large  oblong 
concave  leaf-scars  surrounded  by  a  broad  thin  membranaceous  border  embracing  the 
lower  axillary  bud.  Winter-buds  acute,  compressed,  covered  with  clusters  of  bright 
yellow  articulate  hairs  and  pale  tomentum,  terminal  ^'  long;  axillary  ovate,  often 
stalked,  especially  the  large  upper  one.  Bark  l'-l^'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with 
red,  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  narrow  forked  ridges  broken  on  the 
surface  into  thick  appressed  scales.  "Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse- 
grained, light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  light  brown  sapwood;  less  valuable 
than  that  of  most  Hickories,  and  used  chiefly  for  fuel,  and  occasionally  in  the  manu- 
facture of  wagons  and  agricultural  implements.  The  nuts,  whicby  vary  in  size  and 
shape  and  in  the  thickness  of  their  shells  and  in  the  quality  of  the  kernels,  are  an 
important  article  of  commerce. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  ground  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams  from  the  valley 
of  the  Mississippi  River  in  Iowa,  through  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana,  western 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  to  central  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  and  through  Missouri 
and  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  western  Louisiana  and 
the  valley  of  the  Concho  River,  Texas,  reappearing  on  the  mountains  of  Mexico; 
most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Arkansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and 
eastern  Texas. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade-tree,  especially  in  the  southern  states,  and  now 
largely  for  its  nuts  in  orchards  of  trees  raised  from  selected  seeds  or  by  grafts  of 
trees  producing  nuts  of  the  largest  size  and  best  quality. 

2.  Hicoria  Texana,  Le  Conte.   Bitter  Pecan. 

Leaves  10'-12'  long,  with  slender  petioles,  and  7-11  lanceolate  acuminate  finely 
serrate  leaflets,  hoary-tomentose  at  first,  and  more  or  less  villous  in  the  autumn, 
thin  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green,  nearly  glabrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  and 
puberulous  below,  3'-5'  long,  about  1^'  wide,  the  terminal  leaflet  gradually  narrowed 
to  the  acute  base  and  short-stalked,  the  lateral  often  falcate,  unsymmetrical  at  the 
base,  subsessile  or  short-stalked.  Flowers:  staminate  in  villous  aments  2'-3'  long; 
calyx  light  yellow-green  and  villous  on  the  outer  surface,  with  oblong-ovate  rounded 
lobes,  much  shorter  than  the  ovate  acuminate  bract;  pistillate  oblong,  slightly  4-an- 
gled,  villose.  Fruit  in  few-fruited  clusters,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  apiculate  at 
the  apex,  slightly  4-winged  at  the  base,  dark  brown,  more  or  less  covered  with  artic- 
ulate hairs,  l^'-2'  long,  with  a  thin  husk;  nut  oblong-ovate  or  oblong-obovate,  com- 
pressed, acute  at  the  ends,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  apiculate  at  the  base,  obscurely 
4-angled,  bright  red-brown,  rough  and  pitted  and  usually  l^'-l^'  long,  with  a  thin 
brittle  shell,  thin  papery  walls,  and  a  low  basal  ventral  partition;  seed  very  bitter, 
bright  red-brown,  flattened,  its  lobes  rounded  and  slightly  divided  at  the  apex, 
longitudinally  grooved  and  deeply  penetrated  on  the  outer  face  by  the  prominent 
reticulated  folds  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  shell  of  the  nut. 

A  tree,  sometimes  100°  high  on  the  bottoms  of  the  Brazos  River,  with  a  tall  straight 


JUGLANDACEJE  135 

trunk  3°  in  diameter,  and  ascending  branches,  or  on  the  borders  of  prairies  in  low 
wet  woods  usually  15°-25°  tall,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  small 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head;  and  slender  branchlets 
coated  at  first  with  thick  hoary  tomentum  sometimes  persistent  until  the  autumn, 
bright  red-brown  and  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  lenticels  during  their  first 


winter  and  by  the  large  concave  obcordate  leaf-scars  nearly  surrounding  the  lowest 
axillary  buds,  becoming  darker  in  their  second  season  and  dark  or  light  gray-brown 
in  their  third  year.  Winter-buds  covered  with  light  yellow  articulate  hairs,  ter- 
minal oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  somewhat  compressed,  about  ^'  long,  and  rather 
longer  than  the  upper  lateral  bud.  Bark  ^'-f '  thick,  light  reddish  brown,  and  rough- 
ened by  closely  appressed  variously  shaped  plate-like  scales.  Wood  close-grained, 
tough  and  strong,  light  red-brown,  with  pale  brown  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Bottom-lands  and  low  wet  woods  of  eastern  Texas  for  a  distance 
of  100  to  150  miles  from  the  coast. 

3.  Hicoria  minima,  Britt.    Bitternut.    Swamp  Hickory. 

Leaves  6'-10'  long,  with  slender  pubescent  or  hirsute  petioles,  and  5-9  lanceolate 
to  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate  long-pointed  sessile  leaflets  coarsely  serrate 
except  at  the  equally  or  unequally  wedge-shaped  or  subcordate  base,  thin  and  firm, 
dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  above,  lighter  and  pubescent  below,  especially  along 
the  midribs,  4'-6'  long,  f -1^'  wide.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slightly  pubescent  aments 
3'-4'  long,  with  a  slender  peduncle  often  1'  in  length,  usually  on  branches  of  the 
previous  year  or  rarely  from  the  base  of  shoots  of  the  year;  calyx  coated  with 
rufous  hairs  like  its  ovate  acute  bract;  stamens  4,  with  ovate  yellow  anthers  deeply 
emarginate  at  the  apex;  pistillate  £'  long,  slightly  4-angled,-  covered  with  yellow 
scurfy  tomentum.  Fruit  |' -1^'  long,  obovate  to  subglobose,  4-winged  from  the  apex 
to  about  the  middle,  with  a  thin  husk,  more  or  less  thickly  coated  with  yellow  scurfy 
pubescence;  nut  ovate  or  oblong,  often  broader  than  long,  compressed  and  marked 
at  the  base  with  dark  lines  along  the  sutures  and  alternate  with  them,  depressed 
or  obcordate,  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  or  short  point  at  the  apex,  gray 
tinged  with  red  or  light  reddish  brown,  with  a  thin  brittle  shell;  seed  bright  reddish 
brown,  very  bitter,  much  compressed,  deeply  rugose,  with  irregular  cross-folds. 


136  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA, 

A  tree,  often  100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked 
with  oblong  pale  lenticels,  bright  green  and  covered  more  or  less  thickly  with  rusty 
hairs  at  first,  reddish  brown  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  during  their  first  summer, 
reddish  brown  and  lustrous  during  the  winter  and  ultimately  light  gray,  with  small 
elevated  obscurely  3-lobed  obcordate  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  compressed,  bright 
yellow,  terminal  £'-f  long,  oblique  at  the  apex,  covered  with  2  pairs  of  scales;  lat- 
eral slightly  4-angled,  often  stalked,  |'-^'  long,  with  ovate  pointed  slightly  accres- 
cent scales  keeled  on  the  back.  Bark  £'-£'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and 
broken  into  thin  plate-like  scales  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  flakes. 
"Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  dark  brown,  with  thick  light 
brown  or  often  nearly  white  sap  wood;  largely  used  for  hoops  and  ox-yokes,  and  for 
fuel. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  woods  near  the  borders  of  streams  and  swamps  or  high 
rolling  uplands  often  remote  from  streams,  southern  Maine  to  Ontario,  central 


pic,  116 


Michigan  and  Minnesota,  southeastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas  and  the  Indian 
Territory,  and  southward  to  northwestern  Florida,  northern  Alabama,  and  eastern 
Texas;  one  of  the  largest  and  commonest  Hickory-trees  of  southern  New  England, 
and  abundant  in  all  the  central  states  east  and  west  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains; 
growing  to  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin;  the  common 
Hickory  of  Iowa,  Nebraska,  and  Kansas. 

4.  Hicoria  myristicaeformis,  Britt.   Nutmeg  Hickory. 

Leaves  7'-14'  long,  with  slender  terete  scurfy-pubescent  petioles,  and  5-11  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  broadly  obovate  acute  leaflets  usually  equally  or  sometimes  unequally 
wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  coarsely  serrate,  short-stalked  or 
nearly  sessile,  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  above,  more  or  less  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous  and  silvery  white  and  very  lustrous  below,  4'-5'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with 
pale  scurfy  pubescent  midribs,  changing  late  in  the  season  to  bright  bronzy  brown. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  aments  3'-4'  long  and  coated  like  the  ovate-oblong  acute 
bract  and  calyx  of  the  flower  with  dark  brown  scurfy  pubescence;  stamens  6,  with 
oblong  emarginate  anthers;  pistillate  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  slightly  4-angled, 


JUGLANDACE^  137 

covered  with  thick  brown  scurfy  pubescence.  Fruit  usually  solitary,  ellipsoidal  or 
slightly  obovate,  4-ridged  to  the  base,  with  broad  thick  ridges,  1^'  long,  coated  with 
yellow-brown  scurfy  pubescence,  the  husk  not  more  than  fa'  thick,  and  splitting 


nearly  to  the  base:  nut  ellipsoidal  or  sometimes  slightly  obovate,  1'  long,  |'  broad, 
rounded  and  apiculate  at  the  ends,  smooth,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  marked  with 
longitudinal  broken  bands  of  small  gray  spots  covering  the  entire  surface  at  the 
ends,  the  shell  ^'  or  more  thick,  hard  and  bony,  with  a  thick  partition,  and  a  low 
thin  dorsal  division;  seed  sweet,  small,  dark  brown. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  often  2°  in  diameter,  stout 
slightly  spreading  branches  forming  a  comparatively  narrow  rather  open  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  coated  with  lustrous  golden  or  brown  scales  often  persistent 
until  the  second  year,  light  brown  or  ashy  gray  during  their  first  winter,  ultimately 
dark  reddish  brown,  and  marked  with  small  scattered  pale  lenticels  and  small  oval 
emarginate  elevated  leaf-scars.  "Winter-buds  covered  with  thick  brown  scurfy 
pubescence,  terminal  \'-\'  long,  ovate,  rather  obtuse;  axillary  much  smaller,  acute, 
slightly  flattened,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  often  solitary.  Bark  ^'-f  thick,  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red,  and  broken  irregularly  into  small  thin  appressed  scales. 
"Wood  hard,  very  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwood  of  80-90  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  rivers  and  swamps  in  rich  moist  soil  or  rarely  on  higher 
ground,  eastern  South  Carolina,  and  through  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi  to 
southern  Arkansas;  on  the  mountains  of  northeastern  Mexico;  rare  and  very  local  in 
the  coast  region  of  South  Carolina;  more  abundant  westward;  common  in  southern 
Arkansas. 

5.  Hicoria  aquatica,  Britt.  Bitter  Pecan.  Water  Hickory. 
Leaves  9'-15'  long,  with  slender  dark  red  puberulous  or  tomentose  petioles,  and 
7-13  ovate  lanceolate  long-pointed  falcate  equilateral  leaflets  rounded  or  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base  or  oblique  and  very  unequally  wedge-shaped,  finely  or  coarsely 
serrate,  sessile  or  stalked,  3'-5'  long,  ^'-1^'  wide,  covered  with  yellow  glandular 
dots,  thin  and  membranaceous,  dark  green  above,  brown  and  lustrous  or  tomentose 
on  the  lower  surface,  especially  on  the  slender  midribs  and  primary  veins,  the  ter- 


138 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


urinal  leaflet  more  or  less  decurrent  by  its  wedge-shaped  base  on  a  slender  stalk  or 
rarely  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  solitary  or  fascicled  hirsute  aments 
2^'-3'  long  from  branches  of  the  previous  year  or  at  the  base  of  branches  of  the 
year;  calyx  covered  like  the  bract  with  yellow  glandular  pubescence;  stamens  6,  with 
oblong  slightly  emarginate  anthers;  pistillate  oblong,  slightly  flattened,  4-angled, 
glandular-pubescent.  Fruit  often  in  3  or  4-fruited  clusters,  much  compressed, 
usually  broadest  above  the  middle,  rounded  at  the  slightly  narrowed  base,  rounded 
or  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex,  conspicuously  4- winged,  dark  brown  or  nearly 
black,  covered  more  or  less  thickly  with  bright  yellow  pubescence,  1^'  long,  I'-l^' 
wide,  with  a  thin  brittle  husk  splitting  tardily  and  usually  only  to  the  middle;  nut 
flattened,  slightly  obovate,  !'-!£'  long,  nearly  as  broad,  rounded  and  abruptly  short- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  4-angled  and  ridged,  dark  reddish 
brown,  and  longitudinally  and  very  irregularly  wrinkled,  with  thin  walls  and  par- 
titions containing  large  irregular  cavities  filled  with  dark  red  bitter  powder;  seed 
oblong,  compressed,  dark  brown,  irregularly  and  usually  longitudinally  furrowed. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  2°  in  diameter, 
slender  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  dark  reddish  brown 
or  ashy  gray  lustrous  branchlets  marked  with  numerous  pale  lenticels,  at  first  slightly 
glandular  and  coated  with  loose  pale  tomentum,  glabrous  or  puberulous  during  the 
summer,  and  marked  during  the  winter  with  small  nearly  oval  or  obscurely  3-lobed 
slightly  elevated  leaf-scars,  growing  dark  red-brown  and  ultimately  gray.  Winter- 
buds  slightly  flattened,  acute,  dark  reddish  brown,  covered  with  caducous  yellow 
glands,  terminal  \'-\'  long,  often  villose;  axillary  much  smaller,  frequently  nearly 
sessile,  often  solitary.  Bark  £'-§'  thick,  separating  freely  into  long  loose  plate-like 


light  brown  scales  tinged  with  red.  "Wood  heavy,  strong,  close-grained,  rather  brit- 
tle, dark  brown,  with  thick  light-colored  or  often  nearly  white  sapwood ;  occasionally 
used  for  fencing  and  fuel. 

Distribution.  River  swamps  often  inundated  during  a  considerable  part  of  the 
year  from  southeastern  Virginia  southward  through  the  coast  regions  to  Cape  Mal- 
abar and  the  valley  of  the  Caloosa  River,  Florida,  through  the  maritime  portions 
of  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River  in  Texas,  and  northward  through 
western  Louisiana  to  northeastern  Arkansas,  western  Mississippi,  and  southern  Illi- 


139 

i,  Arkansas,  and 


JUGLANDACEJE 

nois;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  western 
Louisiana. 


2.  Bud-scales  numerous,  imbricated. 

6.  Hicoria  ovata,  Britt.    Shellbark  Hickory.    Shagbark  Hickory. 

Leaves  8'-14'  long,  with  stout  glabrous  or  pubescent  petioles,  and  5  or  rarely  7 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate  leaflets,  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex, 
sessile  or  short-stalked,  more  or  less  thickly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  finely  serrate  ex- 
cept toward  the  usually  cuneate  base,  thick  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous 


above,  paler,  glabrous  and  lustrous  or  puberulous  below,  the  terminal  leaflet  decur- 
rent  on  a  slender  stalk,  5'-7'  long,  2'-3'  broad,  rather  larger  than  the  upper  leaflets, 
and  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  those  of  the  lowest  pair.  Flowers:  staminate 
opening  after  the  leaves  have  grown  nearly  to  their  full  size,  in  slender  light  green 
glandular-hirsute  arnents  4'-5'  long,  short-stalked,  glandular-hirsute,  their  elon- 
gated ovate  acute  lanceolate  bract  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  ovate  concave 
rounded  or  acute  calyx-lobes;  stamens  4,  with  nearly  sessile  yellow  anthers  tinged  with 
red;  pistillate  in  2-5-flowered  spikes,  |'  long,  clothed  with  rusty  tomentum.  Fruit 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  subglobose,  rather  longer  than  broad  or  slightly  obovate,  de- 
pressed at  the  apex,  dark  reddish  brown  or  nearly  black  at  maturity,  roughened  by 
small  pale  lenticels,  glabrous  or  pilose,  l'-2^'  long,  the  husk  ^'-^'  thick  and  splitting 
freely  to  the  base ;  nut  oblong,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  or  obovate  and  broader 
than  long,  compressed,  prominently  or  obscurely  4-ridged  and  angled,  acute  and 
gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  or  rounded  and  nearly  truncate  at  the  apex,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  base,  pale  or  nearly  white,  thick  or  rarely  thin- 
walled,  £'-!'  long,  !'-!'  wide;  seed  light  brown,  lustrous,  sweet,  with  an  aromatic 
flavor. 

A  tree,  70°-90°  and  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  3°-4°  in 
diameter,  in  the  forest  often  free  of  branches  for  50°-60°  above  the  ground  and 
then  divided  into  a  few  small  limbs  forming  a  narrow  head,  or  with  more  space  some- 
times dividing  near  the  ground  or  at  half  the  height  of  the  tree  into  stout  slightly 
spreading  limbs,  forming  a  narrow  inversely  conical  round-topped  head  of  more  or 


140  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

less  pendulous  branches,  and  stout  branchlets  marked  with  oblong  pale  lenticels, 
covered  at  first  with  caducous  brown  scurf  and  coated  with  pale  glandular  pubes- 
cence, soon  bright  reddish  brown  and  lustrous,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  growing  dark 
gray  in  their  second  year  and  ultimately  light  gray,  and  marked  by  pale  and  slightly 
elevated  ovate  semiorbicular  or  obscurely  3-lobed  leaf -scars.  Winter-buds:  ter- 
minal broadly  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  ^'— f'  long,  £'-£'  broad,  the  3  or  4  outer  scales 
nearly  triangular,  acute,  dark  brown,  pubescent  and  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  the 
exterior  scales  o£ten  abruptly  narrowed  into  long  rigid  points  and  deciduous  before 
the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  inner  scales  lustrous,  covered  with  resinous  glands,  yel- 
low-green often  tinged  with  red,  oblong-obovate,  pointed,  becoming  2^'-3'  long  and 
y  broad,  usually  persistent  until  after  the  fall  of  the  staminate  ameuts;  axillary 
coated  at  first  with  thick  white  tomentum,  becoming  \'-\'  long  when  fully  grown. 
Bark  light  gray,  |'-1'  thick,  separating  in  thick  stripes  often  a  foot  or  more  long  and 
6'-8'  wide,  and  more  or  less  closely  attached  to  the  trunk  by  the  middle,  giving  it 
the  shaggy  appearance  to  which  the  tree  owes  its  common  name.  Wood  heavy,  very 
hard  and  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  flexible,  light  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white 
sapwood;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements,  carriages, 
wagons,  and  for  axe-handles,  baskets,  and  fuel.  The  nut  is  the  common  hickory  nut 
of  commerce. 

Distribution.  Low  hills  or  near  streams  and  swamps,  in  rich  deep  moderately 
moist  soil  from  southern  Maine  to  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  near  Mon- 
treal, south  westward  along  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Erie  and  Ontario  to  southern 
Michigan,  central  Minnesota,  and  southeastern  Nebraska,  southward  to  Pennsylvania 
and  Delaware  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  western  Florida,  northern 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  westward  to  central  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory  and 
eastern  Texas;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
southern  Alleghany  Mountains  and  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River. 

7.  Hicoria  Carolinse-septentrionalis,  Aslie.    Shagbark  Hickory. 

Leaves  4'— 8'  long,  with  slender  glabrous  petioles,  usually  5  but  occasionally  3 
lanceolate  long-pointed  leaflets  gradually  narrowed  at  the  acuminate  symmetrical 
or  unsymmetrical  base,  coarsely  serrate,  ciliate  with  long  white  hairs  as  the  leaves 
unfold,  thin,  dark  green  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  lustrous  below,  the  upper 
leaflets  3'-4'  long,  !'-!£'  wide,  and  about  twice  as  large  as  those  of  the  lower  pair, 
turning  dull  brown  or  yellow-brown  some  time  before  falling.  Flowers  :  stami- 
nate in  slightly  villous  aments,  pedicellate,  glandular-hirsute  on  the  outer  surface, 
with  linear  elongated  acuminate  villous  bracts;  stamens  4;  pistillate  usually  in  2- 
flowered  spikes,  oblong  and  covered  with  clustered  golden  hairs,  their  bract  linear 
and  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Fruit  broader  than  high,  or  short-oblong,  slightly  de- 
pressed at  the  apex,  f '-\\'  wide,  dark  red-brown,  roughened  by  small  pale  lenticels, 
with  a  husk  ^'-f  thick,  splitting  freely  almost  to  the  base;  nut  ovate,  compressed, 
prominently  4-angled,  acute  at  the  ends,  nearly  white  or  pale  brown,  f '-!'  long,  with 
a  thin  shell;  seed  light  brown,  sweet. 

A  tree,  on  moist  bottom-lands  sometimes  80°  tall,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter, 
and  short  small  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  head,  or  on  dry  hillsides  usually 
not  more  than  20°-30°  tall,  with  a  trunk  generally  not  exceeding  a  foot  in  diame- 
ter, and  slender  red-brown  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small  pale  lenticels  and 
by  the  small  low  truncate  or  slightly  obcordate  leaf-scars,  becoming  ultimately  dull 
gray-brown.  Winter-buds  :  terminal  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  obtuse 


JUGLANDACE^E  141 

apex,  about  ^'  long,  with  glabrous  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous  acute  and  apiculate 
strongly  keeled  spreading  outer  scales,  the  inner  scales  becoming  when  fully  grown 


bright  yellow,  long-pointed,  and  sometimes  2'  long;  axillary  oblong,  obtuse,  not 
more  than  fa'  long.  Bark  light  gray,  ^'-f  thick,  separating  freely  into  thick  strips 
often  a  foot  or  more  long,  3'  or  4'  wide,  and  long-persistent,  giving  to  the  trunk  the 
shaggy  appearance  of  the  northern  Shagbark  Hickory.  "Wood  hard,  strong,  very 
tough,  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills,  and  river-bottoms;  central  North  Carolina 
to  northern  Georgia,  and  through  western  North  Carolina  to  eastern  Tennessee  and 
central  Alabama. 

8.  Hicoria  lacinioaa,  Sarg.    Big  Shellbark.    Bottom  Shellbark. 

Leaves  15'-22'  long,  with  stout  glabrous  or  pubescent  petioles  often  persistent 
on  the  brandies  during  the  winter,  and  5-9,  usually  7,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  or 
broadly  obovate  leaflets,  the  upper  5'-9'  long  and  3'-5'  broad  and  generally  two  or 
three  times  as  large  as  those  of  the  lowest  pair,  usually  equilateral,  acuminate,  equally 
or  unequally  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  often  oblique  base,  finely  serrate,  ses- 
sile or  short-stalked,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  or  bronzy 
brown  and  covered  with  soft  pubescence  below.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  aments 
5'-8'  long  and  glabrous  or  covered  with  rufous  scurfy  tomentum,  short-pedicellate, 
with  linear-lanceolate  acute  bracts  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  broader  rounded 
calyx-lobes,  and  hirsute  yellow  subsessile  more  or  less  deeply  emarginate  anthers; 
pistillate  in  2-5-flowered  spikes,  oblong-ovate,  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  slightly 
angled,  clothed  with  pale  tomentum,  with  linear  acute  bracts  much  longer  than  the 
nearly  triangular  bractlets  and  calyx-lobe.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  ellipsoidal, 
ovate  or  subglobose,  depressed  at  the  apex,  roughened  with  minute  orange-colored 
lenticels,  downy  or  glabrous,  light  orange-colored  or  dark  chestnut-brown  at  matur- 
ity, l|'-2^'  long  and  l^'-2'  broad,  with  a  hard  woody  husk  pale  and  marked  on  the 
inside  with  dark  delicate  veins,  and  ^'-^'  thick  ;  nut  ellipsoidal  or  slightly  obovate, 
longer  than  broad  or  sometimes  broader  than  long,  flattened  and  rounded  at  the  ends 
or  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  base,  and  occasionally  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  more  or  less  compressed,  prominently  4-ridged  and  angled  or  often  6-ridged, 


142 


TREES   OP  NORTH   AMERICA 


furnished  at  the  base  with  a  stout  long  point,  light  yellow  to  reddish  brown,  l|'-2^' 
long  and  l^'-lf '  wide,  with  a  hard  bony  shell  sometimes  \'  thick  ;  seed  light  chest- 
nut-brown, very  sweet. 

A  tree,  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  straight  slender  trunk  often  free  of  branches 
for  more  than  half  its  height  and  rarely  exceeding  3°  in  diameter,  comparatively 
small  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  head,  and  stout  dark  or  light 
orange-colored  branchlets  at  first  pilose  or  covered  with  pale  or  rufous  pubescence 
or  tomentum,  roughened  by  scattered  elevated  long  pale  lenticels.  orange-brown  and 
glabrous  or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter  and  marked  with  oblong  3-lobed 
emarginate  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds:  terminal  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  sometimes  V 
long  and  §'  broad,  and  three  or  four  times  as  large  as  the  axillary  buds,  usually 
covered  by  11  or  12  scales,  the  outer  dark  brown,  puberulous,  generally  keeled, 
with  a  long  point  at  the  apex,  the  inner  scales  obovate,  pointed  and  rounded  at  the 
apex,  light  green  tinged  with  red,  or  bright  red  or  yellow,  covered  with  silky  pu- 
bescence on  the  outer  face,  slightly  resinous,  becoming  2'-3'  long  and  1'  broad.  Bark 


l'-2'  thick,  light  gray,  separating  into  broad  thick  plates  frequently  3°-4°  long, 
sometimes  remaining  for  many  years  hanging  on  the  trunk.  Wood  heavy,  very 
hard,  strong  and  tough,  close-grained,  very  flexible,  dark  brown,  with  comparatively 
thin  nearly  white  sapwood.  The  large  nuts  are  often  sold  in  the  markets  of  western 
cities  and  commercially  are  not  often  distinguished  from  those  of  the  Shellbark 
Hickory. 

Distribution.  Rich  deep  bottom-lands  usually  inundated  during  several  weeks 
of  every  year  from  Iowa  to  southeastern  Nebraska,  through  Missouri  and  Arkansas, 
eastern  Kansas  and  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Indian  Territory,  through  southern 
Illinois  and  Indiana  to  East  Tennessee,  southern  Michigan,  western  and  central 
New  York,  eastern  Pennsylvania  and  middle  North  Carolina;  rare  and  local  east  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  comparatively  rare  in  Arkansas,  Kansas,  and  the  In- 
dian Territory;  one  of  the  commonest  trees  of  the  great  river  swamps  of  central 
Missouri  and  the  lower  Ohio  basin. 

Occasionally  cultivated  on  old  estates  in  Virginia,  and  rarely  in  central  and  west- 
ern Europe. 


JUGLANDACE^  143 

9.   Hicoria  alba,  Britt.    Mockernut.    Big  Bud  Hickory. 

Leaves  fragrant,  with  a  powerful  resinous  pleasant  odor,  8'-12'  long,  with  hirsute 
or  tomentose  petioles,  and  5—7  oblong-lanceolate  to  obovate-lanceolate  leaflets  gradu- 
ally or  abruptly  acuminate,  mostly  equilateral,  equally  or  unequally  rounded  or 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  minutely  or  coarsely  serrate,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  dark 
yellow-green  and  rather  lustrous  above,  lustrous,  paler  or  light  orange-colored  or 
brown  and  clothed  with  soft  pale  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  the  upper  leaflets 
5'-8'  long  and  3'-5'  wide,  and  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  those  of  the  lowest  pair. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  aments  4'— 5'  long,  with  slender  light  green  stems  coated 
with  matted  hairs,  short-stalked,  pale  yellow-green,  jV— ^'  long,  scurfy-pubescent, 
with  elongated  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  ending  in  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs,  and  three 
or  four  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes,  and  4  stamens  with  nearly  sessile  oblong 
emarginate  bright  red  hirsute  anthers;  pistillate  in  crowded  2-5-flowered  spikes, 
slightly  contracted  above  the  middle,  coated  with  pale  tomentum,  the  bract  ovate, 
acute,  sometimes  \'  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  broadly  ovate  nearly  triangular 
bractlets  and  calyx-lobe;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  ellipsoidal  or  obovate,  gradually 
narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute  at  the  apex,  abruptly  contracted  toward  the  base,  pilose 
or  nearly  glabrous,  dark  red-brown,  l^'-2'  long,  with  a  husk  about  £'  thick  splitting 
to  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base;  nut  nearly  globose,  ellipsoidal  or  obvate- 
oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  and  sometimes  attenuated 
and  long-pointed  at  the  apex,  much  or  only  slightly  compressed,  obscurely  or  promi- 
nently 4-ridged,  light  reddish  brown,  becoming  darker  and  sometimes  red  with  age, 
|'-2'  long,  f'-l^'  wide,  with  very  thick  hard  walls  and  partitions;  seed  small,  sweet, 
dark  brown,  and  lustrous. 

A  tree,  rarely  100°  high,  usually  much  smaller,  with  a  tall  trunk  occasionally  3° 
in  diameter,  comparatively  small  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  or  often  a 


broad  round-topped  head  of  upright  rigid  or  of  gracefully  pendulous  branches,  and 
stout  branchlets  clothed  at  first  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  rather  bright  brown, 
nearly  glabrous  or  pubescent  or  tomentose,  and  marked  by  conspicuous  pale  lenticels 
during  their  first  season,  becoming  light  or  dark  gray,  with  pale  emarginate  leaf- 
scars  almost  equally  lobed  or  elongated  with  the  lowest  lobe  two  or  three  times  as 


144 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


long  as  the  others.  Winter-buds:  terminal  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  \'-\' 
long,  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the  axillary  buds,  the  three  or  four  outer  bud- 
scales  ovate,  acute,  often  keeled  and  apiculate,  thick  and  firm,  dark  reddish  brown 
and  pilose,  usually  deciduous  late  in  the  autumn,  the  inner  scales  ovate,  rounded  or 
acute  and  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  light  green  covered  with  soft  silky  pubescence 
on  the  outer,  and  often  bright  red  and  pilose  on  the  inner  surface,  becoming  I'-l^' 
long  and  ^'  broad.  Bark  £'-f '  thick,  slightly  ridged  by  shallow  irregular  interrupted 
fissures  and  covered  by  dark  gray  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  heavy, 
hard,  tough,  strong,  close-grained,  flexible,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white 
sapwood;  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  that  of  the  Shellbark  Hickory. 

Distribution.  Southern  Ontario  southward  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  the  shores  of 
Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward  to  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and 
eastern  Texas;  comparatively  rare  at  the  north,  growing  on  ridges  and  less  fre- 
quently on  alluvial  river-bottoms;  the  most  abundant  and  generally  distributed  of 
the  Hickory-trees  of  the  south,  attaining  its  largest  size  in  the  basin  of  the  lower 
Ohio  River  and  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas;  the  only  Hickory  in  the  southern  mari- 
time Pine-belt,  growing  in  great  abundance  on  low  sandy  hummocks  close  to  the 
shores  of  bays  and  estuaries  along  the  coast  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states. 


10.  Hicoria  glabra,  Britt.   Pignut. 

Leaves  8'-12'  long,  with  slender  glabrous  petioles,  and  5  or  7  or  rarely  9  oblong 
to  obovate-lanceolate  leaflets  gradually  or  abruptly  long-pointed  at  the  apex,  equally 


or  unequally  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  subsessile  or  short-stalked,  thick 
and  firm,  at  first  glandular-punctate  and  villose,  becoming  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green 
above,  paler  and  sometimes  bright  yellow  or  yellow-brown  below,  the  upper  6'-8' 
long  and  2'-2£'  broad,  and  three  or  four  times  larger  than  those  of  the  lowest  pair. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  short-stalked  scurfy  pubescent  aments  3'-7'  long,  yellow- 
green  coated  with  pale  pubescence  or  tomentum,  with  bracts  lanceolate,  acute  and 
much  longer  than  or  ovate  rounded  and  not  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  and  4  stamens, 
with  nearly  sessile  ovate  emarginate  orange-colored  anthers  slightly  hirsute  above 
the  middle;  pistillate  in  2-5-flowered  spikes,  \'  long,  more  or  less  prominently 
4-ribbed,  nearly  glabrous  or  coated  with  scurfy  pubescence  or  pale  tomentum,  their 


JUGLANDACE^  145 

bract  lanceolate,  acute,  sometimes  \'  long,  much  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  brart- 
lets  and  the  calyx-lobe;  stigmas  yellow.  Fruit  extremely  variable  in  shape  and  size, 
pyriform,  ellipsoidal,  or  subglobose  (var.  odorata,  Sarg.),  rounded  or  often  much 
depressed  at  the  apex,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  cylindrical  or 
often  obscurely  winged  to  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base,  reddish  brown,  often 
pubescent  or  covered  with  scattered  clusters  of  bright  yellow  hairs,  1^-'— '2'  long, 
f'-l^'  broad,  with  valves  gV~iV  thick,  opening  in  some  forms  only  at  the  apex  and 
continuing  to  inclose  the  nut  after  it  has  fallen  to  the  ground,  in  others  splitting 
to  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base;  nut  ellipsoidal  to  subglobose,  often  nearly  as 
broad  as  long,  rounded  at  the  ends,  or  obcordate  or  rarely  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
obscurely  4-angled,  compressed  or  cylindrical,  £'-!£'  long,  with  thick  or  thin  hard 
walls  and  partitions;  seed  small,  light  brown,  bitter  or  sweet. 

A  tree,  80°-90°  high,  with  a  tall  slender  often  forked  trunk  occasionally  3°  or  4° 
in  diameter,  spreading  limbs  forming  a  rather  narrow  head  of  slender  more  or  less 
pendulous  and  often  contorted  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  with  oblong 
pale  lenticels,  light  green  and  nearly  glabrous  at  first,  rather  light  red-brown  during 
their  first  season,  turning  dark  red  in  their  second  year,  with  small  semiorbicular  to 
oblong  obscurely  lobed  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds:  terminal  usually  about  ^'  long, 
ellipsoidal,  acute  or  obtuse*,  and  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the  axillary  buds,  the 
outer  scales  acute  or  often  slightly  keeled  and  frequently  long-pointed,  light  orange- 
brown  or  dark  reddish  brown,  lustrous  and  covered  with  short  soft  pubescence, 
usually  deciduous  early  in  the  autumn,  the  inner  scales  yellow-green  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs  on  the  outer  surface,  lustrous  on  the 
inner,  lanceolate  and  acute  to  broadly  obovate  and  apiculate,  frequently  becoming 
2£'  long  and  1\'  wide.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-£'  thick,  light  gray,  with  a  firm  close 
surface  usually  divided  by  small  fissures,  or  rarely  scaly,  with  loose  thick  plate-like 
scales  5'  or  6'  long.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong  and  tough,  flexible,  light  or 
dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  or  often  nearly  white  sapwood;  used  for  the 
handles  of  tools  and  in  the  manufacture  of  wagons  and  agricultural  implements,  and 
largely  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Dry  ridges  and  hillsides,  southern  Maine  to  southern  Ontario, 
and  southward  to  the  shores  of  the  Indian  River  and  Peace  Creek,  Florida,  southern 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  through  southern  Michigan  to  southeastern  Nebraska, 
Missouri,  eastern  Kansas,  Arkansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  Texas;  most  common 
in  Missouri  and  Arkansas;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River; 
ranging  farther  south  in  Florida  than  other  Hickories,  and,  with  the  exception  of 
the  Pecan,  farther  to  the  southwest  in  Texas.  The  var.  odorata  from  eastern  New 
England  to  Michigan  and  Missouri,  and  southward  to  the  District  of  Columbia. 

11.  Hicoria  villosa,  Ashe.    Hickory. 

Leaves  G'-10'  long,  with  slender  petioles  pubescent  in  the  spring  and  furnished 
with  conspicuous  tufts  of  pale  or  brownish  hairs,  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  in  the 
autumn,  and  5-9,  usually  7,  sessile  or  short-stalked  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  acumi- 
nate leaflets  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  nearly  symmetrical  or  unsymmet- 
rical  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  serrate  above,  with  remote  glandular  incurved  teeth, 
covered  as  they  unfold  with  deciduous  resinous  globules  and  on  the  lower  surface 
with  soft  hairs  mixed  with  the  peltate  silvery  scales  characteristic  of  this  tree  in 
early  spring  and  often  deciduous  before  the  leaves  are  fully  grown;  at  maturity  dark 
green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  or  bright  yellow  below,  the  largest  4'-5'  long,  I'-l^' 


146  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

wide,  and  more  than  twice  as  large  as  those  of  the  lowest  pair.  Flowers:  staminate 
in  hairy  catkins  5'-7'  long,  with  broad  rounded  bracts  and  bractlets,  scurfy,  villous  on 
the  outer  surface,  and  4  nearly  sessile  hairy  anthers;  pistillate  oblong,  prominently 
4-ribbed,  coated  with  scurfy  yellow  pubescence,  their  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
much  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  bractlets  and  the  calyx-lobe.  Fruit  subglobose  to 
pyriform,  f '-If '  long,  4-winged,  more  or  less  thickly  covered  with  yellow  scurfy 


1.24- 


scales,  with  a  thin  husk  splitting  to  below  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base;  nut 
slightly  angled,  somewhat  compressed,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  pale  or  light  brown, 
with  a  thick  shell;  seed  light  brown,  small,  and  sweet. 

A  tree,  usually  not  more  than  18°-20°,  or  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  short 
trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  and  small  branches,  the  upper  ascending,  forming  a  nar- 
row oblong  head,  the  lower  pendulous,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
pale  tomentum  or  pubescence,  mixed  with  silvery  peltate  scales,  glabrous  or  puber- 
ulous,  bright  purplish  brown  during  their  first  winter,  and  marked  by  occasional 
oblong  light  gray  lenticels  and  by  the  small  low  nearly  circular  leaf-scars,  becoming 
rather  darker  colored  the  following  year.  Winter-buds  :  terminal  sessile  or  stalked, 
ovate,  acute,  fy  to  nearly  -|-'  long,  with  puberulous  scales  more  or  less  covered  on  the 
outer  surface  with  yellow  glands  ;  axillary  often  solitary.  Bark  ^'-f '  thick,  light 
gray  or  grayish  brown,  and  irregularly  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  broad  connected 
ridges  covered  with  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Sandy  plains  or  sterile  rocky  ridges  from  southern  New  Jersey  to 
eastern  Florida,  and  from  the  valley  of  the  Maramec  River,  Missouri,  to  eastern 
Texas;  common  on  the  sandy  soil  of  southern  Delaware  and  in  the  foothill  region 
of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains;  very  abundant  and  often  the  only  Hickory- 
tree  on  the  dry  flinty  soil  of  low  hills  in  southern  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 

VI.    MYRICACE-SS. 

Aromatic  resinous  trees  and  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  terete  branches,  and 
small  scaly  buds.  Leaves  alternate,  revolute  in  the  bud,  serrate,  resinous- 
punctate,  persistent,  in  falling  leaving  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  show- 
ing the  ends  of  three  nearly  equidistant  fibro- vascular  bundles.  Flowers 


MYRICACEJE  147 

unisexual,  dioecious  or  monoecious,  usually  subtended  by  minute  bractlets,  in  the 
axils  of  the  deciduous  scales  of  unisexual  or  androgynous  simple  oblong  aments 
from  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  opening  in  early  spring,  the 
staminate  below  the  pistillate  in  androgynous  aments ;  staminate,  perianth  0 ; 
stamens  4  or  many,  inserted  on  the  thickened  base  of  the  scales  of  the  ament ; 
filaments  slender,  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  stipe  ;  anthers  ovate,  erect, 
2-celled,  introrse,  opening  longitudinally  ;  ovary  rudimentary  or  0 ;  pistillate 
flowers  single  or  in  pairs  ;  ovary  sessile,  1-celled  ;  styles  short,  divided  into  2 
elongated  filiform  stigmas  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face;  ovule  solitary,  erect 
from  the  base  of  the  cell,  orthotropous,  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  globose 
or  ovoid  dry  drupe  usually  covered  with  waxy  exudations ;  nut  hard,  thick- 
walled  ;  seed  erect,  with  a  thin  coat,  without  albumen  ;  embryo  straight ; 
cotyledons  plano-convex,  fleshy ;  radicle  short,  superior,  turned  away  from  the 
minute  basal  hiltim. 

The  family  consists  of  the  genus  Myrica,  L.,  of  about  thirty  or  forty  species 
of  small  trees  and  shrubs,  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  warmer 
parts  of  both  hemispheres.  Of  the  seven  North  American  species  three  are 
trees.  Wax  is  obtained  from  the  exudations  of  the  fruit  of  several  species. 
The  bark  is  astringent,  and  sometimes  used  in  medicine,  in  tanning,  and  as 
an  aniline  dye.  Myrica  sapida,  Wall.,  of  eastern  Asia  and  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, is  cultivated  for  its  succulent  aromatic  fruit. 

The  generic  name  is  probably  from  the  ancient  name  of  some  shrub,  possibly 
the  Tamarisk. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  dioecious. 

Leaves  oblong-spatnlate,  usually  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  mostly  coarsely 

serrate  above  the  middle,  yellow-green,  coated  below  with  conspicuous  orange-colored 

glands.  l.  M.  cerifera  (A,  C). 

Leaves  usually  broadly  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  the  apex,  entire,  dark 

green,  and  lustrous.  2.  M.  inodora  (C). 

Flowers  monoscious. 

Leaves  lanceolate-cuneate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate,  dark  green,  and  lustrous. 

:!.  M.  California  (G). 

1.  Myrica  cerifera,  L.   Wax  Myrtle. 

Leaves  lanceolate-cuneate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  rarely  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  decurrent  on  short  stout  petioles, 
coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle  or  entire,  yellow-green,  covered  above  by  minute 
dark  glands  and  below  by  bright  orange-colored  glands,  l\'-A'  long  and  \'-%  wide, 
with  slender  pale  midribs  often  puberulous  below,  and  few  obscure  arcuate  veins, 
fragrant  with  a  balsamic  resinous  odor,  gradually  deciduous  at  the  end  of  their  first 
year.  Flowers  in  small  oblong  aments,  with  ovate  acute  ciliate  scales,  those  of  the 
staminate  plant  £'-f'  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  those  of  the  pistillate  plant; 
stamens  few,  with  oblong  slightly  obcordate  anthers  at  first  tinged  with  red,  becoming 
yellow ;  ovary  of  the  pistillate  flower  gradually  narrowed  into  2  slender  spreading 
stigmas  longer  than  its  scale.  Fruit  in  short  spikes,  ripening  in  September  and 
October  and  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  irregularly  deciduous  in 
the  spring  and  early  summer,  globose,  about  \'  in  diameter,  slightly  papillose,  light 
green,  coated  with  thick  pale  blue  wax. 


148  TREES    OP   NORTH   AMERICA 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  slender  up- 
right or  slightly  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  loose  rufous 
tomentum  and  caducous  orange-colored  glands,  bright  red-brown  or  dark  brown 
tinged  with  gray,  usually  lustrous  and  nearly  glabrous  during  their  first  winter, 
finally  becoming  dark  brown;  generally  smaller,  frequently  shrubby,  with  many 
slender  stems,  sometimes  only  a  few  inches  high.  Winter-buds  oblong,  acute, 
numerous  ovate  acute  imbricated  scales,  the  inner  scales  becoming 


nearly  £'  long,  and  often  persistent  until  the  young  branch  has  completed  its  growth. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  \'  thick,  compact,  smooth,  light  gray.  Wood  light,  soft  and 
brittle,  dark  brown,  with  thin  lighter-colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Cape  May,  New  Jersey,  southern  Delaware  and  Maryland  to 
southern  Florida  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the 
shores  of  Aransas  Bay,  Texas,  and  northward  in  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River  to  the  valley  of  the  Washita  River,  Arkansas;  on  the  Bermuda  and  Bahama 
islands  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the 
south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  in  sandy  swamps  and  pond  holes;  in  the  sandy  soil 
of  Pine-barrens  and  on  dry  arid  hills  of  the  interior,  often  only  a  few  inches  in 
height. 

2.  Myrica  inodora,  W.  Bartr.   Wax  Myrtle. 

Leaves  broadly  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  ovate,  rounded  or  sometimes  pointed 
and  occasionally  apiculate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  decurrent  on  short 
stout  petioles,  entire  or  rarely  obscurely  toothed  toward  the  apex,  thick  and  coria- 
ceous, glandular-punctate,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  bright  green  below, 
2'-4'  long,  f'-l^'  wide,  with  broad  conspicuously  glandular  midribs  slightly  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  side,  and  few  remote  slender  obscure  primary  veins  forked  and 
arcuate  near  the  much-thickened  and  revolute  margins,  gradually  deciduous  from 
May  until  midsummer.  Flowers  in  aments  £'-!'  long,  with  ovate  acute  glandular 
scales;  stamens  numerous,  with  oblong  slightly  emarginate  yellow  anthers;  pistillate 
flowers  usually  in  pairs,  with  ovate  glabrous  ovaries  and  slender  bright  red  styles. 
Fruit  produced  sparingly  in  elongated  spikes,  oblong,  £'— %  long,  papillose,  black,  and 
covered  with  a  thin  coat  of  white  wax. 


MTRICACE^: 


149 


Usually  a  shrub,  with  numerous  slender  stems,  occasionally  arborescent  and  18°- 
20°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  6°-8°  tall  and  2-3'  in  diameter,  and  stout  branchlets 


roughened  with  small  scattered  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  dense  pale  tomenttim, 
soon  becoming  bright  red-brown,  scurfy,  and  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Bark  thin, 
smooth,  nearly  white.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  nearly  \'  long,  with  numerous 
loosely  imbricated  lanceolate  acute  red-brown  scurfy-pubescent  scales. 

Distribution.  Deep  swamps  near  Appalachicola,  Florida,  near  Mobile  and 
Stockton,  Alabama,  and  near  Poplarville  in  the  valley  of  the  Pearl  River,  Missis- 
sippi. 

3.  Myrica  Californica,  Cham.   Wax  Myrtle. 

Leaves  lanceolate-cuneate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  serrate  except 
at  the  gradually  narrowed  base,  with  small  incurved  teeth,  decurrent  on  short  stout 
petioles,  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  yellow-green,  glabrous  or 


puberulous  and  marked  with  minute  black  glandular  dots  below,  2'-4'  long,  ^'-f ' 
wide,  with  narrow  yellow  midribs  and  numerous  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  near 


150  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

the  thickened  and  revolute  margins,  slightly  fragrant,  gradually  deciduous  after  the 
end  of  their  first  year.  Flowers  subtended  by  conspicuous  bractlets,  those  of  the 
two  sexes  on  the  same  plant;  staminate  in  oblong  simple  aments  often  1'  long,  pis- 
tillate in  shorter  aments  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  androgynous  aments  occurring 
between  the  two  with  staminate  flowers  at  their  base  and  pistillate  flowers  above, 
or  with  staminate  flowers  also  mixed  with  the  pistillate  at  their  apex;  scales  of  the 
aments  ovate,  acute,  coated  with  pale  tomentum;  stamens  numerous,  with  oblong 
slightly  emarginate  dark  red-purple  anthers  soon  becoming  yellow;  ovary  ovate, 
with  bright  red  exserted  styles.  Fruit  in  short  crowded  spikes  ripening  in  the 
early  autumn  and  usually  falling  during  the  winter,  globose,  papillose,  dark  purple, 
covered  with  a  thin  coat  of  grayish  white  wax. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  14/-15'  in  diameter,  short  slender 
branches  forming  a  narrow  compact  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets,  coated 
at  first  with  loose  tomentum,  dark  green  or  light  or  dark  red-brown,  glabrous  or 
pubescent  during  their  first  season,  becoming  in  the  second  year  much  roughened 
by  the  elevated  leaf-scars,  darker  and  ultimately  ashy  gray;  usually  smaller  at  the 
north  and  toward  the  northern  and  southern  limits  of  its  range  reduced  to  a  low 
shrub  often  only  3°^°  tall.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  about  ^'  thick,  with 
loosely  imbricated  ovate  acute  dark  red-brown  tomentose  scales  nearly  ^'  long  when 
fully  grown  and  long-persistent  on  the  branch.  Bark  smooth,  compact,  -fa'—fa'  thick, 
dark  gray  or  light  brown  on  the  surface  and  dark  red-brown  internally.  Wood 
heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  light  rose  color,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Ocean  sand-dunes  and  moist  hillsides  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast 
from  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  to  the  neighborhood  of  Santa  Monica,  California ; 
of  its  largest  size  on  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

Occasionally  used  in  California  as  an  ornamental  plant. 

VII.    LEITNERIACEJE. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  pale  slightly  fissured  bark,  scaly  buds,  stout  terete 
pithy  branchlets  marked  by  pale  conspicuous  nearly  circular  lenticels  and  with 
elevated  crescent-shaped  angled  or  obscurely  3-lobed  leaf-scars,  very  light  soft 
wood,  and  thick  fleshy  stoloniferous  yellow  roots.  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud, 
lanceolate  to  elliptical-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  and  short-pointed  at  the 
apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  entire,  with  slightly  revolute  undulate 
margins,  penniveined,  with  remote  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the 
margins  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  petiolate,  at  first  coated  on  the 
lower  surface  and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  pale  tomentum  and  puberulous  on 
the  upper  surface,  thick  and  firm  at  maturity,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  and  villose-pubescent  below,  deciduous.  Flowers  in  unisexual  aments,  with 
ovate  acute  concave  tomentose  scales,  the  male  and  female  on  different  plants, 
opening  in  early  spring  from  buds  formed  the  previous  autumn  and  covered 
with  acute  chestnut-brown  hairy  scales  ;  the  staminate  clustered  near  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  their  scales  bearing  on  the  thickened  stipes  a  ring  of  3-12  sta- 
mens, with  slender  incurved  filaments  and  oblong  light  yellow  introrse  2-celled 
anthers  opening  longitudinally  ;  perianth  0  ;  pistillate  aments  scattered,  shorter 
and  more  slender  than  the  staminate,  their  scales  bearing  in  their  axils  a 
short-stalked  pistil  surrounded  by  a  rudimentary  perianth  of  small  gland- 
fringed  scales,  the  2  larger  lateral,  the  others  next  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence ; 


LEITNERIACE^E 


151 


ovary  superior,  pubescent,  1-celled,  with  an  elongated  flattened  style  inserted 
obliquely,  curving  inward  above  the  middle  in  anthesis,  grooved  and  stigmatic 
on  the  inner  face  ;  ovule  solitary,  attached  laterally,  ascending,  semianatropous  ; 
micropyle  directed  upward.  Fruit  an  oblong  compressed  dry  drupe  thick  and 
rounded  on  the  ventral,  narrowed  on  the  dorsal  edge,  rounded  at  the  base,  thin 
and  pointed  at  the  apex,  chestnut-brown,  rugose,  with  a  thick  dry  exocarp 
closely  investing  the  thin-walled  light  brown  crustaceous  rugose  nutlet.  Seed 
flattened,  rounded  at  the  ends,  light  brown,  marked  on  the  thick  edge  with  the 
oblong  nearly  black  hilum  ;  embryo  erect,  surrounded  by  thin  fleshy  albumen  ; 
cotyledons  oblong,  flattened ;  radicle  superior,  conical,  short,  and  fleshy. 

The  family  consists  of  a  single  genus,  Leitneria,  Chapm.,  with  one  species 
of  the  southern  United  States,  named  for  a  German  naturalist  killed  in  Florida 
during  the  Seminole  War. 

1.  Leitneria  Floridana,  Chapm.    Cork  Wood. 

Leaves  4'-6'  long,  1^-2^'  wide,  with  petioles  l'-2'  in  length.  Flowers  opening  at 
the  end  of  February  or  early  in  March;  staminate  aments  I'-l^'  long,  \'  thick,  and 
twice  as  long  as  the  pistillate.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2-4,  ripening  when 
the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  |'  long,  \'  wide. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  slender  straight  trunk  4t'-5' 
in  diameter  above  the  swollen  gradually  tapering  base,  spreading  branches  form- 


ing a  loose  open  head,  and  branchlets  at  first  light  reddish  brown  and  thickly  coated 
with  gradually  deciduous  hairs,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  glabrous  or  puber- 
ulous,  especially  toward  the  ends,  and  dark  red-brown.  Winter-buds :  terminal 
broad,  conical,  \'  long,  covered  by  10  or  12  oblong  nearly  triangular  closely  imbri- 
cated scales  coated  with  pale  tomentum  and  long-persistent  at  the  base  of  the 
branch;  lateral  scattered,  ovoid,  flattened.  Bark  about  ^'  thick,  dark  gray  faintly 
tinged  with  brown,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  rounded  ridges.  Wood 
soft,  exceedingly  light,  close-grained,  the  layers  of  annual  growth  hardly  distinguish- 
able, pale  yellow,  without  trace  of  heartwood  ;  occasionally  used  for  the  floats  of 
fishing-nets. 


152  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Distribution.  Muddy  saline  shores  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  near  Appa- 
lachicola,  Florida,  swamps  of  the  Brazos  River  near  Columbia,  Texas;  and  in  Butler 
and  Duncan  counties,  southeastern  Missouri,  here  sometimes  occupying  muddy 
sloughs  of  considerable  extent  to  the  exclusion  of  other  woody  plants. 

VIII.    SALICACE-ZB. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  simple  stalked  deciduous  leaves 
with  stipules,  soft  light  usually  pale  wood,  astringent  bark,  scaly  buds,  and 
often  stolonif erous  roots.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  leaves, 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  unisexual  aments  from  buds  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  of  the  previous  year,  the  male  and  female  on  different  plants ;  perianth 
0  ;  stamens  2  or  many,  their  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longi- 
tudinally ;  styles  usually  short  or  none ;  stigmas  2-4,  often  2-lobed.  Fruit  a 
1-celled  2-4-valved  capsule,  with  2-4  placentas  bearing  below  their  middle 
numerous  ascending  anatropous  seeds  without  albumen  and  surrounded  by  tufts 
of  long  white  silky  hairs  attached  to  the  short  stalks  of  the  seeds  and  deciduous 
with  them ;  embryo  straight,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed  ;  cotyledons  flattened, 
much  longer  than  the  short  radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  hilum. 

The  two  genera  of  this  family  are  widely  scattered  but  most  abundant  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  with  many  species,  and  are  often  conspicuous  features 
of  vegetation. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  GENERA. 

Scales  of  the  aments  laciniate ;  flowers  surrounded  by  a  cup-shaped  often  oblique  disk  ; 

stamens  numerous  ;  buds  with  numerous  scales.  1.  Fopulus. 

Scales  of  the  ament  entire  ;  disk  a  minute  gland-like  body ;  stamens  2  or  many  ;  buds  with 

a  single  scale.  2.  Salix. 

1.  FOPULUS,  L.   Poplar. 

Large  fast-growing  trees,  with  pale  furrowed  bark,  terete  or  angled  branchlets, 
resinous  winter-buds  covered  by  several  thin  scales,  those  of  the  first  pair  small  and 
opposite,  the  others  imbricated,  increasing  in  size  from  below  upward,  accrescent 
and  marking  the  base  of  the  branchlet  with  persistent  ring-like  scars,  and  thick 
roots.  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  usually  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  dentate, 
with  usually  glandular  teeth,  or  lobed,  penniveined,  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn, 
long-stalked,  the  stalks  sometimes  laterally  compressed,  those  of  the  lower  leaves 
furnished  at  the  apex  on  the  upper  side  with  2  nectariferous  glands,  leaving  in  fall- 
ing oblong  often  obcordate,  elliptical,  arcuate,  or  shield-shaped  leaf-scars  displaying 
the  ends  of  3  nearly  equidistant  fibro-vascular  bundles;  stipules  caducous,  those  of 
the  first  leaves  resembling  the  bud-scales,  smaller  higher  on  the  branch,  and  linear- 
lanceolate  and  scarious  on  the  last  leaves.  Flowers  in  pendulous  stalked  aments, 
the  pistillate  lengthening  and  rarely  becoming  erect  before  maturity,  their  scales 
obovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  slender  stipes,  dilated  and  lobed,  palmately  cleft 
or  fimbriate  at  the  apex,  membranaceous,  glabrous  or  villose,  more  crowded  on  the 
staminate  than  on  the  pistillate  ament,  usually  caducous;  disk  of  the  flower  broadly 
cup-shaped,  often  oblique,  entire,  dentate  or  irregularly  lobed,  fleshy  or  membrana- 
ceous, stipitate,  usually  persistent  under  the  fruit;  stamens  4-12  or  12-60  or  more, 
inserted  on  the  disk,  their  filaments  free,  short,  light  yellow;  anthers  ovate  or 
oblong,  purple  or  red;  ovary  sessile  in  the  bottom  of  the  disk,  oblong-conical,  sub- 


SALICACE^E  153 

globose  or  ovate-oblong,  cylindrical  or  slightly  lobed,  with  2  or  3  or  rarely  4  placentas; 
styles  usually  short;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  placentas,  divided  into  filiform  lobes 
or  broad,  dilated,  2-parted  or  lobed.  Fruit  ripening  before  the  full  growth  of  the 
leaves,  greenish,  reddish  brown,  or  buff  color,  oblong-conical,  subglobose  or  ovate- 
oblong,  separating  at  maturity  into  2^1  recurved  valves.  Seeds  broadly  obovate  or 
ovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  light  chestnut-brown;  cotyledons  elliptical. 

Pdpulus  in  the  extreme  north  often  forms  great  forests,  and  is  common  on  the 
alluvial  bottom-lands  of  streams  and  on  high  mountain  slopes,  ranging  from  the 
Arctic  Circle  to  northern  Mexico  and  Lower  California  and  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific  in  the  New  World,  and  to  northern  Africa,  the  southern  slopes  of  the 
Himalayas,  central  China,  and  Japan  in  the  Old  World.  Of  the  twenty-five  species 
now  generally  recognized  eleven  are  found  in  North  America.  The  wood  of  many 
of  the  American  species  is  employed  in  large  quantities  for  paper-making,  and 
several  species  furnish  wood  used  in  construction  and  in  the  manufacture  of  small 
articles  of  woodemvare.  The  bark  contains  tannic  acid  and  is  used  in  tanning 
leather  and  occasionally  as  a  tonic,  and  the  fragrant  balsam  contained  in  the  buds 
of  some  species  is  occasionally  used  in  medicine.  The  rapidity  of  their  growth,  their 
hardiness  and  ease  with  which  they  can  be  propagated  by  cuttings,  make  many  of 
the  species  useful  as  ornamental  trees  or  in  wind-breaks,  although  planted  trees 
often  suffer  severely  from  the  attacks  of  insects  boring  into  the  trunks  and  branches. 
Of  the  exotic  species,  the  Abele,  or  WThite  Poplar,  Populus  alba,  L.,  of  Europe  and 
western  Asia,  and  its  fastigiate  form,  and  the  so-called  Lombard v  Poplar,  a  tree  of 
pyramidal  habit  and  a  form  of  the  European  and  Asiatic  Populus  nigra,  L.,  have 
been  largely  planted  in  the  United  States. 

Populus,  of  obscure  derivation,  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Poplar. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Stigmas  2,  2-lobed,    their  lobes  filiform ;   capsule  oblong-conical,    thin-walled,  2-valved  ; 
leaf-stalks  elongated,  compressed  laterally  ;  buds  slightly  resinous. 

Leaves  ovate  or  semiorbicular,  short-pointed,  slightly  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
finely  serrate;    buds  usually  glabrous.  1.  P.  tremuloides  (AB.  F,  G). 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  coarsely  crenate  ;  buds  tomentose. v 

2.  P.  grandidentata  (A). 

Stigmas  2-4,  2-lobed  and  dilated,  the  lobes  variously  divided  ;   capsule  subglobose  to  ovate- 
oblong,  usually  thick-walled,  2-4-valved  ;   buds  resinous. 
Leaf-stalks  round. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute,  short-pointed  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  crenately  serrate. 

3.  P.  heterophylla  (A,  C). 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  and  often  rusty  on  the  lower. 

4.  P.  balsamifera  (AH.  F,  G). 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  green  on  both  surfaces.  5.  P.  angustifolia  (F). 

Leaves  rhomboid-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  green  on  both  surfaces. 

6.  P.  acuminata  (F). 

Leaves  usually  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  dark 
green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale,  rusty,  or  silvery  on  the  lower  ;  ovary  tomentose. 

7.  P.  trichocarpa  (B,  G). 

Leaves  rhombic  to  broadly  deltoid,  elongated,  acute  or  acuminate,  green  on  both 
surfaces.  8.  P.  Mexicana  (H). 

Leaf-stalks  compressed  laterally. 
Pistillate  flowers  on  short  pedicels. 


154  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Leaves-  deltoid  or  broadly  ovate,  usually  abruptly  acuminate,  coarsely  crenately 
serrate.  9.  P.  deltoidea  (A,  C,  F). 

Leaves  deltoid  or  reniform,  usually  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  coarsely  and  irregu- 
larly crenately  serrate.  10.  P.  Fremontii  (F,  G). 
Pistillate  flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels. 

Leaves  deltoid,  abruptly  short-pointed,  coarsely  crenately  serrate. 

11.  P.  Wislizeni  (E,  H). 

1.  Stigmas  2 ,  capsule  2-valved;  leaf -stalks  compressed  laterally;  buds  slightly  resinous. 

1.  Fopulus  tremuloides,  Michx.  Aspen.  Quaking  Asp. 
Leaves  ovate  or  semiorbicular,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  short  broad 
points,  regularly  serrate,  with  small  incurved  callous  glandular  teeth,  except  at  the 
broad  slightly  cordate  truncate  or  rarely  wedged-shaped  base,  thin  and  firm,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  dull  yellow-green  below,  l£'-2'  long  and  broad,  with 
slender  veins  forked  and  united  near  the  margins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  their  peti- 


oles  slender,  compressed  laterally,  l£'-3'  long.  Flowers :  aments  l£'-2^'  long,  the 
pistillate  becoming  4'  long  at  maturity,  their  scales  deeply  divided  into  3-5  linear 
acute  lobes  fringed  with  long  soft  gray  hairs;  disk  oblique,  the  staminate  entire,  the 
pistillate  slightly  crenate;  stamens  6-12;  ovary  conical,  with  a  short  thick  style  and 
erect  stigmas  thickened  and  club-shaped  below  and  divided  into  linear  diverging 
lobes.  Fruit  maturing  in  May  and  June,  oblong-conical,  light  green,  thin-walled, 
nearly  ^'  long;  seeds  obovate,  light  brown,  about  -fa  long. 

A  tree,  often  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  3°  but  generally  not  more  than 
18'-2(y  in  diameter,  slender  remote  and  often  contorted  branches  somewhat  pen- 
dulous toward  the  ends,  forming  a  narrow  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  covered  with  scattered  oblong  orange-colored  lenticels,  bright 
red-brown  and  very  lustrous  during  their  first  season,  gradually  turning  light  gray 
tinged  with  red,  ultimately  dark  gray,  and  much  roughened  for  two  or  three  years 
by  the  elevated  leaf-scars.  "Winter-buds  slightly  resinous,  conical,  acute,  often 
incurved,  about  \'  long,  narrower  than  the  more  obtuse  flower-buds,  with  6  or  7 
lustrous  glabrous  red-brown  scales  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  thin,  pale  yellow- 


SALICACE^E 


155 


brown,  orange-green,  or  nearly  white,  often  roughened  by  horizontal  bands  of  circular 
wart-like  excrescences,  frequently  marked  below  the  branches  by  large  rows  of 
lunate  dark  scars,  becoming  near  the  base  of  old  trees  nearly  black,  2'  thick,  and 
deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  appressed 
plate-like  scales.  Wood  light  brown,  with  nearly  white  sapwood  of  25-30  layers 
of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Southern  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay  and 
northwesterly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  River  and  the  valley  of  the  Yukon 
River,  Alaska,  through  the  northern  states  to  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  north- 
eastern Missouri  and  northwestern  Nebraska,  and  through  all  the  mountain  regions 
of  the  west,  often  ascending  to  elevations  of  10,000°  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
to  the  sierras  of  central  California,  northern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  the  high 
mountain  ranges  of  Chihuahua  and  to  Mt.  San  Pedro  Martir  in  Lower  California;  in 
the  east  common  and  generally  distributed  usually  on  moist  sandy  soil  and  gravelly 
hillsides;  bordering  the  midcontinental  prairie  region  with  a  wide  belt,  and  growing 
with  its  greatest  vigor  and  to  its  largest  size  on  the  western  margin  of  the  Atlantic 
forest  north  of  the  49th  degree;  farther  to  the  northwest  forming  with  the  Birch 
and  the  Spruce  the  forests  of  high  ridges;  in  the  west  and  southwest  on  the  high 
slopes  of  mountains  and  along  the'banks  of  streams;  most  valuable  in  the  power  of 
its  seeds  to  germinate  quickly  in  soil  made  infertile  by  fire  and  of  its  seedlings  to 
grow  rapidly  in  exposed  situations;  now  widely  spread  over  vast  areas  of  the  slopes 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  swept  by  fire  of  their  former  covering  of  coniferous  trees. 

2.  Populus  grandidentata,  Michx.    Poplar. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  short-pointed  and  coarsely  and  irregularly  crenate,  with 
stout  incurved  callous  teeth  except  at  the  broad  abruptly  wedge-shaped  truncate  or 
rounded  base,  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  above,  paler  on  the  lower  surface, 


3'-4'  long,  2'-3'  broad,  with  prominent  yellow  midribs,  conspicuously  forked  veins, 
and  reticulate  veinlets,  their  petioles  slender,  laterally  compressed,  \%-l\'  long. 
Flowers:  aments  l^'-2£'  long,  the  pistillate  becoming  4'-5'  long  at  maturity, 
their  scales  pale  and  scarious  below,  divided  above  into  5  or  6  small  irregular 
acute  lobes  covered  with  soft  pale  hairs;  disk  shallow,  oblique,  the  staminate  entire, 


156  TREES    OF   NORTH 

the  pistillate  slightly  crenate;  stamens  6-12,  with  short  slender  filaments  and  light 
red  anthers;  ovary  oblong-conical,  bright  green,  puberulous,  with  a  short  style  and 
spreading  stigmas  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  elongated  filiform  lobes.  Fruit 
ripening  as  the  leaves  unfold,  often  more  or  less  curved  above  the  middle,  light 
green  and  puberulous,  thin-walled,  2-valved,  about  \'  long,  and  raised  on  a  slender 
pubescent  stalk;  seeds  minute,  dark  brown. 

A  tree,  often  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  2°  in  diameter,  and  slender 
rather  rigid  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets 
marked  with  scattered  oblong  orange-colored  lenticels,  coated  at  first  like  the  un- 
folding leaves,  their  petioles  and  stipules  with  thick  short  hoary  deciduous  tomentum, 
becoming  during  their  first  year  dark  red-brown  or  dark  orange-colored  and  glabrous 
or  lustrous,  or  covered  with  a  delicate  gray  pubescence,  and  in  their  second  year 
dark  gray  sometimes  slightly  tinged  with  green  and  much  roughened  by  the  elevated 
3-lobed  leaf-scars;  generally  smaller  and  usually  not  more  than  30°-40°  tall.  Win- 
ter-buds terete,  broadly  ovate,  acute,  with  light  bright  chestnut-brown  scales,  pu- 
berulous during  the  winter  especially  on  their  thin  scarious  margins,  about  \'  long 
and  not  more  than  half  the  size  of  the  flower-buds.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  light  gray 
tinged  with  green,  becoming  near  the  base  of  old  trunks  f '-!'  thick,  dark  brown 
tinged  with  red,  irregularly  fissured  and  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  roughened  on 
the  surface  by  small  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light  brown,  with  thin 
nearly  white  sapwood  of  20-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  sandy  soil  near  the  borders  of  swamps  and  streams; 
Nova  Scotia,  through  New  Brunswick,  southern  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  northern 
Minnesota,  southward  through  the  northern  states  to  northern  Delaware,  southern 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  northeastern  and  central  Iowa,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains to  North  Carolina,  and  westward  to  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

2.  Stigmas  2-4  ;  capsules  2-4-valved  •  buds  very  resinous. 
*  Leaf -stalks  round. 

3.  Populus  heterophylla,  L.    Swamp  Cottonwood.    Black  Cottonwood. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute,  short-pointed  or  rounded  at 
the  apex,  slightly  cordate  or  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  broad  base,  usually  fur- 
nished with  a  narrow  deep  sinus,  finely  or  coarsely  crenate,  with  small  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  covered  as  they  unfold  with  thick  hoary  tomentum  soon  deciduous 
from  the  upper  surface,  becoming  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  deep  green  above, 
pale  and  glabrous  below,  with  stout  yellow  midribs,  forked  veins  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets,  4'-7'  long,  3'-6'  broad,  with  slender  terete  tomentose  or  nearly 
glabrous  petioles  2^'-3^'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  broad,  densely  flowered, 
1'  long,  erect  when  the  flowers  first  open,  becoming  pendulous  and  2'-2|'  long,  their 
scales  narrowly  oblong-obovate,  brown,  scarious  and  glabrous  below,  divided  into 
numerous  elongated  filiform  light  red-brown  lobes;  disk  oblique,  slightly  concave; 
stamens  12-20,  with  slender  filaments  about  as  long  as  the  large  dark  red  anthers; 
pistillate  aments  slender,  pendulous,  few-flowered,  l'-2'  long,  becoming  erect  and 
4'-6'  long  before  maturing,  their  scales  concave  and  infolding  the  flowers,  linear- 
obovate,  brown  and  scarious,  laterally  lobed,  fimbriate  above  the  middle,  caducous; 
disk  thin,  irregularly  divided  in  numerous  triangular  acute  teeth,  long-stalked; 
ovary  ovoid,  terete  or  obtusely  3-angled,  with  a  short  stout  elongated  style  and  2  or  3 
much-thickened  dilated  2  or  3-lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  on  elongated  pedicels,  ripening 


4p        SALICACILE  157 

when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown,  ovate,  acute,  dark  red-brown,  rather 
thick- walled,  2  or  3-valved,  about  \'  long;  seeds  obovate,  minute,  dark  red-brown. 

A  tree,  80°-90°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  short  rather  slender 
branches  forming  a  comparatively  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets, 


marked  by  small  elongated  pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  hoary  caducous  tomen- 
tum,  becoming  dark  brown  and  rather  lustrous  or  ashy  gray,  or  rarely  pale  orange 
color  and  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous,  or  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  in 
their  first  winter,  growing  darker  in  their  second  year  and  much  roughened  by  the 
large  thickened  leaf-scars;  usually  much  smaller  and  at  the  north  rarely  more  than 
40°  tall.  "Winter-buds  slightly  resinous,  broadly  ovate,  acute,  with  bright  red- 
brown  scales,  about  ^'  long  and  about  one  half  the  size  of  the  flower-buds.  Bark  on 
young  trunks  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  separating  on  the 
surface  into  thick  plate-like  scales,  becoming  on  old  trunks  f '-!'  thick,  light  brown 
tinged  with  red,  and  broken  into  long  narrow  plates  attached  only  at  the  middle  and 
sometimes  persistent  for  many  years.  Wood  dull  brown,  with  thin  lighter  brown 
sapwood  of  12-15  layers  of  annual  growth;  now  often  manufactured  into  lumber  in 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  in  the  Gulf  states,  and  as  black  poplar  used 
in  the  interior  finish  of  buildings. 

Distribution.  Southington,  Connecticut,  and  Northport,  Long  Island,  southward 
near  the  coast  to  southern  Georgia,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana, 
and  through  Arkansas  to  southeastern  Missouri,  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee, 
and  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana;  in  the  north  Atlantic  states  in  low  wet  swamps, 
and  rare  and  local;  more  common  south  and  west  on  the  borders  of  river  swamps; 
very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Ohio  and  in  south- 
eastern Missouri,  eastern  Arkansas,  and  western  Mississippi. 

4.  Populus  balsamifera,  L.    Balsam.    Tacamahac. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  the  broad  or  rarely  narrowed  base,  finely  crenately  serrate, 
with  slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  coated  when  they  unfold  with  the  gummy 
secretions  of  the  bud  and  sometimes  slightly  puberulous,  becoming  thin  and  firm  in 
texture,  deep  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  green  and  more  or  less  rusty  and 
conspicuously  reticulate-venulose  below,  3'-o'  long,  l£'-3'  wide,  with  thin  veins  run- 


158  TREES   OF   NOJjfTLH 

ning  obliquely  almost  to  the  margins,  and  slender  terete  petioles  \\'  16ng^  abruptly 
enlarged  at  the  base.  Flowers:  aments  long-stalked,  the  pistillate  becoming  4'-5' 
long  before  the  fruit  ripens,  their  scales  broadly  obovate,  light  brown  and  scarious, 
often  irregularly  3-parted  at  the  apex,  cut  into  short  thread-like  brown  lobes;  disk 
of  the  stamiuate  flower  oblique,  short-stalked;  stamens  20-30,  with  short  filaments 
and  large  light  red  anthers;  dis^W  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shajted;  ovary  ovate, 
slightly  2-lobed,  with  2  nearly  sesnfe  large  oblique  dilated  crenulate  stigmas.  Fruit 
ovate-oblong,  acute  and  often  curved  at  the  apex,  2-valved,  light  brown,  about  \' 
long,  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  ^'-\'  long;  seeds  oblong-obovate,  pointed  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  and  truncate  at  the  base,  light  >rown,  about  -fa'  long. 

A  tree,  often  100°  high,  ^£i  tall  trunk  6°-7°  in  diameter,  stout  erect  branches 
usually  more  or  less  contorted  near  the  ends,  forming  a  comparatively  narrow 
open  head,  and  branchlets  marked  by  oblong  bright  orange-colored  lenticels,  much 


roughened  by  the  thickened  leaf-scars,  at  first  red-brown  and  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
becoming  bright  and  lustrous  in  their  first  winter,  dark  orange-colored  in  their 
second  year,  and  finally  gray  tinged  with  yellow-green ;  usually  much  smaller  toward 
the  southern  limits  of  its  range.  Winter-buds  saturated  with  a  yellow  balsamic 
sticky  exudation,  ovate,  terete,  long-pointed,  terminal  1'  long  and  £'  broad;  axillary 
about  I'  long,  -fa'  broad,  with  5  oblong  pointed  concave  closely  imbricated  thick 
chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales!  Bark  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  smooth  or 
roughened  by  dark  excrescences,  becoming  on  old  trunks  £'-!'  thick,  gray  tinged 
with  red,  and  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  covered  by  small  closely  appressed 
scales.  Wood  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Low  often  inundated  river-bottom  lands  and  swamp  borders; 
Labrador  to  latitude  65°  north  in  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  and  to  the  Alas- 
kan coast,  south  to  northern  New  England  and  New  York,  central  Michigan  and  Min- 
nesota, the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  northwestern  Nebraska,  northern  Montana,  Idaho, 
Oregon,  and  Nevada;  the  characteristic  tree  on  the  streams  of  the  prairie  region 
of  Hritish  America,  attaining  its  greatest  size  on  the  islands  and  banks  of  the  Peace, 
Athabasca,  and  other  tributaries  of  the  Mackenzie;  common  in  all  the  region  near 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States  from  Maine  to  the  western  limits  of  the 
Atlantic  forests;  the  largest  of  the  sub- Arctic  American  trees,  and  in  the  far  north 
the  most  conspicuous  feature  of  vegetation. 

Often  planted  at  the  north  for  shelter  or  ornament. 


159 

In  the  northeastern  United  States  and  in  Canada  a  form  of  this  tree,  var.  candi- 
cans,  Gray,  Balm  of  Gilead,  is  frequently  cultivated  as  a  shade-tree  and  has  some- 
times escaped  and  become  spontaneous.  It  differs  from  the  common  form  in  its 
more  spreading  Ranches,  forming  a  broader  and  more  open  head,  in  its  broader 
cordate  coarsely  serrate  leaves,  with  gland-tipped^teeth,  more  or  less  pubescent 
when  young  and  {tfwiaturity  paler  on  the  lower  s^^r,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  with 
short  white  hairs  and  usually  pubescent  along  the  principal  veins,  and  in  its  pubes- 
cent petioles  and  rather  heavier  wood;  of  uncertain  origin,  probably  not  indigenous 
in  New  England  or  eastern  Canada.  ,%f 

5.  Populus  angustifolia,  James.  Narrow-I^^pd  Cottonwood. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  rarely  obovate^  narrowed  to  the  tapering 
acute  or  rounded -apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  finely  or  on  vigorous  shoots  coarsely  serrate,  thin  and  firm,  bright  yellow-green 
above,  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  and  paler  below,  2'-3'  long,  £'-!'  wide,  or  on 
vigorous  shoots  occasionally  G'-T  long,  and  !£'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs 
and  numerous  slender  oblique  primary  veins  arcuate  and  often  united  near  the 


slightly  thickened  revolute  margins;  their  peiioles  slender,  somewhat  flattened  on 
the  upper  side,  and  in  falling  leaving  small  nearly  oval  obcordate  scars.  Flowers: 
aments  densely  flowered,  glabrous,  short-stalked,  l£'-2^'  long,  the  pistillate  becoming 
2^'^t'  long  before  the  fruit  ripens,  their  scales  broadly  obovate,  glabrous,  thin,  sca- 
rious,  light  brown,  deeply  and  irregularly  cut  into  numerous  dark  red-brown  fili- 
form lobes;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  cup-shaped,  slightly  oblique,  short-stalked; 
stamens  12-20,  with  short  filaments  and  lasge  light  red  anthers;  disk  of  the  pistil- 
late flower  shallow,  cup-shaped,  slightly<^and> irregularly  lobed,  short-stalked;  ovary 
ovate,  more  or  less  2-lobed,  with  a  short  or  elongated  style  and  2  oblique  dilated 
irregularly  lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  broadly*<ftratle,  often  rather  abruptly  contracted 
above  the  middle,  short-pointed,  thin-walled,  2-ralved,  on  stems  often  ^'  long;  seeds 
ovate  or  obovate,  rather  obtuse,  light  brownfliearly  |'  long. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  18'  in  diameter,  slender 
erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  and  usually  pyramidal  head,  and  slender  glabrous 
or  rarely  puberulous  branchlets  marked  by  pale  lenticels,  at  first  light  yellow- 
green,  becoming  bright  or  dark  orange-colored  during  their  first  winter,  pale  yellow 


TREES   OF   NORTH 


AMERICA 


160 

in  their  second,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray.  "Winter-buds  very  resinous,  ovate,  long- 
pointed,  covered  hy  usually  5  thin  concave  chestnut-brown  scales,  the  terminal 
i'_^'  long  and  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  axillary  buds.  Bark  f '-!'  thick,  light 
yellow-green,  divided  near  the  base  of  old  trees  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat 
ridges,  smooth  and  much  thinner  above.  "Wood  light  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white 
sapwood  of  10-30  layers  of  anqyp  growth.  ,r  • 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  usually  at  elevations  of  5000°-10,000°  above 
the  sea;  southwestern  Assiniboia  to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota  and  northwestern 
Nebraska,  and  southward  along  the  mountain  streams  of  the  interior  of  the  conti- 
nent to  central  Nevada  andNew  Mexico  and  southern  Arizona;  the  common  Cot- 
tonwood  of  northern  Colofljuo,  Utah,  Wyoming,  southern  Montana,  and  eastern 
Idaho. 

6.  Populus  acuminata,  Rydb.    Cottonwood. 

Leaves  rhombic-lanceolate,  abruptly  acuminate,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed 
and  cuneate  or  concave-cuneate,  or  rarely  broad  and  rounded  at  the  mostly  entire 
base,  coarsely  crenately  serrate  except  near  the  apex,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
dull  green  below,  2'-4'  long,  |'-2'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs,  thin  remote 
primary  veins  and  obscure  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete, 
l'-3'  long.  Flowers:  aments  slender,  short-stalked,  2'-3'  long,  the  pistillate  becom- 
ing 4'  or  5'  long  before  the  fruit  ripens,  their  scales  scarious,  light  brown,  glabrous, 
dilated  and  irregularly  divided  into  filiform  lobes;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  wide, 
oblique,  and  membranaceous;  stamens  numerous,  with  short  filaments  and  dark  red 
anthers;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  deep  cup-shaped;  ovary  broadly  ovate,  gradually 


narrowed  above,  with  large  laciniately  lobed  nearly  sessile  stigmas.  Fruit  pedicel- 
late, oblong-ovate,  acute,  thin-walled,  slightly  pitted,  about  \'  long,  3  or  rarely 
2-valved;  seeds  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  light  brown,  about  -fa'  in 
length. 

A  tree,  usually  about  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
ascending  branches  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete  or 
slightly  4-angled  pale  yellow-brown  brauchlets  roughened  for  two  or  three  years  by 


SALICACE^E 


161 


the  elevated  oval  horizontal  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  acuminate,  resinous,  about  £' 
long,  with  6  or  7  light  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales.  Bark  on  young  stems  and 
large  branches  smooth,  nearly  white,  becoming  on  old  trunks  pale  gray-brown,  about 
\'  thick,  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  the  arid  eastern  foothill  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  ;  Assiniboia  to  western  Nebraska,  eastern  Wyoming,  and  southern  Colo- 
rado. 

Sometimes  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  cities  in  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region. 

7.  Populus  trichocarpa,  Hook.   Black  Cottonwood.   Balsam  Cottonwood. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  oblong-rhombic,  gradually  narrowed  and  usually  short- 
pointed  or  rarely  acute  at  the  apex,  broad,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  or  occasion- 
ally slightly  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  finely  crenately  serrate,  coated 


at  first  with  rufous  or  pale  pubescence,  becoming  thick  and  firm,  dark  rich  green, 
glabrous  or  puberulous  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  rusty  or  silvery  white  and  con- 
spicuously reticulate-venulose  below,  3' -4'  long,  l^'-3'  broad;  their  petioles  slender, 
terete,  puberulous,  l'-2'  long.  Flowers  :  aments  stalked,  the  staminate  densely  flow- 
ered, l£'-2'long,  \'  thick,  with  slender  glabrous  stems,  the  pistillate  loosely  flowered, 
2^'-3'  long,  with  stout  hoary-tomentose  stems  becoming  4'-5'  long  before  the  fruit 
ripens,  their  scales  dilated  at  the  apex,  irregularly  cut  into  numerous  filiform  lobes, 
glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower 
broad,  slightly  oblique;  stamens  40-60,  with  slender  elongated  filaments  longer  than 
the  large  light  purple  anthers;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  deep  cup-shaped,  with 
irregularly  crenate  or  nearly  entire  revolute  margins;  ovary  subglobose,  coated  with 
thick  hoary  tomentum,  with  3  nearly  sessile  broadly  dilated  deeply  lobed  stigmas. 
Fruit  subglobose,  nearly  sessile,  pubescent  or  rarely  almost  glabrous,  thick-walled, 
3-valved;  seeds  obovate,  apiculate  at  the  gradually  narrowed  apex,  light  brown, 
puberulous  toward  the  ends,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  often  200°  high,  with  a  trunk  7°-8°  in  diameter,  heavy  upright  branches 
forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  stout  branchlets  terete  or  slightly  angled  while 
young,  marked  by  many  orange-colored  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  deciduous 
rufous  or  pale  pubescence,  light  or  dark  orange-colored  and  lustrous  during  their 


162  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

first  year,  gradually  becoming  dark  gray,  and  roughened  by  the  greatly  enlarged 
and  thickened  elevated  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  resinous,  fragrant,  ovate,  long- 
pointed,  frequently  curved  above  the  middle,  f '  long  and  \'  broad,  with  6  or  7 
light  orange-brown  slightly  puberulous  scales  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  l£'-2l' 
thick,  ashy  gray,  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  on  the  surface 
into  thick  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  dull  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white 
sapwood;  largely  used  in  Oregon  and  Washington  for  the  staves  of  sugar  barrels 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  woodenware. 

Distribution.  In  open  groves  by  the  banks  of  streams;  southern  Alaska,  south- 
ward to  western  Oregon,  along  the  mountains  and  islands  of  western  California  to  the 
southern  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  and  eastward  through  British 
Columbia  to  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  River;  of  its  largest  size  near  the  level 
of  the  sea  in  all  the  coast  region  north  of  California;  southward  and  beyond  the 
influence  of  the  ocean  often  not  more  than  30-°40°  tall ;  sometimes  ascending  to 
elevations  of  6000°  above  the  sea  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  of 
central  California;  the  largest  of  the  broad-leaved  trees  of  British  Columbia,  Wash- 
ington, and  Oregon. 

8.  Populus  Mexicana,  Wesm.    Cottonwood. 

Leaves  rhombic  and  long-pointed,  especially  on  young  trees,  or  broadly  deltoid 
and  acute  or  acuminate,  broadly  or  acutely  cuneate  or  truncate  or  slightly  cordate 
at  the  base,  or  often  rounded  at  the  apex  and  much  broader  than  long,  usually 
coarsely  and  irregularly  crenately  serrate  except  at  the  base  and  toward  the  apex, 
the  broad  and*rounded  leaves  finely  crenulate-serrate  above  the  middle,  as  they  un- 
fold dark  red,  covered  below  with  pale  pubescence,  puberulous  above,  ciliate  on  the 


margins,  thin,  terete,  glandular,  with  bright  red  caducous  glands,  soon  becoming 
glabrous,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  bright  yellow-green,  very  lustrous,  2'-3' 
long  and  somewhat  narrower  or  much  broader  than  long,  with  slender  yellow  mid- 
ribs and  obscure  primary  veins;  their  petioles  terete,  at  first  puberulous,  soon  gla- 
ms,  l£'-2'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  dense,  cylindrical,  !'-!£'  long;  pis- 
illateaments  slender,  many-flowered,  l£'-2'  long,  3'-4'  long  before  the  fruit  ripens; 


SALICACE^E 


163 


disk  of  the  staminate  flower  broad,  oblong;  stamens  numerous;  disk  of  the  pistillate 
flower  deep  cup-shaped,  nearly  entire;  ovary  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  slightly  3 
or  4-angled,  short-stalked,  nearly  inclosed  in  the  cup-shaped  membranaceous  disk. 
Fruit  on  short  stout  pedicels,  round-ovoid,  buff  color,  slightly  3  or  4-lobed,  deeply 
pitted,  thin-walled,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°^4°  in  diameter,  gracefully  spread- 
ing and  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets,  pale 
green  and  more  or  less  pubescent  or  villose  at  first,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and 
light  yellow-brown  during  their  first  season.  Winter-buds  narrow,  acute,  light 
orange-brown,  puberulous  toward  the  base  of  the  outer  scales,  the  terminal  about  \' 
long,  and  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the  much-compressed  oblong  lateral  buds. 
Bark  pale  gray  or  rarely  white,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams;  southern  Arizona  and  southwestern 
New  Mexico;  widely  distributed  through  northern  Mexico. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  Mexican  cities. 

** Leaf-stalks  compressed  laterally. 

9.  Fopulus  deltoidea,  Marsh.    Cottonwood. 

Leaves  deltoid  or  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  with  entire  points,  or  rarely  rounded 
at  the  apex,  truncate,  slightly  cordate  or  occasionally  abruptly  wedge-shaped  at  the 
entire  base,  coarsely  crenately  serrate  above,  with  incurved  glandular  teeth,  as  they 


f '<•  D7 


unfold  gummy,  fragrant  with  a  balsamic  odor,  covered  more  thickly  below  than  above 
with  soft  white  caducous  hairs,  and  tomentose  on  the  margins,  at  maturity  thick  and 
firm,  light  bright  green  and  lustrous,  paler  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface, 
3'-5'  long  and  broad,  with  stout  yellow  midribs  often  tinged  with  red  toward  the  base, 
raised  and  rounded  on  the  upper  side,  and  conspicuous  primary  veins;  their  petioles 
slender,  pilose  at  first,  soon  glabrous,  compressed  laterally,  yellow  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red,  2£'-3^'  long.  Flowers  :  aments  short-stalked,  the  staminate  densely 
flowered,  3'-4'  long,  \'  thick,  with  stout  glabrous  stems,  the  pistillate  sparsely 
flowered,  thin-stemmed,  often  becoming  a  foot  long  before  the  fruit  ripens,  their 
scales  scarious,  light  brown,  glabrous,  dilated  and  irregularly  divided  at  the  apex 


164  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

into  filiform  lobes  ;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  broad,  oblique,  slightly  thickened 
and  revolute  on  the  margins  ;  stamens  60  or  more,  with  short  filaments  and  large 
dark  red  anthers;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  broad  cup-shaped;  ovary  subglobose, 
with  3  or  4  nearly  sessile  dilated  or  laciniately  lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  oblong-ovate, 
rather  abruptly  contracted  and  acute  at  the  apex,  slightly  pitted,  thin-walled,  \'-\' 
long,  dark  green,  3  or  4-valved,  its  stem  %'-%'  long  ;  seeds  oblong-obovate,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  light  brown,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  7°-8°  in  diameter,  divided 
often  20°-30°  above  the  ground  into  several  massive  limbs  spreading  gradually 
and  becoming  pendulous  toward  the  ends,  and  forming  a  graceful  rather  open  head 
frequently  100°  across,  or  on  young  trees  nearly  erect  above  and  spreading  below 
almost  at  right  angles  with  the  stem,  and  forming  a  symmetrical  pyramidal  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  marked  with  long  pale  lenticels,  terete  or,  especially  on  vigor- 
ous trees,  becoming  angled  in  their  second  year,  with  thin  more  or  less  prominent 
wings  extending  downward  from  the  two  sides  and  the  bases  of  the  large  3-lobed  leaf- 
scars.  Winter-buds  very  resinous,  ovate,  acute,  the  lateral  much  flattened,  ^'  long, 
with  6  or  7  light  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  light  yellow 
tinged  with  green  on  young  stems  and  branches,  becoming  on  old  trunks  l^'-2'  thick, 
ashy  gray,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  into  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales.  Wood  dark  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood,  warping  badly 
in  drying  and  difficult  to  season. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  often  forming  extensive  open  groves;  Province 
of  Quebec  and  the  shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  through  western  New  England  and 
New  York,  Pennsylvania  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  the  Atlantic  states 
south  of  the  Potomac  River  to  western  Florida,  and  westward  to  the  base  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  from  southern  Alberta  to  northern  New  Mexico;  westward  passing 
into  the  var.  occidentalis,  Rydb.,  with  deltoid  more  abruptly  acuminate  and  more 
coarsely  toothed  leaves  with  longer  points,  and  broader  at  the  base,  and  the  com- 
mon Cottonwood  in  the  region  along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  from 
Alberta  to  New  Mexico  and  through  western  Texas.  Comparatively  rare  and  of 
smaller  size  in  the  east  and  in  the  coast  region  of  the'  south  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf 
states,  and  the  largest  and  one  of  the  most  abundant  trees  along  the  streams  between 
the  Appalachian  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  marking  their  course  over  the  midconti- 
nental  plateau  to  the  extreme  limit  of  tree-growth,  and  growing  to  its  largest  size  as 
far  west  as  the  100th  meridian. 

Often  planted  for  shelter  and  ornament  on  the  treeless  plains  and  prairies  between 
the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the 
eastern  United  States,  and  largely  in  western  and  northern  Europe. 

10.  Populus  Fremontii,  Wats.  Cottonwood. 

Leaves  deltoid  or  reniform,  generally  contracted  into  broad  short  entire  points, 
or  rarely  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  truncate,  Jightly  cordate  or  abruptly 
wedge-shaped  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  and  irregularly  serrate,  with  few  or  many 
incurved  gland-tipped  teeth,  coated  like  the  petioles  when  they  unfold  with  short 
spreading  caducous  pubescence,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  bright  green  and  lus- 
trous, 2'-2£'  long,  2£'-3'  broad,  with  thin  yellow  midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  slender 
veins;  their  petioles  flattened,  yellow,  l£'-3'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments 
densely  flowered,  l£'-2'  long,  nearly  \'  broad,  with  slender  glabrous  stems;  the 
pistillate  sparsely  flowered,  with  stout  glabrous  or  puberulous  stems,  2'  long,  becom- 


SALICACE^E 


165 


ing  before  the  fruit  ripens  4'  or  5'  long ,  their  scales  light  brown,  thin  and  scarious, 
dilated  and  irregularly  cut  at  the  apex  into  filiform  lobes;  disk  of  the  stain  mate 


f '<<  133 


flower  broad,  oblique,  slightly  thickened  on  the  entire  revolute  margins;  stamens  60 
or  more,  with  large  dark  red  anthers;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped; 
ovary  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  with  3  broad  irregularly  crenately  lobed  stigmas. 
Fruit  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  slightly  pitted,  thick- walled,  3  or  rarely  4-valved, 
£'-£'  long,  its  stalk  stout,  from  ytf'-J'  long;  seeds  ovate,  acute,  light  brown,  and 
nearly  £'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5°-6°  in  diameter,  and  stout 
spreading  branches  pendulous  at  the  ends  and  forming  a  broad  rather  open  graceful 
head,  and  slender  terete  branchlets  light  green  and  covered  at  first  with  short  pale 
caducous  pubescence,  becoming  light  yellow  before  winter,  dark  or  light  gray  more 
or  less  tinged  with  yellow  in  their  second  year,  and  only  slightly  roughened  by  the 
small  3-lobed  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  with  light  green  lustrous  scales, 
the  terminal  usually  about  ^'  long  and  usually  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the 
lateral  buds.  Bark  on  young  stems  light  gray-brown,  thin,  smooth  or  slightly 
fissured,  becoming  on  old  trees  l^'-2'  thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and 
deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  connected  rounded  ridges  covered  with 
small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  ;  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  River  south- 
ward through  western  California  to  Lower  California  and  eastward  to  central  Ne- 
vada, southern  Utah,  southern  Colorado,  and  western  Texas. 

Often  planted  in  southern  California  as  a  shade-tree,  and  for  the  fuel  produced 
quickly  and  abundantly  from  pollarded  trees. 

11.  Populus  Wislizeni,  Sarg.  Cottonwood. 

Leaves  broadly  deltoid,  abruptly  short-pointed,  truncate  or  sometimes  cordate  at 
the  broad  entire  base,  coarsely  and  irregularly  crenately  serrate  except  toward  the 
entire  apex,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  yellow-green  and  lustrous,  2'-2£'  long,  usually  about 
3'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs,  thin  remote  primary  veins  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  l^'-2'  long.  Flowers:  aments 
2'-4'  long,  the  pistillate  becoming  4'-5'  long  before  the  fruit  ripens,  their  scales 
scarious,  light  red,  divided  at  the  apex  into  elongated  filiform  lobes;  disk  of  the 


166 


TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


staminate  flower  broad  and  oblique;  stamens  numerous,  with  large  oblong  anthers 
and  short  filaments;  disk  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped,  irregularly  dentate, 
inclosing  to  the  middle  the  long-stalked  ovary  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  with 
3  broad  crenulate  lobed  stigmas  raised  on  the  short  branches  of  the  style.  Fruit 
oblong-ovate,  thick-walled,  acute,  3  or  4-valved,  slightly  ridged,  buff  color,  \'  long, 
on  slender  pedicels  ^'-f '  in  length  and  placed  rather  remotely  on  the  slender  gla- 
brous rachis  of  the  ament. 

A  large  tree,  with  wide-spreading  branches,  stout  light  orange-colored  glabrous 


09 


branchlets,  and  acute  lustrous  buds.     Bark  pale  gray-brown,  deeply  divided  into 
broad  flat  ridges. 

Distribution.  The  common  Cottonwood  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  of 
western  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Mexico. 

2.  SALIX,L.   Willow. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  scaly  bark,  soft  wood,  slender  terete  tough 
branchlets  often  easily  separated  at  the  joints,  and  winter-buds  covered  by  a  single 
scale  of  2  coats,  the  inner  membranaceous,  stipular,  rarely  separable  from  the 
outer,  inclosing  at  its  base  2  minute  opposite  lateral  buds  alternate  with  2  small 
scale-like  caducous  leaves  coated  with  long  pale  or  rufous  hairs.  Leaves  variously 
folded  in  the  bud,  alternate,  simple,  lanceolate,  obovate,  rotund  or  linear,  penni- 
veined;  their  petioles  sometimes  glandular  at  the  apex,  and  more  or  less  covering  the 
bud,  in  falling  leaving  U-shaped  or  arcuate  elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends 
of  3  small  equidistant  fibro-vascular  bundles;  stipules  oblique,  serrate,  small  and 
deciduous,  or  foliaceous  and  often  persistent,  generally  large  and  conspicuous  on 
vigorous  young  branches,  leaving  in  falling  minute  persistent  scars.  Flowers  in 
sessile  or  stalked  ainents,  terminal  and  axillary  on  leafy  branchlets;  scales  of  the 
ament  lanceolate,  concave,  rotund  or  obovate,  entire  or  glandular-dentate,  of  uniform 
color  or  dark-colored  toward  the  apex,  more  or  less  hairy,  deciduous  or  persistent; 
disk  of  the  flower  nectariferous,  composed  of  an  anterior  and  posterior  or  of  a  single 
posterior  gland-like  body;  stamens  3-12  or  2,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  scale,  with 
slender  filaments  free  or  rarely  united  and  usually  light  yellow,  glabrous  or  hairy 
toward  the  base,  and  small  ovate  or  oblong  anthers  generally  rose-colored  before 


SALIC  ACE^E  167 

authesis,  becoming  orange  or  purple;  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate,  conical,  obtuse  to 
subulate-rostrate,  glabrous,  tomentose  or  villous,  with  an  abbreviated  style  divided 
into  2  short  recurved  retuse  or  2-parted  stigmas;  ovules  4-8  on  each  of  the  2 
placentas.  Fruit  an  acuminate  1-celled  capsule  separating  at  maturity  into  2  re- 
curved valves.  Seeds  minute,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  dark  chestnut-brown  or  nearly 
black  ;  cotyledons  oblong. 

Salix  inhabits  the  banks  of  streams  and  low  moist  ground,  the  alpine  summits  of 
mountains,  and  the  Arctic  and  sub-Arctic  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  ran- 
ging southward  in  the  New  World,  with  a  few  species,  through  the  West  Indies  and 
Central  America  to  the  Andes  of  Chili,  and  in  the  Old  World  to  Madagascar, 
southern  Africa,  the  Himalayas,  Burmah,  the  Malay  peninsula,  Java,  and  Sumatra. 
Of  the  160  or  170  species  which  are  now  recognized  about  seventy  are  found  in  North 
America.  Of  these  twenty-one  attain  the  size  and  habit  of  trees,  the  others  being 
small  and  sometimes  prostrate  shrubs.  Of  exotic  species,  Salix  alba,  L.,  and  Salix  fra- 
gilis,  L.,  important  European  timber-trees,  are  now  generally  naturalized  in  the 
northeastern  states.  The  flexible  tough  branches  of  several  species  are  used  in  mak- 
ing baskets;  the  bark  is  rich  in  tannic  acid  and  is  used  in  tanning  leather  and  yields 
salicin,  a  bitter  principle  valuable  as  a  tonic.  Many  of  the  species  are  cultivated 
as  ornamental  trees. 

Salix  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Willow-tree. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Scales  of  the  aments  of  uniform  color  ;  amenta  usually  on  leafy  branches. 
Stamens  3  or  more  ;  aments  terminal. 
Petioles  without  glands. 

Leaves  green  on  both  surfaces,  narrowly  lanceolate, long-pointed,  often  falcate. 

1.  S.  nigra  (A,  C,  E,  G,  H). 
Leaves  pale  below,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Leaves  silvery  white  below,  short-petiolate.  2.   S.  longipes  (A,  C,  H). 

Leaves  pale  or  glaucous  below,  slender-petiolate. 

3.  S.  amygdaloides  (A,  B,  F). 

Leaves  pale  blue-green,  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  minutely 
denticulate  or  nearly  entire,  coriaceous,  subperjistent. 

Leaves  pale  or  glaucous  below.  4.  S.  laevigata  (G). 

Leaves  of  ten -falcate,  silvery  white  below,  distinctly  serrulate. 

f>.  S.  Bonplandiana  (H.) 
Petioles  glandular ;  leaves  lanceolate,  taper-pointed. 

Leaves  pubescent  as  they  unfold,  pale  or  glaucous  below. 

6.  S.  lasiandra  (B,  F,  G). 
Leaves  glabrous,  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below. 

7.  S.  lucida  (A). 
Stamens  2  ;  aments  terminal  and  axillary  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate. 

Leaves  denticulate,  usually  green  on  both  surfaces,  mostly  glabrous. 

8.  S.  fluviatilis  (A,  B,  C,  E,  F,  G,  H). 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  light  yellow-green,  villous  below,  with  lustrous  pale 
hairs.  9.  S.  sessilifolia  (B,  G). 

Leaves  small,  entire  or  nearly  so,  pale  gray-green  and  puberulous. 

10.  6.  taxifolia  (H). 

Scales  of  the  amenta  dark-colored  at  the  apex ;  aments  on   short  branches,  with  leaves 
usually  reduced  to  scales ;  stamens  2. 


gg  TREES  OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Capsules  glabrous. 
Leaves  acute. 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  glaucous  and  conspicuously  reticulate-veined  below. 

11.  S.  balsamifera  (A). 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  pale  or  glaucous  below. 

12.  S.  lasiolepia  (G,  H). 

Leaves  acuminate,  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate. 

Leaves  glabrous  and  glaucous  below  ;  branchlets  glabrous. 

13.  S.  cordata  var.  Mackenzieana  (F,  G)- 

Leaves  pale,  of  ten  silvery  white  below,  pubescent,  at  least  while  young  ;  branch- 
lete  pubescent.  14-  S.  Missouriensis  (A). 

Capsules  pubescent  (glabrous  in  19). 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity  (pubescent  sometimes  in  15) ;  style  short. 
Leaves  elliptic-oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute,  with  a  usually  twisted  apex,  serrate 
or  sometimes  entire. 

Leaves  usually  glabrous,  glaucous  below ;  pedicel  of  the  ovary  shorter  than 
the  scale  ;  branchlets  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous. 

15.  S.  discolor  (A). 

Leaves  pubescent  or  tomentose  below,  often  nearly  glabrous  at  maturity ; 
pedicel  of  the  ovary  much  longer  than  the  scale ;  branchlets  pubescent. 

16.  S.  Bebbiana  (A,  B,  F). 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  obtuse  to  acute,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  style  elongated. 
Leaves  yellow-green.  17.  S.  Huttallil  (F,  G). 

Leaves  glaucous  below.  18.  S.  amplifolia  (B). 

Leaves  pubescent  or  tomentose  below. 

Leaves  hoary-tomentose  below,  elliptic  to  oblong-obovate  ;    capsule  glabrous; 
aments  thick.  19-  S.  Hookeriana  (B,  G). 

Leaves  densely  covered  below  with  a  shiny  white  tomentum  ;  aments  slender. 
Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate  ;  stamens  united. 

20.  S.  Sitchensis  (B,  G). 
Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  to  obovate ;  stamens  distinct. 

21.  S.  Alaxensis  (B). 

1.  Scales  of  the  aments  of  uniform  color. 
*Stamens  3  or  more  •  aments  terminal. 

-t- Petioles  without  glands..^' '  ^ 

1.  Salix  nigra,  Marsh.   Black  Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  above  into  long  taper- 
ing usually  curved  tips,  wedge-«haped  4>r  rounded  below,  finely  serrate,  thin  bright 
light  green,  rather  lustrous,"with  obscure  reticulate  veins,  glabrous  or  often  pubes- 
cent on  the  under  side  of  the  midribs  and  veins  and  on  the  short  slender  petioles, 
3'-6'  long,  ^'— f'  wide,  sometimes  conspicuously  scythe-shaped  (var.  falcata,  Torr.); 
at  the  north  turning  light  yellow  before  falling  in  the  autumn;  stipules semicordate, 
acuminate,  foliaceous,  persistent,  or  ovoid,  minute,  and  deciduous.  Flowers  :  aments 
terminal  on  leafy  branches,  narrowly  cylindrical,  l'-3'  long,  with  short  yellow  scales 
rounded  at  the  apex  and  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  pale  hairs;  stamens  3-5, 
with  filaments  hairy  toward  the  base;  ovary  ovate,  long-stalked,  glabrous, gradually 
narrowed  above  the  middle  to  the  apex,  with  nearly  sessile  thick  slightly  divided 
stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ovate-conical,  short-stalked,  glabrous,  about  ^'  long,  light 
reddish  brown. 

A  tree,  usually  30°^40°  high,  with  usually  several  clustered  stout  stems,  occa- 


SALICACE^E 


169 


sionally  120°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  upright  branches 
forming  a  broad  somewhat  irregular  handsome  open  head,  and  rather  bright  reddish 
brown  to  pale  orange-colored  branchlets,  glabrous  or  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubes- 
cence or  snowy  tomentum  and  easily  separated  at  the  joints.  Winter-buds  acute, 
about  ^'  long.  Bark  I'-l^'  thick,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  or  light  brown  tinged 
with  orange  color,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  flat  connected  ridges  separating  freely 
into  thick  plate-like  scales  and  becoming  shaggy  on  old  trunks.  Wood  light,  soft, 
weak,  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  alluvial  banks  of  streams  and  lakes;  southern  New 
Brunswick  and  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior  to  southern  Florida, 
and  to  eastern  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory;  through  west- 
ern Texas,  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  southward  in  Mexico;  along  the 
western  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  northward  in  western  California  to  the 


valley  of  the  Sacramento  River  and  the  eastern  base  of  the  Coast  Range  in  Caloosa 
County  ;  the  largest  and  most  conspicuous  native  Willow  of  eastern  North  America; 
most  abundant  in  the  basin  of  thf  Mississippi  Ri^er,  and  of  its  largest  size  in  southern 
Indiana  and  Illinois  and  in  the  vajjey  of  the  lower  Colorado  River  in  Texas;  rare  in 
California. 

2.  Salix  longipes,  Anders.   Black  Willow. 
(Salix  Wardi,  and  Salix  occidentalis,  Silva  N.  Am.  ix.  107,  109.) 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  finely  and  unequally  serrate,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lance- 
olate, often  slightly  falcate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  obliquely  long-pointed, 
4'-7'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  or  auriculate  at  the  base 
and  often  less  than  £'  wide,  often  puberulous,  becoming  glabrous  and  bright  light 
green  above,  silvery  white  below,  pubescent  along  the  under  side  of  the  midribs  and 
veins,  their  petioles  broad,  flat,  sometimes  f  long;  stipules  foliaceous,  reniform, 
rhomboidal  or  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate  above  the  middle,  frequently  %  long,  some- 
times persistent.  Flowers:  aments  terminal  on  leafy  glabrous  or  hoary-pubescent 
branches,  narrowly  cylindrical,  the  staminate  3'  or  4'  long,  rather  longer  than  the 
pistillate,  their  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  villous,  orange-yellow;  stamens  3-7,  with  fila- 
ments furnished  at  the  base  with  numerous  long  slender  hairs;  anthers  yellow;  ovary 


170  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

globose,  ovate  or  ovate-conical,  long-stalked,  with  nearly  sessile  slightly  divided 
stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  globose-conical,  about  \'  long,  light  reddish  brown,  minutely 
glandular. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading 
slightly  drooping  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  not  easily  separated  at  the  joints, 


hoary-pubescent  sometimes  into  their  second  year,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  red- 
dish brown  and  gray  tinged  with  brown  the  following  year;  usually  smaller,  fre- 
quently shrubby  in  habit.  "Winter-buds  bright  chestnut-brown,  lustrous,  about 
fa'  long.  Bark  '\'-%  thick,  dark  reddish  brown  or  nearly  black,  deeply  ridged  and 
crosschecked,  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  dark  red- 
brown,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Rocky  or  gravelly  banks  and  beds  of  streams;  near  the  city  of 
Washington,  near  Lexington,  Kentucky,  central  Tennessee  and  western  Illinois,  cen- 
tral Missouri,  and  southward  to  southern  Florida,  the  Indian  Territory,  southern 
Texas,  and  New  Mexico;  very  abundant  and  a  conspicuous  feature  of  vegetation  in  the 
Ozark  region  of  southwestern  Missouri  and  in  northwestern  and  western  Arkansas. 

3.  Salix  amygdaloides,  Anders.    Peach  "Willow.    Almond  Willow. 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  frequently  falcate, 
wedge-shaped  or  gradually  rounded  and  often  unequal  at  the  base,  gradually  or 
abruptly  narrowed  into  long  slender  points,  finely  serrate,  slightly  puberulous  when 
they  unfold,  becoming  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  light  green  and  lustrous 
above,  pale  and  glaucous  below,  2£'-4'  long,  £'-!£'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  or  orange- 
colored  midribs,  prominent  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  elongated, 
slender,  nearly  terete;  stipules  reniform,  serrate,  often  £'  broad  on  vigorous  shoots, 
usually  caducous.  Flowers:  aments  elongated,  cylindrical,  slender,  arcuate,  stalked, 
pubescent  or  tomentose,  2'-3'  long,  on  leafy  branches;  their  scales  yellow,  sparingly 
villous  on  the  outer,  densely  villous  on  the  inner  face,  the  staminate  broadly  ovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  the  pistillate  oblong-obovate,  narrower,  caducous;  stamens  5-9, 
with  free  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  the  base;  ovary  oblong-conical,  long-stalked, 
glabrous,  with  a  short  style  and  emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  globose-conical,  light 
reddish  yellow,  about  \'  long. 


SALICACE^; 


171 


A  tree,  sometimes  60°-70°  high,  with  a  single  straight  or  slightly  inclining  trunk 
rarely  more  than  2°  in  diameter,  straight  ascending  branches,  and  slender  glabrous 
branchlets  marked  with  scattered  pale  leuticels,  dark  orange  color  or  red-brown 
and  lustrous,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  light  orange-brown.  Winter-buds 
broadly  ovate,  gibbous,  dark  chestnut-brown,  very  lustrous  above  the  middle,  light 
orange-brown  below,  £'  long.  Bark  £'-f'  thick,  brown  somewhat  tinged  with  red,  and 
divided  by  irregular  fissures  into  flat  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface 
into  thick  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick 
nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  near  Montreal  and  in  Cayuga  County,  New 
York,  to  the  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan,  southward  to  Ohio  and  Missouri,  and 


westward  over  the  great  plains  and  through  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  southwestern 
Texas  to  Oregon,  Washington,  and  British  Columbia;  comparatively  rare  in  the 
east;  abundant  in  the  lower  Ohio  valley;  the  common  arborescent  Willow  on  the 
streams  flowing  eastward  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  in  all  the  central  mountain 
region  of  the  continent. 

4.  Salixleevigata,  Bebb.   Black  Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at 
the  base,  narrowed  and  rounded  or  acute  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  with  slightly 
revolute  obscurely  serrate  margins,  on  sterile  branches  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate;  in  one  form  narrow,  long-pointed,  and  falcate  (var.  angustifolia, 
Bebb) ;  when  they  unfold  light  blue-green  and  coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  long 
pale  or  tawny  deciduous  hairs,  at  maturity  glabrous,  dark  blue-green  and  lustrous 
above,  paler  and  glaucous  below,  3'-7'  long,  f '-!£'  wide,  with  broad  flat  yellow 
midribs,  their  petioles  broad,  grooved,  puberulous,  rarely  \'  long;  stipules  ovate, 
acute,  finely  serrate,  usually  small  and  caducous.  Flowers:  aments  cylindrical, 
slender,  lax,  elongated,  2'-4'  long,  on  leafy  branches;  their  scales  peltate,  dentate  at 
the  apex,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs,  the  staminate  obovate,  rounded,  the  pistillate 
narrower  and  more  or  less  truncate;  stamens  usually  5  or  6,  with  free  filaments  hairy 
^at  the  base;  ovary  conical,  acute,  rounded  below,  rather  short-stalked,  glabrous, 
with  broad  spreading  emarginate  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  elongated,  conical,  long- 


172 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


stalked,  nearly  £'  in  length,  or  in  one  form  globose-conical  and  short-stalked  (var. 
congesta,  Bebb). 

A  tree,  40° -50°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  nearly  2°  in  diameter,  slender  spread- 
ing branches,  and  slender  light  or  dark  orange-colored  or  bright  red-brown  branch- 
lets  coated  at  first  with  hoary  deciduous  pubescence;  often  much  smaller,  with  an 
average  height  of  20°-30°.  Winter-buds  ovate,  somewhat  obtuse,  pale  chestnut- 
brown,  \'-\'  long.  Bark  £'-!'  thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  deeply 
divided  into  irregular  connected  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  closely 
appressed  scales.  "Wood  light,  soft,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly 
white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  western  California  from  the  Oregon  boundary 
to  the  southern  borders  of  the  state,  ascending  to  elevations  of  3000°  on  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

5.  Salix  Bonplandiana,  H.  B.  K.   "Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  4'-6"  long,  £'-f '  wide,  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  and  often  unequal  at  the  wedge-shaped  base,  acumi- 
nate, with  long  slender  points,  obscurely  serrate,  with-  glandular  teeth,  or  entire, 
with  revolute  margins,  thick  and  firm,  reticulate-veiujlose,yellow-green  and  lustrous 
above,  silvery  white  below,  with  broad  yellow  midribs,  falling  irregularly  during 
the  winter;  their  petioles  stout,  grooved,  reddish;  stipules  ovate,  rounded,  slightly 
undulate,  thin  and  scarious,  ^f-\'  iMtoad,  often  persistent  during  the  summer. 
Flowers:  aments  on  leafy  branches,  cylindrical,  erect,  slender,  short-stalked,  the 
staminate  l'-l£'  long  and  somewhat  longer  than  the  pistillate;  their  scales  broadly 
obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  light  yellow,  villose  on  the  outer  face  and  glabrous 
or  slightly  hairy  above  the  middle  on  the  inner  face ;  stamens  usually  3,  with  free 
filaments  slightly  hairy  at  the  base;  ovary  slender,  oblong-conical,  short-stalked, 
glabrous,  with  nearly  sessile  much-thickened  club-shaped  stigmas,  surrounded  below 
by  a  large  irregular  cup-shaped  glandular  disk.  Fruit  ovate-conical,  rounded  at 
the  base,  light  reddish  yellow. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-15'  in  diameter,  slender 
erect  and  spreading  branches  often  pendulous  at  the  ends,  forming  a  broad  round- 
topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  marked  with  occasional  pale  lenticels, 


SALICACE^E 


173 


light  yellow,  becoming  light  or  dark  red-brown  and  lustrous,  and  paler  orange- 
brown  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  narrowly  ovate,  long-pointed,  more  or 
less  falcate,  bright  red-brown,  lustrous,  \'  long.  Bark  ^'-f '  thick,  dark  brown  or 


nearly  black,  and  deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  separating 
on  the  surface  into  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.    Banks  of   streams  in  the    cafions  of  the  mountains  of   southern 
Arizona;  through  central  and  southern  Mexico. 


-i- -i-  Petioles  glandular. 

6.  Salix  lasiandra,  Benth.    Black  Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  linear-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  gradually  rounded  at 
the  narrowed  base,  finely  serrate,  when  they  unfold  pilose  on  the  upper  surface  and 
pubescent  or  tomentose  on  the  lower,  at  maturity  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  or  glaucous  below,  4'-5'  long,  £'-!'  wide,  with  broad  orange-colored  midribs; 
their  petioles  glabrous  or  pubescent,  |'-^'  long,  furnished  at  the  apex  with  2  or  more 
large  dark  glands;  stipules  .semilunar,  glandular-serrate,  small  and  deciduous,  or  on 
vigorous  shoots  large  and  foli^c«eous.  Flowers  :  aments  terminal,  erect,  cylindrical, 
l^'-2'  long,  on  leafy  branches,  the  staminate  sometimes  ^'  in  diameter  and  nearly  twice 
as  broad  as  the  pistillate,  their  scales  obovate,  yellow,  more  or  less  villous  below  the 
middle,  glandular-dentate,  scales  of  the  pwfillate  ament  narrower  and  sometimes 
nearly  entire  ;  stamens  5-9,  with  free  filaments  hairy  at  the  base;  ovary  cylindrical, 
short-stalked,  glabrous,  with  a  short  style  and  spreading  slightly  emarginate  stigmas. 
Fruit  light  reddish  brown,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  often  GO0  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  straight  ascending  branches 
forming  an  open  irregular  hoad,  rather  stout  branchlets,  at  first  dark  purple,  reddish 
brown  or  yellow,  pilose,  with  scattered  hairs,  or  pubescent  or  tomentose  or  often 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  becoming  at  the  end  of  the  first  season  dark  pur- 
ple, bright  red-brown,  or  light  orange  color  ;  toward  the  southern  limits  of  its  range 
and  in  the  interior  of  the  continent  much  smaller,  sometimes  shrubby.  Winter- 
buds  broadly  ovate,  acute,  light  chestnut- brown  and  lustrous  above  the  middle,  pale 


174 


TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


at  the  base,  $'  long.  Bark  $'-f '  thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red  and 
divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  scaly  ridges  broken  by  cross  fissures  into 
oblong  plates.  Wood  light,  soft,  brittle,  light  brown,  with  lighter  colored  or  often 
nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  River  banks  and  the  shores  of  lakes;  California  west  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada;  in  western  Oregon,  Washington,  and  southern  British  Columbia  often  re- 
placed by  the  var.  Lyallii,  Sarg.,  with  leaves  tapering  from  a  rounded  or  subcordate 
base,  usually  white  below  and  often  7'-8'  long,  more  glandular  petioles,  and  narrow 
and  less  hairy  scales  of  the  pistillate  ament,  and  in  western  Oregon  and  Washington 
one  of  the  commonest  trees  on  river  banks,  with  tall  clustered  stems  ;  in  the  interior 
from  the  sierras  of  northern  California  to  northern  Montana,  Colorado,  and  northern 


New  Mexico  by  the  var.  caudata,  Sudw.,  with  smaller  thicker  and  more  coriaceous 
often  more  or  less  falcate  leaves,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  green  above  and  below, 
with  thicker  and  more  densely  flowered  staminate  aments,  yellow  branchlets,  and 
larger  often  villous  winter-buds. 

7.  Salix  lucida,  Muehl.   Shining  Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and 
wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  with  long  tapering  points, 
finely  serrate,  3'-5'  long,  !'-!£'  wide,  covered  when  they  unfold  with  scattered  pale 
caducous  hairs,  at  maturity  coriaceous,  smooth  and  lustrous,  dark  green  above,  paler 
below,  with  broad  yellow  midribs,  and  slender  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near 
the  margins;  their  petioles  stout,  yellow,  puberulous,  glandular  at  the  apex,  with 
several  dark  or  yellow  conspicuous  glands,  \'-\'  long  ;  stipules  nearly  semicircular, 
glandular-serrate,  membranaceous,  \'~^'  broad,  often  persistent  during  the  summer. 
Flowers:  aments  erect,  tomentose,  on  stout  puberulous  peduncles  terminal  on  short 
leafy  branches,  the  staminate  oblong-cylindrical,  densely  flowered,  about  !£'  broad, 
the  pistillate  slender,  elongated,  l^'-2'  long,  often  persistent  until  late  in  the  season; 
their  scales  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded,  entire,  erose  or  dentate  at  the  apex,  light 
yellow,  nearly  glabrous  or  coated  on  the  back  with  pale  hairs,  often  ciliate  on  the 
margins;  stamens  usually  5,  with  elongated  free  filaments  slightly  hairy  at  the  base; 


8ALICACEJE  175 

ovary  narrowly  cylindrical,  long-stalked,  elongated,  glabrous,  with   nearly  sessile 
emarginate  stigmas.   Fruit  cylindrical,  about  ^'  long,  lustrous. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  erect  branches 
forming  a  broad  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  dark 


orange  color  and  lustrous  in  their  first  season,  becoming  darker  and  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red  the  following  year;  usually  smaller  and  shrubby  in  habit.  Winter- 
buds  narrowly  ovate,  acute,  light  orange-brown,  lustrous,  about  \'  long.  Bark  thin, 
smooth,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  swamps  ;  Newfoundland  to  the  shores  of 
Hudson's  Bay  and  northwestward  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  and  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  southward  to  southern  Pennsylvania  and  west- 
ward to  eastern  Nebraska;  very  abundant  at  the  north,  rare  southward. 

**Stamens  2-  aments  terminal  and  axillary. 

8.  Salix  fluviatilis,  Nutt.   Sand  Bar  Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  linear-lanceolate  or  often  somewhat  falcate,  gradually 
narrowed  at  the  ends,  long-pointed,  dentate,  with  small  remote  spreading  callous 
glandular  teeth,  2'-6'  long,  \'-$f  wide,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  soft  lus- 
trous silky  hairs,  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  light  yellow-green,  darker  on  the  upper 
than  on  the  lower  surface,  with  yellow  midribs,  slender  arcuate  primary  veins,  and 
slender  reticulate  veinlets,  their  petioles  grooved,  \'-\'  long;  stipules  ovate-lance- 
olate, foliaceous,  about  ^'  long,  deciduous.  Flowers:  aments  on  stout  peduncles 
covered  with  soft  silky  pale  pubescence,  the  pistillate  oblong-cylindrical,  about  1'  long, 
\'  broad,  terminal  or  axillary  on  short  or  elongated  lateral  branches,  the  staminate 
cylindrical,  elongated,  2'  or  3'  long,  about  \'  broad,  terminal  on  leafy  branches;  their 
scales  obovate-oblong,  entire,  erose  or  dentate  above  the  middle,  light  yellow-green, 
densely  villous  on  the  outer  surface,  slightly  hairy  on  the  inner;  stamens  2,  with  free 
filaments  slightly  hairy  at  the  base;  ovary  oblong-cylindrical,  acute,  short-stalked, 
glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  large  sessile  deeply  lobed  stigmas.  Fruit  light  brown, 
glabrous  or  villous,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  about  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  only  a  few  inches  in  diameter,  spread- 


176  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

ing  by  stoloniferous  roots  into  broad  thickets,  short  slender  erect  branches,  and 
slender  glabrous  light  or  dark  orange-colored  or  purplish  red  branchlets,  growing 
darker  after  their  first  season ;  occasionally  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°  in  diame- 
ter; often  a  shrub  not  more  than  5° -6°  tall.  Winter-buds  narrowly  ovate,  acute, 
chestnut-brown,  about  \'  long.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  smooth,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged 
with  red  and  covered  with  small  closely  appressed  irregularly  shaped  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  light  brown  sapwood. 

Distribution.  River  banks  and  sand-bars;  shores  of  Lake  St.  John  and  the  Island 
of  Orleans  in  the  Province  of  Quebec,  southward  through  western  New  England  to  the 
valley  of  the  Potomac  River,  northwestward  to  within  the  Arctic  Circle  in  the  valley  of 
the  Mackenzie  River  and  to  British  Columbia  and  California,  and  southward  through 
the  basin  of  the  Mississippi  River  to  northern  Mexico  and  Lower  California;  exceed- 
ingly common  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  attaining  its  largest  size  in  southern 
Indiana  and  Illinois  and  in  southern  Arkansas;  gradually  becoming  smaller  and  less 
common  toward  the  Atlantic  seaboard;  abundant  in  all  the  prairie  region  of  British 
America  and  lining  the  banks  of  streams  flowing  eastward  through  the  central  plateau 
of  the  continent,  where  it  is  the  commonest  Willow;  common  in  Texas  west  of  the 


valley  of  the  Pecos  River;  rare  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  south  of  the  Colorado 
plateau;  common  in  the  region  adjacent  to  the  Pacific  coast  from  Lower  California 
to  northern  British  Columbia.  From  western  Texas  to  northern  California  often 
replaced  by  the  var.  argyrophylla,  Sarg.,  with  leaves  and  capsules  covered  with  silky 
pale  tomentum,  and  by  the  var.  exigua,  Sarg.,  with  very  short  linear  leaves. 

9.  Salix  sessilifolia,  Nutt.   Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  often  slightly  falcate, 
narrowed  at  the  ends,  long-pointed  at  the  apex,  entire  or  dentate  above  the  mid- 
dle, covered  as  they  unfold  with  hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  light  yellow-green, 
glabrous  or  puberulous  above,  villous  below,  with  silky  lustrous  white  hairs,  l£'-5' 
l°ng»  TVH'  wide»  with  yellow  midribs  and  obscure  arcuate  veins;  their  petioles  stout, 
pubescent,  rarely  more  than  \'  long;  stipules  acute,  hoary  pubescent,  about  \'  long, 
deciduous.  Flowers:  aments  cylindrical,  densely  flowered,  terminal  and  axillary  on 
leafy  branches,  3'  long  on  the  pistillate  plant,  not  more  than  one  half  as  long  and 


SALICACE^: 


177 


broader  on  the  stamiuate  plant;  their  scales  oblong-obovate,  erose  and  denticulate 
above  the  middle,  pale  yellow-green  and  villous  on  the  back,  with  pale  silky  hairs, 
those  of  the  staminate  ament  rather  broader  than  those  of  the  pistillate;  stamens 
2,  with  free  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  oblong-cylindrical,  short-stalked,  villous, 
crowned  with  a  nearly  sessile  bifid  stigma.  Fruit  elongated,  cylindrical,  bright  red- 
brown,  more  or  less  villous,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  slender  erect  branches 
forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary  pubescence 
gradually  deciduous  during  the  summer,  becoming  reddish  brown;  or  often,  espe- 
cially at  the  south,  reduced  to  a  tall  or  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  narrow,  ovate, 
acute,  nearly  |'  long.  Bark  nearly  %  thick,  dark  brown,  slightly  fissured  and  cov- 


ered with  thick  irregular  closely  appressed  scales.    Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained, 
light  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  from  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound,  southward 
through  western  Washington  and  Oregon  and  along  the  western  slopes  and  foothills 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  valleys  and  foothills  of  the  coast  ranges  of  southern 
California,  where  it  is  one  of  the  commonest  Willows. 

10.  Salix  taxifolia,  H.  B.  K.   Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute,  slightly 
falcate  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  entire  and  obscurely  dentate  above  the  middle, 
coated  as  they  unfold  with  long  soft  white  hairs,  at  maturity  pale  gray-green,  slightly 
puberulous,  £'-!£'  long,  fa'-\'  wide,  with  slender  midribs,  thin  arcuate  veins,  and 
thickened  slightly  revolute  margins;  their  petioles  stout,  puberulous,  rarely  ^'long; 
stipules  ovate, acute,  scarious,  minute,  caducous.  Flowers:  aments  densely  flowered, 
oblong-cylindrical  or  subglobose,  \'-\'  long,  terminal,  or  terminal  and  axillary  on  the 
staminate  plant,  on  short  leafy  branches;  their  scales  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded 
or  acute  and  sometimes  apiculate  at  the  apex,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  hoary 
tomentum  and  pubescent  or  glabrous  on  the  inner;  stamens  2,  with  free  filaments 
hairy  below  the  middle;  ovary  ovate-conical,  short-stalked  or  subsessile,  villous, with 
pale  hairs,  with  nearly  sessile  deeply  emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  cylindrical,  long- 
pointed,  bright  red-brown,  more  or  less  villous,  short-stalked,  about  \'  long. 


178 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


A  tree,  often  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'  in  diameter,  erect  and  drooping 
branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender  brauchlets  covered  during  their 
first  season  with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  light  reddish  or  purplish  brown  and 
much  roughened  by  the  elevated  persistent  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute. 


dark  chestnut-brown,  puberulous,  about  ^'  long  and  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  |'-1'  thick,  light  gray-brown,  and  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  broad 
flat  ridges  covered  by  minute  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Near  El  Paso,  Texas,  and  along  mountain  streams  in  southern  Ari- 
zona, southward  through  Mexico  to  Guatemala,  and  in  Lower  California. 

2.  Scales  of  the  aments  dark-colored  at  the  apex;  stamens  2. 
*Capsule  glabrous. 

11.  Salix  balsamifera,  Barr.   Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  broad 
and  rounded  and  usually  subcordate  at  the  base,  finely  serrate,  with  glandular  teeth, 
balsamic  particularly  while  young,  when  they  unfold  thin,  pellucid,  red  and  coated 
below  with  long  slender  caducous  hairs,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  above, 
pale  and  glaucous  below,  2'-4'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with  yellow  midribs  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  reddish  or  yellow,  \'-\'  long;  stipules  often  want- 
ing or  on  vigorous  shoots  foliaceous,  broadly  ovate  and  acute.  Flowers:  aments 
cylindrical,  !'-!£'  long,  on  long  slender  leafy  branches;  their  scales  obovate,  acute, 
rose-colored,  coated  with  long  white  hairs;  stamens  2,  with  free  filaments  and  reddish 
ultimately  yellow  anthers;  ovary  narrow,  long-stalked,  gradually  contracted  above  the 
middle,  with  nearly  sessile  emargiuate  stigmas.  Fruit  ovate-conical,  long-stalked, 
\'  long,  dark  orange  color. 

Usually  a  shrub,  often  making  clumps  of  crowded  slender  erect  stems  generally 
destitute  of  branches  except  near  the  top,  rarely  arborescent,  with  a  height  of  25°,  a 
trunk  12'-1-1'  in  diameter,  erect  branches,  and  comparatively  stout  reddish  brown 
branchlets  becoming  olive-green  in  their  second  year  and  marked  with  narrow 
slightly  raised  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  acute,  much-compressed,  bright  scarlet, 
very  lustrous,  about  \'  long.  Bark  thin,  rather  smooth,  dull  gray. 


SALICACE^E 


179 


Distribution.  Cold  wet  bogs;  coast  of  Labrador  to  northern  Maine,  northern 
New  Hampshire  and  New  York,  and  westward  to  the  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan, 
and  to  northern  Michigan  and  Minnesota;  known  to  become  arborescent  only  near 
Fort  Kent  on  the  St.  John  River,  Maine. 

12.  Salix  lasiolepis,  Benth.    White  Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  often  inequilateral 
and  occasionally  falcate,  gradually  or  abruptly  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
acute  or  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire  or  remotely  serrate,  pilose 
above  and  coated  below  with  thick  hoary  tomentum  when  they  unfold,  at  maturity 
thick  and  subcoriaceous,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  pale  or  glaucous  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  below,  3'-6'  long,  £'-!'  wide, 
with  broad  yellow  midribs  and  slender  arcuate  veins  forked  and  united  within  the 
slightly  thickened  and  revolute  margins;  their  petioles  slender,  ^'-^'  long;  stipules 


ovate,  acute,  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  minute  and  caducous,  or  sometimes  foli- 
aceous,  semilunar,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  denticulate,  dark  green  above,  pale 


180 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


below,  persistent.  Flowers:  aments  erect,  cylindrical,  slightly  flexuose,  densely 
flowered,  nearly  sessile,  on  short  tomentose  brauchlets,  !£'  long,  the  staminate  £'  thick, 
and  nearly  twice  as  thick  as  the  pistillate;  their  scales  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  dark-colored,  clothed  with  long  crisp  white  hairs,  persistent  under 
the  fruit;  stamens  2,  with  elongated  glabrous  filaments  more  or  less  united  below 
the  middle;  ovary  narrow,  cylindrical,  acute  and  long-pointed,  dark  green,  glabrous, 
with  a  short  style  and  broad  nearly  sessile  stigmas.  Fruit  oblong,  cylindrical,  light 
reddish  brown,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°,  or  occasionally  50°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  slender 
erect  branches  forming  a  loose  open  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
hoary  tomentum,  bright  yellow  or  dark  reddish  brown  and  puberulous  or  pubescent 
during  their  first  year,  becoming  darker  and  glabrous  in  their  second  season;  or  often 
at  the  north  and  at  high  elevations  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  com- 
pressed, contracted  laterally  into  thin  wing-like  margins,  light  brownish  yellow, 
glabrous  or  puberulous.  Bark  on  young  stems  and  on  the  branches  thin,  smooth, 
light  gray-brown,  becoming  on  old  trunks  dark,  about  ^'  thick,  roughened  by  small 
lenticels  and  broken  into  broad  flat  irregularly  connected  ridges.  Wood  light,  soft, 
close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  in  southern  California 
often  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  low  moist  ground;  valley  of  the  Klamath 
River  southward  through  western  California  to  Lower  California,  and  on  the  moun- 
tains of  southern  Arizona;  one  of  the  commonest  and  most  variable  of  the  California 
Willows,  growing  at  the  south  at  low  altitudes  as  a  large  tree;  on  the  western  slopes 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  in  Arizona  reduced  to  a  many-stemmed  shrub. 

13.  Salix  cordata,  var.  Mackenzieana,  Hook.   Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  or 
wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base,  long-pointed,  occasionally  slightly  falcate 


above  the  middle,  finely  and  obscurely  crenately  serrate  or  entire,  reddish  and 
pilose  with  caducous  pale  hairs  when  they  unfold,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in 
texture,  dark  green  above,  pale  below,  2'-3'  long,  about  £'  wide,  with  slender  yellow 
midribs,  arcuate  veins,  and  obscure  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  thin,  yellow, 


SALIC  ACKE  181 

about  J'  long;  stipules  reniform,  conspicuously  veined,  about  fa'  broad,  usually 
persistent  during  the  season.  Flowers:  aments  densely  flowered,  oblong,  cylindrical, 
erect,  often  more  or  less  curved,  about  1^'  long,  terminal  on  short  branches  ;  their 
scales  oblong-obovate,  acute,  dark-colored,  glabrous  except  at  the  base,  persistent 
under  the  fruit;  stamens  2,  with  elongated  free  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  cylindri- 
cal, long-stalked,  elongated,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  style,  with  spreading 
emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  elongated,  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  about 

V  long- 

A  small  tree,  with  a  slender  trunk  and  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  shapely 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  with  scattered  lenticels,  glabrous  or  slightly 
puberulous  and  often  tinged  with  red  at  first,  soon  becoming  yellow  and  lustrous, 
growing  lighter  colored  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  ovate,  rounded  on  the 
back,  compressed  and  acute  at  the  apex,  bright  orange  color,  about  \'  long. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Great  Slave  Lake  southward  through  the  region  at 
the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  northern  Idaho,  and  to  Lake  County, 
California,  and  now  regarded  as  a  western  form  of  the  shrubby  Salix  cordata,  Muehl., 
one  of  the  commonest  and  most  variable  of  American  Willows,  ranging  from  the 
Arctic  Circle  to  the  northern  United  States,  and  from  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  to  British  Columbia  and  California. 

14.  Salix  Missouriensis,  Bebb.   Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  from 
above  the  middle  to  the  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  base,  acuminate  and  long-pointed 
at  the  apex,  finely  serrate,  with  glandular  teeth,  coated  with  pale  hairs  on  the  lower 


surface  and  pilose  on  the  upper  surface  when  they  unfold,  soon  becoming  nearly  gla- 
brous, at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  above,  pale  and  often  glaucous  below, 
4'-6'  long,  l'-l|'  wide,  with  slender  veins  often  united  near  the  margins  and  connected 
by  reticulate  coarse  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  or  tomentose,  £'-f  long; 
stipules  foliaceous,  semicordate,  pointed  or  rarely  reniform  and  obtuse,  serrate,  with 
incurved  teeth,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  side,  coated  on  the  lower 
with  hoary  tomentum,  reticulate-venulose,  often  £'  long,  deciduous  or  persistent 
during  the  season.  Flowers:  aments  oblong-cylindrical,  erect,  densely  flowered, 


182  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

appearing  early  in  February  on  short  leafy  branches,  the  staminate  1%  long  and 
nearly  £'  wide  and  rather  longer  than  the  more  slender  pistillate  aments  becoming 
at  maturity  lax  and  3'^i'  long  ;  their  scales  oblong-obovate,  light  green,  and  clothed 
on  the  outer  surface  with  Jong  straight  silvery  hairs;  stamens  2,  with  elongated  free 
glabrous  filaments;  ovary  cylindrical,  short-stalked,  beaked,  glabrous,  with  a  short 
style  and  spreading  entire  or  slightly  emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  narrow,  long- 
pointed,  light  reddish  brown,  long-stalked. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  10'-12'  or  rarely  18'  in  diameter, 
rather  slender  upright  slightly  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  symmet- 
rical head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by  small  scattered  orange-colored  lenticels, 
light  green  and  coated  during  their  first  year  with  thick  pale  pubescence,  becoming 
reddish  brown  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  in  their  second  winter.  Winter-buds 
ovate,  rounded  on  the  back,  flattened  or  acute  at  the  apex,  reddish  brown,  hoary- 
tomentose,  nearly  1'  long.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  light  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red, 
and  covered  with  minute  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  dark  red-brown, 
with  thin  pale  sapwood ;  durable,  used  for  fence-posts. 

Distribution.  Deep  sandy  alluvial  bottom-lands  of  the  Missouri  River  in  western 
Missouri,  through  northeastern  Kansas,  and  from  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis  to 
northwestern  Iowa. 

**Capsule  pubescent  (glabrous  in  19). 

-t-Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity  (pubescent  sometimes  in  15). 

15.  Saliz  discolor,  Muehl.   Glaucous  Willow. 

Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  lanceolate,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  at  the  ends,  remotely  crenulate-serrate,  as  they  unfold  thin,  light 
green  often  tinged  with  red,  pubescent  above  and  coated  with  pale  tomentum  below, 
at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  bright  green 
above,  glaucous  or  silvery  white  below,  3'-5'  long,  f '-!£'  wide,  with  broad  yellow 


midribs  and  slender  arcuate  primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender,  £'-!'  long;  stipules 
foliaceous,  semilunar,  acute,  glandular-dentate,  about  \'  long,  deciduous.  Flowers : 
aments  appearing  late  in  winter  or  in  very  early  spring,  erect,  terminal  on  abbre- 


SALICACE^E 


183 


viated  branches  coated  with  thick  white  tomentum,  with  leaves  reduced  to  minute 
deciduous  scales,  oblong-cylindrical,  about  1'  long  and  f  thick,  the  staininate  soft  and 
silky  before  the  flowers  open  and  densely  flowered ;  their  scales  oblong-obovate,  dark 
reddish  brown  toward  the  apex,  covered  on  the  back  with  long  silky  silvery  white 
hairs;  stamens  2,  with  elongated  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  oblong-cylindrical,  long- 
stalked,  narrowed  above  the  middle,  villous,  with  a  short  distinct  style  and  broad 
spreading  entire  stigmas.  Fruit  cylindrical,  more  or  less  contracted  above  the 
middle,  long-pointed,  light  brown,  coated  with  pale  pubescence. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  about  1°  in  diameter,  stout  as- 
cending branches  forming  an  open  round-topped  head,  and  stout  brauchlets  marked 
by  occasional  orange-colored  lenticels,  dark  reddish  purple  and  coated  at  first  with 
pale  deciduous  pubescence;  more  often  shrubby,  with  numerous  tall  straggling  stems. 
Winter-buds  semiterete,  flattened  and  acute  at  the  apex,  about  f '  long,  dark  red- 
dish purple  and  lustrous.  Bark  \'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided 
by  shallow  fissures  into  thin  plate-like  oblong  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained, 
brown  streaked  with  red,  with  lighter  brown  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Moist  meadows  and  the  banks  of  streams  and  lakes;  Nova  Scotia 
to  Manitoba,  and  southward  to  Delaware,  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  north- 
eastern Missouri;  common. 

16.  Salix  Bebbiana,  Sarg.    Willow. 

Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  oblong-obovate  to  oblong-elliptical  or  lanceolate, 
gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base,  acuminate  and  short- 


pointed  or  acute  at  the  apex,  remotely  and  irregularly  serrate  usually  only  above  the 
middle,  or  rarely  entire;  when  they  unfold  pale  gray-green,  glabrous  or  villous,  and 
often  tinged  with  red  on  the  upper  surface  and  coated  on  the  lower  with  pale  tomen- 
tum or  pubescence,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dull  green  and  glabrous  or  puberulous 
above,  blue  or  silvery  white  and  covered  with  pale  rufous  pubescence  below,  espe- 
cially along  the  midribs,  veins,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  l'-3'  long,  ^'-1' 
wide;  their  petioles  slender,  often  pubescent,  reddish,  \'-%'  long;  stipules  foliaceous, 
semicordate,  glandular-dentate,  sometimes  nearly  £'  long  on  vigorous  shoots,  decid- 
uous. Flowers:  aments  erect  and  terminal  on  short  leafy  branches;  their  scales 


184  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  broader  on  the  staminate  than  on  the  pistillate 
plant,  yellow  below,  rose  color  at  the  apex,  villose,  witli  long  pale  silky  hairs,  per- 
sistent under  the  fruit;  staminate  cylindrical,  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  densely 
flowered,  £'-!'  long,  £'-f'  broad;  pistillate  oblong-cylindrical,  loosely  flowered,  about 
1'  long;  stamens  2,  with  free  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  cylindrical,  villous,  with  long 
silky  white  hairs,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  broad  sessile  entire  or  emar- 
ginate  spreading  yellow  stigmas.  Fruit  elongated-cylindrical,  gradually  narrowed 
into  a  long  thin  beak,  and  raised  on  a  slender  stalk  sometimes  |'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  stout 
ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  round  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  hoary  deciduous  tomentum,  varying  during  their  first  winter  from  reddish 
purple  to  dark  orange-brown,  marked  by  scattered  raised  lenticels  and  roughened 
by  conspicuous  elevated  leaf-scars,  growing  lighter  colored  and  reddish  brown  in 
their  second  year;  usually  much  smaller  and  of  ten  shrubby  in  habit.  Winter-buds 
oblong,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  full  and  rounded  on  the  back, 
bright  light  chestnut-brown,  nearly  £'  long.  Bark  thin,  reddish  or  olive-green  or 
gray  tinged  with  red,  and  slightly  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  appressed  plate- 
like  scales. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  swamps,  and  lakes,  hillsides,  open  woods  and 
forest  margins,  usually  in  moist  rich  soil;  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the 
shores  of  Hudson's  Bay,  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  within  the  Arctic  Circle, 
Cook  Inlet,  Alaska,  and  the  coast  ranges  of  British  Columbia,  forming  in  the  region 
west  of  Hudson's  Bay  almost  impenetrable  thickets  with  twisted  and  often  inclin- 
ing stems;  common  in  all  the  northern  states,  ranging  southward  to  Pennsylvania 
and  westward  to  Minnesota,  through  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  from  western 
Idaho  and  northern  Montana  to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota  and  western  Nebraska, 
and  southward  through  Colorado  to  northern  Arizona;  ascending  as  a  low  shrub  in 
Colorado  to  elevations  of  10,000°. 

17.  Salix  Nuttallii,  Sarg.   Black  Willow. 

Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  often  unequal  base,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate,  with  short  or  long 
points,  or  broad  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire  or  remotely  and  irregularly  cre- 
nately  serrate,  pilose  above  and  coated  below  with  pale  pubescence  or  tomentum 
when  they  unfold,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  and  glabrous  or  pilose  below,  l^'-4'  long,  \'-\\'  wide,  with  broad  yellow  pubescent 
midribs  and  slender  veins  forked  and  arcuate  within  the  slightly  thickened  and  revo- 
lute  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  their  petioles  slender, 
puberulous,  \'-\'  long;  stipules  foliaceous,  semilunar,  glandular-serrate,  \'-\'  long, 
caducous.  Flowers:  aments  oblong-cylindrical,  erect,  nearly  sessile,  on  short  tomen- 
tose  branches,  the  staminate  about  1'  long  and  rather  more  than  ^'  thick,  the  pistillate 
1^'  long,  about  |'  thick,  their  scales  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute  at  the  apex, 
dark-colored,  covered  with  long  white  hairs,  persistent  under  the  fruit ;  stamens  2, 
with  free  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  cylindrical,  short-stalked,  long-pointed,  coated 
with  hoary  pubescence,  with  broad  nearly  sessile  emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  light 
reddish  brown,  covered  with  pale  pubescence,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  exceeding  1°  in  diameter, 
slender  pendulous  branches  forming  a  rather  compact  round-topped  shapely  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  marked  by  scattered  yellow  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  pale 


SALICACE^E 


185 


early  deciduous  pubescence,  becoming  bright  yellow  or  dark  orange  color,  and  in 
their  second  year  dark  red-brown  and  much  roughened  by  the  conspicuous  leaf-scars. 
Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  nearly  terete  or  slightly  flattened,  with  narrow  lateral 
wing-like  margins,  light  or  dark  orange  color,  glabrous  or  pilose  at  the  base,  about 
^'  long.  Bark  thin,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  into  broad  flat 
ridges.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick 
nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  mountain  streams  usually  at  high  elevations;  southern 
Assiniboia  and  the  banks  of  the  Columbia  River  in  British  Columbia,  southward 
throufh  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  to  northern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  in  Cali- 
fornia on  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  on  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  as  a  low  shrub 


up  to  elevations  of  10,000°  above  the  sea.  In  the  Pacific  coast  region  from  Alaska 
to  Santa  Barbara,  California,  represented  by  the  var.  brachystachys,  Sarg.,  a  tree 
sometimes  70°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  often  2-^'  in  diameter,  stouter  branches,  larger 
pubescent  winter-buds,  larger  obovate  leaves,  and  rather  shorter  pistillate  aments; 
the  most  abundant  Willow  of  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  of  its  largest 
size  in  swamp  and  bottom-lands  near  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound. 

18.  Salix  amplifolia,  Cov.    Willow. 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  oval  to  broadly  obovate,  rounded  or  broadly  pointed 
at  the  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  cuneate  base,  dentate-serrulate 
or  entire,  densely  villous  when  they  unfold,  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  at  maturity 
nearly  glabrous,  pale  yellow-green  above,  slightly  glaucous  bejow,  2'-2£'  long,  !'-!£' 
wide,  with  midribs  broad  and  hoary-tomentose  toward  the  base  of  the  leaf  and  thin 
and  glabrous  above  the  middle;  their  petioles  slender,  tomentose.  Flowers :  aments 
appearing  about  the  middle  of  June,  stout,  pedunculate,  tomentose,  on  lateral  leafy 
bniiH-hlets,  the  staminate  l£'-2'  long  and  shorter  than  the  pistillate,  their  scales 
oblanceolate  or  lanceolate,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs; 
stamens  2,  with  slender  elongated  glabrous  filaments;  ovary  ovate-lanceolate,  short- 
stalked,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  elongated  slender 
style  crowned  with  a  2-lobed  slender  stigma.  Fruit  ovoid-lanceolate,  glabrous, 
short-stalked,  \'  long. 


186  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  stout  branch- 
lets  conspicuously  roughened  by  the  large  elevated  U-shaped  leaf-scars,  and  marked 


'J7 


by  occasional  pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  thick  villous  pubescence,  becoming 
during  their  second  and  third  years  dark  dull  reddish  purple. 

Distribution.  Sand  dunes  on  the  shores  of  Yakutat  Bay  and  Disenchantment 
Bay,  Alaska. 

-t~+Leaves  pubescent  or  tomentose  below. 

19.  Salix  Hookeriana,  Hook.  -Willow. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate,  with  short  points,  or  rarely 
rounded  and  frequently  apiculate  at  the  apex,  coarsely  crenately  serrate,  especially 
those  on  vigorous  shoots,  or  entire,  when  they  unfold  villous,  with  pale  hairs,  or 


tomentose  above  and  clothed  below  with  silvery  white  tomentum,  at  maturity  thin 
and  firm,  bright  yellow-green  and  lustrous,  nearly  glabrous  or  tomentose  on  the 
tipper  surface,  pale  and  glaucous  and  tomentose  or  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface, 


SALICACE^E 


187 


especially  along  the  midribs  and  slender  arcuate  primary  veins  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets,  2'-6'  long,  I'-l^'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  ^'-^'  long. 
Flowers:  aments  oblong-cylindrical,  erect,  rather  lax,  often  more  or  less  curved, 
about  1^'  long,  on  short  tomentose  branchlets,  the  staminate  $'  thick  and  rather 
thicker  than  the  pistillate;  their  scales  oblong-obovate,  yellow,  coated  with  long  pale 
hairs,  the  staminate  rounded  above  and  rather  shorter  than  the  more  acute  scales 
of  the  pistillate  ament  persistent  under  the  fruit;  stamens  2,  with  free  elongated 
glabrous  filaments;  ovary  conical,  stalked,  with  a  slender  stalk  about  one  third  as 
long  as  the  scale,  gradually  narrowed  above,  with  a  slender  elongated  bright  red 
style  and  broad  spreading  entire  stigmas.  Fruit  oblong-cylindrical,  narrowed  above, 
about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  and  stout  branchlets 
marked  by  large  scattered  orange-colored  lenticels,  covered  during  their  first 
season  with  hoary  tomentum  and  rather  bright  or  dark  red-brown  and  pubescent 
in  their  second  summer;  more  often  shrubby,  with  numerous  stems  4'-8'  thick  and 
15°-20°  high;  frequently  a  low  bush,  with  straggling  almost  prostrate  stems.  Win- 
ter-buds ovate,  acute,  nearly  terete,  dark  red,  coated  with  pale  pubescence,  about 
^'  long.  Bark  nearly  ^'  thick,  light  red-brown,  slightly  fissured  and  divided  into 
closely  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown 
tinged  with  red,  with  thin  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  salt  marshes  and  ponds  and  sandy  coast  dunes;  Van- 
couver Island  southward  along  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  to 
southern  Oregon. 

20.  Salix  Sitchensis,  Bong.   Willow. 

Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  entire  or  dentate, 
with  remote  minute  spreading  glandular  teeth,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped 
at  the  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  or  rounded  and  short-pointed,  or  rounded  at  the 


apex,  when  they  unfold  pubescent  or  tomentose  on  the  upper  surface,  and  coated 
on  the  lower  with  lustrous  white  silky  pubescence  or  tomentum  persistent  during 
the  first  season  or  sometimes  deciduous  from  the  leaves  of  vigorous  young  shoots, 
at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  pubescent  midribs,  2'-5'  long,  f '-!$'  wide,  with  conspicuous  slender  veins 


188  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

arcuate  and  united  within  the  margins  and  prominent  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles 
stout,  pubescent,  rarely  £'  long;  stipules  foliaceous,  semilunar,  acute  or  rounded  at  the 
apex,  glandular-dentate,  coated  below  with  hoary  tomentum,  often  %  long,  caducous. 
Flowers:  aments  cylindrical,  densely  flowered,  erect  on  short  tomentose  branches, 
the  staminate  l£'-2'  long  and  Abroad,  the  pistillate  2£'-3'  long,  and  \'  broad;  their 
scales  yellow  or  tawny,  the  staminate  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  covered 
with  long  white  hairs,  much  longer  than  the  more  acute  pubescent  scales  of  the  pistil- 
late ament;  stamen  1,  with  an  elongated  glabrous  filament,  or  very  rarely  2,  with 
filaments  united  below  the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  apex;  ovary  short-stalked,  ovate, 
conical,  acute,  and  gradually  narrowed  into  the  elongated  style,  with  entire  or  slightly 
emarginate  stigmas.  Fruit  ovate,  narrowed  above,  light  red-brown,  about  \'  long. 

A  much-branched  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  contorted  often 
inclining  trunk  sometimes  1°  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
hoary  tomentum,  pubescent  and  tomentose  and  dark  red-brown  or  orange  color  during 
their  first  winter,  becoming  darker,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  and  sometimes  covered 
with  a  glaucous  bloom  in  their  second  season;  more  often  shrubby  and  6°-15°  tall. 
Winter-buds  acute,  nearly  terete,  light  red-brown,  pubescent  or  .puberulous,  about 
y  long.  Bark  about  £'  thick  and  broken  into  irregular  closely  appressed  dark  brown 
scales  tinged  with  red.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  pale  red,  with  thick  nearly 
white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  low  moist  ground;  Cook  Inlet  and  Kadiak 
Island,  Alaska,  southward  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  Santa  Barbara,  Cali- 
fornia. 

21.  Salix  Alaxensis,  Cov.   Feltleaf  Willow. 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  elliptical-lanceolate  to  obovate,  acute  or  occasionally 
rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below  into  short  thick  petioles,  coated 
above  as  they  unfold  with  thin  pale  deciduous  tomentum  and  covered  below  with  a 
thick  mass  of  snowy  white  lustrous  hairs  persistent  on  the  mature  leaves,  entire, 
often  somewhat  wrinkled,  dull  yellow-green  above,  2'-4',  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with 
broad  yellow  midribs;  stipules  linear-lanceolate  to  filiform,  entire,  ^'-f'  long,  usually 


persistent  until  midsummer.    Flowers:  aments  appearing  in  June  when  the  leaves 
are  nearly  fully  grown,  stout,  erect,  tomentose,  stalked,  on  lateral  pendulous  branchlets, 


BETULACE^:  189 

the  staminate  I'-l^'  long,  much  shorter  than  the  pistillate;  their  scales  oblong-ovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  dark-colored,  and  coated  with  long  silvery  white  soft  hairs; 
stamens  2,  witli  slender  elongated  filaments;  ovary  acuminate,  short-stalked,  covered 
with  soft  pale  hairs,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  elongated  slender  style  with  2-lobed 
stigmas.  Fruit  nearly  sessile,  ovate,  acuminate,  covered  with  close  dense  pale 
tomentum,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-6'  in  diameter,  and  stout  branchlets 
thickly  coated  at  first  with  matted  white  hairs,  becoming  in  their  second  year  gla- 
brous, dark  purple,  lustrous,  marked  by  large  elevated  pale  scattered  lenticels  and 
much  roughened  by  large  U-shaped  leaf-scars;  often  shrubby  and  in  the  most  exposed 
situations  frequently  only  a  foot  or  two  high,  with  semiprostrate  stems. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Alaska  from  the  Alexander  Archipelago  to  Cape  Lis- 
bourne,  and  eastward  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River  and  to  the  shores  of 
Coronation  Gulf;  the  only  arborescent  Willow  in  the  coast  region  west  and  north  of 
Kadiak  Island;  attaining  its  largest  size  from  the  Shumagin  Islands  eastward. 

IX.    BETULACE.S3. 

Trees,  with  sweet  watery  juice,  without  terminal  biuls,  their  slender  terete 
branchlets  marked  by  numerous  pale  lenticels  and  lengthening  by  one  of  the 
upper  axillary  buds  formed  in  early  summer,  and  alternate  simple  penniveined 
usually  doubly  serrate  deciduous  stalked  leaves,  obliquely  plicately  folded  along 
the  primary  veins,  their  petioles  in  falling  leaving  small  semioval  slightly 
oblique  scars  showing  three  equidistant  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars  ;  stipules 
inclosing  the  leaf  in  the  bud,  fugacious.  Flowers  vernal,  appearing  with  or 
before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  or  rarely  autumnal,  monoecious,  the  stami- 
nate 1-3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  an  elongated  pendulous  lateral 
ament  and  composed  of  a  2-4-parted  membranaceous  calyx  and  2-20  sta- 
mens inserted  on  a  receptacle,  with  distinct  filaments  and  2-celled  erect 
extrorse  anthers  opening  longitudinally,  or  without  a  calyx,  the  pistillate  in 
short  lateral  or  capitate  aments,  with  or  without  a  calyx,  a  2-celled  ovary,  nar- 
rowed into  a  short  style  divided  into  two  elongated  branches  longer  than  the  scales 
of  the  ament  and  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face  or  at  the  apex,  and  a  single  ana- 
tropous  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  small  mostly  1 -celled 
1-seeded  nut,  the  outer  layer  of  the  shell  light  brown,  thin  and  membranaceous, 
the  inner  thick,  hard,  and  bony.  Seed  solitary  by  abortion,  filling  the  cavity  of 
the  nut,  suspended,  without  albumen,  its  coat  membranaceous,  light  chestnut- 
brown  ;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  much  longer  than  the  short  superior  radi- 
cle turned  toward  the  minute  hilum. 

Of  the  six  genera,  all  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  five  are  found  in 
North  America;  of  these  only  Corylus  is  shrubby. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Scales  of  the  pistillate  ament  deciduous ;  nut  wingless,  more  or  less  inclosed  in  an  involucre 

formed  by  the  enlargement  of  the  bract  and  bractlets  of  the  flower ;  staminate  flowers 

solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  the  ament ;  calyx  0  ;  pistillate  flowers  with  a  calyx. 

Staminate  aments  covered  during  the  winter  :  involucre  of  the  fruit  flat,  3-cleft,  foli- 

aceous.  1.  Carpinus. 

Staminate  aments  naked  during  the  winter :  involucre  of  the  fruit  bladder-like,  closed. 

2.  Ostrya. 


190  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Scales  of  the  pistillate  ament  persistent  and  forming  a  woody  strobile ;  nut  without  an  in- 
volucre, more  or  less  broadly  winged ;  staminate  flowers  3-6  together  in  the  axils  of  the 
scales  of  the  ament ;  calyx  present ;  pistillate  flowers  without  a  calyx. 

Pistillate  aments  solitary,  their  scales  3-lobed,  becoming  thin,  brown,  and  woody,  de- 
ciduous ;  stamens  2  ;  filaments  2-branehed,  each  division  bearing  a  half -anther ; 
winter-buds  covered  by  imbricated  scales.  3.  Betula. 

Pistillate  aments  racemose,  their  scales  erose  or  5-toothed,  becoming  thick,  woody,  and 
dark-colored,  persistent ;  stamens  1-3  or  4 ;  filaments  simple  ;  wings  of  the  nut  often 
reduced  to  a  narrow  border  ;  winter-buds  without  scales.  4.  Alnus. 

1.  CARFINTJS,  L.   Hornbeam. 

Trees,  with  smooth  close  bark,  hard  strong  close-grained  wood,  elongated  conical 
buds  covered  by  numerous  imbricated  scales,  the  inner  lengthening  after  the  open- 
ing of  the  buds.  Leaves  open  and  concave  in  the  bud,  ovate,  acute,  often  cordate; 
stipules  strap-shaped  to  oblong-obovate.  Flowers :  staminate  in  aments  emerging 
in  very  early  spring  from  buds  produced  the  previous  season  near  the  ends  of  short 
lateral  branchlets  of  the  year  and  inclosed  during  the  winter,  and  composed  of  3-20 
stamens  crowded  on  a  pilose  receptacle  adnate  to  the  base  of  a  nearly  sessile  ovate 
acute  coriaceous  scale  longer  than  the  stamens;  filaments  short,  slender,  2-branched, 
each  branch  bearing  a  1-celled  oblong  yellow  half-anther  hairy  at  the  apex;  pistillate 
in  lax  semierect  aments  terminal  on  leafy  branches  of  the  year,  in  pairs  at  the  base 
of  an  ovate  acute  leafy  deciduous  scale,  each  flower  subtended  by  a  small  acute  bract 
with  two  minute  bractlets  at  its  base;  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary  and  dentate  on  the 
free  narrow  border.  Nuts  ovate,  acute,  compressed,  conspicuously  longitudinally 
ribbed,  bearing  at  the  apex  the  remnants  of  the  calyx,  marked  on  the  broad  base  by 
a  large  pale  scar  and  separating  at  maturity  in  the  autumn  from  the  leaf-like  3-lobed 
conspicuously  serrate  green  involucres  formed  by  the  enlargement  of  the  bract  and 
bractlets  of  the  flowers  and  inclosing  only  the  base  of  the  nuts,  fully  grown  at  mid- 
summer and  loosely  imbricated  into  a  long-stalked  open  cluster. 

Carpinus  is  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  is  distributed  from  the 
Province  of  Quebec  through  the  eastern  United  States  to  the  highlands  of  Central 
America  in  the  New  World,  and  from  Sweden  to  southern  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  the 
temperate  Himalayas,  central  China  and  Japan  in  the  Old  World.  Ten  or  twelve 
species  are  recognized;  one  only  is  American.  Of  the  exotic  species,  the  European 
and  west  Asian  Carpinus  Betulus,  L.,  is  frequently  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in 
the  northeastern  United  States,  where  some  of  the  species  of  eastern  Asia  promise  to 
become  valuable. 

Carpinus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Hornbeam. 

1.  Carpinus  Caroliniana,  Walt.  Hornbeam.  Blue  Beech. 
Leaves  often  somewhat  falcate,  long-pointed,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  with  stout 
spreading  glandular  teeth,  except  at  the  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  often  unequal 
base,  pale  bronze-green,  and  covered  with  long  white  hairs  when  they  unfold,  at 
maturity  thin  and  firm,  pale  dull  blue-green  above,  light  yellow-green  and  glabrous 
or  puberulous  below,  with  small  tufts  of  white  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  2'-4' 
long,  l'-lf  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs,  numerous  slender  veins  deeply 
impressed  and  conspicuous  above,  and  prominent  cross  veinlets,  turning  deep  scarlet 
and  orange  color  late  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  slender,  terete,  hairy,  about  £' 
long,  bright  red  while  young;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent,  hairy  on  the 


BETUL  AGILE  191 

margins,  bright  red  below,  light  yellow-green  at  the  apex,  J'long.  Flowers:  stam- 
inate  aments  1^'  long  when  fully  grown,  with  broadly  ovate  acute  boat-shaped 
scales  green  below  the  middle,  bright  red  above;  pistillate  aments  £'-f'  long,  with 
ovate  acute  hairy  green  scales;  styles  scarlet.  Fruit:  nuts  £'  long,  their  involucres 


short-stalked,  with  one  of  the  lateral  lobes  often  wanting,  coarsely  serrate,  but 
usually  on  one  margin  only  of  the  middle  lobe,  !'-!£'  long,  nearly  1'  wide,  on  slender 
terete  pubescent  red-brown  stems  5'-6'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  short  fluted  trunk  occasionally  2°  in 
diameter,  long  slightly  zigzag  slender  tough  spreading  branches  pendulous  toward 
the  ends,  and  furnished  with  numerous  short  thin  lateral  branches  growing  at  acute 
angles,  and  branchlets  at  first  pale  green  coated  with  long  white  silky  hairs,  orange- 
brown  and  sometimes  slightly  pilose  during  the  summer,  becoming  dark  red  and 
lustrous  during  the  first  winter  and  ultimately  dull  gray  tinged  with  red.  Winter- 
buds  ovate  acute,  about  ^'  long,  with  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown  scales  white  and 
scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  light  gray-brown,  sometimes  marked  with  broad 
dark  brown  horizontal  bands,  TV~V  thick.  Wood  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly 
white  sap  wood;  sometimes  used  for  levers,  the  handles  of  tools,  and  other  small 
articles. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  generally  in  deep  rich  moist  soil; 
southern  and  western  Quebec  to  the  northern  shores  of  Georgian  Bay,  southward 
to  Cape  Malabar  and  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward  to  northern 
Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  eastern  Texas; 
reappearing  on  the  mountains  of  southern  Mexico  and  Central  America;  common 
in  the  eastern  and  central  states,  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the 
western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains  and  in  southern  Arkansas  and 
Texas. 

2.   OSTRYA,  Scop.    Hop  Hornbeam. 

Trees,  with  scaly  bark,  heavy  hard  strong  close-*grained  wood,  and  acute  elongated 
winter-buds  formed  in  early  summer  and  covered  by  numerous  imbricated  scales, 
the  inner  lengthening  after  the  opening  of  the  bud.  Leaves  open  and  concave  in 
the  bud;  their  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  hairy;  stipules  strap-shaped  to  oblong- 
obovate.  Flowers:  staminate  in  long  clustered  sessile  or  short-stalked  aments  de- 


192 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


veloped  in  early  summer  from  lateral  buds  near  the  ends  of  short  lateral  branchlets 
of  the  year  and  coated  while  young  with  hoary  tomentum,  naked  and  conspicuous 
during  the  winter,  and  composed  of  3-14  stamens  crowded  on  a  pilose  receptacle 
adnate  to  the  base  of  an  ovate  concave  scale  rounded  and  abruptly  short-pointed  at 
the  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins, longer  than  the  stamens;  filaments  short,  2-branched, 
each  branch  bearing  a  1-celled  half-anther  hairy  at  the  apex;  pistillate  in  erect  lax 
atnents  terminal  on  short  leafy  branches  of  the  year,  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  an 
elongated  ovate  acute  leaf-like  ciliate  scale  persistent  until  midsummer,  each  flower 
inclosed  in  a  hairy  sack-like  involucre  formed  by  the  union  of  a  bract  and  2 
bractlets;  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  denticulate  on  the  free  narrow  border.  Nuts 
ovate,  acute,  flattened,  obscurely  longitudinally  ribbed,  crowned  with  the  remnants 
of  the  calyx,  marked  at  the  narrow  base  by  a  small  circular  pale  scar,  inclosed  in 
the  much  enlarged  pale  membranaceous  conspicuously  longitudinally  veined  reticu- 
late-venulose  involucres  of  the  flower,  short,  pointed  and  hairy  at  the  apex,  hirsute 
at  the  base,  with  sharp  rigid  stinging  hairs,  imbricated  into  a  short  strobile  fully 
grown  at  midsummer,  and  suspended  on  a  slender  hairy  stem. 

Ostrya  is  widely  distributed  in  the  northern  hemisphere  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
Texas,  northern  Arizona,  and  to  the  highlands  of  southern  Mexico  and  Guatemala  in 
the  New  World,  and  through  southern  Europe  and  southwestern  Asia  and  in  northern 
Japan  in  the  Old  World.  Of  the  four  species  now  recognized  two  are  American. 

Ostrya  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Hop  Hornbeam. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 


Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex. 
Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex. 


1.  O.  Virginiana  (A,  C). 
2.  O.  Knowltoni  (F). 


1.  Ostrya  Virginiana,  K.  Koch.   Hop  Hornbeam.   Ironwood. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed  into  long  slender  points  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  and  rounded,  cordate  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  often  unequal 


base,  sharply  serrate,  with  slender  incurved  callous  teeth  terminating  at  first  in  tufts 
of  caducous  hairs,  when  they  unfold  light  bronze-green,  glabrous  above  and  coated 
below  on  the  midribs  and  primary  veins  with  long  pale  hairs,  at  maturity  thin  and 


BETULACE^E  193 

extremely  tough,  dark  dull  yellow-green  above,  light  yellow-green  and  furnished 
with  conspicuous  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  below,  3'-o'  long,  l£'-2' 
wide,  with  slender  midribs  impressed  and  puberulous  above,  light  yellow  and  pubes- 
cent below,  and  numerous  slender  veins  forked  near  the  margins,  turning  clear 
yellow  before  falling  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  about  1'  long;  stipules  rounded 
and  often  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  with  long  pale  hairs, 
hairy  on  the  back,  about  £'  long  and  ^'  broad.  Flowers :  staminate  aments  about 
\'  long  during  their  first  season,  with  light  red-brown  rather  loosely  imbricated 
scales  narrowed  into  long  slender  points,  becoming  when  the  flowers  open  2'  long, 
with  broadly  obovate  scales  rounded  and  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into  short 
points,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  green  tinged  with  red  above  the  middle,  light  brown 
toward  the  base;  pistillate  aments  slender,  about  \'  long,  on  thin  hairy  steins,  their 
scales  lanceolate,  acute,  light  green,  often  flushed  with  red  above  the  middle,  hirsute 
at  the  apex,  decreasing  in  size  from  the  lowest.  Fruit :  nuts  |'  long,  about  \'  wide, 
rather  abruptly  narrowed  below  the  apex,  their  involucres  in  clusters  l^'-2'  long 
and  f'-l'  wide,  on  slender  stems  about  V  in  length. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50° -£0°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°  in  diameter,  usually  not 
more  than20°-30°  tall,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  thick,  long  slender  branches  drooping  at 
the  ends  and  forming  a  round-topped  or  open  head  frequently  50°  across,  and  slender, 
very  tough  branchlets,  light  green,  coated  with  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  light  orange  color  and  very  lustrous  at  midsummer,  dark  red-brown  and 
lustrous  during  their  first  winter,  and  then  gradually  darker  brown  and  losing  their 
lustre.  Winter-buds  ovate,  light  chestnut-brown,  slightly  puberulous,  \'  long. 
Bark  about  \'  thick,  broken  into  thick  narrow  oblong  closely  appressed  plate-like 
light  brown  scales  slightly  tinged  with  red  on  the  surface.  Wood  strong,  hard, 
tough,  durable,  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  often  nearly  white;  with  thick  pale 
sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  for  fence-posts,  handles  of  tools, 
mallets,  and  other  small  articles. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  slopes  and  ridges  often  in  the  shade  of  oaks  and  other 
large  trees;  Island  of  Cape  Breton  and  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Chaleur,  through 
the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  and  along  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Huron 
to  western  Ontario,  northern  Minnesota,  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  eastern  and 
northern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas  and  southward  to  northern  Florida  and  eastern 
Texas;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Arkansas  and  Texas. 

2.  Ostrya  Knowltoni,  Cov.    Ironwood. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and 
often  unequal  at  the  rounded  wedge-shaped  rarely  cordate  base,  sharply  serrate, 
with  small  triangular  callous  teeth,  covered  with  loose  pale  tomentum  when  they  un- 
fold, at  maturity  dark  yellow-green  and  pilose  above,  pale  and  soft-pubescent  below, 
l'-2'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  slightly  raised  on  the  upper  side, 
few  slender  primary  veins  connected  by  obscure  reticuLite  veinlets,  turning  dull 
yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  \'-^'  long;  stipules  pale  yellow- 
green,  often  tinged  with  red  toward  the  apex,  \'  long,  about  £'  wide.  Flowers: 
staminate  aments  on  stout  stalks  covered  with  rufous  tomentum  and  sometimes  £' 
long,  rarely  sessile,  about  ^'  long  during  their  first  season,  with  dark  brown  puber- 
ulous scales  gradually  contracted  into  long  slender  subulate  points,  becoming  when 
the  flowers  open  I'-l^'  long,  with  broadly  ovate  concave  scales  abruptly  narrowed 
into  nearly  triangular  points,  yellow-green  near  the  base,  bright  red  above  the  mid- 


194  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

die;  pistillate  aments  about  \'  long,  with  ovate-lanceolate  light  yellow-green  puber- 
ulous  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.     Fruit:  nuts  \'  long,  gradually  narrowed  at  the 


apex,  their  involucres  1'  long,  nearly  glabrous  at  the  apex,  sometimes  slightly  stained 
with  red  toward  the  base,  in  clusters  I'-l^'  long  and  about  f '  broad,  on  stems  \'  long. 

A  tree  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12' -IS'  in  diameter,  usually  divided  1°  or  2° 
above  the  ground  into  3  or  4  stout  upright  stems  4/-5'  thick,  slender  pendulous  often 
much  contorted  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  dark  green  and  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  when  they  appear, 
dark  red-brown  and  pubescent  during  their  first  summer,  becoming  light  cinnamon- 
brown,  glabrous,  and  lustrous  in  the  winter,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray.  Winter- 
buds  ovate,  dark  red-brown,  about  £'  long.  Bark  internally  bright  orange  color, 
\'  thick,  separating  into  loose  hanging  plate-like  scales  light  gray  slightly  tinged 
with  red,  l'-2'  long  and  1'  or  2'  wide.  Wood  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  sap- 
wood. 

Distribution.  Only  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  caiion  of  the  Colorado  River  in 
Arizona  at  elevations  of  6000°-7000°  above  the  sea  near  Talfrey,  seventy  miles 
north  of  Flagstaff. 

3.  BETULA,  L.  Birch. 

Trees,  with  smooth  resinous  bark  marked  by  long  longitudinal  lenticels,  often  sep- 
arating freely  into  thin  papery  plates,  becoming  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  and  scaly  at 
the  base  of  old  trunks,  short  slender  branches  more  or  less  erect  and  forming  on  young 
trees  a  narrow  symmetrical  pyramidal  head,  becoming  horizontal  and  often  pendu- 
lous on  older  trees,  tough  branchlets,  short  stout  spur-like  2-leaved  lateral  branchlets 
much  roughened  by  the  crowded  leaf-scars  of  many  years,  and  elongated  winter- 
buds  covered  by  numerous  ovate  acute  scales,  and  fully  grown  and  bright  green  at 
midsummer.  Leaves  open  and  convex  in  the  bud,  often  incisely  lobed;  stipules  ovate 
and  acute  or  oblong-obovate,  scarious.  Flowers  in  3-flowered  cymes,  the  lateral 
flowers  of  the  cyme  subtended  by  bractlets  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  scale  of  the 
ament;  staininate  aments  long,  pendulous,  solitary  or  clustered,  appearing  in  summer 
or  autumn  in  the  axils  of  the  last  leaves  of  a  branchlet  of  the  year  or  near  the  ends 
of  the  short  lateral  branchlets,  erect  and  naked  during  the  winter,  their  scales  in  the 
spring  broadly  ovate,  rounded,  short-stalked,  yellow  or  orange-color  below  the  middle 


BETULACRffJ  195 

and  dark  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  above;  staminate  flowers  composed  of  a  mem- 
branaceous  4-lobed  calyx  often  2-lobed  by  suppression,  the  anterior  lobe  obovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  as  long  as  the  stamens,  much  longer  than  the  minute  posterior 
lobe,  and  of  2  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  with  short  2-branched 
filaments,  each  branch  bearing  an  erect  half-anther;  pistillate  aments  oblong  or 
cylindrical,  terminal  on  the  short  spur-like  lateral  branchlets,  their  scales  closely 
imbricated,  oblong-ovate,  3-lobed,  light  yellow,  often  tinged  with  red  above  the 
middle,  accrescent,  becoming  brown  and  woody  at  maturity,  and  forming  sessile  or 
stalked  erect  or  pendulous  short  or  elongated  strobiles  usually  ripening  in  the 
autumn,  deciduous  with  the  nuts  from  the  slender  rachis;  calyx  of  the  pistillate 
flower  0;  ovary  sessile,  compressed,  with  styles  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Nut  minute, 
oval  or  obovate,  compressed,  bearing  at  the  apex  the  persistent  stigmas,  marked  at 
the  base  by  a  small  pale  scar,  the  outer  coat  of  the  shell  produced  into  a  marginal 
wing  interrupted  at  the  apex. 

Betula  is  widely  distributed  from  the  Arctic  Circle  to  Texas  in  the  New  World, 
and  to  southern  Europe,  the  Himalayas,  China,  and  Japan  in  the  Old  World,  some 
species  forming  great  forests  at  the  north,  or  covering  high  mountain  slopes.  Of  the 
twenty-eight  or  thirty  species  now  recognized  thirteen  are  found  in  North  America; 
of  these  ten  are  trees.  Of  exotic  species  the  European  and  Asiatic  Betula  alba,  L., 
in  a  number  of  forms  is  a  common  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  where 
several  of  the  Birch-trees  of  eastern  Asia  also  flourish.  Many  of  the  species  produce 
wood  valued  by  the  cabinet-maker,  or  used  in  the  manufacture  of  spools,  shoe-lasts, 
and  other  small  articles.  The  thin  layers  of  the  bark  are  impervious  to  water  and 
are  used  to  cover  buildings,  and  for  shoes,  canoes,  and  boxes.  The  sweet  sap  pro- 
vides an  agreeable  beverage. 

Betula  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Birch-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Strobiles  oblong-ovoid,  nearly  sessile,  erect,  the  lateral  lobes  of  their  scales  broad  and 
slightly  divergent ;  wing  not  broader  than  the  nut ;  leaves  with  9-11  pairs  of  veins  ;  bark 
of  young  branches  aromatic. 

Leaves  heart-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base  ;  scales  of  the  strobiles  glabrous ;  bark 
dark  brown,  not  separating  into  thin  layers.  1.  B.  lenta  (A,  C). 

Leaves  wedge-shaped  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base  ;   scales  of  the  strobiles 
pubescent ;  bark  yellow  or  silvery  white,  separating  into  thin  layers. 

2.  B.  lutea  (A). 

Strobiles  oblong  or  cylindrical,  erect,  spreading  or  pendant,  on  slender  peduncles;  wing 
broader  than  the  nut ;  leaves  with  5-9  pairs  of  veins. 

Strobiles  oblong,  erect,  ripening  in  May  or  June,  their  scales  pubescent,  deeply  lobed, 
the  lateral  lobes  erect. 

Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  glaucescent  and  more  or  less  silky-pubescent  beneath ;  bark 
light  reddish  brown,  separating  freely  into  thin  persistent  scales. 

3.  B.  nigra  (A,  C). 
Strobiles  cylindrical,  pendant  or  spreading. 

Scales  of  the  strobiles  pubescent,  with  recurved  lateral  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  trian- 
gular, nearly  as  broad  as  long ;  leaves  long-pointed,  their  petioles  slender,  elon- 
gated. 

Leaves  triangular  to  rhomboidal,  bright  green  and  lustrous  ;  bark  chalky  white, 
not  separable  into  thin  layers.  •       4.  B.  populifolia  (A). 


196  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

Leaves  ovate,  wedge-shaped  to  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  dull  blue-green  ; 
bark  white  tinged  with  pink,  lustrous,  not  easily  separable  into  thin  layers. 

5.  B.  ccerulea  (A). 

Scales  of  the  strobiles  with  ascending  or  spreading  lateral  lobes,  the  middle  lobe 
usually  acuminate,  longer  than  broad ;  leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  their  petioles 
more  or  less  stout. 

Bark  separating  freely  into  thin  layers. 
Bark  creamy  white  and  lustrous. 
Leaves  ovate,  dull  dark  green ;  scales  of  the  strobiles  glabrous. 

6.  B.  papyrifera  (A,  F). 

Bark  reddish  brown  to  grayish  white  ;  scales  of  the  strobiles  ciliate. 
Leaves  ovate,  mostly  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  broad  base ;  scales  of  the 
strobiles  puberulous.  7.  B.  occidentalis  (B). 

Leaves  ovate,  cuneate ;  scales  of  the  strobiles  glabrous  except  on  the  mar- 
gins ;  young  branches  not  or  only  slightly  glandular. 

8.  B.  Kenaica  (B). 

Leaves  rhomboidal  to  deltoid ;  scales  of  the  strobiles  glabrous  except  on 
the  margins  ;  young  branchlets  thickly  covered  with  glands. 

9.  B.  Alaskana  (A,  B). 

Bark    not   separable   into   thin   layers,    dark   brown;    scales  of  the  strobiles 
glabrous  or  puberulous. 

Leaves  ovate,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  broad  base,  dull  green. 

10.  B.  fontinalis  (B,  F,  G). 

1.  Strobiles  oblong-ovoid,  erect;  wing  not  broader  than  the  nut  •  leaves  with  9-11  pairs 
of  veins. 

1.  Betula  lenta,  L.    Cherry  Birch.   Black  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  often 
unequal  at  the  cordate  or  rounded  base,  sharply  serrate,  with  slender  incurved  teeth, 
when  they  unfold  light  green,  coated  on  the  lower  surface  and  the  margins  with 


long  white  silky  hairs,  and  slightly  hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thin  and 
membranaceous,  dark  dull  green  above,  light  yellow-green  below,  with  small  tufts 
of  white  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  2^-6'  long,  l£'-3'  wide,  with  yellow  midribs 
and  primary  veins  prominent  and  hairy  on  the  lower  surface,  and  obscure  reticulate 


BETULACEvE  197 

cross  veinlets,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  late  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout, 
hairy,  deeply  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  |'-1'  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  light  greeu 
or  nearly  white,  scarious  and  ciliate  above  the  middle.  Flowers:  stamiuate  aments 
during  the  winter  about  f '  long,  nearly  $'  thick,  with  ovate  acute  apiculate  scales 
bright  red-brown  above  the  middle  and  light  brown  below,  becoming  3' -4'  long;  pis- 
tillate aments  £'-f '  long,  about  £'  thick,  with  ovate  pale  greeu  scales  rounded  at  the 
apex;  styles  light  pink.  Fruit:  strobiles  oblong-ovoid,  sessile,  erect,  glabrous,  l'-l^' 
long,  about  £'  thick;  nut  obovate,  pointed  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  apex,  about  as 
broad  as  its  wing. 

A  tree,  with  aromatic  bark  and  leaves,  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-5°  in  diame- 
ter, slender  branches  finally  spreading  almost  at  right  angles,  becoming  pendulous 
toward  the  ends  and  gradually  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  open  graceful  head, 
and  branchlets  light  green,  slightly  viscid  and  pilose  when  they  first  appear,  soon 
turning  dark  orange-brown,  lustrous  during  the  summer,  bright  red-brown  in  their 
first  winter,  becoming  darker  and  finally  dark  dull  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red. 
Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  about  \'  long,  with  ovate  acute  light  chestnut-brown 
loosely  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  £'-f '  long.  Bark  on 
young  stems  and  branches  close,  smooth,  lustrous,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  and 
marked  by  elongated  horizontal  pale  lenticels,  becoming  on  old  trunks  £'-f '  thick, 
dull,  deeply  furrowed  and  broken  into  large  thick  irregular  plates  covered  with 
closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  close-grained,  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  light  brown  or  yellow  sap  wood  of  70-80  layers  of 
annual  growth;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  fuel,  and  occa- 
sionally in  ship  and  boatbuilding.  Oil  used  medicinally  as  a  flavor  is  distilled  from 
the  wood,  and  beer  is  obtained  by  fermenting  the  sugary  sap. 

Distribution.  Rich  uplands  from  Newfoundland  and  the  valley  of  the  Saguenay 
River  to  northwestern  Ontario,  and  central  Iowa,  and  southward  to  Delaware,  south- 
ern Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  western  Florida, 
central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee;  a  common  forest  tree  at  the  north,  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains. 

2.  Betula  lutea,  Michx.    Yellow  Birch.    Gray  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
to  the  rounded  cuneate  or  rarely  heart-shaped  usually  oblique  base,  sharply  doubly 
serrate,  when  they  unfold  bronze-green  or  red  and  pilose,  with  long  pale  hairs  above 
and  on  the  under  side  of  the  midribs  and  veins,  at  maturity  dark  dull  green  above, 
yellow-green  below,  3'— 4^'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  with  stout  midribs  and  primary  veins 
covered  below  near  the  base  of  the  leaf  with  short  pale  or  rufous  hairs,  turning  clear 
bright  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  pale  yellow,  hairy, 
!'-!'  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  light  green  tinged  with  pink  above  the  middle, 
about  ^'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  during  the  winter  |'-1'  long,  about  ^' 
thick,  with  ovate  rounded  scales  light  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous  above  the  middle, 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  becoming  3'— 3^' long  and  ^'  thick;  pistillate  aments  about  |'  long, 
with  acute  scales,  pale  green  below,  light  red  and  tipped  with  clusters  of  long  white 
hairs  at  the  apex,  and  pilose  on  the  back.  Fruit:  strobiles  erect,  sessile,  short-stalked, 
pubescent,  !'-!£'  long,  about  |-'  thick;  nut  oval  or  obovate,  about  |'  long,  rather 
broader  than  its  wing. 

A  tree,  with  slightly  aromatic  bark  and  leaves,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a 
trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  spreading  and  more  or  less  pendulous  branches  forming 


198  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  at  first  green  and  covered  with  long  pale 
hairs,  light  orange-brown  and  pilose  during  their  first  summer,  becoming  glabrous 
and  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  orange,  and  ultimately  dull  and  darker.  Win- 
ter-buds about  \'  long,  somewhat  viscid  and  covered  with  loose  pale  hairs  during 
the  summer,  becoming  light  chestnut-brown,  acute,  and  slightly  puberulous  in  winter. 
Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  bright  silvery  gray  or  light  orange  color, 
very  lustrous,  separating  into  thin  loose  persistent  scales  more  or  less  rolled  on  the 
margins,  becoming  on  old  trees  £'  thick,  reddish  brown,  and  divided  by  narrow  irregu- 
lar fissures  into  large  thin  plates  covered  with  minute  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood 


heavy,  very  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  nearly 
white  sapwood  ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  button  and  tassel 
moulds,  boxes,  the  hubs  of  wheels,  and  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Moist  uplands,  in  rich  soil,  and  one  of  the  largest  deciduous-leaved 
trees  of  northeastern  America;  Newfoundland  and  along  the  northern  shores  of  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  the  valley  of  Rainy  River,  and  southward  to  northern  Dela- 
ware and  northern  Minnesota,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  the  high  peaks 
of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee;  very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  east- 
ern provinces  of  Canada  and  in  northern  New  York  and  New  England ;  small  and 
rare  in  southern  New  England  and  southward. 

2.  Strobiles  oblong  or  cylindrical  •   wing  broader  than  the  nut;  leaves  with  5-9 pairs 
of  veins. 
*Strobiles  oblong,  erect,  ripening  in  May  or  June. 

3.  Betula  nigra,  L.   Red  Birch.   River  Birch. 

Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped 
at  the  base,  doubly  serrate,  on  vigorous  young  branches  often  more  or  less  laciniately 
cut  into  acute  doubly  serrate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  light  yellow-green  and  pilose 
above  and  coated  below,  especially  on  the  midribs  and  petioles,  with  thick  white 
tomentum,  at  maturity  thin  and  tough,  l^'-3'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  deep  green  and 
lustrous  above,  glabrescent,  pubescent,  or  ultimately  glabrous  below,  except  on  the 
stout  midribs  and  remote  primary  veins,  turning  dull  yellow  in  the  autumn ;  their 


BETULACE^ 


199 


petioles  slender,  slightly  flattened,  tomentose,  about  £'  long;  stipules  ovate,  rounded 
or  acute  at  the  apex,  pale  green,  covered  below  with  white  hairs.  Flowers:  stami- 
nate  ainents  clustered,  during  the  winter  about  £'  long  and  ^y  thick,  with  ovate 
rounded  dull  chestnut-brown  lustrous  scales,  becoming  2'-3'  long  and  ^'  thick;  pistil- 
late aments  about  £'  long,  with  bright  green  ovate  scales  pubescent  on  the  back, 
rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  and  ciliate,  with  long  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  in 
May  and  June;  strobiles  cylindrical,  pubescent,  I'-l^'  long,  \'  thick,  erect  on  stout 
tomentose  peduncles  £'  long;  nut  ovate  or  oval,  \'  long,  pubescent  or  puberulous  at 
the  apex,  about  as  broad  as  its  thin  puberulous  wing  ciliate  on  the  margin. 

A  tree,  80°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  divided  15°-20°  above  the  ground 
into  2  or  3  slightly  diverging  limbs,  and  sometimes  5°  in  diameter,  slender  branches 
forming  in  old  age  a  narrow  irregular  picturesque  crown,  and  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  thick  pale  or  slightly  rufous  tomentum  gradually  disappearing  before 
winter,  becoming  dark  red  and  lustrous,  dull  red-brown  in  their  second  year,  and 
then  gradually  growing  slightly  darker  until  the  bark  separates  into  the  thin  flakes 
of  the  older  branches;  or  often  sending  up  from  the  ground  a  clump  of  several 


small  spreading  stems  forming  a  low  bushy  tree.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  about 
\'  long,  covered  in  summer  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous, 
lustrous  and  bright  chestnut-brown  in  winter,  the  inner  scales  strap-shaped,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  and  coated  with  pale  hairs.  Bark  on  young  stems  and  large 
branches  thin,  lustrous,  light  reddish  brown  or  silvery  gray,  marked  by  narrow 
slightly  darker  longitudinal  lenticels,  separating  freely  into  large  thin  papery  scales 
persistent  for  several  years,  and  turning  back  and  showing  the  light  pink-brown 
tints  of  the  freshly  exposed  inner  layers,  becoming  at  the  base  of  old  trunks  from 
I'-!'  thick,  dark  red-brown,  deeply  furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick 
closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  rather  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light 
brown,  with  pale  sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  furniture,  woodenware,  wooden  shoes,  and  in  turnery. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  ponds,  and  swamps,  in  deep  rich  soil  often 
inundated  for  several  weeks  at  a  time;  northeastern  Massachusetts,  Long  Island, 
New  York,  southward  to  western  Florida  through  the  region  east  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  except  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  through  the  Gulf 


200  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

states  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas,  and  through  the  Mississippi  valley 
to  the  Indian  Territory,  eastern  Kansas,  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Missouri  River, 
in  eastern  Nebraska,  central  Minnesota,  southern  Wisconsin,  and  Ohio;  the  only 
semiaquatic  species  and  the  only  species  ripening  its  seeds  in  the  spring  or  early 
summer;  attaining  its  largest  size  in  the  damp  semitropical  lowlands  of  Florida, 
Louisiana,  and  Texas,  and  the  only  Birch-tree  of  such  warm  regions. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  northeastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  growing 
rapidly  in  cultivation. 

** Strobiles  cylindrical,  pendant  or  spreading. 

-^-Scales  of  the  strobiles  pubescent,  with  recurved  lateral  lobes,  the  middle  lobe 
nearly  as  broad  as  long  •  leaves  long-pointed,  their  petioles  slender,  elongated. 

4.  Betula  populifolia,  Marsh.    Gray  Birch.   "White  Birch. 

Leaves  nearly  triangular  to  rhomboidal,  long-pointed,  coarsely  doubly  serrate, 
with  stout  spreading  glandular  teeth  except  at  the  broad  truncate  or  slightly  cordate 
or  wedge-shaped  base,  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  and  somewhat  rough- 
ened on  the  upper  surface  early  in  the  season  by  small  pale  glands  in  the  axils  of 
the  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  2^'-3'  long,  l^'-2^'  wide,  with  stout  yellow 
midribs  covered  with  minute  glands,  and  raised  and  rounded  on  the  upper  side,  and 
obscure  yellow  primary  veins,  turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles 
slender,  terete,  covered  with  black  glands,  often  stained  with  red  on  the  upper  side, 
|'-1'  long;  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acute,  membranaceous,  light  green  slightly  tinged 
with  red.  Flowers  :  staminate  aments  usually  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs,  l^'-l^' 


long,  about  |'  thick  during  the  winter,  becoming  2£'-4'  long,  with  ovate  acute 
apiculate  scales;  pistillate  aments  on  glandular  peduncles  about  \'  long,  slender, 
about  £'  long,  with  ovate  acute  pale  green  glandular  scales,  Fruit:  strobiles  cylin- 
drical, pubescent,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  about  f  long  and  £'  thick,  pendant  or  spreading 
on  slender  stems;  nut  oval  or  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  base,  a  little  narrower 
than  its  obovate  wing. 

A  short-lived  tree,  20'-30'  or  exceptionally  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  18'  in 
diameter,  short  slender  often  pendulous  more  or  less  contorted  branches  usually 


BETULACE^:  201 

clothing  the  stem  to  the  ground  and  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  pointed  head,  and 
branchlets  roughened  by  small  raised  lenticels,  resinous-glandular  when  they  first 
appear,  like  the  unfolding  leaves,  gradually  growing  darker,  bright  yellow  and 
lustrous  before  autumn  like  the  young  stems,  bright  reddish  brown  during  the  first 
winter,  and  ultimately  white  near  the  trunk;  often  growing  in  clusters  of  spreading 
steins  springing  from  the  stumps  of  old  trees.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  pale 
chestnut-brown,  glabrous,  about  \'  long.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  dull  chalky  white  on 
the  outer  surface,  bright  orange  on  the  inner,  close  and  firm,  with  dark  triangular 
markings  at  the  insertion  of  the  branches,  becoming  at  the  base  of  old  trees  thicker, 
nearly  black,  and  irregularly  broken  by  shallow  fissures.  Wood  light,  soft,  not 
strong,  close-grained,  not  durable,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood; 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  spools,  shoe-pegs  and  wood  pulp,  for  the  hoops  of  bar- 
rels, and  largely  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  barren  soil  or  on  the  margins  of  swamps  and  ponds; 
Nova  Scotia  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  River  southward  to  northern 
Delaware,  and  westward  through  northern  New  England  and  New  York,  ascending 
sometimes  to  altitudes  of  1800°,  to  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Ontario;  rare  and 
local  in  the  interior,  very  abundant  in  the  coast  region  of  New  England  and  the 
middle  states;  springing  up  in  great  numbers  on  abandoned  farm-lands  or  on  lands 
stripped  by  fire  of  their  original  forest  covering;  most  valuable  in  its  ability  to 
grow  rapidly  in  sterile  soil  and  to  afford  protection  to  the  seedlings  of  more  valuable 
and  less  rapidly  growing  trees. 

5.  Betula  ccerulea,  Blanch.    Blue  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate,  long-pointed,  broadly  or  narrowly  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire 
often  unequal  base,  sharply  mostly  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved 


glandular  often  apicnlate  teeth,  covered  above  when  they  unfold  with  pale  deciduous 
glands,  at  maturity  dull  bluish  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green  on 
the  lower,  and  sparingly  villose  along  the  under  side  of  the  slender  yellow  midribs 
and  primary  veins,  2'-2£'  long,  !'-!£'  wide,  their  petioles  slender,  f '-!£'  long,  yellow 
more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  red.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  usually  in  pairs, 
or  singly  or  in  3's,  l£'-2'  long,  about  Ty  thick,  with  ovate  rounded  short-pointed 


202  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

scales;  pistillate  aments  slender,  about  £'  long,  with  acuminate  pale  green  much  re- 
flexed  scales.  Fruit:  strobiles  cylindrical,  pubescent,  slightly  narrowed  at  the  obtuse 
apex,  about  1'  long  and  \'  thick,  pendant  on  slender  peduncles  ^'—  £'  in  length;  nut 
oval,  much  narrower  than  its  broad  wing. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  small  ascend- 
ing finally  spreading  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small 
raised  pale  lenticels,  purplish  and  sparingly  villous  when  they  first  appear,  soon 
glabrous,  becoming  bright  red-brown;  often  forming  clumps  of  several  stems.  Bark 
thin,  white  tinged  with  rose,  lustrous,  not  readily  separable  into  layers,  the  iiyier 
bark  light  orange  color. 

Distribution.  Moist  slopes,  Stratton  and  Windham,  Vermont,  at  elevations  of 
about  1800°  (W.  H.  Blanchard),  Haystack  Mountain,  Aroostook  County,  Maine 
(M.  S.  FernalcT)',  the  American  representative  of  the  European  Betula  pendula, 
Roth.,  and  probably  widely  distributed  over  the  hills  of  northern  New  England  and 
eastern  Canada. 

Apparently  passing  into  a  form  with  larger  leaves  often  rounded  and  truncate  at 
the  broad  base  and  3'-3£'  long  and  2'  wide,  stouter  staminate  aments,  and  strobiles 
frequently  1^'  long  and  £'  thick  (var.  Blanchardi,  Sarg.  nov.  nom.  fig.  168  A).  This 
under  favorable  conditions  is  a  tree  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'  in  diameter,  and 
possibly  when  better  known  may  be  considered  a  distinct  species;  common  with 
Betula  coerulea  at  Windham  and  Stratton,  Vermont  (H.  )V.  Blanchard},  and  on  a 
hill  near  the  coast  in  Washington  County,  Maine  (M  L.  Fernald}. 


of  the  strobiles  with  ascending  or  spreading  lateral  lobes,  the  middle 
lobe  longer  than  broad  ;  leaves  acute  or  acuminate. 
++Bark  creamy  white  to  reddish  brown,  separating  freely  into  thin  layers. 

6.  Betula  papyrifera,  Marsh.    Canoe  Birch.    Paper  Birch. 
Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  short    broad   points,  coarsely   usually 
doubly  and  often  very  irregularly  sen-ate  except  at  the  rounded  abruptly  wedge- 
shaped,  gradually  narrowed,  or  deeply  cordate  (var.  cordifolia,  Fern.)  base,  bright 


green,  glandular-resinous,  pubescent  and  clothed  below  on  the  midribs  and  primary 
veins  and  on  the  petioles  with  long  white  hairs  when  they  unfold,  at  maturity  thick 


BETULACE^E 


203 


and  firm,  dull  dark  green  arid  glandless  or  rarely  glandular  on  the  upper  surface, 
light  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  puberulous,  with  small  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the 
axils  of  the  primary  veins  and  covered  with  many  black  glands  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, 2'-3'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  marked,  like  the  remote 
primary  veins,  with  minute  black  glands,  turning  light  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn; 
their  petioles  stout,  yellow,  glandular,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  \'-\'  long;  stipules 
ovate,  acute,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  with  pale  hairs,  light  green.  Flowers  :  stami- 
nate  aments  clustered,  during  the  winter  f '-!$•  long,  about  |'  thick,  with  ovate,  acute 
scales  light  brown  below  the  middle,  dark  red-brown  above,  becoming  3^' -4'  long, 
and  about  \'  thick;  pistillate  aments  I'-l}'  long,  about  ^  thick,  with  light  green 
lanceolate  scales  long-pointed  and  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex;  styles  bright 
red.  Fruit  :  strobiles  cylindrical,  glabrous,  about  1^'  long  and  \'  thick,  hanging  on 
slender  stalks;  nut  oval,  about  ^'  long,  much  narrower  than  its  thin  wing. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  tall,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  becoming  in  old  age, 
or  when  crowded  by  other  trees,  branchless  below  and  supporting  a  narrow  open  head 
of  short  pendulous  branches,  and  branchlets  at  first  light  green,  slightly  viscid, 
marked  by  scattered  orange-colored  oblong  lenticels  and  covered  with  long  pale 
hairs,  dark  orange  color  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  during  the  summer,  becoming 
dull  red  in  their  first  winter,  gradually  growing  dark  orange-brown,  lustrous  for  four 


or  five  years  and  ultimately  covered  with  the  white  papery  bark  of  older  branches. 
Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  about  ^'  long,  pubescent  below  the  middle  and  coated 
with  resinous  gum  at  midsummer,  dark  chestnut-brown,  glabrous  and  slightly  resin- 
ous during  the  winter,  their  inner  scales  becoming  strap-shaped,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  about  £'  long  and  \'  wide.  Bark  on  young  trunks  and  large  limbs  thin,  creamy 
white,  lustrous  on  the  outer  surface,  bright  orange  color  on  the  inner,  marked  by 
long  narrow  slightly  darker  colored  raised  lenticels,  separating  into  thin  papery  lay- 
ers pale  orange  color  when  first  exposed  to  the  light,  becoming  on  old  trunks  for  a  few 
feet  above  the  ground  sometimes  \'  thick,  dull  brown  or  nearly  black,  sharply  and 
irregularly  furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  closely  appressed  scales. 
"Wood  light,  strong,  hard,  tough,  very  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  used  for  spools,  shoe-lasts,  pegs,  and  in  turnery, 
the  manufacture  of  wood-pulp,  and  for  fuel.  The  tough  resinous  durable  bark  im- 
pervious to  water  is  used  by  all  the  northern  Indians  in  their  canoes  and  for  baskets, 


204 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


bags,  drink  ing-cups,  and  other  small  articles,  and  often  to  cover  their  wigwams  in 
winter. 

Distribution.  Rich  wooded  slopes  and  the  borders  of  streams,  lakes,  and  swamps, 
scattered  through  forests  of  other  trees;  Labrador  to  the  southern  shores  of  Hud- 
son's Bay  and  Great  Slave  Lake,  and  southward  to  Long  Island,  New  York,  north- 
ern Pennsylvania,  central  Michigan,  central  Iowa,  northern  Nebraska,  the  Black 
Hills  of  Dakota,  northern  Montana  and  northwestern  Washington;  common  in  the 
maritime  provinces  of  Canada  and  north  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  in  northern  New 
England  and  New  York;  small  and  comparatively  rare  in  the  coast  region  of  south- 
ern New  England  and  southward;  not  common  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region;  on 
the  highest  mountains  of  New  England  the  var.  cordifolia  (Fig.  170)  is  common  as 
a  small  tree  or  shrub,  and  also  occurs  northward  and  on  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Often  planted  in  the  northeastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

7.  Betula  occidentalis,  Hook.   Birch. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  usually  rounded,  occasionally  cordate  or  rarely  cuueate  at 
the  broad  base,  coarsely  and  generally  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  or  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  while  young  light  yellow-green,  covered  with  dark  reddish  resinous 
viscid  glands,  and  villous  along  the  midribs  and  veins,  with  long  white  hairs  often 
also  in  large  persistent  tufts  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin 
and  firm  in  texture,  marked  by  the  scars  of  the  fallen  glands,  dull  dark  green  above, 
pale  yellow-green  below,  and  puberulous  on  both  sides  of  the  stout  yellow  midribs 
and  slender  primary  veins,  3'-4'  long,  l£'-2'  wide  ;  their  petioles  stout,  glandular,  at 
first  tomeutose,  ultimately  pubescent  or  puberulous,  about  f '  long  ;  stipules  oblong- 
obovate,  rounded  or  acute  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  puber- 
ulous, glandular-viscid,  about  ^'  long,  \'-\'  wide.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  dur- 
ing the  winter  about  £'  long  and  \'  thick,  with  ovate  scales  rounded  or  abruptly 


narrowed  and  acute  at  the  apex,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  becoming  3'-4'  long  and  about  \'  wide  ;  pistillate  aments  about  1'  long 
and  ^y  thick,  with  acuminate  bright  green  scales.  Fruit :  strobiles  cylindrical,  pu- 
berulous, spreading,  l^'-l^'  long,  \'-%  thick,  on  stout  peduncles  £'  in  length,  their 
scales  ciliate  on  the  margins  ;  nut  oval,  about  ^'  long,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  its  wings. 


BETULACE^E 


205 


A  tree,  100°-120°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  comparatively  small 
branches  often  pendulous  on  old  trees,  and  pale  orange-brown  brauchlets  more  or  less 
glandular  and  coated  with  long  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright 
orange-brown  and  marked  by  numerous  minute  pale  lenticels  and  pubescent  or 
puberulous  during  their  first  winter  and  nearly  destitute  of  glands,  and  in  their 
second  year  orange-brown,  glabrous,  and  very  lustrous.  Winter-buds  acute,  bright 
orange-brown,  ^'-^'  long,  their  light  brown  inner  scales  sometimes  becoming  £'  long. 
Bark  thin,  marked  by  large  oblong  horizontal  raised  lenticels,  dark  orange-brown, 
very  lustrous,  separating  freely  into  thin  papery  layers  displaying  in  falling  the 
bright  orange-yellow  inner  bark. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  lakes  ;  southwestern  British  Columbia  and 
northwestern  Washington  ;  nowhere  common  and  probably  of  its  largest  size  on  the 
alluvial  banks  of  the  lower  Fraser  River,  and  on  the  islands  of  Puget  Sound. 

8.   Betula  Kenaica,  Evans.    Red  Birch.   Black  Birch. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  broadly  cuneate  or  somewhat  rounded  at  the 
entire  base,  irregularly  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above,  puberulous  on  the  upper 


surface  and  ciliate  on  the  margins  when  they  unfold,  at  maturity  glabrous,  dark 
dull  green  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  l^'-2'  long,  I'-lf '  wide,  with  slender  yel- 
low midribs  and  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  ;  their  petioles  slender,  J'-l'  long. 
Flowers  :  staminate  aments  clustered,  1'  long,  with  ovate  acute  scales  apiculate  at 
the  apex,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface  ;  pistillate  aments  ^'— ^'  long,  about  ^' 
wide,  on  slender  glandular  pubescent  peduncles  -J'— |'  long,  with  acuminate  light 
green  strongly  reflexed  scales;  styles  bright  red.  Fruit :  strobiles  cylindrical,  gla- 
brous, V  long,  their  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins;  nut  oval,  somewhat  narrower  than 
its  thin  wing. 

A  tree,  30° -40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-2(X  in  diameter,  wide-spreading  branches, 
stout  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small  pale  lenticels,  bright  red-brown  during 
2  or  3  years,  gradually  becoming  darker.  Bark  thin,  more  or  less  furrowed,  very 
dark  brown  or  nearly  black  near  the  base  of  the  trunk,  grayish  white  or  light  red- 
dish brown  and  separating  into  thin  layers  higher  on  the  stem  and  on  the  branches. 


206 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


Distribution.  Coast  of  Alaska  from  Cook  Inlet  southward  to  the  head  of  the 
Lyun  Canal. 

9.  Betula  Alaskana,  Sarg.    White  Birch. 

Leaves  rhomboidal  to  deltoid-ovate,  long-pointed,  truncate,  rounded  or  broadly 
cuueate,  or  on  leading  shoots  occasionally  cordate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  and 
often  doubly  glandular-serrate  above,  when  they  unfold  yellow-green  and  covered 
with  resinous  glands,  lustrous  and  villous  above  and  slightly  puberulous  below,  at 


maturity  thin,  dark  green  above,  pale  and  yellow-green  below,  l^'-3'  long,  !'-!£' 
wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  primary  veins  pubescent  or  ultimately  glabrous  be- 
low ;  their  petioles  often  bright  red,  somewhat  hairy  at  first,  finally  glabrous,  about 
1'  long;  stipules  oblong,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  villous  partic- 
ularly toward  the  margins.  Flowers :  staminate  aments  clustered,  sessile,  1'  long, 
y  thick,  with  ovate  acuminate  scales  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  bright  red,  with 
yellow  margins;  pistillate  aments  slender,  cylindrical,  glandular,  1'  long,  £'  thick, 
on  stout  peduncles  nearly  ^'  long.  Fruit :  strobiles  glabrous,  pendulous  or  spread- 
ing, I'-l^'  long,  J'-^'  thick,  their  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins;  nut  oval,  narrower 
than  its  broad  wing. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-40°,  occasionally  80°,  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-12'  in  diameter, 
slender  erect  and  spreading  or  pendulous  branches,  and  glabrous  bright  red-brown 
branchlets  more  or  less  thickly  covered  during  their  first  year  with  resinous  glands 
sometimes  persistent  until  the  second  or  third  season.  Winter-buds  ovate,  obtuse 
at  the  gradually  narrowed  apex,  about  \'  long,  with  light  red-brown  shining  outer 
scales  sometimes  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  oblong  rounded  scarious  inner  scales 
hardly  more  than  £'  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark  thin,  marked  by  numerous  elon- 
gated dark  slightly  raised  lenticels,  dull  reddish  brown  or  sometimes  nearly  white 
on  the  outer  surface,  light  red  on  the  inner  surface,  close  and  firm,  finally  separable 
into  thin  plate-like  scales. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Saskatchewan  northwestward  to  the  valley  of  the 
Yukon,  growing  sparingly  near  the  banks  of  streams  in  forests  of  coniferous  trees 
and  in  large  numbers  on  sunny  slopes  and  hillsides;  the  common  Birch-tree  of  the 
Yukon  basin. 


BETULACE^E 


207 


Bark  dark  brown,  not  separable  into  thin  layers. 

10.  Betula  fontinalis,  Sarg.    Black  Birch. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate,  except  at  the 
rounded  abruptly  wedge-shaped  truncate  subcordate  and  often  unequal  base,  and 
sometimes  slightly  laciniately  lobed,  pale  green,  pilose  above,  and  covered  by  conspicu- 
ous resinous  glands  when  they  unfold,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  dull  green 
above,  pale  yellow-green,  rather  lustrous  and  covered  by  minute  glandular  dots  be- 
low, l'-2'  long,  £'-!'  wide,  with  slender  pale  midribs,  remote  glandular  veins,  and 
rather  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  turning  dull  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling; 
their  petioles  stout,  puberulous,  light  yellow,  glandular-dotted,  flattened  on  the  upper 
side,  often  flushed  with  red,  £'-£'  long;  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at 
the  apex,  slightly  ciliate,  bright  green  soon  becoming  pale  and  scarious.  Flowers: 
stamiuate  amenta  clustered,  £'-f '  long  and  ^'  thick  during  the  winter,  with  ovate 
acute  light  chestnut-brown  scales  pale  and  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  becoming 


2'-2£'long,  and  about  \'  thick,  with  apiculate  scales;  pistillate  aments  short-stalked, 
about  I'  long,  with  ovate  acute  green  scales;  styles  bright  red.  Fruit:  strobiles 
cylindrical,  rather  obtuse,  puberulous  or  nearly  glabrous,  I'-l-J-'  long,  erect  or  pendu- 
lous on  slender  glandular  stalks,  \'  to  nearly  |'  long;  nut  ovate  or  obovate,  puberulous 
at  the  apex,  much  narrower  than  its  wing. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  slender 
spreading  gracefully  pendulous  branches  forming  an  open  feathery  head,  and  branch- 
lets  light  green  and  much  roughened  at  first  by  large  lustrous  resinous  glands 
persistent  until  the  second  season,  soon  becoming  dark  orange  color,  rather  bright 
red-brown  during  their  first  winter,  dark  reddish  brown  or  bronze  color  and  very 
lustrous  the  following  summer,  and  marked  by  conspicuous  pale  lenticels;  more 
commonly  shrubby,  with  many  thin  spreading  stems  forming  open  clusters,  15°-20° 
high,  often  much  lower,  and  frequently  crowded  in  almost  impenetrable  thickets. 
Winter-buds  oval  to  ovate,  acute,  very  resinous,  chestnut-brown,  \'  long.  Bark 
about  \'  thick,  dark  bronze  color,  very  lustrous,  marked  by  pale  brown  longitudinal 
lenticels  becoming  on  old  trunks  often  6'-8'  long  and  \'  wide.  Wood  soft  and 


208  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

strong,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  sometimes  used  for  fuel  and 
fencing. 

Distribution.  Moist  soil  near  the  banks  of  streams  in  mountain  canons;  gen- 
erally distributed,  although  nowhere  very  common,  from  the  basin  of  the  upper  Fraser 
and  Peace  rivers  in  British  Columbia,  southward  to  the  valleys  of  Mt.  Shasta  and 
the  eastern  slopes  of  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada,  California,  eastward  through 
Alberta  and  along  the  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  along  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  interior  ranges  of  Nevada,  Utah,  and  northern  New  Mexico, 
extending  eastward  in  the  United  States  to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  northwestern 
Nebraska,  and  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado. 

4.  ALNUS,  L.   Alder. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  astringent  scaly  bark,  soft  straight-grained  wood,  naked 
stipitate  winter-buds  formed  in  summer  and  nearly  inclosed  by  the  united  stipules 
of  the  first  leaf,  becoming  thick,  resinous,  and  dark  red.  Leaves  open  and  convex 
in  the  bud,  falling  without  change  of  color;  stipules  of  all  but  the  first  leaf  ovate, 
acute,  and  scarious.  Flowers  vernal  or  in  one  species  autumnal,  in  1-3-flowered 
cymes  in  the  axils  of  the  peltate  short-stalked  scales  of  stalked  aments  formed  in 
summer  or  autumn  in  the  axils  of  the  last  leaves  of  the  year  or  of  those  of  minute 
leafy  bracts;  staminate  aments  elongated,  pendulous,  paniculate,  naked  and  erect 
during  the  winter,  each  staminate  flower  subtended  by  3-5  minute  bractlets  adnate 
to  the  scales  .of  the  ament,  and  composed  of  a  4-parted  calyx,  1-3  or  usually  4 
stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  opposite  its  lobes,  with  short  simple 
filaments;  pistillate  aments  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect,  stalked,  produced  in  summer  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  a  branch  developed  from  the  axils  of  an  upper  leaf  of  the 
year,  and  below  the  staminate  inflorescence,  inclosed  at  first  in  the  stipules  of 
the  first  leaf,  emerging  in  the  autumn  and  naked  during  the  winter,  or  remaining 
covered  until  early  spring;  pistillate  flowers  in  pairs,  each  flower  subtended  by  2-4 
minute  bractlets  adnate  to  the  fleshy  scale  of  the  ament  becoming  at  maturity 
thick  and  woody,  obovate,  3-5-lobed  or  truncate  at  the  thickened  apex,  forming  an 
ovoid  or  subglobose  strobile  persistent  after  the  opening  of  its  closely  imbricated 
scales;  calyx  0;  ovary  compressed;  nut  minute,  bright  chestnut-brown,  ovate  to 
oblong,  flat,  bearing  at  the  apex  the  remnants  of  the  style,  marked  at  the  base  by 
a  pale  scar,  the  outer  coat  of  the  shell  produced  into  lateral  wings  often  reduced 
to  a  narrow  membranaceous  border. 

Alnus  inhabits  swamps,  river  bottom-lands,  and  high  mountains,  and  is  widely  and 
generally  distributed  through  the  northern  hemisphere,  often  forming  the  most 
conspicuous  feature  of  vegetation  on  mountain  slopes,  ranging  at  high  altitudes 
southward  in  the  New  World  through  Central  America  to  Colombia,  Peru,  and 
Bolivia,  and  to  upper  Assam  and  Japan  in  the  Old  World.  Of  the  eighteen  or  twenty 
species  now  recognized  nine  are  North  American ;  of  these  six  attain  the  size  and  habit 
of  trees.  Of  the  exotic  species,  Alnus  glutinosa,  Gaert.,  a  common  European,  North 
African,  and  Asiatic  timber-tree,  was  introduced  many  years  ago  into  the  northeast- 
ern states,  where  it  has  become  locally  naturalized.  The  wood  of  Alnus  is  very 
durable  in  water,  and  the  astringent  bark  and  strobiles  are  used  in  tanning  leather 
and  in  medicine. 

Alnus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Alder. 


BETULACE.E  209 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  opening  in  spring  with  or  after  the  leaves  ;  stamens  4  ;  pistillate  anients  inclosed 
during  the  winter ;  nut  furnished  with  a  broad  wing. 

Leaves  ovate,  sinuately  lobed,  lustrous  on  the  lower  surface. 

1.  A.  Sitchensis  (B,  F,  G). 

Flowers  opening  in  winter  or  early  spring  before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves ;  pistillate 
anients  usually  naked  during  the  winter. 
Wing  of  the  nut  broad. 

Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical,  rusty-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface ;   pistillate  amenta 
often  inclosed  during  the  winter ;  stamens  4.  2.  A.  Oregoiia  (B,  G). 

Wing  of  the  nut  reduced  to  a  narrow  border. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface  ;  stamens  4. 

;5.  A.  tenuifolia  (B,  F,  G). 
Stamens  usually  2  or  3. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  pale  and  slightly  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface. 

4.  A.  rhombif  olia  (B,  F,  G). 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  pale  and  sometimes  puberulous  on  the  lower  sur- 
face. ~>.  A  obloiigifolia  (H). 
Flowers  opening  in  autumn  from  anients  of  the  year  ;  stamens  4 ;  wing  of  the  nut  reduced 
to  a  narrow  border. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  obovate,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green 
below.  6.  A.  maritima  (A). 

1.  Flowers  opening  in  spring  with  or  after  the  leaves:  pistillate  aments  inclosed  during 
the  winter. 

1.  Alnus  Sitchensis,  Sarg.    Alder. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  full  and  rounded  and  often  unsymmetrical  and  somewhat 
oblique,  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  base,  divided  into  numerous  short 
acute  lateral  lobes,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  glundu- 


lar-viscid  as  they  unfold,  at  maturity  membranaceous,  yellow-green  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  and  very  lustrous  on  the  lower  surface,  glabrous,  or  villous  along  the 
under  side  of  the  stout  midribs,  with  short  brown  hairs  also  forming  tufts  in  the  axils 
of  the  numerous  slender  primary  veins,  3'-6'  long,  l^'-4'  wide  ;  their  petioles  stout, 


210  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

grooved,  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base,  |'-f  long;  stipules  oblong  to  spatulate, 
rounded  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  puberulous,  about  \'  long.  Flowers:  staminate 
aments  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  sometimes  reduced  to  small  bracts, 
and  single  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf  next  below  it,  sessile,  during  the  winter  about  % 
long  and  \'  thick,  with  dark  red-brown  shining  puberulous  apiculate  scales,  becoming 
when  the  flowers  open  from  spring  to  midsummer  4'  or  5'  long,  with  a  puberulous 
light  red  rachis  and  ovate  acute  apiculate  3-flowered  scales;  calyx-lobes  rounded, 
shorter  than  the  4  stamens;  pistillate  aments  in  elongated  panicles,  inclosed  during 
winter  in  buds  formed  the  previous  summer  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  short  lateral 
branchlets,  long-pedunculate,  \'  long,  £'  thick.  Fruit:  strobiles  on  slender  peduncles 
in  elongated  sometimes  leafy  panicles  4'-6'  long,  oblong,  £'— |'  long,  about  ^'  thick, 
their  truncate  scales  thickened  at  the  apex;  nut  oval,  about  as  wide  as  its  wings. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  7'-8'  in  diameter,  short  small  nearly 
horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  crown,  and  slender  slightly  zigzag  branchlets 
puberulous  and  very  glandular  when  they  first  appear,  bright  orange-brown  and 
lustrous  and  marked  by  numerous  large  pale  lenticels  during  their  first  season, 
much  roughened  during  their  second  year  by  the  elevated  crowded  leaf-scars,  becom- 
ing light  gray.  Winter-buds  acuminate,  dark  purple,  covered  especially  toward 
the  apex  with  close  fine  pubescence,  about  ^'  long;  often  a  shrub  only  a  few  feet  tall 
spreading  into  broad  thickets. 

Distribution.  Northwest  coast  from  the  borders  of  the  Arctic  Circle  to  Oregon; 
common  in  the  valley  of  the  Yukon  and  eastward  through  British  Columbia  to  Al- 
berta, and  through  Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains; at  the  north  with  dwarf  Willows,  forming  great  thickets;  in  southeastern  Alaska 
often  a  tall  tree  on  rich  moist  bottom-lands  near  the  mouths  of  mountain  streams,  or 
at  the  upper  limits  of  tree  growth  a  low  shrub;  very  abundant  in  the  valley  of  the 
Yukon  on  the  wet  banks  of  streams  and  often  arborescent  in  habit ;  in  British  Co- 
lumbia and  the  United  States  generally  smaller,  growing  usually  only  at  elevations  of 
more  than  3000°  above  the  sea,  and  often  forming  thickets  on  the  banks  of  streams 
and  lakes. 

2.  Flowers  opening  in  winter  or  early  spring  'before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  ;  pistil- 
late aments  usually  naked  during  the  winter. 

2.  Alnus  Oregona,  Nutt.    Alder. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptical,  acute,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  crenately  lobed,  dentate,  with  minute  gland-tipped  teeth,  and 
slightly  revolute  on  the  margins,  covered  when  they  unfold  with  pale  tomentum,  at 
maturity  thick  dark  green  and  glabrous  or  pilose,  with  scattered  white  hairs  above, 
clothed  below  with  short  rusty  pubescence,  3'-5'  long,  l|'-3'  broad,  or  on  vigorous 
branches  sometimes  8'-10'  long,  with  broad  midribs  and  primary  veins  green  on  the 
upper  side  and  orange-colored  on  the  lower,  the  primary  veins  running  obliquely 
t<>  the  points  of  the  lobes  and  connected  by  conspicuous  slightly  reticulate  cross  vein- 
lets;  their  petioles  orange-colored,  nearly  terete,  slightly  grooved,  £'-f'  long;  stipules 
ovate,  acute,  pale  green  flushed  with  red,  tomentose,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers:  stami- 
nate aments  in  red-stemmed  clusters  2'-3'  long,  during  the  winter  \\'  long,  \' 
thick,  with  dark  red-brown  lustrous  closely  appressed  scales,  becoming  4'-6'  long 
and  \'  thick,  with  ovate  acute  orange-colored  glabrous  scales;  calyx  yellow,  with 
ovate  rounded  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  4  stamens;  pistillate  aments  in  short 


BETULACE^E  211 

racemes  usually  inclosed  during  the  winter  in  buds  formed  during  the  early  summer 
and  opening  in  the  early  spring,  £'— £'  long,  about  ^'  thick,  with  dark  red  acute 
scales;  styles  bright  red.  Fruit:  strobiles  raised  on  stout  orange-colored  peduncles 


sometimes  ^'  long,  ovate  or  oblong,  •£'-!'  long,  J'— £'  wide,  with  truncate  scales  much 
thickened  toward  the  apex ;  nut  orbicular  to  obovate,  surrounded  by  a  membrana- 
ceous  wing. 

A  tree,  usually  40°-50°,  occasionally  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  3£°  in 
diameter,  slender  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head, 
and  slender  Branchlets  marked  by  minute  scattered  pale  lenticels,  light  green  and 
coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum  sometimes  persistent  until  their  second  year, 
becoming  during  the  first  winter  bright  red  and  lustrous  and  ultimately  ashy  gray. 
Winter-buds  about  ^'  long,  dark  red,  covered  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence.  Bark 
rarely  more  than  ^'  thick,  close,  roughened  by  minute  wart-like  excrescences,  pale 
gray  or  nearly  white,  with  a  thin  outer  layer,  and  bright  red-brown  inner  bark. 
Wood  light,  soft,  brittle,  not  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red, 
with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood;  in  Washington  and  Oregon  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  furniture;  by  the  Indians  of  Alaska  the  trunks  are  hollowed  into 
canoes. 

Distribution.  Southeastern  Alaska  southward,  near  the  coast  to  the  canons  of 
the  Santa  Inez  Mountains,  California;  common  along  the  banks  of  streams,  and  of 
its  largest  size  near  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound. 

3.  Alnus  tenuifolia,  Nutt.  Alder. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  broad  and  rounded  or  cordate,  or  occa- 
sionally abruptly  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  usually  acutely  laciniately 
lobed  and  doubly  serrate,  when  they  unfold  light  green  often  tinged  with  red,  pilose 
on  the  upper  surface  and  coated  on  the  lower  with  pale  tomentum,  at  maturity  thin 
and  firm,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lous  below,  2'-4'  long,  l£'-2^'  wide,  with  stout  orange-colored  midribs  impressed  on 
the  upper  side  and  slender  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their 
petioles  stout,  slightly  grooved,  orange-colored,  ^'-1'  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  thin, 
and  scarious,  ^'  long,  about  £'  wide,  covered  with  pale  pubescence.  Flowers:  stami- 


212 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


nate  aments  3  or  4  in  number  in  slender-stemmed  racemes,  nearly  sessile  or  raised 
on  stout  peduncles  often  £'  long,  during  the  winter  light  purple,  f'-l'  long  and 
^'  thick,  becoming  l^'-2'  long;  calyx-lobes  rounded,  shorter  than  the  4  stamens; 
pistillate  aments  naked  during  the  winter,  dark  red-brown,  nearly  ^'  long,  with 
acute  apiculate  loosely  imbricated  scales,  only  slightly  enlarged  when  the  flowers 
open.  Fruit :  strobiles  ovate-oblong,  \'-%  long,  their  scales  much  thickened,  trun- 
cate and  3-lobed  at  the  apex;  nut  nearly  circular  to  slightly  obovate,  surrounded 
by  a  thin  membranaceous  border. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  tall,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  small  spreading 
slightly  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branch- 
lets  marked  at  first  by  a  few  large  orange-colored  lenticels  and  coated  with  fine  pale 
or  rusty  caducous  pubescence,  becoming  light  brown  or  ashy  gray  more  or  less 


deeply  flushed  with  red  in  their  first  winter  and  ultimately  paler;  more  often  shrubby, 
with  several  spreading  stems,  and  at  the  north  and  at  high  elevations  frequently  only 
4°-5°  tall.  Winter-buds  £'-£'  long,  bright  red,  and  ptiberulous.  Bark  rarely  more 
than  \'  thick,  bright  red-brown,  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  mountain  canons  from  Francis  Lake  in 
latitude  61°  north,  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  River,  British  Columbia,  east- 
ward along  the  Saskatchewan  to  Prince  Albert,  and  southward  through  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  northern  New  Mexico;  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  southern  California, 
and  in  Lower  California;  the  common  Alder  of  mountain  streams  in  the  northern 
interior  region  of  the  continent;  very  abundant  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  and  on  the  southern  California  sierra,  forming  great  thickets  at  6000°- 
7000°  above  the  sea  along  the  head-waters  of  the  rivers  of  southern  California  flowing 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean;  the  common  Alder  of  eastern  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  of 
Idaho  and  Montana;  very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  Colorado  and  northern 
New  Mexico. 

4.  Alnus  rhombifolia,  Nutt.  Alder. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval  or  sometimes  nearly  orbicular,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
especially  on  vigorous  shoots,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at 


BETULACE.E  213 

the  base,  finely  or  sometimes  coarsely  and  occasionally  doubly  serrate,  slightly  thick- 
ened and  reflexed  on  the  somewhat  undulate  margins,  when  they  unfold  pale  green 


and  covered  with  deciduous  matted  white  hairs,  at  maturity  dark  green  and  lustrous 
on  the  upper  suface,  frequently  marked,  especially  on  the  midribs,  with  minute  glan- 
dular dots,  light  yellow-green  and  slightly  puberulous  below,  2'-3'  long,  l^'-2'  wide, 
with  stout  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender,  yellow,  hairy, 
flattened  and  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  £'-f'  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  scarious, 
puberulous,  about  \'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  in  slender-stemmed  pubescent 
clusters,  usually  short-stalked,  during  the  summer  dark  olive-brown  and  lustrous, 
£'-!'  long  and  about  ^'  thick,  beginning  to  lengthen  late  in  the  autumn  before  the 
leaves  fall,  fully  grown  and  4'-6'  long  and  \'  thick  in  January,  with  dark  orange- 
brown  scales,  and  deciduous  in  February  before  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves; 
calyx  yellow,  4-lobed,  rather  shorter  than  the  2  or  occasionally  3  or  rarely  single 
stamen;  pistillate  aments  in  short  pubescent  racemes  emerging  from  the  bud  in 
December,  their  scales  broadly  ovate  and  rounded.  Fruit :  strobiles  oblong,  ^'-^' 
long,  with  thin  scales  slightly  thickened  and  lobed  at  the  apex,  fully  grown  at  mid- 
summer, remaining  closed  until  the  trees  flower  the  following  year;  nut  broadly 
ovate,  with  a  thin  acute  margin. 

A  tree,  frequently  70°-SO°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  long 
slender  branches  pendulous  at  the  ends,  forming  a  wide  round-topped  open  head, 
and  slender  branchlets  marked  by  small  scattered  lenticels,  at  first  light  green  and 
coated  with  pale  caducous  pubescence,  soon  becoming  dark  orange-red  and  glabrous, 
and  darker  during  the  winter  and  following  summer.  Winter-buds  nearly  £'  long, 
very  slender,  dark  red,  and  covered  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence.  Wood  light,  soft, 
not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  often  nearly 
white  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  from  northern  Idaho  to  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains  of  Washington  and  southwestern  Oregon  and  southward  over  the 
coast  ranges  and  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  mountains  of 
southern  California;  the  common  Alder  of  the  valleys  of  central  California,  and  the 
only  species  at  low  altitudes  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 


214 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


5.  Alnus  oblongifolia,  Torr.    Alder. 

(Alnus  acuminata,  Silva,  N.  Am.  ix.  79.) 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  rarely  obovate  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  grad- 
ually narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  sharply  and  usually  doubly  serrate, 
more  or  less  thickly  covered,  especially  early  in  the  season,  with  black  glands,  dark 
yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  above,  pale  and  glabrous  or  puber- 
ulous  below,  especially  along  the  slender  yellow  midribs  and  veins,  with  small  tufts 
of  rusty  hairs  i»  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  2'-3'  long,  about  1^'  wide;  their 
petioles  slender,  grooved,  pubescent,  f  long;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  brown  and 
scarious,  about  ^  long.  Flowers:  staminate  aments  in  short  stout-stemmed  racemes, 
during  the  winter  light  yellow,  £'-£'  long  and  about  Ty  thick,  becoming  when  the 
flowers  open  at  the  end  of  February  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  2'-2£' 


long,  with  ovate  pointed  dark  orange-brown  scales;  calyx  4-lobed;  stamens  3  or  occa- 
sionally 2,  with  pale  red  anthers  soon  becoming  light  yellow;  pistillate  aments  naked 
during  the  winter,  ^'  to  nearly  ^'  long,  with  light  brown  ovate  rounded  scales; 
stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit :  strobiles  \'-V  long,  with  thin  scales  slightly  thickened 
and  nearly  truncate  at  the  apex;  nut  broadly  ovate,  with  a  narrow  membranaceous 
border. 

A  tree,  in  the  United  States  rarely  more  than  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  some- 
times 8'  in  diameter,  long  slender  spreading  branches  forming  an  open  round-topped 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  light  orange- 
red  and  lustrous  during  their  first  winter,  and  marked  by  small  conspicuous  pale 
lenticels,  becoming  in  their  second  year  dark  red-brown  or  gray  tinged  with  red  and 
much  roughened  by  the  elevated  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  acute,  bright  red,  lus- 
trous, glabrous,  \'  long.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  light  brown  tinged  with  red. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  canons  of  the  mountains  of  southern  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona  at  elevations  of  40000-6000°  above  the  sea;  and  on  the  moun- 
tains of  northern  Mexico. 


BETULACE^E 

3.  Flowers  opening  in  autumn  from  aments  of  the  year. 


215 


6.  Alnua  maritima,  Nutt.    Alder. 

Leaves  oblong,  ovate,  or  obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  grad- 
ually narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  remotely  serrate,  with  minute  in- 
curved glandular  teeth,  and  somewhat  thickened  on  the  slightly  undulate  margins, 


when  they  unfold,  light  green  tinged  with  red,  hairy  on  the  midribs,  veins,  and 
petioles,  and  coated  above  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence,  at  maturity  dark  green, 
very  lustrous,  and  covered  below  by  minute  pale  glandular  dots,  3'^4'  long,  l^'-2' 
wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins  prominent  and  glandular  on  the 
upper  side  and  slightly  puberulous  below;  their  petioles  stout,  yellow,  glandular, 
flattened  and  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  £'-£'  long;  stipules  oblong,  acute,  about 
\'  long,  dark  reddish  brown,  caducous.  Flowers:  aments  appearing  in  July  on 
branches  of  the  year  and  fully  grown  in  August  or  early  in  September;  staminate  in 
short  scurfy-pubescent  glandular-pitted  racemes  on  slender  peduncles  sometimes 
^'  in  length  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  pistillate  usually  solitary  from  those  of 
the  lower  leaves;  staminate  aments  covered  at  first  with  ovate  acute  dark  green 
very  lustrous  scales  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  furnished  at  the  apex  with 
minute  red  points,  at  maturity  l£'-2^'  long,  \'  to  nearly  ^  thick,  with  dark  orange- 
brown  scales  raised  on  slender  stalks,  and  bright  orange-colored  stamens;  pistillate 
aments  on  stout  pubescent  peduncles,  bright  red  at  the  apex  and  light  green  below 
before  opening,  with  ovate  acute  scales  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  about  \'  long 
when  the  styles  protrude  from  between  the  scales,  beginning  to  enlarge  the  follow- 
ing spring.  Fruit  attaining  full  size  at  midsummer  and  then  stalked,  broadly  ovate, 
rounded  and  depressed  at  the  base,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  rather  obtuse  apex, 
about  I'  long  and  ^'  broad,  with  thin  lustrous  scales  slightly  thickened  and  crcnately 
lobed  at  the  apex,  turning  dark  reddish  brown  or  nearly  black  and  opening  late  in 
the  autumn  and  remaining  on  the  branches  until  after  the  flowers  unfold  the  follow- 
ing year;  nut  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  with  a 
thin  membranaceous  border. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  small 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  slender  slightly  zigzag 


216  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

branchlets,  light  green  and  hairy  at  first,  pale  yellow-green,  very  lustrous,  slightly 
puberulous,  marked  with  occasional  small  orange-colored  leuticels,  and  glandular, 
with  minute  dark  glandular  dots  during  their  first  summer,  becoming  dull  light 
orange  or  reddish  brown  in  the  winter,  and  ashy  gray  often  slightly  tinged  with  red 
the  following  season;  more  often  shrubby,  with  numerous  slender  spreading  stems 
15°-20°  tall.  Winter-buds  acute,  dark  red,  coated  with  pale  lustrous  scurfy  pubes- 
cence, about  \'  long.  Bark  £'  thick,  smooth,  light  brown  or  brown  tinged  with 
gray.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  hardly  distinguish- 
able sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  ponds  in  southern  Delaware  and  Maryland, 
and  on  the  banks  of  the  Red  River  in  the  Indian  Territory. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states  and  hardy  as 
far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

X.    FAGACEJB. 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  slender  terete  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  usu- 
ally pale  lenticels,  alternate  stalked  penni veined  leaves,  and  narrow  mostly 
deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  monoacious,  the  staminate  in  unisexual  heads  or 
aments,  composed  of  a  4— 8-lobed  calyx,  and  4  or  8  stamens,  with  free  simple 
filaments  and  introrse  2-celled  anthers,  the  cells  parallel  and  contiguous,  open- 
ing longitudinally  ;  the  pistillate  solitary  or  clustered,  in  terminal  unisexual  or 
bisexual  spikes  or  heads,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  more  or  less  united 
imbricated  bracts  becoming  woody  and  partly  or  entirely  inclosing  the  fruit,  and 
composed  of  a  4— 8-lobed  calyx  adnate  to  the  3-7-celled  ovary  with  as  many 
styles  as  its  cells  and  1  or  2  pendulous  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a 
nut  1-seeded  by  abortion,  the  outer  coat  cartilaginous,  the  inner  membrana- 
ceous  or  bony.  Seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  nut,  without  albumen  ;  seed-coat 
membranaceous ;  cotyledons  fleshy,  including  the  minute  superior  radicle ; 
hilum  basal,  minute. 

The  six  genera  of  this  widely  distributed  family  are  represented  in  the  North 
American  silva  with  the  exception  of  Nothofagus,  separated  from  Fagus  to 
receive  the  Beech-trees  of  the  southern  hemisphere. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Staminate  flowers  fascicled  in  globose-stalked  heads ;  the  pistillate  in  2-4-flowered  clusters. 
Nut  triangular.  1.  Fagus. 

Staminate  flowers  in  slender  aments. 

Pistillate  flowers  in  2-5-flowered  clusters  below  the  staminate,  in  bisexual  aments. 
Fruit  inclosed  in  a  prickly  burr. 

Leaves  deciduous  ;  ovary  6-celled  ;  fruit  maturing  in  one  season ;  branchlets  length- 
ening by  an  upper  axillary  bud  ;  bud-scales  4.  2.  Castaiiea. 
Leaves  persistent ;  ovary  3-celled  ;  fruit  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  second  season  ; 
branchlets  lengthening  by  a  terminal  bud ;  bud-scales  numerous. 

3.  Castanopsis. 

Fruit  inclosed  only  partly  in  a  shallow  cup  covered  by  slender  recurved  scales  united 
only  at  the  base,  free  above.  4.  Pasania. 

Pistillate  flowers  solitary,  in  few-flowered  unisexual  spikes. 

Fruit  more  or  less  inclosed  in  a  cup  covered  by  thin  or  thickened  scales,  closely  ap- 
pressed  or  often  free  toward  its  rim.  5.  Quercus. 


FAGACE^  217 

1.  FAGUS,  L.    Beech. 

Trees,  with  smooth  pale  bark,  hard  close-grained  wood,  and  elongated  acute 
bright  chestnut-brown  buds,  their  inner  scales  accrescent  and  marking  the  base  of 
the  branchlets  with  persistent  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  convex  and  plicate  along  the 
veins  in  the  bud,  thick  and  firm,  deciduous;  their  petioles  short,  nearly  terete,  in, 
falling  leaving  small  elevated  semioval  leaf-scars,  with  marginal  rows  of  minute 
fibre- vascular  bundle-scars;  stipules  linear-lanceolate,  infolding  the  leaf  in  the  bud. 
Flowers  vernal  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves;  staminate  short-pedicellate,  in 
globose  many-flowered  heads  on  long  drooping  bibracteolate  stems  at  the  base 
of  the  shoots  of  the  year  or  from  the  axils  of  their  lowest  leaves,  and  composed  of 
a  subcampanulate  4-8-lobed  calyx,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  aestivation,  ovate  and 
rounded,  and  8-1G  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  and  longer  than  the  calyx,  with 
slender  filaments  and  oblong  green  anthers;  pistillate  in  2-4-flowered  stalked 
clusters  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves  of  the  year,  surrounded  by  numerous  awl-shaped 
hairy  bracts,  the  outer  bright  red,  longer  than  the  flowers,  deciduous,  the  inner 
shorter  and  united  below  into  a  4-lobed  involucre  becoming  at  maturity  woody, 
ovoid,  thick-walled,  and  covered  by  stout  recurved  prickles,  inclosing  the  usually  3 
nuts  and  ultimately  separating  into  4  valves;  calyx  urn-shaped,  villous,  divided  into 
4  or  5  linear-lanceolate  acute  lobes,  its  3-angled  tube  aduate  to  the  3-celled  ovary 
surmounted  by  3  slender  recurved  pilose  styles  green  and  stigmatic  toward  the  apex 
and  longer  than  the  involucre;  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Nut  ovate,  unequally  3-angled, 
acute  or  winged  at  the  angles,  concave  and  longitudinally  ridged  on  the  sides, 
chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  styles,  marked  at  the 
base  by  a  small  triangular  scar,  with  a  thin  shell  covered  on  the  inner  surface  with 
rufous  tomentum.  Seed  dark  chestnut-brown,  suspended  with  the  abortive  ovules 
from  the  tip  of  the  hairy  dissepiment  of  the  ovary  pushed  by  the  growth  of  the  seed 
into  one  of  the  angles  of  the  nut;  cotyledons  sweet,  oily,  plano-convex. 

Fagus  as  here  limited  is  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  a  single 
American  species  and  four  or  five  Old  World  species;  of  these  one  is  widely  dis- 
tributed through  Europe  to  southwestern  Asia,  and  the  others  are  confined  to  eastern 
temperate  Asia.  Of  exotic  species,  the  European  Fagus  st/lvatica,  L.,  an  important 
timber-tree,  is  frequently  planted  for  ornament  in  the  eastern  states  in  several  of 
its  forms,  especially  those  with  purple  leaves,  and  with  pendulous  branches.  The 
wood  of  Fagus  is  hard  and  close-grained.  The  sweet  seeds  are  a  f&vorite  food  of 
swine,  and  yield  a  valuable  oil. 

Fagus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Beech-tree. 

1.  Fagus  Americana,  Sweet.    Beech. 

Leaves  remote  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  and  clustered  on  short  lateral 
branchlets,  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  with  long  slender  points,  coarsely  serrate,  with 
spreading  or  incurved  triangular  teeth  except  at  the  gradually  narrowed  wedge- 
shaped  rounded  or  cordate  base,  when  they  unfold  pale  green  and  clothed  on  the 
lower  surface  and  margins  with  long  pale  lustrous  silky  hairs,  at  maturity  dull  dark 
bluish  green  above,  light  yellow-green  and  very  lustrous  below,  with  tufts  of  long 
pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  2^'-5'  long,  l'-3'  broad,  with  slender  yellow 
midribs  covered  above  with  short  pale  hairs,  and  slender  primary  veins  running 
obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  teeth,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn;  their 
petioles  hairy,  \'-%  long;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate  on  the  lower  leaves,  strap-shaped 


218 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


to  linear-lanceolate  on  the  upper,  brown  or  often  red  below  the  middle,  membrana- 
ceous,  lustrous,  I'-l^'  long.  Flowers  opening  when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third 
grown;  staminate  in  globose  heads  1'  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  peduncles  about  2' 
long;  pistillate  in  usually  2-flowered  clusters,  on  short  clavate  hoary  peduncles  \'-$' 
long.  Fruit:  involucres  about  £'  in  length,  on  stout  hairy  club-shaped  peduncles 
l'_|'  long,  fully  grown  at  midsummer,  and  puberulous,  dark  orange-green,  and  cov- 
ered by  slender  straight  or  slightly  recurved  prickles  red  above  the  middle,  be- 
coming at  maturity  in  the  autumn  light  brown,  tomentose,  with  much  recurved 
pubescent  prickles,  persistent  on  the  branch  after  opening  late  into  the  winter; 
nut  about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  but  exceptionally  120°  high,  sending  up  from  the  roots 
numerous  small  stems  sometimes  extending  into  broad  thickets  round  the  parent 
tree,  in  the  forest  with  a  long  comparatively  slender  stem  free  of  branches  for  more 
than  half  its  length,  and  short  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  in  open  situations 


short-stemmed,  with  a  trunk  often  3°-4°  in  diameter,  and  numerous  limbs  spreading 
gradually  and  forming  a  broad  compact  round-topped  head  of  slender  slightly 
drooping  branches  clothed  with  short  leafy  laterals,  and  branchlets  pale  green  and 
coated  with  long  soft  caducous  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  olive-green  or  orange- 
colored  during  their  first  summer  and  conspicuously  marked  by  oblong  bright 
orange  lenticels,  gradually  growing  red,  bright  reddish  brown  during  their  first 
winter,  darker  brown  in  their  second  season  and  ultimately  ashy  gray.  Winter- 
buds  puberulous,  especially  toward  the  apex,  |'  to  nearly  V  long,  about  \'  broad,  the 
inner  scales  hirsute  on  the  inner  surface  and  along  the  margins  and  when  fully 
grown  often  1'  long,  lustrous,  brown  above  the  middle,  and  reddish  below.  Bark 
\'-ty  thick,  with  a  smooth  light  steel  gray  surface.  Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,  very 
close-grained,  not  durable,  difficult  to  season,  dark  or  often  light  red,  with  thin 
nearly  white  sapwood  of  20-30  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  chairs,  shoe-lasts,  plane-stocks,  the  handles  of  tools,  and  for  fuel.  The 
sweet  nuts  are  gathered  and  sold  in  the  markets  of  Canada  and  of  some  of  the 
western  and  middle  states. 

Distribution.    Rich  uplands  and  mountain   slopes,  often  forming   nearly  pure 


FAGACE^E  219 

forests,  and  southward  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams  and  the  margins  of  swamps; 
valley  of  the  Restigouche  River,  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  northern 
Wisconsin,  southward  to  western  Florida,  and  through  southern  Illinois  and  south- 
eastern Missouri  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas;  one  of  the  most  widely 
distributed  trees  of  eastern  North  America;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  forests  on 
intervale  lands  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River,  and  on  the  slopes  of  the  southern 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

Often  planted  in  the  northern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

2.  CASTANEA,  Adans.    Chestnut. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  astringent  juice,  furrowed  bark,  porous  brittle  wood,  terete 
branchlets  without  terminal  buds,  axillary  buds  covered  by  2  pairs  of  slightly  im- 
bricated scales,  the  outer  lateral,  the  others  accrescent,  becoming  oblong-ovate  and 
acute  and  marking  the  base  of  the  branch  with  narrow  ring-like  scars,  stout  perpen- 
dicular tap-roots;  producing  when  cut  numerous  stout  shoots  from  the  stump.  Leaves 
convolute  in  the  bud,  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  except  at  the  base,  with  thin  veins 
running  to  the  points  of  the  slender  glandular  teeth,  deciduous;  their  petioles  leav- 
ing in  falling  small  elevated  semioval  leaf-scars  marked  by  an  irregular  marginal 
row  of  minute  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars;  stipules  ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
scarious,  infolding  the  leaf  in  the  bud,  caducous.  Flowers  monoecious,  opening  in 
early  summer,  unisexual,  strong-smelling;  the  staminate,  in  3-7-flowered  cymes,  in 
the  axils  of  minute  ovate  bracts,  in  elongated  simple  deciduous  aments  first  appearing 
with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  from  the  inner  scales  of  the  terminal  bud  and  from 
the  axils  of  the  lower  leaves  of  the  year,  composed  of  a  pale  straw-colored  slightly 
puberulous  calyx  deeply  divided  into  6  ovate  rounded  segments  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
and  10-20  stamens  inserted  on  the  slightly  thickened  torus,  with  filiform  filaments 
incurved  in  the  bud,  becoming  elongated  and  exserted,  and  ovoid  or  globose  pale 
yellow  anthers;  the  pistillate  scattered  or  spicate  at  the  base  of  the  shorter  persist- 
ent androgynous  aments  from  the  axils  of  later  leaves,  sessile,  2  or  3  together  or  soli- 
tary within  a  short-stemmed  or  sessile  involucre  of  closely  imbricated  oblong  acute 
bright  green  bracts  scurfy -pubescent  or  tomentose  below  the  middle,  subtended  by  a 
bract  and  2  lateral  bractlets,  each  flower  composed  of  an  urn-shaped  calyx,  with 
a  short  limb  divided  into  6  obtuse  lobes,  minute  sterile  stamens  shorter  than  the 
calyx-lobes,  an  ovary  6-celled  after  fecundation,  with  6  linear  spreading  white  styles 
hairy  below  the  middle  and  tipped  by  minute  acute  stigmas,  and  2  ovules  in  each 
cell,  attached  on  its  inner  angle,  descending,  semianatropous.  Fruit  maturing  in  one 
season,  its  involucre  inclosing  1-3  nuts,  globose  or  oblong,  pubescent  or  tomentose 
and  densely  spiny  on  the  outer  surface,  with  elongated  ridged  bright  green  ultimately 
brown  branched  spines  fascicled  between  the  deciduous  scales,  coated  on  the  inner 
surface  with  lustrous  pubescence,  splitting  at  maturity  into  2-4  valves;  nut  ovate, 
acute,  crowned  by  the  remnants  of  the  style,  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous, 
tomentose  or  pubescent  at  the  apex,  cylindrical,  or  when  more  than  1  flattened, 
marked  at  the  broad  base  by  a  large  conspicuous  pale  circular  or  oval  thickened 
scar,  its  shell  lined  with  rufous  or  hoary  tomentum.  Seed  usually  solitary  by  abor- 
tion, dark  chestnut-brown,  marked  at  the  apex  by  the  abortive  ovules,  with  thick 
and  fleshy  more  or  less  undulate  ruminate  sweet  farinaceous  cotyledons. 

Castanea  is  confined  to  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  is  widely  distributed  through 
eastern  North  America,  southern  Europe,  northern  Africa,  western  Asia,  and  central 


220  TREES  OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

and  northern  China  and  Japan.  Four  species  are  distinguished.  Of  the  exotic  species, 
the  European  Castanea  Castanea,  Karsten,  a  tree  frequently  cultivated  in  Europe  and 
Japan  for  its  large  sweet  seeds  which  are  an  important  article  of  food  in  the  countries 
of  southern  Europe  and  in  eastern  Asia,  has  been  occasionally  planted  in  the  middle 
states.  Of  the  American  species  two  are  trees,  and  one,  Castanea  alnifolia,  Nutt,  is  a 
low  shrub.  Castanea  produces  coarse-grained  wood  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil,  and  rich  in  tannin. 

Castanea  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Chestnut-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  green  and  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  ;  nuts  2  or  3 
in  each  involucre,  flattened.  1-  C  dentata  (A,  C). 

Leaves  oblone,  acute,  silvery  white  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  ;  nut  solitary,  cylin- 
drical. 2.  C.pumila(A,C). 

1.  Castanea  dentata,  Borkh.    Chestnut. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  and  long-pointed  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface 
and  clothed  on  the  lower  with  fine  cobweb-like  tomentum,  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous, 


dark  dull  yellow-green  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  6'-8'  long,  about  2'  wide, 
with  pale  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  late  in  the 
autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  slightly  angled,  puberulous,  ^'  long,  often  flushed  with 
red ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  yellow-green,  puberulous,  about  \'  long.  Flow- 
era  :  staminate  aments  about  ^'  long  when  they  first  appear,  green  below  the  middle 
and  red  above,  becoming  when  fully  grown  6'-8'  long,  with  stoiit  green  puberulous 
stems  covered  from  the  base  to  the  apex  with  crowded  flower-clusters;  androgynous 
aments,  slender,  puberulous,  2^'-5'  long,  with  2  or  3  irregularly  scattered  involucres 
of  pistillate  flowers  near  their  base.  Fruit:  involucres  attaining  their  full  size  by 
the  middle  of  August,  2'-2^'  in  diameter,  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  broad,  some- 
what flattened  at  the  apex,  glabrous  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  crowded 
fascicles  of  long  slender  glabrous  much-branched  spines,  opening  with  the  first 
frost  and  gradually  shedding  their  nuts;  nuts  usually  much  compressed,  £'-!'  wide, 


FAGACE^:  221 

usually  rather  broader  than  long,  coated  at  the  apsx  or  nearly  to  the  middle  with 
thick  pale  tomentuin,  the  interior  of  the  shell  lined  with  thick  rufous  tomentum ; 
seed  very  sweet. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  columnar  trunk  3°^°  in  diame- 
ter, or  often  when  uncrowded  by  other  trees  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  10°-12° 
in  diameter,  and  usually  divided  not  far  above  the  ground  into  3  or  4  stout  horizon- 
tal limbs  forming  a  broad  low  round-topped  head  of  slightly  pendulous  branches 
frequently  100°  across,  and  branchlets  at  first  light  yellow-green  sometimes  tinged 
with  red,  somewhat  angled,  lustrous,  slightly  puberulous,  soon  becoming  glabrous 
and  olive-green  tinged  with  yellow  or  brown  tinged  with  green  and  ultimately  dark 
brown.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  about  \'  long,  with  thin  dark  chestnut-brown 
scales  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  from  l'-2'  thick,  dark  brown  and  divided  by 
shallow  irregular  often  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  separating  on  the 
surface  into  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  liable 
to  check  and  warp  in  drying,  easily  split,  reddish  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sapwood  of  3  or  4  layers  of  annual  growth ;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap 
furniture  and  in  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  for  railway-ties,  fence-posts,  and  rails. 
The  nuts,  which  are  superior  to  those  of  the  Old  World  Chestnut  in  sweetness  and 
flavor,  are  gathered  in  great  quantities  in  the  forest  and  sold  in  the  markets  of  the 
eastern  cities. 

Distribution.  Southern  Maine  to  the  valley  of  the  Winooski  River,  Vermont, 
and  southern  Ontario,  along  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Ontario  to  southern  Michi- 
gan, southward  to  Delaware  and  southeastern  Indiana,  and  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  to  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  to  central  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee; very  common  on  the  glacial  drift  of  the  northern  states  and,  except  at  the 
north,  mostly  confined  to  the  Appalachian  hills;  attaining  its  greatest  size  in  western 
North  Carolina  and  eastern  Tennessee. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  and  timber  tree,  and 
for  its  nuts,  of  which  several  varieties  are  now  recognized. 

2.  Castanea  pumila,  Mill.    Chinquapin. 

Leaves  oblong-oval  to  oblong-obovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  with  slender  rigid 
spreading  or  incurved  teeth,  gradually  narrowed  and  usually  unequal  and  rounded 
or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red  and  coated  above 
with  pale  caducous  tomentum  and  below  with  thick  snowy  white  tomentum,  at  ma- 
turity rather  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  bright  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface, 
hoary  or  silvery-pubescent  on  the  lower,  3'-5'  long,  1^-2'  wide,  turning  dull  yel- 
low in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  flattened  on  the  upper  side,  \'-\' 
long;  stipules  light  yellow-green,  pubescent,  those  of  the  2  lowest  leaves  broad, 
ovate,  acute,  covered  at  the  apex  by  rufous  tomentum,  on  later  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, often  oblique  and  acute,  becoming  linear  at  the  end  of  the  branch.  Flowers  : 
stauiinate  aments  ^'  long  when  they  first  appear,  pubescent,  green  below,  bright  red 
at  the  apex,  becoming  when  fully  grown  4'-fl'  long,  with  stout  hoary  tomentose  stems 
and  crowded  or  scattered  flower-clusters;  androgynous  aments  silvery  tomentose, 
3'-!'  long;  involucres  1-flowered,  scattered  at  the  base  of  the  ament  or  often  spicate 
and  covering  its  lower  half,  sessile  or  short-stalked.  Fruit  :  involucres  l'-l£'  in  di- 
ameter, with  thin  walls  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  pale  silky  hairs,  tomentose 
and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  crowded  fascicles  of  slender  spines  tomentose 
toward  the  base,  or  with  scattered  clusters  of  stouter  spines;  nut  ovate,  cylindrical, 


222  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

rounded  at  the  slightly  narrowed  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  pointed  at  the  apex, 
more  or  less  coated  with  silvery  white  pubescence,  dark  chestnut-brown,  very  lus- 
trous, f'-l'  long,  ^'  broad,  with  a  thin  shell  lined  with  a  coat  of  lustrous  hoary 
tomentum,  and  a  sweet  seed. 

A  round-topped  tree,  rarely  50°  high,  with  a  short  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diame- 
ter, slender  spreading  branches,  and  brancblets  coated  at  first  with  pale  tomentum, 
becoming  during  their  first  winter  pubescent  or  remaining  tomentose  at  the  apex, 


bright  red-brown,  glabrous,  lustrous,  olive-green  or  orange-brown  during  their 
second  season  and  ultimately  darker;  usually  a  shrub  spreading  into  broad  thickets 
by  prolific  stolons,  with  numerous  intricately  branched  stems  often  only  4°  or  5° 
tall.  Winter-buds  ovate,  or  oval,  about  \'  long,  clothed  when  they  first  appear  in 
summer  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  red  during  the  winter  and  scurfy- 
pubescent.  Bark  £'-1'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  slightly  furrowed  and 
broken  on  the  surface  into  loose  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  hard,  strong, 
coarse-grained,  dark  brown,  with  thin  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood  of  3  or  4 
layers  of  annual  growth;  used  for  fence-posts,  rails,  and  railway-ties.  The  sweet 
nuts  are  sold  in  the  markets  of  the  western  and  southern  states. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  ridges,  rich  hillsides  and  the  borders  of  swamps; 
southern  Pennsylvania  to  northern  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Neches  River, 
Texas;  usually  shrubby  in  the  region  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains ;  arborescent 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  southern 
Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

3.   CASTANOPSIS,  Spach. 

Trees,  with  scaly  bark,  astringent  wood,  and  winter-buds  covered  by  numerous 
imbricated  scales.  Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  5-ranked,  coriaceous,  entire  or 
dentate,  penniveined,  persistent;  stipules  obovate  or  lanceolate,  scarious,  mostly 
caducous.  Flowers  in  3-flowered  cymes,  or  the  pistillate  rarely  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
in  the  axils  of  minute  bracts,  on  slender  erect  aments  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the 
year;  the  staminate  on  usually  elongated  and  panicled  aments,  and  composed  of  a 
campanulate  5  or6-lobed  or  parted  calyx,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  usually  10 
or  12  stamens  inserted  on  the  slightly  thickened  torus,  with  elongated  exserted  filiform 


FAGACILE 


223 


filaments  and  oblong  anthers,  and  a  minute  hirsute  rudimentary  ovary;  the  pistillate 
on  shorter  simple  or  panicled  aments  or  scattered  at  the  base  of  the  staminate 
inflorescence,  the  cymes  urrounded  by  an  involucre  of  imbricated  scales;  calyx 
urn-shaped,  the  short  limb  divided  into  6  obtuse  lobes;  abortive  stamens  inserted 
on  the  limb  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  its  lobes;  ovary  sessile  on  the  thin  disk, 
3-celled  after  fecundation,  with  3  spreading  styles  terminating  in  minute  stigmas, 
and  2  ovules  in  each  cell  attached  to  its  interior  angle.  Fruit  maturing  at  the  end 
of  the  second  season,  its  involucre  inclosing  1-3  nuts,  ovoid  or  globose,  sometimes 
more  or  less  depressed,  rarely  obscurely  angled,  dehiscent  or  indehiscent,  covered 
by  stout  spines,  tuberculate  or  marked  by  interrupted  vertical  ridges;  nut  more 
or  less  angled  by  mutual  pressure  when  more  than  1,  often  pilose,  crowned  with 
the  remnants  of  the  style,  marked  at  the  base  by  a  large  conspicuous  circular 
depressed  scar,  the  thick  shell  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface.  Seed  usually  solitary 
by  abortion,  bearing  at  the  apex  the  abortive  ovules;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  fleshy, 
farinaceous. 

Castanopsis  inhabits  California  with  one  species,  and  southeastern  Asia  where  it  is 
distributed  with  about  twenty-five  species  from  southern  China  to  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago and  the  eastern  Himalayas. 

Castanopsis,  from  Kouyrava  and  fyis,  in  allusion  to  its  resemblance  to  the  Chestnut- 
tree. 

1.   Castanopsis  chrysophylla,  A.  DC.    Chinquapin.    Golden-leaved 
Chestnut. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  ends  or  sometimes  ab- 
ruptly contracted  at  the  apex  into  short  broad  points,  entire,  with  slightly  thickened 
revolute  margins,  when  they  unfold  thin,  coated  below  with  golden  yellow  persistent 
scales  and  above  with  scattered  white  scales,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark 


green  and  lustrous  above,  2'-6'  long,  £'  to  nearly  2'  broad,  with  stout  midribs  raised 
and  rounded  on  the  upper  side,  turning  yellow  at  maturity  and  falling  gradually  at 
the  end  of  their  second  or  in  their  third  year;  their  petioles  \'-\'  long;  stipules 
ovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  brown  and  scarious,  puberulous,  \'-\'  long. 
Flowers  appearing  irregularly  from  June  until  February  in  the  axils  of  broadly 
ovate  apiculate  pubescent  bracts  on  staminate  and  androgynous  scurfy  stout-stemmed 


224  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

aments  2'-2£'  long  and  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx  of  the  stami- 
nate  flower  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  hoary  tomentum,  divided  into  broadly 
ovate  rounded  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  slender  stamens;  calyx  of  the  pistillate 
flower  oblong-campanulate,  free  from  the  ovary,  clothed  with  hoary  tomentum, 
divided  at  the  apex  into  short  rounded  lobes,  rather  shorter  than  the  minute  abortive 
stamens,  with  red  anthers;  ovary  conical,  hirsute,  with  elongated  slightly  spreading 
thick  pale  stigmas.  Fruit :  involucres  globose,  dehiscent,  irregularly  4-valved,  sessile, 
solitary  or  clustered,  tomentose  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  by  long  stout  or 
slender  rigid  spines  I'-l^'  in  diameter,  containing  1  or  occasionally  2  nuts;  nuts 
broadly  ovate,  acute,  obtusely  3-angled,  light  yellow-brown  and  lustrous;  seeds 
dark  purple-red,  sweet  and  edible. 

A  tree,  100°-150°  high,  with  a  massive  trunk  5°-10°  in  diameter,  frequently  free 
of  branches  for  80°,  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  compact  round- 
topped  or  conical  head,  and  rigid  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with 
bright  golden-yellow  scurfy  scales,  dark  reddish  brown  and  slightly  scurfy  during 
their  first  winter,  and  gradually  growing  darker  in  their  second  season;  generally 
much  smaller  and  sometimes,  especially  at  high  elevations  and  southward,  reduced 
to  a  low  shrub,  with  slender  diverging  stems.  Winter-buds  fully  grown  at  mid- 
summer, usually  crowded  near  the  end  of  the  branch,  ovate  or  subglobose,  with 
broadly  ovate  apiculate  thin  and  papery  light  brown  scales  slightly  puberulous  on 
the  back,  ciliate  on  the  scarious  often  reflexed  margins,  the  terminal  bud  about  \' 
long  and  broad  and  rather  larger  than  the  often  stipitate  axillary  buds.  Bark  l'-2' 
thick  and  deeply  divided  into  rounded  ridges  2'-3'  broad,  broken  into  thick  plate- 
like  scales,  dark  red-brown  on  the  surface  and  bright  red  internally.  Wood  light, 
soft,  close-grained,  not  strong,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sapwood  of  50-60  layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
ploughs  and  other  agricultural  implements. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Columbia  River,  Oregon,  southward  along  the  west- 
ern slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  in  California  along  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  and  through  the  coast  ranges  to  the  elevated  valleys  of  the  Sari 
Jar  in  to  Mountains,  sometimes  ascending  to  elevations  of  4000°  above  the  sea;  usu- 
ally shrubby  at  high  elevations  and  on  the  California  coast  ranges  south  of  the 
Bay  of  San  Francisco;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  humid  coast  valleys  of  northern 
California. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  temperate  Europe. 

4.  PASANIA,  Orst. 

Trees,  with  astringent  properties,  stellate  pubescence,  deeply  furrowed  scaly  bark, 
hard  close-grained  brittle  wood,  stout  branchlets,  and  winter-buds  covered  by  few 
erect  or  spreading  foliaceous  scales.  Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  petiolate,  persist- 
ent, entire  or  dentate,  with  stout  midribs,  primary  veins  running  obliquely  to  the 
points  of  the  teeth,  or  on  entire  leaves  forked  and  united  near  the  margins,  and  retic- 
ulate veinlets;  stipules  oblong-obovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  those  of  the  upper  leaves 
persistent  and  surrounding  the  buds  during  the  winter.  Flowers  in  erect  unisexual 
and  in  bisexual  tomentose  aments  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  from  the  inner 
scales  of  the  terminal  bud  or  from  separate  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous 
year;  staminate  in  3-flowered  clusters  in  the  axils  of  ovate  rounded  bracts,  the  lateral 
flowers  subtended  by  similar  but  smaller  bracts,  each  flower  composed  of  a  5-lobed 


FAGACEJS  225 

tomentose  calyx,  with  nearly  triangular  acute  lobes,  10  stamens,  with  slender  elon- 
gated filaments  and  small  oblong  or  emarginate  anthers,  and  an  acute  abortive  hairy 
ovary;  pistillate  scattered  at  the  base  of  the  upper  aments  below  the  staminate 
flowers,  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  acute  bracts,  furnished  with  minute  lateral  bractlets, 
and  composed  of  a  6-lobed  ovate  calyx,  with  rounded  lobes,  inclosed  in  the  tomen- 
tose involucral  scales,  6  stamens,  with  abortive  anthers,  an  ovate-oblong  3-celled 
ovary,  3  elongated  spreading  light  green  styles  thickened  and  stigmatic  at  the  apex, 
and  2  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  an  oval  or  ovate  nut  maturing  at  the 
end  of  the  second  season,  1-seeded  by  abortion,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the 
accrescent  woody  cupular  involucre  of  the  flower,  marked  at  the  base  by  a  large 
pale  circular  scar,  the  thick  shell  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface.  Seed  red-brown, 
filling  the  cavity  of  the  nut,  bearing  at  the  apex  the  abortive  ovules;  cotyledons  thick 
and  fleshy,  yellow  and  bitter. 

Pasania  is  intermediate  between  the  Oaks  and  the  Chestnuts,  and,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  California  species,  is  confined  to  southeastern  Asia,  where  it  is  distributed 
with  many  species  from  southern  Japan  and  southern  China  through  the  Malay 
Peninsula  to  the  Indian  Archipelago. 

Pasania  is  from  the  vernacular  name  of  one  of  the  Java  species. 

1.  Pasania  densiflora,  Orst.    Tan  Bark  Oak.    Chestnut  Oak. 
(Quercus  densiflora,  Silva  N.  Am.  viii.  183.) 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  or  rarely  cordate  at  the 
base,  occasionally  rounded  at  the  apex,  repand-dentate,  with  acute  callous  teeth,  or 
entire,  with  thickened  revolute  margins,  coated  when  they  unfold  with  fulvous 
tomentum  and  glandular  on  the  margins,  with  dark  caducous  glands,  at  maturity 
pale  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  or  covered  with  scattered  stellate  pubescence  on 


the  upper  surface,  rusty-tomentose  on  the  lower,  ultimately  becoming  glabrous 
above  and  glabrate  and  bluish  white  below,  3'-5'  long,  |'-3'  wide,  with  midribs  raised 
and  rounded  on  the  upper  side,  thin  or  thick  primary  veins  and  fine  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets,  persistent  until  the  end  of  their  third  or  fourth  years;  their 
petioles  stout,  rigid,  tomentose,  £'-f'  long;  stipules  brown  and  scarious,  hirsute  on 
the  outer  surface.  Flowers  in  early  spring  and  frequently  also  irregularly  during 


226  TREES   OP   NORTH   AMERICA 

the  autumn;  aments  stout-stemmed,  3'-4'  long;  staminate  flowers  crowded,  hoary- 
tomentose  in  the  bud,  their  bracts  tomentose.  Fruit  solitary  or  often  in  pairs,  on  a 
stout  tomentose  peduncle  £'-!'  long;  nut  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  gradually 
narrowed  and  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  scurfy-pubescent  when  fully  grown, 
becoming  light  yellow-brown,  glabrous  and  lustrous  at  maturity,  f'-l'  long,  £'-!' 
broad,  its  cup  shallow,  tomentose,  with  lustrous  red-brown  hairs  on  the  inner  surface, 
and  covered  by  long  linear  rigid  spreading  or  recurved  light  brown  scales  coated 
with  stellate  hairs,  frequently  tipped,  especially  while  young,  with  dark  red  glands 
and  often  tomentose  near  the  base  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  but  sometimes  nearly  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-6°  in 
diameter,  stout  branches  ascending  in  the  forest  and  forming  a  narrow  spire-like 
head,  or  in  open  positions  spreading  horizontally  and  forming  a  broad  dense  sym- 
metrical round-topped  crown,  and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  a  thick  fulvous 
tomentum  of  stellate  hairs  often  persistent  until  the  second  or  third  year,  becoming 
dark  reddish  brown  and  frequently  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  or  sometimes 
reduced  to  a  shrub,  with  slender  stems  only  a  few  feet  high  (var.  echinoides,  Sarg.). 
"Winter-buds  ovate,  obtuse,  \'-%'  long,  often  surrounded  by  the  persistent  stipules 
of  the  upper  leaves,  with  tomeutose  loosely  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the  outer 
ranks  linear-lanceolate,  increasing  in  width  toward  the  interior  of  the  bud,  those  of 
the  inner  ranks  ovate  or  obovate  and  rounded  at  the  apex.  Bark  -f'-l^'  thick, 
deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  into  nearly 
square  plates  covered  by  closely  appressed  light  red-brown  scales.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  close-grained,  brittle,  reddish  brown,  with  thick  darker  brown  sapwood; 
largely  used  as  fuel.  The  bark  is  exceedingly  rich  in  tannin  and  is  largely  used  for 
tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Umpqua  River,  Oregon,  southward  through  the 
coast  ranges  to  the  Santa  Inez  Mountains,  California,  and  along  the  western  slope  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  elevations  of  4000°  above  the  sea  to  Mariposa  County; 
very  abundant  in  the  humid  coast  region  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  of  its 
largest  size  in  the  Redwood  forest  of  Napa  and  Mendocino  counties;  southward  and 
on  the  Sierras  less  abundant  and  of  smaller  size. 


5.  QUERCUS,  L.    Oak. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  astringent  properties,  stellate  pubescence,  scaly  or  dark  and 
furrowed  bark,  hard  and  close-grained  or  porous  brittle  wood,  slender  branchlets 
marked  by  pale  lenticels  and  more  or  less  prominently  5-angled.  Winter-buds  clus- 
tered at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  with  numerous  membranaceous  chestnut-brown 
slightly  accrescent  caducous  scales  closely  imbricated  in  5  ranks,  in  falling  marking 
the  base  of  the  branchlet  with  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  5-ranked,  lobed,  dentate  or 
entire,  often  variable  on  the  same  branch,  membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  the  primary 
veins  prominent  and  extending  to  the  margins  or  united  within  them  and  connected 
by  more  or  less  reticulate  veinlets,  deciduous  in  the  autumn  or  persistent  until 
spring  or  until  their  third  or  fourth  year;  their  petioles  in  falling  leaving  slightly 
elevated  semiorbicular  more  or  less  obcordate  leaf-scars  broader  than  high,  marked 
by  the  ends  of  numerous  scattered  fibre- vascular  bundles;  stipules  obovate  to  lanceo- 
late, scarious,  caducous,  or  those  of  upper  leaves  occasionally  persistent  through  the 
season.  Flowers  vernal  with  or  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves;  staminate  solitary, 
in  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  caducous  bracts,  or  without  bracts,  in  graceful  pen- 


FAGACE.E  227 

dulous  clustered  aments,  from  separate  or  leafy  buds  iu  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the 
previous  year,  or  from  the  axils  of  the  inner  scales  of  the  terminal  bud  or  from 
those  of  the  leaves  of  the  year;  calyx  campanulate,  lobed  or  divided  to  the  base  into 
4r-7,  usually  C,  membranaceous  lobes;  stamens  4-6,  rarely  2,  or  10-12,  inserted  on 
the  slightly  thickened  torus,  with  free  filiform  exserted  filaments  and  ovate-oblong 
orsubglobose  glabrous  or  rarely  hairy  2-celled  usually  yellow  anthers;  pistillate  soli- 
tary, subtended  by  a  caducous  bract  and  2  bractlets,  in  short  or  elongated  few- 
flowered  spikes  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year;  calyx  urn-shaped,  with  a  short 
campanulate  6-lobed  limb,  the  tube  adnate  to  the  incompletely  3  or  rarely  4  or 
5-celled  ovary  inclosed  more  or  less  completely  by  an  accrescent  involucre  of  imbri- 
cated scales,  becoming  the  cup  of  the  fruit;  styles  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary, 
short  or  elongated,  erect  or  incurved,  dilated  above,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face  or  at 
the  apex  only,  generally  persistent  on  the  fruit;  ovules  aiiatropous  or  semianatropous, 
2  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  nut  (acorn)  maturing  in  one  or  in  two  years,  ovoid,  globose,  or 
turbiuate,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  1-seeded  by  abortion,  marked  at  the  base  by  a 
.large  conspicuous  circular  scar,  with  a  thick  shell,  glabrous  or  coated  on  the  inner 
surface  with  pale  tomentum,  more  or  less  surrounded  or  inclosed  in  the  accrescent 
cupular  involucre  of  the  flower  (cu/>),  its  scales  thin  or  thickened,  loosely  or  closely 
imbricated.  Seed  marked  at  the  base  or  at  the  apex  or  rarely  on  the  side  by  the 
abortive  ovules;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  usually  plano-convex  and  entire. 

Quercus  inhabits  the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  high 
altitudes  within  the  tropics,  ranging  in  the  New  World  southward  to  the  mountains 
of  Colombia  and  in  the  Old  World  to  the  Indian  Archipelago.  Two  hundred  and 
seventy-five  species  have  been  described;  fifty-two  are  North  American;  of  these 
five  are  shrubs.  Of  exotic  species,  the  European  Quercus  pedunculata,  Ehrh.,  and 
(Inercus  sessiliflora,  Salisb.,  have  been  frequently  cultivated  as  ornamental  trees  in 
the  eastern  United  States,  where,  however,  they  are  usually  short-lived  and  unsatis- 
factory. Many  of  the  species  are  important  timber-trees;  their  bark  is  often  rich  in 
tannin  and  is  used  in  tanning  leather,  and  all  produce  wood  valuable  for  fuel  and  in 
the  manufacture  of  charcoal. 

Quercus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Oak-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 
1.  Fruit  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  second  season   (except  22}  ;  shell  of  the  acorn  silky- 
tomentose  on  the  inner  surface  ;  leaves  or  their  lobes  bristle-tipped.    BLACK  OAKS. 
*Stamens  usually  4-6  ;  styles  elongated,  finally  recurved  ;  abortive  ovules  basal. 
-••Leaves  deciduous  in  their  first  autumn  or  winter. 
** Leaves  pinnately  lobed,  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Leaves  green  on  both  sides. 

Cup  saucer-shaped ;  leaves  glabrous,  with  exception  of  axillary  tufts  of  hairs  ; 
•winter-buds  glabrous  or  puberulous. 
Cup  broad  and  thick. 

Leaves  dull  green  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  oblong-obovate  to 
oblong,  the  lobes  t;ip«'ring  gradually  from  broad  bases  and  acute 
and  usually  dentate  at  the  apex.  1.  Q.  rubra  (A). 

Cup  thin  and  narrow  ;  leaves  lustrous. 

Leaves  obovate,  sinuate-lobed  by  deep  wide  sinuses,  the  spreading  lobes 
acute  or  obtuse,  usually  coarsely  repand-dentate. 

•2.  Q.  palustris  (A,  C). 

Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  glabrous,  sinuately  lobed,  their  lobes  usually 
acute  and  entire.  3.  Q.  Georgiana  (C). 


228  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Cup  turbinate  or  hemispherical  (sometimes  saucer-shaped  in  6). 

Scales  of  the  cup  small,  closely  appressed ;  leaves  lustrous,  glabrous  with 
l  the  exception  of  axillary  tufts  of  hairs  ;  winter-buds  glabrous  or  puberu- 

lous. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate-orbicular,  deeply  5-7-lobed,  dark  green  and 

lustrous  on  the  upper  surface.  4.  Q.  ellipsoidalis  (A). 

Leaves  obovate,  truncate  or  abruptly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply 

lobed,  with  broad  rounded  sinuses,  the  lobes  sinuate-dentate  at  the 

usually  broad  apex.  5.  Q.  Texana  (A,  C). 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  deeply  lobed,  with  broad  rounded  sinuses, 

the  slender  lobes  coarsely  repand-dentate  toward  the  apex,  glabrous. 

6.  Q.  coccinea  (A). 

Scales  of  the  cup  large,  more  or  less  loosely  imbricated,  forming  a  free 
margin  ;  leaves  usually  pubescent  below. 

Winter-buds  tomentose  ;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  slightly  or  deeply 
lobed,  with  broad  or  narrow  nearly  entire  or  dentate  lobes,  more  or 
less  pubescent  below.  7.  Q.  velutina  (A,  C). 

Winter-buds  glabrous  or  puberulous. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  tapering,  acute, 
or  broad  and  obovate  at  the  apex,  repand-dentate  or  entire,  gla- 
brous or  pubescent  below.  8.  Q.  Californica  (G). 
Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  triangular,  distinctly  cuneate,  deeply  lobed, 
with  acute  spreading  often  falcate  lobes,  glabrous  or  rusty-pubes- 
cent below,  short-stalked.  9.  Q.  Catesbaei  (C). 
Leaves  whitish  or  grayish  tomentulose  below. 

Leaves  mostly  acutely  5-lobed,  obovate,  with  short  broad  lobes. 

10.  Q.  nana  (A). 
Leaves  with  elongated  mostly  falcate  lobes. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  fulvous  or  pale  pubescent  below,  the  lobes 
usually  elongated  and  falcate,  or  broad  and  3-lobed  at  the  apex. 

11.  Q.  digitata  (A,  C). 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong,  deeply  5-11-lobed,  the  -lobes  acuminate,  mostly 
falcate,  white -tomentose  below.  12.  Q.  pagodaefolia  (A,  C). 

Leaves  widening  upward,  often  abruptly  dilated  at  the  broad  sinuate  or 
obscurely  3-5-lobed  apex. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  rusty-pubescent  below. 

,  13.  Q.  Marilandica  (A,  C). 

Leaves  obovate-spatulate  or  narrowly  wedge-shaped,  glabrous. 

14.  Q.  nigra  (C). 

•H-M-Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate-obovate,  usually  entire,  involute  in  the 
bud.    WILLOW  OAKS. 
Leaves  glabrous. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends. 

15.  Q.  Phellos  (A,  C). 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
somewhat  paler  below.  16.  Q.  laurifolia  (C). 

Leaves  tomentulose  or  pubescent  below,  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate. 
Leaves  pale  blue-green,  coated  below  with  hoary  tomentum. 

17.  Q.  brevifolia  (C). 
Leaves  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pubescent  below. 

18.  Q.  imbricaria(A). 

-i-  -"Leaves  persistent  until  the  appearance  of  those  of  the  following  year,  revolute  in 
the  bud  (involute  in  21). 

Leaves   lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or   elliptical,  entire  or  spinose- 


FAGACE^E  229 

toothed  toward  the  apex,  covered  below  with  pale  or  fulvous  toraen- 

tum.  *  19.  Q.  hypoleuca  (E,  H). 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire   or   sinuate-dentate,  dark  green  and 

lustrous.  20.  Q.  Wislizeni  (G). 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly 

entire,  with  thickened  revolute  margins,  involute  in  the  bud. 

21.  Q.  myrtifolia  (C). 

Leaves  oval,  orbicular  to  oblong,  entire  or  sinuately  spinose-toothed, 

convex  on  the  upper  surface ;  fruit  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  first 

season.  22.  Q.  agrifolia  (G). 

**Stamens  usually  G-8 ;  styles  dilated  ;  abortive  ovules  basal  or  lateral ;  leaves  persistent, 

involute  in  the  bud. 

Leaves  oblong,  acute  or  cuspidate,  entire  or  dentate  or  sinuate-toothed,  fulvous- 

tomentose  and  ultimately  pale  on  the  lower  surface.   23.  Q.  chry  solepis  (G,  H). 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  crenate-dentate  or  entire,  conspicuously  veined, 

pubescent  or  tomentose  below.  24.  Q.  tomentella  (G). 

2.  Fruit  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  first  season ;  shell  of  the  acorn  glabrous  on  the  inner 

surface   (hoary-tomentose  in  47) ',   abortive   ovules   basal ;   stamens   G-8 ;    styles   dilated. 

WHITE  OAKS. 

*Leaves  and  their  lobes  usually  without  bristle-tips,  except  on  vigorous  shoots,  yellow- 
green,  deciduous  in  their  first  autumn  or  winter,  convolute  in  the  bud  (conduplicate 
in  25  and  26). 
-»•  Leaves  lyrate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid,  rarely  nearly  entire. 

Leaves  glabrous,  obovate-oblong,  obliquely  3-9-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  pale  below, 
conduplicate  in  the  bud.  25.  Q.  alba  (A,  C). 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  deeply  lobed,  usually  stellate-pubescent  above,  pale 
below,  conduplicate  in  the  bud.  26.  Q.  lobata  (G). 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  coarsely  pinnatifid-lobed. 

27.  Q.  Garryana  (B,  G). 
Leaves  obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid. 

28.  Q.  Gambelii  (F). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  usually  5-lobed,  stellate-pubescent  above ;  anthers  hir- 
sute. 29.  Q.  minor  (A,  C). 
Leaves   entire  or  slightly  sinuate-lobed  toward  the  apex,  oblong  or  oblong- 
obovate  ;  anthers  hirsute.                                                     30.  Q.  Chapman!  (C). 
Leaves  white-tomentulose  beneath. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  lyrately  pinnatifid  or  deeply  sinuate-lobed  or  divided  ; 

cup  fringed  by  the  awned  scales.  :'.!.  Q.  macrocarpa  (A,  C). 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  deeply  5-9-lobed  or  pinnatifid  ;  nut  often  nearly  inclosed 

in  its  cup.  32.  Q.  lyrata  (C). 

-*•  -»-Leaves  coarsely  sinuate-toothed.   CHESTNUT  OAKS. 

Fruits  on  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  petioles ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong- 
obovate,  generally  sinuate-dentate  or  lobed,  pubescent,  and  usually  hoary  on 
the  lower  surface.  :',:;.  Q.  platanoides  (A,  C). 

Fruits  on  peduncles  about  as  long  or  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  broad 
or  narrow  base,  tomentose  or  pubescent,  and  often  silvery  white  below. 

34.  Q.  Michauxii  (A,  C). 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  rounded  or  acute 

teeth.  35.  Q.  Prinus  (A). 

Fruits  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  or 

broadly  obovate,  puberulous  and  pale,  often  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface. 

36.  Q.  acuminata  (A,  C). 


230  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

**Leaves  often  dentate  or  spinesoent,  or  sometimes  entire. 

-»•  Leaves  deciduous  in  their  first  autumn  or  winter,  blue-green,  convolute  in  the  bud. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  undulate-lobed  or  entire,  pale,  and  often  silvery  white 

and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface.  37.  Q.  breviloba  (C). 

Leaves  oblong,  sinuate-dentate,  entire,  pinnatifid-lobed  or  spinescent,  pubescent 

below.  38.  Q.  undulata  (F,  H). 

Leaves  oblong,  lobed,  spinescent  or  entire,  pubescent  below. 

39.  Q.  Douglasii  (G). 

-t--«-Leaves  mostly  persistent  until  the  appearance  of  those  of  the  following  spring, 
re  volute  in  the  bud  (convolute  in  45)  • 
Leaves  blue-green. 

Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs. 

Cup  hemispherical  or  turbinate,  inclosing  about  one  third  of  the  acorn, 
raised  on  a  short  peduncle  or  nearly  sessile. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  usually  obtuse  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire 

or  remotely  dentate.  40.  Q.  Engelmanni  (G). 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  usually  cordate,  entire  or  remotely 

spinulose-dentate.  41.  Q.  oblongifolia  (E,  H). 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  broadly  obovate,  cordate  or  rounded  at 

the  base,  spinose-dentate,  pubescent  and  conspicuously  reticulate- 

venulose  on  the  lower  surface.  42.  Q.  Arizonica  (H). 

Cup  saucer-shaped,  inclosing  about  one  fourth  of  the  acorn,  sessile  ;  leaves 

ovate  or  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  entire  or  remotely  spinose-dentate. 

43.  Q.  Toumeyi  (H). 

Fruits  several  on  a  long  and  slender  peduncle.  Leaves  broadly  obovate, 
cordate,  usually  "rounded  and  obtuse  at  the  apex,  repandly  spinose-dentate, 
coarsely  reticulate-venulose.  44.  Q.  reticulata  (H). 

Leaves  dark  green. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  entire,  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed,  pubescent  and 
often  pale  below,  convolute  in  the  bud.  45.  Q.  dumosa  (G). 

Leaves  oblong,  elliptical  or  obovate,  entire  or  remotely  spinose-dentate, 
pale  or  silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface  ;  anthers  hirsute. 

46.  Q.  Virginiana  (C). 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  repand-serrate,  coriaceous  ;  inner  sur- 
face of  the  shell  of  the  acorn  hoary-tomentose.  47.  Q.  Emoryi  (F,  H). 

1.  Fruit  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  second  season  (except  22) ;  shell  of  the  acorn  tomen- 
tose  on  the  inner  surface  •  leaves  or  their  lobes  bristle-tipped.     BLACK  OAKS. 
* Stamens  usually  J^-Q  •  abortive  ovules  basal. 

-t-Leaves  deciduous  in  their  first  autumn  or  winter. 
+-t-Leaves  pinnately  lobed. 

1.  Quercus  rubra,  L.   Red  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  abruptly  or  gradually  wedge- 
shaped  or  rounded  at  the  broad  or  narrow  base,  usually  divided  about  half  way  to 
the  midribs  by  wide  oblique  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  11  or  sometimes 
into  7  or  9  acute  oblique  ovate  lobes  tapering  from  broad  Eases  and  mostly  sinuately 
3-toothed  at  the  apex,  with  elongated  bristle-pointed  teeth,  or  sometimes  oblong- 
obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  and  sinuately  lobed,  with 
broad  acute  usually  entire  or  slightly  dentate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  pink,  covered 
with  soft  silky  pale  pubescence  on  the  upper  surface  and  below  with  thick  white 
tomentum,  soon  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green,  dull  and  gla- 


FAGACE^E 


231 


brous  above,  pale  yellow-green,  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  and  sometimes  fur- 
nished with  small  tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  below,  5'-9'  long,  4'-6" 
broad,  falling  early  in  the  autumn  after  turning  dull  or  sometimes  bright  orange- 
color  or  brown;  their  petioles  stout,  yellow  or  red,  l'-2'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in 
pubescent  ameuts  4'-5'  long;  calyx  deeply  divided  into  4  or  5  narrow  ovate  rounded 


lobes  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  on  short  glabrous  peduncles,  their  invo- 
lucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  dark  reddish  brown,  shorter  than  the  conspicuous  linear 
acute  bract  of  the  flower  and  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas 
bright  green.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  stalked;  acorn  ovate  or  oval,  with 
a  broafl  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  f '-1^'  long,  ^'-1'  wide, 
usually  inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  the  thick  shallow  sancer-shnped  cup  reddish 
brown  and  puberulous  within,  and  covered  by  thin  closely  appressed  ovate  acute 
bright  red-brown  pnberulous  scales. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  or  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter, 
and  stout  branches  spreading  gradually  and  usually  forming  a  comparatively  narrow 
round-topped  head,  or  growing  at  right  angles  to  the  stem  into  a  broad  round-topped 
crown,  and  slender  lustrous  branchlets  bright  green  and  covered  when  they  first 
appear  with  pale  scurfy  caducous  pubescence,  dark  red  during  their  first  winter,  be- 
coming more  or  less  tinged  with  orange-green  in  their  second  and  third  years  and 
ultimately  dark  brown.  Winter-buds  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  acute  apex, 
about  Y  long,  with  thin  ovate  acute  light  chestnut-brown  scales.  Bark  on  young 
stems  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  limbs  of  large  trees  smooth,  light  gray,  becoming 
on  older  trunks  l'-l£'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  into  small  thick 
appressed  plates  scaly  on  the  surface.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained, 
light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  darker  colored  sapwood;  used  in  construction,  for  the 
interior  finish  of  houses,  and  in  furniture. 

Distribution.  Nova  Scotia  and  southern  New  Brunswick  through  Quebec  to  the 
northern  shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  to  Lake  Namekagon,  southward  to  middle  Ten- 
nessee and  Virginia,  and  along  the  high  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia, 
and  westward  to  eastern  Nebraska  and  central  Kansas;  rare  and  of  small  size  toward 
the  northern  limits  of  its  range;  abundant  in  southern  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  and 
Ontario;  one  of  the  largest  and  most  common  trees  of  the  forests  of  the  northern 


232  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

states,  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  region  north  of  the  Ohio  River;  less  common 
and  usually  of  smaller  size  southward. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  or  shade  tree  in  the  northeastern  states  and  in 
the  countries  of  western  and  northern  Europe;  generally  more  successful  in  Europe 
than  other  American  Oaks. 

2.  Quercus  palustris,  Muench.  Pin  Oak.  Swamp  Spanish  Oak. 
Leaves  obovate,  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  broad  and  truncate  at  the  base, 
divided  by  wide  deep  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  5-7  lobes,  the  terminal 
lobe  ovate,  acute,  3-toothed  toward  the  apex  or  entire,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading  or 
oblique,  sometimes  falcate,  especially  those  of  the  lowest  pair,  gradually  tapering 
and  acute  at  the  dentate  apex  or  obovate  and  broad  at  the  apex,  when  they  unfold 
light  bronze-green  stained  with  red  on  the  margins,  lustrous  and  puberulous  above, 


coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence,  at  maturity  thin  and 
firm,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  with  large  tufts  of  pale  hairs 
in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  4'-6'  long,  2'-4'  wide,  with  stout  midribs  and  con- 
spicuous primary  veins,  late  in  the  autumn  turning  gradually  deep  scarlet;  their 
petioles  slender,  yellow,  fy-2'  long.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  hairy  aments  2'-3'  long; 
calyx  puberulous  and  divided  into  4  or  5  oblong  rounded  segments  more  or  less 
laciniately  cut  on  the  margins,  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  on  short  tomentose 
peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  tomentose,  shorter  than  the  acumi- 
nate calyx-lobes;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked,  solitary  or  clus- 
tered; acorn  nearly  hemispherical,  about  \'  in  diameter,  light  brown,  often  striate, 
inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  a  thin  saucer-shaped  cup  dark  red-brown  and  lustrous 
within,  and  covered  by  closely  appressed  ovate  light  red-brown  thin  puberulous 
scales. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  often  clothed  with 
small  tough  drooping  branches,  or  when  crowded  in  the  forest  sometimes  120°  high, 
with  a  trunk  60°-70°  tall  and  4°-5°  in  diameter,  slender  branches  beset  with  short- 
ridged  spur-like  laterals  a  few  inches  in  length,  forming  while  young  a  broad  sym- 
metrical pyramidal  head,  becoming  open  and  irregular,  with  rigid  and  more  pendu- 
lous branches  often  furnished  with  small  drooping  branchlets,  and  slender  tough 


FAGACE^E 


233 


branchlets  dark  red  and  covered  at  first  by  short  pale  silvery  tomentum,  soon  be- 
coming green  and  glabrous,  lustrous,  dark  red-brown  or  orange  color  in  their  first 
winter,  growing  darker  in  their  second  year  and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown. 
Winter-buds  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  apex,  about  £'  long,  with 
imbricated  light  chestnut-brown  scales  puberulous  toward  the  thin  sometimes  ciliate 
margins.  Bark  of  young  trunks  and  branches  smooth,  lustrous,  light  brown  fre- 
quently tinged  with  red,  becoming  on  older  trunks  f'-l^'  thick,  light  gray-brown, 
generally  smooth  and  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with  thin  rather  darker  colored  sapwood; 
sometimes  used  in  construction,  and  for  shingles  and  clapboards. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  swamps  and  river-bottoms  in  deep  moist  rich  soil; 
valley  of  the  Connecticut  River  in  western  Massachusetts  to  southern  Missouri,  and 
southward  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Potomac  River,  Virginia,  central  Kentucky, 
southwestern  Tennessee,  northern  Arkansas  and  the  eastern  borders  of  the  Indian 
Territory;  rare  and  of  small  size  in  New  England;  exceedingly  common  on  the  coast 
plain  south  of  the  Hudson  River;  of  its  largest  size  and  very  abundant  on  the  bot- 
tom-lands of  the  streams  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northeastern  states  and  in  the  coun- 
tries of  western  and  central  Europe. 

3.  Quercus  Georgiana,  M.  A.  Curtis. 

Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  oval  or  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  divided  generally  about  half  way  to  the  midribs  by  wide  or  nar- 
row oblique  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  3-7  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  ovate, 
acute,  or  rounded  and  entire  or  frequently  furnished  with  1  or  2  small  lateral  teeth, 
the  lateral  lobes  oblique  or  spreading,  mostly  triangular,  acute  and  entire,  or  those 


of  the  upper  or  of  the  middle  pair  often  broad  and  repand-lobulate  at  the  oblique 
ends,  sometimes  gradually  3-lobed  at  the  broad  apex  and  narrowed  and.  entire  below, 
or  equally  3-lobed,  with  broad  or  narrow  spreading  lateral  lobes,  or  occasionally 
pinnatifid,  when  they  unfold  bright  green  tinged  with  red,  ciliate  on  the  margins 
and  coated  on  the  midribs,  veins,  and  petioles  with  loose  pale  stellate  pubescence,  at 
maturity  thin,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  and  glabrous  or  fur- 


234  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

nished  with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  usually  about  2^'  long 
and  1^'  wide,  turning  dull  orange  and  scarlet  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their 
petioles  slender,  £'-f'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  glabrous  or  pubescent 
auaents  2'-3'  long;  calyx  divided  into  4  or  5  broadly  ovate  rounded  segments  rather 
shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  on  short  glabrous  slender  stalks,  their  involucral 
scales  rather  shorter  than  the  acute  calyx-lobes,  pubescent  or  puberulous;  stigmas 
bright  red.  Fruit  short-stalked;  acorn  ellipsoidal  or  subglobose,  \'-\'  long,  light 
red-brown  and  lustrous,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  nearly  one  half  its  length  in  a 
thick  cup-shaped  cup  light  red-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  and  cov- 
ered by  thin  ovate  bright  light  red-brown  truncate  erose  scales. 

Distribution.  Central  Georgia,  on  Stone  Mountain.  Dekalb  County,  and  on  a 
few  other  granite  hills  between  the  Yellow  and  Oconee  rivers  in  the  region  south 
and  east  of  Stone  Mountain. 

4.  Quercus  ellipsoidalis,  E.  J.  Hill.    Black  Oak. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate-orbicular,  acute  or  acuminate,  truncate  or  broadly  cune- 
ate  at  the  base,  deeply  divided  by  wide  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  5-7 
oblong  lobes  repandly  dentate  at  the  apex,  or  often,  especially  those  of  the  upper 


pair,  repandly  lobulate,  when  they  unfold  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  hoary-tomen- 
tose,  soon  becoming  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  small  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the 
axils  of  the  principal  veins,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  bright  green  and  lustrous 
above,  paler  and  sometimes  entirely  glabrous  below,  3'-5'  long,  2-£'-4'  wide,  with 
stout  midribs  and  primary  veins  and  prominent  reticulate  veiulets,  late  in  the 
autumn  turning  yellow  or  pale  brown  more  or  less  blotched  with  purple;  their  peti- 
oles slender,  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous,  l^'-2'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in 
puberulous  aments  l^'-2'  long;  calyx  membranaceous,  campanulate,  usually  tinged 
with  red,  2-5-lobed  or  parted  into  oblong-ovate  or  rounded  segments,  glabrous  or 
slightly  villous,  fringed  at  the  apex  with  long  twisted  hairs,  about  as  long  as  the  2-5 
stamens  with  short  filaments  and  oblong  anthers;  pistillate  on  stout  tomentose  1-3- 
flowered  peduncles,  red,  their  involucral  scales  broad,  hairy,  oblong,  acute;  calyx 
campanulate,  4-7-lobed,  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Fruit  short-stalked  or  nearly  ses- 
sile, solitary  or  in  pairs;  acorn  ellipsoidal,  cylindrical  to  subglobose,  chestnut-brown, 


FAGACE^E 


235 


often  striate  and  puberulous,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  one  half  its  length  in  a  turbi- 
nate  or  cup-shaped  cup  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  thin,  light  red-brown,  pu- 
berulous on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  narrow  ovate  obtuse  or  truncate 
brown  pubescent  closely  appressed  scales. 

A  tree,  60°-70°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  3°  in  diameter,  much  forked 
branches  ascending  above  and  often  pendulous  low  on  the  stem,  forming  a  narrow 
oblong  head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  matted  pale  hairs,  bright 
reddish  brown  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  dark  gray-brown  or  reddish  brown 
in  their  second  season.  Winter-buds  ovate,  obtuse,  or  acute,  sometimes  slightly 
angled,  about  £'long,  with  ovate  or  oval  red-brown  lustrous  slightly  puberulous  outer 
scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  thin,  light  yellow  internally,  close,  rather 
smooth,  divided,  by  shallow  connected  fissures  into  thin  plates,  dark  brown  near  the 
base,  dull  above,  gray-brown  and  only  slightly  furrowed  on  the  large  branches. 

Distribution.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  to  eastern  Iowa  and 
southeastern  Minnesota. 

5.  Quercus  Texana,  Buckl.  Red  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate,  truncate  or  abruptly  or  rarely  gradually  wedge-shaped  at  the 
base,  divided  by  wide  or  narrow  oblique  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  usually 
7  rarely  9  or  sometimes  5  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  oblong,  dentate  or  entire  toward 
the  acute  apex,  with  two  spreading  lateral  teeth,  the  lateral  lobes  contracted  below 
the  broad  apex  or  occasionally  tapering  from  the  base  and  coarsely  repand-dentate 
above  the  middle,  when  they  unfold  light  red  and  covered  with  pale  scurfy  pu- 
bescence, at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  bright  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  paler, 


with  large  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins  below,  2^'-6'  long, 
2'-5'  wide,  with  slender  red  or  yellow  midribs,  late  in  the  autumn  turning  gradually 
dark  vinous  red  or  brown,  or  often  falling  with  only  a  slight  change  of  color;  their 
petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  reddish,  1/-2'  long.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  slender 
slightly  pubescent  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  thin,  villotis  on  the  outer  surface,  divided 
into  4  or  5  acute  laciniately  cut  segments;  pistillate  on  short  hoary-tomentose  pe- 
duncles, their  involucral  scales  brown  tinged  with  red,  pubescent;  stigmas  bright 
red.  Fruit  sessile  or  stalked,  usually  solitary;  acorn  oval,  abruptly  narrowed  and 


236  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

rounded  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  or  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  rounded 
at  the  apex,  puberulous,  light  reddish  brown,  sometimes  conspicuously  striate,  with 
broad  dark  bands,  £'-!£'  long,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  nearly  one  half  its  length  in 
a  turbinate  or  deeply  cup-shaped  cup  light  reddish  brown  and  puberulous  within, 
covered  by  thin  closely  imbricated  light  brown  scales  rounded  at  the  ends  and  hoary - 
tomentose,  except  on  their  red-brown  margins. 

A  tree,  occasionally  nearly  200°  high,  with  a  trunk  free  of  branches  for  80°-90°, 
and  7°-8°  in  diameter  above  the  much  enlarged  buttressed  base,  comparatively 
small  branches  spreading  into  a  narrow  head,  and  stout  brittle  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  hoary  pubescence,  soon  glabrous  and  bright  green,  lustrous,  orange  or 
reddish  brown  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  ashy  gray  or  dark  brown  the  fol- 
lowing year;  often  much  smaller  toward  the  western  limits  of  its  range  in  Texas 
and  usually  30°^40°  tall;  sometimes  reduced  to  a  shrub.  "Winter-buds  ovate  or 
obovate,  full  and  abruptly  rounded  at  the  apex,  -jf'-^'  long,  with  thin  closely  imbri- 
cated dark  brown  scales.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  smooth,  light 
gray,  becoming  on  old  trunks  f'-l^'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided 
into  broad  ridges  broken  into  thick  square  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  light  reddish  brown;  now  often  manufactured  into  lumber  in  the 
Mississippi  valley  and  considered  more  valuable  than  that  of  the  eastern  Red  Oak. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  Iowa  and  central  Illinois,  through  southern  Illinois 
and  Indiana  and  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  the  valley  of  the  Appalachi- 
cola  River,  Florida,  northern  Georgia,  central  South  Carolina,  and  the  coast  plain 
of  North  Carolina,  and  through  southern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana  to  the 
mountains  of  western  Texas;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  low  bot- 
tom-lands of  the  Mississippi  basin,  often  forming  a  considerable  part  of  lowland 
forests;  less  abundant  in  the  eastern  Gulf  states;  in  western  Texas  on  the  low  lime- 
stone hills  and  on  bottom-lands  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams. 

6.  Quercus  coccinea,  Moench.    Scarlet  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oval,  truncate  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply 
divided  by  wide  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  7  or  rarely  9  lobes  repand-den- 
tate  at  the  apex,  the  terminal  lobe  ovate,  acute,  arid  3-toothed,  the  middle  division 
the  largest  and  furnished  with  2  small  lateral  teeth,  the  lateral  lobes  obovate,  oblique 
or  spreading,  sometimes  falcate,  usually  broad  and  oblique  at  the  coarsely  toothed 
apex,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  covered  with  loose  pale  pubescence  above  and 
below  with  silvery  white  tomentum,  green  at  the  end  of  a  few  days,  at  maturity 
thin  and  firm,  bright  green,  glabrous  and  very  lustrous  above,  paler  and  less  lustrous 
and  sometimes  furnished  with  small  tufts  of  rusty  pubescence  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  below,  3'-6'  long,  2^'-4'  broad,  with  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins,  late  in 
the  autumn  turning  brilliant  scarlet;  their  petioles  slender,  terete,  l£'-2£'  long. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  glabrous  aments  3'-4'  long;  calyx  pubescent,  bright 
red  before  opening,  divided  into  4  or  5  ovate  acute  segments  shorter  than  the 
stamens;  pistillate  on  pubescent  peduncles  sometimes  \'  long,  bright  red,  their  in- 
volucral  scales  ovate,  pubescent,'  shorter  than  the  acute  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  sessile  or 
stalked,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  acorn  oval,  oblong-ovate  or  hemispherical,  truncate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  apex,  \'-V  long,  £'-f '  broad,  light  reddish  brown 
and  occasionally  striate,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  one  half  its  length  in  a  deeply  cup- 
shaped  or  turbinate  thin  cup  light  reddish  brown  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by 
closely  imbricated  oblong-ovate  acute  light  reddish  brown  slightly  puberulous  scales. 


FAGACEJE 


237 


A  tree,  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  comparatively  small  branches 
spreading  gradually  and  forming  a  rather  narrow  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets 
coated  at  first  witli  loose  scurfy  pubescence,  soon  pale  green  and  lustrous,  light  red 


or  orange-red  in  their  first  winter  and  light  or  dark  brown  the  following  year;  usu- 
ally much  smaller.  Winter-buds  oval  or  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  acute 
apex,  ft-\f  long,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  pale-pubescent  above  the  middle.  Bark 
of  young  stems  and  branches  smooth,  light  brown,  becoming  on  old  trunks  £'-!' 
thick  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  irregular  ridges  covered  by  small  light 
brown  scales  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained, 
light  or  reddish  brown,  with  thicker  darker  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Light  dry  usually  sandy  soil;  valley  of  the  Androscoggin  River, 
Maine,  through  southern  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  and  central  New  York  to 
southern  Ontario,  westward  through  central  Michigan  and  Minnesota  to  southeastern 
Nebraska,  and  southward  to  the  District  of  Columbia  and  northern  Illinois,  and 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  North  Carolina;  very  abundant  in  the  coast 
region  from  Massachusetts  Bay  to  southern  New  Jersey;  less  common  in  the  inte- 
rior, growing  on  dry  gravelly  uplands,  and  on  the  prairies  skirting  the  western  mar- 
gins of  the  eastern  forest. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  northeastern  states  and  in  Europe  as  an  ornamental 
tree  valued  chiefly  for  the  brilliant  autumn  color  of  the  foliage. 

7.  Quercus  velutina,  Lam.  Black  Oak.  Yellow-bark  Oak. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  rounded,  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base,  mostly 
7-lobed  and  sometimes  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  by  wide  rounded  sinuses  into 
narrow  obovate  more  or  less  repand-dentate  lobes,  or  into  elongated  nearly  entire 
mucronate  lobes  tapering  gradually  from  a  broad  base,  the  terminal  lobe  oblong, 
elongated,  acute,  furnished  with  small  lateral  teeth,  or  broad,  rounded,  and  coarsely 
repand-dentate,  or  slightly  divided  into  broad  dentate  lobes  or  sinuate-dentate, 
bright  crimson  when  they  unfold,  and  covered  above  by  long  loose  scattered  white 
hairs  and  below  with  thick  pale  or  silvery  white  tomentum,  hoary-pubescent  when 
half  grown,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  below  yellow-green,  brown  or  dull  copper  color  and  more  or  less  pubescent 
or  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal 


238  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

veins,  3'-12'  long  and  2'-10'  wide,  but  usually  5'-6'  long  and  3'^4'  wide,  with  stout 
midribs  and  primary  veins,  late  in  the  autumn  turning  dull  red,  dark  orange  color. 
or  brown,  and  falling  gradually  during  the  winter;  their  petioles  stout,  yellow,  gla- 
brous or  puberulous,  3'-6'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  on  tomentose  or  pubescent 
aments  4'-6'  long;  calyx  coated  with  pale  hairs,  with  ovate  acute  lobes;  pistillate 
on  short  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  ovate,  shorter  than  the  acute 
calyx-lobes;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked,  solitary  or  in  pairs; 
nut  ovate-oblong,  obovate,  oval  or  hemispherical,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  base, 
full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  light  red-brown,  often  striate,  frequently  coated  with 
soft  rufous  pubescence,  £'-£'  long,  inclosed  for  about  one  half  its  length  in  the  thin 
deeply  cut-shaped  turbinate  cup  dark  red-brown  and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface, 


covered  by  thin  light  chestnut-brown  acute  hoary  scales  closely  appressed  at  the  base 
of  the  cup,  loosely  imbricated  above  the  middle,  with  free  scarious  tips  forming  a 
fringe-like  border  to  its  rim. 

A  tree,  often  70°-80°  and  occasionally  150°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°^t°  in  diameter, 
slender  branches  spreading  gradually  into  a  narrow  open  head,  stout  branchlets 
coated  at  first  with  pale  or  fulvous  scurfy  tomentum,  becoming  in  their  first  winter 
glabrous,  dull  red  or  reddish  brown,  growing  dark  brown  in  their  second  year  or 
brown  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Winter-buds  ovate,  strongly  angled,  gradually 
narrowed  and  obtuse  at  the  apex,  hoary-tomentose,  \'-%  long.  Bark  of  young  stems 
and  branches  smooth,  dark  brown,  deep  orange  color  internally,  becoming  |' -!£' 
thick  on  old  trunks,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  broken  on  the 
surface  into  thick  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  closely  appressed  plate-like  scales. 
"Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin 
lighter  colored  sapwood;  of  little  value  except  as  fuel.  The  bark  abounds  in  tannic 
acid  and  is  largely  used  in  tanning,  as  a  yellow  dye,  and  in  medicine. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  uplands  and  ridges;  coast  of  southern  Maine  to 
northern  Vermont,  southern  and  western  Ontario  and  central  Minnesota,  and  south- 
ward to  northern  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  southeastern  Nebraska, 
eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory  and  eastern  Texas;  one  of  the  commonest  Oaks 
on  the  gravelly  drift  of  southern  New  England  and  the  middle  states;  often  forming 
a  large  part  of  the  forest  growth  in  the  foothill  regions  of  the  southern  Appalachian 


FAGACE^E  239 

Mountains;  abundant  in  all  parts  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  and  of  its  largest  size  in 
the  valley  of  the  lower  Ohio  River;  the  common  species  of  the  Black  Oak  group 
reaching  the  south- Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast,  and  here  generally  scattered  on  dry 
ridges  through  the  maritime  Pine  belt. 

Quercus  velutina,  which  is  more  variable  in  the  form  of  its  leaves  than  the  other 
North  American  Black  Oaks,  is  easily  recognized  by  the  bright  yellow  color  of  the 
inner  bark,  in  early  spring  by  the  deep  red  color  of  the  unfolding  leaves,  becoming 
pale  and  silvery  in  a  few  days,  and  by  the  large  tomentose  winter-buds.  From  west- 
ern Missouri  to  northwestern  Arkansas  a  form  occurs  (var.  dftMOttrtOMftf,  Sarg.,  nov. 
uar.)  with  the  mature  leaves  stellate-pubescent  above,  and  coated  below  and  on  the 
petioles  and  summer  branchlets  with  rusty  pubescence,  and  with  broader  more  loosely 
imbricated  hoary-tomentose  cup-scales. 

8.  Quercus  Californica,  Coop.    Black  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  truncate,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  base, 
7  or  rarely  5-lobed  by  wide  and  deep  or  shallow  and  oblique  sinuses  rounded  at  the 
bottom,  the  terminal  lobe  ovate,  3-toothed  at  the  acute  apex,  the  lateral  lobes  taper- 
ing gradually  from  the  base  or  broad  and  obovate,  coarsely  repand-dentate,  with 
acute  pointed  teeth,  or  rarely  entire,  when  they  unfold  dark  red  or  purple  and  pilose 
above  and  coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  silvery  white  tomentum,  at 


maturity  thick  and  firm,  lustrous,  dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  rarely  stellate- 
pubescent  above,  light  yellow-green  or  brownish  and  glabrous  or  pubescent,  or  occa- 
sionally hoary-tomentose  below,  3'-6'  long,  2'-4'  wide,  turning  yellow  or  brown  in 
the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  yellow,  l'-2'  long.  Flowers  : 
staminate  in  hairy  aments  4'-5'  long;  calyx  pubescent,  divided  into  4  or  5  ovate 
acute  segments  shorter  than  the  stamens,  with  bright  red  anthers;  pistillate  on  short 
tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  ovate,  coated  like  the  acute  calyx-lobes 
with  pale  tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  short-stalked,  solitary  or  clustered; 
acorn  oblong,  oval  or  obovate,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  or 
gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  puberulous  apex,  !'-!£'  long,  about  f  broad, 
light  chestnut-brown,  often  striate,  inclosed  for  one  fourth  to  two  thirds  its  length 
in  the  deep  cup-shaped  cup  light  brown  and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface,  and 
covered  by  thin  ovate-lanceolate  lustrous  light  chestnut-brown  scales,  sometimes 


240  TREES   OF   NORTH  'AMERICA 

rounded  and  thickened  on  the  back  toward  the  base  of  the  cup,  their  tips  elongated, 
thin  and  erose  on  the  margins,  often  forming  a  narrow  fringe-like  border  to  the  rim 
of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°^°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
branches  forming  an  open  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
thick  hoary  caducous  tomentuui,  bright  red  or  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  usually 
glabrous  or  pubescent  or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  dark  red- 
brown  in  their  second  year;  frequently  much  smaller  and  at  high  elevations  a  small 
shrub.  Winter-buds  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  apex,  about  \' 
long,  with  closely  imbricated  pale  chestnut-brown  scales  ciliate  on  the  thin  scari- 
ous  margins  and  pubescent  toward  the  point  of  the  bud.  Bark  of  young  stems  and 
branches  smooth,  light  brown,  becoming  on  old  trunks  I'-l^'  thick,  dark  brown 
slightly  tinged  with  red  or  nearly  black,  divided  into  broad  ridges  at  the  base  of  old 
trees  and  broken  above  into  thick  irregular  oblong  plates  covered  by  minute  closely 
appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  brittle,  bright  red,  with  thin 
lighter  colored  sapwood;  occasionally  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Valleys  and  mountain  slopes  ;  basin  of  the  Mackenzie  River  in 
western  Oregon,  southward  over  the  California  coast  ranges,  and  along  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  elevations  of  7000°-8000°  to  the  Cuyamaca  Moun- 
tains near  the  southern  boundary  of  California;  rare  in  the  immediate  neighborhood 
of  the  coast;  the  largest  and  most  abundant  Oak-tree  of  the  valleys  of  southwestern 
Oregon  and  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  sometimes  forming  groves  of  considerable  extent 
in  coniferous  forests;  of  its  largest  size  at  elevations  of  about  6000°  above  the  sea. 

9.  Quercus  Catesbeei,  Michx,    Turkey  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate  or  nearly  triangular,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  divided  by  wide  rounded  sinuses  into  3  or  5  or  rarely  7 


lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  ovate,  elongated,  acute  and  entire  or  repand-dentate,  or 
obovate  and  coarsely  equally  or  irregularly  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  lateral  lobes 
spreading,  usually  falcate,  entire  and  acute,  tapering  from  their  broad  bases,  and 
broad,  oblique,  and  repand-lobulate  at  the  apex;  or  3-toothed  at  the  broad  apex  and 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  base,  coated  when  they  unfold  with  rufous  articulate 


FAGACE.E  241 

hairs,  and  when  fully  grown  thick  and  rigid,  bright  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above, 
paler,  lustrous,  and  glabrous  below,  with  large  tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins,  3'-12'  long,  l'-10'  wide,  but  usually  about  5'  long  and  broad,  with  broad  yel- 
low or  red-brown  midribs,  turning  brown  or  dull  yellow  before  falling  in  the  autumn; 
their  petioles  stout,  grooved,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  hairy  red- 
stemmed  aments  4'-5'  long;  calyx  puberulous  and  divided  into  4  or  5  ovate  acute 
lobes;  pistillate  on  short  stout  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  bright 
red,  pubescent,  hairy  at  the  margins;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  short-stalked,  usually 
solitary;  acorn  oval,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  about  1'  long  and  |'  broad,  dull 
light  brown,  covered  at  the  apex  by  a  thin  coat  of  snow-white  tomentum,  inclosed 
for  about  one  third  its  length  in  a  thin  turbinate  cup  often  gradually  narrowed  into 
a  stout  stalk-like  base,  light  red-brown,  lustrous,  and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface, 
covered  by  ovate-oblong  rounded  scales  extending  above  the  rim  of  the  cup  and  down 
over  the  upper  third  of  the  inner  surface,  and  hoary-pubescent  except  on  their  thin 
bright  red  margins. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-30°,  or  occasionally  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceed- 
ing 2°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  more  or  less  contorted  branches  forming  a  nar- 
row open  irregular  generally  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first 
with  stellate  articulate  hairs,  nearly  glabrous  and  deep  red  when  the  leaves  are  half 
grown,  dark  red  in  their  first  winter,  gradually  growing  dark  brown;  generally  much 
smaller  and  sometimes  shrubby.  Winter-buds  elongated,  acute,  ^'  long,  with  light 
chestnut-brown  scales  erose  on  the  thin  margins,  and  coated,  especially  toward  the 
point  of  the  bud,  with  rusty  pubescence.  Bark  \'-V  thick,  red  internally,  dark  gray 
tinged  with  red  on  the  surface,  and  at  the  base  of  old  trunks  becoming  nearly  black, 
deeply  and  irregularly  furrowed  and  broken  into  small  appressed  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick 
lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Dry  barren  sandy  ridges  and  sandy  bluffs  and  hummocks  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  coast;  North  Carolina  to  Cape  Malabar  and  the  shores  of  Peace 
Creek,  Florida,  and  to  eastern  Louisiana;  comparatively  rare  toward  the  western 
limits  of  its  range,  and  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  high  bluff-like 
shores  of  buys  and  estuaries  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

10.  Quercus  nana,  Sarg.    Bear  Oak.    Scrub  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate  or  rarely  oblong,  gradually  or  abruptly  wed^e-shaped  at  the 
base,  divided  by  wide  shallow  sinuses  into  3-7,  usually  5,  acute  lobes,  the  terminal 
lobe  ovate,  elongated,  rounded  and  3-toothed  or  acute  and  dentate  or  entire  at  the 
apex,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading,  mostly  triangular  and  acute,  or  those  of  the  upper 
pair  broad,  oblique  and  repand-lobulate,  or  broad  at  the  apex,  slightly  3-lobed  and 
entire  below,  or  deeply  3-lobed  above  and  sinuate  below,  or  occasionally  oblong  to 
oblong-obovate  and  entire,  with  undulate  margins,  dull  red  and  puberulous  or 
pubescent  on  the  upper  surface  and  coated  on  the  lower  and  on  the  petioles  with 
thick  pale  tomentum  when  they  unfold,  when  half  grown  light  yellow-green,  lus- 
trous, slightly  pubescent  above  and  tomentose  below,  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  silvery 
white  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  above,  covered  below  with  pale  or  silvery  white  pubescence,  2'-5'  long, 
l^'-3'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs  and  slender  primary  veins,  turning  dull 
scarlet  or  yellow  before  falling  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  or 
pubescent,  I'-l^'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hairy  aments  4'-5'  long,  and  often 


242  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

persistent  until  midsummer;  calyx  red  or  green  tinged  with  red  and  irregularly 
divided  into  3-5  ovate  rounded  lobes  shorter  than  the  stamens,  with  bright  red 
ultimately  yellow  anthers;  pistillate  on  stout  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral 
scales  ovate,  about  as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes,  red,  and  tomeutose;  stigmas 


dark  red.  Fruit  produced  in  great  profusion,  sessile  or  stalked,  in  pairs  or  rarely 
solitary;  acorn  ovoid,  broad,  flat  or  rounded  at  the  base,  gradually  narrowed  and 
acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  about  £'  long  and  broad,  light  brown,  lustrous,  usually 
faintly  striate,  inclosed  for  about  one  half  its  length  in  the  cup-shaped  or  saucer- 
shaped  cup  often  abruptly  enlarged  above  the  stalk-like  base,  thick,  light  reddish 
brown  and  puberulous  within,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate  closely  imbricated  red- 
brown  puberulous  scales  acute  or  truncate  at  the  apex,  the  minute  free  tips  of  the 
upper  scales  forming  a  fringe-like  border  to  the  cup. 

A  tree,  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  with  slender 
spreading  branches  usually  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets 
dark  green  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  and  hoary-pubescent  at  first,  during  their 
first  winter  red-brown  or  ashy  gray  and  pubescent  or  puberulous,  becoming  glabrous 
and  darker  in  their  second  year  and  ultimately  dark  brown  or  nearly  black;  more 
frequently  an  intricately  branched  shrub,  with  numerous  contorted  stems  3°-10°  tall. 
Winter-buds  ovate,  obtuse,  about  ^'  long,  with  dark  chestnut-brown  rather  loosely 
imbricated  glabrous  or  pilose  scales.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  dark  brown,  covered  by 
small  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  barrens  and  rocky  hillsides;  coast  of  eastern  Maine 
southward  through  eastern  and  southern  New  England  to  eastern  Pennsylvania  and 
along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  southern  Virginia,  and  westward  to  the  shores  of 
Lake  George  and  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  River;  common  in  eastern  and  southern 
New  England,  in  the  Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  and  in  eastern  Pennsylvania. 

11.  Quercus  digitata,  Sudw.    Spanish  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  generally  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  abruptly 
wedge-shaped  or  rounded  and  slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  sometimes  divided  by 
deep  wide  sinuses  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  3,  5,  or  7  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe 


FAGACEJE 


243 


generally  much  elongated,  often  falcate,  acute,  entire  or  repand-dentate  at  the  apex, 
the  lateral  lobes  oblique  and  spreading  or  often  falcate,  gradually  narrowed  from  a 
broad  base,  acute,  and  entire;  or  oblong-obovate  and  divided  at  the  broad  apex  by 
wide  or  narrow  sinuses  broad  and  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  3  rounded  or  acute 
entire  or  dentate  lobes,  and  entire  and  gradually  narrowed  below  into  an  acute  or 
rounded  base,  the  two  forms  usually  occurring  on  different  but  sometimes  on  the 
same  tree;  hanging  closely  appressed  against  the  stem  when  they  unfold,  when  fully 
grown  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  coated  below  with  soft  close 
pale  or  rusty  pubescence,  6'-7'  long  and  4'-o'  wide,  obscurely  reticulate-venulose, 
with  stout  tomentose  midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  brown  or  dull  orange  color 
in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  flattened,  l'-2'  long.  Flowers: 
staminate  in  tomentose  ameuts,  3'-5'  long;  calyx  thin  and  scarious,  pubescent  on  the 
outer  surface,  divided  into  4  or  5  ovate  rounded  segments;  pistillate  on  stout  tomen- 
tose peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  coated  with  rusty  tomentum,  as  long  or  rather 


shorter  than  the  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked; 
acorn  subglobose  to  ellipsoidal,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  truncate  and  rounded 
at  the  base,  about  ^'  long,  bright  orange-brown,  inclosed  only  at  the  base  or  some- 
times for  one  third  its  length  in  a  thin  saucer-shaped  cup  flat  on  the  bottom  or 
gradually  narrowed  from  a  stalk-like  base,  or  deep  and  turbinate,  bright  red-brown 
and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface,  covered  by  thin  ovate-oblong  reddish  scales 
acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex  and  pale-pubescent  except  on  the  margins. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  open  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at 
first,  like  the  young  leaves,  with  a  thick  rusty  or  orange-colored  clammy  tomentum 
of  articulate  hairs,  dark  red  or  reddish  brown  and  pubescent  or  rarely  glabrous 
during  their  first  winter,  becoming  in  their  second  year  dark  red-brown  or  ashy 
gray.  Winter-buds  ovoid  or  oval,  acute,  |'-^'  long,  with  bright  chestnut-brown 
puberulous  or  pilose  scales  ciliate,  with  short  pale  hairs.  Bark  |'-1'  thick,  dark 
brown,  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  ridges  covered  by  thin  closely 
appressed  scales.  Wood  hard,  strong,  not  durable,  coarse-grained,  light  red,  with 
thick  lighter  colored  sapwood ;  sometimes  used  in  construction,  and  largely  as  fuel. 
The  bark  is  rich  in  tannin,  and  is  used  in  tanning  leather  and  occasionally  in  medicine. 

Distribution.  Southern  New  Jersey  southward  to  central  Florida,  through  the 
Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas,  through  Arkansas  and  south- 


244 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


western  Missouri  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and  southern  Indiana  and 
Illinois;  in  the  north  Atlantic  states  only  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  and  com- 
paratively rare;  very  common  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  on  dry  hills 
between  the  coast  plain  and  the  Appalachian  Mountains;  less  abundant  in  the  south- 
ern maritime  Pine  belt. 

12.  Quercus  pagodaefolia,  Ashe.    Swamp  Spanish  Oak.    Red  Oak. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong,  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate,  or  full  and 
rounded  or  rarely  truncate  at  the  base,  deeply  divided  by  wide  sinuses  rounded  at 
the  bottom  into  5-11  acuminate  usually  entire  repand-dentate  lobes  often  falcate 
and  spreading  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib  or  pointed  toward  the  apex  of  the  leaf, 
when  they  unfold  coated  with  pale  tomentum,  thickest  on  the  lower  surface,  and 
dark  red  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale 
and  tomentose  below,  6'— 8'  long  and  5'-6'  wide,  with  stout  midribs  usually  puberu- 
lous  on  the  upper  side,  slender  primary  veins  arched  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and 
conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  before  falling  in  the 
autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent  or  tomentose,  1^ '-2' long.  Flowers  :  stami- 
nate  in  cftstered  slender  villous  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  thin,  scarious,  pubescent 
on  the  outer  surface,  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  red,  divided  into  4  or  5  rounded 
segments;  pistillate  on  1-3-flowered  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales 
hoary-tomentose,  about  as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit 
short-stalked  or  nearly  ses«ile;  acorn  ovate  to  subglobose,  light  yellow-brown,  puber- 
ulous  toward  the  rounded  apex,  about  f '  in  diameter,  inclosed  for  nearly  one  half  its 


length  in  a  flat  or  slightly  turbinate  cup  thin,  slightly  lobed  on  the  border,  glabrous 
on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  oblong  rather  loosely  imbricated  scales  pale- 
pubescent  except  on  their  dark  margins. 

A  tree,  sometimes  120°  high,  with  a  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  heavy  branches 
forming  in  the  forest  a  short  narrow  crown,  or  in  more  open  situations  wide-spread- 
ing or  ascending  and  forming  a  great  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  hoary 
tomentose  at  first,  tomentose  or  pubescent  during  their  first  winter,  and  dark  reddish 
brown  and  puberulous  during  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  ovoid,  acute,  often 
prominently  4-angled,  about  \'  long,  with  light  red-brown  puberulous  scales  some- 
times ciliate  at  the  apex.  Bark  about  1'  thick  and  roughened  by  small  rather 
closely  appressed  plate-like  light  gray  or  gray-brown  scales.  Wood  light  reddish 


FAGACEJE  245 

brown,  with  thin   nearly  white  sapwood;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  in  the 
Mississippi  valley  arid  valued  almost  as  highly  as  white  oak. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  and  the  alluvial  banks  of  streams;  southwest- 
ern Virginia  to  northern  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  and  Arkansas  to 
southern  Missouri,  western  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and  southern  Illinois  and 
Indiana;  most  abundant  and  one  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  timber-trees  in 
the  river  swamps  of  the  Yazoo  basin,  Mississippi,  and  of  eastern  Arkansas. 

13.  Quercus  Marilandica,  Muench.  Black  Jack.  Jack  Oak. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  narrow  base,  usually  3  or  rarely 
5-lobed  at  the  broad  and  often  abruptly  dilated  apex,  with  short  or  long,  broad  or 
narrow,  rounded  or  acute,  entire  or  dentate  lobes,  or  entire  or  dentate  at  the  apex, 
sometimes  oblong-obovate,  undulate-lobed  at  the  broad  apex  and  entire  below  or 


equally  3-lobed,  with  elongated  spreading  lateral  lobes  broad  and  lobulate  at  the 
apex,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  a  clammy  tomentum  of  articulate  hairs,  and 
bright  pink  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  dark 
yellow-green  and  very  lustrous  above,  yellow,  orange  color,  or  brown  and  scurfy- 
pubescent  below,  usually  G'-T  long  and  broad,  with  thick  broad  orange-colored  mid- 
ribs, turning  brown  or  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  stout, 
yellow,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  £'-f  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hoary  aments 
2'-4'  long;  calyx  thin  and  scarious,  tinged  with  red  above  the  middle,  pale-pubescent 
on  the  outer  surface,  divided  into  4  or  5  broad  ovate  rounded  lobes;  anthers  apicu- 
late,  dark  red;  pistillate  on  short  rusty-tomentose  peduncles  coated  like  their  involucral 
scales  with  thick  rusty  tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit,  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
usually  pedunculate;  acorn  oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rather  broader 
below  than  above  the  middle,  about  |'  long,  light  yellow-brown  and  often  striate,  the 
shell  lined  with  dense  fulvous  tomentum,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  nearly  two  thirds 
its  length  in  a  thick  turbinate  light  brown  cup  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface,  and 
covered  by  large  reddish  brown  loosely  imbricated  scales  often  ciliate  and  coated 
with  loose  pale  or  rusty  tomentum,  the  upper  scales  smaller,  erect,  inserted  on  the 
top  of  the  cup  in  several  rows,  and  forming  a  thick  rim  round  its  inner  surface,  or 
occasionally  reflexed  and  covering  the  upper  half  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  cup. 
A  tree,  20°-30°,  or  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  18' 


246 


TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


in  diameter,  short  stout  spreading  often  contorted  branches  forming  a  narrow  com- 
pact round-topped  or  sometimes  an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated 
at  first  with  a  thick  pale  tomentum  of  articulate  and  stellate  hairs,  light  brown  and 
scurfy-pubescent  during  their  first  summer,  becoming  reddish  brown  and  glabrous  or 
puberulous  in  the  winter,  and  ultimately  brown  or  ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  ovate 
or  oval,  prominently  angled,  light  red-brown,  coated  with  rusty  brown  hairs,  about  \' 
long.  Bark  I'-l^'  thick,  and  deeply  divided  into  nearly  square  plates  1/-3'  long 
covered  by  small  closely  appressed  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  strong,  dark  rich  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  as 
fuel  and  in  the  manufacture  of  charcoal. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  or  clay  barrens;  Long  Island,  New  York,  through 
northern  Ohio  and  Indiana  to  southeastern  Nebraska,  central  Kansas,  and  the  Indian 
Territory,  and  southward  to  the  shores  of  Matauzas  Inlet  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida, 
and  to  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  River,  Texas;  rare  in  the  north;  very  abundant 
southward;  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  often  forming  on  sterile  soils  a  great  part 
of  the  forest  growth ;  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

14.  Quercus  nigra,  L.  Water  Oak. 

Leaves  usually  oblong-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base, 
enlarged  sometimes  abruptly  at  the  broad  generally  rounded  or  sometimes  pointed 
entire  or  slightly  or  deeply  3-lobed  apex,  or  often  acute  .at  the  ends,  and  on  upper 


branchlets  sometimes  linear-lanceolate  to  linear-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the 
apex,  divided  above  the  middle  by  deep  wide  rounded  sinuses  into  elongated  lanceo- 
late acute  entire  lobes,  or  pinnatifid  above  the  middle,  when  they  unfold  thin,  light 
green  more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  and  covered  bv  fine  caducous  pubescence,  with 
conspicuous  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  below,  at  maturity  thin  dull 
bluish  green,  paler  below  than  above,  glabrous  or  with  axillary  tufts  of  rusty  hairs, 
usually  about  2^'  long  and  1^'  wide,  or  on  fertile  branches  sometimes  6'  long  and 
2£'  wide,  falling  gradually  during  the  winter;  their  petioles  stout,  flattened,  \'-^' 
long.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  red  hairy-stemmed  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  thin  and 
scarious,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  short  hairs,  deeply  divided  into  4  or  5 
ovate  rounded  segments;  pistillate  on  short  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral 
scales  a  little  shorter  than  the  acute  calyx-lobes  and  coated  with  rusty  hairs;  stigmas 
deep  red.  Fruit  usually  solitary,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  acorn  ovoid,  broad  and  flat 


FAGACEJE  247 

at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  pubescent  apex,  light  yellow-brown,  often  striate, 
£'-$'  long  and  nearly  as  broad,  usually  inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  a  thin  saucer- 
shaped  cup,  or  occasionally  for  one  third  its  length  in  a  cup-shaped  cup,  coated  on 
the  inner  surface  with  pale  silky  tomentum  and  covered  by  ovate  acute  closely  ap- 
pressed  light  red-brown  scales  clothed  with  pale  pubescence  except  on  their  darker 
colored  margins. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3^°  in  diameter,  numerous  slender 
branches  spreading  gradually  from  the  stem  and  forming  a  symmetrical  round-topped 
head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  light  or  dull  red  during  their  first  winter, 
becoming  grayish  brown  in  the  second  season.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  strongly 
angled,  covered  by  loosely  imbricated  dark  red-brown  pnberulous  scales  slightly  ciliate 
on  the  thin  margins.  Bark  ^'-f  thick,  with  a  smooth  light  brown  surface  slightly 
tinged  with  red  and  covered  by  smooth  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
strong,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  little  valued 
except  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  High  sandy  borders  of  swamps  and  streams  and  the  rich  bottom- 
lands of  rivers;  southern  Delaware  southward  to  Cape  Malabar  and  the  shores  of 
Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  ranging  inland  through  the  south  Atlantic  states  to  the  base  of 
the  Appalachian  Mountains,  west  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Colo- 
rado River,  Texas,  through  the  eastern  borders  of  ,the  Indian  Territory,  and  through 
Arkansas  to  southeastern  Missouri  and  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

Commonly  planted  as  a  shade- tree  in  the  streets  and  squares  of  the  cities  and 
towns  of  the  southern  states. 

++++Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate-obovate,  usually  entire.   WILLOW  OAKS. 

15.  Quercus  Phellos,  L.  Willow  Oak. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  rarely  lanceolate-obovate,  often  somewhat  falcate, 
gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  and  entire,  with  slightly  undulate  margins, 
when  they  unfold  light  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  coated  on  the 
lower  with  pale  caducous  pubescence,  at  maturity  glabrous,  light  green  and  rather 
lustrous  above,  dull  and  paler  or  rarely  hoary-pubescent  below,  conspicuously  reticu- 
late-venulose,  2^'-5'  long,  }'-!'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  obscure  pri- 
mary veins  forked  and  united  about  half  way  between  the  midribs  and  margins, 
turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  stout,  about  \'  long. 
Flowers  :  staminate  in  slender-stemmed  aments  2'-3'  lonjr;  calyx  yellow,  hirsute, 
with  4  or  5  acute  segments;  pistillate  on  slender  glabrous  peduncles,  their  involucral 
scales  brown  covered  by  pale  hairs,  about  as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas 
bright  red.  Fruit  short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  acorn  hemi- 
spherical, light  yellow-brown,  coated  with  pale  pubescence,  inclosed  only  at  the  very 
base  in  the  thin  pale  reddish  brown  saucer-shaped  cup  silky-pubescent  on  the  inner 
surface  and  covered  by  thin  elongated  ovate  truncate  hoary-pubescent  scales  dark 
red-brown  on  the  margins. 

A  tree,  occasionally  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°  or  rarely  4°  in  diameter,  small 
branches  spreading  into  a  comparatively  narrow  open  or  conical  round-topped  head, 
and  slender  glabrous  reddish  brown  branchlets  roughened  by  dark  lenticels,  becom- 
ing in  their  second  year  dark  brown  tinged  with  red  or  grayish  brown ;  usually 
much  smaller.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  about  ^'  long,  with  dark  chestnut-brown 
scales  pale  and  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  ^'— f '  thick,  light  red-brown  slightly 


248 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


tinged  with  red,  generally  smooth  but  on  old  trees  broken  by  shallow  narrow  fissures 
into  irregular  plates  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  strong, 
not  hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sapwood;  occasionally  used  in  construction,  for  clapboards  and  the  fellies  of  wheels. 


Distribution.  Low  wet  borders  of  swamps  and  streams  and  rich  sandy  uplands; 
Staten  Island,  New  York,  to  northeastern  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the 
valley  of  the  Sabine  River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern  Missouri 
to  central  Tennessee  and  southern  Kentucky;  in  the  Atlantic  states  usually  confined 
to  the  maritime  plain;  less  common  in  the  middle  districts,  rarely  extending  to  the 
Appalachian  foothills. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  southern  towns,  and  rarely  in 
western  Europe. 

Quercus  Rudkini,  Britt.,  a  supposed  hybrid  between  Quercus  Phellos  and  Quercus 
Marilandica,  is  common  on  Staten  Island  and  in  southern  New  Jersey. 

Quercus  heterophylla,  Michx.  f. 


This  is  perhaps  a  hybrid  between  Quercus  Phellos  and  Quercus  velutina.    It  was  first 


FAGACE^E  249 

known  in  the  eighteenth  century  from  an  individual  growing  in  a  field  belonging  to 
John  Bartram  on  the  Schuylkill  River,  Philadelphia.  What  appears  to  be  the  same 
form  has  since  been  discovered  in  a  number  of  stations  from  New  Jersey  to  Texas, 
and  it  is  possible  that  Quercus  heterophylla  may,  as  many  botanists  have  believed,  best 
be  considered  a  species. 

16.  Quercus  laurifolia,  Michx.    Water  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-oval  to  oblong-obovate,  sometimes  falcate,  gradually  narrowed 
and  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  ends,  entire,  with  slightly  thickened  often  undu- 
late margins,  or  on  vigorous  branches  of  young  trees  frequently  unequally  lobed, 


with  small  almost  triangular  lobes,  when  they  unfold  green  tinged  with  dark  red 
and  slightly  puberulous,  at  maturity  thin,  green,  and  very  lustrous  above,  light  green 
and  less  lustrous  below,  usually  3'-4'  long  and  f '  wide,  with  conspicuous  yellow  mid- 
ribs, falling  irregularly  during  the  winter;  their  petioles  stout,  yellow,  rarely  more 
than  \'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  red-stemmed  hairy  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx 
thin  and  scarious,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  deeply  divided  into  4  ovate  rounded 
lobes;  pistillate  on  stout  glabrous  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  brown  and  hairy, 
about  as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  subsessile, 
generally  solitary;  acorn  nearly  ovoid  to  hemispherical,  broad  and  slightly  rounded 
at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  puberulous  apex,  dark  brown,  becoming  striate 
in  drying,  with  brown  and  dark  olive-green  stripes,  about  £'  long,  inclosed  for  about 
one  foTirth  its  length  in  a  thin  saucer-shaped  cup  red-brown  and  silkv-pubescent  on 
the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate  light  red-brown  scales  rounded  at  the 
ends  and  pale-pubescent  except  on  their  darker  colored  margins. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  3° -4°  in  diameter,  and  compara- 
tively slender  branches  spreading  gradually  into  a  broad  dense  round-topped  shapely 
head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  dark  red  when  they  first  appear,  dark  red- 
brown  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  reddish  brown  or  dark  gray  in  their  second 
season.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  abruptly  narrowed  and  acute  at  the 
apex,  ^j'Ht'  long,  with  numerous  thin  closely  imbricated  bright  red-brown  scales 
ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  young  trees  £'-!'  thick,  dark  brown  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red,  roughened  by  small  closely  appressed  scales,  becoming  at  the  base 


250  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

of  old  trees  l'-2'  thick,  nearly  black,  and  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  broad  flat 
ridges.  Wood  heavy,  very  strong  and  hard,  coarse-grained,  liable  to  check  badly 
in  drying,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  probably 
used  only  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Sandy  banks  of  streams  and  swamps  and  rich  hummocks  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  coast;  Dismal  Swamp,  Virginia,  southward  to  the  shores  of 
Mosquito  Inlet  and  Cape  Romano,  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  Louisiana; 
nowhere  abundant,  but  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  in  eastern  Florida. 

17.  Quercus  brevifolia,  Sarg.    Blue  Jack. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  obloug-obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge- 
shaped  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  or  rounded  and  apiculate  at  the 
apex,  entire,  with  slightly  thickened  undulate  margins,  or  at  the  ends  of  vigorous 
sterile  branches  occasionally  3-lobed  at  the  apex  and  variously  lobed  on  the  margins, 
when  they  unfold  bright  pink  and  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  coated  on  the 
lower  with  thick  silvery  white  tomentum,  at  maturity  firm  in  texture,  blue-green, 
lustrous,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose  above,  pale-torn entose  below,  2'-5'  long, 
^'-1^'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs  and  remote  obscure  primary  veins  forked  and 
united  within  the  margins,  deciduous  late  in  the  autumn  or  in  early  winter;  their 
petioles  stout,  \'-\'  long-  Flowers  :  staminate  in  hoary-tomentose  aments  2'— 3' 
long;  calyx  pubescent,  bright  red,  furnished  at  the  apex  with  a  thick  tuft  of  silvery 
white  hairs  before  opening,  divided  into  4  or  5  ovate  acute  segments,  becoming  yel- 
low as  it  unfolds;  stamens  4  or  5;  anthers  apiculate,  dark  red  in  the  bud,  becoming 
yellow;  pistillate  on  short  stout  tomentose  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  about 


he, 


as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes  and  coated  with  pale  tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red. 
Fruit  produced  in  great  profusion,  sessile  or  raised  on  a  short  stem  rarely  \'  long; 
acorn  ovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  subglobose,  about  £'  long,  often  striate,  and 
hoary-pubescent  at  the  apex,  inclosed  only  at  the  bottom  or  for  one  half  its  length 
in  a  thin  saucer-shaped  or  cup-shaped  cup  bright  red-brown  and  coated  with  lustrous 
pale  pubescence  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  closely  imbricated  ovate- 
oblong  scales  hoary-tomentose  except  on  the  dark  red-brown  margins. 

A  tree,  usually  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  stout  branches  form- 


FAGACE^E 


251 


ing  a  narrow  irregular  head,  and  thick  rigid  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  a  dense 
fulvous  hoary  touieutum  of  articulate  and  stellate  hairs,  soon  becoming  glabrous  or 
puberulous,  dark  brown  sometimes  tinged  with  red  during  their  first  winter  and 
darker  in  their  second  year;  or  occasionally  50°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diame- 
ter, and  a  broad  round-topped  shapely  head.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  with  numer- 
ous rather  loosely  imbricated  bright  chestnut-brown  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
often  \'  long  on  vigorous  branches,  frequently  obtuse  and  occasionally  much  smaller. 
Bark  f'-l^'  thick,  and  divided  into  thick  nearly  square  plates  l'-2'  long,  and  cov- 
ered by  small  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  scales  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood 
hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  darker  colored 
sapwood;  probably  used  only  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Sandy  barrens  and  upland  ridges;  North  Carolina  south  to  Cape 
Malabar  and  the  shores  of  Peace  Creek,  Florida,  and  westward  along  the  Gulf  coast 
to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  in  the  Atlantic  and  middle  Gulf  states 
usually  confined  to  a  maritime  belt  40-50  miles  wide;  extending  across  the  Florida 
peninsula,  and  in  Texas  ranging  inland  to  the  neighborhood  of  Dallas  in  about  lati- 
tude 33. 

18.  Quercua  imbricaria,  Michx.    Shingle  Oak.   Laurel  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  apiculate  and  acute  or  rounded  at 
the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base,  entire,  with 


slightly  thickened  revolute  often  undulate  margins,  or  sometimes  more  or  less  3- 
lobed,  or  on  sterile  branches  occasionally  repand-lobulate,  when  they  unfold  bright 
red,  soon  becoming  yellow-green,  covered  with  scurfy  rusty  pubescence  on  the  upper 
surface  and  hoary-tomentose  on  the  lower,  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark  green, 
and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  green  or  light  brown  and  pubescent  below,  4'-6'  long, 
f-2'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs,  numerous  slender  yellow  veins  arcuate  and 
united  at  some  distance  from  the  margins,  and  reticulate  veinlets,  late  in  the  autumn 
before  falling  turning  dark  red  on  the  upper  surface;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent, 
rarely  more  than  £'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hoary-tomentose  aments  2'-3' 
long;  calyx  light  yellow,  pubescent,  and  divided  into  4  acute  segments;  pistillate  on 
slender  tomentose  peduncles,  their  iiivolucral  scales  covered  with  pale  pubescence 


252  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

and  about  as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes;  stigmas  greenish  yellow.  Fruit  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  on  stout  peduncles  nearly  £'  long;  acorn  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  full  and 
rounded  at  the  ends,  dark  chestnut-brown,  often  obscurely  striate,  ^'— §-'  long,  in- 
closed for  one  third  to  one  half  its  length  in  a  thin  cup-shaped  or  turbinate  cup 
bright  red-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate  light 
red-brown  scales  rounded  and  acute  at  the  apex  and  pubescent  except  on  their  darker 
colored  margins. 

A  tree,  usually  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  3°  in  diameter,  or 
rarely  100°  high,  with  a  long  naked  stem  3°-4°  in  diameter,  slender  tough  horizontal 
or  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  picturesque  head, 
and  slender  branchlets  dark  green,  lustrous,  and  often  suffused  with  red  when  they 
first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  light  reddish  brown  or  light  brown  during  their  first 
winter  and  dark  brown  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  about 
\'  long,  obscurely  angled  and  covered  by  closely  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown 
lustrous  scales  erose  and  often  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  on  young  stems  and  on 
their  branches  thin,  light  brown,  smooth,  and  lustrous,  becoming  on  old  trunks  |' -!£' 
thick,  and  slightly  divided  by  irregular  shallow  fissures  into  broad  ridges  covered  by 
close  slightly  appressed  light  brown  scales  somewhat  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sapwood;  occasionally  used  in  construction,  and  for  clapboards  and  shingles. 

Distribution.  Rich  uplands  and  the  fertile  bottom-lands  of  rivers;  Lehigh  County, 
Pennsylvania,  westward  through  southern  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  to  northern  Mis- 
souri and  northeastern  Kansas,  southward  to  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama,  middle  Tennessee  and  north- 
ern Arkansas;  comparatively  rare  in  the  east;  one  of  the  most  abundant  Oaks  of 
the  lower  Ohio  basin;  probably  growing  to  its  largest  size  in  .southern  Indiana  and 
Illinois. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  and  hardy  as  far 
north  as  Massachusetts. 

Quercus  Leana,  Nutt.,  scattered  usually  in  solitary  individuals  from  the  District 
of  Columbia  and  western  North  Carolina  to  southern  Michigan,  central  and  northern 
Illinois  and  southeastern  Missouri,  is  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  this  species 
and  Quercus  velutina. 

**  Leaves  persistent  until  the  appearance  of  those  of  the  following  year. 

19.  Quercus  hypoleuca,  Engelm. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  to  elliptical,  occasionally  somewhat  fal- 
cate, acute  and  often  apiculate  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  or  cordate  at 
the  narrow  base,  entire  or  repandly  serrate  above  the  middle,  with  occasionally  small 
minute  rigid  spinose  teeth,  or  on  vigorous  shoots  serrate-lobed,  with  oblique  acute 
lobes,  when  they  unfold  light  red,  covered  with  close  pale  pubescence  above  and 
coated  below  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  yellow- 
green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  covered  on  the  lower  with  thick  silvery 
white  or  fulvous  tomentum,  2'-4'  long,  £'-!'  wide,  with  thickened  revolute  margins, 
turning  yellow  or  brown  and  falling  gradually  during  the  spring  after  the  appear- 
ance of  the  new  leaves;  their  petioles  stout,  flattened,  pubescent  or  tomentose,  \'-\' 
long.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  slender  aments  4'-5'  long;  calyx  thin  and  scarious, 
slightly  tinged  with  red,  covered  with  pale  hairs  and  deeply  divided  into  4  or  5 


FAGACEJE 


253 


broadly  ovate  rounded  lobes;  anthers  acute,  apiculate,  bright  red  becoming  yellow; 
pistillate  mostly  solitary,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  their  iuvolucral  scales  and  calyx- 


lobes  thin,  scarious,  and  soft-pubescent;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  borne  on 
a  stout  peduncle  ^'  long,  usually  solitary;  acorn  ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  nar- 
row hoary-pubescent  apex,  dark  green  and  often  striate  when  ripe,  becoming  light 
chestnut-brown  in  drying,  £'-f'  long,  the  shell  lined  with  white  tomentum,  inclosed 
for  about  one  third  its  length  in  a  turbinate  thick  cup  pubescent  on  the  inner  sur- 
face, and  covered  by  thin  broadly  ovate  light  chestnut-brown  scales  rounded  at  the 
apex  and  clothed,  especially  toward  the  base  of  the  cup,  with  soft  silvery  pubescence. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-30°  or  sometimes  GO0  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'- 15'  in  diame- 
ter, slender  branches  spreading  into  a  narrow  round-topped  inversely  conical  head, 
and  stout  rigid  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  hoary  tomentum  disappearing 
during  the  first  winter,  becoming  light  red-brown  often  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom  and  ultimately  nearly  black;  frequently  a  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovate,  obtuse, 
about  \'  long,  with  thin  light  chestnut-brown  scales.  Bark  J'-l'  thick,  nearly  black, 
deeply  divided  into  broad  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  plate-like  scales. 
"Wood  heavy,  very  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Scattered  but  nowhere  abundant  through  Pine  forests  on  the  slopes 
of  canons  and  on  high  ridges  usually  from  6000°- 7000°  above  the  sea  on  the  moun- 
tains of  western  Texas,  and  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  south  of  the  Colorado 
plateau;  in  northern  Chihuahua  and  Sonora. 

20.  Quercus  Wislizeni,  A.  DC.   Live  Oak. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  broadly  oval,  mostly  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
rounded  and  generally  apiculate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  truncate  or  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  entire,  serrulate  or  serrate  or  sinuate-dentate, 
with  spreading  rigid  spinescent  teeth,  when  they  unfold  thin,  dark  red,  ciliate,  and 
covered  with  pale  scattered  stellate  hairs,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  glabrous 
and  lustrous,  dark  green  on  the  upper  ;iml  puler  and  yellow-green  on  the  lower 
surface,  usually  I'-l^'  long  and  about  $'  wide,  with  obscure  primary  veins  and  con- 
spicuous reticulate  veinlets,  gradually  deciduous  during  their  second  summer  and 


254  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

autumn;  their  petioles  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  usually  pubescent  or 
puberiilous  at  maturity,  |'  to  nearly  1'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hairy  aments 
3'_4'  long;  calyx  tinged  with  red  in  the  bud,  deeply  divided  into  broadly  ovate  cili- 
ate  glabrous  light  yellow  lobes  shorter  than  the  3-6  stamens;  pistillate  sessile  or 
short-stalked,  their  involucral  scales  and  peduncle  hoary-tomentose.  Fruit  sessile, 
short-stalked  or  occasionally  spicate;  acorn  slender,  oblong-oval,  abruptly  narrowed 
at  the  base,  pointed  and  pilose  at  the  apex,  f '-!£'  long,  about  £'  wide,  light  chestnut- 
brown,  often  striate,  the  shell  lined  with  a  scanty  coat  of  pale  tomentum,  more 
or  less  inclosed  in  the  thin  turbinate  sometimes  tubular  cup  \'-\.'  deep,  or  rarely 
cup-shaped  and  shallow,  light  green  and  puberulous  within,  and  covered  by  oblong- 
lanceolate  light  brown  closely  imbricated  thin  scales,  sometimes  towards  its  base 


thickened  and  rounded  on  the  back,  usually  pubescent  or  puberulous,  especially 
above  the  middle,  and  frequently  ciliate  on  the  margins. 

A  tree,  usually  70°-80°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  4° -6°  in  diameter,  stout  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  rigid  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  hoary  tomentum  or  covered  with  loose  scattered  stellate  pubescence,  puber- 
ulous or  glabrous  and  rather  light  brown  during  their  first  season,  gradually  grow- 
ing darker  in  their  second  year;  usually  much  smaller  and  sometimes  reduced  to 
an  intricately  branched  shrub,  with  numerous  stems  only  a  few  feet  tall.  Winter- 
buds  ovate  or  oval,  acute,  \'-\'  long,  with  closely  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown 
ciliate  scales.  Bark  on  young  trees  and  large  branches  thin,  generally  smooth  and 
light-colored,  becoming  on  old  trunks  2' -3'  thick,  and  divided  into  broad  rounded 
often  connected  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thick  closely  appressed 
dark  brown  scales  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close- 
grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  sometimes 
used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Lower  slopes  of  Mt.  Shasta  southward  through  the  coast  region  of 
California  to  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains,  and  to  Santa  Rosa  and  Santa  Cruz  Islands, 
and  along  the  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  Tejon  Pass;  as  a  shrub  on  the 
desert  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino,  San  Jacinto  and  Cuyamaca  mountains,  and  on 
San  Pedro  Martir  in  Lower  California;  nowhere  common  as  a  tree,  but  most  abundant 
and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valleys  of  the  coast  region  of  central  California  at  some 


FAGACE^E  255 

distance  from  the  sea,  and  on  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada;  very  common  as 
a  shrub  in  the  canons  of  the  desert  slopes  of  the  mountains  of  southern  California; 
near  the  coast  and  on  the  islands  small  and  mostly  shrubby. 

Quercus  Morehus,  Kell.,  a  supposed  hybrid  between  this  species  and  Quercus  Cali- 
fornica,  occurs  in  Lake  County,  California. 

21.  Quercus  myrtifolia,  Willd.    Scrub  Oak. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  and  apiculate  or  broad  and  rounded  at  the 
apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  broad  and  rounded  or  cordate  at 
the  base,  entire,  with  much  thickened  revolute  sometimes  undulate  margins,  or  on 
vigorous  shoots  sinuate-dentate  and  lobed  above  the  middle,  when  they  unfold,  thin, 
dark  red,  coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  with  clammy  rusty  tomentum  and  covered 
above  with  stellate  pubescence,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  lustrous,  dark 
green,  glabrous,  and  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose  on  the  upper  surface,  paler, 
yellow-green,  or  light  orange-brown,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  on  the  lower  surface, 
with  tufts  of  rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  ^'-2'  long  and  \'-V  wide,  falling 
gradually  during  their  second  year;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  yellow,  rarely 


more  than  \'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hoary  stellate  pubescent  aments  !'-!£' 
long;  calyx  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  rusty  hairs  and  divided  into  5  ovate 
acute  thin  segments  shorter  than  the  2  or  3  stamens;  pistillate  sessile  or  nearly 
sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  their  involucral  scales  tomentose  and  tinged  with  red. 
Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  acorn  subglobose  or  ovate,  acute, 
y_£'  long,  dark  brown,  lustrous  and  often  striate,  puberulous  at  the  apex,  the  shell 
lined  with  a  thick  coat  of  rusty  tomentum,  inclosed  for  one  fourth  to  one  third  its 
length  in  a  saucer-shaped  or  turbinate  cup  light  brown  and  puberulous  within,  and 
covered  by  closely  imbricated  broad  ovate  light  brown  pubescent  scales  ciliate  on 
the  margins  and  rounded  at  their  broad  apex. 

A  slender  tree,  rarely  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  with  short  spread- 
ing branches  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  a  thick  pale  fulvous  tomen- 
tum of  articulate  hairs  usually  persistent  during  the  summer,  light  brown  more  or 
less  tinged  with  red  or  dark  gray,  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  during  their  first 
winter,  becoming  darker  and  glabrous  in  their  second  season;  more  often  an  intri- 


256  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

cately  branched  shrub,  with  slender  rigid  stems  3°-4°  or  rarely  15°-20°  high  and 
l'-3'  in  diameter.  Winter-buds  ovate  or  oval,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  acute 
apex,  with  closely  imbricated  dark  chestnut-brown  slightly  puberulous  scales.  Bark 
thiu  and  smooth,  becoming  near  the  ground  dark  and  slightly  furrowed. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  ridges  on  the  seashore  and  islands  from  South  Carolina 
to  eastern  Florida  and  from  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscay ne  to  eastern  Louisiana;  most 
abundant  on  the  islands  off  the  coast  of  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  often  covering 
large  areas  with  low  impenetrable  thickets;  probably  only  arborescent  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Appalachicola  River,  Florida. 

22.  Quercus  agrifolia,  Ne'e.   Live  Oak.  Encina. 

Leaves  oval,  orbicular  or  oblong,  rounded  or  acute  and  apiculate  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  entire  or  sinuate-dentate,  with  slender  rigid  spinose 
teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red  and  coated  with  caducous  hoary  tomentum, 
at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  convex,  dark  or  pale  green,  dull  and  obscurely  reticulate 


above,  paler,  rather  lustrous,  glabrous,  or  stellate-pubescent  below,  with  tufts  of 
rusty  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  or  sometimes  covered  above  with  stel- 
late hairs  and  coated  below  with  thick  hoary  pubescence,  varying  from  |'-4'  long 
and  from  ^'-3'  wide,  with  thickened  strongly  revolute  margins,  falling  gradually 
during  the  winter  and  early  spring;  their  petioles  stout  or  slender,  pubescent  or 
glabrous,  %'-V  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  hairy  aments  3' -4'  long;  calyx 
bright  purple-red  in  the  bud,  sometimes  furnished  with  a  tuft  of  long  pale  hairs  at 
the  apex,  glabrous  or  glabrate,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5-7  ovate  acute 
segments  reddish  above  the  middle;  pistillate  sessile  or  short-stalked,  their  involucral 
scales  bright  red  and  covered  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  or  glabrous  or  puberulous; 
stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary  or  in  few-fruited  clusters; 
acorn  elongated,  ovate,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
acute  puberulous  apex,  light  chestnut-brown,  f'-l^'  long,  ^'-f '  broad,  the  shell  lined 
with  a  thick  coat  of  pale  tomentum,  inclosed  for  one  third  its  length  or  only  at  the 
base  in  a  thin  turbinate  light  brown  cup  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  soft  pale 
silky  pubescence,  and  covered  by  thin  papery  scales  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex, 
and  slightly  puberulous,  especially  toward  the  base  of  the  cup. 


FAGACEvE 


257 


A  tree,  occasionally  80°-90°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  3°-4°  or  rarely  6°-7°  in 
diameter,  dividing  a  few  feet  above  the  base  into  numerous  great  limbs  often  resting 
on  the  ground  and  forming  a  low  round-topped  head  frequently  150°  across,  and 
slender  dark  gray  or  brown  brauchlets  tinged  with  red,  coated  at  first  with  hoary 
tomentum  persistent  until  the  second  or  third  year;  or  sometimes  the  trunk,  rising 
to  the  height  of  30°  or  40°,  is  crowned  by  a  narrow  head  of  small  branches;  often 
much  smaller;  frequently  shrubby  in  habit,  with  slender  steins  only  a  few  feet  high. 
"Winter-buds  globose  and  usually  about  J^'  long,  or  ovate-oblong,  acute,  and  some- 
times on  vigorous  shoots  nearly  \'  in  length,  with  thin  broadly  ovate  closely  imbri- 
cated light  chestnut-brown  glabrous  or  pubescent  scales.  Bark  of  young  stems  and 
branches  thin,  close,  light  brown  or  pale  bluish  gray,  becoming  on  old  trunks  2'— 3' 
thick,  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges 
separating  on  the  surface  into  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  very  brittle,  light  brown  or  reddish  brown,  with  thick  darker  colored 
sapwood;  valued  and  largely  used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  open  groves  of  great  extent  from  Mendocino  County, 
California,  southward  through  the  coast  ranges  and  islands  to  Mt.  San  Pedro  Martir, 
Lower  California;  less  common  at  the  north;  very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size 
in  the  valleys  south  of  San  Francisco  Bay;  frequently  covering  with  semiprostrate 
and  contorted  stems  the  sand  dunes  on  the  coast  in  the  central  part  of  the  state ;  in 
southwestern  California  the  largest  and  most  generally  distributed  Oak-tree  between 
the  mountains  and  the  sea,  often  covering  low  hills  and  ascending  to  elevations  of 
2800°  in  the  canons  of  the  San  Gorgonio  Pass. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  temperate  western  and  southern 
Europe. 

** Stamens  usually  6-8  j  stigmas  dilated  ;  abortive  ovules  basal  or  lateral ;   leaves 
persistent. 

23.  Quercus  chrysolepis,  Liebm.    Live  Oak.   Maul  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  elliptical,  acute  or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  cordate,  rounded 
or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  mostly  entire  on  old  trees  or  often  dentate  or  sinuate- 


dentate  on  young  trees,  with  1  or  2  or  many  spinescent  teeth,  the  two  forms  often 
appearing  together  on  vigorous  shoots,  clothed  when  they  unfold  with  a  thick  tomen- 


258  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

turn  of  fulvous  articulate  hairs  soon  deciduous  from  the  upper  and  more  gradually 
from  the  lower  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  bright  yellow-green  and 
glabrous  above,  more  or  less  fulvous-tomentose  below  during  their  first  year,  ulti- 
mately becoming  glabrate  and  bluish  white,  l'-4'  long,  ^'-2'  wide,  with  thickened 
revolute  margins;  deciduous  during  their  third  and  fourth  years;  their  petioles 
slender,  yellow,  rarely  %  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  tomentose  aments 
2'^4'  long;  calyx  light  yellow,  pubescent,  divided  usually  into  5-7  broadly  ovate 
acute  ciliate  lobes  often  tinged  with  red  above  the  middle;  pistillate  sessile  or 
subsessile  or  rarely  in  short  few-flowered  spikes,  their  broadly  ovate  involucral 
scales  coated  with  fulvous  tornentum;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  usually  solitary, 
sessile  or  short-stalked;  acorn  oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  full  or  narrow 
slightly  puberulous  apex,  light  chestnut-brown,  ^'-2'  long  and  about  as  broad,  the 
shell  lined  with  a  thin  coat  of  loose  tomentum,  with  abortive  ovules  scattered  irregu- 
larly over  the  side  of  the  seed,  inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  a  thin  hemispherical  or 
in  a  thick  turbiuate  broad-rimmed  cup  pale  green  or  dark  reddish  brown  within, 
and  covered  by  small  triangular  closely  appressed  scales,  with  short  free  tips  clothed 
with  hoary  pubescence,  or  often  hidden  in  a  dense  coat  of  fulvous  tomentum. 

A  tree,  usually  not  more  than  40°-50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  3°-5°  in  diameter, 
dividing  into  great  horizontal  limbs  sometimes  forming  a  head  150°  across,  and 
slender  rigid  or  flexible  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  fulvous  tomentum, 
becoming  during  their  first  winter  dark  brown  somewhat  tinged  with  red,  tomentose, 
pubescent',  or  glabrous,  and  ultimately  light  brown  or  ashy  gray;  occasionally  in 
sheltered  canons  producing  trunks  8°-9°  in  diameter;  on  exposed  mountain  sides 
forming  dense  thickets  15°-20°  high;  and  on  high  subalpine  slopes  a  low  prostrate 
shrub  (var.  vacdnifolia,  Engelm.),  with  small  leaves  and  acorns  and  thin  shallow 
cups  covered  by  thin  red-brown  slightly  pubescent  scales.  Winter-buds  broadly 
ovate  or  oval,  acute,  about  ^'  long,  with  closely  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown 
usually  puberulous  scales.  Bark  f '-!£'  thick,  light  or  dark  gray-brown  tinged  with 
red,  and  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  very  strong, 
hard,  tough,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  darker  colored  sap  wood;  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  agricultural  implements  and  wagons. 

Distribution.  Southern  Oregon,  along  the  California  coast  ranges  and  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  mountains,  and 
on  Mt.  San  Pedro  Martir  in  Lower  California;  on  the  high  summits  of  the  moun- 
tain ranges  of  southern  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  northern  Sonora,  and  here 
usually  small  or  shrubby;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  canons  of  the  coast  ranges  of 
central  California  and  on  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  ascending  to  eleva- 
tions of  8000°-9000°  above  the  sea;  in  its  Alpine  shrubby  form  covering  great  areas 
with  dense  thickets;  near  the  southern  boundary  of  California  usually  shrubby,  with 
rigid  branches,  rigid  coriaceous  oblong  or  semiorbicular  spinose-dentate  leaves,  sub- 
sessile  or  pedunculate  fruit,  with  ovate  acute  acorns  1-1^'  long,  their  shell  lined 
with  thick  or  thin  pale  tomentum,  and  purple  cotyledons  (Q.  chrysolepis,  var.  Pal- 
meri,  Engelm.). 

24.  Quercus  tomentella,  Engelm. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sometimes  cuspidate  or  occasionally  rounded  at 
the  apex,  broad  and  rounded  or  gradually  narrowed  and  abruptly  wedge-shaped  at 
the  base,  remotely  crenate-dentate,  with  small  remote  spreading  callous  tipped  teeth, 
or  entire,  when  they  unfold  light  green  tinged  with  red,  covered  above  with  scat- 


FAGACK*:  259 

tered  pale  stellate  hairs  and  below  and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  hoary  tomentum, 
at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  and  covered  with  stellate  hairs  on  the  lower  surface,  2'^4'  long,  l'-2' 
wide,  with  thickened  strongly  revolute  margins,  and  pubescent  midribs,  gradually 
deciduous  during  their  third  season;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  about  £'  long. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  pubescent  ameuts  2^'-14'  long,  calyx  light  yellow,  stellate- 
pubescent,  divided  into  5-7  ovate  acute  lobes;  pistillate  subsessile  or  in  few-flowered 


spikes  on  short  or  elongated  pubescent  peduncles,  their  involucral  scales  like  the  calyx 
coated  with  stellate  hairs;  stigmas  red.  Fruit  subsessile  or  short-stalked;  acorn 
oval,  broad  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  about  1^'  long  and  |^  wide, 
inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  a  cup-shaped  shallow  cup  thickened  below,  light  brown 
and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  and  covered  by  thin  ovate  acute  scales,  with  free 
chestnut-brown  tips  more  or  less  hidden  in  a  thick  coat  of  hoary  tomentum. 

A  tree,  30°^K)°,  or  occasionally  60°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  shapely  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  orange  color. 
Winter-buds  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  nearly  |'  long,  with  many  loosely  imbricated 
light  chestnut-brown  scales  more  or  less  clothed  with  pale  pubescence.  Bark  thin, 
reddish  brown,  broken  into  large  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  compact,  pale  yellow-brown,  witli  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Deep  narrow  canons  and  high  wind-swept  slopes  of  Santa  Rosa, 
Santa  Cruz,  and  Santa  Catalina  islands,  California;  on  Guadaloupe  Island  off  the 
coast  of  Lower  California. 

2.  Stamens  uxnnlhj  i>-8  ;  stigmas  dilated  ;  fruit  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  first  season; 
shell  of  the  acorn  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface  (hoary-tomentose  in  4?)  ',  abortive 
ovules  basal.  WHITE  OAKS. 

*Leaves  or  their  lobes  usually  without  bristle  tips  except  on  vigorous  shoots. 
-+. Leaves  deciduous  in  their  first  autumn  or  winter. 
++Leaves  lyrate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid,  rarely  entire. 

25.  Quercus  alba,  L.    White  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  divided  into  usually  7  oblique  broad  or  narrow  mostly 


260  TREES   OF  NORTH    AMERICA 

entire  lobes,  the  lateral  lobes  sometimes  slightly  lobed,  when  they  unfold  bright  red 
above,  pale  below  and  coated  with  soft  pubescence,  soon  becoming  silvery  white  and 
very  lustrous,  at  maturity  thin,  firm,  glabrous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  or  dull 
above,  pale  or  glaucous  below,  5'-9'  long,  2'-4'  broad,  with  stout  bright  yellow  mid- 
ribs, conspicuous  primary  veins,  turning  late  in  the  autumn  deep  rich  vinous  red, 
gradually  withering  and  sometimes  remaining  on  the  branches  nearly  through  the 
winter;  their  petioles  stout,  glabrous,  ^'  1'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hirsute  or 
nearly  glabrous  aments  2£'-3'  long;  calyx  bright  yellow  and  pubescent,  with  acute 
lobes;  pistillate  bright  red,  their  involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  hirsute,  about  as 
long  as  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  sessile  or  raised  on  a  slender  peduncle 
1/-2'  long,  the  two  forms  sometimes  appearing  on  the  same  branch ;  acorn  ovoid  to 
oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  lustrous,  f  long,  green  when  fully  grown,  becoming 
light  chestnut-brown,  inclosed  for  about  one  fourth  its  length  in  the  cup-shaped  cup 


coated  with  pale  or  light  brown  tomentum,  its  scales  at  the  base  much  thickened, 
united  and  produced  into  short  obtuse  membrauaceous  tips,  and  thinner  toward  the 
rim  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  tall  and  naked  in  the  forest, 
short  in  the  open,  and  surmounted  by  a  broad  round-topped  head  of  stout  limbs 
spreading  irregularly,  small  rigid  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  bright 
green,  often  tinged  with  red,  and  coated  with  a  loose  mass  of  long  pale  or  ferrugine- 
ous  deciduous  hairs,  reddish  brown  during  the  summer,  bright  red  and  lustrous  or 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  ultimately  ashy 
gray.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  dark  red-brown,  about  |'  long. 
Bark  light  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red  or  brown,  or  occasionally  nearly  white, 
broken  into  thin  appressed  scales,  becoming  on  old  trunks  sometimes  2'  thick  and 
divided  into  broad  flat  ridges.  Wood  strong,  very  heavy,  hard,  tough,  close-grained, 
durable,  light  brown,  with  thin  light  brown  sap  wood;  used  in  shipbuilding,  for  con- 
struction and  in  cooperage,  the  manufacture  of  carriages,  agricultural  implements, 
baskets,  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  cabinet-making,  for  railway-ties  and  fences, 
and  largely  as  fuel. 


FAGACE.E  261 

Distribution.  Sandy  plains  and  gravelly  ridges,  rich  uplands,  intervales,  and 
moist  bottom-lands,  sometimes  forming  nearly  pure  forests;  southern  Maine  to 
southwestelii  Quebec,  westward  through  southern  Ontario,  the  lower  peninsula  of 
Michigan,  and  southern  Minnesota  to  southeastern  Nebraska  and  eastern  Kansas, 
and  southward  to  northern  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  most 
abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  southern  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin. 

26.  Quercus  lobata,  Nde.    White  Oak.   Valley  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  deeply  7-11  obliquely  lobed,  rounded  at  the  narrowed 
apex,  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  broad  and  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  the 
lateral  lobes  obovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  or  ovate  and  rounded,  thin,  2£'-3'  or  rarely 
4'  long,  1/-2'  broad,  dark  green  and  stellate-pubescent  above,  pale  and  pubescent 
below,  with  stout  pale  midribs,  and  conspicuous  yellow  veins  running  to  the  slightly 
thickened  and  revolute  margins;  their  petioles  stout,  hirsute,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers: 
stamiuate  in  hirsute  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  light  yellow  and  divided  into  6  or  8 
acute  pubescent  ciliate  lobes;  pistillate  solitary,  sessile  or  rarely  in  elongated  few- 
flowered  spikes,  their  involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  acute,  coated  with  dense  pale 
tomentum,  about  as  long  as  the  narrow  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
nearly  sessile;  acorn  conical,  elongated,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  1^-2^'  long, 


bright  green  and  lustrous  when  fully  grown,  becoming  bright  chestnut-brown,  usu- 
ally inclosed  for  about  one  third  its  length  in  the  cup-shaped  cup  coated  with  pale 
tomentum  on  the  outer  surface,  usually  irregularly  tuberculate  below,  all  but  the 
much-thickened  basal  scales  elongated  into  acute  ciliate  chestnut-brown  free  tips 
longest  on  the  upper  scales  and  forming  a  short  fringe-like  border  to  the  rim  of  the 
cup. 

A  tree,  often  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  generally  3°-4°,  but  sometimes  10°  in  diam- 
eter, divided  near  the  ground  or  usually  20°-30°  above  it  into  great  limbs  spread- 
ing at  wide  angles  and  forming  a  broad  head  of  slender  branches  hanging  gracefully 
in  long  sprays  and  sometimes  sweeping  the  ground;  less  frequently  with  upper  limbs 
growing  almost  at  right  angles  with  the  trunk  and  forming  a  narrow  rigid  head  of 


262 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


variously  contorted  erect  or  pendant  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first 
with  short  silky  canescent  pubescence,  ashy  gray,  light  reddish  brown,  or  pale  orange- 
brown  and  slightly  pubescent  in  their  first  winter,  becoming  glabrous  And  lighter 
colored  during  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  usually  about  £'  long, 
with  orange-brown  pubescent  scales  scarious  and  frequently  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Bark  £'-!£'  thick  and  covered  by  small  loosely  appressed  light  gray  scales  slightly 
tinged  with  orange  or  brown,  becoming  at  the  base  of  old  trees  frequently  5'-6'  thick 
and  divided  by  longitudinal  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges,  broken  horizontally  into 
short  plates.  Wood  hard,  fine-grained,  brittle,  light  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sap  wood;  used  only  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Valleys  of  western  California  between  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the 
ocean  from  the  upper  Sacramento  to  the  Tejon  Pass;  most  abundant  and  forming 
open  groves  in  the  central  valleys  of  the  state. 

27.  Quercus  Garryana,  Hook.    White  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  pointed  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  coarsely  pinnatifid-lobed,  with  slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  coated  at 
first  with  soft  pale  lustrous  pubescence,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous, 


dark  green  and  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  light  green  or  orange-brown  and  pubes- 
cent or  glabrate  on  the  lower  surface,  4'-6'  long,  2'-5'  broad,  with  stout  yellow  mid- 
ribs, and  conspicuous  primary  veins  spreading  at  right  angles,  or  gradually  diverging 
from  the  midrib  and  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  sometimes  turning  bright 
scarlet  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  \'-V  long.  Flowers:  stami- 
nate  in  hirsute  aments;  calyx  glabrous,  laciniately  cut  into  ovate  acute  slightly  ciliate 
or  linear-lanceolate  much  elongated  segments;  pistillate  sessile  and  coated  with  pale 
tomentum.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked;  acorn  oval  to  slightly  obovate  and  obtuse, 
I'-l^'  long  and  ^'-1'  broad,  inclosed  at  the  base  in  a  shallow  cup-shaped  or  slightly 
turbinate  cup  puberulous  and  light  brown  on  the  inner  surface,  pubescent  or  tomen- 
tose  on  the  cuter,  and  covered  by  ovate  acute  scales  with  pointed  and  often  elon- 
gated tips,  thin,  free,  or  sometimes  thickened  and  more  or  less  united  toward  the 
base  of  the  cup,  decreasing  from  below  upward. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  or  sometimes  nearly  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in 


FAGACE.E 


263 


diameter,  stout  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  compact  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  pale  rufous  pubescence,  pubescent  or 
tomentose  and  light  or  dark  orange  color  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  gla- 
brous and  rather  bright  reddish  brown  in  their  second  year  and  ultimately  gray; 
or  frequently  at  high  elevations,  or  when  exposed  to  the  winds  from  the  ocean, 
reduced  to  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  ^'— \'  long,  densely  clothed  with 
light  ferrugineous  tomentum.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into 
broad  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  light  brown  or  gray  scales  sometimes 
slightly  tinged  with  orange  color.  Wood  strong,  hard,  close-grained,  frequently 
exceedingly  tough  and  valuable,  light  brown  or  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap- 
wood;  in  Oregon  and  Washington  used  in  the  manufacture  of  carriages  and  wagons, 
in  cabinet-making,  shipbuilding,  and  cooperage,  and  largely  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Valleys  and  the  dry  gravelly  slopes  of  low  hills;  Vancouver  Island 
and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Eraser  River  southward  through  western  Washington 
and  Oregon  and  the  California  coast-valleys  to  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains;  rare  and 
local  and  the  only  Oak-tree  in  British  Columbia;  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size 
in  the  valleys  of  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  and  ascending  in  its  shrubby 
forms  to  considerable  elevations  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains; 
abundant  in  northwestern  California;  less  common  and  of  smaller  size  southward. 

28.  Quercus  Gambelii,  Nutt.    White  Oak.    Shin  Oak. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  wedge- 
shaped  or  sometimes  narrowed  and  rounded  or  broad  and  cordate  at  the  base, 
variously  lobedor  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  entire,  emarginate,  orlobed,  when  they  unfold 
coated  below  with  thick  white  tomentum  and  above  with  scattered  stellate  pubes- 
cence, at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous  and  rarely  stellate-pubescent,  lustrous 
and  dark  yellow-green  or  dull  yellow-green  above,  and  paler  and  soft-pubescent 


below,  3'-5'  long,  l'-5'  wide,  with  prominent  pale  midribs  hirsute  below  and  occa- 
sionally above,  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  secondary  veins 
arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins,  and  conspicuous  veinlets,  turning  scarlet  or 
orange-colored  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  glabrous,  \'-%  long.  Flowers: 
staminate  in  slender  hirsute  aments ;  calyx  yellow,  divided  into  5  or  6  acute  lobes; 


264  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

pistillate  bright  red,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  solitary  or  in  elongated  few-flowered 
spikes,  their  involucral  scales  ovate,  rounded,  coated  with  soft  pale  tomentum,  about 
as  long  as  the  acute  calyx-lobes.  Fruit  sessile  or  pedunculate;  acorn  oval,  broad  at 
the  base,  obtuse  and  rounded  or  sometimes  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  apex,  usually 
about  I'  long  and  |'  wide,  frequently  much  smaller,  dark  chestnut-brown  or  nearly 
black,  ultimately  becoming  light  chestnut-brown,  more  or  less  deeply  inclosed  in  the 
saucer-shaped,  cup-shaped,  or  rarely  turbinate  cup  light  brown  and  pubescent  on  the 
inner  surface,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  tomentum,  and  much  roughened 
below  by  the  thickened  mostly  united  scales  rounded  on  the  back  and  narrowed 
except  at  the  base  of  the  cup  into  short  pointed  free  tips,  or  rarely  with  the  lower 
scales  only  slightly  thickened,  with  long  free  tips. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  or  rarely  40°-50°  high,  with  a 
trunk  18'  in  diameter,  small  branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming 
a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  short  pale 
ferrugineous  tomentum,  becoming  light  orange-brown  or  reddish  brown  and  glabrous 
or  puberulous  in  their  first  winter,  growing  gradually  darker  or  sometimes  ashy  gray 
during  their  second  and  third  years  and  ultimately  dark  brown  or  gray;  more  often 
shrubby,  forming  by  vigorous  stolons  broad  low  thickets  3°-4°  or  15°-20°  high, 
with  a  single  stem  often  rising  high  above  the  others.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute, 
or  obtuse,  about  %  long,  with  light  chestnut-brown  pubescent  scales.  Bark  £'-£' 
thick,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad  irregular  and  often  connected  flat  ridges 
separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  dark  gray  scales  frequently  tinged  with  red  or 
brown.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  often  tough,  dark  red-brown,  with  thin  lighter 
colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for  fuel.  The  bark  is  occasionally  used  in  tanning 
leather. 

Distribution.  Eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado  at  elevations 
of  6000°-7000°  above  the  sea,  westward  to  the  Wasatch  Mountains  of  Utah  and 
southward  over  mountain  ranges  and  high  plateaus  to  the  mouth  of  the  Pecos 
River,  Texas,  the  Charleston  Mountains  of  southwestern  Nevada,  and  the  mountains 
of  northern  Sonora;  common  and  usually  shrubby  on  the  eastern  foothilk  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains;  more  abundant  and  the  only  Oak  in  southern  and  southwestern 
Colorado,  often  ascending  to  elevations  of  nearly  10,000°,  and  frequently  covering 
hillsides  with  interrupted  thickets  thousands  of  acres  in  extent;  very  abundant  on 
the  mountains  of  northern  New  Mexico  and  western  Texas;  the  common  Oak  of  the 
Colorado  plateau,  and  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Utah  and  northern  Arizona  at 
elevations  of  6000°-7000°  above  the  sea;  on  the  mountains  of  southern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  forming  a  narrow  fringe  above  the  groves  of  Evergreen  Oaks  and 
below  the  forests  of  Nut  Pines. 

29.  Quercus  minor,  Sarg.    Post  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  usually  deeply  5-lobed,  with  broad  sinuses  oblique  at  the 
bottom,  and  short  wide  lobes,  broad  and  obtusely  pointed  at  the  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  occasionally  abruptly  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped 
or  rounded  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  dark  red  above  and  densely  pubescent, 
at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  deep  dark  green  and  roughened  by  scattered  stellate 
pale  hairs  above,  covered  below  with  gray,  light  yellow,  or  rarely  silvery  white 
pubescence,  usually  4'-5'  long  and  3'-4'  across  the  lateral  lobes,  with  broad  light- 
colored  midribs  pubescent  on  the  upper  side  and  tomentose  or  pubescent  on  the 
lower,  stout  lateral  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by 


FAGACE.E 


265 


conspicuous  coarsely  reticulated  veinlets,  turning  dull  yellow  or  brown  in  the  autumn; 
their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  \'  to  nearly  V  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  aments 
3' -4'  long;  calyx  hirsute,  yellow,  usually  divided  into  5  ovate  acute  laciniately  cut 
segments;  anthers  covered  by  short  scattered  pale  hairs;  pistillate  sessile  or  stalked, 


their  involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  hirsute;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  sessile  or 
short-stalked;  acorn  oval  to  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  broad  at  the  base,  obtuse  and 
naked  or  covered  with  pale  persistent  pubescence  at  the  apex,  \'-V  long,  ^'-f '  broad, 
sometimes  striate,  with  dark  longitudinal  stripes,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  one  half 
its  length  in  the  cup-shaped  turbinate  or  rarely  saucer-shaped  cup  pale  and  pubescent 
on  the  inner  surface,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  outer  surface,  and  covered  by  thin 
ovate  scales  rounded  and  acute  at  the  apex,  reddish  brown  and  sometimes  toward 
the  rim  of  the  cup  ciliate  on  the  margins,  with  long  pale  hairs. 

A  tree,  rarely  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  and  stout  spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  dense  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  coated  at 
first,  like  the  young  leaves  and  petioles,  the  stalks  of  the  aments  of  staminate 
flowers  and  the  peduncles  of  the  pistillate  flowers,  with  thick  orange-brown  tomen- 
tum,  light  orange  color  to  reddish  brown,  and  covered  by  short  soft  pubescence 
during  their  first  winter,  ultimately  gray,  dark  brown,  or  nearly  black  or  bright 
brown  tinged  with  orange  color;  usually  not  more  than  50°-60°  tall,  with  a  trunk 
l°-2°  in  diameter,  and  at  the  northeastern  limits  of  its  range  generally  reduced  to 
a  shrub.  "Winter-buds  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute,  \'-\'  long,  with 
bright  chestnut-brown  pubescent  scales  coated  toward  the  margins  with  scattered 
pale  hairs.  Bark  \'-V  thick,  red  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  brown,  and  divided 
by  deep  fissures  into  broad  ridges  covered  on  the  surface  with  narrow  closely  appressed 
scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  durable  in  contact  witli  the  soil, 
difficult  to  season,  light  or  dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely 
used  for  fuel,  fencing,  railway-ties,  and  sometimes  in  the  manufacture  of  carriages, 
for  cooperage,  and  in  construction. 

Distribution.  Cape  Cod  and  islands  of  southern  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
and  Long  Island,  New  York  to  northern  Florida  and  southern  Alabama  and  Missis- 
sippi, and  from  New  York  westward  to  Missouri,  eastern  Kansas,  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory, and  Texas;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  dry  gravelly  uplands  in 


266  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

the  Mississippi  basin;  the  common  Oak  of  central  Texas  on  limestone  hills  and 
sandy  plains;  usually  shrubby  and  rare  and  local  in  southern  Massachusetts;  more 
abundant  southward  from  the  coast  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  the  eastern  Gulf  states 
to  the  lower  slopes  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains. 

30.  Quercus  Chapmaiii,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  narrowed  and 
wedge-shaped  or  rounded  or  broad  and  rounded  at  the  base,  entire,  with  slightly 
undulate  margins,  or  obscurely  sinuate-lobed  above  the  middle,  when  they  unfold 
coated  below  with  thick  bright  yellow  pubescence  and  covered  above  with  pale  stel- 
late deciduous  hairs,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  gla- 
brous and  lustrous  above,  light  green  or  silvery  white  and  glabrous  below  except  on 


the  slender  often  pubescent  midribs,  usually  2'-3'  long  and  1'  wide,  but  varying  from 
l'-3'  in  length  and  f'-l'  in  width,  falling  gradually  during  the  winter  or  sometimes 
persistent  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves  in  the  spring;  their  petioles  tomen- 
tose,  rarely  £'  long.  Flowers :  staminate  in  short  hirsute  aments ;  calyx  hirsute,  divided 
into  5  acute  laciuiately  cut  segments;  anthers  hirsute;  pistillate  sessile  or  short- 
stalked,  their  involucral  scales  coated  with  dense  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  usually 
sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  acorn  oval,  about  £'  long  and  £'  broad,  pubescent  from 
the  obtuse  rounded  apex  nearly  to  the  middle,  inclosed  for  nearly  one  half  its  length 
in  the  deep  cup-shaped  light  brown  cup  slightly  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  and 
covered  by  ovate-oblong  pointed  scales  thickened  on  the  back,  especially  toward  the 
base  of  the  cup,  and  coated  with  pale  tomentum  except  on  their  thin  reddish  brown 
margins. 

Occasionally  a  tree,  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  stout  branches  forming 
a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  dense  bright  yellow 
pubescence,  becoming  light  or  dark  red-brown  and  puberulous  during  their  first  win- 
ter and  ultimately  ashy  gray;  more  often  a  rigid  shrub  sometimes  only  l°-2°  tall. 
Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  obtuse,  about  £'  long,  with  glabrous  or  puberulous  light 
chestnut-brown  scales.  Bark  dark,  separating  into  large  irregular  plate-like  scales. 

Distribution.  Sandy  barren  Pine  lands  usually  in  the  immediate  neighborhood 
of  the  coast  from  South  Carolina  to  Florida;  comparatively  rare  on  the  Atlantic  sea- 


FAGACE^E 


267 


board  and  in  the  interior  of  the  Florida  peninsula;  very  abundant  in  western  Florida 
from  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay  to  Appalachicola  and  Santa  Rosa  Island. 

31.  Quercus  macrocarpa,  Michx.    Burr  Oak.    Mossy  Cup  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  wedge-shaped  or  occasionally  narrow  and  rounded  at 
the  base,  divided  by  wide  sinuses  sometimes  penetrating  nearly  to  the  midrib  into 
5-7  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  large,  oval  or  obovate,  regularly  crenately  lobed,  or 
smaller  and  3-lobed  at  the  rounded  acute  apex,  when  they  unfold  yellow-green  and 
pilose  above  and  silvery  white  and  coated  below  with  long  pale  hairs,  at  maturity 
thick  and  firm,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous,  or  occasionally  pilose  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  green  or  silvery  white  and  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  soft  pale 
or  rarely  rufous  pubescence,  6'-12'  long,  3'-G'  wide,  with  stout  pale  midribs  some- 
times pilose  on  the  upper  side  and  pubescent  on  the  lower,  large  primary  veins  run- 
ning to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  turning  dull  yellow 
or  yellowish  brown  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  ^'-1'  in  length.  Flowers  : 
staminate  in  slender  aments  4/-6'  long,  with  yellow-green  stems  coated  with  loosely 
matted  pale  hairs;  calyx  yellow-green,  pubescent,  divided  into  4-6  laciniately  cut 
acute  segments  ending  in  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs;  pistillate  sessile  or  stalked;  their 
involucral  scales  broadly  ovate,  often  somewhat  tinged  with  red  toward  the  margins 


and  coated,  like  the  peduncles,  with  thick  pale  tomentum;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit 
usually  solitary,  sessile  or  long-stalked,  exceedingly  variable  in  size  and  sh:ipi>;  acorn 
oval  or  broadly  ovate,  broad  at  the  base  and  rounded  at  the  obtuse  or  depressed  apex 
covered  by  soft  pale  pubescence,  $'  long  and  J'  wide  at  the  north,  sometimes  2'  long 
and  1^'  wide  in  the  south,  its  cup  thick  or  thin,  light  brown  and  pubescent  on  the 
inner  surface,  hoary-tomentose  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  by  large  irregularly 
imbricated  ovate  pointed  scales,  at  the  base  of  the  cup  thin  and  free  or  sometimes 
much  thickened  and  tuberculate,  and  near  its  rim  generally  developed  into  long 
slender  pale  awns  forming  on  northern  trees  a  short  inconspicuous  and  at  the  south 
a  long  conspicuous  matted  fringe-like  border  inclosing  only  the  base  or  nearly  the 
entire  acorn. 

A  tree,  sometimes  170°  high,  with  a  trunk  6°-7°  in  diameter,  clear  of  limbs  for 
70°-80°  above  the  ground,  a  broad  head  of  great  spreading  branches,  and  stout 
branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  soft  pale  deciduous  pubescence,  light  orange 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

color,  usually  glabrous  or  occasionally  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  becoming 
ashy  gray  or  light  brown  and  ultimately  dark  brown,  sometimes  developing  corky 
wings  often  V-\\'  wide;  usually  not  more  than  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diame- 
ter; toward  the  northwestern  limits  of  its  range  sometimes  a  low  shrub.  Winter- 
buds  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  \'-\'  long,  with  light  red-brown  scales  coated 
with  soft  pale  pubescence.  Bark  l'-2'  thick,  deeply  furrowjed  and  broken  on  the 
surface  into  irregular  plate-like  brown  scales  often  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood 
heavy,  strong,  hard,  tough,  close-grained,  very  durable,  dark  or  rich  light  brown, 
with  thin  much  lighter  colored  sapwood;  used  in  ship  and  boatbuilding,  for  con- 
struction of  all  sorts,  cabinet-making,  cooperage,  the  manufacture  of  carriages, 
agricultural  implements,  baskets,  railway-ties,  fencing,  and  fuel. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  bottom-lands  and  intervales  or  rarely  in  the  northwest 
on  low  dry  hills;  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  westward  through  the  valley  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Ontario,  and  along  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Huron  to 
southern  Manitoba,  southward  to  the  valley  of  the  Peuobscot  River,  Maine,  to  the 
shores  of  Lake  Champlain,  Vermont,  western  Massachusetts,  Lancaster  County, 
Pennsylvania,  central  Tennessee,  the  Indian  Territory  and  the  valley  of  the  Nueces 
River,  Texas,  westward  to  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana, 
western  Nebraska  and  central  Kansas;  attaining  its  largest  size  in  southern  Indiana 
and  Illinois;  the  common  Oak  of  the  "oak  openings"  of  western  Minnesota,  and 
in  all  the  basin  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  ranging  farther  to  the  northwest  than 
the  other  Oaks  of  eastern  America;  common  and  generally  distributed  in  Nebraska, 
and  of  a  large  size  in  canons  or  on  river  bottoms  in  the  extreme  western  part  of 
the  state;  the  most  generally  distributed  Oak  of  Kansas,  growing  to  a  large  size  in 
all  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  United  States. 

32.  Quercus  lyrata,  Walt.    Overcup  Oak.    Swamp  White  Oak. 
Leaves  obovate-oblong,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  di- 
vided into  5-9  lobes  by  deep  or  shallow  sinuses,  rounded,  straight,  or  oblique  at  the 


bottom,  the  terminal  lobe  oblong-ovate,  usually  broad,  acute  at  the  elongated  apex, 
and  furnished  with  2  small  entire  nearly  triangular  lateral  lobes,  the  upper  lateral 


FAGACEuE  269 

lobes  broad,  more  or  less  emarginate,  much  longer  than  the  acute  or  rounded  lower 
lobes,  when  they  unfold  bronze-green  and  pilose  above,  with  caducous  hairs,  and 
coated  below  with  thick  pale  tomentuui,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and 
glabrous  above,  silvery  white  or  rarely  light  green,  and  coated  with  pale  pubescence 
below,  7'-8'  long,  1'— 4'  broad,  turning  bright  scarlet  or  scarlet  and  orange  in  the 
autumn;  their  petioles  glabrous  or  pubescent,  ^'-1'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in 
slender  hairy  aments  4' -6'  long;  calyx  light  yellow,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with 
pale  hairs  and  divided  into  acute  segments;  pistillate  sessile  or  stalked,  their  invo- 
lucral  scales  covered,  like  the  peduncles,  with  thick  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  sessile 
or  borne  on  slender  pubescent  peduncles  sometimes  1^'  long;  acorn  subglobose  to 
ovate  or  rarely  to  ovate-oblong,  ^'-1'  long,  usually  broader  at  the  base  than  long, 
light  chestnut-brown,  more  or  less  covered  above  the  middle  with  short  pale  pu- 
bescence, almost  or  entirely  or  rarely  for  only  half  its  length  inclosed  in  the  ovate 
or  rarely  deeply  cup-shaped  or  nearly  spherical  thin  cup,  bright  red-brown  and 
pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  hoary-tomentose  and  covered  on  the  outer  by  ovate 
united  scales  produced  into  acute  tips,  much  thickened  and  contorted  at  its  IIHM-, 
gradually  growing  thinner  and  forming  a  ragged  edge  to  the  thin  often  irregularly 
split  margin  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  rarely  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  generally  divided  15°- 
20°  above  the  ground  into  comparatively  small  often  pendulous  branches  forming  a 
handsome  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  green  more  or  less 
tinged  with  red  and  pilose  or  pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  light  or  dark  orange- 
color  or  grayish  brown  and  usually  glabrous  during  their  first  winter,  ultimately 
becoming  ashy  gray  or  light  brown.  Winter-buds  ovate,  obtuse,  about  •£'  long,  with 
light  chestnut-brown  scales  clothed,  especially  near  their  margins,  with  loose  pale 
tomentum.  Bark  |'-1'  thick,  light  gray  tinged  with  red  and  broken  into  thick  plates 
separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  irregular  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
strong,  tough,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thick 
lighter  colored  sapwood;  confounded  commercially  with  the  wood  of  Quercus  alfia, 
and  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

Distribution.  River  swamps  and  small  deep  depressions  on  rich  bottom-lands, 
usually  wet  throughout  the  year;  valley  of  the  Patuxent  River,  Maryland,  southward 
near  the  coast  to  western  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity 
River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern  Missouri  to  central  Tennessee, 
southern  Indiana  and  Illinois;  rare  in  the  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  states;  most  com- 
mon and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valley  of  the  Red  River,  Louisiana,  and  the  adjacent 
parts  of  Texas  and  Arkansas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  northeastern  states  and  hardy  in  eastern  Massachu- 
setts. 

++++Leaves  coarsely  sinuate-toothed.   CHESTNUT  OAKS. 

33.  Quercus  platanoides,  Sudw.    Swamp  White  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the  narrowed  apex,  acute  or  rounded 
at  the  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  entire  base,  coarsely  sinuate-dentate,  or 
sometimes  pinnatifid,  with  oblique  rounded  or  acute  entire  lobes,  when  they  unfold 
light  bronze-green  and  pilose  above,  covered  below  with  silvery  white  tomentum, 
with  conspicuous  glands  on  the  teeth,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  or  often  silvery  white  or  tawny  on  the  lower 


270 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


surface,  5'-6'  long,  2'-4'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs,  primary  veins  running 
to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  turning  in  the  autumu 
dull  yellow-brown  or  occasionally  orange-color  or  red  before  falling ;  their  petioles 
stout,  pilose  at  first,  becoming  glabrous,  £'-£'  long.  Flowers :  staminate  in  hairy 
aments  3'-4'  long;  calyx  light  yellow-green,  hirsute,  with  pale  hairs,  and  deeply 
divided  into  5-9  lanceolate  acute  segments  rather  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pis- 
tillate in  few-flowered  spikes  on  elongated  peduncles  covered  like  their  involucral 


scales  with  thick  white  or  tawny  tomentum,  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  usually  in 
pairs  on  slender  dark  brown  glabrous  puberulous  or  pubescent  stalks  l^'-4'  long; 
acorn  oval,  with  a  broad  base,  rounded,  acute,  and  pubescent  at  the  apex,  light  chest- 
nut-brown, f'-l^'  long,  ^'-f '  wide,  inclosed  for  about  one  third  its  length  in  the 
th'ick  cup-shaped  light  brown  cup  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  hoary-tomentose 
and  sometimes  tuberculate  or  roughened  toward  the  base  on  the  outer  surface  by 
the  thickened  contorted  tips  of  the  ovate  acute  scales,  thin,  free,  acute,  and  chestnut- 
brown  higher  on  the  cup,  and  often  forming  a  short  fringe-like  border  on  its  margin, 
or  sometimes  in  a  cup  entirely  covered  by  thin  scales  with  free  acute  tips. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  or  exceptionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  or  occa- 
sionally 8°-9°  in  diameter,  rather  small  limbs  generally  pendulous  below  and  rising 
above  into  a  narrow  round-topped  open  head  and  often  furnished  with  short  pendu- 
lous laterals,  and  stout  branchlets,  green,  lustrous,  and  slightly  scurfy-pubescent 
when  they  first  appear,  light  orange  color  or  reddish  brown  and  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lous during  their  first  winter,  becoming  darker  and  often  purplish  and  clothed  with 
a  glaucous  bloom.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  subglobose  to  ovate  and 
acute,  y  long,  with  light  chestnut-brown  scales  usually  pilose  above  the  middle. 
Bark  of  young  stems  and  small  branches  smooth,  reddish  or  purplish  brown,  separat- 
ing freely  into  large  papery  persistent  scales  curling  back  and  displaying  the  bright 
green  inner  bark;  becoming  on  old  trunks  l'-2'  thick,  and  deeply  and  irregularly 
divided  by  cohtinuous  or  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  covered  by  small 
appressed  gray-brown  scales  often  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
strong,  tough,  light  brown,  with  thin  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood;  used  in  con- 
struction, the  interior  finish  of  houses,  cabinet-making,  carriage  and  boatbuilding, 
cooperage,  railway-ties,  fencing,  and  fuel. 


271 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  in  moist  fertile  soil;  southern 
Maine  to  northern  Vermont  and  southwestern  Quebec,  westward  through  Ontario 
and  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan  to  southeastern  Iowa  and  western  Missouri, 
and  southward  to  the  District  of  Columbia,  northern  Kentucky  and  Arkansas,  and 
along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia;  widely  scattered,  usually  in 
small  groves  but  nowhere  very  abundant;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  in 
western  New  York  and  northern  Ohio. 

34.  Quercus  Michauxii,  Nutt.    Basket  Oak.    Cow  Oak. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  with 
short  broad  points,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  broad  or  narrow  entire  base, 
regularly  crenately  lobed,  with  oblique  rounded  entire  lobes  sometimes  furnished 
with  glandular  tips,  or  rarely  entire,  with  undulate  margins,  when  they  unfold  bright 
yellow-green,  lustrous  and  pubescent  above,  coated  below  with  thick  silvery  white 
ferrugineous  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick  and  tirra  or  sometimes  membrauaceous, 


especially  on  young  and  vigorous  branches,  dark  green,  lustrous,  glabrous  or  occa- 
sionally roughened  by  scattered  stellate  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  more  or  less 
densely  pubescent  on  the  pale  green  or  silvery  white  lower  surface,  6'-8'  long,  3'-5' 
wide,  turning  in  the  autumn  dark  rich  crimson;  their  petioles  stout,  ^'-1^'  lollg- 
Flowers:  staminate  in  slender  hairy  aments  .'V-l'  long;  i-alyx  light  yellow-green, 
pilose,  with  long  pale  hairs,  and  divided  into  4-7  acute  lobes;  pistillate  in  few-flow- 
ered spikes  on  short  peduncles,  coated  like  their  involucral  scales  with  dense  pale 
rufous  tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or  subsessile, 
or  borne  on  short  stout  puberulous  stalks  rarely  \'  long;  acorn  oval  or  ovate,  with 
a  broad  base,  and  acute,  rounded,  or  occasionally  truncate  at  the  apex  surrounded  by 
a  narrow  ring  of  rusty  pubescence,  or  sometimes  pilose  nearly  to  the  middle,  bright 
brown,  rather  lustrous,  I'-l^'  long,  f'-l^'  broad,  inclosed  for  about  one  third  its 
length  in  the  thick  cup-shaped  cup  often  broad  and  flat  on  the  bottom,  reddish  brown 
and  pubescent  within,  hoary-tomentose  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  by  regularly 
imbricated  ovate  acute  scales  rounded  and  much  thickened  on  the  back,  their  short 
tips  sometimes  forming  a  rigid  fringe-like  border  to  the  rim  of  the  cup;  seed  sweet 
and  edible. 


272 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


A  tree,  often  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  free  of  branches  for  40°-50°,  and 
3°-7°  in  diameter,  stout  branches  ascending  at  narrow  angles  and  forming  a  round- 
topped  rather  compact  head,  and  stout  branchlets  at  first  dark  green  and  covered  by 
pale  caducous  hairs,  becoming  bright  red-brown  or  light  orange-brown  during  their 
first  winter  and  ultimately  ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  acute,  \' 
long,  with  thin  closely  and  regularly  imbricated  dark  red  puberulous  scales  with  pale 
margins,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  loose  pale  tomen- 
tum.  Bark  £'-!'  thick,  separating  into  thin  closely  appressed  silvery  white  or  ashy 
gray  scales  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  red.  "Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong, 
tough,  close-grained,  durable,  easy  to  split,  light-brown,  with  thin  darker  colored 
sapwood;  largely  used  in  all  kinds  of  construction,  for  agricultural  implements  and 
wheels,  in  cooperage,  for  fences  and  fuel,  and  the  manufacture  of  baskets. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  swamps,  and  bottom-lands  often  covered  with 
water;  Wilmington,  Delaware,  southward  through  the  coast  and  middle  districts  to 
northern  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas, 
and  through  Arkansas  and  southeastern  Missouri  to  central  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 
and  to  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  River  in  Illinois  and  Indiana;  conspicuous 
from  the  silvery  white  bark,  the  massive  trunk,  and  the  broad  crown  of  large  bright- 
colored  foliage. 

35.  Quercus  Prinus,  L.    Chestnut  Oak.  Rock  Chestnut  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rounded  at  the 
apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  narrowed 
entire  base,  irregularly  and  coarsely  crenulate-toothed,  with  rounded,  acute,  or  some- 
times nearly  triangular  oblique  teeth,  when  they  unfold  orange-green  or  bronze-red, 
very  lustrous,  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the  slightly  pilose  midribs  above, 


green  and  coated  below  with  soft  pale  pubescence,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or 
subcoriaceous,  yellow-green  and  rather  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  cov- 
ered by  fine  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  4^'-9'  long,  l|'--3'  wide,  with  stout 
yellow  midribs  and  conspicuous  primary  veins,  often  much  broader  near  the  bottom 
of  the  tree  than  on  fertile  upper  branches,  turning  a  dull  orange  color  or  rusty  brown 


FAGACE.E  273 

iu  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  stout  or  slender,  ^'-1' long.  Flowers: 
staiuinate  in  elongated  hirsute  aments;  calyx  light  yellow,  pilose  and  deeply  divided 
into  7-9  acute  segments  tipped  with  clusters  of  pale  hairs;  pistillate  in  short  spikes 
on  stout  puberulous  dark  green  peduncles,  their  iuvolucral  scales  covered  with  pale 
hairs;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  on  short  stout  stems  singly  or  in  pairs;  acorn  oval 
or  ovate,  rounded  and  rather  obtuse  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  bright  chestnut-brown, 
very  lustrous,  I'-l^'  long,  f '-!'  broad,  inclosed  for  about  one  half  its  length  or  some- 
times only  at  the  base  in  a  turbinate  cup-shaped  thin  cup  light  brown  and  pubes- 
cent on  the  inner  surface,  reddish  brown,  hoary -pubescent,  and  roughened  or  tuber- 
culate,  especially  toward  the  base,  on  the  outer  surface  by  small  scales  thickened  and 
knob-like,  with  nearly  triangular  free  light  brown  tips. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  or  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  or  rarely 
6°-7°  in  diameter,  divided  generally  15°  or  20°  above  the  ground  into  large  limbs 
spreading  into  a  broad  open  rather  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  green  tinged 
witli  purple  or  bronze  color  and  glabrous  or  pilose  when  they  appear,  light  orange 
color  or  reddish  brown  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  dark  gray  or  brown;  on 
dry  exposed  mountain  slopes  often  not  more  than  20°-30°  tall,  with  a  trunk  8'-12' 
in  diameter.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  \'-%  long,  with  bright  chest- 
nut-brown scales  pilose  toward  the  apex  and  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  young 
stems  and  small  branches  thin,  smooth,  purplish  brown,  often  lustrous,  becoming  on 
old  trunks  and  large  limbs  -f'-l^'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown  or  nearly  black,  and 
divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  closely  ap- 
pressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  tough,  close-grained,  durable 
in  contact  with  the  soil,  largely  used  for  fencing,  railway-ties,  and  fuel.  The  bark, 
which  is  rich  in  tannin,  is  consumed  in  large  quantities  in  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  Hillsides  and  the  high  rocky  banks  of  streams  in  rich  and  deep 
or  sometimes  in  sterile  soil;  coast  of  southern  Maine,  the  Blue  Hills  of  eastern  Mas- 
sachusetts, southward  to  Delaware  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  along  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama,  westward  to  the  shores 
of  Lake  Champlain  and  the  valley  of  the  Genesee  River,  New  York,  the  northern 
shores  of  Lake  Erie,  and  to  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee;  rare  and  local  in  New 
England  and  Ontario;  abundant  on  the  banks  of  the  lower  Hudson  River  and  on  the 
Appalachian  hills  from  southern  New  York  to  Alabama;  most  common  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  mountains  of  the  Carolinas  and  Tennessee, 
here  often  forming  a  large  part  of  the  forest. 

36.  Quercus  acuminata,  Sarg.  Yellow  Oak.  Chestnut  Oak. 
Leaves  usually  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  oblong-lanceolate  or  broadly 
obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  long  narrow  or  with  short  broad  points,  abruptly 
or  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  or  slightly  narrowed  and  rounded  or  cor- 
date at  the  base,  equally  serrate  except  at  the  base,  with  acute  and  often  incurved  or 
broad  and  rounded  teeth  tipped  with  small  glandular  mncros,  or  rarely  slightly  un- 
dulate, when  they  unfold  bright  bronzy  green  and  puberulous  above,  tinged  with 
purple  and  coated  below  with  pale  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  light 
yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  often  silvery  white  and  covered  with  short 
fine  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  4'-7'  long,  l'-5'  broad,  with  stout  yellow  mid- 
ribs and  conspicuous  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  teeth,  turning  in  the 
autumn  orange  color  and  scarlet;  their  slender  petioles  f'-l^'  long.  Flowers:  stami- 
nate  in  pilose  aineuts  3'-4'  long;  calyx  light  yellow,  hairy,  deeply  divided  into  5  or 


274  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

6  lanceolate  ciliate  segments;  pistillate  sessile  or  borne  in  short  spikes  coated  like 
their  involucral  scales  with  thick  white  tomentum;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  sessile 
or  raised  on  a  short  stout  peduncle,  solitary  or  often  in  pairs;  acorn  broadly  ovate  to 
oval,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  %  to  nearly  1'  long,  light  chestnut-brown, 
inclosed  for  about  one  half  its  length  in  a  thin  cup-shaped  light  brown  cup  pubescent 
on  the  interior,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  exterior,  and  covered  by  small  obtuse  scales 


more  or  less  thickened  and  rounded  on  the  back  toward  the  base  of  the  cup,  the  small 
free  red-brown  tips  of  the  upper  ranks  forming  a  minute  fringe-like  border  to  its 
margin;  seed  sweet  and  sometimes  edible. 

A  tree,  80°-100°,  occasionally  160°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  3°-4°  in  diam- 
eter above  the  broad  and  often  buttressed  base,  comparatively  small  branches  forming 
a  narrow  shapely  round-topped  head,  slender  branchlets,  green  more  or  less  tinged 
with  red  or  purple  and  pilose  when  they  first  appear,  light  orange  color  or  reddish 
brown  during  their  first  winter,  and  ultimately  gray  or  brown;  east  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  and  on  dry  hills  often  not  more  than  20°-30°  tall.  Winter-buds  ovate, 
acute,  \'-\'  long,  with  chestnut-brown  scales  white  and  scarious  on  the  margins. 
Bark  rarely  \'  thick,  broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  loose  silvery  white  scales  some- 
times slightly  tinged  with  brown.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained, 
durable,  with  thin  light-colored  sap  wood;  largely  used  in  cooperage,  for  wheels, 
fencing,  and  railway-ties. 

Distribution.  Gardner's  Island,  Lake  Champlain,  western  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut,  and  near  the  city  of  Newburg,  New  York,  westward  through  southern 
Ontario  to  southeastern  Nebraska  and  eastern  Kansas,  southward  in  the  Atlantic 
states  to  the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  valley  of  the  upper  Potomac  River,  and 
west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  through 
Arkansas  and  northern  Louisiana,  to  the  eastern  borders  of  the  Indian  Territory  and 
to  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  River  and  the  Guadaloupe  Mountains,  Texas;  rare  and 
comparatively  local  in  the  Atlantic  states,  usually  on  limestone  soil;  very  abundant 
in  the  Mississippi  basin,  growing  on  limestone  ridges,  dry  flinty  hills,  or  deep  rich 
bottom-lands  and  the  rocky  banks  of  streams;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  lower 
Wabash  River  and  its  tributaries  in  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois. 


275 


**Leaves  often  dentate  or  spinescent. 

—^-Leaves  blue-green,  deciduous  in  their  first  autumn  or  winter. 

37.  Quercus  breviloba,  Sarg.   White  Oak. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  broad  and  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  the  apex,  usually 
gradually  narrowed  and  acute,  or  rarely  broad  and  equally  or  unequally  rounded  at 
the  base,  undulate-lobed,  with  4—7  broad  lobes,  or  obscurely  3-lobed  at  the  broad  apex 
and  entire  below,  or  undulate  or  coarsely  and  remotely  dentate,  with  acute  spinescent 
teeth,  or  often  entire,  on  vigorous  shoots  frequently  oblong-obovate  and  more  or  less 
deeply  divided  by  wide  sinuses  into  broad  lobes,  when  they  unfold  thin,  covered  with 
scattered  stellate  pale  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  and  pale  pubescent  on  the  lower, 
at  maturity  thin  in  the  eastern  Gulf  states,  thicker  and  often  subcoriaceous  in  the 
drier  climate  of  Texas,  light  blue  or  yellow-green,  usually  lustrous  above,  pubescent 


and  paler  and  often  silvery  white  below,  usually  l^'-3'  long,  f'-l£'  wide,  or  east  of 
the  Mississippi  River  and  on  young  and  vigorous  branches  sometimes  4'-6'  long  and 
2£'  broad,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets,  turning  pale 
yellow  and  falling  in  the  autumn,  or  in  western  Texas  sometimes  irregularly  during 
the  winter  and  early  spring;  their  petioles  stout,  rarely  more  than  \'  long.  Flowers  : 
staminate  in  hairy  aments  l^'-2'  long;  calyx  pale  yellow,  divided  into  nearly  tri- 
angular segments  much  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  on  short  peduncles 
coated  like  their  involucral  scales  with  thick  hoary  tomentum;  stigmas  dull  red. 
Fruit  sessile  or  subsessile,  usually  solitary;  acorn,  ovate,  obovate,  or  oval,  acute  or 
rounded  and  sometimes  depressed  at  the  broad  apex  usually  furnished  with  a  narrow 
ring  of  pale  pubescence,  \'-V  long,  f'-f '  wide,  inclosed  only  at  the  base  in  the  thin 
saucer-shaped  cup,  bright  reddish  brown  and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  covered 
on  the  outer  by  closely  imbricated  ovate  bright  red  scales  hoary-pubescent  except  at 
their  acute  or  rounded  appressed  tips. 

A  tree,  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  80°-90°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3° 
in  diameter,  in  Texas  much  smaller  and  rarely  more  than  20°-30°  high,  with  a 
short  trunk  usually  divided  at  the  ground  into  2  or  3  spreading  limbs  and  rarely 
more  than  12'-15'  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary 
tomentum,  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red  or  ashy  gray  during  their  first  winter, 


276  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

becoming  darker  in  their  second  and  third  years;  frequently,  especially  in  western 
Texas,  small  and  shrubby  and  often  forming  extensive  thickets.  Winter-buds 
broadly  ovate  or  oval,  acuminate,  ^'-^'  long,  with  light  chestnut-brown  closely 
imbricated  puberulous  scales.  Bark  \'-%  thick,  separating  into  long  and  narrow 
plate-like  scales,  silvery  white  tinged  with  reddish  brown  on  the  surface.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  most  valuable 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Distribution.  Rich  limestone  prairies  of  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  banks 
of  the  Red  River  at  Shreveport,  Louisiana,  and  in  Texas  on  dry  limestone  banks  of 
streams  and  rocky  bluffs  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  city  of  Dallas  westward  to 
the  central  part  of  the  state  and  southward  to  the  mountains  of  Nuevo  Leon. 

38.  Quercus  undulata,  Torr.   Scrub  Oak.    Shin  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  broad  and  rounded  or  cor- 
date or  rarely  cuneate  at  the  base,  sinuate-dentate,  entire,  pinnatifid,  lobed  or  spi- 
nescent,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm, 
light  blue-green,  more  or  less  covered  with  stellate  hairs  above  and  clothed  below 
with  pale  or  yellow  pubescence,  l'-3'  long,  £'-£'  wide,  with  pale  slender  midribs 
and  few  conspicuous  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  teeth  or  arcuate  and 
united  with  the  thickened  and  revolute  margins,  deciduous  in  the  autumn  at  the 
north  and  at  high  elevations,  southward  often  remaining  on  the  branches  until  the 
appearance  of  the  leaves  of  the  following  year;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent  or 
tomentose,  \'-V  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  tomentose  aments  l'-2'  long;  calyx 


hairy,  divided  into  acute  segments;  pistillate  sessile  or  raised  on  peduncles  tomen- 
tose like  their  involucral  scales;  stigmas  red.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile  or 
on  stout  hoary  peduncles  sometimes  nearly  2'  long;  acorn  oval,  rounded  and  rather 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  f'-l'  long,  inclosed  for  about  one  third  its  length  in 
a  thick  cup-shaped  cup  reddish  brown  and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  hoary- 
tomentose  and  covered  on  the  outer  by  ovate  acute  scales  usually  thickened  and 
tumid  toward  its  base  and  above  the  middle  ending  in  thin  bright  red  free  ciliate 
tips;  seed  sweet. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and 


FAGACE.E  277 

slender  brauchlets  coated  at  first  with  dense  hoary  tomentum,  light  reddish  brown 
or  ashy  gray  and  pubescent  or  tonaentose  during  their  first  winter,  ultimately  gla- 
brous and  dark  brown  or  gray;  usually  a  shrub,  forming  small  thickets  by  vigorous 
stolons,  with  stout  more  or  less  contorted  stems  2°-8°  tall.  "Winter-buds  oval, 
about  ^'  long,  with  few  thiii  light  red-brown  scales  often  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Bark  thin,  scaly,  pale  gray  slightly  tinged  with  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.  Dry  rocky  mountain  ridges;  cliffs  above  the  canon  of  the  Arkan- 
sas River,  and  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado,  to  western 
Texas,  and  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  Utah  and  Nevada,  and 
southward  into  northern  Mexico;  in  central  Arizona  south  of  the  Colorado  plateau 
covering  low  mountain  ranges  with  vast  thickets;  less  common  in  southern  Utah 
and  Nevada;  arborescent  only  in  the  canons  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southeastern 
Arizona. 

39.  Quercus  Douglasii,  Hook.  &  Arn.   Blue  Oak.    Mountain  White  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  wedge- 
shaped  to  broad  and  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  divided  by  deep  or  shallow, 
wide  or  narrow  sinuses  acute  or  rounded  at  the  bottom  into  4  or  5  broad  or  narrow 


acute  or  rounded  often  mucronate  lobes,  2'-5'  long,  I'-lf  broad,  or  oval,  oblong  or 
obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  equally  or  unequally  wedge-shaped  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  regularly  or  irregularly  sinuate-toothed,  with  rounded  acute 
rigid  spinescent  teeth,  or  denticulate  toward  the  apex,  l'-2'  long,  \'-l'  wide,  when 
they  unfold  covered  by  soft  pale  pubescence,  at  maturity  thin,  firm  and  rather  rigid, 
pale  blue,  with  scattered  stellate  hairs  above,  often  yellow-green  and  covered  by 
short  pubescence  below,  with  hirsute  or  puberulous  prominent  midribs  and  more 
or  less  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  \'—^'  long. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  hairy  aments  l£'-2'  long;  calyx  yellow-green,  coated  on  the 
outer  surface  with  pale  hairs,  deeply  divided  into  broad  acute  laciniately  cut  seg- 
ments; pistillate  in  short  few-flowered  spikes  coated  like  the  involucral  scales  with 
hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  acorn  broadly 
oval,  sometimes  ventricose,  with  a  narrow  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the 
apex,  !'-!'  long,  ^'-1'  broad,  or  often  ovate  and  acute,  green  and  lustrous,  turning 


278  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

dark  chestnut-brown  in  drying,  with  a  narrow  ring  of  hoary  pubescence  at  the  apex, 
inclosed  at  the  base  only  in  a  thin  shallow  cup-shaped  cup  light  green  and  pubescent 
on  the  inner  surface,  covered  on  the  outer  by  small  acute  and  usually  thin  or  some- 
times, especially  in  the  south,  thicker  tumid  scales  coated  with  pale  pubescence  or 
tomentum  and  ending  in  thin  reddish  brown  tips. 

A  tree,  usually  50°-60°,  rarely  80°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-^°  in  diameter, 
short  stout  branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  dense  round- 
topped  symmetrical  head,  stout  branchlets  brittle  at  the  joints,  coated  at  first  with 
short  dense  hoary  tomentum,  dark  gray  or  reddish  brown  and  tomentose,  pubescent, 
or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  ultimately  ashy  gray  or  dark 
brown;  frequently  not  more  than  20°-30°  high,  and  sometimes,  especially  south- 
ward, shrubby  in  habit.  Winter-buds  ovate,  obtuse,  \'-$'  long,  with  light  rather 
bright  red  pubescent  scales.  Bark  £'-!'  thick,  generally  pale,  and  covered  by  small 
scales  sometimes  tinged  with  brown  or  light  red.  Wood  hard,  heavy,  strong,  brittle, 
dark  brown,  becoming  nearly  black  with  exposure,  with  thick  light  brown  sapwood ; 
largely  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Scattered  over  low  hills,  dry  mountain  slopes  and  valleys;  Cali- 
fornia, Mendocino  County,  and  the  upper  valley  of  the  Sacramento  River,  southward 
along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  elevations  of  4000°,  and  through 
valleys  of  the  coast  ranges  to  the  Tehachapi  Pass  and  the  borders  of  the  Mohave 
Desert;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valleys  between  the  coast  moun- 
tains and  the  interior  ridges  of  the  coast  ranges  south  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

-t—t-Leaves  mostly  persistent  until  the  appearance  of  those  of  the  following  spring. 
++Leaves  blue-green. 

40.  Quercus  Engelmanni,  Greene.   Evergreen  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  usually  obtuse  and  rounded  or  sometimes  acute  at  the 
apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  entire, 


often  undulate,  or  sinuate-toothed,  with  occasionally  rigid  teeth,  or  at  the  ends  of 
sterile  branches  frequently  coarsely  crenately  serrate,  with  incurved  teeth,  or  rarely 
lobed,  with  acute  oblique  rounded  lobes,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  and  coated 


FAG  AGILE  279 

with  thick  pale  rufous  tomentmn,  at  maturity  thick,  dark  blue-green,  and  glabrous 
or  covered  with  scattered  stellate  hairs  above,  pale,  usually  yellow-green  and  clothed 
with  light  brown  pubescence,  or  puberulous  or  often  glabrous  below,  l'-3'  long,  £'-2' 
broad,  deciduous  in  the  spring  with  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves;  their  petioles 
slender,  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers :  staininate  in  slender 
hairy  aments  2'-3'  long;  calyx  light  yellow,  pilose,  with  lanceolate  acute  segments; 
pistillate  on  slender  peduncles,  clothed  like  their  involucral  scales  with  dense  pale 
tomentum.  Fruit  sessile  or  on  slender  pubescent  stalks  sometimes  |'  long;  acorn 
oblong,  oval,  and  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  or  broad  and  rounded  at  the  obtuse 
apex,  broad  or  narrow  at  the  base,  dark  chestnut-brown  more  or  less  conspicuously 
marked  by  darker  longitudinal  stripes,  turning  light  chestnut-brown  in  drying,  £'-!' 
long,  about  %  broad,  inclosed  for  about  one  half  its  length  in  a  deep  saucer-shaped 
cup-shaped  or  turbinate  cup  light  brown  and  puberulous  within,  and  covered  by  ovate 
light  brown  scales  coated  with  pale  tomentum,  usually  thickened,  united  and  tuber- 
culate  at  the  base  of  the  cup,  and  near  its  rim  produced  into  small  acute  ciliate  tips. 

A  tree,  50° -60°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  thick  branches  spreading 
nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  broad  rather  irregular  head,  and  stout  rigid 
branchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  light  or  dark  brown  tinged  with 
red  and  pubescent  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  glabrous  and  light  brown  or 
gray  in  their  second  or  third  years.  'Winter-buds  oval  or  ovate,  about  \'  long, 
with  thin  light  red  pubescent  scales.  Bark  l^'-2'  thick,  light  gray  tinged  with 
brown  and  deeply  divided  into  narrow  fissures  separating  on  the  surface  into  small 
thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  brittle,  dark 
brown  or  nearly  black,  with  thick  lighter  brown  sapwood;  used  only  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Low  hills  of  southwestern  California  west  of  the  coast  range,  oc- 
cupying with  Quercus  agrifolia,  Ne'e,  a  belt  about  fifty  miles  wide,  and  extending  to 
within  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  of  the  coast,  from  the  neighborhood  of  Sierra  Madre 
to  the  mesa  east  of  San  Diego. 

41.  Quercus  oblongifolia,  Torr.    "White  Oak. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  slightly  obovate,  rounded  and  occasionally  emarginate  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  usually  cordate  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  base,  entire  and 
sometimes  undulate,  with  thickened  revolute  margins,  or  remotely  dentate,  with 
small  callous  teeth,  on  vigorous  shoots  and  young  plants  oblong,  rounded  or  cuneate 
at  the  narrow  base,  coarsely  sinuate  or  undulate-toothed  or  3-toothed  at  the  broad 
apex  and  entire  below,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  and  coated  with  deciduous 
hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  bluo-green  and  lustrous  above,  paler 
below,  l'-2'  long,  ^'— J'  broad,  or  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  3'-4'  long,  with  pro- 
minent pale  midribs,  slender  primary  veins,  and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  per- 
sistent during  the  winter  without  change  of  color,  gradually  turning  yellow  in  the 
spring  and  falling  at  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves;  their  petioles  stout,  nearly 
terete,  about  \'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  short  hoary-tomentose  aments;  calyx 
bright  yellow,  pilose,  divided  into  5  or  6  laciniately  cut  or  entire  acute  segments 
tinged  with  red  above  the  middle;  pistillate  usually  sessile,  or  on  peduncles  tomen- 
tose like  the  involucral  scales;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  usually  solitary  and  ses- 
sile, rarely  long-stalked;  acorn  ovate,  oval,  or  slightly  obovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
apex,  surrounded  by  a  narrow  ring  of  white  pubescence,  dark  chestnut-brown,  striate, 
and  very  lustrous,  soon  becoming  light  brown  in  drying,  £'— f'  long,  about  \'  broad, 
inclosed  for  about  one  third  its  length  in  a  shallow  cup-shaped  or  rarely  turbinate 


280  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

thin  cup  yellow-green  and  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface  and  covered  by  ovate- 
oblong  scales  slightly  thickened  on  the  back,  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  and  ending 
in  thin  acute  bright  red  tips  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  sometimes  forming  a  minute 
fringe  to  the  rim  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  many 
stout  spreading  often  contorted  branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  symmet- 
rical head,  slender  rigid  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  or  fulvous  tomentum, 


N-  227 


light  red-brown,  dark  brown  or  dark  orange  color  in  their  first  winter,  becoming 
ashy  gray  in  their  second  or  third  year.  Winter-buds  subglobose,  obtuse,  -jV~V 
long,  with  thin  light  chestnut-brown  scales.  Bark  | '-1^-'  thick,  ashy  gray,  and  broken 
into  small  nearly  square  or  oblong  close  plate-like  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard, 
strong,  brittle,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  thick  brown  sapvvood;  sometimes 
used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Chisos  Mountains,  western  Texas,  through  southern  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona,  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico;  comparatively  rare  in  Texas; 
abundant  on  the  foothills  of  all  the  mountain  ranges  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona 
south  of  the  Colorado  plateau  at  elevations  of  about  5000°,  and  dotting  the  upper 
slopes  of  the  mesa  where  narrow  canons  open  to  the  plain. 

42.  Quercus  Arizonica,  Sarg.    White  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  broadly  obovate,  generally  acute  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  repandly  spinose-dentate  usu- 
ally, except  on  vigorous  shoots,  only  above  the  middle  or  toward  the  apex,  or  entire, 
and  sometimes  undulate  on  the  margins,  when  they  unfold  light  red  clothed  with 
bright  fulvous  tomentum  and  furnished  with  dark  dental  glands,  at  maturity  thick, 
firm  and  rigid,  dark  blue-green  and  glabrous  or  stellate  pubescent  above,  yellow- 
green  or  pale  blue  and  covered  with  thick  fulvous  or  pale  pubescence  below,  l'-4' 
long,  £'-2'  broad,  with  broad  yellow  midribs,  slender  primary  veins,  arcuate  and 
united  near  the  thickened  revolute  margins,  and  coarsely  reticulate  veiulets,  falling 
in  the  early  spring  just  before  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves;  their  petioles 
stout,  tomentose,  \'-%r  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  tomentose  aments  2'-3'  long; 
calyx  pale  yellow,  pubescent,  and  divided  into  4-7  broad  acute  ciliate  lobes;  anthers 


FAGACE^ 


281 


red  or  yellow;  pistillate  on  short  stems  tomentose  like  their  involucral  scales.  Fruit 
sessile  or  on  hoary-tomentose  stalks  rarely  £'  long,  usually  solitary,  ripening  irregu- 
larly from  September  to  November;  acorti  oblong,  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  obtuse 
and  rounded  at  the  ptiberulous  apex,  £'-!'  long,  £'  broad,  dark  chestnut-brown,  lus- 
trous and  often  striate,  soon  becoming  light  brown,  inclosed  for  one  half  its  length 
in  a  cup-shaped  or  hemispherical  cup  light  brown  and  pubescent  within,  covered  by 
regularly  and  closely  imbricated  scales  coated  with  pale  tomentum  and  ending  in 
thin  light  red  pointed  tips,  those  below  the  middle  of  the  cup  much  thickened  and 
rounded  on  the  back;  seed  dark  purple,  very  astringent. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°-60°  tall,  with  a  trunk  3°^1°  in  diameter,  and  thick  con- 
torted branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  handsome  round- 
topped  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  branchlets  clothed  at  first  with  thick  fulvous 
tomentum  persistent  during  their  first  winter,  reddish  brown  or  light  orange  color 
and  pubescent  or  puberulous  in  their  second  season,  ultimately  glabrous  and  darker; 
usually  not  more  than  30°-40°  tall;  at  high  elevations  reduced  to  a  low  shrub. 
Winter-buds  subglobose,  about  -j^'  long,  with  loosely  imbricated  bright  chestnut- 
brown  puberulous  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches 
thin,  pale,  scaly,  with  small  appressed  scales,  becoming  on  old  trunks  about  1'  thick 


tigub 


and  deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  broad  ridges  broken  into  long  thick  plate- 
like  scales  pale  or  ashy  gray  on  the  surface.  Wood  heavy,  strong,  hard,  close- 
grained,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  used  only 
for  fuel. 

Distribution.  The  most  common  and  generally  distributed  White  Oak  of  southern 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  covering  the  slopes-  of  cafions  of  the  mountain  ranges 
south  of  the  Colorado  plateau  at  elevations  of  5000°-10,0000  above  the  sea,  often 
ascending  nearly  to  the  summits  of  the  high  peaks;  and  in  northern  Mexico. 

43.  Quercus  Toumeyi,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  acute  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  cordate  at  the  base,  entire,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  or  remotely 
spinulose-dentate,  often  minutely  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  thin  but  firm  in  texture, 
light  blue-green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  puberulous  below,  ^'-f '  long, 


282  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

^'_£'  wide,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  falling  early  in  the  spring  with  the 
appearance  of  the  new  leaves;  their  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  about  ^'  long. 
Flowers  unknown.  Fruit  sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  ripening  in  June;  acorn  oval 


or  ovate,  £'-f '  long,  \'  broad,  light  brown  and  lustrous,  furnished  at  the  acute  apex 
with  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  pubescence,  inclosed  for  about  one  half  its  length  in  a 
thin  shallow  tomentose  cup  light  green  and  pubescent  within,  and  covered  by  thin 
ovate  regularly  and  closely  imbricated  light  red-brown  scales  ending  in  short 
rounded  tips  and  coated  on  the  back  with  pale  tomentum. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  dividing  not  far  from 
the  ground  into  numerous  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  irregular 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  bright  red-brown  more  or  less  thickly  coated  with  pale 
tomentum  at  midsummer,  covered  during  their  second  and  third  years  with  thin 
dark  brown  nearly  black  bark  broken  into  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales. 
Wood  light  brown,  with  thick  pale  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Forming  an  open  forest  on  the  Mule  Mountains,  Cochise  County, 
southeastern  Arizona. 

44.  Quercus  reticulata,  H.  B.  K. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  obtuse  and  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  the  apex,  usually 
cordate  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  repandly  spinose-dentate  above 
the  middle  or  only  toward  the  apex,  with  slender  teeth,  and  entire  below,  when  they 
unfold  coated  with  dense  fulvous  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick,  firm,  and  rigid,  dark 
blue  and  covered  with  scattered  stellate  clusters  of  hairs  above,  paler  and  coated 
with  thick  fulvous  pubescence  below,  l'-5'  long,  f-4'  broad,  with  thick  midribs, 
running  to  the  points  of  the  teeth  or  arcuate  and  united  within  the  slightly  revolute 
margins,  and  very  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  their  stout  petioles  about  \'  long. 
Flowers:  staminate  in  short  tomentose  aments  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year; 
calyx  light  yellow,  hirsute,  with  pale  hairs,  divided  into  5-7  ovate  acute  segments; 
pistillate  in  spikes  on  elongated  peduncles,  clothed  like  their  involucral  scales  with 
hoary  tomentum;  stigmas  dark  red.  Fruit  usually  in  many-fruited  spikes  or  occa- 
sionally in  pairs,  or  rarely  solitary,  on  slender  hirsute  or  glabrous  peduncles  2'-5' 
long;  acorn  oblong,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  pilose  apex,  broad  at  the  base,  about 
^'  long,  inclosed  for  about  one  fourth  its  length  in  a  shallow  cup-shaped  cup  dark 


FAGACK*:  283 

brown  and  pubescent  within,  hoary  tomentose  without  and  covered  by  small  ovate 
acute  scales  with  thin  free  scarious  tips,  slightly  thickened  and  rounded  on  the  back 
at  the  bottom  of  the  cup. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  and  stout  branch- 
lets  coated  at  first  with  thick  fulvous  tomentum,  light  orange  color  and  more  or  less 
thickly  clothed  with  pubescence  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  ashy  gray  or 
light  brown;  in  the  United  States  usually  shrubby  in  habit  and  sometimes  only  a 
few  feet  tall;  becoming  on  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Mexico  a  large  tree.  Winter- 
buds  ovate  to  oval,  often  surrounded  by  the  persistent  stipules  of  the  upper  leaves, 


about  I'  long,  with  thin  loosely  imbricated  light  red  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Bark  about  \'  thick,  dark  or  light  brown,  and  covered  by  small  thin  closely  appressed 
scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  brown,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Near  the  summits  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Arizona, 
on  the  San  Luis  and  Auimas  mountains  of  southern  New  Mexico,  and  southward  in 
Mexico. 

++++Leaves  dark  green. 

45.  Quercus  dumosa,  Nutt.    Scrub  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong,  rounded  and  acute  at  the  apex,  broad  and  abruptly  wedge-shaped 
or  rounded  at  the  base,  usually  about  £'  long  and  £'  broad,  spinescent,  with  few 
minute  teeth,  or  undulate  and  entire  or  coarsely  spinescent,  with  obscure  midribs  and 
primary  veins,  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  and  stout  petioles  rarely  £'  long;  or 
sometimes  oblong  to  oblong-obovate  and  divided  by  deep  sinuses  into  5-9  oblong 
acute  rounded  or  emarginate  bristle-tipped  lobes,  the  terminal  lobe  3-lobed,  rounded 
or  acute,  2'-4'  long  and  !'-!£'  broad,  with  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the 
lobes,  obscure  reticulate  veinlets,  and  petioles  sometimes  1'  long;  thin  when  they  un- 
fold and  clothed  with  scattered  stellate  hairs,  or  rarely  tomentose  above  and  coated 
below  and  on  the  petioles  with  hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface,  mostly  deciduous  during  the  winter.  Flowers:  staminate  in  pubes- 
cent aments;  calyx  divided  into  4-8  ovate  lanceolate  hairy  segments;  pistillate  ses- 


284  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

sile  or  stalked,  in  long  many-flowered  tomentose  spikes,  their  involucral  scales  and 
calyx  hoary-tomentose  ;   stigmas  red.    Fruit  sessile  or  short-stalked  ;  acorn  oval, 


broad  at  the  base,  broad  and  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  £'-!£'  long,  £'-§'  broad, 
inclosed  for  one  half  to  two  thirds  its  length  in  a  deep  cup-shaped  or  hemispherical 
cup  light  brown  and  pubescent  within,  covered  by  ovate  pointed  scales  coated  with 
pale  or  rufous  tomentum,  usually  much  thickened,  united  and  tuberculate,  those  above 
with  free  acute  tips  forming  a  fringe  to  the  rim  of  the  cup,  or  frequently  with  basal 
scales  but  little  thickened  and  furnished  with  long  free  tips. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  small  branches 
forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomen- 
tum, becoming  in  their  first  winter  ashy  gray  or  light  or  dark  reddish  brown  and 
usually  pubescent  or  tomentose;  more  often  an  intricately  branched  rigid  shrub,  with 
stout  stems  covered  by  pale  gray  bark  and  usually  6°-8°  high,  often  forming  dense 
thickets.  Winter-buds  oval,  generally  acute,  ^  -^  long,  with  thin  pale  red  often 
pilose  and  ciliate  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  bright  brown  and  scaly. 

Distribution.  California;  western  slopes  of  the  central  Sierra  Nevada;  common 
on  the  coast  ranges  south  of  San  Francisco  Bay  and  the  islands  off  the  coast  of  the 
southern  part  of  the  state,  ranging  inland  to  the  borders  of  the  Mohave  Desert  and 
to  the  canons  of  the  desert  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Jacinto  mountains, 
and  southward  into  Lower  California;  arborescent  only  in  sheltered  canons  of  the 
islands;  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay  replaced  by  the  variety  revoluta,  Sarg.,  ranging 
to  Mendocino  County  and  to  Napa  valley. 

46.  Quercus  Virginiana,  Mill.   Live  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong,  elliptical  or  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  wedge-shaped  or  rarely  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  usually  entire, 
with  thickened  strongly  involute  margins  or  rarely  spinose-dentate  above  the  middle: 
when  they  unfold  light  green  tinged  with  red,  covered  by  scattered  stellate  pale  hairs 
above  and  coated  below  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  silvery  white  and  pubescent 
or  puberiilous  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-5'  long,  ^'-2^'  wide,  and  conspicuously  or 
inconspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  with  narrow  yellow  midribs  and  few  slender 


FAGACE^E 


285 


obscure  primary  veins  forked  and  united  at  some  distance  from  the  margins,  gradu- 
ally turning  yellow  or  brown  at  the  end  of  the  winter  and  falling  with  or  soon  after 
the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves  in  the  spring;  their  petioles  stout,  rarely  more  than 
}'  long.  Flowers  :  staminate  in  hairy  aments  2 '-3'  long;  calyx  light  yellow,  hairy, 
divided  into  5-7  ovate  rounded  segments;  anthers  hirsute?;  pistillate  in  spikes  on 
slender  pubescent  peduncles  1/-3'  long,  their  involucral  scales  and  ovate  calyx-lobes 
coated  with  hoary  pubescence  ;  stigmas  bright  red.  Fruit  usually  in  3-5-fruited 
spikes  or  rarely  in  pairs  or  single  on  stout  light  brown  puberulous  peduncles  l'-5' 
long;  acorn  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  rounded  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  dark  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  about  V  long  and  |'  wide,  inclosed  for  about 
one  fourth  its  length  in  a  turbinate  light  reddish  brown  cup  puberulous  within,  its 
scales  thin,  ovate,  acute,  slightly  keeled  on  the  back,  covered  by  dense  lustrous 
hoary  tomentum  and  ending  in  small  closely  appressed  reddish  tips  ;  seed  sweet, 
with  light  yellow  connate  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter  above  its  swollen  buttressed 
base,  usually  dividing  a  few  feet  from  the  ground  into  3  or  4  horizontal  wide-spread- 
ing limbs  forming  a  low  dense  round-topped  head  sometimes  150°  across,  and  slender 
rigid  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary  toinentuin,  becoming  ashy  gray  or  light 
brown  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  during  their  first  winter  and  darker  and  glabrous 


the  following  season;  occasionally  60°-70°  tall,  with  a  trunk  P>°-7°  in  diameter; 
often  shrubby  and  occasionally  not  more  than  a  foot  high.  Winter-buds  globose 
or  slightly  obovate,  about  \'  long,  with  thin  light  chestnut-brown  scales  white  and 
scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  large  branches  \'-V  thick,  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red,  slightly  furrowed,  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  closely 
appressed  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained,  light  brown 
or  yellow,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap  wood;  formerly  largely  and  still  occasionally 
used  in  shipbuilding. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Mobjack  Bay,  Virginia,  southward  along  the  coast  and 
islands  to  southern  Florida,  and  along  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  northeast- 
ern Mexico,  spreading  inland  through  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  and  to 
the  mountains  in  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state;  on  the  mountains  of  Cuba, 
southern  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  Lower  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its 


286  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

largest  size  on  the  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  coasts  on  rich  hummocks  and  ridges  a  few 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  3ea;  abundant  in  Texas,  in  the  coast  region  near  the  banks 
of  streams,  and  westward  toward  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  often  forming  the 
principal  part  of  the  shrubby  growth  on  low  moist  soil ;  in  sandy  barren  soil  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  seacoast  or  on  the  shores  of  salt  water  estuaries  and  bays 
often  a  shrub,  sometimes  bearing  fruit  on  stems  not  more  than  a  foot  high  (var. 
maritima,  Sarg.,  and  var.  minima,  Sarg.). 

Often  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  southern  United  States. 

47.  Quercus  Emoryi,  Torr.    Black  Oak. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute   and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded 
at  the  slightly  narrowed  base,  entire  or  remotely  repand-serrate,  with  1-5  pairs  of 


acute  rigid  oblique  teeth,  when  they  unfold  thin,  light  green  more  or  less  tinged 
with  red  and  covered  with  silvery  white  tomentum,  at  maturity  thick,  rigid,  coria- 
ceous, dark  green,  very  lustrous  and  glabrous  or  coated  with  minute  stellate  hairs 
above,  pale  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  below,  usually  with  2  large  tufts  of  white 
hairs  at  the  base  of  the  slender  midrib,  obscurely  reticulate-venulose,  l'-2^'  long, 
\'-V  broad,  falling  gradually  in  April  with  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves;  their 
petioles  stout,  pubescent,  about  \'  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  hoary-tomentose 
aments;  calyx  light  yellow,  hairy  on  the  outer  surface,  divided  into  5-7  ovate  acute 
lobes;  pistillate  sessile  or  short-stalked,  their  involucral  scales  covered  with  hoary 
tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  irregularly  from  June  to  September,  sessile  or  short- 
stalked  ;  acorn  oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  narrow 
pilose  apex,  £'-f  long,  about  \'  wide,  light  dull  green  when  fully  grown,  dark  chest- 
nut-brown or  nearly  black  at  maturity,  with  a  thin  shell  lined  with  thick  white 
tomentum,  inclosed  for  one  third  to  one  half  its  length  in  the  deeply  cup-shaped  or 
nearly  hemispherical  cup  light  green  and  pubescent  within  and  covered  by  closely 
imbricated  broadly  ovate  acute  thin  and  scarious  light  brown  scales  clothed  with  short 
soft  pale  pubescence. 

A  tree,  usually  30° -40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout  rigid 
rather  drooping  branches  forming  a  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  slender 
rigid  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  close  hoary  tomentum,  bright  red,  pubescent  or 


ULMACE^:  287 

tomentose  in  their  first  winter,  ultimately  glabrous  and  dark  red-brown  or  black; 
sometimes  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  with  a  head  occasionally 
100°  across;  or  at  high  elevations  or  on  exposed  mountain  slopes  a  low  shrub. 
Winter-buds  oval,  acute,  about  -J'  long,  pale  pubescent  toward  the  apex,  with  thin 
closely  imbricated  light  chestnut-brown  ciliate  scales.  Bark  l'-2'  thick,  dark  brown 
or  nearly  black,  deeply  divided  into  large  oblong  thick  plates  separating  into  small 
thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  dark 
brown  or  almost  black,  with  thick  bright  brown  sapwood  tinged  with  red.  The 
sweet  acorns  are  an  important  article  of  food  for  Mexicans  and  Indians,  and  are  sold 
in  the  towns  of  southern  Arizona  and  northern  Mexico. 

Distribution.  Mountain  ranges  of  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  south  of  the  Colorado  plateau,  and  of  northern  Mexico;  in  Texas  common 
in  the  canons  and  on  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Limpio  and  Chisos  mountains;  the 
most  abundant  Oak  of  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  forming  a  large  part  of 
the  forests  covering  the  mountain  slopes  and  extending  from  the  upper  limits  of  the 
mesas  nearly  to  the  highest  ridges;  attaining  its  largest  size  and  beauty  in  the 
moist  soil  of  sheltered  cafions. 


Section  2.  Flowers  unisexual  (usually  perfect  in  Ulmus) ; 
calyx  regular ;  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  them ; 
ovary  superior,  1-celled  (rarely  ^-celled  in  Ulmus}  ;  seed  1. 

XI.    ULMACE-53. 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  scaly  buds,  terete  branchlets  prolonged  by  an  upper 
lateral  bud,  and  alternate  simple  serrate  pinnately  veined  deciduous  stalked 
2-ranked  leaves  unequal  and  often  oblique  at  the  base,  conduplicate  in  the  bud, 
their  stipules  usually  fugaceous.  Flowers  perfect  or  monoeciously  polygamous, 
clustered,  or  the  pistillate  sometimes  solitary  ;  calyx  4-9-parted  or  lobed ; 
stamens  4-6 ;  filaments  straight ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  opening  longitudi- 
nally ;  ovary  usually  1-celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the 
cell,  anatropous  or  amphitropous ;  styles  2.  Fruit  a  samara,  nut,  or  drupe ; 
albumen  little  or  none  ;  embryo  straight  or  curved  ;  cotyledons  usually  flat  or 
conduplicate.  Five  of  the  thirteen  genera  of  the  Elm  family  occur  in  North 
America.  Of  these  three  are  represented  by  trees. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Fruit  a  samara ;  flowers  perfect.  1.  Ulmus. 

Fruit  nut-like,  tuberculate.  2.  Planera. 

Fruit  a  drupe  ;  pistillate  flowers  usually  solitary.  3.  Celtis. 

1.  ULMUS,  L.   Elm. 

Trees,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  deeply  furrowed  bark,  branchlets  often  furnished 
with  corky  wings,  and  buds  with  numerous  ovate  rounded  chestnut-brown  scales 
closely  imbricated  in  two  ranks,  increasing  in  size  from  without  inward,  the  outer 
sterile,  the  inner  accrescent,  replacing  the  stipules  of  the  first  leaves,  deciduous, 
marking  the  base  of  the  branchlet  witli  persistent  ring-like  scars.  Leaves  simply  or 
doubly  serrate;  stipules  linear,  lanceolate  to  obovate,  entire,  free  or  connate  at  the 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

base,  scarious,  inclosing  the  leaf  in  the  bud,  caducous.  Flowers  from  axillary  buds 
near  the  ends  of  the  branches  similar  to  but  larger  than  the  leaf-buds,  the  outer 
scales  sterile,  the  inner  bearing  flowers  and  rarely  leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  jointed 
on  slender  bibracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  linear  acute  scarious  bracts,  in 
pedunculate  or  subsessile  fascicles  or  cymes,  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the 
leaves  in  the  axils  of  those  of  the  previous  year,  or  autumnal  in  the  axils  of  leaves 
of  the  year;  calyx  carnpanulate,  5-9-lobed,  membranaceous,  marcescent;  stamens 
5  or  6  inserted  under  the  ovary;  filaments  filiform  or  slightly  flattened,  erect  in  the 
bud,  becoming  exserted;  anthers  oblong,  emarginate,  and  subcordate;  ovary  sessile 
or  stipitate,  compressed,  crowned  by  a  simple  deeply  2-lobed  style,  the  spreading 
lobes  papillo-stigmatic  on  the  inner  face,  usually  1-celled  by  abortion,  rarely  2-celled; 
ovule  amphitropous;  micropyle  extrorse,  superior.  Fruit  an  ovate  or  oblong,  often 
oblique,  sessile  or  stipitate  samara  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  remnants  of  the 
calyx,  membranaceous,  the  seminal  cavity  compressed,  slightly  thickened  on  the 
margin,  chartaceous,  produced  into  a  thin  reticulate-venulose  membranaceous  light 
brown  broad  or  rarely  narrow  wing  naked  or  ciliate  on  the  margin,  tipped  with  the 
remnants  of  the  persistent  style,  or  more  or  less  deeply  notched  at  the  apex,  and 
often  marked  horizontally  by  the  thickened  line  of  the  union  of  the  two  carpels. 
Seed  ovate,  compressed,  without  albumen,  marked  on  the  ventral  edge  by  the  thin 
raphe;  testa  membranaceous,  light  or  dark  chestnut-brown,  of  two  coats,  rarely  pro- 
duced into  a  narrow  wing;  embryo  erect ;  cotyledons  flat  or  slightly  convex,  much 
longer  than  the  superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  oblong  linear  pale  hilum. 

Ulmus,  with  fifteen  or  sixteen  species,  is  widely  distributed  through  the  boreal 
and  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere  with  the  exception  of  western 
North  America,  reaching  in  the  New  World  the  mountains  of  southern  Mexico  and 
in  the  Old  World  the  Sikkim  Himalaya,  northern  China,  and  Japan.  Of  the  exotic 
species,  Ulmiis  campestris,  L.,  and  Ulmus  glabra,  Huds.,  have  been  largely  planted  for 
shade  and  ornament  in  the  north  Atlantic  states,  where  old  and  large  specimens  of 
the  former  can  be  seen,  especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston. 

Ulmus  produces  heavy,  hard,  tough,  light-colored  wood,  often  difficult  to  split. 
The  tough  inner  bark  of  some  of  the  species  is  made  into  ropes  or  woven  into 
coarse  cloth,  and  in  northern  China  nourishing  mucilaginous  food  is  prepared  from 
the  inner  bark. 

Ulmus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Elm-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH   AMERICAN   SPECIES. 

Flowers  vernal,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

Flowers  on  slender  drooping-  pedicels ;  fruit  ciliate  on  the  margins. 
Wing  of  the  fruit  broad. 

Bud-scales  and  fruit  glabrous  ;  branchlets  destitute  of  corky  wings ;  leaves  obovate- 
oblong  to  oval,  usually  smooth  on  the  upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface. 

1.  U.  Americana  (A,  C). 

Bud-scales  puberulous ;  branches  often  furnished  with  corky  wings  ;  fruit  hirsute  ; 
leaves  obovate  to  oblong-oval,  smooth  on  the  upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface.  2.  U.  Thomasi  (A). 

Wing  of  the  fruit  narrow. 

Bud-scales  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous ;  branchlets  furnished  with  broad  corky 
wings;  fruit  hirsute,  stipitate ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth 
on  the  upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface.  3.  U.  alata  (A,  C). 


ULMACE^E 


289 


Flowers  on  short  pedicels  ;  fruit  naked  on  the  margins. 

Bud-scales  coated    with   rusty  hairs ;    brauchlets  destitute   of  corky   wings ;   fruit 

pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  scabrous  on  the  upper,  pubescent  on  the  lower 

surface.  4.  U.  fulva  (A,  C). 

Flowers  autumnal,  appearing  in  the  axils  of  leaves   of   the   year ;  branchlets  furnished 

with  corky  wings ;  fruit  hirsute. 

Bud-scales   puberulous ;  flowers  on  short  pedicels ;  leaves  ovate,  scabrous  on  the 
upper,  soft-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface.  5.  U.  crassif olia  (C). 

Bud-scales  glabrous ;  flowers  on  long    pedicels ;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate, 
acuminate,  glabrous  on  the  upper,  pale  and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface. 

6.  U.  serotina  (C). 
1.  Flowers  vernal,  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  Ulmus  Americana,  L.   White  Elm. 

Leaves  obovate-oblong  to  oval,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  long  points, 
full  and  rounded  at  the  base  on  one  side  and  shorter  and  wedge-shaped  on  the  other, 
coarsely  doubly  serrate,  with  slightly  incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  coated  below 
with  pale  pubescence  and  pilose  above,  with  long  scattered  white  hairs,  at  maturity 
4'-6'  long,  1/-3'  wide,  dark  green  and  glabrous  or  scabrate  above,  pale  and  soft- 
pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous  below,  with  narrow  pale  midribs  and  numerous 


slender  straight  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  teeth  and  connected  by 
fine  cross  veinlets,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their 
petioles  stout,  ^'  long;  stipules  linear-lanceolate,  ^'-2'  long.  Flowers  on  long  slen- 
der drooping  pedicels  sometimes  1'  in  length,  in  3  or  4-flowered  short-stalked  fasci- 
cles; calyx  irregularly  divided  into  7-9  rounded  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins,  often 
somewhat  oblique,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  green  tinged  with  red  above  the 
middle;  anthers  bright  red;  ovary  light  green,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  with  long  white 
hairs;  styles  light  green.  Fruit  on  long  stems  in  crowded  clusters,  ripening  as  the 
leaves  unfold,  ovate  to  obovate-oblong,  slightly  stipitate,  conspicuously  reticulate- 
venulose,  £'  long,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  sharp  points  of  the  wings  incurved  and 
inclosing  the  deep  notch. 

A  tree,  sometimes  100°-120°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6°-ll°  in  diameter,  frequently 
enlarged  at  the  base  by  great  buttresses,  occasionally  rising  with  a  straight  nncli- 


290 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


vided  shaft  to  the  height  of  60°-80°  and  separating  into  short  spreading  branches, 
more  commonly  divided  30°-40°  from  the  ground  into  numerous  upright  limbs  grad- 
ually spreading  and  forming  an  inversely  conical  round-topped  head  of  long  graceful 
branches,  often  100°  or  rarely  150°  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets  frequently 
fringing  the  trunk  and  its  principal  divisions,  light  green  and  coated  at  first  with 
soft  pale  pubescence,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  light  reddish  brown,  glabrous  or 
sometimes  puberulous  and  marked  by  scattered  pale  lenticels  and  by  large  elevated 
semiorbicular  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  three  large  equidistant  fibro-vascular 
bundles,  later  becoming  dark  reddish  brown  and  finally  ashy  gray.  Winter-buds 
ovate,  acute,  slightly  flattened,  about  |'  long,  with  broadly  ovate  rounded  light  chest- 
nut-brown glabrous  scales,  the  inner  bright  green,  ovate,  acute,  becoming  on  vigor- 
ous shoots  often  nearly  1'  long.  Bark  I'-l^'  thick,  ashy  gray,  divided  by  deep  fis- 
sures into  broad  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  appressed  scales.  "Wood 
heavy,  hard,  strong,  tough,  difficult  to  split,  coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick 
somewhat  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels,  saddle-trees, 
in  flooring  and  cooperage,  and  in  boat  and  shipbuilding. 

Distribution.  River  bottom-lands,  intervales,  low  rich  hills,  and  the  banks  of 
streams;  southern  Newfoundland  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  southward  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  the  shores 
of  Peace  Creek,  Florida,  westward  to  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota,  western  Nebraska, 
western  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Concho,  Texas;  very 
common  northward,  less  abundant  and  of  smaller  size  southward;  abundant  on  the 
banks  of  streams  flowing  through  the  midcontinental  plateau. 

Largely  planted  as  an  ornamental  and  shade  tree  in  the  northern  states,  and  rarely 
in  western  and  northern  Europe. 

2.  Ulmus  Thomasi,  Sarg.    Rock  Elm.    Cork  Elm. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-oval,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  short 
broad  points,  equally  or  somewhat  unequally  rounded,  wedge-shaped  or  subcordate 


at  the  base  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  when  they  unfold  pilose  on  the  upper  sur- 
face and  covered  on  the  lower  with  soft  white  hairs,  at  maturity  2'-2£'  long,  £'-!' 
wide,  thick  and  firm,  smooth,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  soft-pubes- 


ULMACE^E 


291 


\cent  below,  especially  on  the  stout  midribs  and  the  numerous  straight  veins  running 
to  the  points  of  the  teeth  and  connected  by  obscure  cross  veinlets,  turning  in  the 
autumn  bright  clear  yellow;  their  petioles  pubescent,  about  $'  long;  stipules  ovate- 
lanceolate,  conspicuously  veined,  light  green,  marked  with  dark  red  on  the  margins 
above  the  middle,  §'  long,  clasping  the  stem  by  their  abruptly  enlarged  cordate 
bases,  conspicuously  dentate,  with  1-3  prominent  teeth  on  each  side,  falling  when  the 
leaves  are  half  grown.  Flowers  on  elongated  slender  drooping  pedicels  often  ^' 
long,  in  2-4,  usually  in  3,  flowered  puberulous  cymes  becoming  more  or  less  race- 
mose by  the  lengthening  of  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence,  and  when  fully  grown  some- 
times 2'  in  length;  calyx  green,  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  7  or  8  rounded 
dark  red  scarious  lobes;  anthers  dark  purple;  ovary  coated  with  long  pale  hairs  most 
abundant  on  the  margins;  styles  light  green.  Fruit  ripening  when  the  leaves  are 
about  half  grown,  ovate  or  obovate-oblong,  \'  long,  with  a  shallow  open  notch  at  the 
apex,  obscurely  veined,  pale  pubescent,  ciliate  on  the  slightly  thickened  border  of 
the  broad  wing,  the  margin  of  the  seminal  cavity  scarcely  thickened. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  and  often  free  of 
branches  for  60°,  short  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped 
head,  and  slender  rigid  branchlets,  light  brown  when  they  first  appear,  and  coated 
with  soft  pale  pubescence  often  persistent  until  their  second  season,  becoming  light 
reddish  brown,  puberulous  or  glabrous  and  lustrous  in  their  first  winter,  and  marked 
by  scattered  oblong  lenticels  and  large  orbicular  or  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  display- 
ing an  irregular  row  of  4-6  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars,  ultimately  dark  brown  or 
ashy  gray,  and  usually  furnished  with  3  or  4  thick  corky  irregular  wings  often  % 
broad,  and  beginning  to  appear  in  the  first  or  more  often  during  the  second  year. 
Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  ^'  long,  with  broadly  ovate  rounded  chestnut-brown 
scales  pilose  on  the  outer  surface,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  inner  scales  becoming 
ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  and  £'  long,  often  dentate  at  the  base,  with  1  or  2  minute 
teeth  on  each  side,  bright  green  below  the  middle,  marked  with  a  red  blotch  above, 
and  white  and  scarious  at  the  apex.  Bark  f '-!'  thick,  gray  tinged  with  red,  and 
deeply  divided  by  wide  irregular  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  broken 
on  the  surface  into  large  irregularly  shaped  scales.  W^ood  heavy,  hard,  vorv  strong 
and  tough,  close-grained,  light  clear  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwood;  largely  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  many  agricultural  imple- 
ments, for  the  framework  of  chairs,  hubs  of  wheels,  railway-ties,  the  sills  of  build- 
ings, and  other  purposes  demanding  toughness,  solidity,  and  flexibility. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  uplands,  low  heavy  clay  soils,  rocky  slopes  and 
river  cliffs;  Province  of  Quebec  westward  through  Ontario,  southward  through  north- 
ern New  Hampshire  to  southern  Vermont,  and  to  northern  New  Jersey,  and  west- 
ward through  northern  New  York,  southern  Michigan,  and  central  Wisconsin  to 
northeastern  Nebraska  and  western  Missouri;  rare  in  the  east  and  toward  the  ex- 
treme western  and  southern  limits  of  its  range;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest 
size  in  Ontario  and  the  southern  peninsula  of  Michigan. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states. 

3.  Ulmus  alata,  Michx.    Wahoo.    Winged  Elm. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  often  somewhat  falcate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  unequally  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  and 
coarsely  doubly  serrate,  with  incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  pale  green  often 
tinged  with  red,  coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  soft  white  pubescence  and  gla- 


292  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

brous  or  nearly  so  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous, 
dark  green  and  smooth  above,  pale  and  soft-pubescent  below,  especially  on  the  stout 
yellow  midribs  and  numerous  straight  prominent  veins  often  forked  near  the  mar- 
gins of  the  leaf  and  connected  by  rather  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  turning  dull 
yellow  color  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  £'  long  ;  stipules  linear- 
obovate,  thin  and  scarious,  tinged  with  red  above  the  middle,  often  nearly  V  long. 


Flowers  on  drooping  pedicels,  in  short  few-flowered  fascicles  ;  calyx  glabrous  and 
divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  5  broad  ovate  rounded  lobes  as  long  as  the  hoary- 
toinentose  ovary  raised  on  a  short  slender  stipe.  Fruit  ripening  before  oi'  with  the 
unfolding  of  the  leaves,  oblong,  ^'  in  length,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a  long 
slender  stalk,  gradually  narrowed  and  tipped  at  the  apex  with  long  incurved  awns, 
covered  with  long  white  hairs  most  numerous  on  the  thickened  margin  of  the  nar- 
row wing  ;  seed  ovate,  pointed,  ^'  long,  pale  chestnut-brown,  slightly  thickened 
into  a  narrow  wing-like  margin. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  2°  in  diameter,  short  stout  straight  or 
erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  rather  open  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  glabrous  or  puberulous  and  light  green  tinged  with  red  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  light  reddish  brown  or  ashy  gray  and  glabrous,  or  on  vigorous 
individuals  frequently  pilose  in  their  first  winter,  marked  by  occasional  small  orange- 
colored  lenticels  and  by  small  elevated  horizontal  semiorbicular  leaf-scars,  some- 
times naked,  more  often  furnished  with  usually  2  thin  corky  wings  beginning  to 
grow  during  the  first  or  more  often  during  their  second  season,  abruptly  arrested  at 
the  nodes,  often  \'  wide,  and  persistent  for  many  years.  Winter-buds  slender, 
acute,  \'  long,  dark  chestnut-brown,  with  glabrous  or  puberulous  scales,  those  of 
the  inner  ranks  becoming  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded  and  tipped  at  the  apex  with 
minute  tips,  thin  and  scarious,  light  red,  especially  above  the  middle,  and  \'  long. 
Bark  rarely  exceeding  \'  in  thickness,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by 
irregular  shallow  fissures  into  flat  ridges  covered  by  small  closely  appressed  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  difficult  to  split,  light  brown,  with 
thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  sometimes  employed  for  the  hubs  of  wheels  and  the 
handles  of  tools;  rope  used  for  fastening  the  covers  of  cotton  bales  is  sometimes 
made  from  the  inner  bark. 


ULMACE^E 


293 


Distribution.  Usually  on  dry  gravelly  uplands,  less  commonly  in  rich  alluvial 
soil  along  the  borders  of  swamps  and  the  banks  of  streams,  southern  Virginia  through 
the  middle  districts  to  western  Florida,  and  from  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois 
through  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
through  southern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  the  eastern  part  of  the  Indian  Territory 
to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas;  of  its  largest  size  and  most  abundant  west 
of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  towns  and  villages  of  the  southern 
states. 

4.  Ulmus  fulva,  Michx.    Slippery  Elm.    Red  Elm. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  contracted  into  long  slender  points,  rounded  at 
the  base  on  one  side  and  short-oblique  on  the  other,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  with 
incurved  callous-tipped  teeth;  when  they  unfold  thin,  coated  on  the  lower  surface 
with  pale  pubescence,  pilose  on  the  upper,  with  scattered  white  hairs,  at  maturity 


thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  rugose  with  crowded  sharp-pointed  tubercles  pointing 
toward  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  soft,  smooth,  and  coated  below,  especially  on  the  thin 
midribs  and  in  the  axils  of  the  slender  straight  veins,  with  white  hairs,  5'-7'  long, 
2'-3'  broad,  turning  a  dull  yellow  color  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent, 
\'  long;  stipules  obovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  thin  and  scarious,  pale-pubes- 
cent, and  tipped  with  clusters  of  rusty  brown  hairs.  Flowers  on  short  pedicels, 
in  crowded  fascicles;  calyx  green,  covered  with  pale  hairs,  divided  into  5-9  short 
rounded  thin  equal  lobes;  stamens  with  slender  light  yellow  slightly  flattened  fila- 
ments and  dark  red  anthers;  stigmas  slightly  exserted,  reddish  purple,  papillose, 
with  soft  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  semi- 
orbicular,  rounded  and  bearing  the  remnants  of  the  styles,  or  slightly  emarginate  at 
the  apex,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  \'  broad,  the  seminal  cavity  coated 
with  thick  rusty  brown  tomentum,  the  broad  thin  wing  obscurely  reticulate-veined, 
naked  on  the  thickened  margin,  and  marked  by  the  dark  conspicuous  horizontal  line 
of  union  of  the  two  carpels;  seed  ovate,  with  a  large  oblique  pale  hilura,  a  light 
chestnut-brown  coat  produced  into  a  thin  border  wider  below  than  above  the  middle 
of  the  seed. 

A  tree,  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  2°  in  diameter,  spreading  branches 


294 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


forming  a  broad  open  flat-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  bright  green,  scabrate, 
and  coated  with  soft  pale  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  brown 
by  midsummer,  often  roughened  by  small  pale  leuticels,  and  in  their  first  winter 
ashy  gray,  orange  color,  or  light  red-brown,  and  marked  by  large  elevated  semiorbicu- 
lar  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  3  conspicuous  equidistant  fibro-vascular  bundles, 
ultimately  dark  gray  or  brown.  "Winter-buds  ovate,  obtuse,  \'  long,  with  about 
12  scales,  the  outer  broadly  ovate,  rounded,  dark  chestnut-brown,  and  covered  by 
long  scattered  rusty  hairs,  the  inner  when  fully  grown  ^'  long,  \'-\'  wide,  light  green, 
strap-shaped,  rounded  and  tipped  at  the  apex  with  tufts  of  rusty  hairs,  puberulous 
on  the  outer  surface,  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  gradually  growing  narrower  and 
passing  into  the  stipules  of  the  upper  leaves.  Bark  frequently  V  thick,  dark  brown 
tinged  with  red,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  covered  by  large  thick  appressed 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  durable,  easy  to  split,  dark 
brown  or  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for  fence-posts,  rail- 
way-ties, the  sills  of  buildings,  the  hubs  of  wheels,  and  in  agricultural  implements. 
The  thick  fragrant  inner  bark  is  mucilaginous  and  demulcent,  and  is  employed  in 
the  treament  of  acute  febrile  and  inflammatory  affections. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  low  rich  rocky  hillsides  in  deep  fertile  soil; 
comparatively  common  from  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  through  Ontario 
to  north  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  and  northern  and  western  Kansas,  and  south- 
ward to  western  Florida,  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the 
San  Antonio  River,  Texas. 

2.  Flowers  autumnal,  appearing  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year. 

5.  Ulmus  crassifolia,  Nutt.    Cedar  Elm. 

Leaves  obloug-oval,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  unequally  rounded  or  wedge- 
shaped  and  often  oblique  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  unequally  doubly  serrate,  with 
callous-tipped  teeth,  when  they  unfold  thin,  light  green  tinged  with  red,  pilose  above 


and  covered  below  with  soft  pale  pubescence,  at  maturity  thick  and  subcoriaceous, 
dark  green,  lustrous  and  roughened  by  crowded  minute  sharp-pointed  tubercles  on 
the  upper  surface  and  soft  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  1/-2'  long,  |'-T  wide, 


ULMACE^:  295 

with  stout  yellow  midribs,  prominent  straight  veins  connected  by  conspicuous  more 
or  less  reticulate  cross  veinlets,  usually  turning  bright  yellow  late  in  the  autumn; 
their  petioles  stout,  tomeutose,  \'—^'  in  length;  stipules  |'  long,  linear-lanceolate, 
red  and  scarious  above,  clasping  the  stem  by  their  green  and  hairy  bases,  deciduous 
when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown.  Flowers  usually  opening  in  August  and 
sometimes  also  in  October,  on  slender  pedicels  £'— \'  long,  covered  with  white  hairs, 
in  3-5-flowered  pedunculate  fascicles;  calyx  divided  to  below  the  middle  into  oblong 
narrow-pointed  lobes  hairy  at  the  base;  ovary  hirsute,  crowned  with  two  short 
slightly  exserted  stigmas.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  rarely  also  in  Novem- 
ber, oblong,  gradually  and  often  irregularly  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the  ends, 
short-stalked,  deeply  notched  at  the  apex,  \'  to  nearly  ^'  long,  covered  with  soft  white 
hairs,  most  abundant  on  the  slightly  thickened  margin  of  the  broad  obscure  wing; 
seed  oblique,  pointed,  and  covered  by  a  dark  chestnut-brown  coat. 

A  tree,  often  80°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  sometimes 
free  of  branches  for  30°  or  40°,  divided  into  numerous  stout  spreading  limbs  form- 
ing a  broad  inversely  conical  round-topped  head  of  long  pendulous  branches,  or  while 
young  or  on  dry  uplands  a  compact  round  head  of  drooping  branches,  and  slender 
branchlets,  when  they  first  appear  tinged  with  red  and  coated  with  soft  pale  pubes- 
cence, becoming  light  reddish  brown,  puberulous  and  marked  by  scattered  minute 
lenticels  and  by  small  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  3  small 
fibro-vascular  bundles,  and  furnished  with  2  corky  wings  covered  with  lustrous  brown 
bark,  £'  broad  and  continuous  except  when  abruptly  interrupted  by  lateral  branch- 
lets  or  often  irregularly  developed.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovate,  acute,  \'  long, 
with  closely  imbricated  chestimt-brown  scales  slightly  puberulous  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, those  of  the  inner  ranks  at  maturity  oblong,  concave,  rounded  at  the  apex,  thin, 
bright  red,  sometimes  |'  long.  Bark  sometimes  nearly  1'  thick,  light  brown  slightly 
tinged  with  red  and  deeply  divided  by  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges 
broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  brittle,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  in  central  Texas  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  the  hubs  of  wheels,  for  furniture,  and  largely  for  fencing. 

Distribution.  Vallev  of  the  Snnflowef  River,  Mississippi,  through  southern 
Arkansas  and  Texas  to  Xuevo  Leon,  ranging  in  western  Texas  from  the  coast  to  the 
valley  of  the  Pecos  River;  in  Arkansas  usually  on  river  cliffs  and  low  hillsides,  and 
in  Texas  near  streams  in  deep  alluvial  soil  and  on  dry  limestone  hills;  the  common 
Elm-tree  of  Texas  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Guadalupe 
and  Trinity  rivers. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  the  cities  and  towns  of  Texas. 

6.  Ulrnus  serotina,  Sarg.    Red  Elm. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  very  oblique  at  the  base,  coarsely 
and  doubly  crenulate-serrate;  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  shining  white 
hairs  and  puberulous  above,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  yellow-green, 
glabrous  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  puberulous  on  the  midribs  and 
principal  veins  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-4'  long,  l'-l|'  wide,  with  prominent  yellow 
midribs,  about  20  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the 
teeth  and  often  forked  near  the  margins  of  the  leaf,  and  numerous  reticulate  vein- 
lets,  turning  clear  orange-yellow  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  about  ^'  long; 
stipules  abruptly  narrowed  from  broad  clasping  bases,  linear-lanceolate,  usually 
about  Y  long,  persistent  until  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  grown.  Flowers  opening  in 


296  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

September  on  slender  conspicuously  jointed  pedicels  often  £'  long,  in  many-flowered 
glabrous  racemes  from  l'-l£'  in  length;  calyx  6-parted  to  the  base,  with  oblong- 
obovate  red-brown  divisions  rounded  at  the  apex;  ovary  sessile,  narrowed  below, 
villous.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  November,  stipitate,  cblong-elliptical,  deeply  divided 
at  the  apex,  fringed  on  the  margins  with  long  silvery  white  hairs,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter  and  comparatively  small 
spreading  or  pendulous  branches  often  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  slender 


pendulous  branchlets  glabrous  or  occasionally  puberulous  when  they  first  appear, 
brown,  lustrous,  and  marked  by  occasional  oblong  white  lenticels  during  their  first 
year,  becoming  darker  the  following  season  and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown,  and 
often  furnished  with  2  or  3  thick  corky  wings  developed  during  their  second  or  third 
years.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  \'  long,  their  outer  scales  oblong-obovate,  dark 
chestnut-brown,  glabrous,  the  inner  often  scarious  on  the  margins,  pale  yellow-green, 
lustrous.,  and  sometimes  f  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark  ^'-f '  thick,  light  brown 
slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  broken 
on  the  surface  into  large  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood  hard,  close-grained, 
very  strong  and  tough,  light  red-brown,  with  pale  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Limestone  hills  and  river  banks;  southern  Kentucky  to  northern 
Alabama  and  northeastern  Georgia. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  cities  in  northern  Georgia 
and  northern  Alabama. 

2.  PLANERA,  Gmel. 

A  tree,  with  scaly  puberulous  branchlets  roughened  by  scattered  pale  lenticels, 
and  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  by  small  nearly  orbicular  leaf-scars  marked  by  a 
row  of  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  minute  subglobose  winter-buds  covered  by  numer- 
ous thin  closely  imbricated  chestnut-brown  scales,  the  outer  more  or  less  scarious 
on  the  margins,  the  inner  accrescent,  becoming  at  maturity  ovate-oblong,  scarious, 
bright  red,  \'-\'  long,  marking  in  falling  the  base  of  the  branchlet  with  pale  ring- 
like  scars.  Leaves  alternate,  2-ranked,  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  nar- 
rowed apex,  unequally  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base,  coarsely  crenately 
serrate,  with  unequal  gland-tipped  teeth,  petiolate,  with  slender  terete  puberulous 


ULMACE^E 


297 


petioles,  numerous  straight  conspicuous  veins  forked  near  the  margin  and  connected 
by  cross  reticulate  veinlets  more  conspicuous  below  than  above,  when  they  unfold 
puberulous  on  the  lower  and  pilose  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thick  or  sub- 
coriaceous  and  scabrate;  stipules  lateral,  free,  ovate,  scarious,  bright  red.  Flowers 
polygamo-moncecious,  the  staminate  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  outer  scales  of 
leaf-bearing  buds,  short-pedicellate,  the.  pistillate  or  perfect  on  elongated  puber- 
ulous pedicels  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  in  1-3-flowered  fascicles;  pedicels 
without  bracts;  calyx  campanulate,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  4  or  5  lobes 
rounded  at  the  apex,  greenish  yellow  often  tinged  with  red;  stamens  inserted  under 
the  ovary  in  the  pistillate  flower,  sometimes  few  or  0;  filaments  filiform,  erect, 
exserted;  anthers  broadly  ovate,  emarginate,  cordate;  ovary  ovate,  stipitate,  gland- 
ular-tuberculate,  narrowed  into  a  short  style  divided  into  2  elongated  reflexed 
stigmas  papillo-stigmatic  on  the  inner  face,  0  in  the  staminate  flower;  ovule,  anatro- 
pous;  micropyle  extrorse,  superior.  Fruit  an  oblong  oblique  drupe,  narrowed  below 
into  a  short  stipe,  inclosed  at  the  base  by  the  withered  calyx  crowned  by  the  rem- 
nants of  the  style,  its  pericarp  cnistaceous,  prominently  ribbed  on  the  anterior 
and  posterior  faces,  irregularly  tuberculate,  with  elongated  projections,  and  light 
chestnut-brown;  seed  ovate,  oblique,  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  below,  without 
albumen;  testa  thin,  lustrous,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  of  two  coats;  raphe 
inconspicuous;  embryo  erect;  cotyledons  thick,  unequal,  bright  orange  color,  the 
apex  of  the  larger  hooded  and  slightly  infolding  the  smaller,  much  longer  than 
the  minute  radicle  turned  toward  the  linear  pale  hilum. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species. 

The  generic  name  is  in  memory  of  Johann  Jacob  Planer,  a  German  botanist  and 
physician  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

1.  Planera  aquatica,  Gmel.    "Water  Elm. 

Leaves  2'-2^'  long,  £'-!'  wide,  on  petioles  varying  from  ^'-^'  in  length,  dark 
dull  green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  with  yellow  midribs  and 
veins.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.  Fruit  ripening  in  April,  £'  long. 


A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  exceeding  20'  in  diameter,  rather 
slender  spreading  branches  forming  a  low  broad  head,  and  brauchlets  brown  tinged 


298  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

with  red  when  they  first  appear,  dark  red  during  their  first  winter,  and  ultimately 
reddish  brown  or  ashy  gray.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  light  brown  or  gray,  separating 
into  large  scales  disclosing  in  falling  the  red-brown  inner  bark.  Wood  light,  soft, 
not  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  of  20-30 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Swamps  covered  with  water  during  several  mouths  of  every  year, 
from  the  valley  of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina,  to  western  Florida,  and 
through  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas, 
and  northward  through  western  Louisiana  and  Arkansas  to  southern  Missouri,  cen- 
tral Kentucky,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  River,  Illinois;  comparatively 
rare,  and  only  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  in  the  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  states; 
abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  western  Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas. 

3.  CELTIS,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  thin,  smooth  often  more  or  less  muricate  bark,  unarmed 
or  spinose  branchlets,  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  serrate  or  entire,  3  or  rarely  4  or 
5-nerved,  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  deciduous;  stipules  lateral,  free,  usually 
scarious,  inclosing  their  leaf  in  the  bud,  caducous.  Flowers  polygamo-mouoecious  or 
rarely  monoecious,  appearing  soon  after  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  minute,  pedi- 
cellate on  branches  of  the  year,  the  staminate  cymose  or  fascicled  at  their  base,  the 
pistillate  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  fascicles  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  calyx 
divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  4  or  5  lobes,  greenish  yellow,  deciduous;  stamens  in- 
serted on  the  margin  of  the  discoid  torus;  filaments  subulate,  incurved  in  the  bud, 
those  of  the  sterile  flower  straightening  themselves  abruptly  and  becoming  erect 
and  exserted,  shorter  and  remaining  recurved  in  the  perfect  flower;  anthers  ovate, 
attached  on  the  back  just  above  the  emarginate  base;  ovary  ovate,  sessile,  green  and 
lustrous,  crowned  with  a  short  sessile  style  divided  into  diverging  elongated  reflexed 
acuminate  entire  lobes  papillo-stigmatic  on  the  inner  face  and  mature  before  the 
anthers  of  the  sterile  flower,  deciduous;  minute  and  rudimentary  in  the  staminate 
flower;  ovule  anatropous.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  globoate  drupe  tipped  with  the  remnants 
of  the  style,  with  thin  flesh  covered  by  a  thick  firm  skin,  and  a  thick-walled  bony 
smooth  or  rugose  nutlet.  Seed  filling  the  seminal  cavity;  albumen  scanty,  gelati- 
nous, nearly  inclosed  between  the  folds  of  the  cotyledons,  or  0;  testa  membra- 
naceous, of  2  confluent  coats;  chalaza  colored,  close  to  the  minute  hilum;  embryo 
curved;  cotyledons  broad,  foliaceous,  conduplicate  Or  rarely  flat,  variously  folded, 
corrugate,  incumbent,  or  inclosing  the  short  superior  ascending  radicle. 

Celtis  is  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  the 
world,  fifty  or  sixty  species  being  distinguished.  The  North  American  species  vary 
greatly  in  the  form  of  their  leaves  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  and  it  is  not 
improbable  that  a  larger  number  of  species  than  are  here  enumerated  may  be  conven- 
iently recognized  when  these  trees  can  be  more  fully  studied. 

Celtis  was  the  classical  name  of  a  species  of  Lotus. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate. 

1    C.  occidentalis  (A,  B,  C,  F). 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  occasionally  obscurely  and 
remotely  serrate,  thin  or  in  one  form  subcoriaceous. 

2.  C.  Mississippiensis  (A,  C,  E,  G,  H). 


ULMACEJE 


299 


1.  Celtis  occidentalis,  L.   Hackberry.    Sugarberry. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  falcate,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  into 
long  narrow  points,  rounded  and  usually  very  oblique  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate, 
with  callous-tipped  teeth  except  at  the  entire  ends,  3-ribbed,  when  they  unfold  pale 
yellow-green,  coated  on  the  lower  surface  with  soft  silky  white  hairs  and  pilose  on 
the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thin,  light  green  and  lustrous,  smooth,  scabrate  or 
scabrous  above,  paler  and  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy  below  on  the  prominent  midribs 
and  primary  veins,  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  con- 
spicuous reticulate  veinlets,  2^'^t'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  turning  light  yellow  late  in  the 
autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  hairy,  £'-f  long;  stipules  linear, 
strap-shaped,  white  and  scarious,  nearly  ^'  long,  or  on  sterile  shoots  ovate,  acute, 
concave,  sometimes  f  long  and  \'  wide.  Flowers  on  slender  drooping  pedicles; 
calyx  divided  usually  into  5  linear  acute  thin  and  scarious  lobes  rounded  on  the 


back,  more  or  less  laciniately  cut  at  the  apex,  tinged  with  red,  and  often  furnished 
with  a  tuft  of  pale  hairs;  torus  hoary-tomentose.  Fruit  on  slender  stem  ^'-f  long) 
ripening  in  September  and  October  and  often  remaining  on  the  branches  during  the 
winter,  oblong,  about  \f  long,  dark  purple,  with  a  thick  tough  skin,  dark  orange-colored 
flesh,  and  a  smooth  thick- walled  oblong  pointed  light  brown  nut;  seed  pale  brown. 
A  tree,  sometimes  130°  high,  with  a  straight  slender  trunk  2^°-3°  in  diameter, 
often  free  of  branches  for  70°  or  80°,  and  slender  slightly  zigzag  and  glabrous  or 
puberulous  branchlets  containing  a  thick  light-colored  pith,  light  green  when  they 
first  appear,  gradually  becoming  tinged  with  red  and  in  their  first  winter  bright  red- 
brown,  rather  lustrous,  and  marked  by  horizontal  semioval  or  oblong  leaf-scars  show- 
ing the  ends  of  3  fibro-vascular  bundles,  darker  in  their  second  or  third  year,  and 
ultimately  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red;  usually  much  smaller  and  in  the 
eastern  states  generally  short-trnnked,  with  stout  spreading  ri<;id  or  frequently  pen- 
dulous branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  tree.  Winter-buds  ovate, 
pointed,  flattened,  about  \'  long,  with  3  pairs  of  chestnut-brown  ovate  acute  pubes- 
cent caducous  scales  closely  imbricated  in  '2  ranks,  inereasing  in  size  from  without 
inward  and  gradually  passing  into  the  stipules  of  the  lower  leaves.  Bark  I'-l^'  thick, 


300 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


light  brown  or  silvery  gray,  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  appressed  scales,  and 
sometimes  roughened  by  irregular  wart-like  excrescences  or  ridges  also  found  on 
the  large  branches.  Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained,  clear  light 
yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for  fencing  and  in  the 
manufacture  of  cheap  furniture. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  near  Montreal,  westward  to 
southern  Ontario,  and  in  the  United  States  from  the  shores  of  Massachusetts  Bay  to 
northwestern  Nebraska,  North  Dakota,  southern  Idaho,  eastern  Washington  and 
Oregon,  western  Washington,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  and  southward  to  the  shores  of 
Bay  Biscayne  and  Cape  Romano,  Florida,  and  to  Missouri  and  eastern  Texas;  rare 
east  of  the  Hudson  River,  more  abundant  in  western  New  York  and  the  middle 
states,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin ;  grow- 
ing usually  in  rich  moist  soil  and  often,  especially  in  the  east,  on  dry  gravelly  or 
rocky  hillsides;  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  a  small  tree  or  shrub  rarely  30°  high, 
with  thick  rigid  scabrous  reticulate  leaves,  exceedingly  rare  and  only  on  the  banks 
of  streams.  A  dwarf  shrubby  form  found  usually  on  the  rocky  banks  of  streams 
with  stems  4°-10°  tall  and  small  usually  rugose  leaves  is  not  uncommon  in  the  south 
Atlantic  states,  ranging  westward  to  Missouri,  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Nevada  (var. 
pumila,  Gray). 

Often  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  states  between  the  Mississippi 
River  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  occasionally  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Europe. 

2.  Celtis  Mississippiensis,  Bosc.    Sugarberry.    Hackberry. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  more  or  less  falcate,  unequally 
rounded  or  very  oblique  or  unequally  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  entire  or  occasion- 
ally serrate,  with  minute  incurved  teeth,  or  rarely  furnished  above  the  middle 


with  1  or  2  broad  sharp  teeth,  when  they  unfold  light  yellow-green  and  nearly 
glabrous  or  coated  with  pale  pubescence,  at  maturity  firm,  smooth,  glabrous,  dark 
green  on  the  upper  and  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long,  f'-3'  wide,  with  nar- 
row yellow  midribs  and  slender  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  con- 
nected by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  slender,  \'-\'  long;  stipules 
linear-strap-shaped,  coated  with  soft  white  hairs.  Flowers  on  slender  hirsute  ped- 
icels; calyx  divided  into  5  ovate  lanceolate  glabrous  or  puberulous  scarious  lobes 


ULMACE.E  301 

furnished  at  the  apex  with  tufts  of  long  white  hairs.  Fruit  ovate,  ^'-\'  long,  bright 
orange-red,  with  thin  dry  flesh  and  a  smooth  light  brown  nut. 

A  tree,  G0°-800  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  spreading  sometimes 
pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  and  often  graceful  head,  and  brauchlets  light 
gref  n,  glabrous  or  covered  with  pale  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  bright  red- 
dish brown,  rather  lustrous,  and  marked  by  oblong  pale  lenticels  and  narrow  elevated 
horizontal  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  3  fibro-vaseular  bundles  during  their  first 
winter;  often  much  smaller  and  sometimes  shrubby.  Winter-buds  ovate,  pointed, 
ty-jf'  long,  with  chestnut-brown  puberulous  scales.  Bark  £'-§'  thick,  light  blue- 
green,  and  covered  with  prominent  excrescences.  Wood  rather  soft,  not  strong, 
close-grained,  light  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  confounded  com- 
mercially with  the  wood  of  Celtis  occidental!*  and  used  for  the  same  purposes. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  and  the  banks  of  streams  or  occasionally  dry 
limestone  hills  from  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois  through  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and 
Alabama  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  Florida,  and  through  Missouri,  Arkansas, 
and  Texas  to  Nuevo  Leon;  also  in  Bermuda;  very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size 
in  the  basin  of  the  Lower  Ohio  River;  the  common  species  in  central  and  western 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee;  rare  in  the  Gulf  states;  exceedingly  common  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  especially  in  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  Texas,  and  in  Xuevo  Leon. 
In  Texas  gradually  passing  into  a  form  with  thicker  and  more  conspicuously  reticu- 
late-venulose  leaves.  This  is 

Celtis  Mississippieiisis,  var.  reticulata,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  cordate  and  usually  oblique 
and  very  unequal  at  the  base,  entire  or  rarely  furnished  above  the  middle  with  few 
large  teeth,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  glabrous  or  scabrate  above,  pale 


yellow-green,  glabrous  or  hirsute,  and  covered  by  a  network  of  prominent  yellow 
veinlets  below.  Fruit  \'-\'  long,  dark  orange-red. 

A  small  bushy  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  stout  branches,  a  short  trunk  covered  with 
smooth  blue-gray  bark  roughened  by  prominent  excrescences  usually  interrupted  or 
broken  into  short  lengths;  in  arid  regions  often  a  low  shrub. 

Distribution.    Texas,  in   the   neighborhood   of  Dallas,   southward    to   the    Rio 


302  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Grande,  and  westward  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  Utah  and 
Nevada,  and  the  western  rim  of  the  Colorado  Desert  in  California;  and  in  Lower 
California;  in  eastern  Texas  usually  on  dry  limestone  hills;  westward  only  near  the 
banks  of  streams  in  mountain  canons. 

I 

XII.  MORACE-S3. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  scaly  or  naked  buds,  and  stalked  alter- 
nate simple  leaves  with  stipules.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  ament- 
like  spikes  or  heads  on  the  outside  of  a  receptacle  or  on  the  inside  of  a  closed 
receptacle  ;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  3  or  4-lobed  or  parted ;  stamens  1-4 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx  ;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  of  3-5  partly 
united  sepals ;  ovary  1-2  celled ;  styles  1  or  2  ;  ovule  pendulous.  Fruits  dru- 
paceous, inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx  of  the  flower  and  united  into  a  com- 
pound fruit.  The  Mulberry  family  is  widely  distributed  with  fifty-four  genera 
confined  largely  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world.  Three  genera  only,  all 
arborescent,  are  indigenous  in  North  America,  although  Broussonetia  papyri- 
fera,  Vent.,  the  Paper  Mulberry,  a  tree  related  to  the  Mulberry  and  a  native 
of  eastern  Asia,  and  the  Hop  and  the  Hemp  are  more  or  less  generally  natural- 
ized in  the  eastern  and  southern  states. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Flowers  on  the  outside  of  the  receptacle ;  buds  scaly. 

Flowers  in  ament-like  spikes;  compound  fruit  oblong  and  succulent.  1.  Morus. 

Staminate  flowers  racemose,  the  pistillate  capitate  ;  compound  fruit  dry  and  globose. 

2.  Toxylon. 

Flowers  on  the  inside  of  a  closed  receptacle ;  buds  naked ;  compound  fruit  subglobose  to 
ovoid,  succulent.  3.  Ficus. 

1.  MORUS,  L.    Mulberry. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  unarmed  branches  prolonged  by  one  of  the 
upper  axillary  buds,  scaly  bark,  and  fibrous  roots.  Winter-buds  covered  by  ovate 
scales  closely  imbricated  in  2  ranks,  increasing  in  size  from  without  inward,  the 
inner  accrescent,  marking  in  falling  the  base  of  the  branch  with  ring-like  scars. 
Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  alternate,  serrate,  entire  or  3-lobed,  3-5-nerved  at 
the  base,  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  deciduous;  stipules  inclosing  their  leaf 
in  the  bud,  lateral,  lanceolate,  acute,  caducous.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious, 
the  staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  branches  of  the  same  plant  or  on  different 
plants,  minute,  vernal,  in  pedunculate  clusters  from  the  axils  of  caducous  bud-scales 
or  of  the  lower  leaves  of  the  year,  the  staminate  in  elongated  cylindrical  spikes; 
calyx  deeply  divided  into  4  equal  rounded  lobes;  stamens  4,  inserted  opposite  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx  under  the  minute  rudimentary  ovary;  filaments  filiform,  incurved 
in  the  bud,  straightening  elastically  and  becoming  exserted;  anthers  attached  on 
the  back  below  the  middle,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  reniform,  attached  laterally  to 
the  orbicular  connective,  opening  longitudinally;  the  pistillate  sessile,  in  short- 
oblong  densely  flowered  spikes;  calyx  4-parted,  the  lobes  ovate  or  obovate,  thick- 
ened, often  unequal,  the  2  outer  broader  than  the  others,  persistent;  ovary  ovoid 
flat,  sessile,  included  in  the  calyx,  crowned  by  a  central  style  divided  nearly  to  the 
base  into  2  equal  spreading  filiform  villous  white  stigmatic  lobes;  ovule  suspended 
from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  campylotropous;  micropyle  superior.  Drupes  ovate  or 


MORACE^ 


303 


obovate,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  styles,  inclosed  in  the  succulent  thick- 
ened and  colored  perianth  of  the  Mower  and  more  or  less  united  into  a  more  or  less 
juicy  compound  fruit  (syncarp);  flesh  subsucculent,  thin;  walls  of  the  nutlet  thin  or 
thick,  crustaceous.  Seed  oblong,  pendulous;  testa  thin,  membranaceous;  hilum 
minute,  apical;  embryo  incurved  in  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong,  equal; 
radicle  ascending,  incumbent. 

Morus  with  six  or  seven  species  is  confined  to  eastern  temperate  North  America, 
the  elevated  regions  of  Mexico,  Central  America  and  western  South  America,  western 
Asia,  Indo-China,  Japan,  and  the  high  mountains  of  the  Indian  Archipelago.  Two 
species  occur  in  North  America.  The  most  valuable  species,  Morus  alba,  L.,  a  native 
of  northern  China  and  Japan,  and  largely  cultivated  in  many  countries  for  its  leaves, 
which  are  the  best  food  of  the  silkworm,  has  been  planted  in  large  quantities  in  the 
eastern  United  States;  and  3forus  nigra,  L.,  probably  a  native  of  Persia,  has  been 
introduced  into  the  southern  and  Pacific  states  for  its  large  dark-colored  juicy  fruit. 
Morus  produces  straight-grained  durable  light  brown  or  orange-colored  valuable 
wood,  and  sweet  acidulous  and  refreshing  fruits. 

Morus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Mulberry-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  coated  below  with  pale  pubescence ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  long ;  fruit  oblong,  dark 
purple.  1.  M.  rubra  (A,  C). 

Leaves  glabrous  or  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  short ;  fruit  sub- 
globose  or  short  ovate,  nearly  black.  2.  M.  celtidifolia  (C,  E,  II). 

1.  Morus  rubra,  L.    Red  Mulberry. 

Leaves  ovate,  oblong-ovate  or  semiorbicular,  abruptly  contracted  into  long  broad 
points  or  acute  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  deeply  cordate  or  occasionally  truncate  at 


the  base,  coarsely  and  occasionally  doubly  serrate,  with  incurved  callous-tipped  teeth, 
often,  especially  on  vigorous  young  shoots,  ,'Mobed  by  broad  deep  oblique  lateral 
rounded  sinuses,  when  they  unfold  yellow-green,  slightly  pilose  on  the  Upper  sur- 
face and  hoary-tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  at  maturity  thin,  dark  bluish  green, 


304  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

glabrous,  smooth,  or  scabrate  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent  below,  with 
short  white  hairs  thickest  on  the  orange-colored  midribs  and  primary  veins  arcuate 
and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  reticulate  veinlets,  or  sometimes 
hoary-tomentose  below,  3'-5'  long,  2£'-4'  broad,  turning  bright  yellow  in  the  autumn; 
their  petioles  stout,  hoary-tomentose  at  first,  becoming  glabrous,  f'-l^'long;  stipules 
lanceolate,  acute,  abruptly  enlarged  and  thickened  at  the  base,  sometimes  tinged 
with  red  above  the  middle,  coated  with  long  white  hairs,  and  often  V  in  length. 
Flowers  appearing  with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  staminate  in  narrow  spikes 
2'-2£'  long,  on  stout  light  green  peduncles  covered  with  pale  hairs;  calyx  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  4  oblong  concave  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex  and  hirsute  on 
the  outer  surface;  stamens  with  slightly  flattened  filaments  narrowed  from  the 
base  to  the  apex,  and  bright  green  anthers,  their  connectives  orbicular,  conspicuous, 
bright  green;  pistillate  in  oblong  densely  flowered  spikes,  1'  long,  on  short  hairy 
peduncles,  a  few  male  flowers  being  sometimes  mixed  with  them;  calyx  divided  nearly 
to  the  base  into  4  thick  concave  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  keeled 
on  the  back,  the  2  outer  lobes  twice  as  wide  as  the  others,  as  long  as  and  closely 
investing  the  glabrous  light  green  ovary.  Fruit:  syncarp  at  first  bright  red  when 
fully  grown,  I'-l^'  long,  becoming  dark  purple  or  nearly  black  and  sweet  and  juicy 
when  fully  ripe;  drupes  about  -fa'  long,  with  a  thin  fleshy  outer  coat  and  a  light 
brown  nutlet;  seed  ovate,  acute,  with  a  thin  membranaceous  light  brown  coat. 

A  tree,  60°-70°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  exceeding  3°-4°  in  diameter,  stout 
spreading  smooth  branches  forming  a  dense  broad  round-topped  shapely  head,  and 
slender  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  dark  green  often  tinged  with  red,  glabrous,  more 
or  less  coated  with  pale  pubescence,  and  covered  with  oblong  straw-colored  spots 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  light  red-brown  to  orange 
color  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels  and  by  large  elevated  horizontal  nearly  orbicular 
concave  leaf-scars  displaying  a  row  of  prominent  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  in 
their  second  and  third  years  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Winter-buds 
ovate,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  \'  long,  with  6  or  7  chestnut-brown  scales, 
those  of  the  outer  rows  broadly  ovate,  rounded,  and  slightly  thickened  on  the  back, 
puberulous,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  much  shorter  than  those  of  the  next  rows, 
the  inner  scales  scarious,  coated  with  pale  hairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  and  ^'-f '  long  at  maturity.  Bark  ^'-f '  thick,  dark  brown  tinged  with 
red  and  divided  into  irregular  elongated  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  thick 
appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  rather  tough,  coarse-grained,  very 
durable,  light  orange  color,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  for 
fencing,  in  cooperage,  and  in  ship  and  boatbuilding. 

Distribution.  Intervales  in  rich  soil  and  on  low  hills;  western  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  and  Long  Island  to  southern  Ontario  and  central  Michigan,  southeast- 
ern Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  southward  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and 
Cape  Romano,  Florida,  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas;  most  abun- 
dant and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  River  and  on  the  foothills 
of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains. 

Occasionally  planted,  especially  in  the  southern  states,  for  its  fruit  valued  for  fat- 
tening hogs  and  as  food  for  poultry.  A  few  natural  varieties,  distinguished  for  the 
large  size  and  good  quality  of  their  fruit,  or  for  their  productiveness,  are  occasion- 
ally propagated  by  pomologists. 


MORACE^E 


305 


2.  Morus  celtidifolia,  H.  B.  K.  Mulberry.  Mexican  Mulberry. 
Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  truncate,  or  often  on  vigor- 
ous shoots  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  and  3-lobed,  with  shallow  lateral  sinuses  and 
broad  coarsely  serrate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  pale  tomentum,  and 
puberulous  above,  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and  often  rough- 
ened on  the  upper  surface,  with  minute  pale  tubercles,  and  paler,  smooth  or  scabrate, 


and  glabrous  or  coated  with  soft  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  and  often  hirsute, 
with  short  stiff  pale  hairs  on  the  broad  orange-colored  midribs  and  primary  veins 
connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  in  the  United  States  rarely  more  than 
1^'  long  and  f  wide,  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  slender,  hoary- 
tomentose,  becoming  pubescent,  ^'  long,  and  on  trees  cultivated  in  northern  Mexico 
often  4' -5'  long,  and  2'— 3'  wide;  stipules  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  sometimes  falcate, 
white,  and  scarious,  coated  with  soft  pale  tomentum,  about  ^'  long.  Flowers  usu- 
ally dioecious,  staminate  short-pedicellate,  in  short  many-flowered  spikes,  £'-f '  long, 
calyx  dark  green,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  soft  pale  hairs,  deeply  divided 
into  4  equal  rounded  lobes  reddish  toward  the  apex;  stamens  with  bright  yellow 
anthers,  their  connectives  conspicuous,  dark  green;  pistillate  sessile,  in  few-flow- 
ered spikes,  rarely  ^'  long;  calyx  divided  to  the  base  into  4  thick  rounded  lobes,  the 
2  outer  lobes  much  broader  than  the  others,  dark  green,  covered  with  pale  scat- 
tered hairs;  ovary  green  and  glabrous,  with  short  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  :  syncarp 
\  long,  dark  purple  or  nearly  black,  sweet  and  palatable;  drupe  "2  lines  long,  ovate, 
rounded  at  the  ends,  with  a  thin  fleshy  outer  covering  and  a  thick-walled  light  brown 
nutlet;  seed  ovate,  pointed,  pale  yellow. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  12'-14'  in  diameter,  and  slen- 
der branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  soft  white  hairs,  soon  becoming 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  and  in  their  first  winter  light  orange-red  and  marked  by  small 
lenticels,  and  by  small  horizontal  nearly  obicular  elevated  concave  leaf-scars  display- 
ing a  ring  of  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  sharp-pointed, 
and  covered  by  thin  lustrous  chestnut-brown  ovate  rounded  scales  scarious  on  the 
margins,  those  of  the  inner  rows  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  pale-pubescent 
on  the  outer  surface,  and  nearly  V  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark  smooth,  some- 


306  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

times  nearly  %  thick  but  usually  thinner,  light  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red,  deeply 
furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  slightly  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  close-grained,  dark  orange  color  or  sometimes  dark  brown,  with  thick  light- 
colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills,  or  westward  only  in  elevated  mountain  canons 
in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  from  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  south- 
ward into  Mexico,  and  through  the  mountain  regions  of  western  Texas  and  southern 
New  Mexico  to  the  Santa  Rita  Mountains  of  Arizona;  common  on  the  mountain 
ranges  of  northern  Mexico  from  Nuevo  Leon  to  Chihuahua,  and  southward  through 
southern  Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Peru. 

Frequently  planted  in  the  countries  south  of  the  United  States  as  a  fruit-tree. 

2.  TOXYLON,  Raf. 

A  tree,  with  thick  milky  slightly  acrid  juice,  thick  deeply  furrowed  dark  orange- 
colored  bark,  stout  tough  terete  pale  branchlets,  with  thick  orange-colored  pith, 
lengthening  by  an  upper  axillary  bud,  marked  by  pale  orange-colored  lenticels  and 
armed  with  stout  straight  axillary  spines,  short  stout  spur-like  lateral  branchlets  from 
buds  at  the  base  of  the  spines,  and  thick  fleshy  roots  covered  by  bright  orange-colored 
bark  exfoliating  freely  in  long  thin  persistent  papery  scales.  Leaves  involute  in  the 
bud,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  wedge- 
shaped  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  entire,  penniveined,  the  veins  arcuate  near  the  mar- 
gins and  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  elongated,  slen- 
der, terete,  pubescent;  stipules  lateral,  nearly  triangular,  minute,  hoary-tomentose, 
caducous.  Flowers  dioecious,  light  green,  minute,  appearing  in  early  summer;  calyx 
4-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  aestivation;  corolla  0;  thestaminate  long-pedicellate, 
in  short  or  ultimately  elongated  racemes  borne  on  long  slender  drooping  peduncles 
from  the  axils  of  crowded  leaves  on  the  spur-like  branchlets  of  the  previous  year; 
calyx  ovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  slender  pubescent  pedicel,  coated  on  the 
outer  surface  with  pale  hairs,  divided  to  the  middle  into  equal  acute  boat-shaped  lobes; 
stamens  4,  inserted  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  on  the  margins  of  the  minute  thin 
pulvinate  disk;  filaments  flattened,  light  green,  glabrous,  infolded  above  the  middle 
in  the  bud,  with  the  anthers  inverted  and  back  to  back,  straightening  abruptly  in 
anthesis  and  becoming  exserted;  anthers  oblong,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  mid- 
dle, introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  attached  laterally  to  a  minute  oblong  or  semiorbicular 
connective,  free  and  spreading  above  and  below,  opening  by  longitudinal  lateral  slits; 
the  pistillate  sessile  in  dense  globose  inanv-flowered  heads  on  short  stout  peduncles 
axillary  on  shoots  of  the  year;  calyx  ovate,  divided  to  the  base  into  oblong  thick  con- 
cave lobes,  rounded,  thickened,  and  covered  with  pale  hairs  at  the  apex,  longer  than 
the  ovary  and  closely  investing  it,  the  2  outer  lobes  much  broader  than  the  others, 
persistent  and  inclosing  the  fruit;  ovary  ovate,  compressed,  sessile,  green,  and  gla- 
brous; style  covered  by  elongated  slender  filiform  white  stigmatic  hairs;  ovule  sus- 
pended from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Drupes  oblong,  compressed,  rounded 
and  often  notched  at  the  apex,  acute  at  the  base,  with  thin  succulent  flesh,  and  a 
thin  crustaceous  light  brown  nutlet,  joined  by  the  union  of  the  thickened  and  much 
elongated  perianths  of  the  flowers  into  a  globose  compound  fruit  saturated  with 
milky  juice,  mammillate  on  the  surface  by  their  thickened  rounded  summits,  light 
yellow-green,  usually  of  full  size  but  seedless  on  isolated  pistillate  individuals.  Seed 
oblong,  compressed,  rounded  at  the  base,  oblique  and  marked  at  the  apex  by  the 


MORACE.E 


307 


conspicuous  oblong  pale  hiluin,  without  albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  light 
chestnut-brown;  embryo  recurved;  cotyledons  oblong,  nearly  equal;  radicle  elon- 
gated, incumbent,  ascending. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  eastern  North  America. 

The  generic  name,  from  r6^oy  and  £v\ov,  alludes  to  the  Indian  use  of  the  wood. 

1.  Toxylon  pomiferum,  Raf.   Osage  Orange.   Bow  Wood. 

Leaves  3'-5'  long,  2'-3'  wide,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  before  falling  in  the 
autumn ;  their  petioles  l^'-2'  long.  Flowers  :  racemes  of  the  staminate  flowers 
!'-!£'  long;  heads  of  the  pistillate  flowers,  f'-l'  in  diameter.  Fruit  4'-5'  in  diam- 
eter, ripening  in  the  autumn,  and  soon  falling  to  the  ground. 

A  tree,  sometimes  oO°-60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  and  stout 
erect  ultimately  spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  open  irregular  round- 
topped  head,  and  branchlets  light  green  often  tinged  with  red  and  coated  with  soft 
pale  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  light  brown  slightly 
tinged  with  orange  color  during  their  first  winter,  and  ultimately  paler.  Winter- 
buds  depressed-globose,  partly  immersed  in  the  bark,  covered  by  few  closely  imbri- 
cated ovate  rounded  light  chestnut-brown  ciliate  conspicuous  scales.  Bark  §'-!' 
thick  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  separating  011 


the  surface  into  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  very  strong, 
flexible,  coarse-grained,  very  durable,  bright  orange  color  turning  brown  on  expos- 
ure, with  thin  light  yellow  sapwood  of  5-10  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used 
for  fence-posts,  railway-ties,  wheel-stock,  and  formerly  by  the  Osage  and  other 
Indians  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  for  bows  and  war-clubs.  The  bark  of  the  roots 
contains  moric  and  morintannic  acid,  and  is  used  as  a  yellow  dye.  The  bark  of  the 
trunk  is  sometimes  used  in  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands;  southern  Arkansas  to  the  southern  portions  of 
the  Indian  Territory,  southward  in  Texas  to  about  latitude  35°  36';  most  abundant 
and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valley  of  the  Red  River  in  the  Indian  Territory. 

Largely  planted  in  the  prairie  regions  of  the  Mississippi  basin  as  a  hedge  plant, 
and  occasionally  in  the  eastern  states;  hardy  in  New  England. 


308  TREES    OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

3.  FICUS,  L.    Fig. 

Trees,  with  milky  juice,  naked  buds,  stout  branchlets,  thick  fleshy  roots  frequently 
produced  from  the  branches  and  developing  into  supplementary  stems.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, involute  in  the  bud,  entire,  penniveined,  persistent;  stipules  inclosing  the  leaf 
in  a  slender  sharp-pointed  bud-like  cover,  interpetiolar,  embracing  the  leaf-bearing 
axis  and  inclosing  the  young  leaves,  deciduous.  Flower-bearing  receptacle  subglobose 
to  ovoid,  sessile  or  stalked,  solitary  by  abortion  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  existing  or 
fallen  leaves,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  3  anterior  bracts  distinct  or  united  into  an 
involucral  cup  bearing  on  the  interior  at  the  apex  numerous  rows  of  minute  trian- 
gular viscid  bracts  closing  the  orifice,  those  of  the  lower  rows  turned  downward  and 
infolding  the  upper  flowers,  those  immediately  above  these  horizontal  and  forming 
a  more  or  less  prominent  umbilicus.  Flowers  sessile  or  pedicellate,  the  pedicels 
thickening  and  becoming  succulent  with  the  ripening  of  the  fruit,  unisexual,  often  sep- 
arated by  chaffy  scales  or  hairs;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  usually  divided  into 
2-6  sepals;  stamens  1;  filaments  short,  erect;  anther  innate,  ovate,  broad  and  sub- 
rotund,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  sepals  or 
lobes  of  the  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  usually  narrower  than  those  of  the  stami- 
nate flower;  ovary  sessile,  erect,  or  oblique,  surmounted  by  the  lateral  elongated 
style  crowned  by  a  2-lobed  stigma;  ovule  suspended  from  the  apex  or  lateral  below 
the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  drupaceous,  mostly  immersed  in  the  thick- 
ened succulent  receptacle,  obovoid  or  reniform;  flesh  thin,  mucilaginous;  nutlet  with 
a  flat  crustaceous  minutely  tuberculate  shell.  Seed  suspended ;  testa  membranaceous; 
embryo  incurved,  in  thin  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  equal  or  unequal,  longer  than 
the  incumbent  radicle. 

Ficus,  of  which  six  hundred  species  have  been  described,  is  largely  distributed 
through  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres,  the  largest  number  of  species  being  found 
on  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  A  few  species  extend 
beyond  the  tropics  into  southern  Florida,  Mexico,  Argentina,  southern  Japan  and 
China,  the  countries  bordering  the  Mediterranean,  the  Canary  Islands,  and  South 
Africa.  Two  species  of  the  section  Urostigma  with  monoecious  flowers  occur  in  trop- 
ical Florida.  Ficus  Carica,  L.,  probably  a  native  of  the  Mediterranean  basin,  is  cul- 
tivated in  the  southern  states  and  in  California  for  its  large  sweet  succulent  fruits, 
the  figs  of  commerce. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Receptacles   subglobose,    sessile   or  short-stalked;    leaves  oblong,  usually  pointed  at  the 
ends.  1.  F.  aurea  (D). 

Receptacles  oblong,  long  or  short-stalked  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  at  the  base. 

2.  F.  populnea  (D). 

1.  Ficus  aurea,  Nutt.   Wild  Fig. 

Leaves  oblong,  usually  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  short 
broad  points  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  rarely  broad  and  rounded  at  the  base, 
2'-5'  long,  l^'-3'  wide,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above, 
paler  and  less  lustrous  below,  with  broad  light  yellow  midribs  slightly  grooved  on 
the  upper  side  and  numerous  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the 
margins,  and  connected  by  fine  closely  reticulated  veinlets,  continuing  to  unfold 
during  a  large  part  of  the  year,  and  usually  falling  during  their  second  season;  their 


MORACE.E  309 

petioles  stout,  slightly  grooved,  ^'-1'  long;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  thick,  firm, 
tinged  with  red,  about  1' long.  Flowers:  receptacles  developing  in  succession  as  the 
branch  lengthens,  axillary,  subglobose,  sessile  or  short-pedunculate,  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
the  lateral  orifice  closed  arid  marked  by  a  small  point  formed  by  the  union  of  the 


minute  bracts,  becoming  £'  in  diameter  and  yellow  when  fully  grown,  ultimately  turn- 
ing bright  red;  flowers  reddish  purple,  separated  by  minute  reddish  chaff-like  scales 
more  or  less  laciniate  at  the  apex,  sessile  or  long-pedicellate;  calyx  of  the  staminate 
flower  divided  to  below  the  middle  into  2  or  3  broad  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the 
stout  flattened  filament;  lobes  of  the  anther  oblong,  attached  laterally  to  the  broad 
connective;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  divided  to  the  middle  into  4  or  5  narrow 
lobes,  closely  investing  the  ovate  sessile  ovary.  Fruit  ovate,  immersed  in  the  thick- 
ened reddish  purple  walls  of  the  receptacle;  seed  ovate,  rounded  at  the  ends,  with 
a  thin  light  brown  coat  and  a  large  lateral  oblong  pale  hilum. 

A  broad  round-topped  parasitic  tree,  50°-60°  high,  germinating  and  growing  at 
first  on  the  branches  and  trunks  of  other  trees  and  sending  down  to  the  ground  stout 
aerial  roots  which  gradually  growing  together  form  a  trunk  often  3°-4°  in  diame- 
ter, the  growth  of  additional  roots  from  the  branches  extending  the  tree  over  a  large 
area,  and  stout  terete  pithy  light  orange-colored  branchlets  marked  by  pale  lenti- 
cels,  conspicuous  stipular  scars,  large  slightly  elevated  horizontal  oval  leaf-scars 
displaying  a  marginal  ring  of  large  pale  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  smaller 
elevated  concave  circular  scars  left  by  the  receptacles  in  falling.  Bark  smooth, 
ashy  gray,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  £'  thick,  and  broken  on  the  surface  into 
minute  appressed  scales  disclosing  in  falling  the  nearly  black  inner  bark.  Wood 
exceedingly  light,  soft,  very  weak,  coarse-grained,  very  perishable  in  contact  with  the 
ground,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Hummocks  on  the  shores  and  islands  of  southern  Florida;  from 
the  Indian  River  on  the  east  coast  and  Tampa  Bay  on  the  west  coast,  to  the  south- 
ern keys,  attaining  its  largest  size  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bay  Biscayne;  on  the 
Bahama  Islands. 


310  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

2.  Ficus  populnea,  Willd.   Fig.   Wild  Fig. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  contracted  into  short  broad  points  or 
occasionally  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  2£'-5' 
long,  l^'-5'  wide,  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
paler  on  the  lower,  with  light  yellow  midribs,  slender  remote  primary  veins  arcuate 
and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  finely  reticulate  veinlets ;  their  peti- 
oles slender,  sometimes  V  long;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  \'  long,  tinged  with  red. 
Flowers:  receptacles  obovate,  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  yellow  until  fully 
grown,  ultimately  turning  bright  red  and  becoming  \'-%  long,  on  stout  drooping 
peduncles  \'-V  in  length;  flowers  sessile  or  pedicellate,  separated  by  minute  chaff- 
like  scales  more  or  less  laciniate  at  the  apex;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  three  or  four  broad  acute  lobes;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower 
with  narrow  lobes  shorter  than  the  ovate  pointed  ovary.  Fruit  ovate;  seed  ovate, 
with  a  membranaceous  light  brown  coat  and  an  oblong  lateral  pale  hilum. 

An  epiphytal  tree,  rarely  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  spreading 
branches  occasionally  developing  aerial  roots  and  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and 


stout  terete  branchlets  light  red  and  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  brown  tinged  with  orange  and  later  with  red,  and  marked  by  minute  pale 
lenticels,  narrow  stipular  scars,  large  elevated  horizontal  oval  or  semiorbicular  leaf- 
scars  showing  a  marginal  row  of  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  ele- 
vated concave  receptacle  scars.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  orange-brown 
or  yellow,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  dry  slightly  elevated  coral  rocks;  comparatively  rare 
in  Florida  from  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  on  several  of  the  keys  to  Key  West; 
in  the  West  Indies. 


POLYGONAC^E  311 

Section  3.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual ;  calyx  5-lobed ; 
ovary  superior,  1-celled ;  ovule  solitary,  rising  from  the  bottom 
of  the  cell ;  fruit  inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx ;  leaves  per- 
sistent. 

XIII.    POLYGONACE^l. 

Trees,  with  alternate  coriaceous  stalked  leaves,  their  stipules  sheathing  the 
stem.  Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  5-lobed  ;  stamens  8  ;  ovary  3-celled ;  ovule 
orthotropous.  Fruit  a  nutlet,  inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx-tube  ;  seed  erect ; 
embryo  axillary  in  ruminate  farinaceous  albumen  ;  radicle  superior,  ascending, 
turned  toward  the  hilum.  Of  this,  the  Buckwheat  family  with  thirty  widely 
distributed  genera,  only  Coccolobis  is  arborescent  in  North  America. 

1.  COCCOLOBIS,  P.  Br. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  coriaceous,  entire,  orbicular,  ovate,  obovate,  or  lanceolate, 
petiolate,  their  stipules  inclosing  the  braucli  above  the  node  with  membrauaceous  trun- 
cate entire  brown  persistent  sheaths.  Flowers  jointed  on  ebracteolate  pedicels,  in  1 
or  few-flowered  fascicles  subtended  by  a  minute  bract  and  surrounded  by  a  narrow 
truncate  membranaceous  sheath,  each  pedicel  and  those  above  it  being  surrounded 
by  a  similar  sheath,  the  fascicles  gathered  in  elongated  terminal  and  axillary  racemes 
inclosed  at  the  base  in  the  sheath  of  the  nearest  leaf  and  sometimes  also  in  a  sepa- 
rate sheath;  calyx  cup-shaped,  the  lobes  ovate,  rounded,  thin,  and  white,  reflexed  after 
anthesis,  and  thickening  and  inclosing  the  nut;  stamens  with  filiform  or  subulate 
filaments  dilated  and  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  discoid  cup  adnate  to  the  tube 
of  the  calyx;  anthers  ovate,  introrse,  2-cell'ed,  the  cells  parallel,  opening  longitudi- 
nally; ovary  free,  sessile,  3-angled,  contracted  into  a  short  stout  style,  divided  into 
three  short  or  elongated  -stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ovoid  or  globose,  rounded  or  acute 
and  crowned  at  the  apex  by  the  persistent  lobes  of  the  calyx,  narrowed  at  the  base; 
flesh  thin  and  acidulous,  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  thin  crustaceous  or  bony  wall  of 
the  nutlet  often  divided  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  base  into  several  more  or  less 
intrusive  plates.  Seed  subglobose,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  3-6-lobed;  testa  membra- 
naceous, minutely  pitted,  dark  red-brown,  and  lustrous. 

Coccolobis  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World,  with  about  one  hundred 
and  twenty  species  distributed  from  southern  Florida  to  Mexico,  Central  America, 
Brazil,  and'Peru.  It  possesses  astringent  properties  sometimes  utilized  in  medicine. 
Many  of  the  species  produce  hard  dark  valuable  wood. 

Coccolobis,  from  jrrfKKor  and  \o&6s,  is  in  allusion  to  the  character  of  the  fruit. 

CONSPECTUS   OF  THE  NORTH   AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Fruits  crowded,  in  drooping  racemes ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  cordate  at  the 
base.  1.  C.  uvifera  (D). 

Fruits  not  crowded,  in  erect  or  spreading  racemes ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate. 

2.  C.  laurifolia  (D). 

1.    Coccolobis  uvifera,  Jacq.    Sea  Grape. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  rounded  or  sometimes  short-pointed  at 
the  apex,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  with  undulate  margins,  thick  and  coriaceous, 
minutely  reticulate-venulose.  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  puberulous 


312  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

below,  4'-5'  long,  5'-6'  wide,  with  stout  often  bright  red  midribs  frequently  covered 
below  with  pale  hairs,  and  about  5  pairs  of  conspicuous  primary  veins  red  on  the 
upper  side,  arcuate  near  the  margins  and  couriected  by  cross  veinlets,  gradually  turn- 
ing red  or  scarlet  and  falling  during  their  second  or  third  years;  their  petioles 
short,  stout,  flattened,  puberulous,  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base,  leaving  in  falling 


large  pale  elevated  orbicular  or  semiorbicular  scars;  stipular  sheath  \r  broad,  slightly 
puberulous,  persistent  during  2  or  3  years.  Flowers  appearing  almost  continually 
throughout  the  year  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels  £'  long,  in  1-6-flowered  subses- 
sile  fascicles,  in  terminal  and  axillary  thick-stemmed  many-flowered  racemes  6'-14' 
long;  calyx  ^'  across  when  expanded,  the  lobes  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface  and 
rather  longer  than  the  red  stamens;  ovary  oblong,  with  short  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit 
crowded,  in  long  hanging  racemes,  ovoid  to  obovoid,  |'  long,  gradually  narrowed 
into  a  stalk-like  base,  purple  or  greenish  white,  translucent,  with  thin  juicy  flesh,  and 
a  thin-walled  light  red  nutlet. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  15°  high,  with  a  short  gnarled  contorted  trunk 
3°-4°  in  diameter,  stout  branches  forming  a  round  compact  head,  and  stout  terete 
branchlets,  with  thick  pith,  light  orange  color,  marked  by  oblong  pale  lenticels, 
gradually  growing  darker  in  their  second  and  third  years;  frequently  a  shrub,  with 
semiprostrate  stems;  in  the  West  Indies  often  50°  tall.  Bark  about  Ty  thick, 
smooth,  light  brown,  and  marked  by  large  irregular  pale  blotches.  Wood  very 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  brown  or  violet  color,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap- 
wood;  sometimes  used  in  cabinet-making. 

Distribution.  Saline  shores  and  beaches,  Florida,  from  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the 
southern  keys  on  the  east  coast,  and  from  Tampa  Bay  to  Cape  Sable  on  the  west 
coast;  common  on  the  Bermuda  and  Bahama  Islands,  in  the  Antilles,  and  in  South 
America  from  Colombia  to  Brazil. 

2.  Coccolobis  laurifolia,  Jacq.   Pigeon  Plum. 

Leaves  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate-oblong,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  with  slightly  undulate  revolute  margins,  thick 
and  firm,  bright  green  above,  paler  below,  3'-4'  long,  l^'-2'  broad,  with  conspicuous 
pale  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  remote  primary  veins  connected  by  prominent  reticu- 


NYCTAGINACE^fc  313 

late  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout,  flattened,  £'  long,  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base; 
stipular  sheaths  glabrous,  ^'  wide.  Flowers  in  early  spring,  on  slender  pedicels  ^' 
long,  in  few  or  1-tlowered  fascicles  on  racemes  terminal  on  short  axillary  branches 
of  the  previous  year,  and  2'-3'  in  length;  calyx  £'  across,  the  cup-shaped  lobes 
rather  shorter  than  the  stamens,  with  slender  yellow  filaments  enlarged  at  the  base, 
and  dark  orange-colored  anthers;  ovary  oblong,  with  elongated  stigmatic  lobes. 
Fruit  in  erect  or  spreading  sparsely-fruited  racemes,  ripening  during  the  winter  and 
early  spring,  ovoid,  narrowed  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  apex,  dark  red,  |'.  long, 
with  thin  acidulous  flesh  and  a  hard  thin-walled  light  brown  nutlet. 

A  glabrous  tree,60°-70°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  spread- 
ing  branches  forming  a  dense  round-topped  head,  slender  terete  slightly  zigzag 


branchlets  usually  contorted  and  covered  with  light  orange-colored  bark,  becoming 
darker  and  tinged  with  red  in  their  second  or  third  year.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly 
hard,  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick 
lighter  colored  sapwood;  occasionally  used  in  cabinet-making. 

Distribution.  One  of  the  largest  and  most  abundant  of  the  tropical  trees  of  the 
seacoast  of  southern  Florida  from  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  keys  and  on  the  west  coast 
from  Cape  Romano  to  Cape  Sable;  common  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  on  many  of  the 
Antilles,  and  in  Venezuela. 

XIV.     NYCTAGINACE^l. 

Trees,  with  alternate  stalked  persistent  leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  per- 
fect or  unisexual ;  calyx  corolla-like,  5-lol>ed  ;  stamens  5-8  ;  ovule  campylo- 
tropous.  Fruit  a  nutlet  inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx  and  crowned  by  its 
persistent  teeth.  Seed  erect ;  cotyledons  unequal,  folded  around  the  soft  scanty 
albumen  ;  radicle  short,  inferior,  turned  toward  the  hiluni.  A  family  of  about 
twenty  genera  widely  distributed  chiefly  in  the  warmer  and  tropical  parts  of 
the  New  World,  with  a  single  arborescent  representative  in  North  America. 

1.   PIS  ONI  A,  L. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  trees  or  shrubs,  unarmed  or  rarely  spinescent,  erect  or 
semiscandent.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  entire,  short-stalked.  Flowers  perfect, 


314  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

dioecious  or  rarely  monoecious;  calyx,  5-lobed  or  toothed,  the  divisions  induplicate- 
valvate  in  the  bud,  petaloid,  tubular  or  funnel-shaped  in  the  staminate  flower, 
elongated  and  often  notched  at  the  base  of  the  tube  in  the  pistillate  flower,  the 
limb  5-lobed,  the  lobes  plaited  in  the  bud,  erect  or  spreading ;  stamens  5-8,  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  calyx  under  the  ovary,  minute  or  rudimentary  in  the  unisexual 
pistillate  flower  ;  filaments  folded  in  the  bud,  filiform,  unequal,  free;  anthers  oblong, 
introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  parallel,  opening  longitudinally;  ovary  oblong-ovoid, 
sessile,  1-celled,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  columnar  style;  stigmas  capitate,  lacerate. 
Fruit  fleshy,  cylindrical,  costate,  smooth;  utricle  elongated,  with  a  thin  membrana- 
ceous  wall  confluent  with  the  thin  transparent  coat  of  the  erect  seed. 

Pisonia  is  chiefly  tropical,  with  the  largest  number  of  species  in  the  New  World. 
Two  species  extend  into  southern  Florida  ;  of  these  one  is  arborescent. 

Pisonia  was  named  in  honor  of  Willem  Piso,  a  Dutch  physician  and  naturalist. 

1.  Pisonia  longifolia,  Sarg.,  nov.  nom.    Blolly. 

(Pisonia  obtusata,  Silva  N.  Am.  vi.  111.) 

Leaves  opposite  and  sometimes  alternate,  obovate-oblong,  rounded  or  occasionally 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  l'-l|'  long,  ^'  broad,  thick 
and  firm,  with  slightly  thickened  undulate  margins,  light  green  and  glabrous,  paler 
on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  with  stout  midribs  and  obscure  veins;  their 
petioles  stout,  channeled,  \'  long.  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  autumnal,  green- 
ish yellow,  short-pedicellate,  in  terminal  long-stalked  few-flowered  panicled  cymes, 
with  slender  divergent  branches,  the  ultimate  divisions  2  or  3-flowered;  bracts  and 


bractlets  minute,  acute;  calyx  funnel-shaped,  divided  nearly  to  the  middle  into  acute 
erect  lobes  about  half  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  as  long  as  the  style.  Fruit  ripen- 
ing in  the  winter  or  early  spring,  prominently  costate,  with  ten  rounded  ribs,  fleshy, 
smooth,  bright  red,  |'  long;  utricle  terete,  light  brown. 

A  tree,  30°-50°  high,  with  an  erect  or  inclining  trunk  15'-20'  in  diameter,  stout 
spreading  branches  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete  branch- 
lets  light  orange  color  when  they  first  appear,  later  often  producing  numerous  short 
spur-like  lateral  branchlets,  light  reddish  brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  marked  by  large 
elevated  setniorbicular  or  lunate  leaf-scars  ;  usually  much  smaller.  Bark  about  T^' 
thick,  light  red-brown,  and  broken  into  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  rather 


MAGNOLIACKE  315 

soft,  weak,  coarse-grained,  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  with  thick  darker  colored 
sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Sea-beaches  and  the  shores  of  salt  water  lagoons ;  Cape  Canaveral, 
Florida  to  the  southern  keys,  attaining  its  largest  size  in  Florida  on  Elliott's  Key  and 
Old  Rhodes  Key;  common  on  many  of  the  West  Indian  islands  and  southward  to 
Brazil. 

Subdivision  2.  Petalse.  Flowers  with  both  calyx  and  corolla 
(without  a  corolla  in  Lauraceoe,  in  I/iquidambar  in  ffamameli- 
dacece,  in  JZuphorbiacece,  in  some  species  of  Acer,  in  Reyno- 
sia,  Condalia,  and  Krugiodendron  in  Rhamnacece,  in  Fremonto- 
dendron  in  Stercyliacecp,  in  Chytraculis  in  Myrtacew,  and  in 
Conocarpus  in  Combretacece). 

Section  1.     Polypetalae.    Corolla   of  separate  petals   (0   in 
Cercocarpus  in  Rosaceai). 

A.  Ovary  superior  (partly  inferior  in  ffamamelidacece  ; 
inferior  in  Malus,  Sorbus,  Cratcegus,  and  Amelanchier  in 
Rosacece). 

XV.    MAGNOLIACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  branchlets  lengthening  by  large  terminal 
or  the  flower-bearing  branchlets  by  upper  axillary  buds,  the  other  axillary  buds 
obtuse,  flattened,  and  rudimentary,  bitter  aromatic  bark,  and  thick  fleshy  roots. 
Leaves  alternate,  conduplicate  and  inclosed  in  their  stipules  in  the  bud,  feather- 
veined,  petiolate.  Flowers  perfect,  large,  solitary,  terminal,  pedunculate,  in- 
closed in  the  bud  in  a  stipular  caducous  spathe ;  sepals  and  petals  imbricated 
in  the  bud,  inserted  under  the  ovary,  deciduous  ;  stamens  and  pistils  numerous, 
imbricated  in  many  ranks,  the  stamens  below  the  pistils  on  the  surface  of  an 
elongated  receptacle  ripening  into  a  compound  fruit  of  1-2-seeded  follicles  or 
samara ;  ovules  2,  collateral,  anatropous.  Four  of  the  ten  genera  of  the  Mag- 
nolia family  are  represented  in  North  America  ;  of  these  two  are  arborescent. 

CONSPECTUS    OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Anthers  introrse  ;  mature  carpels,  fleshy,  opening  on  the  back  at  maturity,  persistent ;  seed- 
coat  thick,  pulpy,  and  bright  scarlet ;  leaves  entire,  or  auriculate  at  the  base. 

1.  Magnolia. 

Anthers  extrorse  ;  mature  carpels  dry,  indehiscent,  deciduous  ;  seed-coat  dry  and  coriaceous  ; 
leaves  lobed  or  truncate.  2.   Liriodendron. 

1.  MAGNOLIA,  L.    Magnolia. 

Trees,  with  ashy  gray  or  brown  smooth  or  scaly  bark,  branchlets  conspicuously 
marked  by  large  horizontal  or  longitudinal  leaf-scars  and  by  narrow  stipular  rings, 
and  large  terete  acuminate  or  often  obtusely-pointed  more  or  less  gibbous  winter- 
buds  usually  broadest  at  the  middle,  their  scales  large  membranaceous  stipules 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petioles  and  deciduous  with  the  unfolding  of  each  succes- 
sive leaf,  the  petiole  of  the  outer  stipule  rudimentary,  adnate  on  the  straight  side  of 
the  bud,  and  marked  at  its  apex  by  the  scar  left  by  the  falling  of  the  last  leaf  of  the 


316  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

previous  season.  Leaves  entire,  sometimes  auriculate,  persistent  or  deciduous,  often 
minutely  punctate,  their  numerous  primary  veins  arcuate  and  more  or  less  united 
within  the  margins.  Flowers  appearing  in  the  American  species  after  the  leaves, 
their  stipular  spathes  thin  and  membranaceous;  sepals  3,  spreading  or  reflexed; 
petals  6-12  in  series  of  3's,  concave,  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  early  deciduous, 
their  filaments  shorter  than  the  2-celled  introrse  anthers  and  terminating  in  apiculate 
fleshy  connectives;  ovary  sessile,  1-celled;  style  short,  recurved,  stigmatic  on  the 
inner  face;  ovules  horizontal.  Fruit  a  scarlet  or  rusty  brown  cone  formed  of  the 
coalescent  2-seeded  drupaceous  persistent  follicles  opening  on  the  back;  seeds  sus- 
pended at  maturity  by  long  thin  cords  of  unrolled  spiral  vessels;  seed-coat  thick, 
drupaceous,  the  outer  portion  becoming  fleshy  and  at  maturity  pulpy,  red  or  scar- 
let, the  inner  crustaceous;  embryo  minute  at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  homogeneous 
albumen,  its  radicle  next  the  hilum;  cotyledons  short  and  spreading. 

Magnolia  with  about  twenty  species  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  south- 
ern Mexico,  and  eastern  and  southern  Asia,  seven  species  growing  naturally  in  the 
United  States.  All  the  parts  are  slightly  bitter  and  aromatic,  and  the  dried  flower- 
buds  are  sometimes  used  in  medicine.  Several  species  from  eastern  Asia  and  their 
hybrids  producing  flowers  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  are  favorite  garden 
plants  in  the  United  States. 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Pierre  Magnol  (1638-1715),  professor  of  botany 
at  Montpellier. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN   SPECIES. 

Leaves  scattered  along1  the  branches;  leaf -buds  tomentose  or  silky-pubescent.    ' 

Leaves  persistent ;  fruit  tomentose.  1.  M.  f oetida  (C). 

Leaves  deciduous  or  subpersistent ;  fruit  glabrous.  2.  M.  glauca  (A,  C). 

Leaves  deciduous. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  subcordate  ;  flowers  small,  green  or  yellow. 

3.  M.  acuminata  (A,  C). 
Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  cordate  at  the  narrow  base ;  flowers  large  and  white. 

4.  M.  macrophylla  (C). 
Leaves  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  flowering  branches ;  leaf-buds  glabrous. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  the  ends.  5.  M.  tripetala  (A,  C). 

Leaves  obovate-spatulate,  auriculate  at  the  base. 

Leaves  acute ;  tips  of  the  mature  carpels  elongated,  nearly  straight. 

6.  M.Fraseri  (A). 
Leaves  mostly  abruptly  pointed ;  tips  of  the  mature  carpels  short,  incurved. 

7.  M.  pyramidata  (C). 

1.  Magnolia  foetida,  Sarg.   Magnolia. 

Leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  coriaceous,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  more  or  less 
densely  coated  below  with  thick  rusty  tomentum,  5'-8'  long,  2'-3'  wide,  with  promi- 
nent midribs  and  primary  veins,  deciduous  in  the  spring  at  the  end  of  their  second 
year;  their  petioles  stout,  rusty-tomentose,  l'-2'  long.  Flowers  on  stout  hoary- 
tomentose  peduncles  £'-!'  long,  opening  from  April  or  May  until  July  or  August, 
fragrant,  7'-8'  across,  the  petaloid  sepals  and  6  or  sometimes  9  or  12  petals  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  oval  or  ovate,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  often  somewhat  acu- 
minate, concave,  and  coriaceous,  3'-4'  long  and  l£'-2'  wide;  base  of  the  receptacle 
and  lower  part  of  the  filaments  bright  purple.  Fruit  ovate  or  oval,  rusty  brown, 
covered  while  young  with  thick  lustrous  white  tomentum,  at  maturity  rusty-tomen- 


MAGNOLIACE^E 


317 


tose,  3'-4'  long,  l£'-2£'  wide;  seeds  obovoid  or  triangular  obovoid,  more  or  less 
flattened,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  of  pyramidal  habit,  60°-°80  liigh,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  occasionally 
4°-4^°  in  diameter,  rather  small  spreading  branches,  and  brauchlets  hoary-tomentose 
at  first,  slightly  tomentose  in  their  second  year,  and  much  roughened  by  the  elevated 


leaf-scars  displaying  a  marginal  row  of  conspicuous  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars. 
Winter-buds  pale  or  rusty-tomentose,  the  terminal  I'-l^'.  long.  Bark  J'-f  thick, 
gray  or  light  brown  and  covered  with  thin  appressed  scales,  rarely  more  than  1' 
long.  Wood  hard,  heavy,  creamy  white,  soon  turning  brown  with  exposure,  hardly 
distinguishable  from  the  heartwood  of  60-80  layers  of  annual  growth;  little  used 
except  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  on  the  borders  of  river  swamps  and  Pine-barren 
ponds,  or  rarely  on  high  rolling  hills;  coast  of  North  Carolina  southward  to  Mosquito 
Inlet  and  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  extending  across  the  peninsula,  and 
through  the  maritime  portions  of  the  other  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos 
River,  Texas,  through  western  Louisiana  to  southern  Arkansas,  and  on  the  bluffs 
of  the  lower  Mississippi  River  northward  to  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  River;  best 
developed  and  often  the  characteristic  and  most  conspicuous  feature  of  the  forest  in 
western  Louisiana. 

Largely  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  all  countries  of  temperate  climate;  in 
the  eastern  United  States  precariously  hardy  as  far  north  as  Philadelphia.  Numer- 
ous varieties,  differing  in  the  form  of  the  leaf  and  in  the  duration  of  the  flowering 
period,  have  appeared  in  European  nurseries;  of  these,  the  most  distinct  is  the  vari- 
ety Exoniensis,  Loud.,  with  a  rather  fastigiate  habit  and  broadly  elliptical  leaves 
densely  clothed  with  rusty  tomentum  on  the  lower  surface,  which  begins  to  flower 
when  only  a  few  feet  high. 

2.  Magnolia  glauca,  L.    Sweet  Bay.    Swamp  Bay. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oval  and  obtuse  or  somewhat  oblong-lanceolate,  covered  when 
they  unfold  with  long  white  silky  deciduous  hairs,  at  maturity  bright  green,  lustrous 
and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  minutely  pubescent  and  pale  or  nearly  white  on 
the  lower  surface,  4'-6'  long,  ^'-2^'  wide,  with  conspicuous  midribs  and  primary 
veins,  falling  in  the  north  late  in  November  and  in  early  winter,  at  the  south  remain- 


318  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

ing  on  the  branches  with  little  change  of  color  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves 
in  the  spring;  their  petioles  slender,  £'-£'  long.  Flowers  on  slender  glabrous  pe- 
duncles ^'— f '  long,  creamy  white,  fragrant,  globular,  2'-3'  across,  continuing  to  open 
during  several  weeks  in  spring  and  early  summer;  sepals  membranaceous,  obtuse, 
concave,  shorter  than  the  9—12  obovate  often  short-pointed  concave  petals.  Fruit 
oval,  dark  red,  glabrous,  2'  long  and  £'  broad ;  seeds  obovoid,  oval,  or  suborbicular, 
much  flattened,  \'  long. 

A  slender  tree,  50°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3£°  in  diameter,  with  small  mostly 
erect  ultimately  spreading  branches  and  slender  bright  green  branchlets  hoary- 
pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  marked  by  narrow  horizontal  pale 
lenticels,  gradually  turning  bright  red-brown  in  their  second  summer;  often  much 
smaller,  and  at  the  north  reduced  to  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  covered  with  fine 
silky  pubescence,  the  terminal  £'-f '  long.  Wood  soft,  light  brown  tinged  with  red, 
with  thick  creamy  white  sapwood  of  90-100  layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally 
used  in  the  southern  states  in  the  manufacture  of  broom  handles  and  other  articles 
of  woodenware. 

Distribution.  At  the  north  in  deep  wet  swamps,  southward  along  the  borders  of 
Pine-barren  ponds  and  in  shallow  swamps;  Magnolia,  Essex  County,  Massachusetts, 


Suffolk  County,  Long  Island,  and  southward  from  New  Jersey  generally  near  the 
coast  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  in  Pennsylvania 
ranging  inland  to  Franklin  County,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  southwestern 
Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  in  the  interior  of  the  Florida  peninsula  on  fertile  hummocks  rising  above 
the  level  of  the  Pine-lands. 

Often  cultivated  as  a  garden  plant  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  Europe.  Magnolia 
glauca  longifolia  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  a  blooming  period  extending  through 
two  or  three  months,  is  probably  of  garden  origin.  Magnolia  major  or  Thompso- 
m'ewa,  a  probable  hybrid  between  Magnolia  glauca  and  Magnolia  tripetala,  raised  in 
an  English  nursery  a  century  ago,  and  still  a  favorite  garden  plant,  is  intermediate 
in  character  between  these  species. 


I 


MAGNOLIACE^E  319 

3.  Magnolia  acuminata,  L.    Cucumber-tree.   Mountain  Magnolia. 

Leaves  oblong,  pointed,  sometimes  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base, 
covered  when  they  first  appear  with  white  silky  caducous  hairs  longest  and  most 
abundant  on  the  lower  surface,  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous  above,  slightly  pubescent 
below,  T-W  long,  4'-6'  wide,  with  prominent  midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning 
yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  I'-l^'  long.  Flowers 
on  hairy  soon  glabrous  peduncles  ^'-f '  long,  bell-shaped,  glaucous,  green  or  pale 
yellow;  sepals  membranaceous,  acute,  I'-l^'  long,  soon  reflexed;  petals  6,  ovate  or 
obovate,  concave,  pointed,  erect,  2^'-3£'  long,  those  of  the  outer  row  rarely  more 
than  1'  broad  and  much  broader  than  those  of  the  inner  row.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong, 
often  curved,  glabrous,  dark  red,  2^'-3'  long,  rarely  more  than  1'  broad;  seeds  obp- 
void,  acute,  compressed,  about  \'  long. 

A  pyramidal  tree,  60°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  comparatively 
small  branches  spreading  below  and  erect  toward  the  top  of  the  tree,  and  slender 
branchlets  coated  at  first  with  soft  pale  caducous  hairs,  soon  bright  red-brown, 


lustrons,  and  marked  by  numerous  small  pale  lenticels,  turning  gray  during  their 
third  season.  Winter-buds  thickly  covered  with  long  lustrous  white  hairs,  the 
terminal  ^'— £'  long,  and  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  obtuse  lateral  buds  nearly 
surrounded  by  the  narrow  elevated  leaf-scars  conspicuously  marked  by  a  double  row 
of  large  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  furrowed,  dark  brown,  and 
covered  by  numerous  thin  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained  and 
durable,  light  yellow-brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  often  nearly  white  sapwood 
of  usually  25-30  layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  manufactured  into  lumber 
used  for  flooring  and  cabinet-making. 

Distribution.  Low  mountain  slopes  and  rocky  banks  of  streams;  western  New 
York,  westward  through  southern  Ontario  to  southern  Illinois,  and  southward  along 
the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  southern  Alabama,  central  Kentucky  and  Tennessee 
and  northeastern  Mississippi,  and  in  northeastern,  southern,  and  southwestern  Arkan- 
sas; rare  at  the  north;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  narrow  valleys 
at  the  base  of  the  high  mountains  of  the  Carolinas  and  Tennessee. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  northern  and 
central  Europe. 


320  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

What  is  probably  a  variety  of  this  species  is 

Magnolia  acuminata,  var.  cor  data,  Sarg. 

This  tree  has  been  cultivated  in  gardens  for  nearly  a  century,  and  is  distinguished 
by  its  broader  darker  green  more  persistent  leaves  sometimes  cordate  at  the  base, 


and  by  its  smaller  bright  canary-yellow  flowers.  Forms  approaching  the  cultivated 
plant  in  the  shape  and  texture  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  size  and  color  of  the  flowers 
are  occasionally  found  on  the  Blue  Ridge  in  South  Carolina,  and  in  central 
Alabama,  although  none  of  these  resemble  exactly  the  cultivated  plant,  which  is  not 
known  in  a  wild  state. 

4.  Magnolia  macrophylla,  Michx.  Large-leaved  Cucumber-tree. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  often  abruptly  narrowed  and  acute  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  and  cordate  at  the  base,  bright  green  and  glabrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  silvery  gray,  and  pubescent,  especially  along  the  stout  midribs 
and  primary  veins  on  the  lower  surface,  20'-30'  long,  9'-10'  wide,  falling  in  the 
autumn  with  little  change  of  color;  their  petioles  stout,  3'-4'  long,  at  first  tomentose, 
becoming  pubescent.  Flowers  on  stout  hoary-tomentose  peduncles,  !'-!£'  long,  soon 
becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous,  white,  cup-shaped,  fragrant,  10'-12'  across  when 
expanded;  sepals  membranaceous,  ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  5'-6'  long, 
much  narrower  than  the  6  ovate  concave  thick  creamy  white  petals  Q'-T  long  and 
3'-4'  wide,  at  maturity  reflexed  above  the  middle,  those  of  the  inner  row  narrower 
and  often  somewhat  acuminate.  Fruit  ovate  to  nearly  globose,  pubescent,  2£'-3' 
long,  bright  rose  color  when  fully  ripe;  seeds  obovoid,  compressed,  §'  long. 

A  tree,  30°-50°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  wide- 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  stout 
brittle  branchlets  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  light  yellow-green, 
pubescent,  and  conspicuously  marked  during  their  first  winter  by  the  large  irregu- 
larly shaped  sometimes  longitudinal  slightly  raised  leaf-scars,  with  many  scattered 
fibro- vascular  bundle-scars,  turning  reddish  brown  during  the  second  and  gray  during 
their  third  season.  ^Winter-buds:  terminal,  bluntly  pointed,  covered  with  a  thick 
coat  of  snowy  white  tomentum,  If -2'  long,  £'-f'  wide;  lateral,  much  flattened, 


MAGNOLI  ACE^E 


321 


brownish,  pubescent,  \'-$'  long.  Bark  generally  less  than  \'  thick,  smooth,  light 
gray,  divided  on  the  surface  into  minute  scales.  Wood  hard,  close-grained,  light, 
not  strong,  light  brown,  with  thick  light  yellow  sapwood  of  about  40  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.    Sheltered  valleys  in  deep  rich  soil;  nowhere  common,  and  grow- 
ing generally  in  isolated  groups  of  a  few  individuals  in  the  region  about  the  base  of 


the  southern  Alleghany  Mountains  from  North  Carolina  and  southeastern  Kentucky 
to  middle  and  western  Florida,  southern  Alabama,  northern  Mississippi,  and  the 
valley  of  the  Pearl  River,  Louisiana,  and  in  central  Arkansas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  the 
temperate  countries  of  Europe;  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

5.  Magnolia  tripetala,  L.  Umbrella-tree.   Elkwood. 

Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute  or  bluntly  pointed  at  the 
apex,  when  they  unfold  nearly  glabrous  above,  covered  below  with  thick  silky 
caducous  tomentum,  at  maturity  inembranaceous,  glabrous,  18'-20'  long,  8'-10' 
wide,  with  thick  prominent  midribs  and  numerous  slender  primary  veins,  falling 
in  the  autumn  with  little  change  of  color;  their  petioles  stout,  !'-!£'  long.  Flowers 
on  slender  glabrous  peduncles  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  2'-2J'  long,  cup-< 
shaped,  creamy  white,  4'-5'  deep;  sepals  narrowly  obovate,  5'-6'  long,  1^',  wide, 
thin,  light  green,  becoming  reflexed;  petals  6  or  9,  concave,  coriaceous,  ovate,  short- 
pointed,  erect,  those  of  the  outer  row  4'-.T  long  and  sometimes  2'  wide,  mnc-h  longer 
and  broader  than  those  of  the  inner  rows;  filaments  bright  purple.  Fruit  ovate, 
glabrous,  2^'-4'  long,  rose  color  when  fully  ripe;  seeds  obovoid,  V  long. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  straight  or  often  inclining  trunk  rarely  more  than  IS' 
in  diameter,  stout  irregularly  developed  contorted  branches  wide-spreading  nearly 
at  right  angles  with  the  stem  or  turning  up  toward  the  ends  and  growing  parallel 
with  it,  and  stout  brittle  branchlets  green  during  their  first  season,  becoming  in  their 
first  winter  bright  reddish  brown,  very  lustrous,  and  marked  by  occasional  minute 
scattered  pale  lenticels,  and  by  the  large  oval  horizontal  slightly  raised  leaf-scars, 
with  scattered  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  brown  during  their  second  and  gray 
during  their  third  season;  generally  much  smaller,  sometimes  surrounded  by  several 
stems  springing  from  near  the  base  of  the  trunk  and  growing  into  a  large  bush 


322  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

surmounted  by  the  head  of  the  central  stem.  "Winter-buds:  terminal,  acute  or 
bluntly  pointed,  purple,  glabrous,  covered  with  a  glacous  bloom,  usually  about  1' 
long;  axillary  globose,  the  color  of  the  branch.  Bark  £'  thick,  light  gray,  smooth, 
and  marked  by  many  small  bristle-like  excrescences.  Wood  light,  soft,  close- 
grained,  not  strong,  light  brown,  with  creamy  white  sapwood  of  35-40  layers  of 
annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Deep  rather  moist  rich  soil  along  the  banks  of  mountain  streams 
or  the  margins  of  swamps,  and  widely  distributed  in  the  Appalachian  Mountain 
region,  but  nowhere  very  common ;  valley  of  the  Susquehanna  River,  Pennsylvania, 
to  southern  Alabama,  middle  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  northeastern  Mississippi,  and 


in  central  and  southwestern  Arkansas,  extending  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  nearly 
to  the  coast;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valleys  along  the  western  slopes  of  the  Great 
Smoky  Mountains  in  Tennessee. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  States,  and  in  northern  and 

central  Europe. 

• 

6.   Magnolia  Fraseri,  Walt.  Mountain  Magnolia.  Long-leaved  Cucumber- 
tree. 

Leaves  obovate-spatulate,  acute  or  bluntly  pointed  at  the  apex,  cordate  and  con- 
spicuously auriculate  at  the  base,  bright  green  and  often  marked  on  the  upper  surface 
when  young  with  red  along  the  principal  veins,  glabrous,  KX-12'  long,  6'-7'  wide,  or 
on  vigorous  young  plants  sometimes  of  twice  that  size,  falling  in  the  autumn  without 
change  of  color;  their  petioles  slender,  3'-4'  long.  Flowers  on  stout  glabrous  pedun- 
cles covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  I'-l^'  long,  creamy  white,  sweetly  scented, 
8'-10'  in  diameter;  sepals  narrowly  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  4'-5'  long,  de- 
ciduous almost  immediately  after  the  opening  of  the  bud,  shorter  than  the  6  or  9 
obovate  acuminate  membranaceous  spreading  petals  contracted  below  the  middle, 
those  of  the  inner  rows  narrower  and  conspicuously  narrowed  below.  Fruit  oblong, 
glabrous,  bright  rose-red  when  fully  ripe,  4'-5'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  the  mature  carpels 
ending  in  long  subulate  persistent  tips;  seeds  obovoid,  compressed,  £'  long. 


MAGNOLIACE.E 


323 


A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  straight  or  inclining  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  often 
undivided  for  half  its  length  or  separating  at  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  diver- 
ging stems,  regular  wide-spreading  or  more  or  less  contorted  and  erect  branches,  and 
stout  brittle  branchlets  soon  becoming  bright  red-brown,  lustrous,  marked  by  numer- 
ous minute  pale  lenticels  and  in  their  first  winter  by  the  low  horizontal  leaf-scars 
with  crowded  compressed  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  grayish  in  their  second 
year.  Winter-buds:  terminal,  glabrous,  purple,  l^'-2'  long,  ^  wide;  axillary, 
minute,  and  obtuse.  Bark  rarely  more  than  £'  thick,  dark  brown,  smooth,  covered 


by  small  excrescences,  or  on  old  trees  broken  into  minute  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
close-grained,  not  strong,  light  brown,  with  thick  creamy  white  sapwood  of  30-40 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Valleys  of  the  streams  of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains  from 
southwestern  Virginia  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama,  eastern  Tennessee  and  north- 
ern Mississippi;  probably  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  upper  waters  of 
the  Savannah  River  in  South  Carolina. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states,  and  occasionally  in 
the  temperate  countries  of  Europe;  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

7.   Magnolia  pyramidata,  Pursh. 

Leaves  obovate-spatulate,  the  apex  usually  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  blunt 
point,  auriculate  at  the  base,  with  more  or  less  spreading  lobes,  thin,  glabrous,  light 
yellow-green  on  the  upper,  pale  and  glaucous  on  the  lower  surface,  particularly  while 
young,  5^'-8^'  long,  from  3^'-4^'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs,  numerous  slender 
forked  primary  veins  and  conspicuously  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  slender,  1^'- 
2^'  in  length.  Flowers  creamy  white,  .'^'-4'  in  diameter  when  fully  expanded;  sepals 
oblong-obovate,  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  short  pointed  apex,  much  shorter  than  the 
oblong-acuminate  petals  gradually  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  base.  Fruit 
oblong,  2'-2^'  long,  bright  rose  color,  the  mature  carpels  ending  in  short  incurved 
persistent  tips;  seeds  ovate,  compressed. 

A  slender  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  ascending  branches,  slender  branchlets  bright 
red-brown  and  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels  and  by  the  small  low  oval  leaf-scars, 
with  many  crowded  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  later  becoming  ashy  gray. 


324  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Distribution.  Low  rich  soil  near  the  streams  of  the  coast  region  from  southern 
Georgia  through  western  Florida  to  southern  Alabama. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  western  Europe. 

2.  LIRIODENDRON,  L. 

Trees,  with  deeply  furrowed  brown  bitter  bark  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by 
elevated  leaf-scars  and  narrow  stipular  rings,  and  compressed  obtuse  winter-buds, 
their  scales  membranaceous  stipules  joined  at  the  edges,  accrescent,  strap-shaped, 
often  slightly  falcate,  oblique  at  the  unequal  base,  tardily  deciduous  after  the  unfold- 
ing of  the  leaf.  Leaves  recurved  in  the  bud  by  the  bending  down  of  the  petiole  near 
the  middle,  bringing  the  apex  of  the  blade  to  the  base  of  the  bud,  sinuately  4-iobed, 
heart-shaped,  truncate  or  slightly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  truncate  at  the  apex  by 
a  broad  shallow  sinus  and  minutely  apiculate.  Flowers  appearing  after  the  unfold- 
ing of  the  leaves,  cup-shaped,  conspicuous,  inclosed  in  the  bud  in  a  2-valved  stipu- 
lar membranaceous  caducous  spathe;  sepals  spreading  or  reflexed,  ovate-lanceolate, 
concave,  greenish  white,  early  deciduous;  petals  erect,  rounded  at  the  base,  early 
deciduous;  filaments  filiform,  half  as  long  as  the  linear  2-celled  extrorse  anthers 
adnate  to  the  outer  face  of  the  connective  terminating  in  a  short  fleshy  point;  pistils 
imbricated  on  the  elongated  sessile  receptacle  into  a  spindle-shaped  column;  ovary 
inserted  by  a  broad  base;  style  narrowly  acuminate,  laterally  flattened,  appressed; 
stigmas  short,  recurved  at  the  summit;  ovules  2,  suspended  from  near  the  middle 
of  the  ventral  suture.  Fruit  a  narrow  light  brown  cone  formed  of  the  closely  im- 
bricated dry  and  woody  indehiscent  carpels  consisting  of  a  laterally  compressed 
4-ribbed  pericarp,  the  lateral  ribs  confluent  into  the  margins  of  the  large  wing-like 
lanceolate  compressed  style  marked  vertically  by  a  thin  sutural  line,  the  carpels 
deciduous  when  ripe  in  the  autumn  from  the  slender  elongated  axis  of  the  fruit 
persistent  on  the  branch  during  the  winter.  Seeds  suspended,  2  or  single  by  abor- 
tion; testa  thin,  coriaceous,  and  marked  by  a  narrow  prominent  raphe;  embryo  mi- 
nute at  the  base  of  the  fleshy  albumen,  its  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Liriodeudron,  widely  distributed  in  North  America  and  Europe  during  the  crusta- 
ceous  period,  is  now  represented  by  two  species,  one  in  eastern  North  America,  the 
other  in  central  China. 

Liriodendron,  from  \lpiov  and  StvSpov,  is  descriptive  of  the  lily-like  flower. 


MAGNOLIACE^E 


325 


1.  Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  L.   Yellow  Poplar.   Tulip-tree. 

Leaves  dark  green  ami  shining  on  the  upper,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  5'-6' 
long  and  broad,  turning  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles 
slender,  angled,  5'-6'  long.  Flowers  l^'-2'  deep,  on  slender  peduncles  f '-!'  long. 
Fruit  2£'-3'  long,  about  \'  wide,  ripening  late  in  September  and  in  October,  the 
mature  carpels  l'-l£'  long  and  about  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  sometimes  nearly  200°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  8°-10°  in  diameter, 
destitute  of  branches  for  80°-100°  from  the  ground,  short,  comparatively  small 
brandies  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal,  or  in  old  age  a  broader  spreading  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  light  yellow-green  and  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  dur- 
ing their  first  summer,  reddish  brown,  lustrous,  and  marked  by  many  small  pale  len- 
ticels  and  roughened  by  the  elevated  orbicular  or  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  marked  by 
numerous  small  scattered  nbro-vasciilar  bundle-scars  during  their  first  winter,  and 
dark  gray  during  their  third  year.  Winter-buds  dark  red  covered  by  a  glaucous 
bloom,  the  terminal  %  long,  much  longer  than  the  lateral  buds.  Bark  thin  and  scaly 


on  young  trees,  becoming  deeply  furrowed,  brown,  and  l'-2'  thick.  Wood  light, 
soft,  brittle,  not  strong,  easily  worked,  light  yellow  or  brown,  with  thin  creamy  white 
sapwood;  largely  manufactured  into  lumber  used  in  construction,  the  interior  finish 
of  houses,  boatbuilding,  and  for  shingles,  brooms,  and  woodenware.  The  intensely 
acrid  bitter  inner  bark,  especially  of  the  root,  is  used  domestically  as  a  tonic  and  stim- 
ulant, and  hydrochlorate  of  tulipiferine,  an  alkaloid  separated  from  the  bark,  pos- 
sesses the  property  of  stimulating  the  heart. 

Distribution.  Deep  rich  rather  moist  soil  on  the  intervales  of  streams  or  on 
mountain  slopes;  Rhode  Island  to  southwestern  Vermont,  and  westward  to  the 
southern  shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  southward  to  northern  Florida,  southern  Alabama 
and  Mississippi,  and  in  southeastern  Missouri  and  northeastern  Arkansas;  most 
abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  vallevs  of  the  lower  Ohio  basin,  and  on  the 
lower  slopes  of  the  high  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  western  and 
central  Europe. 


326  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

XVI.  ANONACE-2EJ. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  slender  terete  branchlets  marked  by 
conspicuous  leaf-scars,  and  fleshy  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  conduplicate  in  the 
bud,  entire,  feather-veined,  petiolate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  soli- 
tary, axillary  or  opposite  the  leaves ;  sepals  3,  valvate  in  the  bud  ;  petals  6, 
in  2  series,  imbricated  or  valvate  in  the  bud  ;  stamens  numerous,  inserted  on 
the  subglobose  or  hemispherical  receptacle,  with  distinct  filaments  shorter  than 
their  fleshy  connectives  terminating  in  a  broad  truncate  glandular  appendage ; 
anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  opening  longitudinally ;  pistils  inserted  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  receptacle  ;  ovary  1-celled ;  ovules  1  or  many,  anatropous.  Fruit 
baccate  or  compound.  Seeds  inclosed  in  an  aril ;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous, 
smooth,  brown,  and  lustrous;  albumen  ruminate,  deeply  penetrated  by  the 
folds  of  the  inner  layer  of  the  seed-coat ;  embryo  minute  ;  radicle  next  the 
hilum.  Two  of  the  forty-eight  or  fifty  genera  of  the  Custard-apple  family, 
confined  almost  exclusively  to  the  tropics  and  more  numerous  in  the  Old 
World  than  in  the  New,  occur  in  North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  GENERA. 

Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;   ovules  numerous;  fruit  developed  from  one  pistil. 

1.  Asimina. 

Petals  valvate  in  the  bud ;  ovule  solitary  ;  fruit  developed  from  several  confluent  pistils. 

.  2.  Anona. 
1.  ASIMINA,  Adans. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  emitting  a  heavy  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised,  with  minute  buds 
covered  with  cinereo-pubescent  caducous  scales,  and  branchlets  marked  by  conspicuous 
leaf-scars.  Leaves  membranaceous,  feather-veined,  reticulate-venulose,  deciduous. 
Flowers  pedunculate,  nodding,  purplish,  bad-smelling;  sepals  ovate,  smaller  than  the 
petals,  green,  deciduous;  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  sessile,  ovate  or 
obovate-oblong,  reticulate-veined,  accrescent,  the  three  exterior  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  spreading,  those  of  the  interior  row  opposite  the  sepals,  erect,  and  much 
smaller  than  those  of  the  outer  row;  stamens  linear-cuneate,  densely  packed  on  the 
receptacle;  filaments  shorter  than  the  fleshy  connective;  anther-cells  separated  on 
the  connective;  pistils  sessile  on  the  summit  of  the  receptacle,  projecting  from  the 
globular  mass  of  stamens;  ovary  1-celled;  style  oblong,  slightly  recurved  toward 
the  apex  and  stigmatic  along  the  margin;  ovules  4-20,  horizontal,  2-ranked  on  the 
ventral  suture,  the  raphe  toward  the  suture.  Fruit  baccate^,  sessile  or  stipitate,  oval 
or  oblong,  smooth.  Seeds  in  1  or  2  ranks,  ovate,  apiculate,  compressed,  marked  at 
the  base  by  a  large  pale  hilum. 

Asimina  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America.  Six  species  are  distinguished;  of 
these  one  is  a  small  tree;  the  others  are  low  shrubs  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
regions. 

Asimina  is  from  Asiminier,  the  old  colonial  name  of  the  French  in  America  for 
the  Pawpaw. 

1.  Asimina  triloba,  Dunal.   Pawpaw. 

Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  sharp-pointed  at  the  apex,  gradually  and  regularly 
narrowed  to  the  base,  when  they  unfold  covered  below  with  short  rusty  brown  cadu- 
cous tomentum  and  slightly  pilose  above,  and  at  maturity  light  green  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  10'-12'  long,  4'-6'  wide,  with  prominent  midribs 


ANONACE^:  327 

and  primary  veins.  Flowers  nearly  2'  across  when  fully  grown,  on  stout  club- 
shaped  peduncles  !'-!£'  long  and  covered  with  long  scattered  rusty  brown  hairs; 
sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  pale  green,  densely  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface;  petals 
green  at  first,  covered  with  short  appressed  hairs,  gradually  turning  brown  and  at 
maturity  deep  vinous  red  and  conspicuously  venulose,  those  of  the  outer  row  broadly 
ovate,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  reflexed  at  maturity  above  the  middle  and 
2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  sepals,  those  of  the  inner  row  pointed,  erect,  their  base 
concave,  glandular,  nectariferous,  marked  by  a  broad  band  of  a  lighter  color.  Fruit 
attached  obliquely  to  the  enlarged  torus,  oblong,  nearly  cylindrical,  rounded  or  some- 
times slightly  pointed  at  the  ends,  more  or  less  falcate,  often  irregular  from  the 
imperfect  development  of  some  of  the  seeds,  3'-5'  long,  I'-l^'  in  diameter,  greenish- 
yellow,  becoming  when  fully  ripe  in  September  and  October  dark  brown  or  almost 
black,  with  thick  semitransparent  sweet  and  luscious  flesh;  seeds  separating  read- 
ily from  the  aril,  V  long,  ^'  broad,  ovate,  and  rounded  at  the  ends. 

A  shrub  or  low  tree,  sometimes  35°-40°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  rarely  exceed- 
ing a  foot  in  diameter,  small  spreading  branches,  and  slender  light  brown  branchlets 


tinged  with  red  and  marked  by  longitudinal  parallel  or  recticulate  narrow  shallow 
grooves.  Winter-buds  acuminate,  flattened,  ^'  long,  and  clothed  with  rusty  brown 
hairs.  Bark  rarely  more  than  |'  thick,  dark  brown,  marked  by  large  ash-colored 
blotches,  covered  by  small  wart-like  excrescences  and  divided  by  numerous  shallow 
reticulate  depressions.  Wood  light,  soft  and  weak,  coarse-grained,  spongy,  light 
yellow  shaded  with  green,  with  thin  darker  colored  sapwood  of  12-20  layers  of  an- 
nual growth.  The  inner  bark  stripped  from  the  branches  in  early  spring  is  used 
by  fishermen  of  western  rivers  for  stringing  fish.  The  sweet  and  luscious  wholesome 
fruit  is  sold  in  large  quantities  in  the  cities  and  towns  in  those  parts  of  the  country 
where  the  tree  grows  naturally. 

Distribution.  Deep  rich  moist  soil;  western  New  Jersey  to  the  northern  shores 
of  Lake  Ontario,  and  eastern  central  Pennsylvania,  westward  to  southern  Michigan, 
eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  southward  to  middle  Florida,  and  to  the  val- 
ley of  the  Sabine  River,  Texas;  comparatively  rare  in  the  region  adjacent  to  the 
Atlantic  seaboard;  very  common  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  forming  the  thick  forest 
undergrowth  on  rich  bottom-lands,  or  thickets  many  acres  in  extent. 


328  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states,  and  precariously  hardy  as  far  north 
as  eastern  Massachusetts ;  interesting  as  the  most  northern  representative  of  the 
Custard-apple  family  and  its  only  species  extending  far  beyond  the  tropics. 

2.  ANONA,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  glandular  often  reticulated  bark,  terete  branchlets  marked 
by  conspicuous  leaf-scars,  and  often  pubescent  during  their  first  season.  Leaves 
coriaceous,  often  glandular-punctate,  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous.  Flowers  nod- 
ding on  bracted  peduncles;  calyx  small,  3-lobed,  green,  deciduous;  petals  6  in  2 
series,  valvate  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  sessile,  ovate,  concave,  3-angled  at  the  apex, 
thick  and  fleshy,  white  or  yellow,  the  exterior  alternate  with  the  sepals,  those  of  the 
inner  row  opposite  the  sepals  and  often  much  smaller  than  those  of  the  outer  row; 
stamens  club-shaped,  densely  packed  on  the  receptacle;  filaments  shorter  than  the 
fleshy  connective;  anther-cells  confluent;  pistils  sessile  on  the  receptacle,  free  or 
united;  ovary  1-celled;  style  sessile  or  slightly  stipitate,  oblong;  stigmatic  on  the 
inner  face,  ovule  1,  erect;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  compound,  many-celled,  fleshy, 
ovate  or  globose,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ovate  to  elliptical;  cotyledons  appressed. 

Of  the  fifty  species  of  Anona  widely  distributed  in  the  tropics  of  the  two  worlds, 
a  single  species  reaches  the  coast  of  southern  Florida.  Of  exotic  species,  Anona 
muricata,  L.,  the  Soursop,  and  Anona  reticulata,  L.,  of  the  West  Indies,  and  Anona 
Cherimolia,  Mill.,  of  western  tropical  America,  are  now  occasionally  cultivated  as 
fruit-trees  in  Florida. 

Anona  is  the  name  given  by  early  authors  to  the  Soursop. 

1.  Anona  glabra,  L.   Pond  Apple. 

Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute,  tapering  or  rounded  at  the  base,  bright  green  on 
the  upper,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  coriaceous,  3'-5'  long,  l^'-2'  broad,  with 
prominent  midribs;  their  stout  petioles  %  long.  Flowers  nodding  on  short  stout 


peduncles  thickened  at  the  ends,  opening  in  April  from  an  ovoid  3-angled  bud;  calyx 
3-lobed,  with  broadly  ovate  acute  divisions;  petals  connivent,  acute,  concave,  pale 
yellow  or  dirty  white,  those  of  the  outer  row  marked  on  the  inner  surface  near  the 


LAURACEJ£  329 

base  by  a  bright  red  spot,  and  broader  and  somewhat  longer  than  those  of  the  inner 
row.  Fruit  ripening  in  November,  broadly  ovate,  truncate  or  depressed  at  the  base, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  3'— 5'  long,  2'— 3^'  broad,  light  green  when  fully  grown,  becom- 
ing yellow  and  often  marked  by  numerous  dark  brown  blotches  when  fully  ripe, 
with  a  thick  elongate  fibrous  torus  and  light  green  slightly  aromatic  insipid  flesh 
of  no  comestible  value ;  seeds  £'  long,  slightly  obovate,  turgid,  rounded  at  the  ends, 
their  margins  contracted  into  a  narrow  wing  formed  by  the  thickening  of  the  outer 
coat. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  often  18'  in  diameter  above  the  swell  of 
the  thickened  tapering  base  sometimes  enlarged  into  spreading  buttresses,  stout 
wide-spreading  often  contorted  branches,  slender  branchlets  brown  or  yellow  during 
their  first  season,  becoming  in  their  second  year  brown  and  marked  by  small  scat- 
tered wart-like  excrescences.  Bark  \'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  divided  by  broad 
shallow  fissures  separating  on  the  surface  into  numerous  small  scales.  Wood  light, 
soft,  not  strong,  light  brown  streaked  with  yellow. 

Distribution.  Florida  from  Cape  Malabar  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  and  on 
the  west  coast  from  Peace  Creek  to  the  Caloosa  River;  in  shallow  fresh  water 
ponds,  on  swampy  hummocks,  or  on  the  borders  of  fresh  water  streams  flowing  from 
the  everglades;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  near  the  Miami 
River,  growing  in  the  shade  of  larger  trees;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  several 
of  the  Antilles. 

XVII.    LAURACE.53. 

Aromatic  trees  and  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branchlets,  naked  or  scaly 
buds,  and  alternate  punctate  leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  small,  perfect 
or  polygamo-dioecious,  yellow  or  greenish ;  calyx  6-lobed,  the  lobes  in  2  series, 
imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  corolla  0  ;  stamens  9  or  12,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
calyx  in  3  or  4  series  of  3's,  distinct,  those  of  the  fourth  series  sterile;  anthers 
4-celled,  superposed  in  pairs,  opening  from  below  upward  by  persistent  lids ; 
ovary  1-celled ;  stigma  discoid  or  capitate  ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the 
apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  1 -seeded  berry ;  seed  without  albumen  ; 
testa  thin  and  membranaceous,  of  2  coats  ;  embryo  erect ;  cotyledons  thick  and 
fleshy ;  radicle  superior,  turned  toward  the  hilum,  included  between  thick  and 
fleshy  cotyledons.  The  Laurel  family  with  about  forty  genera,  confined  mostly 
to  the  tropics,  is  represented  in  North  America  by  six  genera ;  of  these  four 
are  arborescent. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE   NORTH    AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Leaves  entire,  persistent  ;  stamens  1± 

Calyx-lobes  persistent  under  the  fruit.  1.  Persea. 

Calyx-lobes  deciduous. 

Flower  cymose  in  axillary  or  subterminal  panicles.  '2.  Ocotea. 

Flowers  in  axillary  many-flowered  umbels  inclosed  before  anthesis  in  an  involucre  of 

deciduous  scales.  :!.  TTmbellularia. 

Leaves  entire  or  lobed,  deciduous;  stamens'.!;   flowers  dio3cious  in  few-flowered  drooping 

racemes.  4.  Sassafras. 

1.  PERSEA,  L. 

Trees,  with  naked  buds.  Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  alternate,  scattered,  penni- 
veined,  subcoriaceous,  rigid,  tomentose  or  rarely  glabrous,  persistent.  Flowers  per- 


330  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

feet,  vernal,  in  2  or  3-flowered  cymes  in  short  axillary  or  axillary  and  terminal 
panicles  on  slender  peduncles  from  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  pedicellate,  their 
pedicels  bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  the  lateral  flowers  of  the  ultimate  divisions 
of  the  inflorescence  in  the  axils  of  small  deciduous  lanceolate  acute  bracts;  calyx 
campanulate,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  6  lobes,  those  of  the  outer  series 
shorter  than  the  others,  enlarged  and  persistent  under  the  fruit;  stamens  12,  in  4 
series,  about  as  long  as  the  inner  lobes  of  the  calyx;  filaments  flattened,  longer 
than  the  anthers,  hirsute,  those  of  the  third  series  furnished  near  the  base  with 
2  nearly  sessile  orange-colored  glands  rounded  on  the  back  and  slightly  2-lobed 
on  the  inner  face;  anthers  ovate,  flattened,  erect,  those  of  the  outer  series  introrse 
or  subiutrorse,  those  of  the  third  series  extrorse  or  laterally  dehiscent,  the  upper 
cells  rather  larger  than  the  lower;  staminodia  large,  sagittate,  stipitate,  2-lobed  on 
the  inner  face,  beaded  at  the  apex;  ovary  sessile,  subglobose,  glabrous,  narrowed 
into  a  slender  simple  style  gradually  enlarged  at  the  apex  into  a  discoid  obscurely 
2-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  oblong-obovate  to  subglobose,  more 
or  less  fleshy,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  enlarged  spreading  persistent  lobes  of 
the  calyx.  Seed  globose,  pendulous,  without  albumen;  testa  thin  and  membrana- 
ceous,  separable  into  2  coats,  the  outer  cartilaginous,  grayish  brown,  the  inner  gray 
or  nearly  white,  closely  adherent  to  the  thick  dark  red  cotyledons. 

About  fifty  species  of  Persea  are  distinguished.  With  the  exception  of  one  species 
of  the  Canary  Islands  they  are  confined  to  the  New  World,  where  they  are  dis- 
tributed from  the  coast  region  of  the  southern  United  States  to  Brazil  and  Chili. 
Persea  Persea,  Cockerell,  the  Avocado  or  Alligator  Pear,  a  native  of  the  Antilles  and 
cultivated  for  its  edible  fruit  in  all  tropical  countries,  is  now  sparingly  naturalized 
in  southern  Florida.  Many  species  yield  hard  dark-colored  'handsome  wood  valued 
in  cabinet-making. 

Persea  was  the  classical  name  of  a  tree  of  the  Orient,  transferred  by  Plumier  to 
one  of  the  tropical  species  of  this  genus. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Peduncles  short ;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  obscurely  veined,  glabrous ;  branch- 
lets  puberulous.  1.  P.  Borbonia  (C). 

Peduncles  elongated;  leaves  oval  to  lanceolate,  conspicuously  veined,  tomentose  on  the 
lower  surface  ;  branehlets  tomentose.  2.  P.  pubescens  (C). 

1.  Persea  Borbonia,  Spreng.   Red  Bay. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  often  slightly  contracted  into  long 
points  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below,  when  they  unfold  thin, 
pilose,  and  tinged  with  red,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  bright  green  and 
lustrous  above,  pale  and  glaucous  below,  3'— 4'  long,  f -1^'  wide,  with  thickened  revo- 
lute  margins,  narrow  orange-colored  midribs,  remote  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate 
near  the  margins,  and  thin  closely  reticulated  veinlets,  unfolding  early  in  the  spring, 
gradually  turning  yellow  a  year  later  and  falling  during  their  second  spring  and 
summer;  their  petioles  stout,  rigid,  red-brown,  ^'-f  long,  flattened  and  somewhat 
grooved  on  the  upper  side,  in  falling  leaving  small  circular  leaf-scars  displaying  the 
ends  of  a  single  fibro-vascular  bundle.  Flowers:  peduncles  glabrous,  ^'-V  long; 
calyx  pale  yellow  or  creamy  white,  about  \'  long,  with  thin  lobes  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins, the  outer  broadly  ovate,  rounded  and  minutely  apiculate,  puberulous,  about 


LAURACE^E  331 

half  as  long  as  the  oblong-lanceolate  acute  lobes  of  the  inner  series  covered  within 
by  long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ^'  long,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  very  lustrous;  flesh 
thin  and  dry,  not  readily  separable  from  the  ovate  slightly  pointed  seed. 

A  tree,  60°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  2£'-3'  in  diameter,  stout  erect  branches  forming 
a  dense  shapely  head,  thick  fleshy  yellow  roots,  and  branchlets  many-angled,  light 
brown,  glabrous  or  coated  with  pale  or  rufous  pubescence  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  in  their  second  year  terete  and  dark  green;  usually  much  smaller. 
Winter-buds  coated  with  thick  rufous  tomeiitum,  ^'  long.  Bark  ^'-f '  thick,  dark 


red,  deeply  furrowed  and  irregularly*  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  separating  on 
the  surface  into  small  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong, 
rather  brittle,  close-grained,  bright  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  4  or  5 
layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used  for  cabinet-making,  the  interior  finish  of 
houses,  and  formerly  in  ship  and  boatbuilding. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  in  rich  moist  soil,  or  occasionally 
in  dry  sandy  loam  in  forests  of  the  Long-leaved  Pine;  coast  region  from  Virginia  to 
the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  Cape  Romano,  Florida,  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the 
valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas,  and  northward  through  Louisiana  to  southern 
Arkansas. 

2.  Persea  pubescens,  Sarg.   Swamp  Bay. 

Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  entire,  often  narrowed  toward  the  apex  into  long 
points,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  dark  red,  thin,  and  tomen- 
tose,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  pale  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and 
pubescent  and  rusty-tomentose  on  the  midribs  and  primary  veins  below,  4'-6'  long, 
f'-l^'  wide,  with  thick  conspicuous  veins  and  slightly  revolute  margins,  persistent 
until  after  the  beginning  of  their  second  year  and  then  turning  yellow  and  falling 
gradually;  their  petioles  stout,  rusty-tomentose,  ^'-f'  long.  Flowers:  peduncles 
tomentose,  2'-3'  long;  calyx  pale  yellow  or  creamy  white,  often  nearly  \'  long, 
with  tbick  firm  lobes  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  rusty  tomentum,  those  of  the 
outer  series  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  pubescent  on  the  inner 
surface,  about  half  as  long  as  the  ovate  lanceolate  lobes  of  the  inner  series,  slightly 
thickened  at  the  apex,  and  hairy  within.  Fruit  nearly  black,  £'  long. 


332 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


A  slender  tree,  occasionally  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  a  foot  in 
diameter,  and  stout  branchlets  terete  or  slightly  angled  while  young,  coated  when 


they  first  appear  with  rusty  tomentum  reduced  in  their  second  season  to  fine  pubes- 
cence persistent  until  the  end  of  their  second  or  third  year.  Bark  rarely  exceeding 
\'  in  thickness,  dull  brown,  irregularly  divided  by  shallow  fissures,  the  surface 
separating  into  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  soft,  strong,  close-grained, 
orange  color  streaked  with  brown,  with  thick  light  brown  or  gray  sapwood  of  36^10 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Pine-barren  swamps,  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other  plants,  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  from 
North  Carolina  to  Mississippi. 

2.  OCOTEA,  Aubl. 

Aromatic  trees.  Leaves  scattered,  alternate  or  rarely  subopposite,  penniveined, 
coriaceous,  rigid,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  covered  with  pubescence.  Flowers  gla- 
brous or  tomentose  on  slender  bibracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  lanceolate 
acute  minute  bracts,  in  cymose  clusters  in  axillary  or  subterminal  stalked  panicles; 
calyx-tube  campanulate,  the  6  lobes  of  the  limb  nearly  equal,  deciduous;  stamens 
12,  in  4  series,  those  of  the  inner  series  reduced  to  linear  staminodia,  with  minute 
abortive  anthers;  filaments  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  those  of  the  outer  series 
opposite  its  exterior  lobes,  shorter  or  sometimes  rather  longer  than  the  anthers, 
glabrous  or  hirsute,  furnished  in  the  third  series  near  the  base  with  two  conspicuous 
globose  stalked  yellow  glands;  anthers  oblong,  flattened,  4-celled,  introrse  in  the 
2  outer  series,  extrorse,  subextrorse,  or  very  rarely  introrse  in  the  third  series,  in 
the  pistillate  flower  rudimentary  and  sterile;  ovary  ovate,  glabrous,  more  or  less 
immersed  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  erect  style 
dilated  at  the  apex  into  a  capitate  obscurely  lobed  stigma;  in  the  stain inate  flower 
linear-lanceolate,  effete  or  minute,  sometimes  0;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior. 
Fruit  nearly  inclosed  while  young  in  the  thickened  tube  of  the  calyx,  exserted  at 
maturity,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  cup-like  truncate  or  slightly  lobed  calyx- 
tube;  pericarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  ovate,  pendulous;  testa  thin,  membranaceous. 

Ocotea  with  nearly  two  hundred  species  is  confined   principally  to  the  tropical 


LAURACE^E 


333 


region  of  the  New  World  from  southern  Florida  to  Brazil  and  Peru,  with  Old 
World  representatives  in  the  Canary  Islands,  South  Africa,  and  the  Mascarene 
Islands.  One  species  grows  naturally  in  Florida. 

Ocotea  produces  hard  strong  durable  beautifully  colored  wood  often  employed  in 
cabinet-making. 

The  name  is  derived  from  the  native  name  of  one  of  the  species  of  Gt 


1.  Ocotea  Catesbyaiia,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  slightly  contracted  above  into  long  points 
rounded  at  the  apex,  when  they  unfold  thin,  membranaceous,  light  green  tinged 
with  red,  and  sometimes  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  thick  and 
coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  3'-6'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  with 
thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  broad  stout  midribs,  slender  remote  primary 
veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  coarsely  reticulate 
conspicuous  veinlets;  their  petioles  broad,  flat,  J'-^'  long.  Flowers  perfect,  appear- 
ing in  early  summer  in  elongated  panicles,  their  stalks  slender,  glabrous,  light  red, 
solitary  or  2  or  3  together  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year  or  from  those  of 


the  previous  year,  and  3'-4'  long;  calyx  nearly  ^'  across  when  expanded,  pubescent 
on  the  outer  surface,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
stamens;  filaments  of  the  2  outer  series  slightly  hirsute  at  the  base  and  shorter  than 
their  introrse  anthers;  filaments  of  the  third  series  as  long  or  longer  than  their 
extrorse  anthers.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  ovate  or  subglobose,  $'  long,  lus- 
trous, dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  the  thickened  cup-like  tube  of  the  calyx  truncate 
or  obscurely  lobed  and  bright  red  like  the  thickened  pedicels;  flesh  thin  and  dry; 
seed  with  a  thin  brittle  red-brown  coat,  the  inrier  layer  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface 
and  marked  by  broad  light-colored  veins  radiating  from  the  small  hilum;  embryo 
^'  long,  light  red-brown. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  18'  in  diameter,  slender 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  thin  terete  branchlets 
glabrous  and  dark  reddish  brown  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  lighter 
colored,  and  in  their  second  year  light  brown  or  gray  tinged  with  red  and  often 
marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  second  or  third  year  by  small  semi- 


334  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

orbicular  leaf-scars,  displaying  a  single  central  fibro-vascular  bundle-scar.  Bark 
about  ^'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  roughened  on  the  otherwise  smooth  surface 
by  numerous  small  excrescences.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rich  dark 
brown,  with  thick  bright  yellow  sapwood  of  20-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Shores  and  islands  of  Florida  south  of  Cape  Canaveral  on  the  east 
coast  and  of  Cape  Romano  on  the  west  coast;  comparatively  common  except  on  some 
of  the  western  keys,  and  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  rich  wooded 
hummocks  adjacent  to  Bay  Biscayne;  also  in  the  Bahamas. 

3.  UMBELLULARIA,  Nutt. 

A  pungent  aromatic  tree,  with  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  slender  terete  branchlets 
marked  in  their  second  and  third  years  by  small  semicircular  or  nearly  triangular 
elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  a  horizontal  row  of  minute  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars, 
naked  buds,  and  thick  fleshy  brown  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  involute  in  the  bud, 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  cuneate  or  some- 
what rounded  at  the  base,  entire,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  petiolate, 
coated  when  they  appear  on  the  lower  surface  with  pale  soft  pubescence  and  puber- 
ulous  on  the  upper  surface,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous above,  dull  and  paler  below,  with  slender  light  yellow  midribs,  and  remote, 
obscure,  arcuate  veins  more  or  less  united  near  the  margins,  and  connected  by 
conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets.  Flowers  in  axillary  stalked  many-flowered  umbels, 
inclosed  in  the  bud  by  an  involucre  of  5  or  6  imbricated  broadly  ovate  or  obovate 
pointed  concave  yellow  caducous  scales,  the  latest  umbels  subsessile  at  the  base  of 
terminal  leaf-buds;  pedicels  slender,  puberulous,  without  bractlets,  from  the  axils 
of  obovate  membranaceous  puberulous  deciduous  bracts  decreasing  in  size  from 
the  outer  to  the  inner;  calyx  divided  almost  to  the  base  into  6  nearly  equal  broadly 
obovate  rounded  pale  yellow  lobes  spreading  and  reflexed  after  anthesis;  stamens 
inserted  on  the  short  slightly  thickened  tube  of  the  calyx;  filaments  flat,  glabrous, 
pale  yellow,  rather  shorter  than  the  anthers,  those  of  the  third  series  furnished 
near  the  base  with  2  conspicuous  stipitate  orange-colored  orbicular  flattened  glands; 
anthers  oblong,  flattened,  light  yellow,  those  of  the  first  and  second  series  introrse, 
those  of  the  second  and  third  series  extrorse ;  stamens  of  the  fourth  series  reduced  to 
minute  ovate  acute  yellow  staminodia;  ovary  sessile,  ovate,  often  more  or  less  gib- 
bous, glabrous,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  stout  columnar  style  rather  shorter  than 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  crowned  by  a  simple  capitate  discoid  stigma.  Fruit  ovate, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  enlarged  and  thickened  truncate  or  lobed  tube  of  the 
calyx,  yellow-green  sometimes  more  or  less  tinged  with  purple;  pericarp  thin  and 
fleshy.  Seed  ovate,  light  brown ;  testa  separable  into  2  coats,  the  outer  thick,  hard, 
and  woody,  the  inner  thin  and  papery,  closely  investing  the  embryo,  chestnut-brown, 
and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface. 

Umbellularia  consists  of  a  single  species. 

The  generic  name,  a  diminutive  of  Umbella,  relates  to  the  character  of  the  inflo- 
rescence. 

1.  Umbellularia  Calif ornica,  Nutt.    California  Laurel.    Spice-tree. 

Leaves  2'-5'  long,  ^'-1^'  wide,  unfolding  in  winter  or  early  in  the  spring  and 
continuing  to  appear  as  the  branches  lengthen  until  late  in  the  autumn,  beginning  to 
fade  during  the  summer,  turning  to  a  beautiful  yellow  or  orange  color  and  falling  one 


LAURACEJE  335 • 

by  one  during  their  second  season,  or  often  remaining  on  the  branches  until  the  sixth 
year;  their  petioles  ^'-1'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in  January  before  the  unfolding 
of  the  young  leaves  on  pedicels  sometimes  1'  in  length.  Fruit  about  1'  long,  in 


clusters  of  2  or  3,  on  elongated  thickened  stalks,  persistent  on  the  branch  after  the 
fruit  ripens  and  falls  late  in  the  autumn;  seeds  germinating  soon  after  they  reach 
the  ground,  the  fruit  remaining  below  the  surface  of  the  soil  and  attached  to  the 
young  plant  until  midsummer. 

A  tree,  80° -90°  high,  with  a  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  sometimes  tall  and  straight 
but  usually  divided  near  the  ground  into  several  large  diverging  stems,  stout  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  light  green  and 
coated  with  soft  pale  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous 
and  yellow-green,  and  in  their  second  and  third  years  light  brown  tinged  with  red; 
at  high  elevations  above  the  level  of  the  sea  and  in  southern  California  much 
smaller  and  often  reduced  to  a  low  shrub.  Bark  £'-!'  thick,  dark  brown  tinged 
with  red,  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin  appressed  scales.  "Wood  heavy,  hard, 
strong,  close-grained,  light  rich  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  30-40 
layers  of  annual  growth;  the  most  valuable  wood  produced  in  the  forests  of  Pacific 
North  America  for  the  interior  finish  of  houses  and  for  furniture.  The  leaves  yield 
by  distillation  a  pungent  volatile  oil,  and  from  the  fruit  a  fat  containing  umbellulic 
acid  has  been  obtained. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  Rogue  River,  Oregon,  through  the  California  coast 
ranges  and  along  the  high  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  southern 
slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  up  to  elevations  of  2500°;  usually  near  the 
banks  of  watercourses  and  sometimes  on  low  hills;  common  where  it  can  obtain  an 
abundant  supply  of  water;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  rich  valleys 
of  southwestern  Oregon,  forming  with  the  Broad-leaved  Maple  a  considerable  part 
of  the  forest  growth. 

4.  SASSAFRAS,  Nees.    Sassafras. 

Aromatic  trees,  with  thick  deeply  furrowed  dark  red-brown  bark,  scaly  buds, 
slender  light  green  lustrous  brittle  branchlets  containing  a  thick  white  mucilaginous 
pith  and  marked  by  small  semiorbicular  elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  single  hori- 


336  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

zoiital  rows  of  minute  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  stout  spongy  stoloniferous 
roots  covered  by  thick  yellow  bark.  Flower-bearing  buds  terminal,  ovate,  acute, 
with  9  or  10  imbricated  scales  increasing  in  size  from  without  inward,  the  3  outer 
scales  ovate,  rounded,  often  apiculate  at  the  apex,  keeled  and  thickened  on  the  back, 
pale  yellow-green  below,  dull  yellow-brown  above  the  middle,  loosely  imbricated, 
slightly  or  not  at  all  accrescent,  deciduous  at  the  opening  of  the  bud,  much  smaller 
than  the  thin  accrescent  light  yellow-green  scales  of  the  next  rows  turning  dull  red 
before  falling,  and  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuueate  below,  concave,  coated  on 
the  outer  surface  with  soft  silky  pubescence,  glabrous  or  lustrous  on  the  inner  sur- 
face, reflexed,  f '  long,  nearly  ^'  broad,  tardily  deciduous,  the  2  inner  scales  folia- 
ceous,  lanceolate-acute,  light  green,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  delicate  pale 
hairs,  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface,  infolding  the  leaves;  sterile  and  axillary  buds 
much  smaller.  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  ovate  or  obovate,  entire  or  often  1-3- 
lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  acute,  divided  by  deep  broad  sinuses, 
gradually  narrowed  at  the  base  into  elongated  slender  petioles,  feather-veined,  with 
alternate  veins  arcuate  and  united  or  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  the  lowest 
parallel  with  the  margins,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  mucilaginous,  deciduous, 
as  they  unfold  light  green  and  somewhat  pilose  above,  with  scattered  white  hairs, 
ciliate,  clothed  below  with  a  loose  pubescence  of  long  lustrous  white  hairs,  at  ma- 
turity membranaceous,  dark  dull  green  above,  pale  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  below. 
Flowers  opening  in  early  spring  with  the  first  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  the  males  and 
females  usually  on  different  individuals,  in  lax  drooping  few-flowered  racemes  in  the 
axils  of  large  obovate  bud-scales,  their  pedicles  slender,  rarely  forked  and  2-flowered, 
without  bracts,  pilose,  from  the  axils  of  linear  acute  scarious  hairy  deciduous  bracts, 
or  that  of  the  terminal  flower  often  without  bracts;  calyx  pale  yellow-green,  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  narrow  obovate  concave  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed  after 
anthesis,  those  of  the  inner  row  a  little  larger  than  the  others;  stamens  9,  inserted 
in  3  series  on  the  somewhat  thickened  margin  of  the  shallow  concave  calyx-tube, 
those  of  the  outer  series  opposite  its  outer  lobes;  filaments  flattened,  elongated, 
light  yellow,  those  of  the  inner  series  furnished  at  the  base  with  2  conspicuous 
orange-colored  stipitate  glands  rounded  on  the  back,  obscurely  lobed  on  the  inner 
face;  anthers  oblong,  flattened,  truncate  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  orange-colored,  introrse,  in  the  female  flower  reduced 
to  flattened  ovate  pointed  or  slightly  2-lobed  dark  orange-colored  stipitate  stami- 
nodia,  or  occasionally  fertile  and  similar  to  or  a  little  smaller  than  those  of  the 
staminate  flower;  ovary  ovate,  light  green,  glabrous,  nearly  sessile  in  the  short  tube 
of  the  calyx,  narrowed  into  an  elongated  simple  style  gradually  enlarged  above  into 
a  capitate  oblique  obscurely  lobed  stigma.  Fruit  an  oblong  dark  blue  lustrous  berry 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  enlarged  and  thickened  obscurely  6-lobed  or  truncate 
scarlet  limb  of  the  calyx,  raised  on  a  much  elongated  scarlet  stalk  thickened  above 
the  middle;  pericarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  oblong,  pointed,  light  brown;  testa  thin, 
membranaceous,  barely  separable  into  2  coats,  the  inner  coat  much  thinner  than  fche 
outer,  dark  chestnut-brown,  and  lustrous. 

Sassafras  is  confined  to  temperate  eastern  North  America  and  to  China,  where  a 
species,  not  now  distinguishable  from  the  American  tree  but  still  imperfectly  known, 
has  recently  been  discovered. 

Sassafras  was  first  used  as  a  popular  name  for  this  tree  by  the  French  in  Florida. 


LAURACE^E 


337 


1.  Sassafras  Sassafras,  Karst.    Sassafras. 

Leaves  4'-6'  long,  2'-4'  wide,  turning  in  the  autumn  delicate  shades  of  yellow  or 
orange  more  or  less  tinged  with  red;  their  petioles  f'-l^'  l°ng-  Flowers  ^'  long 
when  fully  expanded,  in  racemes  about  2'  long.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and 
October,  J'  long,  on  stalks  l£'-2'  in  length,  separating  when  ripe  from  the  thick 
calyx-lobes  persistent  with  the  stalks  of  the  fruit  on  the  branches  until  the  beginning 
of  winter. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°-90°  high,  with  a  trunk  nearly  6°  in  diameter,  short  stout 
more  or  less  contorted  branches  spreading  almost  at  right  angles  and  forming  a 
narrow  usually  flat-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  light  yellow-green  and 


coated  when  they  first  appear  with  pale  pubescence,  soon  glabrous,  bright  green 
and  lustrous,  gradually  turning  reddish  brown  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  years; 
frequently  not  more  than  40°-50°  tall;  at  the  north  generally  smaller  and  often 
shrubby.  Winter-buds  ^'— |'  long.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  branches  thin,  red- 
dish brown,  divided  by  shallow  fissures,  becoming  on  old  trunks  sometimes  1|'  thick, 
dark  red-brown,  and  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges  sepa- 
rating on  the  surface  into  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  soft,  weak,  brittle,  coarse- 
grained, very  durable  in  the  soil,  aromatic,  dull  orange-brown,  with  thin  light  yellow 
sapwood  of  7  or  8  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  fence-posts  and  rails,  in 
the  construction  of  light  boats,  ox-yokes,  and  in  cooperage.  The  roots  and  especially 
their  bark  are  a  mild  aromatic  stimulant,  and  oil  of  sassafras,  used  to  perfume  soap 
and  other  articles,  is  distilled  from  them.  Gumbo  filet,  a  powder  prepared  from  the 
leaves  by  the  Choctaw  Indians  of  Louisiana,  gives  flavor  and  consistency  to  gumbo 
soup. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  rich  sandy  well-drained  soil,  southern  Maine  and  east- 
ern Massachusetts,  through  southern  Vermont,  southern  Ontario,  central  Michigan, 
and  southeastern  Iowa  to  eastern  Kansas  and  the  Indian  Territory,  and  southward 
to  central  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  in  the  south  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  states  often  taking  possession  of  abandoned  fields. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree. 


338  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

XVIII.    CAFFARIDACEJE. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  trees,  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  often  pungent  juices, 
alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves,  and  regular  or  irregular  usually  perfect 
flowers  in  terminal  cymes  or  racemes,  or  solitary,  numerous  ovules  inserted  in 
two  rows  on  each  of  the  two  placentas,  capsular  or  baccate  1-celled  fruit,  and 
seeds  without  albumen.  A  family  of  thirty-four  genera,  mostly  confined  to 
the  warmer  parts  of  the  world  and  widely  distributed  in  the  two  hemispheres. 
Of  the  seven  genera  which  occur  in  North  America  only  one  has  an  arbores- 
cent representative. 

1.  CAPPARIS,  L. 

Trees,  with  naked  buds.  Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  entire,  feather-veined, 
coriaceous,  persistent,  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  in  terminal  cymes;  sepals 
4,  valvate  in  the  bud,  glandular  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  4,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  short  receptacle;  stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  their  filaments 
free,  elongated,  much  longer  than  the  introrse  2-celled  anthers  opening  longitudi- 
nally; ovary  long-stalked,  2-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentas;  stigmas  sessile,  orbic- 
ular; ovules  campylotropous.  Fruit  baccate,  siliquiform  (in  the  North  American 
species)  separating  into  3  or  4  valves.  Seeds  reniform,  numerous,  surrounded  by 
pulp;  seed-coat  coriaceous;  embryo  convolute;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  fleshy. 

Capparis,  with  more  than  one  hundred  species,  mostly  tropical,  is  found  in  the  two 
hemispheres,  the  largest  number  of  species  occurring  in  Central  and  South  America. 
Two  of  the  West  Indian  species  reach  the  shores  of  southern  Florida,  the  most  north- 
ern station  of  the  genus  in  America;  of  these  one  is  arborescent. 

Capparis,  from  icdinrapts,  the  classical  name  of  Capparis  spinosa,  L.,  is  derived  from 
the  Persian  kabor,  capers,  the  dried  flower-buds  of  that  species. 

1.  Capparis  Jamaicensis,  Jacq. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  and  emarginate  at  the  apex,  slightly  revolute, 
coriaceous,  light  yellow-green,  smooth  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  covered  on 


the  lower  by  minute  ferrugineous  scales,  2'-3'  long,  I'-l^'  broad,  with  prominent 
midribs  and  inconspicuous  primary  veins.  Flowers  1^  in  diameter,  opening  in  Florida 


HAMAMELIDAf   II  339 

in  April  and  May  from  obtuse  or  acute  4-angled  buds;  sepals  ovate,  acute,  lepidote 
on  the  outer  surface,  furnished  on  the  inner  with  a  small  ovate  gland,  recurved  when 
the  flower  is  fully  expanded,  and  about  half  the  size  of  the  roundish  white  petals 
turning  purple  in  fading;  stamens  20-30,  with  purple  filaments  villose  toward  the 
base,  l£'-2'  long;  anthers  yellow;  ovary  raised  on  a  slender  stipe  about  !£'  long. 
Fruit  U'-12'  long,  terete,  sometimes  slightly  torulose,  pubescent-lepidote,  the  long 
stalk  appearing  jointed  by  the  enlargement  of  the  pedicel  and  torus  below  the  inser- 
tion of  the  stipe ;  seed  light  brown,  1^'  long. 

A  small  slender  shrubby  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  o'-6'  in 
diameter,  and  thin  angled  branchlets  dark  gray,  smooth  or  slightly  rugose,  and  cov- 
ered with  minute  ferrugineous  scales.  Bark  rarely  more  than  -|'  thick,  slightly 
fissured,  the  dark  red-brown  surface  broken  into  small  irregularly  shaped  divisions. 
"Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  yellow  faintly  tinged  with  red,  witli  lighter 
colored  sapwood  of  about  15  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Florida  coast  from  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys;  generally 
distributed,  but  nowhere  abundant;  common  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

XIX.    HAMAMELIDACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  slender  terete  branchlets,  naked  or  scaly 
buds,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  stipulate,  deciduous. 
Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual ;  calyx  4-parted  or  0 ;  petals  4  or  0 ;  stamens 
4-8 ;  anthers  attached  at  the  base,  introrse,  2-celled ;  ovary  inserted  in  the 
bottom  of  the  receptacle,  2-celled  ;  ovules  1  or  many,  anatropous,  suspended 
from  sin  axile  placenta ;  micropyle  superior  ;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  a  woody 
capsule  opening  at  the  summit.  Seed  usually  1  ;  embryo  surrounded  by  fleshy 
albumen  ;  cotyledons  oblong,  flat,  longer  than  the  terete  radicle  turned  toward 
the  hilum.  The  Witch  Hazel  family  with  eighteen  genera  is  confined  to  eastern 
North  America,  southwestern,  southern,  and  eastern  Asia,  the  Malay  Archi- 
pelago, Madagascar,  and  South  Africa.  Of  the  three  North  American  genera 
two  are  arborescent. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Flowers  usually  unisexual,  capitate,  without  petals,  the  pistillate  without  sepals  ;  capsules 
consolidated  by  their  bases  into  a  globose  head  ;  seed  with  a  terminal  wing ;  leaves  pal- 
mately  lobed.  1.  Liquidambar. 

Flowers  usually  perfect,  with  calyx  and  corolla;  carpels  not  consolidated  into  a  head  ;  seed 
without  a  wing.  1>.  Hamamelis. 

1.   LIQUIDAMBAR,  L. 

Trees,  with  balsamic  juices,  scaly  bark,  terete  often  winged  branchlets,  scaly  buds, 
and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  plicate  in  the  bud,  alternate,  palmately  lobed,  glandular- 
serrate,  long-petiolate ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  caducous.  Flowers  monoecious  or 
rarely  perfect  in  capitate  heads  surrounded  by  involucres  of  4  deciduous  bracts,  the 
staminate  in  terminal  racemes,  the  pistillate  in  solitary  long-stalked  heads  from 
the  axils  of  upper  leaves;  staminate  flowers  without  a  calyx  and  corolla;  stamens 
indefinite,  interspersed  with  minute  scales;  filaments  filiform,  shorter  than  the  oblong 
obcordate  anthers  opening  longitudinally;  pistillate  flowers  surrounded  by  long- 
awned  scales,  the  whole  confluent  into  globular  heads;  calyx  obconic,  its  limb  short 


340 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


or  nearly  obsolete;  stamens  usually  4,  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx;  anthers 
minute,  usually  rudimentary  or  abortive,  rarely  fertile;  ovary  partly  inferior,  of  2 
united  carpels  terminating  in  elongated  subulate  recurved  persistent  styles  stigmatic 
on  the  inner  face;  ovules  numerous.  Capsules  armed  with  the  hardened  incurved 
elongated  styles,  free  above,  septicidally  dehiscent  at  the  apex,  consolidated  by  their 
bases  into  a  globose  head;  pericarp  thick  and  woody;  endocarp  thin,  corneous, 
lustrous  on  the  inner  surface.  Seeds  usually  solitary  or  2  by  the  abortion  of  many 
ovules,  compressed,  angulate;  seed-coat  opaque,  crustaceous,  produced  into  a  short 
membranaceous  obovate  terminal  wing  rounded  at  the  oblique  apex. 

Liquidambar  with  about  four  species  is  confined  to  the  eastern  United  States,  to 
southern  and  central  Mexico,  Central  America,  southwestern  Asia,  middle  and 
southeastern  China,  and  Formosa.  The  species  produce  hard  straight-grained  hand- 
some dark-colored  wood  and  valuable  balsamic  exudations.  Liquid  storax,  an  opaque 
grayish  brown  resin,  is  derived  from  Liquidambar  orientalis,  Mill.,  a  native  of  Asia 
Minor. 

1.  Liquidambar  Styracifltia,  L.    Sweet  Gum.    Bilsted 

Leaves  generally  round  in  outline,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  deeply  5-7-lobed,  with  acutely  pointed  divisions  finely  serrate,  with  rounded 
appressed  teeth,  when  they  unfold  pilose  on  the  lower  surface,  soon  becoming 


glabrous  with  the  exception  of  large  tufts  of  pale  rufous  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the 
principal  veins,  at  maturity  thin,  bright  green,  smooth  and  lustrous,  6'-7'  across, 
with  broad  primary  veins  and  finely  reticulate  veinlets,  exhaling  when  bruised 
a  pleasant  resinous  fragrance,  in  the  autumn  turning  deep  crimson;  their  petioles 
slender,  covered  at  first  near  the  base  with  rufous  caducous  hairs,  and  5'-<3'  long; 
stipules  entire,  glabrous,  \'-%  long.  Flowers:  staminate  in  racemes  2'-3'  long, 
covered  with  rufous  hairs,  in  heads  stalked  toward  the  base  of  the  raceme  and  nearly 
sessile  above,  \'  in  diameter  and  surrounded  by  ovate  acute  deciduous  hairy  bracts 
much  larger  than  the  lanceolate  acute  bracts  of  the  female  inflorescence  ^  across 
and  conspicuous  from  the  broad  stigmatic  surfaces  of  the  recurved  and  contorted 
styles.  Fruit  I'-l^'  in  diameter,  persistent  during  the  winter,  the  carpels  opening 
in  the  autumn;  seed  £'  long  and  rather  longer  than  its  wing,  with  a  light  brown  coat 
conspicuously  marked  by  oblong  resin-ducts. 


HAMAMELIDACE^  341 

A  tree,  80°-140°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  slender  branches 
forming  while  the  tree  is  young  a  pyramidal  head,  and  in  old  age  a  comparatively 
small  oblong  crown,  and  slender  branchlets  containing  a  large  pith,  slightly  many- 
angled,  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  caducous  rufous  hairs,  light  orange 
color  to  reddish  brown  in  their  first  winter,  marked  by  occasional  minute  dark 
lenticels  and  by  large  arcuate  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  3  conspicuous  fibro- 
vascular  bundles,  developing  in  their  second  season  corky  wings  appearing  on  the 
upper  side  of  lateral  branches  in  3  or  4  parallel  ranks  and  irregularly  on  all  sides  of 
vertical  branches  and  increasing  in  width  and  thickness  for  many  years,  sometimes 
becoming  2'-3'  broad  and  1'  thick.  Winter-buds  acute,  \'  long,  and  covered  by 
ovate  acute  minutely  apiculate  orange-brown  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  those  of 
the  inner  rows  accrescent,  tipped  with  red,  and  about  1'  long  at  maturity.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  straight,  close-grained,  not  strong,  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
thin  almost  white  sapwood  of  GO-70  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  for  the  outside 
finish  of  houses,  in  cabinet-making,  for  street  pavement,  wooden  dishes,  and  fruit 
boxes. 

Distribution.  Fan-field  County,  Connecticut,  to  southeastern  Missouri,  south- 
ward to  Cape  Canaveral  and  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  through  Ar- 
kansas and  the  Indian  Territory  to  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas,  reappearing 
on  the  mountains  of  central  and  southern  Mexico  and  on  the  highlands  of  Guatemala; 
in  the  maritime  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  states  and  in  the  basin  of  the  lower 
Mississippi  River  one  of  the  most  common  trees  of  the  forest,  covering  rich  river 
bottom-lands  usually  inundated  every  year;  in  the  northern  and  middle  states  on 
the  borders  of  swamps  and  low  wet  swales;  at  the  north  rarely  more  than  G0°-70° 
tall,  with  a  trunk  usually  not  more  than  2°  in  diameter. 

Unsurpassed  in  the  brilliancy  of  the  autumnal  colors  of  the  leaves;  and  often 
planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states. 

2.  HAMAMELIS,  L.    Witch  Hazel. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  terete  zigzag  branchlets,  naked  buds,  and  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  unsymmetrical  at  the  base,  crenate-toothed,  the 
primary  veins  conspicuous  and  nearly  parallel  with  the  margins;  stipules  acute, 
infolding  the  bud,  deciduous.  Flowers  autumnal,  perfect,  in  terminal  3-tiowered 
clusters  on  axillary  simple  peduncles  furnished  near  the  middle  with  2  acute  decid- 
uous bractlets,  each  flower  surrounded  by  2  or  3  ovate  acute  bracts,  the  outer 
slightly  united  at  the  base  into  a  3-lobed  involucre;  calyx  4-parted,  persistent,  on  the 
base  of  the  ovary,  the  lobes  reflexed;  petals  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  cup- 
shaped  receptacle,  alternate  with  the  sepals,  strap-shaped;  stamens  8,  inserted  in  2 
rows  on  the  margin  of  the  receptacle,  the  4  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  fertile, 
the  others  reduced  to  minute  strap-shaped  scales;  filaments  free,  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  prolonged  into  a  thickened  pointed  connective;  anthers  elliptical,  opening 
laterally  from  without  by  persistent  valves;  ovary  of  2  carpels,  free  at  their  apex, 
inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  receptacle,  partly  superior;  styles  subulate,  spreading, 
stigmatic  at  the  apex,  persistent;  ovule  solitary.  Fruit  a  capsule,  2-beaked  at  the 
apex,  the  thick  and  woody  outer  layer  splitting  from  above  loculicidally  before  the 
opening  of  the  thin  crustaceous  inner  layer.  Seed  oblong,  acute,  suspended;  testa 
crustaceous,  chestnut-brown,  shining,  forcibly  discharged  when  ripe  by  the  contrac- 
tion of  the  edges  of  the  valves  of  the  bony  endocarp;  embryo  surrounded  by  thick 


342  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

fleshy  albumen ;  cotyledons  oblong,  f oliaceous,  longer  than  the  radicle  turned  toward 
the  oblong  depressed  hilum. 

Hamamelis  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America  and  eastern  Asia,  with  one 
American  and  two  or  three  Asiatic  species. 

The  name  is  from  fi/xo,  at  the  same  time  with,  and  JUTJAIS  an  Apple-tree,  and  was 
applied  by  the  ancients  to  the  Medlar  or  some  similar  tree. 

1.  Hamamelis  Virginiana,  L.   Witch  Hazel. 

Leaves  obovate,  acuminate,  long-pointed  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the  apex,  very 
unequal  at  the  base,  the  lower  side  rounded  or  subcordate,  the  upper  usually  wedge- 
shaped  and  smaller,  irregularly  and  coarsely  serrate-toothed  above  the  middle,  entire 
or  dentate  below,  when  they  unfold  with  veins,  especially  on  the  lower  surface, 
petioles,  and  stipules  coated  with  stellate  ferrugineous  pubescence,  at  maturity  mem- 
branaceous,  dull  dark  green  and  glabrous  or  pilose  above,  lighter  colored,  lustrous, 
and  pubescent  or  puberulous  on  the  stout  midribs  and  6  or  7  pairs  of  primary  veins 
below,  4'-6'  long,  2'-2^'  broad,  turning  delicate  yellow  color  in  the  autumn;  their 


stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  coriaceous,  \'-%  long.  Flowers  from  buds  appearing  in 
August  on  short  recurved  peduncles  developed  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year, 
covered  like  the  acute  bracts  and  bractlets  with  dark  ferrugineous  pubescence, 
opening  from  the  middle  of  September  to  the  middle  of  November;  calyx  in  the 
autumn  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  thick  pale  pubescence,  orange-brown  on 
the  inner  surface,  the  rounded  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins;  petals  bright  yellow, 
£'-£'  long,  falling  like  the  stamens  as  soon  as  the  ovules  are  fertilized;  ovary  remaining 
during  the  winter  without  enlarging  and  surrounded  and  protected  by  the  pubescent 
calyx.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  usually  2  from  each  flower-cluster,  discharging 
its  seeds  when  the  flowers  of  the  season  are  expanding,  ^'  long,  pubescent,  dull 
orange-brown  and  surrounded  for  half  its  length  by  the  large  persistent  calyx  bearing 
at  its  base  the  blackened  remnants  of  the  floral  bracts;  seed  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-14'  in  diameter,  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender  flexible  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  scurfy  rusty  stellate  hairs,  gradually  disappearing  during  the  summer,  and 
in  their  first  winter  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous,  light  orange-brown  and  marked 


PLATANACE^  343 

by  small  white  dots,  becoming  in  their  second  year  dark  or  reddish  brown;  usually 
a  stout  shrub  sending  up  from  the  ground  numerous  rigid  diverging  stems  5°-20° 
tall.  "Winter-buds  acute,  slightly  falcate,  light  orange-brown,  covered  with  short 
fine  pubescence,  £'-£'  long.  Bark  \'  thick,  light  brown,  generally  smooth  but  broken 
into  minute  thin  appressed  scales  disclosing  in  falling  the  dark  reddish  purple  inner 
bark.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
thick  nearly  white  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bark  and  leaves 
are  slightly  astringent  and  although  not  known  to  possess  essential  properties  are 
largely  used  in  the  form  of  fluid  extracts  and  decoctions  and  in  homoeopathic  practice, 
Pond's  Extract  being  made  by  distilling  the  bark  in  diluted  alcohol. 

Distribution.  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
River  to  southern  Ontario,  Wisconsin  and  eastern  Nebraska,  and  southward  to  north- 
ern Florida  and  eastern  Texas,  growing  usually  on  the  borders  of  the  forest  in  low 
rich  soil  or  on  the  rocky  banks  of  streams;  of  its  largest  size  and  probably  only  arbo- 
rescent on  the  slopes  of  the  high  Alleghany  Mountains  in  North  and  South  Carolina 
and  Tennessee. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  northern  states,  and  in 
western  and  northern  Europe. 

XX.  PLATANACEJE. 

Trees,  with  watery  juice,  thick  deeply  furrowed  scaly  bark  exfoliating  from 
the  branches  and  young  trunks  in  large  thin  plates,  terete  zigzag  pithy  branch- 
lets  prolonged  by  an  upper  axillary  bud,  and  fibrous  roots.  Winter-buds 
axillary,  conical,  large,  smooth,  and  lustrous,  nearly  surrounded  at  the  base  by 
the  narrow  leaf-scars  displaying  a  row  of  conspicuous  dark  fibro-vascular 
bundle-scars,  covered  by  3  deciduous  scales,  the  2  inner  accrescent,  strap- 
shaped,  rounded  at  the  apex  at  maturity,  marking  in  falling  the  base  of  the 
branchlet  with  narrow  ring-like  scars,  the  outer  scale  surrounding  the  bud  and 
splitting  longitudinally  with  its  expansion,  the  second  light  green,  covered  by 
a  gummy  fragrant  secretion  and  usually  inclosing  a  bud  in  its  axil,  the  third 
coated  with  long  rufous  hairs.  Leaves  longitudinally  plicate  in  vernation, 
alternate,  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  truncate,  or  wedge-shaped  and  decurrent 
on  the  petiole  at  the  base,  more  or  less  acutely  3-7-lobed,  and  occasionally 
furnished  with  a  more  or  less  enlarged  basal  lobe,  the  lobes  entire,  dentate, 
with  minute  remote  callous  teeth,  or  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  penniveined,  the 
veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  inconspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets,  clothed  while  young  like  the  petioles,  stipules,  and  young 
branchlets  with  caducous  stellate  sharp-pointed  branching  hairs,  pale  on  the 
lower  and  rufous  on  the  upper  surface,  long-petiolate,  turning  brown  and 
withering  in  the  autumn  before  falling  ;  their  petioles  abruptly  enlarged  at 
the  base  and  inclosing  the  buds,  stipules  membranaceous,  laterally  united  below 
into  a  short  tube  surrounding  the  branchlet  above  the  insertion  of  their  leaf, 
acute,  more  or  less  free  above,  dentate  or  entire,  thin  and  scarious  on  flowering 
shoots,  broad  and  leaf-like  on  vigorous  sterile  branchlets,  caducous,  marking  the 
branchlet  in  falling  with  narrow  ring-like  scars.  Flowers  minute,  appearing 
with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  in  dense  unisexual  pedunculate  solitary  or 
spicate  heads,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  heads  on  separate  peduncles  or  rarely 
united  on  the  same  peduncle  ;  staminate  heads  dark  red  on  axillary  peduncles ; 
pistillate  heads  light  green  tinged  with  red,  on  long  terminal  peduncles,  the 


344  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

lateral  heads  in  the  spicate  clusters  sessile  and  embracing  at  maturity  the 
peduncle,  usually  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter ;  calyx  of  the 
staminate  flower  divided  into  3-6  minute  scale-like  sepals  slightly  united  at 
the  base,  about  half  as  long  as  the  3—6  cuneiform  sulcate  scarious  pointed 
petals  ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  opposite  them,  with 
short  nearly  obsolete  filaments,  and  elongated  clavate  2-celled  anthers,  their 
cells  opening  longitudinally,  crowned  by  a  capitate  pilose  truncate  connective  ; 
calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  divided  into  3-6,  usually  4,  rounded  sepals  much 
shorter  than  the  acute  petals  ;  stamens  scale-like,  elongated-obovate,  pilose  at 
the  apex  ;  ovaries  as  many  as  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  superior,  sessile,  oblong, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  long  ridged  jointed  pale  hairs  persistent  round  the 
fruit,  gradually  narrowed  into  long  simple  bright  red  styles  papillose-stigmatic 
to  below  the  middle  along  the  ventral  suture ;  ovules  1  or  rarely  2,  suspended 
laterally,  orthotropous.  Heads  of  fruit  composed  of  elongated  obovate  akenes 
rounded  and  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  surmounted  by  the  persistent  styles, 
1-seeded,  light  yellow-brown  ;  pericarp  thin,  coriaceous.  Seed  elongated, 
oblong,  suspended  ;  testa  thin  and  firm,  light  chestnut-brown  ;  embryo  erect  in 
thin  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  oblong,  about  as  long  as  the  elongated  cylin- 
drical erect  radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  apical  hilum.  A  family  of  a 
single  genus. 

1.  PLATANUS,  L.    Plane-tree. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

A  genus  of  six  or  seven  species  of  eastern  and  western  North  America,  Mexico, 
Central  America,  and  of  southwestern  Asia,  all  resembling  each  other  except  in  the 
form  of  the  lobes  of  the  leaves  and  the  amount  of  pubescence  on  their  lower  surface, 
in  the  pointed  or  obtuse  apex  of  the  akene,  and  in  the  number  of  heads  of  pistillate 
flowers  on  their  peduncle. 

Of  the  exotic  species,. the  Old  World  Platanus  orientalis,  L.,  now  a  common  street 
tree  in  all  the  countries  of  temperate  Europe,  has  been  used  as  a  shade-tree  in  the 
eastern  states  and  in  California. 

Platanus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Plane-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  shallowly  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  serrulate-toothed,  truncate  or 
rarely  wedge-shaped  at  the  base ;  head  of  fruit  usually  solitary. 

1.  P.  occidentalis  (A,  C). 

Leaves  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  entire,  remotely  and  obscurely  dentate  or  rarely  sinuate- 
toothed,  truncate  or  rarely  slightly  cordate  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  ;  heads  of  fruit 
racemose.  2.  P.  racemosa  (G). 

Leaves  deeply  3-7-lobed,  the  lobes  elongated,  slender,  entire  or  rarely  remotely  dentate, 
deeply  cordate  or  rarely  wedge-shaped  or  truncate  at  the  base  ;  heads  of  fruit  racemose. 

3.  P.  Wrightii  (H). 

1.  Flatanus  occidentalis,  L.  Sycamore.  Buttonwood. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  more  or  less  3-5-lobed  by  broad  shallow  sinuses  rounded 
at  the  bottom,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate,  sinuate-toothed,  with  long  straight 
or  curved  remote  acuminate  teeth,  or  entire,  with  undulate  margins,  truncate  or 
slightly  cordate,  or  wedge-shaped  and  decurrent  on  the  petioles  at  the  base,  thin 
and  firm,  bright  green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower,  glabrous  with 
the  exception  of  a  coat  of  pale  pubescence  along  the  midribs  and  principal  veins 


PLATANACE^ 


345 


below,  4'-7'  long  and  broad,  or  twice  as  large  on  vigorous  shoots  and  then  frequently 
furnished  with  dentate  basal  lobes,  with  stout  yellow  midribs  and  veins  ;  their  petioles 
stout,  terete  or  slightly  angled,  puberulous;  stipules  I'-l^'  long,  entire  or  sinuate- 
toothed.  Flowers:  peduncles  coated  with  pale  tomentum,  bearing  1  and  sometimes 
2  heads  of  flowers.  Fruit:  heads  1'  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  stems  3'-£'  in 
length ;  akeue  about  |'  long  and  truncate  or  obtusely  rounded  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  occasionally  140°-170°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  10°-11°  in  diameter 
above  its  abruptly  enlarged  base,  often  divided  near  the  ground  into  several  large 
secondary  trunks,  or  rising  70°-80°,  with  a  straight  column-like  shaft  free  of 


branches  and  with  little  diminution  of  diameter,  massive  spreading  limbs  forming  a 
broad  open  irregular  head  sometimes  100°  in  diameter,  their  extremities  usually  erect 
or  more  or  less  pendulous,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  like  the  leaves,  peti- 
oles, and  stipules  with  thick  pale  deciduous  tomentum,  during  their  first  summer  dark 
green  and  glabrous,  marked  by  minute  oblong  pale  lenticels,  becoming  dark  orange- 
brown  and  rather  lustrous  during  their  first  winter  and  light  gray  in  their  second  year. 
Winter-buds  ^'-|'  long.  Bark  of  young  trunks  and  large  branches  rarely  more 
than  ^'  thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  broken  into  small  oblong  thick  appressed  plate- 
like  scales,  smooth,  light  gray,  and  separating  higher  on  the  tree  into  large  thin 
scales,  in  falling  exposing  large  irregular  surfaces  of  the  pale  yellow,  whitish,  or 
greenish  inner  bark,  becoming  at  the  base  of  large  trunks  2'-3'  thick,  dark  brown, 
and  divided  by  deep  furrows  into  broad  rounded  ridges  covered  by  small  thin  ap- 
pressed scales.  Wood  the  favorite  material  for  tobacco  boxes,  ox-yokes,  and  butcher's 
blocks,  and  now  largely  used  for  furniture  and  the  interior  finish  of  houses. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  lakes  on  rich  bottom-lands;  southeastern 
New  Hampshire,  northern  Vermont  and  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  west- 
ward to  eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  and  southward  to  northern  Florida,  central 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  and  through  Texas  to 
the  valley  of  the  Devil's  River,  everywhere  common  but  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams  in  the  basin  of  the  lower  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers.  The  most  massive  if  not  the  tallest  deciduous-leaved  tree  of  North 
America. 

Rarely  planted  in  the  eastern  states  or  in  Europe  as  an  ornamental  tree. 


346  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

2.  Platanus  racemosa,  Nutt.   Sycamore.   Plane-tree. 

Leaves  3-5-lobed  to  below  the  middle,  with  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  entire, 
dentate,  with  remote  callous  tipped  teeth,  or  occasionally  coarsely  sinuate-toothed, 


and  broad  sinuses  acute  or  rounded  at  the  bottom,  usually  cordate  or  sometimes 
truncate  and  wedge-shaped  or  decurrent  on  the  petioles  at  the  base,  thick  and  firm, 
light  green  above,  paler  and  more  or  less  thickly  coated  below  with  pale  pubescence 
most  abundant  along  the  midribs  and  primary  veins,  6'-10'  long  and  broad;  their 
petioles  stout,  pubescent,  l'-3'  long;  stipules  I'-l^'  long,  entire  or  dentate,  often  per- 
sistent until  the  spring.  Flowers:  peduncles  hoary-pubescent,  bearing  usually  4  or 
5  heads  of  staminate  flowers  and  2-7  heads  of  pistillate  flowers,  a  head  of  the 
staminate  flowers  occasionally  appearing  on  the  pistillate  peduncles  above  the  heads 
of  fertile  flowers.  Fruit:  heads  ^'  in  diameter,  on  slender  zigzag  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent stems  6'-9'  long;  akene  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  $'  long,  tomentose  while 
young,  becoming  glabrous. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°-120°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  9°  in  diameter  above 
the  broad  tapering  base,  erect  and  free  of  branches  for  half  its  height,  more  often 
dividing  near  the  ground  into  secondary  stems  erect,  inclining,  or  prostrate  for 
20°-30°  at  their  base,  thick  heavy  more  or  less  contorted  spreading  branches  form- 
ing an  open  irregular  round-topped  head,  and  brauchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick 
pale  deciduous  tomentum,  light  reddish  brown,  and  marked  by  numerous  small 
lenticels  in  their  first  winter,  becoming  gradually  darker  in  their  second  and  third 
years;  usually  smaller  and  generally  70°-80°  tall,  with  a  trunk  2°-4°  in  diameter. 
Winter-buds  nearly  \'  long.  Bark  at  the  base  of  old  trunks  3'-4'  thick,  dark 
brown,  deeply  furrowed,  with  broad  rounded  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into 
thin  scales,  thinner,  smooth,  and  pale,  or  almost  white  higher  on  the  trunk  and  on  the 
branches. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  lower  Sacramento  River,  California,  southward 
through  the  interior  valleys  and  coast  ranges;  and  on  Mount  San  Pedro  Martir  in 
Lower  California;  an  inhabitant  of  the  banks  of  streams;  exceedingly  common  in 
all  the  valleys  of  the  California  coast  range  from  Monterey  to  the  southern  borders 
of  the  state,  and  ascending  the  southern  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  to 
elevations  of  3000°. 


PLATANACE^E  347 

3.  Platanus  Wrightii,  Wats.   Sycamore. 

Leaves  divided  by  narrow  sinuses  to  below  the  middle  and  sometimes  nearly  to 
the  centre  into  3-7  but  usually  into  3-6  elongated  acute  lobes  entire  or  dentate,  with 
callous-tipped  teeth,  or  occasionally  furnished  with  1  or  2  lateral  lobes,  sometimes 
deeply  cordate  by  the  downward  projection  of  the  lower  lobes,  or  often  truncate  or 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  light  green  and  glabrous  above, 
covered  below  with  pale  pubescence,  6' -8'  long  and  broad,  with  slender  ribs,  and 
primary  veins  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout,  gla- 
brous or  puberulous,  l£'-3'  long.  Flowers :  peduncles  hoary -tomentose,  bearing  1—4 
heads  of  flowers.  Fruit:  heads  on  slender  glabrous  stems  6'-8'  long,  about  £'  in 
diameter;  akenes  glabrous,  \'  long,  truncate  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  often  60°-80°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  4°-5°  in  diameter,  gradually 
tapering  and  free  of  branches  for  20°-30°,  or  with  a  trunk  divided  at  the  ground 
into  2  or  3  large  stems  usually  more  or  less  reclining  and  often  nearly  prostrate  for 


15°-20°,  thick  contorted  branches,  the  lowest  growing  almost  at  right  angles  to  the 
trunk  and  50°-60°  long,  the  upper  usually  erect  at  first,  finally  spreading  into  a 
broad  open  handsome  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  pale 
tomentum,  becoming  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  during  their  first  winter, 
marked  by  minute  scattered  lenticels,  and  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  ashy  gray, 
and  gradually  darker  in  their  second  or  third  year.  Winter-buds  hardly  more 
than  \'  long.  Bark  at  the  base  of  the  trunk  dark,  3'-4'  thick,  deeply  and  irregu- 
larly divided  into  broad  ridges,  and  covered  on  the  surface  with  small  appressed 
scales,  thinner  and  separating  into  large  scales  10°-15°  above  the  ground,  and  gradu- 
ally passing  into  the  smooth  much  thinner  creamy  white  bark  faintly  tinged  with 
green  of  the  upper  branches. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  the  mountain  canons  of  southwestern  New 
Mexico  and  southern  Arizona;  and  in  Sonora;  the  largest  and  one  of  the  most 
abundant  of  the  deciduous-leaved  trees  on  all  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  extending  from  the  mouths  of  cailons  up  to  elevations  of 
5000°-6000°  above  the  sea. 


348  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


XXI.    ROSACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juices,  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and  alter- 
nate leaves  (opposite  in  Lyonothamnus)  ,  with  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  ;  calyx 
5-lobed  ;  petals  5  (0  in  Cercocarpus),  imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  with  the 
numerous  distinct  stamens  on  the  edge  of  a  disk  lining  the  calyx-tube  ;  anthers 
introrse  (extrorse  in  Vauquelinia),  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ; 
ovary  superior  in  Lyonothamnus  and  Heteromeles,  often  partly  superior  in 
Amelanchier  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell  (1  in  Cercocarpus,  4  ^n  Lyonothamnus), 
anatropous.  Seeds  without  albumen  (albuminous  in  Lyonothamnus).  A  family 
of  about  ninety  genera  chiefly  confined  to  the  temperate  parts  of  the  world 
and  producing  many  of  the  most  valuable  fruits,  including  the  apple,  pear, 
quince,  strawberry,  raspberry,  and  blackberry.  Of  the  six  tribes  into  which 
the  genera  of  the  family  are  grouped,  five  have  arborescent  representatives  in 
North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 


Tribe  1.   SPIR^OIDE^.    Fruit  a  woody  capsule. 

Flowers  in  terminal  cymose  corymbs  ;  calyx-lobes  persistent  ;  ovary  5-celled  ;  ovules 
ascending  ;  mature  carpels  adherent  below  and  opening  down  the  back  ;  albumen  0  ; 
leaves  simple.  1.  Vauquelinia. 

Flowers  in  terminal  cymose  corymbs  ;  calyx-lobes  deciduous  ;  ovary  2-celled  ;  ovules  4  in 
each  cell,  pendulous  ;  mature  carpels  opening  on  the  ventral  and  partly  on  the  dorsal 
suture  ;  albumen  thin  ;  leaves  opposite,  simple  or  pinnately  divided. 

2.  Lyonothamnus. 

Tribe  2.    POMOIDE^:.    Fruit  a  pome  composed  of  the  thickened  and  succulent  calyx-tube 
inclosing  the  papery  or  bony  carpels  ;  stipules  free  from  the  petioles. 
Mature  carpels  papery. 

Carpels  as  many  as  the  styles. 

Flowers  in  simple  terminal  cymes  on  short  spur-like   lateral  branchlets;  ovary 
3-5-celled  ;  styles  more  or  less  united  below  ;  leaves  simple  ;  winter-buds  small. 

3.  Malus. 

Flowers  in  broad  compound  terminal  cymes  ;  ovary  2-4,  usually  3-celled  ;  styles 
distinct  ;  fruit  subglobose  ;  leaves  unequally  pinnate  ;  winter-buds  large. 

4.  Sorbus. 

Flowers  in  large  terminal  corymbose  panicles  ;  ovary  nearly  superior,  2-celled  ; 

styles  distinct  ;  fruit  obovoid.  5.  Heteromeles. 

Carpels  becoming  at  maturity  twice  as  many  as  the  styles  ;  flowers  in  erect  or  nod- 

ding racemes  ;  ovary  inferior  or  partly  superior  ;  styles  2-5,  more  or  less  united 

below  ;  fruit  subglobose  or  pyriform  ;  leaves  simple,  deciduous. 

6.  Amelanchier. 

Mature  carpels  bony  ;  flowers  in  terminal  cymose  corymbs  ;  ovary  1-5-celled  ;  styles 
distinct  ;  fruit  globose  to  pyriform  ;  leaves  simple,  deciduous.  7.  Crataegus. 

Tribe  3.    CERCOCARPE.S:.    Carpels  free  from  the  persistent  calyx,  becoming  akenes. 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary  ;  petals  0  ;  ovary  1  or  rarely  2-celled  ;  ovule  1  ;  fruit  tipped 
with  the  elongated  persistent  plumose  style  ;  leaves  simple,  persistent. 

8.  Cercocarpus. 

Tribe   4.    PRUNOIDKE.    Fruit  a  1-seeded   drupe  ;    ovary   1-celled  ;   style  terminal  ;  ovules 
pendulous. 

Flowers  in  fascicled  umbels  or  racemes  ;  leaves  simple,  deciduous  or  persistent. 

9.  Prunus. 


ROSACE^E 


349 


Tribe  5.    CHRYSOBALANOIDE.E.    Fruit   a   1-seeded   drupe ;  ovary    1-celled ;    style   lateral, 
ovules  ascending1.  » 

Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymose  panicles  ;  leaves  simple,  persistent. 

10.  Chrysobalanus. 

1.  VAUQUELINIA,  Corr. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branchlets,  and  scaly  bark.  Leaves  alternate 
or  rarely  opposite,  lanceolate,  serrate,  long-petiolate,  reticulate-veined,  coriaceous, 
persistent;  stipules  minute,  acute,  deciduous.  Flowers  on  slender bibracteolate  pedi- 
cels, in  compound  terminal  leafy  cymose  corymbs;  calyx  short-turbinate,  coriaceous, 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  erect,  persistent;  petals  5,  orbicular  or 
oblong,  white,  becoming  reflexed,  persistent;  stamens  15-25,  inserted  in  3  or  4  series, 
equal  or  semiequal,  those  of  the  outer  row  opposite  the  petals;  filaments  subulate, 
exserted,  persistent;  anthers  versatile,  extrorse;  carpels  5,  opposite  the  sepals, 
inserted  on  the  thickened  base  of  the  calyx-tube  and  united  below  into  a  5-celled 
ovoid  tomentose  ovary  crowned  with  5  short  spreading  styles  dilated  into  capitate 
stigmas;  ovules  subbasilar,  ascending,  prolonged  at  the  apex  into  thin  membra- 
naceous  wings;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  woody  ovoid  5-celled 
tomentose  capsule  inclosed  at  the  base  by  the  remnants  of  the  flower,  the  mature 
carpels  adherent  below  and  at  maturity  splitting  down  the  back.  Seeds  2  in  each 
cell,  ascending,  compressed;  testa  membranaceous,  expanded  into  a  long  terminal 
membranaceous  wing;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  flat;  radicle 
straight,  erect. 

Vauquelinia  is  confined  to  the  New  World  and  is  distributed  from  Arizona  and 
Lower  California  to  southern  Mexico.  Three  species  are  distinguished;  of  these  one 
inhabits  the  mountain  ranges  of  southern  Arizona. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  the  French  chemist  Louis  Nicholas  Vauquelin 
(1763-1829). 

1.  Vauquelinia  Californica,  Sarg. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  abruptly 
wedge-shaped  or  slightly  rounded  at  the  base,  and  remotely  serrate,  with  minute 


glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  puberulous  above  and  densely  tomentose  below,  at 
maturity  coriaceous,  bright  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  and  tomentose 


350  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

on  the  lower  surface,  1^-3'  long,  \'-%  wide,  with  thick  conspicuous  midribs  grooved 
on  the  upper  side,  and  numerous  thin  primary  veins  connected  by  reticulate  veinlets, 
deciduous  in  spring  or  early  summer;  their  petioles  thick,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers 
appearing  in  June,  ^  in  diameter,  in  hoary-tomentose  panicles  2'-3'  across;  petals 
oblong;  inner  surface  of  the  disk  pilose.  Fruit  fully  grown  by  the  end  of  August, 
£'  long,  persistent  on  the  branches  after  opening  until  the  spring  of  the  following 
year;  conspicuous  from  the  contrast  of  the  bright  red  faded  petals  and  the  white 
silky  pubescence  of  the  calyx  and  carpels;  seed  ^y  long,  and  one  third  as  long  as 
its  wing. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  slender  often  hollow  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  rigid 
upright  contorted  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  bright  reddish  brown 
and  more  or  less  thickly  covered  with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  light  brown  or  gray 
in  their  second  year  and  marked  by  large  elevated  leaf-scars;  or  more  often  a  low 
shrub.  Bark  about  ^'  thick,  dark  red-brown,  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small 
square  persistent  plate-like  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark 
rich  brown  screaked  with  red,  with  14  or  15  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Mountain  ranges  of  southern  Arizona,  Sonora,  and  Lower  Califor- 
nia; arborescent  and  of  its  largest  size  in  Arizona  on  the  Santa  Catalina  Mountains 
at  elevations  of  about  5000°  above  the  sea;  on  the  bottoms  and  rocky  sides  of  gulches, 
or  on  grassy  slopes. 

2.   LYONOTHAMNUS,  Gray. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  scaly  bark  exfoliating  in  long  strips,  stout  terete  pubescent 
ultimately  glabrous  branchlets,  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  opposite,  long-petiolate, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  entire,  finely  crenulate- 


serrate  or  serrulate-lobulate  below  the  middle,  or  sometimes  irregularly  pinnately 
parted  into  3-8  linear-lanceolate  remote  lobulate  segments,  coriaceous,  transversely 
many-veined,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  more  or  less  pubescent  below,  persistent; 
stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  minute,  caducous.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  com- 
pound terminal  pubescent  cymose  corymbs,  with  minute  acute  persistent  bracts  and 
bractlets;  calyx-tube  hemispherical,  with  1-3  bractlets,  tomentose  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, the  lobes  nearly  triangular,  slightly  keeled,  apiculate,  persistent;  disk  10-lobed. 


ROSACES  351 

with  a  slightly  thickened  margin;  petals  5,  orbicular,  sessile,  white;  stamens  15, 
inserted  in  pairs  opposite  the  petals  and  singly  opposite  the  sepals;  filaments  subu- 
late, incurved,  as  long  as  the  petals;  anthers  oblong,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening 
longitudinally;  carpels  2,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube,  forming  a  superior 
glandular-hairy  ovary;  styles  2,  spreading;  stigmas  capitate,  truncate;  ovules  4  in 
each  cell,  suspended;  micropyle  superior;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  of  2  woody  ovate 
glandular  4-seeded  carpels,  dehiscent  on  the  ventral  and  partly  dehiscent  on  the 
dorsal  suture.  Seeds  ovate-oblong,  pointed  at  the  ends;  seed-coat  light  brown,  thin 
and  membranaceous;  hilum  orbicular,  apical;  raphe  broad  and  wing-like;  cotyle- 
dons oblong-acuminate,  twice  as  long  as  the  straight  radicle  directed  toward  the 
hilum. 

Lyonothamnus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  found  only  on  the  islands  off  the 
coast  of  southern  California. 

Lyonothamnus,  in  honor  of  its  discoverer,  William  S.  Lyon. 

1.  Lyonothamnus  floiibundus,  Gray.    Iron-wood. 

Leaves  4'-8'  long,  £'  wide  when  entire,  or  4'  wide  when  pinnately  divided,  when  they 
unfold  covered  below  with  hoary  deciduous  tomentum,  at  maturity  dark  green  and 
lustrous  above  and  yellow-green,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  below,  with  orange-colored 
midribs.  Flowers  in  June  and  July,  \'~\'  in  diameter,  in  clusters  varying  from  4'-8' 
across.  Fruit  ripens  in  August  and  September,  T88'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  30°-40°  high,  with  a  single  straight  trunk  8'-10'  in  diame- 
ter, and  slender  branches  at  first  pale  orange  color  and  coated  with  deciduous  pubes- 
cence, becoming  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  bright  red  and  lustrous;  usually 
shrubby,  with  several  tall  stems,  or  in  exposed  situations  a  low  bush.  Bark  £' 
thick,  dark  red-brown,  and  composed  of  numerous  thin  papery  layers,  forming  after 
exfoliating  long  loose  strips  persistent  on  the  stem.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  bright  clear  red  faintly  tinged  with  orange. 

Distribution.  Steep  slopes  of  canons  in  dry  rocky  soil  on  the  islands  of  Santa 
Catalina,  Santa  Cruz,  and  San  Clemente,  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  northern  shores  of  Santa  Cruz;  on  Santa  Catalina  much  smaller 
and  rarely  arborescent. 

3.  MALUS,  Hall.    Apple. 

Trees,  with  scaly  bark,  slender  terete  branchlets,  small  obtuse  buds  covered  by 
imbricated  scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent  and  marking  the  base  of  the 
branchlet  with  conspicuous  ring-like  scars,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  involute  in  the 
bud,  simple,  often  incisely  lobed,  petiolate,  deciduous,  the  petioles  in  falling  leaving 
narrow  horizontal  scars  marked  by  the  ends  of  three  equidistant  fibro-vascular  bun- 
dles; stipules  free  from  the  petioles,  filiform,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  in  simple 
terminal  cymes,  with  filiform  deciduous  bracts  and  bractlets,  on  short  lateral  spur- 
like  often  spinescent  branchlets;  calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated 
in  the  bud,  acuminate,  becoming  reflexed,  persistent  and  erect  on  the  fruit  or  decid- 
uous; petals  rounded,  contracted  below  into  stalk-like  bases,  white,  pink  or  rose 
color;  stamens  usually  20  in  3  series,  those  of  the  outer  series  opposite  the  petals; 
carpels  3-5,  usually  5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  united  into  an  inferior  ovary;  styles 
united  at  the  base;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  ascending;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  infe- 
rior. Fruit  a  pome  with  homogeneous  flesh,  and  papery  carpels  joined  at  the  apex, 
free  in  the  middle;  seeds  2,  or  by  abortion  1  in  each  cell,  ovate,  acute,  erect,  without 


352  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

albumen;  seed-coat  cartilaginous,  chestnut-brown,  and  lustrous;  embryo  erect ;  cotyle- 
dons plano-convex,  fleshy;  radicle  short,  inferior. 

Malus  is  confined  to  North  America,  where  four  species  occur,  and  to  southeastern, 
northeastern,  and  eastern  Asia.  Of  exotic  species,  Malus  Malus,  Britt,  the  Apple- 
tree,  of  uncertain  origin,  but  probably  a  native  of  some  of  the  countries  of  south- 
western or  central  Asia,  is  now  widely  naturalized  in  northeastern  North  America. 
Several  of  the  species  of  eastern  Asia  and  their  hybrids  are  cultivated  for  their 
handsome  flowers,  or  for  their  fruits,  the  crab  apples  of  the  orchard. 

Malus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Apple- tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Calyx-lobes  persistent ;  fruit  depressed-globose,  hollowed  at  the  base,  leaves  convolute  in 
the  bud. 
Mature  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  oval,   acute  at  the  base,  crenulate-serrate  or  nearly 
entire,  subcoriaceous.  1.  M.  ailgustifolia  (A,  C). 

Leaves  ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base.  2.  M.  coroiiaria  (A). 

Mature  leaves  tomentose  below,  ovate  to  oblong,  narrow  at  the  base. 

3.  M.  loensis  (A,  C). 

Calyx-lobes  deciduous  ;  fruit  oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrulate,  often  3-lobed,  conduplicate  in  the  bud.  4.  M.  rivularis  (B,  G). 

I.  Malus  angustifolia,  Michx.    Crab  Apple. 

Leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  or  rounded  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  acute  at  the 
base,  coarsely  crenulate-serrate  above  the  middle,  or  sometimes  nearly  entire,  more 
or  less  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  pale  tomentum  below  and  pilose  above,  at 
maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and 


glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-3'  long,  about  I'-l^'  wide,  with  slen- 
der midribs  and  obscure  primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender,  rigid,  glabrous  or 
puberulous,  f'-l'  long;  stipules  rose  color,  £'  long.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  very 
fragrant,  on  slender  glabrous  or  hoary-tomentose  pedicels  I'-l^'  long,  in  few-flow- 
ered clusters;  calyx-tube  glabrous,  pubescent  or  tomentose,  the  lobes  narrow,  acumi- 
nate, with  rigid  tips,  and  hoary-tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  distinct, 


ROSACES 


353 


narrowly  obovate,  rounded  above,  undulate  and  sometimes  irregularly  dentate  at 
the  base  of  the  blade,  white,  pink,  or  rose  color;  ovary  and  the  lower  part  of  the 
styles  densely  hoary-toinentose.  Fruit  depressed-globose,  f'-l'  in  diameter,  pale 
yellow-green,  very  fragrant  when  fully  ripe,  with  hard  acid  flesh. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  rigid  branches 
forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  young  branchlets  clothed  at  first  with  pale  caducous 
pubescence,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  in 
their  second  year  light  brown  and  marked  by  occasional  orange-colored  lenticels. 
Winter-buds  fa'  long,  chestnut-brown,  slightly  pubescent.  Bark  \'-^'  thick,  dark 
reddish  brown,  and  divided  by  deep  longitudinal  fissures  into  narrow  ridges  broken 
on  the  surface  into  small  persistent  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood;  occasionally  em- 
ployed for  levers,  the  handles  of  tools  and  other  small  objects.  The  fruit  is  used  for 
preserves. 

Distribution.  Allegheny  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  southern  Delaware,  through 
the  coast  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Chattahoochee 
River,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Red  River,  Louisiana, 
and  northward  to  middle  Tennessee;  in  the  Atlantic  states  in  forest  glades,  usually 
in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  in  the  Gulf  states  often  in  the  sandy  soil  of  dry 
depressions  of  the  Pine-covered  uplands. 

2.  Malus  coronaria,  Mill.    Crab  Apple.  Fragrant  Crab. 

Leaves  ovate  or  sometimes  almost  triangular,  usually  acute,  often  truncate  or 
subcordate  and  occasionally  acute  at  the  base,  incisely  serrate,  with  glandular  teeth, 


often  3-lobed,  especially  on  vigorous  shoots,  when  they  unfold  red-bronze,  coated 
below  with  pale  tomentum  and  pilose  above,  at  maturity  membranaceoiis,  bright 
green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler,  glabrous  or  sometimes  slightly  pilose  on  the  lower 
surface,  3'-4'  long,  l%'-2%  wide,  with  broad  midribs  and  primary  veins,  and  con- 
spicuous veinlets,  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender, 
l£'-2'  long,  at  first  tomentose  or  pubescent,  ultimately  glabrous,  often  glandular 
near  the  middle,  with  2  dark  glands;  stipules  acuminate,  \'  long.  Flowers  l^'-2' 
across  when  expanded,  in  5  or  6-flowered  umbels,  on  slender  pedicels,  very  fragrant; 
calyx-tube  coated  with  thick  white  tomentum,  its  lobes  elongated,  acute,  ending  in 


354  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

rigid  subulate  points,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  white  or  rose 
color,  obovate,  often  crenately  serrate  or  undulate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  irregularly 
and  unequally  dentate  below;  ovary  and  base  of  the  styles  hirsute.  Fruit  on  long 
slender  stems,  I'-l^'  in  diameter,  green  when  fully  grown,  yellow-green  and  some- 
what translucent  at  maturity,  very  fragrant  and  covered  with  a  waxy  exudation. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-14/  in  diameter,  dividing  8°-10°  above 
the  ground  into  several  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  open  head,  and 
branchlets  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent, 
bright  red-brown,  and  marked  by  occasional  small  pale  lenticels  in  their  first  winter, 
and  developing  in  their  second  year  stout,  spur-like,  somewhat  spinescent  lateral 
branchlets.  "Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  with  bright  red  scales  scarious  and  ciliate 
on  the  dark  margins.  Bark  £'  thick,  longitudinally  fissured,  the  outer  layer  sepa- 
rating into  long  narrow  persistent  red-brown  scales.  Wood  heavy,  close-grained, 
not  strong,  light  red,  with  yellow  sapwood  of  18-20  layers  of  annual  growth;  used 
for  levers,  the  handles  of  tools,  and  many  small  domestic  articles. 

Distributiou.  Rich  rather  moist  soil  in  forest  glades,  often  forming  wide  thick- 
ets; less  commonly  on  dry  limestone  hills;  valley  of  the  Humber  River,  Ontario, 
westward  along  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  and  southward  through  western 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  to  central  Alabama,  and  westward  to  northern  Missouri. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  and  northern  states. 

3.  Malus  loensis,  Britt.    Crab  Apple. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  usually  acute  or 
narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  base,  crenately  serrate,  and  on  vigorous  shoots  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  broad  base  and  usually  incisely  lobed,  with  acute  coarsely  serrate 


lobes,  when  they  unfold  hoary-tomentose  below  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  and  at 
maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow- 
green  and  tomentulose  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long,  l^'-2^'  wide,  with  slender 
remote  primary  veins,  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles 
stout,  covered  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  tomentulose,  I'-l^'  long. 
Flowers  l^'-*2'  across  when  expanded,  in  few-flowered  clusters,  on  hoary-tomen- 
tose pedicels  I'-l-J'  long;  calyx  coated  with  thick  matted  snow-white  hairs,  the 


ROSACES 


355 


acute  lobes  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  white  or  rose  color,  obovate; 
ovary  and  base  of  the  styles  hirsute.  Fruit  l^'-l^'  in  diameter,  greenish  yellow, 
fragrant,  on  stout  tomentose  or  villose  stalks  I'-l^'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  1'2'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches 
forming  a  wide  open  head,  and  branchlets  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first  appear, 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  bright  red-brown  and  marked  by  occasional  small 
pale  lenticels  in  their  first  winter,  the  lateral  branchlets  usually  spiuesceut.  Winter- 
buds  minute,  obtuse,  pubescent  above  the  middle.  Bark  J'  thick,  covered  with  long 
narrow  persistent  red-brown  scales. 

Distribution.  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin,  Illinois  and  western  Kentucky  to  east- 
ern Nebraska,  Missouri,  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  Louisiana,  and  Texas;  the 
common  Crab  Apple  of  the  Mississippi  basin. 

The  Bechtel  Crab,  a  form  with  large  double  rose-colored  ffowers,  is  often  culti- 
vated in  the  eastern  and  central  states  as  an  ornament  of  gardens.  Mains  Soulardi, 
Britt.,  the  Soulard  Crab,  with  ovate,  elliptic,  or  obovate  usually  obtuse  leaves  rugose 
and  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  and  larger  fruit,  occurring  occasionally  from 
Minnesota  to  eastern  Texas,  is  believed  to  be  a  natural  hybrid  between  the  common 
Apple-tree  and  Malus  loensis. 

4.  Malus  rivularis,  Roem.    Crab  Apple. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  sharply  serrate,  with  appressed  glandular  teeth,  occasionally  obscurely  3-lobed, 
when  they  unfold  pubescent  on  the  lower  and  puUerulous  on  the  upper  surface,  at 
maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and  slightly  pubescent 


P'Q  279 


below,  l'-3'  long,  \'-l\'  wide,  with  prominent  midribs  and  primary  veins  and  con- 
spicuous reticulate  veinlets,  before  falling  in  the  autumn  turning  bright  orange  and 
scarlet;  their  petioles  stout,  rigid,  pubescent,  l'-l^'  long;  stipules  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, acute,  £'-£'  long.  Flowers  £'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in 
short  racemose  many-flowered  cymes;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or  pu- 
berulous,  the  acute  lobes  minutely  apiculate,  hoary-tomentose  on  the  inner  surface, 
deciduous  from  the  mature  fruit;  petals  orbicular  to  obovate,  erose  or  undulate  on 
the  margins;  styles  2-4,  glabrous.  Fruit  obovate-oblong,  £'-|'  long,  yellow-green, 
light  yellow  flushed  with  red  or  sometimes  nearly  red;  flesh  thin  and  dry. 


356  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets 
coated  at  first  with  long  pale  hairs  soon  deciduous  or  persistent  until  the  autumn, 
becoming  bright  red  and  lustrous,  and  later  dark  brown  and  marked  by  minute 
remote  pale  leuticels;  often  a  shrub  with  numerous  slender  stems.  Winter-buds 
obtuse,  Ty  long,  chestnut-brown,  the  inner  scales  at  maturity  lanceolate,  usually 
bright  red  and  nearly  ^'  in  length.  Bark  \'  thick,  and  covered  by  large  thin  loose 
light  red-brown  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close,  light  brown  tinged 
with  red,  with  lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  20—30  layers  of  annual  growth;  used 
for  mallets,  mauls,  the  handles  of  tools,  and  the  bearings  of  machinery.  The  fruit 
has  a  pleasant  subacid  flavor. 

Distribution.  Deep  rich  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams,  often  forming 
almost  impenetrable  thickets  of  considerable  extent;  Aleutian  Islands  southward 
along  the  coast  and  islands  of  Alaska  and  British  Columbia  to  Sonoma  and  Plumas 
counties,  California;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valleys  of  Washington  and  Oregon. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  western 
Europe. 

4.  SORBUS,  L.    Mountain  Ash. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  aromatic  bark,  stout  terete  branchlets,  large  buds 
covered  by  imbricated  scales,  the  inner  accrescent  and  marking  the  base  of  the 
branchlet  by  conspicuous  ring-like  scars,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate 
in  the  American  species,  the  pinnae  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  serrate,  deciduous; 
stipules  free  from  the  petioles,  foliaceous.  Flowers  in  broad  and  terminal  leafy 
cymes;  calyx-tube  urn-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persist- 
ent; petals  rounded,  abruptly  narrowed  below,  white;  stamens  usually  20  in  3 
series,  those  of  the  outer  series  opposite  the  petals;  carpels  2-5,  usually  3;  styles 
usually  3,  distinct;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  ascending;  raphe  dprsal;  micropyle  infe- 
rior. Fruit  a  small  subglobose  red  or  orange-red  pome  with  acid  flesh,  and  papery 
carpels  free  at  the  apex.  Seeds  2,  or  by  abortion  1,  in  each  cell,  ovate,  acute,  erect; 
seed-coat  cartilaginous,  chestnut-brown,  and  lustrous;  embryo  erect;  cotyledons 
plano-convex,  flat;  radicle  short,  inferior. 

Sorbus  is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  and  elevated  regions  of  the 
northern  hemisphere  with  three  or  four  species  in  North  America  of  which  one  is 
arborescent.  Of  exotic  species,  Sorbus  Aucuparia,  L.,  the  European  Mountain  Ash, 
is  often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  Canada  and  the  northern  states  and  has 
become  sparingly  naturalized  northward. 

Sorbus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Pear  or  of  the  Service-tree. 

1.  Sorbus  Americana,  Marsh.    Mountain  Ash. 

Leaves  6'-8'  long,  with  slender  grooved  dark  green  or  red  petioles,  often  with 
tufts  of  dark  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  petiolules,  and  13-17  lanceolate  acute  taper- 
pointed  leaflets  unequally  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  and  entire  at  the  base,  sharply 
serrate  above,  with  acute  often  glandular  teeth,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  or  the 
terminal  leaflet  on  a  stalk  sometimes  %  long;  when  they  unfold  slightly  pubescent 
below,  at  maturity  membranaceous,  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  on  the  upper  and 
pale  on  the  under  surface,  2'-3'  long,  £'-f  wide,  with  prominent  midribs  and  thin 
veins,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  before  falling  in  the  autumn;  stipules  broad,  nearly 
triangular,  variously  toothed,  caducous.  Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves  are 
fully  grown,  ^'  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  flat  cymes  3'-4/  across,  with 


ROSACES 


357 


acute  minute  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  broadly  obconic  and  puberulous, 
with  short,  nearly  triangular  lobes  tipped  with  minute  glands  and  about  half  as  long 
as  the  nearly  orbicular  creamy  white  petals.  Fruit  ^'  in  diameter,  subglobose  or 
slightly  pyriform,  bright  red,  with  thin  flesh;  seeds  pale  chestnut  color,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  acute  at  the  base,  about  |'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter,  spreading 
slender  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  pubes- 
cent at  first,  soon  glabrous,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  brown  tinged  with  red,  and 


marked  by  the  large  leaf-scars  and  by  oblong  pale  remote  lenticels,  and  darker  in 
their  second  year,  the  thin  papery  outer  layer  of  bark  then  easily  separable  from 
the  bright  green  fragrant  inner  layers;  more  often  a  tall  or  sometimes  a  low  shrub, 
with  numerous  stems.  Winter-buds  acute,  ^'— f'  long,  with  dark  vinous  red  acumi- 
nate scales  rounded  on  the  back,  more  or  less  pilose,  covered  with  a  gummy  exuda- 
tion, the  inner  scales  hoary-tomentose  in  the  bud.  Bark  ^'  thick,  with  a  smooth 
light  gray  surface  irregularly  broken  by  small  appressed  plate-like  scales.  Wood 
close-grained,  light,  soft  and  weak,  pale  brown,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  15- 
20  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  astringent  fruit  is  employed  domestically  in  infu- 
sions and  decoctions,  and  in  homo3opathic  remedies. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  swamps  and  rocky  hillsides;  Newfoundland  to  Mani- 
toba and  southward  through  the  maritime  provinces  of  Canada,  Quebec  and  Ontario, 
the  elevated  portions  of  the  northeastern  United  States  and  the  region  of  the  Great 
Lakes  to  the  high  mountains  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina;  probably  of  its  largest 
size  on  the  northern  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior;  in  the  United  States,  except 
in  New  England,  more  often  a  shrub  than  a  tree;  on  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
usually  low,  with  narrower  leaflets  and  smaller  fruit  than  northward.  Of  its  various 
forms  the  most  distinct  is 

Sorbus  Americana,  var.  decora,  Sarg.,  nov.  nom. 
(Pyrus  Americana,  var.  decora,  Silva  N.  Am.  xiv.  101.) 

Leaves  4' -6'  long,  with  stout  usually  red  petioles  often  furnished  with  tufts  of 
dark  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  petiolules,  and  7-13  oblong-oval  to  lance-ovate  leaflets 


358 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


blunt  and  rounded,  abruptly  short-pointed  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  pubescent  below 
as  they  unfold,  at  maturity  glabrous,  dark  bluish  green  on  the  upper  surface  and  pale 


on  the  lower  surface.  Flowers  ^'  in  diameter,  in  rather  narrower  clusters,  appear- 
ing eight  to  ten  days  later  than  those  of  the  type.  Fruit  subglobose,  bright  scarlet, 
often  £'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  and 
spreading  branches  forming  a  round-topped  handsome  head. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Labrador  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and 
Minnesota,  southward  to  the  mountains  of  northern  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and 
New  York.  Distinct  in  its  extreme  forms  but  apparently  connected  with  Sorbus 
Americana  by  many  intermediate  forms. 

Often  cultivated  in  Canada  and  the  northeastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree, 
especially  the  var.  decora,  which  is  the  most  beautiful  of  the  Mountain  Ashes  when 
the  large  and  brilliant  fruits  cover  the  branches  in  autumn  and  early  winter. 

5.  HETEROMELES,  Roem. 

A  tree,  with  smooth  pale  aromatic  bark,  stout  terete  branchlets  pubescent  or 
puberulous  while  young,  acute  winter-buds  covered  by  loosely  imbricated  red  scales, 
and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  ends,  sharply  and  remotely 
serrate,  with  rigid  glandular  teeth,  or  rarely  almost  entire,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  paler  below,  petiolate,  with  stout  petioles  often  furnished  near  the  apex  with 
1  or  2  slender  glandular  teeth,  feather-veined,  with  broad  midribs  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets;  stipules  free  from  the  petioles,  subulate,  rigid,  minute,  early  de- 
ciduous. Flowers  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  ample  tomentose  terminal  corymbose 
leafy  panicles,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  acute,  minute,  usually  tipped  with  small 
glands,  caducous;  calyx-tube  turbinate,  tomentose  below,  glabrate  above,  the  lobes 
short,  nearly  triangular,  spreading,  persistent;  disk  cup-shaped,  obscurely  sulcate; 
petals  flabellate,  erose-denticulate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  contracted  below  into 
short  broad  claws,  thick,  glabrous,  pure  white;  stamens  10,  inserted  in  1  row  with 
the  petals  in  pairs  opposite  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  subulate,  incurved;  anthers 
oblong-ovate,  emarginate,  carpels  2,  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube,  and  slightly  united 
into  a  subglobose  tomentose  nearly  superior  ovary;  styles  distinct,  slightly  spreading, 


ROSACES  359 

enlarged  at  the  apex  into  broad  truncate  stigmas;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  ascending; 
raphe  dorsal  ;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  obovoid,  fleshy,  the  thickened  calyx-tube 
connate  to  the  middle  only  with  the  membranaceous  carpels  coated  above  with  long 
white  hairs  filling  the  cavity  closed  by  the  infolding  of  the  thickened  persistent  calyx- 
lobes,  their  tips  erect  and  crowning  the  fruit.  Seed  usually  solitary  in  each  cell, 
ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back ;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  slightly  punc- 
tate, light  brown;  hilum  orbicular,  conspicuous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed; 
cotyledons  plano-convex;  radicle  short,  inferior. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  western  North  America. 

The  generic  name,  from  eVepos  and  M^OV,  is  in  reference  to  its  difference  from  related 
genera. 

1.  Heteromeles  arbutifolia,  Roem.    Tollon.    Toyon. 

Leaves  appearing  with  the  flowers  in  early  summer,  3'-4'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  usu- 
ally persistent  during  at  least  two  winters;  their  petioles  ^'-f  long.  Flowers  open- 
ing from  June  to  August  in  clusters  4'-6'  across  and  often  more  or  less  hidden  by 
young  lateral  branchlets  rising  above  them.  Fruit  ripening  in  November  and  Decem- 
ber, mealy,  astringent,  and  acid,  remaining  on  the  branches  until  late  in  the  winter. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  dividing  a 


few  feet  above  the  ground  into  many  erect  branches  forming  a  handsome  narrow 
round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  pale  pubescence,  in 
their  first  winter  dark  red  and  slightly  puberulous,  ultimately  becoming  darker  and 
glabrous.  Winter-buds  |'  long.  Bark  §'-•£'  thick,  light  gray,  with  a  generally 
smooth  surface  roughened  by  obscure  reticulate  ridges.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  dark  red-brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  7  or  8  layers  of 
annual  growth.  The  fruit-covered  branches  are  gathered  in  large  quantities  and  used 
in  California  in  Christmas  decorations. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams  or  on  dry  hills  and  espe- 
cially on  their  northern  slopes  and  often  on  steep  sea-cliffs  ;  California  coast  region 
from  Mendocino  County  to  Lower  California;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size 
on  the  islands  off  the  California  coast;  on  the  foot  hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  on 
the  San  Bernardino  Mountains  up  to  elevations  of  2000°  above  the  sea  and  usually 


360  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

shrubby ;  very  abundant  and  forming  groves  of  considerable  extent  on  the  island  of 
Santa  Catalina. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  California,  and  rarely  in  the 
countries  of  southern  Europe. 

6.  AMELANCHIER,  Med. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  slender  terete  branchlets,  acute  buds,  with  imbri- 
cated scales,  those  of  the  inner  rows  accrescent  and  bright-colored,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  alternate,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  simple,  entire  or  serrate,  penniveined, 
petiolate,  deciduous;  stipules  free  from  the  petioles,  linear,  elongated,  rose  color, 
caducous.  Flowers  in  erect  or  nodding  racemes,  on  slender  bibracteolate  pedicels 
developed  from  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acuminate  pink  deciduous  bracts;  calyx-tube 
campanulate  or  urceolate,  the  lobes  acute  or  subulate,  recurved,  persistent;  disk 
green,  entire  or  crenulate,  nectariferous;  petals  white,  obovate-oblong,  spatulate  or 
ligulate,  rounded,  acute,  or  truncate  at  the  apex,  gradually  contracted  below  into  short 
slender  claws;  stamens  usually  20,  inserted  in  3  rows,  those  of  the  outer  row  opposite 
the  petals;  filaments  subulate,  persistent  on  the  fruit;  anthers  oblong;  ovary  inferior 
or  superior,  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube,  glabrous  or  puberulous  above,  5- 
celled,  each  cell  incompletely  divided  by  a  false  partition;  styles  2-5,  connate  below, 
spreading  and  dilated  above  into  broad  truncate  stigmas;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  erect; 
micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  globose  or  pyriform,  dark  blue,  open  at  the  summit,  the  cav- 
ity surrounded  by  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  the  remnants  of  the  filaments;  flesh 
sweet,  rather  juicy;  carpels  membranaceous,  free  or  connate,  glabrous  or  villous  at 
the  apex.  Seeds  10  or  often  5  by  the  abortion  of  1  of  the  ovules  in  each  cell,  ovate- 
elliptical;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  dark  chestnut-brown,  mucilaginous;  embryo  filling 
the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  plano-convex;  radicle  inferior. 

Amelanchier  is  widely  distributed  through  the  temperate,  northern,  and  the  moun- 
tainous regions  of  eastern  and  western  North  America,  and  occurs  in  southern  Eu- 
rope, northern  Africa,  southwestern  Asia,  central  China  and  in  Japan. .  Several  spe- 
cies, still  imperfectly  known,  occur  in  North  America;  of  these  three  are  arborescent. 
The  fruit  of  all  the  species  is  more  or  less  succulent  and  edible,  and  many  species  are 
cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  beauty  of  their  early  and  conspicuous  flowers. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ABORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the 

base,  dark  red-brown  and  pilose  when  they  unfold,  soon  glabrous. 

1.  A.  Canadensis  (A,  C). 
Leaves  oblong  to  elliptical,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  hoary-tomentose  below  when  they 

unfold,  becoming  glabrous  at  maturity.  2.  A.  obovalis  (A,  C). 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute,  hoary-tomentose  below  when  they 

unfold,  becoming  glabrous.  3.  A.  alnifolia  (A,  B). 

1.  Amelanchier  Canadensis,  T.  &  G.    Shad  Bush.    Service  Berry. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  finely  serrate, 
with  straight  incurved  rigid  subulate  teeth,  when  they  unfold  dark  red-brown  and 
pilose,  with  scattered  deciduous  white  hairs,  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous,  dark 
green  and  dull  above,  pale  below,  3'-4'  long  and  I'-l-^'  wide,  with  prominent  midribs 
and  slender  veins,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their 
petioles  slender,  \'-V  long.  Flowers  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third 


ROSACES  361 

grown  on  slender  pedicels  £'-!'  long,  in  erect  or  nodding  glabrous  racemes  3'-4'  long; 
calyx  cainpanulate,  with  lanceolate  acute  lobes,  villous  on  the  inner  surface;  petals 
strap-shaped  or  slightly  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  thin,  ^'  to  nearly  1' 
long,  \'-\'  wide.  Fruit  ripening  in  early  summer,  depressed-globose,  £'-£'  broad, 


on  elongated  slender  stems  conspicuously  marked  by  the  scars  of  the  fallen  bractlets, 
bright  red  when  fully  grown,  becoming  dark  purple  and  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom  when  ripe;  seeds  ^'  long,  with  a  dark  red-brown  opaque  coat. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  small 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branch- 
lets,  at  first  light  green  and  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous,  dark  red  marked  by 
numerous  pale  lenticels  in  their  first  winter,  later  becoming  dark  brown  or  reddish 
brown.  Winter-buds  \'  long,  with  pale  chestnut-brown  ovate  apiculate  slightly 
pubescent  scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  lanceolate,  acute,  bright  red  above 
the  middle,  ciliate,  with  silky  hairs,  and  sometimes  V  long  when  fully  grown. 
Bark  \'-\'  thick,  pale  red-brown,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  narrow  longitudi- 
nal ridges,  and  covered  by  small  square  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly 
hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwood  of  40—50  layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used  for  the  handles 
of  tools  and  other  small  implements. 

Distribution.  Upland  woods  in  rich  soil;  Newfoundland,  through  the  maritime 
provinces  of  Canada,  and  westward  along  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes,  ranging 
southward  to  northern  Florida  and  westward  to  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska,  east- 
ern Kansas,  and  southern  Arkansas.  A  form  with  acuminate  leaves  cordate  or  rarely 
rounded  at  the  base  and  pale-tomentulose  below  even  at  maturity  (var.  tomentula, 
Sarg.,  nov.  war.)  is  referred  provisionally  to  this  species.  Vermont  (Ferrisburg,  C.  E. 
Faxon,  June,  1881)  to  Ontario,  and  to  Delaware,  central  Georgia,  Missouri,  and 
eastern  Louisiana. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  gardens. 

2.  Amelanchier  obovalis,  Ashe.    Shad  Bush.   Service  Berry. 

Leaves  oblong  to  broadly  elliptical,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  finely  serrate, 
with  slender  incurved  teeth  except  at  the  rounded  or  subcordate  base,  when  they 


362  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

unfold  villose  above  and  coated  below  with  hoary  tomentum,  at  maturity  thin  and 
glabrous,  dark  dull  green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2' 
long,  £'-!'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  yellow  in  the 
autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  £'-• f'  long.  Flowers  appearing  when 
the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown,  on  slender  pedicels  £'— £ '  long,  in  erect  or  nodding 
villose  racemes  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  l^'-2^'  long;  calyx  campanulate,  at 
first  tomentose,  soon  glabrous,  with  linear  acute  lobes  villose  on  the  inner  surface, 
and  oblong-obovate  petals  about  £'  long  and  -fa'  wide.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  the 
summer,  depressed-globose,  about  \'  in  diameter,  bright  red  when  fully  grown, 
becoming  dark  purple  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  seeds  ^'  long,  with  a 
dark  red-brown  opaque  coat. 

A  tree*,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  single  stem,  erect  branches  forming  a  dense 
round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  hoary 
tomentum,  soon  glabrous,  and  bright  red-brown  and  marked  by  numerous  minute 
pale  lenticels  in  their  first  winter,  later  becoming  darker;  often  with  numerous 


spreading  stems  forming  a  broad  tall  bush.  "Winter-buds  \'  long,  pale  chestnut- 
brown,  and  pubescent  above  the  middle.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  pale  reddish  brown  and 
scaly,  with  small  persistent  scales. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  in  low  wet  soil ;  Nova  Scotia  and 
New  Brunswick  to  Ontario,  and  northward  to  the  valley  of  the  Mackenzie  River 
in  latitude  65°  north,  and  southward  through  the  northern  states  and  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  to  Virginia  and  westward  to  Minnesota;  as  a  small  shrub  with 
narrower  petals  in  the  coast  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  from  North 
Carolina  to  Alabama. 

A  large-fruited  variety  is  occasionally  planted  in  the  middle  west  for  its  juicy 
agreeably  subacid  fruit. 

3.  Amelanchier  alnifolia,  Nutt.  Service  Berry. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute,  rounded  or  subcordate 
at  the  base,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  with  incurved  rigid  teeth, 
when  they  unfold  floccose-tomentose  below  and  often  pilose  above,  soon  becoming 


ROSACES  363 

glabrous  and  at  maturity  membranaceous  to  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  on  the  upper 
and  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-l^'  long  and  broad,  with  slender  midribs;  their  peti- 
oles slender,  ^'  long;  stipules  linear,  acute,  red-brown,  sometimes  1'  long.  Flowers 
on  short  pedicels,  in  erect  villose  racemes  I'-l^'  long,  with  acute  colored  bractlets; 


calyx  cup-shaped,  floccose-tomentose  or  soon  glabrous,  with  linear  acute  lobes  villose 
on  the  inner  surface;  petals  narrowly  oblong  to  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
^'-1'  long;  glabrous.  Fruit  subglobose,  dark  blue  or  almost  black,  with  a  glaucous 
bloom,  sweet  and  juicy,  \'  to  nearly  1'  in  diameter;  seeds  \'  long,  with  a  lustrous  red- 
brown  coat. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  single  straight  trunk  G'-IO7  in  diameter,  and 
slender  branches  green,  glabrous,  pilose,  with  long  pale  hairs,  or  pubescent  when  they 
first  appear,  in  their  first  winter  bright  red  or  plum  color,  glabrous  or  rarely  puberu- 
lous,  and  marked  by  small  pale  lenticels;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  clustered  slender 
stems.  Winter-buds  acute,  \'  long,  with  chestnut-brown  glabrous  occasionally 
pilose  scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  ovate,  acute,  brightly  colored,  coated 
with  pale  silky  hairs,  £'-f'  long.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  smooth  or  slightly  fissured, 
and  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light 
brown.  The  nutritious  pungent  fruit  is  an  important  article  of  food  with  the  Indians 
of  southwestern  America,  who  gather  and  dry  it  in  large  quantities. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Yukon  River  in  about  latitude  62°  50',  southward 
through  the  coast  ranges  to  northern  California,  and  eastward  to  Saskatchewan, 
Manitoba,  the  western  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  to  northern  Michigan;  of  its 
largest  si/e  on  the  islands  and  rich  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Columbia  River  and  on 
small  prairies  in  the  neighborhood  of  Puget  Sound. 

7.  CRAT-5JGUS.    Hawthorn. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  usually  dark  scaly  bark,  rigid  terete  more  or  less  zigzag 
branchlets  marked  by  oblong  mostly  pale  lenticels,  and  by  small  horizontal  slightly 
elevated  leaf-scars,  light  green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  red  or  orange-brown 
and  lustrous  or  gray,  rarely  unarmed  or  armed  with  stout  or  slender  short  or  elon- 
gated axillary  simple  or  branched  spines  generally  similar  in  color  to  that  of  the 
branches  or  trunk  on  which  they  grow,  often  bearing  while  young  linear  elongated 


364  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

caducous  bracts,  and  usually  producing  at  their  base  one  or  rarely  two  buds  often 
developing  the  following  year  into  a  branch,  a  leaf,  or  a  cluster  of  flowers,  or  some- 
times lengthening  into  a  leafy  branch.  Winter-buds  small,  globose  or  subglobose, 
covered  by  numerous  imbricated  scales,  the  outer  rounded  and  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  the  inner  accrescent,  green  or  rose  color,  often 
glandular,  soon  deciduous.  Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  simple,  generally  serrate, 
sometimes  3-nerved,  often  more  or  less  lobed,  especially  on  vigorous  leading  branch- 
lets,  membranaceous  to  coriaceous,  petiolate,  deciduous;  stipules  often  glandular- 
serrate,  linear,  acuminate,  frequently  bright-colored,  deciduous,  or  on  vigorous 
branchlets  often  foliaceous,  coarsely  serrate,  usually  lunate  and  stalked  and  mostly 
persistent  until  autumn.  Flowers  pedicellate,  in  few  or  many-flowered  simple  or  com- 
pound cymose  corymbs  terminal  on  short  lateral  leafy  branchlets,  with  linear  usually 
bright-colored  often  glandular  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets  leaving  prominent  gland- 
like  scars,  the  lower  branches  of  compound  corymbs  usually  from  the  axils  of  upper 
leaves;  branches  of  the  inflorescence  mostly  3-flowered,  the  central  flower  opening 
before  the  others;  calyx-tube  usually  obconic,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate 
and  usually  gland-tipped,  rarely  foliaceous,  glandular-serrate  or  entire,  green  or  red- 
dish toward  the  apex,  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open,  persistent  and  often  enlarged  on 
the  fruit,  or  deciduous ;  disk  thin  or  fleshy,  entire,  lobed  or  slightly  sulcate,  concave  or 
somewhat  convex;  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  orbicular,  entire  or  somewhat  erose 
or  rarely  toothed  at  the  apex,  white  or  rarely  rose  color,  spreading,  soon  deciduous; 
stamens  often  variable  in  number  in  the  same  species  by  imperfect  development,  but 
normally  5  in  1  row  and  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  10  in  5  pairs  in  1  row  alternate 
with  the  petals,  or  15  in  2  rows,  those  of  the  outer  row  in  5  pairs  opposite  the  sepals 
and  alternate  with  and  rather  longer  than  those  of  the  inner  row,  or  20  in  3  rows, 
those  of  the  inner  row  shorter  and  alternate  with  those  of  the  2d  row,  or  25  in  4 
rows,  those  of  the  4th  row  alternate  with  those  of  the  3d  row;  filaments  broad  at  the 
base,  subulate,  incurved,  often  persistent  on  the  fruit;  anthers  pale  yellow  to  nearly 
white,  or  pink  to  light  or  dark  rose  color  or  purple;  ovary  composed  of  1-5  carpels 
inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube  and  united  with  it;  styles  free,  with  dilated 
truncate  stigmas,  persistent  on  the  mature  carpels;  ovules  ascending;  raphe  dorsal; 
micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  subglobose,  ovate,  short-oblong  or  pear-shaped,  scarlet, 
orange-colored,  red,  yellow,  blue,  or  black,  generally  open  and  concave  at  the  apex; 
flesh  usually  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  1-5;  united  below,  more  or  less  free  and  slightly 
spreading  above  the  middle,  thick-walled,  rounded,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
full  and  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  rounded  or  conspicuously  ridged  and 
grooved  on  the  back,  flattened,  or  nearly  round  when  only  1,  their  ventral  faces 
plane  or  plano-convex  or  penetrated  by  longitudinal  cavities  or  hollows.  Seed  solitary 
by  abortion,  erect,  compressed,  acute,  with  a  membranaceous  light  chestnut-brown 
coat;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  radicle  short, 
inferior. 

Crataegus  is  most  abundant  in  eastern  North  America,  where  it  is  distributed  from 
Newfoundland  to  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico,  and  is  represented  by  a  large 
number  of  arborescent  and  shrubby  species.  A  few  species  occur  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  and  Pacific-coast  regions,  and  in  China,  Japan,  Siberia,  central  and  south- 
western Asia,  and  in  Europe.  The  genus  is  still  very  imperfectly  known  in  North 
America,  and  in  the  absence  of  sufficient  information  concerning  them  several  ar- 
borescent species  are  necessarily  excluded  from  the  following  enumeration.  The 
beautiful  and  abundant  flowers  and  showy  fruits  make  many  of  the  species  desirable 


ROSACES  365 

ornaments  of  parks  and  gardens,  and  several  are  cultivated.  Of  exotic  species,  the  Old 
World  Cratcegus  Ozyacantha,  L.,  early  introduced  into  the  United  States  as  a  hedge 
plant,  has  now  become  naturalized  in  many  places  in  the  northeastern  and  middle 
states.  Cratsegus  produces  heavy  hard  tough  close-grained  red-brown  heartwood 
and  thick  lighter  colored  usually  pale  sap  wood ;  useful  for  the  handles  of  tools,  mal- 
lets, and  other  small  articles. 

The  number  of  the  stamens,  although  it  differs  on  the  same  species  within  certain 
usually  constant  limits,  and  the  color  of  the  anthers,  which  appears  to  be  specifically 
constant  with  two  exceptions,  afford  the  most  satisfactory  characters  for  distinguish- 
ing the  species  in  the  different  groups. 

Cratcegus,  from  Kpdros,  is  in  reference  to  the  strength  of  the  wood  of  these  trees. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NATURAL  GROUPS  OF  THE  NORTH 
AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

1.  Nutlets  without  ventral  cavities. 

*Veins  of  the  leaves  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes  only. 

-••Petioles  short,  glandless  or  with  occasional  minute  glands ;  leaves  obovate  to  ob- 
long, cuneate  at  the  base. 
•*-*Corymbs  many-flowered. 

Leaves  coriaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  rarely  thin,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  usually  serrate  only  above  the  middle,  their  veins  thin  except  on 
vigorous  shoots ;  fruit  mostly  globose  to  short-oblong,  £'-!'  long,  with 
thin  bright  usually  greenish  flesh ;  nutlets  1-3,  thick,  usually  obtuse 
and  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back. 

I.  Crus-galli  (page  367). 

Leaves  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  mostly  acute,  their  veins  promi- 
nent ;  fruit  oblong  to  globose,  often  conspicuously  punctate,  £'-!'  long; 
flesh  dry  and  mealy ;  nutlets  2-5,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back. 

II.  Punctatee  (page  388). 

•*-*•  +-*•  Corymbs  few-flowered ;  flowers  appearing  with  or  before  the  unfolding  of 
the  leaves ;  stamens  20-25 ;  anthers  large,  dark  rose  color. 

III.  JEsti  vales  (page  399). 

-*•  -*•  Petioles  elongated,  slender,  glandless  or  with  occasional  minute  glands ;  leaves 
membranaceous  to  subcoriaceous,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  ends,  on  one  species 
broad  at  the  base;  corymbs  many-flowered ;  fruit  subglobose  to  oblong,  £'-£' 
long.  IV.  Virides  (page  400). 

-••  -1-  -'-Petioles  elongated,  usually  slender,  glandular  only  at  the  apex  (in  Intricate  and 
Bracteatce  sparingly  glandular  throughout). 

-^Leaves  mostly  broad  at  the  base ;  corymbs  many-flowered  (few-flowered  in 
one  species  of  Dilatatce). 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  |'-f '  in  diameter,  red  or  green,  often 
slightly  5-angled,  pruinose  ;  nutlets  5,  grooved  on  the  back  ;  stamens  20 ; 
anthers  rose  color ;  leaves  blue-green,  subcoriaceous,  nearly  glabrous. 

V.  Pruinosae  (page  411). 

Fruit  short-oblong  to  obovate,  scarlet,  ^'-f  long,  globose  and  greenish  red 
in  one  species ;  flesh  succulent,  sometimes  juicy ;  anthers  rose  color  or 
purple ;  leaves  membranaceous,  at  maturity  glabrous  below. 

VI.  Tenuifoliae  (page  413). 

Fruit  subglobose,  oblong  or  pyriform,  crimson,  scarlet,  or  rarely  yellow, 
usually  about  1'  in  diameter;  flesh  thick,  succulent,  often  edible ;  nut- 
lets usually  5,  occasionally  4,  thin,  pointed  at  the  ends,  mostly  obscurely 


366  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

grooved  or  ridged  on  the  back ;  corymbs  tomentose  or  pubescent ; 
leaves  membranaceous  to  subcoriaceous,  broad,  rounded  or  cuneate  at 
the  base,  at  maturity  usually  pubescent  or  tomentose  below. 

VII.  Molles  (page  422). 

Fruit  oblong,  scarlet,  V~i'  long ;  flesh  succulent ;  nutlets  3-5,  prominently 
grooved  and  usually  ridged  on  the  back ;  corymbs  glabrous  or  tomen- 
tose ;  leaves  membranaceous  or  rarely  subcoriaceous,  oblong,  more  or 
less  acutely  lobed  ;  anthers  rose  or  purple. 

VIII.  Flabellatae  (page  442). 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  crimson  or  red  tinged  with  green,  about 
f '  long,  its  calyx  enlarged  and  prominent ;  nutlets  5,  prominently 
ridged  on  the  back ;  corymbs  rarely  few-flowered;  stamens  20  ;  anthers 
rose  color;  leaves  membranaceous,  on  vigorous  shoots  as  broad  or 
broader  than  long.  IX.  Dilatatae  (page  455). 

•*-*-++Leaves  cuneate  at  the  base. 

Corymbs  many-flowered ;  leaves  subcoriaceous ;  fruit  subglobose,  rarely  ob- 
long, -£'-f '  long  ;  nutlets  2  or  3,  obtuse  at  the  ends,  conspicuously  ridged  on 
the  back ;  corymbs  glabrous  or  tomentose  ;  leaves  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above.  X.  Coccineae  (page  459). 

Corymbs  few-flowered  (many-flowered  in  one  species  of  Bracteatce) ;  leaves 
membranaceous. 

Fruit  subglobose  to  oblong,  rarely  more  than  -J-'  long,  greenish  or  yellow- 
ish ;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  at  the  ends,  conspicuously  ridged  on  the  back ; 
leaves  subcoriaceous,  yellow-green.  XI.  Iiitricatae  (page  462). 

Fruit  subglobose,  rarely  more  than  ^'  long,  red  or  orange-red ;  nutlets 
3-5,  slightly  grooved  on  the  back ;  stamens  20 ;  anthers  rose  color ; 
leaves  incisely  lobed.  XII.  Fulcherrimae  (page  466). 

Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  -J'-f '  long;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  at  the 
ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back ;  corymbs  in  one  species  few- 
flowered,  villose  ;  bracts  large  and  conspicuous  ;  calyx-lobes  f  oliaceous ; 
stamens  20 ;  anthers  yellow ;  leaves  coriaceous  to  subcoriaceous,  dark 
green  and  lustrous,  their  petioles  sparingly  glandular  through  their 
whole  length.  XIII.  Bracteatee  (page  468). 

-»•-(•-»•  -*•  Petioles,  leaves  and  corymbs  conspicuously  glandular ;  corymbs  few-flowered  ; 
fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong  or  pyriform,  ^-'-f '  long,  green,  orange,  or  red, 
flesh  usually  hard  and  dry ;  branchlets  conspicuously  zigzag. 

XIV.  Flavae  (page  471). 

**Veins  of  the  leaves  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes  and  to  the  sinuses ;  corymbs 
many-flowered ;  stamens  20. 

Fruit  depressed-globose  to  oblong,  not  more  than  5-'  long,  scarlet ;  nutlets  2-5, 

obtuse  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back ;  anthers  rose  color  or 

purple.  XV.  Microcarpae  (page  486). 

Fruit  subglobose,  $'-$'  in  diameter,  blue  or  blue-black ;  nutlets  3-5,  obtuse  at 

the  ends  slightly  ridged  on  the  back;  leaves  dark  green  and  lustrous. 

XVI.  Brachyacanthae  (page  489). 
2.  Nutlets  with  longitudinal  cavities  on  their  ventral  faces. 

•  Fruit  pyriform  to  subglobose  or  short-oblong,  \'— \'  long,  lustrous,  orange  or 
scarlet ;  nutlets  2  or  3,  obtuse  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back ; 
leaves  membranaceous  to  subcoriaceous,  mostly  pubescent  below. 

XVII.  Tomentosae  (page  491). 

Fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  \'  long,  black ;  nutlets  5,  obtuse  at  the  ends, 
obscurely  ridged  on  the  back  ;  stamens  20 ;  leaves  subcoriaceous. 

XVIII.  Douglasianae  (page  502). 


ROSACES  367 

I.  CRUS-GALLI. 

Corymbs,  leaves,  and  young  branchleta  slightly  hairy  while  young,  soon  becoming  glabrous 
(glabrous  while  young  in  1,  6,  S,  and  11). 
Stamens  10. 

Anthers  rose  color  or  purple. 

Leaves  glabrous,  obovate-cuneif  orm,  coriaceous,  their  veins  within  the  parenchyma ; 
fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  dull  red  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

1.  C.  Crus-galli  (A). 

Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  usually  acute,  coriaceous  ;  fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose, 

dark  crimson,  lustrous.  2.  C.  Canbyi  (A). 

Leaves   obovate,  usually  short-pointed  at   the  broad  apex,  subcoriaceous ;   fruit 

short-oblong  to  obovate,  bright  scarlet.    '  :J.  C.  Peoriensis  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  or  broadly  ovate,  their  petioles  glandular,  with 

minute  stipitate  glands ;   fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  orange-red,  villose 

until  nearly  fully  grown.  4.  C.  fecunda  (A). 

Anthers  yellow. 

Leaves  oval  to  elliptic,   acute  or  acuminate,  subcoriaceous ;   fruit  short-oblong, 

green  tinged  with  red.  5.  C.  regalis  (C). 

Leaves  glabrous,  obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  subcoriaceous ; 

fruit  short-oblong,  dull  dark  crimson.  G.  C.  Arduemiae  (A). 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-cuneiform,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  subcoriaceous ; 

fruit  subglobose  to  obovoid,  dull  red,  or  green  flushed  with  red. 

7.  C.  algens  (A,  C). 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  acute,  comparatively  thin,  dull  green  above ;  fruit  sub- 
globose,  flattened  at  the  ends,  dark  dull  crimson.  8.  C.  erecta  (A). 
Leaves  oval   to  oblong-obovate,  acute   or  acuminate,  comparatively   thin ;  fruit 
short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  scarlet. 

9.  C.  acutifolia  (A). 
Stamens  20. 

Anthers  rose  color ;  leaves  obovate  to  elliptic,  broad  and  rounded  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  coriaceous  ;  fruit  short-oblong,  green  tinged  with  dark  red. 

10.  C.  Bushii  (C). 

Anthers  yellow ;  leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  snb- 
coriaceous;  fruit  globose  to  subglobose,  red.  11.  C.  arborea  (C). 

Corymbs,  leaves,  and  branchlets  more  or  less  villose  or  pubescent  throughout  the  season. 
Stamens  10. 

Anthers  rose  color ;  leaves  broadly  obovate  to  elliptic  coriaceous,  scabrous  above ; 
fruit  globose,  bright  orange-red,  with  a  yellow  cheek.     12.  C.  Engelmaiiiii  (A). 
Anthers  yellow  (doubtful  in  13  and  14-) 

Leaves    oval,  oblong-obovate   or     elliptic,   acute,  thin   to   subcoriaceous;    fruit 
globose  to  subglobose,  orange-red.  13.  C.  denaria  (C). 

Leaves  obovate  to  obovate-cuneiform,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  thin ;  fruit  short- 
oblong,  dark  red,  more  or  less  pruinose.  14.   C.  signata  (C). 
Leaves  broadly  oval  to   oblong,  rounded   or  acute   or  short-pointed  at  the  apex, 
coriaceous  ;  fruit  subglobose,  dull  green  tinged  with  red  or  cherry-red. 

15.  C.'Palmeri  (C). 
Stamens  20. 

Anthers  rose  color. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute,  coriaceous,  scabrate  ;  fruit  short-oblong,  dull  green 

tinged  with  red,  sKghtly  pruinose.  10.  C.  edita  (C). 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate-cuneiform,  rounded  and  obtuse  or  occasionally  acute  at 

the  apex,  coriaceous,  glabrous  or  scabrate  above  ;  fruit  globose  to  subglobose  or 

short-oblong,  dark  red.  17.  C.  tersa  (C). 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Anthers  yellow. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  gradually  narrowed  at  the  apex,  subcoriaceous, 

pale  below ;  fruit  subglobose,  orange  color,  with  a  red  cheek. 

18.  C.  berberifolia  (C). 
Leaves  cuneate,  oblong  or  obovate-cuneif  orm,  rounded  and  obtuse  or  rarely  acute 

at  the  apex,  coriaceous,  glabrate  or  slightly  scabrous  above  ;  fruit  subglobose, 

orange  or  yellow,  with  a  red  cheek.  19.  C.  edura  (C). 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate-cuneif  orm,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  subcoriaceous, 

glabrous  or  glabrate  above,  pale  below ;  fruit  oval  to  short-oblong,  yellow. 

20:  C.  crocina  (C). 
Leaves  oblong  to  obovate-cuneifonn,  rounded  or  obtuse  or  rarely  truncate  at  the 

apex,  coriaceous,  scabrate  above  ;  fruit  globose  to  subglobose,  bright  red  or 

scarlet.  21.  C.  fera  (C). 

Leaves  obovate,  acute,  thin  to  subcoriaceous ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong, 

somewhat  flattened  at  the  apex,  bright  orange-red.  22.  C.  Mohri  (C). 

1.  Glabrous  at  maturity. 
*Stamens  10. 

-«• Anthers  rose  color  or  purple. 

1.  Crataegus  Crus-galli,  L.    Cock-spur  Thorn. 

Leaves  glabrous,  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate  and  gradually 
narrowed  to  the  slender  entire  base,  sharply  serrate  above,  with  minute  appressed 


usually  gland-tipped  teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red,  membranaceous  and 
nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  1st  of  June,  and  at  maturity 
thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  reticulate-veined, 
1/-4'  long,  \'-V  wide,  with  slender  midribs,  and  primary  veins  within  the  parenchyma, 
turning  bright  orange  and  scarlet  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles 
stout,  wing-margined  toward  the  apex,  £'-f  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  acute  or  accu- 
minate,  coarsely  serrate,  often  5'-6'  long.  Flowers  J'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous, 
the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  minutely  glandular-serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers 
rose  color;  styles  usually  2,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit 


ROSACES 


369 


ripening  late  in  October  and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  spring,  short-oblong  to 
subglobose,  ^'  long,  dull  red  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  flesh  dry  and 
mealy;  calyx  little  enlarged;  nutlets  usually  2,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  pro- 
minently ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  high  rounded  grooved  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  stout  rigid  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  glabrous,  light  brown  or  gray 
branchlets  armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  sharp-pointed  chestnut-brown 
or  ashy  gray  spines  3'-4'  long  and  becoming  on  the  trunks  and  large  branches  6'-8' 
long  and  furnished  with  slender  lateral  spines. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  the  slopes  of  low  hills  in  rich  soil;  valley  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  near  Montreal,  southward  to  Delaware  and  along  the  Appalachian 
foothills  to  North  Carolina,  and  westward  through  western  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania to  southern  Michigan. 

A  form,  var.  pyracanthifolia,  Ait.,  with  narrower  elliptical  to  obovate  leaves  acute 
or  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  slightly  pubescent  while  young  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
midribs,  and  with  rather  smaller  flowers  and  smaller  bright  red  fruit,  is  not  rare  in 
eastern  Pennsylvania  and  northern  Delaware;  a  form,  var.  salicifolia,  Ait.,  cultivated 
in  European  gardens,  but  not  known  in  a  wild  state,  with  thinner  narrower  and 
more  elongated  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  leaves,  should  also  probably  be  referred  to 
this  species.  A  form,  var.  oblongata,  Sarg.,  with  rather  brighter  colored  oblong  fruit 
often  1'  long,  and  nutlets  acute  at  the  ends,  is  not  rare  near  Wilmington,  Delaware,  and 
at  Durham,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania.  A  form,  var.  capillata,  Sarg.,  with  thinner 
leaves,  slightly  villose  corymbs,  and  1  or  rarely  2  nutlets,  occurs  near  Wilmington, 
Delaware. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  and  for  hedges^  in  the  eastern  United 
States,  and  very  frequently  in  the  countries  of  eastern  and  northern  Europe. 

2.  Crataegus  Canbyi,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the 
apex,  gradually  narrowed,  cuneate  and  entire  at  the  base,  and  coarsely  and  often 
doubly  serrate  above  the  middle,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about 


the  1st  of  May  and  then  glabrous  or  very  rarely  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the. 
upper  side  of  the  midribs  and  on  the  corymbs,  at  maturity  coriaceous,  glabrous,  dark 


370  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  and  dull  below,  2'-2£'  long,  1'-1J'  wide,  with 
thick  pale  midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  remote  primary  veins  conspicuous  on  the  lower 
surface;  their  petioles  more  or  less  winged  above,  glandular,  with  scattered  dark  red 
persistent  glands,  red  below  the  middle,  ^'-f  long;  on  vigorous  leading  shoots  often 
deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  acute  lobes,  and  frequently  3'-4'  long  and 
2'  wide.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  many- 
flowered  long-branched  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  entire  or 
serrate,  with  minute  scattered  glandular  teeth;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  12 
or  13;  anthers,  small,  rose  color;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  in  October  but  per- 
sistent until  after  the  beginning  of  winter,  on  elongated  slender  stems,  in  loose 
many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  full  and  rounded  at 
the  ends,  with  a  distinct  depression  at  the  insertion  of  the  stalk,  lustrous,  dark 
erimson,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  |'-f'  long;  calyx-lobes  reflexed, 
closely  appressed,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  bright  red,  very 
juicy;  nutlets  3-5,  prominently  ridged,  with  broad  rounded  ridges,  bright  chestnut- 
brown,  about  ^'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  large  ascend- 
ing wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head  occasionally 
30°-35°  in  diameter,  and  branchlets  armed  with  thick  usually  straight  chestnnt- 
brown  spines  f '-!£'  long. 

Distribution.  Hedges  and  thickets,  Wilmington,  Delaware,  to  the  shore*  ef 
Chesapeake  Bay,  Maryland,  and  to  eastern  Pennsylvania. 

3.  Crataegus  Peoriensis,  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  short-pointed  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  broad  apex,  gradu- 
ally narrowed,  cuneate  and  entire  below,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  usually 


only  above  the  middle,  sometimes  irregularly  lobed,  with  short  broad  terminal  lobes, 
when  they  unfold  villose  above,  especially  toward  the  base  of  the  midribs,  and 
bright  bronze  color,  becoming  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous,  dark  green  and 
very  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  l£'-2'  long,  £'  wide,  with  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  pri- 
mary veins  conspicuous  on  the  under  side  and  extending  obliquely  from  the  slender 
midribs  to  the  ends  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  usually  about  \'  long,  more  or  less 


ROSACE^E 


371 


wing-margined  and  slightly  glandular  above  the  middle,  and  covered  at  first  with 
short  pale  deciduous  hairs;  on  vigorous  shoots  deeply  divided  into  broad  acute 
lateral  lobes,  2'-3'  long,  and  1|'  wide,  with  lunate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate  stip- 
ules, sometimes  1'  long.  Flowers  cup-shaped,  about  ^'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  compound  many -flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx- 
tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  narrow  and  acuminate,  entire  or  irregularly  gland- 
ular-serrate, pubescent  below  the  middle  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10; 
anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring 
of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels, 
in  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  oblong  or  obovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
slightly  depressed  at  the  insertion  of  the  stalk,  bright  scarlet,  marked  by  many 
small  dark  dots,  ^'-f  long;  calyx-lobes  enlarged,  erect,  incurved,  and  persistent; 
flesh  thick,  nearly  white,  firm  and  dry;  nutlets  2  or  3,  prominently  ridged  on  the 
back,  about  \'  long. 

A  nearly  glabrous  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  1°  in  diameter, 
stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  flat-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  branch- 
lets  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  thin  dull  chestnut-brown  spines  2'-2^' 
long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods,  the  moist  borders  of  streams  and  depressions  in  the 
prairie,  and  on  hillsides  in  clay  soil,  Short  and  Peoria  counties,  Illinois. 

4.  Crataegus  fecunda,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  or  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  and 
short-pointed  at  the  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  below,  and  coarsely  and  usu- 
ally doubly  serrate  except  toward  the  base,  when  they  unfold  dark  green,  lustrous 
and  roughened  above  by  short  pale  appressed  caducous  hairs  and  pale  yellow-green 


and  villose  along  the  midribs  and  primary  veins  below,  about  half  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  early  in  May  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  2'-24'  long,  li'-2'  wide,  with  stout  midribs 
and  remote  primary  veins  after  midsummer  often  bright  red  below,  turning  late 
in  the  autumn  brilliant  shades  of  orange  or  scarlet  or  deep  rich  bronze  color;  their 
petioles  more  or  less  winged,  often  glandular,  at  first  coated  with  pale  hairs,  soon 
glabrous,  dull  red  at  maturity,  ^'-f'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  slightly  lobed, 


372 


TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


with  short  broad  acute  lobes,  convex  by  the  hanging  down  of  the  margins,  3'-4' 
long,  and  2'-3'  wide,  their  stipules  semiluuate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  often  |' 
long.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  wide  many-flowered  slightly 
villose  corymbs,  with  large  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly 
obconic,  more  or  less  villose,  the  lobes  elongated,  acute,  and  coarsely  serrate,  with 
stipitate  dark  red  glands, villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  usually  10,  occasion- 
ally 12-15;  anthers  small,  dark  purple;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  on  slender  pedicels 
often  %'  long,  in  broad  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong  to  subglobose, 
full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  covered  until  nearly  fully  grown  with  long  soft  pale 
hairs,  and  at  maturity  orange-red  marked  by  many  small  dark  dots,  £'-1'  long;  calyx- 
lobes  linear-lanceolate,  erect  and  incurved,  coarsely  glandular-serrate  above  the 
middle,  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  toward  the  base;  flesh  very  thick,  firm  and 
hard,  pale  green,  dry  and  sweet;  nutlets  2  or  3,  rounded  and  prominently  ridged  on 
the  back,  £'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  stout  wide-spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  round-topped  rather  open  head,  and  stout 
branchlets  covered  at  first  with  soft  matted  pale  hairs,  soon  glabrous,  light  orange- 
green,  becoming  ashy  gray  in  their  second  season,  and  armed  with  numerous  very 
slender  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2'-2^'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  woodlands  near  Alton,  Missouri,  and  ou  the  bottom-lands  of 
the  Mississippi  River  in  Illinois  opposite  St.  Louis. 

5.  Crataegus  regalis,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  to  elliptic,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  concave- 
cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  acute 
straight  or  incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red  and  sparingly  villose 


above  and  on  the  midribs  below,  soon  glabrous,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers 
open  at  the  end  of  April,  becoming  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous, 
bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  l£'-2£'  long,  l'-l£'  wide,  with  stout 
yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  and  brown; 
their  petioles  stout,  about  1'  long,  broadly  winged,  reddish  brown  toward  the  base;  on 
vigorous  shoots  broadly  oval,  coarsely  serrate,  mostly  slightly  incisely  lobed,  3'-4' 


ROSACES  373 

long,  l£-2'  wide,  with  thicker  midribs  and  veins.  Flowers  ^'  in  diameter,  on  long 
slender  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly 
obconic,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  remotely  serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers 
yellow;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  or  October,  on  slender  stems, 
in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  f— |  long,  green  tinged  with  red; 
calyx-lobes  slightly  enlarged,  reflexed  and  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh 
yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  %'  long, 
about  TY  wide. 

A  tree,  often  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  stout  ascending  or 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  head,  and  branchlets  armed  with 
stout  or  slender  nearly  straight  spines  l£'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  woods,  northwestern  Georgia  and  northern  Alabama;  com- 
mon in  the  flat  woods  near  Rome,  Georgia. 

—i — (•  Anthers  yellow. 

6.  Crataegus  Arduennae,  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
from  near  the  middle  to  the  entire  cuueate  base,  finely  crenulate-serrate  above,  with 


glandular  teeth,  glabrous  and  deeply  tinged  with  red  as  they  unfold,  nearly  fully 
grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May  or  early  in  June,  at  maturity  sub- 
coriaceous,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  lJ'-2^'  long,  and  £'-!' 
wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  obscure  primary  veins  mostly  within  the 
parenchyma;  their  petioles  stout,  winged  to  below  the  middle,  occasionally  sparingly 
glandular,  ^'-|'  in  length;  on  vigorous  shoots  mostly  elliptical,  short-pointed,  very 
coarsely  serrate,  usually  laterally  lobed,  and  often  2^'-3'  long  and  l£'-2'  wide,  with 
stout  midribs  and  prominent  slender  primary  veins,  their  stipules  foliaceous,  lunate, 
coarsely  glandular-serrate,  stalked,  sometimes  -f'  long.  Flowers  £'-f'  in  diam- 
eter, on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  compound  glabrous  corymbs; 
calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  the  base,  linear, 
acuminate,  tipped  with  small  dark  red  glands,  entire  or  slightly  and  irregularly  ser- 
rate; stamens  5-12;  usually  10;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles  1  or  2.  Fruit 


374  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

on  slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong,  dull  dark  crim- 
son marked  by  large  pale  dots,  about  \'  long  and  f'-^'  wide;  calyx  only  slightly 
enlarged,  the  lobes  reflexed  and  appressed;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlet  1, 
gradually  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  the  obtuse  ends,  grooved  and  irregularly 
ridged  on  the  dorsal  face,  or  2  and  then  broad,  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently 
ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  high  wide  rounded  ridge,  about  -fa  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'— 12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  smooth 
light  gray  bark,  spreading  branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
slightly  zigzag  branchlets  light  orange-green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dark 
purple  and  lustrous  and  ultimately  grayish  brown,  and  armed  with  many  slender 
straight  or  slightly  curved  dark  purple-brown  shining  spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Neighborhood  of  Chicago  to  Joliet,  Illinois,  and  on  Belle  Isle  in 
the  Detroit  River,  Michigan. 

7.  Crataegus  algens,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong  or  elliptic,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  serrate  above,  villose  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  midribs  and  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end 
of  May,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  below,  l^'-2'  long,  | '-1^'  wide,  with  thin  midribs  and  slender  primary  veins, 
turning  in  the  autumn  to  shades  of  orange,  yellow,  and  brown;  their  petioles  slender, 


wing-margined  above,  rarely  glandular,  with  minute  glands,  about  \'  long.  Flowers 
£'  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs ; 
calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  entire  or  remotely 
serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers  yellow;  styles  1-3.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and 
October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  hanging  clusters,  subglobose  to  obovoid, 
$'-£'  in  diameter,  dull  red,  or  green  flushed  with  red,  -f'-^'  long;  calyx  somewhat 
enlarged,  with  reflexed  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets 
usually  1  or  2,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  ^'-f '  long. 

A  tree,  15°-18°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  7'-8'  in  diameter,  stout 
ascending  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  round-topped  head,  and  branch- 
lets  armed  with  stout  nearly  straight  spines  l'-2'  long. 


ROSACES  375 

Distribution.  Borders  of  woods  and  fields  ;  western  North  Carolina  to  northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama,  and  to  eastern  Tennessee;  one  of  the  commonest  species  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Asheville,  North  Carolina. 

8.  Crataegus  erecta,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  or  nearly  orbicular  on  leading  vigorous  shoots,  acute  and 
short-pointed  at  the  apex,  cuneate  and  entire  at  the  base,  and  finely  glandular-serrate, 


when  they  unfold  often  villose,  with  a  few  short  caducous  pale  hairs  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  midribs,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity 
thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark  dull  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, l^'-2'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  thin  prominent  primary  veins, 
in  the  autumn  turning  dull  orange  color;  their  petioles  slender,  often  wing-margined 
toward  the  apex,  glandular,  with  minute  dark  glands,  usually  dark  red  after  mid- 
summer, %'-\'  long;  on  vigorous  leading  shoots  coarsely  serrate,  with  broad  nearly 
straight  glandular  teeth,  and  sometimes  3'  long  and  2^'  wide.  Flowers  £'-f'  in  di- 
ameter, on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx- 
tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  narrow,  elongated,  acuminate,  entire  or  occasionally 
obscurely  and  irregularly  serrate;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  11-13;  anthers 
small,  pale  yellow;  styles  3  or  4,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  short 
pale  hairs.  Fruit  on  elongated  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose 
and  usually  a  little  longer  than  broad,  full  and  flattened  at  the  ends,  dark  dull  crim- 
son marked  by  occasional  dark-colored  dots,  \'-\'  long;  calyx-tube  short,  the  lobes 
closely  appressed,  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases  and  usually  persistent  on 
the  ripe  fruit  ;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3  or  4,  prominently  ridged 
on  the  back,  with  a  broad  high  grooved  ridge,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-3°  in  diameter,  thick  ascending  branches 
forming  a  wide  open  rather  symmetrical  head,  and  spreading  branchlets  armed  with 
thin  straight  chestnut-brown  spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  of  the  Mississippi  River  in  Illinois  opposite  the 
city  of  St.  Louis 

9.  Crataegus  acutifolia,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex, 
cuneate  at  the  usually  entire  base,  finely  crenulate-serrate  often  only  above  the 


376  TKEES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

middle,  with  glandular  teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the 
10th  of  May,  and  then  membranaceous  and  lustrous  above,  with  occasional  short 
scattered  pale  caducous  hairs  along  the  upper  side  of  the  midribs,  and  at  maturity 
thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  about  1^' 
long  and  1'  wide,  with  slender  light  yellow  midribs  and  about  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin 
primary  veins;  their  petioles  more  or  less  winged  above,  glandular  when  they  first 
appear,  with  minute  dark  glands,  \'—^'  long;  on  vigorous  leading  shoots  frequently 
divided  at  the  apex  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  short  acute  lobes,  and  often  3'  long  and 
2'  wide.  Flowers  •£'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  compact 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire  or 
obscurely  and  irregularly  glandular-serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow; 
styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  September,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels ^'— I'  long,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at 


the  ends,  bright  scarlet,  marked  by  occasional  dark  dots,  \'  long;  calyx-tube  promi- 
nent, with  closely  appressed  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin, 
dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  broad  rounded 
ridges,  about  T\'  long. 

A  tree,  often  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  18'  in  diameter,  stout  wide-spreading  branches 
forming  a  symmetrical  round-topped  rather  open  head,  and  brauchlets  occasionally 
armed  with  scattered  thin  straight  chestnut-brown  spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  on  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi  River,  in  South  St.  Louis, 
Missouri. 

**Stamens  20. 

-i- Anthers  rose  color. 

10.  Cratcegus  Bushii,  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  broad  and  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  or  elliptical  and  acute, 
gradually  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  and  cuneate  and  entire  at  the  base,  and 
coarsely  serrate  above,  when  they  unfold  dark  green  above,  pale  below  and  villose, 
with  short  white  hairs,  on  both  sides  of  the  midribs  and  veins,  nearly  fully  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  lustrous, 
glabrous,  !£'-!£'  long,  ^'-1'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs  and  few  slender  promi- 


ROSACES  377 

neut  primary  veins;  their  petioles  villose,  ultimately  glabrous,  usually  about  ^'  long; 
on  vigorous  leading  shoots  usually  elliptical,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  frequently  3' 
long  and  \\'  wide,  with  stouter  and  more  broadly  winged  petioles.  Flowers  |'-1' 
in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  compound  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  elongated,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or 
occasionally  slightly  dentate;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  bright  rose  color;  styles 
two  or  three,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  conspicuous  tufts  of  white  hairs.  Fruit 
ripening  late  in  October  or  in  November,  on  slender  pedicels  about  ^'  long,  in  few- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  green  tinged  with  dull  red,  £'  long,  with 


only  slightly  enlarged  erect  and  incurved  calyx-lobes  mostly  deciduous  before  the 
fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  green,  dry  and  hard;  nutlets  2  or  3,  prominently  ridged  on 
the  back,  with  high  rounded  ridges,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  scaly  bark, 
small  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  nearly  straight 
branchlets  unarmed  or  sparingly  armed  with  stout  straight  chestnut-brown  spines 
li'-lf  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  upland  woods  near  Fulton  on  the  Red  River,  southern  Ar- 
kansas. 

— t--t- Anthers  yellow. 

11.  Cratsegus  arborea,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  narrowed,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  grad- 
ually narrowed  and  concave-cuneate  at  the  long  tapering  entire  base,  and  finely 
serrate  above  the  middle,  with  minute  straight  teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  the  middle  of  April  and  then  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous, 
bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  l|'-2'  long,  about  f '  wide,  turning  in  the 
autumn  orange,  yellow,  and  brown;  their  petioles  J'-f  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often 
3'  long,  iy  wide,  coarsely  serrate  and  occasionally  slightly  lobed.  Flowers  \'  in 
diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx  nar- 
rowly obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slender,  elongated,  acuminate,  slightly  serrate; 
stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  usually  2.  Fruit  ripening  in  September 
and  October,  globose  to  subglobose,  \'-%'  in  diameter,  red,  the  calyx  enlarged,  with 


378 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


elongated  coarsely  glandular-serrate  reflexed  lobes;  nutlets  usually  2,  ridged  on  the 
back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing branches  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  branchlets  orange-green  in  their 
first  season,  becoming  reddish  in  their  first  winter,  and  usually  unarmed. 

Distribution.   In  open  woods  usually  in  clay  soil  near  Montgomery,  Alabama. 

2.  More  or  less  villose  throughout  the  season. 
*Stamens  10. 

-^-Anthers  rose  color. 

12.  Crataegus  Engelmanni,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate  or  rarely  elliptical,  rounded  or  often  short-pointed  and 
acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  or  entire  below,  finely  crenulate-serrate 


usually  only  above  the  middle  and  generally  only  at  -the  apex,  nearly  fully  grown 
and  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  by  short  rigid  pale  hairs  when  the  flowers  open 
about  the  middle  of  May,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous  and 


ROSACEJE 


379 


scabrous  above,  pale  below,  and  pilose  above  and  below  along  the  slender  midribs 
and  obscure  primary  veins  and  veinlets,  !'-!£'  long,  •£'-!'  wide;  their  petioles  gland- 
ular, winged  above,  at  first  villose,  soon  glabrous,  usually  about  \'  long.  Flowers 
I'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  8-11-flowered  villose  corymbs; 
calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose  or  nearly  glabrous,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate, 
entire,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  usually  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface;  sta- 
mens 10;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  Novem- 
ber, on  slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited  glabrous  clusters,  globose  or 
short-oblong,  bright  orange-red,  with  a  yellow  cheek,  about  ^'  in  diameter;  calyx 
prominent,  with  large  spreading  lobes  usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens; 
flesh  thin,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  thick,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back, 
with  broad  rounded  ridges,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  wide-spreading  usually  hori- 
zontal branches  forming  a  low  flat-topped  or  rounded  head,  and  branchlets  covered 
with  long  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous  and  bright  red-brown, 
becoming  gray  or  gray  tinged  with  red  during  their  second  year,  and  armed  with 
few  thin  straight  or  slightly  curved  spines  l^'-2£'  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  slopes  and  ridges  in  central  and  southern  Missouri; 
common  near  Allenton  and  Pacific. 


-i--«-  Anthers  yellow. 

13.  Crataegus  denaria,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval,  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  from  near  the  middle  and  cuneate  and  entire  below,  coarsely  often  doubly 
serrate,  with  straight  teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red  and  slightly  pilose 
above  and  glabrous  below,  nearly  fully  grown  wheh  the  flowers  open  toward  the  end 


of  May,  and  at  maturity  firm  to  subcoriaceous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  below,  2£'-3'  long,  f'-l^'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  few  remote  thin  pri- 
mary veins,  turning  in  the  autumn  orange,  yellow,  or  brown;  their  petioles  stout, 
conspicuously  glandular,  winged  above,  and  about  \'  long;  on  leading  shoots  broadly 
oval  to  ovate  or  obovate,  occasionally  incisely  lobed,  2^ '-3'  long,  and  l^'-2'  wide. 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Flowers  £'-§'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  many-flowered 
sparingly  villose  corymbs;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slender, 
elongated,  acuminate  and  glandular  at  the  apex,  mostly  entire  or  slightly  serrate; 
stamens  usually  10;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  few- 
fruited  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose,  ^'-^Y  in  diameter,  orange-red,  the  calyx 
somewhat  enlarged,  with  spreading  or  closely  appressed  lobes ;  flesh  thin  and  firm ; 
nutlets  3-5,  rounded  at  the  ends,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  T8g'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  8'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches, 
and  branchlets  sparingly  villose,  with  long  matted  white  hairs  when  they  first  appear, 
soon  glabrous,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with  occasional  straight  slender  spines  about 
1J'  long. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  eastern  Mississippi;  common  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Columbus. 

14.  Crataegus  signata,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  and  often  short-pointed  or  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  from  near  the  middle  and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  glandular- 
serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early 


in  April,  and  then  gray-green  and  coated  above  and  on  the  lower  side  of  the  midribs 
and  principal  veins  with  short  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture, 
dark  green,  lustrous  and  slightly  pilose  ^bove,  paler  and  pubescent  below  along  the 
slender  midribs  and  2-5  pairs  of  primary  veins,  l^'-2'  long,  |'-1'  wide;  their  petioles 
slender,  grooved  above,  glandular,  usually  about  ^'  long;  on  leading  shoots  often 
broadly  oval,  coarsely  dentate  or  sometimes  incisely  lobed,  frequently  2^'  long  and 
2'  wide,  with  lunate  coarsely  glandular-dentate  stipules.  Flowers  about  |'  in 
diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  compact  hairy  corymbs  ;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  villose,  with  long  matted  hairs,  the  lobes  narrow,  acute,  entire  or 
irregularly  glandular-serrate,  usually  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the 
inner  surface  ;  stamens  10;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  few  pale  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  and  falling  toward  the  end  of  October,  in  few-fruited  drooping 
slightly  villose  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  dark  red,  more 
or  less  pruinose,  marked  by  numerous  pale  dots,  and  about  \'  long;  calyx  enlarged. 


ROSACES  381 

with  elongated  closely  appressed  lobes  usually  persistent  on  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh 
thin  and  yellow ;  nutlets  3-5,  prominently  ridged  and  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \' 
long. 

A  tree,  usually  15°-18°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  covered  with  ashy 
gray  bark,  often  nearly  black  near  the  base  of  old  stems,  and  separating  freely  into 
thin  plate-like  scales,  numerous  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  a  round- 
topped  or  oval  compact  head,  and  branchlets  armed  with  stout,  nearly  straight  bright 
chestnut-brown  spines  1/-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  glades  and  dry  copses  of  the  Pine-covered  coast  plain  of 
southern  Alabama. 

15.  Crataegus  Palmeri,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  oval  to  oblong,  rounded  or  acute  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  and  cuueate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  serrate  above,  with 
straight  gland-tipped  teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the 
first  week  in  May,  and  then  very  thin,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  bluish 
green  below,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
paler  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2'  long,  l^-'-lf '  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and 
4  or  5  pairs  of  very  thin  primary  veins;  their  petioles  stout,  slightly  wing-margined 
toward  the  apex,  rose-colored  in  the  autumn,  about  f '  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  oblong- 
ovate  to  elliptic,  usually  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  occasionally  laterally  lobed,  glandular 
at  the  base,  2£'-3'  long  and  l£'-2'  wide.  Flowers  about  %  in  diameter,  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  many-flowered  compound  corymbs  ;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the 


lobes  slender,  acuminate,  tipped  with  small  dark  glands,  entire  or  slightly  serrate; 
stamens  10;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  thin  ring  of 
pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  few- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  dull  green  tinged  with  red  or  cherry-red, 
marked  by  large  pale  dots,  about  ^'  in  diameter  ;  calyx  sessile,  with  erect  and  incurved 
lobes  mostly  persistent  on  the  ripe  fruit ;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy  ;  nutlets 
3,  thin,  acute  at  the  ends,  slightly  and  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  low 
grooved  ridge,  ^'-yV  l°ng- 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 
smooth  pale  bark,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped 


382  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

symmetrical  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets.  armed  with  thin  straight 
dark  red-brown  shining  spines  f '-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Missouri,  usually  in  low  rich  soil  ;  common  near 
Carthage  and  Webb  City. 

**Stamens  20. 

-*• Anthers  rose  color. 

16.  Crataegus  edita,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  rarely  oval,  acute  at  the  gradually  narrowed  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  and  coarsely 
and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  loth  to  the  20th 


of  April  lustrous  and  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  with  short  rigid  pale  hairs 
and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  lus- 
trous, and  slightly  roughened  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  scabrous  below,  l^'-2'  long 
and  £'-!'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  winged  above,  villose,  ultimately  pubescent  or 
puberulous,  ^'— \'  long;  on  vigorous  leading  shoots  often  slightly  divided  into  lateral 
lobes,  more  coarsely  serrate  and  sometimes  3'  long  and  !£'  wide,  with  stout  broadly 
winged  petioles.  Flowers  ^'-f  in  diameter,  on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  villose 
few-flowered  compound  narrow  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous 
or  slightly  hairy  below,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  usually  entire  or  obscurely  gland- 
ular-serrate, glabrous  on  the  outer  surface  and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  20  ;  anthers  small,  rose  color  ;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  early  in 
October  or  in  November,  on  stout  glabrous  or  slightly  villose  pedicels  usually  about 
\'  long,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
slightly  pruinose,  dull  green  tinged  with  red,  \'-\'  long,  with  a  prominent  calyx-tube 
and  elongated  spreading  lobes  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface  and  often  deciduous 
before  the  ripening  of  the  fruit;  flesh  very  thin,  green,  dry  and  hard;  nutlets  2  or 
3,  thick,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  low  rounded  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  in  low  moist  ground  sometimes  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  free 
of  branches  for  18°-20°,  stout  horizontal  branches  forming  a  broad  rounded  sym- 
metrical head,  and  nearly  straight  branchlets  villose  when  they  first  appear,  soon 


ROSACES  383 

glabrous,  and  armed  with  few  scattered  stout  straight  chestnut-brown  ultimately 
dull  gray  spines  l'-2'  long;  or  on  the  dry  soil  of  low  hills  much  smaller  and  gener- 
ally 20°-25°  high.  , 
Distribution.    Low  wet  woods  on  the  borders  of  streams,  and  on  dry  hills  in  for- 
ests of  Oak  and  Pine;  valley  of  the  Sabine  River,  Texas,  to  western  Louisiana. 

17.  Crataegus  tersa,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  cuneiform,  rounded  and  obtuse,  or  on  leading  shoots 
acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed,  concave-cuueate  and  entire  below,  coarsely  ser- 
rate above,  with  acute  or  rounded  teeth,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red,  sparingly 
villose  above  and  tomentulose  below,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the 
middle  of  April,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous,  and  glabrous 
or  scabrate  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below,  l^'-2'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with  slender 
midribs  and  thin  primary  veins,  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  and  brown; 
their  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  above,  at  first  hoary -tomentose,  glabrous  at  ma- 
turity, about  i'  long.  Flowers  -f '— f'  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  hairy  pedicels,  in 
usually  8-10-flowered  very  compact  corymbs  densely  clothed  with  long  matted  pale 
hairs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  hairy,  the  lobes  acuminate,  glandular-serrate, 


pKi.,302 


villose  on  the  outer  and  slightly  pilose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  18-20;  anthers 
pale  rose  color,  styles  usually  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  stout  glabrous 
stems,  in  compact  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose  or  short- 
oblong,  about  I'  long,  dark  red;  calyx  prominent,  with  enlarged  erect  or  spreading 
glandular-serrate  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  mostly 
obtuse  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  G'-8'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  flat-topped  head,  and  stout  brauchlets  at  first  pilose,  becoming  gla- 
brous before  autumn,  and  usually  unarmed. 

Distribution.    Upland  woods  near  Opelousas,  Louisiana. 

-h-t- Anthers  yellow. 

18.  Crataegus  berberifolia,  T.  &  G. 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  rounded  or  gradually  narrowed  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
from  above  the  middle  to  the  cuneate  entire  base,  and  serrate  above,  with  straight 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

or  incurved  teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  March  or 
early  in  April  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  rigid  white  hairs,  whitish  and 
^pubescent  below,  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  nearly  gla- 
brous on  the  upper  surface,  on  the  lower  surface  pale  and  pubescent,  especially  on 
the  thin  midribs  and  slender  primary  veins,  1^-2'  long,  f'-l'  wide;  their  petioles 
comparatively  slender,  winged  above,  at  first  densely  villose,  becoming  glabrous, 
usually  about  \'  long.  Flowers  f — |'  in  diameter,  on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in 
compact  mostly  4-5-flowered  compound  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly 
obconic,  thickly  coated  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate, 
sparingly  villose  or  nearly  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  sur- 
face, entire  or  slightly  serrate;  stamens  20;  anthers  yellow;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October,  on 


slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  puberulous  clusters,  subglobose,  orange 
with  a  red  cheek,  about  ^'  in  diameter;  calyx-tube  slightly  enlarged,  with  spreading 
or  incurved  lobes;  flesh  thin  and  yellow;  nutlets  2  or  3,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back, 
about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark  gray 
scaly  bark,  stout  branches  spreading  into  a  broad  flat-topped  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  covered  at  first  with  matted  white  hairs,  becoming  glabrous  and  light 
orange-brown  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  and  pale  gray-brown  the  following 
year,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with  occasional  slender  nearly  straight  red-brown  spines. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  prairies  and  low  moist  soil  a  few  miles  west  of  Ope- 
lousas,  Louisiana. 

19.  Crataegus  edura,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  and  obtuse  or  occasionally  acute  at  the  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  wedge-shaped  base,  entire  below, 
serrate  only  at  the  apex,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  April 
and  then  thin,  dark  green  and  puberulous  above  especially  along  the  midribs,  very 
pale  and  villose  below,  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  l^'-l^'  long,  1^'-1|'  wide, 
with  slender  midribs,  and  primary  veins  within  the  parenchyma,  turning  in  the 
autumn  orange,  yellow,  or  brown;  their  petioles  slender,  winged  above,  light  yellow, 


ROSACES  385 

pilose,  -$-'-^'  long.  Flowers  f '-£'  in  diameter,  on  short  sparingly  villose  pedicels,  in 
compact  hairy  5-12-flowered  corymbs;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or  with  a 
few  hairs  at  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  glabrous;  stamens  16-20; 
anthers  pale  yellow  or  nearly  white;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in 
September,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  orange  or  yellow,  with  a 


red  cheek,  about  T^'  in  diameter;  calyx-lobes  little  enlarged,  closely  appressed,  often 
deciduous;  flesh  thin,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  full  and  rounded  and  rather 
obscurely  ridged  on  the  back,  about  ^'  long  and  ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  branches  spreading  out  into 
a  broad  flat-topped  head,  and  branchlets  pilose  when  they  first  appear,  soon  gla- 
brous, becoming  reddish  brown,  unarmed  or  armed  with  chestnut-brown  or  gray 
spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.    Upland  woods  near  Opelousas,  Louisiana. 

20.  Crataegus  crocina,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate-cuneiform,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  slender  entire  base,  and  sharply  serrate  above 
the  middle,  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  more  or  less 
pubescent  on  the  two  surfaces,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous 
and  glabrous  or  glabrate  above,  pale  and  covered  below  with  short  matted  pale 
hairs  most  abundant  on  the  thin  midribs  and  obscure  primary  veins,  l^'-2'  long,  ^'— 1' 
wide,  turning  in  the  autumn  orange,  yellow,  or  brown;  their  petioles  slender,  nar- 
rowly winged  above,  puberulous,  about  ^'  long.  Flowers  opening  at  the  end  of  April 
when  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  ^'— f'  in  diameter,  on  short  villose  pedicels,  in  com- 
pact few-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  coated  with  matted  white 
hairs,  the  lobes  narrowed,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer, 
slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface  toward  the  apex;  stamens  20;  anthers  yellow; 
styles  usually  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  oval  or  oblong,  nearly  £'  long, 
yellow,  the  calyx  prominent,  with  elongated  mostly  recurved  lobes;  flesh  thin,  dry 
and  mealy;  nutlets  usually  2,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the  back, 
about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  4/-6'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


forming  a  wide  flat-topped  head,  and  slender  mostly  unarmed  branchlets  covered  at 
first  with  matted  pale  hairs  and  dark  orange-brown  and  puberulous  in  their  first 
winter. 

Distribution.   Low  woods  near  Opelousas,  Louisiana. 

21.  Crateegus  fera,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
and  concave-cuneate  at  the  slender  entire  base,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle, 
with  straight  or  incurved  teeth,  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of 
April  and  then  thin,  covered  above  by  short  white  hairs,  and  slightly  villose  along  the 
midribs  and  veins  below,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  scabrate  and  very  lus- 
trous on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface  along  the  slender 
midribs  and  obscure  primary  veins,  2^'-3'  long,  about  |'  wide,  turning  in  the  autumn 


orange,  yellow,  or  brown;  their  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  nearly  to  the  base, 
pubescent  at  first,  becoming  puberulous,  f '-f '  long.  Flowers :  £'  in  diameter,  on 
elongated  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  compound  many-flowered  corymbs 
covered  more  or  less  thickly  with  white  hairs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  slightly 
hairy  near  the  base,  glabrous  above,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  entire  or  sparingly 


ROSACE^E 


387 


glaudular-dentate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface;  sta- 
mens 16-20;  anthers  light  yellow;  styles  usually  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  in  Septem- 
ber and  October,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose 
or  subglobose,  bright  red  or  scarlet,  |'  in  diameter;  flesh  thin  and  mealy;  calyx  en- 
larged, with  spreading  or  erect  persistent  lobes;  nutlets  2  or  3,  rounded  and  ridged 
on  the  back,  with  a  high  narrow  ridge,  }'-jY  l°ng- 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-9'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  flat-topped  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets,  villose  at 
first,  becoming  glabrous,  pale  reddish  brown,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  some- 
times armed  with  slender  straight  spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.    Low  open  Oak  and  Hickory  woods  near  Opelousas,  Louisiana. 

22.  Crataegus  Mohri,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  or  rhomboidal,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cu- 
neate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  and  occasionally  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight 
or  incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  glabrous  and  slightly  villose  along  the  midribs 


and  the  lower  side  of  the  principal  veins,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  thin,  and  firm  or  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  and  very 
lustrous  above,  pale  below,  !'-!£'  long,  §'-!'  wide,  usually  with  4  pairs  of  thin  pri- 
mary veins,  stout  midribs  sometimes  puberulous  on  the  under  side  and  bright  red  in 
the  autumn;  their  petioles  more  or  less  winged  above,  frequently  red  at  maturity; 
on  vigorous  leading  shoots  sometimes  3'  long  and  2'  wide,  and  mostly  broadly  oval 
and  rounded  at  the  apex,  or  ovate  and  acute,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  and  frequently 
divided  toward  the  apex  into  short  broad  acute  lobes,  with  broadly  winged  petioles 
occasionally  glandular,  with  minute  dark  glands.  Flowers  cup-shaped,  about  f 
in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  loose  thin-branched  many-flowered 
compound  glabrous  or  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or 
occasionally  pilose  below,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  finely  glandular-ser- 
rate; stamens  20;  anthers  small,  light  yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of  October, 
gracefully  drooping  on  elongated  thin  bright  red  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  clusters, 
subglobose  to  short-oblong,  somewhat  flattened  at  the  apex,  full  and  rounded  at  the 


388  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

base,  bright  orange-red,  about  £'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  short  tube  and 
usually  erect  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry 
and  mealy;  nutlets  usually  3,  prominently  grooved  and  ridged  on  the  back,  about  £' 
long. 

A  tree,  from  20°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  stem  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered 
with  thin  ashy  gray  or  light  red-brown  bark,  sometimes  armed  with  long  slender  or 
branched  spines,  spreading  slightly  pendulous  branches  forming  a  rather  open  broad 
symmetrical  head,  and  branchlets  furnished  with  thin  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut- 
brown  shining  spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Western  Georgia  to  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  north- 
ward to  middle  Tennessee;  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  low  flat  woods  of 
central  Alabama,  and  ascending  into  the  poorer  and  drier  soils  of  the  neighboring 
hillsides  and  low  mountain  slopes. 

II.  PUNCTATE. 

Fruit  usually  short-oblong. 

Anthers  rose  color  or  yellow ;  stamens  20  ;  leaves  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
often  acutely  lobed  above  the  middle,  especially  on  vigorous  shoots  ;  fruit  on  stout 
pedicels,  short-oblong1,  flattened  at  the  ends,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  dull  red  or 
bright  yellow.  23.  C.  punctata  (A). 

Anthers  rose  color ;  stamens  10-20  ;  leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oval,  rounded  or  acute  at 
the  apex ;  fruit  on  elongated  slender  pedicels,  short-oblong  to  slightly  obovate,  dull 
brick-red,  marked  by  large  pale  dots.  24.  C.  pausiaca  (A). 

Fruit  usually  globose  or  subglobose. 
Stamens  20. 

Anthers  pale  yellow. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  rarely  rhomboidal,  acutu ;  fruit  globose,  or  sometimes 

broader  than  high,  dull  red,  marked  by  small  pale  dots.      25.  C.  collina  (A,  C). 

Leaves  obovate,  oval,  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  incisely  lobed  ;  fruit  globose, 

dull  red.  26.  C.  amnicola  (C). 

Leaves  broadly  oval  to  ovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  occasionally  rounded  at 

the  base,  subcoriaceous  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  dull  orange-red,  marked 

by  large  pale  dots.  27.  C.  f  astosa  (C). 

Anthers  rose  color. 

Leaves  obovate  to  rhomboidal,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex  ;  corymbs  thickly 

covered  with  matted  hairs ;  fruit  subglobose,  flattened  and  puberulous  at  the  ends, 

dull  red.  28.  C.  verruculosa  (C). 

Leaves  obovate  to  rhomboidal,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex  ;  corymbs  slightly  villose  ; 

fruit  globose,  dark  dull  red.  29.  C.  sordida  (C). 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate ;  fruit  subglobose,  often  rather  longer 

than  broad,  bright  canary-yellow.  30.  C.  Brazoria  (C). 

Leaves  obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  the  apex ;  corymbs  densely  villose, 

fruit  subglobose,  dark  dull  red.  31.  C.  Dallasiana  (C). 

Stamens  10. 

Anthers  pale  yellow  ;  leaves  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rounded  and  short-pointed 
at  the  apex  ;  fruit  subglobose,  pubescent  at  the  ends,  dull  orange-red. 

32.  C.  Letter-mam  (A). 

Anthers  rose  color ;  leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex  ;  fruit  globose, 
bright  scarlet,  slightly  pruinose.  33.  C.  pratensis  (A). 


ROSACES  389 

23.  Crataegus  punctata,  Jacq. 

Leaves  obovate,  pointed  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
cimeate  entire  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above  the  middle,  with  minute 
teeth,  and  sometimes,  especially  on  vigorous  shoots,  more  or  less  incisely  lobed;  when 
they  unfold  thickly  covered  below  with  pale  hairs  and  pilose  above,  about  half  grown 


when  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  of  May  until  early  in  June  and  then  pilose 
on  the  midribs  and  veins  below  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  and  at  maturity  thick  and 
firm,  pale  gray-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  more  or  less  villose  on  the 
lower  surface,  2'-3'  long,  f  '-1^'  wide,  and  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  3' -4'  long, 
and  l^'-2'  wide,  with  broad  prominent  midribs  and  primary  veins  deeply  impressed 
on  the  upper  surface,  turning  bright  orange  or  orange  and  scarlet  in  the  autumn; 
their  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  above,  at  first  villose  or  tomentose,  becoming 
pubescent  or  glabrous,  \'-%  long.  Flowers  £'-f '  in  diameter,  in  broad  tomentose  or 
villose  compound  many-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose  or 
tomentose,  the  lobes  narrow,  acute,  nearly  entire  or  minutely  glandular-serrate, 
villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  rose  color  or  yellow;  styles  5, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  conspicuous  tufts  of  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and 
falling  in  October,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong 
or  subglobose,  dull  red  or  sometimes  bright  yellow  and  usually  agreeing  with  the 
anthers  in  color,  marked  by  numerous  small  white  dots,  £'-1'  long;  flesh  thin  and 
dry;  nutlets  5,  rounded  and  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  a  foot  in  diameter,  stout  branches 
spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  round  or  flat-topped  head,  or  some- 
times ascending  and  forming  a  narrow  open  irregular  head,  and  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  pale  deciduous  pubescence,  becoming  light  orange-brown  or  ashy  gray, 
and  armed  with  slender  straight  light  orange-brown  or  gray  spines  2'-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  hillsides;  valley  of  the  Chateaugay  River,  Quebec,  to  the 
valley  of  the  Detroit  River,  Ontario,  southward  through  western  New  England,  and 
along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia,  ascending  in  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee  to  nearly  6000°  above  the  sea,  westward  through  New  York  and  Ohio 
to  southern  Michigan  and  Illinois.  A  form,  var.  canescens,  Britt.,  densely  hoary- 
tomentose  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves,  petioles,  and  corymbs,  occurs  in  Bucks 
County,  Pennsylvania. 


390  TREES  OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

24.  Crataegus  pausiaca,  Ashe. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
from  near  the  middle  to  the  concave-cuneate  entire  base,  and  finely  doubly  serrate 
above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
from  the  20th  to  the  end  of  May  and  then  membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green, 
and  slightly  villose  above  and  along  the  under  side  of  the  midribs  and  veins,  and  at 
maturity  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  above,  paler  below,  2'-2£'  long,  1^'-1£'  wide, 
with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending  very 
obliquely  to  the  end  of  the  leaf;  their  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  above  the 
middle,  villose  only  early  in  the  season,  $'-!'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  elliptical  to 
rhomboidal,  long-pointed,  slightly  or  deeply  divided  into  broad  lateral  lobes,  very 
coarsely  serrate,  often  3^'-4'  long  and  2'-2£'  wide,  with  foliaceous  lunate  glandular- 
serrate  stipules  often  £'  long  and  rather  longer  than  the  stout  petioles.  Flowers  £' 


in  diameter,  on  long  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  thin-branched 
villose  corymbs,  the  linear  bracts  and  bractlets  mostly  deciduous  before  the  flowers 
open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose  below,  with  closely  appressed  white  hairs, 
glabrous  above,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  the  base,  slender,  acuminate,  tipped 
with  minute  dark  glands,  entire  or  occasionally  obscurely  toothed  above  the  middle, 
glabrous  on  the  outer,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10-15,  rarely  20;  anthers 
dark  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum. 
Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of  October,  in  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  on 
elongated  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  oblong  to  slightly  obovate,  full  and  rounded 
at  the  ends,  dull  brick-red,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  yV-^Y  l°ng>  about  f  wide; 
calyx  small,  with  spreading  appressed  lobes  mostly  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit; 
flesh  thin,  hard,  slightly  juicy,  green  or  greenish  yellow;  nutlets  3  or  4,  thin,  acute 
or  obtuse  at  the  ends,  very  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  high  broad  deeply 
grooved  ridge,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered 
with  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  symmet- 
rical round  or  flat-topped  head,  slender  straight  branchlets  light  orange-green  and 
sparingly  villose  at  first,  becoming  light  orange-brown  during  their  first  season,  light 
or  dark  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  slender 


ROSACEJE  391 

straight  orange-brown  shining  spines  l^'-2'  long,  long  persistent  on  the  branches 
and  trunk,  finally  ashy  gray,  and  becoming  sometimes  a  foot  long,  with  long  slender 
lateral  spines. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills  and  low  moist  bottom-lands,  Bucks  and  Dela- 
ware counties,  eastern  Pennsylvania. 

25.  Crataegus  collina,  Chapm. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  occasionally  to  rhomboidal,  acute,  gradually  narrowed 
or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  and  irregularly  and  often  doubly  serrate  above^ 
with  glandular  incurved  or  straight  teeth,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  and  covered 
with  soft  pale  hairs  most  abundant  along  the  under  side  of  the  midribs  and  principal 
veins,  less  than  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April,  and  at 
maturity  subcoriaceous,  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  on  the  under  side  of  the  stout  yellow 
midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins,  l^'-2'  long,  I'-l^'  wide;  their 
petioles  slender,  villose,  soon  glabrous,  more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  \'-\' 
long;  on  vigorous  shoots  frequently  divided  into  short  broad  acute  lateral  lobes, 
more  coarsely  dentate  and  often  3'  long  and  2^'  wide,  with  stout  broadly  winged 
petioles  generally  light  red  like  the  lower  side  of  the  base  of  the  midribs.  Flowers 
£'  in  diameter,  on  long  stout  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx- 
tube  broadly  obconic,  villose  particularly  toward  the  base,  the  lobes  gradually  nar- 
rowed from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  usually  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose 


f- 15 


on  the  inner  surface,  finely  glandular-serrate,  with  dark  glands,  bright  red  toward 
the  apex;  stamens  usually  20;  anthers  large,  pale  yellow;  styles  5.  Fruit  ripening 
in  September,  on  stout  elongated  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  erect  or  drooping  puberulous 
clusters,  globose  but  sometimes  rather  broader  than  long,  dull  red,  marked  by  small 
pale  dots,  £'-^'  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  prominent,  the  lobes  closely  appressed, 
glandular-serrate,  mostly  persistent;  flesh  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  broad 
and  rounded  at  the  ends,  ridged  and  often  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  15°-20°  but  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  stem  often 
buttressed  at  the  base,  frequently  armed  with  numerous  large  much-branched  spines 
sometimes  6'-8'  long,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  flat-topped 


392 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


symmetrical  head,  and  branchlets  tinged  with  red  and  villose,  with  long  matted  silky 
white  hairs,  when  they  first  appear,  soon  puberulous,  and  furnished  with  stout  lustrous 
spines  2 '-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Hillsides  in  rich  soil  in  the  foothill  region  of  the  southern  Appa- 
lachian Mountains  from  southwestern  Virginia  to  central  Georgia  and  westward  to 
middle  Tennessee  and  central  Alabama,  ascending  to  elevations  of  2500°  above  the 
sea. 

26.  Crataegus  amnicola,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate,  oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
and  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  sometimes  doubly  serrate  above, 


with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  incisely  lobed  above  the  middle,  with 
short  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  deeply  tinged  with  red  and  covered 
with  short  pale  mostly  caducous  hairs,  about  half  grown  and  sparingly  villose  on  the 
midribs  and  veins  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  April  or  early  in  May,  and  at 
maturity  subcoriaceous,  bright  green,  glabrous,  l^'-l^'  long,  l'-l|'  wide,  and  on 
vigorous  shoots  sometimes  2'  long  and  1^'  wide,  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange, 
red,  and  brown  ;  their  petioles  slender,  broadly  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  spar- 
ingly villose  at  first,  becoming  glabrous,  sometimes  slightly  glandular,  ^'-^'  long. 
Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  elongated  slender  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in 
narrow  compound  many-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  at  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate, 
glandular-serrate,  glabrous;  stamens  20;  anthers  nearly  white;  styles  3-5.  Fruit 
on  slender  elongated  glabrous  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose, 
dull  red,  about  £'  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  with  elongated  coarsely  serrate  re- 
flexed  conspicuous  lobes ;  flesh  yellow,  thin,  and  firm ;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  or  slightly 
grooved  on  the  back,  nearly  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing branches  forming  a  large  wide  head,  and  branchlets  villose  at  first,  with  long 
matted  white  hairs,  soon  glabrous,  becoming  orange-brown  and  ultimately  ashy  gray, 
and  unarmed,  or  armed  with  stout  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  woods  and  the  borders  of  streams,  southeastern  Ten- 
nessee, northwestern  Georgia,  and  northeastern  Alabama;  common. 


ROSACE^E  393 

27.  Crataegus  faatosa,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  oval  to  ovate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  concave-cuneate  or 
rounded  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular 
teeth,  and  rarely  on  vigorous  shoots  slightly  lobed,  with  broad  acute  lobes,  when  they 
unfold  covered  above  with  long  pale  hairs  and  provided  below  with  large  tufts  of 
snow-white  tomentum  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  when  the  flowers  open  from 
the  20th  to  the  25th  of  April  dark  yellow-green  and  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper 
surface  and  still  tomentose  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  below,  and  at  maturity  subcori- 
aceous,  glabrous,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  If '-2' 
long,  1/-2'  wide,  with  prominent  light  yellow  midribs  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper 
side,  and  usually  3-5  pairs  of  primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender,  slightly  wing- 
margined  toward  the  apex,  at  first  densely  villose,  becoming  puberulous,  ^'-f'  long. 
Flo w era  about  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  compact  many-flowered 
glabrous  corymbs,  with  large  conspicuous  oblong-obovate  and  acute  to  lanceolate 


coarsely  glandular-serrate  bracts  and  bractlets  usually  persistent  until  after  the 
petals  fall ;  calyx  broadly  obconic,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base,  slender, 
acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  villose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a 
broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  Octo- 
ber, on  thin  reddish  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose  to  short- 
oblong,  dull  orange-red,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  |'  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged, 
with  spreading  serrate  lobes  villose  on  the  upper  side,  mostly  deciduous  from  the 
ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin,  yellow-green,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  narrowed  at 
the  ends,  obscurely  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  low  often  grooved  ridge,  about 
&'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
brown  or  nearly  black  scaly  bark,  small  ascending  branches  forming  an  irregular 
open  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets,  dark  orange-green  tinged  with  red 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  before  autumn  bright  reddish  brown  and  very 
lustrous,  and  dull  reddish  brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout 
nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  1^'  to  2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  woods  near  Fulton,  Arkansas,  in  the  valley  of  the  Red  River; 
not  common. 


394  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

28.  Crataegus  verruculosa,  Sarg.,  n.  sp. 

Leaves  obovate  to  rhomboidal,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate  and 
entire  at  the  base,  and  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  dark  red,  covered  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and 


below  by  long  matted  white  hairs  most  abundant  on  tbe  midribs  and  veins,  about 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  1st  to  the  10th  of  May  and  then  thin, 
dark  yellow-green,  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface  and  paler  and  pubescent  on 
the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous,  and  nearly 
smooth  above,  pale  and  s'till  pubescent  below  on  the  stout  midribs  and  conspic- 
uous primary  veins  extending  very  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf,  l^'-2' 
long,  l'-lj  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  at  first  villose, 
becoming  pubescent  or  ptiberulous,  \'-%  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  broadly 
ovate  to  oval,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  teeth,  sometimes  slightly 
lobed  above  the  middle,  with  short  acute  lobes,  and  frequently  3'  long  and  2' 
wide.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  com- 
pound 6-12  usually  9-flowered  villose  corymbs,  with  reddish  purple  minutely  gland- 
ular caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  thickly  covered 
with  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  slender, 
acute,  tinged  with  red  at  the  apex,  sparingly  glandular-serrate,  pubescent;  stamens 
20;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  3-5  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of 
long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  the  1st  of  October,  on  stout  pubescent  pedicels,  in 
drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose,  somewhat  flattened  and  pubescent  at  the 
ends,  dark  red;  calyx  prominent,  with  more  or  less  deciduous  lobes;  nutlets  3-5, 
narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  very  irregularly  ridged  and  sometimes 
obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  thick  spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  compact  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  nearly 
straight  branchlets  thickly  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  be- 
coming reddish  or  orange-brown,  nearly  glabrous  and  roughened  by  minute  tubercles 
at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  numer- 
ous straight  stout  or  slender  dark  chestnut-brown  very  lustrous  spines  £'-!'  long. 

Distribution.    Springfield,  Missouri;  not  rare. 


ROSACES  395 

29.  Crataegus  sordida,  Sarg. 

Leaves  rhomboidal,  acute,  or  occasionally  obovate  and  very  rarely  rounded  at  the 
apex,  cuneate  and  entire  below,  serrate  above,  with  narrow  straight  or  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  and  occasionally  irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  short 
acute  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  first  week  of  May  and 
then  membranaceous,  bright  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  short  caducous  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  particularly  along  the  midribs 
and  principal  veins,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
paler  below,  generally  about  1^'  long  and  1J'  wide  ;  their  petioles  stout,  slightly 
winged  toward  the  apex,  at  first  villose,  soon  glabrous,  about  \'  long,  often 
bright  red  in  the  autumn;  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  oblong  or  oval,  coarsely 
dentate,  usually  divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  3'-4'  long,  2'-2£' 
wide,  and  decurrent  on  the  stout  glandular  petioles.  Flowers  I'-l^'  in  diameter, 
on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  compact  slightly  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  petals 


dull  sordid  white  ;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  the 
middle  of  September,  on  short  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose, 
\'-^'  in  diameter,  dark  dull  red;  calyx  prominent,  with  elongated  coarsely  serrate 
appressed  or  incurved  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3, 
broad,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  low  rounded  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  slender  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  often  armed 
with  long-branched  spines,  small  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  oval  head, 
and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets,  at  first  dark  orange-green  and  villose,  with 
long  scattered  pale  hairs  sometimes  persistent  until  autumn,  and  furnished  with 
numerous  thin  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  1'—'--^'  long,  or 
often  unarmed. 

Distribution.  Low  woods  and  the  gravelly  banks  of  streams;  Ripley  County, 
southeastern  Missouri. 

30.  Crataegus  Brazoria,   Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed,  cuneate  and 
entire  at  the  base,  and  coarsely  and  irregularly  glandular-serrate  above,  with  straight 


396  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

spreading  teeth,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  and  often  bright  red, 
nearly  fully  grown  and  covered  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  under 
side  of  the  thin  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  primary  veins  when  the  flowers  open 


from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  March,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  gla- 
brous, dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  2'-2^'  long  and  l^'-l^'  wide; 
their  petioles  slender,  more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  at  first  tomentose,  be- 
coming glabrous  or  puberulous,  ^'-f '  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate  or  oblong, 
full  and  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  very  coarsely  dentate,  5'  long  and 
2^'  wide.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  slightly 
villose  7  or  8-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated  with  long 
matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  obscurely  glandular-serrate  or 
nearly  entire,  villose  on  both  surfaces;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  dark  red;  styles  5, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  thin  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  after  the 
1st  of  October,  in  spreading  or  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  and  often 
rather  longer  than  broad,  bright  canary-yellow,  marked  by  occasional  dark  dots, 
J'-£'  long;  calyx  prominent,  the  lobes  usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh 
thin,  light  yellow,  rather  dry  but  sweet  and  edible,  nutlets  5,  rounded  and  grooved 
on  the  back,  £'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  numerous 
ascending  branches  forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and 
branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  matted  pale  hairs,  soon  glabrous, 
and  unarmed  or  occasionally  armed  with  long  thin  gray  spines. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  woods  near  the  banks  of  the  Brazos  River,  Brazoria, 
Texas. 

31.  Crataegus  Dallasiana,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong,  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to 
the  concave-cuneate  entire  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandu- 
lar teeth,  and  usually  slightly  lobed  above  the  middle,  coated  below  with  thick  hoary 
tomentum  and  villose  above  as  they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  and  villose  or  tomen- 
tose below  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  April,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in 
texture,  dark  yellow-green,  glabrous  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  along  the  slender  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  thin 


ROSACE^E  397 

arching  veins,  l|'-2£'  long  and  l^'-l^'  wide;  their  petioles  slender,  wing-margined 
toward  the  apex,  hoary-tomeutose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous,  about  ^' 
long.  Flowers  about  $'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  many-flow- 
ered densely  villose  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  densely  coated 
with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  tipped  with  minute  red 
glands,  sparingly  and  irregularly  glandular-serrate,  villose;  stamens  20;  anthers 
light  rose  color;  styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  at  midsummer,  on  stout  erect  slightly 
hairy  pedicels,  in  few- fruited  clusters,  subglobose,  dull  dark  red,  f'-£'  in  diameter; 


calyx  prominent,  with  spreading  lobes  bright  red  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base; 
nutlets  5,  acute  at  the  narrowed  ends,  thin,  rounded  and  grooved,  with  a  broad  shal- 
low groove,  or  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back,  ^'-^V  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4'-6"  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale  bark, 
slightly  erect  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  somewhat  zig- 
zag branchlets  thickly  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  reddish  brown  and 
lustrous  before  autumn,  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  straight  slender  gray 
spines  l^'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Forest-covered  bottom-lands  of  the  small  tributaries  of  the  Trinity 
River,  Dallas  County,  Texas;  not  common. 

32.  Cratsegus  Lettermani,  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  rounded  and  short-pointed  at  the  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  and  cuneate  at  the  mostly  entire  base, 
coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth, 
frequently  slightly  and  irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short 
acute  lobes,  strongly  plicate  when  they  unfold  and  covered  with  a  thick  coat  of  pale 
tomentum,  nearly  half  grown,  roughened  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and  pubescent 
below  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  tex- 
ture, bright  yellow-green  and  scabrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below  along  the 
stout  midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  primary  veins,  and  about  2'  long  and  1^'  wide;  their 
petioles  stout,  more  or  less  winged  above  the  middle,  at  first  tomentose,  becoming 
pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  usually  about  £'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  oval, 
acute  or  acuminate,  more  coarsely  serrate,  2^'-3'  long,  2'-2£'  wide,  with  broad  lunate 


398  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

coarsely  glandular-serrate  stipules  frequently  ^'  in  length.  Flowers  about  |'  in 
diameter,  in  compact  many-flowered  thick-branched  tomentose  corymbs;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic  and  tomentose,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  finely  glandular-ser- 
rate, villose;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  the 
base  by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripeinng  early  in  October,  on 


stout  pubescent  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  spreading  or  drooping  clusters,  subglobose 
or  occasionally  slightly  obovate,  full  and  rounded  and  puberulous  at  the  ends, 
dull  orange-red,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  broad,  the 
lobes  enlarged,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  reflexed,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit 
ripens;  flesh  thin,  dry  and  meaty;  nutlets  5,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with 
a  high  rounded  ridge,  dark  brown,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  with  thin  dark  brown  or 
nearly  black  bark  separating  freely  into  small  plate-like  scales,  and  often  armed  with 
thin  much-branched  spines  frequently  7'-8'  long,  small  erect  branches  forming  a 
wide  open  head,  and  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  hoary  tomentum, 
dull  red-brown,  villose  or  pubescent  during  their  first  season,  and  furnished  with  stout 
straight  bright  red-brown  shining  spines  l£'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  soil  inundated  during  several  weeks  in  winter,  among 
Oaks  and  Hickories;  near  Allenton,  Missouri. 

33.  Crataegus  pratensis,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below 
from  near  the  middle  to  the  cuneate  and  entire  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  ser- 
rate usually  only  above  the  middle,  with  straight  or  incurved  teeth  tipped  §arly  in  the 
season  with  minute  dark  red  caducous  glands,  and  often  more  or  less  deeply  divided 
toward  the  apex  into  short  broad  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  bright  bronze-yellow 
or  dark  red,  and  covered  with  short  pale  hairs,  almost  smooth  and  nearly  fully  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  thick  and  firm, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  l^'-2'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with  thin  midribs 
and  4  or  5  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf  and 
raised  and  prominent  below;  their  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  more  or  less  winged 
toward  the  apex,  usually  about  \'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  oval  or  broadly  ovate, 
frequently  3'  long  and  2^'  wide,  with  foliaceous  lunate  stalked  coarsely  glandular- 


ROSACES  399 

dentate  stipules  often  1'  in  length.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated 
pedicels,  in  broad  loose  many-flowered  compound  corymbs  pubescent  or  puberulous 
at  first  but  soon  glabrous;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated  toward  the  base  with 
long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  gla- 
brous on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  small, 
rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum. 
Fruit  ripening  early  in  October  and  remaining  on  the  branches  until  November, 
on  elongated  pedicels,  in  loose  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  globose,  bright  scarlet, 
slightly  pruinose,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx 
prominent,  with  much  enlarged  coarsely  glandular-serrate  lobes,  often  deciduous  be- 
fore the  fruit  becomes  entirely  ripe;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or 


3,  thick  and  broad,  rounded  and  conspicuously  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  prominent 
grooved  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  3'-7'  in  diameter,  often  armed  with 
long  slender  much-branched  ashy  gray  spines,  spreading  branches  forming  a  round- 
topped  symmetrical  head,  and  branchlets  occasionally  slightly  villose  when  they  first 
appear,  soon  glabrous,  and  furnished  with  numerous  thin  straight  or  slightly  curved 
shining  chestnut-brown  spines  2'-2^'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  near  the  banks  of  small  streams  in  the  prairie  region 
of  Stark  and  Peoria  counties,  Illinois. 

III.  JBSTIVALES. 

34.  Crataegus  aestivalis,  T.  &  G.   May  Haw.    Apple  Haw. 

Leaves  elliptical  to  oblong-cuneiform,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  and  entire  below,  irregularly  sinuate-toothed  or  angled  above  the  middle, 
or  crenately  serrate,  with  minute  gland-tipped  teeth,  when  they  unfold  covered  above 
with  deciduous  pale  hairs  and  coated  below  with  dense  hoary  tomentum  rufous  on 
the  midribs  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous,  glabrous 
or  sometimes  scabrate  above  and  clothed  below,  especially  along  the  broad  midribs 
and  primary  veins,  with  thick  rusty  pubescence,  l^'-2'  long  and  J'-l'  wide;  their 
petioles  at  first  rusty-tomentose,  becoming  pubescent,  ^'-1'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots 


400  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

sometimes  unequally  3-lobed  by  deep  narrow  lateral  sinuses.  Flowers  appearing 
with  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves  in  February  and  early  March,  1'  in  diameter,  on 
long  slender  pedicels,  in  2-5-flowered  simple  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic  to  subglobose,  glabrous,  the  lobes  nearly  triangular,  entire  or  minutely 
glandular-serrate,  often  flushed  with  red  toward  the  apex.  Fruit  ripening  in  May, 


on  slender  pedicels,  in  1-3-fruited  clusters,  depressed-globose,  very  fragrant,  bright 
red,  dotted  with  pale  spots,  \'-%  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  enlarged  in- 
curved mostly  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thick,  juicy,  subacid;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  at 
the  ends,  prominently  ridged,  with  a  high  narrow  or  rounded  and  slightly  grooved 
ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  sometimes  tall  and 
straight  or  divided  close  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  into  several  large  upright 
stems  forming  a  round  compact  bushy  head,  and  branchlets  covered  at  first  with 
rufous  or  occasionally  pale  hairs,  becoming  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  glabrous, 
lustrous,  bright  red  or  sometimes  light  brown,  and  often  unarmed  or  armed  with 
stout  straight  shining  spines  I'-l^'  long.  The  fruit  is  gathered  in  large  quantities  and 
is  made  into  preserves  and  jellies. 

Distribution.  Moist  sandy  soil  near  the  margins  of  streams  and  Pine-barren 
ponds,  often  submerged  during  several  weeks  in  winter;  northern  Florida  and  through 
the  Gulf  states  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  River,  Texas; 
comparatively  rare  in  the  Atlantic  states;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  in 
western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

IV.  VIRIDES. 

Stamens  20. 

Anthers  pale  yellow  (color  not  known  in  4%)- 
Fruit  not  exceeding  ^'  in  diameter. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the 

apex  ;  fruit  depressed-globose,  bright  scarlet  or  orange.       35.  C.  viridis  (A,  C). 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  often  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base  ;  fruit  subglobose.  orange-red. 

36.  C.  ovata  (A). 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base  ;  fruit  globose, 
yellow-green  flushed  with  red.  37.  C.  vulsa  (C). 


ROSACES  401 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  semiorbicular,  acute,  often  short-pointed  or  rarely  rounded 

at  the  apex,  subcoriaceous ;  fruit  short-oblong  to  obovate  or  globose,  dull  orange 

color.  08.  C.  glabriuscula  (C) 

Leaves  oval  to  rhomboidal,  acute  or  acuminate ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong^ 

bright  orange-red.  3<J.  C.  blanda  (C).' 

Fruit  i'-f    in  diameter. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  acuminate  ;  fruit  short-oblong,  dull  brick  red 
covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  40.  C.  nitida  (A). 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  rhomboidal,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex ;  fruit 
subglobose  to  short-oblong,  dark  crimson.  41.  C.  initis  (A). 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  usually  broad  and  rounded  at  the  base  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short- 
oblong,  dark  red.  42.  C.  atrorubens  (A). 
Anthers  purple  or  rose  color. 

Leaves  obovate,  oval  or  ovate,  acute  ;  fruit  globose  to  subglobose,  red ;  anthers  bright 
purple.  4.1.  C.  ingens  (C). 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  fruit  globose  or  depressed- 
globose  ;  anthers  pale  rose  color.  44.  C.  peiiita  (C.) 
Stamens   usually  10,  occasionally  12-2*0  ;  anthers   bright   red ;   leaves   oblong-obovate  to 
oval,  usually  acute  or  acuminate ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  bright  orange-red. 

45.  C.  micracantha  (C) 

*Stamens  20. 

-¥ Anthers  pale  yellow. 

35.  Crataegus  viridis,  L. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the 
apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  cuneate  wedge-shaped  base,  finely  serrate  above, 
with  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  sometimes  3-lobed  toward  the  apex,  especially  on 
vigorous  shoots,  tinged  with  red  and  slightly  hairy  above  when  they  unfold,  nearly 
fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous  to  subcoriaceous, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  with  large 


axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  l'-3'  long,  ^'-1^'  wide,  with  thick  midribs  and  conspicu- 
ous primary  veins  ;  often  turning  brilliant  scarlet  late  in  the  autumn  before  falling; 
their  petioles  slender,  I'-l^'  long.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels, 
in  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs  ;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 


402  TEEES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

lanceolate,  entire;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  2-5,  usually  5,  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  conspicuous  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  and 
mostly  persistent  on  the  branches  through  the  winter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in 
drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  depressed-globose,  bright  scarlet  or  orange,  \'-\'  in 
diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh 
thin  and  dry;  nutlets  usually  5,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and 
slightly  grooved  or  ridged  on  the  back,  ^V~~i'  ^onS- 

A  tree,  20°-35°  high,  with  a  straight  often  fluted  trunk  8°-12°  tall  and  18'-20'  in 
diameter,  covered  with  gray  or  pale  orange-colored  bark,  spreading  branches  forming 
a  round  rather  compact  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  ashy  gray  to  light  red- 
brown  in  their  first  winter,  and  unarmed  or  occasionally  armed  with  slender  sharp 
pale  spines  f '-!'  long. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  in  low  moist  soil;  valley  of  the 
Savannah  River,  South  Carolina,  to  western  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  and 
northward  to  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Colo- 
rado River,  Texas;  rare  in  the  east;  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  western 
Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas,  often  forming  great  thickets. 

36.  Crataegus  ovata,  Sarg.,  n.  sp. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  broadly  or  acutely  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base, 
coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  glandular  teeth,  and  occasionally  slightly 
divided  into  short  lateral  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in 
May  and  then  dark  green,  very  smooth  and  glabrous  above  with  the  exception  of  a 


few  short  scattered  hairs  near  the  base  of  the  midribs,  paler  below,  with  small  per- 
sistent axillary  tufts  of  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  2 '-2^'  long  and 
l^'-2'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender, 
slightly  winged  at  the  apex,  rose-colored  in  the  autumn,  about  f  long;  on  vigorous 
shoots  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  broad  base,  coarsely  serrate  and  sometimes  3'  long  and 
broad.  Flowers  about  \'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  many- 
flowered  glabrous  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the 
lobes  broad,  acute,  entire  or  coarsely  glandular-serrate  toward  the  apex,  glabrous; 
styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  elongated  pedicels,  in  long  drooping  clusters, 


ROSACES  403 

subglobose  or  a  little  longer  than  broad,  orange-red,  ^'-^  long;  calyx  enlarged,  with 
elongated  closely  appressed  lobes  sometimes  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin, 
dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  or  slightly  ridged  on  the  back, 
about  T8g'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 
smooth  gray  bark,  slender  glabrous  branchlets  light  reddish  brown  and  lustrous  dur- 
ing their  first  year,  becoming  grayish  brown  in  their  second  season,  and  unarmed  or 
armed  with  occasional  dark  purple  slender  slightly  curved  shining  spines  V  long. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  soil  on  the  banks  of  the  River  Uesperes,  St.  Louis, 
Missouri  (John  D.  Kellogg,  October  1901,  May  1902). 

37.  Crataegus  vulsa,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acute,  full  and  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  entire 
base,  irregularly  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved  gland- 
tipped  teeth,  and  often  divided  into  several  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold 
dark  bronze-red  and  pilose,  with  scattered  caducous  hairs,  and  with  tufts  of  pale 


often  persistent  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  late  in  April, and  at  maturity  thin,  bright  green  on  the  upper  surface, 
paler  on  the  lower  surface,  about  2'  long  and  !£'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and 
4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  pale  yellow  primary  veins,  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow  or  brown; 
their  petioles  slender,  somewhat  villose  at  first,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  about  f ' 
long;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  full  and  rounded  or 
occasionally  truncate  and  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  more  coarsely  dentate  and 
more  deeply  lobed,  often  3'  long  and  2^'  wide,  with  stout  winged  glandular  petioles 
and  narrow  falcate  acuminate  glandular  stipules.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  slen- 
der pedicels,  in  compact  compound  3-10-flowered  glabrous  corymbs,  with  linear  acu- 
minate glandular  red  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the 
lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  entire  or  occasionally  ob- 
scurely serrate  toward  the  apex,  glabrous;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles 
3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  thin  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end 
of  September  or  early  in  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clus- 
ters, globose,  yellow-green  flushed  with  red,  £'  in  diameter,  the  calyx  prominent,  with 


404 


TREES   OP  NORTH   AMERICA 


closely  appressed  lobes;  flesh  yellow-green,  thin,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  thin, 
rounded,  sometimes  slightly  ridged  and  grooved  on  the  back,  about  T^'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin 
fissured  bark  separating  into  light  gray  scales  tinged  with  brown,  and  often  armed 
with  long  compound  spines,  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  an  oval  usually 
compact  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight  glabrous  branchlets  furnished 
with  thin  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  I'-l^'  long;  sometimes 
a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  northwestern 
Georgia  and  northeastern  Alabama. 

38.  Crataegus  glabriuscula,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  semiorbieular,  acute  or  often  short-pointed  or  rarely 
rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  below  the  middle  to  the  slender  en- 
tire base,  coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle,  with 


broad  straight  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  sometimes  divided  toward  the  apex  into  2  or  3 
short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  1st  of  April,  and 
then  membranaceous  and  slightly  pilose  above,  with  scattered  hairs  most  abundant 
along  the  base  of  the  midribs,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  hard  and  firm,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2'long,|'-l' 
wide,  with  thin  light  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  toward 
the  end  of  the  leaf,  conspicuous  secondary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles 
slender,  wing-margined,  £'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  ovate,  broadly  cuneate  at 
the  base,  much  more  coarsely  dentate  and  more  frequently  lobed.  2'-2£'  long  and 
wide,  their  stipules  foliaceous,  lunate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  sometimes  V  broad. 
Flowers  about  \'  in  diameter,,  on  long  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  few-flowered 
rather  compact  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
short,  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  entire,  villose  on  the  upper  surface; 
stamens  20;  anthers  nearly  white;  styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  often 
persistent  until  late  into  the  winter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  compact  many- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong  to  obovate  or  nearly  globose,  dull  orange 
color,  marked  by  minute  dark  dots,  about  \'  long;  calyx  enlarged,  conspicuous,  with 
spreading  or  closely  appressed  lobes,  dull  red  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base,  often 


ROSACES 


405 


deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  very  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  hard;  nutlets  5, 
rounded  and  sometimes  obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about  TY  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered 
with  thin  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  long  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  head, 
and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets  unarmed  or  armed  with  occasional  slender 
straight  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines  f'-l'  long. 

Distribution.  Bottom-lauds  of  the  Trinity  River  and  its  branches  near  Dallas, 
Texas,  in  forests  of  Elms  and  Nettle-trees. 

39.  Crataegus  blanda,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  to  rhomboidal,  acute  or  acuminate,  and  occasionally  slightly  lobed 
toward  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  or  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely 
crenately  serrate  above  the  middle,  with  gland-tipped  teeth,  coated  with  soft  pale 
hairs  when  they  unfold,  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  1st  of  May, 
and  then  membranaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above  and  glabrous  below  with 
the  exception  of  large  axillary  tufts  of  snow-white  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  sub- 
coriaceous,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, l£'-2'  long,  V-\\'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  2  or  3  pairs  of  thin  primary 
veins  extending  very  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf;  their  petioles  slender, 
slightly  winged  above,  at  first  villose  along  the  upper  side,  soon  becoming  gla- 
brous, f'-l'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  broadly  ovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
base,  more  deeply  lobed  above  the  middle,  2'-2£'  long  and  1^-2'  wide.  Flowers 
V  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  compound 


glabrous  corymbs,  with  linear  entire  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  ob- 
conic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  entire  or 
obscurely  dentate,  glabrous;  stamens  20;  anthers  canary-yellow;  styles  5.  Fruit 
ripening  about  the  middle  of  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  droop- 
ing clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  bright  orange-red,  \'  in  diameter  ;  calyx 
prominent,  with  spreading  lobes  usually  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit  ;  flesh  thin, 
yellow,  dry  and  mealy  ;  nutlets  5,  thin,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  deeply  grooved  on 
the  back,  \'  long. 

An  unarmed  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  covered 
with  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  bark  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  broken  on  the 


406 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


surface  into  small  plate-like  scales,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  irreg- 
ular head,  and  nearly  straight  glabrous  branchlets  dark  orange-green  at  first,  be- 
coming dull  red-brown  during  their  first  season  and  darker  brown  the  following 
year. 

Distribution.  Dry  uplands  and  low  rolling  hills  near  Fulton,  Arkansas,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Red  River. 

40.  Crataegus  nitida,  Sarg. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed 
and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved 
glandular  teeth,  and  often  more  or  less  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  broad  acute 


lobes,  when  they  unfold  dark  red  and  slightly  villose  along  the  upper  side  of  the 
midribs,  with  scattered  caducous  hairs,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green,  very  lustrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  pale  and  dull  on  the  lower  surface,  2 '-3'  long,  and  !'-!£'  wide, 
with  prominent  midribs  usually  red  on  the  lower  side  and  few  thin  prominent  pri- 
mary veins  generally  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  turning  in  the  autumn  rich 
orange  color  through  shades  of  bronze  and  orange-red;  their  petioles  stout,  gland- 
ular, more  or  less  winged  above,  villose  while  young  on  the  upper  side,  soon  becom- 
ing glabrous,  ^'-f  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  more  deeply  lobed  and  frequently  5' 
long  and  2^'  wide,  with  lunate  stipitate  coarsely  glandular  stipules  occasionally  \' 
long.  Flowers  ^'  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  compound 
many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
slender,  elongated,  acuminate,  entire  or  sparingly  glandular-serrate;  stamens  15- 
20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  2—5.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  October,  on 
slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  oblong,  full  and 
rounded  at  the  ends,  pruinose,  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  marked  by  small  dark  dots, 
^'— f'  long  and  about  £'  thick;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  the  lobes  dark  red  at 
the  base  on  the  upper  side,  usually  erect,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens; 
flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2-5,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back, 
with  a  broad  low  rounded  ridge,  light-colored,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  sometimes  18'  in  diameter,  covered 
with   close    dark  bark  broken  into  thick  plate-like  scales,  stout  spreading  lower 


ROSACES  407 

branches  and  erect  upper  branches  forming  a  broad  often  irregular  head,  and  slender 
glabrous  brauchlets  bright  orange-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  and  second 
seasons,  becoming  pale  reddish  brown  in  their  third  year,  and  ultimately  ashy 
gray,  and  unarmed  or  armed  with  occasional  straight  thin  bright  chestnut-brown 
lustrous  spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Bottoms  of  the  Mississippi  River,  Illinois,  opposite  the  city  of  St. 
Louis;  common. 

41.  Craaetgus  mitis,  Sarg.,  n.  sp. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  rhomboidal,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  and  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  and  coarsely  serrate 
above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during 
the  first  week  of  May,  and  then  light  yellow-green  above,  paler  below,  and  glabrous 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  short  hairs  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midribs,  and  at 
maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow- 
green  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2^'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with  prominent  midribs  and 
slender  primary  veins;  their  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  occasionally 
glandular,  with  minute  glands,  1J'-1£'  long.  Flowers  ^'-f  in  diameter,  on  long 
slender  pedicels,  in  compact  compound  8-15-flowered  glabrous  corymbs,  with  red 
glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obcouic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
abruptly  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  finely  glandular-serrate  below  the 


middle,  with  minute  stipitate  red  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  yellow;  styles  2-4, 
usually  3.  Fruit  ripening  the  middle  of  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  many- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
dark  crimson  marked  by  occasional  large  dark  dots,  ^'-f'  long,  about  £'  wide;  calyx 
only  slightly  enlarged,  the  lobes  serrate,  closely  appressed,  often  deciduous  from  the 
ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  pale  orange  color,  and  juicy  ;  nutlets  usually  3,  thick,  full  and 
rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  high  rounded 
deeply  grooved  ridge,  about  •£•'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 
dark  scaly  bark,  large  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and 
glabrous  branchlets  dull  light  reddish  brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming 


408  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

dark  brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  dull  red- 
brown  or  purplish  spines  usually  about  !£'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  rich  soil  on  the  bottoms  of  the  Mississippi  River  near 
the  village  of  Kahokia,  Illinois,  a  few  miles  south  of  East  St.  Louis  (John  D.  Kellogg, 
October  1902,  May  1903). 

42.  Crataegus  atrorubens,  Ashe. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  usually  full  and  rounded  or  sometimes  broadly  cuneate  or 
truncate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  and  usually  doubly  serrate  above,  and  often 


divided  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  short  acute  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
late  in  April  or  early  in  May  and  then  slightly  roughened  above  by  short  scattered 
white  hairs,  and  furnished  below  with  conspicuous  axillary  tufts  of  pale  tomentum, 
and  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark  dull  green  and  smooth  on  the  upper  surface, 
light  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  about  2'  long  and  1^'  wide,  or  on  leading 
shoots  frequently  3'  long,  and  2^'  wide,  with  thin  midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  slender 
primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  more  or  less  densely  villose  at 
first,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  I'-l-j'  long.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender 
elongated  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  compound  glabrous  or  villose  corymbs; 
calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated  throughout  or  only  at  the  base  with  hoary  to- 
mentum, the  lobes  short,  acute,  finely  glandular-serrate,  villose  particularly  on  the 
inner  surface;  stamens  20;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of 
pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  on  slender  pedicels,  in 
drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
ends,  dark  red;  calyx  somewhat  enlarged,  with  spreading  lobes  usually  deciduous 
before  the  fruit  ripens ;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  rounded  and  sometimes  obscurely  grooved 
on  the  back,  about  Ty  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
dark  red-brown  scaly  bark,  thin  erect  and  spreading  branches  forming  a  compact 
rather  narrow  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  marked  by  occasional  dark 
lenticels,  dark  green  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  becoming 
dark  chestnut-brown  and  very  lustrous  and  bright  reddish  brown  in  their  second  year, 
and  usually  unarmed. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  of  the  Mississippi  River,  East  St.  Louis,  Illinois; 
not  common. 


ROSACKE  409 

-H — ^Anthers  purple  or  rose  color. 

43.  Crataegus  iiigens,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate-oval  or  ovate,  broadly  or  narrowly  wedge-shaped  at  the  entire 
base,  creuately  serrate  above,  and  often  slightly  lobed  toward  the  acute  apex,  about 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April  or  early  in  May  and  then 
roughened  above  by  short  rigid  hairs  and  villose  below  along  the  midribs  and  remote 
slender  veins  extending  very  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  at  maturity 
subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  nearly  gla- 
brous on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2'  long,  l^'-l^'  wide,  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow, 
orange,  red,  or  brown;  their  petioles  stout,  narrowly  wing-margined  to  the  middle, 
pubescent  while  young,  becoming  glabrous,  about  f  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  more 
deeply  lobed  and  often  3'-3£'  long,  and  2'  wide,  with  stout  broad-winged  petioles 
sometimes  1^'  in  length.  Flowers  ^'-f'  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in 
many-flowered  compact  hairy  corymbs;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  coated,  especially 
toward  the  base,  with  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  slender,  elongated,  acute,  gland- 
ular, with  bright  red  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  sparingly  villose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  bright  purple;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  in  October, 


on  stout  puberulous  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose, 
red,  about  |'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  reflexed  appressed  nearly  gla- 
brous lobes;  flesh  firm;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  or  slightly  grooved  and  ridged  on  the 
back,  ^  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  spreading  branches 
forming  a  wide  round-topped  head,  and  unarmed  branchlets  covered  at  first  with 
matted  pale  hairs,  soon  becoming  glabrous. 

Distribution.  Moist  woods  and  the  low  banks  of  streams;  southeastern  Tennes- 
see and  northwestern  Georgia. 

44.  Crataegus  penita,  Beadl. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  oval,  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  broadly 
or  acutely  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above, 
with  glandular  mostly  straight  teeth,  and  often  slightly  lobed  above  the  middle, 


410  TKEES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

deeply  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  pale  hairs  when  they  unfold,  nearly  fully 
grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  1st  of  May  and  then  smooth  above  and 
glabrous  below  with  the  exception  of  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity 
subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower 


surface,  If '-2'  long,  I'-lf '  wide,  with  prominent  midribs  and  slender  primary  veins, 
turning  orange,  yellow,  and  brown  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  slender,  covered 
while  young  like  the  upper  side  of  the  base  of  the  midrib  with  pale  deciduous  hairs, 
£'-f'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  more  or  less 
deeply  lobed  and  2^'-3'  long  and  broad,  with  stout  broadly  winged  glandular  petioles. 
Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  elongated  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy  pedicels,  in 
compact  few-flowered  nearly  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the 
lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  slender,  acuminate,  entire,  or  fur- 
nished with  occasional  minute  glandular  teeth,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  20;  anthers  white  faintly  tinged  with  pink;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  in 
October,  on  elongated  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose  or 
depressed-globose,  red,  about  \'  in  diameter,  with  firm  flesh;  calyx  enlarged,  with 
spreading  or  reflexed  lobes,  villose  on  the  upper  side;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and 
acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  broadly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes  10'  in  diameter,  stout  ascend- 
ing or  spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  head,  unarmed  branchlets  puberulous  while 
young,  soon  glabrous,  and  becoming  light  reddish  brown. 

Distribution.     Low  moist  woods  and  the  banks  of  streams;  southeastern  Ten- 


** Stamens  usually  10;  anthers  bright  red. 

45.  Crataegus  micracantha,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex, 
gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  from  above  or  below  the  middle  to  the  cuneate  en- 
tire base,  coarsely  crenulate-serrate  and  occasionally  3-lobed  above,  with  short  broad 
acute  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  villose  on  the  upper  and  hoary-tomentose  on  the 
lower  surface,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  middle  of  May 
and  then  membranaceous  and  slightly  villose  above,  with  short  scattered  pale  hairs, 
and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark  yellow-green,  lustrous,  and  smooth 


ROSACES  411 

above,  paler  and  tomentose  below  along  the  slender  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  very 
obscure  primary  veins,  2'-2£'  long,  V-\\'  wide;  their  petioles  slender,  more  or  less 
wing-margined  toward  the  apex,  tomentose  early  in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous 
or  pubescent,  £'-!'  long;  on  leading  shoots  often  broadly  rhomboidal  to  obovate, 
acuminate,  frequently  deeply  3-lobed  or  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  short  lateral 
lobes,  usually  2^'-3'  long.  Flowers  cup-shaped,  \'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender 
pedicels  thickly  coated  with  matted  white  hairs,  in  broad  lax  many-flowered  com- 
pound hairy  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose,  the  lobes  linear,  acumi- 
nate, entire,  slightly  villose,  tipped  with  minute  dark  glands;  stamens  usually  10, 
occasionally  12,  15,  or  20;  anthers  small,  deep  bright  red;  styles  5.  Fruit  ripening 
the  middle  of  October,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited  clus- 
ters, subglobose  to  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  orange-red, 


lustrous,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  about  \'  long;  calyx  prominent,  with 
a  short  villose  tube,  and  spreading  erect  hairy  lobes  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe 
fruit;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  thin,  acute  at  the  narrowed  ends, 
rounded  and  sometimes  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  ^8ff'  long. 

An  unarmed  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-12'  in  diameter,  covered 
with  light  or  dark  brown  bark  separating  freely  into  thin  narrow  scales,  stout  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  broad  flat-topped  handsome  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight 
branchlets  coated  until  after  the  flowering  time  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  bright 
red-brown  and  puberulous  during  their  first  season,  becoming  light  or  dark  dull 
reddish  brown  the  following  year. 

Distribution.  Common  in  low  woods  in  rich  moist  soil  near  Fulton,  Arkansas,  in 
the  valley  of  the  Red  River. 

V.  PRUINOSJB. 

Leaves  elliptical ;  fruit  subglobose,  green,  and  pruinose  when  fully  grown,  becoming  dark 
purple-red  and  very  lustrous  ;  anthers  large,  deep  rose  color.  46.  C.  pruinosa  (A,  C). 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate ;  fruit  oblong,  dull  russet  green ;  anthers  small,  light  rose 
color.  47.  C.  Georgiana  (C). 

46.  Crataegus  pruinosa,  K.  Koch. 

Leaves  elliptical,  acute,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  en- 
tire base,  irregularly  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  glandular  straight  or 


412  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

incurved  teeth,  and  divided  in  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  acute  or  acuminate  lateral 
lobes,  when  they  unfold  bright  red  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  short 
caducous  hairs  on  the  upper  side  of  the  base  of  the  midribs,  nearly  fully  grown  when 


the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  May  and  then  membranaceous  and 
bluish  green,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  blue-green  and  often  glaucous 
above,  pale  below,  1'— 1^'  long,  |'— 1'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of 
thin  primary  veins  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  late  in  the  autumn  turning  dull 
orange  color;  their  petioles  slender,  glandular,  slightly  winged  at  the  apex,  !'-!$•' 
long,  often  bright  red  in  early  spring  and  in  the  autumn;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly 
ovate,  often  rounded  at  the  base,  more  coarsely  dentate  and  more  deeply  lobed,  fre- 
quently 2^'  long  and  wide,  with  stouter  and  more  broadly  winged  petioles.  Flowers 
£'-!'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx- 
tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  wide  bases,  long- 
pointed,  finely  glandular-serrate  below  the  middle;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  deep 
rose  color;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  thick  band  of  hoary  tomentum. 
Fruit  on  long  thin  light  green  ultimately  bright  red  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping 
clusters,  5-angled,  apple  green,  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  until  nearly  fully 
ripe,  at  maturity  late  in  October  subglobose  but  rather  broader  than  long,  barely 
angled,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  dark  purple-red,  marked  by  many  small  dull  dots,  very 
lustrous;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  long  well-developed  tube  and  enlarged  usually 
erect  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  light  yellow,  sweet, 
dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  light-colored,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  and  rounded  at 
the  base,  deeply  grooved  on  the  back,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-200  high,  with  a  stem  a  few  inches  in  diameter,  spreading  horizontal 
branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  branchlets  armed  with  numerous 
stout  straight  light  chestnut-brown  spines  I'-l^'  long;  often  shrubby,  with  several 
intricately  branched  stems. 

Distribution.  Slopes  of  low  hills  often  in  limestone  soil;  southwestern  Vermont, 
southward  to  the  foothill  region  of  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains,  and  west- 
ward to  central  Illinois  and  Missouri. 


ROSACE^E 


413 


47.  Crataegus  Georgiana,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  full  and  rounded  or  broadly  cune- 
ate  at  the  base,  finely  and  often  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  or  incurved  gland- 
tipped  teeth,  and  divided  into  numerous  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  glabrous  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  pale  caducous  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  and  bronze-yellow  when 
they  unfold,  nearly  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  20th  of  April  and 
then  thin,  dark  yellow-green  above,  pale  below,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in 
texture,  dark  blue-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2'  long, 
I'-l^'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins;  their 
petioles  slender,  often  short- winged  at  the  apex,  usually  about  f  long;  on  leading 
shoots  often  3'  long  and  2'  wide,  sometimes  deltoid  and  usually  much  more  deeply 
lobed.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  usually  5-7-flowered  compact 
glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed 
from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  entire  or  obscurely  and  irregularly  serrate,  glabrous; 
stamens  20;  anthers  small;  light  rose  color;  styles  5;  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a 
narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  on 
slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the 


ends,  often  obscurely  5-angled,  dull  russet-green,  |'-^'  long;  calyx-lobes  only  slightly 
enlarged,  mostly  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens,  leaving  a  well-defined  ring  at  the 
summit  of  the  short  calyx-tube;  flesh  thin,  light  green,  dry  and  hard;  nutlets  5,  thin, 
rounded  and  irregularly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  stout  wide- 
spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets 
armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  thin  bright  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines 
rarely  more  than  1^'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  river  bottoms  and  meadows  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Rome,  Georgia. 

VI.  TENUIFOLL2E. 

Stamens  5-10. 

Fruit  obovate  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  dark  blue-green. 

Stamens  usually  f>  ;  anthers  pink  ;  fruit  bright  reddish  purple ;  leaves  mostly  sca- 
brate  ;  calyx-lobes  entire  or  sparingly  glandular ;  spines  more  than  1'  long. 

-is.  C.  apiomorpha  (A). 


414  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Stamens  10;  anthers  bright  reddish  purple;  fruit  crimson  or  purplish;  leaves 
smooth ;  spines  £'-£ '  long.  49.  C.  paucispina  (A). 

Fruit  short-oblong,  dark  crimson  ;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  dark  green  and  scabrate  above ; 
stamens  usually  5  ;  anthers  dark  red-purple.  50.  C.  pentandra  (A). 

Fruit  subglobose,  often  broader  than  high,  red  or  greenish  yellow,  with  a  rosy  cheek ; 
leaves  ovate,  dark  yellow-green,  smooth  or  scabrate  above ;  stamens  10 ;  anthers 
purple.  51.  C.  silvicola  (C). 

Stamens  usually  20. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  oval,  dark  dull  green  and  smooth  above  ;  fruit  short-oblong  to 
obovate,  crimson,  anthers  dark  purple.  52.  C.  lucorum  (A). 

Leaves  ovate,  yellowish  to  bluish  green  and  smooth  above ;  fruit  subglobose  to  broad- 
obovate,  dark  red  to  reddish  purple ;  anthers  pale  rose  color.  53.  C.  depilis  (A). 

Leaves  ovate,  bright  green  and  scabrate  above  ;  fruit  subglobose,  scarlet,  with  a  glaucous 
bloom  ;  anthers  purple.  54.  C.  basilica  (A). 

Leaves  rhomboidal  to  broadly  ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  light  yellow  green  ;  fruit  short- 
oblong,  bright  cherry-red ;  anthers  rose  color.  55.  C.  lac  era  (C). 

*Stamens  5-10. 

48.  Crataegus  apiomorpha,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  cuneate  at  the  entire  often 
unsymmetrical  base,  finely  doubly  serrate  above,  with  slender  glandular  teeth,  and 
slightly  divided  above  the  middle  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  triangular  acute  lobes,  about 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May  and  then  membranaceous,  light  yel- 
low-green and  tinged  with  red  or  bronze  color,  and  covered  above  with  short  white 
hairs  and  pale  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark 
blue-green  and  smooth  and  lustrous  or  sometimes  dull  and  scabrate  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  blue-green  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2£'  or  on  leading  shoots  often  3' 
long,  l^'-l^'  wide,  with  stout  midribs  and  primary  veins  arching  obliquely  to  the 
points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  slender,  slightly  winged  at  the  apex,  of  ten  sparingly 


glandular,  f '-!'  long.  Flowers  £'-£'  in  diameter,  on  short  villose  or  glabrous  pedi- 
cels, in  compact  many-flowered  usually  hairy  compound  corymbs;  bracts  and  bract- 
lets  linear  to  oblong-obovate,  finely  glandular-serrate,  with  stipitate  dark  red  or 
purple  glands,  turning  red  before  falling,  mostly  persistent  until  after  the  flowers 


ROSACEJE  415 

open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  at  the 
base,  slender,  acuminate,  entire  or  sparingly  glandular  on  the  margins;  stamens  5- 
10,  usually  5;  anthers  pink;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of  pale  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  the  1st  of  September  and  soon  falling,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  obovate  or  rarely  short-oblong,  bright  reddish  purple, 
marked  by  small  scattered  pale  dots,  f'-f'  long,  £'-£'  wide;  calyx  much  enlarged, 
with  spreading  lobes,  their  tips  mostly  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin, 
yellow,  juicy,  pleasantly  acid;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back,  with 
a  low  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes"  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'  in  diameter  and  3°-6°  long,  covered 
with  dark  gray  bark  separating  into  thin  plates,  in  falling  disclosing  the  yellow  inner 
bark,  numerous  ascending  branches  forming  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  crown,  and  slen- 
der branchlets  dark  dull  red-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  gray- 
brown  the  following  year,  and  unarmed  or  armed,  with  slender  nearly  straight  dull 
red-brown  ultimately  ashy  gray  spines  !'-!£'  long;  or  often  shrubby,  with  numerous 
stems  spreading  into  small  clumps. 

Distribution.  Dry  open  places,  borders  of  woods,  and  the  margins  of  the  high 
banks  of  streams;  common  and  generally  distributed  in  the  neighborhood  of  Chicago, 
Illinois. 

49.  Crataegus  paucispina,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  rounded,  coucave-cuneate  to  truncate  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular 


teeth,  and  deeply  divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  acute  lateral  lobes  spreading  or  point- 
ing toward  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in 
May  and  then  light  yellow-green  and  slightly  roughened  above  by  short  white  hairs 
and  paler  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dark  blue-green  and 
scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  blue-green  on  the  lower  surface,  2£ '-3'  long,  !£'- 
2^'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely 
to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  slender,  usually  without  glands,  tinged  with 
purple  in  the  autumn,  f '-!£'  long.  Flowers  -£'— f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedi- 
cels, in  broad  12-20-flowered  slightly  villose  compound  corymbs,  with  linear  to 
oblong-obovate  glandular  red  bracts  and  bractlets  mostly  persistent  until  after  the 


416 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


flowers  open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate, 
glandular-serrate,  with  small  dark  red  stipitate  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  pubes- 
cent on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  bright  reddish  purple;  styles  4  or  5, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  during  the  first  half 
of  September  and  soon  falling,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  drooping  clusters, 
obovate  to  subglobose,  crimson  or  purplish,  marked  by  numerous  small  pale  dots, 
slightly  pruinose,  ^'— | '  long,  about  ^'  wide ;  calyx  small,  with  reflexed  and  appressed 
or  erect  and  incurved  serrate  lobes  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle, 
often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  juicy,  acid,  and  edible;  nut- 
lets 4  or  5,  thin,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  slightly  grooved  or 
obscurely  ridged  on  the  back,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-6'  in  diameter  and  often  6°  long, 
covered  with  dark  gray  or  nearly  black  bark  separating  into  thin  plate-like  scales, 
numerous  branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets 
dark  yellow-green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dark  reddish  brown  at  the  end 
of  their  first  season,  olive-green  in  their  second  year,  and  ultimately  dark  gray- 
brown,  and  armed  with  small  straight  light  red-brown  shining  spines  ^'-f '  long. 

Distribution.  Woods  and  river  banks  in  dry  clay  soil;  May  wood,  near  Chicago, 
Illinois. 

50.  Crataegus  pentandra,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acuminate,  broadly  cuneate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  entire 
base,  divided  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  and 
coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  or  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  small 


dark  glands,  nearly  fully  grown  and  very  thin  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of 
May,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dark  green  and  roughened  above  by  short 
rigid  pale  hairs,  pale  and  glabrous  below,  2'-2^'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  with  slender 
yellow  midribs  and  thin  primary  veins  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their 
petioles  slender,  often  winged  toward  the  apex,  glandular,  with  minute  dark  glands, 
usually  about  1'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  more  deeply  lobed  and  often  4'  long  and 
3'  wide,  their  stipules  foliaceous,  lunate,  very  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  often  \' 
long.  Flowers  f'-f '  in  diameter,  on  elongated  slender  pedicels,  in  compact  com- 
pound few-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  dark 


ROSACES 


417 


red,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  finely  glandular-serrate;  stamens  usually  5, 
occasionally  6-10;  anthers  large,  dark  red-purple;  styles  3,  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  a  thin  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of  September 
and  soon  falling,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  drooping  narrow  clusters,  short-oblong,  full 
and  rounded  at  the  ends,  dark  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  minute  pale  dots,  usually 
about  f  long  and  ^'  thick;  calyx  enlarged  and  persistent,  the  lobes  elongated, 
strongly  incurved,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens  ;  flesh  thick,  dry  and 
nealy;  nutlets  3,  thick,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the 
back,  with  a  high  broad  ridge,  £'  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  15°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  cov- 
ered with  thin  bark  separating  into  papery  lustrous  pale  scales,  stout  branches 
forming  a  broad  open  head  irregular  in  outline,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets 
bright  chestnut-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  ashy  gray  the  following 
year,  and  armed  with  many  thick  straight  or  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  or  red- 
brown  spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  hills  and  limestone  ridges;  southern  and  southwestern  Ver- 
mont. 

51.  Crataegus  silvicola,  Beadl. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  full  and  rounded  at  the  entire  base, 
sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  slightly  and 
irregularly  divided  into  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  dark  red  and 


coated  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  upper  surface,  about  half  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April  and  then  nearly  glabrous,  and  at  maturity 
thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  smooth  or  scabrous  above,  pale  and  glabrous  below,  or 
occasionally  villose  along  the  under  side  of  the  slender  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of 
thin  primary  veins  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  about  2'  long  and  l^'-lf 
wide;  their  petioles  slender,  glandular,  about  1'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  del- 
toid, and  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  more  coarsely  serrate  and  more  deeply 
lobed,  and  frequently  2^'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  compact  few-flowered  thin-branched  compound  glabrous  corymbs,  with 
linear  glandular  bright  red  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets  ;  caylx-tube  narrowly  ob- 
conic  and  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed,  acuminate,  glabrous,  entire  or 


418  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

glandular-serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers  large,  purple;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the 
base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  September  and 
soon  falling,  on  short  pedicels,  in  erect  'few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  and  often  a 
little  broader  than  long,  red  or  greenish  yellow,  with  a  rosy  cheek,  about  \'  in  diam- 
eter; calyx  little  enlarged,  with  spreading  lobes  usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit 
ripens;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  thick,  prominently  ridged 
and  grooved  on  the  back,  with  a  high  broad  ridge,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered 
with  close  or  slightly  fissured  bark  broken  into  small  gray  or  red-brown  scales,  and 
often  armed  with  long  stout  branched  gray  spines,  ascending  or  spreading  branches 
forming  a  narrow  irregular  or  round-topped  head,  and  slender  branchlets  dark  green 
tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  long  pale  scattered  white  hairs  when  they  first 
appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  bright  red-brown  during  their  first  year,  and  ulti- 
mately ashy  gray,  with  few  or  many  thin  straight  or  somewhat  curved  bright  chest- 
nut-brown spines  1^'  to  nearly  2'  long;  or  in  the  dry  soil  of  upland  forests  usually  a 
shrub,  with  numerous  stems. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  flat  woods;  northern  Alabama  and  northwestern  and 
central  Georgia,  and  occasionally  on  the  drier  uplands  of  the  surrounding  country; 


**Stamens  usually  20. 

52.  Crataegus  lucorum,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broad-ovate  to  obovate  or  rarely  oval,  broadly  cuneate  or  full  and  rounded 
at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  serrate  above,  with  straight  teeth  tipped  with  large  per- 
sistent bright  red  finally  dark  glands,  and  deeply  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  or  4 
pairs  of  wide  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  rather  more  than  a  third  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  early  in  May  and  then  light  yellow-bronze  color,  covered  on  the  upper 
surface  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity 


membranaceous,  smooth,  dark  dull  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  yellow-green 
below,  about  2'  long  and  1^'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of 
thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes ;  their  petioles  slen- 
der, glandular,  often  somewhat  winged  toward  the  apex,  I'-l^'  long;  on  vigorous 


ROSACES  419 

shoots  usually  ovate  and  rounded  at  the  broad  base,  more  deeply  lobed  and  some- 
times 3'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  thin  pedicels,  in  narrow  com- 
pact few-flowered  small  villose  corymbs;  calyx  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
narrow,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  villose  on  the  upper  surface;  stamens 
20;  anthers  small,  dark  purple;  styles  4  or  5.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of 
September  and  soon  falling,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  erect  few-fruited  slightly  vil- 
lose clusters,  pear-shaped  until  nearly  fully  grown  and  then  short-oblong  or  somewhat 
obovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  dots, 
£'— I'  long;  calyx  enlarged,  the  lobes  elongated,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  villose 
above,  closely  appressed,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  yellow, 
dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  rounded,  and  sometimes  obscurely  ridged  on  the 
back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20° -25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
close  dark  red-brown  bark,  slender  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  head, 
and  thin  branchlets  dark  green  and  somewhat  villose  when  they  first  appear,  becom- 
ing dull  orange-brown  in  their  first  summer  and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown,  and 
armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  bright  red-brown  lustrous  spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  along  the  margins  of  Oak  groves  on  the  banks  of 
sloughs;  Barrington,  Illinois.  . 

53.   Crataegus  depilis,  Sarg.,  n.  sp. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  and  often  unsym- 
metrical  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular 


teeth,  and  often  divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  short  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold 
deeply  tinged  with  red  and  covered  above  with  fine  short  caducous  hairs,  nearly 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  second  week  of  May,  and  at  maturity 
membranaceous,  glabrous,  smooth,  yellowish  to  bluish  green  on  the  upper  surface, 
pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l£'-2'  long,  V-\\'  wide,  and  on  vigorous  shoots  often  2£' 
long  and  1^'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins,  turn- 
ing yellowish  and  brown  or  russet  color  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  slender,  gla- 
brous, sparingly  glandular,  with  minute  glands,  £'-!/  long;  stipules  linear,  acuminate, 
glandular-serrate,  reddish,  caducous.  Flowers  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels, 


420  TKEES    OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

in  broad  compound  glabrous  8-12-flowered  corymbs,  with  linear  or  oblong  glandular 
bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  gland- 
ular-serrate, deeply  tinged  with  purple;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles 
4  or  5.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  September  and  soon  falling,  on  slender  pedicels,  in 
drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  broad-obovate,  dark  red  to  reddish 
purple,  lustrous,  ^'— f  long,  -f'-f  wide;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  the  lobes  re- 
flexed,  glandular-serrate,  and  red  on  the  upper  side  toward  the  base  ;  flesh  thick, 
yellow,  sweet,  juicy,  and  slightly  acid;  nutlets  4  or  5,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  and  acute  at  the  base,  and  prominently  but  irregularly  ridged  on  the 
back,  with  a  high  sometimes  grooved  ridge,  £'— jY  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-8'  in  diameter  and  6°-9°  long,  covered  with 
dark  gray  or  gray-brown  flaked  bark,  spreading  branches  forming  an  oblong  or 
rounded  open  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  bright  red-brown  and  very  lus- 
trous during  their  first  summer,  becoming  light  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and 
armed  with  stout  or  slender  nearly  straight  spines  f-'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  clay  or  gravelly  soil  in  pastures  and  on  the  borders  of  woods ; 
northeastern  Illinois,  at  Lake  Forest,  Glendon,  and  New  Lenox  (E.  J.  Hill). 

54.   Cratzegus  basilica, 'Beadl. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  broadly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  or 
crenate  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  slender  glandular 
teeth,  and  divided  into  numerous  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  more  than  half  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  early  in  May  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  pale  hairs 


and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  bright  green  and  sca- 
brate  above,  paler  below,  2£'-3'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and 
thin  veins  arching  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  turning  yellow  and  brown  in  the 
autumn;  their  petioles  slender,  slightly  winged  at  the  apex,  l'-l£'  long.  Flowers 
^'— f'  in  diameter,  on  elongated  slender  pedicels,  in  5-15-flowered  glabrous  com- 
pact corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate, 
glabrous,  entire  or  occasionally  serrate;  stamens  15-20;  anthers  purple;  styles  3-5. 
Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  September,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited 


ROSACES  421 

drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  scarlet,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  and  £'— |'  in 
diameter;  flesh  soft,  sweet,  and  edible;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends, 
prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  high  broadly  grooved  ridge,  \'-^%  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  7'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
gray  or  brown  scaly  bark,  ascending  or  slightly  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow 
irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  armed  with  numerous  slender  bright  chestnut- 
brown  lustrous  ultimately  gray  spines  2'-2^'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  and  the  borders  of  fields  and  roads,  western  North 
Carolina,  usually  at  elevations  of  2000°-3000°  above  the  sea. 

55.  Crataegus  lacera,  Sarg. 

Leaves  rhomboidal  to  broadly  ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  broadly 
cuueate  and  entire  at  the  base,  divided  above  the  middle  into  numerous  acute  lobes, 


and  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  when  they 
unfold  coated  below  with  thick  hoary  tomentum  and  villose  above,  nearly  fully  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  about  the  20th  of  April  and  then  glabrous  on  the  lower  sur- 
face and  covered  on  the  upper  surface  with  short  scattered  pale  hairs,  and  at  ma- 
turity glabrous,  light  yellow-green,  paler  below  than  above,  thin  but  firm  in  texture, 
about  l^'  long  and  \\'  wide,  with  thin  yellow  midribs  and  few  remote  primary  veins; 
their  petioles  slender,  villose,  becoming  glabrous  or  puberulous,  slightly  winged  at 
the  apex,  often  red  toward  the  base,  \'-%  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate, 
often  deeply  3-lobed,  very  coarsely  serrate,  3'-4'  long  and  broad,  with  lunate 
long-pointed  coarsely  glandular-serrate  stipules  sometimes  \'  in  length.  Flowers 
£'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  sparingly  villose  few-flowered  compound 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  elon- 
gated, coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  4  or  5.  Fruit  ripening  toward 
the  end  of  October,  on  short  stout  glabrous  pedicels,  in  erect  few-fruited  clusters, 
short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  cherry-red,  lustrous,  marked  by 
occasional  large  dark  dots,  about  £'  long;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  with  small 
nearly  triangular  villose  spreading  lobes  mostly  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens; 
flesh  thick,  orange  color;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  broad,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  only  slightly 
ridged  on  the  rounded  back,  light  brown,  ^'  long. 


422  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

A  slender  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
pale  scaly  bark,  small  short  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  branchlets 
dark  olive-green  and  villose  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  red-brown  and 
glabrous  during  their  first  summer,  and  ultimately  dull  light  gray,  and  armed  with 
thin  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines  £  '-1|'  long. 

Distribution.   Low  rich  forest  glades  near  Fulton,  on  the  Red  River,  Arkansas. 

VII.  MOLLES 
Stamens  20. 

Anthers  pale  yellow  (color  unknown  in  59). 
Leaves  mostly  broad  and  rounded  at  the  base. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  thick  and  firm  ;  fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  scarlet,  pu- 
bescent, ripening  in  August  and  September.  56.   C.  mo  His  (A,  C). 
Leaves  oblong-ovate,  membranaceous  ;  fruit  obovate-oblong,  dull  dark  red,  slightly 
villose  or  pubescent,  ripening  in  October.  57.  C.  sera  (A). 
Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oval,  thick  and  leathery ;  fruit  short-oblong  or  rarely  obovate, 
bright  crimson,  very  lustrous,  slightly  tomentose,  ripening  at  the  end  of  October. 

58.  C.  Arkansana  (C). 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  thin ;  fruit  depressed-globose,  red,  ripening  in  August  and 
September.  "  59.  C.  gravida  (C). 

Leaves  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Leaves  ovate  to   oval,  membranaceous  ;   fruit  subglobose,  often  broader  than  high, 

crimson,  lustrous,  pubescent,  ripening  late  in  September.     60.  C.  Treleasei  (C). 

Leaves  ovate,  thin   and   firm ;   fruit  short-oblong  to  subglobose,    crimson,  lustrous, 

slightly  villose,  ripening  early  in  October.  61.  C.  Caiiadensis  (A).- 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oval,  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above  ;  fruit 

short-oblong  to  subglobose,  scarlet,  ripening  after  the  middle  of  October. 

62.  C.  Berlandieri  (C). 
Anthers  rose  color. 

Leaves  mostly  broad  at  the  base. 

Leaves  ovate,  firm  and  rigid,  dark  yellow-green,  bright  and  lustrous ;  fruit  short- 
oblong  to  obovate,  bright  cherry-red,  lustrous,  ripening  at  the  end  of  September. 

63.  C.  corusca  (A). 

Leaves  ovate  to  suborbicular,  thin  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  smooth  above  ; 
fruit  subglobose  to  short-ovate,  bright  yellow,  ripening  at  the  end  of  September. 

64.  C.  Kelloggii  (A). 
Leaves  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above  ;  fruit  short- 
oblong  to  slightly  obovate,  bright  scarlet,  puberulous  at  the  apex,  ripening  at  the 
encl  of  October.  65.  C.  Texana  (C). 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate,  membranaceous,  dark  green  and  scabrate  above,  canescent 
below  ;  fruit  subglobose,  dark  red  and  glabrous,  ripening  after  the  middle  of 
October.  66.  C.  quercina  (C). 

Leaves  oval  to  broadly  ovate,  thin  and  firm,  lustrous,  scabrate  above  ;  fruit  obovate, 
bright  cherry-red,  ripening  in  October.  67.  C.  pyriformis  (C). 

Leaves  ovate  to  suborbicular,  subcoriaceous,  dark  blue-green,  lustrous  and  scabrate 
above  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  dark  crimson,  slightly  hairy  at  the  ends, 
ripening  late  in  October.  68.  C.  lanuginosa  (C). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  scabrate  above  ;  fruit 
short-oblong,  crimson  or  reddish  yellow,  lustrous,  ripening  the  middle  of  October. 

69.  C.  induta  (C). 
Stamens  10. 

Anthers  yellow ;  leaves  mostly  broad  and  rounded  at  the  base. 


ROSACE^E  423 

Leaves  usually  ovate,  rarely  oval,  membranaceous,  dark  green  and  smooth  above ; 
fruit  subglobose,  bright  crimson,  villose,  ripening  the  middle  of  August  and  soon 
falling.  70.  C.  Arnoldiana  (A). 

Leaves  ovate,  subcoriaceous,  glabrous  and  conspicuously  blue-green  above ;  fruit 
obovate  or  oblong,  bright  scarlet,  villose  or  pubescent,  ripening  early  in  Septem- 
ber, long  persistent  on  the  branches.  71.  C.  Champlaineiisis  (A). 

Leaves  ovate,  membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  scabrate  above  ;  fruit  obovate, 
bright  orange-red,  lustrous,  puberulous  at  the  base,  ripening  and  falling  early  in 
September.  72.  C.  submollis  (A). 

Anthers  rose  color. 

Leaves  ovate,  mostly  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  membranaceous,  yellow-green, 
smooth  and  glabrous  above ;  fruit  obovate  to  short-oblong,  crimson,  lustrous, 
slightly  villose.  73.  C.  anomala  (A). 

Leaves  oval,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  membranaceous,  light  green 
and  scabrous  above  ;  fruit  short-oblong,  light  crimson,  lustrous,  villose  at  the  ends, 
ripening  and  falling  late  in  September.  74.  C.  EUwangeriana  (A). 

*Stamens  20. 

-*•  Anthers  pale  yellow. 

56.  Crataegus  mollis,  Scheele.   Red  Haw. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute,  usually  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  broad  base, 
coarsely  and  generally  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  more  or  less 
deeply  divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  acute  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  covered 
above  with  short  pale  hairs  and  hoary-tomentose  below,  about  half  grown  when  the 


flowers  open  early  in  May  and  then  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green  and  hairy 
above  and  pubescent  or  tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture, 
dark  yellow-green  and  slightly  rugose  on  the  upper  surface  and  paler  and  pubescent 
or  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface  along  the  stout  midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  pri- 
mary veins  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  3'-4'  long  and  broad;  their  petioles 
stout,  terete,  at  first  tomentose,  ultimately  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  often  slightly 
glandular,  with  small  dark  caducous  glands,  1 '-!$•'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  more 
deeply  lobed,  with  a  deeper  basal  sinus,  and  frequently  5'-6'  long  and  broad,  with 
foliaceous  coarsely  serrate  lunate  stipules  sometimes  1'  in  length.  Flowers  1'  in 
diameter,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  broad  compound  many-flowered  tomentose  corymbs, 


424  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

with  conspicuous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  hoary-tomentose, 
the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  with  bright  red  glands,  vil- 
lose  on  the  outer,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  light 
yellow;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  tomentum. 
Fruit  ripening  late  in  August  and  early  in  September,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  drooping 
few-fruited  villose  clusters,  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
more  or  less  pubescent,  scarlet  marked  by  occasional  large  dark  dots,  £'-!'  in  diam- 
eter; calyx  prominent,  hairy,  with  large  erect  and  incurved  lobes  usually  deciduous 
before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  subacid,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  4  or  5, 
thin,  rounded  and  obscurely  ridged  on  the  back,  light  brown,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  often  18'  in  diameter,  heavy  wide- 
spreading  smooth  ashy  gray  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  and  often  sym- 
metrical head,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  a  thick  coat  of  long  white 
matted  hairs,  villose  during  their  first  season,  becoming  glabrous  in  their  second  year, 
and  armed  with  occasional  straight  thick  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l'-2' 
long. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  soil  usually  on  the  bottom-lands  of  streams;  northern 
Ohio  to  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  and  eastern  Kansas. 

57.  Crataegus  sera,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded,  truncate,  or  slightly  cordate  at 
the  broad  base,  irregularly  divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  and 


sharply  and  sometimes  doubly  serrate  nearly  to  the  base,  with  straight  glandular  teeth, 
unfolding  about  the  1st  of  May  with  the  opening  of  the  flowers  and  then  covered  above 
with  short  soft  white  hairs  and  tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous, 
dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, 2'-4'  long,  2^ '-3'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  appressed  above  and  thin  remote 
primary  veins  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  slender,  tomentose, 
ultimately  pubescent,  I'-l-J'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  more  deeply  lobed  and  often 
4'-5'  long  and  3'^4'  wide.  Flowers  £'  in  diameter,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  compact 
compound  many-flowered  tomentose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  coated 
with  broad  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  broad,  acute  or  acuminate,  glandular-ser- 
rate, with  large  dark  glands,  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface  and  villose  on  the  inner 


ROSACES 


425 


surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  4,  or  usually  5.  Fruit  ripening  about 
the  1st  of  October,  on  stout  puberulous  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters, 
obovate  or  oblong,  dull  dark  red,  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  usually  slightly  villose 
or  pubescent  at  the  ends,  f  long,  ^'  wide;  calyx  enlarged,  coarsely  glandular-serrate, 
with  erect  and  incurved  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  ripening  of  the  fruit;  flesh 
thick,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  usually  5,  or  4,  thin,  light  brown,  irregularly  grooved 
on  the  back,  with  a  broad  shallow  groove,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  thick  branches 
forming  a  broad  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  branchlets  hoary -tomentose  at 
first,  becoming  light  red-brown  and  puberulous  and  ultimately  pale  orange-brown, 
and  armed  with  occasional  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  bright  lustrous 
spines  l^'-l^'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  ground  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  Belle  Isle  in 
the  Detroit  Iliver,  Michigan,  and  near  Chicago  and  Joliet,  Illinois. 

58.  Crataegus  Arkansana,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  acute,  rounded,  broadly  cuneate  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  usually  divided  above  the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  broad  acute  lobes, 
and  serrate  sometimes  to  the  base,  with  short  straight  glandular  teeth,  when  the 


flowers  open  about  the  middle  of  May  nearly  one  third  grown  and  coated  with  soft 
white  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  under  surface  of  the  midribs  and  veins,  and  at 
maturity  thick  and  leathery,  dull  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-3'  long,  If '-2'  wide,  with  stout  light  yellow 
midribs  and  primary  veins  slightly  villose  below,  conspicuous  secondary  veins 
and  reticulate  veinlets,  late  in  October  and  November  turning  bright  clear  yellow; 
their  petioles  stout,  deeply  grooved,  more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  glandular, 
with  minute  usually  deciduous  dark  glands,  at  first  tomentose,  ultimately  glabrous 
or  puberulous,  turning  dark  red  after  midsummer,  I'-l^'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots 
broadly  ovate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  often  4'  long  and  3'  wide,  with  folift- 
ceous  lunate  coarsely  glandular-dentate  stipules  almost  1'  long.  Flowers  nearly  1' 
in  diameter,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  broad  rather  compact  many-flowered  villose 
compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated  with  long  matted  pale  hairs, 


426  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

the  lobes  short,  acute,  very  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  or  slightly  villose ; 
stamens  20;  anthers  large,  pale  yellow;  styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  Octo- 
ber and  falling  gradually  at  the  end  of  several  weeks,  on  stout  villose  pedicels,  in 
few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  oblong  or  rarely  obovate,  full  and  rounded  and  slightly 
toinentose  at  the  ends,  bright  crimson,  very  lustrous,  marked  by  few  large  dark  dots, 
|'-1'  long,  about  |'  thick;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  small  linear-lanceolate  coarsely 
glandular-serrate  erect  and  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  subacid;  nutlets 
5,  small  in  comparison  to  the  size  of  the  fruit,  thin,  rounded  or  slightly  and  irregu- 
larly ridged  on  the  back,  £'  long. 

A  tree,  20°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  stem,  thick  slightly  ascending  wide-spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  dark  green  and 
covered  when  they  appear  with  long  pale  hairs,  becoming  orange-brown,  glabrous, 
and  very  lustrous  in  their  first  winter,  and  unarmed,  or  armed  with  occasional 
straight  light  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases, 
£'-£'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Bottom-lands  of  the  White  River  near  Newport,  Arkansas;  hardy 
as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  unsurpassed  late  in  the  autumn  in  the 
beauty  of  its  large  brilliant  abundant  fruits  long  persistent  on  the  branches. 

59.  Crataegus  gravida,  Beadl. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  and  coarsely  and 
often  doubly  serrate,  with  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  incisely  lobed, 
when  they  unfold  roughened  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and  hoary-tomentose  below, 
nearly  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  1st  of  May,  and  at  maturity 
thin,  firm,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  scabrate  above,  paler  and  pubescent  or  pu- 
berulous  below,  particularly  on  the  slender  midribs  and  veins,  lf'-2£'  long,  about 


iy  wide,  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  and  brown;  their  petioles  slender, 
tomentose,  about  £'-!'  long.  Flowers  about  $'  in  diameter,  on  short  hoary-tomen- 
tose pedicels,  in  narrow  crowded  many-flowered  compound  hoary-tomentose  corymbs; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  nar- 
rowed from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  villose;  stamens  20;  styles  5. 
Fruit  ripening  in  August  and  September,  on  elongated  tomentose  pedicels,  in  few- 


ROSACES 


427 


fruited  drooping  clusters,  depressed-globose,  red;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy; 
calyx  enlarged,  the  lobes  conspicuously  serrate,  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface, 
reflexed  and  closely  appressed,  sometimes  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  nutlets  5, 
thin,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  and  obscurely 
grooved  on  the  back,  about  -fa'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  S'-KX  in  diameter,  heavy  wide-spreading 
branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  at  first 
with  a  thick  coat  of  matted  pale  hairs,  orange-red  and  puberulous  at  the  end  of  their 
first  season,  glabrous  and  reddish  brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  slender 
nearly  straight  spines  about  !£'  long. 

Distribution.    Limestone  hills  in  the  neighborhood  of  Nashville,  Tennessee. 

60.  Crataegus  Treleasei,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oval,  concave-cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  sharply 
doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  into  3  or  4 
pairs  of  narrow  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  unfolding  with  the  opening  of  the  flowers  at 


the  end  of  April  or  early  in  May  and  then  light  yellow-green  tinged  with  bronze 
color,  lustrous  and  covered  above  with  short  shining  caducous  white  hairs  and  hoary- 
tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green  and  scabrate 
on  the  upper  surface,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  particularly  along 
the  slender  midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the 
points  of  the  lobes,  1£'-2|'  long,  l£'-2'  wide;  their  petioles  slender,  more  or  less  wing- 
margined  at  the  apex,  villose  early  in  the  season,  pubescent  in  the  autumn.  Flowers 
1'  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  pedicels  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs,  in  3-10-flow- 
ered  compact  compound  or  rarely  simple  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  ob- 
conic,  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  glabrous,  narrowed  from  the  base, 
with  wide  rounded  sinuses  between  them,  slender,  acuminate,  tipped  with  small  red 
glands,  and  glandular-serrate,  with  stipitate  red  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale 
yellow;  styles  4  or  5,  usually  5.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  September,  on  stout 
erect  villose  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  or  often  broader  than  high, 
crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  numerous  large  pale  dots,  pubescent  at  the  ends,  and 
J'-f '  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  short  villose  tube,  and  reflexed  appressed 


428 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


villose  lobes  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  light  yellow,  dry  and 
mealy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the 
base,  grooved  with  a  broad  shallow  groove  and  sometimes  irregularly  ridged  on  the 
back,  about  T5g'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  6'  in  diameter,  slender  branches 
forming  a  narrow  open  head,  and  thin  nearly  straight  branchlets  thickly  covered  at 
first  with  long  lustrous  white  hairs,  dull  light  reddish  brown  and  puberulous  at  the 
end  of  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or 
slightly  curved  dark  purple  shining  spines  usually  about  !£'  long,  or  unarmed. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  small  streams  in  moist  soil  from  Doe  Run  to  Bismarck, 
St.  Francois  County,  Missouri. 

61.  Crataegus  Canadensis,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  short-pointed,  slightly  lobed  usually  only  above  the  middle,  with 
short  broad  acute  lobes,  and  coarsely  and  frequently  doubly  serrate  to  the  broadly 
cuneate  or  on  leading  shoots  truncate  base,  with  spreading  glandular  teeth,  coated 
above  in  early  spring  with  soft  white  hairs,  and  below  with  dense  hoary  tomentum, 
about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  at  maturity  thin 
and  firm  in  texture,  blue-green,  glabrous  or  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  along  the  midribs  and  primary  veins,  2'-2|'  long,  1^' 
to  nearly  3'  wide  ;  their  petioles  slender,  glandular,  often  more  or  less  winged  above, 
at  first  tomentose,  ultimately  nearly  glabrous,  £'-!'  long.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diam- 
eter, in  broad  loose  tomentose  corymbs ;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  villose,  with 


long  matted  hairs,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  villose,  and  glandular,  with  large  red  stipitate 
glands  ;  stamens  20 ;  anthers  small,  nearly  white  ;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  a  thin  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October  and  falling  grad- 
ually until  after  midwinter,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  erect  slightly  villose  few-fruited  clus- 
ters, short-oblong  to  subglobose,  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  large  scattered  pale 
dots,  slightly  hairy  toward  the  ends,  ^'-f '  long,  £'-£'  wide;  calyx  prominent,  the  lobes 
gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  elongated,  glandular,  villose,  spreading  or 
reflexed,  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  pale  yellow,  dry  and 
mealy;  nutlets  5,  thin,  rounded  and  irregularly  ridged  on  the  back,  ^'  long. 


ROSACES  429 

A  tree,  18°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  round-topped  symmetrical  head,  and  branchlets  dark  green  and 
covered  with  matted  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  light  orange- 
brown  and  very  lustrous,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  straight  or  slightly 
curved  dark  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2'-2^'  long. 

Distribution.  Limestone  ridges  near  the  St.  Lawrence  River  at  Chateaugay, 
Caughnawaga,  and  La  Tortue  in  the  Province  of  Quebec. 

62.  Crataegus  Berlandieri,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed,  cuneate 
and  entire  below  the  middle,  unequally  divided  above  into  numerous  acute  or 
acuminate  lobes,  and  coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  broad  straight 
or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of 


March  coated  above  with  short  pale  caducous  liairs  and  below  with  thick  hoary 
tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  glabrous,  dark  green,  very 
lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and  usually 
about  3'  long  and  2'  wide,  with  slender  midribs,  remote  primary  veins  extending  to 
the  points  of  the  lobes,  conspicuous  secondary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  their 
petioles  more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  tomentose  at  first,  becoming  pubes- 
cent, ^'-f  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  5'  long  and  3'  wide,  with  rounded  acute 
lobes,  and  foliaceous  lunate  coarsely  glandular-dentate  stipules  frequently  \  in 
length.  Flowers  f '  in  diameter,  on  stout  elongated  hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in 
broad  loose  many-flowered  compound  tomentose  corymbs,  with  oblong-obovate  to 
lanceolate  finely  glandular-serrate  villose  conspicuous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx- 
tube  broadly  obconic,  covered  with  thick  pale  tomentum,  the  lobes  broad,  acute,  very 
coarsely  glandular-serrate,  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface  and  villose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  20,  anthers  yellow;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of 
white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  after  the  middle  of  October,  on  slender  elongated  pedi- 
cels, in  loose  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  scarlet,  about  £'  long; 
calyx  much  enlarged,  with  coarsely  serrate  villose  lobes  erect  and  persistent;  flesh 
thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  rounded  and  occasionally  obscurely  grooved 
on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 


430 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  stem  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
thin  dark  brown  furrowed  bark,  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and 
branchlets  hoary-tomentose  at  first,  soon  puberulous,  dull  reddish  brown  or  yellow- 
brown  by  midsummer,  becoming  ashy  gray  late  in  the  autumn,  and  armed  with  few 
straight  gray  spines  about  1'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  woods  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Brazos  River  at  Co- 
lumbia and  Brazoria,  Texas. 


-i— t- Anthers  rose  color. 

63.  Crataegus  corusca,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  truncate,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  reg- 
ularly divided  into  4  or  5  pairs  of  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  doubly  serrate,  with 
straight  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  covered  above  with  short  soft  pale  hairs 
and  glabrous  below,  about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May, 
and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  and  rigid  in  texture,  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  and 
very  bright  and  shining  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  2'-2^'  long  and  wide,  with 


slender  pale  midribs  and  primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  villose 
at  first,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  dark  red  below  the  middle,  l£'-2£'  long;  on  vig- 
orous shoots  frequently  divided  into  narrow  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  often  3^'— 4' 
long  and  wide,  with  lunate  coarsely  dentate  stipules  £'-f '  broad.  Flowers  f '  in  di- 
ameter, on  stout  villose  pedicels,  in  compact  narrow  compound  many-flowered  corymbs 
covered  with  matted  pale  hairs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or  villose 
below,  the  lobes  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acute,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  villose 
on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  pale  pink;  styles  4  or  5.  Fruit  be- 
ginning to  ripen  and  fall  about  the  middle  of  September  and  continuing  to  fall  until 
the  end  of  October,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  glabrous  few-fruited  clusters,  oblong  or 
obovate,  bright  cherry-red,  lustrous,  marked  by  dark  scattered  pale  dots,  f'-f '  long, 
i'HT  wide;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed,  slightly  glandular- 
serrate,  usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy; 
nutlets  4  or  5,  dark-colored,  rounded  on  the  back,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  wide-spreading  branches 


ROSACE^E 


431 


forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  branchlets  dark  green  and  coated 
with  matted  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  red-brown,  and  light 
orange-brown  and  very  lustrous  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  thick  nearly 
straight  bright  chestnut-brown  spines  often  3'  in  length. 

Distribution.    Sandy  shores  of  Lake  Zurich,  Lake  County,  Illinois. 

C4.  Cratsegus  Kelloggii,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  rounded  and  often  short-pointed  at  the 
apex,  rounded,  broadly  cuneate  or  truncate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  serrate  above, 
with  straight  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  divided  usually  only  above  the  middle  into 


several  short  broad  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers 
open  during  the  last  week  of  April  and  then  very  thin,  yellow-green,  covered  above 
with  short  pale  hairs  and  pubescent  below  along  the  midribs  and  veins,  and  at  matu- 
rity thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark  yellow-green,  glabrous  and  smooth  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs 
near  the  base  of  the  thin  yellow  midribs  and  of  the  4  or  5  pairs  of  slender  prominent 
primary  veins  arching  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  2'-2£'  long,  lf-2^'  wide,  and  often 
broader  than  long;  their  petioles  slender,  slightly  winged  at  the  apex,  villose  while 
young,  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  becoming  glabrous,  and  J-'-T  long.  Flowers 
I'  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  compact  5-10-flowered  villose  compound 
corymbs,  with  oblong-obovate  to  linear  acuminate  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets 
mostly  persistent  until  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  slightly  hairy 
at  the  base,  glabrous  above,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  glandular,  with  minute 
dark  red  stipitate  glands,  or  entire,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  sparingly  villose  on  the 
inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  5.  Fruit  ripening  at  the 
end  of  September  and  soon  falling1,  on  long  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  few-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-ovate,  bright  yellow,  marked  by  many  small 
pale  dots,  f'-l'  in  diameter;  calyx  small,  with  spreading  reflexed  lobes  slightly  vil- 
lose toward  the  apex  and  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin,  yellow, 
dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  rounded  and  very  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about 


A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  covered  with  nearly  black 


432  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

deeply  furrowed  bark,  erect  branches,  and  nearly  straight  branchlets  dark  green 
tinged  with  red  and  slightly  villose  when  they  first  appear,  bright  red-brown  and 
lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  dull  reddish  brown  the  fol- 
lowing year,  and  unarmed,  or  armed  with  slender  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut- 
brown  shining  spines  usually  about  V  long. 

Distribution.    Banks  of  the  Desperes  River,  St.  Louis,  Missouri;  not  common. 

65.  Crataegus  Texana,  Buckl. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  broadly  concave-cune- 
ate,  and  on  leading  shoots  sometimes  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  entire  base, 
coarsely  and  doubly  glandular-serrate  above,  and  usually  divided  above  the  middle 
into  4  or  5  pairs  of  wide  acute  lobes,  covered  above  when  they  unfold  with  short 
soft  pale  hairs  and  below  with  a  thick  coat  of  hoary  tomentum,  more  than  half 
grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  March,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  or  tomentose  below,  particularly  on 
the  stout  midribs,  primary  veins,  prominent  secondary  veins,  and  reticulate  veinlets, 
3' -4?  long,  2^'-3'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  deeply  grooved,  more  or  less  winged 
above,  at  first  tomentose,  ultimately  nearly  glabrous,  ^'— f '  long.  Flowers  |-'  in  diam- 
eter, on  elongated  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  open  many-flowered  compound  to- 
mentose corymbs,  with  oblong  or  obloug-obovate  acute  conspicuous  villose  bracts  and 
bractlets  often  1^'  in  length;  calyx-tube  broadly  obcouic,  coated  with  pale  tomentum, 


the  lobes  foliaceous,  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  coarsely  gland- 
ular-serrate, and  villose,  with  long  matted  pale  hairs;  stamens  20;  anthers  large, 
dark  red;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum. 
Fruit  ripening  toward  the  end  of  October,  in  drooping  many-fruited  tomentose  ulti- 
mately glabrous  clusters,  pear-shaped  and  tomentose  until  nearly  grown,  and  when 
fully  ripe  short-oblong  or  slightly  obovate,  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  scarlet,  marked 
by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  puberulous  at  the  apex,  f'-l'  long;  calyx  enlarged, 
with  glandular-serrate  usually  erect  lobes,  dark  red  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side, 
often  deciduous  before  the  ripening  of  the  fruit;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  sweet,  and  edi- 
ble; nutlets  5,  thick,  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  \'-\'  long. 

A  tree,  often   30°   high,  with   a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  thick 
branches  ascending  while  the  tree  is  young,  forming  an  open  irregular  crown  and 


ROSACE^E 


433 


spreading  in  old  age  into  a  broad  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets 
dark  bronze-green  and  covered  with  long  matted  white  hairs  when  they  first  appear, 
becoming  dull  reddish  brown  and  ultimately  pale  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  occa- 
sional thin  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines  usually  about  2' 
long,  or  often  unarmed. 

Distribution.    Rich  bottom-lands,  central  and  western  Texas. 

66.  Crataegus  quercina,  Ashe. 

Leaves  oval  to  obovate,  usually  acute  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  apex,  full 
and  rounded  and  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  entire  base,  irregularly 


doubly  serrate  above,  with  slender  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  conspicuously 
plicate,  often  dark  red  and  coated  with  long  soft  pale  hairs  and  covered  below  with 
a  thick  coat  of  silvery  white  shining  tomentum,  about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers 
open  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  March,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture, 
dark  green,  lustrous  and  scabrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  or  tomentose  below, 
2'-2£'  long  and  broad,  with  slender  midribs,  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins, 
and  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  about  ^'  long;  on 
leading  shoots  broadly  ovate  or  oblong-oval,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  somewhat 
divided  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  acute  lobes,  frequently  4'  long  and  broad,  with 
foliaceous  lunate  coarsely  glandular-dentate  stipitate  stipules  f  long.  Flowers  ^ 
in  diameter,  on  long  slender  tomentose  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  lax  hoary - 
tomentose  corymbs,  with  oblong-obovate  glandular-serrate  villose  bracts  and  bract- 
lets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  hoary-tomentose,  the  lobes  short,  acute,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate,  and  tomentose;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  dark  red;  styles  5, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of  long  snow-white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  after  the 
middle  of  October,  on  slender  nearlv  glabrous  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  tomentose 
spreading  clusters,  subglobose  but  often  rather  longer  than  broad,  full  and  rounded 
at  the  ends,  tomentose  until  nearly  fully  grown,  glabrous  at  maturity,  dark  red, 
marked  by  numerous  large  pale  dots,  about  £'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with 
short  spreading  often  deciduous  lobes;  flesh  thin,  light  yello\v,  hard  and  dry,  gener- 
ally shrivelling  before  the  fruit  falls;  nutlets  5,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back, 
about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  remarkable  for  the  lustre  of  its  white  tomentum,  occasionally  25°  high, 


434  TKEES    OP   NORTH   AMERICA 

with  a  tall  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  light  gray  scaly  bark,  becoming 
near  the  base  of  old  trees  deeply  furrowed  and  nearly  black,  ascending  branches 
forming  a  broad  symmetrical  head,  and  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear 
with  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  light  red-brown  and  more  or  less  villose  during 
their  first  season,  glabrous  and  rather  darker  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with 
numerous  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  usually  I'-l^' 
long. 

Distribution.  Sandy  bottom-lands  in  open  Live  Oak  forests  on  the  Brazos  River, 
Columbia,  Texas. 

67.  Crateegus  pyriformis,  Britt. 

Leaves  oval  or  broadly  ovate,  acute  and  often  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  grad- 
ually narrowed  and  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  and  sometimes 
doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  often  slightly  and  irreg- 
ularly lobed  above  the  middle,  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  10th 
of  May  and  then  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green,  roughened  above  by  short  rigid 
pale  hairs  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  particularly  along  the  slender  mid- 
ribs and  5  or  6  pairs  of  remote  primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  lus- 
trous and  scabrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below,  generally  about  3'  long  and  2' 
wide ;  their  petioles  slender,  winged  at  the  apex,  tomentose,  ultimately  pubescent, 
l'-l£'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  usually  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  more  deeply  lobed  and 


frequently  4'-5'  long  and  3'-4'  wide,  with  foliaceous  lunate  acuminate  villose  coarsely 
serrate  stipules  sometimes  \'  in  length.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  on  elongated  slen- 
der tomentose  pedicels,  in  broad  compound  many-flowered  lax  corymbs;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  villose,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  and  covered 
more  or  less  thickly  with  pale  hairs;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  4,  or 
usually  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening 
in  October,  on  long  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  ob- 
ovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  cherry-red,  lustrous,  marked  by  occasional 
large  pale  dots,  about  | '  long,  \'  wide,  the  calyx  prominent,  with  linear  glandular- 
serrate  closely  appressed  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin, 
light  yellow,  juicy;  nutlets  4,  usually  5,  deeply  divided  along  the  back  into  2  rounded 
ridges,  dark  brown,  -|'  long. 


ROSACES 


435 


A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  form- 
ing a  broad  symmetrical  head,  and  branchlets  light  green  and  villose  when  they  first 
appear,  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  dull  red-brown  and  pubescent  in  their  first  sea- 
son, becoming  glabrous  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  occasional  thin  nearly 
straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  usually  about  !-£'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  of  the  streams  of  Ridley  County,  southeastern 
Missouri. 

68.  Crataegus  lanuginosa,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate  to  suborbicular,  acute  or  rounded  and  short-pointed  at  the  apex, 
broadly  cuueate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  and  sharply  doubly  serrate 


above,  with  glandular  teeth,  and  often  irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into 
short  broad  acute  lateral  lobes,  less  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during 
the  last  week  of  April  and  then  dark  green  and  villose  above  and  covered  below 
with  a  thick  coat  of  hoary  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  blue- 
green,  lustrous,  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  yellow-green  and  tomentose  on 
the  lower  surface,  l£'-2'  long,  !'-!£'  wide,  with  thick  midribs  and  3-5  pairs  of  stout 
primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes ;  their  petioles  stout, 
tomentose,  £'-f  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  broad,  ovate,  very  coarsely  glandu- 
lar-serrate, rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  frequently  3'  long  and  broad,  their  stip- 
ules lunate,  coarsely  serrate,  subcoriaceous,  f '-£'  long.  Flowers  f  in  diameter, 
on  short  stout  pedicels  covered  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  in  compact  many- 
flowered  hoary-tomentose  corymbs,  with  large  glandular-serrate  conspicuous  bracts 
and  bractlets  persistent  until  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  hairy, 
the  lobes  short,  broad,  acute,  glandular,  witli  minute  stipitate  glands,  densely  villose 
on  the  outer,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  rose  color; 
styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  large  tufts  of  snow-white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening 
at  the  end  of  October,  on  short  tomeutose  erect  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clusters, 
subglobose  to  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  and  slightly  hairy  at  the  ends,  £'  in 
diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  with  villose  coarsely  serrate  usually  erect  spreading  or 
incurved  persistent  lobes,  bright  red  on  the  upper  side  near  the  base;  flesh  thin, 
orange  color,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  thin,  rounded  and  very  irregularly  ridged 
on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 


436 


TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  stout  trunk  covered  with  pale  bark,  spreading 
and  erect  branches,  and  stout  zigzag  branchlets  light  green  and  villose  at  first,  dull 
red-brown  and  sparingly  villose  or  pubescent  at  the  end  of  their  first  year,  becoming 
dark  or  light  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  many  long  straight  purple  shining  ulti- 
mately ashy  gray  spines  l^'-3^',  usually  about  2£'  long. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Missouri;  common  near  Webb  City;  well  distin- 
guished by  the  distinctly  blue  color  of  the  small  leaves,  and  by  the  dark  crimson 
hard  fruits  and  the  remarkable  development  of  the  spines  unusual  in  this  group. 

69.  Cratsegus  induta,  Sarg.    Turkey  Apple. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute,  cuneate,  rounded  or  rarely  truncate  at  the  broad 
entire  base,  very  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate  above,  with  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly 
and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  acute  lateral  lobes,  about  one  third  grown  when 
the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  April  and  then  thin,  light  yellow- 
green  and  roughened  above  by  short  lustrous  white  hairs  and  hoary-torn entose 
below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface, 
pale  and  tomentose  or  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  particularly  along  the  stout 
midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  prominent  primary  veins,  3'-4'  long,  2£'-3'.  wide ;  their 
petioles  slender,  more  or  less  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  glandular,  hoary-tomentose 
while  young,  becoming  sparingly  villose  in  the  autumn,  l^'-l^'  long.  Flowers  |' 
in  diameter,  on  slender  tomentose  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  hoary-tomentose 
compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  thickly  coated  with  long  densely 
matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes  small,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  villose;  stamens 


20;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of 
snow-white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  the  middle  of  October,  on  stout  villose  pedicels,  in 
few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  and  villose  at  the  ends,  crimson 
or  reddish  yellow,  lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  f-2'  in  diameter;  calyx 
prominent,  with  a  short  tomentose  tube  and  much  enlarged  coarsely  glandular-ser- 
rate hairy  erect  incurved  lobes  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick, 
orange-colored,  with  an  astringent  subacid  flavor;  nutlets  5,  thin,  rounded  and 
slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  ^Y~f'  l°n£- 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 


ROSACES  437 

thick  dark  brown  furrowed  bark,  large  spreading  and  ascending  branches  forming 
an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  long  matted  white 
hairs,  light  orange-brown,  lustrous,  and  puberulous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season, 
becoming  ashy  gray  or  light  grayish  brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  very 
numerous  stout  nearly  straight  dark  purple  shining  spines  usually  about  2^'  long. 
Distribution.  Dry  upland  woods,  valley  of  the  Red  River  near  Fulton,  Arkansas; 


** Stamens  10. 
-+ Anthers  yellow. 

70.  Crataegus  Arnoldiana,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rarely  oval,  acute,  regularly  divided  above  the  middle 
into  numerous  short  acute  lobes,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  glandular 
teeth  except  at  the  rounded  truncate  or  occasionally  cuneate  base,  when  they  unfold 


coated  with  dense  matted  pale  hairs,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the 
end  of  May  or  early  in  June  and  then  roughened  above  by  stout  stiff  hairs  and  soft- 
pubescent  below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  smooth,  very  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous above,  paler  below,  2'-3'  long  and  broad,  slightly  villose  on  the  under  side  of 
the  slender  midribs  and  thin  prominent  remote  primary  veins  extending  to  the  points 
of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  slender,  at  first  densely  villose,  becoming  puberulous, 
f'-l£'  long.  Flowers  about  |'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  compound 
many-flowered  tomentose  corymbs;  calyx- tube  broadly  obconic,  densely  tomentose, 
the  lobes  narrow,  elongated,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  villose  on  both  surfaces; 
stamens  10;  anthers  large,  pale  yellow;  styles  3-5,  usually  3  or  4,  surrounded  at 
the  base  by  abroad  ring  of  thick  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle 
of  August  and  mostly  falling  before  the  first  of  September,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  erect 
spreading  or  rarely  drooping  few-fruited  villose  clusters,  subglobose  but  rather 
longer  than  broad,  bright  crimson  marked  by  many  large  pale  dots,  villose,  par- 
ticularly toward  the  ends,  with  long  scattered  white  hairs,  £'  long;  calyx  little 
enlarged,  with  elongated  coarsely  glandular-serrate  wide-spreading  lobes  often  de- 
ciduous before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  bright  yellow,  subacid;  nutlets  3  or  4, 


438 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


light-colored,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  high  rounded  ridge,  about  \' 
long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  stout  ascending 
branches  forming  a  broad  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  very  zigzag  branchlets 
clothed  at  first  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  becoming  dark  orange-brown  and  very 
lustrous  before  midsummer,  glabrous  or  puberulons  during  their  first  winter,  bright 
orange-brown  or  gray-brown  during  their  first  season,  and  armed  with  numerous 
stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2£'-3'  long. 

Distribution.  Thickets  on  a  dry  bank  in  the  Arnold  Arboretum  and  in  the  valley 
of  the  Mystic  River  at  Medford*  Massachusetts. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  parks  and  gardens  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston;  very 
conspicuous  and  easily  recognized  in  winter  by  its  ascending  remarkably  zigzag 
brauchlets. 

71.  Crataegus  Champlaiiiensis,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  rounded,  truncate,  slightly  cordate  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the 
base,  usually  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  short  narrow  acute  lobes,  and  coarsely  and 
frequently  doubly  serrate,  with  glandular  teeth,  roughened  above  by  short  pale 
hairs  and  villose  below  when  they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
early  in  June,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  conspicuously  blue-green 
and  glabrous  above,  light  yellow-green  and  somewhat  pubescent  below  on  the  slen- 
der midribs  and  remote  primary  veins,  2'-2£'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide;  their  petioles 
slender,  more  or  less  tomentose  at  first,  usually  becoming  glabrous  and  light  red 
below  the  middle  before  autumn,  and  f '-!'  long.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  short 
slender  villose  pedicels,  in  compact  few-flowered  compound  densely  villose  corymbs; 


calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  the  lobes  lanceolate, 
finely  glandular-serrate,  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface,  usually  only  below  the  mid- 
dle, villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  light  yellow;  styles  5, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  September  and 
usually  remaining  on  the  branches  during  the  remainder  of  the  year,  on  short  pedicels, 
in  compact  erect  villose  clusters,  obovate  or  oblong,  bright  scarlet,  marked  by  scat- 
tered pale  dots,  more  or  less  villose  or  pubescent  toward  the  ends;  calyx  prominent, 
persistent,  with  a  long  tube,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acumi- 


ROSACES 


439 


nate,  finely  glandular-serrate,  villose,  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle, 
spreading  or  erect;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  5,  broadly  ridged  on 
the  back,  T^'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  stem  S'-KV  in  diameter,  covered  with  deeply  fis- 
sured bark  separating  into  thin  loose  plate-like  scales,  stout  wide-spreading  branches 
forming  a  broad  round-topped  often  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  somewhat  zigzag 
brauchlets  coated  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  light 
chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  and  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut- 
brown  spines  l£'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Limestone  ridges;  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  near  Montreal, 
southward  through  the  Champlain  valley. 

72.  Crataegus  submollis,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  nearly  entire  base, 
coarsely  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  into  3  or  4 


pairs  of  short  acute  lobes,  half  grown  at  the  end  of  May  or  early  in  June  when  the 
flowers  open  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  stiff  pale  hairs  and  soft-pubescent 
below,  particularly  along  the  midribs  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous, 
dark  yellow-green  and  scabrous  above,  pale  below,  3'-3£'  long,  2'-2£'  wide,  with 
thick  yellow  midribs  and  remote  primary  veins  puberulous  on  the  lower  side;  their 
petioles  stout,  nearly  terete,  more  or  less  winged  at  the  apex,  at  first  tomentose, 
puberulous  at  maturity,  often  bright  red  toward  the  base,  l'-2'  long;  on  vigorous 
shoots  broadly  ovate,  cuneate,  rounded,  truncate,  or  occasionally  slightly  cordate  at 
the  base,  often  4'  long  and  3'-3^'  wide,  with  lunate  coarsely  glandular-dentate 
stipules  frequently  nearly  1'  long.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels, 
in  broad  many-flowered  tomentose  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
covered  with  a  thick  coat  of  long  matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed 
from  broad  bases,  acute,  glandular,  with  large  red  stipitate  glands,  glabrous  or  villose 
on  the  outer  surface;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  long  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  during 
the  first  half  of  September,  on  elongated  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  gracefully 
drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  pear-shaped,  bright  orange-red,  lustrous,  marked  by 


440  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

large  scattered  pale  dots,  puberulous  toward  the  base,  about  £'  long;  calyx  much 
enlarged,  with  erect  coarsely  glandular-serrate  persistent  lobes;  flesh  yellow,  thin, 
subacid,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  usually  5,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  ou  the  back, 
about  J'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  occasionally  a  foot  in  diameter,  ascending 
or  spreading  ashy  gray  branches  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  branchlets 
dark  green  and  coated  with  hoary  tomentum  when  they  first  appear,  light  or  dark 
orange-brown  and  still  slightly  tomentose  at  midsummer,  becoming  glabrous,  lustrous, 
and  light  red-brown  or  dark  orange-brown,  and  armed  with  numerous  thin  straight 
or  somewhat  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2-J'— 3'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Rich  damp  hillsides  and  the  borders  of  woods  and  roads,  valley 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  in  the  Province  of  Quebec  to  that  of  the  Penobscot  River 
and  Gerrish  Island,  Maine,  to  the  coast  of  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  near  Albany, 
New  York. 

-H — *•  Anthers  rose  color. 

I 

73.  Crataegus  anomala,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute,  divided  above  the  middle  into  5  or  6  pairs  of  short  acute  or 
acuminate  lobes,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate,  with  spreading  glandular  teeth  except 
toward  the  broadly  cuneate  or  occasionally  rounded  base,  when  they  unfold  conspic- 
uously plicate,  scabrous  above,  with  short  appressed  pale  hairs,  and  villose  below, 
particularly  along  the  slender  midribs  and  thin  remote  primary  veins  arching  to  the 
points  of  the  lobes,  about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May, 
and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green,  smooth  and  glabrous  above, 
paler  and  villose  below,  2^'-3'  long,  2'-3'  wide ;  their  petioles  stout,  glandular  on  the 


upper  side,  with  scattered  dark  glands,  f '-!'  long.  Flowers  saucer-shaped,  £'  in 
diameter  when  fully  expanded,  on  elongated  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  loose 
many-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated  with  long  matted 
pale  hairs,  the  lobes  elongated,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  pubescent  on 
the  lower  surface  and  tomentose  on  the  upper;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  7  or 
8;  anthers  large,  bright  red;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring 
of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  loose 


ROSACES  441 

many-fruited  slightly  villose  clusters,  obovate  to  oblong,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
rounded  base,  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  slightly  villose,  particu- 
larly toward  the  full  and  rounded  apex,  |'— |'  long,  ^'-f'  wide;  calyx  large  and  promi- 
nent, with  elongated  acuminate  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  dark  red 
on  the  upper  side,  tomentose  on  the  lower,  finely  glandular-serrate,  spreading  or 
closely  appressed,  often  deciduous  before  the  ripening  of  the  fruit;  flesh  thin,  light 
yellow,  somewhat  juicy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  prominently  and  irregularly  ridged  on 
the  back,  %'-&'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
pale  gray-brown  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches,  and  slender  somewhat  zigzag 
brauchlets  at  first  dark  green  and  villose,  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  and  puberu- 
lous  and  light  orange-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  glabrous  and  orange- 
brown  or  bright  red,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved 
bright  chestnut-brown  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  limestone  ridges  near  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River 
iu  the  Caughnawaga  Indian  Reservation  opposite  Lachiue  in  the  Province  of  Quebec. 

74.  Crataegus  Ellwangeriana,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval,  acute,  full  and  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  irreg- 
ularly divided  usually  only  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute  lobes,  and 
coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  about 


half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May,  and  then  roughened  above  by 
short  pale  hairs  and  villose  below  along  the  slender  midribs  and  primary  veins,  and 
at  maturity  membranaceous,  light  green  and  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and 
nearly  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  2^'-3£'  long  and  2'-3'  wide;  their  petioles  slen- 
der, at  first  villose,  finally  glabrous,  l£'-2'  long;  stipules  oblong-obovate,  acute,  villose, 
coarsely  glandular-serrate,  ^'  long,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  mostly  persistent  until 
after  the  ripening  of  the  fruit.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  hairy  pedicels, 
in  many-flowered  densely  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic  and  villose,  the 
lobes  elongated,  lanceolate,  glandular,  with  small  pale  stalked  glands,  villose  on  both 
surfaces;  stamens  10,  sometimes  8;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  3-5.  Fruit 
ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  September,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  droop- 


442  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

ing  villose  many-fruited  crowded  clusters,  oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends, 
bright  crimson,  very  lustrous,  covered  at  the  ends  with  scattered  pale  hairs,  V  long, 
and  ^'— f  wide;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  elongated,  glandular-serrate  above 
the  middle,  villose  on  the  inner  surface,  and  spreading,  or  erect  and  incurved;  flesh 
thin,  yellow,  juicy  and  acid;  nutlets  3-5,  thick,  pale  brown,  deeply  and  often  doubly 
and  irregularly  grooved  on  the  back,  ^'-£'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered 
with  pale  gray  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical 
head,  and  slender  zigzag  branchlets  dark  green  and  covered  at  first  with  long  matted 
pale  hairs,  becoming  in  their  first  summer  light  chestnut-brown  and  slightly  villose, 
dark  chestnut-brown  and  very  lustrous  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  stout 
straight  or  somewhat  curved  dark  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.   Common  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rochester,  New  York. 

VIII.  FLABELLAT-S3. 

Stamens  20  ;  leaves  yellow-green  and  scabrate  above. 

Leaves   ovate  ;   fruit   obovate   to   short-oblong,  bright   red,  often  slightly  pruinose  ; 
anthers  deep  rose-purple.  75.  C.  Neo-Loiidinensis  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  ;  fruit  obovate,  crimson,  lustrous ;  anthers  pink. 

76.  C.  Hillii  (A). 

Stamens  10-20,  usually  10 ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  dull  dark  green  and  scabrate  above ;  fruit 
short-oblong  to  slightly  obovate,  dull  red  to  crimson ;  anthers  pinkish  purple. 

77.  C.  assurgens  (A). 
Stamens  usually  10. 

Fruit  on  short  stout  pedicels  ;  leaves  yellow-green  and  glabrous  above. 

Leaves  oval,  drooping,  conspicuously  concave  ;  fruit  short-oblong,  dark  dull  red,  villose 
at  the  ends  ;  anthers  purple.  78.  C.  Pringlei  (A). 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-ovate  ;  fruit  short-oblong,  crimson,  very  lustrous ;  anthers  dark 
reddish  purple.  79.  C.  lobulata  (A). 

Fruit  on  long  slender  pedicels  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  obovate  or  rhomboidal,  dark  rich 
green  and  scabrate  above  ;  fruit  short-oblong,  bright  scarlet  and  lustrous  ;  anthers  rose 
color.  80.  C.  pedicellata  (A). 

Stamens  usually  5-7,  rarely  10. 
Fruit  short-oblong. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  conspicuously  yellow-green  ;  fruit  short-oblong,  crimson,  lustrous  ; 

anthers  dark  reddish  purple.  81.  C.  Holmesiana  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  deep   yellow-green,  nearly  smooth   above ;    fruit   short-oblong, 

yellowish  red,  glaucous ;  anthers  pink.  82.  C.  acclivis  (A). 

Fruit  globose  to  obovate. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  light  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above ;  fruit  bright 

red  or  scarlet,  becoming  purplish  ;  anthers  dark  rose  color.        83.  C.  delecta  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  dark  yellow -green  and  scabrate  above ;  fruit  crimson  ;  anthers 

pale  rose  color.  84.  C.  sertata  (A). 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  subcoriaceous,  dark  dull  green  and  glabrous  above  ;  fruit  bright 

cherry-red,  pruinose ;  anthers  deep  rose  color.  85.  C.  Earnest  (A). 


ROSACES  443 

*Stamens  20. 

75.  Crataegus  Neo-Londinensis,  Sarg.,  n.  sp. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  full  and  rounded,  truncate  or  broadly  concave- 
cuneate  at  the  wide  entire  or  glandular  base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above, 
with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  into  numerous  short  narrow  acuminate 
lateral  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May  and 


then  very  thin,  light  yellow-green  and  roughened  above  by  short  white  rigid  hairs 
and  paler  and  sparingly  hairy  below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  lax  and 
spreading,  dull  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  green  and  gla- 
brous below,  or  occasionally  slightly  hairy  along  the  under  side  of  the  stout  yellow 
midribs  and  thin  remote  primary  veins  arching  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  3'-4'  long, 
2£'-3£'  wide,  and  only  slightly  larger  on  vigorous  shoots;  their  petioles  slender, 
nearly  terete,  glandular,  at  first  slightly  hairy,  becoming  glabrous  and  purplish 
toward  the  base,  l'-2'  long.  Flowers  l'-l£'  in  diameter,  on  slender  sparingly  villose 
pedicels,  in  lax  slightly  drooping  usually  5-12-flowered  villose  or  nearly  glabrous 
corymbs,  with  linear  often  slightly  falcate  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets,  persistent 
until  after  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  covered  with  short  matted 
pale  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate  below  the  middle,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  villose  on  the  inner  sur- 
face; stamens  17-21,  usually  20;  anthers -deep  rose-purple;  styles  4  or  5,  usually  5, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and 
beginning  to  fall  early  in  September,  on  stout  villose  or  glabrous  pedicels,  in  large 
drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  obovate  or  short-oblong,  bright  red,  often  slightly  pru- 
inose,  marked  by  numerous  minute  pale  dots,  •$'— f'  long,  ^'— f'  wide;  calyx  enlarged, 
prominent,  with  spreading  or  erect  and  incurved  coarsely  serrate  persistent  lobes, 
their  upper  surface  bright  red  below  the  middle  and  covered  above  with  soft  white 
hairs;  flesh  thick,  orange-yellow,  soft,  juicy  and  acidulous;  nutlets  4  or  5,  thin,  nar- 
rowed at  the  ends,  acute  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded  and  sometimes 
broadly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  fy'  long  and  T5ff'  high. 

A  tree,  often  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  light 
grayish  brown  slightly  fissured  bark,  large  spreading  and  drooping  branches  forming 


444  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

an  open  head  often  20°  across,  and  slender  branchlets  olive-green  and  slightly  hairy 
at  first,  dull  red-brown  and  marked  by  many  large  pale  lenticels  during  their  first 
season,  becoming  light  gray  and  rather  lustrous,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  dark 
purple  shining  ultimately  gray  spines  often  2'  long. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  woods  near  the  shores  of  Fisher's  Island  Sound,  Mum- 
ford's  Point,  Groton  (once  a  part  of  New  London),  and  Lyme,  Connecticut  (C.  B. 
Graves). 

76.  Crataegus  Hillii,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  cuneate  at  the  broad  entire 
base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  into 
numerous  short  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  coated  above  with  short 
lustrous  white  hairs  and  densely  tomentose  below,  particularly  on  the  midribs  and 
veins,  about  one  fourth  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May  and  then 
roughened  above  by  short  hairs  and  still  villose  below,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm 
in  texture,  light  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green 
on  the  lower  surface,  2^'-3'  long,  2'-2^'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  often  slightly 
hairy  near  the  base  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the 
points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  slender,  densely  villose  early  in  the  season,  slightly 
hairy  in  the  autumn,  and  f'-l^'  long;  stipules  oblong,  often  elongated,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate,  villose,  usually  persistent  until  the  flowers  open;  on  vigorous 


shoots  often  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base, deeply  lobed,  with  broad  triangular 
lobes,  and  3£'-4'  long  and  broad,  with  stout  rose-colored  glandular  petioles  and  hairy 
lunate  glandular- serrate  stipules.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  densely 
villose  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  hairy  compound  corymbs,  their  large  linear 
to  oblong  bracts  and  bractlets  occasionally  persistent  until  midsummer;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  thickly  covered  with  long  spreading  white  hairs,  the  lobes  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  broad,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the 
outer,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pink;  styles  4  or  5,  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  from  the 
middle  to  the  end  of  September,  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels,  in  drooping  few- 
fruited  clusters,  obovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the 
rounded  base,  crimson,  lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  £'-f'  long,  f '-£'  wide; 


ROSACES  445 

calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  with  closely  appressed  coarsely  serrate  lobes  often 
deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  yellow,  thin,  acidulous,  juicy;  nutlets  4  or  5, 
thin,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  irregularly  ridged  and  sometimes 
grooved  on  the  hack,  about  f  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter  and  6°  or  7°  long, 
covered  witli  close  light  gray  bark  tinged  with  red  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures 
into  small  plates,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  often  round- 
topped  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight  branchlets  densely  villose  when  they  first 
appear,  dark  orange  color  tinged  with  red  and  sparingly  villose  when  the  flowers 
open,  becoming  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  and 
dark  dull  reddish  brown  the  following  year,  and  sparingly  armed  with  slender  nearly 
straight  red-brown  shining  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  near  the  borders  of  streams  in  moist  rich  soil;  north- 
eastern Illinois,  Thatcher's  Park,  Glendon  Park,  and  River  Forest,  near  Chicago; 
not  common. 

**Stamens  10-20,  usually  10. 

77.  Crataegus  assurgens,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  cuneate  at  the  wide  entire 
base,  sharply  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  slightly 


divided  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  small  acuminate  lobes,  about  one  third  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  the  middle  of  May  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  white  hairs  and 
glabrous  or  sparingly  villose  below,  with  persistent  hairs  along  the  slender  yellow 
midribs,  and  the  veins  arching  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  at  maturity 
membranaceous,  dull  dark  green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  light  yellow- 
green  on  the  lower  surface,  2|'-3£'  long,  2^'-2f  wide;  their  petioles  slender,  villose 
early  in  the  season,  becoming  pubescent,  !'-!£'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  deeply 
lobed,  very  coarsely  serrate,  sometimes  4'  long  and  wide,  with  long  stout  glandular 
petioles,  and  foliaceous  lunate  acuminate  coarsely  glandular-serrate  persistent  stip- 
ules. Flowers  £'-|'  in  diameter,  on  short  villose  pedicels,  in  compact  8-15-flowered 
hairy  corymbs,  with  oblong,  acuminate,  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets,  deciduous 


446 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


with  the  opening  of  the  flowers;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  sparingly  villose,  the 
lobes  elongated,  narrow,  acuminate,  tipped  with  minute  red  glands,  finely  glandular- 
serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface ;  stamens  10-20,  usually 
10;  anthers  pinkish  purple;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of  pale 
hairs.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  15th  to  the  20th  of  September,  and  usually  falling 
about  the  1st  of  October,  on  short  glabrous  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters, 
short-oblong  to  slightly  obovate,  dull  red  to  crimson,  £'— |'  long,  about  \'  wide; 
calyx  sessile,  with  spreading  closely  appressed  serrate  usually  persistent  lobes;  flesh 
thin,  pale  yellow  or  nearly  white,  acidulous;  nutlets  4  or  5,  broad,  narrowed  and 
acute  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  high  narrow  ridge,  or  often 
grooved,  about  J-'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  2'-6'  in  diameter  and  often  6°-9°  long? 
covered  with  close  dark  gray  bark,  ascending  branches  forming  an  oblong,  open 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  light  orange-yellow  and  covered  when  they  first  appear 
with  long  scattered  caducous  white  hairs,  becoming  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous, 
and  dark  gray-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  many  stout  usually  slightly 
curved  bright  red  shining  spines,  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  River  banks  and  low  woods  in  rich  soil;  northeastern  Illinois, 
Leyden  township,  Lagrange,  and  Thatcher's  Park,  near  Chicago. 

***Stamens  usually  10, 

78.  Crataegus  Pringlei,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oval;  acute,  rounded  or  often  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  base, 
occasionally  irregularly  lobed  above  the  middle,  with  short  broad  acute  lobes,  and 
coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate,  with  glandular  teeth,  as  they  unfold  villose  on 
both  surfaces,  and  often  more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  when  the  flowers  open,  usually 
in  the  last  week  of  May,  roughened  above  by  short  closely  appressed  pale  hairs  and 
glabrous  below  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  on  the  slender  midribs  and  remote 


primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  and  bright  yellow-green  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  below,  2'-2y  long,  lf-2^'  wide,  usually  conspicuously  concave  by  the 
gradual  turning  down  of  the  blades  from  the  midribs  to  the  margins,  and  drooping 


ROSACE^E  447 

on  long  thin  slender  glandular  petioles  at  first  villose,  ultimately  glabrous,  from  I'- 
ll' long;  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base  and 
frequently  3'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  stout  hairy  pedicels, 
in  many-flowered  compound  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose, 
particularly  toward  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate, 
villose  on  both  surfaces  or  only  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  10,  occasionally  5-10; 
anthers  small,  purple;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  conspicuous  tufts  of  pale 
tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in  September  or  early  in  October,  on  stout 
pedicels,  in  erect  villose  mostly  few-fruited  clusters,  short-oblong,  dark  dull  red, 
marked  by  few  dark  dots,  villose  at  the  ends,  with  long  scattered  pale  hairs,  £'  long 
and  f  thick;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases, 
acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  often  erect;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  acid,  with  a  dis- 
agreeable flavor;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  £'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  with  thin  bark 
readily  separating  into  large  flakes  covered  with  small  loose  dark  red-brown  scales, 
stout  branches  forming  a  wide  symmetrical  head,  and  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  at 
first  dark  green  and  villose,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous, 
bright  orange-brown  during  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  thick  straight  or 
somewhat  curved  chestnut-brown  spines  often  1^'  long. 

Distribution.  Southern  New  Hampshire,  through  southern  Vermont  to  western 
Massachusetts,  western  New  York  and  Ontario,  and  through  the  southern  peninsula 
of  Michigan  to  northeastern  Illinois. 

79.  Crateegus  lobulata,  Sarg.   Red  Haw. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the 
entire  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth, 


and  deeply  divided  into  numerous  narrow  acute  or  acuminate  lobes  spreading  or 
pointing  to  the  apex  or  to  the  base  of  the  leaf,  when  they  first  appear  and  until  after 
the  opening  of  the  flowers  during  the  last  week  in  May  covered  above  with  short 
soft  pale  hairs  and  slightly  pubescent  below  along  the  slender  midribs  and  thin 
primary  veins  arching  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow- 
green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  with  occa- 
sional short  white  hairs  toward  the  base  of  the  midribs,  2^'-3^'  long,  and  2'-2£'  wide; 


448  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

their  petioles  slender,  nearly  terete,  at  first  tomentose,  particularly  at  the  base, 
becoming  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous  and  bright  red,  and  I'-l^'  long.  Flowers  |' 
in  diameter,  on  elongated  slender  pedicels,  in  rather  compact  many-flowered  tomen- 
tose compound  corymbs,  with  linear-lanceolate  glandular-serrate  bright  red  bracts  and 
bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous  or  villose  toward  the  base,  dark  red, 
the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  glabrous,  coarsely  glandular-serrate, 
with  large  dark  red  stipitate  glands;  stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  5-10;  anthers 
small,  dark  reddish  purple;  styles  3-5,  sometimes  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  ring 
of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  on  short  stout  pedicels, 
iii  erect  compact  tomentulose  clusters,  short-oblong,  somewhat  flattened  at  the  full  and 
rounded  ends,  bright  crimson,  very  lustrous,  marked  by  occasional  small  white  dots, 
about  £'  long  and  £'  thick;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  small,  lanceolate,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate,  tomentose  on  the  upper  surface,  erect  and  incurved,  persistent; 
flesh  thick,  yellow,  sweet  and  juicy;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  dark-colored,  ridged  and  of  ten 
grooved  on  the  back,  |'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  35°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  cov- 
ered with  dark  red-brown  fissured  bark  broken  into  small  thick  plate-like  scales, 
stout  generally  ascending  branches  forming  an  open  usually  narrow  irregular  head, 
and  slender  branchlets,  dark  green  and  covered  with  matted  pale  hairs  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  bright  chestnut-brown  and  very  lustrous  during  their  first 
season  and  light  orange-brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  many  stout  nearly 
straight  chestnut-brown  spines  rarely  more  than  1'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Burlington,  Vermont,  and  southward  through  the  Champlain  val- 
ley, and  western  Massachusetts  to  northern  Connecticut;  common. 

80.  Crateegus  pedicellata,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  occasionally  obovate  or  rhomboidal,  acute  or  acuminate, 
broadly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above, 
with  spreading  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  above  the  middle  into  4  or  5  pairs  of 


short  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  nearly  two  thirds  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during 
the  last  week  in  May,  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  rigid  pale  hairs  and  gla- 
brous below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dark  rich  green  and  scabrous  on  the 


ROSACES 


449 


upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long  and  2'-3'  wide,  with  slender  mid- 
ribs, and  thin  remote  primary  veins  arching  to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles 
slender,  nearly  terete,  glandular,  with  minute  scattered  dark  glands,  at  first  villose, 
becoming  glabrous,  1^'-2|'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  truncate  or  slightly 
cordate  at  the  base ;  their  stipules  strongly  falcate,  stipitate,  coarsely  glandular-ser- 
rate, and  often  |'  long.  Flowers  ^'  in  diameter,  on  thin  elongated  pedicels,  in  loose 
lax  many-flowered  slightly  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous, 
the  lobes  broad,  acute,  very  coarsely  glandular-serrate;  stamens  usually  10;  anthers 
rose  color;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  conspicuous  ring  of  pale  tomentum. 
Fruit  ripening  and  falling  during  September,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  few- fruited 
drooping  glabrous  clusters,  pyriform  until  nearly  fully  grown,  becoming  short-oblong 
when  fully  ripe,  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  scarlet,  lustrous,  marked  by  numerous 
small  dark  dots,  f  long  and  £'-• f'  thick;  calyx  large  and  conspicuous,  the  lobes  much 
enlarged,  coarsely  serrate,  and  usually  erect  and  incurved;  flesh  pale,  thin,  dry  and 
mealy;  nutlets  5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  deeply  grooved  on 
the  back,  about  J'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 
close  red-brown  scaly  bark,  comparatively  slender  elongated  spreading  or  ascending 
branches  forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  head,  and  thin  branchlets  dark  chestnut- 
brown  and  slightly  villose  at  first,  becoming  very  lustrous  and  ashy  gray  in  their 
second  year,  "and  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  shining  chestnut-brown 
spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.    Western  New  York  and  southern  Ontario;  common. 

Stamens  usually  5-7. 

81.  Crataegus  Holmesiana,  Ashe. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate 
at  the  base,  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate  above  the  middle,  with  straight  teeth  tipped 


at  first  with  prominent  dark  red  caducous  glands,  and  usually  divided  into  3  or  4  pairs 
of  short  acute  or  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  dark  red,  roughened  by 
rigid  pale  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  and  glabrous  or  sometimes  villose  on  the  lower 
surface,  scabrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  nearly  half  grown  when  the  flowers 


450  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

open  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  almost  smooth,  conspicuously  yel- 
low-green, usually  about  2'  long  and  If  wide,  with  prominent  midribs  often  bright 
red  on  the  lower  side  toward  the  base,  and  4-6  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  arching 
to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their  stipules  slender,  nearly  terete,  glandular,  glabrous  or 
sometimes  puberulous  while  young,  V-\\'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  broadly 
ovate,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  tne  base,  more  coarsely  serrate  and  more  deeply 
lobed  and  frequently  4'  long  and  3'  wide.  Flowers  cup-shaped,  |'-f '  in  diameter,  on 
slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  loose  compound  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  many- 
flowered  corymbs,  with  oblanceolate  or  linear  acute  glandular  caducous  bracts  and 
bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  red, 
the  lobes  elongated,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  or  often  nearly  entire;  stamens 
usually  5,  sometimes  6-8;  anthers  large,  dark  reddish  purple;  styles  usually  3,  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling 
early  in  September,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short- 
oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  crimson,  very  lustrous,  marked  by  occasional 
small  dark  dots,  about  \'  long;  calyx  enlarged,  conspicuous,  with  erect  and  incurved 
glandular-serrate  lobes,  bright  red  toward  the  base  on  the  upper  side;  flesh  thin, 
yellow,  dry  and  mealy  j  with  a  disagreeable  flavor;  nutlets  usually  3,  light  chestnut- 
brown,  prominently  grooved  and  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  rounded  ridge, 
about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  often  30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  10'-15'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
pale  gray-brown  or  nearly  white  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  an 
open  irregular  rather  compact  head,  and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  dark  green  more 
or  less  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright  chestnut-brown  or 
orange-brown  and  lustrous,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  occasional 
thick  mostly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  hillsides  and  the  borders  of  streams  and  swamps, 
neighborhood  of  Montreal  and  southern  Ontario  to  the  coast  of  southern  Maine, 
central  and  western  Massachusetts,  western  New  York,  Rhode  Island,  and  eastern 
Pennsylvania;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  hills  of  Worcester 
County,  Massachusetts.  In  Sellersville,  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  a  form  of 
this  species  (var.  villipes,  Ashe)  the  young  branchlets,  petioles,  and  corymbs  are 
often  puberulous  and  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  hairy,  particularly 
on  the  midribs  and  veins. 

82.  Crataegus  acclivis,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  broadly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  base, 
coarsely  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  deeply  divided 
into  numerous  wide-spreading  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with 
red,  densely  villose  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  along  the  midribs  and  veins 
below,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  last  week  of  May  and 
then  light  yellow-green,  slightly  roughened  above  by  short  white  hairs  and  pubescent 
along  the  midribs  and  veins  below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dark  yellow- 
green  and  nearly  smooth  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  below,  2£'-3'  long, 
2'-2£'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending 
obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  slender,  slightly  wing-margined 
at  the  apex,  glandular,  with  numerous  small  dark  glands,  densely  villose  early  in  the 
season,  becoming  puberulous  or  glabrous  in  the  autumn,  l^'-2'  long;  on  vigorous 
shoots  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  cordate  at  the  wide  base,  deeply  divided  into  wide 


ROSACES  451 

acute  lateral  lobes,  and  often  4'-o'  long  and  wide,  with  foliaceous,  lunate,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate  stipules,  !£'  wide,  and  persistent  throughout  the  season.   Flowers 


f  in  diameter,  on  slender  densely  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  lax  many-flowered  long- 
branched  hairy  corymbs,  the  lower  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves  and 
often  several-flowered,  their  bracts  lanceolate,  glandular,  large  and  conspicuous,  per- 
sistent until  after  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  covered  with  a  thick 
coat  of  long  matted  hairs,  the  lobes  slender,  elongated,  acuminate,  serrate,  with  occa- 
sional large  gland-tipped  teeth,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  usually  5;  anthers  pink;  styles  mostly  5.  Fruit  ripening  the  middle 
of  September  and  soon  falling,  on  long  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  many- 
fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  yellowish  red, 
glaucous,  marked  by  occasional  pale  dots,  about  £'  long  and  |'  wide;  calyx  sessile, 
with  usually  erect  enlarged  coarsely  serrate  lobes  villose  on  the  upper  side  and  often 
deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  rather  juicy;  nutlets  usually  5, 
narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  ridged  with  a  high  broad  ridge,  or  rounded  and 
slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  4'-5'  in  diameter,  covered 
with  smooth  light  gray  bark,  numerous  erect  branches  forming  an  oblong  open  very 
irregular  head,  and  stout  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear 
with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  light  red-brown  and  lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  len- 
ticels  and  pubescent  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  becoming  dull  red  or  orange- 
brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  curved  bright  red-brown 
shining  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Steep  banks  of  the  gorge  of  the  Genesee  River  at  Rochester,  and 
banks  of  the  Niagara  River,  Niagara  Falls,  New  York;  common. 

83.  Crataegus  delecta,  Sarg.,  n.  sp. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  full  and  rounded  or  broadly 
cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  gland- 
ular teeth,  and  divided  usually  only  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acuminate 
lateral  lobes,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  glistening  white 


452  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

hairs  more  abundant  below  than  above,  nearly  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
during  the  first  half  of  May  and  then  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  by  short  white 
hairs  and  glabrous  or  sparingly  villose  on  the  midribs  and  veins  below,  with  scattered 
hairs  sometimes  persistent  throughout  the  season,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous, 
light  yellow-green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  paler  below,  l£'-2'  long  and  broad, 
with  stout  yellow  midribs  and  6  or  7  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  arching  obliquely 
to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  turning  purplish  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles 
slender,  covered  at  first  with  matted  pale  hairs,  becoming  glabrous,  slightly  glandu- 
lar, often  tinged  with  red  below  the  middle,  f'-l'  long;  stipules  lanceolate  to  linear, 
glandular,  with  stipitate  dark  red  glands  tinged  with  red,  caducous;  on  vigorous 
shoots  sometimes  long-pointed  at  the  apex  and  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  more 
deeply  lobed  and  more  coarsely  serrate,  and  often  3'-4'  long  and  broad.  Flowers 
!'-!'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels;  in  broad  villose  10-15- 
flowered  sparingly  villose  corymbs,  with  glandular  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  villose  or  nearly  glabrous,  the  lobes  acuminate,  coarsely 


glandular-serrate;  glabrous  on  the  outer  and  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  5~ 
10,  usually  5;  anthers  dark  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  usually  5.  Fruit  ripening  from 
the  first  to  the  middle  of  September  and  soon  falling,  on  stout  glabrous  pedicels, 
in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  globose  to  slightly  obovate,  bright  red  or  scarlet, 
becoming  purple  when  fully  ripe,  ^'-f'  long,  f'-f  wide;  calyx  prominent,  with  erect 
and  incurved  coarsely  serrate  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  juicy,  mildly  acid  and  edible; 
nutlets  3-5,  usually  5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  very  irregularly 
ridged  on  the  back,  j'-yY  l°ng- 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  1°  in  diameter  and  6°-9°  long, 
covered  by  light  gray  slightly  fissured  smooth  bark,  spreading  or  ascending  branches 
forming  an  oblong  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  slightly  villose,  becom- 
ing glabrous,  dull  red,  and  ultimately  gray  or  olive-gray,  and  armed  with  stout  nearly 
straight  spines  much  thickened  below  the  middle,  dark  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous, 
becoming  dull  brown  or  gray,  and  usually  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Pastures,  open  woods  or  their  borders;  northeastern  Illinois, 
Wauconda,  Fort  Sheridan,  Deerfield,  Lake  Forest,  Lockport  (E.  J.  Hill). 


ROSACES  453 

84.   Crataegus  sertata,  Sarg. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  rounded,  truncate,  subcordate  or  rarely  cuneate 
at  the  broad  base,  finely  and  often  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  gland-tipped  teeth, 
and  deeply  divided  into  5  or  6  pairs  of  wide  acuminate  lobes,  when  they  unfold 
coated  above  with  short  pale  hairs  and  villose  below  on  the  midribs  and  veins,  about 


half  grown  and  villose  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  first  half  of  May,  and  at 
maturity  membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface, 
pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  2^'-3'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  with 
thin  yellow  midribs  and  slender  primary  veins  arching  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the 
lobes;  their  petioles  slender,  slightly  grooved,  villose  early  in  the  season,  ultimately 
glabrous,  sparingly  glandular,  l£'-3'  long.  Flowers  £'-!'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  broad  10-15-flowered  compound  densely  villose  corymbs,  with  linear  to 
liuear-obovate  glandular  large  and  conspicuous  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx- 
tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous  above,  villose  below,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed 
from  the  base,  broad,  acuminate,  tipped  with  small  red  glands,  coarsely  glandular- 
serrate,  glabrate  on  the  outer,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  5-10,  usually 
5;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of  pale  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  about  the  middle  of  September  and  soon  falling,  on  slender  villose  or 
pubescent  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  slightly  obo- 
vate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  red  and  lustrous,  becoming  darker  or 
crimson  when  fully  ripe,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  about  £'  long  and 
wide;  calyx  prominent,  with  enlarged  mostly  erect  incurved  serrate  lobes;  flesh  thin, 
yellow,  aromatic,  pleasantly  acid;  nutlets  3-5,  usually  4,  thin,  narrow  and  acute  at 
the  ends,  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  wide  or  narrow  ridge,  •§'  long. 

A  tree,  10°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and  often  4°-5°  long, 
covered  with  close  dark  gray  bark  separating  into  long  narrow  thin  plate-like  scales, 
stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  open  head,  and  slender  nearly  straight 
branchlets  thickly  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  matted  pale  hairs,  light  brown 
and  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  and  dark  gray-brown  the  following  year, 
and  unarmed  or  armed  with  stout  nearly  straight  or  curved  spines  l'-2£'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  and  pastures  in  rich  moist  soil;  northeastern  Illinois, 
Barrington,  Mokena,  Glendon  Park,  and  Lake  Zurich. 


454  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

85.  Crataegus  Eamesi,  Sarg.,  n.  sp. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  concave-cuneate  or  rounded  at  the 
entire  or  glandular  base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular 
teeth,  and  divided  into  numerous  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  about  half  grown  when 
the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  May,  and  then  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green 
and  roughened  above  by  short  rigid  white  hairs  and  pale  and  glabrous  below  with 
the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  on  the  midribs  and  slender  primary  veins  arching  to  the 
points  of  the  lobes,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  rather  dull  green 
and  smooth  above,  pale  yellow-green  below,  3'-3^'  long,  2'-2^'  wide;  their  petioles 
slender,  wing-margined  above,  villose  at  first,  becoming  glabrous,  I'-l^'  long;  on 
vigorous  shoots,  usually  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  broad  base,  more  deeply  lobed, 
often  3|'-4'  long  and  3£'  wide.  Flowers  about  £'  in  diameter,  on  slender  slightly 
hairy  pedicels,  in  crowded  compact  5-25,  usually  15-18-flowered  sparingly  villose 
compound  corymbs,  witli  linear  obovate  coarsely  glandular  reddish  bracts  and  bract- 
lets,  mostly  deciduous  before  the  flowers  open;  calyx  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the 
lobes  slender,  elongated,  glandular,  with  large  bright  red  stipitate  glands,  glabrous 


on  the  outer,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  5-10,  usually  5-8;  anthers 
deep  rose-purple ;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale 
pubescence.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  September  and  soon  falling,  on  stout  glabrous 
pedicels,  in  large  many-fruited  drooping  clusters,  oblong  to  slightly  ovate,  full  and 
rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  cherry  red,  lustrous,  pruinose,  marked  by  few  large 
dark  dots,  f '-£ '  long,  about  ^'  wide ;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  the  lobes  erect  and 
incurved,  coarsely  serrate,  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle,  their  tips 
deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick,  pale  yellow,  juicy;  nutlets  4  or  5,  narrowed 
at  the  ends,  irregularly  ridged,  often  with  a  high  broad  ridge,  and  sometimes  grooved 
on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  ascending  branches 
forming  a  narrow  open  head,  and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  bright  reddish  brown  and 
rather  lustrous  during  their  first  season,  becoming  light  gray  slightly  tinged  with 
red  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  spines 
I'-l^'  long;  or  occasionally  shrubby,  with  a  short  trunk  divided  near  the  ground  into 
several  spreading  stems. 


ROSACE^E  455 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  ground,  Stratford,  Connecticut  (E.  H.  Eames)',  Anso- 
nia,  Connecticut  (E.  B,  Harger). 

IX.   DILATAT-5J. 

Flowers  in  broad  6-12-flowered  corymbs. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  ;  fruit  bright  scarlet.  86.  C.  dilatata  (A) 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular  to  oval ;  fruit  dull  red,  blotched  with  green  or  orange-red. 

87.  C.  suborbiculata  (A). 

Leaves  ovate  to  slightly  obovate  ;  fruit  crimson,  pruinose.  88.  C.  Hudsonica  (A). 

Flowers  in  very  compact  5-7-flowered  corymbs  ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  ;  fruit  usually  broader 
than  high,  much  flattened  at  the  ends,  dark  crimson,  very  lustrous. 

89.  C.  coccinioides  (A). 

86.  Crataegus  dilatata,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute,  truncate,  cordate,  or  slightly  rounded  at  the  broad 
base,  coarsely  and  generally  doubly  and  irregularly  serrate  above,  with  straight  teeth 
tipped  with  large  dark  glands,  unequally  lobed,  usually  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  acute  or 
acuminate  lateral  lobes,  about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May, 
and  then  light  yellow-green,  conspicuously  plicate,  roughened  on  the  upper  surface 
with  short  stiff  white  hairs  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  smooth 
and  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  pale  below,  2'-2^'  long  and  almost  as  wide  as  long, 
with  slender  midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  ;  their  petioles  slender, 
somewhat  glandular,  at  first  villose,  soon  glabrous,  often  dark  red  toward  the  base 
after  midsummer,  l'-2'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  4'-o'  long  and  frequently 


FV37 


rather  broader  than  long,  their  stipules  foliaceous,  lunate,  and  often  £'  in  length. 
Flowers  I'-l-j^'  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad,  loose, 
usually  8-12-flowered  slightly  villose  corymbs,  with  lanceolate  bracts  and  bractlets 
glandular  like  the  inner  bud-scales,  with  dark  red  glands;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
covered  toward  the  base  with  matted  pale  hairs,  nearly  glabrous,  the  lobes  broad, 
acuminate,  coarsely  glandular,  with  large  scattered  red  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer 
and  generally  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  rose 
color;  styles  usually  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  small  tufts  of  white  hairs.  Fruit 


456 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


ripening  and  falling  early  in  September,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  many-fruited  drooping 
clusters,  subglobose,  bright  scarlet,  marked  by  numerous  small  dark  dots,  about  f ' 
in  diameter;  the  calyx  much  enlarged,  with  spreading  coarsely  serrate  lobes  bright 
red  on  the  upper  side  toward  the  base;  flesh  thin,  sweet  and  yellow;  nutlets  5,  thin, 
rounded,  and  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  covered  with  light  gray- 
brown  scaly  bark,  branches  spreading  into  a  wide  round-topped  symmetrical  head, 
and  slender  glabrous  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  armed  with  few  stout  straight  light 
brown  shining  spines  l'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  borders  of  salt  marshes  and  estuaries,  Ipswich  to  Somer- 
set, Massachusetts,  and  on  the  shores  of  Mt.  Hope  Bay  at  Tiverton,  Rhode  Island. 

87.  Crataegus  suborbiculata,  Sarg. 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular  to  oval  or  rarely  to  oblong,  short-pointed  at  the  apex, 
full  and  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  and  doubly  serrate 
above,  with  slender  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  often  divided  above 


the  middle  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  pale  yellow- 
green,  and  somewhat  villose  on  the  upper  surface  toward  the  base  and  below  in  the 
axils  of  the  principal  veins,  about  one  third  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the 
first  week  of  June,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dull  dark  green  above, 
paler  below,  usually  about  \\'  long  and  broad,  with  slender  midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs 
of  thin  primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender,  slightly  glandular,  more  or  less  winged 
above,  f'-l'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  nearly  orbicular  to  short-oval,  more  coarsely 
serrate  and  more  deeply  lobed,  and  frequently  3'  long  and  broad,  their  petioles 
often  broadly  winged  and  conspicuously  glandular.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  short 
stout  pedicels,  in  compact  6-12-flowered  glabrous  compound  corymbs;  calyx  broadly 
obconic,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  elongated,  acuminate,  entire 
or  occasionally  obscurely  denticulate;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles 
5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  falling  in 
October  without  becoming  mellow,  on  short  rigid  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  erect  clus- 
ters, subglobose,  often  rather  longer  than  broad,  about  f '  in  diameter,  dull  red  more 
or  less  blotched  with  green,  or  often  wholly  green  on  one  face,  or  scarlet  in  one 


ROSACE^E  457 

form;  calyx  enlarged,  prominent,  with  a  broad  deep  cavity  and  nearly  entire  wide- 
spreading  lobes;  flesh  yellow,  thin,  dry  and  hard;  nutlets  5,  broad  and  thick,  nar- 
rower and  rounded  at  the  ends,  obscurely  and  unequally  grooved  on  the  back,  about 
^-'  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  15°-20°  high,  with  a  well-developed  trunk  5'-6'  in  diam- 
eter, stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  low  flat-topped  head,  and  branch- 
lets  armed  with  thick  straight  or  slightly  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines 
1'— 2'  in  length. 

Distribution.  Low  limestone  ridges  opposite  Lachine  near  the  south  bank  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  River  and  on  the  Island  of  Montreal,  Province  of  Quebec. 

88.  Crataegus  Hudsonica,  Sarg.,  n.  sp. 

Leaves  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  acute,  gradually  and  abruptly  narrowed  and 
mostly  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above, 
with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  frequently  slightly  divided  above  the 
middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of 
May,  and  then  thin,  light  yellow-green,  smooth  and  glabrous  above  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  short  white  scattered  hairs  along  the  midribs,  and  pale  and  glabrous 
below,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  glabrous,  2'-2£'  long,  l^'-lf '  wide, 
Vith  slender  yellow  midribs  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  extending  obliquely 
to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  above,  glandular, 


at  first  slightly  hairy,  becoming  glabrous  and  rose  color  toward  the  base,  £'-!'  long; 
on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  full  and  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate 
at  the  wide  base,  deeply  divided  into  broad  lateral  lobes,  and  2'-3'  long  and  broad. 
Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  usually  10-12-flow- 
ered  compound  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes 
gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate  often  only  below 
the  middle,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  slightly  hairy  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20; 
anthers  rose  color;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  September,  in  few-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  crimson,  pruinose,  marked  by  numerous  pale  dots, 
about  f  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  with  a  deep  broad  cavity,  and  closely  appressed 
serrate  lobes  villose  on  the  upper  side;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets 


458  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

3-5,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base  and  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded 
and  sometimes  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  high  rounded  ridge,  about  Ty  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  pale 
scaly  bark,  heavy  ascending  and  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  stout 
ascending  glabrous  branchlets  dark  orange  color  when  they  first  appear  and  light 
orange-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  winter,  and  armed  with  numerous 
slender  straight  or  slightly  curved  bright  red-brown  shining  spines  l£'-2'  long;  some- 
times a  broad  bush,  with  numerous  stout  spreading  stems. 

Distribution.  Rolling  hills  in  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  River,  near  Albany,  New 
York  (C.  H.  Peck). 

89.  Crataegus  coccinioides,  Ashe. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute,  full  and  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  sharply 
and  often  doubly  serrate,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  above  the  middle 


into  short  acute  lobes,  as  they  unfold  conspicuously  plicate,  very  lustrous,  yellow- 
green,  and  villose  on  the  lower  side  of  the  midribs,  with  a  few  short  pale  hairs 
usually  persistent  during  the  season,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early 
in  May,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  rather  rigid,  dull  dark  green 
and  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  2^'-3'  long,  with  thin 
pale  yellow  midribs  deeply  impressed  above  and  often  bright  red  toward  the  base 
after  midsummer,  and  slender  primary  veins  arching  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  turn^ 
ing  late  in  October  gradually  bright  orange  and  scarlet;  their  petioles  glandular  on 
the  upper  side,  with  minute-stalked  dark  red  glands,  at  first  villose,  soon  glabrous, 
often  bright  red  or  pink  toward  the  base,  f'-l'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  more  or  less 
cordate  at  the  base  and  usually  3^'-4'  long  and  broad;  their  stipules  lunate,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate,  foliaceous,  and  £'-f'  long.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  in  very  com- 
pact 5-7-flowered  glabrous  or  slightly  villose  corymbs,  with  coarsely  serrate  oblong- 
obovate  acute  bracts  and  bractlets,  conspicuously  glandular,  like  the  inner  bud-scales, 
with  large  bright  red  glands;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradu- 
ally narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acute  and  coarsely  glandular-serrate;  stamens  20; 
anthers  large,  rose  color;  styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  tomen- 
tum.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October  and  falling  gradually  during  a  month  or  six 


ROSACES  459 

weeks,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  compact  erect  clusters,  subglobose,  much 
flattened  at  the  ends,  often  obscurely  angled,  dark  crimson,  very  lustrous,  marked 
by  numerous  large  pale  dots,  f  long,  £'  broad;  calyx  much  enlarged  and  conspicuous, 
with  spreading  or  erect  lobes  bright  red  on  the  upper  side  near  the  base ;  flesh  thick, 
firm,  subacid,  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  red;  nutlets  5,  comparatively  small, 
light-colored,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  rounded 
and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  %  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  stem  8'-10'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  light 
gray  branches  forming  a  broad  handsome  head,  and  stout  nearly  straight  glabrous 
bright  chestnut-brown  very  lustrous  brauchlets  armed  with  thick  dark  reddish 
purple  shining  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  woods  in  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  to  eastern 
Kansas. 

X.   COCCINEJE. 
Stamens  10  ;  leaves  coriaceous. 

Leaves  elliptical  or  obovate  ;  fruit  subglobose,  dark  crimson  ;  anthers  pale  yellow. 

90.  C.  coccinea  (A). 

Leaves  elliptical  or  ovate  ;    fruit  short-oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  bright  carmine  red ; 
anthers  rose  color.  91.  C.  Jonesae  (A). 

Stamens  20  ;  leaves  subcoriaceous,  rhomboidal  to  oblong-obovate  ;  fruit  short-oblong  to  sub- 
globose,  dark  dull  red  or  rusty  orange-red ;  anthers  pale  yellow. 

yi>.  C.  Margaretta  (A,  C). 

90.  Crataegus  coccinea,  L.    Scarlet  Haw. 

Leaves  elliptical  or  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  from  above 
the  middle  to  the  cirneate  and  entire  base,  finely  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with 
incurved  or  straight  teeth  tipped  with  minute  dark  glands,  and  divided  above  the 


middle  into  several  short  acute  lateral  lobes,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
at  the  end  of  May,  and  then  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green,  covered  on  the 
upper  surface  with  soft  pale  hairs,  and  pubescent  along  the  under  side  of  the  thin 
midribs  and  4  or  5  pairs  of  erect  primary  veins  extending  to  the  points  of  the  lobes, 
and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  smooth  and  very  lustrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, paler  and  rarely  pilose  on  the  veins  below,  l£'-2'  long,  I'-l^'  wide;  their  petioles 


460  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

slender,  glandular,  slightly  winged  at  the  apex,  at  first  villose,  usually  becoming 
glabrous,  often  dark  red  toward  the  base,  ^'—1'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  oblong-ovate, 
oval  or  often  nearly  orbicular,  more  deeply  lobecT  and  frequently  2^' -3'  long. 
Flowers  ^'-f'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  compound  many- 
flowered  villose  or  tomentose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  tomentose  or 
villose,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acute,  coarsely  glandular- 
serrate,  glabrous  or  villose,  often  bright  red  toward  the  apex;  stamens  10;  anthers 
small,  pale  yellow;  styles  3  or  4.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in  October,  on 
short  stout  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited  pilose  clusters,  subglobose  but  occa- 
sionally rather  longer  than  broad,  dark  crimson,  marked  by  scattered  dark  dots 
about  %  in  diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  conspicuous,  the  lobes  bright  red  on  the  upper 
side,  toward  the  base,  wide-spreading  or  erect;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  sweet; 
nutlets  3  or  4,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a 
high  grooved  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  cov- 
ered with  dark  red-brown  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad 
round-topped  symmetrical  head,  slender  branchlets  light  green  and  covered  with  long 
matted  pale  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  bright  red-brown 
and  lustrous  during  their  first  year,  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  many 
stout  straight  or  slightly  curved  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Slopes  of  low  hills  and  the  high  banks  of  salt  marshes  usually  in 
rich  well  drained  soil;  Newfoundland  to  Connecticut,  usually  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  sea,  and  through  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  western  Quebec. 
A  form,  var.  rotundifolia,  Sarg.,  with  glabrous  young  branchlets,  leaves,  and  corymbs, 
is  a  common  New  England  shrub  ranging  southward  to  eastern  Pennsylvania. 

91.  Crataegus  Jonesae,  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptical  to  ovate,  acute,  gradually  narrowed  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the 
entire  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above,  with  spreading  or  incurved  teeth  tipped 
with  deciduous  dark  red  glands,  and  usually  divided  above  the  middle  into  2  or  3 


pairs  of  short  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
during  the  first  week  of  June,  and  then  membranaceous  and  coated  with  soft  pale 


ROSACE^E  461 

hairs  most  abundant  on  the  under  side  of  the  midribs  and  principal  veins,  and  at 
maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long  and  2'-3'  broad,  with  stout  midribs, 
4-6  pairs  of  primary  veins  and  conspicuous  secondary  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout, 
more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  villose,  ultimately  glabrous,  tinged  with  red 
below  the  middle,  l^'-2'  long,  after  midsummer  often  twisted  at  the  base,  bringing 
the  lower  surface  of  the  leaf  to  the  light;  on  vigorous  shoots  usually  more  coarsely 
serrate  and  much  more  deeply  lobed,  with  broadly  winged  petioles,  and  falcate 
coarsely  glandular-serrate  stipules  sometimes  1'  in  length.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter, 
on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  lax  compound  many-flowered  tomentose 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic  and  toineutose,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed 
from  broad  bases,  elongated,  acute,  entire,  villose;  stamens  10;  anthers  large,  rose 
color;  styles  2,  or  generally  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale 
tomentum.  Fruit,  ripening  usually  early  in  October,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels, 
in  broad  many-fruited  drooping  glabrous  or  puberulous  clusters,  short-oblong  to 
oblong-obovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  bright  carmine-red,  marked  by  occa- 
sional large  dots,  f'-l'  long,  f  broad;  calyx  conspicuous,  with  enlarged  and  elon- 
gated closely  appressed  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  sweet  and  mealy;  nutlets  3  or 
rarely  2,  thick,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded 
and  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  high  broad  ridge,  about  Ty  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  often  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered 
with  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open 
irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  at  first  tomentose,  becoming  orange-brown, 
glabrous,  and  very  lustrous  during  their  first  season  and  light  gray  the  following 
year,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  curved  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2'-3' 
long  and  usually  pointed  toward  the  base  of  the  branch. 

Distribution.  Rocky  shores  of  sounds  and  bays*  southeastern  Maine,  Islesboro, 
and  Belfast  Bay  to  the  island  of  Mount  Desert. 

92.  Crateegus  Margaretta,  Ashe. 

Leaves  broadly  rhomboidal,  oblong-obovate  to  rarely  ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at 
the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  usually  entire  below,  coarsely  often  doubly  crenately- 
serrate  above,  with  mostly  glandless  teeth,  and  divided  above  the  middle  or  frequently 
only  at  the  apex  into  short  broad  rounded  or  acute  lobes,  membranaceous  when  the 
flowers  open  in  May,  and  roughened  above  by  short  pale  hairs  and  glabrous  below,  and 
at  maturity  firm  and  rather  leathery  in  texture,  or  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  smooth, 
dark  green,  and  somewhat  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface, 
I'-l^'  long,  1'  wide,  with  yellow  midribs  and  3-5  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending 
very  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  slender,  often  slightly  winged 
toward  the  apex,  glandular  at  first,  with  minute  dark  red  caducous  glands,  \'-\' 
long;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate  or  semiorbicular,  usually  more  deeply  and 
more  generally  lobed,  often  3'  long  and  2'-3'  wide.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diame- 
ter, on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  3-12-flowered  compound  thin-branched  slightly 
villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  slightly  villose  toward  the  base,  or 
glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  below,  acuminate  or  short-pointed  at 
the  apex,  finely  and  irregularly  glandular-serrate,  glabrous,  or  villose  on  the  inner 
surface;  stamens  usually  20;  anthers  small,  light  yellow;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  tomentum,  and  villose  below  the  middle,  with 
occasional  long  spreading  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  Septem- 


462 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


her,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  or 
subglobose  and  flattened  at  the  ends,  dull  dark  red  or  rusty  orange-red  marked  by 


occasional  dark  dots,  and  about  ^'  long;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  the  lobes  spread- 
ing or  erect  and  frequently  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry 
and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  broad  and  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  con- 
spicuously grooved  and  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  rounded  ridge,  about  \' 
long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  4 '-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
thin  dark  gray-brown  bark,  thin  rather  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  head, 
and  slender  branchlets,  orange-green,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous,  and  ashy  gray  or  gray 
tinged  with  red  during  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  thin  straight  or  slightly 
curved  bright  chestnut-brown  spines  f '-1^'  long. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  open  hillsides;  Ontario,  central  Michigan, 
central  Iowa,  Missouri  from  Webster  in  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis  to  Springfield, 
and  in  middle  Tennessee. 

XI.  INTRICATE. 

Stamens  10 ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  oval. 

Fruit  depressed-globose,  yellow-green  flushed  with  russet  red  ;  anthers  pale  yellow  ;  calyx- 
lobes  without  stalked  glands.  93.  C.  Boyntoni  (A,  C). 
Fruit  subglobose,  red  or  russet-red;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  calyx-lobes  with  stalked 
glands.  94.  C.  Buckleyi  (A). 
Stamens  20. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  oblong-obovate ;  fruit  short-oblong,  dull  red,  often  with  a  bright 
russet  face  ;   stamens  usually  5-15  ;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow.      95.  C.  venusta  (C). 
Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  elliptical  or  obovate;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  yellow  or 
orange-yellow,  more  or  less  flushed  with  red ;  anthers  large,  purple. 

96.  C.  Sargenti  (C). 

93.  Crataegus  Boyntoni,  Beadl. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  oval,  acute,  full  and  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  entire 
glandular  base,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  glandular  teeth,  and 


ROSACE^E  463 

frequently  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs  of  short  broad  acute  lateral  lobes,  when  they 
unfold  deep  bronze-red,  slightly  glandular  and  viscid,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  then  membrauaceous  and  glabrous  or  occasionally 
slightly  pilose,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  glabrous,  yellow-green  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-2£'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  with  thin  pale  yellow  mid- 
ribs and  4-7  pairs  of  slender  veins ;  their  petioles  stout,  glandular  often  to  the  base, 
with  bright  red  glands,  slightly  winged  above,  usually  about  ^'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots 
often  as  broad  as  loug,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  and  more  coarsely  dentate 
and  more  deeply  lobed.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in 
compact  4-10-flowered  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  the  lobes 
abruptly  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire  or  obscurely 
and  irregularly  glandular-serrate  above  the  middle;  stamens  10;  anthers  large,  pale 
yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  thick  ring  of  hoary  tomentum. 


ft.  378 


Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  few-fruited 
erect  clusters,  depressed-globose,  more  or  less  angled,  yellow-green  flushed  with 
russet-red,  marked  with  small  dark  dots,  usually  about  ^'  in  diameter;  calyx  promi- 
nent, the  large  spreading  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  nutlets  3-5, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  prominently  ridged  on 
the  back,  with  a  high  rounded  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  some- 
times armed  with  long  gray  compound  spines,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a 
narrow  open  irregularly  or  occasionally  a  round-topped  head,  and  glabrous  branchlets 
furnished  with  many  thin  nearly  straight  light  chestnut-brown  spines  l£'-2'  long;  or 
more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  the  borders  of  fields  and  upland  woods  in  the 
southern  Appalachian  foothill  region  from  southern  Virginia  to  northern  Georgia  and 
Alabama,  southeastern  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee,  sometimes  ascending  to  elevations 
of  3000°  above  the  sea. 

94.  Crataegus  Buckleyi,  Beadl. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  acute,  rounded  or  subcordate,  or  narrowed  and  con- 
cave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight 


464  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

glandular  teeth,  and  more  or  less  incisely  lobed,  with  acuminate  lateral  lobes,  more 
than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  middle  of  May  and  then  pale  green 
and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  caducous  hairs  along  the  upper  side  of  the 


IK, 


base  of  the  midribs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  above, 
paler  below,  l^'-2'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  and  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  wider  than 
long;  their  petioles  stout,  conspicuously  glandular  above  the  base,  wing-margined  at 
the  apex,  glabrous,  £'-f'  long.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous 
pedicels,  in  compact  3-7-flowered  simple  corymbs,  with  conspicuously  glandular 
bracts  and  bractlets ;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate, 
laciniately  cut  toward  the  apex,  and  glandular,  with  stipitate  glands;  stamens  10; 
anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of  pale  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  late  in  September  or  in  October,  subglobose,  usually  angled,  red  or 
russet  red,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  spreading  or  reflexed 
lobes;  flesh  thin,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  rounded 
at  the  slightly  narrowed  apex,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  grooved 
ridge,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  often  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-7'  in  diameter,  and  sometimes  10°-12° 
long,  and  covered  with  gray  or  often  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  stout  spreading  or 
ascending  branches,  and  thick  glabrous  red-brown  branchlets  armed  with  thin  straight 
shining  spines  £'  long,  becoming  much  longer  and  branched  on  the  trunk  and  large 
branches. 

Distribution.  Southwestern  Virginia,  through  western  North  Carolina  to  eastern 
Tennessee;  usually  at  elevations  between  2000°  and  3000°  above  the  sea;  common 
on  wooded  slopes  with  Oaks,  Hickories,  and  Pines. 

95.  Crataegus  venusta,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  occasionally  to  oblong-obovate,  acute,  gradually  or 
abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  finely  serrate  above, 
with  usually  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  frequently  slightly  and  irregularly  divided 
above  the  middle  into  1-3  pairs  of  short  broad  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  dark 
bronze  color,  with  a  few  scattered  pale  caducous  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  about 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  20th  to  the  end  of  April,  and  then 


ROSACEJE 


465 


yellow-green,  smooth  and  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark 
dull  green  above,  pale  below,  2^'  long,  !£'  wide,  with  stout  midribs  and  4-7  pairs  of 
thin  primary  veins,  late  in  the  autumn  turning,  especially  those  on  leading  shoots, 
deep  orange  or  scarlet;  their  petioles  stout,  glandular,  more  or  less  winged  above, 
£'— I'  long,  and  in  the  autumn  often  bright  red  below  the  middle;  on  vigorous  shoots 
generally  broadly  ovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  deeply  lobed,  with  broad 
lobes,  and  often  3^'  long  and  3'  wide.  Flowers  1'  in  diameter,  on  short  pedicels,  in 
4-9-flowered  compact  corymbs,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  like  the  inner  bud-scales 
coarsely  glandular-serrate  and  bright  red  before  falling;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acute,  coarsely  glandular-serrate 
often  only  below  the  middle;  stamens  15-20,  usually  15-17;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow; 
styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling 
from  the  1st  to  the  middle  of  October,  on  stout  pedicels  often  1'  long,  in  few-fruited 
clusters,  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  dull  red,  often  with  a  bright  russet 


face,  marked  by  occasional  large  dark  dots;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  long  tube,  and 
spreading  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  dry  and 
mealy ;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex, 
thick,  full  and  rounded  on  the  back,  about  ^'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  often  25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter  and  armed 
like  the  large  branches  with  innumerable  stout  much-branched  spines  frequently  6' 
long,  and  stout  branchlets  furnished  with  numerous  straight  or  slightly,  curved  dark 
chestnut-brown  shining  spines  frequently  pointing  toward  the  base  of  the  branch  and 
l\'-(>%  long. 

Distribution.  Open  Oak  and  Hickory  woods  on  the  dry  slopes  of  Red  Mountain 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  city  of  Birmingham,  Alabama. 

96.  Crataegus  Sargenti,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  elliptical  or  rarely  to  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  nearly  entire  base,  irregularly 
doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  usually  irregu- 
larly divided  into  3  or  4  pairs  of  short  broad  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  nearly  fully 
grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  April,  and  then  subcoriaceous,  pale  yellow- 
green,  and  villose  along  the  midribs,  with  scattered  pale  caducous  hairs,  and  at 


466 


TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


maturity  lustrous,  dark  yellow-green  above,  pale  below,  2'-3'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  with 
thin  midribs  and  5-7  pairs  of  thin  light  yellow  veins  and  conspicuous  reticulate  vein- 
lets,  turning  in  the  autumn  bright  yellow  and  red;  their  petioles  slender,  glandular, 


more  or  less  broadly  winged  toward  the  apex,  ^'-f '  long.  Flowers  nearly  1'  in  diam- 
eter, on  long  thin  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in  2-5  usually  3-flowered  simple  corymbs, 
with  coarsely  glandular-serrate  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
glabrous  or  slightly  villose,  the  lobes  foliaceous,  acute,  coarsely  glandular-serrate 
above  the  middle;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  purple;  styles  3-5,  usually  4,  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling 
about  the  middle  of  September,  often  only  a  single  fruit  maturing  from  a  flower- 
cluster,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  yellow  or  orange- 
yellow,  generally  more  or  less  flushed  with  red,  marked  by  occasional  large  dark 
dots,  %'—%  long;  calyx  prominent,  with  an  elongated  tube  and  closely  appressed 
lobes;  flesh  yellow,  thin,  and  firm;  nutlets  3-5,  usually  4,  rounded  at  the  narrow 
ends,  prominently  ridged  and  grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

An  intricately  branched  tree,  rarely  more  than  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6'-7'  in 
diameter,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  narrow  or  sometimes  a  round  flat- 
topped  head,  and  glabrous  branchlets  armed  with  thin  straight  or  slightly  curved 
dark  chestnut-brown  shining  spines,  f '-1^'  long,  or  often  a  large  shrub,  with  few  or 
many  stems. 

Distribution.  Rocky  woods  and  bluffs  in  the  foothill  region  of  northern  Georgia, 
southeastern  Tennessee  and  northeastern  Alabama;  very  abundant  in  Alabama  at 
Valley  Head  and  on  the  low  ridges  extending  southward  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Birmingham. 

XII.  PULCHERRIM-SJ. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  their  lobes  acute  or  rounded  ;  fruit  bright  red. 

97.  C.  opima  (C). 
Leaves  ovate  to  oval  or  obovate,  their  lobes  acute  ;  fruit  orange-red.        98.  C.  Robur  (C). 

97.  Crataegus  opima,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  to  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  acute,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed 
and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  finely  serrate  above,  with  incurved  teeth,  and  usually 


ROSACES  467 

divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute,  acuminate  or  rounded  lobes,  half  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  April,  and  then  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  short  caducous  hairs  along  the  midribs  and  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm 
in  texture,  light  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  !£'  long,  1^' 
wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  arcuate  primary  veins  spreading  to 
the  points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  narrowly  winged  at  the  apex,  usually  about  f 
long;  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  rounded  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base  and  1^'- 
2^'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  about  f  in  diameter,  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in 
compact  few-flowered  glabrous  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly 
glandular-serrate,  tipped  with  dark  red  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  puberulous  on 
the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  purple;  styles  3--5,  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  a  narrow  ring  of  snowy  white  tomenttim.  Fruit  ripening  about  the  1st  of  October 
and  then  remaining  on  the  branches  for  several  weeks,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in 
compact  few-fruited  erect  or  drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  often  rather  longer  than 


wide,  bright  red,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  well-developed  tube 
and  much  enlarged  closely  appressed  lobes  often  deciduous  with  the  tube  before  the 
fruit  becomes  entirely  ripe;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  thin, 
slightly  grooved  and  ridged  on  the  back,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall,  slender  often  spiny  trunk  covered  with  ashy 
gray  bark  nearly  black  at  the  base  of  old  trees,  spreading  and  ascending  branches 
forming  a  rounded  or  oval  usually  open  head,  and  thin  nearly  straight  bright  red- 
brown  glabrous  branchlets  becoming  gray  tinged  with  red  or  brown  in  their  second 
season,  and  armed  with  thin  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  lustrous  spines, 
!'-!£'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  in  clay  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  Greenville, 
Alabama;  common. 

98.  Crataegus  Robur,  Beadl. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  sparingly  glandular 
below,  finely  serrate  above,  with  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  incisely  lobed  above 
the  middle,  with  numerous  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
at  the  end  of  March,  and  then  membranaceous  and  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous, 


468 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  yellow-green,  l^'-2'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with 
slender  yellow  midribs  and  thin  primary  veins  extending  very  obliquely  to  the  points 


of  the  lobes,  turning  in  the  autumn  orange,  yellow,  or  brown;  their  petioles  slender, 
slightly  wing-margined  toward  the  apex,  sparingly  glandular,  £'-!'  long;  on  vigor- 
ous shoots  broadly  ovate,  cuneate  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  wide  base,  deeply  divided 
into  broad  lateral  lobes,  often  2'— 3'  long  and  broad,  with  stout  broadly  winged  peti- 
oles frequently  V  long.  Flowers  l^'-l^'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in 
5-10-flowered  compound  glabrous  corymbs,  with  large  conspicuously  glandular  bracts 
and  bractlets  ;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed 
from  broad  bases,  glabrous,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale 
purple;  styles  3—5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit 
ripening  in  September  and  October,  on  elongated,  slender  pedicels,  in  few-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  subglobose,  orange-red,  about  \'  in  diameter  ;  calyx-lobes  decidu- 
ous before  the  maturity  of  the  fruit,  leaving  a  narrow  ring  round  the  shallow  cavity; 
flesh  thin  and  firm  ;  nutlets  3-5,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  barely  grooved  on 
the  rounded  back,  T3g'  long  and  nearly  as  broad. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  gray  or  brown 
scaly  bark,  spreading  or  ascending  branches,  and  slender  red-brown  branchlets  un- 
armed or  armed  with  stout  spines  f '-!'  long  ;  more  often  a  large  much-branched 
shrub,  with  one  or  more  stems. 

Distribution.  Woods  and  borders  of  fields,  northwestern  Florida  ;  common  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Tallahassee. 


XIII.  BRACTEAT-3E3. 

Leaves  oval  to  broadly  obovate  ;  corymbs  many-flowered  ;  stamens  10-20,  usually  20  ;  fruit 
bright  red  or  orange-red.  09.  C.  Harbisoni  (C). 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rarely  obovate  ;  corymbs  3-10-flowered  ;  stamens  20  ;  fruit  bright 
red.  100.  C.  Ashei  (C). 

99.  Crateegus  Harbisoni,  Beadl. 

Leaves  oval  or  broadly  obovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate  or  full  and  rounded 
at  the  entire  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  when 


ROSACES  469 

they  unfold  roughened  above  by  stout,  rigid  pale  hairs,  and  soft  and  pubescent  below, 
nearly  fully  grown  early  in  May  when  the  flowers  open,  and  then  thin,  dark  yellow- 
green  above  and  pale  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  ;  dark  green,  lustrous,  and 
scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  ou  the  lower  surface,  2'-2^'  long  and  I'-l-^'  wide, 
with  stout  midribs  and  primary  veins  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf, 
and  conspicuous  reticulate  veiulets;  their  petioles  stout,  villose,  more  or  less  winged 
above,  \'—^'  long;  and  furnished  like  the  base  of  the  leaf-blade  with  numerous  large 
stipitate  dark  glands;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate,  cuneate  and  decurrent  on  their 
stouter  petioles,  3'— I'  long  and  2^'-3'  wide,  with  lunate  coarsely  glandular-dentate 
stipules  frequently  ^'  long.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  in  broad  loose  compound  villose 
usually  10-12-ttowered  corymbs,  with  broad  acute  conspicuous  glandular-serrate 
bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  densely  villose  at  the  base  and 
glabrous  or  pubescent  above,  the  lobes  foliaceous,  elongated,  gradually  narrowed 
from  broad  bases,  acute,  bright  green,  more  or  less  hairy,  coarsely  glandular-serrate, 
with  large  stipitate  dark  red  glands;  stamens  10-20,  usually  20;  anthers  large,  light 
yellow;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  early  in  October,  subglobose,  often 
rather  longer  than  broad,  bright  red  or  orange-red,  marked  by  numerous  large  dark 


dots;  calyx  enlarged,  with  spreading  glandular  lobes  often  deciduous  before  the 
fruit  ripens;  flesh  yellow,  thick,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  rounded 
at  the  ends,  sometimes  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  %'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  light 
gray  or  gray-brown  bark  and  often  armed  with  straight  or  much-branched  spines, 
wide-spreading  light  gray  or  reddish  branches  forming  a  rather  open  symmetrical 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  long  spreading 
white  hairs,  pubescent  or  glabrous  and  light  red-brown  or  orange-brown  during 
their  first  season,  becoming  dark  or  light  gray  the  following  year,  and  furnished 
with  numerous  usually  stout  straight  dark  reddish  brown  shining  spines  l£'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills  and  ridges  ;  West  Nashville,  Tennessee; 
common. 

100.  Crataegus  Ashei,  Beadl. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  occasionally  obovate,  acute  and  generally  short-pointed 
at  the  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  and  usually  entire  at  the  base, 


470  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

coarsely  and  occasionally  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved  teeth  tipped 
with  small  dark  glands,  when  they  unfold  roughened  on  the  upper  surface  with  short 
pale  hairs  and  pubescent  below,  nearly  fuljy  grown  and  membranaceous  when  the 


flowers  open  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark  green,  lus- 
trous and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface 
along  the  slender  midribs  and  primary  veins,  about  2'  long  and  !£'  wide;  their 
petioles  stout,  broadly  winged  above,  glandular,  pubescent  at  first  but  ultimately  nearly 
glabrous,  about  \'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  usually  broadly  oval  or  nearly  orbicular, 
rounded  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  2£'-3'  long  and  2'-2|'  wide.  Flowers  f '  in 
diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  3-10-flowered  simple  or  compound  villose 
corymbs,  with  broad  conspicuous  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  thickly  coated  with  long  matted  reflexed  white  hairs,  the  lobes  foliaceous, 
broad,  acute,  nearly  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose  on  the  inner  surface,  glandu- 
lar, with  small  stout  stipitate  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  yellow;  styles  3-5, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling 
late  in  September  or  early  in  October,  on  stout  villose  or  glabrous  pedicels,  in  few- 
fruited  clusters,  globose  or  rather  longer  than  broad,  bright  red,  marked  by  large 
scattered  dots,  more  or  less  villose  toward  the  ends,  about  1'  in  diameter;  calyx  con- 
spicuous, with  elongated  coarsely  glandular-serrate  lobes,  erect,  incurved  or  reflexed; 
flesh  thick  and  yellow;  nutlets  3-5,  thin,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  deeply 
grooved  and  ridged  on  the  back,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  20°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  covered  with  smooth  light 
gray  or  red-brown  bark  becoming  fissured  and  scaly  on  old  individuals,  stout  ascend- 
ing branches  forming  a  pyramidal  or  oval  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first 
with  long  pale  matted  reflexed  hairs,  soon  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  lustrous,  orange- 
brown  or  reddish  brown,  and  light  gray  or  gray  tinged  with  red  during  their  second 
season,  and  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  thin  dark  red-brown  shining 
spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Abandoned  fields,  and  woods;  growing  usually  on  clay  soils  near 
Montgomery,  Alabama. 


ROSACES  471 

XIV.  FLAV.S3. 
Stamens  20. 

Anthers  purple  or  pink. 

Leaves  elliptical  to  broadly  obovate,  yellow-green  ;  fruit  dark  orange-brown. 

101.  C.  flava  (C). 

Leaves  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  bright  green  ;  fruit  globose  to  depressed-globose, 

bright  red.  102.  C.  consanguinea  (C). 

Leaves  obovate,  bright  green ;  fruit  oval  to  short-oblong,  orange-red  ;  anthers  pink. 

10:-J.  C.  tristis  (C). 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate  or  orbicular,  bright  yellow-green ;  fruit  pear-shaped,  dark 
orange  color,  with  a  red  cheek.  104.  C.  visenda  (C). 

Leaves  obovate  or  ovate,  dark  green  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  red  or  orange- 
red.  105.  C.  ignava  (C). 
Anthers  yellow.    (Doubtful  in  109  and  114.) 
Leaves  yellow-green. 

Leaves  obovate-cuneate,  often  3-lobed  at  the  apex ;  fruit  pear-shaped  to  subglobose, 
bright  orange-red  and  lustrous  ;  corymbs  tomentose.          106.  C.  Floridana  (C). 
Leaves  obovate  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  dull  brownish  yellow  ;  corymbs 
glabrous.  107.  C.  lacrimata  (C). 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  or  abruptly  short-pointed  at  the  broad  apex  ;  fruit  globose 
to  short-oblong,  bright  orange-red.  108.  C.  Ravenelii  (C). 

Leaves  obovate  to  obovate-cuneiform  ;  fruit  globose,  bright  red.    109.  C.  seiita  (A). 
Leaves  obovate,  subcoriaceous  ;  fruit  globose  or  depressed-globose,   orange-yellow, 
with  a  red  cheek.  110.  C.  panda  (C). 

Leaves   obovate  to   oblong-obovate,  with  entire   slightly  undulate  margins ;   fruit 
globose,  red.  111.  C.  Integra  (C). 

Leaves  spathulate,  subcoriaceous  ;  fruit  pyriform,  red.  112.  C.  recurva  (C). 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  orbicular ;  fruit  subglobose  to  oval,  orange-red  or  red  and 
orange.  113.  C.  annosa  (C). 

Leaves  conspicuously  blue-green,  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short- 
oblong,  light  red,  puberulous  at  the  ends.  114.  C.  dispar  (C). 
Stamens  10 ;  anthers  yellow ;  leaves  broadly  obovate  to  oval  or  rhomboidal,  dark  yellow- 
green  ;  fruit  subglobose,  dull  orange-red,  often  slightly  villose  at  the  ends. 

115.  C.  aprica  (A,  C). 

*Stamens  20. 

-+ Anthers  purple  or  pink. 

101.  Crataegus  flava,  Ait. 

Leaves  elliptical  to  broadly  obovate,  acute  or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  grad- 
ually narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  glandular  base,  and  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above, 
with  broad  straight  or  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  large  dark  red  stipitate  glands, 
when  they  unfold  bronze  color,  villose  above,  with  short  pale  caducous  hairs  most 
abundant  near  the  base  of  the  midribs,  and  pubescent  below  on  the  midribs  and 
veins,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  10th  to  the  20th  of  April, 
and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  yellow-green,  usually  about  2'  long  and  !£'  wide, 
with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  primary  veins  usually  puberulous  on 
the  under  side  and  only  slightly  impressed  above;  their  petioles  slender,  glandular, 
winged  nearly  to  the  base,  generally  about  \'  long,  more  or  less  villose,  and  after 
midsummer  often  light  red  on  the  lower  side ;  on  vigorous  shoots  frequently  3'  long 
and  2'  wide,  and  sometimes  broadly  ovate,  3-lobed  or  divided  into  2  or  3  pairs  of 
lateral  lobes,  with  petioles  !'-!£'  long,  broadly  winged  and  conspicuously  glandular, 


472 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


and  foliaceous  lunate  or  elliptical  coarsely  glandular-serrate  stipules.  Flowers 
about  f  in  diameter,  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  simple  or  compound 
slightly  villose  compact  corymbs,  with  lanceolate  acute  coarsely  glandular-serrate 
bracts  and  bractlets ;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic  and  glabrous,  the  lobes  wide,  acute, 
usually  laciniately  divided,  very  glandular;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  purple. 
Fruit  ripening  early  in  October  and  soon  falling,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters, 
short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  dark  orange-brown,  ^'-f'  long,  £'— ^' 
wide;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  long  narrow  tube,  and  enlarged  closely  appressed  lobes 
often  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thick,  orange  color,  dry  and  mealy; 
nutlets  5,  ridged  and  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  ridged  and  deeply 
grooved  on  the  back,  with  a  high  narrow  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin  dark 
brown  bark  tinged  with  red  and  divided  into  narrow  rounded  ridges,  stout  ascending 
branches  forming  an  open  and  somewhat  irregular  head  sometimes  20°  across,  and 


slender  slightly  zigzag  glabrous  branchlets  dark  green  deeply  tinged  with  red  when 
they  first  appear,  becoming  dull  red-brown  or  orange-brown  during  their  first  season, 
darker  the  following  year,  and  ultimately  dark  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  thin 
nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  spines  f  '-1^'  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  soil  on  the  sand  hills  of  Summerville,  west  of  the  city 
of  Augusta,  Georgia,  and  at  River  Junction,  Florida. 

102.  Cratcegus  consanguinea,  Beadl. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  nearly  orbicular,  occasionally  oval  or  rhomboidal,  acute 
and  generally  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  concave-cuneate  or 
sometimes  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  finely  and  often  doubly  serrate,  with  glandular 
teeth,  and  frequently  irregularly  divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute  lobes, 
nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  March  or  early  in  April,  and 
then  very  thin,  blue-green,  slightly  villose,  especially  on  the  midribs  and  veins,  and 
at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  bright  green,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  hairs  on  the  under  side  of  the  slender  midribs,  and  thin  primary  veins  extend- 
ing very  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf,  about  V  long,  f '-f '  wide,  and  on 
vigorous  shoots  l£'-2'  long  and  wide;  their  petioles  slender,  glandular,  wing-mar- 


ROSACES  473 

gined  above,  at  first  villose,  becoming  glabrous,  £'-f '  long.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter, 
on  slender  elongated  hairy  pedicels,  in  simple  1-5-flowered  corymbs,  with  oblanceo- 
late  acuminate  bright  red  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 


sparingly  hairy,  with  long  pale  caducous  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from 
broad  bases,  acute,  glandular,  with  minute  bright  red  glands,  glabrous;  stamens  20; 
anthers  small,  purple;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  short 
pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  about  the  middle  of  September,  on  slen- 
der glabrous  pedicels,  often  only  a  single  fruit  in  a  cluster  developing,  globose  to 
depressed-globose,  bright  red,  marked  by  small  dark  dots,  nearly  ^'  in  diameter;  calyx 
prominent,  with  enlarged  appressed  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nut- 
lets 3-5,  thick,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex, 
ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  low  rounded  ridge,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  often  20°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  nearly 
black  deeply  furrowed  bark  broken  into  short  thick  closely  appressed  scales,  wide- 
spreading  often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  handsome  head, 
and  slender  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  pale 
caducous  hairs,  soon  becoming  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous,  and  dull  reddish 
brown  in  their  second  season,  and  armed  with  short  nearly  straight  gray  or  chestnut- 
brown  spines  -J'-f'  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  upland  Oak  woods  in  western  Florida  from  the  neighborhood 
of  Tallahassee  to  the  Appalachicola  River;  abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  River 
Junction  and  at  Aspalaga. 

103.  Crateegus  tristis,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  and  often  more  or  less  undulate- 
lobed  at  the  broad  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  and  concave- 
cun'eate  at  the  glandular  base,  and  serrate  above,  with  blunt  glandular  teeth,  about 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April,  and  then  slightly  pilose  on  the 
upper  and  hairy  on  the  lower  surface  along  the  thin  midribs  and  in  the  axils  of  the 
slender  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  at  maturity  thin  but 
firm  in  texture,  bright  green  and  glabrous,  !£'-!£'  long,  about  f  wide,  turning  in  the 
autumn  yellow,  brown,  and  orange;  their  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  above, 


474 


TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


conspicuously  glandular,  slightly  puberulous,  £'-f'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  oblong- 
obovate,  often  deeply  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  acute  lateral  lobes,  and 
frequently  l£'-2'  long  and  nearly  as  broad.  Flowers  f '-£'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
villose  pedicels,  in  simple  3-5-flowered  corymbs,  with  rose-colored  and  conspicuously 
glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  hairy  toward  the  base, 
with  long  scattered  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acu- 
minate, glandular,  with  large  dark  red  glands,  and  entire  or  coarsely  serrate  above 
the  middle;  stamens  20;  anthers  pink;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in 


August  or  early  in  September,  oval  or  short-oblong,  orange-red,  about  ^'  long,  with 
soft  flesh;  calyx  little  enlarged,  with  recurved  persistent  lobes;  nutlets  3-5,  full  and 
rounded  at  the  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  and  ridged 
on  the  back,  with  a  broad  low  slightly  grooved  ridge,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
sometimes  nearly  black  deeply  furrowed  bark,  stout  pendulous  branches  forming  a 
broad  shapely  handsome  head,  and  slender  branchlets  hoary-tomentose  at  first, 
bright  red-brown  and  puberulous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season,  becoming  dark 
gray-brown,  and  armed  with  few  slender  straight  spines  l^'-l^'  long;  or  often  a 
large  shrub. 

Distribution.  Slopes  of  low  hills,  northwestern  Georgia;  common  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Rome. 

104.  Crataegus  visenda,  Beadl. 

Leaves  ovate,  obovate,  or  orbicular,  short-pointed  and  acute  or  occasionally 
broad  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  concave-cuneate  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the 
mostly  entire  base,  finely  serrate  above,  with  rounded  teeth,  glandular,  with  bright 
red  glands,  and  divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  March,  and  then  glabrous  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  short  pale  hairs  on  the  two  surfaces  near  the  base  of  the  midribs,  and 
at  maturity  thin  and  firm  in  texture,  bright  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  pale 
below,  glabrous,  1 '-!•£'  long,  f'-l'  wide,  with  slender  midribs,  and  thin  primary  veins 
extending  very  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  turning  yellow,  orange,  or  brown 
in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  slender,  broadly  wing-margined  above,  conspicuously 


ROSACEJS  475 

glandular,  sparingly  villose  at  first,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  £'-£'  long.    Flowers 
about  f  in  diameter,  on   short  villose  pedicels,  in   simple  3-6-flowered   corymbs; 


calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  hairy  near  the  base,  with  scattered  pale  hairs,  gla- 
brous above,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer, 
pilose  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  purple;  styles  3-5,  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  small  tufts  of  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in  August 
and  early  in  September,  on  stout  pedicels,  usually  in  1  or  2-fruited  clusters,  pear- 
shaped,  dark  orange-colored,  with  a  red  cheek,  ^'— §'  long,  nearly  ^'  wide;  calyx 
enlarged,  the  lobes  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface, 
closely  appressed;  flesh  soft  and  yellow;  nutlets  3-5,  obtuse  and  rounded  at  the 
ends,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with  dark 
gray  or  brownish  bark,  crooked  horizontal  or  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad 
irregular  head,  and  stout  often  contorted  branchlets  villose  at  first,  soon  glabrous, 
dull  reddish  brown  to  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  slender  straight  spines  £'— |'  long. 

Distribution.   Sandy  soil  near  Bristol,  Florida. 

105.  Crataegus  ignava,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  to  ovate,  acute,  gradually  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the 
concave-cuneate  glandular  base,  sharply  often  doubly  serrate"  above,  with  glandular 
teeth,  and  usually  divided  toward  the  apex  into  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  April,  and  then  membranaceous,  glabrous  with 
the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  along  the  midribs  above  and  along  the  midribs  and  slen- 
der veins  below,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  pale  and  still  hairy  on  the  lower  surface,  l£'-2'  long  and  l'-l£'  wide, 
turning  in  the  autumn  yellow  and  brown  sometimes  flushed  with  red;  their  petioles 
slender,  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  glandular,  |'-^'  long.  Flowers  about  f  in 
diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  3-6-flowered  simple  corymbs,  with  lanceo- 
late conspicuously  glandular  reddish  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
glabrous,  the  lobes  abruptly  narrowed  from  the  base,  wide,  glabrous,  glandular,  with 
dark  red  stipitate  glands,  and  often  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle;  stamens  20; 
anthers  large,  purple;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  September  and  early  in  October,  on  slender 


476  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

erect  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  orange-red,  marked 
by  numerous  pale  dots,  about  -|'  long;  calyx  enlarged  and  prominent,  with  spreading 
lobes  often  deciduous  from  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  thick  and  soft;  nutlets  3-5,  rounded 
at  the  ends,  prominently  but  irregularly  ridged  and  grooved  on  the  back,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  10°-12°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  covered  with  ashy  gray 
fissured  scaly  bark  often  tinged  with  brown  and  frequently  nearly  black  near  the 
ground,  stout  ascending  branches,  and  slender  zigzag  glabrous  branchlets  bright  red- 


brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dark  gray-brown,  and  armed  with  many 
very  slender  red-brown  lustrous  ultimately  ashy  gray  spines  !'-!£'  long. 

Distribution.  Northeastern  Alabama;  common  on  Lookout  Mountain  above 
Valley  Head,  and  at  Collins ville  and  Gadsden. 

-«— t-Anthers  yellow. 

106.  Crataegus  Floridana,  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate-cuneate,  frequently  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  with  short  rounded  lobes, 
gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  finely  serrate  above,  with  straight 
or  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  showy  ultimately  dark  persistent  glands,  3-nerved, 
with  slender  nerves,  and  numerous  thin  secondary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets, 
slightly  villose  above  as  they  unfold,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about 
the  middle  of  March,  and  then  light  yellow-green  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of 
a  few  persistent  hairs  along  the  upper  side  of  the  nerves  and  in  their  axils,  and  at 
maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the 
lower  surface,  V-\\'  long  and  about  \'  wide;  their  petioles  slender,  glandular,  more 
or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent  or  glabrous,  usually 
about  £'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  frequently  2'  long,  and  sometimes  divided  by  deep 
rounded  sinuses  into  numerous  narrow  lateral  lobes,  their  stipules  lunate,  foliaceous, 
pointed,  coarsely  glandular-serrate.  Flowers  about  -| '  in  diameter,  on  slender  tomen- 
tose pedicels,  in  few  usually  3-flowered  simple  compact  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  coated  with  long  matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes  narrow,  acuminate,  glandular, 
with  bright  red  stipitate  glands,  villose  toward  the  base  on  the  outer  surface,  and  on 
the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow;  styles  4  or  5,  surrounded 


ROSACE^E  477 

at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  long  shining  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  from  the 
middle  to  the  end  of  August,  on  short  stout  pubescent  pedicels,  solitary  or  in  2  or 
3-fruited  drooping  clusters,  obovate  to  short-oblong,  usually  about  f  long,  bright 
orange-red,  lustrous,  marked  by  numerous  pale  dots;  calyx  prominent,  with  an  elon- 
gated tube  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  and  reflexed  glandular-serrate  lobes;  flesh 
thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy ;  nutlets  4  or  5,  acute  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
apex,  rounded  and  occasionally  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  15°  high,  with  a  long  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter, 
covered  with  thick  nearly  black  deeply  furrowed  bark  broken  into  short  thick  plate- 
like  scales,  small  drooping  branches  forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  head,  and 
slender  conspicuously  zigzag  pendulous  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  long  pale 


matted  hairs,  becoming  during  their  first  season  dark  red-brown  and  more  or  less 
villose,  and  dark  brown  the  following  year,  and  armed  with  thin  straight  spines 
£'-!'  long,  or  unarmed. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  soil  of  the  Pine  barrens  of  northeastern  Florida;  abun- 
dant in  the  neighborhood  of  Jacksonville. 

107.  Crataegus  lacrimata,  Small. 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  or  acute  and  glandular-serrate  at  the  apex,  usually  with 
incurved  teeth,  entire  and  glandular  below,  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the 
middle  to  the  base,  and  3-nerved,  with  slender  yellow  nerves,  numerous  thin  second- 
ary veins  and  reticulate  veinlets,  when  the  flowers  open  early  in  April  nearly  fully 
grown,  light  yellow,  glabrous,  with  the  exception  of  small  tufts  of  pale  caducous 
hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  nerves  below,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  lustrous,  £'-f' 
long,  about  $'  wide;  their  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  toward  the  apex,  dark 
orange-brown,  at  first  puberulous,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  £'-£'  long.  Flowers 
about  f  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  glabrous  pedicels,  in  3-5-flowered  simple 
corymbs,  with  long  linear  entire  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets  turning  red  in  fading; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases, 
acuminate,  entire,  tipped  with  large  dark  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  large,  light 
yellow;  styles  usually  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs. 
Fruit  ripening  toward  the  end  of  August,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  1  or  2-fruited 
clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  dull  brownish 


478  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

yellow  marked  by  occasional  dark  dots,  about  |'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with 
an  elongated  tube,  and  spreading  lobes  usually  deciduous  before  the  fruit  ripens; 


flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3,  very  broad,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
ends,  rounded  and  sometimes  obscurely  grooved  on  the  back,  about  f '  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  but  usually  not  more  than  10°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk 
4'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thick  deeply  furrowed  black  bark  broken  on  the  sur- 
face into  thick  plate-like  closely  appressed  scales,  long  slender  drooping  branches 
forming  a  handsome  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  thin  glabrous  very  zigzag 
branchlets  light  orange-brown  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  reddish  brown 
and  lustrous,  and  dark  gray-brown  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  many  small 
nearly  straight  dark  chestnut-brown  spines  \'— f '  long. 

Distribution.  Western  Florida,  Pensacola  to  De  Funiak  Springs;  sometimes  in 
moist  sand;  more  often  in  dry  barrens;  common  and  often  a  conspicuous  feature  of 
vegetation. 

108.  Crataegus  Ravenelii,  Sarg. 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  and  abruptly  short-pointed  or  acute  at  the  broad  some- 
times slightly  lobed  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  elon- 
gated cuneate  base,  more  or  less  undulate  on  the  margins,  and  coarsely  and  usually 
doubly  glandular-serrate  above,  with  large  bright  red  ultimately  dark  persistent 
glands,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  the  middle  of  April,  and  then 
coated  with  long  pale  caducous  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture, 
yellow-green,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  sur- 
face along  the  slender  veins,  I'-l^'  long  and  about  f  wide;  their  petioles  slender, 
glandular,  winged  above,  tomentose  at  first,  becoming  pubescent,  \'-%  long;  stipules 
linear  to  lunate,  conspicuously  glandular-serrate,  tomentose,  caducous;  on  vigorous 
shoots  often  2'  long  and  \\'  wide,  and  frequently  divided  above  the  middle  into  2  or 
3  pairs  of  broad  lateral  lobes.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  tomentose 
pedicels,  in  few-flowered  simple  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  thickly  coated 
with  long  white  hairs,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  villose  on  the  outer,  glabrous  on  the  inner 
surface,  glandular,  with  small  red  glands;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  pale  yellow; 
styles  5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening 


ROSACES 


479 


early  in  October,  on  short  thick  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  or  spreading  clus- 
ters, globose  to  short-oblong,  bright  orange-red,  marked  by  occasional  dark  dots, 
puberulous  at  the  ends,  %'-%'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  enlarged  spread- 
ing and  appressed  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  subacid;  nutlets  5,  narrowed  and  acute 
at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  narrow  elevated  ridge,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-300  high,  with  a  trunk  often  14'  or  15'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thick 
dark  brown  bark  deeply  divided  into  narrow  interrupted  ridges  broken  on  the  sur- 
face into  short  thick  plate-like  scales,  heavy  ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming 
an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  zigzag  branchlets  thickly  coated  at  first  with  hoary 


tomentum,  dark  purple  or  red-brown  and  pubescent  during  their  first  summer,  be- 
coming dark  red-brown  and  glabrous  the  following  season,  and  armed  with  thick 
straight  dull  gray-brown  spines  usually  about  !£'  long. 

Distribution.  Sand  hills  near  Aiken,  South  Carolina,  and  in  Summerville  near 
Augusta,  Georgia. 

109.  Crataegus  senta,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovateorobovate-cuneiform,  acute  or  sometimes  rounded  and  frequently 
slightly  divided  into  several  short  acute  lobes  at  the  broad  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
from  above  the  middle  to  the  entire  base,  and  serrate  or  doubly  serrate  above,  with 
incurved  conspicuously  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  often  dark  red,  covered 
above  with  long  pale  caducous  hairs  and  villose  below  along  the  midribs  and  veins, 
nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  1st  to  the  10th  of  May  and  then 
bright  yellow-green  and  almost  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the  persistent  tufts 
of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark 
green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  usually  about  \\'  long  and  1'  wide,  with 
orange-colored  midribs,  generally  3  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  extending 
obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  dark  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  turning 
red,  yellow,  or  brown  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  slender,  glandular,  wing-margined 
above,  at  first  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  about  |^  long;  on 
vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate,  often  nearly  orbicular,  more  deeply  lobed,  with  broad 
rounded  or  acute  lobes,  2'-2^'  in  diameter,  their  stipules  lunate,  coarsely  glandular- 
dentate,  sometimes  ^'  long.  Flowers  |'  in  diameter,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels 
coated  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  in  lax  compound  3-6-flowered  hairy  corymbs, 


480  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

with  lanceolate  straight  or  falcate  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets ;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  villose  particularly  toward  the  base,  the  lobes  narrow,  elongated,  acuminate, 
nearly  glabrous,  coarsely  and  irregularly  glandular-serrate;  stamens  20;  styles  3-6, 


surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  and 
falling  at  the  end  of  September  or  early  in  October,  on  slender  slightly  hairy 
elongated  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  clusters,  globose,  bright  red,  £'— |'  in 
diameter;  calyx  enlarged,  with  closely  appressed  lobes;  flesh  yellow,  dry  and  mealy; 
nutlets  3-5,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  base,  slightly 
grooved  on  the  back,  about  \'  long. 

Distribution.    Abandoned  fields  and  open    Pine   woods  near  Asheville,  North 
Carolina,  at  elevations  of  about  2200°  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

110.  Crateegus  panda,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  and  short-pointed  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  acute  at 
the  broad  occasionally  slightly  lobed  apex,  concave-cuneate  and  glandular  at  the 


entire  base,  and  finely  serrate  above,  with  minute  incurved  glandular  teeth,  when 
they  unfold  tinged  with  red  and  sparingly  villose,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the 


ROSACE^E 


481 


flowers  open  the  1st  of  April  and  then  roughened  above  by  short  pale  rigid  hairs 
and  villose  above  and  below  on  the  midribs  and  on  the  veins  below,  and  at  maturity 
glabrous,  or  puberulous  on  the  under  surface  of  the  slender  midribs,  subcoriaceous, 
light  green  and  lustrous,  glandular,  l'-l^'  long,  £'-!'  wide,  with  slender  primary 
veins  extending  very  obliquely  toward  the  end  of  the  leaf,  turning  yellow-brown  or 
orange  color  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  slightly  wing- 
margined  at  the  apex,  villose  at  first,  becoming  glabrous,  glandular,  about  |'  long; 
on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate,  rounded,  apiculate  and  lobed  at  the  apex,  puberu- 
lous and  villose  along  the  midribs  and  veins  on  the  lower  surface,  often  If  long  and 
2'  wide.  Flowers  -f'-f  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  compact  3-5- 
flowered  simple  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  covered  with  matted  white 
hairs,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate, 
more  or  less  villose;  stamens  20;  anthers  nearly  white;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the 
base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  at  the  end  of  August 
or  early  in  September,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  erect  few-fruited  clusters,  globose  or 
depressed-globose,  orange-yellow,  with  a  red  cheek,  f'-f'  in  diameter;  calyx  slightly 
enlarged,  with  closely  appressed  of  ten  deciduous  lobes;  flesh  thick,  succulent,  orange- 
yellow;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  ends,  grooved  on  the  rounded  back, 
with  a  broad  shallow  groove,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 
dark  rough  bark,  crooked  recurved  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and 
stout  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  matted  pale  hairs,  reddish  brown  and  puberu- 
lous during  their  first  season,  becoming  gray,  and  unarmed,  or  occasionally  armed 
with  stout  spines  £'-!'  long. 

Distribution.    Dry  sandy  soil  near  Tallahassee,  Florida. 

111.  Crataegus  integra,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  narrowed  from  near  the  middle  to  the  acute 
apex,  concave-cuneate  and  gradually  narrowed  to  the  slender  base,  conspicuously  gland- 
ular on  the  entire  often  slightly  undulate  margins,  nearly  half  grown  when  the  flowers 


open  about  the  20th  of  March,  and  then  slightly  hairy  along  the  midribs  and  on  the 
under  side  of  the  veins,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  bright  green,  lustrous,  and 
glabrous  above,  paler  below,  l'-l^'  long  and  about  f '  wide,  with  thin  yellow  midribs 


482 


TREES    OP   NORTH   AMERICA 


puberulous  below,  slender  primary  veins  extending  very  obliquely  to  the  end  of  the 
leaf,  with  1  or  2  pairs  near  the  middle  of  the  blade  more  prominent  than  those 
below  and  above  them,  turning  in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  and  brown;  their  peti- 
oles slender,  narrowly  wing-margined  above,  glandular,  at  first  hoary-tomentose, 
becoming  pubescent  or  puberulous,  ^'-f'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  obovate, 
short  pointed  at  the  apex,  slightly  undulate-lobed  above  the  middle,  conspicuously 
reticulate-venulose,  sometimes  1^'  long  and  broad.  Flowers  f'-f  in  diameter,  on 
slender  elongated  hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in  3-5-flowered  simple  corymbs;  calyx- 
tube  narrowly  obconic,  thickly  covered  with  matted  white  hairs,  the  lobes  gradually 
narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  glandular,  pilose  on  the  outer,  sparingly  pilose 
on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the 
base  by  a  thick  ring  of  white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  August,  on  slender 
erect  pubescent  pedicels,  globose,  red,  about  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  deciduous;  flesh 
thin,  orange-yellow,  and  succulent;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  base, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  flat  and  grooved  on  the  back,  with  a  narrow  shallow  groove, 
about  iY  long. 

A  tree,  12°-15°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thick 
nearly  black  checkered  bark,  drooping  branches  forming  a  handsome  symmetrical 
head,  and  slender  very  zigzag  branchlets  clothed  at  first  with  hoary  tomentum, 
rather  bright  reddish  brown  and  roughened  by  minute  tubercles  at  the  end  of  their 
first  season,  becoming  gray  or  grayish  brown,  and  unarmed,  or  armed  with  occasional 
short  slender  spines. 

Distribution.  Sandy  woods  and  abandoned  fields;  central  Florida;  common 
near  Eustis. 

112.  Cratsegus  recurva,  Beadl. 

Leaves  spatulate,  rounded  or  acute  or  sometimes  obovate  and  obtusely  3-lobed 
at  the  apex,  and  finely  glandular-serrate,  with  bright  red  glands,  nearly  half  grown 


when  the  flowers  open  about  the  20th  of  March  and  then  almost  glabrous  above, 
slightly  hairy  near  the  base  below,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  about  1' 
long  and  £'-£'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  one  pair  of  veins  often  more 
prominent  than  the  others  and  nearly  parallel  with  the  margins  of  the  blade,  turning 
in  the  autumn  yellow,  orange,  and  brown;  their  petioles  slender,  conspicuously 


ROSACES  483 

glandular,  villose  at  first,  becoming  glabrous,  \'-\'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly 
obovate,  deeply  divided  into  narrow  lateral  ascending  rounded  lobes,  concave-cuneate 
at  the  base,  with  stouter  midribs  and  veins  arching  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  and  often 
I/  long  and  f  wide.  Flowers  £'-§'  in  diameter,  on  stout  pedicels  thickly  covered 
with  matted  pale  hairs,  solitary  or  in  2-flowered  simple  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  pilose  below,  nearly  glabrous  above,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  glandular- 
serrate,  slightly  hairy  on  the  outer,  glabrous  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers 
pale  yellow;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  in  August,  erect  on  short  stout  pedicels,  pyri- 
form,  red,  £'  long;  calyx  little  enlarged,  often  deciduous;  flesh  thick  and  soft;  nut- 
lets 3-5,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  obscurely  grooved  on  the  back, 
about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  15°-18°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5' -6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  gray  or 
brownish  rough  bark,  slender  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  symmetrical  head, 
and  slender  very  zigzag  branchlets,  villose  at  first,  becoming  bright  chestnut-brown 
and  very  lustrous  and  ultimately  dark  reddish  brown,  and  armed  with  numerous  slen- 
der straight  spines  usually  about  £'  long. 

Distribution.    Dry  sandy  soil,  Ocala,  Florida. 

113.  Cratsegus  annosa,  Beadl. 

Leaves  obovate,  oval,  or  oblanceolate,  cuneate  and  glandular  at  the  base,  sharply 
and  often  doubly  glandular-serrate  above,  and  usually  slightly  lobed  toward  the 
short-pointed  acute  apex;  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early  in 


April  and  then  pale  yellow-green  and  scurfy  above,  with  a  few  short  pale  hairs  above 
and  below  near  the  base  of  the  midribs,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  bright  green, 
I'-l^'  long  and  f '-!'  wide,  with  prominent  pale  yellow  midribs,  and  remote  slender 
veins  extending  very  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  turning  in  the  autumn 
yellow,  orange,  or  brown;  their  petioles  slender,  narrowly  winged  above,  conspicu- 
ously glandular,  with  large  dark  glands,  £'-|'long;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate 
to  obovate  or  suborbicular,  coarsely  serrate,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  some- 
times 2'  long  and  broad,  with  broadly  winged  petioles  and  foliaceous  coarsely  den- 
tate persistent  stipules  often  £'  long.  Flowers  £'  in  diameter,  on  stout  villose 
pedicels,  in  simple  3-5-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  spar- 
ingly villose  toward  the  base,  the  lobes  acute,  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the 


484 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


outer,  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  anthers  almost  white;  styles 
3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  snow-white  tomentum.  Fruit  ripen- 
ing and  falling  late  in  August  or  early  in  September,  subglobose  or  oval,  orange-red 
or  red  and  orange,  about  £'  long;  calyx  little  enlarged,  the  lobes  puberulous  on  the 
upper  side  and  reflexed;  flesh  thick  and  soft;  nutlets  3-5,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
base,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a 
broad  low  rounded  ridge,  about  T5^'  long  and  T8^'  wide. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  covered  with 
dark  rough  often  black  bark,  stout  spreading  or  ascending  branches,  and  thick  dull 
red-brown  ultimately  dark  gray  or  nearly  black  branchlets  armed  with  straight 
rather  stout  spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.   Eastern  central  Alabama;  common  near  Phoenix  and  Gerard. 

114.  Crataegus  dispar,  Beadl. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  3-nerved,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gen- 
erally narrowed  and  cuneate  or  concave-cuneate  at  the  glandular  entire  base,  serrate 
or  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  mostly  divided 


above  the  middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  long  matted 
white  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  lower  surface,  more  than  half  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  about  the  middle  of  April  and  then  blue-green  and  villose  above 
and  tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  blue-green  and  gla- 
brous on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  slightly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  usually 
about  1'  long  and  f '-!'  wide,  turning  red,  yellow,  or  brown  in  the  autumn;  their 
petioles  slender,  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent  or  villose,  glandular,  slightly  wing- 
margined  above,  usually  about  ^'  long  ;  stipules  lunate,  coarsely  glandular-serrate, 
^f'-|'  long,  caducous;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  full  and 
rounded  at  the  broad  base,  coarsely  serrate,  and  often  deeply  divided  above  the 
middle  into  3  wide  acute  lobes  broader  than  long.  Flowers  about  -| '  in  diameter, 
on  slender  hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in  simple  3-7-flowered  corymbs,  with  narrow 
obovate  acute  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated 
with  hoary  tomentum,  the  lobes  narrow,  acute,  glandular-serrate,  with  minute  bright 
red  glands,  tomentose  on  the  outer  surface  below  the  middle,  glabrous  above,  tomen- 
tose on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  20;  styles  3-5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  ring 


ROSACES 


485 


of  pale  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  August  or  early  in  September,  on  slender 
pubescent  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  light  red, 
puberulous  toward  the  ends,  about  £'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  reflexed 
closely  appressed  lobes  tomeutose  at  the  base;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  subacid;  nutlets 
3-5,  broad,  rounded  at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  low  ridge,  dark 
brown,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  heavy  ascending 
branches  forming  a  broad  irregular  head,  and  stout  zigzag  branchlets  at  first  hoary- 
tomentose,  dark  red-brown  and  pubescent  during  their  first  summer,  becoming 
darker  colored  and  glabrous  the  following  season,  and  armed  with  thick  or  thin 
nearly  straight  dark  red-brown  ultimately  gray  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Dry  sand  hills  near  Aiken  and  Trenton,  South  Carolina,  and 
abundant  at  Sumnierville,  near  Augusta,  Georgia. 


** Stamens  10  ;  anthers  yellow. 

115.  Crataegus  aprica,  Beadl. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  oval,  or  rhomboidal,  acute  and  short-pointed  or  rounded 
and  often  somewhat  lobed  at  the  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate 
at  the  entire  base,  and  serrate  usually  only  above  the  middle,  with  small  incurved  teeth 
terminating  in  conspicuous  rose-colored  ultimately  dark  red  persistent  glands,  when 
they  unfold  deep  orange  color,  roughened  above  by  short  pale  appressed  hairs  and 
sparingly  villose  below,  particularly  along  the  slender  midribs  and  remote  primary 
veins,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  about  the  10th  of  May,  and  at  ma- 
turity thick  and  firm,  glabrous,  very  smooth,  dark  yellow-green  on  the  upper  surface, 
paler  on  the  lower  surface,  I'-l^'  long,  and  1'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  conspicuously 


glandular,  more  or  less  winged  toward  the  apex,  at  first  villose,  ultimately  nearly 
glabrous,  usually  bright  red  on  the  lower  side  toward  the  base  after  midsummer, 
about  \'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often  nearly  orbicular,  frequently  more  deeply 
lobed,  l£'-2'  long  and  wide,  with  stout  broad-margined  petioles,  and  foliaceous  lunate 
stipules.  Flowers  f  in  diameter,  on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  small  3-6-flowered 
compact  simple  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  villose  at  the  base,  glabrous 


486  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

above,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  broad  bases,  acuminate,  glabrous,  coarsely 
glandular-serrate;  stamens  10;  anthers  small,  bright  yellow;  styles  3-5,  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  on 
stout  glabrous  or  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in  erect  or  drooping  usually  2  or  3-fruited 
clusters,  subglobose,  rarely  rather  longer  than  broad,  about  \'  in  diameter,  dull 
orange-red,  often  slightly  villose  at  the  ends,  marked  by  numerous  small  dark  dots; 
calyx  much  enlarged,  with  a  broad  prominent  deep  tube  and  wide-spreading  coarsely 
glandular  acuminate  lobes  bright  red  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side;  flesh  thin,  light 
yellow,  sweet  and  rather  juicy;  nutlets  3-5,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded 
and  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad  low  ridge,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  stem  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with  deeply 
furrowed  dark  gray  bark  broken  irregularly  into  small  persistent  plate-like  scales, 
and  becoming  on  old  stems  often  nearly  black,  spreading  often  elongated  contorted 
branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender  zigzag  branchlets  at  first  dark 
green  tinged  with  red  and  villose,  soon  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  light  orange- 
brown  at  midsummer,  dark  reddish  brown  or  purple  before  winter,  and  ultimately 
ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  thin  nearly  straight  chestnut-brown  spines  I'-l^'long;  or 
frequently  a  much-branched  shrub,  with  several  stout  spreading  stems. 

Distribution.  Dry  woods  in  the  foothill  region  of  the  southern  Appalachian 
Mountains;  southwestern  Virginia  through  western  North  Carolina  to  eastern  Ten- 
nessee, northern  Georgia  and  Alabama,  usually  at  elevations  between  1500°  and 
3500°  above  the  sea;  common. 


XV.  MICRO  CARP-SI. 

Fruit  short-oblong  ;  leaves  orbicular  to  broadly  ovate,  pinnately  5-7-cleft. 

116.  C.  apiifolia  (C). 
Fruit  subglobose. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  triangular,  long-stalked.  117.  C.  cordata  (A,  C). 

Leaves  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  short-stalked.  118.  C.  spatnulata  (C). 

116.  Crataegus  apiifolia,  Michx.    Parsley  Haw. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  acute,  truncate,  slightly  cordate,  or  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  broad  base,  and  piunately  5-7-cleft,  with  shallow  acute  or  deep  wide 
sinuses,  and  incisely  lobed  broad  or  acute  segments  serrate  toward  the  apex,  with 
spreading  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  pilose  above,  with  long  pale  hairs,  and 
mostly  glabrous  below,  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  March  or  early  in 
April,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  bright  green  and  rather  lustrous  above, 
paler  and  glabrous  or  pilose  below  along  the  prominent  midribs  and  primary  veins, 
or  on  occasional  plants  pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  f'-l^'  broad;  their  petioles 
slender,  pubescent,  becoming  glabrous,  I'-l^'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  of  ten  divided 
nearly  to  the  midrib,  with  foliaceous  lunate  coarsely  glandular-serrate  short-stalked 
stipules  sometimes  \'  long.  Flowers  £'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  hairy  pedicels, 
in  crowded  densely  villose  compound  usually  10-12-flowered  corymbs;  calyx-tube 
narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  or  covered  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes  lanceo- 
late, acute,  glabrous,  usually  glandular-serrate,  often  tinged  with  red  toward  the 
apex;  stamens  20;  anthers  bright  rose  color;  styles  1-3.  Fruit  ripening  in  October 
and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  beginning  of  winter,  oblong,  bright  scarlet, 
^'  long;  calyx  prominent,  the  lobes  elongated,  reflexed,  often  deciduous  from  the 


ROSACEJS  487 

ripe  fruit;  flesh  thin;  nutlets  1-3,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  pro- 
minently ridged  and  grooved  on  the  back,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,   with  a  trunk  rarely  6'-8'  in  diameter,  branches 
spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  and  forming  a  wide  irregular  open  head,  and  slender 


more  or  less  zigzag  often  contorted  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  long  pale  hairs, 
light  red  or  pale  orange-brown  and  usually  puberulous  in  their  first  winter,  ulti- 
mately light  brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  stout  straight  chestnut-brown 
spines  I'-l^'  long. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  or  on  hummocks  in  Pine  barrens 
through  the  coast  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  states  from  southern  Virginia  to  cen- 
tral Florida,  and  westward  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Trinity  River, 
Texas;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Arkansas  and  western 
Louisiana. 

117.  Crataegua  cordata,  Ait.   Washington  Thorn. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  truncate,  slightly  wedge- 
shaped,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  entire  base,  and  coarsely  serrate  above,  with  acute 
spreading  often  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  more  or  less  incisely  lobed,or  often  3-lobed, 
tinged  with  red  when  they  unfold  and  sparingly  pilose  above,  with  long  pale  cadu- 
cous hairs,  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May,  and  at  maturity 
thin  but  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  or  rarely  pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface,  especially  on  the  conspicuous  orange-colored  midribs  and  primary 
veins,  l^'-2'  long,  !'-!£'  wide,  turning  late  in  the  autumn  bright  scarlet  and 
orange;  their  petioles  slender,  terete,  glabrous,  f'-lj'  long.  Flowers  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  rather  compact  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs  ;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  short,  nearly  triangular,  entire,  abruptly  contracted  at 
the  apex  into  minute  points,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface, 
ciliate  on  the  margins;  stamens  20;  anthers  rose  color;  styles  2-5,  surrounded  at 
the  base  by  conspicuous  tufts  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  in  September  and  October 
and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  late  in  the  spring  of  the  following  year, 
depressed-globose,  scarlet,  lustrous,  \'  in  diameter;  calyx  deciduous  from  the  ripe 
fruit,  leaving  a  wide  circular  scar  surrounding  the  persistent  erect  tips  of  the  carpels; 


488  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

nutlets  3-5,  narrowed  and  acute  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded 
and  obscurely  ridged  on  the  back,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  generally 
dividing  4°-5°  above  the  ground  into  slender  usually  upright  branches  forming  an 
oblong  or  occasionally  round-topped  head,  slender  zigzag  glabrous  bright  chestnut- 
brown  lustrous  branchlets,  becoming  dark  gray  or  reddish  brown,  and  armed  with 
slender  sharp  spines  1^-2'  long;  often  much  smaller  and  sometimes  a  broad  spread- 
ing bush. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  rich  soil ;  valley  of  the  upper  Potomac  River, 
Virginia,  southward  in  the  foothill  region  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern 


Georgia  and  Alabama,  and  westward  through  middle  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  to 
the  valley  of  the  lower  Wabash  River,  Illinois,  Osage,  Missouri,  and  southeastern 
Missouri  to  northwestern  Arkansas;  nowhere  common. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  western  Europe;  hardy  as  far  north 
as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

118.   Crataegus  spathulata,  Miclix. 

Leaves  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  rounded  or  acuminate  and  sometimes  3-lobed 
at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  slender  concave- 
cuneate  entire  base,  and  crenately  serrate  above,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  from  March  to  May  and  then  sparingly  villose  above,  with  long  white 
caducous  hairs,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous 
above,  paler  below,  reticulate-venulose,  with  obscure  yellow  midribs  and  primary 
veins,  l'-2'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  and  clustered  at  the  ends  of  short  lateral  branchlets; 
their  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  to  the  base,  \'-^'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  often 
deeply  3-lobed  above  the  middle,  with  rounded  coarsely  crenately  serrate  lobes, 
narrowed  below  into  long  winged  petioles,  l'-2'  long,  and  !'-!£'  wide,  with  broad 
thick  midribs  often  pilose  on  the  lower  surface,  their  stipules  foliaceous,  lunate, 
sharply  serrate,  stalked,  often  \'  broad.  Flowers,  £'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender 
pedicels,  in  glabrous  many-flowered  narrow  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly 
obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  short,  nearly  triangular,  almost  entire,  minutely  glandu- 
lar-apiculate ;  stamens  20;  anthers  bright  rose  color;  styles  2-5.  Fruit  ripening  in 


ROSACEJE  489 

October,   subglobose,   bright   scarlet,   lustrous,  about  £'   in   diameter;    calyx  only 
slightly  enlarged,  with  reflexed  lobes;  flesh  thin,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  full 


and  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  rounded  and  sometimes  slightly 
ridged  on  the  back,  TV~|'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-25°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  occasionally  S'-IO7  in  diameter,  slender 
upright  and  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  thin  zigzag  gla- 
brous light  reddish  brown  branchlets,  unarmed,  or  armed  with  straight  stout  light 
brown  spines  !'-!£'  long;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  spreading  stems. 

Distribution.  Rich  soil  usually  near  the  banks  of  streams  or  swamps,  or  low  de- 
pressions in  Pine  forests;  coast  region  of  the  south  Atlantic  states  from  southern 
Virginia  to  northern  Florida,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valleys  of  the 
Washita  River,  Arkansas,  and  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas;  very  abundant  and  of 
its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  western  Louisiana,  eastern  Texas,  and 
southern  Arkansas. 

XVI.  BRACHYACANTH-SJ. 

Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  to  ovate  or  rhomboidal;  ovate  to  nearly  triangular  on  vigorous 
shoots ;  fruit  subglobose  to  obovate,  bright  blue  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

119.  C.  brachyacantha  (C). 

Leaves  narrowly  rhomboidal  to  oval ;  lanceolate-acuminate  on  vigorous  shoots  ;  fruit  glo- 
bose, blue-black,  very  lustrous.  120.  C.  saligna  (F). 

119.  Crataegus  brachyacantha,  Sarg.  &  Engelm.  Fomette  Bleue. 
Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  to  ovate  or  rhomboidal,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  concave-cuneate  entire  base,  crenulate-serrate  above,  with 
minute  incurved  glandular  teeth,  slightly  puberulous  when  they  unfold  on  the  upper 
and  glabrous  on  the  under  surface,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the 
end  of  April  and  early  in  May,  and  at  maturity  snbcoriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  green 
and  lustrous,  l'-2'  long,  £'  to  nearly  1'  wide,  with  thin  inconspicuous  midribs  and 
veins;  their  petioles  slender,  narrowly  wing-margined  above,  ^'— f'  long>  °n  vigorous 
shoots  sometimes  broadly  ovate  or  almost  triangular,  wedge-shaped,  truncate,  or 
heart-shaped  at  the  broad  base,  more  or  less  deeply  lobed,  frequently  2£'  long  and  2' 
wide,  with  foliaceous  broadly  ovate  to  triangular  acute  stalked  stipules  sometimes  1' 


490  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

long.  Flowers  £'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  crowded  glabrous  many-flow- 
ered compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  short, 
nearly  triangular,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  gland-tipped  apex,  entire;  petals  turn- 
ing bright  orange  color  in  fading;  stamens  15-20;  styles  3-5.  Fruit  ripening  and 
falling  the  middle  of  August,  on  slender  erect  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  clusters,  sub- 
globose  or  rarely  obovate,  bright  blue  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  ^'-^'  in  diame- 
ter; calyx  slightly  enlarged,  with  spreading  lobes;  flesh  thin;  nutlets  3-5,  narrowed 
and  acute  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded  and  slightly  grooved  on 
the  back,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thick 
dark  brown  deeply  furrowed  scaly  bark,  and  divided  usually  5°-10°  from  the  ground 
into  stout  spreading  light  gray  branches  forming  a  broad  compact  round-topped 
head,  and  branchlets  light  green  and  slightly  pubescent  at  first,  soon  becoming 


glabrous  and  pale  red-brown  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  numerous 
short  stout  generally  curved  or  sometimes  straight  slender  spines  £'— f'  long  and 
often  terminal  also  on  the  lateral  branchlets  of  vigorous  shoots. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  in  rich  moist  soil;  Texarkana,  southern  Arkan- 
sas, through  western  Louisiana  to  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  River,  Texas;  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Opelousas,  Louisiana,  surrounding  with  dense  groves  low  wet  prairies,  and 
a  conspicuous  and  beautiful  feature  of  the  arborescent  vegetation. 

120.  Crataegus  saligna,  Greene. 

Leaves  narrowly  rhombic  to  oval,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  ends,  acute  or  acu- 
minate and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  entire  toward  the  base,  finely  serrate  above,  with 
incurved  teeth  tipped  with  minute  bright  red  glands,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the 
flowers  open  toward  the  middle  of  June,  light  yellow-green,  covered  above  with  short 
pale  hairs  and  pale  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green, 
glabrous  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  l^'-2'  long  and  -f-'-l'  wide,  with  stout  mid- 
ribs rose  color  on  the  upper  side,  dark  obscure  forked  veins,  and  reticulate  veinlets, 
turning  late  in  the  autumn  to  brilliant  shades  of  orange  and  bright  scarlet;  their 
petioles  slender,  about  ^'  long  and  glandular  near  the  base,  with  2  or  3  large  stipi- 
tate  dark  red  caducous  glands;  on  vigorous  leading  shoots  lanceolate,  acuminate, 


ROSACES 


491 


coarsely  serrate,  often  irregularly  and  deeply  divided  into  2  or  3  acute  lateral  lobes, 
3'-3^'  long  and  l^-'-l^'  wide,  their  stipules  often  f  long.  Flowers  about  f  in 
diameter,  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in  compact  glabrous  few  or  many-flowered 


compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  glabrous,  the  lobes  nearly  triangular,  entire,  often 
bright  red  toward  the  apex;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  yellow;  styles  5.  Fruit 
ripening  toward  the  end  of  September,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  compact  drooping  clus- 
ters, globose,  \'  in  diameter,  dull  vinous  red  and  very  lustrous  when  fully  grown, 
ultimately  blue-black;  calyx  small,  with  reflexed  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thin,  yellow, 
dry  and  sweet;  nutlets  5,  thick,  rounded  and  slightly  ridged  on  the  back,  £'— jY 
long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  short  stem,  and  long  slender  spreading 
branches  gracefully  drooping  at  the  ends,  covered  with  bright  red  or  reddish  brown 
bark,  separating  on  old  trunks  near  the  ground  into  long  slightly  attached  narrow 
plate-like  gray  scales,  and  slender  glabrous  bright  red  lustrous  branchlets  armed 
with  numerous  straight  slender  spines  f'-l£'  long;  often  forming  clumps  or  small 
thickets  with  numerous  stems  8°-15°  tall  springing  from  a  single  root. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  the  Cimmaron,  Gunnison,  White,  and  other  Colorado 
streams  on  both  slopes  of  the  continental  divide  at  elevations  of  6000°-8000°  above 
the  sea. 

XVII.  TOMENTOS-S3. 

Leaves  thin,  with  midribs  and  veins  only  slightly  impressed  on  their  upper  surface ;  anthers 
rose  color  or  red. 

Mature  leaves  pale  pubescent  below. 

Leaves   ovate   to   ovate-oblong ;    fruit  in  erect  clusters,  pear-shaped,   orange-red ; 
stamens  20.  121.  C.  tomentosa  (A,  C). 

Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  in  drooping  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose,  bright 
red  ;  stamens  10.  122.  C.  Chapmani  (A,  C). 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  (slightly  pubescent  on  the  midribs  and  veins  below  in  123). 
Stamens  20. 

Leaves  elliptical  to  suborbicular,  smooth  above  ;  fruit  in  drooping  clusters,  sub- 
globose  to  short-oblong.  123.  C.  Gaultii  (A). 


492 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Leaves  elliptical,  scabrate  above  ;  fruit  in  erect  clusters,  subglobose. 

124.  C.  vegeta  (A). 
Stamens  10  ;  leaves  ovate,  scabrate  above  ;  fruit  short-oblong. 

125.  C.  Deweyana  (A). 

Leaves  subcoriaceous  to  coriaceous,  with,  midribs  and  veins  deeply  impressed  on  their  upper 
surface  and  pubescent  below. 
Anthers  rose  color. 
Stamens  20. 

Leaves  elliptical,  acute  at  the  ends  ;  fruit  globose.          126.  C.  succulenta  (A). 
Leaves  broadly  oval  or  obovate ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong. 

127.  C.  gemmosa  (A). 
Stamens  10. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate  or  oval ;  fruit  globose,  villose  at  the  ends ;  calyx-lobes 

coarsely  glandular-serrate.  128.  C.  niinoiensis  (A). 

Leaves  broadly  obovate  to  oval   or  rhomboidal ;  fruit  subglobose ;    calyx-lobes 

entire.  129.  C.  integriloba  (A). 

Anthers  yellow ;   stamens  10 ;  leaves  broadly  obovate  to  elliptical  or  oval ;  fruit  in 

erect  clusters,  globose.  130.  C.  macracantha  (A). 

121.  Crataegus  tomeiitosa,  L. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  acute,  abruptly  acuminate  or  rarely  rounded  at  the 
apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  cuneate  entire  base,  sharply  and  usually  doubly 
serrate  above,  with  broad  spreading  often  glandular  teeth,  and  often  divided  above 
the  middle  into  several  short  lateral  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open 
from  the  1st  to  the  middle  of  June,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  gray- 
green,  coated  below  with  pale  persistent  pubescence,  puberulous  or  ultimately  gla- 
brous above,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  2'-5'  long,  l'-3'  wide,  with  broad 


midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  brilliant  orange  and  scarlet  in  the  autumn  before 
falling;  their  petioles  stout,  glandular,  wing-margined,  £'-f '  long.  Flowers  \'  in 
diameter,  on  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  compound  many-flowered  villose 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  obconic,  hoary-tomentose,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  coarsely 
or  pinnately  serrate,  usually  glandular;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  rose  color;  styles 
2-5.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  on  slender  erect  pubescent  pedicels,  in  broad  many- 
fruited  clusters,  pear-shaped  or  rarely  subglobose,  ^  in  diameter,  erect,  dull  orange- 


ROSACES  493 

red,  translucent  when  fully  ripe,  mostly  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  follow- 
ing spring;  flesh  thick,  orange-yellow,  sweet  and  succulent;  nutlets  2  or  3,  about  \' 
long  and  broad,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  prominently  ridged  on 
the  back,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  deep. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with  smooth  pale 
gray  or  dark  brown  furrowed  bark,  slender  spreading  often  nearly  horizontal  smooth 
grav  branches  forming  a  wide  flat  head,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  at  first  with 
thick  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  dark  orange  color  and  puberulous  in  their  first 
winter,  and  ashy  gray  in  their  second  season,  and  unarmed,  or  armed  with  occasional 
slender  straight  dull  ashy  gray  or  very  rarely  bright  chestuut-brown  spines  l'-l^' 
long. 

Distribution.  Near  Troy,  New  York,  to  eastern  Pennsylvania,  and  westward 
through  central  New  York  to  central  Michigan,  southern  Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri, 
and  eastern  Kansas,  and  southward  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern 
Georgia  and  central  Tennessee. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  gardens  of  western  Europe. 

122.  Crateegus  Chapmani,  Ashe. 

Leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate,  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  acute  or  con- 
cave-cuneate  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  serrate  above,  with  glandular  teeth,  and 


often  slightly  lobed  above  the  middle,  about  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  early 
in  June  and  then  covered  above  with  short  soft  pale  hairs  and  pale-tomentose  below, 
and  at  maturity  dark  dull  green  and  smooth  or  scabrate  above,  pale-tomentulose 
below,  especially  along  the  slender  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins,  2^'-3'  long, 
l£'-2£'  wide,  and  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  6'  long  and  4'  wide,  turning  yellow 
or  brown  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  at  the 
apex,  at  first  tomentose,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers  about  f  in 
diameter,  on  long  stout  hoary-tomentose  or  pubescent  pedicels,  in  broad  compound 
many-flowered  tomentose  corymbs ;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  tomentose,  the  lobes 
acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  sparingly  villose;  stamens  10;  anthers  rose  color;  styles 
2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  the  middle  of  September,  on  elongated  slightly  villose  pedi- 
cels, in  broad  lax  drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  globose  to  subglobose,  bright  red, 
about  I'  in  diameter;  calyx  only  slightly  enlarged,  with  reflcxed  coarsely  glandular- 


494  TREES   OF  NORTH    AMERICA 

serrate  lobes;  flesh  juicy,  succulent,  yellow;  nutlets  2  or  3,  about  |'  long  and  nearly 
as  broad,  thin,  full  and  rounded  at  the  obtuse  ends,  rounded  and  obscurely  ridged 
on  the  back,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  deep. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
gray  scaly  bark,  erect  branches  forming  a  broad  open  head,  and  slender  branchlets 
at  first  hoary-tome ntose,  becoming  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous,  and  armed  with 
occasional  stout  straight  or  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  spines  l^'-2'  long. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  soil  on  the  banks  of  streams  in  the  Appalachian  region 
from  Virginia  to  northern  Georgia  and  eastern  Tennessee. 

123.  Crataegus  Gaultii,  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptical  to  suborbicular,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  concave-cuneate 
or  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular 
teeth,  and  occasionally  divided  above  the  middle  into  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully 


grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May  and  then  very  thin,  yellow-green 
and  sparingly  villose  above,  pale  and  slightly  pubescent  below,  and  at  maturity  thin 
but  firm  in  texture,  glabrous,  dark  dull  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower 
surface,  2^'-3'  long,  2'-2|'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs  deeply  impressed  above, 
and  6  or  7  pairs  of  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their 
petioles  stout,  wing-margined  to  below  the  middle,  villose  on  the  upper  side  early  in 
the  season,  with  matted  white  hairs,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  |'-1'  long.  Flowers 
-f'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  hairy 
compound  corymbs,  with  3-flowered  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  2  upper  leaves, 
their  bracts  and  bractlets  linear,  acuminate,  glandular,  mostly  persistent  until  the 
flowers  open;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate, 
coarsely  glandular-serrate,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  villose  on  the  inner  surface;  sta- 
mens 18-20;  anthers  pale  pink;  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  middle  to 
the  end  of  September,  on  slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping 
clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  £'-• f'  long;  calyx  prominent,  with  spreading  ap- 
pressed  coarsely  serrate  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  soft  and  juicy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  full 
and  rounded  at  the  ends,  about  TY  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  full  and  rounded  on  the 
back,  with  a  high  rounded  ridge,  the  ventral  cavities  long,  deep,  and  narrow. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  10'  in  diameter  and  6°-7°  long,  spread- 


ROSACES 


495 


ing  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  slender  slightly  zigzag  glabrous 
light  red-brown  lustrous  branchlets,  unarmed,  or  armed  with  occasional  straight 
slender  dark  purple  shining  spines  1^'-1|'  long. 

Distribution.  Open  pastures,  Milton  Township,  Du  Page  County,  and  Glen 
Ellyn  and  Mokena,  northeastern  Illinois. 

124.  Crataegus  vegeta,  Sarg. 

Leaves  elliptical,  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  and  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire 
base,  finely  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  slightly 
divided  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute  lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when 


the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May  and  then  membranaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and 
roughened  above  by  short  rigid  pale  hairs  and  densely  pubescent  below,  and  at  maturity 
thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark  dull  green  and  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  along  the  slender  midribs  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  thin 
primary  veins  arching  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes,  3' -4'  long,  If— 2^'  wide;  their 
petioles  slender,  broadly  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  villose  on  the  upper  side  early 
in  the  season,  becoming  glabrous  and  rose  color  in  the  autumn,  ^'-f  long.  Flowers 
f'-f  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  usually  10-12-flowered  hairy 
compound  corymbs,  with  linear  to  linear-obovate  acute  glandular  bracts  and  bractlets 
becoming  reddish  and  mostly  persistent  until  after  the  flowers  open;  calyx-tube  nar- 
rowly obconic,  villose,  the  lobes  slender,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  villose;  sta- 
mens 20;  anthers  small,  light  pink  or  red;  styles  2  or  3,  usually  3.  Fruit  ripening 
late  in  September,  on  slender  elongated  rigid  slightly  villose  pedicels,  in  few-fruited 
erect  clusters,  subglobose,  scarlet,  lustrous,  marked  by  small  pale  dots,  about  •§'  in 
diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  a  short  tube  and  spreading  reflexed  serrate  lobes; 
flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  %'  long  and  nearly  as  broad,  full 
and  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  high  grooved  ridge, 
the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  deep. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  sometimes  8'  in  diameter,  stout  wide- 
spreading  branches  forming  a  symmetrical  round-topped  head,  and  very  slender  nearly 
straight  branchlets,  light  orange-green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright  red- 
brown  and  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  season  and  darker  the  following  year, 


496  TREES  OF   NORTH  AMERICA 

and  unarmed,  or  sparingly  armed  with  slender  nearly  straight  purple  shining  spines 
about  4'  long. 

Distribution.  Oak  woods  in  moist  rich  soil  near  the  banks  of  the  Calumet  River, 
Calumet,  Illinois. 

125.  Crataegus  Deweyana,  Sarg. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate  or  abruptly  long-pointed  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed 
and  concave-cuneate  at  the  entire  often  unsymmetrical  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate 
above,  with  straight  or  incurved  gland-tipped  teeth,  and  slightly  divided  above  the 
middle  into  several  pairs  of  small  acuminate  spreading  lobes,  about  one  third  grown 
when  the  flowers  open  during  the  last  week  of  May  and  then  membranaceous,  dark 
yellow-green,  and  covered  above  with  short  lustrous  white  hairs  and  light  yellow- 
green  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  thin,  yellow-green  and  scabrate  on  the 
upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long,  2'-f '  wide,  with  stout  midribs 
deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side  and  6  or  7  pairs  of  thin  primary  veins  arching 
to  the  points  of  the  lobes;  their  petioles  stout,  wing-margined  at  the  apex,  deeply 
grooved,  sparingly  villose  along  the  upper  side,  soon  glabrous,  glandular,  with  occa- 
sional minute  dark  glands,  usually  dull  orange  color  in  the  autumn,  f'-l'  long;  on 
vigorous  shoots  more  deeply  lobed  and  more  coarsely  serrate,  subcoriaceous,  often 
4'  long  and  3|'  wide,  and  gradually  narrowed  into  stout  broad-winged  coarsely  gland- 
ular petioles,  their  stipules  foliaceous,  stipitate,  lunate,  acutely  lobed,  glandular-ser- 
rate, with  minute  dark  red  glands,  sometimes  \'  long,  persistent  through  the  season. 
Flowers  about  £'  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  wide  lax  many-flowered 
slightly  villose  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  villose  at  the  base, 
glabrous  above,  the  lobes  slender,  elongated,  acuminate,  finely  glandular-serrate 
usually  only  above  the  middle,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface,  villose 
on  the  inner  surface;  stamens  7-10,  usually  10;  anthers  small,  dark  rose  color; 


styles  2  or  3,  usually  2.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  first  to  the  middle  of  October  and 
falling  a  few  weeks  later,  on  long  slender  puberulous  pedicels,  in  wide  many-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  scarlet, 
lustrous,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  dots,  ^'  in  diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with 
elongated  glandular-serrate  lobes  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  near  the  base,  usually 


ROSACE^E 


497 


erect  and  incurved,  mostly  persistent  on  the  ripe  fruit;  flesh  when  fully  ripe  thick, 
yellow,  and  sweet;  nutlets  usually  2,  occasionally  3,  about  Ty  long  and  |'  wide,  full 
and  rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  conspicuously  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a 
broad  low  doubly  grooved  ridge,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  shallow. 

A  tree,  20° -25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  sometimes  10'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
light  gray  bark,  becoming  rough  and  scaly  near  the  base,  slender  branches,  the  lower 
horizontal  and  wide-spreading,  the  upper  ascending  and  forming  a  wide  open  irreg- 
ular head,  and  stout  glabrous  branchlets  dark  orange-brown  when  they  first  appear, 
deep  red-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  gray-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  lower 
side  during  their  first  winter,  becoming  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red  the  following 
year,  and  armed  with  numerous  stout  curved  chestnut-brown  or  purple  spines  l^'-2' 
long  and  occasionally  persistent  on  old  stems. 

Distribution.    Hagaman    Swamp,    Rochester,  and    at   Rush,    New   York;    not 


126.  Crataegus  succulenta,  Link. 

Leaves  elliptical,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  near 
the  middle  and  entire  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  usually  doubly  serrate  above,  with 
spreading  glandular  teeth,  and  divided  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute 


lobes,  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  at  the  end  of  May  or  early  in  June 
and  then  membranaceous,  covered  above  with  soft  pale  hairs  and  puberulous  or 
rarely  nearly  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green,  glabrous,  and 
somewhat  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  mostly  puberulous  beneath  along  the 
stout  yellow  midribs  and  4-7  pairs  of  slender  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  points  of 
the  lobes  and  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side,  usually  2'-2|'  long  and  !'-!£' 
wide;  their  petioles  stout,  more  or  less  winged  above,  generally  about  \'  long,  fre- 
quently bright  red  after  midsummer;  on  vigorous  shoots  occasionally  ovate  and  often 
2^'  long  and  3'  wide.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  hairy  pedicels, 
in  broad  lax  compound  many-flowered  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
villose  or  glabrous,  the  lobes  broad,  acute,  laciniate,  glandular,  with  bright  red 
glands,  and  generally  villose;  stamens  usually  20,  sometimes  15;  anthers  small,  rose 
color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  ring  of  pale  hairs.  Fruit  beginning 
to  ripen  about  the  middle  of  September  and  sometimes  remaining  on  the  branches 


498  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

until  the  end  of  October,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels,  in  broad  loose  many-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  globose,  bright  scarlet,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  £'-§'  in  diam- 
eter; calyx  prominent,  with  a  broad  shallow  depression,  and  much  enlarged  coarsely 
serrate  closely  appressed  persistent  lobes;  flesh  thick,  yellow,  juicy,  sweet  and  pulpy; 
nutlets  2  or  3,  £'  long,  ^'  broad,  prominently  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  broad 
rounded  doubly  grooved  ridge,  the  ventral  cavities  wide  and  deep. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
dark  red-brown  scaly  bark,  stout  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad  irregular  head, 
and  stout  more  or  less  zigzag  glabrous  dark  orange-brown  lustrous  branchlets  be- 
coming dull  gray-brown  in  their  second  season  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed 
with  numerous  stout  slightly  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l^'-2^' 
long;  or  usually  shrubby  and  much  smaller,  and  often  flowering  when  only  a  few 
feet  high. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  near  Montreal  to  the  coast  of 
New  England,  and  through  northern  New  York  and  southern  Ontario  to  northern 
Illinois. 

127.  Crataegus  gemmosa,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  oval  or  rarely  broadly  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate 
or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  entire  base,  sharply  and  usually  doubly  serrate  from 
below  the  middle,  with  straight  glandular  teeth,  and  often  slightly  lobed  toward  the 
acute  or  acuminate  apex,  with  short  acute  lobes,  dark  red  and  villose  as  they  unfold, 
nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  May  and 
then  membranaceous,  light  yellow-green,  nearly  glabrous  above  and  pale  and  villose 
below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  very  dark  dull  green  on  the  upper 
surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  along  the  stout  yellow  midribs, 


deeply  impressed  and  occasionally  puberulous  above,  and  along  the  4  or  5  pairs  of 
slender  primary  veins  extending  obliquely  to  the  end  of  the  leaf,  l£'-2^'  long,  l'-2' 
wide;  their  petioles  stout,  villose  or  pubescent,  more  or  less  winged  above,  glandular 
while  young,  with  minute  bright  red  caducous  glands,  usually  pink  in  the  autumn, 
\'-\'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  more  coarsely  serrate,  frequently  divided  into  short 
acute  lateral  lobes,  and  often  4'  long  and  3'  wide,  with  rose-colored  midribs  and 
stout  spreading  primary  veins,  their  stipules  often  lunate,  acuminate,  coarsely  gland- 


ROSACE^E 


499 


ular-serrate,  frequently  \'  long.  Flowers  £'-f'  in  diameter,  on  slender  hairy  pedi- 
cels, in  broad  open  compound  villose  many-flowered  corymbs,  with  lanceolate  or 
oblanceolate  acuminate  glandular-serrate  conspicuous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx- 
tube  narrowly  obcouic,  more  or  less  villose,  with  matted  pale  hairs,  or  nearly  gla- 
brous, the  lobes  lanceotate,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  villose  on  the  outer  surface, 
villose  on  the  inner  surface,  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  with  bright  red  glands; 
stamens  20;  anthers  small,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a 
narrow  ring  of  pale  tomeutum.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  October  and  becoming 
very  succulent  just  before  falling,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  drooping  many-fruited 
glabrous  or  puberulous  clusters,  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  scarlet,  lustrous,  ^'  in 
diameter;  calyx  prominent,  with  an  elongated  narrow  tube  and  reflexed  villose  lobes 
bright  red  toward  the  base  on  the  upper  side;  flesh  thick,  bright  yellow,  sweet  and 
succulent;  nutlets  usually  3,  or  2,  \'  long,  broad  and  flat,  full  and  rounded  at  the 
ends,  and  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  prominent  rounded  ridge,  the  ventral  cavities 
broad  and  deep. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
dark  brown  scaly  bark,  stout  spreading  or  ascending  branches  forming  a  broad 
rather  open  symmetrical  head,  stout  zigzag  glabrous  red-brown  or  gray-brown  lus- 
trous branchlets  armed  with  straight  or  slightly  curved  thick  chestnut-brown  spines 
usually  about  2'  long,  and  winter-buds  sometimes  ^'  in  diameter. 

Distribution.  Rich  forest  glades,  or  the  margins  of  woods,  usually  in  low  rich 
soil;  Rochester,  New  York,  to  Toronto,  Ontario,  and  through  Ontario  to  the  southern 
peninsula  of  Michigan;  very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  Michigan. 

128.  Crataegus  Illinoiensis,  Ashe. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate  to  oval,  rounded  or  rarely  acute  at  the  wide  apex, 
broadly  cuueate  and  entire  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with 
straight  or  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  minute  deciduous  glands,  and  sometimes 


slightly  and  irregularly  divided  toward  the  apex  into  short  acute  lobes,  when  they 
unfold  covered  below  with  a  thick  coat  of  hoary  tomentum  and  pilose  above,  and 
when  the  flowers  open  about  the  20th  of  May  membranaceous,  yellow-green,  covered 
above  with  short  pale  hairs,  pubescent  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  tex- 


500  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

ture,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface,  particularly  along  the  stout  midribs  and  4-6  pairs  of  primary  veins  deeply 
impressed  on  the  upper  side,  2'-2^'  long,  l^'-2'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  slightly 
winged  toward  the  apex,  usually  £'-§'  long,  and  generally  bright  red  below  the 
middle  after  midsummer;  on  vigorous  shoots  usually  elliptical,  acute  or  acuminate, 
more  closely  dentate  and  more  often  lobed,  sometimes  decurrent  nearly  to  the  base 
of  the  stout  petioles,  3'-4'  long  and  2^'-3'  wide,  with  f  oliaceous  lunate  coarsely  gland- 
ular-dentate stalked  stipules  often  \'  in  length.  Flowers  about  f '  in  diameter,  on 
slender  slightly  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  compact  many-flowered  villose  compound 
corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  coated  with  long  matted  pale  hairs,  the  lobes 
broad,  acuminate,  very  coarsely  glandular-serrate,  with  large  stipitate  bright  red 
glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer  surface  except  at  the  base,  villose  on  the  inner  surf  ace; 
stamens  10;  anthers  rose  color;  styles  2,  or  usually  3.  Fruit  ripening  early  in 
October  and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  after  the  beginning  of  winter,  on  stout 
bright  red  pedicels,  in  few-fruited  drooping  villose  clusters,  globose,  scarlet,  lustrous, 
marked  by  occasional  dark  dots,  more  or  less  villose  at  the  ends,  ^'  in  diameter; 
calyx  prominent,  with  a  short  villose  tube,  and  spreading  lobes  gradually  narrowed 
from  broad  bases,  sparingly  glandular-serrate  or  nearly  entire,  villose,  mostly  decid- 
uous before  the  fruit  ripens;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  \' 
long,  broad  and  thick,  rounded  at  the  ends,  prominently  ridged  and  grooved  on  the 
back,  with  a  high  broad  ridge,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  deep. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  18°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
thin  close  bark  broken  on  the  surface  into  pale  plate-like  scales,  and  divided  into 
several  long  erect  and  spreading  slender  branches  forming  a  wide  open-topped  head, 
and  stout  somewhat  zigzag  branchlets  covered  at  first  with  scattered  pale  caducous 
hairs,  bright  orange-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  season,  becoming  dark 
brown  in  their  second  year  and  ultimately  ashy  gray,  and  armed  with  numerous 
slender  straight  or  somewhat  curved  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l£'-3' 
long. 

Distribution.  Open  woods  along  the  gravelly  banks  of  small  streams  in  Stark 
and  Peoria  counties,  Illinois;  not  common. 

129.  Crataegus  integriloba,  Sarg. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate,  oval  or  rhomboidal,  acute,  gradually  or  abruptly  nar- 
rowed and  cuneate  below  the  middle,  entire  toward  the  base,  coarsely  doubly  serrate 
above,  with  spreading  glandular  teeth,  and  irregularly  divided  into  numerous  short 
acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  coated  in  early  spring  with  soft  pale  caducous  hairs,  nearly 
fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  during  the  first  week  in  June,  and  at  maturity 
glabrous,  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale 
yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-3'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  with  slender  midribs 
often  dark  red  at  the  base  and  4-6  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  deeply  impressed 
on  the  upper  side;  their  petioles  stout,  more  or  less  broadly  winged  toward  the  apex, 
at  first  puberulous,  soon  glabrous,  often  red  on  the  lower  side,  £'-f  long.  Flowers 
•|'  in  diameter,  on  elongated  slender  villose  pedicels,  in  broad  open  many-flowered 
crowded  compound  villose  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  coated  toward  the 
base  with  long  matted  white  hairs  and  glabrous  above,  the  lobes  linear-lanceolate, 
elongated,  entire  or  very  rarely  furnished  with  occasional  caducous  glands;  stamens 
10;  anthers  large,  rose  color;  styles  2  or  3,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  narrow  ring 
of  snow-white  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  September  or  early  in  October,  on 


ROSACES 


501 


short  stout  pedicels,  in  drooping  or  erect  many-fruited  slightly  villose  clusters,  sub- 
globose,  bright  scarlet,  lustrous,  marked  by  large  pale  dots,  £'-^'  in  diameter;  calyx 
enlarged,  prominent,  with  elongated  entire  lobes,  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  at  the 


base,  much  reflexed  and  persistent;  flesh  thin,  yellow,  sweet  and  pulpy;  nutlets  2  or 
3,  about  \'  long,  thick  and  broad,  rounded  at  the  narrowed  ends,  the  ventral  cavities 
broad  and  deep. 

A  tree,  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  straight  erect  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter, 
wide-spreading  or  erect  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  nearly 
straight  or  occasionally  slightly  zigzag  glabrous  brauchlets,  lustrous  and  red-brown 
or  orange-brown  during  their  first  summer  and  ultimately  dull  ashy  gray,  and  armed 
with  stout  nearly  straight  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  l^'-2£'  long  and  often 
pointed  toward  the  base  of  the  branch. 

Distribution.  Low  limestone  ridges,  Province  of  Quebec,  south  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence River  near  the  Lachine  Rapids,  and  at  Caughnawaga,  Rockfield,  and  Adiron- 
dack Junction. 

130.  Crataegus  macracantha,  Koehne. 

Leaves  broadly  obovate  to  elliptical  or  oval,  acute  or  rounded  and  sometimes 
short-pointed  at  the  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  entire 
base,  coarsely  and  often  doubly  serrate  above,  with  straight  or  incurved  gland-tipped 
teeth,  and  usually  divided  above  the  middle  into  numerous  short  acute  or  acuminate 
lobes,  when  they  unfold  often  bright  red  and  coated  on  the  upper  surface  with  soft 
pale  hairs,  more  than  half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  May  and  then  dull 
yellow-green,  nearly  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  pale  and  puberulous  on  the 
lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  frequently 
puberulous  below  along  the  stout  midribs  and  4-6  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins 
extending  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  lobes  and  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper 
side,  usually  2'-2-^'  long,  l^'-2'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  more  or  less  winged  above, 
generally  about  \'  long,  and  frequently  bright  red  after  midsummer;  on  vigorous 
shoots  often  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  coarsely  dentate,  3'-4'  long  and  2^'-3' 
wide.  Flowers  about  ^'  in  diameter,  on  long  slender  hairy  pedicels,  in  broad  more 
or  less  villose  many-flowered  compound  corymbs;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  more 
or  less  villose  or  nearly  glabrous,  the  lobes  narrow,  elongated,  acuminate,  glandular, 


502 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


with  minute  dark  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  slightly  villose  on  the  inner  surface; 
stamens  usually  10,  but  occasionally  8-12;  anthers  pale  yellow;  styles  2-3,  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  a  broad  ring  of  hoary  tomentum.  Fruit  ripening  at  the  end  of  Sep- 
tember and  often  remaining  on  the  branches  for  several  weeks  longer,  on  erect  slen- 
der pedicels,  in  broad  open  many-fruited  usually  slightly  villose  clusters,  globose, 
often  hairy  at  the  ends  until  nearly  ripe,  crimson,  very  lustrous,  \'-^'  in  diameter; 
calyx  large  and  conspicuous,  the  lobes  coarsely  serrate,  reflexed  and  persistent;  flesh 
thin,  dark  yellow,  dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  2  or  3,  about  \'  long  and  broad,  full  and 
rounded  at  the  ends,  rounded  and  ridged  on  the  back,  with  a  wide  high  ridge,  the 
ventral  cavities  deep  and  irregular. 

A  tree,  occasionally  15°  high,  with  a  tall  stem  5'-6'  in  diameter,  covered  with 
pale  close  bark,  stout  wide-spreading  branches  forming  an  open  rather  irregular  head, 


and  stoiit  slightly  zigzag  glabrous  light  chestnut-brown  very  lustrous  branchlets, 
becoming  dull  reddish  brown  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  numerous  slender 
usually  curved  very  sharp  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  spines  2^'-4'  long. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  rich  hillsides,  often  in  limestone  soil  and  near  the 
banks  of  streams;  vallev  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  in  the  neighborhood  of  Montreal, 
through  New  England  to  eastern  Pennsylvania,  and  through  the  region  south  of  the 
Great  Lakes  to  northern  Illinois. 


XVIII.  DOUGLASIANJE. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  obovate  ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong ;  calyx-lobes  serrate,  de- 
ciduous from  the  fruit.  131.  C.  Douglasii  (A,  B,  F,  G). 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  narrowed  at  the  ends  ;  fruit  short-oblong- ;  calyx-lobes 
entire,  persistent  on  the  fruit.  132.  C.  rivularis  (F). 

131.  Crataegus  Douglasii,  Lindl. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  below  to  the  cuneate  entire 
base,  finely  serrate  above,  with  minute  glandular  teeth,  and  often  incisely  lobed 
toward  the  acute  apex,  nearly  fully  grown  and  coated  above  and  on  the  midribs  and 
veins  below  with  short  pale  hairs  when  the  flowers  open  in  May,  and  at  maturity 
subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  l'-2'  long  and 


ROSACE^E 


503 


i'-l£'  wide;  their  petioles  slender,  wing-margined  above,  sparingly  glandular,  at 
first  villose,  becoming  glabrous,  ^'— J'  long;  on  vigorous  shoots  broadly  obovate,  iu- 
cisely  lobed  at  the  broad  apex,  often  deeply  divided  into  lateral  lobes,  or  occasionally 
Globed,  3'-4'  long  and  2'-3'  wide.  Flowers  ^'-£'  in  diameter,  011  elongated  slender 


pedicels,  in  broad  many-flowered  glabrous  corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic, 
glabrous,  the  lobes  gradually  narrowed  from  the  broad  base,  acute  or  acuminate, 
usually  glandular-serrate  above  the  middle,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  villose  on  the 
inner  surface,  often  tinged  with  red  or  purple;  stamens  20;  anthers  small,  pale  yel- 
low; styles  2—5,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  ripening 
and  falling  in  August  and  September,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  compact,  many-fruited 
drooping  clusters,  short-oblong,  truncate  at  the  apex,  black  and  lustrous,  about  \' 
long;  calyx  deciduous,  leaving  a  broad  deep  cavity;  flesh  thick,  sweet,  light  yellow; 
nutlets  3-5,  \'  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  full  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  ridged  on 
the  back,  with  a  narrow  ridge,  the  ventral  cavities  small  and  shallow. 

A  tree,  30° -40°  high,  with  a  long  trunk  18'-2(y  in  diameter,  stout  branches 
spreading  and  ascending  and  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
rigid  glabrous  bright  red  lustrous  branchlets  unarmed,  or  armed  with  straight  or 
slightly  curved  blunt  or  acute  bright  red  ultimately  ashy  gray  spines  £'-!'  long;  or 
often  shrubby,  and  spreading  into  wide  thickets. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams;  valley  of  the  Parsnip  River,  British 
Columbia,  through  Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  Valley  of  the  Pitt  River,  Cali- 
fornia, and  eastward  in  the  United  States  through  the  northern  Rocky  Mountain 
region  to  the  Bighorn  Mountains,  Wyoming;  in  northern  Michigan  (Clifton  and 
Thunder  Bay),  and  on  Michipicoten  Island,  Lake  Superior. 

132.  Crataegus  rivularis,  Nutt. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  narrowly  oblong-obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  abruptly 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  concave-cuneate  at  the  long  entire 
base,  and  very  finely  crenately  serrate  above,  with  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold 
tinged  with  red,  villose  above  and  coated  below  with  matted  pale  hairs,  more  than 
half  grown  when  the  flowers  open  late  in  May  and  then  hairy  on  the  midribs  and 
veins  above  and  pale  and  glabrous  below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dull  bluish 


504  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

green  and  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface, 
about  2'  long  and  f  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  3  or  4  pairs  of  thin 
obscure  primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender,  slightly  winged  at  the  apex,  at  first 
villose,  becoming  glabrous  and  rose-colored  below  the  middle,  about  £'  long;  on 
vigorous  shoots  often  rhomboidal,  coarsely  serrate,  often  slightly  incisely  lobed, 
coriaceous,  3'  long  and  2'  wide,  with  stout  broadly  winged  petioles.  Flowers  ^'  in 
diameter,  on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  rather  compact  globose  many-flowered  com- 
pound corymbs;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  the  lobes  linear,  entire  or 
glandular,  with  minute  caducous  glands,  glabrous  on  the  outer,  sparingly  villose  on 
the  inner  surface,  often  tinged  with  red;  stamens  20;  anthers  pale  yellow.  Fruit 
ripening  in  September,  on  long  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  clusters,  short- 
oblong,  full  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  dark  crimson  and  marked  by  many  large 
white  dots  when  fully  grown,  becoming  black  and  lustrous  at  maturity,  ^'-\'  long; 
calyx  slightly  enlarged,  persistent,  with  elongated  closely  appressed  entire  lobes 


slightly  villose  and  dark  red  on  the  upper  side  below  the  middle;  flesh  thin,  yellow, 
dry  and  mealy;  nutlets  3-5,  \'  long,  narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  ends,  slightly 
ridged  on  the  back,  the  ventral  cavities  broad  and  shallow. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  slender  stem  covered  with  dark  brown  scaly 
bark,  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  rather  open  head,  and  slender  bright  red- 
brown  lustrous  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  pale  lenticels,  and  unarmed,  or 
armed  with  straight  slender  spines  usually  about  V  long. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams,  often  forming  thickets;  Wyoming  to 
southwestern  Colorado  and  western  Utah;  most  abundant  on  the  Wasatch  Mountains 
of  Utah. 

8.  CERCOCARFUS,  H.  B.  K.    Mountain  Mahogany. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  rigid  terete  branches,  short  lateral  spur-like 
branchlets  conspicuously  roughened  for  many  years  by  the  crowded  narrow  horizontal 
scars  of  fallen  leaves,  minute  buds,  the  scales  of  the  inner  rows  accrescent  on  the 
growing  shoots  and  often  colored.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire,  or  serrate,  coria- 
ceous, straight-veined,  short-petiolate,  persistent;  stipules  minute,  adnate  to  the  base 
of  the  petiole,  deciduous.  Flowers  axillary  on  the  short  lateral  branchlets,  sessile 
or  short-pedicellate,  solitary  or  fascicled;  calyx-tube  long  and  cylindrical,  abruptly 


ROSACES 


505 


expanded  at  the  apex  into  a  cup-shaped,  5-lobed  deciduous  limb,  the  lobes  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud;  disk  thin,  slightly  glandular,  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx; 
petals  0;  stamens  15-30,  in  2  or  3  rows;  filaments  incurved  in  the  bud,  free,  short, 
terete;  anthers  oblong,  pubescent  or  tomentose,  distinct  and  united  by  a  broad  con- 
nective; ovary  composed  of  a  single  carpel  inserted  in  the  bottom  and  included  in 
the  tube  of  the  calyx,  acute,  terete,  smooth,  striate  or  sulcate,  sericeous,  rarely  bicar- 
pellate;  style  terminal,  filiform,  villose  or  glabrate,  crowned  with  a  minute  obtuse 
stigma;  ovule  solitary,  subbasilar,  ascending;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit 
a  linear-oblong  coriaceous  slightly  ridged  angled  or  sulcate  akene,  included  in  the 
persistent  tube  of  the  calyx  and  tipped  with  the  elongated  persistent  style  clothed 
with  long  white  hairs.  Seed  solitary,  linear,  acute,  erect;  hilum  conspicuous,  lateral 
above  the  oblique  base;  testa  membranaceous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed; 
cotyledons  ovate-oblong,  elongated,  fleshy;  radicle  inferior. 

Cercocarpus  is  confined  to  the  dry  interior  and  mountainous  regions  of  North 
America.  Five  species  are  distinguished;  of  these  four  occur  within  the  territory  of 
the  United  States,  and  the  fifth  inhabits  the  mountains  of  southern  Mexico.  The 
heavy  hard  brittle  wood  of  all  the  species  makes  valuable  fuel  and  is  occasionally 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  small  articles  for  domestic  and  industrial  use. 

The  generic  name,  from  Kf'ptoy  and  /capWy,  refers  to  the  peculiar  long-tailed  fruit. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  SPECIES  OF   THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  in  2-5-flowered  clusters  ;  leaves  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle. 

Leaves  oval  to  semiorbicular,  cinereo-tomentose  below,  sinuate-dentate  ;  flowers  usually 

in  4-5-flowered  clusters.  1.  C.  Traskiae  (G). 

Leaves  cuneate-obovate,  pubescent  below,  glandular-serrate;    flowers  usually  in  2-3- 

flowered  clusters.  2.  C.  parvifolius  (F,  G). 

Flowers  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs ;  leaves  entire  or  occasionally  slightly  dentate  toward  the 

apex. 

Leaves  entire,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  the  ends,  pale  or  rufous-pubescent  below. 

3.  C.  ledifolius  (B,  F,  G). 

Leaves  occasionally  dentate  toward  the  apex,  oblong-obovate  to  nearly  elliptical,  villose 
below.  4.  C.  breviflorus  (E,  H). 

1.  Cercocarpua  Traskiae,  Eastw. 

Leaves  oval  to  semiorbicular,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate,  rounded  or 
occasionally  somewhat  cordate  at  the  narrow  base,  revolute  on  the  margins,  entire 
below,  coarsely  sinuate-dentate  above  the  middle,  with  slender  teeth  tipped  with 
minute  dark  glands,  when  they  unfold  covered  above  with  soft  pale  hairs  and  below 
with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  cinereo-tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2'  long,  l'-l£'  wide, 
with  prominent  primary  veins  running  obliquely  to  the  points  of  the  teeth,  and,  like  the 
stout  midribs,  conspicuously  impressed  on  the  upper  side;  their  petioles  stout,  hoary- 
tomentose,  about  \'  long;  stipules  acuminate,  scarious,  covered  on  the  margins  with 
long  white  hairs,  \'  long.  Flowers  appearing  early  in  March,  nearly  sessile,  in  axil- 
lary usually  4-5-flowered  clusters,  hoary-tomentose,  £'-• f'  long;  calyx  broad,  glabrous 
on  the  inner  surface;  anthers  tomentose.  Fruit:  mature  calyx  spindle-shaped,  light 
reddish  brown,  villose-pubescent,  deeply  cleft  at  the  apex,  £'  long;  akene  slightly 
ridged  on  the  back,  \'  long,  covered  with  long  lustrous  white  hairs;  style  l^'-2'  in 
length. 


506 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


A  tree,  occasionally  25°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  inclining,  usually  much  contorted, 
2'-10'  in  diameter  and  6°-8°  long,  stout  wide-spreading  branches,  and  stout  branch- 
lets,  hoary-tomentose  at  first,  marked  by  numerous  small  scattered  lenticels,  bright 


reddish  brown  during  two  or  three  years,  ultimately  dark  gray-brown  and  conspicu- 
ously roughened  by  the  enlarged  ring-like  leaf-scars.  Bark  light  gray,  sometimes 
slightly  broken  by  shallow  fissures  and  marked  by  irregular  cream-colored  blotches. 
Distribution.  Steep  sides  of  a  deep  narrow  arroyo  on  the  south  coast  of  Santa 
Catalina  Island,  California. 

2.  Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  Nutt. 

Leaves  cuneate-obovate,  rounded,  obtuse  or  rarely  acuminate,  gradually  con- 
tracted at  the  base,  coarsely  glandular-serrate  above  the  middle,  or  rarely  almost 


entire,  or  slightly  3-toothed  or  apiculate  at  the  apex,  when  they  unfold  coated  with 
pale  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  yellow-green,  puberulous  or 
glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler,  slightly  pubescent,  and  often  nearly  white  or 


ROSACES  507 

sometimes  rusty  brown  on  the  lower  surface,  £'-2^'  long,  and  ^'  wide,  with  slightly 
thickened  revolute  margins,  broad  midribs,  4-6  pairs  of  conspicuous  primary  veins 
and  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  broad,  channeled,  \'  to  nearly  £'  long;  stipules 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  apiculate,  ^'-\'  long.  Flowers  on  slender  hairy  pedicels, 
usually  in  2  or  3-flowered  clusters  \'  long;  calyx-tube  slender,  hoary-tomentose  on 
the  outer  surface,  with  a  narrow  obtusely  lobed  limb.  Fruit  :  mature  calyx-tube 
spindle-shaped,  light  chestnut-brown,  slightly  puberulous,  deeply  cleft  at  the  apex, 
^'-f  long;  akene  more  or  less  conspicuously  sulcate  on  the  back,  covered  with  long 
white  hairs;  style  often  4'-5'  in  length. 

A  bushy  tree,  with  aromatic  leaves  and  branches  sometimes  20°-30°  high,  with  a 
trunk  rarely  more  than  10'  in  diameter,  slender  rigid  upright  branches,  and  branch- 
lets  clothed  at  first  with  pale  silky  pubescence,  soon  glabrous,  rather  bright  brown 
and  marked  by  occasional  oblong  light-colored  lenticels  during  their  first  year,  be- 
coming dark  gray  or  brown  and  covered  with  conspicuous  ring-like  leaf-scars.  Bark 
about  Ty  thick,  generally  smooth,  divided  by  narrow  shallow  fissures  and  broken 
into  small  square  persistent  red-brown  scales.  "Wood  light  red-brown,  with  thin 
light  brown  sapwood  of  about  20  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Mountain  ranges  of  the  arid  portions  of  western  North  America 
from  western  Nebraska  to  the  northern  slopes  of  the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  Oregon, 
and  to  western  Texas  and  northern  New  Mexico;  common  on  the  California  coast 
ranges  southward  to  the  San  Jacinto  Mountains;  on  Santa  Cruz  Island,  California, 
and  on  the  mountains  of  Lower  California.  On  the  California  coast  ranges  frequently 
with  rather  larger  fruit  and  larger  and  proportionally  broader  often  glabrous  leaves 
(var.  betuloides,  Sarg.). 

3.  Cercocarpus  ledifoliua,  Nutt. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  the  ends,  apiculate,  entire,  with  thick  re- 
volute  margins,  coriaceous,  reticulate-veined,  usually  puberulous  while  young,  at 


maturity  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  more  or  less 
coated  with  pale  or  rufous  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  resinous,  £'-!'  long,  and 
J'-§'  wide,  with  broad  thick  midribs  deeply  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  and  obscure 


508  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

primary  veins,  persistent  until  the  end  of  their  second  summer;  their  petioles  broad, 
about  \'  long;  stipules  nearly  triangular.  Flowers  solitary,  sessile  in  the  axils  of 
the  clustered  leaves,  f  long;  calyx  hoary-tomentose.  Fruit:  mature  calyx-tube 
almost  £'  long,  nearly  cylindrical,  rather  larger  above  than  below,  10-ribbed,  ob- 
scurely 10-angled,  slightly  cleft  at  the  apex,  hoary-tomentose;  akene  pointed  at  the 
ends,  obscurely  angled,  chestnut-brown,  \'  long,  covered  with  long  pale  or  tawny 
hairs;  style  2'-3'  long,  generally  contracted  by  1  or  2  partial  corkscrew  twists. 

A  resinous  slightly  aromatic  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  some- 
times 2^°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  usually  contorted  branches  forming  a  round 
compact  head,  and  red-brown  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubescence,  soon 
becoming  glabrous,  frequently  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  silver  gray  or  dark 
brown  in  their  second  year,  and  for  many  years  marked  by  the  conspicuous  elevated 
leaf-scars.  Bark  red-brown,  divided  by  deep  broad  furrows,  and  broken  on  the  sur- 
face into  thin  persistent  plate-like  scales,  becoming  on  old  trunks  V  thick.  Wood 
bright  clear  red  or  rich  dark  brown,  with  thin  yellow  sapwood  of  15-20  layers  of 
annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  arid  slopes  at  elevations  of  5000°-9000°  above  the 
sea;  sometimes  on  almost  precipitous  cliffs  and  on  rocky  ridges  as  a  densely  branched 
contorted  shrub,  with  linear  revolute  leaves,  and  smaller  flowers  and  fruits  (var. 
intricatus,  M.  E.  Jones);  mountain  ranges  of  the  interior  region  of  the  United  States 
from  western  Wyoming  to  the  western  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana, 
the  Cceur  d'Alene  Mountains  of  Idaho,  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Washington  and 
Klarnath  County,  Oregon,  and  southward  through  the  Wasatch  Mountains  and  the 
ranges  of  the  Great  Basin  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the  northern 
slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California,  and  to  the  mountains  of  northern 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  high  foothill 
slopes  of  the  mountain  ranges  of  central  Nevada  at  elevations  of  6000°-8000°. 

4.  Cercocarpus  breviflorus,  Gray. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  narrowly  elliptic,  acute  or  rounded  and  often  apiculate 
at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  and  acute  at  the  base,  their 
margins  revolute,  often  undulate,  and  entire  or  dentate  toward  the  apex,  with  few 
small  straight  or  incurved  apiculate  teeth,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  hoary 
tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thick,  gray-green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower 
surface,  covered  with  soft  pale  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  under  side  of  the  midribs 
and  primary  veins,  £'-!'  long  and  usually  about  \'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  tomen- 
tose,  ultimately  sometimes  light  red, -and  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  \'-^'  long; 
stipules  linear-lanceolate,  tomentose,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Flowers 
appearing  from  March  to  May  and  often  again  in  August,  nearly  sessile,  solitary  or 
in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  the  crowded  leaves;  calyx-tube  slender,  TV~i'  l°ng>  coated  on 
the  outer  surface,  like  the  short  rounded  lobes,  with  dense  white  tomentum.  Fruit: 
mature  calyx-tube  stalked,  spindle-shaped,  light  red-brown,  pubescent  above,  to- 
mentose toward  the  base,  deeply  cleft  at  the  apex,  about  \'  long;  akene  nearly 
terete,  covered  with  long  white  hairs;  style  I'-l^'  long. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  long  straight  trunk  sometimes  6'-8'  in  diameter, 
erect  rigid  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  or  irregular  head,  and  slender  bright 
red-brown  lustrous  branchlets  marked  irregularly  by  large  scattered  pale  lenticels, 
covered  at  first  with  a  thick  coat  of  hoary  tomentum,  villose  or  pubescent  for  two 
or  three  years  and  ultimately  ashy  gray  or  gray  tinged  with  red,  the  spur-like  lateral 


ROSACES  509 

branchlets  much  roughened  by  the  ring-like  scars  of  fallen  leaves.  Bark  about  ^' 
thick,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  light  red- 
brown  scales. 


Distribution.  In  forests  of  Pines  and  Oaks  on  the  dry  ridges  of  the  mountains 
of  southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  and  of  western  Texas,  usually  at  elevations  of 
about  5000°  above  the  sea,  and  southward  over  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico. 

9.  PRUNUS,  B.  &  H.  Plum  and  Cherry. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  astringent  properties,  slender  branchlets,  marked  by 
the  usually  small  elevated  horizontal  leaf-scars,  with  2  or  3  fibro-vascular  bundle- 
scars,  and  small  scaly  buds,  their  scales  imbricated  in  many  rows,  those  of  the  inner 
rows  accrescent  and  often  colored.  Leaves  conduplicate  or  convolute  in  the  bud,  alter- 
nate, simple,  usually  serrate,  petiolate,  deciduous  or  persistent;  stipules  free  from 
the  petiole,  usually  lanceolate  and  glandular,  often  minute,  early  deciduous.  Flowers 
in  axillary  umbels  or  corymbs,  or  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes,  appearing  from 
separate  buds  before,  with,  or  later  than  the  leaves,  or  on  leafy  branches;  calyx 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  disk  thin,  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube,  gland- 
ular, often  colored;  petals  5,  white,  deciduous;  stamens  usually  15-20,  inserted 
with  the  petals  in  3  rows,  those  of  the  outer  row  10,  opposite  the  petals,  those  of  the 
next  row  alternate  with  them  and  witli  those  of  the  inner  row,  sometimes  30  in  3 
rows;  filaments  filiform,  free,  incurved  in  the  bud;  anthers  oval,  attached  on  the 
back;  ovary  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube,  1-celled;  style  terminal,  dilated 
at  the  apex  into  a  truncate  stigma;  ovules  2,  suspended;  raphe  ventral,  the  micropyle 
superior.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe;  flesh  thick  and  pulpy  or  dry  and  coriaceous; 
stone  bony,  smooth,  rugose,  or  pitted,  compressed,  indehiscent.  Seed  filling  the  cavity 
of  the  nut,  suspended;  seed-coat  thin,  meinbranaceous,  pale  brown;  cotyledons  thick 
and  fleshy;  radicle  superior. 

Prunus  with  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  species  is  generally  distributed  over 
the  temperate  region  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  is  abundant  in  North  Amer- 
ica, eastern  Asia,  western  and  central  Asia  and  central  Europe,  ranging  southward 
in  the  New  World  into  tropical  America,  and  to  southern  Asia  in  the  Old  World. 
Of  the  twenty-five  or  thirty  species  which  occur  in  the  United  States,  eighteen  are 


510  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

arborescent  in  habit.  Several  of  the  species  bear  fruits  which  are  important  articles 
of  human  food ;  many  contain  in  the  seeds  and  leaves  hydrocyanic  acid,  to  which  is 
due  their  peculiar  odor,  and  the  fruit  of  some  of  the  species  is  used  to  flavor  cor- 
dials. The  wood  of  Prunus  is  close-grained,  solid,  and  durable,  and  a  few  of  the 
species  are  important  timber-trees. 

Prunus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Plum-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

1.  Flowers  in  sessile  axillary  umbels;   fruit  often  slightly  2-lobed  by  a  ventral  groove. 
PLUMS. 

Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud. 

Fruit  red  or  orange-colored,  usually  destitute  of  bloom,  £'-!'  in  diameter. 
Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  broad,  thick,  and  dull. 

Calyx-lobes   glandular,  glabrous  on   the   inner   surface ;   stone  compressed ; 
petioles  biglandular.  1.  P.  iiigra  (A). 

Calyx-lobes  entire,  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface  ;  stone  turgid ;  petioles  usu- 
ally without  glands.  2.  P.  Americana  (A,  C,  F). 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  narrow,  thin,  and  lustrous  ;  petioles  glandu- 
lar ;  stone  turgid. 

Calyx-lobes  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate.        3.  P.  hortulana  (A,  C). 
Calyx-lobes  glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate. 

4.  P.  angustifolia  (C). 

Fruit  blue,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  \'-\    in  diameter ;  leaves  lanceolate  to 
oblong-ovate;  petioles  usually  without  glands.  5.  P.  Alleghanieusis  (A). 

Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud. 

Fruit  often  1'  or  more  in  diameter,  red  or  yellow,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom;  leaves 
broadly  ovate  to  orbicular  ;  petioles  mostly  without  glands. 

6.  P.  subcordata  (G). 
Fruit  •£'  in  diameter  or  less. 

Fruit  dark  blue  or  black,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 

to  oblong  ;  petioles  mostly  without  glands.  7.  P.  umbellata  (C). 

Fruit  yellow,  red,  blue,  or  black,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  ;  leaves  oblong 

to  obovate  ;    petioles  conspicuously  biglandular.  8.  P.  tar  da  (C). 

2.  Flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or  corymbs;  fruit  globose,  $  in  diameter  or  less,  bright 
red  and  lustrous  ;  leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud.     BIRD  CHERRIES. 

Leaves  usually  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  rarely  acute. 

9.  P.  Pennsylvanica  (A,  B,  F). 
Leaves  usually  oblong-obovate  and  obtuse.  10.  P.  emarginata  (B,  F,  G). 

3.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  on  leafy  branches  of  the  year ;  fruit  globose  ;  leaves  con- 
duplicate  in  the  bud.   WILD  CHERRIES. 

Calyx-lobes  deciduous  from  the  fruit ;  leaves  broadly  oval  or  oblong-obovate,  usually 
abruptly  acuminate.  11.  P.  demissa  (B,  F,  G). 

Calyx-lobes  persistent  on  the  fruit. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  usually  narrowly  cuneate. 

12.  P.  serotina  (A,  C,  E,  H). 

Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic.  13.  P.  Alabamensis  (C). 

Leaves  obovate,  oval  or  elliptic,  clothed  below  with  pale  or  rufous  matted  hairs. 

14.  P.  australis  (C). 

4.  Flowers  racemose  in  the  axils  of  persistent  leaves  of  the  previous  year  ;  fruit  globose  or 
slightly  2-lobed  ;  leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud.    CHERRY  LAURELS. 

Calyx-lobes  rounded,  with  undulate  margins  ;  stone  broadly  ovate,  cylindrical ;  leaves 
entire  or  rarely  remotely  spinulose-serrate.  15.  P.  Caroliniana  (C). 


ROSACES  511 

Calyx-lobes  acute,  with  laciniate  margins  ;  stone  depressed-globose ;  leaves  entire. 

16.  P.  sphaerocarpa  (D). 
Calyx-lobes  acute,  entire  ;  stone  ovate,  slightly  compressed. 

Leaves  coarsely  spinulose-toothed.  17.  P.  ilicifolia  (G). 

Leaves  entire  or  occasionally  remotely  and  minutely  dentate. 

18.  P.  integrifolia  (G). 

1.  Flowers  in  axillary  umbels;  fruit  usually  more  than  \'  in  diameter.    PLUMS. 

1.  Primus  nigra,  Ait.    Red  Plum.   Canada  Plum. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  obovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into  long  narrow 
points,  wedge-shaped,  truncate  or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  and  doubly 
crenulate-serrate,  with  small  dark  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  faintly  tinged 
with  red  and  pubescent  on  the  under  surface  or  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  con- 
spicuous tufts  of  slender  white  or  rufous  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins,  and 


at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dull  dark  green  on  the  upper,  pale  on  the  lower  surface, 
3'-5'  long  and  l^'-3'  wide,  with  conspicuous  pale  midribs  and  slender  veins;  their  peti- 
oles stout,  £'-!'  long,  and  biglandular  at  the  apex,  with  2  large  dark  glands;  stipules 
lanceolate  or  on  vigorous  shoots  often  3-5-lobed,  glandular-serrate,  £'  long,  early 
deciduous.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring  with  or  before  the  leaves,  \'  in  diam- 
eter, on  slender  glabrous  dark  red  pedicels,  £'-§'  long,  in  3  or  4-flowered  umbels; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  dark  red  on  the  outer,  bright  red  on  the  inner  surface, 
the  lobes  narrow,  acute,  glandular,  glabrous  or  occasionally  pubescent  on  the  outer 
surface,  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open;  petals  broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
more  or  less  erose  on  the  margins,  contracted  at  the  base  into  short  claws,  white, 
turning  pink  in  fading.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  August,  oblong-* 
oval,  I'-l^'  long,  with  a  tough  thick  orange-red  skin  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  yellow 
rather  austere  flesh,  and  an  oval  compressed  stone,  1'  long,  §'  wide,  thick-walled, 
acutely  ridged  on  the  ventral  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  5'-6'  in  diameter,  divided  usually 
5°-6°  from  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow 
rigid  head,  stout  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  pale  excrescences, 


512  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

bright  green,  glabrous  or  puberulous  at  first,  and  dark  brown  tinged  with  red  in  their 
second  season,  and  stout  spiny  lateral  spur-like  secondary  branchlets.  Winter-buds 
acuminate,  \'-\'  long,  with  chestnut-brown  triangular  scales  pale  and  scarious  on  the 
margins.  Bark  about  ^'  thick,  light  gray-brown,  with  a  smooth  outer  layer  exfoli- 
ating in  large  thick  plates  of  several  papery  layers,  and  in  falling  exposing  the 
darker  slightly  fissured  scaly  inner  bark.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained, 
rich  bright  red-brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Neighborhood  of  streams  in  rich  alluvial  soil,  or  on  low  limestone 
hills  in  open  glades,  or  wood  borders;  Newfoundland,  through  the  valley  of  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  to  the  valleys  of  the  Rainy  and  Assiniboine  rivers,  the  southern 
shores  of  Lake  Manitoba,  and  southeastern  Minnesota. 

Often  cultivated  in  Canadian  gardens  and  occasionally  in  those  of  the  northern 
states  as  a  fruit-tree  or  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers,  and  now  sparingly  naturalized 
along  the  northern  borders  of  the  United  States.  Varieties  are  propagated  by  poino- 
logists. 

2.   Prunus  Americana,  Marsh.   Wild  Plum. 

Leaves  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  acuminate,  narrowed  and  occasionally  rounded  at 
the  base,  and  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate,  when  they  unfold  nearly  glabrous  or 
furnished  below  with  conspicuous  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick 


and  firm,  more  or  less  rugose,  dark  green  on  the  upper,  pale  and  glabrous  on  the 
lower  surface,  3'-4'  long,  and  1^'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  primary  veins;  their 
petioles  slender,  ^'-f  long,  usually  without  glands;  stipules  linear,  often  3-lobed, 
sharply  serrate,  £'-f'  long,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring 
when  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  grown,  V  in  diameter,  bad-smelling,  on  slender  gla- 
brous green  pedicels  J'-f  long,  in  2-5-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic, 
light  red,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  green  on  the  inside,  the  lobes  acuminate,  entire, 
reflexed  after  the  flowers  open,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  outer,  pilose  on  the  inner 
surface;  petals  rounded  and  irregularly  laciniate  at  the  apex,  contracted  below  into 
long  narrow  claws,  bright  red  at  the  base,  ^'  long  and  \'  wide.  Fruit  ripening  in 
June  at  the  south  and  from  the  end  of  August  to  early  October  at  the  north,  subglo- 
bose  or  rarely  slightly  elongated,  usually  rather  less  than  1'  in  diameter,  in  ripening 


ROSACES  513 

turning  from  green  to  orange,  often  with  a  red  cheek,  bright  red  when  fully  ripe, 
destitute  of  bloom  and  more  or  less  conspicuously  marked  by  pale  spots,  with  tough 
thick  acerb  skin,  bright  yellow  succulent  rather  juicy  acid  flesh,  and  an  oval  slightly 
rugose  stone  pointed  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  contracted  at  the  base,  f  — f  long 
and  often  as  thick  as  broad,  slightly  and  acutely  ridged  on  the  ventral  and  obscurely 
grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  20°-35°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  divided 
usually  4°-5°  from  the  ground  into  many  spreading  branches  often  pendulous  at 
the  ends  and  forming  a  broad  graceful  head,  branchlets  at  first  light  green,  glabrous, 
puberulous  or  coated  with  dense  pale  tomentum,  light  orange-brown  during  their 
first  winter,  becoming  darker  and  often  tinged  with  red  and  marked  by  minute  cir- 
cular raised  lenticels,  and  long  slender  remote  sometimes  spinescent  lateral  branch- 
lets.  Wiiiter-bud3  acute,  ^'-\'  long,  with  chestnut-brown  scales  more  or  less  erose 
on  the  margins,  the  inner  scales  when  fully  grown  foliaceous,  £'  long,  oblong,  acute, 
remotely  serrate,  with  two  narrow  acuminate  lateral  lobes.  Bark  about  £'  thick, 
dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  outer  layer  separating  into  large  thin  persistent 
plates.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  strong,  dark  rich  brown  tinged  with  red, 
with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  fruit  is  sometimes  used  in  the  preparation 
of  jellies  and  preserves,  and  is  eaten  raw  or  cooked. 

Distribution.  In  the  middle  and  northern  states  in  rich  soil,  growing  along  the 
borders  of  streams  and  swamps,  and  frequently  forming  thickets  of  considerable 
extent;  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  often  in  river  swamps;  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River  on  bottom-lands  and  dry  limestone  uplands;  middle  and  northern  New  Jersey, 
and  central  New  York  to  Nebraska;  the  valley  of  the  upper  Missouri  River  in  Mon- 
tana, the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado,  and  southward  to  the 
Chattahoochee  region  of  western  Florida,  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  southern 
Xew  Mexico,  and  the  mountains  of  Northern  New  Mexico;  most  abundant  and  of 
its  largest  size  in  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

West  of  the  Mississippi  River  from  Missouri  to  Texas  the  common  form  (var. 
lanata,  Sudw.)  is  pubescent  through  the  season  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves, 
the  calyx-lobes,  pedicels,  and  branchlets,  and  should  perhaps  be  considered  a  distinct 
species. 

Often  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  or  fruit  tree.  Numerous 
varieties  are  propagated  by  pomologists. 

3.  Prunus  hortulana,  Bailey.    Wild  Plum. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  contracted  at  the  apex  into  long  slender  points,  wedge- 
shaped  or  more  or  less  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  and  finely  serrate,  with  incurved 
lanceolate  glandular  teeth,  when  they  unfold  pilose,  with  slender  white  hairs,  and  at 
maturity  glabrous  above,  pilose  below  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins  and  along 
the  midribs,  thin  but  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler  on  the  lower 
surface,  4'-G'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with  broad  conspicuous  orange-colored  midribs, 
primary  veins  connected  near  the  margins  of  the  leaf,  and  prominent  reticulate 
veinlets;  their  petioles  slender,  orange-colored,  !'-!£'  long  and  furnished  above  the 
middle  with  numerous  scattered  dark  glands;  stipules  lanceolate-acuminate,  gland- 
ular-serrate, early  deciduous.  Flowers  appearing-  in  April  or  early  in  May  when 
the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown,  §'-!'  in  diameter,  on  slender  puberulous  pedi- 
cels ^'  long,  in  2-4-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  puberulous  on  the 
outer  surface,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  glandular-serrate, 


514  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

pubescent  on  the  outer,  pubescent  or  tomeutose  on  the  inner  surface,  reflexed  after 
the  unfolding  of  the  narrowly  obovate  petals  rounded  and  occasionally  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  contracted  below  into  long  narrow  claws,  entire,  erose,  or  occasionally 


serrate,  and  pure  white  or  often  marked  with  orange  toward  the  base.  Fruit  ripen- 
ing in  September  and  October,  on  stout  stems,  globose  to  short-oblong,  -|'-1'  in  diam- 
eter, with  thick  acid  deep  red  or  sometimes  yellow  skin,  hard  austere  thin  flesh, 
and  a  turgid  stone  |'-f '  long,  compressed  at  the  ends,  abruptly  short-pointed  at  the 
apex,  conspicuously  ridge-margined  on  the  ventral  and  broadly  and  deeply  grooved 
on  the  dorsal  suture,  thick-walled,  rugose,  and  deeply  pitted. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  slender  often  inclining  trunk,  frequently  5'-6'  or 
occasionally  10'-12'  in  diameter,  dividing  usually  several  feet  above  the  ground  into 


stout  spreading  branches,  and  stout  rigid  branchlets  marked  by  minute  pale  lenti- 
cels,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  during  their  first  summer,  rather  dark  brown, 
and  usually  unarmed  or  on  vigorous  trees  armed  with  stout  spinescent  lateral 
branchlets;  or  often  a  shrub,  with  many  stems  forming  thicket-like  clumps.  Winter- 


ROSACEJE 


515 


buds  minute,  obtuse,  with  chestnut-brown  scales  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  glandular- serrate,  some- 
times £'  long.  Bark  thin,  dark  brown,  separating  into  large  thin  persistent  plates, 
and  displaying  the  light  brown  inner  layers. 

Distribution.  Low  banks  of  streams  in  rich  moist  soil;  Maryland  and  Virginia 
to  southeastern  Kansas  and  Texas;  sometimes  considered  a  natural  hybrid  between 
Prunus  Americana  and  Prunus  angustifolia. 

Primus  hortulana,  var.  Mineri,  Bailey  (f.  425),  with  thicker  rather  duller  some- 
what obovate  and  more  coarsely  serrate  leaves,  is  an  Illinois  and  Missouri  form  or 
perhaps  a  distinct  species  related  to  Prunus  Americana. 

Often  cultivated  by  poinologists  in  many  forms  of  garden  origin. 

4.  Primus  angustifolia,  Marsh.    Ckickasaw  Plum. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  the  ends,  apiculate  at  the  apex, 
and  sharply  serrate,  with  minute  glandular  teeth,  glabrous  or  at  first  sometimes 
furnished  with  axillary  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the 


upper,  paler  and  rather  dull  on  the  lower  surface,  l'-2'  long  and  £'-§'  wide;  their 
petioles  slender,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  biglandular  near  the  apex,  with  2  conspic- 
uous red  glands,  bright  red,  ^'-£'  long;  stipules  linear  or  lobed,  glandular-serrate, 
^'  long.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves  from  the  beginning  of  March  at  the 
south  to  the  middle  of  April  at  the  north,  J'  across,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  \'-^' 
long,  in  2-4-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  glabrous,  the  lobes  oblong, 
obtuse,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  with  slender  hairs,  pale-pubescent  on  the  inner  sur- 
face, reflexed  at  maturity;  petals  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  contracted  at  the 
base  into  short  broad  claws,  white  or  creamy  white.  Fruit  ripening  between  the 
end  of  May  and  the  end  of  July,  globose  or  subglobose,  about  ^'  in  diameter,  bright 
red,  rather  lustrous,  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  with  a  thin  skin,  juicy  subacid  flesh, 
and  a  turgid  rugose  stone  compressed  at  the  ends,  nearly  \'  long,  more  or  less  thick- 
margined  on  the  ventral  and  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  15°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  8'  in  diameter,  slender  spread- 
ing branches,  and  bright  red  and  lustrous  branchlets  glabrous  or  covered  at  first 
with  short  caducous  hairs,  becoming  in  their  second  year  dull,  darker  and  often  brown, 
marked  with  occasional  horizontal  orange-colored  lenticels,  and  frequently  armed 


516  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

with  long  thin  spinescent  lateral  branchlets;  of  ten  spreading  into  thickets.  "Winter- 
buds  acuminate,  ^V  long,  with  chestnut-brown  scales.  Bark  about  |'  thick,  dark 
reddish  brown,  and  slightly  furrowed,  the  surface  broken  into  long  thick  appressed 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  although  rather  soft,  not  strong,  light  brown  or  red,  with 
lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  fruit  is  often  sold  in  the  markets  of  the  middle  and 
southern  states. 

Distribution.  Widely  naturalized  especially  in  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
states  from  southern  Delaware  and  Kentucky  to  central  Florida  and  eastern  Texas, 
occupying  the  margins  of  fields  and  other  waste  places  near  human  habitations  usu- 
ally in  rich  soil;  its  origin  still  uncertain. 

A  number  of  varieties  derived  from  this  species  are  cultivated  as  fruit-trees  in  the 
southern  states. 

5.  Prunus  Alleghaniensis,  Port.    Sloe. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  often  long-pointed,  finely  and  sharply  serrate, 
with  glandular  teeth,  and  furnished  at  the  base  with  2  large  rather  conspicuous 
glands,  when  they  unfold  covered  with  soft  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  puberulous 
on  the  upper  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins, 
or  covered,  especially  along  the  broad  midribs  and  conspicuous  veins,  with  rufous 
pubescence  on  the  lower  surface,  rather  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green 
above  and  paler  below,  2'-3^'  long  and  f '-!$-'  wide ;  their  petioles  slender,  grooved, 
pubescent  or  puberulous,  £'-^'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in  May  with  the  unfold- 
ing of  the  leaves,  ^'  in  diameter,  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels  ^'-f '  long,  in  2-4- 
flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  pubescent  or  puberulous  on  the 


outer  surface,  the  lobes  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  scarious  on  the  margins, 
and  coated  with  pale  tomentum  on  the  inner  surface;  petals  rounded  at  the  apex, 
contracted  at  the  base  into  short  claws,  turning  pink  in  fading.  Fruit  ripening  the 
middle  of  August,  on  stout  pnberulous  pedicels,  subglobose  or  slightly  oval  to  obo- 
vate,  ^'-f  in  diameter,  with  thick  rather  tough  dark  reddish  purple  skin  covered 
with  a  glaucous  bloom,  yellow  juicy  austere  flesh,  and  a  thin-walled  turgid  stone 
two  thirds  as  thick  as  broad,  \'-^'  long,  pointed  at  the  ends,  ridged  on  the  ventral, 
and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  slender  tree,  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  6'-8'  in  diameter, 


ROSACES  517 

dividing  into  numerous  erect  rigid  branches,  and  branchlets  at  first  coated  with  pale 
caducous  pubesc|nce,  becoming  dark  red  and  rather  lustrous  in  their  first  winter,  and 
ultimately  nearly  black,  and  unarmed,  or  sometimes  armed  with  stout  spinescent 
lateral  spur-like  branchlets.  Winter-buds  acuminate  or  obtuse,  Jg'  long,  their  inner 
scales  accrescent,  scarious,  oblong,  acute,  f  long,  bright  red  at  the  apex.  Bark  Y 
thick,  dark  brown,  fissured  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  thin  persistent  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  pale  sapwood 
of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  fruit  is  made  into  preserves,  jellies,  and 
jams. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  soil,  often  forming  shrubby  thickets  sometimes  of  con- 
siderable extent,  and  dry  ridges;  slopes  of  Tussey's  Mountain  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  Huntingdon  County,  and  over  the  main  range  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
into  Clearfield  and  Elk  counties,  Pennsylvania;  of  its  largest  size  on  limestone  bluffs 
south  of  the  Little  Juniata  River. 

6.  Prunus  subcordata,  Benth.    Wild  Plum. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  usually  cordate,  sometimes  truncate  or  rarely 
cuneate  at  the  base,  and  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate,  when  they  unfold  puberu- 
lous  on  the  upper  and  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  glabrous  or 


puberulous  below,  l'-3'  long,  ^'-2'  broad,  slightly  coriaceous,  dark  green  above  and 
pale  below,  with  broad  midribs  and  conspicuous  veins,  northward  turning  brilliant 
scarlet  and  orange  or  red  and  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slen- 
der, usually  with  glands,  £'-f'  long;  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  glandular-serrate. 
Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  March  and  April,  §'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
glabrous  or  pubescent  pedicels  ^'~|'  long,  in  2-4-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  cam- 
panulate,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  the  lobes  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  pu- 
bescent on  the  outer,  more  or  less  clothed  with  pale  hairs  on  the  inner  surface,  half 
as  long  as  the  obovate  white  petals  rounded  above  and  narrowed  below  into  short 
claws.  Fruit  ripening  in  August  and  September,  on  stout  pedicels  ^'-f '  long*  oblong, 
^'-1^'  long,  with  dark  red  or  sometimes  bright  yellow  skin,  more  or  less  subacid  flesh, 
and  a  flattened  or  turgid  stone,  acute  at  the  ends,  J'-l'  long,  narrowly  wing-margined 
on  the  ventral,  conspicuously  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 


518  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  dividing  6°-8° 
from  the  ground  into  stout  almost  horizontal  branches,  and  glabrous  or  pubescent 
bright  red  brauchlets  marked  by  occasional  minute  pale  lenticels,  becoming  darker 
red  or  purple  in  their  second  year,  and  ultimately  dark  brown  or  ashy  gray;  or  often 
a  bush,  with  stout  ascending  stems  10°-12°  tall,  or  a  low  much-branched  shrub. 
Winter-buds  acute,  ^'  long,  with  chestnut-brown  scales,  scarious  on  the  margins, 
those  of  the  inner  rows  \'  long  at  maturity,  oblong,  acute,  and  generally  bright  red. 
Bark  about  ^  thick,  gray-brown,  deeply  fissured,  and  divided  into  long  thick  plates 
broken  on  the  surface  into  minute  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  pale  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  rocky  hills  and  open  woods  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of 
streams,  sometimes  forming  thickets  of  considerable  extent;  southern  Oregon  to 
central  California  in  the  region  west  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains, 
and  as  a  low  shrub  in  the  Klamath  Lake  region  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains;  com- 
mon in  central  California  and  on  the  foothills  of  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  borders  of  small  streams  in  southern  Oregon  and 
northern  California;  at  high  elevations  and  in  arid  regions  usually  a  low  shrub  pro- 
ducing sparingly  small  acid  fruit. 

7.  Prunus  umbellata,  Ell.    Sloe.   Black  Sloe. 

Leaves  obovate-lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute  at  the  ends  or  sometimes  rounded  or 
slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  with  remote  incurved  gland- 
ular teeth,  and  usually  furnished  with  2  large  dark  glands  at  the  base,  when  they 


unfold  bright  bronze-green,  with  red  margins,  midribs,  and  petioles,  glabrous  above 
and  pubescent  or  glabrous  below  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  along  the  promi- 
nent orange-colored  midribs  and  primary  veins,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous, 
dark  green  above,  paler  below,  2'-2^'  long  and  !'-!£'  wide;  their  petioles  stout, 
glabrous  or  pubescent,  about  £'  long;  stipules  lanceolate,  setaceous,  glandular-ser- 
rate, j'-f '  long.  Flowers  opening  in  March  and  April  before  the  appearance  of  the 
leaves,  %'  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels  ^'  long,  in  3  or  4-flowered 
umbels;  calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  the  lobes  sometimes 
slightly  clavate  at  the  acute  red  apex,  scarious  on  the  margins,  and  hoary-tomentose 


ROSACILE  519 

on  the  inner  surface;  petals  linear,  orbicular,  contracted  at  the  base  into  short  claws. 
Fruit  ripening  from  July  to  September,  on  slender  pedicels  ^'  to  nearly  1'  long, 
globose,  without  a  basal  depression,  about  %  in  diameter,  with  a  tough  thick  black 
skin  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  thick  acid  flesh,  and  a  flattened  stone,  with  thin 
brittle  walls,  |'  long,  \'-^'  wide  and  half  as  thick,  acute  at  the  ends,  slightly  rugose, 
conspicuously  ridged  on  the  ventral,  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  sometimes  15°-20°  high,  with  a  short  often  crooked  or  inclining  trunk 
6'-10'  in  diameter,  slender  unarmed  branches  forming  a  wide  compact  flat-topped 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  more  or  less  densely  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubes- 
cence, soon  becoming  glabrous,  lustrous,  and  bright  red,  and  in  their  second  vear  dark 
dull  brown  and  marked  by  occasional  orange-colored  oblong  lenticels;  or  frequently 
a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  about  ^'  long,  with  acute  chestnut-brown  apiculate 
scales,  those  of  the  inner  rows  at  maturity  \'  long  and  red  at  the  apex.  Bark  \' 
thick,  dark  brown,  separating  into  small  appressed  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  close-grained,  dark  reddish  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  about 
30  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  fruit  is  used  in  large  quantities  in  making  jellies 
and  jams. 

Distribution.  Sandy  bottom-lands  and  along  the  borders  of  the  forest  of  Long- 
leaved  Pine;  South  Carolina  to  Mosquito  Inlet,  Florida,  usually  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  coast,  and  from  Tampa  Bay  to  western  Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas. 
Variable  in  the  amount  of  its  pubescence  and  slightly  variable  in  the  shape  of  the 
fruit,  and  passing  into 

Prunus  umbellata,  var.  injucunda,  Sarg. 

A  small  tree,  with  branchlets  at  first  hoary-tomentose,  becoming  pubescent  and  in 
their  second  season  puberulous,  villose  pedicels,  calyx,  and  ovary,  leaves  more  or  less 
tomentose  below,  and  subglobose  to  short-oblong  fruit. 


Distribution.    Base  of  Stone  Mountain   and  Little  Stone  Mountain,  De  Kalb 
County,  central  Georgia. 

8.  Prunus  tarda,  Sarg.    Sloe. 

Leaves  oblong  or  occasionally  somewhat  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  and  short- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  finely 


520  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

serrate,  with  straight  or  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  dark  minute  persistent  glands, 
when  they  unfold  glabrous  or  rarely  scabrous  or  puberulous  above  and  cinereo- 
tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  yellow-green  and  glabrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  or  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  partic- 
ularly along  the  prominent  light  yellow  midribs  and  thin  primary  veins,  l^'-3'  long, 


f'-l^'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  tomentose  or  ultimately  pubescent,  ^'-^'  long, 
glandular  at  the  apex,  with  2  large  round  stalked  dark  glands,  or  often  eglandular; 
stipules  acicular,  often  bright  red,  about  ^  long.  Flowers  appearing  early  in  April 
with  or  before  the  leaves,  about  f '  in  diameter,  on  slender  glabrous  pedicels,  in  2  or 
3-flowered  umbels;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  glabrous  toward  the  base,  villose 
above,  the  lobes  acute,  entire,  villose  on  the  outer  surface,  hoary-tomentose  on  the 
inner  surface;  petals  oblong-obovate,  gradually  contracted  below  into  short  claws. 
Fruit  ripening  late  in  October  or  early  in  November,  on  stout  rigid  pedicels,  short- 
oblong  to  subglobose,  \'-^'  long;  clear  bright  yellow  on  some  trees,  bright  red  on 
others,  and  on  others  purple,  dark  blue,  or  black,  with  tough  thick  skin,  thick  very 
acid  flesh  firmly  attached  to  the  ovoid  more  or  less  compressed  very  rugose  stone 
obscurely  ridged  on  the  ventral  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture,  acute  and 
apiculate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  wide-spreading 
branches  forming  an  open  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by 
small  scattered  dark  lenticels,  light-green  and  hoary-tomentose  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  glabrous,  light  red-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  summer 
and  darker  at  the  end  of  the  second  year.  Winter-buds  narrow,  acute,  the  color 
of  the  branchlets,  -^-\'  long.  Bark  ^'— f'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and 
divided  by  shallow  interrupted  fissures  into  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into 
small  loose  plate-like  scales. 

Distribution.  Glades  and  open  woods  in  the  neighborhood  of  Marshall,  Texas, 
to  western  Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas. 


ROSACES 


521 


2.  Flowers  in  axillary  umbels  or  corymbs-  fruit  %'  in  diameter  or  less.    BIRD  CHERRIES. 

9.  Prunus  Pennsylvanica,  L.    Wild  Red  Cherry.   Bird  Cherry. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sometimes  slightly  falcate,  acuminate  or  rarely  acute, 
and  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  with  incurved  teeth  often  tipped  with  minute  glands, 
when  they  unfold  bronze-green,  pilose  below  and  slightly  viscid,  soon  becoming 
green  and  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  bright  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  rather  paler 
on  the  lower  surface,  3'-4^'  long  and  -f'-l^'  wide,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  some 
time  before  falling  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  slender,  glabrous  or  slightly  pilose, 
|'-1'  long,  and  often  glandular  above  the  middle;  stipules  acuminate,  glandular-ser- 
rate, early  deciduous.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  May  when  the  leaves  are  about 
half  grown,  or  at  the  extreme  north  and  at  high  elevations  as  late  as  the  1st  of  July, 
^'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels  nearly  1'  long,  in  4  or  5-flowered  umbels  or  corymbs  ; 
calyx-tube  broadly  obconic,  glabrous,  marked  in  the  mouth  of  the  throat  by  a  con- 
spicuous light  orange-colored  band,  the  lobes  obtuse,  red  at  the  apex,  and  reflexed 
after  the  flowers  open;  petals  \'  long,  nearly  orbicular,  contracted  at  the  base  into 


short  claws,  creamy  white.  Fruit  ripening  from  the  1st  of  July  to  the  1st  of  Sep- 
tember, globose,  \'  in  diameter,  with  a  thick  light  red  skin,  thin  sour  flesh,  and  an 
oblong  thin-walled  slightly  compressed  stone,  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the 
base,  about  T8B'  long,  and  ridged  on  the  ventral  suture. 

A  tree,  with  bitter  aromatic  bark  and  leaves,  30°^40°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  18'- 
20'  in  diameter,  regular  slender  horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  head  usually 
more  or  less  rounded  at  the  summit,  and  slender  branchlets  light  red  and  sometimes 
slightly  puberulous  at  first,  soon  glabrous,  bright  red,  lustrous  and  covered  with  pale 
raised  lenticels  in  their  first  winter,  and  developing  in  their  second  year  short  thick 
spur-like  lateral  branchlets  and  then  covered  with  dull  red  bark  marked  by  bright 
orange-colored  lenticels,  the  outer  coat  easily  separable  from  the  brilliant  green 
inner  bark;  at  the  extreme  northern  and  western  limits  of  its  range  often  a  low 
shrub.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  smooth  and  thin,  bright  reddish 
brown,  becoming  on  old  trunks  \'-\'  thick,  and  separating  horizontally  into  broad 
persistent  papery  dark  red-brown  plates  marked  by  irregular  horizontal  band's  of 
orange-colored  lenticels  and  broken  into  minute  persistent  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 


522  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thin  yellow  sapwood.    The  fruit  is  often  used  domes- 
tically and  in  the  preparation  of  cough  mixtures. 

Distribution.  Newfoundland  to  the  shores  of  Hudson's  Bay,  and  westward  in 
British  America  to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  coast  range  of  British  Columbia  in  the 
valley  of  the  Frazer  River,  and  southward  through  the  northern  states  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, central  Michigan,  northern  Illinois,  central  Iowa,  and  to  the  high  mountains 
of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  and  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
of  Colorado;  common  in  all  the  forest  regions  of  the  extreme  northern  states,  grow- 
ing in  moist  rather  rich  soil;  often  occupying  to  the  exclusion  of  other  trees  large 
areas  cleared  by  fire  of  the  original  forest-covering;  common  and  attaining  its  largest 
size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Big  Smoky  Mountains  in  Tennessee. 

10.  Primus  emarginata,  Walp.    Wild  Cherry. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  rounded  and  usually  obtuse  or  sometimes 
acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate  and  furnished  at  the  base  with  1  or  2  and  sometimes 
3  or  4  large  dark  glands,  and  serrate,  with  minute  subulate  glandular  teeth,  when 
they  unfold  puberulous  or  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface  and  slightly  viscid,  and  at 
maturity  glabrous  or  pubescent  below  (var.  villosa,  Sudw.),  l'-3'  long,  |'-1£'  wide, 
dark  green  above  and  paler  below;  their  petioles  short,  stout,  usually  pubescent; 
stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  deciduous.  Flowers  appearing 
when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  at  the  end  of  April  at  the  level  of  the  ocean 
or  as  late  as  the  end  of  June  at  high  elevations,  \'-^  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels 
from  the  axils  of  foliaceous  glabrous  glandular-serrate  bracts,  in  6-12-flowered 


glabrous  or  pubescent  corymbs  I'-l-^'  long;  calyx-tube  obconic,  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lous, bright  orange-colored  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  short,  rounded,  emarginate,  or 
slightly  cleft  at  the  apex,  sometimes  slightly  glandular  on  the  margins,  reflexed 
after  the  flowers  open;  petals  obovate,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  contracted 
below  into  short  claws,  white  faintly  tinged  with  green.  Fruit  ripening  from  June 
to  August,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  long-stalked  corymbs  often  2'  long,  globose,  \'-\' 
in  diameter,  more  or  less  translucent,  with  a  thick  skin  bright  red  at  first  when  fully 
grown,  becoming  darker  and  almost  black,  thin  bitter  astringent  flesh,  and  an  ovoid 
turgid  stone  about  \'  long,  pointed  and  compressed  at  the  ends,  with  thick  brittle 


ROSACES  523 

slightly  pitted  walls,  ridged  and  prominently  grooved  on  the  ventral  and  rounded 
and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  with  exceedingly  bitter  bark  and  leaves,  occasionally  30°-40°  high,  with  a 
trunk  12'-14/  in  diameter,  slender  rather  upright  branches  forming  a  symmetrical 
oblong  head,  and  slender  flexible  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  pubescence, 
dark  red-brown  during  their  first  winter,  bright  red,  conspicuously  marked  by  large 
pale  lenticels  in  their  second  season,  and  furnished  with  short  lateral  branchlets; 
frequently  a  shrub,  with  spreading  stems  3°-10°  tall.  Winter-buds  acute,  £'  long, 
with  chestnut-brown  scales  often  slightly  scarious  on  the  margins,  those  of  the  inner 
ranks  becoming  acuminate,  glandular-serrate  above  the  middle,  scarious,  and  ^'  long, 
with  bright  red  tips.  Bark  about  ^'  thick,  with  a  generally  smooth  dark  brown  sur- 
face marked  by  horizontal  light  gray  interrupted  bands  and  by  rows  of  oblong 
orange-colored  lenticels.  Wood  close-grained,  soft  and  brittle,  brown  streaked  with 
green,  with  paler  sapwood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Usually  near  the  banks  of  streams  in  low  rich  soil,  or  less  com- 
monly on  dry  hillsides;  valley  of  the  upper  Jocko  River,  Montana,  on  the  mountain 
ranges  of  Idaho  and  Washington  and  of  southern  British  Columbia  to  Vancouver 
Island,  and  southward  on  the  coast  ranges  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  bay  of  San 
Francisco,  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  up  to  elevations  of  5000°- 
6000°  above  the  sea  to  the  head  of  Kern  River,  on  the  Santa  Lucia,  San  Rafael,  and 
San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California,  and  to  the  Washoe  Mountains,  Nevada,  and 
the  San  Francisco  peaks,  Arizona;  of  its  largest  size  on  Vancouver  Island,  in  west- 
ern Oregon  and  Washington,  and  on  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains;  on  the  coast  ranges 
of  middle  California  and  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  commonly  a  shrub  o°-8°  high. 

3.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  on  leafy  branches  of  the  year.   WILD  CHERRIES. 

11.  Prunus  demissa,  Walp.    Choke  Cherry. 
(Prunus  Virginiana,  Silva  N.  Am.  iv.  41,  in  part.) 

Leaves  broadly  oval  to  oblong-obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  abruptly  short- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  subcordate,  rounded,  or  rarely  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  and 
finely  serrate,  with  slender  callous  teeth,  when  they  unfold  glabrous  or  pubescent 
and  occasionally  furnished  with  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick 
and  firm  to  subcoriaceous,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  pale  or  glaucous 
and  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous  below,  2'-4'  long,  l'-2'  wide,  with  stout  yellow 
midribs,  and  thin  remote  primary  veins  united  at  some  distance  from  the  margins, 
turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  glabrous  or 
rarely  villose,  glandular  near  the  apex,  with  2  or  several  glands  £'-f '  long.  Flowers 
opening  from  April  at  the  south  to  the  middle  of  June  at  the  north,  £'-•£'  in  diam- 
eter, on  slender  glabrous  or  puberulous  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  scarious  caducous 
bracts,  in  slender  many-flowered  erect  or  nodding  racemes  3'-6'  long;  calyx-tube 
cup-shaped,  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous,  the  lobes  short,  broad,  obtuse,  laciniate 
or  more  or  less  glandular  on  the  margins,  deciduous  from  the  fruit;  petals  orbicular, 
contracted  below  into  short  claws,  pure  white.  Fruit  \'-\'  in  diameter,  globose  or 
occasionally  somewhat  elongated,  nearly  black,  with  a  thick  lustrous  skin,  dark  juicy 
slightly  astringent  flesh  of  agreeable  flavor,  and  an  oblong-ovate  stone,  about  \'  long, 
acute  at  the  apex,  broadly  ridged  on  the  ventral  and  slightly  grooved  on  the  dorsal 
suture. 


524  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

A  tree,  with  strong-scented  bark  and  leaves,  rarely  30°-35°  high,  with  a  short 
often  crooked  or  inclining  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  small  erect  or  hori- 
zontal branches,  and  stout  branchlets  light  brown  or  bronze-green  and  glabrous, 


puberulous,  or  sometimes  pubescent  at  first,  becoming  light  brown  or  brown  tinged 
with  red  and  marked  by  large  oblong  lenticels  during  their  first  winter,  and  darker 
brown  in  their  second  year;  more  often  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  acute  or  obtuse, 
with  pale  chestnut-brown  scales  more  or  less  scarious  on  the  margins  and  rounded  at 
the  apex,  those  of  the  inner  rank  becoming  lanceolate  or  ligulate,  sharply  and  often 
glandular-serrate,  and  ^'-1'  long.  Bark  about  -|'  thick,  slightly  and  irregularly 
fissured,  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  persistent  dark  red-brown  scales,  and  often 
marked  by  irregular  pale  excrescences.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  although 
not  strong,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood  of  15-20  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Low  valleys  and  slopes  of  mountain  ranges,  northern  British 
Columbia  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  western  North  America  and  eastward  to 
western  Nebraska  and  Kansas. 

12.  Prunus  serotina,  Ehrh.  Wild  Black  Cherry.  Rum  Cherry. 
Leaves  oval,  oblong  to  lanceolate-oblong,  gradually  or  sometimes  abruptly  acumi- 
nate or  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  base, 
finely  serrate,  with  appressed  incurved  callous  teeth,  and  furnished  at  the  very  base 
with  1  or  more  dark  red  conspicuous  glands,  when  they  unfold  slightly  hairy  below 
on  the  midribs  and  often  bronze-green,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  thick  and  firm, 
subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  2'-5'  long,  1'— I-1-' 
wide,  with  thin  conspicuous  midribs  and  slender  veins,  in  the  autumn  turning  clear 
bright  yellow  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  ^'— f'  l°ng;  stipules  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  £'-f '  m  length,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  appearing 
when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  from  the  end  of  March  in  Texas  to  the  first 
week  of  June  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender 
glabrous  or  puberulous  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  scarious  caducous  bracts, 
in  erect  or  ultimately  spreading  narrow  many-flowered  racemes  4r-67  long;  calyx- 
tube  cup-shaped,  glabrous  or  piiberulous,  the  lobes  short,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 


ROSACEJE 


525 


slightly  laciniate  on  the  margins,  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open,  persistent  on  the 
ripe  fruit;  petals  broadly  obovate,  pure  white.  Fruit  ripening  from  June  to  Octo- 
ber, in  drooping  racemes,  depressed-globose,  slightly  lobed,  \'-%  in  diameter,  dark 
red  when  fully  grown,  almost  black  when  ripe,  with  a  thin  skin,  dark  purple  juicy 
flesh  of  a  pleasant  vinous  flavor,  and  an  oblong-obovate  thin-walled  stone,  abont 
£'  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  broadly  ridged  on  the 
ventral  and  acute  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  with  bitter  aromatic  bark  and  leaves,  sometimes  100°  high,  with  a  trunk 
4°-5°  in  diameter,  small  horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  head,  and 
slender  rather  rigid  glabrous  branchlets  at  first  pale  green  or  bronze  color,  soon  be- 
coming bright  red  or  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  red-brown  or  gray-brown  and 
marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels  during  their  first  winter,  and  bright  red  the  follow- 
ing year;  usually  much  smaller  and  occasionally  toward  the  northern  limits  of  its 
range  shrub-like  in  habit.  "Winter-buds  obtuse,  or  on  sterile  shoots  acute,  with 
bright  chestnut-brown  broadly  ovate  scales  keeled  on  the  back  and  apiculate  at  the 
apex,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  scarious  at  maturity,  acuminate,  and  £'-§' 
long.  Bark  ^'-f '  thick,  broken  by  reticulated  fissures  into  small  irregular  plates  scaly 
on  the  surface,  and  dark  red-brown,  or  near  the  Gulf  coast  light  gray  or  nearly  white. 


Wood  light,  strong,  rather  hard,  close  straight-grained,  with  a  satiny  surface,  light 
brown  or  red,  with  thin  yellow  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely 
used  in  cabinet-making  and  the  interior  finish  of  houses.  The  bark,  especially  that 
of  the  branches  and  roots,  yields  hydrocyanic  acid  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic  and 
sedative.  The  ripe  fruit  is  used  to  flavor  alcoholic  liquors. 

Distribution.  Nova  Scotia  westward  through  the  Canadian  provinces  to  the 
northern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  southward  through  the  eastern  states  to  the 
shores  of  Matanzas  Inlet  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward  to  Dakota,  eastern 
Nebraska  and  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory  and  eastern  Texas;  on  the  mountain 
ranges  of  western  Texas,  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  southward  to  Co- 
lombia and  Peru ;  in  the  United  States  usually  in  rich  moist  soil ;  once  very  abundant 
in  all  the  Appalachian  region,  reaching  its  greatest  size  on  the  slopes  of  the  high 
Alleghany  Mountains  from  west  Virginia  to  Georgia  and  Alabama;  sometimes  on 
low  sandy  soil,  and  often  in  New  England  on  rocky  cliffs  within  reach  of  the  spray 


526 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


of  the  ocean;  not  common  in  the  coast  region  of  the  southern  states;  in  the  south- 
west only  in  the  bottoms  of  mountain  canons  at  elevations  of  5000°-7000°  above  the 
level  of  the  sea. 

13.  Prunus  Alabamensis,  Mohr.    Wild  Cherry. 

Leaves  oval,  broadly  ovate,  or  occasionally  obovate,  acute,  short-pointed  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate,  rounded  or  rarely  slightly  obcordate  at  the  base,  and 
finely  serrate,  with  incurved  teeth  tipped  with  minute  or  sometimes  near  the  base 
of  the  blade  with  larger  dark  glands,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  and  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  midribs  with  fine  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in 
texture,  4'-5'  long,  about  2'  wide,  dark  dull  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface, 
dull  and  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  short  simple  or  forked  accrescent  hairs 
most  abundant  and  sometimes  rufescent  on  the  slender  midribs  and  primary  veins; 


their  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  becoming  pubescent,  eglandular  or  occasionally  fur- 
nished near  the  apex  with  1  or  2  large  dark  glands,  \'-\'  long;  stipules  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  bright  red,  \r  long,  caducous.  Flowers  appearing 
during  the  first  week  of  May,  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  \'  in  diameter, 
on  pubescent  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate  or  obovate  acuminate  bright  pink 
caducous  bracts,  in  spreading  or  erect  slender  pubescent  racemes  3'^i'  long;  calyx- 
tube  broad,  cup-shaped,  puberulous,  with  short  almost  triangular  lobes  persistent  on 
the  fruit;  petals  white,  nearly  orbicular.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  September,  sub- 
globose  to  short-oblong,  £'  in  diameter,  dark  red  or  finally  nearly  black,  with  thin 
acid  flesh,  and  an  ovoid  somewhat  compressed  stone  pointed  at  the  ends,  ^'  long, 
ridged  on  the  ventral  suture,  with  a  broad  low  ridge,  and  slightly  grooved  on  the 
dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  10'  in  diameter,  spreading  some- 
what drooping  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  pale  tomentum, 
dark  red-brown  during  their  first  season,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  before  winter, 
and  much  darker  in  their  second  year.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark,  rough,  separating 
freely  into  small  thin  scales. 

Distribution.  Summits  of  the  low  mountains  of  Central  Alabama;  rare  and 
local. 


ROSACES  527 

14.  Prunua  australis,  Beadl.    Wild  Cherry. 

Leaves  obovate,  oval  or  elliptical,  gradually  narrowed  and  obtusely  short-pointed 
or  sometimes  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  sometimes  cuneate  at  the  narrowed  base, 


and  finely  serrate,  with  slender  teeth  tipped  with  minute  dark  red  glands,  when  they 
unfold  meinbranaceous,  pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  above,  with  the  exception  of 
occasional  pale  hairs  along  the  midribs,  and  coated  below  with  pale  or  ferrugineous 
pubescence,  and  at  maturity  thin  but  firm,  dark  dull  green  above,  covered  below 
with  matted  rufous  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  thin  broad  midribs,  and  slender 
primary  veins  extending  nearly  to  the  margins  of  the  leaf,  conspicuously  reticulate- 
venulose,  2^'-4'  long,  l^'-2^'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  rusty-tomentose,  biglandular 
at  the  apex,  with  large  dark  red  glands,  about  \'  long;  stipules  linear  to  linear-lan- 
ceolate, glandular,  bright  rose  color,  ^'-^'  long.  Flowers  probably  opening  toward 
the  end  of  April,  on  short  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  rose-colored  caducous 
bracts,  in  slender  spreading  hoary-pubescent  racemes  3'-4'  long;  the  expanded 
flowers  not  known.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  late  in  July,  on  pedicels  \'  long, 
globose,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  calyx-lobes  and  remnants  of  the  stamens, 
dark  purple  when  fully  ripe,  about  \'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  sometimes  60°  tall,  with  a  trunk  12'-16/  in  diameter,  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing branches  forming  an  oblong  head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with 
pale  pubescence,  becoming  puberulous,  dull  red-brown,  and  roughened  by  numerous 
small  pale  elevated  lenticels  at  the  end  of  the  first  season,  and  glabrous  or  puberu- 
lous in  their  second  year.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  thin,  silvery 
gray,  and  roughened  by  long  horizontal  lenticels,  becoming  on  older  trunks  \'  thick, 
ashy  gray  or  brownish  black,  deeply  fissured  and  broken  into  thick  persistent  plate- 
like  scales. 

Distribution.    Clay  soil  at  Evergreen,  southern  Alabama;  common. 

4.  Flowers  racemose  in  the  axils  of  the  persistent  leaves  of  the  previous  year.     CHERRY 
LAURELS. 

15.  Prunus  Caroliniana,  Ait.   Wild  Orange.   Mock  Orange. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronate,  with  entire  thickened  slightly 
revolute  margins,  or  rarely  remotely  spinulose-serrate,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  dark 


528  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-4£'  long,  £'-!£'  wide, 
obscurely  veined,  with  narrow  pale  midribs,  persistent  until  their  second  year;  their 
petioles  stout,  broad,  orange-colored;  stipules  foliaceous,  lanceolate-acuminate. 
Flowers  appearing  from  February  to  April,  on  slender  club-shaped  pedicels  from 
the  axils  of  long  acuminate  scarious  red-tipped  bracts,  in  dense  racemes  shorter  than 
leaves;  calyx-tube  narrowly  obconic,  the  lobes  small,  thin,  rounded,  undulate  on 
the  margins,  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open,  deciduous;  petals  boat-shaped,  minute, 
cream-colored;  stamens  exserted,  orange-colored,  with  glabrous  filaments  and  large 
pale  anthers;  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  erect  style  enlarged  above  into 
a  club-shaped  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  remaining  on  the  branches 
until  after  the  flowering  period  of  the  following  year,  oblong,  short-pointed,  black  and 
lustrous,  £'  long,  with  a  thick  skin,  thin  dry  flesh,  and  an  ovate  pointed  nearly  cylin- 
drical stone  nearly  %  long,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  with  thin  fragile  walls, 
obscurely  ridged  on  the  ventral  and  deeply  grooved  on  the  dorsal  suture. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  straight  or  inclining  trunk  sometimes  10'  in  diameter, 
slender  horizontal  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  or  sometimes  a  broad  head,  and 
glabrous  branchlets  marked  by  occasional  pale  lenticels,  slightly  angled,  at  first 


light  green,  becoming  bright  red,  and  in  the  second  season  light  brown  or  gray. 
Winter-buds  acuminate,  \'  long,  covered  with  narrow  pointed  dark  chestnut- 
brown  scales  rounded  on  the  back.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  gray,  smooth  or  slightly 
roughened  by  longitudinal  fissures,  and  marked  by  large  irregular  dark  blotches. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  red-brown  or  sometimes  rich  dark 
brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  partially  withered  leaves  and  young 
branches  are  often  fatal  to  animals  browsing  upon  them,  owing  to  the  considerable 
quantities  of  hydrocyanic  acid  which  they  contain. 

Distribution.  Deep  rich  moist  bottom-lands ;  valley  of  the  Cape  Fear  River  to  the 
shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  the  valley  of  the  Kissimee  River,  Florida,  and  through 
southern  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  Louisiana  to  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River, 
Texas;  in  the  Atlantic  and  eastern  Gulf  states  nowhere  common,  and  only  in  the  im- 
mediate neighborhood  of  the  sea,  rarely  ranging  inland  more  than  fifteen  or  twenty 
miles ;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valleys  of  eastern  Texas,  and  here 
often  forming  impenetrable  thickets  of  considerable  extent. 


ROSACEJE  529 

Often  cultivated  in  the  southern  states  as  an  ornamental  plant  and  to  form 
hedges. 

16.  Prunus  spheerocarpa,  Sw. 

Leaves  elliptical  to  oblong-ovate,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  into  broad 
obtuse  points,  or  less  commonly  rounded  or  rarely  emarginate  at  the  apex,  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  entire,  with  slightly  thickened  undulate  margins,  glabrous, 


eglandular,  subcoriaceous,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler  on  the  lower 
surface,  obscurely  veined,  2'^4^'  long,  I'-l^'  broad,  persistent ;  their  petioles  slender, 
orange-brown,  \'  to  nearly  1'  long;  stipules  foliaceous,  lanceolate-acuminate,  entire, 
\r  long,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  opening  in  Florida  in  November,  \'  in  diameter, 
on  thin  orange-colored  pedicels  j'-f  long,  in  slender  many-flowered  erect  racemes 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx-tube  obconic,  bright  orange-colored  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, marked  by  an  orange  band  in  the  throat,  the  lobes  thin,  minute,  acute,  laciniate 
on  the  margins,  deciduous,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate  rounded  or  acuminate  white 
petals,  marked  with  yellow  on  the  inner  surface  toward  the  base;  contracted  below 
into  short  claws,  reflexed  at  maturity ;  stamens  exserted,  with  slender  orange-colored 
subulate  filaments  and  small  yellow  anthers;  ovary  sessile,  contracted  into  a  short 
stout  style,  crowded  into  a  large  club-shaped  stigma.  Fruit  produced  in  Florida  very 
sparingly,  ripening  either  in  the  spring  or  early  summer,  subglobose  to  short-oblong, 
apiculate,  orange-brown,  ^'-^'  long,  with  thin  dry  flesh  adherent  to  the  thin- walled 
cylindrical  stone  slightly  narrowed  at  the  apex,  obscurely  ridged  on  the  ventral 
suture. 

A  glabrous  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  5r-6'  in  diameter, 
slender  upright  branches  and  slender  orange-brown  branchlets,  becoming  ashy  gray 
or  light  brown  tinged  with  red  and  marked  by  small  circular  pale  lenticels.  Bark 
thin,  smooth,  or  slightly  reticulate-fissured,  light  brown  tinged  with  red.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  clear  red,  with  thick  pale  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Rich  hummock  land,  occasionally  near  the  borders  of  small  streams 
and  ponds,  and  in  the  United  States  only  near  the  shore  of  Bay  Biscayne;  through 
the  West  Indies  to  Brazil. 


530 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


17.  Frunus  ilicifolia,  Walp.  Islay. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  or  etnarginate  at  the  apex, 
cuneate  and  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  with  thickened  coarsely  spinosely 
toothed  margins,  the  stout  teeth  near  the  base  of  the  leaf  often  tipped  with  large 
dark  glands,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  yellow- 
green  below,  l'-2£'  long,  l'-l£'  wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  obscure  veins, 
deciduous  during  their  second  summer;  their  petioles  broad,  \'-\'  long;  stipules 
acuminate,  obscurely  denticulate,  \'  long.  Flowers  opening  from  March  to  May, 
^'  in  diameter,  on  short  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  acuminate  scarious  bracts 
\'  in  length  and  mostly  deciduous  before  the  opening  of  the  flower-buds,  in  slender 
erect  racemes  l^'-3'  long;  calyx-tube  cup-shaped,  orange-brown,  the  lobes  minute, 
acuminate,  reflexed  at  maturity,  deciduous,  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  obovate 
white  petals  rounded  above  and  narrowed  below  into  short  claws ;  stamens  slightly 
exserted,  with  slender  incurved  filaments  and  minute  yellow  anthers;  ovary  sessile, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  style  usually  bent  near  the  summit  at  a  right  angle 
or  rarely  erect,  and  surmounted  by  a  large  orbicular  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in 
November  and  December,  subglobose,  often  compressed,  •£'-§'  in  diameter,  dark  red 
when  fully  grown,  purple  or  sometimes  nearly  black  at  maturity,  with  thin  slightly 


acid  astringent  flesh  easily  separable  from  the  ovate  slightly  compressed  stone  £'-$' 
long,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  with  thin  brittle  walls,  light  yellow-brown,  conspic- 
uously marked  with  reticulate  orange-colored  vein-like  lines,  with  3  orange  bands 
radiating  from  the  base  to  the  apex  along  one  suture,  and  a  single  narrow  band 
along  the  other  suture. 

A  glabrous  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  2°  in  diameter  or  more  than 
10°-12°  long,  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  dense  compact  head,  and  branch- 
lets  at  first  yellow-green  or  orange  color,  soon  becoming  gray  or  reddish  brown  and 
more  or  less  conspicuously  marked  by  minute  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  second  or 
third  years  by  the  large  leaf-scars;  usually  much  smaller  and  often  a  shrub  some- 
times only  a  foot  or  two  high.  Bark  \'-\'  thick,  dark  red-brown,  and  divided  by 
deep  fissures  into  small  square  plates.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained, 
light  red-brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth; 
occasionally  used  for  fuel. 


ROSACE^E  531 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  moist  sandy  soil  in  the  bottoms  of  canons, 
and  as  a  low  shrub  on  dry  hillsides  and  mesas  from  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  San 
Francisco  southward  through  the  coast  ranges  of  California  to  the  foothills  of  the 
San  Bernardino  Mountains,  and  on  Santa  Cruz  and  Santa  Rosa  islands. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  western  and  southern  Europe. 

18.  Prunus  integrifolia,  Sarg.,  nov.  nom. 
(Prunus  ilicifolia,  var.  integrifolia,  Silva  N.  Am.  iv.  54.) 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  abruptly  narrowed  into  short  points  at 
the  apex,  wedge-shaped,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  with  thickened  revolute 


undulate  entire  or  occasionally,  especially  on  vigorous  shoots,  remotely  and  minutely 
spinulose-dentate  margins,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler 
below,  reticulate-venulose,  2'-3'  long,  and  \'-ty'  wide,  with  stout  midribs  and  ob- 
scure veins,  persistent;  their  petioles  stout,  yellow,  ^'-^'  long.  Flowers  appearing 
from  March  to  June,  about  \'  in  diameter,  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of 
acuminate  caducous  bracts,  in  crowded  many-flowered  glabrous  racemes  3'-4'  long; 
calyx-tube  cup-shaped,  orange-brown,  the  lobes  acute,  apiculate,  reflexed  after  the 
flowers  open,  deciduous,  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  obovate  petals  rounded  and 
undulate  above  and  narrowed  below  into  short  claws;  stamens  slightly  exserted,  with 
incurved  filaments  and  small  yellow  anthers;  ovary  raised  on  a  short  stipe,  the  style 
bent  near  the  apex  and  terminating  in  a  large  orbicular  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  late 
in  the  autumn,  on  stout  pedicels,  in  drooping  few-fruited  racemes,  subglobose  to  short- 
oblong,  dark  purple  or  nearly  black  at  maturity,  1'- 1^'  in  diameter,  with  thick  lus- 
cious flesh  sometimes  \'  thick,  and  easily  separable  from  the  ovate  to  obovate  slightly 
compressed  thin-walled  stone  about  f '  long,  pointed  at  the  apex,  pale  yellow-brown, 
conspicuously  marked  by  reticulate  orange-colored  lines,  and  by  3  dark  bands  radi- 
ating from  the  base  to  the  apex  along  one  suture,  and  by  a  single  narrow  line  on  the 
other  suture. 

A  bushy  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  one  or  several  stout  erect  or  spread- 
ing stems  l°-3°  in  diameter,  spreading  branches  forming  a  broad  compact  head, 
and  stout  branchlets  light  yellow-green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  and 
ultimately  dark  reddish  brown,  and  much  roughened  by  the  large  elevated  leaf-scars. 


532  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Winter-buds  acute  or  obtuse,  with  dark  red  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick 
and  dark  reddish  brown.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  pale  reddish  brown, 
with  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Islands  of  southern  California,  in  all  exposures  from  the  fertile 
valleys  and  canons  at  the  water's  edge  up  to  elevations  of  3000°  on  the  dry  interior 
ridges;  and  in  Lower  California. 

10.  CHRYSOBALANUS,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stout  branchlets  covered  with  pale  lenticels,  and  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  coriaceous,  short-petiolate,  persistent;  stipules  mi- 
nute, deciduous.  Flowers  perfect,  short-pedicellate,  small,  creamy  white,  in  axillary 
or  terminal  dichotomously  branched  slender  canescent  cymes,  with  conspicuous  de- 
ciduous bracts;  calyx  turbinate-campanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the 
bud,  without  bracts,  deciduous;  disk  thin,  adnate  to  the  calyx-tube;  petals  5,  alter- 
nate with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  spatulate,  deciduous;  stamens  (in  the  arborescent 
species)  indefinite  in  a  single  continuous  series,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  mar- 
gin of  the  disk;  filaments  filiform,  hairy,  free  or  slightly  united  at  the  base;  anthers 
ovoid,  ovary  sessile  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube,  hirsute  or  glabrous,  1-celled; 
style  rising  from  the  base  of  the  ovary,  filiform,  terminated  by  a  minute  truncate 
stigma;  ovules  2,  collateral,  ascending;  raphe  dorsal,  the  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit 
a  fleshy  1-seeded  drupe  with  pulpy  flesh,  a  coriaceous  or  crustaceous  stone,  6  or 
6-angled  toward  the  base  and  imperfectly  5  or  6-valved,  the  valves  reticulate-veined. 
Seed  erect;  seed-coat  chartaceous,  light  brown;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the 
seed;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy;  radicle  inferior,  very  short. 

Chrysobalanus  is  represented  in  the  south  Atlantic  states  by  a  shrubby  species 
confined  to  the  coast  region  from  Georgia  to  Alabama,  and  by  a  second  species  occa- 
sionally attaining  the  size  of  a  small  tree,  an  inhabitant  of  the  shores  of  southern 
Florida,  widely  distributed  through  the  maritime  regions  of  tropical  America,  and 
found  in  various  forms  on  the  coast  of  western  tropical  Africa. 

The  generic  name  is  from  xpvff6s  and  &d\avos,  in  allusion  to  the  supposed  golden 
fruit  of  one  of  the  species. 

1.  Chrysobalanus  Icaco,  L.    Cocoa  Plum. 

Leaves  broadly  elliptical  or  round-obovate,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  obscurely  reticulate-veined, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  and  light  yellow-green  on  the  lower  surface, 
l'-3£'  long,  l'-2£'  wide,  with  broad  conspicuous  midribs  rounded  on  the  upper  side 
and  thin  primary  veins,  standing  on  the  branches  at  an  acute  angle  and  appearing 
to  be  pressed  against  them;  their  petioles  stout,  \'-\'  long;  stipules  acuminate,  \' 
long.  Flowers  ^'  long,  on  short  thick  club-shaped  hoary-tomentose  pedicels,  in 
cymes  1'— 2'  in  length,  appearing  in  Florida  continuously  during  the  spring  and  sum- 
mer months  on  the  growing  branches;  calyx  hoary-tomentose,  the  lobes  nearly  trian- 
gular, acute,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface  and  about  half  as  long  as 
the  narrow  white  petals;  ovary  hoary-pubescent;  style  long  and  slender,  clothed 
nearly  to  the  apex  with  pale  hairs.  Fruit  nearly  globose  or  often  slightly  ovoid, 
f '-!'  in  diameter,  with  smooth  bright  pink,  yellow,  purple,  creamy  white,  or  some- 
times nearly  black  skin,  white  sweet  juicy  flesh  often  \'  thick,  and  more  or  less  ad- 
herent to  the  stone  pointed  at  the  ends,  5  or  6-angled  below  the  middle,  £'-1^'  long 


LEGUMINOS.E  533 

and  twice  as  long  as  broad,  indehiscent  or  finally  separating  into  5  or  6  valves,  the 
walls  composed  of  a  thin  red-brown  dry  outer  layer  and  a  thick  interior  layer  of  hard 
woody  fibre;  seed-coat  lined  with  a  thick  white  reticulated  fibrous  coat. 

A  tree,  25°-oO°  high,  with  a  long  straight  trunk  occasionally  a  foot  in  diameter, 
and  dark  reddish  brown  branches  glabrous  or  sometimes  slightly  pilose  at  first, 
bscoming  brown  or  gray-brown  in  their  second  year;  more  often  a  tall  broad  bush 


with  many  upright  spreading  branches,  or  often  in  exposed  situations  a  semiprostrate 
shrub  1°— 2°  high.  Bark  of  the  trunk  -jf'  thick,  with  a  light  gray  surface  tinged  with 
red,  separating  into  long  thin  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light 
brown  often  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwoocl  of  about  10  layers  of 
annual  growth.  The  insipid  fruit  is  eaten  by  negroes;  the  seeds  contain  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  oil;  and  the  astringent  bark,  leaves,  and  roots  have  been  used  medi- 
cinally. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  saline  shores  in  Florida;  Cape  Canaveral  to  Bay  Bis- 
cayne,  and  on  the  west  coast  from  Caximbas  Bay  to  the  southern  keys;  generally 
shrubby;  arborescent  only  on  the  islands  of  the  Everglades  near  Bay  Biscayne,  and 
on  the  Miami  River;  through  the  West  Indies  to  southern  Brazil,  and  on  the  west 
coast  of  Africa  from  Senegambia  to  the  Congo  Free  State. 

XXII.  LEGUMINOS2E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  usually  compound  leaves,  regular  or  papil- 
ionaceous usually  perfect  flowers ;  stamens  10  or  indefinite,  with  diadelphous 
or  distinct  filaments  and  2-celled  anthers,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ; 
ovary  superior,  1  or  many-celled,  inserted  on  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Fruit 
a  legume.  Of  the  four  hundred  and  thirty  genera  of  the  Pea  family  now 
recognized  and  widely  distributed  in  all  temperate  and  tropical  regions,  seven- 
teen have  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ABORESCENT  GENERA. 

Subfamily  1.  MIMOSOIDE^E.  Calyx  4-6-toothed,  the  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud  ;  petals  as  many 
as  the  teeth  of  the  calyx,  valvate  in  the  bud ;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  in  2  ranks 
from  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary,  superposed,  anatropous,  the  micropyle  superior ;  sta- 


534  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

mens  much  exserted ;  leaves  twice  pinnate;  cotyledons  oval  or  orbicular,  flat;  radicle 
straight. 

Stamens  numerous  (more  than  10)  ;  seeds  without  albumen. 
Filaments  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube. 
Filaments  united. 

Valves  of  the  pods  not  separating  at  maturity  from  the  margins.          1.  Zygia. 
Valves  of  the  pods  separating  at  maturity  from  the  persistent  margins. 

2.  Lysiloma. 

Filaments  free  or  the  inner  ones  slightly  united  at  the  base.  3.  Acacia. 

Stamens  10 ;  filaments  free  ;  seeds  with  albumen. 

Legume  piano-compressed,  dehiscent ;  flowers  in  globose  heads.  4.  Leucaeiia. 

Legume  terete  or  compressed,  indehiscent ;  flowers  in  cylindrical  spikes. 

5.  Prosopis. 

Subfamily  2.  C.ESALPINIOID.S:.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  toothed,  the  divisions  usually  valvate  in 
the  bud ;  corolla  imperfectly  papilionaceous  or  nearly  regular ;  petals  5,  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  the  upper  one  inside  and  inclosed  by  the  others  ;  stamens  10  or  less  ;  filaments 
free ;  anthers  introrse  ;  ovules  numerous  (sometimes  2  in  one  species  of  Gleditsia),  super- 
posed, anatropous,  the  micropyle  superior  ;  seeds  albuminous. 

Flowers  imperfectly  papilionaceous ;    calyx  5-toothed ;    legume  flat,  wing-margined ; 
leaves  simple.  6.  Cercis. 

Flowers  regular. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious. 

Calyx-tube  elongated,  5-lobed ;   petals  5 ;   stamens   10,  shorter  than  the  petals ; 

legume  thick  and  woody  ;  leaves  twice  pinnate.  7.  Gymnocladus. 

Calyx-tube  short,  3-5-lobed ;  petals  3-5 ;  stamens  3-5,  longer  than  the  petals ; 

legume  leathery  ;  leaves  once  and  twice  pinnate.  8.  Gleditsia. 

Flowers  perfect. 

Legumes  linear,  torulose,  acuminate  at  the  ends,  the  valves  contracted  between 
the  seeds ;  rachis  of  the  leaf  spinescent.  .       9.  Parkinsonia. 

Legumes  oblong-compressed,  rachis  of  the  leaf  not  spinescent.    10.  Cercidium. 
Subfamily  3.  PAPILIONAT^E.  Calyx  of  5  more  or  less  united  sepals ;  corolla  of  5  irregular 
petals,  papilionaceous,  the  upper  petal  (standard)  larger  than  the  others  and  inclosing 
them  in  the  bud,  usually  turned  backward  or  spreading,  the  2  lateral  petals  (wings) 
oblong,  exterior  to  the  2  lower  connivent  more  or  less  united  petals  (keel)  inclosing  the 
stamens  and  pistil ;  stamens  10,  9  of  them  united  into  a  tube  cleft  on  the  upper  side,  the 
10th  and  upper  one  separate,  or  all  distinct;  ovary  1  or  many-celled  by  cross  parti- 
tions ;   ovules  amphitropous,  the  micropyle  superior ;   seeds  usually  without  albumen  ; 
leaves  once  pinnate. 
Stamens  distinct. 

Flowers  in  racemes  ;  legume  terete,  contracted  between  the  seeds.      11.  Sophora. 
Flowers  in  panicles  ;  legume  compressed.  12.  Cladrastis. 

Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1). 
Flowers  in  racemes. 
Leaves  glandular-dotted. 

Leaves  many-foliolate  ;  petals  free  and  distinct.  13.  Eysenhardtia. 

Leaves  simple ;  wings  and  keel-petals  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  stamens. 

14.  Dalea. 
Leaves  without  glandular  dots. 

Legume  compressed  ;  stipules  becoming  spinescent,  persistent.    15.  Robinia. 
Legume  turgid,  the  valves  unequally  convex  by   the  growth  of  the  seeds ; 
stipules  0.  16.  Olneya. 

Flowers  in  axillary  panicles ;  pod  linear,  longitudinally  4-winged. 

17.  Icthyomethia. 


LEGUMINOS^:  535 

1.  ZYGIA,  P.  Br. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  branches  armed  with  the  persistent  spinescent  stip- 
ules. Leaves  petiolate,  bipinnate,  the  pinnae  few-foliolate,  their  rachises  generally 
marked  by  numerous  glands  between  the  pinnae  and  between  the  leaflets.  Flowers 
perfect  or  polygamous,  from  the  axils  of  minute  bracts,  in  pedunculate  globose  heads 
or  oblong  cylindrical  spikes,  their  peduncles  in  terminal  panicles  or  axillary  fascicles; 
calyx  campanulate,  short-toothed;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  the  petals  as  many  as  the 
teeth  of  the  calyx,  joined  for  more  than  half  their  length ;  stamens  numerous,  united 
at  the  base  into  a  tube  free  from  the  corolla;  anthers  minute,  versatile;  ovary  stipi- 
tate,  contracted  into  a  slender  filiform  style,  with  a  minute  terminal  stigma.  Legume 
compressed,  2-valved,  dehiscent,  the  valves  continuous  or  interrupted  within.  Seeds 
compressed,  suspended  transversely;  funicle  filiform  or  expanded  into  a  fleshy  aril; 
hilum  near  the  base  of  the  seed;  seed-coat  thin  or  thick,  marked  on  each  of  the  2 
surfaces  of  the  seed  by  a  faint  oval  ring  or  oblong  depression  ;  embryo  filling  the 
cavity  of  the  seed;  the  radicle  included  or  slightly  exserted. 

Zygia  with  more  than  a  hundred  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropical 
and  subtropical  regions  of  the  two  worlds,  and  is  most  abundant  in  tropical  America. 
Of  the  four  species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  three  are  arbo- 
rescent. 

The  generic  name,  from  C"7<k,  is  the  classical  name  of  some  other  tree. 

CONSPECTUS   OF    THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Pinnae  with  1  pair  of  leaflets ;  valves  of  the  legume  much  contorted  after  opening ;  seeds 
surrounded  by  the  enlarged  ariloid  funicles.  1.  Z.  Unguis-cati  (D). 

Pinnfe  with  more  than  1  pair  of  leaflets ;  valves  of  the  legume  not  contorted  after  opening ; 
funicle  of  the  seed  not  enlarged  and  ariloid. 

Pinnae  with  3-5  pairs  of  leaflets  ;  legume  short-stalked,  the  valves  submembranaceous  ; 

seeds  not  in  separate  compartments.  '2.  Z.  brevif olia  (E). 

Pinnae  with  2-3  pairs  of  leaflets  ;  legume  sessile,  the  valves  thick  and  woody,  tardily 

dehiscent;  seeds  in  separate  compartments.  3.  Z.  flexicaulis  (E). 

1.  Zygia  Unguis-cati,  Sudw.    Cat's  Claw. 

Leaves  persistent,  long-petiolate,  with  a  single  pair  of  bifoliolate  pinnae,  and  slen- 
der petioles  faintly  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  \'-V  long,  and  slightly  and  abruptly 
enlarged  at  the  base;  rachis  glandular  between  the  short  stout  petiolules  and  between 
leaflets;  leaflets  obtuse,  orbicular  or  broadly  oblong,  very  oblique  and  obtuse  or  rarely 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  entire,  membranaceous  or  somewhat  coriaceous,  reticulate- 
veined,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  npper  and  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  ^'-2' 
long  and  £'-!£'  wide.  Flowers  polygamous,  pale  yellow,  glabrous  or  slightly  pnber- 
ulous,  opening  in  Florida  in  March  and  continuing  to  appear  until  midsummer,  in 
globular  heads,  on  slender  peduncles  1/-1£'  long  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves 
or  collected  in  ample  terminal  panicles,  their  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  chartaceous, 
\'  long,  caducous ;  calyx  rather  less  than  ^'  long,  broadly  toothed,  one  quarter  as  long 
as  the  acuminate  petals  barely  exceeding  the  tube  formed  by  the  union  of  the  fila- 
ments; stamens  purple,  \'  long;  ovary  glabrous,  long-stalked,  minute  or  rudimentary 
in  the  sterile  flower.  Fruit  compressed,  slightly  torulose,  stipitate,  rounded  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  2'-4'  long,  \'-%  wide,  the  valves  reticulate-veined,  thickened  on  the  mar- 
gins, bright  reddish  brown  and  after  opening  greatly  and  variously  contorted;  seeds 


536  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

irregularly  obovate  or  sometimes  nearly  triangular,  compressed  or  thickened,  dark 
chestnut-brown,  lustrous,  marked  by  faint  oval  rings,  ^'  long,  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  the  enlarged  bright  red  ariloid  funicle;  seed-coat  thin,  cartilaginous. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°-25°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  7'-8'  in  diameter,  ascending 
and  spreading  branches  forming  a  low  flat  irregular  head,  and  slender  somewhat  zig- 
zag branchlets  at  first  slightly  striately  angled,  becoming  terete,  light  gray-brown  or 
dark  reddish  brown,  covered  with  minute  pale  lenticels,  and  armed  with  the  straight 
persistent  rigid  stipular  spines  broad  at  the  base  and  ^'  long,  or  rarelv  minute;  more 


often  a  shrub,  with  many  vine-like  almost  prostrate  stems.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'  thick, 
reddish  brown  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  small  square  plates.  Wood  very 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rich  red  varying  to  purple,  with  thin  clear  yellow  sap- 
wood.  The  bark  is  astringent  and  diuretic,  and  was  once  used  in  Jamaica  as  a  cure 
for  many  diseases. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Caximbas  Bay  and  on  many  of  the  southern 
keys;  most  abundant  in  its  arborescent  form  on  the  larger  of  the  eastern  keys,  and 
probably  of  its  largest  size  in  Florida  on  Elliott's  Key;  often  forming  shrubby 
thickets;  common  and  widely  distributed  through  the  Antilles  to  Venezuela  and 
New  Granada.  • 

2.  Zygia  brevifolia,  Sudw.  Huajillo. 

Leaves  2'-3'  long,  2'  wide,  long-petiolate,  with  8-12  10-20-foliolate  pinnae  and 
slender  terete  petioles  1'  long  and  furnished  near  the  middle  with  a  dark  oblong 
gland,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  pale  tomentum  and  at  maturity  glabrous  with 
the  exception  of  the  puberulous  petioles  and  rachises,  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous; 
leaflets  oblong-linear,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  oblique  at  the  base,  very  short- 
petiolate,  #-\'  long,  light  green  on  the  upper,  paler  on  the  lower  surface.  Flowers 
white  to  violet-yellow,  in  globose  or  oblong  heads  ^'  in  diameter,  on  thin  pubescent 
peduncles  bracteolate  at  the  apex,  coated  at  first,  like  the  flower-buds,  with  thick 
white  tomentum,  developed  from  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  scarious  deciduous 
bracts,  and  arranged  in  short  terminal  racemes;  calyx  shortly  5-lobed,  puberulous 
on  the  outer  surface,  about  -fa-  long  and  one  fourth  the  length  of  the  puberulous 
petals  persistent  with  the  stamens  at  the  base  of  the  mature  fruit;  stamens  nearly 
£'  long.  Fruit  ripening  at  midsummer  and  often  persistent  on  the  branches  after 


LEGUMINOS^E  537 

opening  until  the  trees  flower  the  following  year,  straight,  compressed,  slightly  toru- 
lose,  short-stalked,  contracted  at  the  apex  into  a  short  slender  point,  4'-6'  long  and 
I'  wide,  its  valves  somewhat  membranaceous,  thick-margined,  reddish  brown  on  the 


outer,  yellow  tinged  with  red  on  the  inner  surface,  reticulate-veined;  seeds  sus- 
pended by  slender  coiled  and  somewhat  dilated  f unicles,  compressed,  ovate  to  nearly 
orbicular,  dark  chestnut-brown,  very  lustrous,  \'  long,  and  faintly  marked  by  large 
oval  depressions;  seed-coat  thin,  cartilaginous. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  5'-6'  in  diameter,  slender  upright 
branches  forming  a  narrow  irregular  head,  and  branchlets  slightly  striately  angled, 
covered  with  minute  white  lenticels,  light  gray  and  puberulous  when  they  first  ap- 
pear, becoming  dark  brown  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  stout  rigid  stipular 
spines  sometimes  ^'  long  and  persistent  for  many  years;  more  often  a  shrub,  some- 
times only  2°-3°  tall.  Bark  of  the  trunk  smooth,  light  gray  somewhat  tinged  with 
red,  and  often  marked  by  large  pale  blotches.  "Wood  dark-colored,  hard,  and  heavy. 

Distribution.  Bluffs  and  bottom-lands  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  Texas;  usually 
a  low  shrub  spreading  into  broad  clumps,  but  occasionally  in  the  rich  and  compara- 
tively moist  soil  of  the  river  lagoons  a  slender  tree;  in  Mexico  more  abundant;  of 
its  largest  size  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo 
Leon. 

3.  Zygia  flexicaulis,  Sudw.   Ebony. 

Leaves  persistent,  l^'-2'  long,  2^'-3'  wide,  long-petiolate,  with  slender  puber- 
ulous petioles  glandular  near  the  middle  and  furnished  at  the  apex  with  small  orbic- 
ular solitary  glands,  and  4-6  usually  6-foliolate  pinnae,  the  lowest  pair  often  the 
shortest,  persistent;  leaflets  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  reticulate-veined, 
membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper 
surface,  paler  on  the  lower,  \'-\'  long,  petiolules  short  and  broad.  Flowers  light 
yellow  or  cream  color,  very  fragrant,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  minute  caducous  bracts, 
appearing  from  June  until  August,  in  cylindrical  dense  or  interrupted  spikes  1^'  long, 
on  stout  pubescent  peduncles  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  of  the  previous 
year;  corolla  four  or  five  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  like  it  puberulous  on  the  outer 
surface,  and  about  as  long  as  the  tube  formed  by  the  union  of  the  filaments;  stamens 


538  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

|'  long;  ovary  glabrous,  sessile.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  and  remaining  on 
the  branches  until  after  the  flowering  season  of  the  following  year,  sessile,  tardily 
dehiscent,  flattened,  turgid,  straight  or  slightly  falcate,  oblique  at  the  base,  rounded 
and  contracted  into  a  short  broad  point  at  the  apex,  4'-6'  long,  I'-l^'  broad,  with 
thick  woody  valves  lined  with  a  thick  pithy  substance  inclosing  and  separating  the 
seeds;  seeds  suspended  on  very  short  straight  funicles,  bright  red-brown,  \'  long, 
£'  wide,  irregularly  obovate,  faintly  marked  by  short  oblong  depressions;  seed-coat 
thick,  crustaceous. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  separating  8°-10° 
from  the  ground  into  short  spreading  branches  forming  a  wide  round  head,  and  stout 
zigzag  branchlets,  puberulous,  light  green  or  dark  reddish  brown  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  in  their  second  year  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulous,  dark  reddish 
brown  or  light  gray,  and  armed  with  the  persistent  stipular  pale  chestnut-brown 


spines  \'-\'  long.  Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  hard,  compact,  close-grained,  dark  rich 
red-brown  slightly  tinged  with  purple,  with  thin  clear  bright  yellow  sap  wood;  almost 
indestructible  in  contact  with  the  ground  and  largely  used  for  fence-posts;  valued 
by  cabinet-makers  and  for  fuel,  and  considered  more  valuable  than  that  of  any  other 
tree  of  the  Rio  Grande  valley.  The  seeds  are  palatable  and  nutritious,  and  are  boiled 
when  green  or  roasted  when  ripe  by  the  Mexicans,  who  use  their  thick  shells  as  a 
substitute  for  coffee. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  to  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Nuevo 
Leon,  and  in  Lower  California;  common  on  the  bluffs  of  the  Gulf  coast  and  on  both 
banks  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande;  south  of  the  Rio  Grande  one  of  the  commonest  and 
most  beautiful  trees  of  the  region. 

2.  LYSILOMA,  Benth. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  unarmed  branches,  abruptly  bipinnate  long-peti- 
olate  persistent  leaves,  their  petioles  marked  by  large  conspicuous  glands,  and  small 
leaflets  in  many  pairs;  stipules  large,  membranaceous,  persistent  or  deciduous. 
Flowers  perfect  or  rarely  polygamous,  minute,  usually  white  or  greenish  white, 
from  the  axils  of  minute  bractlets  more  or  less  dilated  at  the  apex,  in  globose 


LEGUMINOSJE 


539 


many-flowered  heads,  on  axillary  solitary  or  fascicled  peduncles;  calyx  campauulate, 
5-toothed ;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  of  5  petals  united  for  more  than  half  their  length ; 
stamens  generally  12-30,  exserted;  filaments  filiform,  united  at  the  base  into  a  tube 
free  from  the  corolla;  anthers  minute,  ovate,  versatile;  ovary  sessile,  contracted  into 
a  slender  subulate  style,  with  a  minute  terminal  stigma.  Legume  broad,  straight, 
compressed,  submembranaceous,  the  valves  at  maturity  separating  from  the  undivided 
margins,  continuous  within,  their  outer  layer  thin  and  papery,  dark-colored,  the  inner 
rather  thicker,  pale  yellow.  Seeds  compressed,  transverse,  suspended  by  long  slen- 
der funicles,  the  hilum  near  the  base;  seed-coat  thin, crustaceous;  radicle  slightly 
exserted. 

Lysiloma  with  about  ten  species  inhabits  tropical  America  from  southern  Florida 
and  the  Bahama  Islands,  the  West  Indies.  Mexico  and  Lower  California,  to  Central 
America  and  Bolivia.  Several  of  the  species  produce  valuable  timber. 

The  generic  name,  from  \6cris  and  Aw/ia,  refers  to  the  separation  of  the  valves 
from  the  margins  of  the  legume. 

1.  Lysiloma  Bahamensis,  Benth.  Wild  Tamarind. 

(Lysiloma  latisiliqua,  Silva  N.  Am.  iii.  12Q^ 

Leaves  4/-5'  long,  glabrous  or  sometimes  slightly  puberulous,  with  slender  peti- 
oles 1'  long,  marked  near  the  middle  with  an  elevated  gland,  and  2-5  pairs  of  short- 
stalked  40-80-foliolate  pinnae;  their  petioles  enlarged  and  slightly  glandular  at  the 


base;  stipules  foliaceous,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  auriculate  and  semi- 
cordate  at  the  base,  \'  long,  usually  caducous;  leaflets  obliquely  ovate  or  oblong, 
obtuse  or  acute,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  by  the  greater  development  of  one 
of  the  sides,  sessile  or  short-petiolulate,  entire,  reticulate-veined,  light  green,  paler 
on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  \'-^'  long  and  ^'-\'  wide.  Flowers  about 
£'  long,  in  heads  appearing  in  Florida  early  in  April,  coated  before  the  flowers  open 
with  thick  pale  tomentum,  and  after  the  exsertion  of  the  stamens  $'  in  diameter,  on 
peduncles  |'-1^'  long,  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  their  bracts 
and  bractlets  acute,  membranaceous,  caducous;  calyx  broadly  5-toothed,  pilose  on  the 


540  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

outer  surface,  especially  above  the  middle,  -fy  long,  and  half  as  long  as  the  5-lobed 
corolla  with  reflexed  lobes ;  stamens  about  20,  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla,  united  for 
one  fourth  of  their  length  into  a  slender  tube.  Fruit  stipitate,  gradually  narrowed 
and  acute  at  the  ends,  4'-5'  long,  1'  broad,  with  a  slender  stem  1/-2'  long,  ripening  in 
the  autumn  and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  after  the  flowering  period  of  the 
following  year,  in  clusters  of  2-3  on  short  peduncles  abruptly  and  conspicuously 
enlarged  at  the  apex;  valves  thin  and  papery,  bronze-green  when  fully  grown, 
becoming  dark  red-brown,  separating  slowly  from  the  margins;  seeds  oval  or 
obovate,  dark  brown,  lustrous,  £'  long. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches 
forming  a  wide  flat  head,  and  glabrous  or  somewhat  pilose  branchlets,  conspicuously 
verrucose,  bright  red-brown  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  pale  or  light  reddish 
brown  in  their  second  year.  Bark  of  the  trunk  of  young  trees  and  of  the  branches 
smooth,  light  gray  tinged  with  pink,  becoming  on  old  trunks  \'-\'  thick,  dark  brown 
and  separating  into  large  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  tough, 
close-grained,  rich  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  nearly  white  sapwood  1'— 1^' 
thick,  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual  growth ;  in  Florida  occasionally  used  and  valued  for 
boat  and  shipbuilding. 

Distribution.  Key  Largo,  Elliott's,  Plantation,  and  Boca  Chica  keys,  Florida; 
not  common;  on  the  Bahama  Islands. 

3.  ACACIA,  Adans. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  branches  armed  with  spinescent  stipules  or  infra- 
stipular  spines.  Leaves  alternate  on  young  branches  and  fascicled  in  earlier  axils, 
bipinnate,  with  usually  small  leaflets,  persistent.  Flowers  perfect  or  often  polyga- 
mous, small,  in  the  axils  of  minute  linear  bractlets  more  or  less  dilated  and  often 
peltate  at  the  apex,  in  globose  heads  or  cylindrical  spikes,  on  axillary  solitary  or  fasci- 
cled peduncles;  calyx  campanulate,  5  or  6-toothed ;  petals  as  many  as  the  divisions  of 
the  calyx,  more  or  less  united;  stamens  numerous,  usually  more  than  50,  exserted, 
free  or  slightly  and  irregularly  united  at  the  base,  inserted  under  or  just  above  the 
base  of  the  ovary ;  filaments  filiform ;  anthers  small,  attached  on  the  back,  versatile ; 
ovary  contracted  into  a  long  slender  style  terminating  in  a  minute  stigma.  Legume 
nearly  cylindrical  or  flat,  indehiscent,  continuous  or  divided  within.  Seeds  transverse, 
compressed;  seed-coat  thick,  crustaceous,  marked  on  each  face  of  the  seed  by  an 
oval  depression  or  ring;  radicle  straight,  included,  or  slightly  exserted. 

Acacia  with  more  than  four  hundred  species  is  widely  distributed  through  Australia, 
where  it  is  most  largely  represented,  tropical  and  southern  Africa,  northern  Africa, 
southwestern  China,  the  warmer  regions  of  southern  Asia,  the  islands  of  the  south 
Pacific,  tropical  and  temperate  South  America,  the  West  Indies,  Central  America  and 
Mexico  to  the  southwestern  boundaries  of  the  United  States  where  ten  or  twelve 
species  occur;  of  these  four  are  arborescent.  Acacia  is  astringent,  and  many  species 
yield  valuable  tan  bark.  Gum  arabic  is  produced  by  different  Old  World  species; 
many  of  the  species  yield  hard  heavy  durable  wood,  and  some  of  the  Australian 
species  are  large  and  valuable  timber-trees.  Many  species  are  cultivated  for  their 
graceful  foliage  and  handsome  fragrant  flowers. 

The  generic  name,  from  OKOK/O,  relates  to  the  spines  with  which  the  branches  are 
usually  armed. 


LEGUMINOS^:  541 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Flowers  in  globose  heads;   corolla   5-lobed;   ovary  sessile;  stipules  persistent,  becoming 
spines. 

Legume  cylindrical,  glabrous,  its  sutures  conspicuously  thickened  and  grooved ;  seeds  in 

2  ranks.  1.  A.  Farnesiana  (E). 

Legume  flattened,  pubescent,  its  sutures  not  thickened,  slightly  grooved ;   seeds   in 

1  rank.  2.  A.  tortuosa  (E). 

Flowers  in  elongated  slender  spikes ;  corolla  of  5  petals  only  slightly  united  at  the  base ; 

ovary  stalked  ;  stipules  caducous  ;  branchlets  armed  with  inf  rastipular  spines. 

Legume  1'  wide,  straight  or  slightly  contracted  between  the  seeds,  not  becoming  twisted 

and  contorted  at  maturity ;  seeds  narrowly  obovate  or  ovate.     3.  A.  Wrightii  (E). 

Legume  £'-£'  wide,  often  conspicuously  contracted  between  the  seeds,  becoming  twisted 

and  contorted  at  maturity ;  seeds  nearly  orbicular.  4.  A.  Greggii  (E,  G,  H). 

1.  Acacia  Farnesiana,  Willd.  Huisache.  Cassie. 

Leaves  2'-4'  long,  with  2-8,  usually  4  or  5,  pairs  of  pinnae,  generally  somewhat 
puberulous  on  the  short  petioles  and  rachises,  in  Texas  mostly  falling  at  the  begin- 
ning of  winter;  pinnae  sessile  or  short-stalked,  remote  or  close  together,  with  10-25 


pairs  of  linear  acute  leaflets  tipped  with  minute  points,  unequal  at  the  base,  sessile 
or  short-petiolulate,  glabrous  or  puberulous,  bright  green,  ^'-^'  long.  Flowers  bright 
yellow,  very  fragrant,  fa'  long,  opening  during  the  summer  and  autumn  from  the 
axils  of  minute  clavate  pilose  bractlets,  in  heads  §'  in  diameter,  on  axillary  solitary 
slender  puberulous  peduncles,  most  often  2  or  3  together  and  I'-l^'  long,  with  two  mi- 
nute dentate  connate  bracts  forming  an  involucral  cup  immediately  under  the  flower- 
head;  calyx  about  half  as  long  as  the  petals  and  like  them  somewhat  pilose  on  the 
outer  surface;  stamens  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  corolla;  ovary  short-stipi- 
tate,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  oblong,  cylindrical  or  spindle-shaped,  thick, 
turgid,  straight  or  curved,  slightly  contracted  between  the  seeds,  short-stalked,  nar- 
rowed at  the  apex  into  a  short  thick  point,  2'-3'  long,  £'-§ '  broad,  dark  red-purple, 
lustrous,  and  marked  by  broad  light-colored  bands  along  the  thickened  grooved 
sutures,  the  outer  coat  of  the  walls  thin  and  papery,  inclosing  a  thick  pithy  pulp- 
like  substance  surrounding  the  seeds,  each  in  a  separate  thin- walled  compartment; 


542 


TREES    OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


seeds  ovate,  thick,  flattened  on  the  inner  surface  by  mutual  pressure,  \'  long,  sus- 
pended transversely  in  2  ranks  on  short  straight  funicles,  light  brown,  lustrous,  and 
faintly  marked  by  large  oval  rings. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  separating  6°-8° 
from  the  ground  into  numerous  long  pendulous  branches  forming  a  wide  round 
spreading  head,  and  slender  terete  or  slightly  striate  angled  branchlets,  glabrous  or 
at  first  puberulous,  and  armed  with  straight  rigid  terete  spines  developed  from  the 
persistent  stipules  and  sometimes  1^'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  reddish  brown, 
irregularly  broken  by  long  reticulated  ridges,  exfoliating  in  large  thin  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rich  reddish  brown,  with  thin  pale  sapwood;  in  India 
used  for  the  knees  of  small  vessels  and  in  agricultural  implements. 

Distribution.  Now  widely  spread  by  cultivation  through  the  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical regions  of  the  two  worlds  and  probably  a  native  of  America  from  western 
Texas  to  northern  Chili;  growing  in  Texas  apparently  naturally  in  the  arid  and 
almost  uninhabited  region  between  the  Nueces  and  Rio  Grande. 

Largely  cultivated  in  southern  Europe  for  its  fragrant  flowers  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  perfumery,  as  an  ornament  of  gardens  in  all  warm  countries,  and  in  India 
as  a  hedge  plant. 

2.  Acacia  tortuosa,  Willd. 

Leaves  generally  less  than  V  long,  short-petiolate,  with  slender  puberulous  rachises 
and  usually  3  or  4  pairs  of  pinnae,  early  deciduous;  pinnae  sessile  or  short-stalked, 
remote,  with  10-15  pairs  of  linear  somewhat  falcate  leaflets,  acute,  tipped  with 
minute  points,  subsessile,  light  green,  glabrous,  ^j/— jV  long.  Flowers  minute, 
bright  yellow,  very  fragrant,  in  the  axils  of  clavate  pilose  bractlets,  in  heads  \'-\'  in 
diameter,  appearing  in  March  with  or  just  before  the  unfolding  leaves,  on  clustered 
or  solitary  slender  puberulous  peduncles,  \'-$'  long,  and  furnished  at  the  apex  with 
2  minute  connate  bracts;  calyx  only  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  corolla,  with  short 


puberulous  lobes;  corolla  puberulous  at  the  apex,  less  than  one  half  as  long  as 
the  filaments;  ovary  covered  with  short  close  pubescence.  Fruit  elongated,  linear, 
slightly  compressed,  somewhat  constricted  between  the  seeds,  3'-5'  long,  about  \' 
wide,  dark  red-brown  and  cinereo-pub.erulous;  seeds  in  1  series,  obovate,  com- 
pressed, dark  red-brown,  lustrous,  about  ^'  long,  faintly  marked  by  large  oval  rings. 


LEGUMINOS^:  543 

A  tree,  occasionally  15°-20°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  stout 
wide-spreading  branches  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  slender  somewhat  zig- 
zag slightly  angled  reddish  brown  branchlets  roughened  by  numerous  minute  round 
lenticels,  villose,  with  short  pale  hairs,  and  armed  with  thin  terete  puberulous  spines 
occasionally  f  long;  in  Texas  usually  shrubby,  with  numerous  stems  forming  a  sym- 
metrical round-topped  bush  only  a  few  feet  high.  Bark  dark  brown  or  nearly  black, 
and  deeply  furrowed. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Rio  Cibolo  to  Eagle  Pass  on  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas; 
and  in  northern  and  southern  Mexico,  the  West  Indies,  Venezuela,  and  on  the  Gala- 
pagos Islands;  in  Texas  probably  arborescent  only  on  the  plains  of  the  Rio  Grande 
near  Spofford. 

3.  Acacia  Wrightii,  Benth.   Cat's  Claw. 

Leaves  l'-2'  long,  slightly  pubescent,  especially  on  the  petioles  and  rachises,  with 
1-3  pairs  of  pinna?,  slender  petioles  !£'  long,  and  eglandular  .or  glandular,  with  small 
convex  glands,  and  linear  acute  caducous  stipules  ^'  long;  pitinaB  short-stalked, 


with  2-5  pairs  of  obliquely  obovate-oblong  leaflets,  obtuse,  rounded,  and  often  apic- 
ulate  at  the  apex,  sessile  or  short-petiolulate,  2  or  sometimes  3-nerved,  reticulate- 
veined,  rigid,  bright  green  and  rather  paler  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface, 
TV~i'  long.  Flowers  light  yellow,  fragrant,  appearing  from  the  end  of  March  to 
the  end  of  May,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  caducous 
bracts,  in  narrow  spikes  1^'  long,  often  interrupted  below  the  middle,  on  slender 
fascicled  pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous  peduncles;  calyx  obscurely  5-lobed,  pubes- 
cent on  the  outer  surface,  half  as  long  as  the  spatulate  petals  slightly  united  at  the 
base,  and  ciliate  on  the  margins;  stamens  \'  long;  ovary  long-stalked,  covered  with 
long  pale  hairs.  Fruit  fully  grown  early  in  the  summer,  deciduous  in  the  autumn, 
slightly  falcate,  compressed,  stipitate,  oblique  at  the  base,  rounded  and  short-pointed 
at  the  apex,  2'-4'  long,  V  wide,  with  thick  straight  or  irregularly  contracted  margins 
and  thin  papery  walls  conspicuously  marked  by  narrow  horizontal  reticulate  veins; 
seeds  narrowly  obovate,  compressed,  ^'  long,  suspended  transversely  on  long  slender 
funicles,  light  brown,  marked  by  large  oval  depressions. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  spread- 


544  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

ing  branches  forming  a  low  wide  or  irregular  head,  and  branchlets  when  they  first 
appear  somewhat  striately  angled,  glabrous,  pale  yellow-brown  or  dark  red-brown, 
turning  pale  gray  in  their  second  year,  and  armed  with  occasional  stout  recurved 
infrastipular  chestnut-brown  spines  \'  long,  compressed  toward  the  broad  base  and 
very  sharp-pointed,  or  rarely  unarmed.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  furrowed, 
divided  by  shallow  furrows  into  broad  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  thin 
narrow  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  bright  clear  brown  streaked 
with  red  and  yellow,  with  thin  clear  yellow  sap  wood  of  6  or  7  layers  of  annual  growth ; 
valued  and  largely  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River  in  the  neighborhood  of  New 
Braunfels,  Texas,  to  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  south  of  the  Rio  Grande  on  dry  gravelly  mesas  and  foothills. 

4.  Acacia  Greggii,  Gray.  Cat's  Claw.   Ufia  de  Gato. 

Leaves  1/-3'  long,  pubescent  or  puberulous,  with  1-3  pairs  of  pinnae,  short 
slender  petioles  furnished  near  the  middle  with  a  minute  oblong  chestnut-brown 
gland,  and  linear  stipules  T^'  long  and  caducous  ;  pinme  short-stalked,  with  4-5 
pairs  of  obovate  oblique  leaflets  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  apex  and  unequally  con- 
tracted at  the  base  into  short  petiolules,  thick  and  rigid,  2-3-nerved,  reticulate- 
veined,  hoary -pubescent,  ^'-^'  long.  Flowers  fragrant,  bright  creamy  yellow,  in 
dense  oblong  pubescent  spikes,  on  peduncles  £'-f '  long,  and  fascicled  usually  2  or  3 
together  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  calyx  obscurely  5-lobed,  puberulous  on 
the  outer  surface,  half  as  long  as  the  petals  slightly  united  at  the  base  and  pale- 
tomentose  on  the  margins;  stamens  \'  long  ;  ovary  long-stalked,  covered  with  long 


pale  hairs.  Fruit  fully  grown  at  midsummer  and  hanging  unopened  on  the  branches 
until  winter  or  the  following  spring,  compressed,  straight  or  slightly  falcate,  obliquely 
narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  stalk,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  more  or  less 
contracted  between  the  seeds,  2'-4'  long,  £'-| '  wide,  curling  and  often  contorted  when 
fully  ripe,  the  valves  thin  and  membranaceous,  thick-margined,  light  brown,  con- 
spicuously transversely  reticulate-veined;  seeds  nearly  orbicular,  compressed,  dark 
brown  and  lustrous,  \'  in  diameter,  marked  by  small  oval  depressions. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12f  in  diameter,  numerous  spreading 
branches,  and  striately  angled  puberulous  pale  brown  branchlets  faintly  tinged  with 


LEGUMINOS^E  545 

red  and  armed  with  stout  recurved  infrastipular  spines  flat  at  the  base  and  \'  long 
and  broad.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  furrowed,  the  surface  separating  into 
thin  narrow  scales.  "Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  durable,  rich 
brown  or  red,  with  thin  light  yellow  sapwood  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  mesas,  the  sides  of  low  canons  and  the  banks  of 
mountain  streams;  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  western  Texas,  through  southern  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  California;  and  in  northern  Mexico. 

4.  LEUCJBNA,  Benth. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  unarmed  branches.  Leaves  persistent,  abruptly  bipin- 
nate,  with  numerous  pinnae  and  small  leaflets  in  many  pairs,  petiolate,  their  petioles 
often  furnished  with  a  conspicuous  gland  below  the  lower  pair  of  pinnse;  stipules 
minute  and  caducous,  or  becoming  spinescent  and  persistent.  Flowers  minute,  white 
mostly  perfect,  sessile  or  short-pedicellate,  in  the  axils  of  small  peltate  bracts  villose 
at  the  apex,  in  globose  many-flowered  pedunculate  heads,  the  peduncles  in  axillary 
fascicles  or  in  leafless  terminal  racemes;  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  minutely 
5-toothed;  petals  5,  free,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base; 
stamens  10,  free,  inserted  under  the  ovary,  exserted;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ob- 
long, versatile;  ovary  stipitate,  contracted  into  a  long  slender  style,  with  a  minute 
terminal  slightly  dilated  stigma.  Legume  many-seeded,  stipitate,  linear,  com- 
pressed, dehiscent,  the  valves  thickened  on  the  margins,  rigid,  membranaceous,  con- 
tinuous within,  their  outer  coat  thin  and  papery,  dark-colored,  the  inner  rather 
thicker,  woody,  pale  brown.  Seeds  obovate,  compressed,  transverse,  the  hilum  near 
the  base,  suspended  on  long  slender  funicles  ;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous,  brown 
and  lustrous;  embryo  inclosed  on  its  two  sides  by  a  thin  layer  of  horny  albumen; 
radicle  slightly  exserted. 

Leucsena  with  nine  or  ten  species  is  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  America 
from  western  Texas  to  Peru  and  Venezuela,  and  to  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
from  New  Caledonia  to  Tahiti,  where  one  species  has  been  recognized.  Of  the  three 
indigenous  species  found  in  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  two  are  arborescent. 
Leuccena  glauca,  L.,  a  small  tree  or  shrub,  cultivated  in  all  warm  countries,  and  a 
native  probably  of  tropical  America,  is  now  naturalized  on  Key  West,  Florida. 

The  generic  name,  from  \tvxulvu,  refers  to  the  color  of  the  flowers. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Peduncles  bibracteolate  at  the  apex  ;  leaves  10-14-pinnate  ;  pinnae  with  15-30  pairs  of  leaf- 
lets ;  stipules  becoming1  spinescent,  persistent.  1.  L.  Greggii  (E). 

Peduncles  without  bracts ;  leaves  30-36-pinnate ;  pinnae  with  30-60  pairs  of  leaflets ; 
stipules  minute,  caducous.  2.  L.  pulverulenta  (E). 

1.  Leucaena  Greggii,  Wats. 

Leaves  6'-7'  long  and  broad,  with  slender  rachises  furnished  on  the  upper  side 
with  a  single  elongated  bottle-shaped  gland  between  the  stalks  of  each  pair  of  pinnae; 
pinnae  10-14,  remote,  short-stalked,  with  15-30  pairs  of  leaflets;  stipules  gradually 
narrowed  into  long  slender  points,  becoming  rigid  and  spinescent,  £'  to  nearly 
^' long  and  persistent  for  two  or  three  years;  leaflets  lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, often  somewhat  falcate,  nearly  sessile  or  short-petiolulate,  full  and  rounded  to- 
ward the  base  on  the  lower  margin,  nearly  straight  on  the  upper  margin,  gray-green, 


546  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

ultimately  nearly  glabrous,  \'-\'  long,  about  \'  wide,  with  narrow  midveins  and  ob- 
scure lateral  nerves.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  in  heads  f '-!'  in  diameter,  on  stout 
peduncles  2'-3'  long  furnished  at  the  apex  with  2  irregularly  3-lobed  bracts,  and 
solitary  or  in  pairs;  calyx  coated  with  hairs  only  near  the  apex,  much  shorter  than 
the  spatulate  glabrous  more  or  less  boat-shaped  petals;  ovary  villose,  with  a  few 
short  scattered  hairs.  Fruit  6'-8'  long,  £'-£'  wide,  narrowed  below  into  a  short  stout 


stipe,  acuminate  and  crowned  at  the  apex  with  the  thickened  style,  £'-f '  long,  cine- 
reo-pubescent  until  nearly  fully  grown,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  at  maturity,  much 
compressed,  with  narrow  wing-like  margins;  seeds  conspicuously  notched  by  the 
hilum,  ^'  long,  ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  stem  4'-5'  in  diameter,  and  stout  zigzag  red-brown 
branchlets  marked  by  numerous  pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  short  spreading 
lustrous  yellow  deciduous  hairs  found  also  on  the  young  petioles  and  lower  surface 
of  the  unfolding  leaflets,  the  peduncles  of  the  flower-heads  and  their  bracts.  Bark 
about  I'  thick,  dark  brown,  divided  into  low  ridges  and  broken  on  the  surface  into 
small  closely  appressed  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rich 
brown  streaked  with  red,  with  thin  clear  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Mountain  ravines  and  the  steep  banks  of  streams;  western  Texas 
from  the  valley  of  the  upper  San  Saba  River  to  that  of  Devil's  River;  and  southward 
into  Mexico. 

2.  Leuceena  pulverulenta,  Benth.  Mimosa. 

Leaves  4'-7'  long  and  3'-4'  broad,  with  slender  petioles  usually  marked  by  a  large 
dark  oblong  gland  between  the  somewhat  enlarged  base  and  the  lowest  pair  of  pinnae, 
30-36  nearly  sessile  crowded  pinnae,  each  with  30-60  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  minute 
caducous  stipules;  when  they  unfold  covered  like  the  peduncles  and  flower-buds 
with  dense  hoary  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  puberulous  on  the  petioles  and  rachises; 
leaflets  linear,  acute,  rather  oblique  at  the  base  by  the  greater  development  of  the 
upper  side,  sessile  or  very  short-petiolulate,  pale  bright  green,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers 
sessile,  in  heads  ^'  in  diameter,  appearing  in  succession  as  the  branches  grow  from 
early  spring  to  midsummer,  on  slender  peduncles  I'-l^'  long  and  fascicled  in  the  axils 
of  upper  leaves;  calyx  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  acute  petals  and  like  them  pilose 


LEGUMINOS.E 


547 


on  the  outer  surface ;  stamens  twice  as  long  as  the  petals ;  ovary  coated  with  long 
pale  hairs.  Fruit  conspicuously  thick-margined,  4/-14'  long,  long-stalked,  tipped 
with  short  straight  or  recurved  points,  2  or  3  together  on  a  common  peduncle  thick- 
ened at  the  apex;  seeds  TY  long. 

A  tree,  50°-GO°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  18'-2(y  in  diameter,  separating  20°-30° 
from  the  ground  into  slender  spreading  branches  forming  a  loose  round  head,  and 
branchlets  at  first  more  or  less  striately  grooved  and  thickly  coated  with  pulverulent 
caducous  tomentum,  becoming  at  the  end  of  a  few  weeks  terete,  pale  cinnamon-brown 
and  puberulous.  Bark  about  \'  thick,  bright  cinnamon-brown,  and  roughened  by 


thick  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown, 
with  thin  clear  yellow  sap  wood  of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual  growth;  considered  valu- 
able and  sometimes  manufactured  into  lumber. 

Distribution.  Rich  moist  soil  of  river  banks  and  the  borders  of  lagoons  and  small 
streams;  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande ;  in  Texas  only  for  a  few  miles  near  its  mouth ; 
more  abundant  from  Matamoras  to  Monterey  in  Nuevo  Leon;  and  southward  to  the 
neighborhood  of  the  City  of  Mexico. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  towns  of  the  lower  Rio 
Grande  valley. 

5.  PROSOPIS,  L.  Mesquite. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  branches  without  terminal  buds  and  armed  with  geminate 
supra-axillary  persistent  spines,  and  small  obtuse  axillary  buds  covered  with  acute 
apiculate  dark  brown  scales.  Leaves  alternate  on  branches  of  the  year  and  fascicled 
in  earlier  axils,  deciduous,  bipinnate,  with  many-foliolate  piniue;  petioles  glandular  at 
the  apex,  with  a  minute  gland,  and  tipped  with  the  small  spinescent  rachis;  stipules 
linear,  membranaceous  or  spinescent,  deciduous.  Flowers  greenish  white,  sessile,  in 
axillary  pedunculate  spikes;  calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed,  or  slightly  5-lobed,  de- 
ciduous; petals  5,  connate  below  the  middle  or  ultimately  free,  glabrous  ortomentose 
on  the  inner  surface  toward  the  apex,  sometimes  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface; 
stamens  10,  free,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  a  minute  disk  adnate  to 
the  calyx-tube,  those  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  rather  longer  than  the  others; 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  versatile,  their  connective  tipped  with  a  minute 
deciduous  gland,  the  cells  opening  by  marginal  sutures;  ovary  stipitate,  villose; 


548  TREES   OP  NORTH  AMERICA 

style  filiform,  with  a  minute  terminal  stigma.  Legume  linear,  compressed  or  sub- 
terete,  straight  or  falcate,  or  contorted  or  twisted  into  a  more  or  less  regular  spiral, 
indehiscent;  the  outer  coat  thin,  woody,  pale  yellow,  inclosing  a  thick  spongy  inner 
coat  of  sweet  pulp  containing  the  seeds  placed  obliquely  and  separately  inclosed, 
their  envelopes  forming  nut-like  joints.  Seeds  oblong,  compressed,  the  hilum  near 
the  base;  seed-coat  crustaceous,  light  brown,  lustrous;  embyro  surrounded  by  a  layer 
of  horny  albumen;  radicle  short,  slightly  exserted. 

Prosopis  is  distributed  in  the  New  World  from  southern  Kansas  to  Patagonia, 
and  in  the  Old  World  is  confined  to  tropical  Africa,  and  to  southwestern  and  tropi- 
cal Asia.  Sixteen  or  seventeen  species  have  been  distinguished.  Of  the  three  species 
found  in  the  territory  of  the  United  States  two  are  small  trees. 

Prosopis  produces  hard  durable  wood,  particularly  valuable  as  fuel,  and  the  pods 
are  used  as  fodder. 

The  generic  name  is  from  irpoffanris,  employed  by  Dioscorides  as  a  name  of  the 
Burdock. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Legume  compressed  or  ultimately  convex,  pinnae  12-16-foliolate.  1.  P.juliflora(C,E,G,H). 
Legume  thick,  spirally  twisted  ;  pinnae  10-16-foliolate.  2.  P.  pubescens  (E,  F,  G,  H). 

1.  Prosopis  juliflora,  DC.    Mesquite.    Honey  Locust. 

Leaves  with  2  or  rarely  4  pinnae  and  slender  terete  petioles  abruptly  enlarged 
and  glandular  at  the  base;  stipules  linear,  acute,  membranaceous,  deciduous. 
Flowers  appearing  in  successive  crops  from  May  to  the  middle  of  July,  fragrant, 


about  ^-'  long,  on  short  pedicels,  in  slender  cylindrical  spikes  l£'-4'  long,  on  stout 
peduncles  ^'-f '  in  length ;  calyx  glabrous  or  puberulous,  about  one  fourth  as  long  as 
the  narrowly  oblong  acute  petals  glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface  and 
covered  on  the  inner  surface  toward  the  apex  with  hoary  tomentum;  stamens  twice 
as  long  as  the  corolla,  the  dark-colored  connective  of  the  anther-cells  furnished  at 
the  apex  with  a  stalked  gland;  ovary  short-stalked,  clothed  with  silky  hairs.  Fruit 
in  drooping  clusters,  linear,  at  first  flat,  becoming  subterete  at  maturity,  constricted 


LEGUMINOS^ 


549 


between  the  10-20  seeds,  straight  or  falcate,  contracted  at  the  ends,  4'-9' 
wide;  seeds  about  \'  long. 

A  low  tree,  with  a  large  thick  taproot  descending  frequently  to  the  depth  of  40°- 
50°,  and  furnished  with  radiating  horizontal  roots  spreading  in  all  directions  and 
forming  a  dense  mat,  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  divided  a  short  distance  above 
the  ground  into  many  irregularly  arranged  crooked  branches  forming  a  loose  strag- 
gling head,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  pale  yellow-green,  turning  darker  in 
their  second  year,  furnished  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  their  first  season  with 
short  spur-like  excrescences  covered  with  chaffy  scales,  and  armed  with  stout 
straight  terete  supra-axillary  persistent  spines  ^'-2' long,  or  rarely  unarmed ;  more 
often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems  only  a  few  feet  high.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thick, 
dark  reddish  brown,  divided  by  shallow  fissures,  the  surface  separating  into  short 
thick  scales.  Wood  heavy,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown  or  sometimes  red,  with 
thin  clear  yellow  sapwood;  almost  indestructible  in  contact  with  the  soil,  and  largely 
used  for  fence-posts,  railway-ties,  the  underpinnings  of  buildings,  and  occasionally 
in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  the  fellies  of  wheels,  and  the  pavements  of  city 
streets;  the  best  fuel  of  the  region,  and  largely  made  into  charcoal.  The  ripe  pods 
supply  Mexicans  and  Indians  with  a  nutritious  food,  and  are  devoured  by  most 
herbivorous  animals.  A  gum,  resembling  gum-arabic,  exudes  from  the  stems. 

Distribution.  Western  Texas  and  eastern  New  Mexico,  and  on  the  island  of 
Jamaica  ;  eastward  and  westward  diverging  into  two  extreme  forms.  These  are 

Prosopis  juliflora,  var.  glandulosa,  Sarg. 

Leaves  with  distant  linear  mostly  acute  glabrous  dark  green  leaflets  often  2' 
long  and  \'-\'  wide.  Flowers  with  a  usually  glabrous  calyx. 

A  round-topped  tree,  often  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  long 
gracefully  drooping  branches  forming  a  symmetrical  round-topped  head. 


Distribution.  Eastern  Texas  to  southern  Kansas,  and  southward  into  northern 
Mexico.  The  common  Mesquite  of  eastern  Texas;  reappearing  with  rather  shorter 
and  more  crowded  leaflets  in  Arizona,  southern  California,  and  Lower  California. 


550 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Prosopis  juliflora,  var.  velutina,  Sarg. 

Leaves  5'-6'  long,  often  fascicled,  cinereo-pubescent,  with  short  petioles  and  12- 
22  pairs  of  oblong  or  linear-oblong  obtuse  or  acute  crowded  pale  green  leaflets  \'-%' 
long.  Flowers  in  densely-flowered  spikes  2'-3'  long;  calyx  villose. 


A  tree,  often  50°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°  in  diameter,  covered  with  rough  dark 
brown  bark,  and  heavy  irregularly  arranged  usually  crooked  branches. 
Distribution.   Hot  valleys  of  southern  Arizona  and  Sonora.  . 


and 


2.  Prosopis  pubescens,  Benth.  Screw  Bean.  Screw  Pod  Mesquite. 

Leaves  canescently  pubescent,  2'-3'  long,  with  slender  petioles  £'-§'  in  length, 
pinuse  l^'-2'  long  and  10-16-f  oliolate  ;  stipules  spinescent,  deciduous;  leaflets 


oblong  or  somewhat  falcate,  acute,  sessile  or  short-petiolulate,  often  apiculate,  con- 
spicuously reticulate-veined,  £'-f'  long,  ^'  wide.  Flowers  beginning  to  open  in 
early  spring,  and  produced  in  successive  crops  from  the  axils  of  minute  scarious 
bracts,  in  dense  or  interrupted  cylindrical  spikes  2'-3'  long  ;  calyx  obscurely  5-lobed, 
pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  one  third  to  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  narrow 
acute  petals  coated  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  apex  with  thick  white  tomentum, 


LEGUMINOS^E  551 

and  slightly  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface;  ovary  and  young  fruit  hoary-tomen- 
tose.  Fruit  ripening  throughout  the  summer  and  falling  in  the  autumn,  in  dense 
racemes,  sessile,  twisted  with  from  12-20  turns  into  a  narrow  straight  spiral  l'-2' 
long;  seeds  11B'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  and 
terete  branches  canescently  pubescent  or  glabrate  when  they  first  appear,  becoming 
glabrous  and  light  red-brown  in  their  third  year,  and  armed  with  stout  spines  £'-£' 
long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  separating  in  long 
thin  persistent  ribbon-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  close-grained, 
not  strong,  light  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  6  or  7  layers  of  annual 
growth;  used  as  fuel  and  occasionally  for  fencing.  The  sweet,  nutritious  legumes 
are  used  for  fodden 

Distribution.  Sandy  or  gravelly  bottom-lands;  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  in 
western  Texas,  and  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  Utah  and  Nevada, 
and  to  San  Diego  County,  California,  and  northern  Mexico;  attaining  its  largest 
size  in  the  United  States  in  the  valleys  of  the  lower  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers, 
Arizona. 

6.  CERCIS,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  slender  unarmed  branchlets  prolonged  by  an 
upper  axillary  bud,  marked  by  numerous  minute  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  first 
winter  by  small  elevated  horizontal  leaf-scars  showing  the  ends  of  two  large  fibro- 
vascular  bundles,  and  small  scaly  obtuse  axillary  buds  covered  by  imbricated  ovate 
chestnut-brown  scales.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  5-7-nerved,  with  prominent  nerves, 
long-petiolate,  deciduous;  their  petioles  slender,  terete,  abruptly  enlarged  at  the 
apex;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  small,  membranaceous,  caducous.  Flowers  appearing 
in  early  spring  before  or  with  the  leaves  on  thin  jointed  pedicels,  in  simple  fascicles 
or  racemose  clusters  produced  on  branches  of  the  previous  or  earlier  years,  or  on 
the  trunk,  with  small  scale-like  bracts  often  imbricated  at  the  base  of  the  inflores- 
cence, and  minute  bractlets;  calyx  disciferous,  shortly  turbinate,  purplish,  persistent, 
the  tube  oblique  at  the  base,  campanulate,  enlarged  on  the  lower  side,  5-toothed, 
the  short  broad  teeth  imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla  subpapilionaceous;  petals 
nearly  equal,  rose  color,  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  unguiculate,  slightly 
auricled  on  one  side  of  the  base  of  the  blade,  the  upper  one  slightly  smaller  and 
inclosed  in  the  bud  by  the  wings  encircled  by  the  broader  slightly  imbricated  keel- 
petals;  stamens  10,  inserted  in  2  rows  on  the  margin  of  the  thin  disk,  free,  decli- 
nate,  those  of  the  inner  row  opposite  the  petals  and  rather  shorter  than  the  others; 
filaments  enlarged  and  pilose  below  the  middle,  persistent  until  the  fruit  is  grown; 
anthers  uniform,  oblong,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  base;  ovary  short-stalked, 
inserted  obliquely  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx-tube;  style  filiform,  fleshy,  incurved, 
with  a  stout  obtuse  terminal  stigma;  ovules  2-ranked,  attached  to  the  inner  angle 
of  the  ovary.  Legume  stalked,  oblong  or  broadly  linear,  straight  on  the  upper, 
curved  on  the  lower  edge,  acute  at  the  ends,  compressed,  tipped  with  the  thickened 
remnants  of  the  style,  many-seeded,  2-valved,  the  valves  coriaceo-membranaceous, 
many-veined,  tardily  dehiscent  by  the  dorsal  and  often  by  the  wing-margined  ventral 
suture,  dark  red-purple  and  lustrous  at  maturity.  Seeds  suspended  transversely  on 
slender  funicles,  ovate  or  oblong,  compressed,  the  small  depressed  hilum  near  the 
apex;  seed-coat  crustaceous,  bright  reddish  brown;  embryo  stirrounded  by  a  thin 
layer  of  horny  albumen,  compressed;  cotyledons  oval,  flat,  the  radicle  short,  straight 
or  obliquely  incurved,  slightly  exserted. 


552  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Cercis  is  confined  to  eastern  and  western  North  America,  southern  Europe,  and  to 
southwestern,  central,  and  eastern  Asia.  Of  the  seven  species  now  distinguished, 
three  occur  in  North  America.  Two  of  these  are  arborescent. 

The  generic  name  is  from  Kepitis,  the  Greek  name  of  the  European  species,  from  a 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  the  weaver's  implement  of  that  name. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  sessile  clusters;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base. 

1.  C.  Canadensis  (A,  C). 
Flowers  fascicled  or  slightly  racemose  ;  leaves  reniform.  2.  C.  Texensis  (C). 

1.  Cercis  Canadensis,  L.   Redbud.   Judas-tree. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  and  often  abruptly  contracted  at  the 
apex  into  short  broad  points,  truncate  or  more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base,  entire, 
glabrous  with  the  exception  of  axillary  tufts  of  white  hairs,  or  sometimes  more  or 
less  pubescent  below,  3'-5'  long  and  broad,  turning  in  the  autumn  before  falling 
bright  clear  yellow;  their  petioles  2'-5'  long.  Flowers  £'  long,  on  pedicels  £'— \'  in 
length  and  fascicled  4-8  together.  Fruit  fully  grown  in  the  south  by  the  end  of 
May  and  at  the  north  at  midsummer,  and  then  pink  or  rose  color,  2|'-3^'  long,  fall- 
ing late  in  the  autumn  or  in  early  winter;  seeds  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  usually  separating  10°-12° 
from  the  ground  into  stout  branches  covered  with  smooth  light  brown  or  gray  bark, 
and  forming  an  upright  or  often  a  wide  flat  head,  and  slender  glabrous  somewhat 
angled  branchlets,  brown  and  lustrous  at  first,  becoming  dull  and  darker  the  follow- 
ing year  and  ultimately  dark  or  grayish  brown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick 


and  divided  by  deep  longitudinal  fissures  into  long  narrow  plates,  the  bright  red- 
brown  surface  separating  into  thin  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close- 
grained,  rich  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  8-10 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  rich  bottom-lands,  forming,  especially  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  an  abundant  undergrowth  to  the  forest;  valley  of  the 
Delaware  River,  New  Jersey,  southward  to  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay  and  to  northern 
Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  westward  to  southern  Ontario,  eastern  Nebraska,  the 


LEGUMINOS^E  553 

eastern  borders  of  the  Indian  Territory,  Louisiana,  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos 
River,  Texas;  and  on  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon;  common  and  of  its  largest 
size  in  southwestern  Arkansas,  the  Indian  Territory  and  eastern  Texas,  and  in  early 
spring  a  conspicuous  feature  of  the  landscape. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northeastern  states,  and  occasionally 
in  western  Europe. 

2.  Cercis  Texensis,  Sarg.    Redbud. 

Leaves  reniform,  when  they  appear  light  green  and  slightly  pilose,  and  at  matur- 
ity subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler,  glabrous  or  pubescent 
on  the  lower  surface,  and  2'-3'  in  diameter;  their  petioles  l£'-2'  long.  Flowers 
about  ^'  long,  on  slender  pedicels  ^'-f '  in  length  and  fascicled  in  sessile  clusters,  or 
occasionally  in  racemes.  Fruit  2'-4'  long,  £'-!'  wide;  seeds  \'  long. 

A  slender  tree,  occasionally  20°  or  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-12'  in  diameter, 
and  glabrous  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  minute  white  lenticels,  light  reddish 


brown  during  their  first  and  second  years,  becoming  dark  brown  in  their  third  sea- 
son ;  more  often  a  shrub,  sending  up  numerous  stems  and  forming  dense  thickets  only 
a  few  feet  high.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches  thin,  smooth,  light  gray.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sapwood  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Limestone  hills  and  ridges;  neighborhood  of  Dallas,  eastern  Texas 
to  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon;  common  in  the  valley  of  the  upper  Colorado 
River;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  mountains  of  northeastern  Mexico. 

7.  GYMNOCLADUS,  Lam. 

Trees,  with  stout  unarmed  blunt  branches  with  a  thick  pith,  prolonged  by  axillary 
buds,  rough  deeply  fissured  bark,  thick  fleshy  roots,  and  minute  buds  depressed  in 
pubescent  cavities  of  the  bark,  2  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf,  superposed,  remote,  the 
lower  and  smaller  sterile  and  nearly  surrounded  by  the  enlarged  base  of  the  petiole, 
their  scales  2,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  coated  with  thick  dark  brown  tomentum, 
infolded  one  over  the  other,  accrescent  with  the  young  shoots.  Leaves  deciduous, 
unequally  bipinnate;  pinna  many-foliolulate,  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  the  lowest  reduced 


554  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

to  single  leaflets;  pinnae  and  leaflets  usually  alternate;  stipules  foliaceous,  early 
deciduous;  leaflets  inembranaceous,  ovate,  entire,  petiolulate.  Flowers  regular, 
dioecious,  greenish  white,  long-pedicellate,  the  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of 
long  lanceolate  scarious  caducous  bracts,  bibracteolate  near  the  middle;  staminate  in 
a  short  terminal  racemose  corymb;  pistillate  in  elongated  terminal  racemes,  on 
pedicels  much  longer  than  those  of  the  staminate  flowers;  calyx  tubular,  elongated, 
10-ribbed,  lined  with  a  thin  glandular  disk,  5-lobed,  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  equal, 
erect;  petals  4  or  5,  oblong,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  pubescent,  as  long  as  the 
calyx-lobes  or  rather  longer  and  twice  as  broad,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk, 
spreading  or  reflexed;  stamens  10,  free,  inserted  with  the  petals,  erect,  included; 
filaments  filiform,  pilose,  those  opposite  the  petals  shorter  than  the  others;  anthers 
oblong,  uniform,  small  and  sterile  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  sessile  or  slightly 
stipitate,  acute;  styles  short,  erect,  obliquely  dilated  into  2  broad  lobes  stigmatic  on 
their  inner  surface,  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  sterile  flower;  ovules  numerous,  sus- 
pended from  the  angle  opposite  the  posterior  petals.  Legume  oblong,  subfalcate, 
turgid  or  slightly  compressed,  several-seeded,  2-valved,  tardily  dehiscent,  the  thin 
tough  woody  valves  thickened  on  the  margins  into  narrow  wings,  pulpy  between  the 
seeds.  Seeds  ovoid  or  slightly  obovoid,  suspended  by  long  slender  funicles;  seed-coat 
thick,  bony,  brown  and  opaque,  of  3  layers;  embryo  surrounded  by  a  thin  layer  of 
horny  albumen;  cotyledons  ovate,  orange-colored,  thick  and  fleshy,  the  radicle  short, 
erect. 

Gymnocladus,  with  two  species,  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America  and  to  south- 
ern China. 

Gymnocladus  is  slightly  astringent  and  purgative,  and  the  detersive  pulp  sur- 
rounding the  seeds  of  the  Asiatic  species  is  used  in  China  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 

The  generic  name,  from  yv/jivds  and  K\d$os,  relates  to  the  stout  branches  destitute 
of  spray. 

1.  Gymnocladus  dioicus,  K.  Koch.   Kentucky  Coffee-tree. 

Leaves  l°-3°  long,  18'-24'  wide,  obovate,  5-9  pinnate,  the  pinnae  6-14-foliolate, 
covered  when  they  unfold  with  hoary  tomentum  except  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaflets,  their  petioles  abruptly  and  conspicuously  enlarged  at  the  base,  at  first  hoary- 
tomentose,  becoming  glabrous  at  maturity,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn 
before  falling;  stipules  lanceolate  or  slightly  obovate,  glandular-serrate  toward  the 
apex,  y  long;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  often  mucronate,  especially  while  young,  wedge- 
shaped  or  irregularly  rounded  at  the  base,  pink  at  first,  soon  becoming  bronze-green 
and  lustrous,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  with  the  exception  of  a  few  scattered 
hairs  along  the  midribs,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  obscurely  veined,  dark 
green  above,  pale  yellow-green  and  glabrous  below,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  short 
hairs  scattered  along  the  narrow  midribs,  2'-2^'  long  and  1'  wide,  or  those  replacing 
the  lowest  or  occasionally  the  2  lower  pairs  of  pinnae  sometimes  twice  as  large. 
Flowers:  inflorescence  of  the  staminate  tree  3'-4'  long,  the  lower  branches  usually 
3  or  4-flowered ;  inflorescence  of  the  pistillate  tree  10'-12'  long,  the  flowers  on  stout 
pedicels  l'-2^'  long  or  twice  to  five  times  as  long  as  those  of  the  staminate  flowers; 
flowers  hoary-tomentose  in  the  bud;  calyx  $'  long,  conspicuously  ribbed,  covered  on 
the  outer  surface  when  the  flowers  open  with  pale  hairs  and  on  the  inner  surface  with 
hoary  tomentum;  petals  keeled,  pilose  on  the  back,  slightly  grooved,  tomentose  on 
the  inner  surface;  anthers  bright  orange  color;  ovary  hairy.  Fruit  6'-10'  long,  !•£'- 
2'  wide,  dark  red-brown,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  on  stout  stalks  l'-2'  long, 


LEGUMINOS^E 


555 


remaining  unopened  on  the  branches  throughout  the  winter;  seeds  separated  by  a 
thick  layer  of  dark-colored  sweet  pulp,  f '  long. 

A  tree,  75°-110°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  usually  dividing  10°-15° 
from  the  ground  into  3  or  4  principal  stems  spreading  slightly  and  forming  a  nar- 
row round-topped  head,  or  occasionally  sending  up  a  tall  straight  shaft  destitute 
of  branches  for  70°-80°,  and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  short  dense  pubescence 
faintly  tinged  with  red,  and  bearing  at  their  base  the  conspicuous  orange-green  obo- 
vate  pubescent  bud-scales  1'  long  at  maturity,  ^'-^'  thick  at  the  end  of  their  first 
season,  very  blunt,  dark  brown,  often  slightly  pilose,  marked  by  orange-colored 


lenticels,  and  roughened  by  the  large  pale  broadly  heart-shaped  leaf-scars  displaying 
the  ends  of  3  or  4  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundles.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f '-!'  thick, 
deeply  fissured,  dark  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  roughened  by  small  persistent  scales. 
Wood  heavy  although  not  hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  very  durable  in  contact  with 
the  soil,  rich  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  5  or  6 
layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used  in  cabinet-making  and  for  fence-posts, 
rails,  and  in  construction.  The  seeds  were  formerly  used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee; 
a  decoction  of  the  fresh  green  pulp  of  the  unripe  fruit  is  used  in  homoeopathic  practice. 

Distribution.  Bottom-lands  in  rich  soil;  central  New  York  and  western  Pennsyl- 
vania, through  southern  Ontario  and  southern  Michigan  to  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota 
River,  and  to  eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  southwestern  Arkansas,  the  Indian 
Territory,  and  middle  Tennessee;  nowhere  common. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  and  parks  of  the  eastern  United  States,  and 
of  northern  and  central  Europe. 

8.  GLEDITSIA,  L. 

Trees,  with  furrowed  bark,  slender  terete  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  thickened  at 
the  ends  and  prolonged  by  axillary  buds,  thick  fibrous  roots,  the  trunk  and  branches 
often  armed  with  stout  simple  or  branched  spines  or  abortive  branches  developed 
from  supra-axillary  or  adventitious  buds  imbedded  in  the  bark.  Winter-buds  minute, 
3  or  4  together,  superposed,  the  2  or  3  lower  without  scales  and  covered  by  the  scar 
left  by  the  falling  of  the  petiole,  the  upper  larger,  nearly  surrounded  by  the  base  of 
the  petiole  and  covered  by  small  scurfy  scales.  Leaves  long-petiolate,  often  fasci- 
cled in  earlier  axils,  abruptly  pinnate  or  bipinnate,  the  pinnze  increasing  in  length 


556  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  the  lowest  sometimes  reduced  to  single 
leaflets,  deciduous;  stipules  minute,  caducous;  leaflets  membranaceous,  their  mar- 
gins irregularly  crenate,  without  stipels.  Flowers  regular,  polygamous,  minute, 
green  or  white  on  short  pedicels,  in  axillary  or  lateral  simple  or  fascicled  racemes, 
with  minute  scale-like  caducous  bracts;  calyx  campanulate,  lined  with  the  disk, 
3-5-lobed,  the  narrow  lobes  nearly  equal;  petals  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx, 
nearly  equal;  stamens  6-10,  inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  the  disk, 
exserted;  filaments  free,  filiform,  erect;  anthers  uniform,  much  smaller  and  abor- 
ti^e  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  subsessile,  rarely  bicarpellary,  rudimentary  or 
0  in  the  staminate  flower;  styles  short;  stigma  terminal,  more  or  less  dilated, 
often  oblique;  ovules  2  or  many,  suspended  from  the  angle  opposite  the  posterior 
petal.  Legume  compressed,  many-seeded,  elongated,  straight  and  indehiscent,  or  1 
or  2-seeded,  ovate  and  tardily  dehiscent.  Seeds  transverse,  ovate  to  suborbicular, 
flattened,  attached  by  long  slender  funicles;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous,  light  brown; 
embryo  surrounded  by  a  layer  of  horny  albumen,  orange-colored;  cotyledons  sub- 
foliaceous,  compressed;  radicle  short,  erect,  slightly  exserted. 

Gleditsia  is  confined  to  eastern  North  America,  where  three  species  occur,  south- 
western Asia,  China,  Japan,  and  west  tropical  Africa.  It  produces  strong,  durable, 
coarse-grained  wood.  In  Japan  the  pods  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Johaun  Gottlieb  Gleditsch  (1714-1786),  professor 
of  botany  at  Berlin. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Legume  linear-oblong,  elongated,  many-seeded,  indehiscent. 

Legumes  12'-18'  long,  with  pulp  between  the  seeds  ;  ovary  hoary-tomentose. 

1.  G.  triacanthos  (A,  C). 

Legumes  4'-5'  long,  without  pulp  between  the  seeds.  2.  G.  Texana  (C). 

Legume  oval,  oblique,  1  or  2-seeded,  without  pulp,  tardily  dehiscent ;  ovary  glabrous. 

3.  G.  aquatica  (C). 

1.  Gleditsia  triacanthos,  L.    Honey  Locust. 

Leaves  7'-8'  long,  18-28-foliolulate  or  sometimes  bipinnate,  with  4-7  pairs  of 
pinnae,  those  of  the  upper  pair  4'— 5'  long,  when  they  unfold  hoary-tomentose,  and  at 
maturity  pubescent  on  the  petioles  and  rachises,  the  short  stout  petiolules,  and  the 
under  surface  of  the  midribs  of  the  leaflets,  turning  in  the  autumn  pale  clear  yellow; 
leaflets  lanceolate-oblong,  unequal  at  the  base,  acute  or  slightly  rounded  ,at  the  apex, 
remotely  crenulate-serrate,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  dull  yellow-green  below, 
l'-l^'  long  and  £'  wide.  Flowers  appearing  in  June  when  the  leaves  are  nearly 
fully  grown  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  previous  years;  staminate  in  short  many- 
flowered  pubescent  racemes  2'-2£'  long  and  often  clustered;  pistillate  in  slender 
graceful  few-flowered  usually  solitary  racemes  2£'-3^'  long;  calyx  campauulate, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  acute  lobes  thickened,  revolute  and  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
villose  with  pale  hairs,  rather  shorter  than  and  half  as  wide  as  the  erect  acute  petals; 
filaments  pilose  toward  the  base;  anthers  green;  pistil  rarely  of  2  carpels,  hoary- 
tomentose.  Fruit  12'-18'  long,  dark  brown,  pilose  and  slightly  falcate,  with 
straight  thickened  margins,  2  or  3  together  in  short  racemes  on  stalks  I'-l^'  long, 
their  walls  thin  and  tough,  contracting  in  drying  by  a  number  of  corkscrew  twists, 
and  falling  late  in  the  autumn  or  early  in  winter;  seeds  oval,  £'  long,  separated  by 
thick  succulent  pulp. 


LEGUMINOSJE  557 

A  tree,  7o°-140°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  or  occasionally  5°-6°  in  diameter, 
slender  spreading  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  open  rather  flat- 
topped  head,  brauchlets  marked  by  minute  lenticels,  at  first  light  reddish  brown 
and  slightly  puberulous,  soon  becoming  lustrous  and  red  tinged  with  green  and  in 
their  second  year  greenish  brown,  and  armed  with  stout  rigid  long-pointed  simple 


or  3-forked  spines  at  first  red  and  bright  chestnut-brown  when  fully  grown,  or  rarely 
unarmed.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'-f '  thick,  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  long  narrow 
longitudinal  ridges  and  roughened  on  the  surface  by  small  persistent  scales.  "Wood 
hard,  strong,  coarse-grained,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  ground,  red  or  bright 
red-brown,  with  thin  pale  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used 
for  fence-posts  and  rails,  for  the  hubs  of  wheels,  and  in  construction. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  intervale  lands,  in  moist  fertile  soil,  usually 
growing  singly  or  occasionally  covering  almost  exclusively  considerable  areas;  less 
commonly  on  dry  sterile  gravelly  hills;  western  slope  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  of 
Pennsylvania,  westward  through  Ontario  and  Michigan  to  southeastern  Minnesota, 
eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  Territory,  and  southward  to  northern 
Alabama  and  Mississippi  and  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  attaining 
its  largest  size  in  the  valleys  of  small  streams  in  southern  Indiana  and  Illinois; 
now  often  naturalized  in  the  region  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  and  shade  tree  in  all  countries  of  temperate 
climates, 

2.  Gleditaia  Texana,  Sarg.   Locust. 

Leaves  6'-7'  long,  with  a  slender  rachis  at  first  puberulous,  ultimately  glabrous, 
and  12— 22-foliolulate,  or  often  bipinnate,  usually  with  6  or  7  pairs  of  pinnae,  the 
lower  pairs  frequently  reduced  to  single  large  leaflets;  leaflets  oblong-ovate,  often 
somewhat  falcate,  rounded  or  acute  or  apiculate  at  the  apex,  obliquely  rounded 
at  the  base,  finely  crenately  serrate,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and  lus- 
trous above,  pale  below,  \'-V  long,  with  short  petiolules  coated  while  young,  like  the 
base  of  the  slender  orange-colored  midribs,  with  soft  pale  hairs.  Flowers  appear- 
ing toward  the  end  of  April,  the  staminate  dark  orange-yellow,  in  slender  glabrous 
often  clustered  racemes  lengthening  after  the  flowers  begin  to  open  and  finally  3'-4' 
long;  calyx  campanulate,  with  acute  lobes  thickened  on  the  margins,  villose-pubescent 
and  rather  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  puberulous  petals;  stamens  with  slender 


558  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

filaments  villose  near  the  base  and  green  anthers;  pistillate  flowers  unknown.   Fruit 
4'-5'  long,  V  wide,  straight,  much  compressed,  rounded  and  short-pointed  at  the 


apex  full  and  rounded  at  the  broad  base,  thin-walled,  dark  chestnut-brown,  puberu- 
lous,  slightly  thickened  on  the  margins,  many-seeded,  without  pulp;  seeds  oval, 
compressed,  dark  chestnut-brown,  very  lustrous,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  100°-120°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  2£°  in  diameter,  ascending 
and  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  comparatively  slender  more  or 
less  zigzag  branchlets  roughened  by  numerous  small  round  lenticels,  light  orange- 
brown  when  they  first  appear,  gray  or  orange-brown  during  their  first  year,  ashy 
gray  the  following  season,  and  unarmed.  Bark  thin  and  smooth. 

Distribution.  Only  in  a  single  grove  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  Brazos  River, 
near  the  town  of  Brazoria,  Texas. 

3.  Gleditsia  aquatica,  Marsh.    Water  Locust. 

Leaves  5'-8'  long,  12-18-foliolate,  or  doubly  pinnate,  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  pinnae; 
leaflets  ovate-oblong,  usually  rounded  or  rarely  emarginate  at  the  apex,  unequally 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  slightly  and  remotely  crenate  or  often  entire  below  the 
middle,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  on  the  short  stout  petiolules,  dull 
yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  dark  green  on  the  lower  surface, 
about  1'  long  and  ^'-\r  wide.  Flowers  appearing  in  May  and  June  after  the  leaves 
are  fully  grown  on  short  stout  purple  puberulous  pedicels,  in  slender  racemes  3'-^' 
long;  calyx-tube  covered  with  orange-brown  pubescence,  the  lobes  narrow,  acute, 
slightly  pilose  on  the  two  surfaces,  as  long  as  but  narrower  than  the  green  erect  petals 
rounded  at  the  apex;  filaments  hairy  toward  the  base;  anthers  large,  green;  ovary 
long-stipitate,  glabrous.  Fruit  fully  grown  in  August,  pendent  in  graceful  racemes, 
obliquely  ovate,  long-stalked,  crowned  with  a  short  stout  tip,  thin,  1/-2'  long,  V  broad, 
without  pulp,  its  valves  thin,  tough,  papery,  bright  chestnut-brown,  lustrous  and  some- 
what thickened  on  the  margins;  seeds  1  or  2,  flat,  nearly  orbicular,  orange-brown, 
\'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-2£°  in  diameter,  usually  dividing  a 
few  feet  from  the  ground  into  stout  spreading  often  contorted  branches  forming  a 
wide  irregular  flat-topped  head,  and  glabrous  orange-brown  branchlets  becoming  in 
their  second  year  gray  or  reddish  brown,  marked  by  occasional  large  pale  lenticels, 


LEGUMINOS^:  559 

and  armed  with  usually  flattened  simple  or  short-branched  straight  or  falcate 
sharp  rigid  spines  3'-5'  long,  about  £'  broad  at  the  base,  and  dark  red-brown  and  lus- 
trous. Bark  ^'  — ^'  thick,  smooth,  dull  gray  or  reddish  brown,  and  divided  by  shallow 
fissures  into  small  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  coarse- 


grained, rich  bright  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  light  clear  yellow  sapwood  of 
about  40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  South  Carolina  to  Matanzas  Inlet,  Florida,  through  the  coast 
region  of  the  Gulf  states  to  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas,  and  northward 
through  western  Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas  to  middle  Kentucky  and  Ten- 
nessee, the  bottoms  of  the  Mississippi  at  La  Pointe,  Saint  Charles  County,  Missouri, 
and  western  and  southern  Illinois  and  Indiana;  rare  east  of  the  Mississippi  River 
and  only  in  deep  river  swamps;  very  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  westward  on 
rich  bottom-lands;  and  in  Louisiana  and  Arkansas  often  occupying  extensive  tracts 
submerged  during  a  considerable  part  of  the  year. 

9.  PARKINSONIA,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  thin  bark,  and  terete  branches  often  armed  with 
simple  or  3-forked  spines.  Leaves  abruptly  bipinnate,  alternate  or  fascicled  from 
earlier  axils,  short-petiolate,  the  rachis  short  and  spinescent,  with  2-4  secondary 
elongated  rachises  bearing  numerous  minute  opposite  entire  leaflets  without  stipels; 
stipules  short,  persistent  and  spinescent,  or  caducous.  Flowers  on  thin  elongated 
jointed  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  caducous  bracts,  in  slender  axillary  solitary 
or  fascicled  racemes;  calyx  short-campanulate, 5-lobed,  the  lobes  slightly  imbricated 
or  subvalvate  in  the  bud,  narrow,  membranaceous,  nearly  equal,  becoming  reflexed, 
deciduous;  petals  bright  yellow,  unguiculate,  much  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx,  spreading,  the  upper  one  rather  broader  than  the  others  and  glandular  at  the 
base  of  the  claw;  stamens  10,  inserted  in  2  rows  on  the  margin  of  the  thin  disk, 
free,  slightly  declinate,  those  of  the  outer  row  opposite  the  sepals  and  rather  longer 
than  the  others;  filaments  villose  below  the  middle,  the  upper  one  enlarged  at  the 
base  and  gibbous  on  the  upper  side;  anthers  uniform,  versatile;  ovary  short-stipi- 
tate,  pilose,  contracted  into  a  slender  filiform  incurved  style  infolded  in  the  bud  and 
tipped  with  a  minute  stigma;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the  inner  angle  of 
the  ovary.  Legume  linear,  torulose,  acuminate  at  the  ends,  2-valved,  the  valves  thin 


560 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


and  coriaceous,  convex  by  the  growth  of  the  seeds,  contracted  between  and  beyond 
them,  longitudinally  striate.  Seeds  oblong,  suspended  longitudinally  on  slender 
funicles;  hilum  minute,  near  the  apex;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous,  light  brown; 
embryo  inclosed  on  the  sides  only  by  thick  layers  of  horny  albumen;  cotyledons  oval, 
flat,  slightly  fleshy,  the  radicle  very  short  and  straight. 

Parkinsonia,  with  three  species,  is  confined  to  the  warm  parts  of  America  and  to 
southern  Africa.  Two  species  occur  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

The  genus  is  named  for  John  Parkinson  (1567-1650),  an  English  botanical  author 
and  herbalist  to  James  I. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  long  slender  racemes ;  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
petals  ;  legumes  1-8-seeded  12'-18'  long ;  leaves  7'-8'  long ;  rachises  of  the  pinnae  flat, 
wing-margined,  50-60-foliolate ;  branches  with  spines.  1.  P.  aculeata  (G,  H). 

Flowers  in  short  racemes ;  petals  valvate  in  the  bud ;  stamens  longer  than  the  petals ; 
legumes  1-2 -seeded ;  leaves  about  V  long;  rachises  of  the  pinnae  terete,  8-12-foliolate; 
branches  without  spines.  2.  P.  microphylla  (G,  H). 

1.  Parkinsonia  aculeata,  L.   Retama.    Horse  Bean. 

Leaves  of  two  forms,  short-petiolate,  persistent,  light  green  and  glabrous,  except  for 
a  few  hairs  on  the  lower  part  of  the  young  secondary  rachises,  12'-18'  long;  primary 
leaves  on  young  branches,  with  2-4  pinnae,  and  spinescent  rachises  developing  into 
stout  ridged  persistent  short-pointed  chestnut-brown  spines  l'-l£'  long  and  marked 
near  the  base  by  the  prominent  scars  left  by  the  fall  of  the  pinnae ;  their  stipules  per- 
sistent, appearing  as  lateral  spiny  branches  on  the  spines ;  secondary  leaves  fascicled 


from  the  axils  of  the  primary  leaves,  with  short  terete  spinescent  rachises  and  2 
pinnae ;  pinnae  flat,  7'-8'  long,  wing-margined,  acute  at  the  apex,  with  25-30  pairs  of 
ovate  or  obovate  petiolulate  leaflets,  -fa'-fy  long.  Flowers  appearing  on  the  grow- 
ing branches  during  the  spring  and  summer,  and  in  the  tropics  throughout  the  year, 
in  slender  erect  racemes  5'-6'  long;  petals  bright  yellow,  the  upper  one  marked 


LEGUMINOS^E 


561 


near  the  base  on  the  inner  surface  with  conspicuous  red  spots;  stamens  shorter  than 
the  petals.  Fruit  hanging  in  graceful  racemes,  2'-4'  long,  long-pointed,  dark 
orange-brown,  slightly  pilose,  compressed  between  the  remote  seeds;  seeds  ^' 
long,  nearly  terete,  with  thick  albumen  and  bright  yellow  embryos. 

A  tree,  18°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  usually  separating 
6°-8°  from  the  ground  into  slender  spreading  somewhat  pendulous  branches  forming 
a  wide  graceful  head,  and  slightly  zigzag  branchlets  puberulous  and  yellow-green 
during  their  first  season,  becoming  glabrous,  gray  or  light  orange  color  and  rough- 
ened by  lenticels  in  their  second  and  third  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick, 
brown  tinged  with  red,  the  generally  smooth  surface  broken  into  small  persistent 
plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  with  very  thick  lighter  colored 
sapwood  tinged  with  yellow. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  soil,  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  Texas;  common 
in  northern  Mexico  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Arizona,  and  in  Lower 
California;  naturalized  on  Key  West,  the  Bahamas,  the  West  Indian  islands,  and 
in  many  other  tropical  countries. 

Cultivated  in  most  warm  countries  as  an  ornament  of  gardens,  and  to  form 
hedges. 

2.  Parkinsonia  microphylla,  Torr. 

Leaves  1'  long,  pale,  densely  tomentose  when  they  unfold,  pubescent  at  maturity, 
deciduous  at  the  end  of  a  few  weeks;  rachises  short,  rarely  spinescent,  or  more  com- 
monly 0;  leaflets  in  4-6  pairs,  distant,  entire,  sessile,  broadly  oblong  or  nearly  orbic- 
ular, obtuse  or  somewhat  acute  at  the  apex,  oblique  at  the  base,  \'  long;  stipules 


caducous.  Flowers  opening  in  May  or  early  June  before  the  leaves,  on  slender 
pedicels,  in  racemes  1'  or  less  long  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  pale 
yellow;  stamens  longer  than  the  petioles.  Fruit  persistent  on  the  branches  for  at 
least  a  year,  frequently  1  or  2,  rarely  3-seeded,  2'-3'  long,  slightly  puberulous,  espe- 
cially toward  the  base,  with  a  long  acuminate  often  falcate  apex;  seeds  compressed, 
^'  long,  with  bright  green  embryos. 

An  intricately  branched  tree,  occasionally  20° -25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in 
diameter,  and  stout  pale  yellow-green  rigid  branchlets  terminating  in  stout  spines, 
covered  at  first  with  deciduous  tomentum,  slightly  puberulous  during  their  first 
and  second  seasons,  and  often  marked  by  the  persistent  scales  of  undeveloped 


562  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

buds.  Bark  dark  orange  color,  generally  smooth,  although  sometimes  roughened 
by  scattered  clusters  of  short  pale  gray  horizontal  ridges,  becoming  on  old  trees  \' 
thick.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  orange-brown  streaked  with  red, 
with  thick  light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood  of  25-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Deserts  of  southern  Arizona  and  adjacent  regions  of  California, 
Sonora,  and  Lower  California;  known  to  attain  the  size  and  habits  of  a  tree  only  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Wickenburg,  Arizona. 

10.  CERCIDIUM,  Tulasne. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stout  tortuous  branches,  covered  with  bright  green  bark  and 
armed  with  slender  straight  axillary  spines.  Leaves  alternate,  abruptly  pinnate, 
petiolate,  early  deciduous;  pinnae  2  or  occasionally  3,  7-8-f oliolate ;  stipules  incon- 
spicuous or  0;  leaflets  ovate  or  obovate,  without  stipels.  Flowers  in  short  few- 
flowered  axillary  racemes,  solitary  or  fascicled,  with  minute  membranaceous  early 
deciduous  bracts;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  equal,  acute,  reflexed  at  maturity,  their 
margins  scarious,  slightly  revolute;  petals  orbicular  or  oblong,  unguiculate,  bright 
yellow,  the  upper  one  broader  and  longer  clawed  than  the  others,  slightly  auriculate 
at  the  base  of  the  blade,  the  claw  conspicuously  glandular  at  the  base ;  stamens  10, 
inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  free,  slightly  decimate,  exserted; 
filaments  filiform,  pilose  below,  the  upper  one  enlarged  at  the  base  and  gibbous  on 
the  upper  side;  anthers  uniform,  ovate,  versatile;  ovary  short-stalked,  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  calyx-tube;  styles  slender,  involute,  infolded  in  the  bud,  with  minute 
terminal  stigmas;  ovules  suspended  from  the  angle  of  the  ovary  opposite  the  pos- 
terior petal.  Legume  linear-oblong,  compressed  or  somewhat  turgid,  straight  or 
slightly  contracted  between  the  seeds,  thickened  on  the  margins,  the  ventral  suture 
acute,  or  slightly  grooved,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  tardily  dehiscent, 
2-valved,  the  valves  membranaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  obliquely  veined.  Seeds  sus- 
pended longitudinally  on  long  slender  funicles,  ovate,  compressed,  the  minute  hilum 
near  the  apex;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous;  embryo  compressed,  light  green,  covered 
on  the  sides  only  by  a  thin  layer  of  horny  albumen;  cotyledons  oval,  flat,  rather 
fleshy;  radicle  very  short,  erect,  near  the  hilum. 

Cercidium  is  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  New  World,  where  it  is  dis- 
tributed with  four  or  five  species  from  the  southern  borders  of  the  United  States 
through  Mexico,  Central  America,  and  Venezuela  to  Mendoza.  Of  the  three  species 
found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  two  are  small  trees. 

Cercidium  produces  hard  wood  sometimes  used  as  fuel. 

The  generic  name,  from  KepttlSiov,  refers  to  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  legume 
to  the  weaver's  instrument  of  that  name. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Legume  compressed,  with  straight  margins  ;  leaflets  green,  slightly  glandular. 

1.  C.  floridum  (E). 

Legume  somewhat  turgid,  the  margins  often  slightly  contracted  between  the  seeds  ;  leaf- 
lets glaucous.  2.  C.  Torreyanum  (G,  H). 

1.  Cercidium  floridum,  Benth.    Green-barked  Acacia. 

Leaves  I'-l^'  long,  with  2  or  rarely  3  pinnae,  broad  pubescent  petioles  and  rachises, 
and  oval  or  somewhat  obovate  dull  green  puberulous  minutely  glandular  leaflets 


,  LEGUMINOS^:  563 

about  ^j'  in  length,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  and  when  they  un- 
fold covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  scattered  white  hairs;  their  petiolules  short, 
stout,  pubescent,  appearing  in  April  and  deciduous  in  October.  Flowers  opening 
with  the  leaves,  and  produced  in  successive  crops  during  three  or  four  months,  f  in 
diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  4  or  o-flowered  racemes  l^'-2'  long,  with  small 
acute  minute  membranaceous  caducous  bracts.  Fruit  compressed,  oblong,  straight 
or  slightly  falcate,  acute,  narrow  and  acutely  margined  on  the  ventral  suture,  gla- 
brous, 2  or  3-seeded,  2'-2£'  long,  %  broad,  tardily  dehiscent,  the  valves  papery, 
yellow  tinged  with  brown  on  the  outer  surface,  and  bright  orange  color  within; 
seeds  £'  long. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  crooked  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  stout  spread- 
ing branches  covered  with  thin  smooth  bright  green  bark,  forming  a  low  wide  head, 


and  branclilets  light  or  dark  olive-green,  slightly  puberulous  at  first,  soon  glabrous, 
marked  by  occasional  black  lenticels,  and  armed  with  slender  spines  V  or  less  long. 
Bark  ^'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  numerous  short  horizontal  light 
gray  ridge-like  excrescences.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  pale  yellow  tinged 
with  green,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Matagorda  Bay  to  Hidalgo  County,  Texas,  and  in 
northern  Mexico;  not  common  in  Texas;  very  abundant  and  a  conspicuous  feature 
of  vegetation  in  Mexico  from  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  the  foothills  of  the 
Sierra  Mad  re. 

2.  Cercidium  Torreyanum,  Sarg.   Green-barked  Acacia.   Palo  Verde. 

Leaves  few  and  scattered,  1'  long,  at  first  hoary-tomentose,  puberulous  at  matur- 
ity, with  slender  petioles  and  2  pinnae,  each  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  oblong  obtuse  glau- 
cous leaflets  narrowed  toward  the  somewhat  oblique  base,  ^V~V  l°n£>  unfolding  in 
March  and  April  and  falling  almost  immediately  when  fully  grown.  Flowers  |'  in 
diameter,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  4  or  5-flowered  racemes,  about  V  long,  with  small 
acute  membranaceous  caducous  bracts.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  July,  3'-4' 
long,  2-8-seeded,  slightly  turgid,  often  somewhat  contracted  between  the  seeds, 
frequently  grooved  on  the  ventral  suture;  seeds  turgid,  \'  long. 

A  low  intricately  branched  tree,  leafless  for  most  of  the  year,  25°-30°  high,  with 
a  short  often  inclining  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  branches  covered  with  yellow 


564 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


or  olive-green  bark,  forming  a  narrow  upright  irregular  head,  and  glabrous  slightly 
zigzag  light  yellow  or  pale  olive-green  and  glaucous  brauchlets  armed  with  thin 
straight  or  curved  spines  \'  long.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  pale  olive-green,  becoming 
near  the  base  of  old  trunks  reddish  brown,  \'  thick,  furrowed  and  separating  into 
thick  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  not  strong,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown, 
with  clear  light  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Sides  of  low  canons  and  depressions,  and  sandhills  of  the  desert; 
valley  of  the  lower  Gila  River,  Arizona,  to  the  Colorado  Desert  of  southern  Cali- 
fornia, and  southward  into  Sonora  and  Lower  California. 

11.  SOPHORA,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  minute  scaly  buds,  unarmed  terete  branches  prolonged  by 
an  upper  axillary  bud,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  with  numer- 
ous small  or  few  and  ample  membranaceous  or  coriaceous  leaflets;  stipules  minute, 
deciduous;  stipels  often  0.  Flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  racemes,  with  linear  mi- 
nute deciduous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  often  slightly  tur- 
binate  or  obconic  at  the  base,  obliquely  truncate,  the  short  teeth  nearly  equal  or  the  2 
upper  subconnate  and  often  somewhat  larger  than  the  others ;  disk  cupuliform,  gland- 
ular, adnate  to  the  calyx-tube;  corolla  papilionaceous;  petals  white  or  violet  blue, 
unguiculate ;  standard  obovate  or  orbicular,  usually  shorter  than  the  keel-petals; 
wings  oblong-oblique;  keel-petals  oblong,  suberect,  as  long  as  the  wings  or  rather 
longer,  overlapping  each  other  at  the  back,  barely  united;  stamens  free,  or  9  of 
them  slightly  united  at  the  base,  uniform;  anthers  attached  on  the  back  near 
the  middle;  ovary  short-stipitate,  contracted  into  an  incurved  style,  with  a  minute 
truncate  or  slightly  rounded  capitate  stigma;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from  the 
inner  angle  of  the  ovary,  superposed,  amphitropous.  Legume  terete,  much  contracted 
between  the  seeds,  woody  or  fleshy,  usually  many-seeded,  each  seed  inclosed  in  a 
separate  cell,  indehiscent.  Seed,  oblong  or  oval,  sometimes  somewhat  compressed ; 
seed-coat  thick,  membranaceous  or  crustaceous ;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy;  radicle 
short  and  straight  or  more  or  less  elongated  and  incurved. 

Sophora  is  scattered  over  the  warmer  parts  of  the  two  hemispheres,  with  about 
twenty  species;  of  the  six  North  American  species  two  are  small  trees.  Several  of 
the  species  produce  valuable  wood,  and  from  the  pods  and  flower-buds  of  the  Chinese 
Sophora  Japonica,  L.,  a  dye  is  obtained  used  to  dye  white  cloth  yellow  and  blue  cloth 


LEGUMINOS^E  565 

green.    This  tree  is  often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  north- 
ern China,  the  eastern  United  States,  and  in  western,  central,  and  southern  Europe. 
The  generic  name  is  from  Sophera,  the  Arabic  name  of  some  tree  with  pea-shaped 
flowers. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  violet  blue,  in  terminal  racemes ;  the  upper  calyx-lobes  larger  than  the  others  and 
united  ;  legume  woody  ;  seeds  without  albumen ;  leaves  coriaceous,  persistent. 

1.  S.  secundiflora  (C,  E,  H). 

Flowers  white,  iu  axillary  racemes ;  calyx-lobes  equal ;  legume  fleshy ;  seeds  with  albumen ; 
leaves  membranaceous,  deciduous.  2.  S.  affiuis  (C). 

1.  Sophora  secundiflora,  DC.   Frijolito.   Coral  Beau. 

Leaves  persistent,  covered  at  first,  especially  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets, 
with  silky  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  4'-6'  long,  with  stout  puberulous  petioles 
slightly  enlarged  at  the  base,  and  7-9  elliptical-oblong  leaflets  rounded,  emargiuate 
or  sometimes  mucronate  at  the  apex,  gradually  contracted  at  the  base  into  short  thick 


petiolules,  coriaceous,  lustrous  and  dark  yellow-green  above,  rather  paler  below, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  slightly  puberulous  along  the  under  surface  of  the  stout  mid- 
ribs, entire,  with  thickened  margins,  conspicuously  reticulate-veined,  l'-2^'  long, 
£'-!£'  wide,  without  stipels.  Flowers  with  a  powerful  and  delicious  fragrance,  ap- 
pearing with  the  young  leaves  in  very  early  spring,  1'  long,  on  stout  pedicels  some- 
times 1'  in  length,  from  the  axils  of  subulate  deciduous  bracts  £'  or  more  long,  and 
bibracteolate,  with  2  acute  bractlets,  in  terminal  1-sided  canescent  racemes  2'-3'  in 
length  ;  calyx  campanulate,  slightly  enlarged  on  the  upper  side,  the  3  lower  teeth 
triangular  and  nearly  equal,  the  2  upper  rather  larger  and  united  almost  through- 
out; petals  shortly  unguiculate,  violet  blue,  the  broad  erect  standard  marked  on  the 
inner  surface  near  the  base  with  a  few  darker  spots;  ovary  coated  with  long  silky 
white  hairs.  Fruit  terete,  I'-T  long,  £'  thick,  stalked,  crowned  with  the  thickened 
remnants  of  the  style,  covered  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  indehiscent,  1-8-seeded, 
with  hard  woody  walls  \'  thick ;  seeds  oblong,  rounded,  £'  long,  bright  scarlet,  with 
a  small  pale  hilum  and  a  bony  seed-coat;  albumen  0;  cotyledons  thick,  orange- 
colored,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  radicle  short  and  straight. 


566  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

A  tree,  25°-3o°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  separating  several 
feet  from  the  ground  into  a  number  of  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head, 
and  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  fine  hoary  tomentum,  becoming  glabrous  or 
nearly  glabrous  in  their  second  year  and  pale  orange-brown;  more  often  a  shrub, 
with  low  clustered  stems.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  orange-colored, 
streaked  with  red,  with  thick  bright  yellow  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual 
growth.  The  seeds  contain  a  poisonous  alkaloid,  sophorin,  with  strong  narcotic 
properties. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  forming  thickets  or  small  groves,  in  low  rather 
moist  limestone  soil;  shores  of  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas,  to  the  mountain  canons  of 
New  Mexico,  and  to  those  of  Nuevo  Leon  and  San  Luis  Potosi;  of  its  largest  size 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Matagorda  Bay ;  south  and  west,  especially  west  of  the  Pecos 
River,  rarely  more  than  a  shrub. 

2.  Sophora  affinis,  T.  &  6. 

Leaves  deciduous,  coated  when  they  unfold  with  hoary  pubescence,  6'-9'  long, 
with  slender  puberulous  petioles,  and  13-19  elliptical  obtuse  or  retuse  slightly  mu- 
cronate  leaflets  contracted  at  the  base  into  short  stout  pubescent  petiolules,  entire  or 
with  slightly  wavy  thickened  margins,  membranaceous,  pale  yellow-green  and  gla- 
brous above,  paler  and  covered  with  scattered  hairs  or  nearly  glabrous  below,  l'-l|' 
long,  and  ^'  wide,  with  prominent  orange-colored  midribs,  slender  primary  veins,  and 
conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets.  Flowers  \'  long,  appearing  in  early  spring  with  the 
young  leaves,  on  slender  canescent  pedicels  nearly  %  long,  from  the  axils  of  minute 
deciduous  bracts,  in  slender  pubescent  semipendent  racemes,  3'-5'  long,  from  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx  short-campanulate,  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  somewhat  enlarged  on  the  upper  side,  slightly  pubescent, 


especially  on  the  margins  of  the  short  nearly  triangular  teeth;  petals  shortly 
unguiculate,  white  tinged  with  rose  color;  standard  nearly  orbicular,  slightly  emar- 
ginate,  reflexed,  as  long  and  twice  as  broad  as  the  ovate  auriculate  wings  and  keel- 
petals;  ovary  conspicuously  stipitate,  villose.  Fruit  £'-3'  long,  indehiscent,  black, 
more  or  less  pubescent,  crowned  with  the  thickened  remnants  of  the  style,  4-8- 
seeded,  or  rarely  1-seeded  and  then  subglobose,  with  thin  fleshy  rather  sweet  walls, 
persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter;  seeds  oval,  slightly  compressed,  with 


LEGUMINOS^E  567 

a  thin  crustaceous  bright  chestnut-brown  seed-coat;  cotyledons  surrounded  by  a 
thin  layer  of  horny  albumen,  bright  green;  radicle  long  and  incurved. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  dividing,  into  a  number  of 
stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  head,  slender  terete 
slightly  zigzag  brauchlets  at  first  orange-brown  or  dark  brown  and  slightly  puberu- 
lous,  bright  green  marked  by  narrow  brown  ridges,  and  in  their  second  year  by  the 
elevated  tomentose  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  depressed,  minute,  almost  surrounded 
by  the  base  of  the  petioles,  with  broad  scales  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  dark 
brown  tomentum  and  on  the  inner  surface  with  thicker  pale  tomentum,  and  per- 
sistent on  the  base  of  the  growing  shoot.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  -|'  thick,  dark 
reddish  brown,  and  broken  into  numerous  oblong  scales,  the  surface  exfoliating 
in  thin  layers.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  light  red  in  color,  with  thick 
bright  clear  yellow  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  limestone  hills,  or  on  the  borders  of  streams,  ravines, 
or  depressions  in  the  prairie,  often  forming  small  groves;  valley  of  the  Arkansas 
River,  Arkansas,  to  that  of  the  San  Antonio,  Texas,  and  westward  in  Texas  to  the 
upper  waters  of  the  Colorado  River. 

12.  CLADRASTIS,  Raf. 

A  tree,  with  copious  watery  juice,  smooth  gray  bark,  slender  slightly  zigzag  terete 
branchlets  without  terminal  buds,  fibrous  roots,  and  naked  axillary  buds,  4  together, 
superposed,  flattened  by  mutual  pressure  into  an  acuminate  cone,  and  inclosed  col- 
lectively in  the  hollow  base  of  the  petiole,  the  largest  and  upper  one  only  devel- 
oping, the  lowest  minute  and  rudimentary.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  petiolate, 
with  stout  terete  petioles  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base,  7-11-foliolate,  deciduous; 
leaflets  usually  alternate,  broadly  oval,  the  terminal  one  rhombic-ovate,  contracted 
at  the  apex  into  short  broad  points,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  entire,  petiolulate, 
without  stipels,  covered  at  first  like  the  young  shoots  with  fine  silvery  pubescence, 
or  on  the  midribs  with  lustrous  brown  tomentum,  at  maturity  thin,  glabrous,  dark 
yellow-green  on  the  upper,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  the  midribs  and  numerous 
primary  veins  conspicuous,  light  yellow  below;  stipules  0.  Flowers  on  slender  pu- 
berulous  pedicels,  bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  with  scarious  caducous  bractlets,  in 
long  gracefully  nodding  stalked  terminal  panicles,  the  lower  branches  racemose, 
and  often  springing  from  the  axils  of  1-flowered  pedicels,  the  main  axis  slightly 
zigzag,  and,  like  the  branches,  covered  at  first  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  slightly 
pilose;  bracts  lanceolate,  scarious,  pale,  caducous;  calyx  cylindrical-campanulate, 
enlarged  on  the  upper  side,  and  obliquely  obconic  at  the  base,  puberulous,  5-toothed, 
the  teeth  imbricated  in  the  bud,  nearly  equal,  short  and  obtuse,  the  2  upper  slightly 
united;  disk  cupuliform,  adnate  to  the  interior  of  the  calyx-tube;  corolla  papiliona- 
ceous; petals  white,  ungniculate;  standard  nearly  orbicular,  entire  or  slightly  emar- 
ginate,  reflexed  above  the  middle,  barely  longer  than  the  straight  oblong  wings, 
slightly  biauriculate  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  marked  on  the  inner  surface  with  a 
pale  yellow  blotch;  keel-petals  free,  oblong,  nearly  straight,  obtuse,  slightly  sub- 
cordate  or  biauriculate  at  the  base;  stamens  10,  free;  filaments  filiform,  slightly 
incurved  near  the  summit,  glabrous;  anthers  versatile;  ovary  linear,  stipitate,  bright 
red,  villose,  with  long  pale  hairs,  contracted  into  a  long  slender  glabrous  slightly 
incurved  subulate  style;  stigma  terminal,  minute;  ovules  numerous,  suspended  from 
the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary,  superposed.  Legume  glabrous,  short-stalked,  linear- 


568 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


compressed,  the  upper  margin  slightly  thickened,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the 
persistent  style,  4-6-seeded,  ultimately  dehiscent,  the  valves  thin  and  membranaceous. 
Seeds  oblong-compressed,  attached  by  slender  fuuicles;  without  albumen;  seed-coat 
thin,  membranaceous,  dark  brown;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons 
fleshy,  oblong,  flat;  radicle  short,  inflexed. 

The  genus  consists  of  a  single  species  of  the  southern  United  States. 

Cladrastis,  from  K\dSos  and  epavarts,  relates  to  the  brittleness  of  the  branches. 

1.  Cladrastis  lutea,  K.  Koch.  Yellow  Wood.  Virgilia. 
Leaves  8'-12'  in  length,  with  leaflets  3'-4'  long  and  l£'-2'  wide,  the  terminal  one 
rather  shorter  than  the  others  and  3'-3£'  wide,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  rather 
late  in  the  autumn  some  time  before  falling.     Flowers  appearing  about  the  middle 


of  June,  slightly  fragrant,  in  panicles  12'-14'  long  and  5'-6'  wide.  Fruit  fully 
grown  by  the  middle  of  August,  ripening  in  September  and  soon  falling. 

A  tree,  sometimes  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  l^°-2°  or  exceptionally  4°  in  diam- 
eter, usually  divided  6°-7°  from  the  ground  into  2  or  3  stems,  slender  wide- 
spreading  more  or  less  pendulous  brittle  branches  forming  a  wide  graceful  head, 
and  zigzag  branchlets  clothed  with  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becom- 
ing glabrous,  during  their  first  season  light  brown  tinged  more  or  less  with  green, 
very  smooth  and  lustrous,  covered  by  numerous  darker  colored  lenticels,  brighf 
red-brown  in  their  first  winter  and  marked  by  large  elevated  leaf-scars  surrounding 
the  buds,  and  dark  dull  brown  the  following  year.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick, 
with  a  silvery  gray  or  light  brown  surface  and  rather  llarker  colored  than  that  of 
the  branches.  Wood  heavy,  very  hard,  strong  and  close-grained,  with  a  smooth 
satiny  surface,  bright  clear  yellow  changing  to  light  brown  on  exposure,  with  thin 
nearly  white  sap  wood;  used  for  fuel,  occasionally  for  gun-stocks,  and  yielding  a 
clear  yellow  dye. 

Distribution.  Limestone  cliffs  and  ridges  generally  in  rich  soil,  and  often  over- 
hanging the  banks  of  mountain  streams;  central  Kentucky  and  central  Tennessee 
to  northern  Alabama,  the  western  slopes  of  the  high  mountains  of  eastern  Tennes- 
see, and  to  Cherokee  County,  North  Carolina;  rare  and  local;  most  abundant  and 
of  its  largest  size  in  the  neighborhood  of  Nashville,  Tennessee. 


LEGUMINOS^: 


569 


Often  planted  in  the  eastern  United  States  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  hardy  as 
far  north  as  New  England;  and  rarely  in  western  and  southern  Europe. 

13.  EYSENHARDTIA,  H.B.  K. 

Small  glandular-punctate  trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branches.  Leaves 
alternate,  equally  pinnate,  petiolate;  leaflets  oblong,  mucronate  or  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  short-petiolulate,  numerous,  stipellate;  stipules  subulate,  caducous. 
Flowers  short-pedicellate,  in  long  spicate  racemes,  terminal  or  axillary,  with  subu- 
late caducous  bracts;  calyx-tube  campanulate,  conspicuously  glandular-punctate, 
5-toothed,  the  acute  teeth  nearly  equal,  persistent;  disk  cupuliform,  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  calyx-tube;  corolla  subpapiliouaceous;  petals  erect,  free,  nearly  equal, 
oblong-spatulate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  unguiculate,  creamy  white;  standard  con- 
cave, slightly  broader  than  the  wings  and  keel;  stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals, 
the  superior  one  free,  shorter  than  the  others,  the  remainder  united  to  above  the 
middle  into  a  tube;  anthers  uniform,  oblong;  ovary  subsessile,  contracted  into  a 
long  slender  uucinate  style  geniculate  and  conspicuously  glandular  below  the  apex; 
stigma  iutrorse,  oblique ;  ovules  2  or  3,  rarely  4,  attached  to  the  inner  angle  of  the 
ovary,  superposed.  Legume  small,  oblong  or  linear-falcate,  compressed,  tipped  with 
the  remnants  of  the  style,  indehiscent,  pendent.  Seeds  usually  solitary,  rarely  2, 
oblong-reniform,  without  albumen;  seed-coat  coriaceous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity 
of  the  seed;  cotyledons  flat,  fleshy;  radicle  superior,  short  and  erect. 

Eysenhardtia  is  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  New  World,  and  is  distributed 
from  western  Texas  and  Arizona  to  southern  Mexico,  Lower  California,  and  Guate- 
mala. Four  species  are  distinguished;  of  these  three  species  occur  within  the  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States,  and  in  northern  Mexico,  and  one  species  is  found  only  in 
Guatemala.  Of  the  North  American  species  one  is  a  small  tree. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Karl  Wilhelm  Eysenhardt  (1794-1825),  Pro- 
fessor of  Botany  in  the  University  of  Konigsberg. 

1.  Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa,  Wats. 

Leaves  4'-5  long,  with  pubescent  rachises  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  10-23 
pairs  of  leaflets,  and  small  scarious  deciduous  stipules;  leaflets  oval,  rounded  or 
slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  with  stout  petiolules  and  minute  scarious  deciduous 


570  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

stipels,  pale  gray-green,  glabrous  and  slightly  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  con- 
spicuously glandular,  with  chestnut-brown  glands,  and  pubescent  especially  on  the 
prominent  midribs  on  the  lower  surface,  reticulate-veined,  £'-§'  long,  \'-\'  wide, 
with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins.  Flowers  opening  in  May,  nearly  ty 
long,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels,  in  axillary  pubescent  spikes  3'-4'  long;  calyx 
many-ribbed,  pubescent,  conspicuously  glandular,  half  as  long  as  the  white  petals 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  of  nearly  equal  size  and  shape.  Fruit  £'  long,  pendent, 
nearly  straight  or  slightly  falcate,  thickened  on  the  edges,  with  usually  a  single  seed 
near  the  apex;  seed  compressed,  light  reddish  brown,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  separating  3°- 
4°  above  the  ground  into  a  number  of  slender  branches,  and  branchlets  coated  at 
first  with  ashy  gray  pubescence  disappearing  during  the  second  year,  and  then 
reddish  brown  and  roughened  by  numerous  glandular  excrescences ;  or  more  often  a 
low  rigid  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  Ty  thick,  light  gray,  and  broken  into 
large  plate-like  scales,  exfoliating  on  the  surface  into  thin  layers.  Wood  heavy, 
hard,  close-grained,  light  reddish  brown,  with  thin  clear  yellow  sapwood  of  7  or  8 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  soil,  on  arid  slopes  and  dry  ridges;  valley  of  the 
upper  Guadalupe  River,  western  Texas,  to  the  Santa  Catalina  and  Santa  Rita 
Mountains,  southern  Arizona,  and  southward  into  northern  Mexico;  arborescent  only 
near  the  summit  of  the  Santa  Catalina  Mountains. 

14.  DALEA,  L. 

Glandular-punctate  herbs,  small  shrubs,  or  rarely  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  un- 
equally pinnate,  or  simple  in  the  arborescent  species;  stipules  generally  minute,  sub- 
ulate, deciduous.  Flowers  in  racemes,  their  bracts  membranaceous  or  setaceous, 
broad,  concave  above,  glandular-dentate;  calyx  5-toothed  or  lobed,  persistent,  the 
divisions  nearly  equal;  corolla  papilionaceous;  petals  unguiculate;  standard  cordate, 
free,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  tubular  disk  connate  to  the  calyx-tube,  rather 
shorter  than  the  wings  and  keels,  the  claws  adnate  to  and  jointed  upon  the  staminal 
tube;  stamens  10,  or  sometimes  9  through  the  suppression  of  the  superior  one,  united 
into  a  tube  cleft  above  and  cup-shaped  toward  the  base;  anthers  uniform,  often 
surmounted  by  a  gland;  ovary  sessile  or  short-stalked,  contracted  into  a  slender 
subulate  style,  with  a  minute  terminal  stigma;  ovules  4-6  attached  to  the  inner  angle 
of  the  ovary,  superposed.  Legume  ovate,  sometimes  conspicuously  ribbed,  more  or 
less  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  membranaceous,  indehiscent,  1-seeded;  seed  reniform, 
without  albumen;  testa  coriaceous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons 
broad  and  flat;  radicle  superior,  accumbently  reflexed. 

Dalea  is  confined  to  the  New  World,  where  it  is  distributed  from  the  central, 
western,  and  southwestern  regions  of  the  United  States  through  Mexico  and  Central 
America  to  Chili,  Peru,  and  the  Galapagos  Islands;  usually  herbs  or  low  under- 
shrubs.  One  species  of  the  United  States  occasionally  assumes  the  habit  and  attains 
the  size  of  a  small  tree. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Samuel  Dale  (1659-1739),  an  English  botanist 
and  writer  on  the  materia  medica. 

1.  Dalea  spinosa,  Gray. 

Leaves  few,  simple,  irregularly  scattered  near  the  base  of  the  spinose  branchlets, 
cuneate  or  linear-oblong,  sessile  or  nearly  sessile,  marked  by  few  large  glands, 


LEGUMINOS^E 


571 


especially  on  the  entire  wavy  margins,  hoary-pubescent,  f'-l'  long,  \'-%  wide,  with 
broad  midribs  and  three  pairs  of  lateral  ribs,  on  vigorous  young  shoots  or  seedling 
plants  remotely  and  coarsely  serrate,  remaining  only  for  a  few  weeks  on  the 
branches;  stipules  minute,  ovate,  acute,  pubescent.  Flowers  ^'  long,  appearing  in 
June  on  short  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  bracts,  in  racemes  I'-l^'  long,  their 
rachises  slender,  spinescent,  hoary-pubescent;  calyx-tube  10-ribbed,  with  usually  5 
glands  between  the  dorsal  ribs,  the  lobes  short,  ovate,  rounded  or  more  or  less  ciliate 
on  the  margins,  reflexed  at  maturity;  petals  dark  violet  blue;  standard  cordate, 
reflexed,  furnished  at  the  base  of  the  blade  with  two  conspicuous  glands,  wings  and 


keel  attached  to  the  staminal  tube  by  their  bases  only  and  nearly  equal  in  size, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  irregularly  lobed  at  the  base;  ovary  pubescent, 
glandular-punctate.  Fruit  ovate,  pubescent,  glandular,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  recurved  style ;  seed  \'  long,  pale  brown  irregu- 
larly marked  with  dark  spots. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  stout  contorted  trunk  sometimes  20'  in  diam- 
eter and  divided  near  the  ground  into  several  upright  branches,  and  branchlets 
reduced  to  slender  sharp  spines  coated  with  fine  pubescence,  bearing  minute  nearly 
triangular  scarious  caducous  bracts,  marked  by  occasional  glandular  fistules,  and 
developed  from  stouter  branches  hoary-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glabrous 
in  their  third  year  and  covered  with  pale  brown  bark  roughened  with  lenticels  and 
as  it  exfoliates  showing  the  pale  green  inner  bark;  more  often  a  low  rigid  intricately 
branched  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  gray-brown,  nearly  \'  thick,  deeply  fur- 
rowed, and  roughened  on  the  surface  by  small  persistent  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
rather  close-grained,  walnut-brown  in  color,  with  nearly  white  sap  wood  of  12-15 
layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  lower  Gila  River,  Arizona,  to  the  Colorado  Desert 
of  California,  and  southward  into  Sonora  and  Lower  California. 


15.  ROBINIA,  L.   Locust. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  or  slightly  many-angled  zigzag  branchlets, 
without  terminal  buds,  minute  naked  subpetiolar  depressed-globose  axillary  buds 
3  or  4  together,  superposed,  protected  collectively  in  a  depression  by  a  scale-like 


572  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

covering  lined  on  the  inner  surface  with  a  thick  coat  of  tomentum  and  opening  in 
early  spring,  its  divisions  persistent  during  the  season  on  the  base  of  the  branchlet 
developed  usually  from  the  upper  bud.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  petiolate,  decid- 
uous; leaflets  entire,  penniveined,  stipellate,  reticulate- venulose,  petiolulate;  stipules 
setaceous,  becoming  spinescent  at  maturity,  persistent.  Flowers  on  long  pedicels,  in 
short  pendulous  racemes  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  with  small  acuminate 
caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed  or  cut,  the  upper  lobes 
shorter  than  the  others,  cohering  for  part  of  their  length;  corolla  papilionaceous, 
petals  shortly  unguiculate,  inserted  on  a  tubular  disk  glandular  on  the  inner  surface 
and  connate  with  the  base  of  the  calyx-tube;  standard  large,  reflexed,  barely  longer 
than  the  wings  and  keel,  naked  on  the  inner  surface,  obcordate,  reflexed;  wings 
oblong-falcate,  free;  keel-petals  incurved,  obtuse,  united  below;  stamens  10,  in- 
serted with  the  petals,  the  9  inferior  united  into  a  tube  often  enlarged  at  the  base 
and  cleft  on  the  upper  side,  the  superior  one  free  at  the  base  and  connate  in  the 
middle  with  the  staminal  tube,  or  finally  free;  anthers  ovate;  ovary  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  calyx,  linear-oblong,  stipitate;  style  subulate,  inflexed,  bearded  along 
the  inner  side  near  the  apex,  with  a  small  terminal  stigma;  ovules  numerous,  sus- 
pended from  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary,  in  two  ranks,  superposed.  Legumes  in 
drooping  many-fruited  racemes,  many-seeded,  linear-compressed,  almost  sessile, 
2-valved,  the  seed-bearing  suture  narrow-winged;  valves  thin  and  membranaceous. 
Seed  oblong-oblique,  transverse,  attached  by  a  stout  persistent  incurved  funicle 
enlarged  at  the  point  of  the  attachment  to  the  placenta;  seed-coat  thin,  crusta- 
ceous;  albumen  thin,  membranaceous;  cotyledons  oval,  fleshy;  radicle  short,  much 
reflexed,  accumbent. 

Robinia  with  seven  or  eight  species  is  confined  to  the  United  States  and  Mexico; 
of  the  three  or  four  species  found  in  the  United  States  three  are  arborescent. 

The  generic  name  commemorates  the  botanical  labors  of  Jean  and  Vespasien 
Robin,  arborists  and  herbalists  of  the  king  of  France  in  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Legume  without  glandular  hairs  ;  flowers  white.  1.  R.  Pseudacacia  (A,  C). 
Legume  glandular-hispid ;  flowers  rose  color. 

Glands  not  viscid.  2.  R.  Neo-Mexicana  (F,  H). 

Glands  exuding  a  clammy  sticky  substance.  3.  R.  viscosa  (A). 

1.  Robinia  Pseudacacia,  L.   Locust.   Acacia.   Yellow  Locust. 

Leaves  8'-14'  long,  with  slender  puberulous  petioles,  and  7-9  leaflets,  turning  pale 
clear  yellow  late  in  the  autumn  just  before  falling;  stipules  \'  long,  linear,  subulate, 
membranaceous,  at  first  pubescent  and  tipped  with  small  tufts  of  caducous  brown 
hairs,  becoming  straight  or  slightly  recurved  spines  persistent  for  many  years  and 
ultimately  often  more  than  1'  long;  leaflets  oval,  rounded  or  slightly  truncate  and 
minutely  apiculate  at  the  apex,  when  they  unfold  covered  with  caducous  silvery 
pubescence,  at  maturity  very  thin,  dull  dark  blue-green  above,  pale  below,  glabrous 
with  the  exception  of  the  slight  pubescence  on  the  under  side  of  the  slender  midribs, 
l^'-2'  long  and  £'-f  wide;  their  petiolules  stout,  \'-\'  long;  stipels  minute,  linear, 
membranaceous,  early  deciduous.  Flowers  opening  late  in  May  or  early  in  June, 
filled  with  nectar,  very  fragrant,  on  slender  pedicels  ^'  long,  and  dark  red  or  red 


LEGUMINOSJ2  573 

tinged  with  green,  in  loose  puberulous  racemes  4'-5'  long;  calyx  conspicuously  gib- 
bous on  the  upper  side,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  dark  green  blotched  with  red,  espe- 
cially on  the  upper  side,  the  lower  lobe  acuminate  and  much  longer  than  the  nearly 
triangular  lateral  and  upper  lobes;  petals  pure  white,  with  a  large  pale  yellow  blotch 
marking  the  inner  surface  of  the  standard.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  3'-4' 
long  and  £'  wide,  with  bright  red-brown  valves,  usually  4-8-seeded,  mostly  persistent 
until  the  end  of  winter  or  early  spring;  seeds  T86'  long,  dark  orange-brown,  with 
irregular  darker  markings. 

A  tree,  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  small  brittle  usually  erect 
branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  head,  and  slender  terete  or  sometimes  slightly 
many-angled  branchlets  marked  by  small  pale  scattered  lenticels,  coated  at  first 
with  short  appressed  silvery  white  deciduous  pubescence,  pale  green  and  puberulous 
during  their  first  season,  becoming  light  reddish  brown  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
toward  autumn.  Bark  of  the  trunk  I'-l^'  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  dark  brown 


tinged  with  red,  and  covered  by  small  square  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceed- 
ingly hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  very  durable  in  contact  witli  the  ground,  brown 
or  rarely  light  green,  with  pale  yellow  sapwood  of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual  growth; 
extensively  used  in  shipbuilding,  for  all  sorts  of  posts,  in -construction  and  turnery; 
preferred  for  treenails,  and  valued  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Slopes  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  Pennsylvania,  to  northern 
Georgia;  now  widely  naturalized  in  most  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  perhaps  indigenous  as  a  low  shrub  in  northeastern 
and  western  Arkansas  and  in  the  Indian  Territory;  nowhere  common;  in  the  Ap- 
palachian forest  growing  singly  or  in  small  groups;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest 
size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Alleghanies  of  West  Virginia;  often  spreading  by 
underground  stems  into  broad  thickets  of  small  and  often  stunted  trees. 

Formerly  much  planted  as  an  ornamental  and  timber  tree  in  the  eastern  states; 
very  frequently  used  in  Europe,  with  numerous  seminal  varieties  of  peculiar  foliage 
or  habit,  for  the  decoration  of  parks  and  gardens,  and  to  shade  the  streets  of  cities. 

2.  Robinia  Neo-Mexicana,  Gray.  Locust. 

Leaves  6'-12'  long,  with  stout  pubescent  petioles,  and  15-21  leaflets;  stipules 
chartaceous,  covered  with  long  silky  brown  hairs,  becoming  at  maturity  stout 


574 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


slightly  recurved  flat  brown  or  bright  red  spines  sometimes  V  or  more  long;  leaflets 
elliptical-oblong,  rounded  or  sometimes  slightly  emarginate  at  the  mucronate  apex 
wedge-shaped  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the  base,  1^'  long  and  1'  broad,  coated  at 
first  on  the  lower  surface  and  on  the  margins  with  soft  brown  hairs,  and  silvery-pubes- 
cent on  the  upper  surface,  and  at  maturity  thin,  pale  blue-green,  conspicuously  retic- 
ulate-veined, and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the  slightly  puberulous  lower  side 
of  the  slender  midribs  and  stout  petiolules;  stipels  membranaceous,  V  long  often 
recurved,  sometimes  persistent  through  the  season.  Flowers  appearing  in  May, 


1'  long,  on  slender  pedicels  \'  in  length  and  covered  with  stout  glandular  hairs,  in 
short  compact  many-flowered  glandular-hispid  long-stemmed  racemes;  corolla  pale 
rose  color  or  sometimes  almost  white,  with  a  broad  standard  and  wing-petals.  Fruit 
3'-4'  long,  about  £'  wide,  glandular-hispid,  with  a  narrow  wing;  seeds  dark  brown, 
slightly  mottled,  T^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and  branchlets  at 
first  pale  and  coated  with  rusty  brown  glandular  hairs  increasing  in  length  during 
the  summer,  and  slightly  puberulous,  bright  reddish  brown,  often  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom,  and  marked  by  a  few  small  scattered  pale  lenticels  during  their 
first  winter;  more  often  a  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  slightly  furrowed, 
light  brown,  the  surface  separating  into  small  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  ex- 
ceedingly hard,  strong,  close-grained,  yellow  streaked  with  brown,  with  light  yellow 
sap  wood  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams;  valley  of  the  Purgatory  River,  Col- 
orado, through  northern  New  Mexico  to  the  Santa  Catalina  and  Santa  Rita  Moun- 
tains, Arizona,  up  to  elevations  of  7000°  above  the  sea-level,  and  to  southern  Utah; 
probably  of  its  largest  size  near  Trinidad,  Colorado. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  western 
-Europe. 

3.  Robinia  viscosa,  Vent.    Clammy  Locust. 

Leaves  7'-12'  long,  with  stout  nearly  terete  dark  glandular-hispid  clammy  peti- 
oles, and  13-21  leaflets;  stipules  subulate,  chartaceous,  often  deciduous  or  developing 
into  short  slender  spines;  leaflets  ovate,  sometimes  acuminate,  mucronate,  rounded 
or  pointed  at  the  apex,  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  covered 


LEGUMINOS^:  575 

below  with  soft  white  pubescence,  and  slightly  puberulous  above,  and  at  maturity 
dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface,  especially  along  the  slender  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins  and  on  the 
stout  glandular-hispid  petiolules,  l^'-2'  long  and  f  wide;  stipels  slender,  deciduous. 
Flowers  |'  long,  almost  inodorous,  appearing  in  June,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels 
from  the  axils  of  large  lanceolate  acuminate  dark-red  bracts  contracted  at  the  apex 
into  long  setaceous  points  exserted  beyond  the  flower-buds  and  mostly  deciduous 
before  the  flowers  open,  in  short  ovate  crowded  glandular-hispid  racemes;  calyx 
dark  red,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  and  on  the  margins  of  the  subulate  lobes  with 
long  pale  hairs;  corolla  pale  rose  or  flesh  color,  with  a  narrow  standard  marked  on 
the  inner  face  by  a  pale  yellow  blotch,  and  broad  side  petals.  Fruit  linear-lan- 
ceolate, narrowly  winged,  glandular-hispid,  2'-3^'  long;  seeds  ^'  long,  dark  reddish 
brown  and  mottled. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading  branches, 
and  dark  reddish  brown  branchlets  covered  with  conspicuous  dark  glandular  hairs 
exuding,  like  those  on  the  petioles  and  legumes,  a  clammy,  sticky  substance,  during 
their  first  winter  bright  red-brown,  covered  with  small  black  lenticels  and  very 
sticky,  becoming  in  their  second  year  light  brown  and  dry;  or  a  shrub,  often  only 


5°-6°  tall.  Bark  of  the  trunk  %  thick,  smooth,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red, 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brown,  with  light  yellow  sapwood  of  2  or  3  layers 
of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Mountains  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  now  naturalized  in 
many  parts  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  as  far  north  as 
eastern  Massachusetts. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  all  countries  with  temperate 
climate. 

16.  OLNEYA,  Gray. 

A  tree,  with  thin  scaly  bark,  and  stout  terete  hoary-canescent  slightly  angled 
branchlets  armed  with  stout  infrastipular  spines.  Leaves  equally  or  unequally  pin- 
nate, hoary-canescent,  persistent,  10-15-foliolulate,  destitute  of  stipules  and  stipels, 
short-petiolate,  often  fascicled  in  earlier  axils;  leaflets  cuneate,  oblong  or  obovate, 
entire,  obtuse,  often  mucronate,  rigid,  short-petiolulate,  reticulate-veined,  with  broad 


576  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

conspicuous  midribs.  Flowers  on  stout  pedicels  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  in 
short  axillary  few-flowered  hoary-canescent  racemes,  with  acute  minute  bracts  and 
bractlets  deciduous  before  the  expansion  of  the  flowers;  calyx  hoary-canescent,  the 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  almost  equal,  the  two  upper  connate  nearly  throughout;  disk 
cupuliform,  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  corolla  papilionaceous;  petals  unguicu- 
late,  purple  or  violet,  inserted  on  the  disk;  standard  orbicular,  deeply  emarginate, 
reflexed,  furnished  at  the  base  of  the  blade  with  two  infolded  ear-shaped  append- 
ages covering  2  prominent  callosities;  wings  oblique,  oblong,  slightly  auriculate 
at  the  base  of  the  blade  on  the  upper  side,  free,  as  long  as  the  broad  obtuse  incurved 
keel-petals;  stamens  10,  the  superior  one  free,  filling  the  slit  in  the  tube  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  others;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  of  the  same  length,  oblong,  uni- 
form; ovary  sessile  or  slightly  stipitate,  pilose;  style  inflexed,  bearded  above  the 
middle;  stigma  thick  and  fleshy,  depressed-capitate;  ovules  numerous,  suspended 
from  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary,  superposed.  Legume  oblique,  compressed,  gland- 
ular-hairy, light  brown,  2-valved,  often  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  long  per- 
sistent style,  1-5-seeded,  the  valves  thick  and  coriaceous,  becoming  unequally  and 
interruptedly  convex  at  maturity.  Seeds  broadly  ovate,  slightly  angled  on  the  ven- 
tral side,  suspended  by  short  thick  funicles,  without  albumen;  seed-coat  thin,  mem- 
branaceous,  bright  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the 
seed;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  accumbent  on  the  short  incurved  radicle. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  southern  Arizona,  California,  and 
northwestern  Mexico. 

Olneya  is  in  memory  of  Stephen  T.  Olney  (1812-1878),  author  of  a  catalogue  of 
the  plants  of  Rhode  Island. 

1.  Olneya  Tesota,  Gray.    Ironwood. 

Leaves  l'-2^-'  long,  with  leaflets  ^'-f  in  length,  appearing  in  June  and  persist- 
ent until  the  following  spring.  Flowers  unfolding  with  the  leaves,  nearly  £'  long. 


Fruit  light  brown,  very  glandular,  fully  grown  at  midsummer,  ripening  before  the 
end  of  August,  2'-2^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  18'  in  diameter 
and  usually  divided  4°-6°  above  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  upright  branches, 


' 


LEGUMINOS^E  577 

and  slender  branchlets  thickly  coated  at  first  with  hoary-canescent  pubescence  dis- 
appearing early  in  their  second  year,  and  then  pale  green  and  more  or  less  spotted 
and  streaked  with  red,  becoming  pale  brown  in  their  third  season,  their  spines 
straight  or  slightly  curved,  very  sharp  and  rigid,  \'-\'  long,  and  persistent  at  least 
during  two  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  exfoliating  in  long  longitudinal  dark  red- 
brown  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard  and  strong,  although  brittle,  rich  dark 
brown  striped  with  red,  with  thin  clear  yellow  sapwood;  valued  as  fuel  and  some- 
times manufactured  into  canes  and  other  small  objects. 

Distribution.  Sides  of  low  depressions  and  arroyos  in  the  desert;  valley  of  the 
Colorado  River  south  of  the  Mohave  Mountains,  California,  to  southwestern  Arizona, 
and  to  Souora  and  Lower  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  Souora. 

17.  ICTHYOMETHIA,  P.  Br. 

A  tree,  with  thin  scaly  bark,  stout  terete  branchlets  without  terminal  buds,  coated 
at  first  with  thick  rufous  pubescence  disappearing  during  the  first  summer,  becom- 
ing glabrous  or  glabrate,  bright  reddish  brown,  conspicuously  marked  by  oblong  longi- 
tudinal lenticels  and  large  elevated  horizontal  slightly  obcordate  leaf-scars  marked 
by  the  ends  of  numerous  small  scattered  fibre-vascular  bundles,  and  obtuse  axillary 
buds  with  thin  scales  clothed  with  silky  rufous  hairs.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate, 
loug-petiolate,  5-11-foliolate,  deciduous  ;  leaflets  opposite,  oval,  obovate  or  broadly 
oblong,  obtuse  or  shortly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the 
base,  with  thick  pubescent  petiolules,  at  first  coated  like  the  petioles  with  rufous 
hairs,  at  maturity  coriaceous,  glabrous  and  dark  green  above,  pale  and  more  or  less 
clothed  below  with  rufous  or  canescent  pubescence  along  the  elevated  conspicuous 
midribs  and  numerous  thin  primary  veins  arching  and  united  at  the  entire  undulate 
thickened  margins,  or  sometimes  covered  with  soft  silky  pubescence  below.  Flowers 
papilionaceous,  on  slender  pedicels  enlarged  at  the  ends,  bibracteolate,  in  canescent 
ovate  densely  flowered  or  elongated  thyrsoidal  panicles  with  short  3-12-flowered 
branches,  from  axils  of  the  fallen  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  bracts  and  bractlets 
minute,  scarious,  coriaceous;  calyx  campanulate,  canescent,  5-lobed,  persistent,  the 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  short  and  broad,  the  two  upper  subconnate,  the  lower 
broadly  triangular;  petals  inserted  on  an  annular  glandular  disk  adnate  to  the  inte- 
rior of  the  calyx-tube,  unguiculate,  white  tinged  with  red;  standard  nearly  orbicular, 
emarginate,  hoary-canescent  on  the  outer,  marked  with  a  green  blotch  on  the  inner 
surface,  its  claw  as  long  as  the  calyx;  wings  oblong-falcate,  auriculate  at  the  base  of 
the  blade  on  the  upper  side;  keel-petals  broadly  falcate,  the  claws  connate;  stamens 
10,  the  filament  of  the  upper  one  free  at  the  base  only,  united  above  with  the  others 
into  a  long  tube;  anthers  oblong,  uniform,  versatile;  ovary  sessile,  sericeous,  con- 
tracted into  a  filiform  incurved  style,  with  a  capitate  stigma;  ovules  numerous,  sus- 
pended from  the  inner  angle  of  the  ovary,  2-ranked.  Legume  linear-compressed, 
raised  on  a  stalk  longer  than  the  calyx,  slightly  contracted  between  the  numerous 
seeds,  tomentose-canescent  or  glabrate,  thin-walled,  indehiscent,  longitudinally 
4-winged,  the  wings  developed  from  the  dorsal  and  ventral  sutures,  and  broad,  contin- 
uous or  interrupted  by  the  abortion  of  some  of  the  ovules,  membranaceous,  softly 
pubescent,  their  margins  undulate  or  irregularly  cut.  Seeds  oval,  compressed,  with- 
out albumen,  laterally  attached  by  short  thick  funicles;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous, 
red-brown,  not  lustrous;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  plano- 
convex, oval,  fleshy;  radicle  short,  inflexed. 


578  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  distributed  from  southern  Florida 
through  the  West  Indies  to  southern  Mexico. 

The  generic  name,  from  Ix^vs  and  fiedy,  indicates  the  Carib  use  of  the  tree. 

1.  Icthyomethia  Piscipula,  A.  S.  Hitch.   Jamaica  Dogwood. 

Leaves  4'-9'  long,  with  stout  petioles,  and  leaflets  3'-4£'  long  and  1  '-2^'  wide,  their 
petiolules  thick,  £'  long,  appearing  after  the  flowers  and  deciduous  in  early  spring. 
Flowers  opening  in  May,  f '  long,  on  slender  pedicels  sometimes  1^'  long,  in  clus- 
ters frequently  10'-12'  in  length,  with  long  few-flowered  branches,  or  compact, 
densely-flowered,  and  2'-4'  long.  Fruit  ripening  in  July  and  August,  light  brown, 
3'-4'  long,  !'-!£'  across  the  thin  papery  wings. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout  erect  sometimes 
contorted  branches  forming  an  irregular  head.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  ^'  thick, 


with  a  light  red-brown  surface  covered  with  small  square  scales.  Wood  very  heavy, 
hard,  close-grained,  clear  yellow-brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood,  very 
durable  in  contact  with  the  ground ;  largely  used  in  Florida  for  boatbuilding,  for 
firewood  and  charcoal.  All  parts  of  the  tree,  but  especially  the  bark  of  the  roots, 
contain  an  active  principle,  Piscidin,  which  is  said  to  be  effective  in  producing  sleep. 
In  the  West  Indies  the  bark  of  the  roots,  young  branches,  and  powdered  leaves  were 
used  by  the  Caribs  to  stupefy  fish  and  facilitate  their  capture. 

Distribution.  One  of  the  commonest  of  the  tropical  trees  of  Florida  from  the 
shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  the  southern  keys,  and  on  the  west  coast  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Peace  Creek  to  Cape  Sable;  in  many  of  the  Antilles  and  in  south- 
ern Mexico. 

XXIII.   ZYGOFHYLLACE-SJ. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  resinous  wood,  and  opposite  pinnate  leaves  with 
stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  ;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the 
bud;  petals  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogy- 
nous ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  hypogynous ;  filaments  distinct ; 
anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ;  ovary  5-celled ; 
styles  united,  terminating  in  a  minute  5-lobed  or  entire  stigma ;  ovules  nu- 
merous, suspended,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  capsular,  angled  or 


ZYGOPHYLLACE^i  579 

winged,  separating  at  maturity  into  5  indehiscent  carpels.  Seeds  solitary  or 
in  pairs  in  each  cell ;  seed-coat  thick  and  fleshy ;  embryo  straight  or  nearly 
so  ;  cotyledons  oval,  foliaceous  ;  radicle  short,  superior. 

Of  the  fourteen  genera  of  this  family,  mostly  confined  to  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  northern  hemisphere,  one  only,  Guaiacum,  has  an  arborescent  repre- 
sentative in  the  United  States. 

1.  GUAIACUM,  L.  Lignum-vitae. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  and  stout  terete  alternate  branchlets  often  with 
swollen  nodes.  Leaves  petiolate,  abruptly  piunate,  with  2-14  entire  reticulate- 
veined  leaflets,  and  minute  mostly  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary  or 
uubellate-fascicled,  pedunculate,  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts;  calyx- 
lobes  slightly  united  at  the  base,  unequal,  deciduous;  petals  broadly  obovate,  more 
or  less  unguiculate;  stamens  inserted  on  the  inconspicuous  elevated  disk  opposite  to 
and  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  filiform,  naked  or  bearing  at  the  base  on 
the  inner  surface  a  minute  membranaceous  scale;  anthers  oblong;  ovary  raised  on 
a  short  thick  stalk,  obovate  or  clavate,  5-lobed,  contracted  into  a  slender  subulate 
acute  style;  ovules  8-10  in  each  cell,  suspended  in  pairs  from  the  inner  angle.  Fruit 
fleshy,  5-celled,  smooth,  coriaceous,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  stem,  with 
5  wing-like  angles,  ventrally  and  sometimes  dorsally  dehiscent.  Seeds  suspended, 
ovoid;  seed-coat  easily  separable  from  the  hard  bony  nucleus  closely  invested  with 
a  thin  indistinct  tegumen. 

Guaiacum  is  confined  to  the  New  World,  and  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida 
through  the  Antilles,  Mexico,  and  Central  America  to  the  Andes  of  Peru.  Seven  or 
eight  species  are  distinguished. 

Guaiacum  produces  heavy  close-grained  wood,  the  cells  of  the  heartwood  filled 
with  dark-colored  resin.  The  lignum-vitae  of  commerce,  largely  used  for  the  sheaths 
of  ship-blocks,  mallets,  skittle-balls,  ten-pin  balls,  etc.,  is  produced  principally  by 
Guaiacum  ojficinale,  L.,  of  the  Antilles  and  South  America,  and  by  Guaiacum  sanc- 
tum, L.  Guaiacum  resin  is  a  stimulating  diaphoretic  sometimes  used  in  the  treatment 
of  gout  and  rheumatism. 

The  generic  name  is  from  the  Carib  Guaiaco  or  Guayacon,  the  aboriginal  name  of 
the  Lignum-vitse. 

1.  Guaiacum  sanctum,  L. 

Leaves  3'-l'  long,  with  3-4  pairs  of  obliquely  oblong  or  obovate  mucronate  sub- 
sessile  leaflets,  membranaceous,light  green  and  puberulous  below  when  they  first  ap- 
pear, becoming  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  both  surfaces, 
1'  long  and  nearly  £'  wide,  persistent  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  growth  in 
March  or  early  April;  stipules  broadly  acuminate,  tipped  with  a  short  mucro,  pubes- 
cent, I'  long,  usually  caducous,  but  sometimes  persistent  during  the  season.  Flowers 
f '  in  diameter,  opening  almost  immediately  after  the  appearance  of  the  new  growth, 
and  continuing  to  open  during  several  weeks,  solitary  on  slender  pubescent  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves  and  usually  produced  3  or  4  together  at  the  end  of  the 
branches  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  their  bracts  acuminate,  minute,  the  2 
lateral  rather  smaller  than  the  others;  calyx-lobes  obovate,  slightly  pubescent,  espe- 
cially on  the  outer  surface  near  the  base,  and  smaller  than  the  blue  petals  twisted 
below  from  left  to  right,  and  thus  appearing  to  be  obliquely  inserted  ;  filaments 
naked;  ovary  obovate,  prominently  5-angled,  glabrous,  contracted  at  the  base  into 


580  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

a  short  stout  stalk.  Fruit  broadly  obovate,  £'  long,  %  wide,  bright  orange  color, 
opening  at  maturity  by  the  splitting  of  the  thick  rather  fleshy  valves;  seeds  black, 
with  a  thick  fleshy  scarlet  aril-like  outer  coat. 

A  gnarled  round-headed  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk 
occasionally  2^°-3°  iu  diameter,  slender  pendulous  branches,  and  branchlets  con- 
spicuously enlarged  at  the  nodes,  slightly  angled,  pubescent  at  first,  becoming  in 


their  second  year  glabrous,  nearly  white,  and  roughened  by  numerous  small  ex- 
crescences. Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  ^'  thick,  separating  on  the  surface 
into  thin  white  scales.  Wood  dark  green  or  yellow-brown,  with  thin  clear  yellow 
sapwood. 

Distribution.  Keys  of  southern  Florida  from  Key  West  eastward;  on  the 
Bahama  Islands  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

XXIV.    RUTACE^!. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  abounding  in  a  pungent  or  bitter  aromatic  volatile  oil,  with 
simple  or  compound  usually  glandular-punctate  leaves  without  stipules  or 
rarely  with  stipular  spines.  Flowers  regular,  perfect  or  unisexual,  in  panicu- 
late or  corymbose  cymes;  calyx  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  more  or  less  united  at 
the  base,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  petals  3-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  stamens 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  ;  filaments  distinct  or  united  below  ; 
anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ;  pistils  1-4,  sep- 
arate or  united  into  a  compound  ovary  sessile  or  stipitate  on  a  glandular  disk  ; 
styles  mostly  united  ;  ovules  usually  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary,  pendulous, 
anatropous  or  amphitropous  ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  cap- 
sule, samara,  or  drupe.  Seeds  solitary  or  several ;  seed-coat  bony  or  crustaceous, 
furrowed  or  punctate  ;  embryo  axile  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  short,  superior. 

Of  this  large  family,  widely  distributed  over  the  warm  and  temperate  parts 
of  the  earth's  surface,  four  genera  only  have  arborescent  representatives  in  the 
United  States.  Citrus  vulgaris,  Risso,  the  Bitter-sweet  Orange,  a  native  of 
Asia,  has  long  been  naturalized  in  the  peninsula  of  Florida,  where  other  spe- 
cies of  this  genus  have  escaped  from  cultivation  and  are  now  growing  spon- 
taneously. 


RUTACILE  581 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Fruit  a  2-valved  1-2-seeded  capsule  ;  flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.  1.  Fagara. 

Fruit  of  o  or  4  winged  indehiscent  1-seeded  carpels  ;  flowers  perfect.  2.  Helietta. 

Fruit  a  winged  samara  ;  flowers  polygamous.  3.   Ptelea. 

Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe  ;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamous.  4.  Amyris. 

1.  FAGARA,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  aromatic  bark,  pellucid  aromatic-punctate  fruit  and 
foliage,  scaly  buds,  and  usually  stipular  spines.  Leaves  alternate,  unequally  or  rarely 
equally  pinnate ;  leaflets  generally  opposite,  often  oblique  at  the  base,  entire  or  crenu- 
late.  Flo.vers  small,  dioecious  or  polygamous,  in  axillary  or  terminal  broad  or  con- 
tracted pedunculate  cymes;  calyx  and  petals  hypogynous;  disk  small  or  obscure; 
stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  hypogynous,  effete,  rudi- 
mentary or  wanting  in  the  female  flower;  filaments  filiform  or  subulate;  pistils  1-4, 
oblique,  raised  on  the  summit  of  a  fleshy  gynophore,  conniveut,  sometimes 
slightly  united  below,  rudimentary,  simple  or2-5-parted  in  the  sterile  flower;  ovaries 
1-celled;  styles  short  and  slender,  more  or  less  united  toward  the  summit;  stigmas 
capitate;  ovules  collateral,  pendulous  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  cap- 
sule of  1—5  coriaceous  or  fleshy  1-seeded  carpels,  broadly  obovate,  sessile  or  stipitate, 
ventrally  dehiscent.  Seed  oblong  or  globular,  suspended  on  a  slender  funiculus,  often 
hanging  from  the  carpel  at  maturity;  seed-coat  black,  shining,  conspicuously  marked 
by  the  broad  hilum;  cotyledons  oval  or  orbicular,  foliaceous. 

Fagara  is  widely  distributed  through  tropical  and  extratropical  regions  and  is 
most  abundant  in  tropical  America.  It  is  represented  in  North  America  by  four 
arborescent  species  of  the  southern  states.  The  resin  contained  in  the  bark,  especially 
in  that  of  the  roots,  is  a  powerful  stimulant  and  tonic  occasionally  used  in  medicine. 

The  generic  name,  of  Arabic  origin,  was  used  by  the  Greeks  to  designate  a  plant 
now  unknown. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Flowers  in  axillary  contracted  cymes ;  branches  armed  with  stipular  spines. 

1.  F.  Fagara  (D,  E). 
Flowers  in  terminal  cymes. 

Calyx-lobes  and  petals  5  ;  leaves  unequally  pinnate. 

Leaves  deciduous  ;  branches  armed  with  stout  spines.         2.  F.  Clava-Herculis  (C). 

Leaves  persistent ;   branches  without  spines.  :5.  F.  flava  (D). 

Calyx-lobes  and  petals  3  ;  leaves  equally  pinnate,  persistent.  4.  F.  coriacea  (D). 

1.  Fagara  Fagara,  Small.    Wild  Lime. 
(Xantkoxylum  Fagara,  Silva  N.  Am.  i.  73.) 

Leaves  persistent,  3'-4'  long,  with  broadly  winged  jointed  petioles,  and  7-9  obovate 
leaflets  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  minutely  crenulate-toothed  above  the 
middle,  sessile,  \'  long  or  less,  coriaceous,  glandular-punctate,  bright  green  and  lus- 
trous, with  minute  hooked  deciduous  stipular  prickles.  Flowers  on  short  pedicels 
from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  obtuse^eciduous  bracts,  in  short  axillary  contracted 
cymes,  appearing  singly  or  in  pairs  from  April  until  June,  on  branches  of  the  previous 
year,  from  minute  dark  brown  globular  buds,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  on  different 
trees;  sepals  4,  membranaceous,  much  shorter  than  the  4  ovate  yellow-green  petals; 


582  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

stamens  4,  with  slender  exserted  filaments,  0  in  the  fertile  flower;  pistils  2,  with  ovate 
sessile  ovaries,  gradually  contracted  into  long  slender  subulate  exserted  styles  united 
near  the  apex  and  crowned  with  obliquely  spreading  stigmas,  rudimentary  in  the 


staminate  flower.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  obovate,  rusty  brown  and  rugose, 
•Jr'-J'  long;  seed  solitary,  dark  and  lustrous. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  slender  often  inclining  trunk,  fastigiate 
branches,  and  more  or  less  zigzag  slender  dark  gray  branchlets  armed  with  sharp 
hooked  stipular  spines;  more  frequently  a  tall  or  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about 
\'  thick,  the  smooth  light  gray  surface  broken  into  small  appressed  persistent  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  yellow  sap- 
wood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Coast  and  islands  of  southern  Florida,  and  Texas  from  Matagorda 
Bay  to  the  Rio  Grande;  one  of  the  commonest  of  the  south  Florida  plants  and 
arborescent  on  the  rich  hummock  soil  of  Elliott's  Key  and  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne; 
in  Texas  generally  shrubby;  common  in  northern  Mexico,  and  widely  distributed 
through  the  Antilles,  southern  Mexico,  and  Central  and  South  America  to  Brazil  and 
Peru. 

•  2.  Fagara  Clava-Herculis,  Small.   Prickly  Ash.   Toothache-tree. 

(Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis,  Silva  N.  Am.  i.  67.) 

Leaves  5'-8'  long,  with  stout  pubescent  or  glabrous  spiny  petioles,  and  3-9  pairs 
of  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  sometimes  slightly  falcate  subcoriaceous  leaflets  usually 
oblique  at  the  base,  crentilate-serrate,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  l'-2£'  long,  green  and 
lustrous  above,  paler  and  often  somewhat  pubescent  below,  especially  when  they 
unfold,  persistent  until  late  in  the  winter  or  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves 
in  early  spring.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  £'-$-'  long,  from  the  axils  of  minute 
lanceolate  deciduous  bracts,  in  ample  wide-branched  cymes  4'— 5'  long  and  2'— 3' 
broad,  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  about  half  grown,  the  staminate  and  pistillate 
on  different  individuals;  sepals  minute, membranaceous, persistent, barely  one  fourth 
the  length  of  the  oval  green  petals  \'-\'  long;  stamens  5,  with  slender  filiform  fila- 
ments, conspicuously  exserted  from  the  male  flowers,  rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the 
female  flowers;  pistils  3,  rarely  2,  with  sessile  ovaries  and  short  styles  crowned  by  a 
slightly  2-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  August  and  September,  in  dense  often 


RUTACEJE  583 

nearly  globose  clusters;  mature  carpels  obliquely  ovoid,  1-seeded,  chestnut-brown,  y 
long,  with  a  rugose  or  pitted  surface ;  seeds  hanging  at  maturity  outside  the  carpels. 
A  round-headed  tree,  25°-30°,  or  exceptionally  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'- 
18'  in  diameter,  numerous  branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  stout 
branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  brown  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous 
and  light  gray  in  their  second  year,  and  marked  by  small  glandular  spots  and  by  large 
elevated  obcordate  leaf-scars  displaying  a  row  of  large  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars, 
and  armed  with  stout  straight  or  sometimes  slightly  curved  sharp  chestnut-brown 
spines  ^'  or  more  long,  with  perpendicularly  flattened  enlarged  bases;  or  often  a  low 
shrub.  Winter-buds  short,  obtuse,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
barely  Ty  thick,  light  gray,  and  roughened  by  corky  tubercles,  with  ovoid  dilated 
bases  sometimes  1'  or  more  across  and  thick  and  rounded  at  the  apex.  Wood  light, 


soft,  close-grained,  and  light  brown,  with  yellow  sapwood.  The  bark,  which  is  col- 
lected in  large  quantities  by  the  negroes  of  the  southern  states,  is  used  as  a  cure  for 
toothache  and  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism. 

Distribution.  Southern  Virginia  southward  near  the  coast  to  the  shores  of  Bay 
Biscayne  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  westward  through  the  Gulf  states  to  northern 
Louisiana  and  southern  Arkansas,  and  through  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Devil's 
River;  in  the  Atlantic  states  not  abundant,  and  confined  to  the  immediate  neighbor- 
hood of  the  coast,  growing  in  light  sandy  soil  and  often  on  the  low  bluffs  of  islands 
or  on  river  banks;  on  the  Gulf  coast  ranging  farther  inland,  especially  west  of  the 
Mississippi  River;  most  abundant  in  eastern  Texas,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  rich 
intervale  lands  of  the  streams  flowing  into  the  Trinity  River.  In  southern  Florida 
and  western  Texas  a  form  occurs  (var.  fruticosa,  Sarg.,  nov.  now.),  with  short  some- 
times 3-foliolate  more  or  less  pubescent  leaves,  with  small  ovate  or  oblong  blunt  and 
conspicuous  crenulate  rather  coriaceous  leaves;  this  is  the  common  form  of  western 
Texas,  growing  usually  as  a  low  shrub. 

3.  Fagara  flava,  Kr.  &  Urb.    Satinwood. 

(Xanthoxylum  flavum,  Silva  N.  Am.  xiv.  98.) 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  persistent,  usually  6'-9'  long,  with  stout  glandular 
petioles  enlarged  at  the  base,  and  usually  5,  sometimes  3,  or  Varely  1  leaflet,  unfold- 


584  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

ing  in  Florida  during  the  month  of  June,  densely  covered  with  tomentum  when  they 
first  unfold,  and  at  maturity  sparingly  hairy  on  the  petioles  and  midribs  of  the 
leaflets;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptical  and  obtuse,  often  slightly  falcate, 
sometimes  oblique  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile  or  long-stalked,  2'-3'  long,  l^'-2'  broad, 
entire  or  slightly  crenulate,  coriaceous,  pale  yellow-green  and  conspicuously  marked 
by  large  pellucid  glands.  Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  in  June,  on  slender  pubes- 
cent pedicels  ^'  or  more  long,  in  wide-spreading  pubescent  sessile  cymes,  the  male 
and  female  on  different  trees;  calyx-lobes  5,  minute,  acuminate,  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins, barely  one  eighth  of  the  length  of  the  ovate  greenish  white  petals  reflexed  when 
the  flowers  are  fully  expanded;  stamens  5,  with  slender  filaments  much  longer  than 
the  petals,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  pistils  2  or  sometimes  1,  with  a  stipitate  obovate 
ovary  and  a  short  style  with  a  spreading  entire  stigma,  minute  and  depressed  in  the 
staminate  flower.  Fruit  ripening  in  autumn  and  early  winter  and  sometimes  per- 
sistent until  the  spring  of  the  following  year;  mature  carpels  obliquely  obovate, 


short-stalked,    1-seeded,  pale    chestnut-brown  at   maturity,  about    \'  long,  faintly 
marked  by  minute  glands. 

A  round-headed  tree,  30°-35°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  and  stout 
brittle  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  thick  silky  pubescence,  becoming  light  gray, 
rugose,  conspicuously  marked  by  large  triangular  leaf-scars,  and  puberulous  during 
their  second  and  third  years.  Winter-buds  narrowly  acuminate,  ^'  long,  coated 
with  short  thick  pale  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'  thick,  with  a  smooth  light 
gray  surface  divided  by  shallow  furrows  and  broken  into  numerous  short  appressed 
scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  brittle,  not  strong,  light  orange-colored, 
with  thin  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood;  occasionally  used  in  southern  Florida  in 
the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  the  handles  of  tools,  and  other  objects  of  domestic 
use. 

Distribution.  In  Florida  on  the  Marquesas  Keys  and  on  South  Bahia  Honda 
and  Boca  Chica  Keys;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  Bermuda,  San  Domingo,  and  Porto 
Rico. 

4.  Fagara  coriacea,  Kr.  &  Urb. 

Leaves  equally  pinnate,  persistent,  2'-3'  long,  with  stout  grooved  petioles,  and 
6-8  oblong-obovate  stalked  coriaceous  dark  yellow-green  lustrous  leaflets  rounded 
or  rarely  emarginate  at  the  apex,  I'-lf '  long  and  |'-f '  wide,  with  much-thickened 


RUTACE^E 


585 


revolute  entire  margins,  stont  midribs,  slender  obscure  spreading  primary  veins,  and 
reticulate  veinlets.    Flowers  yellow,  appearing  in  March  on  short  stout  pedicels, 


in  densely  flowered  terminal  cymes;  sepals  3,  minute,  united  below,  free  above, 
much  shorter  than  the  3  oval  or  obovate  petals  rounded  at  the  apex;  stamens  3;  fila- 
ments about  as  long  as  the  petals;  anthers  ovate  or  oval;  ovary  3-celled,  globose- 
ovate;  styles  thick,  3  (teste  Urban}.  Fruit:  mature  fruit  not  seen. 

A  glabrous  tree,  sometimes  18°-20°  high,  with  a  slender  stem  and  stout  red-brown 
branches  unarmed  in  Florida  specimens,  or  in  the  West  Indies  furnished  with  short 
recurved  spines;  more  often  shrubby. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  at  Fort  Lauderdale,  Florida;  rare 
and  still  very  imperfectly  known;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  in  Cuba. 


2.   HELIETTA,  Tul. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  long-petiolate,  tri- 
foliate, persistent;  leaflets  sessile,  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crenate,  subco- 
riaceous,  grandular-punctate,  the  terminal  the  largest.  Flowers  regular,  perfect, 
on  slender  bibracteolate  pedicels,  in  terminal  or  axillary  panicles;  calyx  4-parted,  the 
divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  persistent;  petals  4,  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  oblong,  concave,  glandular-punctate,  reflexed  at 
maturity;  stamens  inserted  under  the  disk;  filaments  shorter  than  the  petals,  slightly 
flattened,  glabrous;  anthers  ovate,  cordate  at  the  base,  attached  on  the  back  below 
the  middle;  disk  free,  cup-shaped,  erect,  subcorrugated,  with  a  sinuate  margin, 
4-lobed,  the  lobes  entire  or  crenate  and  opposite  the  petals;  ovary  minute,  sessile, 
depressed,  4-lobed,  glandular-verrucose  or  minutely  pilose,  the  lateral  lobes  slightly 
compressed,  4-celled;  styles  united  into  a  single  slender  column  crowned  by  the  globose 
3-4-lobed  stigma;  ovules  collateral,  anatropous.  Fruit  obconical,  composed  of  3  or  4 
dry  woody  1-seeded  indehiscent  carpels  with  a  cartilaginous  endocarp  and  with 
prominent  horizontal  wings,  separating  at  maturity.  Seed  linear,  oblong,  seed-coat 
crustaceous,  fragile,  black;  cotyledons  straight,  obtuse. 

Helietta  is  distributed  from  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  Texas  to  Brazil  and 


586 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Paraguay.    Four  species  are  recognized;  one  species  extends  across  the  Rio  Grande 
into  western  Texas. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Lewis  Thdodore  He'lie  (1804-1867),  a  distinguished 
French  physician. 

1.  Helietta  parvifolia,  Benth. 

Leaves  l^'-2'  long,  with  stout  slightly  club-shaped  petioles,  at  first  puberulent, 
soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  oblong  or  narrowly  obovate  leaflets  rounded  or  some- 
times slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  gradually  and  regularly  contracted  at  the  base, 
entire  or  slightly  and  remotely  crenulate-serrate,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above, 
paler  below,  conspicuously  marked  by  black  glandular  dots,  the  terminal  leaflet 
£'-1^'  long,  sometimes  £'  wide,  and  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  others,  persistent  on 
the  branches  until  early  spring.  Flowers  appearing  in  April  and  May,  on  slender 
pedicels  covered  at  first  like  the  petioles  and  calyx  with  short  dense  pubescence,  with 
minute  acuminate  early  deciduous  bracts,  in  dichotymously  branched  subsessile 
panicles  on  branches  of  the  year  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  petals  white, 
ovate,  ^'  long,  with  scattered  hairs  on  the  outer  surface,  and  thin  scabrous  margins, 
and  four  or  five  times  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes  ;  ovary  4-lobed,  glandular-punctate 


like  the  slender  style.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  oblong,  \'-^'  long,  with  a  rigid 
broadly  ovate  sometimes  slightly  falcate  wing  rounded  at  the  apex,  |'  long,  and  con- 
spicuously reticulate-veined. 

A  slender  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  rather  erect  branches 
forming  a  small  irregular  head,  and  slender  pale  branchlets  covered  with  minute 
wart-like  excrescences,  faintly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming 
glabrous,  and  marked  during  their  second  year  by  small  inconspicuous  leaf -scars;  or 
a  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  covered  with  dark  brown  closely 
appressed  scales  separating  in  large  irregular  patches  and  leaving  when  they  fall  a 
smooth  pale  yellow  surface.  Wood  hard,  very  heavy,  close-grained,  light  orange 
brown,  with  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Often  forming  thickets  of  considerable  extent  and  abundant  near 
Rio  Grande  city,  Texas;  mesas  south  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande;  of  its  largest  size  and 
tree-like  in  habit  on  the  limestone  ridges  of  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon. 


RUTACEJE 


587 


3.  PTELEA,  L. 

Small  unarmed  trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  bitter  bark,  slender  terete  branches 
without  terminal  buds,  small  depressed  lateral  buds  covered  with  pale  tomentum,  and 
nearly  inclosed  by  the  narrow  obcordate  leaf-scars  marked  by  the  ends  of  2  or  3 
small  fibro-vascular  bundles,  and  thick  fleshy  acrid  roots.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely 
opposite,  without  stipules,  long-petiolate,  usually  trifoliolate,  the  leaflets  conduplicate 
in  the  bud,  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  crenulate-serrate,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots. 
Flowers  polygamous,  on  slender  bracteolate  pedicels,  in  terminal  or  compound 
cymes,  greenish  white;  calyx  4  or  5-parted;  petals  4  or  5,  hypogynousj  stamens  3  or 
4,  alternate  with  and  as  long  as  the  petals,  hypogynous,  much  shorter  in  the  pistillate 
flower,  with  imperfect  or  rudimentary  anthers;  filaments  subulate,  more  or  less 
pilose,  especially  toward  the  base;  anthers  ovate  or  cordute;  pistil  raised  on  a  short 
gynophore,  abortive  and  nearly  sessile  in  the  staminate  flower;  ovary  compressed, 
2-3-celled;  style  short;  stigma  2-3-lobed;  ovules  superposed,  amphitropous,  the 
upper  ovule  only  fertilized.  Fruit  a  2  or  3-celled  broadly  winged  or  rarely  wingless 
indehisceut  samara  surrounded  by  a  broad  reticulate  wing.  Seed  oblong,  acute  at 
the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  ascending  ;  seed-coat  smooth  or  slightly  wrinkled, 
coriaceous;  cotyledons  ovate-oblong. 

Ptelea  is  confined  to  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  where  four  or  five  species  are 
known;  of  these  one  is  a  small  tree.  The  bark  and  foliage  of  Ptelea  is  bitter  and 
strong-scented  and  possesses  tonic  properties. 

The  generic  name  is  from  irreAe'a,  a  classical  name  of  the  Elm-tree. 

1.  Ptelea  trifoliata,  L.   Hop-tree.   Wafer  Ash. 

Leaves  with  sessile  ovate  or  oblong  pointed  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  generally 
larger  and  more  gradually  contracted  at  the  base  than  the  others,  entire  or  finely 


serrate,  covered  at  first  with  short  close  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous  and  rather 
coriaceous  at  maturity,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  4'-6'  long,  2^'-3' 
wide,  with  prominent  midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn 
before  falling  ;  their  petioles  stout,  thickened  at  the  base,  and  2£'-3'  long.  Flowers 
appearing  in  early  spring  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  I'-l^'  long,  the  pistillate 

' 


588  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

and  staminate  produced  together,  the  staminate  usually  less  numerous  and  fall- 
ing soon  after  the  opening  of  the  anther-cells;  calyx  and  petals  pubescent;  ovary 
puberulous.  Fruits  with  thin  almost  orbicular  sometimes  slightly  obovate  wings, 
nearly  1'  across,  on  long  slender  reflexed  pedicels,  in  dense  drooping  clusters  re- 
maining on  the  branches  through  the  winter;  seeds  ^'  long,  dark  red-brown. 

A  round-headed  tree,  rarely  20°-25°  high,  with  a  straight  slender  trunk  6'-8'  in 
diameter,  small  spreading  or  erect  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  covered  at  first 
with  short  fine  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous,  dark  brown,  and  lustrous,  and  marked 
by  wart-like  excrescences  and  by  the  conspicuous  leaf-scars;  more  often  a  low 
spreading  shrub.  Winter-buds  depressed,  nearly  round,  pale  or  almost  white. 
"Wood  heavy,4  hard,  close-grained,  yellow-brown,  with  thin  hardly  distinguishable 
sapwood  of  6-8  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bitter  bark  of  the  roots  is  sometimes 
used  in  the  form  of  tinctures  and  fluid  extracts  as  a  tonic,  and  the  fruit  is  occasionally 
employed  domestically  as  a  substitute  for  hops  in  brewing  beer. 

Distribution.  Generally  on  rocky  slopes  near  the  borders  of  the  forest,  often  in 
the  shade  of  other  trees;  Point  Pelee  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  Long 
Island,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  westward  to  Minnesota  and  southward  to 
Florida,  and  through  Texas  and  New  Mexico  to  the  valley  of  the  Mimbres  River, 
the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and  northern  Mexico. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens. 

4.  AMYRIS,  L. 

Glabrous  glandular-punctate  trees  or  shrubs,  with  balsamic  resinous  juices.  Leaves 
opposite  or  rarely  opposite  and  alternate,  3-foliolate,  without  stipules,  persistent ; 
leaflets  opposite,  petiolulate,  entire  or  creuate.  Flowers  white,  minute,  on  slender 
bibracteolate  pedicels,  usually  in  3-flowered  corymbs  in  terminal  or  axillary  branched 
panicles;  calyx  4-toothed,  persistent;  petals  4,  hypogynous,  much  larger  than  the 
calyx-lobes,  spreading  at  maturity;  disk  of  the  staminate  flower  inconspicuous,  that 
of  the  pistillate  and  perfect  flowers  thickened  and  pulviuate;  stamens  8,  hypogynous, 
opposite  and  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  filiform,  exserted;  anthers  ovate, 
attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle;  ovary  ellipsoidal  or  ovoid,  1-celled,  rudi- 
mentary in  the  staminate  flower;  style  short,  terminal,  or  wanting;  stigma  capitate; 
ovules  collateral,  suspended  near  the  apex  of  the  ovary,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  globose 
or  ovoid  aromatic  drupe;  stone  1-seeded  by  abortion,  chartaceous.  Seed  pendulous, 
without  albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous ;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  fleshy,  gland- 
ular-punctate. 

Amyris  is  confined  to  tropical  America  and  northern  Mexico.  Of  the  twelve  or 
fourteen  species  which  have  been  distinguished  two  extend  into  the  territory  of  the 
United  States;  one  of  these  is  a  small  West  Indian  tree  common  on  the  shores  of 
southern  Florida,  and  the  other  a  Mexican  shrub  found  growing  in  Texas  near  the 
month  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Amyris  is  fragrant  and  yields  a  balsamic  aromatic  and 
stimulant  resin,  and  heavy  hard  close-grained  wood  valuable  as  fuel  and  some- 
times used  in  cabinet-making. 

The  generic  name,  from  /xi'^a,  relates  to  the  balsamic  properties  of  the  plants  of 
this  genus. 

1.  Amyris  Elemifera,  L.    Torch  Wood. 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  with  slender  petioles  l'-l^'  long,  and  broadly  ovate  or  rounded 
obtuse  acute  or  acuminate  leaflets  wedge-shaped  at  the  base  or  sometimes  ovate- 


SIMARUBACE^:  589 

lanceolate  or  rhombic-lanceolate,  entire  or  remotely  crenulate,  coriaceous,  lustrous, 
dark  yellow-green,  conspicuously  reticulate-veined,  cov.ered  below  with  minute  gland- 
ular dots,  l'-2%  long,  with  slender  petiolules,  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  often  1'  or 
more  long  and  twice  as  long  as  those  of  the  lateral  leaflets.  Flowers  in  terminal 
pedunculate  or  nearly  sessile  panicles  appearing  ill  Florida  from  August  to  Decem- 
ber. Fruit  ripening  in  the  spring,  ovoid,  often  nearly  £'  long,  black  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom,  with  thin  flesh  filled  with  an  aromatic  oil  and  of  rather  agreeable 
flavor. 

A  slender  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes,  although  rarely,  a  foot  in 
diameter,  and  slender  terete  branchlets  covered  with  wart-like  excrescences,  at  first 


light  brown,  becoming  gray  during  their  second  season.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin, 
gray-brown,  slightly  furrowed  and  broken  into  short  appressed  scales.  Winter- 
buds  acute,  flattened,  ^'  long,  with  broadly  ovate  scales  slightly  keeled  on  the  back. 
Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  very  resinous,  extremely  dur- 
able, light  orange  color,  with  thin  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  12-15  layers 
of  annual  growth;  often  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Southern  Florida  from  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern  keys;  com- 
mon in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  rich  hummocks  of  the  inte- 
rior, and  of  its  largest  size  on  Umbrella  Key;  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  many 
of  the  Antilles. 

XXV.  SIMARUBACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  persistent, 
without'stipules.  Flowers  regular,  dioscious  ;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated 
in  the  bud;  petals  5>  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous;  stamens  10,  inserted 
under  the  disk  ;  pistil  of  5  united  carpels  ;  ovary  5-celled  ;  ovule  solitary  in  each 
cell,  anatropous  ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  drupe. 

Of  the  twenty-eight  genera  of  this  family,  confined  chiefly  to  the  tropics 
and  to  the  warmer  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  only  Simaruba  has  an 
arborescent  representative  in  the  flora  of  North  America.  Ailanthus  gland- 
ulosa,  Desf.,  the  so-called  Tree  of  Heaven,  a  native  of  northern  China,  has 
been  largely  planted  as  an  ornament  and  shade  tree  in  the  eastern  United 
States,  and  is  now  sparingly  naturalized  southward. 


590  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

1.  SIMARUBA,  Aubl. 

Trees,  with  bitter  resinous  juice  and  tonic  properties.  Leaves  long-petiolate,  ab- 
ruptly pinnate;  leaflets  usually  alternate,  loug-petiolulate,  conduplicate  in  the  bud, 
entire,  coriaceous,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  below,  feather-veined.  Flowers 
in  elongated  widely  branched  axillary  and  terminal  panicles;  disk  cup-shaped, 
depressed  in  the  sterile  flower,  pubescent;  stamens  as  long  as  the  petals,  in  the  pis- 
tillate flower  reduced  to  minute  scales;  filaments  free,  filiform,  thickened  toward 
the  base,  inserted  on  the  back  of  a  minute  ciliate  scale;  anthers  oblong,  slightly  emar- 
ginate,  introrse,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening 
longitudinally;  ovary  sessile  on  the  disk,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  opposite  the  petals, 
rudimentary,  lobulate,  minute  or  wanting  in  the  staminate  flower;  styles  united  into 
a  short  column,  with  a  3-5-lobed  spreading  stigma.  Fruit  composed  of  1-5  sessile 
spreading  drupes;  flesh  thin;  stone  crustaceous.  Seeds  inverse,  without  albumen; 
seed-coat  membranaceous;  cotyledons  plano-convex,  fleshy,  the  radicle  very  short, 
partly  included  between  the  cotyledons,  superior. 

Simaruba  with  four  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  and  is  distributed  from 
the  coast  of  southern  Florida  to  Brazil  and  Guatemala.  The  plants  of*  this  family 
contain  a  small  amount  of  resin,  a  volatile  oil,  and  an  exceedingly  bitter  principle, 
quasin,  with  tonic  properties. 

The  generic  name  is  formed  from  Simarouba,  the  Carib  name  of  one  of  the  species. 

1.  Simaruba  glauca,  DC.   Paradise-tree. 

Leaves  6'-l(X  long  and  glabrous,  with  stout  petioles  2'-3'  in  length,  and  usually 
6  pairs  of  opposite  or  alternate  ovate  obovate  or  oval  leaflets,  rounded  or  slightly 


mucronate  at  the  apex,  often  oblique  at  the  base,  thin,  membranaceous  and  dark  red 
when  they  first  unfold,  soon  becoming  coriaceous,  dark  green,  very  lustrous  above, 
pale  and  glaucous  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-3'  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  revolute 
margins,  prominent  midribs,  remote  conspicuous  primary  veins,  and  stout  petiolules 
\'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring,  \'-\'  long,  on  short  stout  club- 
shaped  glaucous  pedicels,  in  panicles  12'-18'  long  and  18'-24'  broad,  with  a  stout 
pale  glaucous  stem  and  spreading  branches  from  the  axils  of  small  acute  scarious 


BURSERACE^E  591 

deciduous  bracts;  petals  fleshy,  oval,  often  acute,  pale  yellow,  and  four  or  five  times 
longer  thau  the  glaucous  calyx.  Fruit  nearly  fully  grown  by  the  end  of  April  and 
then  bright  scarlet,  about  1'  long,  ovate,  sometimes  falcate,  and  slightly  angled  on 
the  ventral  suture,  becoming  dark  purple  when  fully  ripe;  seeds  papillose,  orange- 
brown,  about  |'  long. 

A  round-headed  tree,  growing  occasionally  in  Florida  to  the  height  of  50°,  with  a 
straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  slender  spreading  branches,  and  stout  branchlets 
pale  green  and  glabrous  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  brown  before  the  end 
of  the  summer,  rugose  and  conspicuously  marked  during  their  second  season  by  the 
large  oval  leaf-scars.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'-f'  thick,  light  red-brown  and  broken  on 
the  surface  into  broad  thick  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light 
brown,  with  thick  rather  darker  colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Southern  Florida  from  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys  and 
the  shores  of  Bay  Biscay ue;  also  in  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Nicaragua,  and  Brazil. 

XXVI.    BURSERACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  bark  and  wood.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate, 
without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  clustered  racemes  or 
panicles ;  calyx  4-5  lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent ;  petals 
4-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  distinct  or  slightly  united,  deciduous ;  stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  under  the  annular  or  cup-shaped  disk ; 
filaments  distinct,  subulate  ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longi- 
tudinally ;  pistil  of  2-5  united  carpels ;  ovary  2-5-celled ;  styles  united ; 
stigma  2-5-lobed  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  collateral,  anatropous,  mi- 
cropyle  superior  ;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Seeds  without  albumen  ; 
seed-coat  membranaceous ;  embryo  straight;  cotyledons  f  oliaceous ;  radicle 
short,  superior. 

Of  the  sixteen  genera  of  this  family,  which  is  widely  distributed  through  the 
tropics  of  the  two  hemispheres,  one  only,  Bursera,  occurs  in  the  United  States, 
reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida  with  a  single  arborescent  species,  and 
southern  Arizona  with  one  shrubby  species. 

1.  BURSERA,  Jacq. 

Trees,  with  balsamic  resinous  juices.  Leaves  alternate,  unequally  pinnate;  leaflets 
opposite,  petiolulate,  entire  or  subserrate,  membranaceous.  Flowers  polygamous, 
small,  on  fascicled  or  rarely  solitary  pedicels,  in  short  or  elongated  lateral  simple  or 
branched  panicles;  calyx  minute,  membranaceous,  petals  ovate-oblong,  inserted  on 
the  base  of  an  annular  crenate  disk,  reflexed  at  maturity  above  the  middle;  stamens 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  disk;  anthers  oblong,  attached  on  the  back  above  the 
base,  usually  effete  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  sessile,  ovoid,  3-celled,  rudimen- 
tary in  the  staminate  flower;  style  short;  stigma  capitate,  obtuse,  3-lobed;  ovules, 
suspended  below  the  apex  from  the  central  angle.  Fruit  with  a  valvate  epicarp, 
globose  or  oblong-oblique,  indistinctly  3-angled;  flesh  coriaceo-carnose,  2-3-valved; 
nutlets  1-3,  usually  solitary,  adnate  to  a  persistent  fleshy  axis,  1-celled,  1-seeded, 
covered  with  a  thin  membranaceous  coat.  Seed  ovoid,  without  albumen ;  seed-coat 
membranaceous;  hilum  ventral,  below  the  apex;  embryo  straight;  cotyledons  con- 
tortuplicate. 

Bursera  with  about  forty  species  is  confined  to  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America, 
and  the  West  Indies. 


592 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Joachim  Burser  (1593-1649),  a  German  botanist 
and  physician. 

1.  Bursera  Simaruba,  Sarg.  Gumbo  Limbo.  West  Indian  Birch. 

Leaves  confined  to  the  ends  of  the  branchlets,  6'-8'  long,  4'-8'  broad,  with  long 
slender  petioles,  and  usually  5,  rarely  3  or  7  leaflets,  coriaceous  at  maturity,  oblong- 
ovate,  oblique  at  the  base,  contracted  at  the  apex  into  a  long  or  short  point,  2^'-3'  long, 
l£'-2'  broad,  with  stout  petiolules  often  £'  long,  deciduous  in  early  winter  or  occa- 
sionally persistent  until  the  following  spring.  Flowers  about  T3^'  in  diameter,  appear- 
ing before  the  leaves  or  as  they  unfold,  on  slender  pedicels  £'-^'  long,  in  slender 
raceme-like  panicles,  those  of  the  staminate  plant  4'-5'  long  or  nearly  twice  as  long 
as  those  of  the  pistillate  plant;  sepals  and  petals  5;  petals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
re  volute  on  the  margins,  and  nearly  four  time.s  as  long  as  the  slender  acute  calyx-lobes; 


stamens  of  the  staminate  flower  as  long  as  the  petals  and  in  the  pistillate  flower  not 
more  than  half  as  long,  with  smaller  often  effete  anthers.  Fruit  in  short  raceme- 
like  clusters,  \'-\'  long,  3-angled,  with  a  thick  dark  red  outer  coat,  separating  read- 
ily into  3  broad  ovate  valves,  and  containing  1  or  rarely  2  bony  triangular  nutlets 
rounded  at  the  base,  pointed  at  the  apex,  and  covered  with  a  thin  membranaceous 
light  pink  coat;  seeds  1  or  2,  triangular,  rose  color. 

A  glabrous  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  2^°-3°  in  diameter,  massive  primary 
branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  stout  terete  branchlets  light  gray 
during  their  first  season,  becoming  reddish  brown  during  the  second  year,  covered 
with  lenticular  spots  and  conspicuously  marked  by  large  elevated  obcordate  yellow 
leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  short,  rounded,  obtuse,  with  broadly  ovate  dark  red  scales 
slightly  scarious  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  large  branches  1'  thick, 
glandular  dotted,  separating  freely  into  thin  papery  bright  red-brown  scales  exposing 
in  falling  the  dark  red-brown  or  gray  inner  bark.  Wood  spongy,  very  light,  ex- 
ceedingly soft  and  weak,  light  brown,  with  thick  sapwood,  soon  becoming  discolored 
by  decay.  Pieces  of  the  trunk  and  large  branches  set  in  the  ground  soon  produce 
roots  and  grow  rapidly  into  large  trees.  The  aromatic  resin  obtained  by  incisions  cut 
in  the  trunk  was  formerly  used  in  the  treatment  of  gout,  and  in  the  West  Indies  is 
manufactured  into  varnish.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  sometimes  used  in  Florida 
as  a  substitute  for  tea. 


MELIACE^E  593 

Distribution.  Florida  from  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  and  on  the 
west  coast  on  the  Caloosa  River  and  the  shores  of  Caximbas  Bay ;  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  common  of  the  south  Florida  trees,  and  the  only  one  which  sheds  its  foli- 
age during  the  autumn  and  winter;  on  most  of  the  West  Indian  islands,  in  tropical 
Mexico,  Guatemala,  New  Granada,  and  Venezuela. 

XXVII.    MELIACE-2E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  wood  and  dotless  alternate  pinnate  leaves  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  in  panicles,  perfect,  regular ;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
contorted  (in  Swietenia)  in  the  bud,  persistent;  petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud; 
stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk  ;  filaments  united  into  a  tube ;  an- 
thers introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ;  ovary  3-5-celled,  free, 
surrounded  at  the  base  by  an  annular  or  cup-shaped  disk ;  styles  united, 
dilated  into  a  5-lobed  stigma ;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  suspended,  semi- 
anatropous ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a  capsule  (Swietenia) 
or  drupe.  Seeds  often  winged ;  embryo  with  leafy  cotyledons. 

A  family  with  about  forty  genera  chiefly  confined  to  the  tropics,  with  a  single  < 
representative,  Swietenia,  in  southern  Florida.    Melia  Azedarach,  L.,  of  this 
family,  the  China-tree  or  Pride  of  India,  with  drupaceous  fruits,  has  long  been 
cultivated  in  the  southern  states,  where  it  now  often  grows  spontaneously. 

1.  SWIETENIA,  Jacq. 

Trees,  with  heavy  dark  red  wood.  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  glabrous,  long-petio- 
late,  persistent;  leaflets  opposite,  petiolate,  usually  oblique  at  the  base.  Flowers 
perfect,  small,  in  axillary  or  subterminal  panicles  produced  near  the  ends  of  the 
branches;  calyx  minute;  petals  spreading;  staminal  tube  urn-shaped,  connate  with 
the  petals,  10-lobed,  the  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud;  anthers  10,  fixed  by  the  back 
below  the  sinuses  of  the  staminal  tube,  included;  ovary  ovoid,  5-celled,  the  cells 
opposite  the  petals;  style  erect,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  stamens;  stigma  discoid, 
5-rayed.  Fruit  a  o-celled  o-valved  capsule  septicidally  dehiscent  from  the  base,  the 
valves  separating  from  a  persistent  5-angled  axis  thickened  toward  the  apex  and 
5-winged  toward  the  base.  Seeds  suspended  from  near  the  summit  of  the  axis, 
imbricated  in  2  ranks,  compressed,  emarginate,  produced  above  into  a  long  mem- 
branaceous  wing  with  the  hilum  at  its  apex  and  transversed  by  the  raphe;  embryo 
transverse;  cotyledons  conferruminate  with  each  other  and  with  the  thin  fleshy 
albumen;  radicle  short,  papillzeform. 

Swietenia  with  three  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America  and  west  tropical 
Africa,  with  one  species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Baron  von  Swieten  (1700-1772),  the  distinguished 
Dutch  physician,  founder  of  the  Botanic  Garden  and  of  the  Medical  School  at 
Vienna. 

1.  Swietenia  Mahagoni,  Jacq.    Mahogany. 

Leaves  4'-G'  long,  with  slender  glabrous  petioles  thickened  at  the  base  and  3  or 
4  pairs  of  ovate  lanceolate  leaflets  rounded  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  narrowly 
wedge-shaped  or  nearly  straight  on  the  lower  side,  entire,  coriaceous,  pale  yellow- 
green  or  slightly  rufous  on  the  under  surface,  3'-4'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with  promi- 
nent reddish  brown  midribs,  conspicuous  reticulate  veins,  and  stout  grooved  petio- 
lules  \'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in  July  and  August  on  slender  puberulous  pedicels, 


594 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  1  or  2  together  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  slender 
panicles  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year;  calyx  glabrous,  cup-shaped,  much  shorter 
than  the  ovate  elliptical  petals  ^'  long  and  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex.  Fruit 
ripening  in  the  autumn  or  early  winter,  long-stalked,  4'-5'  long,  and  2^'  broad,  with 


thick  dark  brown  valves  rugose  and  pitted  on  the  surface  ;  its  axis  3'  or  4'  long, 
I'-l-J'  thick,  dark  red-brown,  marked  near  the  apex  by  the  dark  scars  left  by  the 
falling  seeds;  seeds  |'  long,  almost  square,  thickened  at  the  base  and  nearly  one 
fourth  as  long  as  their  ovate  rugose  red-brown  wings  rounded  or  truncate  at  the 
apex  and  gradually  contracted  below. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  40°-50°  high  or  with  a  trunk  exceeding  2°  in 
diameter,  and  slender  glabrous  angled  branchlets  covered  during  their  first  season 
with  pale  red-brown  bark,  becoming  lighter  or  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red  and 
thickly  covered  with  lenticels  during  their  second  year;  much  larger  in  the  West  In- 
dies and  Central  America.  Winter-buds  about  £'  long,  with  broadly  ovate  minutely 
apiculate  loosely  imbricated  light  red  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  in  Florida  £'-£' 
thick,  with  a  dark  red-brown  surface  broken  into  short  broad  rather  thick  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  very  durable,  rich  red- 
brown,  becoming  darker  with  age  and  exposure,  with  thin  yellow  sapwood  of  about 
20  layers  of  annual  growth;  the  most  esteemed  of  all  woods  for  cabinet-making, 
and  also  largely  used  in  the  interior  finish  of  houses  and  railroad  cars,  and  formerly 
in  ship  and  boatbuilding.  The  bark  is  bitter  and  astringent  and  has  been  used  as 
a  substitute  for  quinine  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers. 

Distribution.  In  Florida  only  on  Key  Largo  and  Elliott's  Key;  rare  and  now 
nearly  exterminated;  on  the  Bahama  and  many  of  the  West  Indian  islands;  widely 
distributed  through  tropical  Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  in  Peru. 


XXVIII.    EUPHORBIACEJB. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  acrid  juice,  and  alternate  leaves,  with  stipules. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  ;  calyx  3— 6-lobed  or  parted,  the  ditisions  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  or  wanting  ;  corolla  0  ;  stamens  2  or  3,  or  as  many  or 
twice  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  ;  anthers  2-celled,  opening  longitudinally  ; 


EUPHORBIACE^:  595 

ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  suspended,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropyle 
superior.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule.  Seeds  albuminous ;  cotyledons  flat,  much 
longer  than  the  superior  radicle. 

The  Euphorbia  family,  widely  distributed  over  the  tropical  and  temperate 
regions,  with  some  one  hundred  and  thirty  genera  and  over  three  thousand 
species,  is  represented  in  the  United  States  by  three  arborescent  genera,  with 
only  five  species,  and  by  many  shrubby  herbaceous  and  annual  plants. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Fruit  drupaceous. 

Nutlets  usually  1-celled  and  1 -seeded  ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx- 
lobes,  free.  1.  Drypetes. 
Nutlets  6-8-celled  and  6-8-seeded  ;  stamens  2  or  o,  united  into  a  column. 

2.  Hippomane. 
Fruit  a  3-lobed  capsule  splitting  into  3  2-valved  1-seeded  carpels.  3.  Gymnanth.es. 

1.  DRYPETES,  Vahl. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  thick  juice,  and  terete  branchlets.  Leaves  involute  in  the 
bud,  petiolate,  penniveiiiecl,  coriaceous,  persistent;  stipules  minute,  caducous. 
Flowers  axillary,  sessile  or  pedicellate,  their  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  decidu- 
ous bracts,  ebracteolate,  the  males  in  many-flowered  clusters,  the  females  solitary  or 
in  few-flowered  clusters;  calyx  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  4  or  5  lobes  rounded 
or  acute  at  the  apex,  deciduous  or  persistent  under  the  fruit;  stamens  inserted  under 
the  margin  of.a  flat  or  concave  slightly  lobed  disk,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  filaments 
filiform;  anthers  ovate,  emarginate,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  base,  extrorse 
or  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  affixed  to  a  broad  oblong  connective;  ovary  sessile, 
ovoid,  1  or  rarely  2-celled,  with  1  or  2  sessile  or  subsessile  peltate  or  reniform  stig- 
mas, rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  staminate  flower;  ovules  collateral,  descending, 
attached  to  the  central  angle  of  the  cell,  operculate,  with  a  hood-like  body  developed 
from  the  placenta.  Fruit  drupaceous,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  tipped  with  the  withered 
remnants  of  the  stigmas;  flesh  thick  and  corky  or  thin  and  crustaceous;  stone  thick 
or  thin,  bony  or  crustaceous,  1-celled  and  1-seeded,  or  rarely  2-celled  and  2-seeded. 
Seed,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  nut;  seed-coat  crustaceous  or  membranaceous;  embryo 
erect  in  thin  fleshy  albumen. 

Drypetes  is  confined  to  the  tropical  regions  of  the  New  World,  and  is  distributed 
from  southern  Florida  through  the  West  Indies  to  eastern  Brazil.  Of  the  eleven 
species  now  distinguished,  two  inhabit  the  coast  of  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name,  from  Spvirna,  relates  to  the  character  of  the  fruit. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 
Calyx  5-lobed;  stamens    8;  ovary  1-celled;    fruit  oblong;  outer  coat  thick    and  mealy; 

stone  thick-walled.  1.  D.  Keyensis  (D). 

Calyx  4-lobed  ;  stamens  4  ;  ovary  2-celled ;  fruit  subglobose  ;  outer  coat  thin,  crustaceous  ; 

stone  thin-walled.  2.  D.  lateriflora  (D). 

1.  Drypetes  Keyensis,  Urb.    White  Wo&d. 

Leaves  appearing  in  early  spring  and  falling  during  the  second  year,  entire,  oval 
or  oblong,  often  more  or  less  falcate,  acute,  acuminate,  rounded  or  rarely  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  thin  and  mem- 


596  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

branaceous,  light  green  or  green  tinged  with  red  and  pilose,  with  scattered  pale  hairs, 
and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  rather  paler  on  the 
lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  3'-5'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  broad  thick  pale 
midribs  raised  and  rounded  on  the  upper  side  and  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  and 
united  near  the  thick  revolute  cartilaginous  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous 
coarsely  reticulated  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout,  yellow,  grooved  above,  \'  long;  stip- 
ules nearly  triangular,  rather  less  than  J^'  long,  caducous.  Flowers  on  pedicels 
rather  shorter  than  the  petioles,  opening  in  early  spring  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of 
the  previous  year,  the  staminate  in  many-flowered  clusters,  the  pistillate  usually 
solitary  or  occasionally  in  2-3-flowered  clusters;  calyx  yellow-green,  hirsute  on  the 
outer  surface,  ^'  long,  and  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5  ovate  acute  boat-shaped 
lobes  deciduous  from  the  fruit;  stamens  about  8,  inserted  on  the  borders  of  the  slightly 
lobed  pulvinate  concave  disk;  filaments  unequal  in  length,  rather  longer  than  the 
calyx-lobes  and  a  little  longer  than  the  broadly  ovate  emarginate  pilose  extrorse  an- 
thers, with  broad  ovate  acute  connectives;  ovary  sessile,  hirsute,  l:celled,  crowned 
with  a  broad  sessile  slightly  stalked  oblique  pulvinate  stigma,  wanting  in  the  stami- 
nate flower.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  deciduous  at  maturity  from  its  stout 


erect  stalk  much  enlarged  at  the  apex  and  J'  long,  ovoid,  1'  long,  ivory-white,  with 
thick  dry  mealy  flesh  closely  investing  the  light  brown  stone  narrowed  at  the  base 
into  a  long  point,  with  bony  walls  ^'  thick  and  penetrated  longitudinally  by  large 
fibro- vascular  bundle-channels;  seed  oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  nearly  ^'  long? 
covered  with  a  thin  inembranaceous  light  brown  coat  marked  by  conspicuous  veins 
radiating  from  the  small  hilum. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  stout 
usually  erect  branches  forming  an  oblong  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets 
light  green  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  pale  scattered  caducous  hairs  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  ashy  gray  and  roughened  by  numerous  elevated  circular  pale 
lenticels  and  later  by  the  large  prominent  orbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of 
3  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundles.  Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  partly  immersed 
in  the  bark  and  coated  with  brown  resin.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  £'  thick,  smooth, 
milky  white  and  often  marked  by  large  irregular  gray  or  pale  brown  patches.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  brittle,  close-grained,  and  brown  streaked  with  bright  yel- 
low, with  thick  yellow-brown  sapwood. 


EUPHORBIACE^E  597 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  soil  on  Key  West,  Umbrella  and  Elliott's  Keys,  southern 
Florida;  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  tropical  trees  of  Florida. 

2.  Drypetes  lateriflora,  Urb.    Guiana  Plum. 

Leaves  appearing  in  Florida  in  early  spring  and  falling  during  their  second  year, 
oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  entire, 
when  they  unfold  thin  and  covered  with  scattered  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick 
and  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  3'-4'  long,  £'-l|'  wide,  with  conspicuous 


light-colored  midribs  rounded  above,  and  pale  and  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  and 
united  near  the  slightly  thickened  revolute  margins  and  connected  by  slender  reticu- 
late veinlets;  their  petioles  slender,  grooved,  £'  long.  Flowers  on  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  petioles,  opening  tate  in  the  autumn  or  in  early  winter  on  branches  one  or 
two  years  old,  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  from  leafless  nodes,  in  many  or  few-flowered 
clusters;  calyx  greenish  white,  hirsute  on  the  outer  surface,  divided  to  the  base  into 
4  ovate  rounded  lobes,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  stamens  4,  inserted  under  the  mar- 
gin and  between  the  lobes  of  the  flat  tomentose  disk;  filaments  slender,  exserted; 
anthers  introrse,  emarginate,  pilose,  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  ovate, 
tomentose,  2-celled,  with  2  nearly  sessile  oblique  spreading  cushion-like  stigmas. 
Fruit  ripening  during  the  spring  and  early  summer,  subglobose,  \'  in  diameter,  tipped 
with  the  conspicuous  blackened  remnants  of  the  stigmas,  dark  brown,  covered  with 
soft  pubescence,  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2  or  3,  deciduous  at  maturity  from  its  stout 
stalk  enlarged  at  the  apex  and  \'  long;  flesh  thin  and  crustaceous,  closely  investing 
the  thin-walled  crustaceous  stone;  seed  usually  solitary  by  abortion,  obovate,  gib- 
bous, I'  long,  narrowed  below,  narrowed  and  marked  at  the  apex  by  the  elevated  pale 
hiluin  and  on  the  inner  surface  by  the  broad  conspicuous  raphe. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5'-C'  in  diameter,  small  erect  branches, 
and  slender  branchlets,  light  green  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  becoming 
in  their  first  winter  ashy  gray  and  marked  by  scattered  pale  lenticels,  and  at  the  end 
of  their  second  year  by  the  small  elevated  oval  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3 
fibro-vascular  bundles.  Winter-buds  minute,  acute  or  obtuse,  chestnut-brown,  and 
covered  with  pale  hairs.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  Ty  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with 
red,  the  generally  smooth  surface  separating  into  small  irregular  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  brittle,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood. 


598  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Bay  Biscay ne  and  on  many  of  the  southern  keys,  Florida; 
common  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

2.  HIPPOMANB,  L. 

A  glabrous  tree,  with  thick  acrid  juice,  scaly  bark,  and  stout  pithy  branchlets 
marked  by  circular  raised  lenticels,  and  oblong  or  semiorbicular  horizontal  elevated 
leaf-scars  displaying  a  row  of  obscure  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  nearly  encir- 
cled at  the  nodes  by  ring-like  scars  left  by  the  falling  of  the  stipules.  Winter-buds 
ovate,  acute,  covered  by  many  loosely  imbricated  long-pointed  chestnut-brown  scales. 
Leaves  alternate,  involute  in  the  bud,  tardily  deciduous,  broadly  ovate,  abruptly 
rounded  at  the  apex  into  broad  points  terminating  in  slender  mucros,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  remotely  crenulate-serrate,  with  minute  gland-tipped  teeth, 
penniveined,  long-petiolate,  at  first  pilose,  with  occasional  long  pale  hairs,  soon  be- 
coming glabrous,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  yellow-green  and  lus- 
trous above,  paler  and  dull  below,  with  stout  light  yellow  midribs  raised  and  rounded 
on  the  upper  side,  and  slender  primary  veins  remote,  arcuate,  and  united  at  some 
distance  from  the  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  coarsely  reticulate  veinlets 
more  prominent  on  the  upper  than  on  the  lower  side;  their  petioles  elongated,  slen- 
der, rigid,  light  yellow,  rounded  below,  obscurely  grooved  above,  marked  at  the 
apex  by  large  orbicular  dark  red  glands;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  abruptly  narrowed 
from  broad  bases,  slightly  laciniate  near  the  apex,  membranaceous,  light  chestnut- 
brown,  caducous.  Inflorescence  terminal,  spicate,  appearing  in  early  spring  usually 
before  the  unfolding  leaves,  the  stout  fleshy  rachis  often  bearing  at  the  base  acute 
sterile  deciduous  bracts,  or  1  or  2  small  leaves,  the  minute  pistillate  flowers  solitary  in 
their  axils  or  in  the  axils  of  ovate  acute  lanceolate  bracts  furnished  with  2  lateral 
glandular  bractlets;  starninate  flowers  minute,  articulate  on  slender  pedicels,  clus- 
tered in  8-15-flowered  fascicles  in  the  axils  of  simple  bracts  higher  on  the  rachis  and 
extending  to  its  apex;  calyx  usually  3-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  that 
of  the  staminate  flower  yellow-green,  membranaceous,  divided  below  into  3  or  some- 
times into  2  acute  lobes;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  ovate,  yellow-green,  divided 
nearly  to  the  base  into  3  ovate  acute  concave  divisions  rounded  on  the  back;  stamens 
2  or  often  3,  exserted,  more  or  less  connate  by  their  filaments  into  a  stout  column, 
free  and  spreading  at  the  apex;  anthers  ovoid,  light  yellow,  surmounted  by  the  short 
prolonged  connective,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  erect,  extrorse;  ovary 
6-8-celled,  narrowed  at  the  base,  gradually  contracted  above  into  a  short  simple 
cylindrical  style  separating  into  6-8  long  radiating  flattened  abruptly  reflexed  lobes 
stigmatic  on  the  inner  face;  ovule  solitary  in  each  cell.  Fruit  drupaceous,  pome- 
shaped,  obscurely  6-8-lobed,  raised  on  a  thickened  woody  stem;  skin  thin,  light 
yellow-green  or  yellow  and  red ;  flesh  thick,  lactescent,  adherent  to  the  thick-walled 
rugose  deeply  winged  6-8-celled,  6-8  seeded  subglobose  stone  flattened  at  the 
ends,  the  cells  divided  throughout  by  thin  dark  radial  plates,  ultimately  sepa- 
rable, penetrated  near  the  summit  by  oblique  canals  filled  by  the  funicles  of  the 
seeds.  Seeds  oblong-ovate,  marked  by  a  minute  slightly  elevated  hilum  and  on 
the  ventral  face  by  an  obscure  raphe;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  separable  into  2 
layers,  the  outer  dark,  the  inner  thinner,  light  brown;  embryo  surrounded  by  thick 
fleshy  albumen. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  abounding  in  exceedingly  poisonous 
caustic  sap  which  produces  cutaneous  eruptions  and  when  taken  internally  destroys 
the  mucous  membrane;  formerly  employed  by  the  Caribs  to  poison  their  arrows. 


EUPUORBIACE^  599 

The  generic  name  is  from  Tiriros  and  pav(a,  and  was  first  used  by  the  Greeks  to 
distinguish  some  plant  with  properties  excitant  to  horses. 

1.  Hippomane  Mancinella,  L.   Manchineel. 

Leaves  3'-4'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  unfolding  in  early  spring  and  persistent  in  Flor- 
ida until  the  spring  of  the  following  year  ;  their  petioles  2^'-4'  long.  Flowers 
opening  in  March  hefore  the  leaves  of  the  year;  rachis  of  the  inflorescence  4' -6' 
long,  dark  purple,  more  or  less  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  Fruit  ripening  in 
the  autumn  or  early  winter  and  often  persistent  on  the  branches  until  after  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  flowers  of  the  following  year,  I'-l^'  in  diameter,  light  yellow-green, 
with  a  bright  red  cheek;  seeds  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  12°-15°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  5'-6'  in  diam- 
eter, long  spreading  pendulous  branches  forming  a  handsome  round-topped  head  ; 
or  in  the  West  Indies  often  50° -60°  tall,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter. 


Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  dark  brown  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thick 
appressed  irregularly  shaped  scales,  or  in  the  West  Indies  sometimes  smooth,  light 
gray  or  nearly  white.  Wood  light  and  soft,  close-grained,  dark  brown,  with  thick 
light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Sandy  beaches  and  dry  knolls  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of 
the  ocean  ;  keys  off  the  southern  coast  of  Florida  ;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  through 
the  Antilles  to  the  northern  countries  of  South  America,  and  to  southern  Mexico 
and  the  eastern  and  western  coasts  of  Central  America. 

3.  GYMNANTHES,  Sw. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice  and  slender  terete  branches.  Leaves 
conduplicate  in  the  bud,  petiolate,  entire  or  crenulate-serrate,  coriaceous,  penni- 
veined,  persistent  ;  stipules  membranaceous,  minute,  caducous.  Flowers  monoecious 
or  rarely  dioecious;  inflorescence  buds  covered  with  closely  imbricated  chestnut- 
brown  scales,  lengthening  in  anthesis,  bearing  in  the  upper  axils  numerous  3- 
branched  clusters  of  staminate  flowers,  their  branches  furnished  with  minute  ovate 
bracts,  and  in  the  lower  axils  2  or  3  long-stalked  pistillate  flowers;  calyx  of" the 
staminate  flower  minute  or  0;  stamens  2  or  rarely  3;  filaments  filiform,  inserted  on 


600  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

the  slightly  enlarged  torus,  free  or  slightly  connate  at  the  base;  anthers  attached 
on  the  back  below  the  middle,  erect,  ovoid,  2-celled,  the  cells  parallel;  calyx  of  the 
pistillate  flower  reduced  to  3  bract-like  scales;  ovary  ovate,  3-celled,  narrowed  into 
3  recurved  styles  free  or  slightly  united  at  the  base,  stigmatic  on  their  inner  face; 
ovule  solitary  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  3-lobed  capsule  separating  from  the  persistent 
axis  into  3  2-valved  1-seeded  carpels  dehiscent  on  the  dorsal  and  partly  dehiscent 
on  the  ventral  suture.  Seed  ovoid  or  subglobose,  strophiolate;  seed-coat  crusta- 
ceous;  embryo  erect  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Gynmanthes  with  about  ten  species  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  the  New  World 
and  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida,  where  one  species  occurs,  through  the  West 
Indies  to  Mexico  and  Brazil. 

The  generic  name,  from  yv/ju>6s  and  HvOos,  relates  to  the  structure  of  the  naked 
flowers. 

1.  Gymnanthes  lucida,  Sw.    Crab  "Wood. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  and  remotely  crenulate-ser- 
rate  or  often  entire,  when  they  unfold  thin  and  membranaceous,  deeply  tinged  with 
red,  and  glandular  on  the  teeth,  with  minute  caducous  dark  glands,  and  at  maturity 
thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  and  pale  and  dull  on  the 
lower  surface,  2'-3'  long,  f'-l^'  wide,  with  broad  pale  midribs  raised  and  rounded 
on  the  upper  side,  obscure  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins  and 
connected  by  prominent  coarsely  reticulate  veinlets,  appearing  in  Florida  in  early 


spring  and  remaining  on  the  branches  through  their  second  summer;  their  petioles 
broad,  slightly  grooved,  about  \'  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  light  brown,  clothed  on 
the  margins  with  long  pale  hairs,  about  ^'  long.  Flowers  :  inflorescence  buds 
appearing  in  Florida  late  in  the  autumn  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  and  begin- 
ning to  lengthen  in  spring,  the  inflorescence  becoming  l£'-2'  long,  with  a  slender 
glabrous  angled  rachis,  the  scales  broadly  ovate,  pointed,  concave,  rounded  and 
thickened  at  the  apex,  puberulous  and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  those  inclosing  the 
male  flowers  connate  with  the  flowers  and  persistent  under  the  calyx,  those  subtend- 
ing the  female  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  inflorescence  and  not  raised  on  their  pedun- 
cles. Fruit  produced  in  Florida  sparingly,  ripening  in  the  autumn,  slightly  obovate, 
dark"  reddish  brown  or  nearly  black,  ^'  in  diameter,  covered  with  thin  dry  flesh  and 
pendent  on  a  slender  stem  V  or  more  in  length;  seeds  ovoid. 


ANACARDIACE^E  601 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter  and  often  irregu- 
larly ridged,  the  rounded  ridges  spreading  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  into  broad 
buttresses,  slender  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  open  oblong  head,  and  slender 
upright  branchlets  light  green  more  or  less  deeply  shaded  with  red  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  light  gray-brown  faintly  tinged  with  red  and 
roughened  by  numerous  oblong  pale  lenticels,  ultimately  ashy  gray  and  marked  at 
the  end  of  their  second  year  by  the  semiorbicular  elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  the 
ends  of  4  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars  superposed  in  pairs.  Winter-buds  ovate, 
obtuse,  covered  with  chestnut-brown  scales,  about  ^'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
dark  red-brown,  about  ^'  thick,  separating  into  large  thin  scales,  in  falling  display- 
ing the  light  brown  inner  bark.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rich  dark 
brown  streaked  with  yellow,  with  thick  bright  yellow  sap  wood;  in  Florida  occasion- 
ally manufactured  into  canes,  and  used  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Common  in  low  woods  from  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  to  the 
Marquesas  Keys,  Florida;  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  and  on  many  of  the  Antilles. 

XXIX.  ANACARDIACE-SJ. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  terete  pithy  branchlets,  resinous  juice,  and  alter- 
nate simple  or  pinnate  leaves  without  stipules,  and  scaly  or  naked  buds. 
Flowers  regular,  minute,  dioecious,  polygamo-dicecious,  or  polygamo-monce- 
cious  ;  calyx-lobes  and  petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  alternate  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  margin  or  under  an 
hypogynous  annular  fleshy  slightly  5-lobed  disk ;  filaments  filiform ;  anthers 
oblong,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally ;  ovary  1-celled ; 
ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  a  slender  funicle  rising  from  the 
base  of  the  cell,  anatropous ;  micropyle  superior ;  styles  3,  united  or  spread- 
ing ;  stigmas  terminal.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Seed  without  albumen  ;  seed-coat 
thin  and  membranaceous ;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed ;  cotyledons 
flat,  accumbent  on  the  short  radicle. 

The  Sumach  family  of  nearly  sixty  genera  is  mostly  confined  to  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  earth's  surface  and  contains  the  Mango,  Pistacia,  and  other  im- 
portant trees.  In  the  flora  of  the  United  States  three  genera  have  arborescent 
representatives. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  usually  dioecious  by  abortion ;  styles  lateral,  spreading  ;  pedicels  of  the  abortive 
flowers  becoming  long  and  plumose  at  maturity  ;  fruit  compressed,  very  oblique  ;  leaves 
simple,  deciduous.  1.  Cotinus. 

Flowers  mostly  dioecious  ;  styles  terminal,  short,  united ;  stigma  3-lobed ;  fruit  ovate,  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  persistent.  2.  Met  opium. 

Flowers  polygamo-dicecious  or  polygamo-monoecious ;  styles  terminal,  spreading  ;  fruit 
usually  globose,  naked  or  clothed  with  acrid  hairs;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  trifoliolate 
or  rarely  simple,  deciduous  or  rarely  persistent.  3.  Rhus. 

1.  COTINUS,  L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  small  acute  winter-buds,  with  numerous 
imbricated  scales,  fleshy  roots,  and  strong-smelling  juice.  Leaves  simple,  petiolate, 
oval,  obovate-oblong  or  nearly  orbicular,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pilose-pubescent, 
deciduous.  Flowers  regular,  dioecious  by  abortion  or  rarely  polygamo-dioscious, 


602 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


greenish  yellow,  on  slender  pedicels  accrescent  after  the  flowering  period,  mostly 
abortive  and  then  becoming  conspicuously  tomentose-villose  at  maturity,  in  ample 
loose  terminal  or  lateral  pyramidal  or  thyrsoidal  panicles,  the  branches  from  the 
axils  of  linear  acute  or  spatulate  deciduous  bracts;  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  persistent;  disk  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  calyx  and  surrounding  the 
base  of  the  ovary;  petals  oblong,  acute,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  inserted  under 
the  free  margin  of  the  disk  opposite  its  lobes,  deciduous;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
petals,  usually  rudimentary  or  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  sessile,  obo- 
vate,  compressed,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  styles  3,  short  and  spreading 
from  the  lateral  apex  of  the  ovary;  stigmas  large,  obtuse.  Fruit  oblong-oblique, 
compressed,  glabrous,  conspicuously  reticulate-veined,  light  red-brown,  bearing  on 
the  side  near  the  middle  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  styles,  the  outer  coat  thin 
and  dry;  stone  thick  and  bony. 

Cotinus  is  widely  distributed  through  southern  Europe  and  the  Himalayas  to 
northern  China  with  a  single  species,  and  is  represented  in  the  southern  United 
States  by  another  species. 

The  Old  World  Cotinus  Cotinus,  Sarg.,  the  Smoke-tree  of  gardens,  is  often  culti- 
vated in  the  United  States. 

The  generic  name  is  from  Kdni/os,  the  classical  name  of  a  tree  with  red  wood. 

1.  Cotinus  Americanus,  Nutt.    Chittam  "Wood. 

Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  rounded  or  sometimes  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
gradually  contracted  at  the  base,  entire,  with  slightly  wavy  revolute  margins,  when 


they  unfold  light  purple  and  covered  below  with  fine  silky  white  hairs,  and  at  matur- 
ity dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  and  puberulous  along 
the  under  side  of  the  broad  midribs  and  primary  veins,  4'— 6'  long,  2'-3'  wide,  turning 
in  the  autumn  brilliant  shades  of  orange  and  scarlet;  their  petioles  stout,  £'-• f'  long. 
Flowers  appearing  late  in  April  or  early  in  May  on  pedicels  £'-f '  long,  and  usually 
collected  3  or  4  together  in  loose  umbels  near  the  ends  of  the  principal  branches  of 
puberulous  terminal  slender  long-branched  few-flowered  panicles  5'-6'  long  and 
2^'— 3'  broad,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  on  different  individuals.  Fruit  produced 
very  sparingly,  about  \'  long,  on  stems  2'-3'  in  length;  sterile  pedicels  becoming 


ANACARDIACE.E  603 

l£'-2'  long  at  maturity  and  covered  with  short  not  very  abundant  rather  inconspic- 
uous pale  purple  or  brown  hairs;  seed  kidney-shaped,  pale  brown,  about  -fa'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-35°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  occasionally  12'— 14'  in  diameter,  usually 
dividing  12°-14°  from  the  ground  into  several  erect  stems  separating  into  wide- 
spreading  often  slightly  pendulous  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  purple  at  first, 
soon  becoming  green,  bright  red-brown  and  covered  with  small  white  lenticels  and 
marked  by  large  prominent  leaf-scars  during  their  first  winter,  and  dark  orange- 
colored  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  £'  long  and  covered  with  thin  dark  red- 
brown  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'  thick,  light  gray,  furrowed  and  broken  on  the 
surface  into  thin  oblong  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  rather  coarse-grained,  bright  clear 
rich  orange  color,  with  thin  nearly  white  sap  wood;  largely  used  locally  for  fence- 
posts  and  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil;  yielding  a  clear  orange-colored  dye. 

Distribution.  Southern  slopes  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains  near  Huntsville, 
Alabama,  on  the  Cheat  Mountains  in  eastern  Tennessee,  banks  of  Grand  River, 
Indian  Territory,  valley  of  the  Medina  River,  western  Texas,  and  southwestern  Mis- 
souri; nowhere  common  and  only  in  small  isolated  groves  or  thickets  scattered  along 
the  sides  of  rocky  ravines  or  dry  slopes. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  hardy  as  far  north  as 
eastern  Massachusetts,  and  rarely  in  Europe. 

2.  METOPIUM,  P.  Br. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds,  fleshy  roots,  and  milky  exceedingly  caustic  juice. 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  persistent;  leaflets  coriaceous,  lustrous,  long-petiolulate. 
Flowers  dioecious,  yellow-green,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  in  narrow  erect  axillary 
clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  with  minute  acute  deciduous  bracts  and  bract- 
lets,  the  males  and  females  on  different  trees;  calyx-lobes  semiorbicular,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  petals;  stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk; 
filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers,  minute  and  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate  flower; 
ovary  ovate,  sessile,  minute  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  terminal,  short,  undivided; 
stigma  3-lobed.  Fruit  ovate,  compressed,  smooth  and  glabrous,  crowned  with  the 
remnants  of  the  style;  outer  coat  thick  and  resinous;  stone  crustaceous.  Seed  nearly 
quadrangular,  compressed;  seed-coat  smooth,  dark  brown  and  opaque,  the  broad 
funicle  covering  its  margin. 

Metopium  with  two  species  is  confined  to  southern  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 

The  generic  name,  from  faros,  was  the  classical  name  of  an  African  tree  now 
unknown. 

1.  Metopium  Metopium,  Small.    Poison  Wood.    Hog  Gum. 

(Rhus  Metopium,  Silva  N.  Am.  iii.  13.) 

Leaves  clustered  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  9'-10'  long,  with  stout  petioles 
swollen  and  enlarged  at  the  base,  and  5-7  leaflets,  or  often  3-foliolate,  unfolding  in 
March  and  persistent  until  the  following  spring;  leaflets  ovate,  rounded  or  usually 
contracted  toward  the  acute  or  sometimes  slightly  emarginate  apex,  rounded  or  some- 
times cordate  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  3'-4'  long,  2'-3'  broad,  with  thickened 
slightly  revolute  margins,  prominent  midribs,  primary  veins  spreading  at  right 
angles,  numerous  reticulate  veinlets,  and  stout  petiolules  £'-!'  long,  that  of  the  ter- 
minal leaflet  often  twice  as  long  as  the  others.  Flowers  about  £'  in  diameter,  in 
clusters  as  long  or  rather  longer  than  the  leaves;  petals  yellow-green, marked  on  the 


604  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

inner  surface  by  dark  longitudinal  lines;  stamens  rather  shorter  than  the  petals. 
Fruit  ripening  in  November  and  December,  pendent  in  long  graceful  clusters, 
orange-colored,  rather  lustrous,  -|'  long;  seed  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  with  exceedingly  acrid   poisonous  juice,  frequently  35°-40°  high,  with  a 
short  trunk  sometimes  2°  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  often  pendulous  branches 


forming  a  low  broad  head,  and  reddish  brown  branchlets  marked  by  prominent  leaf- 
scars  and  numerous  orange-colored  lenticels.  "Winter-buds  large,  rufous-pubescent. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  about  ^'  thick,  light  reddish  brown  tinged  with  orange^often 
marked  by  dark  spots  caused  by  the  exuding  of  the  resinous  gum,  and  separating 
into  large  thin  plate-like  scales  displaying  the  bright  orange  color  of  the  inner  bark. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  rich  dark  brown  streaked  with  red,  with  thick  light 
brown  or  yellow  sapwood  of  25-30  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  resinous  gum 
obtained  from  incisions  made  in  the  bark  is  emetic,  purgative,  and  diuretic. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  the  keys  of  southern  Florida;  very 
abundant;  also  in  the  Bahamas,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  and  Honduras. 

3.  RHUS.  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  pithy  branchlets,  fleshy  roots,  and  milky  sometimes  caustic 
or  watery  juice.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  or  rarely  simple.  Flowers  mostly  dio3- 
cious,  rarely  polygamous,  white  or  greenish  white,  in  more  or  less  compound  axil- 
lary or  terminal  panicles,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  usually  produced  on  separate 
plants;  calyx-lobes  united  at  the  base  only,  generally  persistent;  disk  surrounding 
the  base  of  the  free  ovary,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  calyx;  petals  longer  thau 
the  calyx-lobes,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk,  opposite  its  lobes,  deciduous; 
stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments 
longer  than  the  anthers;  ovary  ovoid  or  subglobose,  sessile;  styles  3,  terminal,  free  or 
slightly  connate  at  the  base,  rising  from  the  centre  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  usually  glo- 
bose, smooth  or  covered  with  hairs;  outer  coat  thin  and  dry,  more  or  less  resinous; 
stone  crustaceous  or  bony.  Seed  ovoid  or  reniform,  commonly  transverse;  cotyledons 
foliaceous,  generally  transverse;  radicle  long,  uncinate,  laterally  accumbent. 

Rhus  is  widely  distributed,  with  more  than  one  hundred  species,  in  the  extra- 
tropical  regions  of  the  northern  and  southern  hemispheres.  In  North  America  the 
genus  is  widely  and  generally  distributed  from  Canada  to  southern  Mexico  and  from 


ANACARDIACE^E  605 

the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  to  those  of  the  Pacific -Ocean,  with  sixteen  or  seventeen 
species  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States.  Of  these,  four  attain  the  habit  of 
small  trees.  The  acrid  poisonous  juice  of  Rhus  vernicifera,  DC.,  of  China,  furnishes 
the  black  varnish  used  in  China  and  Japan  in  the  manufacture  of  lacquer,  and  other 
species  are  valued  for  the  tannin  contained  in  their  leaves  or  for  the  wax  obtained 
from  the  fruit. 

The  name  of  the  genus  is  from  'Povs,  the  classical  name  of  the  European  Sumach. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  terminal  thyrsoidal  panicles ;  fruit  globular,  clothed  with  acrid  hairs ;  leaves 
unequally  pinnate,  deciduous  ;   branchlets  without  terminal  buds.     SUMACHS. 

Branches  and  leaf -stalks  densely  velvety  hairy;  leaflets  11-31,  pale  on  the  lower  sur- 
face ;  fruit  covered  with  long  hairs ;  buds  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  bases  of  the 
petioles;  juice  milky.  1.  R.  hirta  (A,  C). 

Branches  and  leaf -stalks  pubescent ;  rachis  winged ;  leaflets  9-21,  green  on  the  lower 
surface  ;  fruit  pilose  ;  buds  not  inclosed  by  the  petioles  ;  juice  watery. 

2.  R.  copallina  (A,  C). 

Flowers  in  axillary  slender  panicles ;  fruit  glabrous,  white ;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  decidu- 
ous; leaflets  7-13  ;  branchlets  with  terminal  buds..  3.  R.  Vernix  (A,  C). 
Flowers  in  short  compact  terminal  panicled  racemes ;  fruit  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  entire 
or  serrate,  simple  or  rarely  trifoliolate,  persistent.                          4.  R.  integrifolia  (G). 

1.  Rhus  hirta,  Sudw.    Staghorn  Sumach. 

Leaves  16'-24'  long,  with  stout  petioles  usually  red  on  the  upper  side  and  covered 
with  soft  pale  hairs,  enlarged  at  the  base  and  surrounding  and  inclosing  the  buds 
developed  in  their  axils,  and  11—31  oblong  often  falcate  rather  remotely  and  sharply 
serrate  or  rarely  laciniate  long-pointed  nearly  sessile  or  short-stalked  leaflets  rounded 


or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  at  first  covered  above  like  the  petioles  and  young 
shoots  with  red  caducous  hairs,  bright  yellow-green  until  half  grown,  and  at  maturity 
dark  green  and  rather  opaque  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  or  often  nearly  white  on  the 
lower  surface,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the  short  fine  hairs  on  the  under  side  of 
the  stout  midribs,  and  primary  veins  forked  near  the  margins,  opposite,  or  the  lower 
ones  slightly  alternate,  those  of  the  3  or  4  middle  pairs  considerably  longer  than 


606  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

those  at  the  ends  of  the  leaf  and  2'-5'  long  and  l'-l£'  wide,  turning  in  the  autumn 
before  falling  bright  scarlet  with  shades  of  crimson,  purple,  and  orange.  Flowers 
opening  gradually  and  in  succession  in  early  summer,  the  pistillate  a  week  or  ten 
days  later  than  the  staminate,  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  small  acute 
pubescent  bracts,  in  dense  panicles,  with  pubescent  stems  and  branchlets  and  acumi- 
nate bracts  ^'  to  nearly  2'  long  and  deciduous  with  the  opening  of  the  flowers;  panicle 
of  the  staminate  flowers  8'-J.2'  long  and  5'-6'  broad,  with  wide-spreading  branches  and 
nearly  one  third  larger  than  the  more  compact  panicle  of  the  pistillate  plant;  calyx- 
lobes  acute,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  long  slender  hairs,  much  shorter  than 
the  petals  in  the  staminate  flower,  and  almost  as  long  in  the  pistillate  flower;  petals 
of  the  staminate  flower  yellow-green  sometimes  tinged  with  red,  strap-shaped, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  becoming  reflexed  above  the  middle  at  maturity;  petals  of  the 
pistillate  flower  green,  narrow  and  acuminate,  with  a  thickened  and  slightly  hooded 
apex,  remaining  erect;  disk  bright  red  and  conspicuous;  stamens  slightly  exserted, 
with  slender  filaments  and  large  bright  orange-colored  anthers;  ovary  ovoid  and 
pubescent,  the  3  short  styles  slightly  connate  at  the  base,  with  large  capitate  stig- 
mas, in  the  staminate  flower  glabrous,  much  smaller,  unusually  rudimentary.  Fruit 
fully  grown  and  colored  in  August  and  ripening  late  in  the  autumn  in  dense  pani- 
cles 6'-8'  long  and  2'-3'  wide,  depressed-globular,  with  a  thin  outer  covering  clothed 
with  long  acrid  crimson  hairs  and  a  small  pale  brown  bony  stone;  seed  slightly 
reniform,  orange-brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  35°-40°  high,  with  copious  white  viscid  juice  turning  black  on 
exposure,  a  slender  often  slightly  inclining  trunk  occasionally  12'-14'  in  diameter, 
stout  upright  often  contorted  branches  forming  a  low  flat  open  head,  and  thick  branch- 
lets  covered  with  long  soft  brown  hairs  gathered  also  in  tufts  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  becoming  glabrous  after  their  third  or  fourth  year,  and  in  their  second  season 
marked  by  large  narrow  leaf-scars  and  by  small  orange-colored  lenticels  enlarging 
vertically  and  persistent  for  several  years;  more  frequently  a  tall  shrub,  spreading 
by  underground  shoots  into  broad  thickets.  Winter-buds  conical,  thickly  coated 
with  long  silky  pale  brown  hairs,  about  \'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  dark 
brown,  generally  smooth,  and  occasionally  separating  into  small  square  scales.  Wood 
light,  brittle,  soft,  coarse-grained,  orange-colored,  streaked  with  green,  with  thick 
nearly  white  sapwood.  From  the  young  shoots  pipes  are  made  for  drawing  the  sap 
of  the  Sugar  Maple.  The  bark,  especially  that  of  the  roots,  and  the  leaves  are  rich  in 
tannin. 

Distribution.  Usually  on  uplands  in  good  soil,  or  less  commonly  on  sterile  grav- 
elly banks  and  on  the  borders  of  streams  and  swamps;  New 'Brunswick,  through  the 
valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  southern  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  and  southward 
through  the  northern  states  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia 
and  to  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi ;  more  abundant  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
than  in  the  region  west  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  United  States,  and  very 
commonly  in  central  and  northern  Europe. 

2.  Rhus  copallina,  L.    Sumach. 

Leaves  6'-8'  long,  with  slender  pubescent  petioles  and  rachises  more  or  less 
broadly  wing-margined  between  the  leaflets,  the  wings  increasing  in  width  toward 
the  apex  of  the  leaf,  and  9-21  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  entire  or  remotely 
serrate  above  the  middle,  sharp-pointed  or  rarely  emarginate  at  the  apex,  acute  or 


ANACARDIACE^  607 

obtuse  and  often  unequal  at  the  base,  the  lower  pairs  short-petiolulate  and  smaller 
than  those  above  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  the  others  sessile  with  the  exception  of  the 
terminal  leaflet  sometimes  contracted  into  a  long  winged  stalk,  when  they  unfold 
dark  green  and  slightly  puberulous  above,  especially  along  the  midribs,  and  covered 


below  with  fine  silvery  white  pubescence,  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below,  l£'-2£'  long  and  about  f  wide,  with 
slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  prominent  midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  in 
the  autumn  before  falling  dark  rich  maroon  color  on  the  upper  surface.  Flowers 
appearing  from  June  at  the  south  to  August  at  the  north,  those  of  the  staminate  plant 
opening  in  succession  during  nearly  a  month  and  continuing  to  unfold  long  after  the 
petals  of  the  pistillate  plant  have  fallen,  on  stout  pubescent  pedicels,  \'-\'  long,  in 
short  compact  pubescent  panicles,  the  lower  branches  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, 
4'-6'  long,  3'-4'  broadband  usually  smaller  on  the  female  than  on  the  male  plant,  their 
bracts  and  bractlets  ovate  or  oblong,  densely  cinereo-pilose,  deciduous  before  the  ex- 
pansion of  the  flowers;  calyx  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  with  ovate  acute  lobes 
one  third  as  long  as  the  ovate  greenish  yellow  petals  rounded  at  the  apex,  becom- 
ing reflexed  above  the  middle;  disk  red  and  conspicuous;  stamens  somewhat  longer 
than  the  petals,  with  slender  filaments  and  large  orange-colored  anthers,  in  the 
pistillate  flower  much  .shorter  than  the  petals,  with  minute  rudimentary  anthers; 
ovary  ovate,  pubescent,  glabrous,  much  smaller  in  the  staminate  flower.  Fruit 
ripening  in  five  or  six  weeks  and  borne  in  stout  compact  often  nodding  pubescent 
clusters  sometimes  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  beginning  of  the  following 
summer,  \'  across,  slightly  obovate,  more  or  less  flattened,  with  a  thin  bright  red  coat 
covered  with  short  fine  glandular  hairs,  and  a  smooth  bony  orange-brown  stone; 
seed  reniform,  smooth,  orange-colored,  with  a  broad  funicle. 

A  tree,  2o°-30°  high,  with  colorless  watery  juice,  a  short  stout  trunk  8'-10'  in 
diameter,  erect  spreading  branches,  and  branchlets  at  first  dark  green  tinged  with 
red  and  more  or  less  densely  clothed  with  short  fine  or  sometimes  ferrugineous  pu- 
bescence, appearing  slightly  zigzag  at  the  end  of  the  first  season  from  the  swellings 
formed  by  the  prominent  leaf-scars,  and  then  pale  reddish  brown,  slightly  puberulous 
and  marked  by  conspicuous  dark-colored  lenticels;  or  at  the  north  a  low  shrub  rarely 
more  than  4°-5°  tall.  Winter-buds  axillary,  minute,  nearly  globose,  and  covered 
with  dark  rusty  brown  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-£'  thick,  light  brown  tinged 


608 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


with  red,  and  marked  by  large  elevated  dark  red-brown  circular  excrescences,  and 
separating  into  large  thin  papery  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  coarse-grained,  light 
brown  streaked  with  green  and  often  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored 
sapwood  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  leaves  are  rich  in  tannin  and  are 
gathered  in  large  quantities  and  ground  for  curing  leather  and  for  dyeing. 

Distribution.  Dry  hillsides  and  ridges;  widely  and  generally  distributed  from 
northern  New  England  to  Manitee  and  the  shores  of  Caximbas  Bay,  Florida,  and  to 
eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas  and  the  valley  of  the  San  Antonio  River,  Texas;  also 
in  Cuba;  in  the  United  States  arborescent  only  in  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern 
Texas;  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  rarely  more  than  a  few  feet  high  and  spreading 
by  underground  stems  on  gravelly  sterile  soil  into  broad  thickets;  varying  consider- 
ably in  the  size  and  form  of  the  leaflets.  The  most  distinct  and  probably  the  most 
constant  of  these  varieties  is  var.  lanceolata,  Gray,  a  small  tree  growing  on  the  prairies 
of  eastern  Texas  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  often  forming  thickets  on  river 
bluffs  or  on  the  banks  of  small  streams,  and  distinguished  by  its  narrow  acute  often 
falcate  narrow  leaflets  and  by  its  larger  inflorescence  and  fruit.  It  is  a  tree  some- 
times 25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  8'  in  diameter,  covered  by  dark  gray 
bark  marked  by  lenticular  excrescences.  The  flowers  appear  in  July  and  August  and 
the  dull  red  or  sometimes  green  fruit  ripens  in  early  autumn  and  falls  before  the 
beginning  of  winter. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and 
in  western  and  northern  Europe. 

3.  RhuB  Vernix,  L.   Poison  Dogwood.   Poison  Sumach. 

Leaves  7'-14'  long,  with  slender  usually  light  red  or  red  and  green  petioles,  and 
7-13  obovate-oblong  entire  leaflets  slightly  unequal  at  the  base  and  narrowed  at  the 
acute  or  rounded  apex,  bright  orange  color  and  coated,  especially  on  the  margins 


and  under  surface,  with  fine  pubescence  when  they  unfold,  soon  becoming  glabrous, 
and  at  maturity  3'-4'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below, 
with  prominent  midribs  scarlet  above,  primary  veins  forked  near  the  margins,  con- 
spicuous reticulate  veinlets,  and  revolute  margins,  turning  early  in  the  autumn  before 
falling  to  brilliant  shades  of  scarlet  or  orange  and  scarlet.  Flowers  about  £'  long, 


ANACARDIACILE  609 

appearing  in  early  summer  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  bibracteolate  near  the 
middle,  in  long  narrow  axillary  pubescent  panicles  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  with  acute  pubescent  early  deciduous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx-lobes 
acute,  one  third  the  length  of  the  yellow-green  acute  petals  erect  and  slightly  re- 
flexed  toward  the  apex;  stamens  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  with  slender 
filaments  and  large  orange-colored  anthers,  in  the  fertile  flower  not  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  petals,  with  small  rudimentary  anthers,  ovary  ovoid-globose,  with 
short  thick  spreading  styles  terminating  in  large  capitate  stigmas.  Fruit  ripening 
in  September  and  often  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  following  spring,  in  long 
graceful  racemes,  ovate,  acute,  often  flattened  and  slightly  gibbous,  tipped  with  the 
dark  remnants  of  the  styles,  glabrous,  striate,  ivory-white  or  white  tinged  with  yel- 
low, very  lustrous,  and  about  £'  long;  stone  conspicuously  grooved,  thin,  membra- 
naceous;  seed  pale  yellow. 

A  tree,  with  acrid  poisonous  juice  turning  black  on  exposure,  occasionally  20°  high, 
with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  slender  rather  pendulous  branches  forming  a  narrow 
round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  reddish  brown  and  covered  with 
minute  orange-colored  lenticels  when  they  first  appear,  orange-brown  at  the  end  of 
their  first  season,  becoming  light  gray  and  marked  by  large  elevated  conspicuous 
leaf-scars;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  several  slender  clustered  stems.  "Winter-buds 
acute  and  covered  with  dark  purple  scales  puberulous  on  the  back  and  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  with  short  pale  hairs,  the  terminal  ^'-f'  long  and  two  or  three  times  larger 
than  the  axillary  buds.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  light  gray,  smooth  or  sometimes 
slightly  striate.  Wood  light,  soft,  coarse-grained,  light  yellow  streaked  with  brown, 
with  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Wet  swamps  often  inundated  during  a  portion  of  the  year;  northern 
New  England  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama,  westward  to  northern  Minnesota, 
Arkansas,  and  western  Louisiana;  common  and  one  of  the  most  dangerous  plants 
of  the  Northern  American  flora.  An  infusion  of  the  young  branches  and  leaves  is 
employed  in  homoeopathic  practice,  and  the  juice  can  be  used  as  a  black  lustrous 
durable  varnish. 

4.  Rhus  integrifolia,  B.  &  H.  Mahogany. 

Leaves  simple  or  very  rarely  3-foliolate,  persistent,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
with  thickened  revolute  or  spinosely  toothed  margins,  puberulous  when  young,  and  at 
maturity  l^'-3'  long,  l'-l£'  wide,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  yellow-green  above, 
paler  below,  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  the  stout  petioles,  broad  thick  mid- 
ribs, and  prominent  reticulate  veins.  Flowers  appearing  from  February  to  April, 
Y  in  diameter  when  expanded,  on  short  stout  pedicels,  with  2-4  broadly  ovate  pointed 
persistent  scarious  ciliate  pubescent  bracts,  in  short  dense  racemes  forming  hoary« 
pubescent  terminal  panicles  1/-3'  in  length;  sepals  rose-colored,  orbicular,  concaves 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  rather  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  rounded  ciliate  reflexed 
rose-colored  petals;  stamens  as  long  as  the  petals,  with  slender  filaments  and  pale 
anthers,  minute  and  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  broadly  ovate,  pubes- 
cent, with  3  short  thick  connate  styles  and  very  large  3-lobed  capitate  stigmas.  Fruit 
%'  long,  ovate,  flattened,  more  or  less  gibbous,  thick,  dark  red,  densely  pubescent; 
stone  kidney-shaped,  smooth,  light  chestnut-brown,  with  thick  walls;  seed  flattened, 
pale,  with  a  broad  dark-colored  funicle  covering  its  side. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  numerous 
spreading  branches,  and  stout  branchlets  covered  when  they  first  appear  with  thick 


610  TKEES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

pale  pubescence  disappearing  in  their  second  and  third  years,  and  bright  reddish 
brown  and  marked  by  numerous  small  elevated  lenticels;  or  usually  a  small  often 
almost  prostrate  shrub.  Winter-buds  small,  obtuse,  covered  with  a  thick  coat  of 


pale  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-%  thick,  bright  reddish  brown,  exfoliating  in 
large  plate-like  scales.  Wood  hard,  heavy,  bright  clear  red,  with  thin  pale  sap- 
wood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth;  valued  and  largely  used  as  fuel.  The  fruit 
is  occasionally  employed  in  the  preparation  of  a  cooling  beverage. 

Distribution.  Sandy  sterile  soil  along  sea  beaches  and  bluffs  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  the  ocean;  Santa  Barbara,  California,  to  the  shores  of  Magdalena 
Bay,  Lower  California,  and  on  the  Santa  Barbara  and  Cedros  islands;  on  the  main- 
land usually  shrubby,  forming  close  impenetrable  thickets;  in  more  sheltered  situa- 
tions and  on  the  islands  becoming  arborescent;  probably  of  its  largest  size  on  the 
shores  of  Todos  Santos  Bay,  Lower  California. 

XXX.  CYRILLACE-ffJ. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  scaly  buds  and  watery  juice.  Leaves  alternate, 
entire,  subcoriaceous,  without  stipules,  persistent  or  tardily  deciduous.  Flowers 
small,  regular,  perfect,  on  slender  bibracteolate  pedicels,  in  terminal  or  axil- 
lary racemes;  calyx  5-8-lobed,  persistent,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud; 
petals  5-8,  hypogynous ;  stamens  5-10,  hypogynous,  those  opposite  the  petals 
shorter  than  the  others ;  anthers  oblong,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  laterally 
dehiscent,  opening  longitudinally  ;  ovary  2-4-celled  ;  ovules  suspended,  ana- 
tropous ;  raphe  dorsal ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  an  indehiscent  capsule. 
Seed  suspended  ;  seed-coat  membranaceous  ;  albumen  fleshy,  radicle  superior. 

A  family  confined  to  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  with  three  genera,  of 
which  two  are  represented  by  small  trees  in  the  southern  states. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  in  axillary  racemes;  calyx  5-lobed ;  petals  5,  contorted  in  the  bud;  fruit  without 
\\iug-s,  2-celled,  with  2  seeds  in  each  cell.  1.  Cyrilla. 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes ;  calyx  5-8-lobed  ;  petals  5-8,  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  fruit 
with  2-4  wings,  3  or  rarely  4-celled,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell.  2.  Clif  tonia. 


CYRILLACE^E  611 

1.  CYRILLA,  L. 

A  glabrous  tree  or  shrub,  with  spongy  bark,  slender  terete  branchlets  conspicu- 
ously marked  by  large  leaf-scars,  and  narrow  acute  winter-buds  covered  with  chest- 
uut-brown  scales.  Leaves  usually  clustered  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  oblong  or 
obovate-oblong,  pointed,  rounded,  or  slightly  einarginate  at  the  apex,  conspicuously 
reticulate-veined,  short-petiolate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  on  pedicels  from  the 
axils  of  narrow  alternate  persistent  bracts,  in  slender  racemes  from  the  axils  of  fallen 
leaves  or  of  small  deciduous  bracts  near  the  extremities  of  the  branches  of  the  pre- 
vious year;  calyx  minute,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5  ovate-lanceolate  acute 
coriaceous  lobes;  petals  5,  contorted  in  the  bud,  white  or  rose  color,  inserted  on  an 
annular  disk,  three  or  four  times  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  concave,  subcoriaceous,  furnished  below  the  middle  on  the  inner  surface  with 
a  broad  glandular  nectary;  stamens  5,  opposite  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  inserted 
with  and  shorter  than  the  petals;  filaments  subulate,  fleshy;  anther-cells  united 
above  the  point  of  the  attachment  of  the  filament,  free  below;  ovary  free,  sessile, 
ovoid,  pointed,  2-celled;  styles  short,  thick;  stigma  2-lobed,  with  spreading  lobes; 
ovules  3  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  an  elongated  placental  process  developed 
from  the  apex  of  the  cell.  Fruit  2-celled,  broadly  ovoid,  crowned  with  the  rem- 
nants of  the  persistent  style;  pericarp  spongy.  Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  elongated,  acu- 
minate; embryo  minute,  cylindrical,  2-lobed. 

Cyrilla  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  coast  region  of  the  south  Atlan- 
tic and  Gulf  states  and  of  the  Antilles  and  eastern  tropical  South  America. 

The  name  commemorates  the  scientific  labors  of  Domenico  Cirillo  (1734-1799), 
the  distinguished  Italian  naturalist  and  patriot. 

1.  Cyrilla  racemiflora,  L.    Ironwood.    Leather  Wood. 

Leaves  2'-3'  long,  ^'-1'  broad,  with  stout  petioles  £'-!'  long,  turning  late  in  the 
autumn  and  early  winter  to  brilliant  shades  of  orange  and  scarlet  and  then  decidu- 
ous, or  southward  persistent  with  little  change  of  color  until  the  beginning  of  the 


following  summer.   Flowers  appearing  late  in  June  or  early  in  July,  in  racemes 
usually  6-10  together  and  4'-6'  long,  at  first  erect,  becoming  pendulous  before  the 


612  TREES   OP  NORTH   AMERICA 

fruit  ripens.  Fruit  ripening  in  August  and  September,  rarely  more  than  ^'  long; 
seeds  light  brown. 

A  slender  tree,  occasionally  30°-35°  high,  with  a  stout  often  eccentric  trunk  10'-14' 
in  diameter,  dividing  several  feet  above  the  ground  into  numerous  wide-spreading 
branches,  and  slender  branchlets  bright  brown  during  their  first  season  and  ulti- 
mately ashy  gray;  or  often  a  broad  bush  sending  up  many  slender  stems  15°-20°  high. 
Winter-buds  about  \'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  \'  thick  except 
near  the  base  of  old  trees,  and  covered  by  large  thin  bright  red-brown  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  not  strong,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  rather  lighter 
colored  sap  wood.  The  spongy  bark  at  the  base  of  the  trunk  is  pliable,  absorbent,  and 
astringent,  and  is  recommended  as  a  styptic. 

Distribution.  Rich  shaded  river-bottoms,  the  borders  of  sandy  swamps  and 
shallow  ponds  of  the  coast  Pine  belt,  or  on  high  sandy  exposed  ridges  rising  above 
streams  near  the  Gulf  coast;  North  Carolina  southward  near  the  coast  to  about 
latitude  30  in  the  Florida  peninsula,  on  the  keys  of  southern  Florida,  and  westward 
along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Neches  River,  Texas;  and  in  Cuba, 
Jamaica,  Demarara,  and  Brazil. 

2.  CLIFTONIA,  Gaertn.  f. 

A  glabrous  tree  or  shrub,  with  thick  dark  brown  scaly  bark,  slender  terete  branch- 
lets  marked  by  conspicuous  leaf-scars,  and  small  acuminate  buds  covered  by  chest- 
nut-brown scales.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  glandular-punctate,  short-petiolate,  persistent.  Flowers  on  pedicels  from  the 
axils  of  large  acuminate  membranaceous  alternate  bracts  deciduous  before  the  open- 
ing of  the  flowers,  in  short  terminal  erect  racemes;  calyx  5-8-lobed,  equal  or  un- 
equal, broadly  ovate,  rounded  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  much  shorter  than  the  5-8 
obovate  unguiculate  concave  white  or  rose-colored  sepals;  stamens  10,  opposite  and 
alternate  with  the  sepals,  inserted  with  and  shorter  than  the  petals,  2-ranked,  those 
of  the  outer  rank  longer  than  the  others;  filaments  laterally  enlarged  near  the 
middle,  flattened  below,  subulate  above;  disk  cup-shaped,  surrounding  the  base  of 
the  oblong  2-4-winged  2-4-celled  ovary;  stigma  subsessile,  obscurely  2-4-lobed; 
ovules  2  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  its  apex.  Fruit  oblong,  2-4-winged,  crowned 
with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style,  3  or  rarely  4-celled;  pericarp  spongy, 
the  wings  thin  and  membranaceous.  Seed  1  in  each  cell,  terete,  tapering  to  the  ends, 
suspended;  cotyledons  very  short. 

Cliftonia  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Dr.  Francis  Clifton  (d.  173G),  an  English  physi- 


1.  Cliftonia  monophylla,  Sarg.    Titi.    Ironwood. 

Leaves  l^'-2'  long,  £'-!'  wide,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler  on 
the  lower  surface,  persistent  until  the  autumn  of  their  second  year.  Flowers  fra- 
grant, appearing  in  February  and  March,  in  nodding  racemes  becoming  erect,  and 
conspicuous  from  the  long  exserted  dark  red-brown  caducous  bracts.  Fruit  about 
\'  long,  ripening  in  August  and  September;  seeds  ^'-\'  long,  light  brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  stout  often  crooked  or  inclining  trunk, 
occasionally  15'-18'  in  diameter  and  usually  divided  12°-15°  from  the  ground  into  a 
number  of  stout  ascending  branches,  and  slender  rigid  bright  red-brown  branchlets, 
becoming  paler  during  their  second  and  third  seasons;  or  sometimes  a  shrub,  with 


AQUIFOLIACE^: 


613 


numerous  straggling  stout  or  slender  stems  frequently  only  a  few  feet  high  or  often 
30°-40°  high.  Winter-buds  about  \'  long.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  large 
branches  thin,  the  surface  separating  into  small  persistent  scales  l'-2'  long,  becom- 
ing near  the  base  of  old  trees  deeply  furrowed,  dark  red-brown,  \'  thick,  and  broken 


on  the  surface  into  short  broad  scales.  Wood  heavy,  close-grained,  moderately 
hard,  brittle,  not  strong,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap- 
wood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth ;  burning  with  a  clear  bright  flame,  and  valued 
as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Damp  sandy  peat  soil  in  swamps  almost  submerged  for  several 
months  in  the  year,  or  often  in  shallow  rarely  overflowed  swamps;  coast  region  of 
the  south  Atlantic  states  from  the  valley  of  the  Savannah  River  to  northern  Florida, 
and  through  the  maritime  Pine  belt  of  the  Gulf  coast  to  eastern  Louisiana. 


XXXI.    AQUIFOLIACE^J. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and  alternate  simple  entire 
crenate  or  pungently  toothed  petiolate  persistent  or  deciduous  leaves,  with 
minute  stipules.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  cymose,  small,  greenish,  dicecious  ; 
calyx  4-6-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous  ;  petals  4-6,  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud  ;  disk  0  ;  stamens  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  the  petals  and 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening 
longitudinally,  small  and  sterile  in  the  pistillate  flower  ;  pistil  compound  ;  ovary 
4-8-celled,  minute  and  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower ;  style  short  or  0 ; 
stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  nearly  confluent ;  ovule  generally 
solitary  in  each  cell,  suspended,  anatropous  ;  raphe  usually  dorsal,  the  micro- 
pyle  superior.  Fruit  a  drupe,  with  as  many  indehiscent  bony  or  crustaceous 
1-seeded  nutlets  as  carpels ;  sarcocarp  thin  and  fleshy.  Seed  narrowed  at  the 
ends,  suspended  ;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  pale  brown  ;  embryo  minute  in  the 
apex  of  the  copious  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  plain  ;  the  radicle  superior. 

The  Holly  family  with  five  genera  is  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical 
regions  of  the  two  hemispheres.  Of  the  five  genera  now  recognized,  only  Ilex 
is  important  in  the  number  of  species  or  is  widely  distributed. 


614  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

1.    ILEX,  L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Ilex  with  about  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  species  is  found  in  all  tropical  and 
temperate  regions  of  the  world  with  the  exception  of  western  North  America,  Aus- 
tralia, New  Zealand,  Tasmania,  and  New  Guinea,  the  largest  number  of  species 
occurring  in  Brazil  and  Guiana.  Of  the  thirteen  species  which  inhabit  eastern  North 
America,  five  are  small  trees.  Ilex  contains  a  bitter  principle,  ilicin,  and  possesses 
tonic  properties.  Ilex  Paraguariensis,  St.  Hilaire,  of  South  America,  furnishes  the 
mate'  or  Paraguay  tea,  and  is  the  most  useful  of  the  species.  The  European  Ilex 
Aquifolium,  L.,  is  a  favorite  garden  plant,  and  is  sometimes  planted  hi  the  middle  and 
southern  United  States. 

Ilex  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Evergreen  Oak  of  southern  Europe. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in4's;  pedicels  with  bractlets  at  the  base  ;  nutlets  prominently  ribbed 
on  the  back  and  sides ;  leaves  persistent. 

Leaves  armed  with  spiny  teeth ;   young  branchlets  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent. 

1.  I.  opaca  (A,  C). 
Leaves  serrate  or  entire. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate-oblong,  mostly  entire  ;  young  branchlets  pubescent ; 

calyx-lobes  acuminate.  2.  I.  Cassine  (C). 

Leaves  elliptical  or  elliptical-oblong,  coarsely  crenulate-serrate ;  young  branchlets 

puberulous  ;  calyx-lobes  obtuse.  3.  I.  vomitoria  (C). 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  4's  or  5's,  rarely  in  6's ;  pedicels  without  bractlets  ;  nutlets  striate, 

many-ribbed  on  the  back ;  leaves  deciduous. 

Leaves  oblong-spatulate  or  lanceolate-obovate,  remotely  crenulate-serrate  ;  calyx-lobes 
broadly  triangular.  4.  I.  decidua  (A,  C). 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate-oblong,  sharply  serrate  ;  calyx-lobes  acute. 

5.  I.  monticola  (A). 
1.  Ilex  opaca,  Ait.  Holly. 

Leaveo  elliptical  to  obovate-obloug,  pungently  acute,  with  thickened  undulate 
margins  and  few  stout  spinose  teeth,  or  occasionally  quite  entire,  especially  on  the 
upper  branches,  thick,  coriaceous,  dull  yellow-green,  paler  and  often  yellow  on  the 
lower  surface,  2'-4'  long,  with  prominent  midribs  and  conspicuous  veins,  persistent 
on  the  branches  for  three  years,  finally  deciduous  in  the  spring;  their  petioles  short, 
stout,  thickened  at  the  base,  grooved  above,  slightly  puberulent;  stipules  minute, 
broadly  acute  or  nearly  deltoid,  persistent.  Flowers  appearing  in  spring  on  slender 
puberulous  pedicels,  with  minute  acute  bractlets,  in  short  pedunculate  cymes  from 
the  axils  of  young  leaves  or  scattered  along  the  base  of  the  young  shoots,  3-9-flowered 
on  the  staminate  and  1  or  rarely  2  or  3-flowered  on  the  pistillate  plant;  calyx-lobes 
acute,  ciliate  on  the  margins;  stigmas  broad  and  sessile.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the 
autumn,  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  spherical  or  ovoid,  dull  red  or 
rarely  yellow,  \'  in  diameter;  nutlets  prominently  few-ribbed  on  the  back  and  sides, 
rather  narrower  at  the  apex  than  at  the  base. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°,  3°,  or  exceptionally  4°  in  diame- 
ter, short  slender  branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  and  stout  branchlets 
covered  at  first  with  fine  rufous  pubescence  disappearing  during  their  first  season, 
and  becoming  glabrous  and  pale  brown.  "Winter-buds  short,  obtuse  or  acuminate. 
\'-^  long,  with  narrow  acuminate  ciliate  scales.  Bark  about  ^'  thick,  light  gray  and 


AQUIFOLIACE.E  615 

roughened  by  wart-like  excrescences.   "Wood  light,  tough,  not  strong,  close-grained, 
nearly  white  when  first  cut,  turning  brown  with  age  and  exposure,  with  thick  rather 


lighter  colored  sapwood;  valued  and  much  used  in  cabinet-making,  in  the  interior 
finish  of  houses,  and  in  turnery.  The  branches  are  used  in  large  quantities  for 
Christmas  decoration. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Massachusetts,  in  the  city  of  Quincy,  southward  gener- 
ally near  the  coast  to  the  shores  of  Mosquito  Inlet  and  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida, 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  from  southern  Indiana  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
through  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana  to  eastern  Texas;  rare  and  of  small  size 
east  of  the  Hudson  River  and  rare  in  the  Alleghany  Mountain  region  and  the  coun- 
try immediately  west  of  it;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands 
of  the  streams  of  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas;  at  the  north  in  dry  rather 
gravelly  soil  often  on  the  margins  of  Oak  woods,  southward  on  the  borders  of  swampy 
river-bottoms,  in  rich  humid  soil. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  plant. 

2.  Hex  Cassine,  L.   Dahoon. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate-oblong,  acute,  mucronate  or  rarely  rounded  and 
occasionally  emargiuate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  base, 
revolute  and  entire  or  sometimes  serrate  above  the  middle,  with  sharp  mucronate 
teeth,  puberulous  above  and  densely  pubescent  below  when  they  first  unfold,  be- 
coming glabrous  at  maturity  with  the  exception  of  scattered  hairs  on  the  lower  sur- 
face of  the  broad  midribs,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  below,  l|'-3'  long, 
and  £'-!'  wide ;  their  petioles  short,  stout,  thickened  at  the  base,  sparingly  villose, 
Flowers  on  hairy  pedicels,  with  acute  scarious  bractlets,  in  pedunculate  clusters, 
3-9-flowered  on  the  stamiimte  plant,  usually  3-flowered  on  the  pistillate  plant,  some- 
times nearly  1'  long,  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  or  occasionally  of  the  pre- 
vious year;  calyx-lobes  acute,  ciliate.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  persistent 
until  the  following  spring,  globose,  sometimes  \'  in  diameter,  bright  or  occasionally 
dull  red  or  nearly  yellow,  solitary  or  often  in  clusters  of  3's;  nutlets  prominently 
few-ribbed  on  the  back  and  sides;  ronnded  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  and  branches  coated  at 


616  TKEES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

first  with  dense  silky  pubescence  persistent  until  the  end  of  the  second  or  third  year, 
ultimately  dark  brown  and  marked  by  occasional  lenticels;  or  often  a  low  shrub. 
Winter-buds  minute,  acute,  with  lanceolate  scales  thickly  coated  with  pale  silky 
pubescence.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  -fa'  thick,  dark  gray,  thickly  covered  and 
roughened  by  lenticels.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  not  strong,  pale  brown, 
with  thick  nearly  white  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Cold  swamps  and  on  their  borders,  in  rich  moist  soil,  or  occasion- 
ally on  the  high  sandy  banks  of  Pine-barren  streams;  southern  Virginia  southward  in 
the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  stores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and  Tampa 
Bay,  Florida,  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  western  Louisiana;  nowhere  abundant  on 
the  Atlantic  coast;  most  common  in  western  Florida  and  southern  Alabama;  passing 


through  fofcns  with  elongated  narrow  leaves  into  the  variety  myrtifolia,  Sarg.  This 
is  a  low  shrub  or  occasionally  a  slender  wide-branched  tree,  with  pale  nearly  white 
bark,  puberulous  branchlets,  and  crowded  generally  entire  mucronate  leaves  ^'-1' 
long,  ^'  wide,  with  strongly  reflexed  margins,  very  short  petioles,  and  broad  promi- 
nent midribs;  an  inhabitant  of  Cypress  swamps  and  Pine-barren  ponds  or  their  mar- 
gins, in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  North  Carolina  to  Louisiana;  perhaps  to  be 
considered  a  distinct  species. 

3.  Ilex  vomitoria,  Ait.    Cassena.   Yaupon. 

Leaves  elliptical  to  elliptical-oblong,  obtuse,  coarsely  and  remotely  crenulate- 
serrate,  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  opaque  below,  1'— 2' 
long,  \'-\.'  broad,  persistent  for  two  or  three  years,  generally  falling  just  before  the 
appearance  of  the  new  growth  of  their  third  season;  their  petioles  short,  broad,  and 
grooved.  Flowers  on  slender  club-shaped  glabrous  pedicels,  with  minute  bractlets 
at  the  base,  in  short  glabrous  cymes  on  branchlets  of  the  previous  year,  those  of  the 
staminate  plant  short-stemmed  and  many-flowered,  those  of  the  pistillate  plant  ses- 
sile and  1  or  2-flowered;  calyx-lobes  rounded,  obtuse,  often  slightly  ciliate;  ovary 
contracted  below  the  broad  flat  stigma.  Fruit  produced  in  great  abundance,  on 
stems  not  more  than  \'  long,  ripening  late  in  the  autumn  or  in  early  winter,  soon 
deciduous,  or  persistent  until  spring,  scarlet,  nearly  globose,  about  \'  in  diameter; 
nutlets  obtuse  at  the  ends,  and  prominently  few-ribbed  on  the  back  and  sides. 


AQUIFOLIACK.E 


617 


A  small  much-branched  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  slender  often  inclining  trunk 
rarely  more  than  0'  in  diameter  and  stout  hranchlets  standing  at  right  angles  with 
the  stem,  slightly  angled  and  puberulous  during  the  first  season,  becoming  glabrous 


or  nearly  glabrous,  terete  and  pale  gray  in  their  second  year;  generally  a  tall  shrub, 
with  numerous  stems  forming  dense  thickets.  Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  with 
narrow  dark  brown  or  often  nearly  black  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  iVHj'  thick, 
the  light  red-brown  surface  broken  into  thin  minute  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  nearly  white,  turning  yellow  with  exposure,  with  thick  lighter  colored 
sapwood. 

Distribution.  Southern  Virginia  to  the  St.  John's  River  and  Cedar  Keys,  Flor- 
ida, and  westward  to  the  shores  of  Matagorda  Bay  and  the  valley  of  the  upper  Rio 
Blanco,  Texas,  and  to  southern  Arkansas;  in  the  Atlantic  and  east  Gulf  states 
rarely  far  from  salt  water  and  usually  not  more  than  10°-15°  high;  of  its  largest 
size  and  of  tree-like  habit  only  on  the  rich  bottom-lands  of  eastern  Texas.  The 
branches  covered  with  the  fruit  are  sold  during  the  winter  months  for  decorative 
purposes.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves,  which  are  emetic  and  purgative,  was  used  by 
the  Indians,  who  formerly  visited  the  coast  in  large  numbers  every  spring  to  drink  it. 

4.  Ilex  decidua,  Walt. 

Leaves  deciduous,  except  on  vigorous  shoots  fascicled  at  the  ends  of  short  spur- 
like  lateral  branchlets,  oblong-spatulate  or  spatulate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  obtuse, 
or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below,  remotely  crenulate-serrate, 
2'-3'  long,  J'-l'  wide,  membranaceous,  becoming  thick  and  firm  at  maturity,  light 
green  above  and  pale  and  sparingly  hairy  along  the  narrow  midribs  beneath;  their 
petioles  slender,  grooved,  pubescent,  about  ^'  long;  stipules  filiform,  membrana- 
ceous. Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  those  of  the  staminate  plant  often  £'  long  and 
longer  than  those  of  the  pistillate  plant,  in  1  or  2-flowered  glabrous  cymes  crowded 
at  the  ends  of  the  lateral  branches  of  the  previous  season,  or  rarely  solitary  on 
branchlets  of  the  year;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  with  smooth  or  sometimes  ciliate 
margins.  Fruit  on  short  stout  stems,  ripening  in  the  early  autumn,  often  remaining 
on  the  branches  until  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  the  following  spring,  globose 
or  depressed-globose,  orange  or  orange-scarlet,  \'  in  diameter;  nutlets  narrowed 
and  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  many-ribbed  on  the  back. 


618  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  6'-10'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 
branches,  and  slender  glabrous  pale  silver  gray  branchlets;  more  often  a  tall  strag- 
gling shrub.  Winter-buds  minute,  obtuse,  with  ovate  light  gray  scales.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  rarely  more  than  ^'  thick,  light  brown,  and  roughened  by  wart-like  excres- 
cences. Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  creamy  white,  with  rather  lighter  colored 
sapwood. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  swamps  in  low  moist  soil;  southern  Vir- 
ginia to  western  Florida  in  the  region  between  the  eastern  base  of  the  Appalachian 


Mountains  and  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the 
valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  Missouri  to  southern 
Illinois;  usually  shrubby  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  only  arborescent  in 
Missouri,  southern  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Texas.  In  Florida  a  form  (var.  Curtissii, 
Fern.)  occurs  with  leaves  only  £'-§'  long  and  fruit  about  \'  in  diameter. 

5.  Ilex  monticola,  Gray. 

Leaves  deciduous,  ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  and  rather  remotely  serrate,  with  minute  glandular 
teeth,  membranaceous,  glabrous,  or  sparingly  hairy  along  the  prominent  midribs 
and  veins,  4'-5'  long,  ^'-2'  wide,  light  green  above  and  pale  below;  their  petioles 
slender,  \'— |'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in  June  when  the  leaves  are  more  than 
half  grown,  on  slender  pedicels  ^'  long  on  the  staminate  plant  and  much  longer  on 
the  pistillate  plant,  in  1-2-flowered  cymes  crowded  at  the  ends  of  lateral  spur-like 
branchlets  of  the  previous  year,  or  solitary  on  branchlets  of  the  year;  calyx-lobes 
acute,  ciliate;  ovary  contracted  below  the  broad  flat  stigma.  Fruit  globose,  bright 
scarlet,  nearly  ^'  in  diameter;  nutlets  narrowed  at  the  ends,  prominently  ribbed 
on  the  back  and  sides. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  sometimes  10'-12'  in  diameter,  slender 
branches  forming  a  narrow  pyramidal  head,  and  more  or  less  zigzag  glabrous  branch- 
lets  pale  red-brown  at  first,  becoming  dark  gray  at  the  end  of  their  first  season;  more 
often  a  low  shrub,  with  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovate  to  subglobose, 
about  \'  long,  with  ovate  keeled  apiculate  light  brown  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
usually  less  than  ^'  thick,  with  a  light  brown  surface  roughened  by  numerous  lenti- 
cels.  Wood  hard,  heavy,  close-grained,  and  creamy  white. 


CELASTRACE^E 


619 


Distribution.  Central  and  western  New  York,  southward  along  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  to  northern  Alabama;  arborescent  only  on  the  banks  of  streams  flowing 
from  the  Blue  Ridge  in  North  and  South  Carolina. 


XXXII.    CELASTRACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  opposite  or  alternate  simple  per- 
sistent or  deciduous  leaves  with  or  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect, 
polygamous  or  dioecious,  pedicellate  in  axillary  clusters ;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  the 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  petals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  stamens  4 
or  5  ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ;  ovary  2-5- 
celled;  ovules  2  or  solitary  in  each  cell  (6  in  Canotia),  anatropous,  or  sub- 
horizontal  (in  Canotia).  Fruit  a  capsule  or  drupe.  Seed  with  copious  albu- 
men ;  embryo  axile. 

A  family  of  about  thirty-eight  genera  widely  distributed  over  the  tropical 
and  warm  temperate  parts  of  the  world,  with  four  arborescent  representatives 
in  the  United  States.  • 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  4's. 

Leaves  opposite,  deciduous ;  flowers  polygamous  ;  fruit  a  fleshy  3-5-celled  capsule  ;  seed 
surrounded  by  a  colored  aril.  1.  Evonymus. 

Leaves  alternate,  persistent ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  fruit  a  drupe  ;  seed  without  an  aril. 

Leaves  often  crenately  serrate  above  the  middle  ;*  stipules  minute,  caducous  ;  fruit 

usually  1-seeded ;  branchlets  quadrangular.  2.  Gyminda. 

Leaves  entire  ;  stipules  0  ;  fruit  2-seeded  ;  branchlets  terete.  3.  Schaefferia. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  5's,  leaves  0 ;  flowers  perfect ;  fruit  a  woody  5-celled  capsule,  the 

valves  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  4.  Canotia. 

1.  EVONYMUS,  L. 

Small  generally  glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  usually  square  branchlets,  bitter 
drastic  bark,  slender  obtuse  or  acuminate  winter-buds,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves 
opposite,  petiolate,  entire,  crenate  or  dentate;  stipules  minute,  caducous.  Flowers 
perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious,  in  dichotomous  axillary  usually  few-flowered  cymes; 
calyx  4-lobed  (in  the  North  American  arborescent  species) ;  disk  thick  and  fleshy, 


620  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

cohering  with  and  filling  the  short  tube  of  the  calyx,  flat,  4-angled  or  lobed,  closely 
surrounding  and  adhering  to  the  ovary;  petals  inserted  in  the  sinuses  of  the  calyx 
under  the  free  border  of  the  disk,  as  many  as  and  much  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes, 
spreading,  deciduous;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  in- 
serted on  the  summit  of  the  disk;  filaments  very  short,  subulate,  erect  or  recurved; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  nearly  parallel  or  spreading  below;  ovary  4-celled;  styles 
short,  terminating  in  a  depressed  stigma;  ovules  usually  2  in  each  cell,  ascending 
from  the  central  angle,  raphe  ventral,  micropyle  inferior,  or  pendulous,  the  raphe 
then  dorsal  and  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  capsular,  4-lobed  and  celled,  fleshy, 
angled  or  winged,  smooth  (in  the  North  American  arborescent  species),  loculicidally 
4-valved,  the  valves  septiferous.  Seeds  2  in  each  cell,  or  commonly  solitary  by 
abortion,  ascending,  surrounded  by  a  colored  aril;  seed-coat  chartaceous;  albumen 
fleshy;  embryo  axile;  cotyledons  broad,  coriaceous,  parallel  with  the  raphe;  the 
radicle  short,  inferior. 

Evonymus  is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  hemisphere,  extending  south 
of  the  equator  to  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago  and  to  Australia.  About 
forty  species  are  distinguished,  the  largest  number  occurring  in  the  tropical  regions 
of  southern  Asia,  and  in  China  and  Japan.  Of  the  four  species  found  within  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States  one  only  is  a  small  tree.  Many  of  the  species  are  rich  in 
bitter  and  astringent  principles,  and  are  drastic  and  slightly  stimulant.  Many  are 
valued  as  ornaments  of  gardens  and  parks. 

The  generic  name  is  from  the  classical  name  of  one  of  the  European  species. 

1.  Evonymus  atropurpureus,  Jacq.    Burning  Bush.   Wahoo. 
Leaves  elliptical-ovate,  acuminate,  minutely  serrate  or  biserrate,  membranaceous, 
puberulous  below,  2'-5'  long,  1/-2'  broad,  with  stout  midribs  and  primary  veins, 
turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn  and  falling  in  October;  their  petioles  stout,  £'-!' 


long.  Flowers  appearing  from  May  to  the  middle  of  June,  nearly  \'  across,  with 
4  rounded  or  rarely  acute  mostly  entire  calyx-lobes,  broadly  obovate  undulate  petals 
often  erose  on  the  margins,  and  spreading  anthers,  in  twice  or  thrice  dichotomous 
usually  7-15-flowered  cymes  borne  on  slender  peduncles  l'-2'  long  and  conspicu- 
ously marked  by  the  scars  of  minute  bracts.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  usually 
persistent  on  the  branches  until  midwinter,  deeply  lobed,  £'  across,  with  light  purple 


CELASTRACE^E  621 

valves;  seeds  sometimes  gibbous  on  the  dorsal  side,  broad  and  rounded  above,  nar- 
rowed below,  %'  long,  with  a  thin  light  chestnut-brown  wrinkled  coat  and  a  thin 
scarlet  aril. 

A  tree,  rarely  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-6'  in  diameter,  spreading  branches, 
and  slender  terete  branchlets  dark  purple-brown  at  first,  becoming  lighter  colored 
in  the  second  season,  often  covered  with  small  crowded  lenticels,  and  marked  by 
prominent  leaf-scars;  more  often  a  shrub,  6°-10°  tall.  Winter-buds  |'  long,  acute, 
with  narrow  purple  apiculate  scales  scarious  on  the  margins  and  covered  by  a  glau- 
cous bloom.  Bark  thin,  ashy  gray,  and  covered  by  thin  minute  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  white  tinged  with  orange. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  woods  in  rich  soil;  western  New  York  to  Nebraska, 
southeastern  South  Dakota  and  eastern  Kansas,  and  in  the  valley  of  the  upper  Mis- 
souri River,  Montana,  and  southward  to  northern  Florida,  southern  Arkansas,  and 
the  Indian  Territory;  arborescent  only  in  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  gardens  in  the  eastern  United  States 
and  in  Europe. 

2.  GYMINDA,  Sarg. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  pale  quadrangular  branchlets  and  minute  acuminate  buds. 
Leaves  opposite,  short-petiolate,  .oblong-obovate,  rounded  and  sometimes  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  entire  or  remotely  crenulate-serrate  above  the  middle,  with  revolute 
thickened  margins,  feather- veined,  coriaceous,  persistent;  stipules  minute,  acuminate, 
membranaceous,  caducous.  Flowers  unisexual,  pedicellate,  in  axillary  pedunculate 
few-flowered  dichotomously  branched  cymes  bibracteolate  at  the  apex ;  calyx  minute, 
4-lobed,  persistent,  with  a  short  urceolate  tube  and  rounded  lobes;  disk  fleshy,  fill- 
ing the  tube  of  the  calyx,  cup-shaped,  slightly  4-lobed;  petals  entire,  obovate,  white, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  reflexed,  much  longer  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx;  stamens  4, 
opposite  the  sepals,  inserted  in  the  lobes  of  the  disk,  exserted,  0  in  the  pistillate  flower; 
filaments  slender,  subulate,  incurved;  anthers  oblong;  ovary  2-celled,  oblong,  sessile, 
confluent  with  the  disk,  crowned  with  a  large  2-lobed  sessile  stigma,  rudimentary 
and  deeply  cleft  in  the  staminate  flower;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  apex  of 
the  cell;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous, 2-celled,  1  or  2-seeded, 
black  or  dark  blue,  oval  or  obovate,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent 
stigma,  often  1-celled  by  abortion;  flesh  thin;  stone  thick,  crustaceous.  Seed  oblong, 
suspended;  seed-coat  membranaceous;  albumen  thin,  fleshy;  embryo  axile;  cotyle- 
dons ovate,  foliaceous;  radicle  superior,  next  the  hilum. 

(ivininda  with  a  single  species  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  to  Trinidad 
and  southern  Mexico,  and  is  represented  in  Central  America  by  what  is  perhaps  a 
second  species. 

The  generic  name  is  formed  by  transposing  the  first  three  letters  of  Myginda,  to 
which  this  plant  had  been  referred. 

1.  Gyminda  Grisebachii,  Sarg. 

Leaves  l£'-2'  long,  f'-l'  broad,  pale  yellow-green.  Flowers  produced  on  shoots 
of  the  year  from  April  to  June.  Fruit  ripening  in  November,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°-2o°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  more  than  6'  in  diameter,  and 
branchlets  becoming  terete  during  their  third  season  and  covered  with  thin  slightly 
grooved  roughened  bright  red-brown  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  brown  tinged 
with  red,  separating  into  thin  minute  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained, 


'622 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  thick  light  brown  sapwood  of  75-80  layers  of 
annual  growth. 

Distribution.    Common  and  generally  distributed  over   the   keys  of  southern 


Florida  from  the  Marquesas  toMetacombe  Key;  also  in  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Trinidad, 
and  southern  Mexico.  A  form  (var.  glaucescens,  Sarg.)  with  smaller  less  coriaceous 
very  glaucous  leaves  occurs  in  Cuba. 

3.  SCH-SJFFERIA,  Jacq. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  rigid  terete  branches  and  small  obtuse 
buds.  Leaves  alternate,  or  fascicled  on  short  spur-like  branchlets,  entire,  obovate  or 
spatulate,  acute  and  minutely  apiculate  or  gradually  narrowed  to  the  rounded  or  emar- 
ginate  apex,  cuneate  below,  persistent,  without  stipules.  Flowers  dioecious,  pedi- 
cellate in  axillary  clusters  from  buds  covered  by  scale-like  persistent  bracts;  calyx 
4-lobed,  the  lobes  orbicular,  persistent,  much  shorter  than  the  4  hypogynous,  oblong- 
obtuse,  white  or  greenish  white  petals;  stamens  4,  hypogynous,  inserted  under  the 
margin  of  the  small  inconspicuous  disk  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  wanting 
in  the  pistillate  flower;  filaments  subulate,  incurved;  anthers  oblong-ovate;  ovary 
2-celled,  ovoid,  sessile,  free,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  style  very  short, 
gradually  enlarged  into  the  large  2-lobed  stigma,  with  spreading  lobes;  ovule  soli- 
tary, ascending;  raphe  thin,  ventral;  the  micro pyle  inferior.  Fruit  a  small  2-seeded 
fleshy  drupe,  ovate  or  obovate,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style, 
indistinctly  2-lobed  by  longitudinal  grooves,  slightly  flattened;  flesh  thin  and  tuber- 
culate;  nutlets  2,  obovate,  rounded  at  the  ends,  with  a  thick  bony  shell.  Seed 
solitary,  ascending;  seed-coat  membranaceous;  albumen  fleshy;  cotyledons  broad, 
foliaceous;  the  radicle  very  short,  inferior,  next  the  hilum. 

Two  species  of  Schsefferia  are  recognized,  one  a  small  tree  widely  distributed 
through  the  Antilles  and  reaching  the  islands  of  southern  Florida  and  central 
America,  the  second  a  little-known  shrub  of  the  arid  region  of  western  Texas  and 
northern  Mexico. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Jakob  Christian  Schaeffer  (1718-1790),  the  dis- 
tinguished German  naturalist. 


CELASTRACKE  623 

1.  Schsefferia  frutescens,  Jacq.   Yellow  Wood.   Box  "Wood. 

Leaves  bright  yellow-green,  2'-2^'  long,  £'-!'  wide,  with  thick  revolute  margins, 
appearing  in  Florida  in  April  and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  spring  of  the  fol- 
lowing year;  their  petioles  short  and  broad.  Flowers  opening  in  spring  on  branchlets 
of  the  year,  |'  across,  the  stamiuate  generally  3  or  5  together  on  pedicels  rarely  more 
than  £'  long,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  on  pedicels  rather  longer  than 
the  petioles.  Fruit  ripening  in  Florida  in  November,  slightly  grooved,  compressed, 
bright  scarlet,  with  an  acrid  disagreeable  flavor. 

A  glabrous  tree,  3o°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  8'-10'  in  diameter,  erect 
branches,  and  slender  many-angled  branchlets  pale  greenish  yellow  during  their  first 
season,  becoming  light  gray  during  the  second  year  and  then  conspicuously  marked 


by  the  remains  of  the  persistent  wart-like  clusters  of  bud-scales;  or  often  a  tall  or 
low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  T^'  thick,  pale  brown  faintly  tinged 
with  red,  the  surface  divided  by  long  shallow  fissures,  and  ultimately  separating  into 
long  narrow  scales.  Wood  heavy,  close-grained,  bright  clear  yellow,  with  thick 
rather  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  boxwood  in  wood 
engraving. 

Distribution.  Metacombe  Key  eastward  along  the  keys,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  Caloosa  River,  and  sparingly  on  the  reef  keys,  Florida;  on  the  Bahama  Islands, 
and  widely  distributed  through  the  West  Indies  to  Venezuela. 

4.  CANOTIA,  Torr. 

A  glabrous  leafless  tree,  with  light  brown  deeply  furrowed  bark,  stout  terete  alter- 
nate branches  terminating  in  rigid  spines,  pale  green  and  striate,  their  bases  and 
those  of  the  peduncles  surrounded  by  black  triangular  persistent  cushion-like  pro- 
cesses minutely  papillose  on  the  surface.  Flowers  perfect,  on  slender  spreading 
pedicels  joined  below  the  middle,  3-7  together,  in  short-stemmed  fascicles  or  corymbs 
near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  subulate  bracts;  calyx 
5-lobed,  minute,  persistent,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  obtuse  white  hypogynous 
petals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  reflexed  at  maturity  above  the  middle,  deciduous;  sta- 
mens 5,  hypogynous,  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx;  filaments  awl-shaped,  rather 
shorter  than  the  petals,  persistent  on  the  fruit;  anthers  oblong,  cordate,  introrse, 


624  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

minutely  apiculate,  attached  below  the  middle,  grooved  on  the  back;  ovary  raised 
upon  and  confluent  with  a  fleshy  slightly  10-augled  gynophore,  papillose-glandular 
on  the  surface,  5-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  petals,  terminating  in  a  fleshy  elon- 
gated style;  stigma  slightly  5-lobed;  ovules  6  in  each  cell,  inserted  in  2  ranks  on  its 
inner  angle,  subhorizontal;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  a  woody  terete  oblong  capsule 
tapering  at  the  ends,  crowned  with  a  subulate  persistent  style,  septicidally  5-valved, 
the  valves  2-lobed  at  the  apex;  outer  coat  thin,  fleshy;  inner  coat  woody.  Seed  soli- 
tary or  in  pairs,  ascending,  subovate,  flattened;  seed-coat  subcoriaceous,  papillate, 
produced  below  into  a  subfalcate  membranaceous  wing;  embryo  surrounded  by  thin 
fleshy  albumen,  erect;  cotyledons  oval,  compressed;  radicle  very  short,  inferior. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species. 

The  generic  name  is  that  by  which  this  plant  was  known  to  the  Mexicans  of  Arizona 
at  the  time  of  its  discovery. 

1.  Canotia  holacantha,  Torr. 

Leaves  0.  Flowers  \'-\'  in  diameter,  appearing  from  June  until  October. 
Capsule  1'  long;  seed  about  f  long. 

A  small  shrub-like  tree,  sometimes  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  rarely  a 
foot  in  diameter;  or  often  a  low  spreading  shrub. 

Distribution.    Dry  gravelly  mesas  on    the  Arizona   foothills,  from  the  White 


Mountain  region  to  the  valley  of  Bill  Williams's  Fork  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
the  territory,  and  on  Providence  Mountain  in  southern  California. 


XXXIII.    ACERACEJEJ. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  limpid  juice,  terete  branches,  scaly  buds,  their 
inner  scales  accrescent  and  marking  the  base  of  the  branclilets  with  ring-like 
scars,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  opposite,  long-petioled,  simple,  palrnately 
3-7-lobed  or  pinnately  3-5-foliolulate,  usually  without  stipules,  deciduous,  in 
falling  leaving  small  U-shaped  narrow  scars  showing  the  ends  of  3  equidistant 
fibro-vascular  bundles.  Flowers  regular,  diceciously  or  monoeciously  polyga- 
mous, rarely  perfect  or  dioacious,  in  fascicles  produced  from  separate  lateral  buds 
appearing  before  the  leaves  or  in  terminal  and  lateral  racemes  or  panicles 


ACERACE.E  625 

appearing  with  or  later  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  minute,  caducous ;  calyx 
colored,  generally  5-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  petals  usually 
5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or  0  ;  disk  annular,  fleshy,  more  or  less  lobed,  with 
a  free  margin  ;  stamens  4-10,  usually  7  or  8,  inserted  on  the  summit  or  inside 
of  the  disk,  hypogynous ;  filaments  distinct,  filiform,  commonly  exserted  in  the 
staminate,  shorter  and  generally  abortive  in  the  pistillate  flower ;  anthers  ob- 
long or  linear,  attached  at  the  base,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longi- 
tudinally ;  ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled,  compressed  contrary  to  the  dissepiment, 
wing-margined  on  the  back  :  styles  2,  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  ovary, 
connate  below  and  divided  into  2  linear  branches  stigmatose  on  their  inner 
surface  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  rarely  superposed,  ascending,  attached 
by  their  broad  bases  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell,  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ; 
micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  composed  of  2  samaras  separable  from  a  small  per- 
sistent axis,  the  nut-like  carpels  compressed  laterally,  produced  on  the  back  into 
large  chartaceous  or  coriaceous  reticulated  obovate  wings  thickened  on  the  lower 
margin.  Seed  solitary  by  abortion,  or  rarely  2  in  each  cell,  ovate,  compressed, 
irregularly  3-angled,  ascending  obliquely,  without  albumen ;  seed-coat  mem- 
branaceous,  the  inner  coat  often  fleshy  ;  embryo  conduplicate  ;  cotyledons  thin, 
foliaceous  or  coriaceous,  irregularly  plicate,  incumbent  or  accumbent  on  the 
elongated  descending  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

A  family  of  two  genera,  one  widely  distributed,  the  other,  Dipteronia,  dis- 
tinguished by  the  broad  wings  encircling  the  mature  carpels,  and  represented 
by  a  single  Chinese  species. 

1.  ACER,  L.    Maple. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Acer  with  sixty  or  seventy  species  is  widely  distributed  over  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, with  a  single  species  extending  south  of  the  equator  to  the  mountains  of  Java. 
Acer  produces  light  close-grained  moderately  hard  wood  valued  for  the  interior 
finish  of  houses  and  in  turnery.  The  bark  is  astringent,  and  the  limpid  sweet  sap  of 
some  of  the  American  species  is  manufactured  into  sugar. 

Acer  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Maple-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 
1.  Leaves  simple. 

*  Flowers  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves  from  terminal  buds ;  fruit  ripening  in  the 
autumn. 
Flowers  with  petals,  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

Flowers  in  erect  dense  racemes  ;  leaves  3  or  slightly  5-lobed. 

1.  A.  spicatum  (A). 
Flowers  in  drooping  racemes. 

Ovary  and  young  fruit  glabrous  ;  leaves  3-lobed  at  the  apex. 

2.  A.  Pennsylvanicum  (A). 
Ovary  and  young  fruit  hairy  ;  leaves  deeply  5-lob»?d. 

3.  A.  macrophyllum  (G). 
Flowers  in  terminal  pendent  corymbs. 

Leaves  palmately  7-9-lobed.  4.  A.  circinatum  (B,  G). 

Leaves  3-lobed  or  ^.-parted.  5.  A.  glabrum  (B,  F,  G). 

Flowers  without  petals,  appearing  after  the  leaves,  in  nearly  sessile  umbel-like  ter- 
minal and  lateral  pendent  corymbs. 
Corymbs  sessile. 


626  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Leaves  pale  or  glaucous  beneath. 

Leaves  dark  green  above,  glabrous  beneath  at  maturity,  their  lobes  coarsely 
toothed  or  rarely  entire.  6.  A.  Saccharum  (A,  C). 

Leaves  pale  pubescent  beneath,  their  lobes  short  and  obtuse. 

7.  A.  Floridanum  (C). 
Leaves  green  beneath. 

Leaves  yellow-green  above,  more  or  less  hirsute-pubescent,  especially  be- 
neath and  on  the  petioles,  their  lobes  entire  or  undulate,  the  basal  sinus 
often  closed  by  the  overlapping  lobes.  8.  A.  nigrum  (A). 

Leaves  tomentulose  or  rarely  glabrous  beneath,  their  lobes  slightly  lobulate, 
sometimes  acuminate.  9.  A.  leucoderme  (C). 

Corymbs  short-stalked  ;  leaves  pale  and  usually  pubescent  beneath,  3-lobed,  the 
lobes  distinctly  lobulate,  acute  or  obtuse. 

10.  A.  grandidentatum  (F,  H). 

**Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  umbel-like  fascicles  from  separate  lateral  buds  ; 
fruit  ripening  in  spring  or  early  summer. 

Flowers  sessile  or  short-stalked,  without  petals  ;  ovary  and  young  fruit  tomentose  y 

leaves  deeply  5-lobed.  11.  A.  saccharinum  (A,  C). 

Flowers  on  long  pedicels,  with  petals  ;  ovary  and  young  fruit  glabrous  ;  leaves  3-5- 

lobed.  12.  A  rubrum  (A,  C). 

2.  Leaves  pinnately  or  ternately  divided  ;  flowers  dioecious,  without  petals. 

13.  A.  Negundo  (A,  C,  F,  G). 

1.  Leaves  simple. 
*Flowers  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves;  fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn. 

1.  Acer  spicatum,  Lam.   Mountain  Maple. 

Leaves  subcordate  or  sometimes  truncate  at  the  base,  conspicuously  3-nerved,  3 
or  slightly  5-lobed,  with  gradually  narrowed  pointed  lobes,  and  sharply  and  coarsely 


glandular-serrate,  when  they  unfold  puberulous  on  the  upper  and  densely  tomentose 
on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  4'-5'  long  and  broad,  turning 
in  the  autumn  to  various  shades  of  orange  and  scarlet;  their  petioles  slender,  enlarged 
at  the  base,  2'-3'  long,  often  becoming  scarlet  in  summer.  Flowers  opening  in  June 
after  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  on  slender  pedicels  ^'— f'  in  length,  \'  in  diameter, 
the  pistillate  toward  the  base  and  the  stamiuate  at  the  apex  of  narrow  many-flowered 


ACERACE^:  627 

long-stemmed  upright  slightly  compound  pubescent  racemes;  calyx-lobes  narrowly 
obovate,  yellow,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  much  shorter  than  the  linear  spatu- 
late  pointed  yellow  petals;  stamens  7  or  8,  inserted  immediately  under  the  ovary, 
with  slender  glabrous  filaments  as  long  as  the  petals  in  the  sterile  flower,  about 
as  long  as  the  sepals  in  the  pistillate  flower,  and  glandular  anthers;  ovary  hoary- 
tomeutose,  reduced  to  a  minute  point  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  pale  hairs  in  the  stami- 
nate  flower;  style  columnar,  almost  as  long  as  the  petals,  with  short  stigmatic  lobes. 
Fruit  fully  grown  and  bright  red  in  July,  turning  brown  late  in  the  autumn,  almost 
glabrous,  with  more  or  less  divergent  wings  about  ^'  long;  seeds  smooth,  dark  red 
brown,  \'  long. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter, 
small  upright  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  light  gray  and  pubescent  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  glabrous  during  the  summer,  bright  red  during  their  first 
winter,  gray  or  pale  brown  the  following  season,  and  blotched  or  streaked  with 
green  toward  the  base;  more  often  a  tall  or  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  acute;  termi- 
nal \'  long,  with  bright  red  outer  scales  more  or  less  coated  with  hoary  tomentum, 
those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  at  maturity  1'  or  more  long  and  then  lanceolate, 
pale  and  papery;  axillary  much  smaller  and  glabrous  or  puberulous.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  very  thin,  reddish  brown,  smooth  or  slightly  furrowed.  Wood  light,  soft, 
close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Moist  rocky  hillsides  usually  in  the  shade  of  other  trees,  and  really 
arborescent  only  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  high  mountains  of  Tennessee  and 
North  Carolina;  valley  of  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  River  to  northern  Minnesota  and 
the  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  through  the  northern  states  and  along  the  Appa- 
lachian Mountains  to  northern  Georgia. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  northern 
states. 

2.  Acer  Pennsylvanicum,  L.   Striped  Maple.   Moose  Wood. 

Leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  palmately  3-nerved,  3-lobed  at  the  apex, 
with  short  lobes  contracted  into  tapering  serrate  points,  and  finely  and  sharply  doubly 
serrate,  when  they  unfold  thin  and  membranaceous,  pale  rose  color  and  coated  with 
ferrugineous  pubescence,  especially  on  the  lower  surface  and  on  the  petioles,  and  at 
maturity  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  tufts  of  ferrugineous  hairs  in  the  axils  of 
the  principal  nerves  on  the  two  surfaces,  membranaceous,  pale  green  above,  rather 
paler  below,  5'-6'  long  and  4'-5'  wide,  turning  in  the  autumn  clear  light  yellow; 
their  petioles  stout,  grooved,  l^'-2'  long,  with  enlarged  bases  nearly  encircling  the 
branch.  Flowers  bright  canary-yellow,  opening  toward  the  end  of  May  or  early  in 
June  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  grown,  on  slender  pedicels  £'-£'  long,  in  slender 
drooping  long-stemmed  racemes  4'-6'  in  length,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  usu- 
ally in  different  racemes  on  the  same  plant;  sepals  linear-lanceolate  to  obovate,  \' 
long  and  a  little  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  obovate  petals;  stamens  7-8,  shorter 
than  the  petals  in  the  staminate  flower,  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary 
purplish  brown,  glabrous,  in  the  staminate  flower  reduced  to  a  minute  point;  style 
stout,  united  near  the  top,  with  spreading  recurved  stigmas.  Fruit  in  long  drooping 
racemes,  glabrous,  with  thin  spreading  wings  f '  long,  and  marked  on  one  side  of 
each  nutlet  by  a  small  cavity;  seeds  \'  long,  dark  red-brown,  and  slightly  rugose. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  small  upright 
branches,  and  sleuder  smooth  branchlets  pale  greenish  yellow  at  first,  bright  reddish 


628  TREES   OP   NORTH   AMERICA 

brown  during  their  first  winter,  and  at  the  end  of  two  or  three  years  striped  like  the 
trunk  with  broad  pale  lines;  or  often  much  smaller  and  shrubby  in  habit.  Winter- 
buds:  terminal,  conspicuously  stipitate,  sometimes  almost  ^'  long,  much  longer  than 


the  axillary  buds,  covered  by  two  thick  bright  red  spatulate  boat-shaped  scales  pro- 
minently keeled  on  the  back,  the  inner  scales  green  and  foliaceous,  becoming  l£'-2' 
long,  \'  wide,  pubescent,  and  bright  yellow  or  rose  color.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'-^' 
thick,  reddish  brown,  marked  longitudinally  by  broad  pale  stripes,  and  roughened 
by  many  oblong  horizontal  excrescences.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light 
brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  the  shade  of  other  trees,  often  forming  in  northern 
New  England  a  large  part  of  their  shrubby  undergrowth;  shores  of  Ha-Ha  Bay, 
Quebec,  westward  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Ontario  and  the  islands  of  Lake  Huron 
to  northeastern  Minnesota,  and  southward  through  the  Atlantic  states  and  along  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia;  common  in  the  north  Atlantic  states, 
especially  in  the  interior  and  elevated  regions;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  slopes  of  the 
Big  Smoky  Mountains,  Tennessee,  and  of  the  Blue  Ridge  in  North  and  South 
Carolina. 

Sometimes  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states,  and  occasion- 
ally in  Europe. 

3.  Acer  macrophyllum,  Pursh.   Broad-leaved  Maple. 

Leaves  cordate  at  the  base  by  a  deep  narrow  sinus  deeply  3-5-cleft,  with  sinuate 
acuminate  divisions  furnished  with  2  or  3  acute  lobes,  and  prominently  3-5-nerved, 
puberulous  when  they  unfold,  especially  on  the  upper  surface  along  the  principal 
veins,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  pale  on 
tbe  lower  surface,  8'-12'  in  diameter,  turning  in  the  autumn  bright  orange  color 
before  falling;  their  petioles  stout,  10'-12'  long,  with  enlarged  bases  united  arid  en- 
circling the  stem  and  often  furnished  on  the  inside  with  small  tufts  of  white  hairs. 
Flowers  bright  yellow,  fragrant,  \'  long,  on  slender  pubescent  often  branched  pedi- 
cels ^'-f'  long,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  together  in  graceful  pendulous  slightly 
puberulous  racemes  4'-6'  long,  appearing  in  April  and  May  after  the  leaves  are  fully 
grown;  sepals  petaloid,  obovate,  obtuse  and  a  little  longer  and  broader  than  the  spat- 
ulate petals ;  stamens  9-10,  with  long  slender  filaments  hairy  at  the  base,  exserted 


ACERACE^E 


629 


in  the  staminate  and  included  in  the  pistillate  flower,  and  orange-colored  anthers; 
ovary  hoary-tomentose,  reduced  iu  the  staminate  flower  to  a  minute  point;  styles 
united  at  the  base  only;  stigmas  long  and  exserted.  Fruit  fully  grown  by  the  1st 
of  July  and  ripening  late  in  the  autumn;  carpels  covered  with  long  pale  hairs,  their 
wings  \\'  long,  £'  wide,  slightly  divergent  and  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
hairs  on  the  thickened  edge;  seeds  dark-colored,  rugose  and  pitted,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  stout  often 
pendulous  branches  forming  a  compact  handsome  head,  and  stout  branchlets  smooth 
and  pale  green  at  first,  becoming  bright  green  or  dark  red  in  their  first  winter, 
covered  more  or  less  thickly  with  small  longitudinal  white  lenticels,  and  in  their  sec- 
ond summer  gray  or  grayish  brown.  Winter-buds  obtuse;  terminal  \'  long,  with 
short  broad  slightly  spreading  dark  red  ciliate  outer  scales  rounded  on  the  back, 
those  of  the  inner  ranks  green  and  foliaceous,  and  at  maturity  1^'  long,  colored  and 
puberulous;  axillary  buds  minute.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'-f  thick,  brown  faintly 
tinged  with  red  or  bright  reddish  brown,  deeply  furrowed  and  broken  on  the  surface 
into  small  square  plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  rich 


brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  often  nearly  white  sapwood  of 
60-80  layers  of  annual  growth;  more  valuable  than  the  wood  produced  by  other 
deciduous  trees  of  western  North  America,  and  in  Washington  and  Oregon  largely 
used  in  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  for  furniture,  and  for  axe  and  broom-handles. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  or  on  rich  bottom-lands  or  the  rocky  slopes  of 
mountain  valleys;  coast  of  Alaska  south  of  latitude  55°  north,  southward  along  the 
islands  and  coast  of  British  Columbia,  through  Washington  and  Oregon  west  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains,  and  southward  along  the  coast  ranges  and  the  western  slopes  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  and  to  Hot  Spring  Valley, 
San  Diego  County,  California;  rarely  ascending  to  more  than  2000°  above  the  level 
of  the  sea;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  humid  climate  and  rich 
soil  of  the  bottom-lands  of  southwestern  Oregon,  forming  extensive  forests;  in  Cali- 
fornia usually  much  smaller,  especially  on  the  coast  ranges. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states,  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern 
Pennsylvania. 


630  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

4.  Acer  circinatum,  Pursh.    Vine  Maple. 

Leaves  almost  circular  in  outline,  cordate  at  the  base  by  a  broad  shallow  sinus, 
or  sometimes  almost  truncate,  palmately  7-9-lobed  occasionally  nearly  to  the  middle, 
with  acute  lobes  sharply  and  irregularly  doubly  serrate,  and  conspicuously  palmately 
nerved,  with  prominent  veinlets,  when  they  unfold  tinged  with  rose  color  and  puberu- 
lous,  especially  on  the  lower  surface  and  on  the  petioles,  and  at  maturity  glabrous 


with  the  exception  of  tufts  of  pale  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  large  veins,  thin  and 
membranaceous,  dark  green  above,  pale  below,  and  2'-7'  in  diameter,  in  the  autumn 
turning  orange  and  scarlet;  their  petioles  stout,  grooved,  l'-2'  long,  clasping  the 
stem  by  their  large  bases.  Flowers  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  about  half 
grown,  in  loose  10—  20-flowered  umbel-like  corymbs  pendent  on  long  stems  from  the 
ends  of  slender  2-leaved  branchlets,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  produced 
together;  sepals  oblong  to  obovate,  acute,  villous,  purple  or  red,  much  longer  than 
the  greenish  white  broadly  cordate  petals  folded  together  at  the  apex;  stamens  6-8, 
with  slender  filaments  villous  at  the  base,  exserted  in  the  staminate  flower,  much 
shorter  than  the  petals  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  glabrous,  with  spreading  lobes, 
in  the  staminate  flower  reduced  to  a  small  point  surrounded  by  a  tuft  of  pale  hairs; 
style  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  long  exserted  stigmas.  Fruit  with  thin  wings, 
iy  long,  spreading  almost  at  right  angles,  red  or  rose  color  like  the  carpels  in 
early  summer,  ripening  late  in  the  autumn;  seeds  smooth,  pale  chestnut-  brown, 


A  tree,  rarely  30°-40°  high,  often  vine-like  or  prostrate,  with  a  trunk  1CX-12'  in 
diameter,  and  glabrous  pale  green  or  reddish  brown  branchlets  frequently  covered 
during  their  first  winter  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  and  occasionally  marked  by  small  lenti- 
cels;  often  a  low  wide-spreading  shrub.  Winter-buds  |'  long,  rather  obtuse,  with 
thin  bright  red  outer  scales  rounded  on  the  back  and  obovate-spatulate  inner  scales, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  contracted  into  long  narrow  claws,  bright  rose-colored  and 
more  or  less  pubescent,  especially  on  the  outer  surface,  and  when  fully  grown  often 
2'  long  and  $'  broad.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  smooth,  bright  red-brown,  marked  by 
numerous  shallow  fissures.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  not  strong,  light 
brown,  sometimes  nearly  white,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  used  for  fuel, 
the  handles  of  axes  and  other  tools,  and  by  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  coast  for 
the  bows  of  their  fishing-nets. 


ACERACE^E 


631 


Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  coast  of  British  Columbia  southward  through 
Washington  and  Oregon  to  Mendocino  County,  California;  one  of  the  most  abundant 
of  the  deciduous-leaved  trees  of  Washington  and  Oregon  up  to  elevations  of  4000° 
above  the  sea,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  low  alluvial  soil  of  bottom-lands,  its 
vine-like  stems  in  such  situations  springing  4  or  5  together  from  the  ground,  spread- 
ing in  wide  curves  and  sending  out  long  slender  branches  rooting  when  they  touch 
the  ground  and  forming  impenetrable  thickets  of  contorted  and  interlaced  trunks, 
often  many  acres  in  extent;  in  California  smaller  and  less  abundant,  growing  along 
streams  in  the  coniferous  forest. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  Europe,  and  in  the  eastern  states, 
and  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts. 

5.  Acer  glabrum,  Torr.   Dwarf  Maple. 

Leaves  glabrous,  membranaceous,  rounded  in  outline,  cordate-truncate  or  wedge- 
shaped  ate  the  base,  3-5-lobed  or  often  3-parted  or  3-foliolate,  with  acute  or  obtuse 
doubly  serrate  lobes,  1/-5'  in  diameter,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler 


on  the  lower  surface,  with  conspicuous  veinlets  ;  their  petioles  stout,  grooved,  l'-6' 
long,  and  often  bright  red.  Flowers  about  £'  in  length  on  short  slender  pedicels,  in 
loose  few-flowered  glabrous  racemose  corymbs,  on  slender  drooping  peduncles  from 
the  ends  of  2-leaved  branchlets,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  usually  produced  sepa- 
rately on  different  plants;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  petaloid,  as  long  as  the  greenish 
yellow  petals;  stamens  7  or  8,  with  glabrous  unequal  filaments  shorter  than  the 
greenish  yellow  linear  petals,  much  shorter  or  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate  flower; 
ovary  glabrous,  with  short  obtuse  lobes,  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  staminate  flower; 
style  divided  to  the  base  into  2  spreading  stigmatic  lobes  as  long  as  the  petals.  Fruit 
glabrous,  with  broad  nearly  erect  of  slightly  spreading  wings  f'-|'  long,  often  rose- 
colored  during  the  summer;  seeds  ovate,  bright  chestnut-brown,  about  £'  long. 

A  low  tree,  occasionally  40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  18'  in  diameter,  small  upright 
branches,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  often  slightly  many-angled,  pale  greenish 
brown  at  first,  becoming  bright  red-brown  during  their  first  winter;  usually  smaller, 
and  more  often  a  shrub  4°-5°  high.  Winter-buds  acute,  ^'  long,  with  bright  red 
or  occasionally  yellow  scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  pale  brown  tinged  with  pink, 
tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  becoming  1^'  long  and  narrowly  spatulate.  Bark 


632  TREES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

of  the  trunk  thin,  smooth,  and  dark  reddish  brown.  "Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained, 
light  brown  or  often  nearly  white,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  mountain  streams  usually  at  elevations  of  5000°-6000° 
above  the  sea,  and  northward  sometimes  descending  to  the  sea-level;  head  of  Lynn 
Canal,  Alaska,  over  the  mountain  ranges  of  western  America,  extending  southward 
in  California  along  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  west  fork  of  the  Kaweah  River,  and 
eastward  to  northwestern  Nebraska,  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  of 
Colorado,  eastern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  coast  of  Van- 
couver Island  and  on  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon;  also  arborescent  in  some  of  the 
elevated  canons  of  Idaho,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona;  usually  shrubby. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states,  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern 
Massachusetts. 

6.  Acer  Saccharum,  Marsh.    Sugar  Maple.   Rock  Maple. 
Leaves  heart-shaped  by  a  broad  sinus,  truncate  or  sometimes  wedge-shaped  at 
the  base,  3-5-lobed,  with  rounded  sinuses,  usually  acute  sparingly  sinuate-toothed 


lobes,  3-5  conspicuous  nerves,  and  reticulate  veinlets,  when  they  unfold  coated  below 
with  pale  pubescence,  glabrous  at  maturity,  4'— 5'  in  diameter,  often  rather  coria- 
ceous, dark  green  and  opaque  on  the  upper,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  turning  in  the 
autumn  brilliant  shades  of  deep  red,  scarlet  and  orange  or  clear  yellow;  their  petioles 
slender,  glabrous,  l^'-3'  long.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  on  slender  hairy 
pedicels  2£'-3'  long,  in  nearly  sessile  umbel-like  corymbs  from  terminal  leaf -buds 
and  lateral  leafless  buds,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate  clusters  on  the  same 
or  on  different  trees;  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  5-lobed  by  the  partial  union  of  the 
obtuse  sepals,  greenish  yellow,  hairy  on  the  outer  surface;  corolla  0;  stamens  7-8, 
with  slender  glabrous  filaments  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  in  the  staminate  flower 
and  much  shorter  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  obtusely  lobed,  pale  green,  covered 
with  long  scattered  hairs,  in  the  staminate  flower  reduced  to  a  minute  point;  styles 
united  at  the  base  only,  with  2  long  exserted  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  the 
autumn,  glabrous,  with  broad,  thin,  and  usually  divergent  wings  \'-V  long;  seeds 
smooth,  bright  red-brown,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  100°-120°  high,  with  a  trunk  often  3°^°  in  diameter,  rising  sometimes 
in  the  forest  to  the  height  of  60°-70°  without  branches,  or  in  open  situations  devel- 


ACERACE^E 


633 


oping  8°-10°  from  the  ground  stout  upright  branches  forming  while  the  tree  is 
young  a  narrow  egg-shaped  head,  ultimately  spreading  into  a  broad  round- topped 
dome  often  70°-80°  across,  and  slender  branchlets  green  at  first,  becoming  reddish 
brown  by  the  end  of  their  first  season,  lustrous,  marked  by  numerous  large  pale 
oblong  lentieels,  and  in  their  second  winter  pale  brown  tinged  with  red.  Winter- 
buds  acute,  %'  long,  with  purple  slightly  puberulous  outer  scales,  and  inner  scales 
becoming  !£'  long,  narrowly  obovate,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  thin,  pubescent,  and 
bright  canary  yellow.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  large  branches  pale,  smooth  or 
slightly  fissured,  becoming  on  large  trunks  £'— f '  thick  and  broken  into  deep  longitu- 
dinal furrows,  the  light  gray-brown  surface  separating  into  small  gray-brown  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  tough,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
thin  sap  wood  of  30^0  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  the  interior  finish 
of  buildings,  especially  for  floors,  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  in  turnery,  in 
shipbuilding,  shoe-lasts  and  pegs,  and  largely  as  fuel.  Accidental  forms  with  the 
grain  curled  and  contorted,  known  as  curly  maple  and  bird's  eye  maple,  are  common 
and  are  highly  prized  in  cabinet-making.  The  ashes  of  the  wood  are  rich  in  alkali 
and  yield  large  quantities  of  potash.  Maple  sugar  is  principally  made  from  the  sap 
of  this  tree.  Southward  passing  into 

Acer  Saccharum,  var.  Rugelii,  Rehd. 

A  large  tree,  with  subcoriaceous  leaves  usually  rather  broader  than  long,  pale  or 
glaucous  and  pubescent  or  rarely  glabrous  below,  cordate,  with  a  broad  open  sinus, 
or  truncate  at  the  base,  and  usually  3-lobed,  with  open  round  sinuses  and  acuminate 


generally  entire  lobes.  This  is  the  common  and  frequently  the  only  form  of  the 
Sugar  Maple  in  the  region  from  North  Carolina  and  Georgia  to  Missouri,  and  it 
occasionally  occurs  northward  to  Michigan  and  Prince  Edward's  Island,  leaves  of 
this  form  sometimes  appearing  on  the  upper  branches  of  trees  bearing  on  their  lower 
branches  typical  leaves  of  the  northern  Sugar  Maple. 

Very  frequently  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  northern  states. 
In  the  streets  and  gardens  of  the  towns  and  cities  of  northern  Alabama  and  northern 
Georgia  the  variety  Rugelii  is  largely  used. 


634  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

7.  Acer  Floridanum,  Pax.    Sugar  Maple. 

(Acer  Saccharum,  var.  Floridanum,  Silva  N.  Am.  xiii.  7.) 

Leaves  rounded,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  broad  base,  3-5-lobed,  with 
short  obtuse  or  acute  entire  or  lobulate  lobes,  when  they  unfold  sparingly  hairy  on 
the  upper  and  hoary-tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity  inembrana- 
ceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below,  l^'-3'  in  diameter, 
and  prominently  3--5-nerved,  with  stout  spreading  lateral  veins  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets,  turning  yellow  and  scarlet  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their 
petioles  slender,  glabrous,  or  pubescent  becoming  glabrous,  1^-3'  long,  with  enlarged 
bases  nearly  encircling  the  branchlet.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  on  slen- 
der elongated  sparingly  hairy  ultimately  glabrous  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  droop- 
ing nearly  sessile  corymbs;  calyx  campanulate,  yellow,  about  \'  long,  persistent 


under  the  fruit,  the  short  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margin,  with  long  pale  hairs;  corolla  0. 
Fruit  green,  sparingly  villose  until  fully  grown,  usiially  becoming  glabrous,  with 
spreading  occasionally  erect  wings  £'-f '  long;  seeds  smooth,  bright  red-brown,  about 
\'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  3°  in  diameter,  small  erect 
and  spreading  branches,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets,  light  green  at  first,  becom- 
ing rather  light  red-brown  during  their  first  season,  and  covered  with  minute  pale 
lenticels;  usually  smaller,  and  westward  generally  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  obtuse, 
about  -jj-'  long,  with  dark  chestnut-brown  obtuse  scales  and  bright  rose-colored  linear- 
spatulate  inner  scales  often  V  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin, 
smooth,  pale,  becoming  near  the  base  of  old  trees  thick,  dark,  and  deeply  furrowed. 

Distribution.  River  swamps,  southern  Georgia  and  western  Florida  to  Louisi- 
ana, southern  Arkansas,  and  eastern  Texas,  and  westward  on  the  banks  of  streams 
usually  as  a  shrub  to  the  valley  of  the  upper  Rio  Cibolo,  Texas,  and  on  the  Sierra 
Madre  of  Nuevo  Leon. 

8.  Acer  nigrum,  Michx.    Black  Maple. 

Leaves  generally  3  or  occasionally  5-lobed,  with  acute  or  acuminate  lobes, 
undulate  and  narrowed  from  broad  shallow  sinuses,  or  rarely  furnished  with  short 


ACERACEJE 


635 


lateral  spreading  lobes,  cordate,  with  a  broad  sinus  usually  more  or  less  closed  by 
the  approximation   or    imbrication   of   the  basal   lobes,    covered  below  when  they 


unfold  with  hoary  tomentum  and  above  with  caducous  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity 
thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dull  green  on  the  upper  surface,  yellow-green  and  soft- 
pubescent,  particularly  along  the  yellow  veins  on  the  lower  surface,  and  5'-6'  across, 
with  drooping  sides,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  in  the  autumn ;  their  petioles  stout, 
tomentose  or  pubescent,  sometimes  becoming  glabrous  at  maturity,  usually  pendent, 
3'-5'  long,  much  enlarged  at  the  base,  frequently  nearly  inclosing  the  buds,  in  fall- 
ing leaving  narrow  scars  almost  encircling  the  branchlet,  and  furnished  in  their  axils 
with  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs;  stipules  triangular  and  dentate  or  foliaceous,  sessile  or 
stipitate,  oblong,  acute,  tomentose  or  pubescent,  sometimes  slightly  lobed,  frequently 
1^'  long.  Flowers  yellow,  about  ^'  long,  on  slender  hairy  pedicels  2^'-3'  long,  in 
many-flowered  nearly  sessile  umbel-like  corymbs,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in 
separate  or  in  the  same  clusters  on  the  same  or  on  different  trees;  calyx  broadly 
campanulate,  5-lobed  by  the  partial  union  of  the  sepals,  pilose  on  the  outer  surface 
near  the  base;  corolla  0;  stamens  7  or  8,  with  slender  glabrous  filaments,  in  the 
staminate  flower  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  in  the  pistillate  flower  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  ovary  obtusely  lobed,  pale  green,  covered  with  long  scattered  hairs, 
minute  in  the  sterile  flower.  Fruit  glabrous,  with  convergent  or  wide-spreading 
wings  £'-!'  long;  seeds  smooth,  bright  red-brown,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  80°  high,  with  a  trunk  frequently  3°  in  diameter,  stout  spread- 
ing or  often  erect  branches,  and  stout  branchlets  marked  by  oblong  pale  lenticels, 
when  they  first  appear  orange-green  and  pilose,  with  scattered  pale  caducous  hairs, 
orange  or  orange-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  year,  becoming  dull  pale  gray- 
brown  the  following  season.  Winter-buds  sessile,  ovate,  acute,  %'  long,  with  dark 
red-brown  acute  scales  hoary-pubescent  on  the  outer  surface  and  often  slightly  ciliate 
on  the  margins,  and  yellow  puberulous  inner  scales,  £'-!'  long  at  maturity.  Bark  of 
young  stems  and  of  the  branches  thin,  smooth,  pale  gray,  becoming  on  old  trunks 
thick,  deeply  furrowed,  and  sometimes  almost  black. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mon- 
treal, southward  to  the  valley  of  Cold  River,  New  Hampshire,  through  western  Ver- 
mont, and  westward  through  northern  New  York,  Ontario,  the  southern  peninsula 
of  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Iowa,  to  northeastern  South  Dakota,  western 


636  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Missouri,  eastern  Kansas,  and  southward  through  western  New  York  and  Pennsyl- 
vania to  southwestern  Virginia,  and  Kentucky;  comparatively  rare  near  Montreal 
and  in  Vermont,  more  abundant  farther  west,  almost  entirely  replacing  Acer  Saccha- 
rum  in  Iowa,  and  the  only  Sugar  Maple  of  South  Dakota;  easily  distinguished  in 
summer  by  its  heavy  drooping  leaves,  and  at  all  seasons  of  the  year  by  the  orange 
color  of  the  branchlets. 

Occasionally  planted  in  the  region  where  it  grows  naturally  as  a  shade-tree. 

9.  Acer  leucoderme,  Small.    Sugar  Maple. 
(Acer  Saccharum,  var.  leucoderme,  Silva  N.  Am.  xiii.  7.) 

Leaves  usually  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  more  or  less  deeply 
divided  into  3-5  acute  caudate-acuminate  lobes  coarsely  and  sinuately  dentate  or 
undulate,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  long  matted  pale  caducous  hairs,  and 
at  maturity  thin,  dark  yellow-green  above,  bright  yellow-green  and  covered  below 
with  soft  close  velvety  pubescence,  2'-3^'  in  diameter,  often  turning  in  the  autumn 
bright  scarlet  on  the  upper  surface  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  glabrous, 
I'-l^'  long.  Flowers  yellow,  about  ^'  long,  on  slender,  glabrous  pedicels,  in  nearly 
sessile  clusters;  calyx  campanulate,  glabrous  or  slightly  villose,  with  rounded  ciliate 
lobes;  corolla  0;  stamens  7  or  8,  their  filaments  longer  than  the  calyx,  much  shorter 


than  the  calyx  in  the  pistillate  flower;  style  elongated,  with  short  spreading  lobes. 
Fruit  villose,  with  long  scattered  pale  hairs  until  nearly  grown,  becoming  glabrous 
at  maturity,  the  wings  wide-spreading  or  divergent,  £'-f '  long;  seeds  smooth,  light 
red-brown,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  usually  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  a  foot  in  diameter,  occasionally  40° 
high,  with  a  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  short  slender  branches  forming  a  rather  com- 
pact round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  dark  green  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  bright  red-brown  and  lustrous  during  their  first  summer,  and 
marked  by  numerous  small  oblong  pale  lenticels,  gradually  growing  darker  in  their 
second  year  and  finally  light  gray-green.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  dark  brown, 
glabrous,  rather  more  than  -fa'  long,  the  inner  scales  becoming  bright  crimson  and 
very  conspicuous  when  the  trees  are  in  flower  in  early  spring.  Bark  of  young  stems 
and  large  branches  close,  light  gray  or  grayish  brown,  becoming  near  the  base  of  old 


ACERACE^E  637 

individuals  dark  brown  or  often  nearly  black  and  broken  by  deep  furrows  into  nar- 
row ridges  covered  by  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  rocky  gorges;  valley  of  the  Yadkin  River, 
North  Carolina,  to  northern  Georgia,  eastern  Tennessee,  central  Alabama,  western 
Louisiana,  and  southern  Arkansas. 

Occasionally  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  the  towns  of  northern  Geor- 
gia and  Alabama. 

10.  Acer  grandidentatum,  Nutt.    Sugar  Maple. 
(Acer  Saccharum,  var.  grandidentatum,  Silva  N.  Am.  xiii.  8.) 

Leaves  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  with  broad  shallow  sinuses,  3-lobed,  with 
acute  or  obtuse  entire  or  slightly  3-lobed  divisions,  when  they  unfold  slightly  hairy 


on  the  upper  and  thickly  coated  with  dense  pale  tomentum  on  the  lower  surface,  and 
at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  and  pubescent  below, 
especially  on  the  stout  nerves  and  veins,  or  rarely  glabrous,  2'-5'  in  diameter,  turn- 
ing in  the  autumn  before  falling  yellow  and  scarlet;  their  petioles  stout,  l'-2'  long, 
glabrous,  often  red  after  midsummer,  encircling  the  branchlet  with  their  large  bases 
villose  on  the  inner  surface.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  on  long  slender 
drooping  villose  pedicels,  in  short-stalked  corymbs;  calyx  campanulate,  yellow, 
sparingly  hairy,  with  long  pale  hairs,  about  \'  long,  with  broad  rounded  lobes,  often 
persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  0;  stamens  7  or  8,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  in 
the  pistillate  flower  shorter  than  the  calyx;  ovary  usually  glabrous,  with  long  spread- 
ing stigmatic  lobes,  0  or  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower.  Fruit  often  rose- 
colored  at  midsummer,  green  at  maturity,  glabrous  or  rarely  sparingly  hairy,  with 
spreading  or  erect  wings  £'-!'  long;  seeds  smooth,  light  red-brown,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  stout  usually 
erect  branches,  and  slender  glabrous  bright  red  branchlets  marked  by  numerous 
small  pale  lenticels  and  nearly  encircled  by  the  narrow  leaf-scars,  with  conspicuous 
bands  of  long  pale  hairs  in  their  axils.  Winter-buds  acute  or  acuminate,  about 
Ty  long,  bright  red-brown,  with  puberulous-ciliate  outer  scales  and  obovate  apiculate 
inner  scales  sometimes  ^'  long  when  fully  grown.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  dark 
brown,  separating  on  the  surface  into  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  bright  brown  or  nearly  white,  with  thick  sapwood. 


638 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Distribution.  Banks  of  mountain  streams  usually  at  elevations  of  5000°-6000° 
above  the  sea;  rare  and  local;  valley  of  the  Columbia  River  in  northern  Montana, 
Wasatch  Mountains  of  Utah,  mountains  of  southern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  and 
of  western  Texas,  and  in  Coahuila. 


** Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves  ;  fruit  ripening  in  the  spring  or  early  summer. 

11.  Acer  sacchariiium,  L.    Silver  Maple.   Soft  Maple. 

Leaves  truncate  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  5-lobed  by  narrow 
sinuses,  with  acute  irregularly  and  remotely  dentate  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  often 
3-lobed,  6'-7'  long,  nearly  as  broad,  membranaceous,  bright  pale  green  above,  silvery 
white  and  at  first  slightly  hairy  below,  especially  in  the  axils  of  the  primary  veins, 
turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  drooping, 
bright  red,  4'-5'  long.  Flowers  greenish  yellow,  opening  during  the  first  warm  days 
of  the  late  winter  or  early  spring  long  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  on  very 
short  pedicels,  in  sessile  axillary  fascicles  on  shoots  of  the  previous  year,  or  on  short 


spur-like  branchlets  developed  the  year  before  from  wood  of  the  preceding  season, 
the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate  clusters,  sometimes  on  the  same  and  some- 
times on  different  trees,  and  produced  from  clustered  obtuse  buds  covered  with  thick 
ovate  pubescent  red  and  green  scales  ciliate  on  the  margins,  with  a  thick  fringe  of 
long  rufous  hairs;  calyx  slightly  5-lobed,  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  outer  sur- 
face, long  and  narrow  in  the  staminate  and  short  and  broad  in  the  pistillate  flower; 
corolla  0;  stamens  3-7,  with  slender  filaments,  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  of  the 
staminate  flower  and  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  covered, 
like  the  young  fruit,  with  a  thick  coat  of  pubescence,  rudimentary  in  the  sterile 
flower;  styles  united  at  the  base  only,  with  long  exserted  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit 
ripening  in  April  and  May  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  on  slender  drooping 
pedicels,  l£'-2'  long,  glabrous,  1^'  to  nearly  3'  long,  with  thin  almost  straight  conspic- 
uously falcate  divergent  wings  sometimes  |'  broad,  prominently  reticulate-veined 
and  pale  chestnut-brown;  seeds  \'  long,  with  a  pale  reddish  brown  wrinkled  coat, 
germinating  as  soon  as  they  fall  to  the  ground,  and  producing  plants  with  several 
pairs  of  leaves  before  the  end  of  the  summer. 

A  tree,  90°-120°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  generally  dividing  10°-15° 


ACERACEJE 


639 


from  the  ground  into  3  or  4  stout  upright  secondary  stems  destitute  of  branches  for 
a  considerable  length,  brittle  pendulous  branchlets  light  green  and  covered  with  len- 
ticels  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  darker,  bright  chestnut-brown,  smooth 
and  lustrous  in  the  autumn  and  winter  of  their  first  year,  and  in  their  second  season 
pale  rose  color  or  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red.  Winter-buds  ^'  long,  with  thick 
ovate  bright  red  outer  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  minutely  apiculate,  and  ciliate  on 
the  margins,  and  acute  inner  scales  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface,  becoming  pale 
green  or  yellow  and  about  1'  long.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  large  branches  smooth 
and  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red,  becoming  on  old  trunks  £'-f '  thick,  reddish  brown 
and  more  or  less  furrowed,  the  surface  separating  into  large  thin  scales.  Wood 
hard,  strong,  close-grained,  easily  worked,  rather  brittle,  pale  brown,  with  thick 
sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth;  now  sometimes  used  for  flooring  and  in 
the  manufacture  of  furniture.  Sugar  is  occasionally  made  from  the  sap  of  this  tree. 

Distribution.  Sandy  banks  of  streams;  valley  of  the  St.  John's  River,  New 
Brunswick,  to  southern  Ontario,  southward  to  western  Florida,  and  westward  to 
eastern  Dakota  and  Nebraska,  the  valley  of  the  Blue  River,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian 
Territory;  rare  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  Atlantic  coast  and  on  the  high 
Appalachian  Mountains;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  banks  of  the  lower  Ohio  and  its 
tributaries. 

Now  often  cultivated  with  several  varieties  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in  western 
and  northern  Europe. 

12.  Acer  rubrum,  L.   Red  Maple.    Scarlet  Maple. 

Leaves  truncate,  more  or  less  cordate  by  a  broad  shallow  sinus,  rounded  or  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  3-5-lobed  by  acute  sinuses,  with  irregularly  doubly  serrate  or 
toothed  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  often  longer  than  the  others,  when  they  unfold  pubes- 
cent especially  beneath,  and  at  maturity  light  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  and 


white  and  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  particularly  along  the  princi- 
pal veins,  chartaceous  or  sometimes  almost  coriaceous,  l£'-6'  long  and  rather  longer 
than  broad,  turning  in  the  early  autumn  to  brilliant  shades  of  scarlet  or  scarlet  and 
orange;  their  petioles  slender,  2'^'  long,  red  or  green.  Flowers  opening  in  March 
and  April  before  the  appearance  of  the  leaves,  bright  scarlet  or  dull  yellowish  red, 


640 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


on  long  slender  pedicels,  in  few-flowered  fascicles  on  branches  of  the  previous  year, 
from  clustered  obtuse  buds,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in  separate  clusters  on  the 
same  or  on  different  trees;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  as  long  as  and  broader  than  the 
oblong  or  linear  petals;  stamens  5-8,  scarlet,  with  slender  filaments  exserted  in 
the  staminate  and  included  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  glabrous  on  a  narrow 
slightly  lobed  glandular  disk;  styles  slightly  united  above  the  base,  with  long  ex- 
serted stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  spring  or  early  summer  on  drooping 
stems  3'-4'  long,  scarlet,  dark  red  or  brown,  with  thin  erect  wings,  convergent  at 
first,  divergent  at  maturity,  \'-\'  long  and  \'-\'  wide;  seeds  dark  red,  with  a  rugose 
coat,  \'  long,  germinating  as  soon  as  it  falls  to  the  ground. 

A  tree,  80°-120°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  3°-4£°  in  diameter,  upright  branches 
usually  forming  a  rather  narrow  head,  and  branchlets  green  or  dark  red  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  dark  or  bright  red  and  lustrous  at  the  end  of  their  first  sum- 
mer and  marked  by  numerous  longitudinal  white  lenticels,  and  gray  faintly  tinged 
with  red  in  their  second  year.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  £'  long,  with  thick  dark  red 
outer  scales,  rounded  on  the  back  and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  inner  scales  be- 
coming |'-1'  long,  narrowly  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex  and  bright  scarlet.  Bark 
of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  smooth  and  light  gray,  becoming  on  old  trunks 
\'-\'  thick,  dark  gray,  and  divided  by  longitudinal  ridges  separating  on  the  surface 
into  large  plate-like  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  close-grained,  not  strong,  light  brown 
often  slightly  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  rather  lighter  colored  sapwood;  used  in 
large  quantities  in  the  manufacture  of  chairs  and  other  furniture,  in  turnery,  for 
wooden  ware  and  gun-stocks. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  low  wet  swamps,  and  rarely  on  hillsides; 
latitude  49°  north  in  Quebec  and  Qnl^ajio,  southward  to  the  Indian  and  Caloosa 
rivers,  Florida,  and  westward  to  western  Wisconsin,  western  Iowa,  and  the  valley  of 
the  Trinity  River,  Texas;  one  of  the  most  common  and  generally  distributed  trees 
of  eastern  North  America;  most  abundant  in  the  south,  especially  in  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  river  swamps  of  the  lower  Ohio 
and  its  large  tributaries;  at  the  north  often  covering  low  wet  swamps  almost  to  the 
exclusion  of  other  trees.  Passing  into 

Acer  rubrum,  var.  Drummondii,  Sarg. 
An  inhabitant  of  the  deep  river  swamps  of  southern  Arkansas,  eastern  Texas, 


ACERACE^:  641 

and  western  Louisiana,  with  leaves  usually  rounded  or  sometimes  cordate  at  the  base, 
3-lobed,  with  short  broad  lobes,  and  covered  on  the  lower  surface  like  the  young1 
shoots  and  the  petioles  with  thick  hoary  tomentum,  and  bright  scarlet  flowers  and 
fruit.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  March  and  April,  with  large  convergent  wings,  2'-2£' 
long  and  ^'-f '  broad.  More  distinct  is 

Acer  rubrum,  var.  tridens,  Wood.   Red  Maple. 

Leaves  obovate,  usually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle  to  the  rounded  or  rarely 
cuneate  base,  3-lobed  at  the  apex,  with  acute  or  acuminate  lobes,  simple  or  furnished 
with  short  lateral  secondary  lobes,  remotely  serrate  except  toward  the  base,  with 


incurved  glandular  teeth,  and  often  ovate  by  the  suppression  of  the  lateral  lobes  and 
acute,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  glaucous  and  usually  pubescent  or  rarely  tomentose 
below,  2'-3'  long,  l^'-2£'  wide.  Flowers  sometimes  tawny  yellow.  Fruit  usually 
much  smaller  and  rarely  also  yellow. 

Distribution.  Southern  New  Jersey  southward  through  the  coast  region  and 
middle  districts  to  southern  Florida  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  eastern  Texas. 

2.  Leaves  compound. 

13.  Acer  Negundo,  L.    Box  Elder.    Ash-leaved  Maple. 

Leaves  3-5-foliolate,  with  slender  petioles  2'-3'  in  length,  enlarged  at  the  base 
and  often  furnished  with  a  minute  fringe  of  deciduous  white  hairs,  and  in  falling 
leaving  large  conspicuous  scars  surrounding  the  stem;  leaflets  ovate  or  oval,  acute, 
rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  irregularly  serrate  above  the 
middle,  or  sometimes  3-lobed,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  tomentum,  and 
at  maturity  smooth  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  membranaceous,  prominently  veined, 
bright  green,  paler  on  the  under  than  on  the  upper  surface,  2'-4'  long,  2'-3'  broad, 
on  stout  petiolules,  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  often  I'  long  or  twice  as  long  as 
those  of  the  smaller  lateral  leaflets,  turning  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling. 
Flowers  minute,  apetalous,  yellow-green,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  on  separate 
trees,  expanding  just  before  or  with  the  leaves  from  buds  developed  in  the  axils  of 
the  last  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  the  staminate  fascicled  on  slender  hairy  pedicels 
l£'-2'  long,  the  pistillate  in  narrow  drooping  racemes;  calyx  5-lobed,  hairy,  cam- 


642 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


panulate  in  the  staminate  flower,  much  smaller  in  the  pistillate  flower  and  divided 
to  the  base  into  5  narrow  sepals;  corolla  0;  stamens  4-6,  with  slender  exserted 
hairy  filaments  and  long  linear  anthers  surmounted  by  the  point  of  the  connective, 
0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  on  a  narrow  rudimentary  disk,  pubescent,  only  partly 
inclosed  by  the  calyx;  style  separating  from  the  base  into  2  long  stigmatic  lobes. 
Fruit  attaining  its  full  size  early  in  the  summer,  pendent  on  stems  l'-2'  long,  in 
graceful  racemes  6'-8'  in  length,  ripening  in  the  autumn,  deciduous  from  the  stems 
persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  following  spring,  l^'-2'  long,  with  narrow  acute 
nutlets  diverging  at  an  acute  angle,  and  thin  reticulate  straight  or  falcate  wings 
undulate  toward  the  apex;  seeds  narrowed  at  the  ends,  smooth  bright  red-brown, 
%  long. 

A  tree,  50°-70°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-A°  in  diameter,  dividing  near  the  ground 
into  a  number  of  stout  wide-spreading  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  pale  green 
and  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  at  first,  marked  in  their  first  winter  by  a  few 
dark  lenticels  and  bright  green  and  lustrous  or  sometimes  pale  purple,  with  a  glau- 
cous bloom.  Winter-buds:  terminal,  acute,  |'  long,  rather  longer  than  the  obtuse 
lateral  buds,  the  outer  scales  often  rudimentary  and  frequently  coated  with  pale 


tomentum,  those  of  the  inner  pairs  accrescent,  becoming  V  long  at  maturity,  decidu- 
ous, leaving  conspicuous  scars  visible  at  the  base  of  the  branchlet  for  two  or  three 
years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-£'  thick,  pale  gray  or  light  brown  and  deeply  divided 
into  broad  rounded  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  short  thick  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  close-grained,  not  strong,  creamy  white,  with  thick  hardly  distinguish- 
able sapwood;  occasionally  manufactured  into  cheap  furniture,  and  sometimes  used 
for  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  for  wooden  ware,  cooperage,  and  paper  pulp.  Small 
quantities  of  maple  sugar  are  occasionally  made  from  this  tree. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  and  lakes  and  the  borders  of  swamps;  western 
Vermont  and  central  New  York,  southward  to  northern  Florida  and  westward  to 
the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  to  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and  eastern 
Arizona;  rare  east  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains;  most  common  in  the  Mississippi 
basin,  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Ohio  River.  Westward  vary- 
ing in  the  pubescence  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  number  of  leaflets.  An  extreme 
form  is 


HIPPOC  AST  AN  ACE^ 


643 


Acer  Negundo,  var.  Californicum,  Sarg.    Box  Elder. 

Leaves  trifoliolate,  with  larger  more  coarsely  serrate  and  more  frequently  lobed 
leaflets  densely  coated  at  maturity  on  the  lower  surface  with  pale  pubescence. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  darker  colored  bark,  winter-buds  covered  with  thick 
tomentum,  and  pubescent  branchlets  and  ripe  fruit. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  lower  Sacramento  River  and  the  interior  valleys 
of  the  coast  ranges  from  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  to  about  latitude  35°,  and  in  high 


caiions  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  California;  connected 
by  intermediate  forms  from  Arizona  to  Texas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  Missouri, 
with  the  eastern  tree. 

Often  planted  in  the  United  States  as  an  ornamental  tree  or  for  wind-breaks  in 
the  treeless  central  part  of  the  continent,  and  largely,  with  numerous  varieties,  as  an 
ornamental  tree  in  western  and  northern  Europe. 

XXXIV.    HIPPOCASTANACEJE. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  stout  terete  branchlets  conspicuously  marked  by 
triangular  leaf-scars,  fetid  bark,  thick  fleshy  roots,  and  large  scaly  winter-buds, 
the  outer  scales  sometimes  coated  with  resin,  the  inner  accrescent  with  the 
young  shoots  and  often  brightly  colored.  Leaves  opposite,  digitately  compound, 
without  stipules,  deciduous  ;  leaflets  5-9,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  serrate,  pinnately 
veined.  Flowers  polygamo-monoecious,  showy,  white,  red,  or  pale  yellow,  on 
stout  jointed  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  caducous  bracts,  racemose  or 
nearly  unilateral  on  the  branches  of  large  terminal  thyrsi  or  panicles,  appear- 
ing later  than  the  leaves,  only  those  near  the  base  of  the  branches  of  the  inflo- 
rescence perfect  and  fertile ;  calyx  5  or  rarely  2-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the 
bud,  unequal ;  calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  mostly  oblique  or  posteriorly  gibbous  at  the  base ;  disk  hypogynous, 
annular,  depressed,  lobed,  more  or  less  gibbous  posteriorly  ;  petals  4  or  5, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  deciduous,  the 
anterior  one  often  abortive,  unguiculate,  the  margins  of  the  claw  commonly 
involute  ;  stamens  6-8,  rarely  5,  generally  7,  inserted  on  the  disk,  free,  unequal  ; 
filaments  filiform  ;  anthers  elliptical,  glandular-apiculate,  attached  on  the  back 


644  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

below  the  middle,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  contiguous  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally ;  ovary  sessile,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  3-celled,  echinate  or  glabrous,  rudi- 
mentary in  the  staminate  flower ;  style  slender,  elongated,  generally  more  or 
less  curved  ;  stigma  terminal,  entire,  mostly  acute  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  borne 
on  the  middle  of  its  inner  angle,  amphitropous,  the  upper  ascending,  the  micro- 
pyle  inferior,  the  lower  pendulous,  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  an  echinate 
roughened  or  smooth  coriaceous  capsule,  3-celled  and  loculicidally  3-valved, 
the  cells  1-seeded  by  abortion,  often  by  suppression  1  or  2-celled,  and  then 
1  or  2-seeded,  the  remnants  of  the  abortive  cells  and  seeds  commonly  visible 
at  its  maturity.  Seeds  without  albumen,  round  when  one  is  developed,  or, 
when  more  than  one,  flattened  by  mutual  pressure  ;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  chest- 
nut-brown, smooth  and  shiny,  with  a  broad  opaque  light-colored  hilum ;  em- 
bryo filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed ;  cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  often 
conferruminate,  unequal,  incurved  on  the  short  conical  radicle,  remaining  under 
ground  in  germination  ;  plumule  conspicuously  2-leaved. 

The  Horsechestnut  family  is  composed  of  the  widely  distributed  genus  JEs- 
culus  and  of  Billia,  Peyr.,  a  genus  of  two  species  of  Mexican  and  Central 
American  trees,  differing  from  ^Esculus  in  its  3-foliolate  leaves. 

1.  -SJSCULUS,  L. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

JEsculus  with  ten  or  eleven  species  is  represented  in  the  floras  of  the  three  conti- 
nents of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Jt  produces  soft  straight-grained  light-colored 
wood  and  bitter  and  astringent  bark.  The  seeds  contain  a  bitter  principle,  sesculin. 
jEsculus  Hippocastanum,  L.,  of  the  mountains  of  Greece,  the  common  Horsechestnut 
of  gardens,  is  largely  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  all  countries  with  temperate 
climates,  and  now  occasionally  grows  spontaneously  in  the  eastern  states. 

The  generic  name  is  the  classical  name  of  an  Oak-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  AKBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

Winter-buds  without  resinous  coating. 

Calyx  campanulate  ;  leaflets  mostly  glabrous  below. 

Petals  nearly  equal,  shorter  than  the  stamens  ;  fruit  tuberculate. 

1.  JE.  glabra  (A,  C). 

Petals  unequal,  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  fruit  smooth.          2.  JE3.  octandra  (A,  C). 
Calyx  tubular ;  leaflets  tomentulose  below ;  petals  unequal,  shorter  than  the  stamens ; 
fruit  smooth.  3.  JB.  austrina  (C). 

Winter-buds  resinous. 

Calyx  2-lobed;  petals  nearly  equal,  much  shorter  than  the  stamens ;  fruit  smooth. 

4.  2E.  Californica  (G). 

1.  .ffisculus  glabra,  Willd.    Ohio  Buckeye.   Fetid  Buckeye. 

Leaves  with  slender  petioles  4'-6'  long,  enlarged  at  the  ends  and  often  furnished 
on  the  upper  side  with  clusters  of  dark  brown  chaff-like  scales  surrounding  the  base 
of  the  petiolules,  and  5-7,  usually  5,  oval  oblong  or  obovate  acuminate  leaflets  grad- 
ually narrowed  to  the  elongated  entire  base,  finely  and  unequally  serrate  above,  at 
first  sessile,  becoming  slightly  petiolulate  at  maturity,  covered  on  the  lower  surface 
like  the  petioles  when  they  first  appear  with  short  soft  deciduous  pubescence,  and  at 
maturity  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  along  the  under  side  of  the  con- 
spicuous yellow  midribs  and  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  yellow-green,  paler 


HIPPOCASTANACE^:  645 

on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  4'-6'  long  and  l^'-2£'  wide,  turning  yellow 
in  the  autumn  before  falling.     Flowers  pale  yellow-green,  mostly  unilateral,  £'-!' 


long  or  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  appearing  in  April  and  May  in 
clusters  5'-6'  long,  2'-3'  wide,  and  more  or  less  densely  covered  with  pubescence,  with 
short  usually  4-6- flowered  branches;  calyx  campanulate;  petals  nearly  equal,  puber- 
ulous,  the  thin  limb  about  twice  as  long  as  the  claw,  in  the  lateral  pair  broadly  ovate 
or  oblong,  and  in  the  superior  oblong-spatulate,  much  narrower,  sometimes  marked 
with  red  stripes;  stamens  usually  7,  with  long  exserted  curved  pubescent  filaments 
and  orange-colored  slightly  hairy  anthers;  ovary  pubescent,  covered  with  long  slen- 
der deciduous  prickles  thickened  and  tubercle-like  at  the  base.  Fruit  on  a  stout  stem 
£'-!'  long,  ovate  or  irregularly  obovate,  pale  brown,  l'-2'  long,  with  thin  or  some- 
times thick  valves,  roughened  by  the  enlarged  persistent  prickles  of  the  ovary;  seeds 
!'-!£'  broad. 

A  tree,  occasionally  70°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  2°  in  diameter,  small  spreading 
branches,  and  branchlets  orange-brown  and  covered  at  first  witli  short  fine  pubes- 
cence; soon  glabrous,  reddish  brown,  and  marked  by  scattered  orange-colored  lenti- 
cels,  usually  much  smaller,  and  rarely  more  than  30°  high.  Winter-buds  f  long, 
acuminate,  with  thin  nearly  triangular  pale  brown  scales,  the  outer  bright  red  on  the 
inner  surface  toward  the  base,  the  inner  pair  strap-shaped,  prominently  keeled  on 
the  back,  minutely  apiculate  and  slightly  ciliate  along  the  margins,  and  at  maturity 
l£'-2'  long  and  bright  yellow.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  dark  brown 
and  scaly,  becoming  on  old  trees  f  thick,  ashy  gray,  densely  furrowed,  and  broken 
into  thick  plates  roughened  on  the  surface  by  numerous  small  scales.  Wood  light 
soft,  close-grained,  not  strong,  often  blemished  by  dark  lines  of  decay,  nearly  white, 
with  thin  dark-colored  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  artificial  limbs,  wooden  ware,  wooden  hats,  and  paper  pulp;  occasionally 
sawed  into  lumber.  An  extract  of  the  bark  has  been  used  as  an  irritant  of  the  cere- 
bro-spinal  system. 

Distribution.  River-bottoms  and  the  banks  of  streams  in  rich  moist  soil ;  western 
slopes  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  Pennsylvania,  to  northern  Alabama,  and  west- 
ward to  southern  Iowa,  central  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  southern  Nebraska, 
and  eastern  Kansas;  nowhere  abundant;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the 
valley  of  the  Tennessee  River  in  Tennessee  and  northern  Alabama.  A  form  (var. 


646 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Buckleyi,  Sarg.)  with  6-7-foliolate  leaves  and  narrower  lanceolate  more  acuminate 
and  usually  more  sharply  and  doubly  serrate  leaflets,  ranges  from  Iowa  to  Kansas 
and  eastern  Texas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  in 
Europe,  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 

2.  -ffisculus  octandra,  Marsh.   Sweet  Buckeye. 

Leaves  with  slender  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  petioles  4'-6'  long,  and  5-7 
elliptical  or  obovate-oblong  leaflets,  sharply  and  equally  serrate,  short-petiolulate, 
glabrous  above  except  on  the  midribs  and  veins,  sometimes  clothed  with  reddish 
brown  pubescence,  when  they  unfold  more  or  less  canescent-pubescent  on  the  lower 
surface,  becoming  glabrous  at  maturity  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  along  the 
midribs  and  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  dark  yellow-green,  duller  on  the 
lower  than  on  the  upper  surface,  4'-6'  long,  l%'-ty'  wide,  turning  yellow  in  the  au- 
tumn before  falling.  Flowers  opening  in  early  spring  when  the  leaves  are  about 


half  grown,  !'-!£'  long,  pale  or  dark  yellow,  on  short  pedicels  mostly  unilateral  on 
the  branches  of  the  pubescent  clusters  5'-7'  in  length;  calyx  campanulate,  sparingly 
villose;  petals  connivent,  very  unequal,  puberuleut,  the  claws  villose  within,  limb  of 
the  superior  pair  spatulate,  minute,  the  long  claws  exceeding  the  lobes  of  the  calyx, 
those  of  the  lateral  pair  obovate  or  nearly  round  and  subcordate  at  the  base;  sta- 
mens usually  7,  rather  shorter  than  the  petals,  with  straight  or  inclining  subulate 
villous  filaments;  ovary  pubescent.  Fruit  2'-3'  long,  generally  2-seeded,  with  thin 
smooth  or  slightly  pitted  pale  brown  valves;  seeds  1^'  to  nearly  2'  wide. 

A  tree,  sometimes  90°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  2^°-3°  in  diameter,  small 
rather  pendulous  branches,  and  glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  branchlets  orange-brown 
when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their  second  year  pale  brown  and  marked  by 
numerous  irregularly  developed  lenticels;  or  toward  the  southern  and  southwestern 
limits  of  its  range  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  f '  long,  rather  obtuse,  with  broadly 
ovate  pale  brown  outer  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  minutely  apiculate,  ciliate,  with- 
out resin,  and  slightly  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  the  inner  scales  becoming 
sometimes  2'  long,  bright  yellow  or  occasionally  scarlet.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about 
£'  thick,  dark  brown,  divided  by  shallow  fissures  and  separating  on  the  surface 
into  small  thin  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  difficult  to  split,  creamy 


HIPPOCASTANACE^:  647 

white,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  arti- 
ficial limbs,  for  woodeu  ware,  wooden  hats,  paper  pulp,  and  occasionally  sawed  into 
lumber. 

Distribution.  Rich  soil  of  river-bottoms  and  moist  mountain  slopes,  Allegheny 
County,  Pennsylvania,  and  southward  along  the  mountains  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Augusta,  Georgia,  and  northern  Alabama,  and  westward  to  southern  Iowa,  the  In- 
dian Territory,  and  western  Texas;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  high 
mountains  of  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina.  A  form  (var.  hybrida,  Sarg.)  with 
purple  or  red  flowers  and  leaves  clothed  on  the  under  surface,  like  the  petioles  and 
inflorescence,  with  dense  pale  pubescence,  and  with  lighter  colored  bark,  is  not  rare 
on  the  Alleghany  Mountains  from  West  Virginia  southward. 

Often  cultivated  in  western  and  central  Europe  and  in  the  eastern  United  States, 
especially  the  form  with  red  flowers,  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens. 

3.  JEsculus  austrina,  Small.    Buckeye. 

Leaves  with  slender  grooved  villose  or  pubescent  usually  ultimately  glabrous  peti- 
oles 3' -5'  long,  and  usually  5  oblong-obovate  or  elliptical  acuminate  leaflets,  gradually 
narrowed  from  near  the  middle  and  acute  at  the  entire  base,  finely  or  coarsely  and 
sometimes  doubly  crenulate-serrate  above,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  glabrous  except 
along  the  slender  yellow  midribs  and  veins  on  the  upper  surface,  lighter  colored  and 
tomentulose  on  the  lower  surface,  nearly  sessile  or  petiolulate,  4'-5'  long,  l^'-2'  wide. 


Flowers  opening  from  the  first  to  the  middle  of  April,  bright  red,  usually  f'-l' 
long,  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  much  thickened  on  the  fruit,  sometimes  £'  long, 
and  mostly  aggregated  toward  the  ends  of  the  short  branches  of  the  narrow  pubes- 
cent inflorescence  6'-8'  in  length;  calyx  tubular,  short  and  broad  or  elongated,  pu- 
berulous  on  the  outer  surface,  tomentose  on  the  inner  surface,  with  rounded  lobes; 
petals  shorter  than  the  stamens,  connivent,  unequal,  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface  and  glandular,  with  minute  dark  glands,  those 
of  the  superior  pair  about  half  as  wide  as  those  of  the  lateral  pair,  with  claws  much 
longer  than  the  calyx;  filaments  and  ovary  villose.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in 
October,  usually  only  a  few  fruits  maturing  on  a  cluster,  generally  pear-shaped  or 
occasionally  subglobose,  mostly  2-seeded,  li'-2£'  long,  with  very  thin  pale  brown 


648  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

slightly  pitted  valves;  seeds  light  yellow-brown,  sometimes  1^'  in  diameter,  with  a 
comparatively  small  hilum  and  a  thin  shell. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  stout 
branches  forming  a  narrow  symmetrical  head,  and  slender  branchlets  marked  by 
numerous  small  pale  lenticels,  green  and  puberulous  at  first,  becoming  gray  slightly 
tinged  with  red  during  their  first  winter  and  only  slightly  darker  in  their  second 
year;  or  often  a  shrub.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovate,  obtusely  pointed,  about  \' 
long,  with  ovate  rounded  apiculate  light  red-brown  outer  scales.  Bark  thin,  smooth, 
and  pale. 

Distribution.  Rich  upland  woods;  neighborhood  of  Memphis,  Tennessee,  and 
southern  Missouri  to  eastern  Texas  and  northwestern  Alabama. 

4.  .SJsculus  Californica,  Nutt.   Buckeye. 

Leaves  with  slender  grooved  petioles  3'-4'  long,  and  4-7  usually  5  oblong-lanceo- 
late acute  leaflets  narrowed  and  obtuse  or  somewhat  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply 
serrate,  4'-6'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  slightly  pubescent  at 


first,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  their  petiolules  \'-V  long,  falling  early,  often 
by  midsummer.  Flowers  white  or  pale  rose  color,  !'-!£'  long,  appearing  from  May 
to  July  when  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  on  short  pedicels  mostly  unilateral  on  the 
long  branches  of  the  densely  flowered  long-stemmed  pubescent  cluster  3'-6'  in  length ; 
calyx  2-lobed,  slightly  toothed,  much  shorter  than  the  narrow  oblong  petals;  stamens 
5-7,  with  long  erect  exserted  slender  filaments  and  bright  orange-colored  anthers; 
ovary  densely  pubescent.  Fruit  obovate,  often  somewhat  gibbous  on  the  outer  side, 
with  thin  smooth  pale  brown  valves,  usually  1-seeded,  2'-3'  long,  on  a  slender  stalk  ^'-^' 
in  length;  seeds  l^'-2'  broad. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  often  much 
enlarged  at  the  base,  stout  wide-spreading  branches,  and  branchlets  glabrous  and  pale 
reddish  brown  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  darker  in  their  second  season;  more 
often  a  shrub,  with  spreading  stems  10°-15°  high  forming  broad  dense  thickets. 
Winter-buds  acute,  covered  with  narrow  dark  brown  scales  rounded  on  the  back 
and  thickly  coated  with  resin.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  smooth,  and  light 
gray  or  nearly  white.  Wood  soft,  light,  very  close-grained,  white  or  faintly  tinged 
with  yellow,  with  thin  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual 
growth 


SAPINDACE^:  649 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams;  valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  River,  Men- 
dociuo  County,  California,  southward  along  the  coast  ranges  to  San  Luis  Obispo 
County,  and  on  the  western  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  northern  slopes  of 
the  Tejon  Pass,  and  in  Antelope  Valley,  Los  Angeles  County;  of  its  largest  size  in 
the  canons  of  the  coast  ranges  north  of  San  Francisco  Bay. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  western  and -southern  Europe. 

XXXV.    SAPINDACE^B. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  pinnate  petiolate  persistent  or  deciduous 
leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular,  polygamo-dicecious,  poly- 
gamo-monoecious  or  polygamous ;  calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals  or  lobes,  imbricated  in 
the  bud ;  petals  4  or  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  disk  annular,  fleshy,  5-lobed,  or 
unilateral  and  oblique ;  stamens  usually  7-10,  inserted  on  the  disk ;  filaments 
free ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ;  ovary  2-4  or 
3-celled  ;  styles  terminal ;  stigmas  capitate  or  lobed  ;  ovule  solitary  or  2  in  each 
cell,  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule.  Seed  usually  soli- 
tary, without  albumen ;  seed-coat  bony,  coriaceous  or  crustaceous. 

Of  the  one  hundred  and  eighteen  genera  of  this  family,  which  is  chiefly  con- 
fined to  the  tropics  and  is  more  abundant  in  the  Old  than  in  the  New  World, 
four  have  arborescent  representatives  in  the  United  States,, 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Fruit  baccate. 

Fruit   dark  orange-color  or  yellow,  with  thin  semitranslucent  coriaceous  flesh ;  ovules 

1  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary ;  leaflets  subcoriaceous  to  coriaceous.  1.  Sapindus. 

Fruit  purple,  with  thick  juicy  flesh ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary ;  leaflets  mem- 

branaceons,  persistent.  2.  Exothea. 

Fruit  a  drupe  ;  leaves  3-foliolate,  persistent.  3.  Hypelate. 

Fruit  a  3-valved  capsule  ;  leaves  4-  or  5-,  rarely  3-foliolate,  deciduous.  4.  Ungnadia. 

1.  SAPINDUS,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branches  without  terminal  buds,  marked  by  large 
obcordate  leaf-scars,  showing  the  ends  of  3  equidistant  fibro-vascular  bundles, 
small  globose  axillary  buds  often  superposed  in  pairs,  the  upper  bud  the  larger,  and 
thick  fleshy  roots.  Leaves  equally  or  rarely  unequally  pinnate,  persistent.  Flowers 
regular,  minute,  polygamo-dio3cious,  on  short  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  de- 
ciduous bracts,  in  ample  axillary  or  terminal  panicles;  sepals 4  or  5,  unequal,  slightly 
united  at  the  base;  petals  4  or  5,  equal,  alternate  with  the  sepals,  inserted  under  the 
thick  edge  of  the  annular  fleshy  entire  crenately  lobed  disk,  unguiculate,  naked  or 
furnished  at  the  summit  of  the  claw  on  the  inside  with  a  2-cleft  scale,  deciduous; 
stamens  usually  8  or  10,  inserted  on  the  disk  immediately  under  the  ovary,  equal; 
filaments  subulate  or  filiform,  often  pilose,  exserted  in  the  staminate,  much  shorter 
in  the  pistillate  flower;  anthers  oblong,  attached  near  the  base;  pistils  2  or  3,  united; 
ovary  sessile,  entire  or  2-4-lobed,  2-4-celled,  narrowed  into  a  short  columnar  style, 
rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  stigma  2-4-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading;  ovule 
solitary  in  each  cell,  ascending  from  below  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell;  raphe  ventral; 
micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  baccate,  coriaceous,  1-3-seeded,  usually  formed  of  1  glo- 
bose coriaceous  carpel,  with  the  rudiments  of  the  others  remaining  at  its  base,  or  of 
2  or  sometimes  3  carpels  more  or  less  connate  by  their  bases  and  then  2-3-lobed. 


650  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Seed  solitary  in  each  carpel,  obovate  or  globose;  seed-coat  bony,  smooth,  black  or 
dark  brown;  tegmen  membranaceous  or  fleshy;  hilum  oblong,  surrounded  by  an 
ariloid  tuft  of  long  pale  silky  hairs;  embryo  incurved  or  straight;  cotyledons  thick 
and  fleshy,  incumbent;  radicle  very  short,  inferior,  near  the  hilum. 

Sapindus  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics,  especially  in  Asia,  occasionally 
extending  into  colder  regions.  About  forty  species  have  been  distinguished;  of 
these  three  are  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States. 

Sapindus  contains  a  detersive  principle  which  causes  the  pulp  of  the  fruit  to  lather 
in  water,  and  makes  it  valuable  as  a  substitute  for  soap.  The  bark,  which  is  bitter 
and  astringent,  has  been  used  as  a  tonic.  The  seeds  of  several  of  the  species  are 
strung  for  chaplets  and  bracelets  and  are  used  as  buttons. 

The  generic  name,  from  sapo  and  Indus,  refers  to  the  detersive  properties  and  use 
of  the  first  species  known  to  Europeans,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Leaves  persistent, 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  interruptedly  winged,  with  usually  broad  wings  ;  leaflets  4-9,  oblong- 
lanceolate  and  acute  to  elliptical-ovate  or  oblong,  tomentulose  below  ;  petals  without 
scales;  fruit  globose,  orange-brown.  1.  S.  Saponaria  (D). 

Rachis  of  the  leaf  without  wings,  narrowly  margined  or  marginless  ;  leaflets  7-13,  lanceo- 
late-oblong, acuminate,  often  somewhat  falcate,  glabrous  below ;  petals  with  scales  ; 
fruit  somewhat  oblong,  dorsally  keeled,  yellow.  2.  S.  marginatus  (C). 

Leaves  deciduous,  their  rachises  without  marginal  borders  ;  leaflets  8-19,  lanceolate,  mostly 
falcate,  soft-pubescent  or  ultimately  glabrous  below  ;  petals  with  scales ;  fruit  globose, 
not  keeled,  turning  black  in  drying.  3.  S.  Drummondi  (C,  E). 

1.  Sapindus  Saponaria,  L.    Soapberry. 

Leaves  6'-7'  long,  with  broadly  winged  rachises,  their  wings  narrow  and  often 
nearly  obsolete  below  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets,  and  sometimes  nearly  £'  wide  below 


the  upper  pair,  and  usually  6-9  leaflets  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  very  short- 
petiolulate,  when  they  unfold  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  hairs  on  the  midveins,  softly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity 
rather  coriaceous,  yellow-green,  paler  and  tomentulose  below,  prominently  reticu- 
late-venulose,  3'-4'  long  and  !£'  wide,  with  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins,  those  of 


SAPINDACE.E 


651 


the  lowest  pair  smaller  than  the  others;  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet.  Flowers 
usually  produced  3  together  on  short  pedicels,  in  terminal  panicles  7'-10'  in  length, 
with  angulate  peduncles  and  branches,  appearing  in  Florida  in  November  ;  calyx- 
lobes  rounded,  concave,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  2  outer  rather  smaller  than  those 
of  the  inner  rank;  petals  without  scales,  white,  ovate,  short-clawed,  rounded  at  the 
apex  and  covered,  especially  toward  their  base,  with  long  scattered  hairs;  stamens 
included  or  slightly  exserted,  with  hairy  filaments  broadened  at  the  base.  Fruit 
ripening  in  spring  or  in  early  summer,  globose,  f '-f'  in  diameter,  with  thin  orange- 
brown  seinitrauslucent  flesh;  seeds  obovate,  black,  ^'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  sometimes  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  10'-12'  in  diameter, 
erect  branches  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  slightly  many-angled  and  puberulous, 
soon  glabrous,  orange-green  and  marked  by  white  leuticels,  becoming  in  their  second 
season  terete,  pale  brown  faintly  tinged  with  red.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-£'  thick, 
light  gray  and  roughened  by  oblong  lighter  colored  excrescences,  the  outer  layer  ex- 
foliating in  large  flakes  exposing  the  nearly  black  inner  bark.  Wood  heavy,  rather 
hard,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Southern  Florida,  shores  of  Cape  Sable,  shores  and  islands  of 
Caximbas  Bay,  Key  Largo,  Elliott's  Key,  and  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne;  in  Florida 
most  common  on  Cape  Sable,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  some  of  the  Thousand  Islands; 
generally  distributed  through  the  West  Indies  to  Venezuela. 

2.  Sapindus  marginatus,  Willd.    Soapberry. 

Leaves  6'— 7'  long,  with  slender  wingless  or  narrowly  margined  or  marginless 
rachises,  and  7-13  lance-oblong  acuminate  more  or  less  falcate  leaflets,  glabrous, 
dark  green,  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler  and  glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the 


lower  surface  along  the  slender  midnerves,  sessile  or  very  short-petiolulate,  2'-6' 
long,  | '-1^'  wide,  the  lower  usually  alternate,  the  upper  opposite.  Flowers  more  or 
less  tinged  with  red  and  nearly  |'  in  diameter,  on  short  stout  tomentose  pedicels, 
appearing  in  early  spring  in  panicles  4' -5'  long  and  usually  about  3'  wide,  with  vil- 
lose  stems  and  branches;  sepals  rounded  at  the  apex,  villose  on  the  outer  surface 
toward  the  base,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  outer  much  narrower  than  the  inner; 
petals  ovate-oblong,  short-clawed,  ciliate,  furnished  on  the  inner  surface  near  the 


652 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


base  with  a  2-lobed  villose  scale.  Fruit  conspicuously  keeled  on  the  back,  short- 
oblong,  about  f  long,  with  thin  light  yellow  translucent  flesh;  seeds  obovate,  dark 
brown. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  1°  in  diameter, 
and  stout  pale  brown  or  ultimately  ashy  gray  branchlets. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  Florida  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John  River  and  Cedar 
Keys  southward;  rare  and  still  imperfectly  known. 

3.    Sapindus  Drummondi,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Soapberry.    Wild  China-tree.    , 

Leaves  appearing  in  March  and  April,  with  slender  grooved  puberulous  rachises, 

without  wings,  and  4-9  pairs  of  alternate  obliquely  lanceolate  acuminate   leaflets, 


glabrous  on  the  upper  and  covered  with  short  pale  pubescence  on  the  lower  surface, 
rather  coriaceous,  prominently  reticulate-venulose,  pale  yellow-green,  2'-3'  long, 
¥~¥  w^e,  short-petiolulate,  deciduous  in  the  autumn  or  early  winter.  Flowers 
appearing  in  May  and  June  in  clusters  6'-9'  long  and  5'-6'  wide,  with  pubescent 
many-angled  stems  and  branches;  sepals  acute  and  concave,  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
much  shorter  than  the  white  obovate  petals  rounded  at  the  apex,  contracted  into 
long  claws,  hairy  on  the  inner  surface  and  furnished  at  the  base  with  a  deeply  cleft 
scale  hairy  on  the  margins;  filaments  hairy,  with  long  soft  hairs.  Fruit  ripening  in 
September  and  October,  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  following  spring,  gla- 
brous, not  keeled,  yellow,  |'  in  diameter,  turning  black  in  drying;  seeds  obovate, 
dark  brown. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  l^°-2°  in  diameter,  usually  erect 
branches  and  branchlets  at  first  slightly  many-angled,  pale  yellow-green,  pubescent, 
becoming  in  their  second  year  terete,  pale  gray,  slightly  puberulous,  and  marked  by 
numerous  small  lenticels.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'-^'  thick,  separating  by  deep  fissures 
into  long  narrow  plates  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  red-brown  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  with  lighter  colored 
sap  wood  of  about  30  layers  of  annual  growth;  splitting  easily  into  thin  strips  and 
largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  baskets  used  in  harvesting  cotton,  and  for  the 
frames  of  pack-saddles. 

Distribution.   Moist  clay  soil  or  dry  limestone  uplands;  western  Louisiana  to  the 


SAPINDACE.E  653 

valley  of  the  Washita  River,  Arkansas,  and  southern  Kansas,  and  through  Texas  to 
the  mountain  valleys  of  southern  New  Mexico,  southern  Arizona,  and  northern 
Mexico. 

2.  EXOTHEA,  Macf. 

A  tree,  with  thin  scaly  bark,  and  terete  branchiate  covered  with  lenticels.  Leaves 
petiolate,  abruptly  pinnate  or  3-  or  rarely  1-foliolate,  glabrous,  without  stipules,  per- 
sistent; leaflets  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
with  entire  undulate  margins,  obscurely  veined,  membranaceous,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  on  the  upper  and  slightly  paler  on  the  lower  surface.  Flowers  regular, 
polygamo-dicecious,  on  short  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts  cov- 
ered with  thick  pale  tomentum,  in  ample  terminal  or  axillary  wide-branched  panicles 
clothed  with  orange-colored  pubescence;  sepals  5,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  ciliate 
on  the  margins,  puberulous,  persistent;  petals  5,  white,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
shortly  unguiculate,  alternate  with  and  rather  longer  and  narrower  than  the  sepals; 
disk  annular,  fleshy,  irregularly  5-lobed,  puberulous;  stamens  7  or  8,  inserted  on  the 
disk,  as  long  as  the  petals  in  the  staminate  flower,  much  shorter  in  the  pistillate 
flower;  filaments  filiform,  glabrous,  anthers  oblong,  with  a  broad  connective,  rudi- 
mentary in  the  stamiuate  flower;  ovary  sessile  on  the  disk,  conical,  pubescent, 
2-celled,  contracted  into  a  short  thick  style,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower, 
stigma  large,  declinate,  obtuse;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  suspended  from  the  sum- 
mit of  the  inner  angle,  collateral,  anatropous,  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior. 
Fruit  a  nearly  spherical  1-seeded  berry  containing  the  rudiment  of  the  second  cell 
and  tipped  with  the  short  remnant  of  the  style,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  per- 
sistent reflexed  sepals;  flesh  becoming  thick,  dark  purple,  and  juicy  at  maturity. 
Seed  oblong,  short  to  subglobose,  solitary,  suspended;  seed-coat  thin,  coriaceous, 
orange-brown,  and  lustrous;  embryo  subglobose,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  coty- 
ledons fleshy,  plano-convex,  puberulous;  radicle  superior,  very  short,  uncinate, 
turned  toward  the  small  hilum  and  inclosed  in  a  lateral  cavity  of  the  seed-coat. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  West  Indian  species. 

The  generic  name  is  from  £|o>0e«,  in  allusion  to  its  removal  from  a  related  genus. 


1.  Exothea  paniculata,  Radlk.    Ironwood.   Ink  Wood. 
Leaves  appearing  in    April  on  stout  grooved  petioles  \'-V  long ;    leaflets   4'-5' 


654  TREES   OF  NOETH   AMERICA 

long  and  l^'-2'  wide.  Flowers  opening  in  Florida  in  April,  £'  across  when  ex- 
panded, the  staminate  and  pistillate  on  separate  plants.  Fruit  fully  grown  by  the 
end  of  June  and  then  £'-§'  long,  dull  orange  color,  remaining  on  the  branches  dur- 
ing the  summer,  ripening  in  the  autumn,  and  becoming  juicy  and  dark  purple  at 
maturity;  seeds  ^'-f  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-15'  in  diameter,  slender  upright 
branchlets  orange-brown  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  reddish  brown  in  their 
second  year  and  thickly  covered  by  small  white  lenticels.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-£' 
thick,  the  bright  red  surface  separating  into  large  scales.  Wood  very  hard  and 
heavy,  strong,  close-grained,  bright  red-brown,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  10-12 
layers  of  annual  growth;  valued  for  piles  and  also  used  in  Florida  in  boatbuilding, 
for  the  handles  of  tools,  and  many  small  articles. 

3.  HYFELATE,  P.  Br. 

A  glabrous  tree  or  shrub,  with  smooth  bark  arid  slender  terete  branchlets.  Leaves 
long-petioled,  the  petioles  sometimes  narrow-winged,  3-foliolate,  the  terminal  leaflet 
rather  larger  than  the  others,  persistent;  leaflets  sessile,  obovate,  rounded  or  rarely 
acute  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  entire,  with  thickened  revolute  margins  and  promi- 
nent midribs,  coriaceous,  feather-veined,  the  veins  arcuate  and  connected  near  the 
margins,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  bright  green  on  the  lower  surface. 
Flowers  regular,  polygamo-moncecious,  minute,  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of 
minute  deciduous  bracts,  in  few-flowered  long-stemmed  wide-branched  terminal  or 
axillary  panicles;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  slightly  puber- 
ulous  on  the  outer  surface,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  deciduous  by  a  circumcissile  line, 
petals  5,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes,  rounded,  spreading,  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins, white;  stamens  7  or  8,  inserted  on  the  lobes  of  the  annular  fleshy  disk;  fila- 
ments filiform,  as  long  as  the  petals  in  the  staminate  flower,  much  shorter  in  the 
pistillate  flower;  anthers  oblong,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  bottom,  the  cells 
spreading  from  above  downward;  ovary  sessile  on  the  disk,  slightly  3-lobed,  3-celled, 
contracted  into  a  short  stout  style,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower;  stigma 
large,  declinate,  obscurely  3-lobed;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  borne  on  the  middle  of  its 
inner  angle,  superposed,  amphitropous,  the  upper  ascending,  with  the  micropyle  in- 
ferior, the  lower  pendulous,  with  the  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  an  ovate  black  drupe 
crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  style  and  supported  on  the  persistent 
base  of  the  disk;  flesh  thin  and  fleshy;  walls  of  the  stone  thick  and  crustaceous. 
Seed  solitary  by  the  abortion  of  the  upper  ovule,  suspended,  obovate;  seed-coat  thin, 
slightly  wrinkled;  embryo  conduplicate,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons 
thin,  foliaceous,  irregularly  folded,  incumbent  on  the  long  radicle. 

The  genus  with  a  single  species  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  to  Cuba  and 
Jamaica. 

Hypelate  is  the  ancient  name  of  the  Butcher's  Broom. 

1.  Hypelate  trifoliata,  Sw.    White  Iron  wood. 

Leaves  unfolding  in  June  and  persistent  until  their  second  season  or  longer; 
petioles  stout,  l^'-2'  long,  with  narrow  green  wings;  leaflets  l^'-2'  long,  and  f'-l^' 
wide.  Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  in  June,  rather  less  than  ^'  in  diameter,  in  few- 
flowered  panicles  3'-4'  in  length,  on  slender  peduncles,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  in 
separate  panicles  on  the  same  tree.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  f  long,  with  a 
sweet  rather  agreeable  flavor. 


SAPINDACE^E  655 

A  tree,  sometimes  35°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  18'-20'  in  diameter, 
and  branchlets  pale  green  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  gray  during  their  first 
season  and  bright  red-brown  the  following  year;  generally  much  smaller.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  rarely  £'  thick,  marked  by  shallow  depressions  and  numerous  minute 


leuticels.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown,  with  thin  darker 
colored  sap  wood  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual  growth;  very  durable  in  contact  with  the 
soil  and  valued  in  Florida  for  posts;  also  used  in  shipbuilding  and  for  the  handles  of 
tools. 

Distribution.  Upper  Metacombe  and  Umbrella  Keys,  Florida;  rare  ;  in  Cuba 
and  Jamaica. 

4.  UNGNADIA,  Endl. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  thin  pale  gray  fissured  bark,  slender  terete  slightly  zigzag 
branchlets  without  terminal  buds,  marked  by  large  conspicuous  obcordate  leaf-scars, 
small  obtuse  nearly  globose  axillary  winter-buds  covered  with  numerous  chestnut- 
brown  imbricated  scales,  and  thick  fleshy  roots.  Leaves  long-petioled,  5  or  7 
or  rarely  3-foliolate,  deciduous;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  or 
wedge-shaped,  and  often  oblique  at  the  base,  irregularly  crenulate-serrate,  coated  at 
first  on  the  lower  surface  like  the  petioles  with  dense  pale  tomentum,  pilose  above, 
glabrous  at  maturity  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  on  the  lower  surface  along 
the  principal  veins,  pinnately  veined,  reticulate-venulose,  the  terminal  one  long- 
petiolulate,  the  others  short-petiolulate  to  subsessile.  Flowers  irregular,  polyga- 
mous, in  small  pubescent  fascicles  or  corymbs  appearing  just  before  or  with  the 
leaves  from  the  axils  of  those  of  the  previous  year,  usually  from  separate  buds,  or 
occasionally  from  the  base  of  leafy  branches;  calyx  5-lobed,  hypogynous,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, somewhat  united  irregularly  at  the  base  only,  deciduous;  petals  4  by  the 
suppression  of  the  anterior  one,  or  5  and  then  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx, 
hypogynous  on  the  margin  of  a  thickened  truncate  torus,  unguiculate,  bright  rose 
color,  deciduous,  the  claw  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  nearly  erect,  clothed 
with  tomentum,  especially  on  the  inner  surface,  conspicuously  appendaged  at  the 
summit  with  a  fimbricated  crest  of  short  fleshy  tufted  hairs,  the  blade  obovate,  spread- 
ing, often  erose-crenulate ;  disk  unilateral,  oblique,  tongue-shaped,  surrounding  and 
connate  with  the  base  of  the  stipe  of  the  ovary;  stamens  7-10,  usually  8  or  9,  inserted 
on  the  oblique  edge  of  the  disk,  much  exserted  and  unequal,  the  anterior  ones  shorter 


656  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

than  the  others,  equal  or  almost  so  and  shorter  than  the  petals  in  the  pistillate  flower; 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  attached  near  the  base;  ovary  ovoid,  3-celled, 
pilose,  raised  on  a  long  stipe,  rudimentary  in  the  stanriuate  flower;  style  subulate,  fili- 
form, elongated,  slightly  curved  upward;  stigma  minute,  terminal;  ovules  2,  borne  on 
the  inner  angle  of  the  cell  near  its  middle,  ascending,  the  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit 
a  coriaceous  3-celled  loculicidally  3-valved  broadly  ovate  capsule,  conspicuously  stipi- 
tate,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  rugosely  roughened  and  dark  reddish 
brown,  loculicidally  3-valved,  the  valves  somewhat  cordate,  bearing  the  dissepiment  on 
the  middle.  Seed  generally  solitary  by  abortion,  almost  globose ;  seed-coat  coriaceous, 
very  smooth  and  shining,. dark  chestnut-brown  or  almost  black;  hiluin  broad;  tegmen 
thin;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  nearly  hemi- 
spherical, conferruminate,  incumbent  on  the  short  conical  descending  radicle  turned 
toward  the  hilum,  remaining  below  ground  in  germination. 

Ungnadia  with  a  single  species  is  confined  to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  northern 
Mexico. 

The  name  is  in  honor  of  Baron  Ferdinand  von  Ungnad,  Ambassador  of  the  Em- 
peror Rudolph  II.  at  the  Ottoman  Porte  who  sent  seeds  of  the  Horsechestnut-tree 
from  Constantinople  to  Vienna  in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

1.  Ungnadia  speciosa,  Endl.    Spanish  Buckeye. 

Leaves  appearing  from  March  to  April  with  or  just  after  the  flowers,  6'-12'  long, 
with  stout  petioles  2'-6'  long,  rather  coriaceous  leaflets,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on 


the  upper  and  pale  and  rugose  on  the  lower  surface,  3r-5'  long  and  l^'-2'  wide,  the 
terminal  leaflet  on  a  petiolule  \'-V  long.  Flowers  1'  across  when  expanded,  in 
crowded  clusters  l^'-2'  long.  Fruit  2'  broad,  opening  in  October,  the  empty  pods 
often  remaining  on  the  branches  until  the  appearance  of  the  flowers  the  following 
year;  seeds  £'-•£'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  occasionally  25°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  C'-8'  in  diameter,  dividing  at  some 
distance  from  the  ground  into  a  number  of  small  upright  branches,  and  branchlets 
light  orange-brown  and  covered  during  their  first  season  with  short  fine  pubescence, 
pale  brown  tinged  with  red,  glabrous  and  marked  by  scattered  lenticels  in  their 
second  year;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems.  Winter-buds  about  |'  in 
diameter.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  \'  thick,  light  gray  and  broken  by 


RHAMNACEJE  657 

numerous  shallow  reticulated  fissures.  "Wood  heavy,  close-grained,  rather  soft  and 
brittle,  red  tinged  with  brown,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  sweet  seeds  pos- 
sess powerful  emetic  properties  and  are  reputed  to  be  poisonous. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams,  limestone  hills,  and  westward  on  the  sides  of 
mountain  canons;  valley  of  the  Trinity  River,  Texas,  to  the  Oran  Mountains,  New 
Mexico,  and  southward  into  Mexico;  most  common  and  of  its  largest  size  forty  to 
fifty  miles  from  the  Texas  coast  west  of  the  Colorado  River. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  southern  United  States. 

XXXVI.  RHAMNACE2E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  or  naked  buds,  watery  bitter  astringent  juice, 
simple  leaves,  and  minute  deciduous  stipules  (persistent  in  Krugiodendrori). 
Flowers  small,  mostly  greenish,  perfect  (polgyamo-dicecious  in  one  species  of 
Rhamnus} ;  calyx  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud  ;  petals  4-5,  inserted 
on  the  calyx  near  the  margin  of  the  conspicuous  disk  lining  the  short  calyx- 
tube,  and  infolding  the  stamens,  or  0 ;  stamens  as  many  as  and  alternate  with  the 
calyx-lobes,  free,  inserted  at  or  below  the  margins  of  the  disk ;  filaments  slender, 
subulate;  anthers  introrse,  versatile,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally ; 
pistils  of  2-3  united  carpels;  ovary  2-3,  or  rarely  1-celled  by  abortion,  partly 
immersed  in  the  disk;  style  terminal;  stigma  2^4-lobed;  ovules  1  in  each  cell, 
erect,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  drupaceous,  sup- 
ported on  the  tube  of  the  calyx  and  bearing  the  remnants  of  the  style.  Seed 
usually  with  scanty  oily  albumen;  embryo  with  broad  cotyledons;  radicle  in- 
ferior, next  the  hilum. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  more  or  less  fleshy. 

Fruit  with  a  single  stone  ;  petals  0. 
Sepals  without  crests. 

Leaves  alternate  ;  branches  spinescent.  1.  Condalia. 

Leaves  nearly  opposite  ;   branches  not  spinescent.  2.  Reynosia. 

Sepals  crested  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite.  3.  Krugiodendron. 

Fruit  with  2  or  3  nutlets  ;  petals  4  or  5,  or  0 ;  leaves  alternate.  4.  Rhamnus. 

Fruit  crustaceous,  3-lobed,  separating1  into  3  longitudinally  2-valved  nutlets. 

Sepals  inflexed  ;  petals  narrowed  into  long  slender  claws.  5.  Ceanothus. 

Sepals  spreading ;  petals  sessile.  6.  Colubrina. 

1.  CONDALIA,  Cav. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  i  igid  spinescent  branches  and  minute  scaly  buds.  Leaves 
alternate,  subsessile,  obovate  or  oblong,  entire,  feather-veined.  Flowers  axillary, 
solitary  or  fascicled,  greenish  white,  on  short  pedicels;  calyx  with  a  short  broadly 
obconical  tube  and  o-lobed  limb,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  membranaceous,  spreading 
and  persistent;  disk  fleshy,  flat,  slightly  5-angled,  surrounding  the  free  base  of  the 
ovary;  petals  0;  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  free  margin  of  the  disk  between  the  lobes 
of  the  calyx;  filaments  incurved,  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes;  1-celled,  conical,  grad- 
ually narrowed  into  a  short  thick  style;  stigma  3-lobed;  ovule  ascending  from  the 
base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  ovoid  or  subglobose ;  flesh  thin ;  stone  thick- walled,  crustaceous. 
Seed  compressed ;  seed-coat  thin  and  smooth ;  cotyledons  oval,  flat. 

Condalia  with  nine  or  ten  species  is  confined  to  the  New  World  and  is  distributed 


658  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

from  western  Texas  and  southern  California  to  Patagonia  and  Brazil.   Of  the  six 
species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  one  is  a  small  tree. 

The  generic  name  commemorates  that  of  Antonio  Condal,  a  Spanish   physician  of* 
the  eighteenth  century  sent  to  South  America  on  a  scientific  mission  in  1754. 

1.  Condalia  obovata,  Hook.   Purple  Haw.   Log  Wood. 

Leaves  often  fascicled  on  short  spinescent  lateral  branchlets,  spatulate  to  oblong- 
cuneate,  mucronate,  pubescent,  especially  on  the  lower  surface,  when  they  first  appear, 


at  maturity  glabrous,  rather  thin,  pale  yellow-green,  I'-l^'  long,  and  about  \'  wide, 
with  conspicuous  midribs  and  usually  3  pairs  of  prominent  primary  veins,  unfold- 
ing in  May  and  June  and  falling  irregularly  during  the  winter.  Flowers  in  2-4- 
flowered  short-stemmed  fascicles,  on  branchlets  of  the  year.  Fruit  ripening  irregu- 
larly during  the  summer,  ^'  long,  dark  blue  or  black,  with  a  sweet  pleasant  flavor. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  erect  rigid  zigzag 
branchlets  terminating  in  stout  spines  and  covered  at  first  with  soft  velvety  pubes- 
cence, becoming  glabrous  before  the  end  of  the  first  season,  pale  red-brown  and 
often  covered  with  thin  scales;  more  often  a  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  |f 
thick,  divided  into  flat  shallow  ridges,  the  dark  brown  surface  tinged  with  red  sep- 
arating into  thin  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  red,  with  light 
yellow  sapwood  of  7-8  layers  of  annual  growth;  burning  with  an  intense  heat  and 
valued  as  fuel. 

Distribution.  Western  Texas  from  the  shores  of  Matagorda  Bay  to  the  Rio 
Grande,  and  through  the  drier  portions  of  northern  Mexico;  of  tree-like  habit  and  of 
its  largest  size  on  the  high  sandy  banks  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande  and  its  tributaries; 
often  covering  large  areas  with  dense  impenetrable  chapparal. 

2.    REYNOSIA,  Griseb. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  rigid  unarmed  terete  branches,  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves 
mostly  opposite,  entire,  coriaceous,  short-petiolate,  reticulate-veined,  persistent. 
Flowers  minute,  on  stout  pedicels  bibracteate  near  the  base  and  two  or  three  times 
longer  than  the  flower,  in  small  axillary  sessile  umbels;  calyx  persistent,  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  deltoid,  acuminate,  spreading,  petaloid,  deciduous;  disk  fleshy;  petals  0; 


RHAMNACE^  659 

stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes; 
filaments  incurved;  anthers  oval;  ovary  free  from  the  disk,  almost  superior,  coni- 
cal, 2-3-celled,  contracted  into  a  short  erect  thick  style;  stigma  2-3-lobed.  Fruit 
drupaceous;  flesh  thin;  stone  crustaceo-membranaceous.  Seed  ovoid  or  subglobose; 
seed-coat  very  thin,  conspicuously  rugose  and  tuberculate;  embryo  axile  in  copious 
subcorneous  ruminate  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong. 

Reynosia  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  and  the  Bahama  Islands  to  the  An- 
tilles. Four  species  are  recognized ;  of  these,  one,  a  small  tree,  extends  into  south- 
ern Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Alvaro  Reynoso  (1830-1888),  the  distinguished 
Cuban  chemist  and  writer  on  agriculture  and  scientific  subjects. 

1.  Reynosia  septentrionalis,  Urb.   Red  Ironwood.    Darling  Plum. 
(Reynosia  latifolia,  Silva  N.  Am.  ii.  21.) 

Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  or  sometimes  nearly  orbicular,  rounded,  truncate  or  fre- 
quently emarginate  and  usually  minutely  apiculate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed 
at  the  base  into  short  broad  petioles,  very  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  on  the 
upper,  rather  paler  or  often  rufous  on  the  lower  surface,  I'-l^'  long  and  £'  broad, 


with  thickened  revolute  margins,  stout  broad  midribs,  about  five  pairs  of  primary 
veins  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  numerous  reticulate  veinlets,  unfolding 
in  April  and  remaining  on  the  branches  for  one  and  sometimes  for  two  years. 
Flowers  appearing  in  May,  ^'  long.  Fruit  ripening  in  Florida  in  November  or 
frequently  not  until  the  following  spring,  short-obovate  \f  long,  purple  or  nearly 
black,  edible,  with  an  agreeable  flavor. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  stout  terete  rigid  branchlets 
slightly  puberulous  at  first,  soon  becoming  glabrous  and  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red, 
growing  darker  in  their  second  season,  then  often  covered  by  small  tubercles  and 
marked  by  the  prominent  elevated  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  minute,  chestnut-brown. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'-^  thick,  dark  red-brown,  and  divided  into  large  thick  plate- 
like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  rich  dark  brown, 
with  light  brown  sapwood  of  15-20  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.   Coast  and  islands  of  southern  Florida  from  the  Marquesas  group 


660  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne;  common  and  generally  distributed;  also  on  the  Ba- 
hama Islands. 

3.  KRUGIODENDRON,  Urb. 

A  small  tree  or  shrub,  with  slender  unarmed  terete  branches  roughened  by  numer- 
ous small  lenticels,  and  minute  scaly  buds.  Leaves  opposite  or  obliquely  opposite,  or 
sometimes  alternate  on  lower  branches,  ovate  or  oval,  often  emarginate,  coriaceous, 
entire,  short-petiolate,  feather-veined,  persistent.  Flowers  greenish  yellow,  on  short 
slender  pedicels,  in  axillary  simple  or  di6hotomously  branched  cymes;  calyx  broadly 
obconical,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  triangular,  acute,  erect  or  spreading,  crested  on  the 
inner  surface,  deciduous;  disk  annular,  broad,  fleshy,  5-lobed,  surrounding  the  base 
of  the  ovary;  petals  0;  stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk;  anthers 
ovate  or  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse;  ovary  conical,  imperfectly  2-celled ;  styles  short  and 
thick,  united  nearly  to  the  apex,  the  branches  spreading  and  stigmatic  on  the  inner 
face;  ovule  ascending  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  1-seeded,  ovate  or  ovoid; 
flesh  thin  ;  walls  of  the  stone  thin  and  bony.  Seed  ellipsoidal,  compressed,  without 
albumen;  seed-coat  membranaceous ;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyle- 
dons thick  and  fleshy,  obovate  or  elliptical. 

Krugiodendron  with  a  single  species  is  confined  to  southern  Florida  and  the  West 
Indies. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Leopold  Krug  (1833-1898),  a  student  of  the 
flora  of  the  Antilles. 

1.  Krugiodendron  ferreum,  Urb.   Black  Ironwood. 

(Rhamnidium  ferreum,  Silva  N.  Am.  ii.  29.) 

Leaves  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  pale  yellow-green  on  the  lower 
surface,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the  upper  surface 
and  on  the  petioles,  I'-l^'  long,  f '-!'  wide,  with  entire  or  slightly  undulate  margins, 


persistent  for  two  or  three  years;  their  petioles  stout,  \'  long;  stipules  acuminate, 
persistent.  Flowers  on  bibracteolate  pedicels  -|-'  long,  in  3-5-flowered  cymes  on 
peduncles  sometimes  £'  long,  usually  much  shorter  and  often  branched  near  the  apex, 
on  branchlets  of  the  year;  calyx  about  Ty  long,  the  acuminate  lobes  conspicuously 


RHAMNACE^E  661 

crested  on  the  inner  surface.  Fruit  generally  solitary  on  a  stem  ^'-\'  long,  £'  in 
length,  with  thin  black,  flesh. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  and  very  slender 
branchlets  at  first  green  and  covered  with  dense  velvety  pubescence,  becoming  gla- 
brous in  their  second  year,  and  then  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red  and  roughened  by 
small  crowded  lenticels;  generally  much  smaller  and  more  often  shrubby  than  arbo- 
rescent. Bark  of  the  trunk  about  ^'  thick  and  divided  into  prominent  rounded  longi- 
tudinal ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  short  thick  light  gray  scales.  Wood 
exceedingly  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  brittle,  rich  orange-brown,  with  thin 
lighter  colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  from  Cape  Canaveral  on  the  west  coast,  through  the 
southern  keys  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne;  one  of  the  commonest  of  the  small 
trees  of  the  region  ;  also  on  the  Bahama  and  West  Indian  islands. 

4.  RHAMNUS,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  often  spinescent  branches,  without  terminal  buds,  and 
scaly  or  naked  axillary  buds  and  acrid  bitter  bark.  Leaves  alternate  or  rarely  ob- 
liquely opposite,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  petiolate,  feather-veined,  entire  or  dentate. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious,  in  axillary  simple  or  compound  racemes  or 
fascicled  cymes;  calyx  campanulate,  4-5-1  obed,  the  lobes  triangular-ovate,  erect 
or  spreading,  keeled  on  the  inner  surface,  deciduous;  disk  thin  below,  more  or  less 
thickened  above;  petals  5,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  ovate,  unguiculate, 
emarginate,  infolded  round  the  stamens,  deciduous,  or  0;  stamens  4  or  5;  filaments 
very  short;  anthers  oblong-ovate  or  sagittate,  rudimentary  and  sterile  in  the  pistil- 
late flower;  ovary  free,  ovoid,  included  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  2-4-celled,  rudi- 
mentary in  the  staminate  flower;  styles  united  below,  with  spreading  stigmatic  lobes 
or  terminating  in  a  2-3-lobed  obtuse  stigma;  ovule  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  oblong  or  spherical;  flesh  thick  and  succulent,  inclosing  2-4  sepa- 
rable cartilaginous  1-seeded  nutlets.  Seeds  erect,  obovate,  grooved  longitudinally  on 
the  back,  with  a  cartilaginous  seed-coat,  the  raphe  in  the  groove,  or  convex  on  the 
back,  with  a  membranaceous  seed-coat,  the  raphe  lateral  next  to  one  margin  of  the 
cotyledons;  embryo  large,  surrounded  by  thin  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  oval,  folia- 
ceous,  with  revolute  margins,  or  flat  and  fleshy. 

Rhamnus  with  about  sixty  species  is  widely  distributed  in  nearly  all  the  temperate 
and  in  many  of  the  tropical  parts  of  the  world  with  the  exception  of  Australia  and 
the  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Of  the  five  species  indigenous  to  the  United  States 
three  attain  the  size  of  small  trees.  The  fruit  and  bark  of  Rhamnus  are  drastic,  and 
yield  yellow  and  green  dyes.  The  European  Rhamnus  cathartica,  L.,  the  Buckthorn, 
has  long  been  used  as  a  hedge  plant  in  northern  Europe,  and  in  eastern  North 
America,  where  it  has  now  become  sparingly  naturalized. 

The  generic  name  is  from  /ic^j/os,  the  classical  name  of  the  Buckthorn. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 
Flowers  polygamo-dicecions,  in  sessile  umbels  ;  calyx  4-lobed  ;  petals  0  ;  anthers  oblong-ovate  ; 
lobes  of  the  stigma  elongated,  spreading  ;  fruit  red  ;  seed  grooved  on  the  back  ;  seed-coat 
cartilaginous  ;  leaves  often  sharply  toothed,  persistent  ;  winter-buds  scaly. 

1.  R.  crocea  (G). 

Flowers  perfect,  in  pedunculate  umbels  ;  calyx  5-lobed  ;  petals  5  ;  anthers  sagittate  ;  lobes 
of  the  stigma  short  and  obtuse  ;  fruit  black  ;  seed  rounded  on  the  back  ;  seed-coat  mem- 
branaceous ;  leaves  deciduous  ;  winter-buds  naked. 


662 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles. 
Peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles. 


2.  R.  Caroliniana  (C). 
3.  .R.  Purshiana  (B,  G). 


1.  Rhamnus  crocea,  Nutt. 


Leaves  persistent,  elliptical,  broadly  ovate  or  subrotund,  or  rarely  lanceolate- 
acuminate,  mucronate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  acutely  or  often  glandular-denticulate, 
sometimes  revolute,  coriaceous,  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  paler 
or  frequently  bronzed  or  copper  color  on  the  lower  surface,  glabrous  or  often  puberu- 
lous,  especially  when  young,  on  the  under  surface  of  the  midribs  and  petioles,  ^'-3' 
long,  with  prominent  midribs  grooved  above  and  broad  conspicuous  primary  veins; 
their  petioles  short  and  stout.  Flowers  poly  gam  o-dicecious,  on  slender  often  puberu- 
lous  pedicels  ^'  long,  in  small  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  of  small  lan- 
ceolate persistent  bracts  on  shoots  of  the  year;  calyx  4-lobed,  with  acuminate  lobes, 
about  \'  long;  petals  0;  stamens  shorter  than  the  calyx,  with  short  stout  incurved 
filaments  and  large  ovate  anthers,  minute  and  rudimentary  in  the  pistillate  flower; 


ovary  ovate,  contracted  into  a  long  slender  style  divided  above  the  middle  into 
2  wide-spreading  acuminate  stigmatic  lobes,  rudimentary  in  the  staminate  flower. 
Fruit  red,  obovoid,  slightly  grooved  or  lobed  at  maturity,  \'  long,  with  thin  dry  flesh 
and  1-3  nutlets;  seeds  broadly  ovate,  pointed  at  the  apex,  deeply  grooved  on  the 
back,  and  \'  long,  with  a  thin  membranaceous  pale  chestnut-colored  coat. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  spreading  rigid 
sometimes  spinescent  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  yellow-green  and  puberulous 
or  glabrate  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  dark  red  or  reddish  brown  and  gla- 
brous in  their  second  season;  more  frequently  a  low  densely  branched  shrub,  with 
stems  a  few  feet  high  forming  thickets  of  considerable  extent.  Winter-buds 
obtuse,  barely  more  than  ^'  long,  with  small  puberulous  apiculate  imbricated  scales 
ciliate  on  the  margins.  Bark  of  the  trunk  usually  fa'-\'  thick,  the  dark  gray  surface 
slightly  roughened  by  minute  tubercles. 

Distribution.  Valley  of  the  upper  Sacramento  River,  California,  southward  along 
the  Sierra  Nevada  to  about  latitude  28  on  the  mainland  and  to  Guadaloupe  Island, 
Lower  California;  usually  an  undershrub  under  the  shade  of  trees  and  along  the 
borders  of  the  forest  or  in  sheltered  ravines ;  sometimes  appearing  in  exposed  situ- 
ations on  sunny  hillsides  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  arborescent  only  in  some 


RHAMNACE^E 


663 


of  the  interior  valleys  of  southern  California  and  on  Cedros  Island  and  the  Santa 
Barbara  Islands.    Passing  into 

Rhamnus  crocea,  var.  insularis,  Sarg. 

A  form  with  less  prominently  toothed  leaves,  rather  larger  flowers,  with  shorter 
and  broader  calyx-lobes,  a  less  deeply  divided  style,  and  larger  fruits.   This  is  a  tree 


often  growing  to  the  height  of  25°-30°,  flowering  later  than  the  ordinary  form,  and 
not  uncommon  on  the  islands  of  the  Santa  Barbara  group  and  on  the  mountains 
of  the  adjacent  mainland.  A  form  (var.  pilosa,  M.  K.  Curr.)  with  narrow  revolute 
leaves  and  densely  pilose  throughout,  inhabits  the  Santa  Maria  valley  of  the  moun- 
tains near  San  Diego. 

2.  Rhamnus  Caroliniana,  Walt.   Indian  Cherry. 

Leaves  deciduous,  elliptical-oblong  or  broadly  elliptical,  acute  or  acuminate, 
wedge-shaped  or  somewhat  rounded  at  the  base,  remotely  and  obscurely  serrate  or 
crenulate,  densely  coated  when  they  appear  with  rusty  brown  tomentum,  and  at 
maturity  membrauaceous,  dark  yellow-green  above,  paler  below,  glabrous  or  some- 
what hairy  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-6'  long,  1'  to  nearly  2'  wide,  with  prominent 
yellow  midribs  and  about  6  pairs  of  conspicuous  yellow  primary  veins,  turning  yel- 
low in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  pubescent,  \'  to  nearly  1' 
long;  stipules  nearly  triangular.  Flowers  appearing  from  April  to  June  when  the 
leaves  are  almost  fully  grown,  on  slender  pedicels  about  \'  long,  in  few-flowered 
pubescent  umbels,  on  peduncles  varying  from  -jj-'-^'  in  length;  calyx  5-lobed,  with  a 
narrow  turbinate  tube  and  triangular  lobes;  petals  5,  broadly  ovate,  deeply  notched 
at  the  apex  and  folded  round  the  short  stamens;  ovary  contracted  into  a  long  co- 
lumnar style  terminating  in  a  slightly  3-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  September 
and  sometimes  remaining  on  the  branches  until  the  beginning  of  winter,  globose,  £' 
in  diameter,  black,  with  thin  sweet  rather  dry  flesh  and  2-4  nutlets;  seeds  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  rounded  on  the  back,  reddish  brown,  about  \'  long. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  small  spreading  unarmed 
branches,  and  slender  branchlets  light  red-brown  and  puberulent  or  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  slightly  angled,  gray,  and  glabrous, 
and  marked  by  the  small  horizontal  oval  leaf-scars  during  their  second  season;  more 
often  a  tall  shrub,  with  numerous  stems  15°-20°  high.  Winter-buds  naked,  hoary- 


664  TEEES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

toinentose.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  slightly  furrowed,  ashy,  gray  and  often 
marked  with  large  black  blotches.  Wood  rather  hard,  light,  close-grained,  not 
strong,  light  brown,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  5  or  6  layers  of  annual  growth. 


Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  on  rich  bottom-lands,  and  on  limestone  ridges ; 
Virginia  to  northern  Florida  and  westward  through  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  River  to 
eastern  Nebraska,  eastern  Kansas,  and  eastern  Texas;  occasionally  tree-like  in  west- 
ern Florida  and  Mississippi,  and  of  its  largest  size  only  in  southern  Arkansas  and  the 
adjacent  portions  of  Texas;  very  abundant  on- the  limestone  barrens  of  eastern 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

3.  Rhamnus  Purshiana,  DC.   Bearberry.    Coffee-tree. 

Leaves  deciduous,  broadly  elliptical,  obtuse  or  bluntly  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  finely  serrate,  or  often  nearly  entire,  with  undulate 
margins,  membranaceous,  villose,  with  short  hairs  on  the  lower  surface  and  on  the 
veins  above,  2'-7'  long,  conspicuously  netted-veined,  with  broad  and  prominent 
midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  pale  yellow  late  in  the  autumn  before  fall- 
ing; their  petioles  stout,  often  pubescent,  ^'-1'  long;  stipules  membranaceous,  acu- 
minate. Flowers  on  slender  pubescent  pedicels  \'-V  long,  in  axillary  cymes  on 
slender  pubescent  peduncles  \'-V  in  length  on  shoots  of  the  year;  calyx  nearly 
campanulate,  with  5  spreading  acuminate  lobes;  petals  5,  minute,  ovate,  deeply 
notched  at  the  apex,  and  folded  round  the  short  stamens;  stigma  2  or  3-lobed.  Fruit 
globose  or  broadly  obovoid,  black,  £'-£'  in  diameter,  slightly  or  not  at  all  lobed, 
with  thin  rather  juicy  flesh,  and  2  or  3  obovate  nutlets  usually  £'  long,  rounded  on 
the  back,  flattened  on  the  inner  surface,  with  2  bony  tooth-like  enlargements  at  the 
base,  1  on  each  side  of  the  large  scar  of  the  hilum,  and  a  thin  gray  or  pale  yellow- 
green  shell;  seeds  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  on  the  back;  seed-coat  thin  and 
papery,  yellow-brown  on  the  outer  surface,  bright  orange  color  on  the  inner  surface 
like  the  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  35°-40°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  often  18'-20'  in  diameter,  separating 
10°-15°  from  the  ground  into  numerous  stout  upright  or  sometimes  nearly  horizontal 
branches,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first  with  fine  soft  pubescence,  pale  yel- 
low-green or  reddish  brown,  and  pubescent,  glabrous,  or  covered  with  scattered  hairs 
in  their  second  season  and  then  marked  by  the  elevated  oval  horizontal  leaf-scars; 


RHAMNACE^E  665 

often  shrubby  and  occasionally  prostrate.  Winter-buds  naked,  hoary-tomentose. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  \'  thick,  dark  brown  to  light  brown  or  gray 
tinged  with  red,  broken  on  the  surface  into  short  thin  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not 


strong,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sap  wood.  The  bark  pos- 
sesses the  drastic  properties  peculiar  to  that  of  other  species  of  the  genus,  and  is  a 
popular  domestic  remedy  in  Oregon  and  California,  and  under  the  name  of  Cascara 
Sagrrula  has  been  admitted  into  the  American  materia  medica. 

Distribution.  Rich  bottom-lands  and  the  sides  of  canons,  usually  in  coniferous 
forests;  shores  of  Puget  Sound  eastward  along  the  mountain  ranges  of  northern 
Washington  to  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  of  Idaho  and  the  shores  of  Flat  Head 
Lake,  Montana,  and  southward  into  northern  California. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  western  Europe  and  of  the  eastern 
United  States. 

5.  CEANOTHTJS,  L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branches,  without  terminal  buds,  and 
small  scaly  axillary  buds.  Leaves  petiolate,  triple-veined  from  the  base,  or  rarely 
pinnately  veined,  persistent.  Flowers  on  colored  pedicels,  in  umbellate  fascicles  col- 
lected in  dense  or  prolonged  terminal  or  axillary  thyrsoid  cymes  or  panicles,  blue  or 
white;  calyx  colored,  with  a  turbinate  or  hemispherical  tube  and  5  triangular  mem- 
branaceous  petaloid  lobes;  disk  fleshy,  thickened  above;  petals  5,  inserted  under  the 
margin  of  the  disk,  unguiculate,  wide-spreading,  deciduous,  the  long  claw  infolded 
round  the  stamens;  stamens  5,  inserted  with  and  opposite  the  petals,  persistent; 
filaments  spreading;  ovary  partly  immersed  in  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  disk, 
3-celled,  sometimes  3-angled,  the  angles  often  surmounted  by  a  fleshy  gland  per- 
sistent on  the  fruit;  styles  short,  united  below;  stigmas  3-lobed,  with  spreading  lobes; 
ovule  erect  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  3-lobed,  subglobose,  with  a  thin  outer 
coat,  soon  becoming  dry  and  separating  into  3  crustaceous  or  cartilaginous  longitudi- 
nally 2-valved  nutlets.  Seeds  erect,  obovate-lenticular,  with  a  broad  basal  excrescence 
surrounding  the  hilum;  seed-coat  thin,  crustaceous;  raphe  ventral;  albumen  fleshy; 
embryo  axile;  cotyledons  oval  or  obovate. 

Ceanothus  is  confined  to  the  temperate  and  warmer  regions  of  North  America, 
with  about  thirty  species,  mostly  belonging  to  California.  The  leaves,  bark,  and 


666  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

roots  are  astringent  and  tonic.     Of  the  species  of  the  United  States  three  are  small 
trees. 

The  generic  name  is  from  Kfdva>6os,  the  classical  name  of  some  spiny  plant. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Branchlets  not  spinose. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  elliptical,  subcordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  pale  and  tomentose 
below.  i.  C.  arborescens  (G). 

Leaves  elliptical,  acute  at  the  base,  glabrous  except  on  the  veins  below. 

2.  C.  thyrsiflorus  (G). 
Branchlets  spinose. 

Leaves  mostly  elliptical,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  glabrous. 

3.  C.  spinosus  (G). 
1.  Ceanothus  arboreus,  Greene. 

(Ceanothus  velutinus,  var.  arboreus,  Silva  N.  Am.  ii.  45.) 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  elliptical,  acute,  conspicuously  gland u lar-c re n ate,  dark 
green  and  softly  puberulent  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  densely  tomentose  on 
the  lower  surface,  2^'-4'  long,  l'-2£'  wide,  with  prominent  veins;  their  petioles  stout, 
pubescent,  £'-!'  long;  stipules  subulate  from  a  broad  triangular  base,  \'  long. 
Flowers  opening  in  July  and  August  on  slender  hairy  pedicels  £'-!'  long,  from  the 


axils  of  large  scarious  caducous  bracts,  in  ample  compound  densely  hoary-pubescent 
thyrsoidal  clusters  3'-^'  long  and  l^'-2'  wide  on  leafy  or  naked  axillary  peduncles 
at  the  extremities  of  young  branches.  Fruit  \'  across  and  black. 

A  round-headed  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  G'^10'  in  diameter, 
dividing  4°-5°  from  the  ground  into  many  stout  spreading  branches,  and  slender 
slightly  angled  pale  brown  branchlets  covered  with  short  dense  tomentum,  becoming 
in  their  second  season  terete,  nearly  glabrous,  roughened  with  scattered  lenticels  and 
marked  by  large  elevated  leaf-scars;  often  a  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  brown, 
about  ^'  thick,  and  broken  into  small  square  plates  separating  into  thick  scales. 

Distribution.  Santa  Catalina,  Santa  Cruz,  and  Santa  Rosa  islands  of  the  Santa 
Barbara  group  off  the  coast  of  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on 
the  northern  slopes  of  Santa  Cruz;  usually  shrubby  on  the  other  islands,  with 
numerous  slender  stems. 


RHAMNACE.E  667 

2.  Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus,  Eschs.   Blue  Myrtle.   California  Lilac. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  minutely  glandular-serrate,  smooth  and  lustrous 
on  the  upper  and  paler  and  slightly  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  along 


the  3  prominent  ribs,  I'-IJ'  long,  \'-V  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  %-\'  in  length; 
stipules  membranaceous,  acute.  Flowers  blue  or  white,  appearing  in  early  spring 
in  small  pedunculate  corymbs  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  and 
collected  into  slender  rather  loose  thyrsoid  clusters  2'-3'  long  in  the  axils  of  upper 
leaves  or  of  small  scarious  bracts,  and  usually  surmounted  by  the  terminal  leafy 
shoot  of  the  branch.  Fruit  ripening  from  July  to  December,  black;  seeds  ^' 
long,  smooth,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black. 

A  tree,  occasionally  35°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-14'  in  diameter,  dividing  5°-6° 
from  the  ground  into  many  small  wide-spreading  branches,  and  conspicuously  angled 
pale  yellow-green  branchlets  slightly  pubescent  at  first  but  soon  becoming  glabrous; 
more  often  a  tall  or  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  with  a  bright  red-brown 
surface  separating  into  thin  narrow  appressed  scales.  Wood  close-grained,  rather 
soft,  light  brown,  with  thin  darker  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Shady  hillsides  on  the  borders  of  the  forest  and  often  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  streams;  coast  mountains  of  California  from  Mendocino  County  to  the 
valley  of  the  San  Luis  Rey  River;  of  its  largest  size  northward,  and  in  the  Redwood 
forests  of  the  Santa  Cruz  Mountains;  southward  often  a  low  shrub,  frequently  flower- 
ing on  the  wind-swept  shores  of  the  ocean  when  only  l°-2°  high. 

3.  Ceanothus  spinosus,  N»tt.   Lilac. 

Leaves  rarely  3-nerved,  elliptical,  full  and  rounded,  apiculate  or  often  slightly 
emarginate  or  gradually  narrowed  and  pointed  or  rarely  3-lobed  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  villose-pubescent  below  along 
the  stout  midribs  and  obscure  primary  veins,  soon  glabrous,  coriaceous,  usually  about 
1'  long  and  \'  wide;  their  petioles  stout,  \'-\'  long,  at  first  villose,  becoming  nearly 
glabrous;  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes  ovate,  conspicuously  3-nerved,  irregularly 
serrate,  with  incurved  apiculate  teeth,  or  coarsely  dentate  and  often  1^'  long  and  |' 
wide;  stipules  minute,  acute.  Flowers  light  or  dark  blue,  very  fragrant,  opening 
from  March  until  May,  in  lax  corymbs  from  the  axils  of  acute  pubescent  red  cadu- 


668  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

cous  bracts  on  upper  leafy  branchlets  of  the  year,  the  whole  inflorescence  forming  an 
open  thyrsus  often  5'-6'  long  and  3'-4'  thick,  and  without  leaves  toward  the  apex. 
Fruit  depressed,  obscurely  lobed,  crestless,  black,  \'-£  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  upright  branches  forming  a" 
narrow  open  head,  and  slender  divaricate  angled  branchlets  pubescent  or  puberulous 


when  they  first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  bright  green,  ultimately  reddish  brown,  fre- 
quently terminating  in  sharp  leafless  thorn-like  points;  more  often  shrubby.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  thin,  red-brown,  roughened  by  small  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  A  common  inhabitant  of  mountain  canons  near  the  coast  of  Santa 
Barbara,  Ventura,  and  Los  Angeles  counties,  California;  often  forming  a  dense 
undergrowth  in  the  forest,  which  it  enlivens  for  many  weeks  in  early  spring  with  its 
large  clusters  of  bright  blue  flowers. 

6.  COLUBRINA,  Brong. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branches  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  petiolate,  pinnately 
veined  or  triple-veined  from  the  base,  often  ferrugineo-tomeutose  on  the  lower  sur- 
face. Flowers  axillary,  in  contracted  few-flowered  cymes  or  fascicles,  yellow  or 
greenish  yellow;  calyx-tube  hemispherical,  persistent,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading, 
triangular-ovate,  conspicuously  keeled  on  the  inner  surface,  deciduous  by  a  circum- 
scissile  line;  disk  fleshy,  annular,  5-angled  or  indistinctly  5  or  10-lobed;  petals  5, 
inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk,  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  cucullate, 
unguiculate,  infolding  the  stamens;  stamens  5,  opposite  to  and  inserted  with  the 
petals;  filaments  incurved;  anthSrs  ovate;  ovary  surrounded  by  and  confluent  with 
the  disk,  3-celled,  subglobose,  contracted  into  a  slender  3-lobed  style,  the  obtuse 
lobes  stigmatic  on  the  inner  face;  ovule  erect,  from  the  base  of  the  cell.  Fruit  sub- 
globose,  3-lobed ;  outer  coat  thin  and  septicidally  dehiscent  into  3  1-seeded  crusta- 
ceous  nutlets  2-valved  at  the  apex.  Seeds  erect,  broadly  obovate,  compressed,  3- 
angled;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  smooth  and  shining;  embryo  axile  in  thick  fleshy  albu- 
men; cotyledons  orbicular,  flat  or  incurved,  thin  or  fleshy. 

Colubrina  with  about  a  dozen  species  is  confined  to  the  tropics,  with  the  largest 
number  of  species  in  the  New  World.  Of  the  four  species  found  within  the  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States  one  is  arborescent  in  habit. 


TILIACE.E 


669 


The  generic  name  is  from  coluber,  a  serpent,  probably  on  account  of  the  peculiar 
twisting  of  the  deep  furrows  on  the  stems  of  some  of  the  species. 

1.  Colubrina  reclinata,  Brong.   Naked  Wood. 

Leaves  persistent,  elliptical,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  usually  contracted  at  the  apex 
into  a  blunt  point,  entire,  wedge-shaped  or  somewhat  rounded  and  furnished  with 
2  conspicuous  marginal  glands  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  in  early  summer  thin 
and  membranaceous,  glabrous  or  finely  puberulent  on  the  lower  surface  and  along 
the  principal  veins,  and  at  maturity  yellow-green,  2^'-3'  long,  1^'  to  nearly  2'  wide, 
with  stout  midribs  and  arcuate  primary  veins,  persistent  until  their  second  year; 
their  petioles  slender,  \'  long.  Flowers  in  clusters  rather  shorter  than  the  petioles, 
on  shoots  of  the  year,  pubescent,  soon  becoming  glabrate.  Fruit  ^'  in  diameter  and 
dark  orange-red,  ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  on  pedicels  \'  long;  seeds  light  red- 
brown,  \'  long. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  3° -4°  in  diameter,  divided  by  numerous  irregu- 
lar deep  furrows  multiplying  and  spreading  in  all  directions,  and  branchlets  at  first 


slightly  angled,  puberulent  and  reddish  brown,  soon  becoming  glabrate,  and  in  their 
second  season  nearly  terete,  gray  or  light  brown,  and  marked  by  numerous  small 
light-colored  lenticels.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  orange-brown,  exfoliating  in  large 
papery  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  strong,  dark  brown  tinged  with  yellow,  with 
thin  light  yellow  sapwood  of  8-10  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Florida  on  Umbrella  Key,  the  north  end  of  Key  Largo,  and  on 
some  of  the  small  keys  south  of  Elliott's  Key;  of  its  largest  size  and  forming  a  forest 
of  considerable  extent  on  Umbrella  Key;  also  on  the  Bahama  Islands  and  many  of 
the  Antilles. 

XXXVII.   TILIACE-5J. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  free  stipules. 
Flowers  regular,  perfect;  sepals  valvate  in  the  bud,  deciduous;  corolla  hypo- 
gynous ;  stamens  numerous,  with  2-celled  anthers,  the  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally ;  pistil  compound  ;  styles  united  into  1 ;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  capsular 
or  nut-like.  Seeds  with  albumen  ;  embryo  with  broad  foliaceous  cotyledons. 


670  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

The  Linden  family  with  about  thirty-five  genera  is  chiefly  tropical,  with 
more  representatives  in  the  southern  than  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Of  the 
three  North  American  genera  only  Tilia  is  arborescent. 

1.  TILIA,  L.  Linden. 

Trees,  with  terete  moderately  stout  branchlets,  without  terminal  buds,  large  com- 
pressed acute  axillary  buds,  with  numerous  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the  inner 
rank  accrescent,  mucilaginous  juice,  and  tough  fibrous  inner  bark.  Leaves  condu- 
plicate  in  the  bud,  long-petiolate,  2-ranked,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  oblique  base, 
acute  or  acuminate,  serrate,  deciduous,  their  petioles  in  falling  leaving  large  elevated 
horizontal  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  numerous  fibro- vascular  bundles;  stip- 
ules ligulate,  membranaceous,  caducous.  Flowers  nectariferous,  fragrant,  on  slender 
clavate  pedicels,  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes,  with  minute  caducous  bracts  at  the 
base  of  the  branches,  their  peduncles  more  or  less  connate  with  the  axis  of  a  large 
membrauaceous  light  green  ligulate  often  obovate  persistent  conspicuously  reticulate- 
veined  bract;  sepals  5,  distinct;  petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  sometimes  thickened  and  glandular  at  the  narrow  base,  creamy  white,  decid- 
uous; stamens  inserted  on  a  short  hypogynous  receptacle;  filaments  filiform,  forked 
near  the  apex,  collected  into  5  clusters  and  united  at  the  base  with  each  other  and  (in 
the  American  species)  with  a  spatulate  petaloid  scale  (staminodium)  placed  opposite 
each  petal,  the  branches  of  the  filament  bearing  oblong  extrorse  half  anthers;  ovary 
sessile,  tomentose,  5-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  sepals;  style  erect,  dilated  at  the 
apex  into  5  spreading  stigmatic  lobes;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  ascending  from  the 
middle  of  its  inner  angle,  semianatropous,  the  micropyle  centripetal-inferior.  Fruit 
nut-like,  woody,  subglobose  to  short-oblong  or  ovoid,  sometimes  ribbed,  tomentose, 
1 -celled  by  the  obliteration  of  the  partitions,  1  or  2-seeded.  Seeds  obovate,  semi- 
anatropous, ascending  ;  seed-coat  cartilaginous,  light  reddish  brown;  embryo  large, 
often  curved,  in  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  reniform  or  cordate,  palmately  5-lobed, 
the  margins  irregularly  involute  or  crumpled;  radicle  inferior. 

Tilia  with  eighteen  or  twenty  species  is  widely  distributed  in  the  temperate  re- 
gions of  the  northern  hemisphere  with  the  exception  of  western  America,  central 
Asia,  and  the  Himalayas.  Tilia  produces  soft  straight-grained  pale-colored  light 
wood,  largely  used  for  the  interior  finish  of  buildings,  in  cabinet-making,  for  the 
sounding-boards  of  pianos,  wood-carving  and  wooden  ware,  and  in  the  manufacture 
of  paper.  The  tough  inner  bark  is  largely  manufactured  into  mats,  cords,  fish-nets, 
coarse  cloths,  and  shoes.  Lime-flower  oil,  obtained  by  distilling  the  flowers  of  the 
European  species,  is  used  in  perfumery.  The  flowers  yield  large  quantities  of  nectar, 
and  honey  made  near  forests  of  Tilia  is  unsurpassed  in  flavor  and  delicacy.  Many  of 
the  species  are  planted  as  shade  and  ornamental  trees,  and  several  of  the  European 
species  are  now  common  in  the  gardens  and  parks  of  the  eastern  United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Branchlets  glabrous. 
Leaves  glabrous. 

Leaves  green  on  both  surfaces.  1.  T.  Americana  (A,  C). 

Leaves  pale  on  the  lower  surface. 

Peduncles  and  pedicels  glabrous ;  staminodia  entire ;  leaves  mostly  cordate  at  the 
base.  2.   T.  australis  (C). 


TILIACE^E  671 

Peduncles  and  pedicels  puberulous  ;  staminodia  emarginate ;  leaves  mostly  obliquely 
truneatoe  at  the  base.  3.  T.  Floridana  (C). 

Leaves  pubescent  or  tomentulose  below. 

Leaves  more  or  less  stellate-pubescent  below,  with  conspicuous  axillary  tufts  of  hairs. 

4.  T.  Michauxii  (A,  C). 
Leaves  hoary-tomentulose  below,  without  axillary  tufts  of  hairs. 

5.  T.  heterophylla  (A,  C). 
Branchlets  stellate-pubescent ;  leaves  rusty-tomentulose  below.         6.  T.  pubescens  (C). 

1.  Tilia  Americana,  L.   Linden.    Bass  Wood. 

Leaves  broadly  oval,  obliquely  cordate  or  sometimes  almost  truncate  at  the  base, 
contracted  at  the  apex  into  slender  acuminate  entire  points,  coarsely  serrate,  with 
incurved  glandular  teeth,  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  tufts  of  rusty  brown  Lairs 
in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins  below,  thick  and  firm,  dark  dull  green  on  the  upper, 
lighter  and  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  lower  surface,  5'-6'  long,  3'-4'  broad, 
turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  slender,  l£'-2'  long. 


Flowers  opening  during  the  first  week  of  July;  pedunculate  bract  4'-5'  long,  I'-l^' 
broad,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  decurrent  nearly  to  the  base  or  to  within  £'-!' 
of  the  base  of  the  peduncle;  peduncle  slender,  glabrous,  the  free  portion  3£ '-4'  long; 
pedicels  slightly  angled,  puberulous,  about  $'  long;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  densely 
hairy  on  the  inner  and  slightly  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  about  ^'  long  and  one 
third  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  petals.  Fruit  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  rounded 
or  pointed  at  the  apex,  £'-£'  long,  and  covered  with  short  thick  rufous  tomentura. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°,  or  sometimes  120°-130°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  3°-4°  in 
diameter,  small  often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  slender 
smooth  glabrous  ligjit  gray  or  light  brown  branchlets  marked  with  numerous  oblong 
dark  lenticels,  becoming  darker  in  their  second  and  dark  gray  or  brown  and  con- 
spicuously rugose  in  their  third  year.  "Winter-buds  dark  red,  ovate,  about  ^'  long. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  about  1'  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  the  light  brown  surface  broken 
into  small  thin  scales.  Wood  light  brown  faintly  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  hardly 
distinguishable  sapwood  of  55-65  layers  of  annual  growth;  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  paper  pulp,  and  under  the  name  of  white  wood  largely  used  in  wooden  ware, 
cheap  furniture,  the  panels  of  carriages,  and  for  the  inner  soles  of  shoes. 


672  TREES  OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

Distribution.  Rich  often  moist  soil,  formerly  often  in  mostly  pure  forests; 
northern  New  Brunswick  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  northeastward 
to  the  southern  shores  of  Lake  Winnipeg  and  the  valley  of  the  Assiniboine  River, 
and  south  in  the  United  States  to  Virginia,  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to 
Georgia  and  Alabama,  and  to  eastern  Dakota,  eastern  Nebraska,  Kansas,  the  Indian 
Territory,  and  eastern  Texas;  more  common  northward  than  southward,  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  tributaries  of  the  lower  Ohio  River. 

Often  cultivated  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  northeastern  states,  and 
occasionally  in  Europe. 

2.  Tilia  australis,  Small.   Linden. 

Leaves  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  cordate  by  a  broad  shallow 
sinus  at  the  oblique  base,  sharply  serrate,  with. prominently  glandular  teeth,  thin, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  glaucous  beneath,  sparingly  hairy  while  young  on  the 


under  side  of  the  slender  midribs  and  in  the  axils  of  the  thin  primary  veins,  becom- 
ing glabrous,  4'-6'  long,  3^ '-4'  wide ;  their  petioles  slender,  2'-3'  in  length.  Flowers  : 
pedunculate  bract  decurrent  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  peduncle,  glaucous,  glabrous, 
about  3y  long  and  •£'  wide ;  peduncle  slender,  glabrous,  the  free  portion  about  \\' 
long;  pedicels  glabrous,  about  \'  in  length;  sepals  narrowly  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
hoary-tomentose  along  the  margins  on  the  inner  surface  and  toward  the  apex  on  the 
outer  surface,  about  \'  long  and  one  third  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  petals;  stam- 
inodia  entire.  Fruit  not  seen. 

A  tree,  sometimes  60°  high. 

Distribution.  Rich  wooded  hillsides  at  elevations  of  800°  above  the  sea  on 
Warnock  Mountain,  Blount  County,  Alabama  (C.  Mohr,  1895);  still  little  known. 

3.  Tilia  Floridana,  Small.   Linden.    ' 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oval,  abruptly  narrowed  and  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly 
obliquely  truncate  or  unequally  cuneate  at  the  base,  remotely  crenulate-serrate, 
with  glandular  teeth,  dark  green  above,  pale  below,  glabrous  with  the  exception 
of  minute  tufts  of  brownish  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  slender  veins  beneath,  4'-6' 
long,  3'-3^'  wide,  their  petioles  1^'-1£'  'n  length.  Flowers  :  pedunculate  bract 
decurrent  to  within  ^'-f '  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle,  puberulous,  3'-4'  long,  f'-l' 


TILIACE.E 


673 


wide;  peduncle  slender,  puberulous,  the  free  portion  £'-!'  long;  pedicels  puberulous, 
about  ^'  long;  sepals  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  hoary-tomentulose  on  the  outer 
surface,  much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  petals;  staminodia  emarginate.  Fruit  not 
seen. 

A  tree,  25° -30°  high. 

Distribution.  Rich  woods;  Lake  Charm,  Orange  County  (T.  L.  Mead,  1887), 
and  in  Jackson  County,  Florida;  still  little  known. 

4.  Tilia  Michauxii,  Nutt.   Linden.   Bass  Wood. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  narrowed  into  short  acute  entire  points,  obliquely 
cordate  by  a  broad  sinus  or  rarely  truncate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate,  with  long 
straight  or  incurved  glandular  teeth,  thick,  dark  green  and  lustrous  and  glabrous  or 
sparingly  stellate-pubescent  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  stellate-pubescent  below, 
with  small  conspicuous  axillary  tufts  of  pale  hairs,  usually  5'-6'  long  and  3^'-4'  wide, 
with  slender  orange-brown  or  yellow  midribs  and  primary  veins,  turning  yellow 
in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  stout,  at  first  puberulous,  becoming 
glabrous,  l^'-2'  long.  Flowers:  pedunculate  bract  decurrent  nearly  to  the  base 


or  to  within  ^'-f'  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle,  narrowly  obovate,  tomentulose  on  the 
upper,  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface,  5'-6'  long;  peduncle  slender,  glabrous,  the  free 


674 


TREES   OF   NOKTH   AMERICA 


portion  about  If-'  long;  pedicels  puberulous,  ^'-^'  long;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  pale 
pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  matted  white  hairs, 
about  one  third  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  to  ovate  petals.  Fruit  subglobose  to  short- 
oblong,  hoary-tomentose,  about  £'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  70°-80°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter,  small  often  pendulous 
branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  bright  red  and  lustrous  dur- 
ing their  first  winter  and  reddish  brown  in  their  second  season.  Winter-buds  \'-^' 
long,  with  pale  red-brown  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  V  thick,  deeply  fur- 
rowed, reddish  brown  and  covered  with  small  thin  scales. 

Distribution.  Rich  woods;  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  near  Montreal,  near 
Rochester  and  Ithaca,  New  York,  to  eastern  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Ohio,  and 
southward  to  northern  Georgia  and  eastern  Texas;  probably  often  confounded  with 
Tilia  pubescens,  Ait.,  and  still  imperfectly  known. 

5.  Tilia  heterophylla,  Vent.   Linden.   Bee-tree. 

Leaves  gradually  narrowed  and  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  obliquely  truncate  or 
cordate  at  the  base,  finely  serrate,  with  short  slender  glandular  teeth,  membrana- 
ceous,  bright  green  and  pubescent  while  young  along  the  midribs  above,  becoming 


glabrous,  silvery  white  and  tomentulose  on  the  lower  surface,  4'-7'  long,  4'-5'  wide, 
with  slender  midribs  and  primary  veins;  their  petioles  slender,  glabrous,  2'-3'  long. 
Flowers  appearing  during  the  month  of  June;  pedunculate  bract  usually  decurrent 
to  within  about  \'  of  the  base  of  the  peduncle,  or  sometimes  to  the  base,  generally 
about  4'  long  and  \'-V  wide;  peduncle  slender,  stellate-pubescent,  becoming  gla- 
brous, the  free  portion  l£'-2'  long;  pedicels  slender,  about  \'  long,  nearly  glabrous; 
sepals  narrow,  acuminate,  puberulous  on  the  outer,  tomentulose  on  the  inner  surface, 
nearly  \'  long  and  one  third  shorter  than  the  narrow  acuminate  petals.  Fruit  sub- 
globose,  £'  in  diameter,  tomentulose,  with  short  closely  appressed  cinereous  hairs. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter,  slender  branches  forming 
generally  a  narrow  rather  pyramidal  head,  and  glabrous  green  or  bright  red  branch- 
lets  gradually  turning  brown  during  their  second  year,  and  marked  by  numerous 
large  oblong  pale  lenticels.  Winter-buds  broadly  ovate,  bright  red,  covered  with  a 
slight  glaucous  bloom,  £'-£'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  deeply  fur- 
rowed, the  surface  broken  into  short  thin  light  brown  scales.  Wood  light  brown 


TILIACE^E  675 

faintly  tinged  with  red,  with  thin  hardly  distinguishable  sap  wood  of  5  or  6  layers  of 
annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Rich  wooded  slopes  in  moist  soil  or  near  the  banks  of  streams; 
often  on  limestone;  near  Ithaca,  New  York,  southward  along  the  Appalachian 
Mountains  to  northern  Alabama,  and  westward  to  middle  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and 
southern  Indiana  and  Illinois;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  high 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

6.  Tilia  pubesceus,  Ait.   Linden.   Bass  Wood. 

Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  base,  coarsely  glandular-ser- 
rate, when  they  unfold  dark  red  and  coated  above  with  matted  pale  hairs  and  hoary- 
tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dark  green,  pubescent  or  glabrous 


above,  rusty-tomentulose  below,  usually  4'-5'  long,  2^'-3'  wide,  their  petioles  slender, 
at  first  tomentose,  becoming  glabrous,  about  |'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in  May; 
pedunculate  bract  decurrent  to  the  base  of  the  peduncle,  hardly  obovate,  sometimes 
falcate,  3'-4'  long,  about  f  wide,  villose  on  the  upper,  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface; 
peduncle  slender,  stellate-pubescent,  the  free  portion  about  \\'  long;  pedicels  short, 
stellate-pubescent;  sepals  narrow-acuminate,  pale-tomentose  on  the  outer,  sparingly 
hairy  on  the  inner  surface,  about  \'  long,  and  rather  shorter  than  the  narrow  acumi- 
nate petals.  Fruit  subglobose  to  short-oblong,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  rusty  tomentose. 

A  tree,  30°^40°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  12'-15'  in  diameter,  and  slen- 
der branchlets  densely  rusty  stellate-pubescent  during  their  first  season,  becoming 
glabrous  during  their  third  year,  red-brown,  rugose  and  marked  by  occasional  small 
lenticels.  Winter-buds  acuminate,  dark  reddish  brown,  covered  with  short  rusty 
pubescence.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-§'  thick,  furrowed  and  divided  into  numerous 
parallel  ridges,  the  red-brown  surface  broken  into  numerous  short  thick  scales. 
Wood  light  brown  faintly  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sap- 
wood. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  North  Carolina  southward  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
coast  to  northern  Florida,  and  westward  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
Blanco,  Texas,  and  southern  Arkansas;  not  common. 


676  TREES   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

XXXVIII.    STERCULIACE-SJ. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  astringent  juice,  mucilaginous  bark,  and  alter- 
nate simple  leaves  with  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  ;  calyx  of  5  sepals, 
imbricated  in  the  bud ;  corolla  0  (in  Fremontodendron)  ;  anthers  extrorse ; 
pistil  of  5  united  carpels  ;  ovary  5-celled  ;  styles  united  ;  ovules  anatropous. 

A  family  of  about  fifty  genera  mostly  confined  to  the  tropics,  its  most  im- 
portant species,  Theobroma  Cacao,  L.,  of  the  West  Indies  producing  chocolate 
from  the  cotyledons.  Sterculia  platanifolia,  L.  f.,  of  this  family  and  a  native 
of  southern  China,  is  often  planted  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  southern 
states  and  in  California. 

1.  FREMONTODENDRON,  Cov. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  stellate  pubescence  and  naked  buds.  Leaves  palmately 
lobed,  thick,  prominently  veined,  usually  rufous  on  the  lower  surface,  persistent; 
stipules  minute,  deciduous.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves,  pedun- 
culate, subtended  by  3  or  rarely  5  minute  caducous  bracts;  calyx  subcampanulate, 
hypogynous,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  petaloid,  yellow, 
spreading,  obovate,  often  mucronate,  1'  long,  the  3  outer  a  little  smaller  than  the 
others,  pubescent  on  the  outer  surface,  with  a  hairy  cavity  at  the  base  of  the  inner 
surface;  corolla  0;  stamens  5;  filaments  alternate  with  the  sepals,  united  to  the 
middle  into  a  column;  anthers  oblong-linear,  incurved  at  the  ends,  2-celled,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally ;  ovary  5-celled,  the  cells  opposite  the  sepals;  style  filiform, 
elongated,  terminated  by  an  acute  undivided  stigmatic  point;  ovules  numerous  in 
each  cell,  horizontal.  Fruit  an  ovate  acuminate  4  or  5-valved  loculicidally  dehiscent 
capsule  densely  coated  with  long  matted  hairs,  the  inner  surface  of  the  cells  vil- 
lose-pubescent.  Seeds  oval;  seed-coat  crustaceous,  puberulous,  with  a  small  fleshy 
marginal  deciduous  ariloid  appendage  on  the  chalaza;  embryo  straight,  in  thick 
fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong,  foliaceous,  three  or  four  times  longer  than  the 
short  radicle. 

Fremontodendron,  named  in  honor  of  John  C.  Fremont,  the  distinguished  soldier 
and  traveler,  is  represented  by  a  single  species. 

1.  Fremontodendron  Californicum,  Cov.    Slippery  Elm. 

Leaves  usually  3-lobed,  rarely  entire  or  sometimes  5-7-lobed,  1^'  in  diameter; 
their  petioles  stout,  £'-$'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in  July  in  great  profusion  on 
short  spur-like  lateral  branchlets.  Fruit  1'  long;  seeds  very  dark  red-brown,  about 
iV  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-14'  in  diameter,  stout  rigid  branches 
spreading  almost  at  right  angles,  and  stout  terete  branchlets  thickly  coated  at  first 
with  rufous  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous  and  light  red-brown;  more  often  a  low 
intricately  branched  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  rarely  more  than  £'  thick,  deeply 
furrowed,  the  dark  red-brown  surface  broken  into  numerous  short  thick  scales. 
Wood  hard,  heavy,  close-grained,  dark  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter 
colored  sapwood.  The  mucilaginous  inner  bark  is  sometimes  used  domestically  in 
poultices. 

Distribution.  Lower  slopes  of  the  California  mountains;  western  base  of  Mt. 
Shasta  to  Lower  California;  nowhere  common  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  but  of  its 
largest  size  on  their  western  foothills;  most  abundant  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  in 


THEACE.E  677 


the  region  of  the  Mohave  Desert,  growing  as  a  low  shrub  and  sometimes  forming 
thickets  several  acres  in  extent. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  western  and  southern  Europe  as  an  ornamental  plant. 

XXXIX.   THEACE^B. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  alternate  leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  per- 
fect, regular,  hypogynous ;  sepals  and  petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  stamens 
numerous;  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally;  pistil  of  3-5 
united  carpels  ;  ovary  3-5-celled ;  styles  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary, 
partly  united.  Fruit  capsular ;  embryo  with  large  cotyledons. 

The  Camellia  family  with  sixteen  genera  is  principally  confined  to  the 
tropics  of  the  New  World  and  to  southern  and  eastern  Asia.  Two  genera  are 
represented  in  the  flora  of  the  southern  United  States,  and  of  these  Gordonia 
is  arborescent.  The  most  important  genus,  Camellia  of  eastern  Asia  contains 
the  Tea  plant,  Camellia  Thea,  Link,  and  several  species  cultivated  for  the 
beauty  of  their  flowers. 

1.  GORDONIA,  Ell. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  without  terminal  buds,  slender  acuminate 
naked  axillary  buds,  and  watery  juice.  Leaves  pinnately  veined,  entire  or  crenate, 
subcoriaceous  and  persistent,  or  membranaceous  and  deciduous.  Flowers  axillary, 
solitary,  long-stalked  or  subsessile;  calyx  subtended  by  2-5  caducous  bracts;  sepals 
unequal,  rounded,  concave,  coriaceous,  persistent;  petals  free  or  slightly  united, 
obovate,  concave,  white,  deciduous;  stamens  numerous,  filaments  short,  united  at 
the  base  into  a  fleshy  cup  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petals  and  inserted  with  them,  or 
long  and  inserted  directly  on  the  petals;  anthers  introrse,  yellow;  ovary  sessile;  style 
elongated,  erect,  5-lobed  at  the  stigmatic  apex;  ovules  4-8  in  each  cell,  pendulous 
in  2  series  from  its  inner  angle,  collateral,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  woody  oblong  or 
subglobose  5-cellecl  capsule  loculicidally  o-valved,  with  a  persistent  axis  angled  by 
the  projecting  placentas.  Seeds  2-8  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  flat,  without  albumen; 
seed-coat  woody,  usually  produced  upward  into  an  oblong  wing;  embryo  mostly 
straight  or  oblique,  with  oblong  flat  or  oblique  cotyledons;  radicle  short,  superior. 

Gordonia  with  about  ten  species  is  confined  to  the  south  Atlantic  states  of  North 
America  and  to  tropical  Asia  and  the  Malay  Archipelago. 


678  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  James  Gordon  (1728-1791),  a  well-known  London 
nurseryman. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  long-pedunculate ;    filaments  united  into  a  cup ;  capsule  ovoid ;    seeds  winged ; 

leaves  persistent.  1.  G.  Lasianthus  (C). 

Flowers   subsessile ;    filaments   distinct ;    capsule   globose ;    seeds   without  wings ;    leaves 

deciduous.  2.  G.  Altamaha  (C). 

1.  Gordonia  Lasianthus,  Ell.   Bay.   Loblolly  Bay. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to 
the  cuneate  base,  finely  or  remotely  crenately  serrate,  usually  above  the  middle  only, 


dark  green,  smooth  and  lustrous,  4'-5'  long  and  l|'-2'  wide,  persistent;  their  petioles 
stout,  wing-margined  toward  the  apex,  channeled,  about  ^'  long.  Flowers  about 
2^'  in  diameter,  expanding  in  July  and  continuing  to  open  successively  during 
several  weeks,  on  stout  red  peduncles  thickening  from  below  upward,  and  2£'-3' 
long,  with  usually  3  or  4  ovate  minute  subfloral  bracts;  sepals  ovate  to  oval,  \'  long, 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  with  long  white  hairs,  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with 
dense  velvety  pale  lustrous  pubescence;  petals  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  con- 
tracted at  the  base,  silky-puberulent  on  the  back,  white,  1|'-1^'  long  and  1'  broad; 
stamens  united  into  a  shallow  fleshy  deeply  5-lobed  cup  pubescent  on  the  inner  surface 
and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  petals;  ovary  ovate,  pubescent,  gradually  contracted 
into  the  stout  style.  Fruit  ovoid;  seeds  winged,  nearly  square,  slightly  concave 
on  the  inner  and  rounded  on  the  outer  surface,  rugose,  dotted  with  small  pale  brown 
excrescences,  nearly  ^'  long  and  half  the  length  of  the  thin  membranaceous  oblique 
pale  brown  wing  pointed  or  rounded  at  the  apex;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the 
seed,  nearly  straight;  cotyledons  subcordate,  foliaceous. 

A  short-lived  tree,  60°-75°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter, 
small  branches  growing  upward  at  first  and  ultimately  spreading  into  a  rather  nar- 
row compact  head,  and  dark  brown  rugose  branchlets  marked  during  several  years 
by  the  horizontal  slightly  obcordate  leaf-scars;  or  rarely  alow  shrub.  Winter-buds 
\'-$'  long,  and  covered  with  pale  silky  lustrous  pubescence.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
nearly  V  thick,  deeply  divided  into  regular  parallel  rounded  ridges,  their  dark 
red-brown  scaly  surface  broken  into  many  irregular  shallow  furrows.  Wood  light, 


THEACE.E  679 

soft,  close-grained,  not  durable,  light  red,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  40-50 
layers  of  annual  growth;  occasionally  used  in  cabinet-making. 

Distribution.  Shallow  swamps  and  moist  depressions  in  the  Pine  barrens;  south- 
ern Virginia  southward  near  the  coast  to  Cape  Malabar  and  Cape  Romano,  Florida, 
and  westward  along  the  Gulf  coast  to  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River;  most 
abundant  in  Georgia  and  east  Florida;  gradually  becoming  less  abundant  westward. 

2.  Gordonia  Altamaha,  Sarg.    Franklinia. 

Leaves  obovate-oblong,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to 
the  base,  long-cuneate,  remotely  serrate,  usually  above  the  middle  only,  with  small 
glandular  teeth,  bright  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  pale  on  the  lower  surface, 
5'-6'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  turning  scarlet  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles 
stout,  wing-margined  above,  \'-%  long.  Flowers  3'-3y  in  diameter,  appearing  about 
the  middle  of  September,  on  short  stout  peduncles  at  first  pubescent,  finally  glabrous, 
from  the  axils  of  crowded  upper  leaves,  and  marked  by  the  broad  conspicuous  scars 
of  2  minute  lateral  subfloral  pubescent  bracts;  sepals  nearly  circular,  £'  in  diameter, 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  short  lustrous  silky 
pale  hairs;  petals  obovate,  crenulate  on  the  margins,  white,  membranaceous,  I'-l^' 
long,  1'  broad,  and  densely  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  fine  pubescence;  fila- 
ments distinct,  inserted  on  the  petals;  ovary  conspicuously  ridged,  pubescent,  trun- 
cate, and  crowned  with  a  slender  deciduous  style  nearly  as  long  as  the  stamens. 


Fruit  globose,  septicidally  5-valved  from  the  base  to  the  middle;  seeds  6-8,  or  by 
abortion  fewer  in  each  cell,  closely  packed  together  on  the  whole  length  of  the  thick 
axile  placenta,  nearly  £'  long,  angled  by  mutual  pressure,  without  wings. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  stout  slightly  angled  dark  red-brown  branchlets  cov- 
ered with  small  pale  oblong  horizontal  lenticels,  and  conspicuously  marked  by  large 
prominent  obcordate  leaf-scars,  with  a  marginal  row  of  large  fibro-vascular  bundle- 
scars.  Winter-buds  compressed,  reddish  brown,  puberulous,  %-\'  long.  Bark  of 
cultivated  plants  smooth,  thin,  dark  brown. 

Distribution.  Near  Fort  Harrington  on  the  Altamaha  River,  Georgia;  not  seen 
in  a  wild  state  since  1790,  and  now  only  known  by  cultivated  plants. 


680  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Often  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  Philadelphia,  and 
occasionally  in  western  and  central  Europe. 

XL.    CANELLACE.S3. 

Trees,  with  pungent  aromatic  bark,  alternate  pellucid-punctate  entire  penni- 
veined  persistent  leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  cymose ; 
sepals  and  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  stamens  numerous,  hypogynous,  with 
filaments  united  into  a  tube  inclosing  the  pistil,  and  narrow  extrorse  anthers 
adnate  to  the  tube  and  longitudinally  2-celled;  pistil  of  2-3  united  carpels; 
ovary  free,  1-celled,  with  2—5  parietal  placentas  ;  styles  thick  ;  stigmas  2-5- 
lobed  ;  ovules  2  or  many.  Fruit  a  berry  ;  seeds  2  or  several ;  seed-coat  thick, 
crustaceous  ;  embryo  small  in  fleshy  oily  albumen. 

The  Wild  Cinnamon  family  with  four  genera  and  few  species  is  confined  to 
tropical  America,  south  Africa,  and  Madagascar,  a  single  species  reaching  the 
shores  of  southern  Florida. 

1.  CANELLA,  P.  Br. 

A  tree,  with  scaly  bark,  stout  ashy  gray  branchlets  conspicuously  marked  by  large 
orbicular  leaf-scars,  and  minute  buds.  Leaves  obovate,  rounded  or  slightly  eniargi- 
nate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  cuneate  base,  petiolate,  coriaceous.  Flow- 
ers small,  in  many-flowered  subcorymbose  terminal  or  subterminal  panicles  of  sev- 
eral dichotomously  branched  cymes  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves  or  from  minute 
caducous  bracts;  sepals  3,  suborbicular,  concave,  coriaceous,  erect,  their  margins 
ciliate,  persistent;  petals  5,  hypogynous,  in  a  single  row  on  the  slightly  convex 
receptacle,  oblong,  concave,  rounded  at  the  apex,  fleshy,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
white  or  rose  color;  stamens  about  20,  staminal  tube  crenulate  at  the  summit  and 
slightly  extended  above  the  anthers;  ovary  cylindrical  or  oblong-conical,  1-celled, 
with  2  parietal  placentas;  style  short,  fleshy,  terminating  in  a  2  or  3-lobed 
stigma;  ovules  numerous,  arcuate,  horizontal  or  descending,  attached  by  short  funi- 
cles,  imperfectly  anatropous;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  globose  or  slightly  ovate, 
fleshy,  minutely  pointed  with  the  base  of  the  persistent  style,  2-4-seeded.  Seeds 
reniform,  suspended;  seed-coat  black  and  shining;  embryo  curved  in  the  copious 
albumen;  cotyledons  oblong;  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

The  genus  consists  of  a  single  West  Indian  tree,  extending  into  southern  Florida 
and  to  Venezuela. 

The  generic  name  is  from  canella,  the  diminutive  of  the  Latin  cana  or  canna,  a 
cane  or  reed,  first  applied  to  the  bark  of  some  Old  World  tree  from  the  form  of  a 
roll  or  quill  which  it  assumed  in  drying. 

1.  Canella  Winterana,  Gaertn.    Cinnamon  Bark.    White  Wood.  Wild 

Cinnamon. 

Leaves  contracted  into  short  stout  grooved  petioles,  3|'-5'  long,  l£'-2'  wide, 
bright  green  and  lustrous.  Flowers  about  \'  in  diameter,  opening  in  the  autumn. 
Fruit  ripening  in  March  and  April,  bright  crimson,  soft  and  fleshy,  £'  in  diameter; 
seeds  about  fo'  long. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  25°-30°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  and 
slender  horizontal  spreading  branches  forming  a  compact  round-headed  top.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  ty  thick,  light  gray,  broken  on  the  surface  into  numerous  short  thick 
scales  rarely  more  than  2'-3'  long  and  about  twice  as  thick  as  the  pale  yellow  aro- 


KGEBERLINIACE^;  681 

matic  inner  bark.    Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark 
red-brown,  with  thick  light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood  of  25-30  layers  of  annual 


growth.   The  bitter  acrid  inner  bark  is  the  wild  cinnamon  bark  of  commerce.   It 
has  a  pleasant  cinnamon-like  odor  and  is  an  aromatic  stimulant  and  tonic. 

Distribution.  In  Florida  common  and  widely  distributed  on  the  southern  keys, 
usually  growing  in  the  shade  of  other  trees. 

XLI.  KCBBERLINIACE-S1. 

An  intricately  branched  almost  leafless  tree  or  shrub,  with  thin  red-brown 
scaly  bark,  stout  alternate  glabrous  branchlets  covered  with  pale  green  bark 
and  terminating  in  sharp  rigid  straight  or  slightly  curved  spines.  Leaves  mi- 
nute, early  deciduous,  alternate,  narrowly  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex. 
Flowers  perfect,  on  slender  club-shaped  puberulous  pedicels  from  the  axils  of 
minute  scarious  deciduous  bracts,  in  short  umbel-like  racemes  below  the  ends 
of  the  branches  ;  calyx  of  3  or  4  minute  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  decidu- 
ous ;  petals  4,  convolute  in  the  bud,  hypogynous,  obovate  or  oblong,  subunguic- 
ulate,  white,  much  longer  than  the  sepals ;  disk  0  ;  stamens  8,  free,  hypogy- 
nous, as  long  as  the  petals ;  filaments  thickened  in  the  middle,  subulate  at  the 
ends ;  anthers  oval,  attached  on  the  back  near  the  base,  2-celled,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally;  ovary  ovoid,  2-celled,  contracted  at  the  base  into  a 
short  stalk  and  above  into  a  simple  subulate  style ;  stigma  terminal,  obtuse, 
slightly  emarginate ;  ovules  numerous,  adnate  in  several  series  to  the  fleshy- 
placenta,  horizontal  or  dependent,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  2-celled  berry,  black  at 
maturity,  subglobose,  tipped  witli  the  remnants  of  the  pointed  style  ;  flesh  thin 
and  succulent,  the  cells  1  or  2-seeded  by  abortion.  Seed  vertical,  circinate- 
cochleate ;  seed-coat  crustaceous,  slightly  rugose,  striate ;  albumen  thin ; 
embryo  annular ;  cotyledons  semiterete  ;  the  radicle  ascending. 

The  family  is  represented  by  a  single  genus. 

1.  KCEBERLINIA,  Zucc. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Kceberlinia  with  one  species  is  North  American. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  L.  Koeberlin,  a  German  botanist. 


682  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

1.    Koeberlinia  spinosa,  Zucc. 

Leaves  not  more  than  £'  long.    Flowers  appearing  in  May  and  June,  about  \'  in 
diameter.    Fruit  yY~V  in  diameter. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  20°-2o°  high,  with  a  short  stout  trunk  sometimes  G°-8°  long 


and  a  foot  in  diameter;  more  often  a  low  branching  shrub  forming  impenetrable 
thickets  often  of  considerable  extent.  "Wood  very  hard,  heavy,  close-grained,  dark 
brown  somewhat  streaked  with  orange,  becoming  almost  black  on  exposure,  with  thin 
yellow  or  nearly  white  sap  wood  of  12-15  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  mesas  and  foothills;  valley  of  the  lower'Rio  Grande, 
Texas,  westward  to  southern  Arizona,  and  southward  through  northern  Mexico. 

XLII.  CARICACE.ffi. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  milky  juice,  alternate  long-petiolate  persistent 
simple  or  digitatoly  compound  leaves,  without  stipules.  Flowers  unisexual  or 
perfect,  the  perianth  of  the  male  and  female  flowers  dissimilar ;  stamens  in 
two  series,  inserted  on  the  corolla ;  filaments  free ;  anthers  introrse.  Fruit 
baccate. 

The  Pawpaw  family  with  two  genera  is  tropical  American  and  Mexican,  a 
single  representative  of  one  of  the  genera  reaching  the  shores  of  southern 
Florida. 

1.  CARICA,  L. 

Short-lived  trees,  with  erect  simple  or  rarely  branched  stems  composed  of  a  thin 
shell  of  soft  fibrous  wood  surrounding  a  large  central  cavity  divided  by  thin  soft 
cross  partitions  at  the  nodes,  covered  with  thin  green  or  gray  bark  marked  by  the 
ring-like  scars  of  fallen  leaf-stalks,  and  stout  soft  fleshy  roots.  Leaves  simple,  pal- 
mately  lobed  or  digitate,  crowded  toward  the  top  of  "the  stem  and  branches,  large, 
flaccid,  subpeltately  palmately  nerved,  and  usually  deeply  and  often  compoundly 
lobed.  Flowers  regular,  monrecious  or  polygamo-dicecious,  white,  yellow,  or  greenish 
white,  in  axillary  cymose  panicles,  the  staminate  elongated,  pedunculate,  and  many- 
flowered,  the  pistillate  abbreviated  and  few  or  usually  3-flowered,  generally  unisex- 
ual and  dioecious,  occasionally  polygamo-dioecious,  each  flower  in  the  axil  of  a  minute 


CARICACE^E  683 

ovate  acute  bract;  calyx  minute,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  alternate  with  the  petals;  corolla 
of  the  staminate  flower  salverform,  garaopetalous,  the  tube  elongated,  5-lobed,  the 
lobe  oblong  or  linear,  contorted  in  the  bud;  stamens  10;  filaments  free,  those  of  the 
outer  row  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  elongated,  the  others  alter- 
nate with  them  and  abbreviated;  anthers  2-celled,  erect,  opening  longitudinally, 
often  surmounted  by  their  slightly  elongated  connective;  ovary  rudimentary,  sub- 
ulate; pistillate  flower,  calyx  minute,  5-lobed,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla 
polypetalous,  petals  5,  linear-oblong,  erect,  ultimately  spreading  above  the  middle, 
deciduous;  ovary  free,  sessile,  1-celled  or  more  or  less  spuriously  5-celled;  style  0 
or  abbreviated;  stigmas  5,  linear,  radiating,  dilated  and  subpalmately  lobed  at  the 
apex;  ovules  indefinite,  inserted  in  two  rows  on  the  placenta,  anatropous,  long- 
stalked;  micropyle  superior;  raphe  ventral;  hermaphrodite  flower,  corolla  gamo- 
petalous,  tubular-eampanulate,  the  lobes  erect  and  spreading  or  subreflexed;  stamens 
10,  in  2  ranks,  or  5;  ovary  obovoid-oblong,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  more 
or  less  spuriously  5-celled  below.  Fruit  slightly  5-lobed,  1-celled  or  more  or  less 
completely  5-celled,  filled  with  soft  pulp,  many-seeded,  that  produced  from  the 
hermaphrodite  flowers  long-stalked,  pendulous,  usually  unsymmetrical,  gibbous,  and 
smaller  than  that  from  the  pistillate  flowers.  Seeds  ovoid,  inclosed  in  membrana- 
ceous  silvery  white  sac-like  arils,  occasionally  germinating  within  the  fruit;  seed- 
coat  crustaceous,  closely  investing  the  mernbranaceous  inner  coat,  the  outer  coat 
becoming  thick,  rugose,  succulent,  and  ultimately  dry  and  leathery;  embryo  in  the 
axis  of  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  ovate,  foliaceous,  compressed,  longer  than  the 
terete  radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  pale  subbasilar  hilum. 

Carica  with  about  twenty  species  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  through  the 
West  Indies  to  southern  Brazil  and  Argentina,  and  from  southern  Mexico  to  Chili 
One  species  grows  probably  indigenously  in  Florida.  The  milky  juice  of  Carica 
contains  papain,  which  has  the  power  of  digesting  albuminous  substances,  and  the 
leaves  are  often  used  in  tropical  countries  to  make  meat  tender. 

The  generic  name  is  formed  from  the  Carib  name  of  one  of  the  species. 

1.  Carica  Papaya,  L.    Pawpaw. 

Leaves  ovate  or  orbicular,  deeply  parted  into  5-7  lobes  divided  more  or  less 
deeply  into  acute  lateral  lobes,  these  secondary  divisions  entire  or  rarely  lobed,  the 
lowest  lobes  forming  a  deep  basal  sinus,  thin,  flaccid,  yellow-green,  lo'-24'  in 
diameter,  with  broad  flat  yellow  or  orange-colored  primary  veins  radiating  from 
the  end  of  the  petiole  through  the  lobes,  and  small  secondary  veins  extending  to 
the  points  of  the  lateral  lobes  and  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets; 
their  petioles  stout,  yellow,  hollow,  enlarged  and  cordate  at  the  base,  sometimes 
becoming  3°-4°  long  before  the  leaves  fall.  Flowers  often  beginning  to  appear 
on  plants  only  3°  or  4°  high  and  a  few  months  old,  producd  continuously  through- 
out the  year,  staminate  in  clusters  on  slender  spreading  or  pendulous  peduncles 
4'-12'  long,  pistillate  in  1-3-flowered  short-stalked  cymes;  staminate  flowers  fra- 
grant, filled  with  nectar,  their  corolla  f'-l-J-'  long,  with  a  slender  tube  and  acute 
lobes;  anthers  oblong,  orange-colored,  surmounted  by  the  rounded  thickened  end  of 
the  connective,  those  of  the  inner  row  almost  sessile  and  one  third  larger  than  those 
of  the  outer  row,  shorter  than  their  flattened  filaments  covered,  like  the  connectives, 
with  long  slender  white  hairs;  pistillate  flowers  about  1'  long,  witli  erect  petals,  with- 
out staminodia;  ovary  ovoid,  ivory-white,  slightly  and  obtusely  5-angled,  1-celled,  and 
narrowed  into  a  short  slender  style  crowned  by  a  pale  green  stigma  divided  to  the 


684  TKEES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

base  into  5  radiating  lobes  dilated  and  3-nerved  at  the  apex.  Fruits  hanging  close 
together  against  the  stem  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalks,  obovate,  ellipsoidal  and 
obtusely  short-pointed,  yellowish  green  to  bright  orange  color;  in  southern  Florida 
not  more  than  4'  long  and  3'  thick,  and  usually  smaller,  with  a  thick  skin  closely 


adherent  to  the  sweet  insipid  flesh  forming  a  thin  layer  outside  the  central  cavity; 
seeds  full  and  rounded,  about  T8ff'  long;  outer  portion  of  the  seed-coat  rugose  at 
first  when  the  fruit  is  fully  grown  but  still  green,  ivory-white,  very  succulent,  and 
usually  separable  from  the  smooth  paler  chestnut-brown  lustrous  interior  portion, 
the  outer  part  turning  black  as  the  fruit  ripens  and  becoming  adherent  to  the  inner 
portion  closely  investing  the  thin  lustrous  light  red-brown  inner  coat. 

A  short-lived  tree,  in  Florida  attaining  a  height  of  12°-15°,  with  a  trunk  seldom 
more  than  6'  in  diameter;  in  the  West  Indies  and  other  tropical  countries  often 
twice  as  large,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  dividing  into  a  number  of  stout  upright 
branches.  Bark  thin,  light  green,  becoming  gray  toward  the  base  of  the  stem. 

Distribution.  Florida  from  the  southern  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  on  the  west 
coast  and  Indian  River  on  the  east  coast  to  the  southern  keys,  growing  sparingly  in 
rich  hummocks;  common  in  all  the  West  Indian  islands,  in  southern  Mexico,  and 
in  the  tropical  countries  of  South  America;  now  naturalized  in  most  of  the  warm 
regions  of  the  world,  where  it  is  universally  cultivated  for  its  fruit,  which  is  consid- 
ered one  of  the  most  wholesome  of  all  tropical  fruits,  and  has  been  much  improved 
by  selection. 

B.    Ovary  inferior  (partly  inferior  in  Rhizophora). 
XLIII.    CACTACEJB. 

Succulent  trees  or  shrubs,  with  copious  watery  juice,  numerous  spines  spring- 
ing from  cushions  of  small  bristles  (areolce),  and  minute  caducous  alternate 
leaves,  or  leafless.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  perfect,  usually  solitary  ;  calyx 
of  numerous  spirally  imbricated  sepals  forming  a  tube,  those  of  the  inner  series 
petal-like ;  corolla  of  numerous  imbricated  petals,  in  many  series  ;  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  very  numerous,  in  several  series,  with  slender 
filaments  and  introrse  2-celled  oblong  anthers,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ; 


CACTACE^:  685 

pistil  of  several  united  carpels  ;  ovary  1-celled,  with  several  parietal  placentas  ; 
styles  united,  terminal ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  placentas ;  ovules  numerous, 
horizontal,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  numerous,  with  albumen ; 
cotyledons  foliaceous  ;  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

The  Cactus  family  with  twenty  genera  and  a  very  large  number  of  species 
is  most  abundant  in  the  dry  region  adjacent  to  the  boundary  of  the  United 
States  and  Mexico,  with  a  few  species  ranging  northward  to  the  northern 
United  States  and  southward  to  the  West  Indian  islands,  Brazil,  Peru,  and 
the  Galapagos  Islands.  Two  of  the  genera  have  arborescent  representatives  in 
the  flora  of  the  United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Branohea  anil  stems  (jolumnar,  ribbed,  continuous;  leaves  0;  flower-bearing  and  spine- 
bearing  areolse  distinct ;  flowers  close  above  spine-bearing  areolae ;  tube  of  the  flower 
elongated;  seeds  dark-colored.  1.  Cereus. 

Branches  jointed,  tuberculate ;  leaves  scale-like  ;  flower-bearing  and  spine-bearing  areobe 
not  distinct ;  tube  of  the  flower  short  and  cup-shaped ;  seeds  pale. .  "2.  Opuntia. 

1.    CEREUS,  Haw. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  columnar  ribbed  steins,  and  buds  on  the  back  of  the  ridges 
from  the  axils  of  latent  leaves,  geminate,  superposed,  the  upper  producing  a  branch 
or  flower,  the  lower  arrested  and  developed  into  a  cluster  of  spines  surrounded  by 
an  elevated  cushion  or  areola  of  chaffy  tonientose  scales.  Flowers  lateral,  elongated, 
the  calyx  lobes  forming  an  elongated  tube,  those  of  the  outer  ranks  aclnate  to  the 
ovary,  scale-like,  only  their  tips  free,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  free,  elongated  ;  petals 
cohering  by  their  bases  with  the  top  of  the  calyx-tube,  larger  than  its  interior  lobes, 
.spreading,  recurved  ;  stamens  numerous;  filaments  adnate  by  their  base  to  the  tube 
of  the  calyx,  those  of  the  interior  ranks  free,  the  exterior  united  into  a  tube  ;  style 
filiform,  divided  into  numerous  radiating  linear  branches  stigmatic  on  the  inner 
face;  stalks  of  the  ovules  long  and  slender, 'becoming  thick  and  juicy  in  the  fruit. 
Seeds  with  very  thin  albumen;  embryo  straight;  cotyledons  abbreviated,  hooked  at 
the  apex;  radicle  conical. 

Cereus  with  about  two  hundred  species  inhabits  the  dry  southwestern  region  of 
North  America,  the  West  Indies,  tropical  South  America,  and  the  Galapagos  Islands. 
Of  the  numerous  species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  only  one 
assumes  the  habit  and  size  of  a  tree.  The  fruit  of  several  species  is  edible,  and  the 
ribs  of  the  durable  woody  frames  of  the  stems  of  the  large  arborescent  species  are 
used  for  the  rafters  of  houses  and  for  fuel.  Many  of  the  species  are  planted  in 
warm  dry  countries  in  hedges  to  protect  cultivated  fields,  and  others  are  popular 
garden  plants  valued  for  their  beautiful  flowers,  which  are  sometimes  nocturnal  and 
exceedingly  fragrant. 

The  generic  name  relates  to  the  candle-like  form  of  the  stem  of  some  of  the 
species. 

1.  Cereus  giganteus,  Engelm.    Suwarro. 

Leaves  0.  Flowers  4'-4£'  long  and  2^'  wide,  opening  from  May  to  July  in  great 
numbers  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  each  surrounded  on  the  lower  side  by  the  radial 
spines  of  the  cluster  below  it;  ovary  ovoid,  1'  long,  rather  shorter  than  the  stout 
tube  of  the  flower,  and  covered,  like  the  base  of  the  tube,  by  the  thick  imbricated 
green  outer  scale-like  sepals,  with  small  free  triangular  acute  scarious  mucronate 


TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

tips,  furnished  in  their  axils  with  short  tufts  of  rufous  hairs  and  occasionally  with 
clusters  of  chartaceous  spines,  gradually  passing  into  thin  oblong  ovate  or  obovate 
larger  sepals,  mucronate  or  rounded  at  the  apex  and  closely  imbricated  in  many 
ranks;  petals  25-35.  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse,  entire,  thick  and  fleshy,  creamy  white, 
I'  long  and  much  reflexed  after  anthesis;  stamens,  with  linear  anthers  emarginate 
at  the  ends,  and  filaments  united  for  half  their  length  to  the  walls  of  the  calyx-tube, 
those  of  the  exterior  rows  joined  below  into  a  long  tube,  surrounding  the  stout  col- 
umnar style  glandular  at  the  base  and  divided  at  the  apex  into  12-15  green  stigmas. 
Fruit  ripening  in  August,  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  2^'  long,  l\'  wide,  truncate  and 
covered  at  the  apex  by  the  depressed  pale  scar  left  by  the  falling  of  the  flower,  light 
red  at  maturity,  separating  into  3  or  4  fleshy  valves  bright  red  on  their  inner  sur- 
face and  inclosing  the  bright  scarlet  juicy  mass  of  the  enlarged  funiculi  and  innu- 
merable seeds;  seeds  obovate,  rounded,  ^'  long,  lustrous,  dark  chestnut-brown. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  2°  in  diameter,  thickest  below  the 
middle  and  tapering  gradually  toward  the  ends,  marked  by  transverse  superficial 
lines  into  rings  4'-8'  long,  representing  the  amount  of  longitudinal  growth,  8-12- 
ribbed  at  the  base,  with  obtuse  ribs  4'-5'  broad,  and  at  the  summit  18-20-ribbed,  with 
obtuse  deep  compressed  ribs,  branchless  or  furnished  above  the  middle  with  a  few, 
usually  2  or  3,  stout  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite  upright  branches  shorter  but 
otherwise  resembling  the  principal  stem  composed  of  a  thick  tough  green  epidermis, 
a  fleshy  covering  3'-6'  thick  saturated  with  bitter  juice,  and  a  circle  of  bundles  of 
wood  fibres  making,  with  annual  layers  of  exogenous  growth,  dense  tough  elastic 
columns  placed  opposite  the  depressions  between  the  ribs,  £'-3'  in  diameter  and  fre- 
quently united  by  branches  growing  at  irregular  intervals  between  them,  the  woody 


frame  remaining  standing  after  the  death  of  the  plant  and  the  decomposition  of  its 
fleshy  covering.  Areolae  pale,  elevated,  about  \'  in  diameter,  bearing  clusters  of 
stout  straight  spines  with  large  dark  fulvous  bases,  sulcate  or  angled,  tinged  with 
red,  with  thick  stout  spines  in  the  centre  of  each  cluster,  the  lowest  4  horizontal 
or  slightly  inclined  downward,  the  lowest  being  the  longest  and  stoutest  and  some- 
times 1^'  long  and  ^'  thick,  the  upper  shorter,  more  slender  and  slightly  turned 
upward,  with  a  row  of  shorter  and  thinner  radial  spines  12-16  in  number  surrounding 
the  central  group.  Wood  of  the  columns  strong,  very  light,  rather  coarse-grained, 


CACTACE.E  687 

with  numerous  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  and  light  brown  tinged  with  yellow; 
almost  indestructible  in  contact  with  the  ground,  little  affected  by  the  atmosphere 
and  largely  used  for  the  rafters  of  houses,  for  fences,  and  by  Indians  for  lances, 
bows,  etc.  The  fruit  is  consumed  in  large  quantities  by  Indians. 

Distribution.  Low  rocky  hills  and  dry  mesas  of  the  desert;  valley  of  Bill  Wil- 
liams River  through  central  and  southern  Arizona  to  the  valley  of  the  San  Pedro 
River,  and  southward  in  Sonora. 

2.  OPUNTIA,  Adans. 

Trees  or  usually  shrubs,  in  the  arborescent  species  of  the  United  States  with  sub- 
cylindrical  or  clavate  articulate  tuberculate  branches,  covered  with  small  sunken  sto- 
mata,  and  containing  tubular  reticulated  woody  skeletons,  and  thick  fleshy  or  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  scale-like,  terete,  subulate,  caducous,  bearing  in  their  axils  oblong 
or  circular  cushion-like  areoke  of  chaffy  or  woolly  scales  terminal  on  the  branches 
and  furnished  above  the  middle  with  many  short  slender  slightly  attached  sharp 
barbed  bristles  and  toward  the  base  with  numerous  stout  barbed  spines  surrounded 
in  some  species,  except  at  the  apex,  by  loose  papery  sheaths.  Flowers  diurnal,  lat- 
eral, produced  from  areolse  on  branches  of  the  previous  year  between  the  bristles 
and  spines,  sessile,  cup-shaped;  sepals  flat,  erect,  deciduous;  corolla  rotate;  petals 
obovate,  united  at  the  base,  spreading;  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals;  filaments 
free  or  slightly  united  below;  anthers  oblong;  style  cylindrical,  longer  than  the 
stamens,  obclavate  below,  divided  at  the  apex  into  3-8  elongated  or  lobtilate  lobes 
stigmatic  on  the  inner  face.  Fruit  sometimes  proliferous,  covered  by  a  thick  skin, 
succulent  and  often  edible,  or  dry,  pyriform,  globose  or  elliptical,  concave  at  the  apex, 
surmounted  by  the  marcescent  tube  of  the  flower,  tuberculate,  areolate,  or  rarely 
glabrous,  truncate  at  the  base,  with  a  broad  umbilicus  at  the  apex.  Seeds  immersed 
iu  the  pulpy  placentas,  compressed,  discoid,  often  margined  with  a  bony  raphe;  testa 
pale,  bony,  sometimes  marked  by  a  narrow  darker  marginal  commissure;  embryo 
coiled  around  the  copious  or  scanty  albumen;  cotyledons  large;  radicle  thin,  obtuse. 

Opuntia  with  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  species  is  distributed  from  southern 
New  England  southward  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  to  the  West  Indies,  and 
through  western  North  America  to  Chili,  Brazil,  and  Argentina,  the  largest  number 
of  species  occurring  near  the  boundary  of  the  United  States  and  Mexico.  Of  the 
species  of  the  United  States  three  attain  the  size  and  habit  of  small  trees.  Cochineal 
is  derived  from  a  scale-insect  which  feeds  on  the  juices  of  some  of  the  Mexican 
species,  and  the  fruit  of  several  species  is  refreshing  and  is  consumed  in  considerable 
quantities  in  semitropical  countries.  The  large-growing  species  with  flat  branches 
are  employed  in  many  countries  to  form  hedges  for  the  protection  of  gardens 
and  fields;  and  the  branches  saturated  with  watery  juice  are  sometimes  stripped  of 
their  spines  and  bristles  and  fed  to  cattle. 

Opuntia  is  the  classical  name  of  some  plant  which  grew  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
city  of  Opus  in  Bceotia. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Tubercles  of  the  branches  full  and  rounded  below  the  areolfe. 

Joints  pale  olive  color,  easily  separable,  their  tubercles  broad,  mammillate  ;  spines  yel- 
low ;  flowers  pink  ;  fruit  proliferous,  usually  spineless,  often  sterile. 

1.  O.  fulgida  (H). 


688  TREES    OF  NORTH    AMERICA 

Joints  green  or  purple,  their  tubercles  narrow,  ovate  ;  spines  white  to  reddish  brown ; 
flowers  purple  ;  fruit  yellow,  sparingly  spinescent,  rarely  proliferous. 

2.  O.  spinosior  (H). 

Tubercles  of  the  branches  not  full  and  rounded  below  the  areolae ;  joints  elongated,  dark 
green  or  purple,  their  tubercles  elongated  ;  spines  brown  or  reddish  brown  ;  flowers  green, 
tinted  with  red  or  yellow ;  fruit  green,  spinescent,  rarely  proliferous. 

3.  O.  versicolor  (H). 

1.  Opuntia  fulgida,  Engelm.    Cliolla. 

Leaves   light  green,   gradually    narrowed  to   the    acuminate  apex,  ^'-1'  long. 
Flowers  appearing  from  June  to  September,  the  earliest  from  tubercles  at  the  ends 


of  the  branches  of  the  previous  year,  the  others  from  the  terminal  tubercles  of  the 
immature  fruit  developed  from  the  earliest  flowers  of  the  season,  1'  in  diameter 
when  fully  expanded,  with  ovaries  nearly  1'  long,  8-10  obtuse  crenulate  sepals,  5 
erect  stigmas,  and  8  light  pink  petals,  those  of  the  outer  ranks  cuneate,  retuse,  crenu- 
late on  the  margins,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acute  petals  of  the  inner  ranks,  the 
whole  strongly  reflexed  at  maturity.  Fruit  proliferous,  oval,  rounded,  1'— 1^'  long 
and  nearly  as  broad,  more  or  less  tuberculate,  conspicuously  marked  by  large  pale 
tomentose  areolse  bearing  numerous  small  bristles,  usually  spineless  or  occasionally 
armed  with  small  weak  spines,  hanging  in  pendulous  clusters  usually  of  6  or  7  and 
occasionally  of  40-50  fruits  in  a  cluster,  one  growing  from  the  other  in  continuous 
succession,  the  first  the  largest  and  containing  perfect  seeds,  the  others  frequently 
sterile,  dull  green  when  fully  ripe,  with  dry  flesh,  falling  usually  during  the  first 
winter  or  occasionally  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  second  season,  and  then 
developing  flowers  from  the  tubercles;  seeds  compressed,  thin,  very  angular,  TV~ff' 
in  diameter. 

A  tree,  with  a  more  or  less  flexuous  trunk  occasionally  12°  in  height  and  some- 
times a  foot  in  diameter,  a  symmetrical  head  of  stout  wide-spreading  branches  and 
thick  pendulous  joints  sometimes  almost  hidden  by  the  long  conspicuous  spines  and 
beginning  to  develop  their  woody  skeletons  during  their  second  or  occasionally  during 
their  third  season,  the  terminal  or  ultimate  joints  ovate  or  ovate-cylindrical,  tumid, 
crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  limbs,  pale  olive  color,  3'-8'  long,  often  2'  in  diameter, 
with  broad  ovate-oblong  tubercles,  ^'-f'  long.  Areolae  of  pale  straw-colored 


CACTACE^E  689 

tomentum  and  short  slender  pale  bristles,  each  areola  bearing  at  first  5-15  stout 
stellate-spreading  light  yellow  spines  of  nearly  equal  length,  £'-!'  long  and  inclosed 
in  loose  lustrous  sheaths,  additional  spines  developing  in  succeeding  years  at  the  upper 
margins  of  the  areolae,  the  tubercles  of  old  branches  being  sometimes  furnished  with 
from  40-60  spines  persistent  on  the  branches  for  4-6  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and 
of  the  large  limbs  about  \'  thick,  separating  freely  on  the  surface  into  large  thin 
loosely  attached  scales  varying  in  color  from  brown  to  nearly  black  on  the  largest 
steins,  and  unarmed,  the  spines  mostly  falling  with  the  outer  layers  from  branches 
3'-4'  thick.  Wood  of  old  trunks  light,  hard,  pale  yellow,  with  broad  conspicuous 
medullary  rays,  well  marked  layers  of  annual  growth,  and  a  thick  pith. 

Distribution.  Plains  of  Arizona  south  of  the  Colorado  plateau,  and  in  the  adja- 
cent region  of  Sonora;  not  rare;  apparently  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on 
the  mesas  near  Tucson,  at  elevations  between  2000°  and  3000°  above  the  sea. 

2.  Opuntia  spinosior,  Tourney.    Tassajo. 

Leaves  terete,  tapering  gradually  to  the  setulose  apex,  about  \'  long,  remaining 
on  the  branches  four  to  six  weeks.  Flowers  opening  in  April  and  May  and  remain- 
ing open  for  two  or  three  days,  2'-2^'  in  diameter,  with  ovaries  about  1'  long,  obovate 
sepals,  broadly  obovate  dark  purple  petals,  sensitive  red  stamens,  and  a  6-9-parted 
stigma.  Fruits  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  the  previous  year,  persistent 
on  the  branches  during  the  winter  and  occasionally  during  the  following  summer 
and  then  sometimes  proliferous,  oval  or  rarely  globose  or  hemispherical,  frequently 
2'  long  and  !£'  thick,  with  yellow  acrid  flesh  and  20-30  tubercles  very  prominent 
during  the  summer,  nearly  disappearing  as  the  fruit  ripens  and  enlarges,  leaving 


it  marked  only  by  the  small  oval  areolse  covered  with  short  bristles,  and  bearing 
numerous  slender  spines  deciduous  in  December  as  the  fruit  begins  to  turn  yellow; 
seeds  nearly  orbicular,  slightly  or  not  at  all  beaked,  \'-\'  in  diameter,  and  marked 
by  linear  conspicuous  commissures. 

A  tree,  with  an  erect  trunk  occasionally  10°  high  and  5'-10'  in  diameter,  numerous 
stout  spreading  limbs  forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  branches  with  joints  4'- 
12'  long,  f-1'  thick,  covered  with  a  thick  epidermis  varying  from  green  to  purple 
and  usually  developing  woody  skeletons  during  their  second  season,  their  tubercles 
prominent,  compressed,  ovate,  £'-£'  long.  Areolae  oval,  clothed  with  pale  tomeutum 


690  TREES    OF  NORTH    AMERICA 

and  short  light  brown  bristles,  their  spines  5-15  on  the  tubercles  of  young  joints 
and  30-50  on  those  of  older  branches,  and  slender,  white  to  light  reddish  brown, 
closely  invested  in  white  glistening  sheaths,  stellate-spreading,  £'— |'  long,  those 
in  the  interior  sometimes  considerably  longer  than  the  radial  spines.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  and  of  the  larger  limbs  about  \'  thick,  spineless,  nearly  black,  broken 
into  elongated  ridges,  and  finally  much  roughened  by  numerous  closely  appressed 
scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  pale  reddish  brown,  and  conspicuously  reticulate,  with 
conspicuous  medullary  rays  and  well  defined  layers  of  annual  growth;  sometimes 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  light  furniture,  canes,  picture-frames,  and  other  small 
articles. 

Distribution.    Widely  scattered  over  the  mesas  of  southern  Arizona  south  of  the 
Colorado  plateau  and  over  the  adjacent  regions  of  Sonora. 

3.    Opuntia  versicolor,  Coult. 

Leaves  terete,  abruptly  narrowed  to  the  spinescent  apex,  £'— j'  long,  persistent 
on  the  branches  four  to  six  weeks.    Flowers  opening  in  May,  about  1^'  in  diameter, 


with  ovaries  f '  long,  broadly  ovate  acute  sepals,  and  narrow  obovate  petals  rounded 
above  and  green  tinged  with  red  or  with  yellow.  Fruit  usually  clavate,  2'-2^'  long, 
nearly  !£'  in  diameter,  with  areol®  generally  only  above  the  middle  and  usually 
furnished  with  1-3  slender  reflexed  persistent  spines  about  \'  long,  or  occasionally 
spineless,  rarely  nearly  spherical  and  only  about  f  in  diameter,  ripening  from  De- 
cember to  February,  and  at  maturity  the  same  color  as  the  joints  on  which  it  grows, 
usually  withering,  drying,  and  splitting  open  on  the  tree,  or  remaining  fleshy  and 
persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  end  of  the  following  summer,  and  sometimes 
through  a  second  winter,  or  often  becoming  imbedded  in  the  end  of  a  more  or  less 
elongated  joint;  seeds  irregularly  angled,  with  narrow  commissures. 

A  tree,  with  an  erect  trunk  occasionally  6°-8°  high  and  8'  in  diameter,  numerous 
stout  irregularly  spreading  often  upright  branches,  and  cylindrical  terminal  joints 
generally  6'-12'  but  sometimes  2°  in  length,  £'-!'  in  diameter,  covered  with  a  thick 
dark  green  or  purple  epidermis,  marked  by  linear  flattened  tubercles,  their  woody 
skeletons  usually  formed  during  their  second  season.  Areolae  large,  oval,  clothed 
with  gray  wool,  generally  bearing  a  cluster  of  small  bristles,  and  slender  stellate- 
spreading  brown  or  reddish  brown  spines,  with  close  early  deciduous  straw-colored 


RHIZOPHORACEJ3  691 

sheaths,  4-14  and  on  old  tubercles  20-25  in  number,  the  inner  1-4  in  number,  usu- 
ally deflexed  and  unequal  in  length,  the  longest  about  ^  long  and  longer  than  the 
radial  spines.  Bark  of  the  trunk  and  of  the  large  branches  smooth,  light  brown 
or  purple,  usually  unarmed,  £'-f '  thick,  finally  separating  into  small  closely  ap- 
pressed  black  scales.  Wood  reticulate,  hard,  compact,  light  reddish  brown  and 
rather  lustrous,  with  thin  conspicuous  medullary  rays,  well-defined  layers  of  annual 
growth,  and  thick  pale  or  nearly  white  sapwood. 

Distribution.     Foothills    and    low    mountain   slopes   of   southern   Arizona  and 
northern  Sonora;  very  abundant. 


XLIV.    RHIZOFHORACE2E. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  and  usually  opposite  cori- 
aceous entire  persistent  leaves  with  interpetiolar  stipules.  Flowers  in  axillary 
clusters;  calyx-lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent;  petals  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  calyx  and  as  many  as  its  lobes ;  stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  a 
conspicuous  disk ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ;  pistil  of 
2-5  united  carpels  ;  ovary  2-5-celled ;  ovules  usually  2  in  each  cell,  suspended 
from  its  apex,  collateral,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropyle  superior. 
Fruit  usually  indehiscent,  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

The  Mangrove  family  is  tropical,  with  most  of  its  fifteen  genera  confined  to 
the  Old  World,  one  species  of  the  widely  distributed  Rhizophora  reaching  the 
shores  of  southern  Florida. 

1.  RHIZOPHORA,  L.  Mangrove. 

Trees,  with  pithy  branchlets,  thick  astringent  bark,  and  adventitious  fleshy  roots. 
Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical,  glabrous,  petiolate;  stipules  elongated,  acuminate,  in- 
folding the  bud,  caducous.  Flowers  perfect,  yellow  or  creamy  white,  sessile  or 
pedicellate,  bibracteolate,  the  bractlets  united  into  an  involucral  cup,  in  pedunculate 
dichotomously  or  trichotomously  branched  clusters,  the  base  of  their  branches  sur- 
rounded by  an  involucre  of  2  ovate  3-lobed  persistent  bracts,  or  1-flowered;  calyx 
4-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  coriaceous,  ribbed  on  the  inner  surface  and  thickened  on  the 
margins,  two  or  three  times  longer  than  the  turbinate  globose  tube,  reflexed  at  ma- 
turity, persistent;  petals  4,  induplicate  in  the  bud,  alternate  with  and  longer  than 
the  calyx-lobes,  inserted  on  a  fleshy  disk-like  ring  in  the  mouth  of  the  calyx-tube, 
involute  on  the  margins,  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  long  pale  hairs,  or  flat  and 
naked,  caducous;  stamens  8-12;  filaments  short  or  0;  anthers  attached  at  the 
base,  introrse,  elongated,  connivent,  areolate;  ovary  partly  inferior,  conical,  2-celled, 
contracted  into  two  subulate  spreading  styles  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit  a  conical 
coriaceous  berry  surrounded  by  the  reflexed  calyx-lobes  and  perforated  at  the  apex 
by  the  germinating  embryo.  Seed  germinating  in  the  fruit  before  falling,  the  apex 
surrounded  by  a  thin  albuminous  cup-like  aril;  seed-coat  thick  and  fleshy;  embryo 
surrounded  by  a  thin  layer  of  albumen;  cotyledons  dark  purple;  radicle  elongated, 
clavate,  and  when  fully  grown  separating  from  the  narrow  exserted  woody  tube 
inclosing  the  plumule  and  developed  from  the  cotyledons  after  the  ripening  of  the 
fruit. 

Rhizophora  with  three  species  is  widely  and  generally  distributed  on  the  shores  of 
tidal  marshes  in  the  tropical  regions  of  the  two  hemispheres.  It  possesses  astrin- 
gent properties;  the  bark  has  been  used  in  tanning  leather,  in  dyeing,  and  as  a 


692  TKEES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

febrifuge.  The  wood  is  hard,  durable,  and  dark-colored.  By  means  of  the  aerial 
germination  of  its  seeds  and  in  its  power  'to  develop  roots  from  trunks  and  branches, 
Rhizophora  is  especially  adapted  to  maintain  itself  on  low  tidal  shores  and  is  an 
important  factor  in  protecting  and  extending  them  into  the  ocean.  Roots  springing 
from  the  stems  at  a  considerable  distance  above  the  ground  and  arching  outward 
descend  into  the  water  and  fix  themselves  in  the  mud  beneath,  while  roots  growing 
down  from  the  branches  enter  the  ground  and  gradually  thicken  into  stems.  The 
fully  grown  radicle  ready  to  put  forth  roots  and  leaves,  and  often  10'-12'  long,  is 
thicker  and  heavier  at  the  root  end  than  at  the  other,  and  in  detaching  itself  from 
the  cotyledons  and  in  falling  the  heavy  end  sticks  in  the  mud,  while  the  plumule  at 
the  other  end,  held  above  the  shallow  surface  of  the  water,  soon  unfolds  its  leaves. 

The  generic  name,  from  £t£a  and  Qepeiv,  was  used  by  early  authors  to  designate 
various  climbing  plants  with  thickened  roots. 

1.  Rhizophora  Mangle,  L.   Mangrove. 

Leaves  oval  or  elliptical,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the 
base,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  on  the  upper,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  3£'-5' 
long,  1/-2'  wide,  with  slightly  thickened  margins,  broad  midribs,  and  reticulate  vein- 
lets,  persistent  for  one  or  two  years;  their  petioles  ^'-1^'  J°ng;  stipules  lanceolate, 
acute,  \\'  long,  deciduous  as  the  leaf  unfolds.  Flowers  produced  throughout  the 
year  from  the  axils  of  young  leaves,  1'  in  diameter,  on  stout  2  or  3-branched  pedun- 
cles l^'-2'  long,  with  pale  yellow  petals  coated  on  the  inner  surface  with  long  pale 
hairs,  8  stamens,  and  villose  filaments.  Fruit  V  long,  rusty  brown,  slightly  rough- 
ened with  minute  bosses,  the  hard  woody  thick-walled  tube  developed  from  the 


cotyledons  protruding  |'-f'  from  its  apex  after  the  germination  of  the  seeds,  cov- 
ering the  plumule,  and  holding  the  dark  brown  radicle  marked  with  occasional 
orange-colored  lenticels  and  when  fully  grown  10' -12'  long  and  ^'-J'  thick  near  the 
apex. 

A  round-topped  bushy  tree,  with  spreading  branches  usually  15°-20°  high,  form- 
ing almost  impenetrable  thickets  with  its  numerous  aerial  roots  or  occasionally  70°- 
80°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  clear  of  branches  for  more  than  half  its  length,  a 
narrow  head,  and  stout  glabrous  dark  red-brown  branchlets,  becoming  lighter  colored 
in  their  second  year  and  then  conspicuously  marked  by  large  oval  slightly  elevated 


MYKTACE^E  693 

leaf-scars.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  smooth,  light  reddish  brown, 
becoming  on  old  trunks  £'-£'  thick,  and  gray  faintly  tinged  with  red,  the  surface 
irregularly  fissured  and  broken  into  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  exceedingly 
heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  strong,  dark  reddish  brown  streaked  with  lighter  brown, 
with  pale  sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  for  fuel  and  wharf-piles. 
Distribution.  Shores  of  Florida  from  Mosquito  Inlet  on  the  east  coast  and  Cedar 
Keys  on  the  west  coast  to  the  southern  islands;  most  abundant  south  of  latitude  29°, 
following  the  coast  with  wide  thickets  and  ascending  the  rivers  for  many  miles;  on 
Cape  Sable  and  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  sometimes  growing  at  a  little  distance 
from  the  coast  on  ground  not  submerged  by  the  tide,  and  here  attaining  its  largest 
size,  with  tall  straight  trunks  producing  few  aerial  roots;  also  on  Bermuda,  the 
Bahamas,  the  Antilles,  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  lower  California,  the  Galapagos 
Islands,  and  from  Central  America  along  the  northeast  coast  of  South  America  to 
the  limits  of  the  tropics. 

XLV.  MYRTACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  abounding  in  pungent  aromatic  volatile  oil,  with  minute 
scaly  buds.  Leaves  opposite,  simple,  mostly  entire,  pellucid-punctate,  penni- 
veined,  persistent,  the  slender  obscure  veins  arcuate  and  united  within  the 
thickened  revolute  margins ;  stipules  0.  Flowers  perfect,  regular ;  calyx 
4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or  lid-like  and  deciduous ;  petals 
2-5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk,  or  0  ;  stamens 
very  numerous,  inserted  in  many  ranks  with  the  petals  ;  filaments  slender, 
inflexed  in  the  bud,  exserted ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening 
longitudinally  ;  ovary  2-4-celled  ;  style  simple,  filiform,  crowned  with  a  minute 
stigma ;  ovules  numerous  or  2  or  3  in  each  cell,  attached  on  a  central  placenta, 
anatropous  or  semianatropous  ;  raphe  ventral  ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  bac- 
cate, crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  1-4-seeded.  Seeds  without 
albumen  ;  seed-coat  membranaceous. 

The  Myrtle  family  with  seventy-two  genera  is  chiefly  tropical  and  Aus- 
tralasian, with  representatives  in  southern  Europe,  extratropical  Africa,  and 
extratropinal  South  America.  Three  genera  are  represented  by  small  trees  in 
the  flora  of  southern  Florida.  To  this  family,  beside  the  Myrtle,  belong  the 
Australian  Eucalypti,  large  and  important  timber-trees  largely  planted  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  the  Guava,  cultivated  in  Florida  for  its  fruit. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Calyx  4  or  5-lobed,  with  persistent  lobes;  petals  4  or  5. 

Flowers  in  axillary  racemes  or  fascicles.  1.  Eugenia. 

Flowers  in  mostly  dichotomously  branched  cymes.  2.  Anamomis. 

Calyx  closed  in  the  bud  by  an  orbicular  lid-like  deciduous  limb ;  petals  0. 

3.  Chytraculia. 
1.  EUGENIA,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  durable  wood  and  scaly  bark.  Flowers  often  large  and 
conspicuous,  on  short  bibracteqlate  pedicels,  in  axillary  racemes  or  fascicles,  with 
minute  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  campanulate,  scarcely  produced  above 
the  ovary,  the  limb  4  or  rarely  5-lobed;  petals  usually  4,  free'and  spreading;  ovary 
2  or  rarely  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  semianatropous.  Fruit  1-4-seeded. 
Seeds  globose  or  flattened;  seed-coat  membranaceous  or  cartilaginous;  embryo  thick 


694  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

and  fleshy;  cotyledons  thick,  more  or  less  conferruminate  into  a  homogeneous  mass; 
radicle  very  short,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Eugenia  with  some  five  hundred  species  is  common  in  all  tropical  regions,  with 
five  species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida;  of  these  four  are  small  trees. 
Several  species  are  valued  for  their  stimulant  and  digestive  properties;  some  pro- 
duce useful  timber  or  edible  fruit,  and  others  are  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  their 
flowers.  Cloves  are  the  flower-buds  of  Eugenia  aromatica,  Baill.,  a  native  of  the 
Molucca  Islands;  and  Eugenia  Jambos^  L.,  the  Rose  Apple,  of  southeastern  Asia,  is 
cultivated  in  all  tropical  countries  as  a  shade-tree  and  for  its  delicately  fragrant 
fruit. 

The  generic  name  commemorates  the  interest  in  botany  and  gardening  taken  by 
Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy,  who  built  the  Belvidere  Palace  near  Vienna  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  made  a  collection  of  rare  plants  in  its  gardens. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  in  short  solitary  or  clustered  axillary  racemes. 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  short-petiolate ;  fruit  subglobose  to  short- 
oblong,  black,  \'  in  diameter.  1.  E.  buxif  olia  (D). 

Leaves  ovate,  contracted  at  the  apex  into  broad  points,  distinctly  petiolate ;  fruit  globose, 
black.  \  in  diameter.  2.  E.  axillaris  (D). 

Flowers  in  axillary  fascicles. 

Leaves  usually  broadly  ovate,  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  short  points,  subcoriaceous ; 
fruit  subglobose,  rather  broader  than  high,  |'-1'  in  diameter,  becoming  black  at 
maturity.  3.  E.  rhombea  (D). 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  long  points,  coriaceous  ;  fruit  subglobose 
to  obovate,  £'-£'  long,  bright  scarlet.  4.  E.  confusa  (D). 

1.  Eugenia  buxifolia,  Willd.    Gurgeon  Stopper.    Spanish  Stopper. 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  sessile  or  narrowed  into  short  thick 
petioles,  occasionally  slightly  and  remotely  crenulate-serrate  above  the  middle,  thick 


and  coriaceous,  dark  green  on  the  upper,  yellow-green  and  marked  with  minute  black 
dots  on  the  lower  surface,  V— 1^'  long  and  about  1'  broad,  with  narrow  conspicuous 
midribs,  usually  unfolding  in  November  and  remaining  on  the  branches  until  the 


MTRTACE^E  695 

end  of  their  second  winter,  and  often  turning  red  or  partly  red  before  falling. 
Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  from  midsummer  until  early  autumn,  £'  in  diameter, 
on  short  thick  pedicels,  in  short  rufous  pubescent  racemes  clustered  in  the  axils  of 
old  or  fallen  leaves,  with  minute  lanceolate  acute  persistent  bracts,  and  broadly  ovate 
acute  bractlets  immediately  below  the  flowers;  calyx  glandular-punctate,  pubescent 
on  the  outer  surface,  with  4  ovate  rounded  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  4  ovate  white 
petals  rounded  at  the  apex,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  glandular-punctate.  Fruit 
subglobose  to  short-oblong,  black,  glandular-roughened,  crowned  with  the  large 
calyx-lobes,  usually  1-seeded  and  about  ^'  in  diameter,  with  thin  aromatic  flesh; 
seeds  ^'  in  diameter,  with  a  thick  pale  brown  lustrous  cartilaginous  coat  and  a  pale 
olive-green  embryo. 

A  shrubby  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  20°  high,  witli  a  shoi't  trunk  occasionally  a  foot 
in  diameter,  small  mostly  erect  branches,  and  terete  slender  branchlets  coated  at  first 
with  rufous  pubescence,  becoming  at  the  end  of  a  few  months  ashy  gray  or  gray 
tinged  with  red,  and  often  more  or  less  twisted  or  contorted.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
rarely  more  than  \'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  broken  into  small  thick 
square  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark 
brown  shaded  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  15-20  layers  of  annual 
growth;  sometimes  used  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  and  from  the  banks  of  the 
Caloosa  River  to  Cape  Sable,  Florida;  one  of  the  commonest  plants  on  the  keys, 
forming  on  the  coral  rock  a  large  part  of  the  shrubby  second  growth  now  occupying 
ground  from  which  the  original  forest  has  been  removed;  also  on  the  Bahamas  and 
on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

2.  Eugenia  axillaris,  Willd.   Stopper.   White  Stopper. 

(Eugenia  monticola,  Silva  N.  Am.  \.  45.) 

Leaves  ovate,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  short  wide  points, 
rounded  at  the  narrowed  base,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  on  the  upper,  paler 


and  covered  with  minute  black  dots  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-2£'  long,  £'  wide,  with 
broad  midribs  deeply  impressed  above;  their  petioles  stout,  slightly  winged,  about 
£'  long.  Flowers  appearing  at  midsummer,  about  •£•'  in  diameter,  on  stout  pedicels 


696  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


'  long»  covered  with  pale  white  hairs,  and  furnished  near  the  middle  or  toward 
the  apex  with  2  acute  minute  persistent  bractlets,  in  short  axillary  racemes;  calyx, 
glandular-punctate,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  hairs,  4-lobed,  with  ovate 
rounded  lobes  shorter  than  the  4  ovate  glandular  white  petals.  Fruit  ripening  in 
succession  from  November  to  April,  globose,  black,  glandular-punctate,  usually 
1-seeded,  £'  in  diameter,  edible,  rather  juicy,  with  a  sweet  agreeable  flavor;  seeds 
subglobose,  \'  in  diameter,  with  a  pale  brown  chartaceous  coat  and  light  olive-green 
cotyledons. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  a  foot  in  diameter,  small  branches, 
and  terete  stout  rigid  ashy  gray  brauchlets  often  slightly  tinged  with  red  and  covered 
with  small  wart-like  excrescences;  or  toward  the  northern  limits  of  its  range  a  low 
shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick  and  divided  by  irregular  shallow  fissures 
into  broad  ridges  finally  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  light  brown  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  with 
thin  darker  colored  sapwood  of  5-6  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  the  St.  John's  River  to  the  southern  keys,  Florida; 
nowhere  common;  on  the  Bahamas  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 

3.  Eugenia  rhombea,  Kr.  &  Urb.    Stopper. 

(Eugenia  procera,  Silva  N.  Am.  v.  47.) 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  narrowed  into  broad  points  rounded  at  the  apex,  and 
abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed  and  cnneate  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  thin 


and  light  red,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  conspicuously  marked  with  black  dots, 
olive-green  on  the  upper  and  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-2^'  long  and  !'-!£'  wide, 
with  narrow  midribs,  unfolding  in  Florida  in  May;  their  petioles  narrow-winged, 
^'-\'  long.  Flowers  £'  in  diameter,  appearing  in  Florida  in  April  or  May  on  slender 
glandular  pedicels  £'-§ '  long  and  furnished  at  the  apex  with  2  lanceolate  acute  per- 
sistent bracts  ciliate  on  the  margins,  in  sessile  axillary  many-flowered  clusters;  calyx- 
tube,  much  shorter  than  the  limb,  divided  into  4  glandular  narrow  lobes  rounded  at 
the  apex  and  one  half  the  length  of  the  broadly  ovate  rounded  glandular  white  petals. 
Fruit  ripening  in  Florida  from  September  to  November,  $'— 1'  in  diameter,  slightly 
glandular-roughened,  orange  color,  with  a  bright  red  cheek  when  fully  grown,  be- 


MYRTACE^:  697 

coming  black  at  maturity;  flesh  thin  and  dry;  seeds  almost  globose,  nearly^'  iu 
diameter,  with  a  thick  pale  chestnut-brown  lustrous  coat  and  olive-green  cotyledons. 

A  tree,  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  usually  a  foot  in  diameter,  small  branches, 
and  slender  terete  branchlets  at  first  light  purple  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom, 
becoming  ashy  gray  or  almost  white.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  Ty  thick,  with  a 
smooth  light  gray  surface  slightly  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  light  brown,  with  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Key  West  and  Umbrella  Key,  Florida;  on  the  Bahamas  and  on 
many  of  the  Antilles. 

4.  Eugenia  confusa,  DC.    Red  Stopper. 

(Eugenia  Garberi,  Silva  N.  Am.  v.  49.) 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  abruptly  or  gradually  contracted  into  long  narrow  points 
rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  base, 
thin  and  light  red  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  and  very  lustrous 
on  the  upper,  paler  and  marked  with  minute  black  dots  on  the  lower  surface,  l£'-2' 


long,  ^'-f'  wide,  with  thick  orange-colored  midribs  barely  impressed  above  and 
prominent  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout,  about  \r  long.  Flowers  barely  \' 
in  diameter,  appearing  in  September  on  slender  pedicels  \'-\'  long  and  furnished 
near  the  apex  with  2  minute  acute  bractlets,  in  many-flowered  axillary  clusters; 
calyx  glandular-punctate,  with  4  ovate  acute  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  4  broadly 
ovate  rounded  white  petals.  Fruit  ripening  in  March  and  April,  subglobose  to  obo- 
vate,  bright  scarlet,  \'-$'  long,  glandular-roughened,  usually  solitary  and  1-seeded, 
with  thin  dry  flesh;  seeds  nearly  globose,  about  |'  in  diameter,  with  a  thin  crusta- 
ceous  light  brown  lustrous  coat  and  an  olive-green  embryo. 

A  tree,  50°-60°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  upright 
branches  forming  a  narrow  compact  head,  and  slender  terete  ashy  gray  branchlets. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  about  |'  thick,  bright  cinnamon-red,  separating  freely  into  small 
thin  scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  bright  red- 
brown,  with  thick  dark-colored  sapwood  of  50-60  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Rich  hummocks  near  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  and  on  Old 
Rhodes  and  Elliott's  Keys,  Florida;  on  the  Bahamas  and  on  several  of  the  Antilles. 


698 


TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


2.  ANAMOMIS,  Griseb. 


Trees,  with  terete  slender  branchlets  and  chartaceous  or  coriaceous  leaves.  Flow- 
ers in  pedunculate  usually  3,  sometimes  5-7,  or  occasionally  1-flowered  cymes,  with 
axillary  dichotomously  branched  or  rarely  simple  peduncles  furnished  immediately 
below  the  apex  of  each  division  with  2  lanceolate  acute  deciduous  bractlets;  calyx 
ovoid,  with  4  ovate  acute  persistent  lobes;  petals  4,  ovate,  acute,  glandular-punctate, 
spreading  after  anthesis;  ovary  2-^1-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  attached 
irregularly  to  the  central  placenta,  semianatropous.  Fruit  subglobose  or  more  or 
less  obliquely  oblong,  aromatic,  1  or  sometimes  2-seeded.  Seed  reniform;  embr}ro 
aromatic;  cotyledons  distinct,  obovate,  thick  and  fleshy,  flat  and  rounded  or  more  or 
less  pointed,  incurved  and  variously  infolded  at  the  apex;  radicle  basilar,  terete, 
accumbent,  \-^  the  length  of  the  cotyledons. 

Anamomis  with  four  or  five  species  is  confined  to  the  West  Indies,  one  species 
reaching  the  shores  and  islands  of  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  from  avd  and  afj.ufji.is,  in  allusion  to  the  aromatic  properties  of 
these  plants. 

1.  Anamomis  dichotoma,  Sarg.   Naked  Wood. 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  acute  or  rounded  and  occasionally  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  entire,  chartaceous  when  they  unfold,  becoming  subcori- 
aceous,  glabrous,  covered  with  minute  black  dots,  I'-l^-'  long  and  ^'-f '  wide,  with  stout 


midribs;  their  petioles  stout,  enlarged  at  the  base,  coated  at  first  with  silky  hairs, 
finally  glabrous.  Flowers  appearing  in  Florida  in  May,  \'  in  diameter,  in  cymes 
produced  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year,  on  slender 
peduncles  coated  with  pale  silky  hairs,  sometimes  1-flowered  and  not  longer  than  the 
leaves,  more  often  longer  than  the  leaves,  dichotomously  branched  and  3-flowered, 
with  1  flower  at  the  end  of  the  principal  division  in  the  fork  of  its  branches,  or  occa- 
sionally 5-7-flowered  by  the  development  of  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  the  bracts 
of  the  secondary  divisions  of  the  inflorescence,  each  branch  of  the  inflorescence  fur- 
nished immediately  beneath  the  flower  with  2  lanceolate  acute  bracts  nearly  as  long  as 
the  calyx-tube;  calyx  hoary-tomentose,  with  the  ovate  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex  and 
much  shorter  than  the  ovate  acute  glandular-punctate  white  petals.  Fruit  ripening 


MYRTACE.E  699 

in  Florida  in  August,  reddish  brown,  £'  long,  obliquely  oblong,  obovate  or  sub- 
globose,  roughened  by  minute  glands;  flesh  thin,  rather  dry  and  aromatic;  seeds 
reniform,  light  brown,  exceedingly  fragrant. 

A  tree,  20°- 25°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'- 8'  in  diameter,  and  slender  terete  branchlets 
at  first  light  red  and  coated  with  pale  silky  hairs,  becoming  glabrous  in  their  second 
year  and  covered  with  light  or  dark  brown  bark  separating  into  small  thin  scales; 
or  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  slender  stems.  Bark  of  the  trunk  -^'"i'  thick,  with 
a  smooth  light  red  or  red-brown  surface  separating  into  minute  thin  scales.  Wood 
very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light  brown  or  red,  with  thick  yellow  sapwood  of 
40-50  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Rocky  woods;  Mosquito  Inlet  to  Cape  Canaveral,  and  from  the 
banks  of  the  Caloosa  River  to  the  shores  of  Cape  Romano,  on  Key  West,  and  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Bay  Biscay ne,  Florida;  on  the  Bahamas  and  on  several  of  the  West 
Indian  islands. 

3.  CHYTRACULIA,  P.  Br. 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  or  angled  branchlets.  Leaves  complanate  in 
the  bud,  penniveined,  petiolate.  Flowers  minute,  in  subterminal  or  axillary  pedun- 
culate many-flowered  panicles,  their  primary  and  secondary  branches  often  racemose, 
and  the  ultimate  branches  cymose;  calyx-tube  turbinate,  produced  above  the  ovary, 
closed  in  the  bud  by  a  slightly  4  or  5-lobed  lid-like  orbicular  limb,  opening  in  au- 
thesis  by  a  circumscissile  line,  the  limb  at  first  attached  laterally,  finally  deciduous; 
disk  lining  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  petals  2-5,  minute,  or  0;  ovary  2  or  3-celled; 
ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cell,  collateral,  ascending,  anatropous.  Fruit  baccate,  2-4- 
seeded.  Seed  subglobose;  seed-coat  shining;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  contortuplicate; 
radicle  elongated,  incurved. 

Chytraculia  with  seventy  or  eighty  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  with 
a  single  species  reaching  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  from  x"TP«  in  reference  to  the  peculiar  lid-like  limb  which 
closes  the  calyx  before  the  opening  of  the  flower. 

1.  Chytraculia  Chytraculia,  Sudw. 

(Calyptranthes  Chytraculia,  Silva  N.  Am.  v.  35.) 

Leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  elongated  and  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  pellucid-punctate  above,  marked  with  dark  glands 
below,  when  they  unfold  pink  or  light  red  and  covered  with  pale  silky  hairs,  and  at 
maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  coated  with  pale  pubes- 
cence on  the  lower  surface,  2^'-3'  long,  ^'-f  wide,  with  broad  midribs  orange-colored 
beneath;  their  petioles  stout,  %'~¥  l°ng-  Flowers  sessile,  %'  long,  covered  with 
rufous  pubescence  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  calyx,  in  subterminal  and  axillary 
long-stalked  clusters  2^'-  3'  long  and  wide,  with  slender  divaricate  branches,  the 
flowers  of  the  ultimate  divisions  in  3's.  Fruit  oblong  or  nearly  globose,  dark  reddish 
brown  and  puberulous,  with  thin  dry  flesh;  seeds  oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  sometimes  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  3'- 4'  in  diameter,  small 
branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  branchlets  at  first  wing-angled  between 
the  nodes  and  coated,  like  the  branches  of  the  flower-clusters,  bracts,  and  flower- 
buds,  with  short  rufous  silky  tomentum,  becoming  in  their  second  or  third  year 
terete,  thickened  at  the  nodes,  light  gray  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  small 
thin  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  £'  thick,  with  a  generally  smooth  light  gray 


700  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


or  almost  white  surface  occasionally  separating  into  irregular  plate-like  scales. 
Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  lighter  colored 
sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Shores  of  Lake  Worth,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bay  Biscayne,  and 
on  Key  West  and  Key  Largo,  Florida;  on  the  Bahamas,  on  many  of  the  Antilles  and 
in  southern  Mexico. 

XLVI.    COMBRETACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  astringent  juice,  naked  buds,  and  alternate  or  oppo- 
site simple  entire  coriaceous  persistent  leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  regu- 
lar, perfect,  or  polygamous ;  calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud ;  petals 
5,  valvate  in  the  bud,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx,  or  0  ;  disk  epigynous ; 
stamens  5-10,  inserted  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx  ;  filaments  slender,  filiform, 
distinct,  exserted  ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ; 
ovary  1-celled  ;  style  slender,  subulate  ;  stigma  minute,  terminal,  entire ;  ovules 
usually  2,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  collateral,  anatropous ;  raphe 
ventral ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous,  often  crowned  with  the  accres- 
cent calyx.  Seed  solitary ;  albumen  0 ;  embryo  straight,  with  convolute  coty- 
ledons ;  radicle  minute,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Of  the  fifteen  genera  of  this  family,  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics, 
three  have  arborescent  representatives  in  southern  Florida. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Corolla  0  ;  leaves  alternate. 

Calyx  deciduous  ;  flowers  in  capitate  heads  ;  seeds  winged.  1.  Conocarpus. 

Calyx  persistent ;  flowers  in  spikes  ;  seeds  without  wings.  2.  Buceras. 

Corolla  of  5  petals ;  calyx  persistent ;  leaves  opposite.  3.  Laguncularia. 

1.  CONOCARPUS,  L. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  angled  branchlets.  Leaves  alternate,  short-petiolate,  nar- 
rowly ovate  or  obovate,  acute,  gradually  contracted  and  biglandular  at  the  base, 
glabrous  or  sericeous.  Flowers  perfect,  minute,  in  dense  capitate  heads  in  narrow 
leafy  terminal  panicles,  with  acute  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets  coated  with  pale 
hairs,  on  stout  hoary-tomentose  peduncles  bibracteolate  near  the  middle;  calyx-tube 


COMBRETACE^E 


701 


truncate,  obliquely  compressed  at  the  base,  clothed  with  pale  hairs,  the  limb  cam- 
panulate,  parted  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  erect,  pubescent  on  the  outer 
and  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface,  deciduous;  petals  0;  disk  5-lobed,  hairy; 
stamens  usually  5,  inserted  in  1  rank,  or  rarely  7  or  8  in  2  ranks;  anthers  cordate, 
minute;  style  thickened  and  villose  at  the  base.  Fruits  scale-like,  broadly  obovate, 
pointed,  recurved,  and  covered  at  the  apex  with  short  pale  hairs,  densely  imbricated 
in  ovoid  reddish  heads;  flesh  coriaceous,  corky,  produced  into  broad  lateral  wings; 
stone  thin-walled,  crustaceous,  inseparable  from  the  flesh.  Seed  irregularly  ovoid; 
seed-coat  membranaceous,  pale  chestnut-brown. 

The  genus  consists  of  a  single  species  of  tropical  America  and  Africa. 

The  generic  name,  from  x^vos  {lll(l  fapirbs,  is  in  allusion  to  the  cone-like  shape  of 
the  heads  of  fruits. 

1.  Conocarpus  erecta,  L.   Buttonwood. 

Leaves  slightly  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface  when  they  first  appear  or  coated 
with  pale  silky  persistent  pubescence  (var.  sericea,  DC.),  2'-4'  long,  £'-!£'  wide,  lus- 
trous, dark  green  or  pale  on  the  upper  surface,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  with 


broad  orange-colored  midribs,  obscure  primary  veins,  and  reticulate  veinlets;  their 
petioles  stout,  broad,  £'  long.  Flowers  produced  throughout  the  year,  in  heads  £' 
iu  diameter  on  peduncles  £'-!£'  in  length,  in  panicles  6'-12'  long.  Cones  of  fruit 
about  1'  in  diameter. 

A  tree,  40° -60°  high,  with  a  trunk  20'-30'  in  diameter,  small  branches  forming  a 
narrow  regular  head,  and  slender  branchlets  conspicuously  winged,  light  red-brown, 
usually  glabrous,  or  silky  pubescent  (var.  sericea,  DC.),  becoming  terete  and 
marked  by  large  orbicular  leaf-scars  in  their  second  year;  or  sometimes  a  low  shrub, 
with  semiprostrate  stems.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  brown,  divided  by  irregular  re- 
ticulating fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  appressed 
scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark  yellow-brown,  with  thin 
darker  colored  sapwood  of  about  10  layers  of  annual  growth;  burning  slowly  like 
charcoal  and  highly  valued  for  fuel.  The  bark  is  bitter  and  astringent,  and  has  been 
used  in  tanning  leather,  and  in  medicine  as  an  astringent  and  tonic. 

Distribution.  Low  muddy  tide-water  shores  of  lagoons  and  bays;  Florida,  Cape 
Canaveral  and  Cedar  Keys  to  the  southern  keys;  of  its  largest  size  in  Florida  on 


702  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Lost  Man's  River  near  Cape  Sable,  and  at  its  northern  limits  a  low  shrub;  common 
iii  the  Antilles,  on  the  shores  of  Central  America  and  tropical  South  America,  on  the 
Galapagos  Islands,  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 

2.  BUCIDA,  L. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  terete  often  spinescent  branchlets.  Leaves  alternate,  crowded 
at  the  ends  of  spur-like  lateral  branchlets  much  thickened  and  roughened  by  the 
large  elevated  crowded  leaf-scars,  obovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  and  slightly 
emarginate  or  minutely  apiculate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at 
the  base,  coriaceous,  bluish  green  on  the  upper  and  yellow-green  on  the  lower  sur- 
face, pubescent  while  young,  especially  beneath,  and  glabrous  at  maturity  with  the 
exception  of  rufous  hairs  on  the  under  surface  of  the  stout  midribs,  and  on  the  short 
stout  petioles.  Flowers  perfect,  greenish  white,  hairy  on  the  outer  surface,  sessile  in 
the  axils  of  minute  bracts,  in  lax  elongated  axillary  clustered  rufous-pubescent 
spikes;  calyx-tube  ovoid,  constricted  above  the  ovary,  the  limb  campanulate,  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  persistent;  petals  0;  stamens  10,  in  two  ranks,  inflexed 
in  the  bud.  unequal,  5  longer  than  the  others  and  inserted  opposite  the  calyx-lobes 
under  the  hairy  5-lobed  disk,  the  others  shorter,  alternate  with  them  and  inserted 
higher  on  the  calyx-tube;  filaments  incurved  near  the  apex;  anthers  minute,  sagit- 
tate; ovary  included  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  style  thickened  and  villose  at  the 
base;  ovules  suspended  on  elongated  slender  funiculi.  Fruit  ovoid,  conical,  oblique, 
and  more  or  less  falcate,  irregularly  5-angled,  coriaceous,  light  brown,  puberulous 
on  the  outer  surface,  with  thin  membranaceous  flesh  inseparable  from  the  crustaceous 
stone  porous  toward  the  interior.  Seed  ovate,  acute;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  chestnut- 
brown;  cotyledons  fleshy;  radicle  superior. 

Bucida  with  a  single  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  where  it  is  distributed 
from  southern  Florida  through  the  West  Indies  to  Guiana  and  Central  America. 

The  generic  name  is  from  jSoCs,  in  allusion  to  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  fruit 
to  the  horns  of  an  ox. 

1.  Bucida  Buceras,  P.  Br.   Black  Olive  Tree. 

(Terminalia  Buceras,  Silva  N.  Am.  v.  21.) 

Leaves  2'-3'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  their  petioles  ^'-^'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing 
in  Florida  in  April,  ^'  long,  on  spikes  l^'-3'  in  length.  Fruit  about  £'  long. 


COMBRETACE^E  703 

A  tree,  with  a  single  straight  trunk,  or  often  with  a  short  prostrate  stem  2°-3°  in 
diameter,  producing  several  straight  upright  secondary  stems  40°-50°  high  and 
12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  branches  spreading  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  trunk 
and  forming  a  broad  head,  and  branchlets  clothed  when  they  first  appear  with  short 
pale  rufous  pubescence  mostly  persistent  for  two  or  three  years,  becoming  light  red- 
dish brown  and  covered  with  bark  separating  into  thin  narrow  shreds.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  and  of  the  large  branches  thick,  gray  tinged  with  orange-brown,  and  broken 
into  short  appressed  scales.  Wood  exceedingly  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  light 
yellow-brown  sometimes  slightly  streaked  with  orange,  with  thick  clear  pale  yellow 
sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bark  has  been  used  in  tanning 
leather. 

Distribution.  Florida,  only  on  Elliott's  Key;  widely  distributed  in  brackish 
marshes  through  the  West  Indies  to  the  shores  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Bay 
of  Panama. 

3.  LAGTJNCULARIA.  Gaertn. 

A  tree,  with  scaly  bark,  terete  pithy  branchlets,  and  naked  buds.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, glabrous,  thick  and  coriaceous,  oblong  or  elliptical,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  marked  toward  the  margin  with  minute  tubercles;  their  petioles  conspicuously 
biglandular.  Flowers  usually  perfect  or  polygamo-moncecious,  minute,  flattened, 
greenish  white,  sessile,  in  simple  terminal  axillary  tomentose  spikes  generally  col- 
lected in  leafy  panicles,  with  ovate  acute  hoary-tomentose  bracts  andbractlets;  calyx- 
tube  turbinate,  with  5  prominent  ridges  opposite  the  lobes  of  the  limb  and  5  inter- 
mediate lesser  ridges,  bracteolate  near  the  middle,  with  2  minute  persistent  bracts, 
and  coated  with  dense  pale  tomentum,  the  limb  urceolate,  5-parted  to  the  middle, 
the  divisions  triangular,  obtuse  or  acute,  erect,  persistent;  disk  epigynons,  flat,  10- 
lobed,  the  5  lobes  opposite  the  petals  broader  than  those  opposite  the  calyx-lobes, 
hairy;  petals  ,">,  nearly  orbicular,  contracted  into  short  claws  inserted  on  the  bottom 
of  the  calyx-limb,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  caducous;  stamens  10,  inserted  in  2  ranks; 
anthers  cordate,  apiculate;  ovary  1-celled;  style  short,  crowned  with  a  slightly 
2-lobed  capitate  stigma.  Fruit  10-ribbed,  coriaceous,  hoary-pubescent,  elongated, 
obovoid,  flattened,  crowned  with  the  calyx-limb,  unequally  10-ribbed,  the  2  lateral 
ribs  produced  into  narrow  wings,  1-seeded;  flesh  coriaceous,  corky  toward  the  inte- 
rior, inseparable  from  the  thin-walled  crustaceous  stone  dark  red  and  lustrous  on 
the  inner  surface.  Seed  suspended,  obovate  or  oblong;  seed-coat  membranaceous, 
dark  red;  radicle  elongated,  slightly  longer  and  nearly  inclosed  by  the  green  cotyle- 
dons. 

Laguncularia  consists  of  a  single  species  of  tropical  America  and  Africa. 

The  generic  name  is  from  laguncula,  in  allusion  to  the  supposed  resemblance  of 
the  fruit  to  a  flask. 

1.  Laguncularia  racemosa,  Gaertn.    Buttonwood.  White  Mangrove. 

Leaves  slightly  tinged  with  red  when  they  unfold,  and  at  maturity  dark  green 
on  the  upper  and  lighter  green  or  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l£'-2-|'  long,  and 
!'-!£'  wide;  their  petioles  red,  £'  in  length.  Flowers  |'  long,  in  hoary-tomentose 
spikes  produced  throughout  the  year  from  the  axils  of  young  leaves  and  l£'-2'  long. 
Fruit  about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  30°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches 
forming  a  nnrrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  glabrous  branchlets  somewhat 


704 


TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 


angled  at  first,  often  marked  with  minute  pale  spots  and  dark  red-brown,  becoming 
in  their  second  year  terete,  light  reddish  brown  or  orange  color,  thickened  at  the 
nodes,  and  marked  by  conspicuous  ovate  leaf-scars;  or  northward  in  Florida  a  low 
shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  %'  thick,  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  the  surface 


broken  into  long  ridge-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dark 
yellow-brown,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth.  The 
bark  contains  a  large  amount  of  tannic  acid  and  is  sometimes  used  in  tanning  leather, 
and  is  astringent  and  tonic. 

Distribution.  Muddy  tidal  shores  of  bays  and  lagoons;  common  in  southern 
Florida  from  Cape  Canaveral  and  Cedar  Keys  to  the  southern  islands;  of  its  largest 
size  in  Florida  on  the  shores  of  Shark  River;  common  in  Bermuda,  the  Bahamas, 
the  Antilles,  tropical  Mexico  and  Central  America,  tropical  South  America  and 
western  Africa. 

XLVII.    ARALIACE^E3. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  with  watery  juice  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, compound,  petiolate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  in  racemose  or  panicled 
umbels;  parts  of  the  flower  in  5's  ;  disk  epigynous;  ovule  solitary,  suspended 
from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  baccate.  Seeds  with  albumen. 

The  Aralia  family  with  fifty  genera  is  chiefly  tropical,  with  a  few  genera 
extending  beyond  the  tropics  into  the  northern  hemisphere,  especially  into 
North  America  and  eastern  Asia.  The  widely  distributed  and  largely  extra- 
tropical  genus  Aralia  is  represented  by  one  arborescent  species  in  the  flora  of 
the  United  States.  Hedera,  the  Ivy,  of  this  family,  is  commonly  cultivated  in 
the  temperate  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  some  species  of  Panax  and 
Acanthopanax  from  eastern  Asia  are  found  in  gardens  in  the  northeastern 
states. 

1.  ARALIA,  L. 

Aromatic  spiny  trees  and  shrubs,  with  stout  pithy  branchlets,  and  thick  fleshy  roots, 
or  bristly  or  glabrous  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  digitate  or  once  or  twice 
pinnate,  the  pinnae  serrulate ;  stipules  produced  on  the  expanded  and  clasping  base 
of  the  petiole.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamo-moncecious  or  polygamo-dicecious,  on 


AKALIACE^E 


705 


slender  jointed  pedicels,  small,  greenish  white;  calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary, 
the  limb  truncate,  repand  or  minutely  toothed,  the  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud;  petals 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  by  their  broad  bases  on  the  margin  of  the  disk, 
ovate,  obtuse  or  acute  and  slightly  inflexed  at  the  apex;  stamens  inserted  on  the 
margin  of  the  disk,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong 
or  rarely  ovate,  attached  on  the  back,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally; ovary  2-5-celled;  styles  2-5,  in  the  fertile  flower  distinct  and  erect  or  slightly 
united  at  the  base,  spreading  and  incurved  above  the  middle,  or  incurved  from  the 
base  and  sometimes  inflexed  at  the  apex,  crowned  with  large  capitate  stigmas,  in 
the  sterile  flower  short  and  united.  Fruit  fleshy,  2-5-seeded,  laterally  compressed 
or  3-5-angled,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  style;  nutlets  2-5,  orbicular,  ovate 
or  oblong,  compressed,  crustaceous,  light  reddish  brown,  1-seeded.  Seed  compressed; 
seed-coat  thin,  light  brown,  adnate  to  the  thin  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  ovate- 
oblong,  as  long  as  the  straight  radicle. 

Aralia  with  about  thirty  species  is  confined  to  North  America  and  Asia. 

The  generic  name  is  of  obscure  meaning. 

1.  Aralia  spinosa,  L.   Hercules'  Club. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  twice  pinnate,  3°-4°  long,  and  2^° 
wide,  with  stout  light  brown  petioles  18'-20'  in  length,  clasping  the  stem  with  enlarged 
bases  and  armed  with  slender  prickles,  or  occasionally  unarmed ;  pinnae  unequally 


pinnate,  usually  with  5  or  6  pairs  of  lateral  leaflets  and  a  long-stalked  terminal 
leaflet,  and  often  furnished  at  the  base  with  a  pinnate  or  simple  leaflet;  leaflets 
ovate,  acute,  dentate  or  crenate,  wedge-shaped  or  more  or  less  rounded  at  the  base, 
short-petiolulate,  when  they  unfold  lustrous,  bronze-green,  and  slightly  pilose  on  the 
midribs  and  primary  veins,  and  occasionally  furnished  with  small  prickles  on  the  mid- 
ribs, and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  2'-3'  long,  and 
U'  wide,  with  thin  midribs  and  slender  primary  veins  nearly  parallel  with  their 
margins,  in  the  autumn  turning  light  yellow  before  falling;  stipules  acute,  about  V 
long,  at  first  puberulous  on  the  back  and  ciliate  on  the  margins.  Flowers  appear- 
ing in  midsummer  on  long  slender  pubescent  straw-colored  pedicels,  in  many-flow- 
ered umbels  arranged  in  compound  panicles,  with  light  brown  puberulous  branches 


706  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

becoming  purple  in  the  autumn,  forming  a  terminal  racemose  cluster  3°-4°  long, 
and  rising  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  above  the  spreading  leaves;  bracts  and 
bractlets  lanceolate,  acute,  scarious,  persistent.  Flowers  -*%'  long,  perfect  or 
often  unisexual  by  the  abortion  of  the  ovary,  with  acute  white  petals  inflexed  at 
the  apex,  and  connivent  styles.  Fruit  ripening  in  August,  black,  -|'  in  diameter, 
globose,  3— 5-angled,  crowned  with  the  blackened  styles,  with  thin  purple  very  juicy 
flesh;  seeds  oblong,  rounded  at  the  ends,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  30°-35°  high,  with  a  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  stout  wide-spreading 
branches,  and  branchlets  ^'-f '  in  diameter,  armed  like  the  branches  and  young  trunks 
with  stout  straight  or  slightly  incurved  orange-colored  scattered  prickles,  and  nearly 
encircled  by  the  conspicuous  narrow  leaf-scars  marked  by  a  row  of  prominent  fibro- 
vascular  bundle-scars,  light  orange-colored  in  their  first  season,  lustrous  and  marked 
irregularly  with  oblong  pale  lenticels,  becoming  light  brown  in  their  second  year, 
with  bright  green  inner  bark;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  a  cluster  of  unbranched 
stems  6°-20°  tall.  Winter-buds:  terminal  conical,  blunt  at  the  apex,  £'-f'  long, 
with  thin  chestnut-brown  scales;  axillary  triangular,  flattened,  about  \'  long  and 
broad.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  brown,  about  ^'  thick,  and  divided  by  broad  shallow 
fissures  into  wide  rounded  ridges  irregularly  broken  on  the  surface.  Wood  close- 
grained,  light,  soft,  brittle,  brown  streaked  with  yellow,  with  lighter  colored  sap- 
wood  of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bark  of  the  roots  and  the  berries  are 
stimulant  and  diaphoretic,  and  are  sometimes  used  in  medicine  and  in  domestic 
practice. 

Distribution.  Deep  moist  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  western  slope  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  Pennsylvania,  to  southern  Indiana  and  southeastern  Mis- 
souri, and  southward  to  northern  Florida,  western  Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas; 
probably  of  its  largest  size  on  the  foothills  of  the  Big  Smoky  Mountains  in  Tennes- 
see; also  in  Manchuria  and  Japan  in  slightly  modified  forms. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states  and  in  western 
Europe;  less  frequently  seen  in  gardens  than  the  more  robust  Manchurian  plant. 

XLVIII.    CORNACE-SJ. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and  alternate  or  oppo- 
site deciduous  leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious  ; 
calyx  4  or  5-toothed  ;  petals  4  or  5  ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the 
epigynous  disk  ;  anthers  oblong,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudi- 
nally ;  ovary  1  or  2-celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  from  the  interior  angle 
of  the  apex  of  the  cell,  anatropous  ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  drupaceous, 
1  or  2-seecled.  Seed  oblong-ovate ;  seed-coat  meinbranaceous ;  embryo  in 
copious  fleshy  albumen ;  cotyledons  foliaceous  ;  radicle  terete,  turned  toward 
the  hilum. 

The  widely  distributed  Cornel  family  with  fifteen  genera,  more  numerous 
in  temperate  than  in  tropical  regions,  has  arborescent  representatives  of  two 
genera  in  North  America. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  GENERA. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioecious  ;  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  stigma  lateral ;  leaves  alternate. 

1.  Nyssa. 

Flowers  perfect ;  petals  valvate  in  the  bud ;  stigma  terminal ;  leaves  opposite  or  rarely 
alternate.  2.  Cornus. 


COKNACE.E  707 

1.  NYSSA,  L. 

Trees,  with  alternate  leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  petiolate,  sometimes  remotely 
augulate  or  toothed,  mostly  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Flowers  polygamo- 
dicecions,  minute,  greenish  white;  staminate  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of 
minute  caducous  bracts,  in  simple  or  compound  clusters  on  long  axillary  peduncles 
bibracteolate  near  the  middle  or  at  the  apex  or  sometimes  without  bractlets;  calyx 
disciform  or  cup-shaped,  the  limb  5- toothed;  petals  5,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  equal 
or  unequal,  ovate  or  linear-oblong,  thick,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  conspicuous 
pulvinate  entire  or  lobed  disk,  erect;  stamens  5,  exserted;  filaments  filiform;  an- 
thers oblong;  ovary  0;  pistillate  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles,  in  2  or  few-flowered 
clusters,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  the  axils  of  conspicuous  bracts  and  furnished  with  1 
or  2  small  lateral  bractlets,  or  solitary  and  surrounded  by  2^1  bractlets;  calyx-tube 
campanulate,  sometimes  slightly  urceolate,  the  limb  5-toothed;  petals  small,  thick, 
and  spreading;  stamens  5-10;  filaments  short;  anthers  fertile  or  sterile;  disk  less 
developed  than  in  the  staminate  flower,  depressed  in  the  centre;  ovary  1  or  2-celled; 
style  terete,  elongated,  recurved,  stigmatic  toward  the  apex  or  the  inner  face;  raphe 
ventral.  Fruit  oblong,  fleshy,  urceolate  at  the  apex;  flesh  thin,  oily,  acidulous;  stone 
thick-walled,  bony,  terete  or  compressed,  ridged  or  winged,  1  or  rarely  2-celled, 
usually  1-seeded.  Seed  filling  the  cavity  of  the  stone;  seed-coat  pale;  embryo 
straight. 

N  \  ssa  with  five  species  is  confined  to  the  eastern  United  States  and  to  southern 
Asia,  where  a  single  species  is  distributed  from  the  eastern  Himalayas  to  the  island 
of  Java.  The  American  species  produce  tough  wood,  with  intricately  contorted  and 
twisted  grain. 

Nyssa,  the  name  of  a  nymph,  was  given  to  this  genus  from  the  fact  that  one  of 
the  species  grows  in  water. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Pistillate  flowers  in  2  or  few-flowered  clusters ;  fruit  blue,  not  more  than  f '  long ;  stone 
with  low  broad  rounded  ridges. 

Stone  indistinctly  ridged  ;  leaves  linear-oblong  to  oval  or  obovate. 

1.  N.  sylvatica  (A,  C). 
Stone  prominently  ribbed  ;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong  or  elliptic. 

2.  N.  biflora  (C). 

Pistillate   flowers  solitary;  fruit  1'  or  more  long;  stone  with  prominent  wings  or  acute 
ridges. 

Fruit  red  ;   stone  with  prominent  wings  ;  leaves  oblong-oval  or  obovate,  usually  obtuse 

at  the  apex.  3.  N.  Ogeche  (C). 

Fruit  purple  ;  stone  with  acute  ridges  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 

apex.  4.  N.  aquatica  (A,  C). 

1.  Nyssa  sylvatica,  Marsh.    Tupelo.   Pepperidge. 

Leaves  crowded  at  the  ends  of  lateral  branchlets  or  remote  on  vigorous  shoots, 
linear-oblong,  lanceolate,  oval  or  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or  sometimes  con- 
tracted into  short  broad  points  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  occasionally  rounded  at 
the  base,  entire,  with  slightly  thickened  margins,  or  rarely  coarsely  dentate,  when 
they  unfold  coated  with  rufous  tomentum,  especially  on  the  lower  surface,  or  pubes- 
cent or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and 
very  lustrous  above,  pale  and  often  hairy  below,  principally  along  the  broad  midribs 


708 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


and  on  the  primary  veins,  2'-5'  long,  £'-3'  wide,  turning  in  the  autumn  before  fall- 
ing bright  scarlet  on  the  upper  surface  only;  their  petioles  slender  or  stout,  terete 
or  wing-margined,  ciliate,  %'-!%  long,  and  often  bright  red.  Flowers  appearing 
when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown  on  slender  pubescent  or  tomentose 
peduncles  \'-l\'  long,  the  males  in  many-flowered  dense  or  lax  compound  heads,  the 


females  in  2  to  several-flowered  clusters,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  conspicuous  often 
foliaceous  bracts,  and  furnished  with  2  smaller  acute  hairy  bractlets;  calyx  of  the 
staminate  flower  disciform;  petals  thick,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
erect  or  slightly  spreading,  early  deciduous;  stamens  exserted  in  the  staminate  flower, 
shorter  than  the  petals  in  the  pistillate  flower;  stigma  stout,  exserted,  reflexed  above 
the  middle,  0  in  the  staminate  flower.  Fruits  ripening  in  October,  1-3  from  each 
flower-cluster,  ovoid,  £'-f  long,  dark  blue,  with  thin  acrid  flesh;  stone  light  brown, 
ovoid,  rounded  at  the  base,  pointed  at  the  apex,  terete,  or  more  or  less  flattened,  and 
10-12-ribbed,  with  narrow  indistinct  pale  ribs  rounded  on  the  back. 

A  tree,  occasionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  5°  in  diameter,  many  slender 
pendulous  tough  flexible  branches  forming  a  head  sometimes  short,  cylindrical,  and 
flat-topped,  sometimes  low  and  broad,  or  on  trees  crowded  in  the  forest  narrow, 
pyramidal,  or  conical,  and  sometimes  inversely  conical  and  broad  and  flat  at  the  top, 
branchlets  at  first  light  green  to  orange  color,  and  in  their  first  winter  nearly  gla- 
brous or  pale  or  rufous-pubescent,  light  red-brown  marked  by  minute  scattered  pale 
lenticels  and  by  small  lunate  leaf-scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  conspicuous  groups 
of  fibre-vascular  bundles,  later  becoming  darker  and  developing  short  stout  spur- 
like  lateral  branchlets,  and  long  thick  hard  roots;  generally  in  the  northern  and 
extreme  southern  states  much  smaller,  and  rarely  more  than  oO°-GO°  tall.  Winter- 
buds  obtuse,  y  long,  with  ovate  acute  apiculate  dark  red  puberulous  imbricated 
scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent,  bright-colored  at  maturity,  and  marking 
the  base  of  the  branchlet  with  obscure  ring-like  scars.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f '-\\' 
thick,  light  brown  often  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  fissured,  the  surface  of  the 
ridges  covered  with  small  irregularly  shaped  scales.  Wood  heavy,  soft,  strong, 
very  tough,  not  durable,  light  yellow  or  nearly  white,  with  thick  lighter  colored 
sapwood  of  80-100  layers  of  annual  growth ;  used  for  the  hubs  of  wheels,  rollers  in 
glass  factories,  ox-yokes,  wharf-piles,  and  sometimes  for  the  soles  of  shoes. 


CORNACE^E 


709 


Distribution.  Borders  of  swamps  in  wet  imperfectly  drained  soil,  and  south- 
ward often  on  high  wooded  mountain  slopes;  valley  of  the  Kennebec  River,  Maine, 
to  southern  Ontario,  central  Michigan,  and  southeastern  Missouri,  and  southward  to 
the  shores  of  the  Kissimee  River  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  to  the  valley  of  the 
Brazos  River,  Texas;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree  in  the  eastern  states. 

2.  Nyssa  biflora,  Walt. 

(Nyssa  sylvatica,  var.  biflora,  Silva  N.  Am.  v.  76.) 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  oblong,  elliptic  or  rarely  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  or 
occasionally  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  gradually  nar- 
rowed base,  and  entire,  when  they  unfold  silky-villose  above  and  hoary-tomentose 
beneath,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  dark  yellow-green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper, 


paler  and  sometimes  glaucous  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-4/  long  and  J'-l'  wide,  with 
prominent  midribs  and  numerous  slender  veins;  their  petioles  stout,  \'-%  long. 
Flowers  appearing  when  the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  grown;  staminate  on  slender 
villose  pedicels,  in  many-flowered  loose  clusters  on  slender  hairy  peduncles  I'-l^'  in 
length;  pistillate  in  pairs  on  rather  stouter  peduncles  usually  about  1'  long;  calyx  of 
the  staminate  flower  disciform;  petals  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  white, 
erect  or  slightly  spreading,  early  deciduous.  Fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  pedun- 
cles I'-l^'  long,  oval  or  ellipsoidal,  dark  blue,  lustrous,  about  ^'  long,  with  acrid 
pulp;  stone  oval,  compressed,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  and  prominently  ribbed. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  gradually  tapering  up- 
ward from  a  swollen  and  much  enlarged  base,  small  spreading  branches  forming  a 
narrow  pyramidal  or  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  slightly  villose  when  they 
first  appear,  soon  glabrous,  and  bright  reddish  brown  in  their  first  winter,  becoming 
darker  the  following  year,  and  numerous  erect  thick  roots  rising  from  the  surface 
of  the  water.  Winter-buds  acute,  dark  red-brown,  puberulous,  and  about  \'  long, 
the  inner  scales  hoary-tomentose.  Bark  about  V  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  very  dark 
reddish  brown. 

Distribution.  Small  Pine-barren  ponds  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast;  North 
Carolina  to  Louisiana. 


710  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

3.  Nyssa  Ogeche,  Marsh.    Ogeechee  Lime.    Sour  Tupelo. 

Leaves  oblong,  oval  or  obovate,  acute,  rounded  or  rarely  obtuse  and  apiculate 
at  the  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  wedge-shaped  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the  base, 


and  entire,  when  they  unfold  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  thick  hoary  tomentum 
and  on  the  upper  surface  with  short  scattered  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and 
firm,  dark  green,  lustrous  and  slightly  pilose  above,  pale  below,  4'-6'  long,  2'-2^' 
wide,  with  stout  midribs,  9  or  10  pairs  of  primary  veins  covered  on  the  lower  side 
with  rufous  pubescence  or  often  nearly  glabrous,  and  obscure  reticulate  veinlets;  their 
petioles  stout,  grooved,  \'-V  long.  Flowers  greenish  yellow,  appearing  in  March 
and  April;  staminate  minute,  in  capitate  clusters  on  slender  hairy  peduncles  ^'  long, 
bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  and  developed  from  the  axils  of  the  inner  scales  of  the 
terminal  bud,  covered  with  long  pale  hairs  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  short  obscurely 
5-toothed  calyx  and  on  the  oblong  petals  rounded  at  the  apex;  filaments  longer  than 
the  petals;  anthers  oval  and  conspicuously  tuberculate-roughened;  pistillate  solitary, 
•fa'  long,  on  short  stout  woolly  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  bud-scales,  and  furnished 
at  the  apex  with  2  acute  hairy  bractlets;  calyx  coated,  like  the  minute  rounded 
spreading  petals,  with  hoary  tomentum;  stamens  included,  with  short  filaments,  and 
small  mostly  fertile  anthers;  style  stout,  exserted,  reflexed  from  near  the  base.  Fruit 
bright  or  dull  red,  on  slender  tomentose  stems  enlarged  at  the  apex  and  ^'-f'  long, 
ripening  in  July  and  August,  and  sometimes  persistent  on  the  branches  until  after 
the  falling  of  the  leaves,  oblong  or  obovate,  I'-l^'  in  length,  tipped  with  the  thick- 
ened and  pointed  remnants  of  the  style;  flesh  thick,  juicy,  very  acid;  stone  oblong, 
compressed,  narrowed  at  the  ends,  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  with  walls 
produced  into  10  or  12  broad  thin  papery  white  wings,  about  V  long,  and  1  or 
rarely  2-seeded. 

A  tree,  rarely  G0°-70°  high,  with  1  or  several  stems  occasionally  2°  in  diameter, 
spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  bead,  and  slender  branchlets 
coated  when  they  first  appear  with  rufous  tomentum,  light  reddish  brown  or  green 
tinged  with  red  and  puberulous  during  their  first  summer,  turning  gray  or  reddish 
brown  in  their  first  winter,  and  marked  by  large  lunate  or  nearly  triangular  leaf- 
scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  groups  of  fibro-vascular  bundles;  often  a  shrub,  with 


CORNACE^ 


711 


numerous  slender  clustered  diverging  steins.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  \'  long,  with 
ovate  apiculate  imbricated  scales  rounded  on  the  back  and  clothed  with  thick  hoary 
tomentum,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  at  maturity  ovate-oblong  or  obovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  bright  red,  and  £'-f '  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick, 
irregularly  fissured,  with  a  dark  brown  surface  broken  into  thick  appressed  persist- 
ent plate-like  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  tough,  not  strong,  white,  with  thin  hardly 
distinguishable  sapwood  of  about  10  layers  of  annual  growth.  A  preserve  with  an 
agreeable  subacid  flavor,  known  as  Ogeechee  limes,  is  sometimes  made  from  the 
fruit  in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  The  flowers  abound  in  nectar,  and  are  much 
visited  by  bees. 

Distribution.  Deep  often  inundated  river  swamps  or  their  borders;  South  Caro- 
lina in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast,  through  the  valley  of  the  Ogeechee  River, 
Georgia,  in  northern  and  western  Florida,  and  in  the  valley  of  the  lower  Appalachi- 
oola  River;  rare  and  local. 

4.  Nyssa  aquatica,  Marsh.    Cotton  Gum.    Tupelo  Gum. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  and  often  long-pointed  at  the  apex, 
wedge-shaped,  rounded,  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  entire  or  remotely  and  irregularly 
angulate-toothed,  the  teeth  often  tipped  with  long  slender  mucros,  when  they  unfold 
light  red  and  coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  with  pale  tomentum  and  pubescent 


above,  especially  on  the  midribs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  on  the  upper,  pale  and  more  or  less  downy-pubescent  on  the  lower  surface, 
5'-7'  long  and  2'-4'  wide,  with  broad  thick  midribs,  and  10-12  pairs  of  primary 
veins  forked  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  cross  veins;  their  peti- 
oles stout,  grooved,  hairy,  enlarged  at  the  base,  1£'-21'  long.  Flowers  appearing 
in  March  and  April  on  long  slender  hairy  peduncles  in  the  axils  of  the  inner  scales 
of  the  terminal  bud;  staminate  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  their  peduncles  furnished 
near  the  middle  and  occasionally  at  the  apex  with  long  linear  ciliate  bractlets; 
calyx-tube  cup-shaped,  obscurely  5-toothetl,  one  third  as  long  as  the  oblong  erect 
petals  rounded  at  the  apex  and  much  shorter  than  the  stamens;  pistillate  solitary, 
surrounded  by  2-4  strap-shaped  scarious  ciliate  bractlets  often  ^'  long  and  more  or 
less  united  below  into  an  involucral  cup;  calyx-tube  oblong  and  much  longer  than  the 
ovate  minute  spreading  petals;  stamens  included,  with  small  mostly  fertile  anthers; 


712  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

style  stout,  tapering,  reflexed  above  the  middle,  and  revolute  into  a  close  coil,  Fruit 
ripening  early  in  the  autumn,  on  slender  drooping  stalks  3'-4'  in  length,  oblong  or 
slightly  obovate,  crowned  with  the  pointed  remnants  of  the  style,  dark  purple,  marked 
by  conspicuous  scattered  pale  dots,  and  1'  long,  with  thick  tough  skin  and  thin  acid 
flesh ;  stone  obovate,  rounded  at  the  narrow  apex,  pointed  at  the  base,  flattened,  light 
brown  or  nearly  white,  and  about  10-ridged,  the  ridges  acute  and  wing-like,  with 
thin  separable  margins,  and  sometimes  united  by  short  intermediate  ridges. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter  above  the  greatly  enlarged 
tapering  base,  comparatively  small  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  or 
pyramidal  head,  stout  pithy  branchlets  dark  red  and  coated  with  pale  tomentum 
when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  and  in  their  first  winter 
light  or  bright  red-brown  and  marked  by  small  scattered  pale  lenticels  and  by  the 
conspicuous  elevated  nearly  orbicular  leaf -scars  displaying  the  ends  of  3  large  fibro- 
vascular  bundles,  and  thick  corky  roots.  Winter-buds:  terminal  nearly  globose, 
with  broad  ovate  light  chestnut-brown  scales  keeled  on  the  back  and  rounded  and 
apiculate  at  the  apex,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent  and  at  maturity  ovate- 
oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  1'  or  more  long,  and  bright  yellow; 
axillary  minute,  obtuse,  nearly  imbedded  in  the  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \' 
thick,  dark  brown,  longitudinally  furrowed,  and  roughened  on  the  surface  by  small 
scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  difficult  to  split,  light  brown  or 
often  nearly  white,  with  thick  sap  wood  sometimes  composed  of  more  than  100  layers 
of  annual  growth;  used  in  the  manufacture  of  wooden  ware,  broom-handles,  and 
wooden  shoes,  and  largely  for  ,  fruit  and  vegetable  boxes.  The  wood  of  the  roots  is 
sometimes  employed  instead  of  cork  for  the  floats  of  nets. 

Distribution.  Deep  swamps  inundated  during  a  part  of  every  year;  coast  region 
of  the  Atlantic  states  from  southern  Virginia  to  northern  Florida,  through  the  Gulf 
states  to  the  valley  of  the  Nueces  River,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  southern 
and  southeastern  Missouri  to  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  to  the  valley 
of  the  lower  Wabash  River,  Illinois;  of  its  greatest  size  in  the  Cypress  swamps  of 
western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas. 

2.  CORNUS,  L.  Dogwood. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  astringent  bark,  opposite  or  rarely  alternate  deciduous 
leaves  conduplicate  or  involute  in  the  bud.  Flowers  small,  perfect,  white,  greenish 
white  or  yellow;  calyx-tube  minutely  4-toothed,  the  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud;  disk 
pulvinate,  depressed  in  the  centre,  or  obsolete;  petals  4,  valvate  in  the  bud,  oblong- 
ovate,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk;  stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  petals; 
filaments  slender,  exserted;  ovary  2-celled;  style  exserted,  simple,  columnar,  crowned 
with  a  single  capitate  or  truncate  stigma;  raphe  dorsal.  .Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong; 
flesh  thin  and  succulent;  nut  bony  or  crustaceous,  2-celled,  2  or  sometimes  1-seeded. 
Seed  compressed;  embryo  straight  or  slightly  incurved. 

Cornus  with  forty  to  fifty  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  three  continents 
of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  south  of  the  equator  is  represented  in  Peru  by  a  single 
species.  Of  the  sixteen  or  seventeen  species  of  the  United  States  four  are  arborescent. 
Cornus  is  rich  in  tannic  acid,  and  the  bark  and  occasionally  the  leaves  and  unripe 
fruit  are  used  as  tonics,  astringents,  and  febrifuges.  Of  exotic  species,  Cornus  mas,  L., 
is  often  planted  in  the  eastern  states  as  an  ornamental  tree,  and  its  edible  fruit  is 
used  in  Europe  in  preserves  and  cordials.  The  wood  of  Cornus  is  hard,  close-grained, 
and  durable,  and  is  used  in  turnery  and  for  charcoal. 


CORNACE^:  713 

The  generic  name,  from  cornu,  relates  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood  produced  by 
plants  of  this  family. 

CONSPECTUS    OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  greenish,  in  a  dense  cymose  head  surrounded  by  a  conspicuous  corolla-like  involucre 
of  4-(>  white  or  rarely  red  scales,  from  terminal  buds  formed  the  previous  summer ;  fruit 
ovoid,  bright  red. 

Heads  of  flower-buds  inclosed  by  the  involucre  during  the  winter ;  involucral  scales  4, 
obcordate  or  notched  at  the  apex ;  leaves  ovate  to  elliptical. 

1.  C.  florida  (A,  C). 

Heads  of  flower-buds  not  inclosed  by  the  involucre  during  the  winter  ;  involucral  scales 
4-6,  oblong  to  obovate,  usually  acute  at  the  apex ;  leaves  ovate  or  rarely  obovate. 

2.  C.  Nuttallii  (B,  G). 

Flowers  cream  color,  in  a  flat  cymose  head,  without  involucral  scales,  terminal  on  shoots 
of  the  year ;  fruit  subglobose,  white  or  dark  blue. 

Leaves  opposite,  scabrous  above  ;  fruit  white.  3.  C.  asperifolia  (A,  C). 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  smooth  above; 

fruit  dark  blue.  4.  C.  alternif olia  (A,  C). 

1.  Cornus  florida,  L.   Flowering  Dogwood. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptical  or  rarely  slightly  obovate,  acute  and  often  contracted 
into  slender  points  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  remotely  and  ob- 
scurely crenulate-toothed  on  the  somewhat  thickened  margins,  and  mostly  clustered 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  when  they  unfold  pale  and  pubescent  below  and  puberu- 
lous  above,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  bright  green  and  covered  with  minute 


appressed  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  or  sometimes  almost  white  and  more  or 
less  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-6'  long  and  l^'-2'  wide,  with  prominent 
light-colored  midribs  deeply  impressed  above,  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  primary  veins  par- 
allel with  their  sides  and  connected  by  obscure  reticulate  veinlets,  in  the  autumn 
turning  bright  scarlet  on  the  upper  surface;  their  petioles  grooved,  |'-f'  long. 
Flowers  :  head  of  flower-buds  appearing  during  the  summer  between  the  upper 
pair  of  lateral  leaf-buds,  inclosed  by  4  involucral  scales  remaining  light  brown  and 
more  or  less  covered  with  pale  hairs  during  the  winter  and  borne  on  a  stout  club- 
shaped  puberulous  peduncle  \'  long  or  less  during  the  winter  and  becoming  1 '-!•£' 


714  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

in  length;  involucral  bracts  beginning  to  unfold,  enlarge  and  grow  white  in  early 
spring  and  when  the  flowers  open  in  March  at  the  south  to  May  at  the  north,  when 
the  leaves  are  nearly  fully  grown,  forming  a  flat  corolla-like  cup  3'-4'  in  diameter, 
becoming  at  maturity  obcordate,  1'— 1^'  wide,  gradually  narrowed  below  the  middle 
and  notched  at  the  rounded  apex,  reticulate-veined,  pure  white,  pink,  or  rarely  bright 
red,  deciduous  after  the  fading  of  the  flowers;  flowers  in  dense  many-flowered  cymose 
heads,  in  the  axils  of  broadly  ovate  nearly  triangular  minutely  apiculate  glabrous 
light  green  deciduous  bractlets  ^'  in  diameter;  calyx  terete,  slightly  urceolate,  pu- 
berulous,  obtusely  4-lobed,  light  green ;  corolla-lobes  strap-shaped,  rounded  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  slightly  thickened  on  the  margins,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface, 
reflexed  after  anthesis,  green  tipped  with  yellow;  disk  large  and  orange-colored; 
style  crowned  with  a  truncate  stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  ovoid,  crowned 
with  the  remnants  of  the  narrow  persistent  calyx  and  with  the  style,  bright  scarlet, 
^'  long,  \'  broad,  with  thin  mealy  flesh,  and  a  smooth  thick-walled  slightly  grooved 
stone  acute  at  the  ends  and  1  or  2-seeded;  seeds  oblong,  pale  brown. 

A  bushy  tree,  rarely  40°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  slender 
spreading  or  upright  branches,  and  divergent  branchlets  turning  upward  near  the 
ends,  pale  green  or  green  tinged  with  red  when  they  first  appear,  glabrous  or  slightly 
puberulous,  bright  red  or  yellow-green  during  their  first  winter  and  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  the  narrow  ring-like  leaf-scars,  later  becoming  light  brown  or  gray  tinged 
with  red;  frequently  toward  the  northern  limits  of  its  range  a  much-branched  shrub. 
Winter-buds  formed  in  midsummer;  the  terminal  covered  by  2  opposite  acute 
pointed  scales  rounded  on  the  back  and  joined  below  for  half  their  length,  and 
accompanied  by  2  pairs  of  lateral  buds,  each  covered  by  a  single  scale,  those  of  the 
lower  pair  shedding  their  scales  in  the  autumn  and  remaining  undeveloped.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  \'-%  thick,  with  a  dark  red-brown  surface  divided  into  quadrangular 
or  many-sided  plate-like  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  brown 
sometimes  changing  to  shades  of  green  and  red,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  30-40 
layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  in  turnery,  for  the  bearings  of  machinery,  the 
hubs  of  small  wheels,  barrel-hoops,  the  handles  of  toqjs,  and  occasionally  for  en- 
gravers' blocks. 

Distribution.  Usually  under  the  shade  of  taller  trees  in  rich  well-drained  soil; 
eastern  Massachusetts  to  southern  Ontario  and  southeastern  Kansas,  and  south- 
ward to  central  Florida  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas;  and  on  the  moun- 
tains of  northern  Mexico;  comparatively  rare  at  the  north;  one  of  the  commonest  and 
most  generally  distributed  inhabitants  of  the  deciduous-leaved  forests  of  the  mid- 
dle and  southern  states,  ranging  from  the  coast  nearly  to  the  summits  of  the  high 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

Often  planted  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  states. 

2.    Cornus  Nuttallii,  Aud.    Dogwood. 

Leaves  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  acute  and  often  contracted  into  short  points  at 
the  apex,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  faintly  crenulate-serrate,  and  generally  clus- 
tered toward  the  ends  of  the  branches,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  with  pale 
tomentum  and  puberulous  above,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  bright  green  and 
slightly  puberulous,  with  short  appressed  hairs  on  the  upper,  and  woolly  pubescent 
on  the  lower  surface,  4'-5'  long,  l^'-3'  wide,  with  prominent  pale  midribs  impressed 
above,  about  5  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  parallel  with  the  margins  and  con- 
nected by  remote  reticulate  veinlets,  in  the  autumn  turning  bright  orange  and 


CORNACEJE 


715 


scarlet  before  falling;  their  petioles  stout,  grooved,  pubescent,  £'-|'  long,  with  large 
clasping  base.".  Flowers  :  head  of  flower-buds  appearing  during  the  summer  be- 
tween the  upper  pair  of  lateral  leaf-buds,  surrounded  at  the  base  but  not  inclosed 
by  the  involucral  scales  during  the  winter,  hemispherical,  \'  in  diameter,  usually 
nodding  on  a  stout  hairy  peduncle  |'-1'  long;  involucral  scales  becoming  when  the 
flowers  open  l£'-3'  long,  and  1^-2'  wide,  white  or  white  tinged  with  pink,  narrowly 
oblong  to  obovate  or  sometimes  nearly  orbicular,  acute,  acuminate,  or  obtuse  and  en- 
tire and  thickened  at  the  apex,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  gradually  narrowed 


below  the  middle  and  conspicuously  8-ribbed,  the  spreading  ribs  united  by  reticulate 
veinlets;  flowers  in  dense  cymose  heads  from  the  axils  of  minute  acuminate  scarious 
deciduous  bracts;  calyx  terete,  slightly  urceolate,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface, 
yellow-green,  or  light  purple,  with  dark  red-purple  lobes;  petals  strap-shaped, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  spreading,  somewhat  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  with 
thickened  slightly  inflexed  margins,  yellow-green;  style  crowned  with  a  truncate 
stigma.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  in  dense  spherical  heads  of  30-40  drupes  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  ring  of  abortive  pendulous  ovaries,  ^'  long,  ovoid,  much 
flattened,  crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  calyx,  bright  red  or  orange-colored,  with 
thin  mealy  flesh,  and  a  thick-walled  1  or  2-seeded  stone  obtuse  at  the  ends  and 
scarcely  grooved;  seeds  oblong,  compressed,  with  a  very  thin  pale  papery  coat 

A  tree,  40°-60°,  or  exceptionally  100°  high,  with  a  trunk  l°-2°  in  diameter,  small 
spreading  branches  forming  an  oblong  conical  or  ultimately  round-topped  head,  and 
slender  light  green  branchlets  coated  while  young  with  pale  hairs,  becoming  gla- 
brous or  puberulous,  dark  reddish  purple  or  sometimes  green  in  their  first  winter 
and  conspicuously  marked  by  the  elevated  lunate  leaf-scars,  ultimately  becoming 
light  brown  or  brown  tinged  with  red.  Winter-buds  formed  in  July;  the  terminal 
acute,  %  long,  covered  by  2  narrowly  ovate  acute  long-pointed  puberulous  light 
green  opposite  scales  accompanied  by  2  pairs  of  lateral  buds,  each  covered  by  a 
single  scale,  those  of  the  lower  pair  shedding  their  scales  in  the  autumn  and  remain- 
ing undeveloped,  those  of  the  upper  pair  clothed  with  pale  hairs,  especially  toward 
the  apex,  their  scales  thickening,  turn  dark  purple,  lengthening  in  the  spring  with 
the  inclosed  shoots,  finally  becoming  scarious  and  developing  into  small  leaves,  and 
in  falling  marking  the  base  of  the  branchlets  with  ring-like  scars.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  about  \'  thick,  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  on  the  surface  into  small 


716 


TREES   OP   NORTH   AMERICA 


thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  30-40  layers  of  annual 
growth;  used  in  cabinet-making,  for  mauls  and  the  handles  of  tools. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  moist  well-drained  soil  under  the  shade  of  coniferous 
forests;  valley  of  the  lower  Fraser  River  and  Vancouver  Island,  British  Columbia, 
southward  through  western  Washington  and  Oregon,  on  the  coast  ranges  of  Cali- 
fornia to  the  San  Bernardino  Mountains,  and  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada;  southward  ascending  to  elevations  of  4000°-5000°  above  the  level  of  the 
sea;  of  its  largest  size  near  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound  and  in  the  Redwood  forests 
of  northern  California. 

3.  Cornus  asperifolia,  Michx.    Dogwood. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  at  the  apex  into  long 
slender  points,  gradually  narrowed  or  rounded  and  cuneate  at  the  base,  and  slightly 
thickened  on  the  undulate  margins^  when  they  unfold  coated  with  lustrous  silvery 
tomentum,  and  nearly  fully  grown  when  the  flowers  open  from  the  middle  of  May 
in  Texas  to  the  middle  of  July  at  the  north,  and  then  dark  green  and  roughened 
above  by  short  rigid  white  hairs,  and  pale,  often  glaucous  or  rough-pubescent  below, 
and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  scabrous  on  the  upper,  pubescent  or  puberulous  on 
the  lower  surface,  3'-4'  long  and  l^'-2'  wide,  with  thin  midribs  and  4—6  pairs  of  slen- 
der primary  veins  parallel  with  their  sides;  their  petioles  stout,  grooved,  pubescent, 


usually  about  £'  long.  Flowers  cream  color,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  loose  broad  or 
narrow  often  panicled  pubescent  cymes,  on  peduncles  frequently  V  in  length;  calyx 
oblong,  cup-shaped,  obscurely  toothed,  covered  with  fine  silky  white  hairs;  corolla- 
lobes  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  about  \'  long,  and  reflexed  after  the  flowers  open;  style 
thickened  at  the  apex  into  a  prominent  stigma,  Fruit  ripening  from  the  end  of 
August  until  the  end  of  October,  in  loose  spreading  red-stemmed  clusters,  subglo- 
bose,  white,  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  about  \'  in  diameter,  with  thin 
dry  and  bitter  flesh;  and  a  full  and  rounded  stone  broader  than  high,  somewhat 
oblique,  slightly  grooved  on  the  edge,  and  1  or  2-seeded;  seeds  nearly  \'  long,  with 
a  pale  brown  coat. 

A  tree,  sometimes  nearly  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  thin 


CORNACEJE 


717 


erect  wand-like  branches  forming  a  narrow  irregular  rather  open  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small  pale  lenticels,  light  green  and  puberulous  when 
they  first  appear,  pale  red,  lustrous,  and  pubernlous  during  their  first  winter,  light 
reddish  brown  in  their  second  year,  and  ultimately  light  gray-brown  or  gray;  usually 
shrubby.  Winter-buds  acute,  compressed,  pubescent,  sessile,  or  stalked,  about  ^' 
long,  with  2  pairs  of  opposite  scales,  the  terminal  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the  com- 
pressed lateral  buds.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  ^'  thick,  and  divided  by  shallow 
fissures  into  narrow  interrupted  ridges  broken  into  small  closely  appressed  dark  red- 
brown  scales.  Wood  close-grained,  hard,  pale  brown,  with  thick  cream-colored 
siipwood. 

Distribution.  Northern  shores  of  Lake  Erie  to  Minnesota,  eastern  Nebraska  and 
Kansas,  and  through  Missouri  and  the  Indian  Territory  to  eastern  Texas,  Missis- 
sippi. Alabama,  South  Carolina,  and  Florida;  probably  only  arborescent  on  the  rich 
bottom-lands  of  southern  Arkansas  and  eastern  Texas. 

4.  Cornus  alternifolia,  L.    Dogwood. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  rarely  opposite, 
oval  or  ovate,  gradually  contracted  at  the  apex  into  long  slender  points,  wedge- 
shaped  or  occasionally  somewhat  rounded  at  the  base,  obscurely  crenulate-toothed 


on  the  slightly  thickened  and  reflexed  margins,  when  they  unfold  coated  on  the 
lower  surface  with  dense  silvery  white  tomentum,  and  faintly  tinged  with  red  and 
pilose  above,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  bright  yellow-green,  glabrous  or 
sparsely  pubescent  on  the  upper,  pale  or  sometimes  nearly  white  and  covered  with 
appressed  hairs  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-5'  long,  2i'-3£'  wide,  with  broad  orange- 
colored  midribs  slightly  impressed  above,  and  about  6  pairs  of  primary  veins  parallel 
with  their  sides,  in  the  autumn  turning  yellow  or  yellow  and  scarlet;  their  petioles 
slender,  pubescent,  grooved,  l£'-2'  long,  with  enlarged  clasping  bases.  Flowers 
(M-i-iim  color,  opening  from  the  beginning  of  May  to  the  end  of  June  on  slender 
jointed  pedicels  £'-£'  long,  in  terminal  flat  puberulous  many-flowered  cymes  l£'-2£' 
wide,  mostly  on  lateral  branchlets;  calyx  cup-shaped,  obscurely  toothed ;  corolla- 
lobes  narrow,  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  \'  long,  reflexed  after  anthesis;  style 
enlarged  into  a  prominent  stigma.  Fruit  in  loose  spreading  red-stemmed  clusters, 
ripening  in  October,  subglobose,  dark  blue-black,  £'  in  diameter,  tipped  with  the 


718  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

remnants  of  the  style  rising  from  the  bottom  of  a  small  depression,  with  thin  and 
bitter  flesh;  and  an  obovoid  nutlet,  pointed  at  the  base,  gradually  longitudinally 
many-grooved,  thick-walled,  and  1  or  2-seeded ;  seeds  lunate,  \'  long,  .with  a  thin 
membrauaceous  pale  coat. 

A  flat-topped  tree,  rarely  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter, 
long  slender  alternate  diverging  horizontal  branches,  and  numerous  short  upright 
slender  branchlets  pale  orange-green  or  reddish  brown  when  they  first  appear,  mostly 
light  green  or  sometimes  brown  tinged  with  green  during  their  first  winter,  later 
turning  darker  green  and  marked  by  pale  lunate  leaf-scars,  and  small  scattered  pale 
lenticels;  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick, 
dark  reddish  brown,  and  smooth  or  divided  by  shallow  longitudinal  fissures  into 
narrow  ridges  irregularly  broken  transversely.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained, 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  20-30  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Rich  woodlands,  the  margins  of  the  forest,  and  on  the  borders  of 
streams  and  swamps,  in  moist  well-drained  soil;  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia, 
westward  along  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake 
Superior  and  to  Minnesota,  and  southward  through  the  northern  states  and  along 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states. 

Section  2.  Gamopetalse.  Corolla  of  united  petals  (divided 
in  Elliottia  in  Ericaceae ;  0  in  some  species  of  Fraxinus  in 
Oleacece). 

A.    Ovary  superior  (inferior  in  Vaccinium  in  Ericaceae  ; 

partly  inferior  in  Symplocacece  and  Styracece). 

XLIX.    ERICACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  buds,  and  alternate  simple  leaves  without  stip- 
ules. Flowers  perfect,  regular  ;  calyx  4— 5-lobed  ;  corolla  hypogynous,  5-lobed 
(of  4  Petals  in  Elliottia),  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  stamens  hypogy- 
nous, mostly  free  from  the  coi'olla,  as  many,  or  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes  ; 
anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  opening  by  terminal  pores,  often  appendaged  ;  ovary 
4-10-celled  (inferior  in  Vaccinium]  ;  styles  terminal,  simple  ;  stigma  ter- 
minal ;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ;  raphe  ventral ;  micro- 
pyle  superior.  Fruit  capsular,  drupaceous,  or  baccate.  Seeds  with  fleshy  or 
horny  albumen  ;  embryo  small ;  cotyledons  small  and  short. 

The  Heath  family  with  about  sixty-seven  genera  is  widely  distributed  over 
the  temperate  and  tropical  parts  of  the  earth's  surface.  Of  the  twenty-one 
genera  found  in  the  United  States  seven  have  arborescent  representatives. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Ovary  superior. 
Fruit  capsular. 

Corolla  of  4  petals  ;  flowers  in  erect  terminal  racemose  panicles ;  leaves  deciduous. 

1.  Elliottia. 

Capsule  septicidal,  the  valves  in  opening1  separating  from  the  persistent  placentiferous 
axis  ;  calyx-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  leaves  persistent. 


ERICACE^:  719 

Flowers  in  terminal  clusters ;  corolla  5-cleft ;  inflorescence-buds  conical,  covered 
with  closely  imbricated  scales  ;  leaves  re  volute  on  the  margins. 

2.  Rhododendron. 

Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  ;  corolla  saucer-shaped,  with  a  short  narrow  tube  and 
10  pouches  below  the  short  limb,  the  anthers  in  the  pouches  in  the  bud  ;  inflo- 
rescence-buds elongated,  covered  with  loosely  imbricated  scales  ;  leaves  flat. 

3.  Kalmia. 

Capsule  loculicidal,  the  valves  in  opening  bearing  the  partitions  and  separating  from 
the  persistent  placentiferous  axis  ;  calyx-lobes  valvate  in  the  bud. 

Capsule  ovoid-pyramidal ;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles  of  secund  racemes;  anther- 
cells  opening  longitudinally  from  the  apex  to  the  middle  ;  leaves  deciduous. 

4.  Oxydendrum. 

Capsule  oblong  ;  flowers  in  axillary  fascicles ;  anthers  opening  below  the  apex  by 
"2  oblong  pores ;  leaves  persistent.  5.  Xylosma. 

Fruit  drupaceous ;  flowers  in  terminal  panicles ;  anthers  bearing  a  pair  of  reflexed  awns 
on  the  back,  each  cell  opening  at  the  apex  auteriorally  by  a  terminal  pore ;  leaves  per- 
sistent. (J.  Arbutus. 
Ovary  inferior;   fruit  baccate;  flowers  axillary,  racemose  or  solitary;  anther-cells  termi- 
nating in  tubular  appendages  and  opening  by  terminal  pores.                      7.  Vaccillium. 

1.  ELLIOTTIA,  Ell. 

A  glabrous  tree  or  shrub,  with  slender  terete  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  petiolate,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  acute  at  the  ends  or  occasionally 
rounded  at  the  apex,  entire,  membranaceous,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale 
and  villose  below,  particularly  on  the  thin  yellow  midribs  and  obscure  forked  veins, 
deciduous;  their  petioles  slender  and  flattened,  with  an  abruptly  enlarged  base  nearly 
covering  the  small  axillary  buds!  Flowers  perfect,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels, 
in  erect  terminal  elongated  racemose  panicles,  witli  minute  acute  scarious  caducous 
bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  short,  tubular,  puberulous,  dark  red-brown,  4-toothed, 
the  broad  apiculate  teeth  erose  on  the  margins  and  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  4, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  spatulate-linear,  sessile;  stamens  8,  hypogynous,  shorter  than 
the  petals;  filaments  broad,  flattened;  anthers  oblong-ovate,  the  cells  callous-mu- 
cronate,  free  at  the  apex  of  the  spreading  lobes,  opening  from  above  downward; 
disk  much  thickened,  fleshy;  ovary  sessile,  subglobose,  4-lobed,  4-celled,  concave  at 
the  apex;  style  elongated,  slender,  gradually  enlarged  and  club-shaped  above  and 
incurved  at  the  apex;  stigma  3-5-lobed,  smaller  than  the  thickened  end  of  the  style; 
ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  attached  on  the  inner  angle  of  a  tunad  placenta, 
ascending,  anatropous.  Fruit  unknown. 

Elliottia  with  a  single  species  is  confined  to  the  southern  United  States. 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Stephen  Elliott  (1771-1830),  the  distinguished 
botanist  of  South  Carolina. 

1.  Elliottia  racemosa,  Ell. 

Leaves  3'-4'  long,  V-l\'  wide;  their  petioles  \'-\'  in  length.  Flowers  about 
^'  long,  opening  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  June,  in  clusters  7'-10'  in  length. 

A  tree,  15°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  short  ascending  branches 
forming  a  pyramidal  head,  and  erect  branchlets  light  red-brown  and  pilose  when 
they  first  appear,  bright  orange-brown,  lustrous,  and  nearly  glabrous  during  their 
first  winter,  and  roughened  by  slightly  raised  oblong-obovate  leaf-scars  with  con- 
spicuous central  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  becoming  light  brown  slightly  tinged 


720 


TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 


with  red  during  their  second  season  and  dark  gray-brown  the  following  year;  or 
more  frequently  shrubby.     Winter-buds  terminal,  broadly  ovate,  acute,  about  \' 


long,  with  much  thickened  bright  chestnut-brown  shining  scales  conspicuously  white- 
pubescent  near  the  margins  toward  the  apex,  the  lateral  smaller,  ovate,  compressed, 
rounded  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex.  Bark  thin,  smooth,  pale  gray. 

Distribution.  Sandy  woods  in  a  few  isolated  situations  in  the  valley  of  the 
Savannah  River,  near  Augusta,  and  in  Burke  and  Bullock  counties,  Georgia. 

2.  RHODODENDRON,  Maxim. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  terete  branchlets,  terminal  buds  formed  in  sum- 
mer, and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  usually  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  revo- 
lute  and  entire  on  the  margin.  Flowers  in  terminal  umbellate  corymbs  from  buds 
with  numerous  caducous  scales  ;  calyx  5-parted  or  toothed,  persistent  under  the 
fruit;  corolla  5-cleft,  deciduous;  stamens  more  or  less  unequal,  ultimately  spread- 
ing; filaments  subulate-filiform,  pilose  at  the  base;  disk  thick  and  fleshy,  crenately 
lobed;  ovary  5-celled;  style  slender,  crowned  with  a  capitate  stigma  and  persistent 
on  the  fruit;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  attached  in  many  series  to  an  axile 
2-lipped  placenta  projected  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell,  anatropous.  Fruit  a 
woody  septicidal  many-seeded  capsule.  Seed  scobiform;  seed-coat  loose,  reticulate, 
produced  at  the  ends  beyond  the  nucleus  into  short  often  laciniate  appendages; 
embryo  minute,  cylindrical,  axile  in  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  oblong,  shorter 
than  the  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Rhododendron  (including  Azalea)  with  more  than  two  hundred  species  abounds 
in  western  Thibet  and  on  the  Himalayas,  southwestern  China,  the  Malay  Peninsula 
and  Archipelago,  New  Guinea,  northern  China  and  Corea,  Japan,  the  mountains  of 
central  Asia,  and  in  eastern  and  western  North  America.  Of  the  seventeen  or  eigh- 
teen North  American  species  one  only  is  arborescent. 

Rhododendron  possesses  astringent  narcotic  properties.  It  produces  hard  close- 
grained  compact  wood  sometimes  used  in  turnery  and  for  fuel.  Many  of  the  species 
are  cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  beauty  of  their  large  and  conspicuous  flowers. 

The  generic  name  is  from  p6$ov  and  SevSpov,  the  Rose-tree. 


ERICACEAE  721 

1.  Rhododendron  maximum,  L.    Great  Laurel.    Rose  Bay. 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  ovate-lanceolate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  short- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  narrow  base,  when 
they  unfold  covered  with  a  thick  pale  or  ferrugineous  tomentum  of  gland-tipped 
hairs,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  on 
the  upper,  usually  pale  or  whitish  on  the  lower  surface,  4'-12'  long,  l^'-2^'  wide, 
with  broad  pale  midribs  and  obscure  reticulate  veinlets,  persistent  two  or  three 
years;  their  petioles  stout,  ridged  above,  rounded  below,  l'-l£'  long.  Flowers: 
inflorescence-buds  surrounded  at  first  by  several  loose  narrow  leaf-like  scales,  and 
when  fully  grown  in  September  cone-shaped,  1^'  long  and  ^'  broad,  with  many 
imbricated  ovate  scales  rounded  and  contracted  at  the  apex  into  long  slender  points, 
beginning  to  open  late  in  June  after  the  shoots  of  the  year  from  buds  in  the  axils  of 
upper  leaves  have  reached  their  full  length;  flowers  on  slender  pink  pedicels  covered 
with  glandular  white  hairs  and  furnished  at  the  base  with  two  linear  scarious  bract- 
lets  from  the  axils  of  the  scales  of  the  inner  ranks  of  the  inflorescence-buds,  in 
16-24-ttowered  umbellate  clusters  4'-5'  in  diameter,  with  accrescent  scarious  resinous 
puberulous  bracts,  those  of  the  outer  ranks  becoming  V  long  and  \'  wide,  and  shorter 
than  the  lanceolate  bracts  of  the  inner  ranks  contracted  into  long  slender  points; 


calyx  light  green  and  puberulous,  with  rounded  remote  lobes;  corolla  prominently 
5-angled  or  ridged  in  the  bud,  campanulate,  gibbous  on  the  posterior  side,  puberulous 
in  the  throat,  light  rose  color,  purplish,  or  white,  1'  long,  cleft  to  the  middle  into 
oval  rounded  lobes,  with  conspicuous  central  veins,  the  upper  lobe  marked  on  the 
inner  face  by  a  cluster  of  yellow-green  spots,  and  glandular  on  the  outer  surface  at 
the  bottom  of  ench  sinus,  with  a  conspicuous  dark  red  gland;  stamens  8-12,  white, 
inserted  on  the  bright  green  disk;  filaments  enlarged  and  flattened  at  the  base, 
slightly  bent  inward  above  the  middle,  and  bearded  with  stiff  white  -hairs,  the  4  or  5 
short  ones  at  the  back  of  the  flower  for  more  than  half  their  length  and  the  others 
only  near  the  base;  ovary  ovate,  green,  coated  with  short  glandular  pale  hairs, 
crowned  with  a  long  slender  glabrous  white  declining  style  club-shaped  and  inflexed 
at  the  apex  and  terminating  in  a  5-rayed  scarlet  stigma.  Fruit  dark  red-brown, 
ovate,  i'  long,  glandular-hispid,  ripening  and  shedding  its  seeds  in  the  autumn,  tL 
clusters  of  open  capsules  remaining  on  the  branches  until  the  following  summer; 


722  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

seeds  oblong,  flattened,  the  coat  prolonged  at  the  ends  into  scarious  fringed  ap- 
pendages. 

A  bushy  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  crooked  often  prostrate  trunk  occasionally 
10'-12'  in  diameter,  stout  contorted  branches  forming  a  round  head,  and  branchlets 
green  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  dark  red  or  slightly  ferrugiueous  gland- 
ular-hispid hay-s  when  they  first  appear,  dark  green  and  glabrous  in  their  h'rst  winter, 
gradually  turning  bright  red-brown  in  their  second  year,  and  ultimately  gray  tinged 
with  red,  the  thin  bark  separating  on  branches  four  or  five  years  old  into  persistent 
scales;  more  often  a  broad  shrub,  with  many  divergent  twisted  stems  10°-12° 
high.  Winter-buds:  leaf -buds  conical,  dark  green,  axillary,  or  terminal  on  barren 
shoots,  with  many  closely  imbricated  scales;  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent, 
increasing  in  length  from  the  outer  to  the  inner,  and  at  maturity  1^'  long,  ^'  wide, 
gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  terminating  at  the  apex  in  a  long  slender 
point,  light  green,  glabrous,  closely  held  against  the  shoot  by  a  resinous  exudation 
from  the  glandular  hairs,  and  in  falling  marking  the  branchlet  with  numerous  con- 
spicuous narrow  remote  scars  persistent  for  three  or  four  years.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
about  TY  thick,  light  red-brown,  broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  appressed 
scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  brittle,  close-grained,  light  clear  brown, 
with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood ;  occasionally  made  into  the  handles  of  tools  and 
used  as  a  substitute  for  boxwood  in  engraving.  A  decoction  of  the  leaves  is  occa- 
sionally employed  in  domestic  practice  in  the  treatment  of  rheumatism. 

Distribution.  Nova  Scotia  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  and  southward 
through  New  York  and  New  England,  and  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to 
northern  Georgia;  rare  at  the  north  and  an  inhabitant  of  deep  cold  swamps  in  a  few 
isolated  stations;  more  abundant  on  the  mountains  of  western  Pennsylvania,  becom- 
ing exceedingly  common  farther  south  and  occupying  the  steep  banks  of  streams  up 
to  elevations  of  3000°  above  the  sea;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  high  mountains  of 
eastern  Tennessee  and  the  Carolinas,  and  here  often  forming  thickets  hundreds 
of  acres  in  extent. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  United  States,  and 
in  Europe,  and  one  of  the  parents'of  a  number  of  distinct  and  beautiful  hybrids. 

3.  KALMIA,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  scaly  bark,  terete  branchlets  without  terminal  buds,  minute 
axillary  leaf-buds,  elongated  axillary  inflorescence-buds  covered  by  imbricated  scales, 
and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  linear,  short-rpetiolate,  with  flat  entire  mar- 
gins, coriaceous,  persistent.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  bibracteolate  at  the  base, 
from  the  axils  of  foliaceous  coriaceous  ovate  or  acute  persistent  bracts,  in  axillary 
umbels;  calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persistent  under  the 
fruit;  corolla  5-lobed,  rose-colored,  purple,  or  white,  saucer-shaped,  with  a  short 
tube  and  10  pouches  just  below  the  5-parted  limb,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  before 
anthesis  prominently  10-ribbed  from  the  pouches  to  the  acute  apex  of  the  bud, 
the  salient  keels  of  the  ribs  running  to  the  points  of  the  lobes  and  to  the  shiuses; 
stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  corolla;  filaments  .filiform  ;  anthers  oblong,  each 
cell  opening  by  a  short  apical  oblong  longitudinal  pore,  at  first  free  in  the  bud, 
the  filaments  then  erect,  later  received  in  the  pouches  of  the  corolla,  the  filaments 
becoming  bent  back  by  its  enlargement  and  expansion,  straightening  elastically  and 
incurving  on  the  release  of  the  anthers,  and  in  straightening  discharging  the  pol- 
len-grains; disk  prominently  10-lobed;  ovary  subglobose,  5-celled;  style  filiform, 


ERICACE^:  723 

exserted,  crowned  with  a  capitate  stigma;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  inserted  on 
a  2-lipped  placenta,  pendulous  or  spreading  from  near  the  top  of  the  thin  columella, 
few-ranked,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  septicidal  woody  many-seeded  globose  slightly 
5-lobed  5-celled  capsule,  tardily  septicidally  5-valved,  the  valves  crustaceous,  ulti- 
mately opening  down  the  middle  by  a  narrow  slit  and  separating  from  the  persistent 
placenta-bearing  axis.  Seeds  oblong  or  subglobose,  minute;  seed-coat  crustaceous  or 
membranaceous;  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen,  terete,  near  the  hilum;  radicle  erect, 
rather  shorter  than  the  oblong  cotyledons. 

Kalmia  with  five  or  six  species  is  North  American  and  Cuban,  one  species  occa- 
sionally becoming  under  favorable  conditions  a  small  tree. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  the  Swedish  traveler  and  botanist,  Peter  Kalm 
(1715-1779). 

1.  Kalmia  latifolia,  L.  Laurel.  Mountain  Laurel. 

Leav,es  sometimes  in  pairs  or  in  3's,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  each  leaf  in  the 
bud  inclosed  by  the  one  immediately  below  it,  oblong  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute 


or  rounded  and  tipped  at  the  apex  with  callous  points,  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the 
base,  when  they  unfold  slightly  tinged  with  pink  and  covered  with  glandular  white 
hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  rigid,  dark  rather  dull  green  above,  light  yellow- 
green  below,  3'-4'  long,  I'-l^'  wide,  with  broad  yellow  midribs  and  obscure  immersed 
veins,  beginning  to  fall  during  their  second  summer;  their  petioles  stout,  terete  or 
slightly  flattened,  about  §'  long.  Flowers:  inflorescence-buds  appearing  in  the 
autumn  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves,  beginning  to  lengthen  with  the  first  warm 
days  of  spring  and  usually  developing  2  or  several  lateral  branches,  the  whole  form- 
ing a  compound  many-flowered  corymb  of  numerous  crowded  fascicles  more  or  less 
covered  with  dark  scurfy  scales,  \'-Z'  in  diameter,  and  overtopped  at  the  flowering 
time  by  the  leafy  branches  of  the  year;  flowers  nearly  1'  in  diameter,  opening  in 
Mav  and  June  on  long  slender  red  or  green  pedicels  covered  with  glandular  hairs, 
and  furnished  at  the  base  \vith  2  minute  acute  bractlets  developed  from  the  axils  of 
acute  persistent  tracts  sometimes  £'  long;  calyx  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into 
narrow  acute  thin  green  lobes;  corolla  white,  rose-color,  or  pink,  viscid-pubescent, 
marked  on  the  inner  surface  with  a  waving  dark  rose-colored  line  and  with  delicate 
purple  penciling  abo«ve  the  sacs.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  crowned  with  the 
V 


724  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

persistent  style,  fy'  in  diameter,  and  covered  with  viscid  hairs,  remaining  on  the 
branches  until  the  following  year;  seeds  oblong,  light  brown,  scattered  by  the 
opening  of  the  valves. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°-40°  high,  with  a  short  crooked  and  contorted  trunk  sometimes 
18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  forked  divergent  branches  forming  a  round-topped  com- 
pact head,  and  slender  branchlets  light  green  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  soft 
white  glandular-viscid  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  and  in 
their  first  winter  green  tinged  with  red  and  very  lustrous,  turning  bright  red-brown 
during  their  second  year  and  paler  the  following  season,  the  bark  then  separating 
into  large  thin  papery  scales  exposing  the  cinnamon-red  inner  bark,  and  marked  with 
large  deeply  impressed  leaf-scars  showing  near  the  centre  a  crowded  cluster  of 
fibro-vascular  bundle-scars;  more  often  a  dense  broad  shrub  6°-10°  high,  with 
numerous  crooked  stems.  Winter-buds  formed  before  midsummer  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves  just  below  those  producing  the  inflorescence-buds,  their  inner  scales  ac- 
crescent, and  at  maturity  often  1'  long  and  ^'  wide,  ovate,  acute,  light  green,  covered 
with  glandular  white  hairs,  and  in  falling  marking  the  base  of  the  shoots  with  con- 
spicuous broad  scars.  Bark  of  the  trunk  hardly  more  than  ^'  thick,  dark  brown 
tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by  longitudinal  furrows  into  narrow  ridges  separating 
into  long  narrow  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  rather  brittle,  close-grained, 
brown  tinged  with  red,  with  slightly  lighter  colored  sap  wood;  used  for  the  handles 
of  tools,  in  turnery,  and  for  fuel. 

Distribution.  New  Brunswick  to  the  northern  shores  of  Lake  Erie  and  south- 
ward generally  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  western  Flor- 
ida, and  through  the  Gulf  states  to  western  Louisiana  and  the  valley  of  the  Red 
River,  Arkansas;  often  growing  in  low  moist  ground  near  the  margins  of  swamps 
or  on  dry  slopes  under  the  shade  of  deciduous-leaved  trees,  or  on  rich  rocky  hill- 
sides; most  abundant  and  often  forming  dense  impenetrable  thickets  on  the  southern 
Appalachian  Mountains  up  to  elevations  of  3000°-4000°  above  the  level  of  the  sea; 
usually  shrubby,  and  only  arborescent  in  a  few  secluded  valleys  between  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  the  Alleghany. Mountains  of  North  and  South  Carolina. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  states,  and  in 
Europe. 

4.  OXYDENDRUM,  DC. 

A  tree,  with  thick  deeply  furrowed  bark,  slender  terete  glabrous  light  red  or  brown 
branchlets  without  terminal  btids,  marked  by  elevated  nearly  triangular  leaf-scars 
displaying  a  lunate  row  of  crowded  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  numerous  ele- 
vated oblong  dark  lenticels,  acid  foliage,  and  fibrous  roots.  Winter-buds  axillary, 
minute,  partly  immersed  in  the  bark,  obtuse,  covered  with  opposite  broadly  ovate 
dark  red  scales  rounded  at  the  apex,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  accrescent.  Leaves 
alternate,  revolute  in  the  bud,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute,  gradually  contracted  at 
the  base  into  long  slender  petioles,  serrate,  with  minute  incurved  callous  teeth,  penni- 
veined,  with  conspicuous  bright  yellow  midribs  and  reticulate  veinlets,  thin  and  firm, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  on  the  upper,  pale  and  glaucous  on  the  lower  surface,  gla- 
brous or  at  first  slightly  puberulous,  deciduous.  Flowers  on  clavate  erect  pedicels 
coated  with  hoary  pubescence  and  bibracteolate  above  the  middle,  with  linear  acute 
caducous  bractlets,  in  puberulous  panicles  of  secund  racemes  appearing  in  summer 
and  terminal  on  axillary  leading  shoots  of  the  year,  the  lower  racemes  in  the  axils  of 
upper  leaves;  calyx  free,  divided  nearly  to  the  base,  the  divisions  valvate  in  the  bud, 


ERICACEAE  725 

ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent  or  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  persistent 
under  the  fruit;  corolla  hypogynous,  cylindrical  to  ovate-cylindrical,  white,  puberu- 
lous, o-lobed,  the  lobes  minute,  ovate,  acute,  reflexed;  stamens  10,  included;  fila- 
ments subulate,  broad,  pilose,  inserted  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  linear- 
oblong,  narrower  than  the  filaments,  the  cells  opening  from  the  apex  to  the  middle; 
disk  thin,  obscurely  10-lobed;  ovary  broadly  ovoid,  pubescent,  5-celled;  style  colum- 
nar, thick,  exserted,  crowned  with  a  simple  stigma;  ovules  attached  to  an  axile 
placenta  rising  from  the  base  of  the  cell,  ascending,  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  5-celled 
ovoid-pyramidal  many-seeded  capsule  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent 
Style,  5-lobed,  puberulous,  loculicidally  o-valved,  the  valves  woody,  separating  from 
the  central  persistent  placentiferous  axis,  many-seeded.  Seeds  ascending,  elongated; 
seed-coat  membranaceous,  loose,  reticulated,  produced  at  the  ends  into  long  slender 
points;  embryo  minute,  axile  in  fleshy  albumen,  cylindrical;  radicle  terete,  next  the 
hihim. 

The  genus  consists  of  a  single  species. 

The  generic  name  is  from  6£vs  and  SfvSpav,  in  allusion  to  the  acid  foliage. 

1.  Oxydendrum  arboreum,  DC.    Sorrel-tree.    Sour  Wood. 

Leaves  when  they  unfold  bronze  green,  very  lustrous  and  glabrous  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  slight  pubescence  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midribs  and  a  few  scattered 
hairs  on  the  under  side  of  the  midribs  and  on  the  petioles,  and  at  maturity  o'-7'  long, 
l£'-2£'  wide,  turning  bright  scarlet  in  the  autumn  before  falling;  their  petioles  f 
long.  Flowers  opening  late  in  July  or  early  in  August,  J'  long,  in  panicles  7'-8'  in 
length.  Fruit  £'-£'  long,  hanging  in  drooping  clusters  sometimes  a  foot  in  length, 


ripening  in  September,  the  empty  capsules  often  persistent  on  the  branches  until  late 
in  the  autumn;  seeds  about  |'  long,  pale  brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  50°-60°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  12'-20'  in  diameter, 
slender  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  round-topped  head,  and  glabrous 
branchlets  yellow-green  and  marked  by  orange-colored  lenticels  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  orange-colored  to  reddish  brown.  Winter-buds 
about  ^g'  long,  their  inner  scales  at  maturity  1'  in  length,  £'  wide,  spatulate,  acute  at 
the  apex,  and  slightly  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface  and  on  the  margins.  Bark  of 


726  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

the  trunk  §'-!'  thick,  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by  longitudinal  furrows  into 
broad  rounded  ridges  covered  with  small  thick  appressed  scales.  'Wood  heavy,  hard, 
very  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  80-90 
layers  of  annual  growth ;  sometimes  used  locally  for  the  handles  of  tools  and  the 
bearings  of  machinery.  The  leaves  have  a  pleasant  acidulous  taste,  and  are  reputed 
to  be  tonic,  refrigerant,  and  diuretic,  and  are  occasionally  used  in  domestic  practice  in 
the  treatment  of  fevers. 

Distribution.  Well-drained  gravelly  soil  on  ridges  rising  above  the  banks  of 
streams;  southeastern  Pennsylvania  to  southern  Indiana  and  middle  Tennessee,  and 
southward  to  the  coast  of  Virginia  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  western 
Florida,  the  shores  of  Mobile  Bay,  and  through  the  elevated  regions  of  the  Gulf 
states  to  western  Louisiana;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Big 
Smoky  Mountains,  Tennessee. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  states  and  hardy  as  far  north 
as  eastern  New  England,  and  occasionally  in  western  and  central  Europe. 

5.  XOLISMA,  Raf. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  branchlets,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  petiolate, 
membranaceous  or  coriaceous.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate 
acute  bracts,  in  axillary  and  terminal  umbellate  fascicles  or  panicled  racemes;  calyx 
persistent,  4-5-toothed  or  parted,  the  divisions  valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla  globular, 
4-5-toothed  or  lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  8-10,  included; 
filaments  flat,  incurved,  usually  slightly  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  dilated 
and  bearded  at  the  base,  geniculate;  anther  oblong,  the  cells  opening  below  the 
apex  by  large  oblong  pores;  disk  10-1  obed;  ovary  5-celled,  depressed  in  the  centre; 
style  columnar,  stigmatic  at  the  apex;  ovules  attached  to  a  placenta  borne  near 
the  summit  of  the  axis,  anatropous.  Fruit  ovoid,  many-seeded,  loculicidally  5-valved, 
the  valves  septiferous  and  separating  from  the  placentiferous  axis,  5-ribbed  by  the 
thickening  of  the  valves  at  the  dorsal  sutures,  the  ribs  more  or  less  separable  in 
dehiscence.  Seeds  minute,  pendulous,  narrow-oblong;  seed-coat  loose,  thin,  cellular- 
reticulate,  produced  at  the  ends  beyond  the  nucleus  into  short  fringe-like  wings; 
embryo  axile  in  fleshy  albumen,  cylindrical,  elongated;  cotyledons  much  shorter 
than  the  terete  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Xolisma  with  about  sixteen  species  is  confined  to  North  America,  the  West  Indies, 
and  Mexico.  Of  the  two  species  which  occur  in  the  United  States  one  is  a  small  tree. 

The  generic  name  is  of  doubtful  derivation. 

1 .  Xolisma  ferruginea,  Hell. 
{Andromeda  ferruginea,  Silva  N.  Am.  v.  131.) 

Leaves  cuneate-obovate,  rhombic-obvate  or  cuneate-oblong,  acute  or  rounded  at 
the  apex,  usually  tipped  with  a  cartilaginous  mucro,  gradually  wedged-shaped  at 
the  base,  and  entire,  with  thickened  revolute  margins,  scurfy  when  they  unfold, 
and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  pale  green,  smooth  and  shining  or  sometimes  obscurely 
lepidote  above,  covered  below  with  ferrugineous  or  pale  scales,  1'— 3'  long,  ^-'-  1^'  wide, 
with  prominent  midribs  and  primary  veins  and  broad  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets, 
Appearing  in  early  spring  and  persistent  until  the  summer  or  autumn  of  their  second 
year;  their  petioles  short,  thick,  much  enlarged  at  the  base.  Flowers  y  in  diameter, 
chiefly  produced  on  branches  of  the  year  or  occasionally  on  those  of  the  previous 


ERICACEAE  727 

year,  opening  from  February  until  April  when  the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  on  slender 
recurved  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  in  crowded  axillary  short-stemmed 


or  sessile  ferrugineous-lepidote  fascicles,  with  minute  acute  deciduous  bracts  and 
bractlets;  calyx  5-lobed,  with  acute  lobes,  covered  on  the  outer  surface  with  ferru- 
gineous  scales,  and  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  white  pubescent  corolla,  with  short 
reflexed  acute  teeth  slightly  thickened  and  ciliate  on  the  margins;  filaments  short- 
ened by  a  conspicuous  geniculate  fold  in  the  middle;  ovary  coated  with  thick  white 
tomentum;  style  stout,  as  long  or  a  little  longer  than  the  corolla.  Fruit  on  a  stout 
erect  stem,  oblong,  5-angled,  ^'  long;  seed  pale  brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°-30°  high,  with  a  slender  crooked  or  often  prostrate  trunk 
sometimes  10'  in  diameter,  thin  rigid  divergent  branches  forming  a  tall  oblong  irregu- 
lar head,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  minute  ferru- 
gineous  scales  and  covered  in  their  second  year  with  glabrous  or  pubescent  light  or 
dark  red-brown  bark  smooth  or  exfoliating  in  small  thin  scales;  often  a  shrub,  some- 
times only  2°-3°  tall.  Bark  of  the  trunk  |'-^'  thick,  divided  into  long  narrow 
ridges  by  shallow  longitudinal  furrows,  reddish  brown  and  separating  into  short 
thick  scales.  Winter-buds  minute,  acute,  and  covered  with  ferrugineous  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained  although  not  strong,  light  brown  tinged  with  red, 
with  thick  lighter  colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Coast  region  of  South  Carolina  to  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and 
the  neighborhood  of  Appalachicola,  Florida;  in  the  United  States  arborescent  in  the 
rich  soil  of  the  woody  hummocks  rising  from  the  sandy  Pine-covered  coast  plain,  and 
as  a  low  shrub  in  the  dry  sandy  sterile  soil  of  Pine  barrens;  also  in  the  West  Indies 
and  Mexico. 

6.  ARBUTUS,  L. 

.  Trees  or  shrubs,  with  astringent  bark  exfoliating  from  young  stems  in  large  thin 
scales,  smooth  terete  red  branches,  and  thick  hard  roots.  Leaves  petiolate,  entire  or 
dentate,  obscurely  penniveined,  persistent.  Flowers  on  clavate  pedicels  bibracteolate 
at  the  base  from  the  axils  of  ovate  bracts,  in  simple  terminal  compound  racemes 
or  panicles,  with  scarious  scaly  persistent  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  free  from  the 
ovary,  5-parted  nearly  to  the  base,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud,  ovate,  acute, 


728  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

scarious,  persistent;  corolla  ovoid-urceolate,  white,  5-toothecl,  the  teeth  obtuse  and 
recurved;  stamens  10,  shorter  than  the  corolla;  filaments  subulate,  dilated  and  pilose 
at  the  base,  free,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  corolla;  anthers  short,  compressed 
laterally,  dorsally  2-awued,  the  cells  opening  at  the  top  internally  by  a  terminal 
pore;  ovary  glandular-roughened,  glabrous  or  tomentose,  sessile  or  slightly  immersed 
in  the  glandular  10-lobed  disk,  5  or  rarely  4-celled;  style  columnar,  simple,  exserted ; 
stigma  obscurely  5-lobed;  ovules  attached  to  a  central  placenta  developed  from  the 
inner  angle  of  each  cell,  amphitropous.  Fruit  drupaceous,  globose,  smooth  or  gland- 
ular-coated, 5-celled,  many-seeded;  flesh  dry  and  mealy;  stone  cartilaginous,  often 
incompletely  developed.  Seeds  small,  compressed  or  angled,  narrowed  and  often 
apiculate  at  the  apex;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  dark  red-brown,  slightly  pilose;  embryo 
axile  in  copious  horny  albumen,  clavate;  radicle  terete,  erect,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Arbutus  with  ten  or  twelve  species  inhabits  southern  and  western  Xorth  America, 
Central  America,  eastern,  southern,  and  southwestern  Europe,  Asia  Minor,  northern 
Africa,  and  the  Canary  Islands.  Three  species  occur  within  the  territory  of  the 
United  States.  Arbutus  produces  hard  close-grained  valuable  wood  often  made  into 
charcoal,  used  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder.  The  fruit  possesses  narcotic  pro- 
perties, and  the  bark  and  leaves  are  astringent. 

Arbutus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  species  of  southern  Europe. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Bark  of  old  trunks  dark  red-brown. 

Ovary  glabrous  ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  entire  or  serrate.  1.  A.  Menziesii  (B,  G). 

Ovary  pubescent  ;  leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  lanceolate.  2.  A.  Xalapensis  (C). 

Bark  of  old  trunks  ashy  gray ;  ovary  glabrous,  conspicuously  porulose  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or 

rarely  narrowly  oblong.  3.  A.  Arizonica  (H). 

1.  Arbutus  Menziesii,  Pursh.    Madrona. 

Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  rounded  or  contracted  into  short  points  at  the  apex,  and 
rounded,  subcordate,  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  with  slightly  thickened  revolute 
entire  or  occasionally  on  young  plants  sharply  serrate  margins,  when  they  unfold 
light  green  or  often  pink,  especially  on  the  lower  surface,  and  glabrous  or  slightly 
puberulous,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  or  often  nearly  white  below,  3'-o'  long.  H'-3'  wide,  with  thick  pale  midribs  and 
conspicuously  reticulated  veinlets.  persistent  until  midsummer  of  their  second  year 
and  then  turning  orange  and  scarlet  and  falling  gradually  and  irregularly ;  their 
petioles  stout,  grooved,  ^'-1'  long,  often  slightly  wing-margined  toward  the  apex. 
Flowers  about  £'  long,  with  glabrous  ovaries,  appearing  from  March  to  May  on 
short  slender  puberulous  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  acute  scarious  bracts  ciliate  on 
the  margins,  in  spicate  pubescent  racemes  forming  a  terminal  cluster  5'— 6'  long  and 
broad.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  subglobose  or  occasionally  obovate  or  oval, 
-i'  long,  bright  orange-red,  with  thin  glandular  flesh  and  a  5-celled  more  or  less  per- 
fectly developed  thin-walled  cartilaginous  stone;  seeds  several  in  each  cell,  tightlv 
pressed  together  and  angled,  dark  brown  and  pilose. 

A  tree,  80°-100°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  4°-7°  in  diameter,  stout  upright 
or  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  or  broa^d  round-topped  head,  and 
slender  branchlets  light  red.  pea-green,  or  orange-colored  and  glabrous  when  they  first 
appear,  or  on  vigorous  young  plants  sometimes  covered  with  pale  scattered  deciduous 
hairs,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  bright  reddish  brown.  "Winter-buds  obtuse,  £' 


729 

long,  with  numerous  imbricated  broadly  ovate  bright  brown  scales  keeled  on  the  back, 
apiculate  at  the  apex,  and  slightly  ciliate.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches 
smooth,  bright  red,  separating  into  large  thin  scales,  becoming  on  old  trunks  £'-£' 
thick,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  covered  with  small  thick  plate-like  scales.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  shaded  with  red,  with  thin  lighter- 


colored  sapwood  of  8-12  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  for  furniture  and  largely 
for  charcoal.  The  bark  is  sometimes  employed  in  tanning  leather. 

Distribution.  High  well-drained  slopes  usually  in  rich  soil;  islands  of  British  Co- 
lumbia at  Seymour  Narrows,  southward  through  the  coast  region  of  Washington 
and  Oregon,  and  over  the  California  coast  ranges  to  the  Santa  Lucia  Mountains; 
common  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  Redwood  forests  of  northern  California;  far- 
ther north  and  south  and  on  the  dry  eastern  slopes  of  the  California  mountains  much 
smaller;  south  of  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco  often  shrubby  in  habit. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  western  and  southern  Europe. 

2.  Arbutus  Xalapensis,  H.  B.  K.    Madrona. 

Leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  lanceolate,  rounded,  acute,  and  often  apiculate  at  the  apex, 
and  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  with  slightly  thickened  usuall}7  entire  or 
remotely  crenulate-toothed  or  coarsely  serrate  margins,  when  they  unfold  often  tinged 
with  red,  especially  on  the  petioles,  midribs,  and  margins,  or  sometimes  pubescent 
below  along  the  upper  side  of  the  midribs  and  on  the  petioles,  and  at  maturity  thick 
and  coriaceous,  dark  <^reen,  lustrous  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and  glabrous  or  cine- 
reo-pul)csc(>iit  below,  l'-3'  long,  §'-!£'  wide,  with  thick  light  colored  midribs  some- 
times puberulous  on  the  upper  side,  and  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout, 
pubescent,  l'-l£'  long  and  often  furnished  toward  the  apex  with  several  dark 
glands.  Flowers  \'  long,  with  ovaries  sparingly  or  densely  covered  with  long 
scattered  white  hairs,  appearing  in  March  on  stout  reddish  pubescent  recurved  ped- 
icels from  the  axils  of  ovate  acute  scarious  bracts,  in  compact  conical  pubescent 
panicles  2£'  long.  Fruit  usually  produced  very  sparingly,  ripening  in  summer,  dark 
red,  \'  in  diameter,  with  thin  granular  flesh  and  a  rather  thick  more  or  less  com- 
pletely formed  stone;  seeds  numerous  in  each  cell,  compressed,  puberulous. 

A  tree,  in  Texas  rarely  more  than  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  often  crooked  trunk 


730  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

8'-10'  in  diameter,  separating  a  foot  or  two  above  the  ground  into  several  stout  spread- 
ing branches,  and  branchlets  light  red  and  thickly  coated  with  pubescence  when  they 
first  appear,  becoming  dark  red-brown  and  covered  with  small  plate-like  scales; 


often  a  broad  irregularly  shaped  bush,  with  numerous  contorted  stems.  Bark  of 
young  stems  and  of  the  branches  thin,  tinged  with  red,  separating  into  large  papery 
scales  exposing  the  light  red  or  flesh-colored  inner  bark,  becoming  at  the  base  of 
old  trunks  sometimes  \'  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  dark  reddish  brown,  and  broken  into 
thick  square  plates.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with 
a  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  10-12  layers  of  annual  growth ;  sometimes  used  in 
Texas  for  the  handles  of  small  tools  and  in  the  manufacture  of  mathematical  instru- 
ments. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  hills;  Travis  County  and  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
Blanco,  Hays  County,  westward  to  the  Guadaloupe  and  Eagle  Mountains,  Texas; 
common  on  the  mountains  of  Nuevo  Leon  and  southward  in  Mexico. 

3.  Arbutus  Arizonica,  Sarg.    Madrona. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  rarely  oblong,  acute  or  rounded  and  apiculate  at  the  apex, 
and  wedge-shaped  or  occasionally  rounded  at  the  base,  with  thickened  entire  or 
rarely  denticulate  margins,  when  they  unfold  membranaceous,  tinged  with  red,  and 
slightly  puberulous,  especially  on  the  petioles  and  margins,  and  at  maturity  thin,  firm 
and  rigid,  light  green  on  the  upper,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  l^'-3'  long  and  £'-!' 
wide,  with  slender  yellow  midribs  and  obscure  reticulate  veinlets,  appearing  in  May 
and  after  the  summer  rains  in  September,  and  persistent  for  at  least  a  year;  their 
petioles  slender,  often  V  long.  Flowers  \'  long,  with  corollas  much  contracted  in 
the  middle,  and  glabrous  porulose  ovaries,  opening  in  May  on  short  stout  hairy 
pedicels  from  the  axils  of  conspicuous  ovate  rounded  scarious  bracts  collected  in 
rather  loose  terminal  clusters  2'-2^'  long  and  broad,  their  lower  branches  from  the 
axils  of  upper  leaves.  Fruit  ripening  in  October  and  November,  globose  or  oblong, 
dark  orange-red,  granulate,  £'  in  diameter,  with  thin  sweetish  flesh,  and  a  papery 
usually  incompletely  developed  stone;  seeds  compressed,  puberulous. 

A  tree,  40° -50°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  18'-24'  in  diameter,  stout  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  rather  compound  round-topped  head,  and  thick  tortuous 


ERICACEAE 


731 


divergent  branchlets  reddish  brown  and  more  or  less  pubescent  or  light  purple,  pilose, 
and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  bright  red  at  the 
end  of  their  first  season,  with  bark  separating  freely  into  thin  more  or  less  persistent 
scales.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of  the  branches  thin,  smooth,  dark  red,  exfoliating 
in  large  thin  scales,  becoming  on  old  trunks  £'-^'  thick,  irregularly  broken  by 
longitudinal  furrows  and  divided  into  square  appressed  plate-like  light  gray  or 


nearly  white  scales  faintly  tinged  with  red  on  the  surface.  Wood  heavy,  close- 
grained,  soft  and  brittle,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood 
of  30-40  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  gravelly  benches  at  elevations  of  6000°-8000°  above  the  sea 
oil  the  Santa  Catalina  and  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  southern  Arizona,  and  southward 
ulong  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Chihuahua. 

7.  VACCINIUM,  L. 

Shrubs  or  rarely  small  trees,  with  slender  branchlets,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves 
membranaceous  or  coriaceous,  deciduous  or  persistent.  Flowers  small,  on  bibrac- 
teolate  pedicels,  in  many-branched  axillary  racemes,  or  solitary,  their  bracts  small 
or  foliaceous;  calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the 
bud,  persistent;  corolla  epigynous,  4  or  5-toothed,  the  teeth  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
urceolate-campanulate;  stamens  8-10,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  under  the 
thick  obscurely  lobed  epigynous  disk;  filaments  filiform,  free,  usually  hirsute;  anthers 
awned  on  the  back,  the  cells  produced  upward  into  erect  spreading  tubes  dehiscent 
by  terminal  pores;  ovary  inferior,  4  or  5-celled,.  the  cells  sometimes  imperfectly 
divided  by  the  development  from  the  back  of  a  false  partition;  style  filiform,  erect; 
stigma  minute;  ovules  attached  to  the  interior  angle  of  the  cell  by  a  2-lipped  pla- 
centa, anatropous.  Fruit  a  berry  crowned  with  the  calyx-limb,  4  or  o  or  imperfectly 
8  or  10-celled,  the  cells  many-seeded.  Seed  minute,  compressed,  ovoid  or  reniform ; 
seed-coat  crustaceous;  embryo  clavate,  minute,  surrounded  by  fleshy  albumen,  axile, 
erect;  cotyledons  ovate;  radicle  terete,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Vaecinium  with  about  one  hundred  species  is  distributed  through  the  boreal  and 
temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  occurs  within  the  tropics  at  high 
elevations  above  the  sea  north  and  south  of  the  equator.  Of  the  twenty-five  or  thirty 


732  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

species  which  occur  in  North  America  one  is  a  small  tree.  The  fruits  of  many  of  the 
species  are  edible,  the  most  valuable  being  the  North  American  Vaccinium  macro- 
carpum,  L.,  the  Cranberry. 

Vaccinium  is  the  classical  name  of  one  of  the  Old  World  species. 

1.  Vaccinium  arboreum,  Marsh.   Farkleberry.    Sparkleberry. 

Leaves  obovate,  oblong-oval  or  occasionally  orbicular,  acute,  or  rounded  and 
apiculate  at  the  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  obscurely 
glandular-dentate  or  entire,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute  margins,  when  they 
unfold  light  red  and  more  or  less  pilose  or  puberulous,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous, 
dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  below,  glabrous  or  often  puberulous  on  the 
midribs  and  veins,  reticulate-venulose,  ^'-2^'  long,  \'-V  wide,  and  sessile  or  short- 
petiolate,  southward  persistent  for  a  year,  northward  deciduous  during  the  winter. 
Flowers  appearing  from  March  to  May  on  slender  drooping  pedicels  %'  long, 
bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  with  2  minute  acute  scarious  caducous  bractlets,  soli- 
tary in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  or  arranged  in  terminal  puberulous  racemes 


ft  J«9 


2'-3'  long  from  the  axils  of  leafy  or  minute  acute  scarious  bracts;  corolla  white, 
open-campahulate,  slightly  5-lobed,  with  acute  reflexed  lobes,  longer  than  the  10 
stamens;  filaments  hirsute;  anther-cells  opening  by  oblique  elongated  pores.  Fruit 
ripening  in  October,  sometimes  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  end  of  winter, 
globose,  y  in  diameter,  black  and  lustrous,  with  dry  glandular  slightly  astringent 
flesh  of  a  pleasant  flavor. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a.  short  often  crooked  trunk  occasionally  8'-10'  in 
diameter,  slender  more  or  less  contorted  branches  forming  an  irregular  round-topped 
head,  and  slender  branchlets  light  red  and  covered  with  pale  pubescence  when  they 
first  appear,  glabrous  or  puberulous  and  bright  red-brown  in  their  first  winter,  later 
becoming  dark  red  and  marked  by  minute  elevated  nearly  orbicular  leaf -scars;  or 
northward  generally  reduced  to  a  low  shrub,  with  numerous  divergent  stems. 
Winter-buds  obtuse,  nearly  -fa'  long,  with  imbricated  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown 
scales  often  persistent  on  the  base  of  the  branchlet  throughout  the  season.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  hardly  dis- 
tinguishable sap  wood;  sometimes  used  for  the  handles  of  tools  and  in  the  manufac- 


MYRSINACE^E  733 

ture  of  other  small  articles.  Decoctions  of  the  astringent  bark  of  the  root  and  of 
the  leaves  are  sometimes  employed  domestically  in  the  treatment  of  diarrhoea.  The 
bark  has  been  used  by  tanners. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  moist  sandy  soil  along  the  banks  of  ponds  and  streams; 
North  Carolina,  from  the  coast  to  the  valleys  of  the  high  Appalachian  Mountains, 
to  Hernando  County,  Florida,  through  the  Gulf  states  to  the  shores  of  Matagorda 
Bay,  Texas,  and  through  Arkansas  and  Missouri  to  southern  Illinois;  common  in  the 
maritime  Pine  belt  of  the  south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  and  of  its  largest  size  near 
the  coast  of  eastern  Texas;  in  the  interior  less  abundant  and  usually  of  small  size. 

L.  MYRSINACE^J. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  entire  coriaceous  punctate 
leaves  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect ;  calyx  persistent  under  the 
fruit ;  corolla  without  starninodia,  glandular-punctate  ;  stamens  inserted  on 
the  corolla,  as  many  as  and  opposite  its  lobes ;  ovary  1-celled,  with  an  undi- 
vided style  and  a  minute  terminal  stigma ;  ovules  peltate,  immersed  in  the 
fleshy  central  placenta,  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seed  solitary,  globose, 
with  copious  cartilaginous  albumen  ;  seed-coat  membranaceous. 

A  family  of  twenty-nine  genera  confined  to  tropical  and  semitropical 
regions,  with  one  arborescent  species  of  Icacorea  reaching  the  shores  of  south- 
ern Florida. 

1.   ICACOREA,  Aubl. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  leaves  punctate  below,  with  immersed  resinous  dots. 
Flowers  resinous-punctate,  pedicellate,  the  pedicels  bibracteolate  at  the  base  or 
ebracteolate,  in  terminal  or  rarely  axillary  branched  panicles,  with  minute  scarious 
deciduous  or  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  free,  5  or  rarely  4-lobed  or  parted, 
the  divisions  contorted  or  imbricated  in  the  bud;  corolla  5  or  rarely  4-6-parted,  the 
divisions  extrorsely  or  sinistrorsely  contorted  in  the  bud,  short  or  elongated,  white 
or  rose  color;  stamens  exserted;  filaments  short  or  nearly  obsolete,  free,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  anthers  usually  sagittate-lanceolate,  attached  on  the 
back  just  above  the  base,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  some- 
times nearly  to  the  base;  ovary  globose;  ovules  numerous,  immersed  in  the  globose 
resinous-punctate  placenta.  Fruit  globose,  with  thin  usually  dry  flesh  and  a  1-seeded 
stone  with  a  usually  crustaceous  or  bony  shell.  Seed  concave  or  more  or  less  lobed 
at  the  base,  resinous-punctate;  hilum  basilar,  concave,  conspicuous;  embryo  cylin- 
drical, transverse;  cotyledons  flat  on  the  inner  face,  rounded  on  the  back,  shorter 
than  the  slender  radicle. 

Icacorea  with  about  two  hundred  species  inhabits  tropical  and  subtropical  regions 
of  the  two  hemispheres.  The  genus  has  few  useful  properties,  but  a  number  of  spe- 
cies are  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  their  handsome  evergreen  foliage  and  bright- 
colored  fruits. 

The  generic  name  is  of  Carib  origin. 

1.  Icacorea  paniculata,  Sudw.    Marlberry.    Cherry. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate-oblong  or  lanceolate-obovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the 
narrow  apex,  wedge-shaped  and  gradually  contracted  at  the  base,  entire,  with  thick- 
ened and  slightly  revolute  margins,  3'-6"  long,  !'-!£'  wide,  thick  and  coriaceous, 
glabrous,  marked  by  minute  scattered  dark  dots,  dark  yellow-green  on  the  upper, 


734  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

pale  on  the  lower  surface,  with  broad  midribs  yellow  and  conspicuous  on  the  under 
side,  slender  primary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets,  appearing  in  the  summer  or  early 
autumn  and  falling  before  the  appearance  of  the  flowers  the  following  year;  their 
petioles  stout,  grooved,  \'-\'  long.  Flowers  fragrant,  usually  opening  in  Novem- 
ber or  occasionally  as  early  as  July,  on  slender  elongated  pedicels  without  bractlets, 
developed  from  the  axils  of  linear  acute  caducous  bracts,  in  terminal  rusty  brown 
puberulous  panicles  3'-4'  long  and  broad,  their  lower  branches  often  from  the  axils 
of  upper  leaves;  calyx  ovate,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5  ovate  acute  lobes 
scarious  and  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  marked  on  the  back  with  dark  lines;  co- 
rolla 5-parted,  with  oblong  rounded  divisions  sinistrorsely  overlapping,  or  with  1  lobe 
wholly  outside  and  1  inside  in  the  bud,  conspicuously  marked  with  red  spots  on  the 
inner  surface  near  the  base,  becoming  reflexed;  stamens,  with  short  broad  filaments, 
contracted  by  a  geuiculate  fold  in  the  middle,  and  large  orange-colored  anthers 


longer  than  the  filaments,  their  cells  opening  almost  to  the  base;  ovary  globose, 
glandular,  gradually  contracted  into  along  slender  style  tipped  with  a  simple  stigma. 
Fruit  ripening  in  early  spring,  globose,  |'  in  diameter,  tipped  with  the  remnants 
of  the  style,  and  roughened  by  resinous  glands,  dark  brown  at  first  when  fully 
grown,  ultimately  becoming  black  and  lustrous,  with  a  thin-walled  crustaceous 
brown  stone;  seed  conspicuously  lobed  at  the  base,  bright  red-brown,  about  ^'  in 
diameter. 

A  slender  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  4'-5'  in 
diameter,  numerous  thin  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  stout  terete 
often  contorted  branchlets,  rusty  brown  or  dark  or,ange-colored  and  slightly  puber- 
ulous at  first,  becoming  in  their  second  year  dark  brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  marked 
by  many  minute  circular  lenticels  and  by  thin  nearly  orbicular  flat  leaf-scars  dis- 
playing in  the  centre  a  group  of  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds  rusty 
brown;  terminal  slender,  acuminate,  ^'-\'  long;  axillary  globose,  minute,  nearly  im- 
mersed in  the  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  -|'  thick,  light  gray  or  nearly  white, 
roughened  by  minute  lenticels,  and  separating  into  large  thin  papery  plates.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  rich  brown  beautifully  marked  by  darker  medul- 
lary rays,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.    Florida,  from  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern  keys  on  the  east 


THEOPHRASTACE^;  735 

coast,  and  from  the  shores  of  the  Caloosa  River  to  Cape  Romano  on  the  west 
coast;  usually  a  shrub,  occasionally  arborescent  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  and 
on  some  of  the  southern  keys;  also  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  Cuba,  and  in  southern 
Mexico. 

LI.    THEOPHRASTACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  entire  coriaceous  persistent  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  regular  ;  calyx  campanulate,  with  5  sepals  imbricated  in  the 
bud ;  corolla  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  5  staminodia  at- 
tached below  the  sinuses  ;  stamens  5,  attached  to  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube, 
opposite  the  lobes ;  ovary  1-celled,  with  a  simple  style  and  a  slightly  5-lobed 
stigma  ;  ovules  peltate,  numerous,  attached  to  a  central  fleshy  placenta,  aniphi- 
tropous.  Fruit  baccate,  many-seeded.  Seeds  immersed  in  the  thickened  placenta 
filling  the  cavity  of  the  fruit ;  seed-coat  membranaceous  ;  embryo  surrounded 
by  thick  cartilaginous  albumen. 

1.  JACQUINIA,  Jacq. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  or  slightly  many-angled  branchlets,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  often  punctate,  with  pellucid  dark  glands.  Flowers  on  slender  ebracteolate 
pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  acute  persistent  bracts,  in  terminal  or  axil- 
lary clusters;  calyx  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  rounded  at  the  apex,  persistent; 
corolla  hypogynous,  the  lobes  obtuse  and  spreading,  furnished  with  5  petal-like  ovate 
obtuse  spreading  staminodia;  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  opposite  its  lobes  near 
the  base  of  the  short  tube;  filaments  flattened,  broad  at  the  base;  anthers  oblong  or 
ovate,  attached  on  the  back  above  the  base,  extrorse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  lon- 
gitudinally; ovary  ovoid.  Fruit  ovoid  or  subglobose,  crowned  by  the  remnants  of 
the  persistent  style,  with  a  thin  crustaceous  outer  coat,  inclosing  the  thick  enlarged 
mucilaginous  placenta.  Seeds  oblong;  seed-coat  punctate;  embryo  eccentric;  coty- 
ledons ovate,  shorter  than  the  elongated  inferior  radicle  turned  toward  the  broad 
ventral  hilum. 

Jacquinia  with  thirty-three  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  with  one  species 
reaching  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Nicholas  Joseph  Jacquin  (1728-1818). 

1.  Jacquinia  Keyensis,  Metz.    Joe  Wood. 

(Jacquinia  armillaris,  Silva  N.  Am.  vi.  157.) 

Leaves  subverticillate,  alternate,  or  sometimes  opposite,  crowded  near  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  cuneate-spatulate  or  obovate-oblong,  rounded  or  emarginate  or  often 
apiculate  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  below,  entire,  with  thickened  slightly  revo- 
lute  margins,  thick  and  coriaceous,  yellow-green,  nearly  veinless,  with  very  obscure 
midribs,  covered  on  the  lower  surface  with  pale  dots,  l'-3' long,  ^'-1' wide,  persistent 
on  the  branches  until  the  appearance  of  the  new  leaves  the  following  year;  their 
petioles  short,  stout,  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base.  Flowers  appearing  in  Florida 
from  November  until  June,  J'  in  diameter,  pale  yellow,  on  slender  club-shaped  pedi- 
cels ^'  long  from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  coriaceous  reddish  bracts  slightly  ciliate 
on  the  margins,  in  terminal  and  axillary  many-flowered  glabrous  racemes  2'-3'  long. 
Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  £'  in  diameter,  orange-red  when  fully  ripe;  seeds 
light  brown. 


736  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

A  tree,  12°-15°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  6'-7'  in  diameter,  stout  rigid  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  compact  regular  round-topped  head,  and  slightly  many- 
angled  branchlets  yellow-green  or  light  orange-colored  and  coated  with  short  soft 


pale  ferrugineous  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  terete,  darker  and  sometimes 
reddish  brown  and  marked  by  orbicular  depressed  conspicuous  leaf-scars  and  with 
many  scattered  pale  lenticels  in  their  second  year,  becoming  glabrous  and  red-brown 
or  ashy  gray  the  following  season,  without  terminal  buds.  Winter-buds  axillary, 
minute,  nearly  globose,  immersed  in  the  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  smooth,  blue- 
gray,  and  usually  more  or  less  marked  by  pale  or  nearly  white  blotches.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  rich  brown,  beautifully  marked  with  darker  medul- 
lary rays. 

Distribution.  Dry  coral  soil  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  shore;  Sani- 
bel  Island  to  the  southern  keys,  and  to  the  borders  of  the  Everglades;  Florida; 
exceedingly  rare  and  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  Marquesas  keys; 
also  on  the  Bahama  Islands. 

LII.  SAPOTACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire,  pinnately 
veined,  mostly  coriaceous,  petiolate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular, 
small,  in  axillary  clusters ;  calyx  of  5-8  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  persist- 
ent under  the  fruit ;  corolla  hypogynous,  5-8-cleft,  the  divisions  imbricated  in 
the  bud,  often  with  as  many  or  twice  as  many  internal  appendages  borne  on 
its  throat ;  disk  0 ;  fertile  stamens  as  many  as  and  opposite  the  divisions  of 
the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  short  tube,  often  with  sterile  filaments  (stami- 
nodia)  alternate  with  them  ;  anthers  generally  extrorse,  2-celled,  the  cells  open- 
ing longitudinally ;  pistil  of  united  carpels ;  ovary  sessile,  usually  5-celled  ; 
style  simple  ;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell,  attached  to  an  axile  placenta,  ascend- 
ing, anatropous  ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  baccate,  bearing  at 
the  apex  the  remnant  of  the  style,  usually  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Seed  with  or 
without  albumen  ;  embryo  large  ;  radicle  terete,  inferior. 

This  family  with  thirty-one  genera  is  chiefly  tropical  and  subtropical,  with 
only  Bumelia  extending  in  North  America  into  temperate  regions.  Some  of  the 


SAPOTACE^  737 

species  produce  valuable  timber  or  edible  and  agreeable  fruits.  From  Iso- 
iKitxIra  Guttdi  Hook.,  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  gutta-percha  is  obtained.  Five 
genera  are  represented  by  trees  in  the  flora  of  the  United  States. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Calyx  of  5  sepals  in  a  single  series. 

Staminodia  1  in  each  sinus  of  the  corolla. 

Appendages  of  the  corolla  0 ;  staminodia  slender,  scale-like.  1.  Sideroxylum. 

Appendages  of  the  corolla  present ;  staminodia  petaloid. 

Staminodia  linear,  fimbriate  ;  seeds  with  copious  albumen.  2.  Dipholis. 

Staminodia  petaloid,  entire  or  denticulate  ;  seeds  without  albumen.       3.  Bumelia. 
Staminodia  0 ;  appendages  of  the  corolla  0 ;  leaves  covered  below  with  lustrous  copper- 
colored  or  golden  pubescence.  4.  Chrysophyllum. 
Calyx  of  &-S  sepals  in  2  series ;   corolla  with  6-8  lobes,  and  2  appendages  in  each  sinus 
inside  of  a  scale-like  or  petaloid  staminodia.  5.  Mimusops. 

1.  SIDEROXYLUM,  L. 

Trees,  with  terete  branchlets,  naked  buds,  and  long-petiolate  persistent  leaves,  the 
veins  remote  and  connected  by  reticulate  veinlets.  Flowers  minute,  on  ebracteolate 
pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  iu  crowded  many-flowered  axil- 
lary fascicles;  calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  in  one  series,  nearly  equal,  corolla  fur- 
nished with  5  or  6  staminodia,  and  5  or  rarely  6-lobed ;  filaments  slender,  elongated, 
bent  outward  at  the  apex;  anthers  oblong,  the  cells  at  first  extrorse,  sometimes 
becoming  sublateral;  staminodia  linear,  scale-like;  ovary  contracted  into  a  subulate 
style  tipped  with  a  minute  slightly  5-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  dry,  1-seeded,  oblong,  with 
thin  coriaceous  flesh.  Seed  obovate  or  oblong;  seed-coat  lustrous,  light  brown,  folded 
on  the  inner  face  into  2  obscure  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex;  hilum  elevated,  subbasilar 
or  lateral,  oblong  or  linear;  embryo  erect  in  thick  fleshy  albumen;  radicle  much 
shorter  than  the  oblong  fleshy  cotyledons. 

Sideroxylum  with  about  sixty  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics  of 
the  two  hemispheres,  and  occurs  with  a  few  species  in  Australia,  Madeira,  southern 
Africa,  New  Zealand,  and  Norfolk  Island,  a  single  species  reaching  the  shores  of 
southern  Florida.  Some  of  the  species  are  large-  and  valuable  timber-trees,  producing 
hard  handsome  durable  wood. 

The  generic  name,  from  fflSypos  and  £6\ov,  is  in  reference  to  the  hardness  of  the 
wood. 

1.  Sideroxylum  Mastichodendron,  Jacq.  Mastic. 

Leaves  mostly  clustered  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  appearing  irregularly 
from  early  spring  until  autumn,  oval,  acute  or  rounded  and  slightly  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  with  thickened  cartilaginous  slightly 
involute  margins,  when  they  unfold  silky-canescent  beneath,  and  at  maturity  thin 
and  firm,  glabrous,  bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  lustrous  and  yellow-green 
below,  3'-5'  long,  l£'-2'  wide,  with  broad  pale  conspicuous  midribs  deeply  impressed 
on  the  upper  side  and  inconspicuous  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins;  their 
petioles  slender,  l'-l|'  long.  Flowers  usually  appearing  in  Florida  in  the  autumn 
and  also  in  early  spring  and  during  the  summer  on  stout  orange-colored  puberulous 
pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  acute  scarious  bracts  usually  deciduous  before  the 
opening  of  the  flower-buds,  from  the  axils  of  young  leaves  or  on  the  branches  of  the 
previous  year  from  leafless  nodes;  calyx  yellow-green,  puberulous  on  the  outer 


738  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

surface  and  deeply  divided  into  broadly  ovate  rounded  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the 
ovate  oblong  rounded  divisions  of  the  light  yellow  corolla  ;  staminodia  lanceolate, 
nearly  entire,  tipped  with  subulate  points  and  much  shorter  than  the  stamens;  ovary 
oblong-ovate,  glabrous,  gradually  contracted  into  an  elongated  style  stigmatic  at  the 
apex.  Fruit  ripening  in  April  and  May  on  a  much  thickened  woody  stem  erect  or 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  branch,  1' long,  separating  from  the  calyx  in  falling, 
with  tough  yellow  skin,  and  thin  dry  flesh  of  a  pleasant  subacid  flavor;  seed,  obo- 
vate,  rounded  above,  narrowed  at  the  base,  £'  long,  £'  wide. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  60°-70°  high,  with  a  massive  straight  trunk  3°-4°  in  diameter, 
stout  upright  branches  forming  a  dense  irregular  head,  and  thick  terete  branches  or- 
ange-colored and  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  quite  glabrous, 


brown  more  or  less  tinged  with  red,  and  marked  by  the  conspicuous  nearly  orbicular 
leaf-scars  displaying  3  large  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  conspicuously  roughened 
by  the  thickened  persistent  bases  of  the  fruit  stalks.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'-^'  thick, 
dark  gray  to  light  brown  tinged  with  red  and  broken  into  thick  platelike  scales  sepa- 
rating into  thin  layers.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  bright  orange-colored,  with  thick 
yellow  sapwood  of  40-50  layers  of  annual  growth;  in  Florida  used  in  boatbuilding. 

Distribution.  Cape  Canaveral  and  Cape  Romano  to  the  southern  keys,  Florida; 
on  the  Bahamas  and  many  of  the  Antilles. 

2.  DIPHOLIS,  A.  DC. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds,  and  persistent  leaves,  the  slender  veins  arcuate 
and  united  near  the  margins.  Flowers  minute,  on  clavate  ebracteolate  pedicels 
from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts,  in  the  axils  of  existing  leaves  or  from  the 
leafless  nodes  of  previous  years;  calyx  ovate,  deeply  5-1  obed,  the  lobes  nearly  equal, 
ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex;  corolla  campanulate,  white,  5-lobed,  the  spreading 
lobes  furnished  on  each  side  at  the  base  with  linear  or  subulate  appendages;  stamens 
exserted;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong-sagittate,  extrorse;  staminodia  5,  pet- 
aloid,  ovate,  acute,  fimbriately  cut  on  the  margins,  oblique,  keeled  on  the  back, 
inserted  in  the  same  rank  and  alternate  with  the  stamens;  ovary  oblong  or  narrowly 
ovate,  gradually  contracted  into  a  slender  style  shorter  than  the  corolla  and  stigmatic 
at  the  apiculate  apex.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  with  thin  dry  flesh.  Seed  ovate;  seed-coat 


SAPOTACE^E 


739 


thick,  coriaceous  and  lustrous;  hilum  oblong,  basilar  or  slightly  lateral;  embryo 
erect  in  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  ovate,  flat,  much  longer  than  the  short 
nulicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Dipholis  with  three  species  is  confined  to  the  West  Indies  and  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name,  from  Sis  and  <po\is,  relates  to  the  appendages  of  the  corolla. 

1.  Dipholis  salicifolia,  A.  DC.    Bustic.    Cassada. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrowly  obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  the 
apex,  gradually  contracted  at  the  base,  with  slightly  thickened  cartilaginous  wavy 
margins,  when  they  unfold  thickly  coated  with  lustrous  rufous  pubescence,  and  at 
maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  pale  yellow-green  below, 
3'-o'  long,  ^'-1^-'  wide,  and  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulous  on  the  lower  side  of  the 
narrow  pale  midribs,  with  inconspicuous  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets,  appearing  in 
Florida  in  the  spring  and  remaining  on  the  branches  between  one  and  two  years;  their 
petioles  slender,  \'-V  long.  Flowers  opening  during  March  and  April,  \'  long,  on 
thick  pedicels  \'  in  length  from  the  axils  of  minute  ovate  acute  scarious  bracts  and 
coated  with  rufous  pubescence,  in  dense  many-flowered  fascicles  crowded  on  branch- 
lets  of  the  year  or  of  the  previous  year  for  a  distance  of  8'-12';  calyx  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  rusty  silky  pubescence;  appendages 


of  the  corolla  as  long  as  the  oval  acute  irregularly  toothed  staminodia;  ovary  nar- 
rowly ovate,  glabrous,  gradually  contracted  into  a  slender  style  shorter  than  the 
corolla  and  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit  solitary  or  rarely  clustered,  ripening  in  the 
autumn,  oblong  to  snbglobose,  black,  \'  long;  seed  pale  brown,  about  TY  in  length. 
A  tree,  in  Florida  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  18'-20'  in  diame- 
ter, small  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  graceful  head,  and  slender  branchlets 
coated  with  rufous  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  ashy  gray  or  light 
brown  tinged  with  red  and  marked  by  numerous  circular  pale  lenticels  and  by  small 
elevated  orbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  near  the  centre  a  compact  cluster  of  fibro- 
vascular  bundle-scars.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  $  thick  and  broken  into  thick  square 
plate-like  brown  scales  tinged  with  red.  Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong, 
close-grained,  dark  brown  or  red,  with  thin  sapwood  of  4  or  5  layers  of  annual 
growth. 


740  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Distribution.  Rich  hummock  soil;  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne,  and  on  several  of  the 
southern  keys,  Florida;  also  on  the  Bahamas  and  on  many  of  the  Antilles. 

3.  BUMELIA,  Sw. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  usually  spinescent  branchlets,  scaly  buds,  and 
fibrous  roots.  Leaves  often  fascicled  on  spur-like  lateral  branchlets,  conduplicate  in 
the  bud,  coriaceous  or  inembranaceous,  short-petiolate,  obovate,  obtuse,  or  elliptical, 
clothed  on  the  lower  surface  with  silky  pubescence  or  tomentum,  or  nearly  glabrous, 
with  rather  inconspicuous  veins  arcuate  near  the  entire  margins  and  conspicuous 
reticulate  veinlets,  deciduous  or  persistent.  Flowers  on  slender  clavate  ebracteolate 
pedicels  from  the  axils  of  lanceolate  acute  scarious  deciduous  bracts,  in  many-flow- 
ered crowded  fascicles  in  the  axils  of  existing  leaves  or  from  the  leafless  node%  of 
previous  years;  calyx  ovate  to  subcampanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  in  one  series  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  ovate  or  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  nearly  equal;  corolla  cam- 
panulate,  white,  with  5  spreading  broadly  ovate  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex  and  fur- 
nished on  each  side  at  the  base  with  an  acute  ovate  or  lanceolate  petaloid  appendage; 
stamens  5;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate-sagittate,  attached  on  the  back  below 
the  middle,  the  cells  opening  by  subextrorse  slits;  staminodia  petal-like,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate,  flattened  or  keeled  on  the  back, 
sometimes  furnished  at  the  base  with  a  pair  of  minute  scales;  ovary  hirsute,  ovate 
to  ovate-conical,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  short  or  elongated 
simple  style  stigmatic  at  the  acute  apex.  Fruit  oblong-obovate  or  globose,  black, 
solitary  or  in  2  or  3-fruited  clusters;  flesh  thin  and  dry  or  succulent.  Seed  ovate  or 
oblong,  apiculate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  without  albumen;  seed-crfat  thick,  crusta- 
ceous,  light  brown,  smooth  and  shining,  folded  more  or  less  conspicuously  on  the 
back  into  2  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyle- 
dons thick  and  fleshy,  hemispherical,  usually  consolidated;  radicle  very  short,  turned 
toward  the  basilar  or  subbasilar  orbicular  or  elliptical  hilum. 

Bumelia  with  about  twenty  species  is  confined  to  the  New  World,  where  it  is  dis- 
tributed from  the  southern  United  States  through  the  West  Indies  to  Mexico,  Central 
America,  and  Brazil.  Of  the  five  species  in  the  United  States  four  are  small  trees. 

Bumelia  produces  hard  heavy  strong  wood,  that  of  the  North  American  species 
containing  bands  of  numerous  large  open  ducts  defining  the  layers  of  annual  growth 
and  connected  by  conspicuous  branched  groups  of  similar  ducts,  presenting  in  cross- 
section  a  reticulate  appearance. 

The  generic  name  is  from  f}ov/jL€\ia,  a  classical  name  of  the  Ash-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaves  pubescent  or  tomentose. 

Leaves  oblanceolate-spatulate  to  cuneate-obovate,  covered  below  with  pale  or  ferrugine- 
ous  lustrous  pubescence.  1.  B.  tenax  (C). 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  cuneate-obovate,  dull  toraentose  on  the  lower  surface. 

2.  B.  laiiuginosa  (A,  C). 
Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  BO. 

Leaves  oblanceolate   to    oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  finely  reticulate-venulose, 
thin,  deciduous.  3.  B.  lycioides  (A,  C). 

Leaves  spatulate  or  linear-oblong  to  broadly  obovate-cuneate,  obtuse,  obscurely  reticu- 
late-venulose, coriaceous,  persistent.  4.  B.  angustifolia  (D,  E). 


SABOTAGED  741 

1.  Bumelia  tenax,  Willd.   Ironwood. 

Leaves  oblanceolate-spatulate  to  cuneate-obovate,  rounded  or  acute  and  some- 
times apiculate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex  and  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  when  they 
unfold  coated  with  thick  pale  or  light  red  silky  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  thin  and 
firm,  dark  dull  green,  glabrous  and  finely  reticulate-venulose  on  the  upper,  coated 


on  the  lower  surface  with  soft  silky  golden  ferrugineous  pubescence,  l'-3'  long 
and  £'-£'  wide,  turning  yellow  and  falling  irregularly  during  the  winter;  their  petioles 
slender,  hairy,  grooved,  \'  long.  Flowers  appearing  from  May  in  Florida  to  July 
ia  Xorth  Carolina,  \'  long,  on  pedicels  1'  in  length  and  coated  like  the  calyx  with 
rufous  silky  pubescence,  in  many-flowered  crowded  fascicles;  calyx  ovate,  with  ob- 
long lobes;  appendages  of  the  corolla  large,  ovate,  acute,  crenate,  shorter  than  the 
ovate  stauiinodia  about  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  ovary  narrowly  ovate, 
gradually  contracted  into  an  elongated  style.  Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  the 
autumn,  oblong,  J'— |'  in  length;  seed  oblong,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  \'—^r  long. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  o'-6'  in  diameter,  straight  spread- 
ing flexible  tough  branches  unarmed  or  armed  with  straight  stout  rigid  spines  some- 
times 1'  in  length,  and  slender  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  silky 
pale  pubescence  often  tinged  with  red  and  soon  rusty  brown,  becoming  glabrous 
before  winter,  and  then  dark  red  and  slightly  roughened  by  occasional  minute  dark 
lenticels.  Winter-buds  minute,  subglobose,  with  imbricated  ovate  scales  rounded 
at  the  apex  and  clothed  with  rusty  brown  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thick, 
brown  tinned  with  red,  and  divided  irregularly  by  deep  fissures  into  narrow  flat 
reticulate  ridges  covered  with  minute  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  light  brown  streaked  with  white,  with  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  sandy  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast;  North  Carolina 
to  Cape  Canaveral  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida. 

2.  Bumelia  lanuginosa,  Pers.    Gum  Elastic.    Chittam  Wood. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  cuneate-obovate,  rounded  and  often  apiculate  at  the  apex 

and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  pale  ferrugineous 

tomentum  dense  on  the  lower  and  loose  on  the  upper  surface,  and  at  maturity  thin 

and  firm,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  more  or  less  thickly  covered  below  with 


742  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

loose  dull  usually  pale  tomeutum,  l'-2^'  long  and  £'-f '  wide,  falling  irregularly  dur- 
ing the  winter;  their  petioles  short,  slender,  and  hairy.  Flowers  opening  in  summer 
on  hairy  pedicels  ^'  in  length,  in  16-18-flowered  fascicles;  calyx  ovate,  with  ovate 
rounded  lobes  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  pale  or  ferrugineous  tomentum  and 
rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  staminodia  ovate,  acute,  remotely  and 
slightly  denticulate,  as  long  as  the  corolla-lobes  furnished  with  small  ovate  acute 
appendages;  ovary  hirsute,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  elongated  style.  Fruit 
on  slender  drooping  stalks  ripening  and  falling  in  the  autumn,  oblong  or  slightly 
obovate,  %  long;  with  thick  flesh;  seed  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  about  \'  in 
length. 

A  tree,  sometimes  50°-60°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diam- 
eter, short  thick  tough  rigid  branches  forming  a  narrow  oblong  round-topped  head, 
unarmed,  or  armed  with  stout  rigid  straight  slightly  curved  spines  frequently  devel- 
oping into  spinescent  leafy  lateral  branchlets,  and  slender  often  somewhat  zigzag 
branchlets  coated  with  thick  rufous  or  pale  tomentum  when  they  first  appear,  be- 
coming in  their  first  winter  red-brown  to  ashy  gray  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  and 


marked  by  occasional  minute  lenticels  and  by  small  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  dis- 
playing 2  clusters  of  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars;  much  smaller  in  the  region  east  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  there  rarely  more  than  20°  tall.  Winter-buds  obtuse,  \' 
long,  covered  with  broadly  obovate  rusty  tomentose  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £' 
thick,  dark  gray-brown  and  usually  divided  into  narrow  ridges  broken  into  thick 
appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown 
or  yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  producing  in  Texas  considerable 
quantities  of  clear  viscid  gum  from  the  freshly  cut  wood. 

Distribution.  Southern  Georgia  and  northern  Florida  to  the  shores  of  Mobile 
Bay,  Alabama,  and  southern  Illinois  and  southern  Missouri  through  Arkansas  and 
Texas  to  the  mountain  slopes  of  Nuevo  Leon;  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  usually 
in  dry  rather  sandy  soil  and  nowhere  common;  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  in 
the  river-bottoms  of  eastern  Texas.  In  the  region  adjacent  to  the  southern  boundary 
of  the  United  States  from  western  Texas  and  Nuevo  Leon  to  Arizona  a  form  (var. 
rigida,  Gray)  occurs,  with  more  rigid  spinescent  branches  and  with  thick  coriaceous 
obovate  to  cuneate-oblanceolate  leaves  rather  more  than  1'  long  and  ^'  wide,  and 
covered  at  maturity  on  the  lower  surface  with  sparse  pale  tomentum,  or  nearly  gla- 


SAPOTACEJE  743 

brous.  This  is  a  small  tree,  18°-25°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  covered  with  red-brown 
bark  divided  into  long  appressed  ridge-like  scales  broken  into  minute  flakes,  and  an 
inhabitant  of  dry  gravelly  mountain  slopes  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams.  Wood 
of  this  form  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  light  rich  brown  or  yellow,  with  thick 
lighter  colored  sapwood. 

3.  Bumelia  lycioides,  Geertn.  f.   Ironwood.   Buckthorn. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong-obovate,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rarely  rounded  at 
the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  bright  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper, 


light  green  and  sometimes  coated  at  first  on  the  lower  surface  with  pale  pubescence, 
thin  and  rather  firm,  finely  reticulate-venulose,  l£'-4'  long,  £'-l|'  wide,  with  pale 
thin  conspicuous  midribs  and  primary  veins,  deciduous  in  the  autumn;  their  petioles 
slender,  slightly  grooved,  about  ^'  long.  Flowers  appearing  at  midsummer  on  slen- 
der glabrous  pedicels  £'  long,  in  crowded  many-flowered  fascicles;  calyx  glabrous, 
ovate-cam panulate,  with  rounded  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  corolla;  staminodia 
broadly  ovate,  denticulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  narrow  appendages;  ovary  ovate, 
slightly  hairy  toward  the  base  only,  gradually  contracted  into  a  short  thick  style. 
Fruit  ripening  and  falling  in  the  autumn,  ovoid  or  obovate,  about  $'  in  length;  flesh 
thick;  seed  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  nearly  ^-'  long. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  witli  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  than  6'  in  diameter,  stout 
flexible  branches  usually  unarmed  or  furnished  with  short  stout  slightly  curved  spines 
occasionally  developing  into  leafy  spinescent  branches,  and  short  thick  spur-like  lateral 
branchlets  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  glabrous,  light 
red-brown,  rather  lustrous  and  marked  by  numerous  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  second 
year  dark  or  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  ashy  gray.  Winter-buds  minute,  ob- 
tuse, nearly  immersed  in  the  bark,  with  pale  dark  brown  glabrous  scales.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  thin,  light  red-brown,  the  generally  smooth  surface  broken  into  small  thin 
persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  or 
yellow,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Low  moist  soil  along  the  borders  of  swamps  and  streams;  coast 
of  Virginia  and  southern  Illinois  to  Mosquito  Inlet  and  the  shores  of  Caloosa  River, 
Florida,  and  through  southern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Texas,  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
Concho. 


744 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


4.  Bumelia  angustifolia,  Nutt.   Ants'  Wood.   Downward  Plum. 

Leaves  spatulate  or  linear-oblong  to  broadly  obovate-cuneate,  rounded  and  occa- 
sionally emarginate  at  the  apex,  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  with  slightly 
thickened  revolute  margins,  glabrous,  thick  and  coriaceous,  pale  blue-green  on  the 
upper,  paler  on  the  lower  surface,  I'-l^'  long  and  ^'-1  ^'  wide,  with  pale  slender  mid- 
ribs and  very  obscure  veins  and  veinlets,  usually  persistent  on  the  branches  until 
the  end  of  their  second  winter;  their  petioles  stout,  grooved,  and  rarely  ^'  in  length. 
Flowers  generally  appearing  in  October  and  November,  about  •£%'  long,  on  slender 
glabrous  pedicels  seldom  more  than  ^'  in  length,  in  few  or  many-flowered  crowded 
fascicles;  calyx  glabrous,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  narrow  ovate  lobes  rounded 
at  the  apex  and  half  the  length  of  the  divisions  of  the  corolla  furnished  with  linear-lan- 
ceolate appendages  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  denticulate  stamiuodia;  ovary  narrowly 
ovate,  slightly  hairy  at  the  base  only,  gradually  contracted  into  an  elongated  style. 
Fruit  ripening  in  the  spring,  on  slender  drooping  stems,  usually  1  fruit  only  being 
developed  from  a  fascicle  of  flowers,  oblong-oval,  $•'  long,  with  thick  sweet  flesh ; 
seed  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex,  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  exceeding  6'-8'  in  diameter, 
graceful  pendulous  branches  forming  a  compact  round  head,  and  rigid  spinescent 
divergent  lateral  branchlets  often  armed  with  acute  slender  spines  sometimes  1'  in 


length,  and  when  they  first  appear  thickly  coated  with  loose  pale  or  dark  brown  de- 
ciduous tomentum,  becoming  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  ashy  gray;  occasionally 
in  Texas  a  low  shrub,  with  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  and  covered 
with  rufous  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  -J-'-^'  thick,  gray  tinged  with  red,  and 
deeply  divided  by  longitudinal  and  cross  fissures  into  oblong  or  nearly  square  plates. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  although  not  strong,  very  close-grained,  light  brown  or  orange- 
colored,  with  thick  lighter-colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  shores  of  Indian  River  to  the  southern  keys,  and  from 
Cedar  Keys  to  Cape  Romano;  on  the  west  coast  less  abundant  and  usually  on  rocky 
shores  and  in  the  interior  of  low  barren  islands;  Texas,  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande 
below  Laredo;  in  Nuevo  Leon  and  on  the  Bahama  Islands. 


SAPOTACEJE  745 

4.   CHRYSOPHYLLUM. 

Trees,  with  terete  branchlets  usually  coated  while  young  with  dense  tomentum,  and 
naked  buds.  Leaves  short-petiolate,  bright  greeu  and  glabrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face and  coated  on  the  lower  with  brilliant  silky  pubescence  or  tomentum,  persistent. 
Flowers  on  ebracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  acute  deciduous  bracts, 
minute,  in  dense  many-flowered  fascicles  axillary  or  from  leafless  thickened  nodes 
of  previous  years;  calyx  usually  5-parted,  the  divisions  nearly  equal,  obtuse;  corolla 
5  or  rarely  6  or  7-lobed,  tubular,  campanulate  or  subrotate,  white  or  greenish 
white;  filaments  short,  subulate  or  filiform,  enlarged  into  broad  connectives;  an- 
thers ovate  or  triangular,  attached  on  the  back,  extrorse  or  rarely  partly  introrse, 
the  cells  spreading  below;  ovary  usually  5-celled,  villose,  contracted  into  a  glabrous 
short  or  elongated  style  crowned  by  a  5-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  oblong  or  globose.  Seed 
ovoid;  seed-coat  coriaceous,  dull  or  lustrous;  hilum  subbasilar,  elongated,  conspicu- 
ous; embryo  erect,  surrounded  by  more  or  less  pungent  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons 
oblong,  foliaceous. 

Chrysophyllum  is  tropical,  with  fifty  or  sixty  species  most  abundant  in  the  New 
World,  with  a  small  number  of  species  in^  western  and  southern  tropical  Africa, 
southern  Asia,  Australia,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  The  most  valuable  species,  Chry- 
sophyllum Cainito,  L.,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies  and  now  cultivated  in  all  tropical 
countries  and  naturalized  in  many  parts  of  Central  and  South  America,  produces  the 
so-called  star-apple,  a  succulent  edible  blue  or  purple  and  green  fruit  the  size  and 
shape  of  a  small  apple. 

The  generic  name,  from  %pvff6s  and  <pv\\ov,  is  in  allusion  to  the  golden  covering  of 
the  under  surface  of  the  leaves. 

1.  Chrysophyllum  oliviforme,  Lam. 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  oval,  acute  or  contracted  into  short  broad  points  or 
sometimes  rounded  at  the  apex,  abruptly  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  thick  and  cori- 
aceous, 2'-3'  long,  1^-2'  wide,  bright  blue-green  on  the  upper  and  covered  on  the 


lower  surface  and  on  the  petioles  with  brilliant  copper-colored  pubescence,  with  broad 
prominent  midribs  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side  and  numerous  straight  veins 


746  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

arcuate  near  the  margins;  their  petioles  stout,  £'-• f'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in 
Florida  irregularly  throughout  the  year  and  often  found  on  the  same  branch  with  ripe 
or  half-grown  fruits,  on  stout  pedicels  shorter  than  the  petioles,  covered  like  the  calyx 
with  rufous  tomentum,  in  few  or  many-flowered  fascicles  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  at 
the  base  of  lateral  branchlets  in  those  of  earlier  years;  calyx  divided  nearly  to  the 
base  into  broad  rounded  lobes  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  subrotate  white 
corolla,  with  short  spreading  rounded  lobes  without  staminodia  or  appendages;  ovary 
5-celled,  pubescent,  gradually  contracted  into  a  short  style  crowned  by  a  broad 
5-lobed  stigma.  Fruit  usually  1-seeded  by  abortion,  on  stems  1'  long,  usually  only 
a  single  fruit  being  produced  from  a  flower-cluster,  ovoid  or  sometimes  nearly 
globose,  dark  purple,  roughened  by  occasional  excrescences,  with  a  thick  tough 
skin  inclosing  the  juicy  sweet  mawkishly  flavored  flesh  light  purple  on  the  exterior, 
lighter  toward  the  interior,  and  quite  white  in  the  centre;  seed  narrowed  at  the 
ends,  \'  long,  covered  with  a  thin  light  brown  coat  closely  invested  with  a  white 
glutinous  aril-like  pulpy  mass. 

A  tree,  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  up- 
right branches  forming  a  compact  oblong  head,  and  slender  slightly  zigzag  branchlets 
coated  at  first  with  ferrugineous  tomentum,  becoming  in  their  second  year  light  red- 
brown  or  ashy  gray  and  covered  with  small  pale  elevated  circular  lenticels.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  \'  thick,  light  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  broken  by  shallow 
fissures  into  large  irregularly  shaped  plates  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin 
scales.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown  shaded  with  red, 
with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Southern  Florida  from  Mosquito  Inlet  to  the  southern  keys,  and 
from  the  shores  of  Caloosa  River  to  Cape  Sable;  local  and  nowhere  common;  also 
on  the  Bahamas  and  on  many  of  the  Antilles. 

5.  MIMTTSOFS,  L. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  stout  terete  branchlets,  small  naked  buds,  and  sweet 
juice.  Leaves  usually  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  with  slender  inconspicu- 
ous transverse  veins  and  minute  reticulate  veinlets,  persistent.  Flowers  on  clavate 
ebracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  minute  deciduous  bracts;  calyx  6-8-parted,  the 
divisions  in  2  series,  those  of  the  exterior  series  almost  valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla 
white,  barely  longer  than  the  calyx,  subrotate,  usually  dilated  at  the  throat,  6-8-lobed, 
the  lobes  furnished  at  the  base  with  a  pair  of  petal-like  appendages;  stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short,  dilated;  anthers  lanceolate,  their 
connectives  excurrent,  acute,  or  sometimes  aristate  at  the  apex;  staminodia  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  scale-like  or  petaloid,  entire,  2-lobed  or  laciniate;  ovary 
ovate,  hirsute  or  puberulous,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  style  stigmatic  at  the 
apex.  Fruit  globose,  1  or  2-seeded,  tipped  with  the  much  thickened  elongated  style; 
skin  crustaceous,  indurate;  flesh,  thick  and  dry.  Seed  oblong-ovate,  slightly  com- 
pressed; seed-coat  crustaceous,  chestnut-brown  and  lustrous;  hilum  elongated,  lateral 
or  minute,  basilar;  embryo  surrounded  by  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  flat,  thick 
and  fleshy,  much  longer  than  the  short  erect  radicle. 

Mimusops  with  thirty  or  forty  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  tropics  of 
the  two  hemispheres,  a  single  species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida.  Sev- 
eral species  produce  hard  heavy  timber,  edible  fruits,  or  valuable  milky  juices. 

The  significance  of  the  generic  name,  from  mpta  and  Jfyis  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of 
the  corolla,  is  not  apparent. 


SABOTAGED  747 


1.  Mimusops  Sieberi,  A.  DC.    Wild  Dilly. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  involute  in  the  bud,  elliptical- 
oblong  or  occasionally  slightly  obovate,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  with  slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  when  they  un- 
fold bright  red,  and  slightly  puberulous  on  the  under  surface  of  the  midribs,  and  at 


maturity  thick  and  coriaceous,  bright  green  and  lustrous,  covered  on  the  upper  sur- 
face with  a  slight  glaucous  bloom,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  3'-4'  long  and 
!'-!£'  wide,  with  stout  midribs  glabrous,  or  puberulous,  with  rusty  hairs  below, 
and  deeply  impressed  above,  appearing  in  Florida  in  April  and  May  and  deciduous 
during  their  second  year;  their  petioles  slender,  grooved,  rusty-pubescent,  especially 
while  young,  ^'-1'  long.  Flowers  opening  in  the  spring  on  slender  pedicels  near 
the  ends  of  the  branches  coated  with  rusty  tomentum  and  V  or  more  long,  from  the 
axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  or  from  those  of  fallen  leaves  of  the  previous  year;  calyx 
narrowly  ovate,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  6  lobes,  those  of  the  outer  row  lan- 
ceolate-acute, covered  on  the  outer  surface  witb  rusty  brown  tomentum  and  on  the 
inner  surface  with  pale  pubescence,  thickened  and  usually  marked  at  the  base  on 
the  outer  surface  by  black  spots,  those  of  the  inner  row  ovate,  acute,  keeled  toward 
the  base,  light  greenish  yellow  and  pale-pubescent;  corolla  light  yellow  tinged  with 
green,  $'  in  diameter,  with  G  spreading  lanceolate  acute  divisions  entire  or  erosely 
toothed  toward  the  apex,  furnished  at  the  base  on  each  side  with  slender  acute  ap- 
pendages one  half  to  two  thirds  their  length;  staminodia  minute,  nearly  triangular, 
entire;  ovary  narrowly  ovate,  dark  red,  puberulous  toward  the  base,  with  pale  hairs, 
and  gradually  narrowed  into  an  elongated  exserted  style  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit 
ripening  at  the  end  of  the  year,  in  the  spring,  or  in  the  early  autumn,  on  a  stout  erect 
stem  about  1'  long,  and  persistent  until  after  the  tree  flowers  the  following  year, 
subglobose  to  slightly  obovate,  flattened  and  compressed  at  the  apex,  !'-!£'  in  diame- 
ter, usually  1-seeded  by  abortion,  with  a  thick  dry  outer  coat  roughened  by  minute 
rusty  brown  scales,  and  thick  spongy  flesh  filled  with  milky  juice  ;  seed  \  long, 
with  an  elongated  lateral  hilum. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  with  a  short  gnarled  trunk  12'-15'  in 
diameter  and  usually  hollow  and  defective,  thick  branches  forming  a  compact  round 
head,  and  stout  branchlets  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  the  previous  year, 


748  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

coated  when  they  first  appear  with  dark  rufous  pubescence,  becoming  glabrous  and 
light  orange-brown  at  the  end  of  a  few  weeks,  and  in  their  second  year  covered  with 
thick  ashy  gray  or  light  red-browii  scaly  bark  and  marked  by  elevated  obcordate 
leaf-scars  displaying  3  large  dark  conspicuous  fibro- vascular  bundle-scars.  "Winter- 
buds  ovate,  acute,  rusty-tomeutose.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  ^'  thick  and  irreg- 
ularly divided  by  deep  fissures  into  ridges  rounded  on  the  back  and  broken  into  small 
nearly  square  plates.  Wood  very  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  rich  very 
dark  brown,  with  light-colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida  only  on  the  southern  keys;  not  common;  also  on  the  Ba- 
hama Islands. 

LIU.  EBENACEiE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  alternate  simple  entire  leaves  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  dio3cious  or  polygamous,  regular,  axillary,  articulate  with 
the  bibracteolate  pedicels ;  calyx  persistent ;  corolla  hypogynous,  regular ; 
disk  0 ;  stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  inserted  on  its 
base,  fewer  and  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  pistillate  flower  ;  filaments  short ; 
anthers  introrse,  2-celled  ;  ovary  several-celled  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  sus- 
pended from  its  apex,  anatropous  ;  raphe  dorsal ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  a 
1  or  several-seeded  berry.  Seeds  with  copious  albumen  ;  embryo  axile. 

The  Ebony  family  with  five  genera  and  a  large  number  of  species  is  widely 
distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  with  two  representatives  of  its 
most  important  genus,  Diospyros,  in  the  flora  of  the  United  States. 

1.  DIOSPYROS,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets  without  terminal  buds,  scaly  axillary  buds, 
coriaceous  leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  and  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious, 
from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  or  of  the  previous  year;  staminate  smaller  than 
the  pistillate  and  usually  cymose,  in  short  few-flowered  bracted  cymes;  pistillate 
generally  solitary;  calyx 4-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  accrescent  under  the 
fruit;  corolla  4-lobed,  the  lobes  sinistrorsely  contorted  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  con- 
tracted in  the  throat,  the  lobes  spreading  or  recurved;  stamens  usually  16,  inserted 
on  the  bottom  of  the  corolla  in  two  rows  and  in  pairs,  those  of  the  outer  row  rather 
longer  than  and  opposite  those  of  the  inner  row;  filaments  free,  slender;  anthers 
oblong,  apiculate,  the  cells  opening  laterally  by  longitudinal  slits;  stamens  rudi- 
mentary or  0  in  the  pistillate  flower;  ovary  usually  4-celled,  each  cell  more  or  less 
completely  divided  by  the  development  of  a  false  longitudinal  partition  from  its 
anterior  face,  rudimentary  or  0  in  the  staminate  flower;  styles  4,  spreading,  2-lobed 
at  the  apex;  stigmas  2-parted  or  lobed;  ovule  solitary  in  each  of  the  divisions  of  the 
cells.  Fruit  globose,  oblong  or  conical,  1-10-seeded,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the 
enlarged  persistent  calyx.  Seeds  pendulous,  oblong,  compressed;  seed-coat  thick  and 
bony,  dark,  more  or  less  lustrous;  embryo  axile,  straight  or  somewhat  curved;  cotyle- 
dons foliaceous,  ovate  or  lanceolate;  radicle  superior,  cylindrical,  turned  toward  the 
small  hilum. 

Diospyros,  which  is  chiefly  tropical,  is  widely  distributed  with  about  one  hundred 
and  sixty  species  in  the  two  hemispheres,  with  a  few  species  extending  beyond  the 
tropics  into  eastern  North  America,  eastern  Asia,  southwestern  Asia,  and  the  Medi- 
terranean region. 

Diosypros  produces  hard  close-grained  valuable  wood,  with  dark  or  black  heart- 


EBENACE^E  749 

wood  and  thick  soft  yellow  sapwood.  The  ebony  of  commerce  is  partly  produced 
by  different  tropical  species.  The  fruit  is  often  edible,  and  some  of  the  species  are 
important  fruit-trees  in  China  and  Japan. 

The  generic  name,  from  Ai<fe  and  irvp6s  is  in  allusion  to  the  life-ffivinff  properties 
of  the  fruit. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  on  branchlets  of  the  year ;  anthers  opening  longitudinally  nearly  throughout  their 
entire  length  ;  filaments  pubescent ;  pistillate  flowers  with  8  rudimentary  stamens ;  ovary 
nearly  glabrous ;  leaves  oval ;  fruit  orange  color.  1.  D.  Virginiana  (A,  C). 

Flowers  on  branchlets  of  the  previous  year ;  anthers  opening  only  near  the  apex ;  filaments 
glabrous  ;  pistillate  flowers  without  rudimentary  stamens ;  ovary  pubescent ;  leaves  cune- 
ate-oblong  or  obovate  ;  fruit  black.  2.  D.  Texana  (C). 

1.  Diospyros  Virginiana,  L.  Persimmon. 

Leaves  oval,  shortly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  and  abruptly  or  gradually  narrowed 
or  rounded  or  often  cordate  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  light  green  or  red, 
pubescent  on  the  lower  and  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  and  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  with  long  soft  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  coriaceous,  dark  green  and 
lustrous  above,  pale  and  often  pubescent  below,  4'-6'  long  and  2'-3'  wide,  with  broad 


flat  midribs,  about  6  pairs  of  conspicuous  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins 
and  reticulate  veinlets,  falling  early  in  the  autumn  without  change  of  color  or  some- 
times turning  orange  or  scarlet;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  £'-!'  long.  Flowers 
appearing  when  the  leaves  are  more  than  half  grown,  on  branchlets  of  the  year;  the 
staminate  in  2-3-flowered  pubescent  pedunculate  cymes,  the  pedicels  in  the  axils  of 
minute  lanceolate  acute  caducous  bracts  and  furnished  near  the  middle  with  2  minute 
caducous  bractlets;  the  pistillate  solitary,  on  short  recurved  peduncles  covered  with 
2  conspicuous  acute  bractlets  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  often  £'  in  length;  corolla 
of  the  staminate  flower  tubular,  ^'  long,  slightly  contracted  below  the  short  acute 
reflexed  lobes  forming  before  expansion  a  pointed  4-angled  bud  rather  longer  than 
the  broadly  ovate  acute  foliaceous  ciliate  calyx-lobes  inflexed  on  the  margins; 
stamens  with  short  slightly  hairy  filaments,  and  linear  lanceolate  anthers  opening 
throughout  their  length ;  pistillate  flower  £'  long,  with  a  greenish  yellow  or  creamy 


750  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

white  corolla  nearly  £'  broad;  stamens  8,  inserted  in  one  row  below  the  middle  of 
the  corolla,  with  short  filaments  and  sagittate  abortive  or  sometimes  fertile  anthers; 
ovary  conical,  pilose  toward  the  apex,  ultimately  8-celled,  and  gradually  narrowed 
into  the  4  slender  styles  hairy  at  the  base.  Fruit  on  a  short  thick  woody  stem, 
ripening  at  midsummer  at  the  south  and  late  in  the  autumn  at  the  north,  persistent 
on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  usually  depressed-globose  or  slightly  obovate- 
oblong,  !'-!£'  in  diameter,  differing  greatly  in  size,  shape,  and  quality,  pale  orange 
color,  often  with  a  bright  red  cheek,  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  turning 
yellowish  brown  when  partly  decayed  by  freezing,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the 
spreading  calyx  ]/-!£'  in  diameter,  with  broadly  ovate  pointed  lobes  recurved  on  the 
margins;  flesh  austere  while  green,  yellowish  brown,  sweet  and  luscious  when  fully 
ripe  but  not  edible,  except  in  the  extreme  south,  without  the  action  of  frost;  seeds 
oblong,  much  flattened,  \'  long,  £'  wide,  with  a  thick  hard  lustrous  brown  pitted 
coat,  a  conspicuous  truncate  hilum,  and  a  slender  raphe. 

A  tree,  usually  30°-50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  more  tian  12'  in  diameter, 
spreading  often  pendulous  branches  forming  a  broad  or  narrow  round-topped  head, 
and  slender  slightly  zigzag  brauchlets,  with  a  thick  pith  or  pith-cavity,  light  red- 
brown  and  more  or  less  pale-pubescent  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  during  their 
first  winter  pubescent  or  glabrous,  light  brown  or  ashy  gray,  and  marked  by  occa- 
sional small  orange-colored  lenticels  and  by  elevated  semicircular  leaf-scars,  with  deep 
horizontal  lunate  depressions  containing  the  ends  of  the  crowded  fibro-vascular  bun- 
dles, later  turning  reddish  brown,  with  bark  often  somewhat  broken  by  longitudinal 
fissures;  or  in  the  primeval  forest,  under  the  most  favorable  conditions,  sometimes 
100°-115°  high,  with  a  long  slender  trunk  free  of  branches  for  70°-80°  and  rarely 
exceeding  2°  in  diameter.  Winter-buds  axillary,  broadly  ovate,  acute,  £'  long,  with 
thick  imbricated  dark  red-brown  or  purple  lustrous  scales  often  persistent  at  the 
base  of  the  young  branchlets  during  the  season.  Bark  of  the  trunk  | '-!'  thick,  dark 
brown  tinged  with  red,  or  dark  gray,  and  deeply  divided  into  thick  square  plates 
broken  into  thin  persistent  scales.  Wood  heavy,  strong,  with  dark  brown  or  some- 
times nearly  black  heart  wood  often  undeveloped  until  the  tree  is  over  100  years  old; 
used  in  turnery,  for  shoe-lasts,  plane-stocks,  and  preferred  for  shuttles  to  other 
American  woods.  The  fruit  contains  tannin,  to  which  it  owes  its  astringent  qualities, 
and  is  eaten  in  great  quantities  in  the  southern  states.  The  inner  bark  is  astringent 
and  bitter. 

Distribution.  Light  sandy  well-drained  soil,  or  in  the  Mississippi  basin  some- 
times on  the  deep  rich  bottom-lands  of  river  valleys;  Lighthouse  Point,  New  Haven, 
Connecticut,  southward  to  the  banks  of  the  Caloosa  River  and  the  shores  of  Bay 
Biscayne,  Florida,  southern  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  from  southern  Ohio  to 
southeastern  Iowa,  southern  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  eastern  Kansas,  the 
Indian  Territory,  and  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas;  very  common  in  the 
south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  often  covering  with  shrubby  growth  by  means  of  its 
stoloniferous  roots  abandoned  fields,  and  springing  up  by  the  sides  of  roads  and 
fences. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and  rarely  in  Europe. 

2.  Diospyros  Texana,  Scheele.   Black  Persimmon.    Chapote. 
Leaves   cuneate-oblong  to  obovate,  rounded  and  often  retuse  at  the  apex  and 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  covered  below  with  thick  pale  tomen- 
tum  and  above  with  scattered  long  white  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coriaceous, 


751 

dark  green  and  lustrous,  glabrous  or  puberulous  on  the  upper,  paler  and  pubescent 
on  the  lower  surface,  £'-!£'  long  and  about  1'  wide,  with  broad  midribs  and  about  4 
pairs  of  arcuate  primary  veins  and  reticulate  veinlets,  unfolding  in  February  and 
March,  and  falling  during  the  following  winter  without  change  of  color;  their  peti- 
oles short,  thick,  and  hairy.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  spring  when  the  leaves  are 


about  one  third  grown,  on  branches  of  the  previous  year;  staminate  on  slender  droop- 
ing pedicels  furnished  near  the  middle  with  minute  caducous  bractlets,  in  1-3-flow- 
ered  crowded  pubescent  fascicles;  pistillate  on  stouter  club-shaped  bibracteolate  pe- 
duncles, solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  £'  long  and  deeply 
divided  into  5  ovate  or  lanceolate  silky-tomentose  lobes  recurved  after  the  opening 
of  the  flower,  and  much  shorter  than  the  corolla  ^'  long,  creamy  white,  and  slightly 
contracted  below  the  5  short  spreading  rounded  lobes  ciliate  on  the  margins;  sta- 
mens, with  glabrous  filaments  shorter  than  the  corolla,  and  linear-lanceolate  anthers 
opening  at  the  apex  only  by  short  slits;  pistillate  flowers  without  rudimentary  sta- 
mens, %  long,  with  oblong  acute  silky  tomentose  calyx-lobes  half  the  length  of  the 
pubescent  corolla  nearly  ^'  across  the  short  spreading  lobes;  ovary  ovate,  pubescent 
like  the  young  fruit,  ultimately  8-celled.  Fruit  ripening  in  August,  subglobose,  £'-!' 
in  diameter,  and  3-8  seeded,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  large  thickened  leathery 
calyx  sometimes  1'  in  diameter,  with  oblong  pubescent  reflexed  lobes,  the  thick 
tough  black  skin  inclosing  the  thin  sweet  insipid  juicy  dark  flesh;  seeds  triangular, 
rounded  on  the  back,  narrowed  and  flattened  at  the  pointed  apex,  \'  long,  about 
y  thick,  with  a  bony  lustrous  light  red  pitted  coat. 

An  intricately  branched  tree,  occasionally  40°-oO°  high,  with  a  trunk  18°-20°  in 
diameter,  dividing  at  some  distance  above  the  ground  into  a  number  of  stout  upright 
branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete  slightly  zigzag 
branchlets,  coated  at  first  with  pale  or  rufous  tomeutum,  ashy  gray,  glabrous  or 
puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  later  becoming  brown  and  marked  by  minute 
pale  lenticels  and  by  small  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  lunate  row  of 
fibro-vascular  bundle-scars;  often  much  smaller,  and  toward  the  northern  and  west- 
ern limits  of  its  range  a  low  many-stemmed  shrub.  Winter-buds  axillary,  obtuse, 
barely  more  than  -fa'  long,  with  broadly  ovate  scales  rounded  at  the  back  and  coated 
with  rufous  tomentum.  Bark  of  the  trunk  smooth,  light  gray  slightly  tinged  with 
red,  the  outer  layer  falling  away  in  large  irregularly  shaped  patches  displaying  the 


752  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

smooth  gray  inner  bark.  Wood  heavy,  with  black  heartwood  often  streaked  with 
yellow  and  clear  bright  yellow  sapwood;  used  in  turnery  and  for  the  handles  of  tools. 
The  fruit,  which  is  exceedingly  austere  until  it  is  fully  ripe,  stains  black,  and  is 
sometimes  used  by  Mexicans  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  dye  sheepskins. 

Distribution.  Valleys  of  the  Colorado  and  Concho  rivers,  Texas,  to  Nuevo  Leon; 
abundant  in  western  and  southern  Texas;  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  coast  on  the 
borders  of  prairies  in  rich  moist  soil;  westward  on  dry  rocky  mesas  and  in  isolated 
caftans;  very  common  and  of  its  largest  size  in  the  region  between  the  Sierra  Madre 
and  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  Nuevo  Leon. 

LIV.    SYMFLOCACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  pubescence,  watery  juice,  scaly  buds,  and 
fibrous  roots.  Leaves  simple,  alternate,  coriaceous  or  membranaceous,  pin- 
nately  veined,  usually  becoming  yellow  in  drying,  without  stipules.  Flowers 
regular,  perfect,  or  polygamo-dioecious,  on  ebracteolate  pedicels,  in  dense  or 
lax  axillary  spikes  or  racemes,  with  small  caducous  bracts ;  calyx  campanulate, 
5-lobed,  open  in  the  bud,  the  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  enlarged  after  anthesis ; 
corolla  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  disk  0 ; 
stamens  numerous,  inserted  in  many  series  on  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  fila- 
ments filiform,  more  or  less  united  below  into  clusters ;  anthers  oblong,  introrse, 
2-celled,  the  cells  lateral,  opening  longitudinally ;  ovary  contracted  into  a  simple 
style,  with  an  entire  or  slightly  lobed  terminal  stigma ;  ovules  2  or  rarely  4  in 
each  cell,  suspended  from  its  inner  angle,  anatropous  ;  raphe  ventral ;  micro- 
pyle  superior.  Fruit  a  drupe  (in  the  North  American  species),  crowned  with 
the  persistent  lobes  of  the  calyx,  with  thin  dry  flesh  and  a  bony  1-seedecl  stone. 
Seed  oblong,  suspended ;  seed-coat  membranaceous ;  embryo  terete,  erect  in 
copious  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  much  shorter  than  the  long  slender  radi- 
cle turned  toward  the  broad  conspicuous  hilum. 

The  family  consists  of  the  genus  Symplocos. 

1.  SYMPLOCOS,  I/Her. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

Symplocos  with  two  hundred  and  eighty  described  species  inhabits  chiefly  the 
warmer  parts  of  America,  Asia,  and  Australia,  one  species  occurring  in  the  southern 
United  States. 

Symplocos  contains  a  yellow  coloring  matter,  and  the  bark  and  leaves  of  some 
species  have  medical  properties. 

The  generic  name,  from  2uyU7rXo/cos,  relates  to  the  union  of  the  filaments  of  some  of 
the  species. 

1.  Symplocoa  tinctoria,  L'Her.    Sweet  Leaf.    Horse  Sugar. 

Leaves  revolute  in  the  bud,  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually 
narrowed  at  the  base,  obscurely  crenulate-serrate,  with  remote  teeth,  or  sometimes 
nearly  entire,  when  they  unfold  coated  with  pale  tomentum  below,  glabrous  or  to- 
mentose  above,  and  furnished  on  the  margins  with  minute  dark  caducous  glands, 
and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  pubescent 
below,  5'-6'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  broad  midribs  rounded  and  sometimes  puberu- 
lous  on  the  upper  side,  inconspicuous  arcuate  veins,  and  reticulate  veinlets,  north- 
ward and  at  high  elevations  falling  in  the  autumn,  and  southward  remaining  on  the 


SYMPLOCACEJE  753 

branches  until  after  the  opening  of  the  flowers  the  following  spring;  their  petioles 
stout,  slightly  winged,  £'-£'  long.  Flowers  :  flower-clusters  inclosed  in  the  bud  by 
ovate  acute  orange-colored  scales  brown  and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  each  of  the 
flower-buds  surrounded  by  3  imbricated  oblong  bracts  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex 
and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  the  longest  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  one  third  longer  than 
the  2  lateral  bracts;  flowers  fragrant,  opening  from  the  1st  of  March  at  the  south 
to  the  middle  of  May  on  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains,  on  short  pedicels 
enlarged  into  thick  hemispherical  receptacles  covered  with  long  white  hairs,  in 


nearly  sessile  many-flowered  clusters  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year; 
calyx  oblong,  cup-shaped,  dark  green  and  puberulous,  with  minute  ovate  scarious 
lobes  rounded  at  the  apex;  corolla  creamy  white,  \'  long,  with  rounded  lobes;  stamens 
exserted,  with  slender  filaments  united  at  the  base  into  5  clusters,  and  orange-colored 
anthers;  ovary  3-celled,  furnished  on  the  top  with  5  dark  nectariferous  glands  placed 
opposite  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  slender  style  grad- 
ually thickened  toward  the  apex  and  longer  than  the  corolla.  Fruit  ripening  in  the 
summer  or  early  autumn,  ovate,  \'  long,  dark  orange-colored  or  brown;  seed  ovate, 
pointed,  with  a  thin  papery  chestnut-brown  coat. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°-35°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  barely  exceeding  6'-8'  in 
diameter,  slender  upright  branches  forming  an  open  head,  and  stout  terete  pithy 
branchlets  light  green  and  coated  with  pale  or  rufous  tomentum  when  they  first 
appear,  or  sometimes  glabrous  and  covered  with  scattered  white  hairs,  reddish  brown 
to  ashy  gray,  tinged  with  red  and  usually  more  or  less  pubescent  or  often  covered 
with  a  glaucous  bloom  during  their  first  and  second  years,  later  growing  darker, 
roughened  by  occasional  small  elevated  lenticels  and  marked  by  the  low  horizontal 
obcordate  leaf-scars  displaying  a  central  cluster  of  large  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars; 
or  more  often  a  shrub.  Winter-buds  ovate,  acute,  covered  with  broadly  ovate 
nearly  triangular  acute  scales,  those  of  the  inner  rows  accrescent  on  the  young 
branchlets,  and  at  maturity  oblong-obovate,  rounded  and  often  apiculate  at  the  apex, 
light  green,  glabrous  or  pilose,  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  often  ^'  in  length.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  %-\'  thick,  ashy  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red,  divided  by  occasional 
narrow  fissures  and  roughened  by  wart-like  excrescences.  Wood  light,  soft,  close- 
grained,  light  red  or  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  often  nearly  white  sapwood  of 


754  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

18-20  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  leaves  are  sweet  to  the  taste  and  are  devoured 
in  the  autumn  by  cattle  and  horses,  and,  like  the  bark,  yield  a  yellow  dye  occasion- 
ally used  domestically.  The  bitter  aromatic  roots  have  been  used  as  a  tonic. 

Distribution.  Moist  rich  soil,  often  in  the  shade  of  dense  forests;  peninsula  of 
Delaware  to  northern  Florida  and  from  the  coast  to  elevations  of  nearly  3000°  on 
the  Blue  Ridge,  and  to  eastern  Texas  and  southern  Arkansas;  in  the  Gulf  states 
usually  along  the  borders  of  Cypress  swamps. 

LV.  STYRACE-SJ. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  more  or  less  stellate  or  scurfy  pubescence,  watery 
juice,  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  penniveined,  without  stipules. 
Flowers  regular,  perfect ;  calyx  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  ovary ;  stamens  in 
one  series  mostly  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  disk  0 ;  anthers  introrse, 
2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally ;  ovary  crowned  with  a  simple  style ; 
ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  drupaceous,  with  thin  dry  flesh,  and  a  thick-walled 
1-seeded  bony  stone.  Seed  with  albumen. 

The  Storax  family  with  seven  genera  and  few  species  is  confined  to  North 
and  South  America,  the  Mediterranean  region,  eastern  Asia  and  the  Malay 
Archipelago.  Of  the  two  North  American  genera  Mohrodendron  is  arborescent. 
Storax  and  benzoin,  aromatic  resinous  balsams,  are  obtained  from  Styrax  offi- 
cinale,  L.,  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor,  and  from  Styrax  Benzoin,  DC., 
of  the  Molucca  Islands. 

1.  MOHRODENDRON,  Britt. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  terete  pithy  branchlets  without  terminal  buds,  axil- 
lary buds  with  imbricated  accrescent  scales,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  involute  in  the 
bud,  membranaceous,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  denticulate,  deciduous.  Flowers  on  slen- 
der elongated  drooping  pubescent  ebracteolate  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  foliaceous 
obovate  or  acute  caducous  bracts,  in  fascicles  or  short  racemes  from  the  axils  of 
leaves  of  the  previous  year;  calyx-tube  obconical  or  obpyramidal,  4-ribbed,  coated 
with  thick  pale  tomentum,  the  limb  short,  4-toothed,  with  minute  triangular  teeth, 
open  in  the  bud;  corolla  epigynous,  campauulate,  4-lobed,  or  divided  nearly  to  the 
base,  the  lobes  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud,  thin  and  white;  stamens  8-16; 
filaments  elongated,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  slightly  attached  to  the  base,  or  some- 
times free,  flattened  below;  anthers  oblong,  adnate  or  free  at  the  very  base;  ovary 
2  or  4-celled,  gradually  contracted  into  an  elongate  glabrous  or  tomentose  style  stig- 
matic  at  the  apex;  ovules  4  in  each  cell,  attached  by  elongated  funiculi  at  the  middle 
of  the  axis,  the  2  upper  ascending,  the  2  lower  pendulous;  raphe  dorsal;  micropyle 
inferior  and  superior.  Fruit  elongated,  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base, 
crowned  with  the  calyx-limb  and  the  thickened  persistent  style;  skin  tough,  separable, 
light  green  and  lustrous,  turning  reddish  brown  late  in  the  autumn;  exocarp  thick, 
becoming  dry  and  corky  at  maturity,  produced  into  2  or  4  broad  thin  wings,  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base  and  rounded  at  the  apex;  stone  thick  and  bony,  obovate',  gradually 
narrowed  at  the  base  into  an  elongated  slender  stipe  inclosed  in  the  wings,  tipped 
with  the  bony  remnants  of  the  style,  usually  irregularly  8-angled  or  sulcate,  1-4- 
celled.  Seed  solitary  in  each  cell,  elongated,  cylindrical;  seed-coat  thin,  light  brown, 
lustrous,  adherent  to  the  walls  of  the  stone,  the  delicate  inner  coat  attached  to  the 
copious  fleshy  albumen;  embryo  terete,  axile,  erect;  cotyledons  oblong,  as  long  as 
the  elongated  radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  hilum. 


STYRACE^: 


755 


Mohrodendron  is  confined   to  the  southern  United  States;  of  the  three  species 
two  are  trees. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  author  of  the  Flora  of  Alabama. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Corolla  slightly  lobed  ;  filaments  glabrous  ;  ovary  4-celled  ;  fruit  4-winged  ;  leaves  oval  or 
ovate-oblong.  L  M  Carolinum  (A,  C). 

Corolla  divided   nearly  to   the   base  ;  filaments   covered   with   pale   hairs  ;  ovary  usually 
2-celled  ;  fruit  2-winged  ;  leaves  ovate  or  sometimes  slightly  obovate. 

2.  M.  dipterum  (C). 

1.  Mohrodendron  Carolinum,  Britt.    Silver  Bell  Tree. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  gradually  or  abruptly  contracted  into  long  points 
acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base,  finely  serrate, 


with  remote  callous  teeth,  when  they  unfold  ciliate  on  the  margins,  coated  below 
and  on  the  petioles  with  dense  pale  tomentuui,  and  bronze  red  and  glabrous  or 
pilose  above,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  light  bright  green  and  pubertilous  on 
the  upper,  paler  and  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  especially  along  the 
slender  midribs  and  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  remote 
reticulate  veinlets,  4'-6'  long  and  2'-3'  wide,  turning  light  yellow  late  in  the  autumn 
before  falling;  their  petioles  stout,  §'  long.  Flowers  nearly  1'  in  length,  appearing 
in  early  spring  when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown,  on  slender  drooping  ped- 
icels l'-2'  long  from  the  axils  of  ovate  yellow-green  caducous  bracts  £'-f '  long  and 
\f  broad,  in  crowded  fascicles  or  short  few-flowered  racemes;  corolla  slightly  lobed, 
narrowed  below  into  a  short  tube,  and  bronze-red  before  anthesis;  stamens  10-16; 
filaments  glabrous;  ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  autumn  and  persistent 
until  winter,  ellipsoidal,  equally  4-winged,  l^'-2'  long,  1'  wide;  stone  broadly  obovate, 
obscurely  ridged,  and  contracted  into  a  short  or  sometimes  elongated  stipe;  seeds 
rounded  at  the  narrow  ends,  about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°-90°  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  sometimes  3°  in  diameter 
and  50°-60°  long,  short  stout  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  slender  branch- 
lets  coated  at  first  with  thick  pale  deciduous  tomeutum,  light  reddish  brown,  gla- 


756  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

brous  or  pubescent  during  their  first  summer  and  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom, 
lustrous,  reddish  brown  or  orange  color  during  their  first  winter  and  marked  by  large 
obcordate  leaf-scars,  growing  darker  the  following  year,  their  thin  bark  then  some- 
times separating  into  thread-like  scales  and  beginning  to  display  the  pale  shallow 
longitudinal  fissures  of  old  branches  and  young  trunks;  or  usually  much  smaller,  and 
often  a  shrub,  with  many  stout  wide-spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  ^'  long,  obtuse, 
with  thick  broadly  ovate  dark  red  scales  rounded  on  the  back  and  covered,  especially 
at  the  base  and  above  the  middle,  with  pale  hairs,  those  of  the  inner  rows  becoming 
strap-shaped,  rounded  at  the  apex,  bright  yellow,  and  sometimes  £'  in  length.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  £'  thick,  bright  red-brown,  with  broad  rounded  ridges  separating  on  the 
surface  into  thin  papery  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with 
thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  50-60  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Rich  wooded  slopes  and  the  banks  of  streams;  mountains  of  West 
Virginia  to  southern  Illinois,  and  southward  to  middle  Florida,  central  Alabama  and 
Mississippi,  and  through  Arkansas  to  western  Louisiana  and  eastern  Texas;  most 
abundant  in  the  elevated  Appalachian  region,  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  western 
slopes  of  the  high  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  United  States  and  hardy  as 
far  north  as  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  in  central  and  northern  Europe. 

2.  Mohrodendron  dipterum,  Britt.  Snowdrop  Tree.  Silver  Bell  Tree. 

Leaves  ovate  or  sometimes  slightly  obovate,  acuminate,  wedge-shaped  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  and  remotely  serrate,  with  minute  callous  teeth,  when  they 
unfold  coated  with  pale  tomentum  below  and  puberulous  above,  and  at  maturity 


thin,  light  green,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface  except  along  the  narrow  midribs, 
pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  4' -5'  long,  l^'-3'  wide,  with  conspicuous  pale  arcuate 
veins  and  reticulate  veinlets;  their  petioles  stout,  $'  in  length.  Flowers  nearly  V 
long,  opening  from  the  middle  of  March  to  the  end  of  April,  on  slender  pedicels 
1^'— 2'  in  length,  in  the  axils  of  obovate  acute  puberulous  caducous  bracts  often  ^-' 
long;  corolla  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into 
slightly  obovate  spreading  divisions;  stamens  8-16,  usually  8,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
corolla,  their  filaments  covered  with  pale  hairs  and  sometimes  free  from  the  corolla; 


OLEACE.E  757 

ovary  usually  2,  rarely  4-celled,  and  coated,  like  the  exserted  style,  with  pale  tomen- 
tum.  Fruit  oblong,  compressed,  1^-2'  long,  often  nearly  1'  wide,  with  2  broad  wings 
and  frequently  with  2  or  sometimes  3  narrow  supplementary  wings  between  them; 
stone  narrowly  obovate,  conspicuously  sulcate,  with  about  8  dark  ridges,  and  con- 
tracted into  a  slender  stipe  sometimes  1'  in  length;  seeds  acuminate  at  the  ends, 
about  £'  long. 

A  tree,  rarely  30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  8'-10'  in  diameter,  hori- 
zontal branches  forming  a  low  broad  head,  and  slender  branchlets,  light  green  and 
more  or  less  coated  with  pale  pubescence  at  first,  becoming  usually  glabrous  in  their 
first  winter  and  orange  color  or  reddish  brown  and  lustrous,  and  marked  with  large 
elevated  obcordate  leaf-scars,  and  in  their  second  year  dark  red-brown,  with  bark 
often  separating  into  thread-like  scales  and  dividing  the  following  season  into  irregu- 
lar pale  longitudinal  fissures;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  stout  spreading 
stems.  Winter-buds  ^  long,  ovate,  obtuse,  with  broadly  ovate  acute  light  red 
pubescent  scales,  those  of  the  inner  ranks  becoming  strap-shaped,  scarious,  and  £' 
in  length.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-\'  thick,  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  divided  by 
irregular  longitudinal  often  broad  fissures,  the  surface  separating  into  small  thin 
appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  strong,  very  close-grained,  light  brown,  with 
thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  woods  and  the  borders  of  swamps;  coast  region  of  the 
south  Atlantic  and  Gulf  states  from  South  Carolina  to  northern  Florida  and  eastern 
Texas,  and  through  Louisiana  to  central  Arkansas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  gardens  of  the  southern  states. 

LVI.    OLEACE^I. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  scaly  buds,  their  inner  scales  accrescent, 
opposite  leaves  without  stipules,  and  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  perfect,  dioscious 
or  polygamous,  regular ;  calyx  4-lobed,  or  0  ;  corolla  of  2-4  petals,  or  0  ;  disk 
0;  stamens  2-4,  rudimentary  or  0  in  unisexual  pistillate  flowers;  anthers 
attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  often  apiculate  by  the  prolongation  of 
the  connective,  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  usually  by 
lateral  slits  ;  ovary  superior,  free,  2  or  rarely  3-celled,  rudimentary  or  0  in  the 
staminate  flower ;  style  simple  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell,  pendulous,  anatropous  ; 
micropyle  superior.  Fruit  (in  the  North  American  arborescent  genera)  a 
samara  or  berry.  Seed  pendulous  ;  seed-coat  membranaceous  ;  embryo  straight 
in  copious  fleshy  albumen  ;  cotyledons  flat,  much  longer  than  the  short  terete 
superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  minute  hilum. 

The  Olive  family  with  twenty  genera  is  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and 
tropical  regions  chiefly  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Of  the  five  genera  indi- 
genous to  the  United  States  three  are  arborescent.  To  this  family  belong  Olea 
Europcea,  L.,  the  Olive-tree  of  the  Mediterranean  basin,  now  largely  cultivated 
in  California  for  its  fruit,  and  the  Lilacs,  Forsythias,  and  Privets,  favorite 
garden  plants  in  all  countries  with  temperate  climates. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Fruit  a  winged  samara ;  leaves  compound.  1.  Fraxinus. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  ;  leaves  simple. 

Corolla  of  4  long  linear  petals  united  only  at  the  base  ;  leaves  deciduous. 

2.  Chionanthus. 

Corolla  tubular;  leaves  persistent.  3.  Osmanthus. 


758  TREES   OP  NORTH   AMERICA 

1.  FRAXINUS,  L.    Ash. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  light  tough  wood,  thick  furrowed  or  rarely  thin  and  scaly 
bark,  usually  ash-colored  branchlets  with  thick  pith,  and  compressed  obtuse  terminal 
buds  much  larger  than  the  lateral  buds.  Leaves  petiolate,  unequally  pinnate  or 
rarely  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet,  deciduous;  leaflets  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  usually 
serrate,  petiolulate  or  sessile.  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  rarely  perfect,  pro- 
duced in  early  spring  on  slender  elongated  pedicels  without  bractlets,  in  open  or 
compact  slender-branched  panicles,  with  obovate  linear  or  lanceolate  caducous 
bracts,  terminal  on  leafy  shoots  of  the  year,  developed  from  the  axils  of  new  leaves, 
or  from  separate  bnds  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  or  at  the  base  of 
young  branchlets  and  covered  by  2  ovate  scales;  calyx  campanulate,  deciduous  or 
persistent  under  the  fruit,  or  0;  corolla  2-4-parted,  the  divisions  conduplicate  in  the 
bud,  united  at  the  base,  or  0;  stamens  usually  2,  rarely  3  or  4,  inserted  on  the  base 
of  the  corolla,  or  hypogynous;  filaments  terete,  short  or  rarely  elongated;  anthers 
ovate  or  linear-oblong,  the  cells  opening  by  lateral  slits;  ovary  2  or  rarely  3-celled, 
contracted  into  a  short  or  elongated  style  crowned  with  a  2-lobed  stigma;  ovules 
suspended  in  pairs  from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell;  raphe  dorsal.  Fruit  a  1  or 
rarely  2  or3-seeded  winged  samara;  body  terete  or  slightly  flattened  contrary  to  the 
septum,  with  a  dry  or  woody  pericarp  produced  into  an  elongated  terminal  and  more 
or  less  decurrent  wing,  usually  1-celled  by  abortion  or  sometimes  2  or  3-celled  and 
winged.  Seed  solitary  in  each  cell,  oblong,  compressed,  gradually  narrowed  and 
rounded  at  the  ends,  filling  the  cavity  of  the  fruit;  seed-coat  chestnut-brown. 

Fraxinus  with  thirty  to  forty  species  is  widely  distributed  in  the  temperate 
regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  within  the  tropics  occurs  on  the  islands  of 
Cuba  and  Java.  The  North  American  species,  with  one  exception,  are  arborescent. 

Fraxinus  produces  tough  straight-grained  valuable  wood,  and  some  of  the  species 
are  large  and  important  timber-trees.  The  waxy  exudations  from  the  trunk  and 
leaves  of  Fraxinus  Ornus,  L.,  of  southern  Europe  and  Asia  Minor  furnish  the  manna 
of  commerce  used  in  medicine  as  a  gentle  laxative;  and  the  Chinese  white  wax  is 
obtained  from  the  branches  of  species  of  eastern  Asia. 

Fraxinus  is  the  classical  name  of  the  Ash-tree. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1.  Flowers  with  petals,  polygamous  or  perfect. 

Panicles  terminal  on  lateral  leafy  branches  of  the  year ;  corolla  4-parted ;  leaflets  3-7, 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate.  1.  F.  cuspidata  (E,  H). 

Panicles  axillary  on  branches  of  the  year  or  of  the  previous  year ;  leaflets  3-7,  narrowly 
spatulate  to  oblong-obovate ;  petioles  wing-margined.  2.  F.  Greggii  (E). 

2.  Flowers  without  petals,  dioecious,  polygamous  or  rarely  perfect ;  panicles  from  separate 

buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year. 

*Body  of  the  fruit  compressed,  its  wing  broad  and  extending  to  the  base  of  the  body. 
Branchlets  4-sided  ;  flowers  perfect ;  leaflets  5-9,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  minute, 
coarsely  serrate,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base. 

3.  F.  quadrangulata  (A,  C). 
Branchlets  terete. 

Leaflets  3-11  ;  flowers  diacious  ;  fruit  narrowed  and  acnte  at  the  base. 
Leaflets  acute  or  acuminate,  3-7. 

Fruit  elliptical  to  spatulate,   often  3-wingod,    acute  at  the  apex ;  leaflets 

5-7,  ovate-oblong.  4.  F.  Caroliniana  (C). 

Fruit  lanceolate  to  ohlanceolate,  rounded   and  emarginate  at  the  apex  ; 

leaflets  3-5,  oblong.  5.  F.  Floridana  (C). 


OLEACE.E  759 

Leaflets  gradually  acuminate,  5-11,  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lateral  leaflets  ses- 
sile ;  flowers  polygamous.  6.  F.  nigra  (A,  C). 
«     Leaves   mostly  reduced  to  a  single   leaflet,  rarely  2  or  3-foliolate,  branchlets 
4-sided.                                                                                7.  F.  anomala  (F). 
**Body  of  the  fruit  nearly  terete  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flower  minute 
or  0  (large  in  12}  •  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  persistent. 
Branchlets  glabrous. 

Leaflets  5-9  ;  wing  of  the  fruit  terminal. 

Leaflets  usually  7,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  pale  below. 

8.  F.  Americana  (A,  C). 

Leaflets  usually  5,  ovate  to  obovate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  apex,  pale  below. 

9.  F.  Texensis  (C). 

Leaflets  3-5,  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  acuminate  ;  wing  of  the  fruit  extending 
down  its  sides.  10.  F.  Berlaudieri  (E). 

Branchlets  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  pubescent  (branchlets  and  leaves  gla- 
brous in  one  form  of  11,  leaves  sometimes  glabrous  in  14). 
Lateral  leaflets  stalked. 

Wing  of  the  fruit  extending  down  its  sides  ;  leaflets  7-9. 
Leaflets  mostly  .coarsely  serrate,  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate. 

11.  F.  Pennsylvanica  (A,  C,  F). 

Leaflets  with  usually  entire  and  undulate  margins,  lanceolate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  calyx  large.  12.  F.  profunda  (C). 
Wing  of  the  fruit  terminal. 

Wing  of  the  fruit  linear-oblong  ;  leaflets  7~9,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate, 
pale  below.  13.  F.  Biltmoreana  (A,  C). 

Wing  of  the  fruit  oblong-obovate. 

Leaflets  3-Q,  lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  narrowly  cuneate  at  the 

base.  14.  F.  velutina  (E,  G,  H). 

Leaflets  5,  ovate  to  oblong,  acute,  broadly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the 

base,  subcoriaceous.  15.  F.  coriacea  (F,  G). 

Lateral  leaflets  sessile  or  rarely  short-stalked ;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong  to  ovate, 

acute  at  the  ends  ;  coriaceous.  16.  F.  Oregona  (B,  G). 

1.  Flowers  with  petals. 

1.  Fraxinus  cuspidata,  Torr. 

Leaves  5'-7'  long,  with  slender  pale  petioles  sometimes  slightly  wing-margined, 
and  3-7  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  gradually  narrowed  at  the  apex  into 
long  slender  tips,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  and  coarsely  and  remotely  serrate  above 
the  middle,  with  recurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  slightly  puberulous  on  the  lower 
surface  and  at  maturity  thin,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  covered  with  minute 
black  dots  below,  l^'-2'  long  and  ^-'-1'  wide,  with  pale  midribs  and  obscure  veins, 
and  borne  on  slender  petiolutes  sometimes  nearly  1'  in  length.  Flowers  perfect, 
extremely  fragrant,  appearing  in  April,  in  open  glabrous  panicles  3'-4'  long  and 
broad,  terminal  on  lateral  leafy  branchlets  developed  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of 
the  previous  year;  calyx  cup-shaped,  ^'  long,  with  acute  apiculate  teeth,  deciduous; 
corolla  f '  long,  thin  and  white,  divided  to  below  the  middle  into  4  linear-oblong  lobes 
pointed  at  the  apex,  and  much  longer  than  the  nearly  sessile  oblong  long-pointed 
anthers;  ovary  2-celled,  with  a  thick  2-lobed  nearly  sessile  stigma.  Fruit  spatulate- 
oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  1'  long,  the  margined  edges  of  the  flat  nerveless  body 
gradually  broadening  upward  into  the  shorter  wing  rounded  and  slightly  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  and  \'  wide. 


760  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

A  tree,  rarely  20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-8'  in  diameter,  and  slender  terete 
branchlets  light  red-brown  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  darker  and  marked 


by  scattered  pale  lenticels,  and  ashy  gray  and  roughened  by  the  dark  elevated  lunate 
leaf-scars  in  their  second  year;  more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  slender  spreading 
stems  6°-8°  tall.  Winter-buds  terminal,  acute,  nearly  ^'  long,  with  dark  reddish 
brown  glutinous  scales. 

Distribution.  Rocky  slopes  and  dry  ridges;  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  south- 
western Texas  and  southeastern  New  Mexico,  and  southward  to  the  mountain  slopes 
of  Coahuila,  Chihuahua,  and  Nuevo  Leon;  a  shrub  within  the  territory  of  the  United 
States,  and  probably  arborescent  only  on  the  mountains  of  Chihuahua;  still  very 
imperfectly  known. 

2.  Fraxinus  Greggii,  Gray. 

Leaves  l|'-3'  long,  with  winged  petioles,  and  3-7  narrowly  spatulate  to  oblong- 
obovate  leaflets  entire  or  occasionally  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  with  remote 


blunt  teeth,  slender  midribs,  and  obscure  reticulate  veins,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark 
green  on  the  upper,  rather  paler  and  covered  with  small  black  dots  on  the  lower 


OLEACEvE  761 

surface,  |'-1'  long,  £'-^'  wide,  and  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  jmknown.  Fruit  oblong- 
linear  to  obovate,  ^'-f '  long,  the  thin  wing  decurrent  on  the  short  terete  body,  rounded 
and  emarginate  at  the  apex  tipped  with  the  elongated  persistent  conspicuous  style, 
and  about  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  rarely  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  8°-10°  long  and  occasionally  8'  in  di- 
ameter, and  slender  terete  branchlets  dark  green  and  puberulous  when  they  first 
appear,  soon  becoming  ashy  gray  and  roughened  by  numerous  minute  pale  elevated 
lenticels,  gradually  turning  dark  gray  or  brown  in  they*  second  and  third  years; 
more  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  slender  erect  stems  4°-12°  tall.  Winter-buds 
terminal,  about  ^'  long,  obtuse,  with  thick  ovate  light  brown  pubescent  scales 
rounded  on  the  back.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin,  gray  or  light  brown  tinged  with  red, 
separating  on  the  surface  into  large  papery  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close- 
grained,  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  cliffs  and  ledges;  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  west- 
ern Texas  from  the  mouth  of  the  San  Pedro  to  that  of  the  Pecos  River,  and  south- 
ward on  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico;  apparently  most  common  and  of  its 
largest  size  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  of  Nuevo  Leon;  still  very  imperfectly  known. 

2.  Flowers  without  petals. 

*Body  of  the  fruit  compressed. 

3.  Fraxiiius  quadrangulata,  Michx.    Blue  Ash. 

Leaves  8'-12'  long,  with  slender  petioles  glabrous  or  puberulous  toward  the  base, 
and  5-9  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate  long-pointed  leaflets  unequally  rounded  or  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  and  serrate,  with  incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  coated  on  the 


lower  surface  with  thick  brown  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  yellow- 
green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and  glabrous  or  sometimes  furnished  with  tufts  of 
pale  hairs  along  the  base  of  the  conspicuous  midribs  below,  3'-5'  long  and  l'-2'  wide, 
with  short  broad  petiolules  grooved  on  the  upper  side  and  8-12  pairs  of  veins  arcu- 
ate near  the  margins,  turning  pale  yellow  in  the  autumn  before  falling.  Flowers 
perfect,  appearing  as  the  terminal  buds  begin  to  expand,  in  loose-branched  panicles 
from  small  obtuse  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  with  broadly  ovate 


762  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

scales  keeled  on  the  back,  apiculate  at  the  apex,  and  covered  with  thick  brown  to- 
mentum;  calyx  reduced  to  an  obscure  ring;  corolla  0;  stamens  2,  with  nearly  sessile 
broad  connectives  and  dark  purple  oblong  obtuse  anther-cells;  ovary  oblong-ovate, 
gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  style  divided  at  the  apex  into  2  light  purple  stig- 
matic  lobes  generally  maturing  and  withering  before  the  anthers  open.  Fruit  linear- 
oblong  to  cuneate-oblong,  1'— 2'  long,  with  wings  usually  conspicuously  emarginate  at 
the  apex,  surrounding  the  long  flat  body  faintly  many-rayed  on  both  surfaces  and 
nearly  I/  wide. 

A  tree,  usually  60°-70°  or  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  trunk  2°-3°  in  diameter, 
small  spreading  branches  forming  a  slender  head,  and  stout  4-angled  branchlets 
more  or  less  4-winged  between  the  nodes,  dark  orange  color  and  covered  with  short 
rufous  pubescence  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  gray  tinged  with  red  in  their 
second  year  and  marked  by  scattered  pale  lenticels  and  by  the  large  elevated 
obcordate  leaf-scars  displaying  a  lunate  row  of  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  in 
their  third  year  light  brown  or  ashy  gray  and  then  gradually  becoming  terete. 
Winter-buds  terminal,  about  \'  long,  with  3  pairs  of  scales,  those  of  the  outer  row 
thick,  rounded  on  the  back,  usually  obscurely  pinnate  toward  the  apex,  dark  reddish 
brown,  slightly  puberulous  or  often  hoary-tomentose,  partly  covering  the  bud,  those 
of  the  inner  rows  strap-shaped,  coated  with  light  brown  tomeutum,  often  pinnate, 
becoming  l'-l£'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-J'  thick,  irregularly  divided  into  large 
plate-like  scales,  the  light  gray  surface  slightly  tinged  with  red  separating  into  thin 
minute  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  rather  brittle,  light  yellow 
streaked  with  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  80-90  layers  of  annual 
growth;  largely  used  for  flooring  and  in  carriage-building,  and  not  often  distin- 
guished commercially  from  that  of  other  species  of  the  northern  and  middle  states. 
A  blue  dye  is  obtained  by  macerating  the  inner  bark  in  water. 

Distribution.  Rich  limestone  hills,  occasionally  descending  into  the  bottom-lands 
of  fertile  valleys;  southern  Michigan  to  central  Missouri,  and  southward  to  eastern 
Tennessee  and  northern  Alabama,  and  through  Iowa,  Missouri,  and  northeastern 
Arkansas;  nowhere  Very  abundant;  of  its  largest  size  in  the  basin  of  the  lower 
Wabash  River,  Illinois,  and  on  the  western  slopes  of  the  Big  Smoky  Mountains, 
Tennessee. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  United 
States. 

4.  Fraxinus  Caroliniana,  Mill.    Water  Ash.    Swamp  Ash. 

Leaves  7'-12'  long,  with  elongated  stout  terete  pale  petioles,  and  5-7  long-stalked 
ovate  to  oblong  acute  leaflets  rarely  rounded  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  some- 
times rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  and  coarsely  serrate,  with  acute  incurved 
teeth,  or  entire,  when  they  unfold  pilose  above  and  more  or  less  hoary-tomentose 
below,  and  51  maturity  thick  and  firm,  3'-6'  long  and  2'-3'  wide,  dark  green  above, 
paler  or  sometimes  yellow-green  and  glabrous  or  pubescent  beneath,  especially 
along  the  conspicuous  midribs  and  the  numerous  arcuate  veins  connected  by  obscure 
reticulate  veinlets.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  in  February  and  March  in  short 
or  ultimately  elongated  panicles  inclosed  in  the  bud  by  chestnut-brown  pubescent 
scales;  staminate  flower  with  a  minute  or  nearly  obsolete  calyx,  and  2  or  sometimes 
4  stamens,  with  slender  filaments  and  linear  apiculate  anthers;  calyx  of  the  pistillate 
flower  cup-shaped,  deeply  divided  and  laciniate,  as  long  as  the  ovary  gradually  nar- 
rowed into  an  elongated  slender  style  2-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit 


OLEACE^E  763 

elliptical,  obovate,  or  spatulate,  frequently  3-winged,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the 
persistent  calyx,  If '-2'  long,  often  marked  on  the  2  faces  by  a  conspicuous  impressed 
inidvein,  the  body  short,  compressed,  and  surrounded  by  the  broad  thin  many- 
nerved  wing  £'-£'  wide,  acute  and  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  and  usually 
narrowed  below  into  a  stalk-like  base. 

A  tree,  rarely  more  than  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  12'  in  diameter, 
small  branches  forming  a  narrow  often  round-topped  head,  and  slender  terete 
branchlets  light  green  and  glabrous  or  coated  with  rufous  deciduous  tomentum 
when  they  first  appear,  light  brown  tinged  with  red  and  sometimes  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom  in  their  first  winter,  light  gray  or  yellow,  occasionally  marked  by 
large  pale  lenticels,  and  by  the  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  short 
row  of  conspicuous  fibre-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds  terminal,  £'  long, 
with  3  pairs  of  ovate  acute  chestnut-brown  puberulous  scales,  those  of  the  outer  rank 


thickened  at  the  base,  rounded  on  the  back,  and  shorter  than  the  others.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  fa'—fa'  thick,  light  gray,  more  or  less  marked  by  large  irregularly  shaped  round 
patches,  and  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales.  Wood 
light,  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  nearly  white  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow,  with 
thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Deep  river  swamps  inundated  during  several  months  of  every 
year,  and  usually  under  the  shade  of  larger  trees;  coast  region  of  the  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  states,  southern  Virginia  to  Cape  Canaveral  and  the  Caloosa  River,  Florida, 
and  the  valley  of  the  Sabine  River,  Texas,  and  northward  through  western  Louisi- 
ana to  southwestern  Arkansas;  also  in  Cuba. 

5.  Praxinus  Floridana,  Sarg.    Water  Ash. 

Leaves  5'-$  long,  with  elongated  stout  terete  petioles,  and  usually  3-5  oblong 
acuminate  long-stalked  leaflets  gradually  narrowed  and  cuneate  at  the  base,  and  re- 
motely serrate,  with  small  incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  scurfy-pubescent  above 
and  hoary-tomentose  below,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
or  puberulous  on  the  upper  and  more  or  less  tomentose  on  the  lower  surface,  3'-^' 
long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  thin  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united 
within  the  thickened  revolute  margins.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  late  in  Febru- 


764 


TREES    OF   NOETH   AMERICA 


ary  or  early  in  March,  in  elongated  panicles  inclosed  in  the  bud  by  chestnut-brown 
pubescent  scales;  staminate  flower  composed  of  an  annular  disk  and  2  or  3  stamens, 
with  short  filaments  and  apiculate  anthers;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped, 
slightly  lobed,  as  long  as  the  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  the  slender  style  2-lobed 
and  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  surrounded  at  the 


base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  If '-2'  long,  marked  on  each  of  the  2  faces  by  a  broad 
impressed  midvein,  the  body  short,  surrounded  by  the  thin  many-nerved  wing,  nar- 
rowed, rounded,  and  emarginate  at  the  apex,  and  ^-'— ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  12'  in  diameter,  small  spreading 
branches,  and  slender  terete  branchlets  light  orange-brown  and  occasionally  marked 
by  large  pale  lenticels  during  their  first  season,  ashy  gray  and  roughened  the  follow- 
ing year  by  the  large  horizontal  obcordate  elevated  leaf-scars  displaying  a  central 
ring  of  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds  terminal,  broadly  ovate,  acute, 
rusty-pubescent,  about  \'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ^V~lf'  thick,  light  gray,  and 
broken  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Deep  swamps,  valley  of  the  St.  Mary's  River,  southern  Georgia, 
to  the  lower  Appalachicola  River,  Florida. 

6.  Fraxinus  nigra,  Marsh.    Black  Ash. 

Leaves  12'-16'  long,  with  stout  pale  petioles,  and  7-11  oblong  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late long-pointed  leaflets,  unequally  wedged-shaped  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the 
base,  remotely  serrate,  with  small  incurved  teeth,  the  lateral  sessile,  the  terminal  on 
a  long  or  short  petiolule,  when  they  unfold  covered  especially  below  with  rufous 
hairs,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  firm,  dark  green  above,  paler  below,  glabrous  with 
the  exception  *>f  occasional  tufts  of  rufous  hairs  along  the  under  side  of  the  broad 
pale  midribs,  4'-5'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  many  conspicuous  primary  veins  arcuate 
near  the  margins  and  obscurely  reticulate  veinlets,  turning  rusty  brown  and  falling 
early  in  the  autumn.  Flowers  polygamous,  without  a  calyx,  appearing  before  the 
leaves  in  compact  or  ultimately  elongated  panicles  4'-5'  long,  and  covered  in  the  bud 
by  broadly  ovate  dark  brown  or  nearly  black  scales  rounded  at  the  apex;  staminate 
flowers  on  separate  trees  or  mixed  with  perfect  flowers,  and  consisting  of  2  large 
deeply  pitted  oblong  dark  purple  apiculate  anthers  attached  on  the  back  to  short 


OLEACE^ 


765 


broad  filaments;  pistillate  flower  consisting  of  a  long  slender  style  deeply  divided  at 
the  apex  into  2  broad  purple  stigmas  and  often  accompanied  by  1  or  2  perfect  or  glo- 
bose rudimentary  pink  anthers  sessile  or  borne  on  long  or  short  filaments.  Fruit 
in  open  panicles  8'-10'  in  length,  lanceolate-oblong  to  linear-oblong,  I'-Itf  long,  with 
a  thin  wing  about  |'  wide,  surrounding  the  short  flat  faintly  nerved  body,  and  con- 
spicuously emarginate  at  the  apex. 

A  tree,  occasionally  80°-90°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  rarely  exceeding  20'  in  diame- 
ter, slender  mostly  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  stout  terete  branch- 
lets  dark  green  and  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  becoming  ashy 
gray  or  orange  color  and  marked  by  large  pale  lenticels,  growing  darker  during 
their  first  winter  and  then  roughened  by  the  large  suborbicular  leaf-scars  displaying 
a  semicircular  row  of  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars;  usually  much  smaller. 


Winter-buds  terminal,  broadly  ovate,  acute,  rather  less  than  \'  long,  with  3  pairs 
of  scales,  those  of  the  outer  pair  thick  and  rounded  on  the  back  at  the  base,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  and  acute  at  the  apex,  dark  brown  or  almost  black,  slightly  puberulous, 
falling  as  the  bud  begins  to  enlarge  in  the  spring,  and  shorter  than  the  scales  of  the 
inner  rows  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  rufous  pubescence,  those  of  the  second 
pair  becoming  strap-shaped,  1'  long,  ^-'  wide,  and  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  pinnate 
usually  foliaceous  inner  scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red, 
i^'-^'  thick,  and  divided  into  large  irregular  plates  separating  into  thin  papery  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  rather  soft,  not  strong,  tough,  coarse-grained,  durable,  easily  sepa- 
rable into  thin  layers,  dark  brown,  with  thin  light  brown  often  nearlv  white  sapwood; 
largely  used  for  the  interior  finish  of  houses  and  cabinet-making,  and  for  fences, 
barrel  hoops,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  baskets. 

Distribution.  Deep  cold  swamps  and  the  low  banks  of  streams  and  lakes;  south- 
ern Newfoundland  and  the  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Lake 
Winnipeg,  and  southward  to  New  Castle  County,  Delaware,  the  mountains  of  Vir- 
ginia, southern  Illinois,  central  Missouri,  and  northwestern  Arkansas. 

7.  Fraxinus  anomala,  Wats. 

Leaves  mostly  reduced  to  a  «ingle  leaflet  but  occasionally  2  or  3-foliolate,  the 
leaflets  broadly  ovate  or  sometimes  orbicular,  rounded  or  acute  or  rarely  obcordate 


766  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  cordate  at  the  base,  and  entire,  or  sparingly  creuately 
serrate  above  the  middle,  covered  above  when  they  unfold  with  short  pale  hairs  and 
pubescent  beneath,  and  at  maturity  thin  and  rather  coriaceous,  dark  green  above, 
paler  below,  l£'-2'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  or  when  more  than  one  much  smaller,  with 
broad  rather  conspicuous  midribs  and  obscure  veins,  and  when  solitary  raised  on  stout 


grooved  petioles  often  1^'  long,  or  short-petiolulate  in  the  compound  leaves.  Flow- 
ers appearing  when  the  leaves  are  about  two  thirds  grown,  in  short  compact  pubescent 
panicles  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  with  strap-shaped  or  lanceolate 
acute  bracts  \'  long  and  covered  with  thick  brown  tomentum,  perfect  or  unisexual 
by  the  abortion  of  the  stamens,  the  2  forms  occurring  in, the  same  panicle;  calyx  cup- 
shaped,  minutely  4-toothed;  anthers  linear- oblong,  orange  color,  raised  on  slender 
filaments  nearly  as  long  as  the  stout  columnar  style  divided  at  the  apex  into  2  stig- 
matic  lobes.  Fruit  oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  J'  long,  with  a  wing  rounded  and 
sometimes  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  surrounding  the  long  flattened  striately 
nerved  body,  and  ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  18°-20°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  6'-7'  in  diameter,  stout  contorted 
branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  at  first  quadrangular,  dark 
green  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  pale  pubescence,  orange  color  and  puberu- 
lous  in  their  first  winter  and  marked  by  elevated  pale  lenticels  and  narrow  lunate 
leaf -scars,  and  in  their  second  or  third  year  terete  and  ashy  gray;  often  a  low  shrub, 
with  numerous  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  terminal,  broadly  ovate,  acuminate 
or  obtuse,  covered  with  thick  orange-colored  tomentum,  and  \'-\'  long.  Bark  of  the 
trunk  dark  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red,  \'  thick,  and  divided  by  shallow  fissures 
into  narrow  ridges  separating  into  small  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard, 
close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood  of  30-50  layers  of 
annual  growth. 

Distribution.  In  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  valley  of  the  McElmo  River, 
southwestern  Colorado,  through  southern  Utah,  and  on  the  western  slopes  of  the 
Charleston  Mountains,  southern  Nevada;  not  rare. 


OLEACE^E 


767 


**Body  of  the  fruit  nearly  terete. 

8.  Fraxinus  Americana,  L.   White  Ash. 

Leaves  8'-12'  long,  with  stout  grooved  petioles,  and  5  ovate  to  obloiig-lanceolate 
generally  falcate  long-pointed  leaflets  wedge-shaped  or  often  rounded  at  the  base 
and  entire  or  remotely  and  obscurely  crenulate-serrate,  when  they  unfold  thin  and 
glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent  beneath,  and  at  "maturity  thick  and  firm  or  sub- 
coriaceous,  dark  green  and  often  lustrous  above,  pale  or  frequently  silvery  white 
and  glabrous  or  pubescent  below,  3'-5'  long  and  l^'-3'  wide,  with  broad  pale  midribs 
and  numerous  conspicuous  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins,  falling  early  in  the  autumn 
after  turning  on  some  individuals  deep  purple  and  on  others  clear  bright  yellow. 
Flowers  dioecious,  opening  before  the  leaves  late  in  the  spring,  in  compact  ultimately 
elongated  glabrous  panicles  from  buds  covered  with  dark  ovate  scales  rounded  at  the 
apex  and  slightly  keeled  on  the  back;  calyx  campanulate,  slightly  4-lobed  in  the 
staminate  flower,  and  deeply  lobed  or  laciniately  cut  in  the  pistillate  flower;  stamens 
2  or  occasionally  3,  with  short  stout  filaments  and  large  oblong-ovate  apiculate  an- 
thers at  first  nearly  black,  later  becoming  reddish  purple;  ovary  contracted  into  a 
long  slender  style  divided  into  2  spreading  dark  purple  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  l'-2' 
in  length,  or  at  the  south  sometimes  not  more  than  ^'  long  (var.  microcarpa,  Gray),  in 
crowded  clusters  6'-8'  in  length,  lanceolate  or  oblong,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the 


persistent  calyx,  with  a  terminal  wing  usually  about  \'  wide,  pointed  or  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  and  much  longer  than  the  short  terete  oblong  marginless  conspicuously 
many-rayed  body. 

A  tree,  sometimes  120°  high,  with  a  tall  massive  trunk  5°-6°  in  diameter,  stout 
upright  or  spreading  branches  forming  in  the  forest  a  narrow  crown,  or  with  suffi- 
cient space  a  round-topped  or  pyramidal  head,  and  thick  terete  branchlets  dark  green 
or  brown  tinged  with  red  and  covered  with  scattered  pale  hairs  when  they  first 
appear,  soon  becoming  light  orange  color  or  ashy  gray  and  marked  by  pale  lenticels, 
becoming  in  their  first  winter  gray  or  light  brown,  lustrous,  often  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom  and  roughened  by  the  large  pale  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  displaying 
near  the  margins  a  line  of  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds 
terminal,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  with  4  pairs  of  scales,  those  of  the  outer  pair  ovate, 


768 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


acute,  apiculate,  conspicuously  keeled  on  the  back,  nearly  black,  slightly  puberulous, 
about  one  half  the  length  of  the  scales  of  the  second  pair  rather  shorter  than  those 
of  the  third  pair,  lengthening  with  the  young  shoots,  and  at  maturity  oblong-ovate, 
narrowed  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  keeled,  £'  long,  and  rusty-pubescent,  the  scales 
of  the  inner  pair  becoming  ^'  long,  ovate,  pointed,  keeled,  sometimes  slightly  pinna- 
tifid,  green  tinged  with  brown  toward  the  apex,  covered  with  *pellucid  dots  and  very 
lustrous.  Bark  of  the  trunk  l'-3'  thick,  dark  brown  or  gray  tinged  with  red,  and 
deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  broad  flattened  ridges  separating  on  the  sur- 
face into  thin  appressed  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  tough,  and 
brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood;  used  in  large  quantities  in  the  manufacture 
of  agricultural  implements,  for  the  handles  of  tools,  in  carriage-building,  for  oars  and 
furniture,  and  in  the  interior  finish  of  buildings;  the  most  valuable  of  the  American 
species  as  a  timber-tree. 

Distribution.  Common  in  rich  rather  moist  soil  on  low  hills,  and  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  streams;  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  southern  Ontario  to  northern 
Minnesota,  southward  to  northern  Florida,  central  Alabama,  and  Mississippi,  and 
westward  to  eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  valley  of 
the  Trinity  River,  Texas;  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of  the  basin  of  the 
lower  Ohio  River;  southward  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  less  common  and  of 
smaller  size. 

Often  planted  in  the  eastern  states  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree,  and  occasion- 
ally in  western  and  northern  Europe. 

9.  Fraxinus  Texensis,  Sarg.    Mountain  Ash. 

Leaves  5'-8'  long,  with  elongated  slender  terete  petioles,  and  5  or  occasionally 
7  usually  long-stalked  ovate  broadly  oval  or  obovate  leaflets,  rounded  or  acute  at 
the  apex,  wedge-shaped,  rounded  or  sometimes  slightly  cordate  at  the  base,  and 
coarsely  crenulate-serrate,  chiefly  above  the  middle,  when  they  unfold  light  green 
slightly  tinged  with  red  and  pilose,  with  occasional  pale  caducous  hairs,  and  at 
maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  and  sometimes 


silvery  white  on  the  lower  surface,  2'-2-^'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  with  broad  midribs 
often  furnished  below  with  tufts  of  short  white  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous 


OLEACE.E  769 

conspicuous  veius  forked  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  coarse  reticulate  vein- 
lets.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  in  March  as  the  leaves  begin  to  unfold,  in 
compact  glabrous  panicles  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  and  covered 
in  the  bud  by  ovate  rounded  orange-colored  scales;  staminate  flower  composed  of  a 
minute  or  nearly  obsolete  4-lobed  calyx  and  2  stamens,  with  short  filaments  and 
linear-oblong  light  purple  apiculate  anthers;  calyx  of  the  female  flower  oblong,  cup- 
shaped,  and  divided  to  the  base  into  4  acute  lobes;  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  a 
long  slender  style  terminating  in  2  large  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  May, 
in  short  compact  clusters,  spatulate  to  oblong,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  per- 
sistent calyx,  £'-!'  long,  with  a  terminal  wing  rounded  or  occasionally  emarginate  at 
the  apex,  \'  wide,  and  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  short  terete  marginless  many- 
rayed  body. 

A  tree,  rarely  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  occasionally  2°-3°  in  diameter,  thick 
spreading  often  contorted  branches,  and  stout  terete  branchlets  dark  green  tinged 
with  red  and  slightly  puberulous  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  light  yellow- 
brown  or  light  orange  color  during  the  summer,  and  in  their  first  winter  light  brown 
marked  by  remote  oblong  pale  lenticels  and  by  large  elevated  lunate  leaf-scars 
displaying  a  row  of  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  and  dark  or  reddish 
brown  in  their  second  or  third  season;  usually  much  smaller.  Winter-buds  termi- 
nal, acute,  with  3  pairs  of  scales,  those  of  the  first  pair  broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  dark  orange  color,  pilose  toward  the  base,  and  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate 
rounded  scales  of  the  second  pair  coated  with  rufous  tomentum  and  becoming  £'  long 
or  about  one  half  the  length  of  the  linear  strap-shaped  scales  of  the  inner  pair  trun- 
cate or  emarginate  at  the  apex  and  orange  color.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-f'  thick, 
dark  gray  and  deeply  divided  by  narrow  fissures  into  broad  scaly  ridges.  Wood 
heavy,  hard,  strong,  light  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood;  valued  as  fuel 
and  occasionally  used  for  flooring. 

Distribution.  High  dry  limestone  bluffs  and  ridges  ;  northern,  central,  and 
western  Texas  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  city  of  Dallas  to  the  valley  of  the 
Devil's  River. 

10.  Fraxinus  Berlandieriana,  DC. 

Leaves  3'-7'  long,  with  slender  elongated  petioles,  and  3-5  ovate  or  rarely  obovate 
glabrous  leaflets,  pointed  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base 
into  long  petiolules,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  with  acute  teeth, 
or  sometimes  almost  entire,  thick  and  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above, 
pale  beneath,  1^'^i'  long  and  £'-!£'  wide,  with  prominent  midribs  and  primary  veins 
connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets.  Flowers  diacious,  in  short  glabrous 
panicles  inclosed  in  the  bud  by  broadly  ovate  rounded  chestnut-brown  pubescent 
scales;  staminate  flower  with  a  minute  obscurely  lobed  calyx  and  2  linear-oblong 
apiculate  anthers  raised  on  short  filaments;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped, 
deeply  divided,  and  as  long  as  the  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  style 
2-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit  often  3-winged,  ovate  or  spatulate,  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  I'-l  £'  long,  with  a  short  clavate  body 
more  or  less  margined  by  the  thin  ovate  or  obovate  wing  usually  TV~¥  w^e  an(* 
mostly  narrowed  toward  the  acute  or  rounded  and  emarginate  apex. 

A  tree,  in  the  United  States  rarely  more  than  30°  high,  or  with  a  trunk  more 
than  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  terete  slender  branchlets  light  green  when  they  first 
appear,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  light  brown  tinged  with  red  or  ashy  gray,  and 


770  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

marked  by  occasional  lenticels  and  with  the  small  elevated  nearly  circular  leaf-scars 
displaying  a  short  row  of  large  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars;  in  Mexico  frequently 


60°-70°  tall,  with  a  trunk  6°-8°  in  diameter,  and  spreading  branches  forming  a 
broad  graceful  head.  Winter-buds  terminal,  acute,  with  dark  brown  puberulous 
scales.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark  gray  tinged  with  red,  I'-l £'  thick,  and  divided  by 
shallow  interrupted  fissures  into  narrow  ridges.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained, 
light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  western  Texas;  not  common,  and  possibly  intro- 
duced; mountain  forests  of  the  state  of  Michoacan,  southern  Mexico;  largely  planted 
in  the  streets  and  plazas  of  the  cities  of  the  Mexican  table-land,  and  unsurpassed 
by  other  Ash-trees  in  stateliness  and  beauty. 

11.  Fraxinus  Pennsylvanica,  Marsh.   Red  Ash. 

Leaves  10'-12'  long,  with  stout  slightly  grooved  pubescent  petioles,  and  7-9 
oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate  leaflets  gradually  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  long  slender 
points,  unequally  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  and  obscurely  serrate,  or  often  entire 
below  the  middle,  when  they  unfold  coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  with  hoary 
tomeutum,  and  lustrous  and  puberulous  on  the  upper  surface,  and  at  maturity  thin 
and  firm,  4' -6'  long,  l'-l£'  wide,  light  yellow-green  above  and  pale  and  covered  below 
and  on  the  thick  grooved  petiolules  with  silky  pubescence,  with  conspicuous  midribs 
and  branching  veins,  in  the  autumn  turning  yellow  or  rusty  brown  before  falling. 
Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  late  in  the  spring  as  the  leaves  begin  to  unfold,  in  rather 
compact  tomentose  panicles,  covered  in  the  bud  with  ovate  rusty-tomentose  scales; 
staminate  flower  with  a  minute  obscurely  toothed  cup-shaped  calyx,  and  2  stamens, 
with  linear-oblong  light  green  anthers  tinged  with  purple  and  raised  on  short  slender 
filaments;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  cup-shaped,  deeply  divided,  as  long  as  the 
ovary,  gradually  narrowed  into  an  elongated  style  divided  at  the  apex  into  2  green 
stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  in  open  glabrous  or  pubescent  panicles,  l'-2'  long,  surrounded 
at  the  base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  linear  or  narrowly  spatulate,  with  a  slender  terete 
many-rayed  body  tapering  gradually  from  the  summit  to  the  base  and  margined 
above  by  the  thin  decurrent  wing,  \'-\'  wide,  narrowed,  rounded,  acute  or  apiculate 
at  the  apex,  and  as  long  as  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  body. 


OLEACE^E  771 

A  tree,  40°-60°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  18'-20'  in  diameter,  stout  upright 
branches  forming  a  compact  irregularly  shaped  head,  and  slender  terete  branchlets 
more  or  less  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  pale  pubescence  sometimes  persist- 
ent until  their  second  or  third  year  or  often  disappearing  during  the  first  summer 
ultimately  becoming  ashy  gray  or  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  frequently  covered 
with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  marked  with  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  first  winter  by  the 
semicircular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  short  row  of  large  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars 
Winter-buds  terminal,  about  £'  long,  with  3  pairs  of  scales  coated  with  rufous  to- 
meiitum,  those  of  the  outer  pair  acute,  rounded  on  the  back,  truncate  at  the  apex,  and 


rather  shorter  than  those  of  the  other  pairs  !'-!£'  long  at  maturity  and  sometimes 
pinnately  cut  toward  the  apex.  Bark  of  the  trunk  |'-f  thick,  brown  tinged  with  red, 
and  slightly  furrowed,  the  surface  of  the  ridges  separating  into  thin  appressed  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  rather  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick 
lighter  brown  sap  wood  streaked  with  yellow;  sometimes  confounded  commercially 
with  the  more  valuable  wood  of  the  White  Ash. 

Distribution.  Low  rich  moist  soil  near  the  banks  of  streams  and  lakes;  New 
Brunswick  to  southern  Ontario,  eastern  Nebraska  and  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota, 
and  southward  to  northern  Florida  and  central  Alabama;  most  common  and  of  its 
largest  size  in  the  north  Atlantic  states;  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  smaller  and 
less  abundant.  Passing  into 

Fraxinus  Pennsylvanica,  var.  lanceolata,  Sarg.  Green  Ash. 

Leaves  with  rather  narrower  and  shorter  and  usually  more  sharply  serrate  leaf- 
lets lustrous  and  bright  green  on  both  surfaces. 

A  round-topped  tree,  rarely  more  than  60°  high,  or  with  a  trunk  more  than  2°  in 
diameter,  slender  spreading  branches,  ashy  gray  terete  glabrous  branchlets  marked 
by  pale  lenticels,  and  rusty-pubescent  bud-scales. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams;  shores  of  Lake  Champlain  through  the  Appa- 
lachian region  to  western  Florida,  and  west  to  the  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan,  the 
valley  of  the  Colorado  River,  Texas,  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the 
Wasatch  Range,  Utah,  and  the  mountains  of  eastern  and  northern  Arizona;  com- 
paratively rare  east  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains;  most  abundant  in  the  Mississippi 


772 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


basin,  often  covering  the  banks  of  streams  flowing  east  from  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  westward  only  in  elevated  canons;  in  the  region  east  of  the  Mississippi  River 


appearing  distinct,  but  westward  connected  with  the  Red  Ash  by  intermediate  forms, 
equally  referable  to  either  tree. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade  and  ornamental  tree  in  the  middle  west,  and  occasionally 
in  the  northeastern  states,  but  less  desirable  than  the  White  Ash. 

12.  Fraxinus  profunda,  Bush.    Pumpkin  Ash. 

Leaves  9'-18'  long,  with  stout  tomentose  petioles,  and  usually  7  but  occasionally 
9  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  long-stalked  leaflets  acuminate  or  abruptly  long- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  and  usually  unsymmetrical  at  the  base, 
when  they  unfold  coated  below,  like  the  petiolules,  with  hoary  tomentum,  and  pilose 
on  the  upper  surf  ace,  with  short  pale  hairs,  particularly  along  the  midribs  and  veins, 
and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  yellow-green  and  nearly  glabrous 
above,  soft-pubescent  below,  t5'-10/  long  and  2'— 5'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs 
deeply  impressed  and  puberulous  above  and  numerous  slender  primary  veins  arcuate 
and  connected  near  the  undulate  and  entire  or  slightly  serrate  margins.  Flowers 
dioecious,  in  elongated  much-branched  pubescent  panicles,  with  oblong  or  oblong- 
obovate  scarious  bracts  and  bractlets;  staminate  flower  with  a  minute  campanulate 
obscurely  4-toothed  calyx  and  2  or  3  stamens,  with  oblong  apiculate  .anthers  and 
comparatively  long  slender  filaments;  pistillate  flower  with  a  large  deeply  lobed 
calyx  accrescent  and  persistent  under  the  fruit,  and  an  ovary  gradually  contracted 
into  a  slender  style  divided  into  2  dark  spreading  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  in  long 
drooping  many-fruited  clusters,  oblong,  2'-3'  in  length,  the  wing  often  |'  wide,  some- 
times falcate,  rounded,  apiculate,  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  and  decurrent  to  below 
the  middle  or  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  thick  terete  many-rayed  body. 

A  tree,  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  slender  trunk  3°  in  diameter  above  the  much 
enlarged  and  buttressed  base,  small  spreading  branches  forming  a  narrow  rather  open 
head,  and  stout  branchlets  marked  by  large  pale  lenticels,  coated  at  first  with  hoary 
tomentum,  tomentose  and  pubescent  during  their  first  winter  and  light  gray  and 
pilose  or  glabrous  the  following  year,  and  marked  by  the  oblong  slightly  raised  leaf- 
scars  rounded  at  the  base,  obconic,  and  nearly  surrounding  the  lateral  buds;  usually 


OLEACE^E 


773 


Rf  617 


much  smaller.  "Winter-buds  terminal,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  light  reddish  brown, 
and  covered  with  close  pale  pubescence.  Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-£'  thick,  light  gray 
and  divided  by  shallow  fissures  into  broad  flat  or  rounded  ridges  broken  on  the  sur- 
face into  thin  closely  appressed  scales. 

Distribution.  Deep  river  swamps  often  inundated  during  several  months  of  the 
year;  southeastern  Missouri,  eastern  Arkansas,. and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Appala- 
chicola  River,  Florida. 

13.  Fraxinus  Biltmoreana,  Beadl. 

Leaves  10'-12'  long,  with  stout  pubescent  or  puberulous  petioles,  and  7-9  ovate- 
oblong  or  lanceolate  often  falcate  leaflets  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  broadly 


cuneate  and  often  inequilateral  at  the  base,  and  raised  on  stout  elongated  pubescent 
petiolules,  when  they  unfold  yellow-bronze  color  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  coated 
beneath,  particularly  on  the  midribs  and  veins,  with  long  white  hairs,  and  at  ma- 
turity 3'-4'  long,  $'-!'  wide,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  dark  green  and  slightly 
lustrous  on  the  upper,  pale  or  glaucous  and  puberulous  below  along  the  slender 
yellow  midribs,  and  primary  veins  arcuate  near  the  slightly  thickened  and  incurved 


774  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

entire  or  remotely  and  obscurely  toothed  margins.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing 
with  the  leaves  about  the  1st  of  May,  in  rather  compact  pubescent  panicles,  with 
scarious  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets,  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year; 
staminate  flower  with  a  minute  cup-shaped  very  obscurely  dentate  calyx  and  nearly 
sessile  oblong  acute  anthers;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  much  larger  and  deeply 
lobed;  ovary  oblong,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  slender  style  divided  at  the  apex 
into  2  short  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  in  elongated  glabrous  or  puberulous  clusters, 
l^'-lf  long,  the  wing  only  slightly  narrowed  at  the  ends,  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
about  \'  wide  and  two  and  one  half  to  three  times  longer  than  the  short  elliptical 
marginless  many-nerved  body. 

A  tree,  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  seldom  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter,  stout 
ascending  or  spreading  branches  forming  an  open  symmetrical  head,  and  stout  light 
or  dark  gray  branchlets  soft-pubescent  usually  during  two  seasons,  much  roughened 
during  their  first  winter  and  often  for  two  or  three  years  by  the  large  elevated 
mostly  obcordate  or  sometimes  orbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  marginal  line  of 
fibro- vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds  terminal,  ovate,  usually  broader  than 
long,  and  covered  with  bright  brown  scales,  those  of  the  outer  pair  keeled  on  the 
back  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  the  others  rounded,  accrescent,  and  slightly  villose. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  rough,  dark  gray,  and  slightly  furrowed. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  or  rarely  on  low  river  benches;  northern  West 
Virginia  through  the  foothill  region  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  to  northern 
Georgia  and  Alabama,  and  to  middle  Tennessee. 

14.  Fraxinus  velutina,  Torr. 

Leaves  3'-6'  long,  with  stout  grooved  petioles,  and  3-9-stalked  lanceolate  occa- 
sionally falcate  leaflets  acuminate  and  long-pointed  at  the  apex,  mostly  wedge- 
shaped  and  often  decurrent  on  the  petiolule  or  unequally  rounded  at  the  base,  and 
entire  or  remotely  serrate  above  the  middle,  with  acute  or  recurved  teeth,  when  they 
unfold  light  green  or  reddish  brown,  glabrous,  pubescent  or  tomentose,  especially 


on  the  under  surface,  and  at  maturity  subcoriaceous,  dark  yellow-green  above,  paler 
and  often  pubescent  below,  and  occasionally  furnished  with  tufts  of  long  pale  hairs 
on  the  under  side  of  the  broad  midribs,  3' -5'  long,  \'  to  nearly  1'  wide,  with 


OLEACE.E  775 

prominent  veins  arcuate  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate 
veinlets.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  at  the  end  of  May  or  early  in  June  with  the 
unfolding  of  the  leaves,  in  short  compact  panicles  from  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves 
of  the  previous  year  covered  by  broadly  ovate  rusty-tomentose  scales  rounded  at 
the  apex;  calyx  cup-shaped,  light  green,  larger  and  more  deeply  divided  in  the 
pistillate  than  in  the  staininate  flower;  anthers  oblong,  apiculate,  and  borne  on  short 
slender  filaments;  ovary  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  style  deeply  divided  into 

2  stigmatic  lobes.    Fruit  ripening  in  the  summer  or  early  autumn,  in  dense  clusters 
4'-5'  long,  spatulate-oblong,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  with  a 
terminal  wing  acute,  rounded,  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  tipped  with  the  remnants 
of  the  style,  \'-%  wide,  and  about  as  long  as  the  terete  nearly  clavate  conspicuously 
rayed  marginless  body. 

A  tree,  30°-40°  high,  with  a  trunk  rarely  exceeding  8'  in  diameter,  stout  often 
spreading  branches  usually  forming  a  round-topped  handsome  head,  and  slender 
terete  branchlets  coated  when  they  first  appear  with  pale  pubescence  or  with  thick 
white  tomentum,  and  in  their  first  winter  red-brown  or  ashy  gray,  glabrous  or 
tomentose,  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  and  marked  by  small  pale  lenti- 
cels  and  by  semiorbicular  slightly  obcordate  leaf-scars  displaying  a  central  lunate 
row  of  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars.  Winter-buds  terminal,  acute,  \'  long,  with 

3  pairs  of  broadly  ovate  pointed  scales  coated  with  thick  rufous  tomentum,  the  inner 
scales  when  fully  grown  £'  long,  strap-shaped,  and  rounded  at  the  apex.    Bark  of 
the  trunk  £'-£'  thick,  gray  slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  deeply  divided  into  broad 
flat  broken  ridges  separating  on  the  surface  into  small  thin  scales.    Wood  heavy, 
rather  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sap- 
wood;  used  locally  for  axe-handles  and  in  the  manufacture  of  wagons. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams,  in  elevated  canons; 
mountains  of  western  Texas  through  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern 
Nevada,  and  to  the  Panamint  Mountains  and  the  shores  of  Owen's  Lake,  south- 
eastern California. 

15.  Fraxinus  coriacea,  Wats. 

Leaves  usually  about  6'  long,  with  stout  grooved  pubescent  petioles,  and  mostly 
5  ovate  or  oblong  leaflets,  acute,  acuminate,  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate 
or  rounded  at  the  base,  coarsely  repand-serrate,  long-petiolulate,  coated  as  they 
appear  with  long  pale  hairs  most  abundant  on  the  lower  surface,  and  at  maturity 
coriaceous,  dark  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper,  pale  and  glabrous  or  pubescent 
on  the  lower  surface,  2'-3'  long  and  l'-2'  wide,  on  leading  shoots  sometimes  reduced 
to  single  long-stalked  leaflets,  or  3-foliolate,  with  a  large  terminal  leaflet  and  small 
lateral  leaflets.  Flowers  dioecious,  appearing  about  the  middle  of  April  with  or 
before  the  unfolding  of  the  leaves,  in  short  compact  panicles  from  buds  in  the  axils 
of  leaves  of  the  previous  year  and  covered  by  broadly  ovate  scales  rounded  and 
often  short-pointed  at  the  apex  and  rusty-tomentose  on  the  outer  surface;  calyx 
cup-shaped,  large  and  more  deeply  divided  in  the  pistillate  than  in  the  staminate 
flower;  anthers  oblong,  nearly  sessile  ;  ovary  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  slender 
style  slightly  divided  into  2  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  autumn,  in 
narrow  clusters  2'-3'  in  length,  slender,  oblong,  f'-l'  long,  with  a  terminal  wing 
rounded  and  often  emarginate  at  the  apex,  about  \'  wide,  and  as  long  as  the  terete 
mnrginless  body. 

A  tree,  occasionally  30°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-16'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading 


776  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


branches  forming  a  round-topped  head,  and  comparatively  slender  ashy  gray 
branchlets  tomentose  when  they  first  appear,  coated  with  soft  fine  pubescence  for 
one  or  two  years  and  ultimately  glabrous. 

Distribution.  Mesas  and  low  plains  ;  desert  regions  of  southern  Utah,  northern 
Arizona,  southern  Nevada,  and  southeastern  California. 

16.  Fraxinus  Oregona,  Nutt. 

Leaves  5'— 14'  long,  with  stout  grooved  and  angled  pubescent  or  glabrous  petioles, 
and  5-7  oblong  or  oval  leaflets  usually  contracted  at  the  apex  into  short  broad  points, 
gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  entire  or  remotely  and  obscurely  serrate;  when 
they  unfold  usually  coated  below  and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  pale  tomentum  and 
pubescent  above,  or  nearly  glabrous  or  pilose,  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  and  at 
maturity  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  light  green  above,  paler  and  usually  tomentose 
or  puberulous  below,  3'-T  long  and  I'-l^'  wide,  with  broad  pale  midribs,  conspicu- 
ous veins  arcuate  near  the  margins,  and  reticulate  veinlets,  the  terminal  leaflet  raised 
on  a  slender  petiolule  often  V  in  length,  the  lateral  sessile  or  nearly  so,  turning  yel- 
low or  russet  brown  in  the  autumn  before  falling.  Flowers  difficious,  appearing  in 
April  or  May  when  the  leaves  begin  to  unfold,  in  compact  glabrous  panicles  covered 
in  the  bud  by  broadly  ovate  scales  coated  with  rufous  pubescence;  staminate  flower 
composed  of  a  minute  calyx,  short  filaments,  and  short-oblong  apiculate  anthers; 
calyx  of  the  pistillate  flower  laciniately  cut  and  shorter  than  the  ovary  narrowed 
into  a  stout  style  divided  into  2  long  conspicuous  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  in  ample 
crowded  clusters,  obovate,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  persistent  calyx,  l^'-2' 
long,  the  body  clavate  and  slightly  compressed,  with  margined  edges  gradually 
widening  upward  into  the  long  many-nerved  wing  narrowed,  rounded,  apiculate,  or 
sometimes  emarginate  at  the  apex,  and  about  £'  wide. 

A  tree,  frequently  70°-80°  high,  with  a  long  trunk  occasionally  4°  in  diameter, 
stout  branches  forming  a  narrow  upright  head  or  a  broad  shapely  crown,  and  thick 
terete  branchlets  at  first  glabrous  or  more  or  less  thickly  coated  with  pale  or  rarely 
rufous  silky  tomentum  persistent  during  their  second  year  or  occasionally  deciduous 
during  their  first  summer,  becoming  light  red-brown  or  orange  color,  glabrous  or 
puberulous,  often  covered  with  a  slight  glaucous  bloom,  marked  by  small  remote 
pale  lenticels,  and  during  their  first  and  second  winters  by  the  large  elevated  semi- 


OLEACE^E  777 

orbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  short  row  of  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars. 
Winter-buds  terminal,  acute,  £'-£'  long,  with  4  pairs  of  scales  covered  with  pale 
hairs  or  with  rusty  pubescence,  those  of  the  inner  rows  often  foliaceous  at  maturity. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  l'-l£'  thick,  dark  gray,  or  brown  slightly  tinged  with  red.  and 
deeply  divided  by  interrupted  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  separating  on  the  sur- 
face into  thin  scales.  Wood  light,  hard,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  brown,  with  thick 
lighter  colored  sapwood;  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  for  the  frames 
of  carriages  and  wagons,  in  cooperage,  the  interior  finish  of  houses,  and  for  fuel. 
Distribution.  Usually  in  rich  moist  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  streams;  shores 


of  Puget  Sound  and  southward  through  western  Washington  and  Oregon  and  the 
California  coast  region  to  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  and  along  the  western  foothills 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  those  of  the  mountains  of  San  Bernardino  and  San  Diego 
counties,  California;  most  abundant  and  of  its  largest  size  on  the  bottom-lands  of 
the  rivers  of  southwestern  Oregon;  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  deciduous-leaved 
timber-trees  of  Pacific  North  America. 

2.  CHIONANTHUS,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stout  terete  or  slightly  angled  branchlets,  thick  pith,  and  buds 
with  numerous  opposite  scales.  Leaves  simple,  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  deciduous. 
Flowers  perfect  or  andro-dioecious,  on  elongated  ebracteolate  pedicels,  in  3-flowered 
clusters  terminal  on  the  slender  opposite  branches  of  ample  loose  panicles  from 
separate  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  with  foliaceous 
persistent  bracts;  calyx  minute,  deeply  4-parted,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  white,  deeply  divided  into  4  or  rarely  5  or  6  elon- 
gated linear  lobes  conduplicate-valvate  in  the  bud,  united  at  the  base  into  a  short  tube, 
or  rarely  separable;  stamens  2,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla  opposite  the  axis 
of  the  flower,  or  rarely  4,  included;  filaments  terete,  short;  anthers  ovate,  attached 
on  the  back  below  the  middle,  apiculate  by  the  elongation  of  the  connective,  2-celled, 
the  cells  opening  by  longitudinal  lateral  or  subextrorse  slits;  ovary  ovate,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  short  columnar  style;  stigma  thick  and  fleshy,  slightly  2-lobed; 
ovules  laterally  attached  near  the  apex  of  the  cell;  raphe  ventral.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or 
oblong,  usually  1  or  rarely  2  or  3-seeded  thick-skinned  drupe  tipped  with  the  rem- 


778  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

nants  of  the  style;  flesh  thin  and  dry;  stone  thick- walled,  crustaceous.  Seed  filling 
the  cavity  of  the  stone,  ovoid;  seed-coat  chestnut-brown;  cotyledons  flat,  longer  than 
the  short  terete  superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Chionanthus  with  two  species  inhabits  the  middle  and  southern  United  States, 
and  northern  and  central  China. 

The  specific  name,  from  x1^"  and  &v6os,  is  in  allusion  to  the  light  and  graceful 
clusters  of  snow-white  flowers. 

1.  Chionanthua  Virginica,  L.   Fringe-tree.    Old  Man's  Beard. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate,  short-pointed  or  sometimes  rounded  at  the 
apex,  gradually  narrowed  below,  entire,  with  undulate  margins,  and  coarsely  reticu- 
late-venulose,  when  they  unfold  yellow-green  and  lustrous  above,  pubescent  below, 
and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  and  at  maturity  4'-8'  long,  ^'-4'  wide,  thick  and  firm, 
dark  green  on  the  upper,  pale  and  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface  except  along  the 
stout  midribs  and  conspicuous  arcuate  primary  veins  more  or  less  covered  with  short 
white  hairs,  turning  bright  clear  yellow  before  falling  early  in  the  autumn ;  their 
petioles  stout,  puberulqus,  ^'-1'  long.  Flowers  slightly  and  agreeably  fragrant, 
appearing  when  the  leaves  are  about  one  third  grown,  in  loose  pubescent  drooping 
panicles  4'-6'  in  length,  the  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  lower  branches  of  the  inflores- 
cence oblong,  glabrous  on  the  upper,  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and  sometimes 


1'  long,  those  at  the  base  of  the  upper  branches  oval,  successively  smaller,  and  grad- 
ually passing  into  the  minute  laciniate  bracts  subtending  the  lateral  pedicels  of  the 
3-flowered  clusters  terminating  the  last  divisions  of  the  panicle;  some  individuals 
bearing  flowers  functionally  perfect,  others  flowers  with  sterile  anthers  and  well- 
developed  stigmas,  and  others  flowers  with  imperfectly  developed  stigmas  and  fertile 
anthers;  calyx  light  green,  glabrous,  with  acute  entire  or  laciniately  cut  lobes;  corolla 
1'  long,  marked  on  the  inner  surface  near  the  base  by  a  row  of  bright  purple  spots; 
anthers  light  yellow,  with  a  green  connective.  Fruit  ripening  in  September,  in  loose 
few-fruited  clusters,  with  leaf-like  bracts  sometimes  2'  in  length,  oval  or  oblong,  1' 
long,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  and  often  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  seeds  |' 
long,  ovate,  narrowed  at  the  apex  and  covered  with  a  thin  light  chestnut-brown  coat 
marked  by  reticulate  veins  radiating  from  the  hilum. 

A  tree, 20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8-10'  in  diameter,  stout  ashy  gray  or  light 


OLEACE^:  779 

brown  branches  forming  an  oblong  rather  narrow  head,  and  stout  branchlets  light 
green  and  covered  with  pale  pubescence  or  sometimes  glabrous  when  they  first  ap- 
pear, terete  or  slightly  angled  in  their  first  winter,  often  much  thickened  below  the 
nodes,  light  brown  or  orange  color,  and  marked  by  large  scattered  darker  colored 
lenticels  and  by  the  elevated  semiorbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  semicircular  row 
of  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars;  often  a  shrub,  with  several  stout  thick 
spreading  stems.  "Winter-buds  broadly  ovate,  acute,  ^'  long,  with  about  5  pairs  of 
scales  increasing  in  length  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  pair,  and  ovate,  acute,  keeled 
on  the  back,  light  brown  and  slightly  pilose  on  the  outer  surface,  bright  green  and 
lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  with  scattered  white  hairs, 
those  of  the  inner  pair  at  maturity  obovate,  gradually  narrowed  below,  foliaceous, 
and  I'-l^'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-^  thick,  and  irregularly  divided  into  small 
thin  appressed  brown  scales  tinged  with  red.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  and 
light  brown,  with  thick  lighter  colored  sapwood.  The  bark  is  tonic  and  is  sometimes 
used  in  decoctions  and  in  the  treatment  of  intermittent  fevers,  or  as  an  aperient  and 
diuretic,  and  in  homoeopathic  practice. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams  in  rich  moist  soil;  Lancaster  and  Chester  coun- 
ties, southern  Pennsylvania,  to  the  shores  of  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  through  the 
Gulf  states  to  southern  Arkansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Brazos  River,  Texas. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  eastern  United  States,  and  in  west- 
ern and  central  Europe. 

3.  OSMANTHUS,  Lour. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  or  slightly  angled  branches,  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves 
simple,  persistent.  Flowers  fragrant,  polygamo-dicecious  or  perfect,  on  ebracteolate 
pedicels  subtended  by  scale-like  bracts,  in  short  axillary  racemes  or  short  axillary 
or  rarely  terminal  fascicles;  calyx  minute,  4-toothed  or  divided,  the  divisions  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  corolla  tubular,  4-lobed,  the  lobes 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  ovate,  obtuse,  spreading  after  anthesis;  stamens  2,  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  corolla  opposite  the  lateral  lobes  of  the  calyx,  or  rarely  4;  fila- 
ments terete,  short;  anthers  ovate  or  linear-oblong,  blunt,  or  apiculate  by  the  pro- 
longation of  the  connective,  attached  on  the  back  below  the  middle,  2-celled,  the 
cells  opening  longitudinally  by  marginal  slits,  sometimes  rudimentary  or  0  in  the 
pistillate  flower;  ovary  subglobose;  style  columnar,  short  or  elongated,  crowned 
with  an  entire  capitate  stigma;  ovules  laterally  attached  near  the  apex  of  the  cell; 
raphe  ventral.  Fruit  a  fleshy  1-seeded  ovoid  or  globose  drupe  tipped  with  the  rem- 
nants of  the  style;  flesh  thin  and  succulent;  stone  hard  and  bony.  Seed  filling  the 
cavity  of  the  stone;  cotyledons  flat,  much  longer  than  the  short  superior  radicle 
turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Osmantlms  with  ten  species  inhabits  eastern  North  America,  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
Polynesia,  Japan,  and  the  Himalayas.  Osmanthus  fragrans,  Lour.,  a  native  of  China 
and  the  temperate  Himalayas,  is  cultivated  in  China  for  its  fragrant  minute  cream- 
colored  or  yellow  flowers  used  by  the  Chinese  to  perfume  tea,  and  is  everywhere  a 
favorite  garden  plant. 

The  generic  name,  from  barf  and  &t>6os,  relates  to  the  fragrance  of  the  flowers. 

1.  Osmanthus  Americanus,  B.  &  H.   Devil  Wood. 

Leaves  lanceolate-oblong  or  sometimes  obovate,  acute  or  rarely  emarginate  at  the 
apex  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  with  thickened  revolute  margins,  when 


780  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

they  unfold  coated  beneath  with  pale  tomeutum,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coria- 
ceous, glabrous,  bright  green,  lustrous  above,  obscurely  reticulate-venulose,  4'-5' 
long  and  ^'-2'  wide,  with  broad  pale  midribs  and  remote  forked  primary  veins 
arcuate  near  the  margins,  persistent  until  their  second  year;  their  petioles  stout, 
£'_|'  long.  Flowers  opening  in  March  from  pilose  inflorescence-buds  formed  the 
previous  autumn  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  of  the  year,  the  starninate,  pistillate,  and 
perfect  flowers  on  different  individuals  in  3-flowered  clusters,  sessile  or  short-pedicel- 
late, in  pedunculate  cymes  or  short  racemes,  with  scale-like  nearly  triangular  acute 
persistent  bracts;  calyx  puberulous,  with  acute  rigid  lobes,  and  much  shorter  than 
the  creamy  white  corolla  ^'  long  when  expanded,  with  an  elongated  tube  and  short 
spreading  ovate  rounded  lobes;  stamens  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  included  or  slightly  exserted,  small  and  often  rudimentary  in  the  pistilkite 
flower;  ovary  abruptly  contracted  into  a  stout  columnar  style  crowned  with  a  large 
exserted  capitate  stigma,  reduced  in  the  stamiuate  flower  to  a  minute  point.  Fruit 
ripening  early  in  the  autumn,  oblong  or  obovate,  1'  long,  dark  blue,  with  thin  flesh 


and  a  thick  or  sometimes  thin- walled  brittle  ovate  pointed  stone;  seed  ovate,  cov- 
ered with  a  chestnut-brown  coat  marked  by  broad  conspicuous  pale  veins  radiating 
from  the  short  broad  ventral  hilum  and  encircling  the  seed. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  and 
slender  slightly  angled  ultimately  terete  branchlets  light  or  red-brown  and  marked 
by  minute  pale  lenticels,  becoming  ashy  gray  in  their  second  year  and  roughened  by 
the  small  elevated  orbicular  leaf-scars  displaying  a  ring  of  minute  fibro-vascular 
bundle-scars;  usually  much  smaller  and  often  shrubby.  Winter-buds  linear-lance- 
olate, ^'  long,  with  2  thick  lanceolate  reddish  brown  puberulous  scales.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  thin,  dark  gray  or  gray  tinged  with  red,  and  roughened  by  small  thin 
appressed  scales  displaying  in  falling  the  dark  cinnamon  red  inner  bark.  Wood 
heavy,  very  hard  and  strong,  close-grained,  difficult  to  work,  dark  brown,  with  thick 
light  brown  or  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Usually  in  moist  soil  near  the  borders  of  streams  and  Pine-barren 
ponds  and  swamps,  and  occasionally  on  dry  sandy  uplands;  coast  region  of  the  south 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  states,  from  the  valley  of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina, 
to  the  shores  of  the  Kissimmee  River  and  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  and  to  eastern 
Louisiana. 


BORRAGINACE^  781 

LVII.    BORRAGINACE.SJ. 

Scabrous-pubescent  trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  terete  branchlets. 
Leaves  simple,  alternate  or  subverticillate,  penniveined,  persistent  or  tardily 
deciduous,  without  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  in  terminal  or  axillary 
dichotomous  often  scorpioid-branched  cymes  ;  calyx  usually  5-lobed,  persistent 
under  the  fruit ;  corolla  hypogynous,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ; 
stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  opposite  its  lobes  ;  filaments  fili- 
form ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally ;  pistil  of  2 
carpels;  ovary  undivided  (in  the  arborescent  genera  of  the  United  States), 
sessile  on  the  hypogynous  inconspicuous  disk,  more  or  less  completely  4-celled  ; 
style  single,  2-branched  or  parted  toward  the  apex  ;  stigmas  clavate  or  capitate  ; 
ovule  solitary  in  each  cell.  Fruit  drupaceous  (in  the  arborescent  genera  of  the 
United  States),  tipped  with  the  remnants  of  the  style,  with  2-4  nutlets  or 
cells.  Seeds  ascending  ;  seed-coat  membranaceous. 

The  Borage  family  with  eighty-five  genera,  mostly  of  herbaceous  plants,  is 
widely  distributed  and  most  abundant  in  temperate  regions,  especially  in  the 
Mediterranean  basin  and  central  Asia. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Branches  of  the  style  2-branched ;  fruit  partly  or  entirely  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx. 

1.  Cordia. 
Branches  of  the  style  not  branched ;  fruit  not  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Calyx  valvately  splitting  into  5  minute  teeth ;  fruit  with  2-4  1-seeded  nutlets. 

2.  Bourreria. 

Calyx  5-parted  or  cleft,  the  divisions  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  fruit  with  2  2-seeded  nutlets. 

3.  Ehretia. 
1.  CORDIA,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  petiolate  entire  persistent  leaves  and  naked  buds.  Flowers  iu 
terminal  scorpioid-branched  cymes;  calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  conspicuously 
many-ribbed  or  rayed,  the  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla  funnel  form;  anthers 
ovate-oblong1;  ovary  4-celled;  style  slender,  elongated,  2-branched  above  the  middle, 
the  branches  2-parted,  their  division  stigmatic  to  the  base;  ovule  ascending,  laterally 
attached  below  the  middle  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell,  suborthotropous;  micropyle 
superior.  Fruit  entirely  or  partly  inclosed  in  the  thickened  calyx;  flesh  dry  and 
corky  or  sweet  and  juicy;  stone  thick- walled,  hard  and  bony,  1-4-celled,  usually  1 
or  2-seeded.  Seeds  without  albumen;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed;  cotyle- 
dons thick  and  fleshy  or  membranaceous,  longitudinally  plicate  or  corrugated,  much 
shorter  than  the  superior  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Cordia  with  nearly  two  hundred  species  inhabits  the  tropical  and  warm  extratrop- 
ical  regions  of  the  two  hemispheres,  the  largest  number  of  species  being  American. 
Of  the  four  species  found  within  the  territory  of  the  United  States  two  are  trees. 
Some  of  the  species  are  valuable  timber-trees,  and  others  are  cultivated  for  their 
edible  fruits. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Valerius  Cordus  (1515-1544),  the  German  writer 
on  pharmacy  and  botany. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Corolla  orange  or  flame  color  ;  fruit  inclosed  in  the  smooth  glabrous  thickened  ivory-white 

calvx ;  leaves  ovate.  1-  C.  Sebestena  (D). 


782  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Corolla  white  with  a  yellow  centre ;  fruit  entirely  or  partly  inclosed  in  the  thin  many- 
ribbed  tomentose  orange-brown  calyx ;  leaves  oval  or  oblong-ovate. 

2.  C.  Boissierf  (E,  H). 

1.  Cordia  Sebestena,  L.    Geiger-tree. 

Leaves  unfolding  through  a  large  part  of  the  year,  ovate,  short-pointed  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded,  subcordate,  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  entire  or 
remotely  and  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  when  they  nnfold  covered,  like  the 
branches  of  the  inflorescence,  the  outside  of  the  calyx,  and  the  young  branchlets,  with 


thick  dense  rusty  tomentum  and  with  short  rigid  pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and 
firm,  dark  green,  scabrous-pubescent,  or  often  nearly  glabrous  below,  reticulate-venu- 
lose,  5'-6'  long  and  3'-4'  wide,  with  broad  midribs  usually  covered  below  with  pale 
hairs,  especially  in  the  axils  of  remote  primary  veins  connected  by  conspicuous  cross 
veinlets;  their  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  l'-l£'  long.  Flowers  appearing  throughout 
the  year  on  slender  pedicels,  in  open  flat  cymes  6'-7'  in  diameter,  some  individuals 
producing  flowers  with  short  included  stamens  and  elongated  styles,  and  others  with 
exserted  stamens  and  included  styles;  calyx  tubular,  £'— §'  long,  and  obscurely  many- 
rayed,  with  short  nearly  triangular  rigid  teeth;  corolla  orange  or  flame  color,  puber- 
ulous  on  the  outer  surface,  with  a  slender  tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  and 
spreading  rounded  lobes,  irregularly  undulate  on  the  margins  and  I'-l^'  in  diameter 
when  fully  expanded;  ovary  conical,  glabrous,  contracted  into  a  slender  style 
branched  near  the  apex.  Fruit  broadly  ovate,  rather  abruptly  narrowed  and  pointed 
at  the  apex,  concave  at  the  base,  l^'-l^'  long  and  about  f  broad,  inclosed  in  the 
thickened  fibrous  calyx  smooth  and  ivory-white  on  the  outer  surface;  flesh  thin,  pale, 
and  corky,  separable  from  the  irregularly  sulcate  thick-walled  stone  gradually  nar- 
rowed and  acuminate  at  the  apex,  and  deeply  lobed  at  the  base;  seeds  linear-lance- 
olate, ^'  long,  with  a  delicate  white  seed-coat. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  25°-30°  high,  with  a  tall  trunk  5'-6'  in  diameter,  slender  upright 
branches  forming  a  narrow  close  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branchlets  with  thick 
pith,  dark  green  at  first,  becoming  ashy  gray  and  marked  by  large  nearly  orbicular 
cordate  leaf-scars  displaying  2  central  circular  clusters  of  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  £'-f  thick,  dark  brown,  frequently  nearly  black,  and  deeply 
and  irregularly  divided  into  narrow  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  short  thick 


BORRAGINACE^  783 

appressecl  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  brown,  with  thick  light 
brown  or  yellow  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Keys  of  southern  Florida;  common  but  possibly  only  as  an  escape 
from  cultivation;  also  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  on  most  of  the  Antilles,  and  in  Guiana 
and  New  Granada. 

Often  planted  in  tropical  countries  as  an  ornament  of  gardens. 

2.  Cordia  Boissieri,  A.  DC.   Anacahuita. 

Leaves  oval  to  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate 
at  the  base,  entire  or  obscurely  crenulate-serrate,  when  they  unfold  covered  like  the 
branches  of  the  infloresence,  both  surfaces  of  the  calyx  and  the  young  branchlets 
with  rusty  or  dark  brown  tomentum  and  short  white  usually  matted  hairs,  thick  and 
firm,  dark  green,  minutely  rugose  and  more  or  less  scabrous  above,  coated  below  with 
thick  soft  pale  or  rufous  tomentum,  4'-5'  long,  3'-4'  wide,  with  broad  midribs  and 
conspicuous  primary  veins  forked  near  the  margins  and  connected  by  cross  veinlets, 
deciduous  at  the  end  of  their  first  year;  their  petioles  stout,  tomentose,  l'-l|'  long. 
Flowers  opening  from  April  to  June,  slightly  fragrant,  sessile  or  short-pedicellate, 
in  open  terminal  dichotomous  cymes;  calyx  tubular  or  subcampanulate,  conspicu- 
ously many-ribbed,  with  5  linear  acute  teeth,  and  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of 


the  white  corolla,  puberulous  on  the  outer  surface,  marked  in  the  throat  with  a  large 
light  yellow  spot,  the  lobes  rounded,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  2'  across  when  fully 
expanded;  ovary  glabrous,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  2-branched  style. 
Fruit  ovate,  1'  long,  about  f '  broad,  pointed  at  the  apex,  lustrous,  bright  red-brown, 
and  inclosed  entirely  or  partly  by  the  thin  fibrous  now  conspicuously  rayed  orange- 
brown  calyx,  coated  on  the  outer  surface  with  thick  short  pale  tomentum,  and  often 
splitting  nearly  to  the  base;  flesh  thin,  sweet,  and  pulpy,  separating  easily  from  the 
ovate  smooth  light  brown  stone  gradually  narrowed  from  above  the  middle,  faintly 
reticulate-veined,  and  marked  by  4  longitudinal  lines  and  at  the  acuminate  apex 
by  a  deeply  4-lobed  thin  cap,  thick-walled,  hard  and  bony,  deeply  lobed  at  the  base; 
seeds  ovate,  acute,  \'  long,  with  a  thin  delicate  pure  white  coat. 

A  tree,  occasionally  20°-2o°  high,  with  a  short  often  crooked  trunk  6'-8'  in  diam- 
eter, stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  low  round-topped  head,  and  stout  branch- 
lets,  becoming  in  their  second  year  dark  gray  or  brown,  slightly  puberulous,  and 


784  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

marked  by  occasional  large  lenticels  and  by  elevated  obcordate  leaf-scars;  or  often 
a  shrub,  with  numerous  stems  sometimes  only  2°  or  3°  tall.  Bark  of  the  trunk  thin, 
gray  tinged  with  red,  and  irregularly  divided  into  broad  flat  ridges,  the  surface  ulti- 
mately separating  into  long  thin  papery  scales.  Wood  light,  rather  soft,  close- 
grained,  and  dark  brown,  with  thick  light  brown  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Dry  limestone  ridges,  and  depressions  in  the  desert;  valley  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  Texas,  and  southern  New  Mexico,  southward  into  Mexico;  most  abun- 
dant and  of  its  largest  size  in  Nuevo  Leon  between  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande 
and  the  base  of  the  Sierra  Madre. 

2.  BOURRERIA,  P.  Br. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  obovate-oblong  or  ovate  leaves  involute  in  the  bud,  persist- 
ent. Flowers  on  slender  bracteolate  pedicels,  in  terminal  corymbose  many-flowered 
cymes,  with  linear-lanceolate  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  campanulate, 
5-toothed,  the  divisions  closed  and  valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla  white,  campanulate, 
the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  spreading  after  anthesis;  anthers  ovate,  rugulose,  apicu- 
late ;  ovary  incompletely  4-celled  by  the  development  of  the  2  parietal  placentas,  nar- 
rowed into  a  terminal  style  2-parted  at  the  apex,  the  divisions  more  or  less  coalescent; 
stigmas  capitate  ;  ovules  attached  on  the  back  near  the  middle  of  the  inner  face  of  the 
re  volute  placentas,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit  subglobose, 
flesh  thin;  stone  somewhat  4-lobed  and  separable  into  4  thick-walled  bony  1-seeded 
nutlets  rounded  and  furnished  on  the  back  with  a  thick  spongy  longitudinal  many- 
ridged  appendage,  flattened  on  their  converging  inner  faces  and  attached  at  the  apex 
to  a  filiform  column.  Seed  terete,  filling  the  seminal  cell,  longitudinally  incurved 
round  a  rather  small  cavity  opposite  an  elevated  oblong  scar  on  one  of  the  inner 
faces  of  the  nutlet  and  connected  with  the  hilum  by  a  narrow  passage;  seed-coat 
membranaceous,  light  brown;  embryo  axile  in  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  plane; 
radicle  slender,  elongated,  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Bourreria  with  sixteen  to  eighteen  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  one 
species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  J.  A.  Bourrer,  an  apothecary  at  Nuremberg. 

1.  Bourreria  Havanensis,  Miers.    Strong  Back. 

Leaves  obovate-oblong  or  ovate,  acute,  rounded,  apiculate,  or  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  and  entire,  with  thickened  revolute  margins,  covered 
when  they  unfold  with  soft  pale  caducous  hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  coria- 
ceous, conspicuously  reticulate-vennlose,  dark  green  and  lustrous,  or  in  one  form  (var. 
radula,  Gray)  tuberculate-scabrous  or  hispidulous  on  the  upper  surface,  pale  yel- 
low-green and  glabrous  or  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  2'— 3^'  long,  1'— !•£'  wide, 
with  broad  orange-colored  midribs  and  thin  arcuate  veins,  usually  persistent  through 
their  second  summer;  their  petioles  slender,  rigid,  grooved,  f'-l'  long.  Flowers 
opening  in  the  spring  and  late  in  the  autumn  on  pedicels  \'  long  and  furnished 
near  the  middle  with  a  scarious  bractlet  \'  in  length  and  caducous  from  a  persistent 
base,  in  open  glabrous  cymes  3'-4'  in  diameter,  with  slender  branches,  and  small 
bracts;  calyx-teeth  acute,  ciliate  on  the  margins;  corolla  subcampanulate,  creamy 
white,  with  a  short  tube  somewhat  enlarged  in  the  throat,  and  broadly  ovate  spread- 
ing lobes  |'  across  when  expanded;  ovary  conical,  glabrous,  gradually  contracted 
into  a  slender  exserted  style  divided  only  toward  the  apex  or  sometimes  nearly 
entire,  and  crowned  with  2  capitate  stigmas.  Fruit  ripening  early  in  the  autumn, 


BORRAGINACE^: 


785 


or  in  early  spring  from  autumnal  flowers,  bright  orange-red,  f  in  diameter,  with  a 
thick  tough  skin  and  thin  dry  flesh  inclosing  the  4  nutlets,  the  enlarged  spreading 
calyx  becoming  sometimes  ^'  across. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  buttressed  and  often  fluted 

)'  in  diameter,  and  slender  branchlets  light  red  and  pilose,  with  pale 

iduous  hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  dark  red, 


orange  color  or  ashy  gray,  and  sometimes  roughened  by  pale  lenticels,  their  thin 
bark  often  separating  into  delicate  scales;  usually  much  smaller  and  often  a  shrub, 
with  numerous  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  minute,  globose,  covered  with  hoary 
tomentum,  nearly  immersed  in  the  bark.  Bark  of  the  trunk  ^'-|'  thick,  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  more  or  less  fissured  and  divided  on  the  surface  into  thick 
plate-like  irregular  scales.  Wood  hard,  strong,  very  close-grained,  brown  streaked 
with  orange,  with  thick  hardly  distinguishable  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Keys  of  southern  Florida;  common;  also  on  the  Bahama  Islands 
and  on  many  of  the  Antilles. 

3.  EHRETIA,  P.  Br. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  entire  or  dentate  leaves,  and  scaly  buds.  Flowers  small,  in 
terminal  and  axillary  scorpioid  clusters;  calyx  open  or  closed  in  the  bud,  the  divisions 
imbricated,  ovate  or  linear;  corolla  usually  white,  with  a  short  or  cylindrical  tube 
and  spreading  obtuse  lobes;  ovary  oblong-conical,  1-celled  before  anthesis,  becoming 
incompletely  4-celled  by  the  development  of  the  2  parietal  placentas;  style  columnar, 
parted  into  2  divisions  terminating  in  capitate  stigmas;  ovules  attached  laterally  near 
the  middle  on  the  inner  face  of  the  revolute  placentas,  anatropous;  raphe  ventral; 
micropyle  superior.  Fruit  fleshy,  small,  globose,  with  thin  flesh;  stone  separable  into 
2  2-celled  thick-walled  bony  nutlets  rounded  on  the  back,  plane  on  the  inner  face,  and 
attached  to  a  thin  axile  column.  Seed  terete,  usually  erect,  filling  the  longitudinally 
incurved  seminal  cavitv;  seed-coat  thin,  membranaceous,  light  brown;  embryo  axile 
in  thin  albumen ;  cotyledons  ovate,  plane,  shorter  than  the  elongated  superior  radicle 
turned  toward  the  hilum. 

Ehretia  with  about  fifty  species  is  widely  distributed  through  tropical  and  warm 
extratropical  regions  of  the  two  hemispheres,  with  a  single  species  extending  into 
southwestern  Texas. 


786  TEEES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

The  generic  name  commemorates  the  artistic  and  scientific  labors  of  the  German 
botanical  artist,  George  Dionysius  Ehret  (1708-1770). 

1.  Ehretia  elliptica,  DC.   Anaqua.    Kiiackaway. 

Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  pointed  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  gradually  rounded  or 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  entire  or  occasionally  furnished  above  the  middle  with  a 
few  broad  teeth,  conspicuously  reticulate-venulose,  unfolding  late  in  the  winter  and 
then  thin,  light  green,  lustrous,  minutely  tuberculate  and  pilose  above,  and  covered 
below  like  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence,  the  outer  surface  of  the  calyx,  and  the 
young  branchlets  with  ridged  pale  hairs,  often  furnished  with  axillary  tufts  of  white 
hairs,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  subcoriaceous,  dark  green  and  roughened  above  by 
the  enlarged  circular  crowded  pale  tubercles,  and  more  or  less  covered  with  soft  pale 
or  rufous  pubescence  below,  especially  on  the  narrow  midribs  and  numerous  primary 
veins  arcuate  near  the  margins,  irregularly  deciduous  during  the  winter;  their  petioles 
stout,  grooved,  pubescent.  Flowers  opening  from  the  autumn  to  early  spring,  in 
compact  racemose  scorpioid-branched  panicles  2'-3'  long  and  broad,  on  short  leafy 
branches  of  the  year,  with  linear  acute  deciduous  bracts  about  \'  long;  calyx  open 
in  the  bud,  divided  to  the  base  into  5  linear  acute  divisions  and  nearly  as  long  as 


firf  6^7 


the  campanulate  tube  of  the  corolla,  with  ovate  thin  white  lobes  ^'  across  when 
expanded.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn  and  in  the  spring,  light  yellow,  \'  in 
diameter,  with  thin  sweet  rather  juicy  edible  flesh,  and  2  2-seeded  nutlets. 

A  tree,  sometimes  40°-50°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  3°  in  diameter,  stout 
spreading  branches  forming  a  handsome  compact  round-topped  head,  and  slender 
branchlets  without  terminal  buds,  covered  when  they  first  appear,  like  the  under  sur- 
face of  the  leaves,  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence,  and  the  outer  surface  of  the 
calyx  of  the  flower,  with  rigid  hirsute  pale  hairs,  becoming  in  their  first  winter  light 
brown  tinged  with  red,  sometimes  puberulous,  often  roughened  by  numerous  pale 
lenticels,  and  by  small  depressed  obcordate  leaf-scars  displaying  a  short  lunate  row 
of  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars;  usually  much  smaller  within  the  territory  of  the 
United  States,  and  often  a  low  shrub.  Winter-buds  axillary,  minute,  1  or  2  together, 
superposed,  buried  in  the  bark,  and  covered  by  2  pairs  of  dark  scales  persistent 
on  the  base  of  the  growing  branchlet  and  at  maturity  acute,  dark  chestnut-brown, 


VERBENACE^E  787 

coated  with  pale  hairs,  and  sometimes  \'  in  length.  Bark  of  young  stems  and  of 
the  branches  thin,  light  brown,  and  broken  into  thick  appressed  scales,  becoming  on 
old  trunks  sometimes  V  thick,  deeply  furrowed  and  divided  into  long  thick  irregular 
plate-like  scales  gray  or  reddish  brown  on  the  surface  and  separating  into  thin  flakes. 
Wood  heavy,  hard,  not  strong,  close-grained,  difficult  to  split,  light  brown,  with 
thick  slightly  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  River  valleys  in  fertile  soil,  or  as  a  shrub  on  dry  barren  ridges; 
valley  of  the  upper  San  Marcos  River,  western  Texas,  to  the  Rio  Grande;  often 
extremely  common  on  the  bottom-lands  of  western  Texas,  and  probably  of  its  largest 
size  in  the  United  States  on  the  Guadalupe  and  Nueces  rivers  sixty  or  seventy  miles 
from  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  also  through  Nuevo  Leon  and  Coahuila  to 
the  mountains  of  San  Luis  Potosf. 

Often  planted  as  a  shade-tree  in  the  streets  of  cities  and  towns  of  western  Texas 
and  northern  Mexico. 

LVIH.  VERBENACE^l. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  simple  entire  persistent  leaves  without  stipules. 
Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  5-toothed  or  parted,  persistent  under  the  fruit ;  corolla 
4  or  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud  ;  stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla  in  pairs  of  different  lengths,  introrse;  anthers  2-celled,  the  cells 
opening  longitudinally;  ovary  sessile  on  the  annular  disk;  style  simple,  2-lobed 
and  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  or  a  capsule. 

The  Verbena  family  with  nearly  seventy  genera,  largely  composed  of  her- 
baceous plants,  is  widely  scattered  through  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Some  of  the  species  are  important  timber-trees,  the  most  valuable  being  the 
Teak,  Tectoria  grandis,  L.  f.,  of  southeastern  Asia  and  the  Malay  Archipelago, 
and  some  of  the  tropical  species  of  Vitex. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA   OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes  ;  staminodium  1 ;  ovary  imperfectly  4-celled;  ovule 
1  in  each  cell ;  fruit  a  fleshy  drupe.  1.  Citharexylon. 

Flowers  cymose  in  pedunculate  spikes  or  heads  ;  staminodium  0 ;  ovary  1-celled ;  ovules 
suspended  from  the  summit  of  a  free  central  placenta ;  fruit  a  capsule  ;  seed  naked, 
germinating  within  the  fruit.  2.  Avicennia. 

1.  CITHAREXYLON,  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  coriaceous  lustrous  leaves,  slightly  angled  branchlets  with- 
out terminal  buds,  and  minute  axillary  buds.  Flowers  small,  on  short  ebracteolate 
pedicels,  alternate  or  scattered  on  the  filiform  rachis  of  slender  racemes;  calyx 
membranaceous,  tubular-campanulate,  truncate,  minutely  5-toothed,  spreading  and 
cup-shaped  under  the  fruit;  corolla  salver- form,  usually  white,  the  spreading  limb 
somewhat  oblique,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  rounded,  slightly  unequal,  the  2 
posterior  exterior;  stamens  included;  filaments  short,  filiform,  slightly  thickened  at 
the  base,  the  2  anterior  longer  than  the  others;  anthen*  oblong;  staminodium  1,  poste- 
rior, linear,  acute,  rarely  fertile;  ovary  ovate,  incompletely  4-celled  by  the  develop- 
ment of  two  parietal  placentas,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  short  included  style;  ovule 
solitary  in  each  cell,  erect,  attached  laterally  near  the  base,  ascending,  anatropous; 
micropyle  inferior.  Fruit  a  2-stoned  4-seeded  fleshy  drupe  tipped  with  the  remnants 
of  the  style,  with  thin  flesh  and  a  thick-walled  bony  stone  separable  into  2  2-seeded 


788  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

compressed  smooth  light  brown  nutlets  rounded  on  the  back  and  concave  on  the 
inner  face.  Seed  erect,  without  albumen,  filling  the  seminal  cavity;  seed-coat  mem- 
branaceous,  light  brown;  embryo  subterete,  straight;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy, 
oblong,  much  longer  than  the  short  inferior  radicle  turned  toward  the  oblong  basal 
hilum. 

Citharexylon  with  fifteen  to  twenty  species  is  confined  to  tropical  America,  where 
it  is  distributed  from  southern  Florida  through  the  West  Indies  to  southern  Mexico, 
Lower  California,  Bolivia,  and  Brazil. 

The  generic  name,  from  KiBdpa  and  £v\ov,  is  a  translation  of  the  English  West 
Indian  name  Fiddle  Wood,  a  corruption  of  the  earlier  French-colonial  Bois  Fidele, 
in  allusion  to  the  strength  and  toughness  of  the  wood  of  the  trees  of  this  genus. 

1.  Citharexylon  villosum,  Jacq.   Fiddle  Wood. 

Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblong,  acute,  acuminate,  rounded,  or  emarginate  at 
the  apex,  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  with  thickened  slightly  revolute 
margins,  pubescent  while  young  on  the  lower  surface  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  con- 
spicuously reticulate-venulose,  pale  green,  3'-4:'  long  and  !'-!£'  wide,  with  broad 


pale  midribs  rounded  on  the  upper  side  and  remote  prominent  arcuate  veins;  their 
petioles  stout,  grooved,  f  in  length,  separating  in  falling  from  elevated  nearly  circu- 
lar persistent  woody  bases.  Flowers  fragrant,  appearing  throughout  the  year  on 
slender  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  scarious  pubescent  bracts,  in  drooping  axillary  pubes- 
cent racemes  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  branches  and  2'-4'  long;  calyx  coated 
with  pale  hairs,  or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous;  corolla  \'  across  the  expanded  lobes 
of  the  limb,  and  covered  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  tube  with  pale  hairs.  Fruit 
subglobose  to  oblong-ovate,  light  red-brown,  very  lustrous,  £'  in  diameter,  with  thin 
sweet  rather  juicy  flesh,  and  inclosed  nearly  to  the  middle  in  the  cup-like  pale 
brown  slightly  and  irregularly  lobed  or  sometimes  nearly  entire  calyx;  seeds  ob- 
long, narrowed  at  the  rounded  ends,  about  ^'  long. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  rarely  more  than  20°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-6'  in  diameter, 
slender  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  irregularly  shaped  head,  and  slender 
slightly  many-angled  branchlets  light  yellow  and  covered  with  pale  simple  caducous 
hairs  when  they  first  appear,  becoming  in  their  second  year  terete  and  ashy  gray; 


VERBENACE^E  789 

or  often  a  shrub,  with  numerous  low  stems.  Winter-buds  globose,  nearly  immersed 
in  the  bark,  and  covered  with  hoary  pubescence.  Bark  of  the  trunk  Ty-£'  thick, 
light  brown  tinged  with  red,  the  surface  separating  into  minute  appressed  scales. 
Wood  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  clear  bright  red,  with  thin 
lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Cape  Canaveral  to  the  southern  keys,  Florida;  common  and  of 
its  largest  size  in  the  United  States  on  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Miami  River;  northward  usually  a  low  shrub;  also  on  the  Bahamas  and  on 
many  of  the  Antilles. 

2.  AVICENNIA,  L. 

Trees,  with  coriaceous  persistent  leaves,  stout  pithy  branches  thickened  at  the 
nodes  and  marked  by  interpetiolar  lines,  and  long  thick  horizontal  roots  producing 
numerous  short  vertical  thick  and  fleshy  leafless  stems  rising  above  the  surface  of 
the  soil.  Flowers  opposite,  cymose,  in  centripetal  pedunculate  spikes  or  heads,  closely 
invested  by  a  bract  and  2  bractlets,  the  peduncles  solitary  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of 
upper  leaves  and  ternate  on  the  ends  of  the  branches,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  con- 
cave, acute,  apiculate,  keeled  on  the  back,  scarious,  slightly  ciliate  on  the  margins, 
shorter  than  the  corolla,  persistent  under  the  fruit;  calyx  cup-shaped,  coated  like  the 
bracts  and  bractlets  with  canescent  pubescence,  divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  5  con- 
cave ovate  rounded  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  corolla  campanulate,  white,  with  a 
straight  cylindrical  tube  shorter  than  the  glabrous  or  tomentose  spreading  4-lobed 
limb,  the  posterior  lobe  usually  larger  than  the  others;  stamens  exserted;  filaments 
short,  filiform,  slightly  thickened  at  the  base;  anthers  ovate;  ovary  ovate,  pubes- 
cent, 1-celled,  gradually  narrowed  into  an  elongated  slender  style  divided  at  the 
apex  into  2  lobes  stigmatic  on  their  inner  face;  ovules  4,  suspended  from  the  summit 
of  a  free  central  placenta,  orthotropous,  naked.  Fruit  an  ovate  oblique  compressed 
1-seeded  capsule  apiculate  at  the  apex;  pericarp  thin,  light  green,  villose-pubescent 
on  the  outer  surface,  longitudinally  veined  on  the  inner  surface,  opening  by  the 
ventral  suture  and  displaying  the  enlarging  embryo  before  separating  from  the 
branch,  ultimately  2-valved.  Seed  naked,  without  albumen;  embryo  filling  the  cavity 
of  the  fruit,  light  green;  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy,  broader  than  long,  slightly 
pointed,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  unequal,  conduplicate;  radicle  elongated,  clavate, 
retrorsely  hirsute,  inferior,  descending  obliquely  and  included  between  the  lobes  of 
the  cotyledons  slightly  attached  near  the  apex  in  the  bottom  of  the  capsule  to  the 
withered  columella  by  a  minute  papillose  point;  plumule  hairy. 

Avicennia  with  thirty  species  is  widely  distributed  on  maritime  shores  of  the 
tropics  of  the  two  worlds,  with  one  species  reaching  those  of  southern  Florida. 
Avicennia  produces  hard  strong  wood.  The  bark  is  rich  in  tannic  acid,  and  is  used 
for  tanning  leather.  Its  chief  value  is  in  the  ability  of  these  trees  to  live  on  low 
tidal  shores,  by  the  structure  of  the  embryo,  which  is  growing  and  ready  to  take  root 
as  soon  as  it  falls  into  the  soft  mud,  and  of  the  long  horizontal  roots  furnished  with 
short  vertical  fleshy  leafless  branches  or  aerating  roots  and  forming  a  close  network 
which  holds  the  soil  together,  preventing  it  from  being  washed  away  by  outflowing 
tides  and  extending  the  growth  of  the  tree  by  producing  numerous  stems  soon 
forming  dense  thickets. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  the  most  illustrious  physician  of  the  Orient, 
Avicenna  of  Bokhara  (980-1036). 


790  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

1.  Avicennia  nitida,  Jacq.   Black  Mangrove. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-elliptical,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex  and  gradually 
narrowed  at  the  base,  with  slightly  thickened  revolute  margins,  dark  green  and  often 
lustrous  above,  hoary-tomentulose  below,  2'-3'  long  and  |'-1^'  wide,  with  broad  mid- 
ribs thickened  and  grooved  toward  the  base  on  the  upper  side,  oblique  primary 


veins  arcuate  and  joined  close  to  the  margins,  conspicuous  on  the  2  surfaces,  and 
connected  by  prominent  reticulate  veinlets,  appearing  irregularly  and  falling  early 
in  their  second  season;  their  petioles  broad,  channeled,  enlarged  at  the  base,  and 
about  \'  long.  Flowers  produced  continuously  throughout  the  year,  their  bracts 
and  bractlets  nearly  \'  long,  coated  with  pale  or  slightly  rufous  pubescence  and 
about  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  in  few-flowered  short  spikes  or  stout  4-angled 
canescent  peduncles  \'-l\'  in  length,  the  lateral  peduncles  of  the  ternate  terminal 
clusters  subtended  by  oblong  acute  bracts  ^'  long;  corolla  ^'  across  the  expanded 
slightly  tomentose  lobes,  and  nearly  closed  in  the  throat.  Fruit  I'-l^'  long  and  £'-!' 
wide. 

A  tree,  occasionally  60°-70°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  rarely  2°  in  diameter,  spread- 
ing branches  forming  a  broad  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  at  first  slightly 
angled,  coated  with  fine  hoary  deciduous  pubescence,  and  light  orange  color,  becoming 
in  their  second  year  more  or  less  contorted,  light  or  dark  gray,  conspicuously  marked 
by  the  interpetiolar  lines  and  by  horizontal  leaf-scars  displaying  a  central  row  of 
fibro- vascular  bundle-scars;  usually  not  more  than  20°-30°  tall,  with  short  slender 
stems,  and  toward  the  northern  limit  of  its  range  a  low  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk 
\'-\'  thick,  roughened  with  thin  irregularly  appressed  dark  brown  scales  tinged  with 
red,  and  in  falling  displaying  the  bright  orange-red  inner  bark.  Wood  very  heavy, 
hard,  rather  coarse-grained,  with  numerous  medullary  rays  and  eccentric  layers  of 
annual  growth,  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  with  thick  brown  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Florida,  St.  Augustine  to  the  southern  keys  on  the  east  coast,  and 
from  Cedar  Keys  to  Cape  Sable  on  the  west  coast;  also  on  the  Bahama  Islands,  on 
many  of  the  Antilles,  and  southward  to  Brazil;  in  the  United  States  of  its  largest 
size  just  north  of  Cape  Sable;  north  of  Matanzas  Inlet  on  the  east  coast  usually  with 
stems  only  a  few  feet  tall. 


BIGNONIACE^  791 

LIX.  BIGNONIACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  opposite  or  rarely  alternate  simple 
(in  the  arborescent  genera  of  the  United  States)  leaves  without  stipules.  Flow- 
ers perfect,  large  and  showy ;  calyx  closed  in  the  bud,  bilabiately  splitting 
in  anthesis  ;  corolla  hypogynous,  bilabiate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the 
bud  ;  stanfens  2  or  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla,  introrse  ;  anthers  2-celled,  the 
cells  opening  longitudinally  ;  staminodia  1  or  3 ;  ovary  sessile,  1  or  2-celled, 
gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  simple  style  2-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  the 
apex ;  ovules  numerous,  horizontal,  anatropous ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropyle 
superior.  Fruit  a  linear  woody  loculicidally  2-valved  capsule,  or  a  berry.  Seeds 
without  albumen  ;  embryo  filling  the  cavity  of  the  seed. 

The  Bignooia  family  with  about  one  hundred  genera,  many  of  them  of 
scandent  plants,  is  widely  distributed  in  the  tropics  and  most  abundant  in  the 
New  World,  with  a  few  genera  extending  into  temperate  regions.  Of  the  five 
genera  of  the  United  States  three  are  arborescent.  Many  of  the  species  are 
important  timber-trees. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  a  linear  woody  capsule  ;  ovary  2-celled ;  leaves  membranaceous,  deciduous. 

Stamens  4  ;  staminodium  1  ;  leaves  linear,  often  alternate  or  scattered.       1.   Chilopsis. 

Stamens  2  ;  staminodia  3  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  mostly  opposite.  2.  Catalpa. 

Fruit  a  berry;  stamens  4  ;  staminodium  1  ;  ovary  1 -celled;  leaves  coriaceous,  persistent. 

3.  Crescentia. 

1.  CHILOPSIS,  D.  Don. 

A  tree,  with  slender  terete  branches  without  terminal  buds,  minute  compressed 
rusty-pubescent  axillary  buds  covered  by  several  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the 
inner  rows  accrescent,  deeply  furrowed  bark,  soft  coarse-grained  dark-colored  wood, 
and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  opposite,  alternate  or  scattered,  involute  in  the  bud,  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  entire,  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure,  reticu- 
late-venulose,  inembranaceous,  light  green,  smooth  or  glutinous,  short-petiolate  or 
sessile  from  an  enlarged  base,  deciduous,  in  falling  leaving  small  elevated  suborbicular 
scars.  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  from  the  axils  of  ovate  acute  scarious  tomentose 
deciduous  bracts  and  bibracteolate  near  the  middle,  in  short  puberulous  crowded 
racemes  terminal  on  leafy  branches  of  the  year;  calyx  coated  with  pale  toraentum, 
closed  before  anthesis  into  an  ovoid  rounded  apiculate  bud  splitting  to  the  base  into  2 
ovate  divisions,  minutely  toothed  at  the  apex,  the  upper  with  3,  the  lower  with  2  rigid 
teeth,  membranaceous,  dark  green;  corolla  white  shaded  into  pale  purple,  slightly 
oblique,  enlarged  and  blotched  with  yellow  in  the  throat,  the  limb  undulate-margined, 
the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  the  lower  unequally  3-lobed,  the  central  lobe  much  longer  than 
the  others;  stamens  4,  inserted  in  1  row  near  the  base  of  the  corolla,  in  pairs,  introrse; 
filaments  filiform,  glabrous,  the  anterior  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  posterior;  an- 
ther oblong,  the  cells  divergent  in  anthesis;  staminodium  1,  posterior,  linear,  acute; 
ovary  2-celled,  sessile  on  the  thin  nearly  obsolete  annular  disk,  conical,  glabrous, 
gradually  narrowed  into  a  slender  style  divided  at  the  apex  into  2  ovate  flat  rounded 
lobes;  ovules  inserted  in  many  series  on  a  central  placenta.  Fruit  a  slender  elon- 
gated thin-walled  capsule  gradually  narrowed  from  the  middle  to  Hie  ends,  splitting 
loculicidally  into  2  concave  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  inserted  in  2  ranks  near  the 
margin  of  the  thin  flat  woody  septum  free  from  the  walls  of  the  capsule,  compressed, 


792 


TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


oblong;  seed-coat  thin,  light  brown,  longitudinally  veined,  produced  into  broad  lat- 
eral wings  divided  at  their  rounded  ends  into  long  fringes  of  thin  soft  white  hairs; 
cotyledons  plane,  broader  than  long,  slightly  2-lobed  and  rounded  laterally;  radicle 
short,  erect,  turned  toward  the  oblong  basal  hilum. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species,  a  native  of  the  region  adjacent  to  the 
boundary  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 

The  generic  name,  from  x€^os  and  <tyis,  is  without  special  significance. 

1.  Chilopsis  linearis,  DC.    Desert  Willow. 

Leaves  unfolding  in  early  spring,  6'-12'  long  and  £'-£'  wide,  deciduous  during 
the  following  winter.  Flowers  appearing  in  early  summer  in  racemes  3'^4'  long 
and  continuing  to  open  for  several  months  in  succession,  1^'  long  and  about  l\r  across 
the  expanded  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  7'-12'  long,  ^'  thick 
in  the  middle,  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter;  seeds  ^'  long  and  ^'  wide. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  usually  more  or  less  reclining,  often  hollow, 
and  sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  slender  upright  branches  forming  a  narrow  head, 
and  branchlets  glabrous  or  covered  with  dense  tomentum  when  they  first  appear, 


light  chestnut-brown  during  their  first  season,  later  becoming  darker  and  tinged  with 
red,  or  sometimes  ashy  gray;  or  often  a  straggling  shrub.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-%' 
thick,  dark  brown  and  divided  into  broad  branching  ridges  broken  on  the  surface 
into  small  thick  plate-like  scales.  Wood  soft,  not  strong,  close-grained,  brown 
streaked  with  yellow,  with  thin  light-colored  sapwood  of  2  or  3  layers  of  annual 
growth. 

Distribution.  Banks  of  streams,  and  depressions  in  the  desert,  usually  in  dry 
gravelly  porous  soil;  valley  of  the  lower  Rio  Grande,  through  western  Texas,  south- 
ern New  Mexico,  Arizona,  southern  Utah  and  Nevada,  to  San  Diego  County,  Califor- 
nia, and  northern  Mexico. 

Occasionally  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  southern  states,  and  in  Mexico. 

2.  CATALFA,  Scop. 

Trees,  with  stout  terete  branchlets  with  thick  pith,  without  terminal  buds,  minute 
globose  axillary  buds  nearly  immersed  in  the  bark  and  covered  by  numerous  scales, 


BIGNONIACE^E  793 

the  iuner  accrescent,  thin  scaly  bark,  soft  light-colored  wood,  and  fibrous  roots. 
Leaves  opposite  or  in  verticels  of  3,  involute  in  the  bud,  entire  or  lobed,  oblong- 
ovate,  often  cordate,  long-petiolate,  deciduous.  Flowers  on  slender  bracteolate  ped- 
icels, in  terminal  compound  trichotomously  branched  panicles  or  corymbs,  with 
linear-lanceolate  deciduous  bracts  and  bractlets;  calyx  membranaceous,  subglobose, 
closed  and  apiculate  in  the  bud,  in  authesis  splitting  nearly  to  the  base  into  2  broadly 
ovate  entire  pointed  apiculate  lobes;  corolla  thin,  membranaceous,  variously  marked 
and  spotted  on  the  inner  surface,  inserted  on  the  nearly  obsolete  disk,  the  tube 
broad,  campanulate,  occasionally  furnished  on  the  upper  side  near  the  base  with  an 
external  lobed  appendage,  and  oblique  and  enlarged  above  into  a  broad  bilabiate 
limb,  with  spreading  lips  undulate  on  the  margins,  the  posterior  2-parted,  the  ante- 
rior deeply  3-lobed;  stamens  and  staminodia  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla; 
stamens  2,  anterior,  included  or  slightly  exserted;  filaments  flattened,  arcuate;  an- 
thers oblong,  carried  to  the  rear  of  the  corolla  and  face  to  face  on  either  side  of  the 
stigma  by  a  half  turn  of  the  filaments  near  their  base,  the  cells  divergent  in  anthe- 
sis;  staminodia  3,  free,  filiform,  minute  or  rudimentary;  ovary  2-celled,  sessile  on 
the  hypogynous  nearly  obsolete  disk,  abruptly  contracted  into  an  elongated  filiform 
style  divided  at  the  apex  into  2  stigmatic  lobes  exserted  above  the  anthers;  ovules 
inserted  in  many  series  on  a  central  placenta.  Fruit  an  elongated  subterete  capsule 
tapering  from  the  middle  to  the  ends,  persistent  on  the  branches  during  the  winter, 
and  ultimately  splitting  loculicidally  into  2  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  compressed, 
oblong,  inserted  in  2-4  ranks  near  the  margin  of  the  flat  or  more  or  less  thickened 
woody  septum  free  from  the  walls  of  the  capsule;  seed-coat  thin,  light  brown  or 
silvery  gray,  longitudinally  veined,  produced  into  broad  lateral  wings  notched  at 
the  base  of  the  seed  and  divided  at  their  narrowed  or  rounded  ends  into  tufts  of  long 
coarse  white  hairs;  cotyledons  plane,  broader  than  long,  slightly  2-lobed,  rounded 
laterally;  radicle  short,  erect,  turned  toward  the  oblong  conspicuous  basal  hilum. 

Catalpa  with  seven  species  is  confined  to  the  eastern  United  States,  the  West 
Indies,  and  eastern  China,  two  of  the  species  being  North  American.  Catalpa  con- 
tains a  bitter  principle  and  is  a  tonic  and  diuretic,  and  produces  soft  straight-grained 
durable  wood. 

The  generic  name  is  that  by  which  one  of  the  North  American  species  was  known 
among  the  Cherokee  Indians. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES. 

Flowers  in  many-flowered  crowded  panicles  ;  calyx  glabrous ;  corolla  thickly  spotted  on  the 
inner  surface  ;  fruit  slender,  thin-walled  ;  leaves  short-acuminate. 

1.  C.  Catalpa  (C). 

Flowers  in  few-flowered  open  panicles  ;  calyx  often  sparingly  villose  or  pubescent ;    corolla 
inconspicuously  spotted  ;  fruit  stout,  thick-walled  ;  leaves  caudate-acuminate. 

2.  C.  speciosa  (A,  C). 

1.  Catalpa  Catalpa,  Karst.  Catalpa.  Indian  Bean. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  rather  abruptly  contracted  into  slender  points  or  some- 
times rounded  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  entire  or  often  laterally  lobed,  when 
they  unfold  coated  below  with  pale  tomentum  and  pilose  above,  and  at  maturity 
thin  and  firm,  light  green  and  glabrous  on  the  upper,  pale  and  pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface,  5'-6'  long  and  4'-5'  wide,  with  prominent  midribs  and  primary  veins 
arcuate  near  the  margins,  connected  by  reticulate  veinlets  and  furnished  in  the 


794 


TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 


axils  with  clusters  of  dark  hairs,  turniug  black  and  falling  after  the  first  severe  frost 
in  the  autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  terete,  5'-6'  in  length.  Flowers  on  slender 
sparingly  villose  or  glabrous'  pedicels,  in  compact  many-flowered  panicles  8'-10' 
long  and  broad,  with  light  green  branches  tinged  with  purple  ;  calyx  ^'  long,  gla- 
brous, green  or  light  purple  ;  corolla  white,  nearly  2'  long,  !£'  wide,  marked  on  the 


inner  surface  on  the  lower  side  by  2  rows  of  yellow  blotches  following  2  parallel 
ridges  or  folds,  and  in  the  throat  and  on  the  lower  lobes  of  the  limb  by  crowded  con- 
spicuous purple  spots.  Fruit  ripening  in  the  autumn,  in  thick-branched  orange- 
colored  panicles,  remaining  unopened  during  the  winter,  6'-20'  long,  and  \'-^'  thick 
in  the  middle,  with  a  thin  wall  bright  chestnut-brown  on  the  outer  surface  and  light 
olive-brown  and  lustrous  on  the  inner  surface,  splitting  in  the  spring  into  2  flat 
valves;  seeds  about  1'  long,  ^'  wide,  silvery  gray,  with  pointed  wings  terminating 
in  long  pencil-shaped  tufts  of  white  hairs. 

A  tree,  rarely  60°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  3°— 4°  in  diameter,  long  heavy  brit- 
tle branches  forming  a  broad  head,  and  dichotomous  branchlets  green  shaded  with 
purple  when  they  first  appear,  and  during  their  first  winter  thickened  at  the  nodes, 
slightly  puberulous,  lustrous,  light  orange  color  or  gray-brown,  covered  with  a  slight 
glaucous  bloom,  marked  by  large  pale  scattered  lenticels,  and  by  large  oval  elevated 
leaf-scars  containing  a  circle  of  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars  and  persist- 
ent until  the  third  or  fourth  year,  when  the  branches  are  reddish  brown  and  marked 
by  a  network  of  thin  flat  brown  ridges.  Winter-buds  covered  by  chestnut-brown 
broadly  ovate  rounded  slightly  puberulous  loosely  imbricated  scales,  those  of  the 
inner  ranks  when  fully  grown  bright  green,  pubescent,  and  sometimes  2'  in  length. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-^'  thick,  and  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  separating  on  the 
surface  into  large  thin  irregular  scales.  Wood  soft,  not  strong,  coarse-grained, 
very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  light  brown,  with  lighter  colored  often  nearly 
white  sap  wood  of  1  or  2  layers  of  annual  growth;  used  and  highly  valued  for  fence- 
posts  and  rails. 

Distribution.  Usually  supposed  to  be  indigenous  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  of 
southwestern  Georgia,  western  Florida,  and  central  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and 
now  widely  naturalized  through  the  south  Atlantic  states. 

Often  planted   for   the  decoration  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  United 


B1GNONIACEJE 


795 


States,  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern  New  England,  and  in  western,  central,  and 
southern  Europe. 

2.  Catalpa  speciosa,  Engelm.   Western  Catalpa. 

Leaves  oval;  long-pointed,  cordate  at  the  base,  and  usually  entire  or  furnished 
with  1  or  2  lateral  teeth,  when  they  unfold  pilose  above  and  covered  below  and  on  the 
petioles  with  pale  or  rufous  tomentum,  and  at  maturity  thick  and  firm,  dark  green 
above  and  covered  with  soft  pubescence  below,  especially  along  the  stout  midribs 
and  the  primary  veins  marked  in  their  axils  by  large  clusters  of  dark  glands,  10'- 
12'  long,  T-S'  wide,  turning  black  and  falling  after  the  first  severe  frost  of  the 
autumn;  their  petioles  stout,  terete,  4'-6'  in  length.  Flowers  appearing  late  in 
May  or  early  in  June,  on  slender  purple  glabrous  pedicels  furnished  near  the  mid- 
dle with  1-3  bractlets,  in  open  few-flowered  panicles  5'-6'  long  and  broad,  with 
green  or  purple  branches  marked  by  orange-colored  leuticels,  the  lowest  branches 
often  in  the  axils  of  small  leaves;  calyx  purple,  often  sparingly  villose  or  pubes- 
cent on  the  outer  surface;  corolla  white,  conical,  often  spotted  externally  with  pur- 
ple near  the  base,  about  2'  long  and  2^'  wide,  and  marked  internally  on  the  lower 


side  by  2  bands  of  yellow  blotches  following  2  lateral  ridges  and  with  occasional 
purple  spots  spreading  over  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  of  the  limb;  filaments  marked 
near  the  base  by  oblong  purple  spots.  Fruit  8'-20'  long,  £'-f '  in  diameter  near  the 
middle,  with  a  thick  wall  splitting  toward  spring  into  2  concave  valves;  seeds  1' 
long,  \'  wide,  with  a  light  brown  coat  and  wings  rounded  at  the  ends  and  terminat- 
ing in  a  fringe  of  short  hairs. 

A  tree,  in  the  forest  occasionally  120°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  rarely  4£° 
in  diameter,  slender  branches  forming  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets 
light  green  often  tinged  with  purple  and  pilose,  with  scattered  pale  hairs,  when 
they  first  appear,  light  orange  color  or  reddish  brown,  covered  with  a  slight  bloom, 
during  their  first  winter,  and  marked  by  numerous  conspicuous  pale  lenticels  and 
by  the  elevated  oval  leaf-scars  \'  long,  displaying  a  circular  row  of  large  fibro- 
vascular  bundle-scars,  becoming  darker  in  their  second  and  third  years;  usually 
smaller,  and  in  open  situations  rarely  more  than  50°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  and  a 
broad  head  of  spreading  branches.  Winter-buds  covered  by  loosely  imbricated 
ovate  chestnut-brown  scales  keeled  on  the  back,  slightly  apiculate  at  the  apex,  those 


796  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

of  the  inner  ranks  at  maturity  foliaceous,  obovate,  acute,  gradually  narrowed  below 
to  a  sessile  base,  many-nerved,  with  dark  veins,  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  and 
sometimes  2^'  long  and  |'  wide.  Bark  of  the  trunk  f '-!'  thick,  brown  tinged  with 
red,  and  broken  on  the  surface  into  thick  scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  not  strong, 
coarse-grained,  very  durable  in  contact  with  the  soil,  light  brown,  with  thin  nearly 
white  sap  wood  of  1  or  2  layers  of  annual  growth;  largely  used  for  railway-ties, 
fence-posts,  and  rails,  and  occasionally  for  furniture  and  the  interior  finish  of 
houses. 

Distribution.  Borders  of  streams  and  ponds,  and  fertile  often  inundated  bot- 
tom-lands; valley  of  the  Vermilion  River,  Illinois,  through  southern  Illinois  and 
Indiana,  western  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  southeastern  Missouri  and  northeastern 
Arkansas;  very  abundant  and  probably  of  its  largest  size  in  southern  Illinois  and 
Indiana;  naturalized  through  cultivation  in  southern  Arkansas,  western  Louisiana, 
and  eastern  Texas. 

Often  planted  in  the  prairie  region  of  the  Mississippi  basin  as  a  timber-tree,  and 
as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  states,  and  now  in  many  other 
regions  with  temperate  climates. 

3.   CRESCENTIA,  L. 

Trees,  with  scaly  bark,  and  stout  slightly  angled  branchlets.  Leaves  alternate, 
short-petiolate,  persistent.  Flowers  solitary,  or  in  few-flowered  fascicles  on  long 
bibracteolate  peduncles  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves  or  from  the  sides  of  the 
branches;  calyx  coriaceous,  splitting  in  anthesis  into  2  unequal  broad  divisions, 
or  sometimes  slightly  5-lobed,  deciduous;  corolla  inserted  under  the  hypogynous 
pulvinate  fleshy  disk,  yellow  streaked  with  purple,  or  dingy  purple,  tubular-campan- 
ulate,  more  or  less  veutricose  on  the  lower  side  by  a  transverse  fold,  abruptly  dilated 
into  an  oblique  2-lipped  obscurely  5-lobed  laciniately  toothed  limb;  stamens  4, 
inserted  in  2  ranks  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  in  pairs  of  different  lengths,  introrse, 
included  or  slightly  exserted;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  the  cells  divergent; 
staminodium  solitary,  posterior,  often  0;  ovary  sessile,  1-celled,  ovate-conical,  gradu- 
ally narrowed  into  an  elongated  simple  exserted  style  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  the  lobes 
stigmatic  on  their  inner  face;  ovules  in  many  ranks  on  2  thickened  2-lobed  lateral 
parietal  placentas.  Fruit  baccate,  many-seeded,  with  flesh  ultimately  becoming  hard, 
light  brown  and  separable  into  2  layers,  the  inner  thin  and  membranaceous,  filled 
with  the  united  and  thickened  fleshy  or  spongy  placentas  attached  at  the  base  by  a 
cluster  of  thick  fibro-vascular  bundles.  Seeds  imbedded  irregularly  in  the  placental 
mass,  compressed,  suborbicular,  cordate  above  and  below  and  deeply  grooved  on 
the  2  faces;  embryo  filling  the  seminal  cavity,  flattened,  and  thick  and  fleshy,  deeply 
grooved,  becoming  black  in  drying;  radicle  minute,  turned  toward  the  hilurn. 

Crescentia  with  five  or  six  species  is  tropical  American,  and  is  distributed  from 
southern  Florida  through  the  Antilles  to  southern  Mexico  and  to  Brazil.  The  Cala- 
bash-tree, Crescentia  Cujete,  L.,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  and  now  planted  in  all 
tropical  countries,  is  the  most  useful  member  of  the  genus.  The  hard  woody  shell 
is  largely  used  for  drinking-cups,  vases,  and  all  sorts  of  domestic  vessels;  the  pulp 
is  emollient  and  astringent,  and  the  wood  is  used  in  cabinet-making. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Pietro  de'  Crescenzi  (1233-1320),  the  distin- 
guished Italian  writer  on  agriculture. 


BIGNONIACE^E 


797 


1.  Crescentia  cucurbitina,  L.    Black  Calabash  Tree. 

Leaves  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  obovate-oblong  or  ovate-oblong, 
contracted  into  short  broad  points  or  rarely  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,' 
gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  entire,  with  cartilaginous  slightly  revolute  mar- 
gins, coriaceous,  dark  green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  and  yellow-green  below,  6'-8' 
long  and  l|'-4'  wide,  with  broad  stout  midribs  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side, 


conspicuous  primary  veins  arcuate  and  united  near  the  margins,  and  reticulate  vein- 
lets,  unfolding  in  the  spring  and  persistent  until  their  second  year;  their  petioles 
thick,  covered  with  glands,  and  about  \'  long.  Flowers  appearing  in  April  and  May 
and  also  in  the  autumn,  bad-smelling,  on  thick  drooping  peduncles  solitary  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  l£'-2'  long,  furnished  below  the  middle  with  2  minute  rigid 
acute  bractlets  and  enlarged  at  the  apex  into  the  thick  oblique  receptacles;  calyx 
light  green  and  slightly  glandular  at  the  base,  splitting  nearly  to  the  bottom  into 
2  ovate  pointed  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  corolla  thick  and 
leathery,  dull  purple  or  creamy  white,  and  marked  by  narrow  purple  bands  on  the 
lower  side,  and  2'  long,  with  a  narrow  tube  creamy  white  within  and  slightly  con- 
tracted above  the  base,  the  limb  erosely  cut  on  the  margins  and  obscurely  2-lipped, 
the  upper  lip  slightly  divided  into  2  reflexed  lobes,  the  lower  obscurely  3-lobed; 
stamens  inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  those  of  the  anterior 
pair  below  the  others  and  above  the  linear  staminodium;  ovary  obliquely  conical. 
Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  3'^'  long,  l^'-2'  wide,  umbonate,  dark  green,  minutely  rugose- 
punctulate,  and  marked  with  4  obscure  longitudinal  ridges  corresponding  with  the 
margins  and  midribs  of  the  carpellary  leaves,  raised  on  the  thickened  woody  disk  and 
pendent  on  a  stout  drooping  stalk  l£'-2'  long  and  much  enlarged  at  the  apex;  shell 
^'  thick,  ultimately  hard  and  brittle,  lustrous  on  the  outer  surface  and  lined  with  a 
thin  membranaceous  shining  light  brown  coat  marked  by  the  broad  placental  scars; 
seeds  $'  long  and  broad  and  \'  thick,  with  a  minute  lateral  hilum  just  above  the 
basal  sinus;  seed-coat  of  2  layers,  the  outer  thin,  dark  reddish  brown,  rugose,  and 
separable  from  the  thick  pale  felt-like  inner  layer;  cotyledons  with  2  ear-like  folds 
near  the  base,  inclosing  the  radicle  in  their  lower  sinus. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  18°-20°  high,  with  a  trunk  4'-5'  in  diameter,  long  slender  droop- 
ing branches  covered  with  wart-like  excrescences,  and  stout  slightly  angled  branch- 


798  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

lets  roughened  and  somewhat  enlarged  at  the  nodes  by  the  thickening  of  the  large 
crowded  cup-shaped  persistent  woody  bases  of  the  leaves,  and  covered  with  thin 
creamy  white  bark  becoming  dark  or  ashy  gray  in  their  third  year.  Winter-buds 
with  linear  acute  apiculate  scales  becoming  woody,  and  persistent  for  one  or  two 
years.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  |'  thick,  light  brown  tinged  with  red,  and  irregularly 
divided  into  large  thin  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  thin,  light 
brown  or  orange  color,  with  lighter  colored  sap  wood. 

Distribution.  Florida  only  near  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  on  rich  hummocks; 
common  on  the  shores  of  the  Bahamas  and  of  many  of  the  Antilles,  and  southward 
to  southern  Mexico,  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  to  Venezuela. 

B.  Ovary  inferior  {partly  superior  in  Caprifoliacece). 

LX.  RUBIACE^J. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  and  opposite  simple  entire  leaves  turning 
black  in  drying,  with  stipules.  Flowers  regular,  perfect ;  calyx-tube  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  its  limb  4  or  5-lobed  or  toothed  ;  corolla  4  or  5-lobed  ;  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  and  alternate  witli  its  lobes  ; 
filaments  free,  or  united  at  the  base ;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  cells  open- 
ing longitudinally  ;  disk  epigynous,  annular ;  ovary  inferior ;  style  slender ; 
ovules  numerous,  or  1  in  each  cell ;  raphe  ventral ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit 
capsular,  akene-like,  or  drupaceous.  Seeds  with  albumen ;  seed-coat  membra- 
naceous. 

The  Madder  family  with  some  three  hundred  and  fifty  genera  is  chiefly 
tropical,  with  a  few  herbaceous  genera  confined  exclusively  to  temperate  re- 
gions. To  this  family  belong  the  Coffee,  the  Cinchonas,  South  American  trees 
yielding  quinine  from  their  bark,  and  the  plant  which  produces  ipecacuanha,  a 
species  of  Cephaelis  and  a  native  of  Brazil,  the  Gardenia  and  several  other 
plants  cultivated  for  their  fragrant  flowers. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Fruit  a  capsule  ;  seeds  numerous,  surrounded  by  a  wing  ;  parts  of  the  flower  in  5's. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  unequal,  sometimes  developing  into  rose-colored  leaf -like  bodies  ; 
filaments  free,  wing  of  the  seeds  broad,  oblong-ovate,  unsymmetrical  on  the  sides ; 
leaves  deciduous.  1.  Finckneya. 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  filaments  united  into  a  short  tube  ;  wing  of  the  seed  narrow,  symmetri- 
cal ;  leaves  persistent.  2.  Exostema. 

Fruit  akene-like,  1  or  2-seeded  ;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4's  or  rarely  in  5's,  flowers  in  pedun- 
culate globose  heads  ;  leaves  deciduous.  3.  Cephalanthus. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  with  a  4-celled  stone  ;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4's  ;  leaves  persistent. 

4.  Guettarda. 
1.  PINCKNEYA,  Michx. 

A  tree,  with  fibrous  roots,  scaly  light  brown  bitter  bark,  resinous  scaly  buds,  stout 
terete  pithy  branchlets  coated  while  young  with  hoary  tomentnm,  becoming  glabrous, 
and  marked  by  scattered  minute  white  lenticels  and  large  nearly  orbicular  or  obcor- 
date  leaf-scars  displaying  a  lunate  row  of  numerous  crowded  fibro-vascnlar  bundle- 
scars.  Leaves  complanate  in  the  bud,  oblong-oval  or  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  wedge- 
shaped  at  the  base,  and  gradually  narrowed  into  long  stout  petioles,  membranaceous, 


RUBIACE^E  799 

coated  at  first  with  pale  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  dark  green  and  puberulous 
above,  paler  and  puberulous  below,  especially  along  the  stout  midribs  and  primary 
veins,  deciduous;  stipules  interpetiolar,  conspicuously  glandular-punctate  at  the  base 
on  the  inner  face,  inclosing  the  leaf  in  the  bud,  triangular,  subulate,  pink,  becoming 
oblong,  acute,  scarious,  light  brown,  caducous.  Flowers  in  pedunculate  terminal 
and  axillary  pubescent  trichotpmous  few-flowered  cymes,  with  linear-lanceolate 
acute  bracts  and  bractlets  at  first  pink,  becoming  scarious,  deciduous,  or  sometimes 
enlarging  and  rose-colored;  flower-buds  sulcate,  coated  with  thick  pale  tomentum; 
calyx-tube  clavate,  bracteolate  at  the  base,  covered  with  hoary  tomentum,  not  closed 
in  the  bud,  the  limb  o-lobed,  with  subulate-lanceolate  lobes  green  tinged  with  pink, 
scarious,  or  in  the  central  flower  of  the  ultimate  division  of  the  cyme  with  1  or 
rarely  with  2  of  the  lobes  produced  into  oval  or  ovate  acute  rose-colored  puberulous 
raembranaceous  leaf-like  bodies,  deciduous;  corolla  salver-form,  light  yellow,  cinereo- 
tomentose,  with  a  long  narrow  tube  somewhat  enlarged  in  the  throat,  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  oblong,  obtuse,  marked  by  red  lines  and  pilose,  with  long 
white  hairs  on  the  inner  surface,  recurved  after  anthesis;  stamens  exserted;  filaments 
filiform,  free;  anthers  oblong,  emarginate;  ovary  2-celled;  style  filiform,  exserted, 
slightly  enlarged,  2-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  the  apex;  ovules  numerous,  inserted  in  2 
ranks  on  a  thin  2-lipped  placenta  longitudinally  adnate  to  the  inner  face  of  the  cell. 
Fruit  a  subglobose  obscurely  2-lobed  2-celled  capsule,  loculicidally  2-valved,  the 
valves  thin  and  papery,  light  brown,  puberulous,  especially  at  the  base,  faintly  rayed, 
marked  by  oblong  pale  spots  and  by  the  scars  left  by  the  falling  of  the  deciduous 
calyx  limb  and  style,  sometimes  tardily  septicidally  2-parted  to  the  middle,  persistent 
on  the  branches  during  the  winter,  the  valves  finally  falling  from  the  woody  axis, 
their  outer  layer  very  thin,  brittle,  separable  from  the  slightly  thicker  tough  woody 
inner  layer.  Seeds  horizontal,  2-ranked,  minute,  compressed;  seed-coat  thin,  light 
brown,  reticulate-veined,  produced  into  a  broad  thin  oblong-ovate  wing,  unsymmet- 
rical  on  the  sides,  acute  at  the  apex,  and  larger  above  than  below  the  seeds;  embrvo 
elongated,  immersed  in  the  thick  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  ovate-oblong,  foliaceous, 
larger  than  the  terete  radicle  turned  toward  the  hilum. 

The  genus  is  represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  southern  United  States. 
The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Charles   Cotesworth   Pinckney  (1746-1825)  of 
South  Carolina,  the  Revolutionary  patriot. 

1.  Pinckneya  pubens,  Michx.    Georgia  Bark. 

Leaves  unfolding  in  March,  5'-8'  long,  3'— 4'  wide,  their  petioles  f'-l-jj'  in  length. 
Flowers  1^'  long  appearing  late  in  May  and  early  in  June,  in  open  clusters  7'-8' 
across,  their  petaloid  calyx-lobes  sometimes  2^'  long  and  ^'  wide.  Fruit  ripening  in 
the  autumn  1'  long  and  |-'  wide;  seeds  with  their  wings  about  ^'  long  and  J'  wide. 

A  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  trunk  occasionally  8'-10'  in  diameter,  slender  spread- 
ing branches  forming  usually  a  narrow  round-topped  head,  and  branchlets  coated 
when  they  first  appear  with  hoary  tomentum,  soon  turning  light  red-brown,  pubes- 
cent during  the  summer,  and  slightly  puberulous  during  their  first  winter,  ultimately 
becoming  glabrous.  Winter-buds:  terminal  ovate,  terete,  \'  long,  contracted  above 
the  middle  into  slender  points,  and  covered  with  the  dark  red-brown  lanceolate-acute 
stipules  of  the  last  pair  of  leaves  of  the  previous  year,  often  persistent  at  the  base  of 
the  growing  shoots  and  marked  at  the  base  by  2  broadly  ovate  pale  scar-like  slightly 
pilose  elevations;  axillary  obtuse,  minute  or  nearly  immersed  in  the  bark.  Bark  of 
the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  with  a  light  brown  surface  divided  into  minute  appressed 


800 


TREES   OF   NOKTH   AMERICA 


scales.  Wood  close-grained,  soft,  weak,  brown,  with  lighter-colored  sapwood  of 
8-10  layers  of  annual  growth.  The  bark  has  been  used  in  the  treatment  of  inter- 
mittent fevers. 

Distribution.  Low  wet  sandy  swamps  on  the  borders  of  streams;  coast  region  of 
South  Carolina  to  the  basin  of  the  upper  Appalachicola  River  and  its  tributaries  in 
Florida  and  Georgia;  rare  and  local. 

2.  EXOSTEMA,  Rich. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  terete  branchlets,  and  bitter  bark.  Leaves  sessile  or  petio- 
late,  persistent;  stipules  interpetiolar,  deciduous.  Flowers  axillary,  fragrant,  pedun- 
culate, the  peduncles  bibracteolate  above  the  middle;  calyx-tube  ovoid,  clavate  or 
turbinate,  the  limb  short,  5-lobed,  its  lobes  nearly  triangular,  persistent;  corolla 
5-lobed,  white,  funnel-shaped,  the  tube  long  and  narrow,  erect,  the  lobes  of  the  limb 
linear,  elongated,  spreading,  imbricated  in  the  bud;  filaments  filiform,  united  at 
the  base  into  a  tube  inserted  on  and  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  anthers 
oblong,  linear;  ovary  2-celled;  style  elongated,  slender,  exserted;  stigma  capitate, 
simple  or  minutely  2-lobed;  ovules  numerous,  attached  on  the  2  sides  of  a  fleshy 
oblong  peltate  placenta  fixed  to  the  inner  face  of  the  cell,  ascending.  Fruit  a  many- 
seeded  2-celled  capsule  septicidally  2-valved,  the  valves  2-parted,  their  outer  layer 
membranaceous,  separable  from  the  crustaceous  inner  layer.  Seeds  compressed, 
oblong,  imbricated  downward  on  the  placenta;  seed-coat  chestnut-brown,  lustrous, 
produced  into  a  narrow  wing;  embryo  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  flat; 
radicle  terete,  inferior. 

Exostema  with  about  twenty  species  is  confined  to  the  tropics  of  America,  and  is 
most  abundant  in  the  Antilles,  one  species  reaching  the  shores  of  southern  Florida. 
The  bark  contains  active  tonic  properties,  and  has  been  used  as  a  febrifuge. 

The  generic  name,  from  e|o>  and  o-r^/xa,  relates  to  the  long  exserted  stamens. 


1.  Exostema  Caribaeum,  R.  &  S.   Prince  Wood. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  contracted  into  slender  points  and  apiculate  at 
the  apex,  wedge-shaped  and  gradually  narrowed  at  the  base,  entire,  thick  and  coria- 
ceous, clark  green  on  the  upper  surface  and  yellow-green  on  the  lower,  l£'-3'  long 
and  \'-l\'  wide,  with  prominent  orange-colored  midribs  and  conspicuous  reticulate 


RUBIACE^E 


801 


veiulets,  unfolding  in  the  autumn  and  in  early  spring  and  summer,  and  persistent 
for  1  or  2  years;  their  petioles  slender,  orange-colored,  £'-£'  long;  stipules  nearly 
triangular,  apiculate,  with  entire  dentate  or  ciliate  margins,  about  Jg'  long,  and  in 
falling  marking  the  branchlets  with  ring-like  scars.  Flowers  appearing  from 
March  until  June,  about  3'  long,  on  1-flowered  peduncles;  calyx-tube  ovate;  corolla 
glabrous;  filaments  united  into  a  short  tube.  Fruit  f  long,  becoming  black  in 
drying;  seeds  oblong,  £'  long,  with  a  dark  brown  papillose  coat  and  a  light  brown 
wing. 

A  glabrous  tree,  in  Florida  sometimes  20°-25°  high,  with  a  trunk  10'-12'  in  diam- 
eter, slender  erect  branches  forming  a  narrow  head,  and  terete  brauchlets  dark  green 


at  first,  soon  becoming  dark  red-brown  and  covered  with  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their 
second  year  ashy  gray  and  conspicuously  marked  by  the  elevated  leaf-scars.  Bark 
of  the  trunk  about  £'  thick,  and  divided  by  deep  fissures  into  square  smooth  pale  or 
nearly  white  plates.  Wood  very  heavy,  exceedingly  hard,  strong,  close-grained, 
light  brown  handsomely  streaked  with  different  shades  of  yellow  and  brown,  with 
bright  yellow  sapwood  of  12-20  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Keys  of  southern  Florida;  abundant  on  Key  West  and  Upper 
Metacombe  Keys;  also  on  many  of  the  Antilles,  in  southern  Mexico,  and  on  the  west 
coast  of  Nicaragua. 

3.  CEFHALANTHUS,  L. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  petiolate  leaves,  interpetiolar 
stipules,  and  scaly  buds.  Flowers  nectariferous,  yellow  or  creamy  white,  sessile  in 
the  axils  of  glandular  bracts,  in  dense  globose  pedunculate  terminal  or  axillary  soli- 
tary or  panicled  heads;  receptacle  globose,  setose;  calyx-tube  obpyramidal,  with  a 
short  limb  unequally  4  or  5-toothed  or  lobed;  corolla  tubular  funnel-form,  divided 
into  4  or  5  short  spreading  or  reflexed  lobes  usually  furnished  with  a  minute  dark 
gland  at  the  base  or  on  the  side  of  each  sinus,  puberulous  on  the  inner  surface  of  the 
tube,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla; 
filaments  short;  anthers  linear-oblong,  sagittate,  apiculate  at  the  base;  pistil  of  2 
carpels;  ovary  2-celled;  style  filiform,  elongated;  stigma  clavate,  entire;  ovule  soli- 
tary in  each  cell,  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell  on  a  short  papillose  funicle. 
Fruit  obpyramidal,  coriaceous,  2-coccous.  Seeds  oblong,  pendulous,  covered  at  the 


802  TREES   OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

apex  by  a  white  spongy  aril;  embryo  straight  in  cartilaginous  albumen;  cotyledons 
oblong,  obtuse;  radicle  elongated,  superior. 

Cephalanthus  with  five  species  is  widely  distributed  in  North  and  South  America, 
and  in  southern  and  eastern  Asia,  and  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

The  generic  name,  from  nf<f>a\-f)  and  &v6os,  relates  to  the  capitate  inflorescence. 

1.  Cephalanthus  occidentalis,  L.    Button  Bush. 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  cuneate  at  the  base,  mernbranaceous,  dark  green  on  the  upper,  paler  and  glabrous 
or  puberulous  on  the  lower  surface,  4' -7'  long  and  l'-3^'  wide,  with  stout  light  yel- 
low midribs  and  5  or  6  pairs  of  slender  primary  veins  nearly  parallel  with  the  sides 
of  the  leaf,  deciduous  or  persistent  during  the  winter;  their  petioles  stout,  grooved, 
glabrous  or  puberulous,  £'-f  in  length;  stipules  minute,  nearly  triangular.  Flow- 
ers: flower-heads  panicled,  I'-l^'  in  diameter;  flowers  creamy  white,  very  fragrant, 
opening  from  the  middle  of  May  in  Florida  and  Texas  to  the  middle  of  August  in 
Canada  and  on  the  mountains  of  California;  calyx  usually  4  or  occasionally  5-lobed, 
with  short  rounded  lobes,  and  slightly  villose  toward  the  base;  corolla  glandular  or 


eglandular;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  included,  discharging  their  pollen  before  the  flow- 
ers open;  disk  thin  and  obscure.  Fruit  ripening  late  in  the  autumn  in  heads  f'-f'  in 
diameter,  green  tinged  with  red  and  ultimately  dark  red-brown. 

A  tree,  occasionally  40°-50°  high,  with  a  straight  tapering  trunk  a  foot  in  diam- 
eter, and  frequently  free  of  limbs  for  15°-20°,  ascending  and  spreading  branches, 
and  stout  branchlets  with  a  thick  pith,  glabrous  and  marked  by  large  oblong  pale 
lenticels  and  developed  mostly  in  verticels  of  3's  from  the  axillary  buds  of  one  of 
the  upper  nodes,  without  terminal  buds,  light  green  when  they  first  appear,  pale 
reddish  brown,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  during  their  first  winter  and  then 
marked  by  small  semicircular  leaf-scars  displaying  semilunate  fibro-vascular  bun- 
dle-scars, and  connected  by  the  persistent  black  stipules  or  by  their  subulate  scars, 
darker  the  following  season,  and  dark  brown  in  their  third  year,  the  bark  then 
beginning  to  separate  into  the  large  loose  scales  found  on  the  large  branches  and 
on  the  stems  of  small  plants;  usually  a  shrub,  only  a  few  feet  high.  Winter-buds 
axillary,  single  or  in  pairs  or  in  3's  one  above  the  other,  minute,  nearly  immersed  in 


RUBIACE.E  803 

the  bark.  Bark  of  large  trunks  dark  gray-brown  or  often  nearly  black,  divided  by 
deep  fissures  into  broad  flat  ridges  broken  on  the  surface  into  elongated  narrow 
scales.  The  bark  contains  tannin,  and  has  been  used  in  the  treatment  of  fevers  and 
in  homoeopathic  practice. 

Distribution.  Swamps  and  the  low  wet  borders  of  ponds  and  streams;  New 
Brunswick  to  Ontario  and  eastern  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  southward  to  Florida, 
Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  and  widely  distributed  in  California;  also  in 
Mexico  and  Cuba;  very  rarely  arborescent  at  the  north  and  of  its  largest  size  on 
the  margins  of  river-bottoms  and  swamps,  and  in  pond  holes  in  southern  Arkansas 
and  eastern  Texas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  northeastern  states  as  an  ornamental  plant, 

4.  GUETTARDA,  Endl. 

Small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  bark,  opposite  or  rarely  verticellate  leaves,  inter- 
petiolar  deciduous  stipules,  and  scaly  buds.  Flowers  sessile,  with  or  without  bracts, 
in  axillary  forked  pedunculate  cymes,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  lanceolate,  acute,  mi- 
nute, deciduous;  calyx  globose,  the  limb  produced  above  the  ovary  into  an  elongated 
4-lobed  tube;  corolla  salver-shaped,  with  an  elongated  cylindrical  tube  naked  in  the 
throat,  and  a  4-lobed  limb,  the  oblong  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  included; 
filaments  free,  short;  anthers  oblong-linear;  ovary  4-celled,  the  cells  elongated,  tubu- 
lar; style  stout;  stigma  capitate;  ovule  solitary,  suspended  on  the  thickened  funicle 
from  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell.  Fruit  a  fleshy  1 -stoned  4-9-seeded  subglobose 
drupe,  with  thin  flesh,  and  a  bony  or  ligneous  globose  stone  obtusely  angled  or  sul- 
cate,  4-9-celled,  the  cells  narrow  and  often  curved  upward.  Seeds  compressed,  sus- 
pended on  the  thick  funicles  closing  the  orifice  of  the  wall  of  the  stone,  straight  or 
excurved;  albumen  thin  and  fleshy;  embryo  elongated,  cylindrical  or  compressed; 
cotyledons  flat,  minute,  not  longer  than  the  elongated  terete  radicle  turned  toward 
the  hilum. 

Guettarda  with  about  fifty  species  is  chiefly  tropical  American,  with  one  species 
widely  distributed  on  maritime  shores  from  eastern  tropical  Africa  to  Australia  and 
the  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Of  the  two  species  found  within  the  territory  of 
the  United  States  one  is  arborescent.  The  bark  of  some  of  the  species  is  occasion- 
ally employed  as  a  tonic  and  febrifuge,  and  a  few  species  are  cultivated  in  tropical 
gardens  for  the  delightful  fragrance  of  their  white  flowers. 

The  generic  name  is  in  honor  of  Jean  Etienne  Guettard  (1715-1786),  the  distin- 
guished French  botanist  and  mineralogist. 

1.  Guettarda  elliptica,  Sw. 

Leaves  broadly  oval  to  elliptical-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse  and  apiculate  at  the 
apex,  and  wedge-shaped  and  rounded  at  the  base,  when  they  unfold  covered  with 
pale  silky  hairs,  and  at  maturity  membranaceous,  dark  green,  pilose  or  glabrate 
above,  lighter  colored  and  pubescent  below,  especially  along  the  stout  midribs  and  in 
the  axils  of  the  4-6  pairs  of  primary  veins,  f '-2£'  long  and  £'-!'  wide,  unfolding  in 
Florida  in  May  and  June  and  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  trees  begin  their 
growth  the  following  year;  their  petioles  stout,  hairy,  \'-^f  in  length.  Flowers 
appearing  in  Florida  in  June,  yellowish  white,  $•'  long,  in  slender  hairy-stemmed 
cymes  from  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  or  from 
bud-scales  at  the  base  of  young  shoots,  their  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves, 


804  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

forked  near  the  apex,  with  a  flower  in  the  fork  and  3  at  the  end  of  each  branch,  or 
the  lateral  flowers  of  these  clusters  replaced  by  branches  producing  3  flowers  at 
their  apex,  the  bractlets  subtending  the  branches  of  the  peduncle,  and  the  lateral 
flowers  of  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  inflorescence  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  coated 


with  hairs,  about  Ty  long,  deciduous;  calyx-lobes  nearly  triangular,  acute,  coated 
on  the  outer  surface  with  long  pale  hairs,  and  half  as  long  as  the  erect  corolla 
canescent  externally,  with  rounded  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  November,  dark  purple, 
pilose,  £'  in  diameter,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  persistent  calyx-tube,  the 
flesh  sweet  and  mealy;  stone  obscurely  ridged  and  usually  2-4-seeded;  seeds  ob- 
long-lanceolate, compressed,  nearly  straight,  with  a  thin  pale  coat. 

A  tree,  in  Florida  occasionally  18°-20°  high,  with  an  irregularly  buttressed  or 
lobed  trunk  5' -6'  in  diameter,  the  deep  depressions  between  the  lobes  continuous  or 
often  interrupted,  small  upright  branches,  and  thin  terete  branchlets  coated  when 
they  first  appear  with  long  pale  or  rufous  hairs  and  light  red-brown  or  ashy  gray 
and  conspicuously  marked  by  pale  lenticels,  and  in  their  second  year  by  large  ele- 
vated orbicular  leaf-scars.  Winter-buds  acuminate,  light  brown,  coated  with  pale 
pubescence,  and  about  ^'  long.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  y^'  thick,  with  a  smooth 
dark  brown  surface  covered  with  large  irregularly  shaped  pale  blotches  and  numer- 
ous small  white  spots.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  very  close-grained,  light  brown  tinged 
with  red,  witli  thin  sapwood  of  6-10  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Coast  of  the  southern  keys,  Florida;  also  on  the  Bahama  Islands 
and  Jamaica. 

LXI.  CAPRIFOLIACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  juice,  opposite  petiolate  leaves  involute  in 
the  bud,  usually  without  stipules,  scaly  buds,  and  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  reg- 
ular, perfect,  articulated  with  the  pedicels  in  terminal  compound  cymes  ;  calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  5-toothed ;  corolla  epigyrious,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  im- 
bricated in  the  bud ;  stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  as  many 
as  and  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  filaments  slender,  free  ;  anthers  oblong,  introrse, 
2-celled,  the  cells  opening  longitudinally  ;  disk  0  (in  the  arborescent  genera  of 
the  United  States)  ;  ovary  inferior  or  partly  superior,  3-5  or  1-celled  ;  style 
short,  capitate,  3-5-lobed  and  stigmatic  at  the  apex ;  ovule  solitary,  suspended 


CAPRIFOLIACE^:  805 

from  the  apex  of  the  cell,  resupinate  ;  raphe  dorsal  ;  micropyle  superior.  Fruit 
drupaceous,  crowned  with  the  remnants  of  the  style.  Seeds  with  copious  fleshy 
albumen  ;  seed-coat  membranaceous,  adherent  to  the  albumen;  embryo  minute, 
near  the  hilum  ;  cotyledons  ovoid  or  ovate  ;  radicle  terete,  erect. 

The  Honeysuckle  family  with  ten  genera  is  most  abundant  in  the  temper- 
ate regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  with  a  few  species  extending  into  the 
tropics  and  to  beyond  the  tropics  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  Many  of  the 
species,  especially  of  Lonicera,  Sambucus,  and  Viburnum,  are  cultivated  in 
gardens  for  the  beauty  of  thei»  flowers  and  fruits. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  GENERA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate  ;  fruit  with  3-5  nutlets.  1.  Sambucus. 

Leaves  simple  ;  fruit  with  1  stone.  2.  Viburnum. 

1.  SAMBUCUS,  L.   Elder. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  stout  branches  containing  thick  white  or  dark  yellow-brown 
pith,  and  scaly  buds.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  deciduous,  with  serrate  or  laciniate 
leaflets,  the  base  of  the  petioles  naked,  glandular  or  furnished  with  a  stipule-like 
leaflet;  stipels  small,  usually  setaceous,  often  0.  Flowers  small,  in  broad  terminal 
corymbose  cymes,  their  bracts  and  bractlets  lanceolate,  acute,  scarious,  caducous, 
the  bractlets  sometimes  0;  calyx-tube  ovoid,  the  limb  3-5-lobed  or  toothed;  corolla 
rotate  or  slightly  campanulate,  equally  3-5-parted;  stamens  5;  filaments  filiform  or 
subulate;  ovary  inferior  or  partly  superior,  3-5-celled;  style  abbreviated,  thick,  and 
conical,  3-5-lobed,  and  stigmatic  at  the  apex.  Fruit  subglobose,  with  juicy  flesh,  and 
3-5  oblong  cartilaginous  punctate-rugulose  1-seeded  nutlets  full  and  rounded  on 
the  back  and  rounded  at  the  ends.  Seeds  filling  the  cavity  of  the  nutlets,  pale 
brown;  cotyledons  ovoid. 

Sambucus  with  about  twelve  species  is  widely  and  generally  distributed  through 
the  temperate  parts  of  North  America,  Europe,  and  Asia,  and  inhabits  high  mountain 
ranges  within  the  tropics,  and  Australia,  Tasmania,  and  New  Zealand.  Of  the  four 
North  American  species  two  are  arborescent.  Sambucus  possesses  cathartic  and 
emetic  properties  in  the  bark;  the  flowers  are  excitant  and  sudorific,  and  the  juice 
of  the  fruit  is  alterative  and  laxative.  The  dried  flowers  of  the  European  Sam- 
bucus nigra,  L.,  are  used  in  the  preparation  of  an  aromatic  distilled  water  and  in 
flavoring  lard,  and  the  hard  and  compact  wood  is  made  into  combs  and  mathematical 
instruments.  The  large  pithy  shoots  furnish  children  with  pop-guns,  pipes,  and 
whistles;  and  the  fruit  of  some  of  the  species  is  cooked  and  eaten. 

Sambucus,  the  name  of  the  Elder-tree,  is  believed  to  have  been  derived  from 
i,  a  musical  instrument,  probably  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  the  pithy  stems. 


CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Leaves  and  voung-  shoots  more  or  less  pubescent  or  cinereo-canescent  ;  fruit  without  bloom. 

1.  S.  Mexicana  (E,  G,  H). 

Leaves  and  young-  shoots  glabrous  ;  fruit  whitened  by  a  glaucous  bloom. 

2.  S.  glauca  (B,  F,  G). 


806  TREES    OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

1:  Sambucus  Mexicana,  DC. 

(Sambucus  Canadensis,  var.  Mexicana,  Silva  N.  Am.  v.  88.) 

Leaves  3^'-7'  long,  with  stout  pubescent  or  glabrate  petioles  usually  naked  at 
the  base,  and  5  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  long  slender 
points,  sharply  serrate,  with  incurved  glandular-tipped  teeth,  except  at  the  entire 
wedge-shaped  or  more  or  less  unequally  rounded  base,  when  they  unfold  more  or 
less  covered  with  pale  pubescence,  and  at  maturity  dark  yellow-green,  pubescent, 
especially  on  the  broad  midribs  and  primary  veins,  or  nearly  glabrous,  thick  and 
firm,  l£'-6'  long,  £'-2^'  wide,  increasing  in  size  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the 
leaf,  their  petiolules  slender,  that  of  the  terminal  leaflet  sometimes  |-'  long  and 
much  longer  than  those  of  the  lateral  leaflets;  stipels  on  vigorous  shoots  sometimes 


$'  long,  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  and  on  fertile  branches  subulate  or  oblong,  much  smaller 
and  often  0.  Flowers  -|'  in  diameter,  appearing  from  March  to  July,  in  flat  pubes- 
cent long-branched  cymes  6'-8'  in  diameter;  calyx  5-lobed;  corolla  rotate,  5-parted, 
creamy  white,  with  ovate-oblong  divisions  rounded  at  the  apex.  Fruit  ^'  in  diameter, 
nearly  black,  lustrous,  rather  juicy. 

A  tree  25°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  often  abruptly  enlarged  at  the  base  and 
sometimes  a  foot  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  compact  round- 
topped  head,  and  branchlets  light  green  when  they  first  appear  and  more  or  less 
covered  with  pale  pubescence,  or  glabrate  or  sometimes  coated  with  canescent 
tomentum,  and  at  the  end  of  their  first  year  pale,  or  light  brown  tinged  with  red, 
and  roughened  by  elevated  lenticels.  Bark  of  the  trunk  about  \'  thick,  the  light 
brown  surface  tinged  with  red  and  broken  into  long  narrow  horizontal  ridge-like 
scales.  Wood  light,  soft,  close-grained,  light  brown,  with  thin  lighter-colored  sap- 
wood  of  two  or  three  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Bottom-lands  in  moist  gravelly  loam ;  valley  of  the  Nueces  River, 
through  western  Texas,  and  southern  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  to  southern  Califor- 
nia and  Lower  California,  and  southward  through  Mexico  to  Central  America,  and 
on  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  Plumas  County,  California. 

Often  planted  in  northern  Mexico  and  in  Lower  California  in  the  neighborhood  of 
houses  as  a  shade-tree,  and  for  the  fruit  which  is  eaten  by  Mexicans  and  Indians. 


CAPRIFOLIACE^:  807 

2.  Sambucus  glauca,  Nutt. 

Leaves  o'-T  long,  with  stout  grooved  petioles  much  enlarged  and  naked  or  some- 
times furnished  at  the  base  with  leaf-like  appendages,  and  5-9  ovate  or  narrowly 
oblong  leaflets  contracted  at  the  apex  into  long  narrow  points,  unequally  wedge- 
shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base,  and  coarsely  serrate,  with  spreading  or  slightly 


incurved  callous-tipped  teeth,  the  lower  leaflets  often  3-parted  or  pinnate  and  the 
terminal  one  sometimes  furnished  with  1  or  2  lateral  stalked  leaflets,  when  they 
unfold  yellow-green  on  the  upper,  pale  on  the  lower  surface,  and  covered  with  scat- 
tered pale  hairs,  and  at  maturity  glabrous,  thin,  rather  firm  in  texture,  bright  green 
above  and  pale  below,  2'-6'  long  and  ^'-1^'  wide,  with  narrow  pale  midribs,  incon- 
spicuous veins,  and  slender  petiolules  \'~%  long  on  the  lateral  leaflets  and  sometimes 
l^'-2'  long  on  the  terminal  leaflet;  stipels  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  entire,  ^'-\'  long,  caducous,  often  0.  Flowers  \'  in  diameter,  appearing  from 
April  in  southern  California  to  July  in  British  Columbia,  in  flat  long-branched 
glabrous  cymes  4'-6'  wide,  with  linear  acute  green  caducous  bracts  and  bractlets, 
the  lower  branches  often  from  the  axils  of  upper  leaves ;  flower-buds  globose,  cov- 
ered with  a  glaucous  bloom,  sometimes  turning  red  before  opening;  calyx  ovoid, 
and  red-brown,  with  acute  scarious  lobes;  corolla  rotate,  yellowish  white,  with  oblong 
divisions  rounded  at  the  apex,  as  long  as  the  stamens.  Fruit  subglobose,  \'  in 
diameter,  blue-black,  whitened  with  a  thick  mealy  bloom;  flesh  rather  sweet  and 
juicy. 

A  tree,.  30°-50°  high,  with  a  tall  straight  trunk  sometimes  enlarged  at  the  base 
and  12'-18'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  branches  forming  a  compact  round-topped 
head,  and  branchlets  usually  without  terminal  buds,  green  tinged  with  red  or  brown 
when  they  first  appear,  and  covered  with  short  white  caducous  hairs,  stout,  slightly 
angled,  covered  with  lustrous  red-brown  bark  in  their  first  winter  and  nearly  encircled 
by  the  large  triangular  leaf-scars  marked  by  conspicuous  fibre-vascular  bundle- 
scars;  often  a  broad  shrub,  with  numerous  spreading  stems.  Winter-buds  axillary, 
generally  in  pairs,  superposed  or  in  clusters  of  4  or  5,  only  the  upper  bud  or  some- 
times the  lower  usually  developing,  covered  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  opposite  broadly 
ovate  chestnut-brown  scales,  those  of  the  inner  rank  accrescent,  and  at  maturity  acute, 
entire,  green,  1'  long,  and  sometimes  developing  into  pinnate  leaves  2'-3'  in  length. 


808  TREES   OF   NORTH   AMERICA 

Bark  of  the  trunk  deeply  and  irregularly  fissured,  the  dark  brown  surface  slightly 
tinged  with  red  and  broken  into  small  square  appressed  scales.  Wood  light,  soft, 
weak,  coarse-grained,  yellow  tinged  with  brown,  with  thin  lighter  colored  sapwood. 

Distribution.  Gravelly  rather  dry  soil  of  valleys  and  river-bottoms;  British 
Columbia  to  the  southern  borders  of  California,  and  eastward  to  the  Blue  Mountains 
of  Oregon,  the  Wasatch  Mountains  of  Utah,  and  to  northern  Montana;  very  abun- 
dant in  the  coast  region;  comparatively  rare . in  the  interior;  of  its  largest  size  in 
the  valleys  of  western  Oregon;  northward,  and  east  of  the  Cascade  and  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains  rarely  arborescent. 

Occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  plant  in  the  Pacific  states. 

2.  VIBURNUM,  A.  L.  de  Juss. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  tough  flexible  branchlets,  and  large  winter-buds  enveloped 
in  one  pair  of  scales.  Leaves  deciduous,  without  stipules,  the  first  pair  rudimentary, 
with  small  blades  and  broad  boat-shaped  petioles,  caducous  (in  the  North  American 
arborescent  species).  Flowers  on  short  bracteolate  or  bibracteolate  pedicels,  in 
terminal  or  axillary  umbel-like  flat  or  panicled  cymes,  their  bracts  and  bractlets 
minute,  lanceolate,  acute,  caducous;  calyx-tube  cylindrical,  the  limb  short,  equally 
5-lobed,  persistent  on  the  fruit;  corolla  rotate,  equally  5-lobed,  spreading  and 
reflexed  after  anthesis;  stamens  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments  elon- 
gated, exserted ;  anthers  bright  yellow;  ovary  inferior,  1-celled ;  style  conical,  divided 
at  the  apex  into  three  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  1-celled,  with  thin  sweet  acidulous  or 
oily  flesh;  stone  (in  the  North  American  arborescent  species)  coriaceous,  oval,  short- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  much  flattened,  dull  reddish  brown,  slightly  pitted.  Seed  filling 
the  cavity  of  the  stone,  concave  on  the  ventral  face,  bright  reddish  brown,  the  thin 
coat  projected  into  a  red  narrow  irregular  often  erose  marginal  border. 

Viburnum  with  about  eighty  species  is  widely  and  generally  distributed  through 
the  temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  occurs  on  the  mountains 
of  central  and  western  South  America,  on  the  Antilles,  the  islands  of  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  and  Madagascar.  Of  the  fifteen  North  American  species  three  are 
small  trees.  Many  of  the  species  produce  beautiful  flowers  and  fruits,  and  are  fre- 
quently cultivated  as  ornaments  of  parks  and  gardens. 

Viburnum  is  the  classical  name  of  one  of  the  European  species. 

CONSPECTUS  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  ARBORESCENT  SPECIES. 

Petioles  wing-margined. 

Winter-buds  long-pointed,  scurfy-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  usually  acuminate. 

1.  V.  Lentago  (A,  C,  F). 

Winter-buds   short-pointed,   ferrugineo-tomentose ;    leaves    elliptical-ovate  or  elliptical- 
obovate,  usually  rounded  at  the  apex.  2.  V.  rufidulum  (A,  C). 

Petioles  usually  without  margins ;  winter-buds  short-pointed  or  obtuse,  rufous-pubescent  ; 
leaves  ovate,  oval,  or  suborbicular,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex. 

3.  V.  prunifolium  (A,  C). 

1.  Viburnum  Lentago,  L.    Sheepberry.    Nannyberry. 

Leaves  ovate,  usually  acuminate,  with  short  or  elongated  points,  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base  and  sharply 
serrate,  with  incurved  callous-tipped  teeth,  when  they  unfold  bronze-green,  lustrous, 


CAPRIFOLIACILE  809 

coated  on  both  surfaces  of  the  midribs  and  on  the  petioles  with  thick  rufous  pubes- 
cence, slightly  pilose  on  the  upper  surface  and  covered  on  the  lower  with  short  pale 
hairs,  and  at  maturity  bright  green  and  lustrous  above,  yellow-green  and  marked  by 
minute  black  dots  below,  2£'-3'  long  and  l'-l£'  wide,  with  slender  midribs  and  primary 
veins  connected  by  conspicuous  reticulate  veinlets,  turning  in  the  autumn  before  falling 
deep  orange-red  or  red  and  orange  color;  their  petioles  broad,  grooved,  more  or  less 
interruptedly  winged  or  occasionally  wingless,  1/-1£'  long,  those  of  the  first  pair  of 
leaves  covered  with  thick  rufous  tomentum.  Flowers  about  ^'  in  diameter,  slightly 
fragrant,  appearing  from  the  middle  of  April  to  the  1st  of  June  in  stout-branched 
scurfy  flat  cymes  3'-5'  in  diameter,  with  nearly  triangular  green  caducous  bracts  and 
bractlets  about  Ty  in  length;  calyx-tube  slender,  ovoid,  with  minute  triangular  acute 
lobes;  corolla  pale  cream  color  or  nearly  white,  with  ovate  lobes  acute  and  slightly 
erose  at  the  apex;  style  thick,  light  green,  crowned  with  a  broad  stigma.  Fruit 


ripening  in  September  on  slender  drooping  stalks,  in  red-stemmed  few-fruited  clus- 
ters, oval,  thick-skinned,  sweet  and  rather  juicy,  black  or  dark  blue,  and  covered 
with  a  glaucous  bloom ;  stone  about  -£'  long  and  T^'  wide. 

A  bushy  tree,  20°-30°  high,  with  a  short  trunk  8'-10'  in  diameter,  slender  rather 
pendulous  branches  forming  a  compact  round-topped  head,  and  thin  divergent 
branchlets  light  green,  slightly  covered  with  rufous  pubescence  at  first,  and  in  their 
first  winter  light  red,  scurfy,  marked  by  occasional  dark  orange-colored  lenttcels  and 
by  narrow  leaf-scars  displaying  3  conspicuous  fibro-vascular  bundle-scars,  becoming 
in  their  second  year  dark  reddish  brown  and  sometimes  covered  with  a  glaucous 
bloom.  Winter-buds  light  red,  generally  covered  with  pale  scurfy  pubescence, 
those  containing  flower-bearing  branchlets  £'  in  length,  obovate,  swollen  below  the 
middle  and  then  abruptly  contracted  into  long  narrow  tapering  points,  and  subtended 
by  2  minute  lateral  generally  abortive  buds  formed  in  the  axils  of  the  last  leaves  of 
the  previous  year,  the  buds  inclosing  sterile  shoots  lanceolate,  acute,  slightly  angled, 
about  \'  long;  axillary  buds  acute,  flattened  by  pressure  against  the  stem,  and  much 
smaller  than  the  terminal  buds.  Bark  of  the  trunk  reddish  brown  and  irregularly 
broken  into  small  thick  plates  divided  on  their  surface  into  minute  thin  appressed 
scales.  Wood  bad-smelling,  heavy,  hard,  close-grained,  dark  orange-brown,  with 
thin  nearly  white  sap  wood. 


810  TREES    OF   NORTH    AMERICA 

Distribution.  Rocky  hillsides,  along  the  borders  of  forests,  or  near  the  banks  of 
streams  and  the  margins  of  swamps,  in  moist  soil;  valley  of  the  Riviere  du  Loup, 
Province  of  Quebec,  to  Saskatchewan,  and  southward  through  the  northern  states  to 
southern  Indiana,  and  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia,  and  to 
eastern  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  South  Dakota  and  the  Big  Horn  Mountains  of  Wyo- 
ming; in  northern  New  England  frequently  springing  up  in  fence-rows  and  along 
the  margins  of  roadsides. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  United  States, 
and  occasionally  in  Europe. 

2.  Viburnum  rufidulum,  Raf.   Black  Haw. 

Leaves  elliptical-ovate  or  elliptical-obovate,  rounded  and  occasionally  acute  or 
obtuse  at  the  short-pointed  apex,  rounded  or  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  and  finely  ser- 
rate, with  slender  apiculate  straight  or  incurved  teeth,  when  they  unfold  covered  below 
and  on  the  wings  of  the  petioles  with  thick  ferrugineous  tomentum  and  at  maturity 
coriaceous,  dark  green  and  very  lustrous  above,  pale  and  dull  below,  usually  about 
3'  long  and  f -1^'  wide,  with  stout  yellow  midribs,  numerous  slender  primary  veins, 
and  reticulate  veinlets  more  or  less  covered  below  throughout  the  season  with  the 
rufous  tomentum  also  occasionally  found  on  the  upper  side  of  the  midribs;  their  peti- 
oles stout,  grooved,  £'-• f '  long,  and  margined  with  broad  or  narrow  wings.  Flowers  ^' 
in  diameter,  in  compound  sessile  ,or  stalked  3-5  but  usually  4-rayed  thick-stemmed 
ferrugineo-pubescent  corymbs  often  5'-6'  in  diameter,  with  minute  subulate  bracts 
and  bractlets;  calyx  obconic,  with  short  rounded  lobes;  corolla  creamy  white,  with 


orbicular  or  oblong  rounded  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  in  few-fruited  droop- 
ing red-stemmed  clusters,  oblong  or  slightly  obovate,  bright  blue  covered  with  a 
glaucous  bloom,  and  £'-•§'  long;  stone  £'  long  and  about  \'  wide. 

A  tree,  often  40°  high,  with  a  trunk  12'-18'  in  diameter,  short  thick  branches 
forming  an  open  irregular  head,  and  stout  branchlets  marked  by  numerous  small 
red-brown  or  orange  lenticels,  when  they  first  appear  more  or  less  coated  with  fer- 
rugineous tomentum,  ashy  gray  during  their  first  winter,  and  dark  dull  red-brown  in 
their  second  season.  Winter-buds  ferrugineo-tomentose,  those  containing  flower- 
bearing  branchlets  broadly  ovate,  full  and  rounded  at  the  base,  abruptly  narrowed 
above,  and  short-pointed  and  obtuse  at  the  apex,  compressed,  often  £'  long  and  \' 


CAPRIFOLIACE^E 


811 


wide,  and  rather  larger  than  those  containing  sterile  branchlets;  axillary  buds  acute, 
flattened  by  pressure  against  the  stems,  and  much  smaller  than  the  terminal  buds. 
Bark  of  the  trunk  $•'-£'  thick,  separating  into  narrow  rounded  ridges  divided  by 
numerous  cross  fissures,  and  roughened  by  small  plate-like  dark  brown  scales  tinged 
with  red.  Wood  bad-smelling. 

Distribution.  Dry  upland  woods  and  the  margins  of  river-bottom  lands;  south- 
western Virginia  and  southern  Illinois  to  Hernando  County,  Florida,  southeastern 
Kansas  and  the  valley  of  the  Guadalupe  River,  Texas;  most  abundant  and  of  its 
largest  size  in  southern  Arkansas,  western  Louisiana,  and  eastern  Texas. 

Occasionally  cultivated  in  the  eastern  states,  and  hardy  as  far  north  as  eastern 
Massachusetts. 

3.  Viburnum  prunifolium,  L.  Black  Haw.    Stag  Bush. 

Leaves  ovate  or  rarely  obovate,  oval  or  suborbicular,  rounded,  acute,  or  short- 
pointed  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  rounded  at  the  base,  and  usually  rather  re- 
motely or  sometimes  finely  serrate,  with  rigid  incurved  callous-tipped  teeth,  when 


they  unfold  lustrous  and  tinged  with  red,  glabrous  on  the  lower  surface  and  covered 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  midribs  and  on  the  bright  red  petioles  with  scattered  red- 
dish hairs,  and  at  maturity  firm  or  sometimes  coriaceous,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  pale  and  glabrous  below,  with  slender  primary  veins  connected  by  reticulate 
veinlets,  1'-  3'  long  and  ^'-3'  wide,  in  the  autumn  turning  brilliant  scarlet  or  dark 
vinous  red  before  falling;  their  petioles  terete,  grooved,  £'-•§'  long,  and  on  vigorous 
shoots  sometimes  narrowly  wing-margined.  Flowers  ^'  in  diameter  on  slender 
pedicels  bibracteolate  at  the  apex,  in  glabrous  cymes  2'^!'  in  diameter,  with  subulate 
bracts  about  Ty  long,  usually  red  above  the  middle,  and  caducous;  calyx  narrowly 
obovate,  with  short  rounded  lobes  often  tipped  with  pink;  corolla  pure  white,  with 
oval  or  nearly  orbicular  lobes.  Fruit  ripening  in  October,  in  few-fruited  red-stemmed 
clusters,  persistent  on  the  branches  until  the  beginning  of  winter,  oval  or  slightly 
obovate,  ^'-f'  long,  dark  blue,  and  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom;  stone  about  \' 
long  and  \'  wide. 

A  bushy  tree,  occasionally  20°-  30°  high,  with  a  short  and  usually  crooked  trunk 
6'-8'  in  diameter,  stout  spreading  rigid  branches  beset  with  slender  spine-like 
branchlets,  bright  red  and  glabrous  when  they  first  appear,  soon  turning  green,  and 


812  TREES   OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

in  their  first  winter  gray  tinged  with  red,  covered  with  a  slight  bloom,  and  marked 
by  orange-colored  lenticels  and  by  the  large  lunate  leaf-scars  displaying  3  fibre-vas- 
cular bundle-scars,  and  ultimately  dark  brown  tinged  with  red;  or  often  a  low  intri- 
cately branched  shrub.  Winter-buds  short-pointed  or  obtuse,  rufous-pubescent, 
those  containing  flower-bearing  branches  about  £'  long  and  \'  wide,  and  about  twice 
as  large  as  those  containing  sterile  branchlets;  axillary  buds  acute,  flattened,  much 
smaller  than  the  terminal  buds.  Bark  of  the  trunk  \'-  ^'  thick,  and  broken  into 
thick  irregularly  shaped  plate-like  red-brown  scales.  Wood  heavy,  hard,  strong, 
brittle,  close-grained,  brown  tinged  with  red,  with  thick  nearly  white  sapwood  of 
20-30  layers  of  annual  growth. 

Distribution.  Dry  rocky  hillsides,  and  fence-rows  and  the  sides  of  roads;  Fair- 
field  County,  Connecticut,  and  the  valley  of  the  lower  Hudson  River,  New  York, 
southward  along  the  Alleghany  Mountains  to  northern  Georgia,  and  westward  to 
southern  Missouri. 

Often  cultivated  as  an  ornament  of  parks  and  gardens  in  the  eastern  United 
States,  and  occasionally  in  western  and  northern  Europe. 


GLOSSARY   OF   TECHNICAL  TERMS 
AND  INDEX 


GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS 


Accrescent.   Increasing  in  size  with  age. 
Accumbeitf.   Lying  against,  as  the  radicle  against  the 

edges  of  the  cotyledons. 
Acuminate.    Gradually  tapering  to  the  apex. 
Arute.    Pointed. 

Adnate.    Congenially  united  to. 
Adrnititinus.    Said  of  buds  produced  without  order 

from  any  part  of  the  stem. 
sExtimtion .   The  arrangement  of  the  parts  of  a  flower 

in  the  bud. 
Akcne  or  achene.   A  small  dry  and  hard,   1-celled, 

1-seeded,  indehiscent  fruit. 
Albumen.   The  deposit  of  nutritive  material  within 

the  coats  of  a  seed  and  surrounding  the  embryo. 
A  Hit-ill.    A    unisexual  spike    of   flowers    with   scaly 

bracts,  usually  deciduous  in  one  piece. 
A  nijih  itropous.  Descriptive  of  an  ovule  with  the  hilum 

intermediate  between  the  micropyle  and  chalaza. 
Anatropous.    Descriptive  of  a  reversed  ovule,  with  the 

micropyle  close  by  the  side  of  the  hiluin,  and  cha- 
laza at  the  opposite  end. 

Andro-dicecious.  With  perfect  flowers   on  one  indi- 
vidual and  staminate  flowers  only  on  another. 
Androffynotu.    An  inflorescence  composed  of  male 

and  female  flowers. 

Aw/ioxperinse.   Plants  with  seeds  borne  in  a  pericarp. 
Annular.   In  the  form  of  a  ring. 
Ant/  riijr.  The  front  side  of  a  flower,  that  is  averse 

from  the  axis  of  inflorescence. 

A  nttier.   The  part  of  the  stamen  containing  the  pollen. 
Antfiesis.   The  act  of  opening  of  a  flower. 
Apftiilous.    Having  no  petals. 
Apex.   The  top,  as  the  end  of  the  leaf  opposite  the 

petiole. 

Apl  ml  ale.   Ending  in  a  short  pointed  tip. 
Apophysis.  An  enlargement  or  swelling  of  the  surface 

of  an  organ. 

Arcuate.   Moderately  curved. 
Areotate.   Marked  by  areolae  or  spaces  marked  out  on 

a  surface. 
Aril.   An  extraneous  seed-coat  or  covering,   or  an 

appendage  growing  about  the  hilum  of  a  seed. 
Ari/oi/l.   Furnished  with  an  aril. 
Ariftiite.   Furnished  with  awns. 
Articulate.   Jointed  or  having  the  appearance  of  a 

joint. 
Auriclfd  or  auriculate.   Furnished  with  an  auricle  or 

ear-shaped  appendage. 
Aril.    The  angle  formed  on  the  upper  side  of  the 

attachment  of  a  leaf  with  a  stem. 
Axillary.   In  or  from  an  axil. 

Baccate.   Berry-like. 

Bark.   The  rind  or  cortical  covering  of  a  stem. 

Berry.   A  fruit  with  a  homogeneous  fleshy  pericarp. 

Biji innate.   Doubly  or  twice  pinnate. 

Bract.  The  more  or  less  modified  leaf  of  a  flower- 
cluster. 

Bracteate.   Furnished  with  bracts. 

Bractfolate.   Furnished  with  bractlets. 

Brnc/let.  The  bract  of  a  pedicel  or  ultimate  flower- 
stalk. 

Branch.*  A  secondary  axis  or  division  of  a  trunk. 

Brnnchl et.    An  ultimate  division  of  a  branch. 

liii'l.  The  undeveloped  state  of  a  branch  or  flower- 
cluster  with  or  without  scales. 

Bud-scales.   Reduced  leaves  covering  a  bud. 

Calyx.   The  flower-cup  or  exterior  part  of  a  perianth. 


Campanulate.   Bell-shaped,  or  elongated  cup-shaped. 

Campylotropous.  Descriptive  of  an  ovule  or  seed 

curved  in  its  formation  so  as  to  bring  the  micropyle 

or  apex  down  near  the  hilum. 

Canescent.   Hoary,  with  gray  or  whitish  pubescence. 
Capsule.   A  dry  dehiscent  fruit  of  more  than  one 

carpel. 
Carpel.   A  simple  pistil  or  an  element  of  a  compound 

pistil. 

Catkin.   The  same  as  an  ament. 
Caudate.   Furnished  with  a  tail,  or  with  a  slender 

tip  or  appendage. 
Centripetal.   Developing  from  without  toward  the 

centre. 
Chalaza.  The  part  of  an  ovule  where  the  coats  and 

'nucleus  are  confluent. 
Chartaceous.    Having  the  texture  of  paper. 
CUiate.    Fringed  with  hairs. 
Cinereous.    Ashy  gray. 

Circinnate.   Involute  from  the  apex  into  a  coil. 
Circumscissile.  Circularly  and  transversely  dehiscent. 
Clarate.    Club-shaped. 
Cocci.     Portions    into    which    a    lobed    fruit    with 

1-seeded  cells  splits  up. 

Cochleate.  Shell-shaped,  spiral  like  the  shell  of  a  snail. 
Columetla.   The  persistent  axis  of  a  capsule. 
Commissure.  The  face  by  which  2  carpels  unite. 
Complanate.   Flattened. 
Conduplicate.   Folded  together  lengthwise. 
Cone.   An  inflorescence  or  fruit  formed  of  imbricated 

scales. 

Conferruminate.  Stuck  together  by  adjacent  faces. 
Connate.   United  congenitally. 
Connective.  The  portion  of  a  stamen  which  connects 

the  two  cells  or  lobes  of  an  anther. 
Contortuplicate.   Twisted  and  plaited,  or  folded. 
Convolute.   Rolled  up  from  the  sides. 
Cordate.   Heart-shaped. 
Coriaceous.   Of  the  texture  of  leather. 
Corymb.  A  flat-topped  or  convex  open  flower-cluster, 

the  flowers  opening  from  the  outside  inward. 
Corymbose.    Said  of  flowers  arranged  in  corymbs. 
Cotyledons.    The  leaves  of  the  embryo. 
Crenate.   Scalloped. 
Crenulate.   The  diminutive  of  crenate. 
Critstnceoiis.   Of  hard  brittle  texture. 
Cucullate.    Hooded  or  hood-shaped. 
Cuneate.   Wedge-shaped,  or  triangular  with  an  acute 

angle  downward. 
Cyme.   A  flower-cluster,  the  flower  opening  from  the 

centre  outward. 
Cymose.   Bearing  cymes  or  relating  to  a  cyme. 

Deciduous.  Falling,  said  of  leaves  falling  in  the  au- 
tumn, or  of  parts  of  a  flower  falling  after  anthesis. 

Declinate.    Bent  or  curved  downward. 

Decompound.    Several  times  compound  or  divided. 

Decurrent.  Running  down,  as  of  the  blades  of  leaves 
extending  down  their  petioles. 

Decussate.  In  pairs  alternately  crossing  at  right  an- 
cles 

Dehiscent.  The  opening  of  an  anther  or  capsule  by 
slits  or  valves. 

Deltoid.   Having  the  shape  of  the  Greek  letter  A. 

Dentate.    Toothed. 

Denticulate.    Minutely  toothed. 

Diadelphous.  Said  of  stamens  combined  by  their  fila- 
ments into  2  sets. 

Dichotomous.   Forked  in  pairs. 


816 


GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS 


Digitate.  Said  of  a  compound  leaf  in  which  the  leaf- 
lets are  borne  at  the  apex  of  the  petiole. 

Dioecious.  Unisexual,  with  the  flowers  of  the  2  sexes 
borne  by  distinct  individuals. 

Disciferous.   Bearing  a  disk. 

Disci/arm.   Depressed  and  circular  like  a  disk. 

Discoid.   Appertaining  to  a  disk. 

Disk.  The  development  of  the  torus  or  receptacle  of 
a  flower  within  the  calyx  or  within  the  corolla  and 
stamens. 

Dissepiment.   A  partition  in  an  ovary  or  pericarp. 

Dorsal.   Relating  to  the  back. 

Dorsal  suture.  The  line  of  opening  of  a  carpel  corre- 
sponding to  its  midrib. 

Drupaceous.   Resembling  or  relating  to  a  drupe. 

Drupe.    A  stone  fruit. 

Duct.  An  elongated  cell  or  tubular  vessel  found  espe- 
cially in  the  woody  parts  of  plants. 

Eglandular.   Without  glands. 

Ellipsoid.   An  elliptical  solid. 

Elliptical.  Oval  or  oblong  with  regularly  rounded 
ends. 

Emarginate.  Notched  at  the  apex. 

Embryo.   The  rudimentary  plant  formed  in  the  seed. 

Endocarp.   The  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp. 

Endogenous.  Descriptive  of  Eudogens,  monocotyle- 
donous  plants  with  stems  increasing  by  internal 
accessions. 

Epicarp.  The  thin  filmy  external  layer  of  a  peri- 
carp. 

Epigynous.   Placed  on  the  ovary. 

Erase.  Descriptive  of  an  irregularly  toothed  or 
eroded  margin. 

Excurrent.   Running  through  the  apex  or  beyond. 

Exocarp.   The  outer  layer  of  a  pericarp. 

Exogenous.  Descriptive  of  Exogens,  plants  with 
stems  increasing  by  the  addition  of  a  layer  of  wood 
on  the  outside  beneath  the  constantly  widening 
bark. 

Extrorse.  Directed  outward,  descriptive  of  an  anther 
opening  away  from  the  axis  of  the  flower. 

Falcate.   Scythe-shaped. 

Fascicle.   A  close  cluster  of  leaves  or  flowers. 

Fascicled.   Arranged  in  fascicles. 

Feather-veined.  Having  veins  extending  from  the 
sides  of  the  midrib. 

Ferrugineous.   The  color  of  iron  rust. 

Fibro-vascular.   Consisting  of  woody  fibres  and  ducts. 

Filament.   The  stalk  of  an  anther. 

Filamentose.   Composed  of  threads. 

Fimbriate.   Fringed. 

Fistulose.   Hollow  through  the  whole  length. 

Flabellate.  Fan-shaped  ;  much  dilated  from  a  wedge- 
shaped  base  with  the  broader  end  rounded. 

Foliaceous.   Leaf -like  in  texture  or  appearance. 

Foliolate.   Having  leaflets. 

Foliole.  A  leaflet. 

Funicle.   The  stalk  of  an  ovule  or  seed. 

Gamopetalse.  Plants  with  corollas  of  coalescent 
petals. 

Gamopetalous.  Descriptive  of  a  corolla  of  coalescent 
petals. 

Geniculate.   Bent  abruptly  like  a  knee. 

Gibbous.   Swollen  on  one  side. 

Glabrate.   Nearly  glabrous  or  becoming  glabrous. 

Glabrous.   Smooth,  not  pubescent  or  hairy. 

Gland.  A  protuberance  on  the  surface,  or  partly  im- 
bedded in  the  surface  of  any  part  of  a  plant,  either 
secreting  or  not. 

Glandular.   Furnished  with  glands. 

Glaucescent.   Nearly  or  becoming  glaucous. 

Glaucous.   Covered  or  whitened  with  a  bloom. 

Gymnospermse.  Plants  with  naked  seeds,  that  is,  not 
inclosed  in  a  pericarp. 

Gynophore.   The  stipe  of  a  pistil. 

Heartwood.  The  mature  and  dead  wood  of  an  exoge- 
nous stem. 


Hermaphrodite.  With  staminate  and  pistillate  organs 

in  the  same  flower,  equivalent  to  perfect. 
Hilum.   The  scar  or  place  of  attachment  of  a  seed. 
Hirsute.   Hairy,  with  coarse  or  stiff  hairs. 
Hispidulous.   Minutely  hispid. 
Hypogynous.   Under  or  free  from  the  pistil. 

Imbricate.   Overlapping,  like  the  shingles  on  a  roof. 

Incumbent.  Leaning  or  resting  upon,  as  the  radicle 
against  the  back  of  one  of  the  cotyledons. 

In-duplicate.    With  edges  folded  in  or  turned  inward. 

Inferior.  Said  of  an  organ  placed  below  another,  like 
a  calyx  below  an  ovary  or  an  ovary  below  a  superior 
calyx. 

Inflorescence.   Flower-cluster. 

Infrapetiolar.   Below  the  petioles. 

Innate.  Borne  on  the  apex  of  the  supporting  part ; 
in  an  anther  the  counterpart  of  adnate. 

Interpetiolar.   Between  the  petioles. 

Introrse.  Turned  inward  ;  descriptive  of  an  anther 
opening  toward  the  axis  of  the  flower. 

Inverse.   Inverted. 

Involucre.  A  circle  of  bracts  surrounding  a  flower- 
cluster. 

Involute.  Rolled  inward. 

Laciniate.   Cut  into  narrow  incisions  or  lobes. 

Lactescent.  Yielding  milky  juice. 

Lamellate.   Composed  of  thin  plates. 

Laminate.   Composed  of  plates. 

Lanceolate.  Shaped  like  a  lance  ;  narrower  than  ob- 
long and  tapering  to  the  ends,  or  at  least  to  the 
apex. 

Leaf.  Green  expansions  borne  by  the  stem  in  which 
assimilation  and  the  processes  connected  with  it 
are  carried  on. 

Leaflet.   The  separate  division  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Legume.  The  seed  vessel  of  plants  of  the  Pea  fam- 
ily, composed  of  a  solitary  carpel  normally  dehis- 
cent only  by  the  ventral  suture. 

Lenticels.   Lenticular  corky  growths  on  young  bark. 

Lepidote.   Beset  with  small  scurfy  scales. 

Linear.  Said  of  a  narrow  leaf  several  times  narrower 
than  long,  with  parallel  margins. 

Lobe.   The  division  of  an  organ. 

Lobulate.   Divided  into  small  lobes. 

Loculicidal.  Dehiscent  into  the  cavity  of  a  pericarp 
by  the  back,  that  is  through  a  dorsal  suture. 

Medullary  rays.  The  rays  of  cellular  tissue  in  a  trans- 
verse section  of  an  exogenous  stem  and  extending 
from  the  pith  to  the  bark. 

Membranaceous.   Thin  and  pliable  like  a  membrane. 

Micropyle.  The  spot  or  point  in  the  seed  at  the  place 
of  the  orifice  of  the  ovule. 

Midrib.   The  central  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf. 

Monoecious.  Unisexual,  with  the  flowers  of  the  two 
sexes  borne  by  the  same  individual. 

Mucro.   A  small  and  abrupt  tip  to  a  leaf. 

Mucronate.   Furnished  with  a  mucro. 

Muricate.   Rough,  with  short  rigid  excrescences. 

Naked  buds.    Buds  without  scales. 

Nectar.  The  sweet  secretion  of  various  parts  of  a 
flower. 

Nectariferous.  Nectar-bearing. 

Node.  The  portion  of  the  stem  which  bears  a  leaf  or 
whorl  of  leaves. 

Nucleus.   The  kernel  of  an  ovule  or  seed. 

Nut.  A  hard  and  indehiscent  1-seeded  pericarp  pro- 
duced from  a  compound  ovary. 

Nutlet.   A  diminutive  nut  or  stone. 

Obcordate.  Inverted  heart-shaped. 

Oblanceolate.   Lanceolate  but  tapering  toward  the 

base  more  than  toward  the  apex. 
Obovate.  Ovate  with  the  broader  end  toward  the 

apex. 
Obovoid.  Solid  ovate  with  the  broader  end  toward 

the  apex. 
Obpyramidal.   Inversely  pyramidal. 


GLOSSARY   OF  TECHNICAL   TERMS 


817 


Obtuse.   Blunt  or  rounded  at  the  apex. 

Operculate,    Furnished  with  a  lid. 

Orbicular,    A  flat  body  circular  in  outline. 

Ortkotnpotu.  Descriptive  of  an  ovule  with  a  straight 
axis  much  enlarged  at  the  insertion  and  the  ori- 
fice at  the  other  end. 

Oca/.   Broadly  elliptical. 

Ovate.  Of  the  shape  of  the  longitudinal  section  of 
a  hen's  egg,  with  the  broad  end  basal. 

Ovoid.   Solid  ovate  or  solid  oval. 

Ovule.  The  part  of  the  flower  which  becomes  a 
seed. 

Palmate.  Lobed  or  divided,  with  the  sinuses  point- 
ing to  or  reaching  the  apex  of  the  petiole  or  insertion. 

Panicle.   A  loose  compound  flower-cluster. 

Ptijiilionit'-eous.    Butterfly-like. 

Papillifurin.    The  shape  of  papillae. 

Papillate.  Bearing  papillae,  minute  nipple-shaped 
papillose  projections. 

Parietal  placenta.  A  placenta  borne  on  the  wall  of 
the  ovary. 

Pedicel.  The  stalk  of  a  flower  in  a  compound  inflo- 
rescence. 

Pedicellate.   Borne  on  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle.  A  general  flower-stalk  supporting  either  a 
cluster  of  flowers,  or  a  solitary  flower. 

Pedunculate.   Borne  on  a  peduncle. 

Peltate.  Descriptive  of  a  plane  body  attached  by  its 
lower  surface  to  the  stalk. 

Penniveined.   Same  as  pinnately  veined. 

Perfect.  Said  of  a  flower  with  both  stamens  and 
pistil. 

Perianth.  The  envelope  of  a  flower  consisting  of 
calyx,  corolla,  or  both. 

Pericarp.   The  fructified  ovary. 

Persistent.  Said  of  leaves  remaining  on  the  branches 
over  their  first  winter,  and  of  a  calyx  remaining 
under  or  on  the  fruit. 

Petal.   A  division  of  the  corolla. 

Petiolate.   Having  a  petiole. 

Petiole.   The  footstalk  of  a  leaf. 

Petiolulate.   Having  a  petiolule. 

PHiolule.   The  footstalk  of  a  leaflet. 

Pilose.   Hairy,  with  soft  and  distinct  hairs. 

Pinnie.  The  primary  divisions  of  a  twice  pinnate 
leaf. 

Pinnate.  A  leaf  with  leaflets  arranged  along  each 
side  of  a  common  petiole. 

Pistil.  The  female  organ  of  a  flower,  consisting  of 
ovary,  style,  and  stigma. 

Pistillate.  Said  of  a  unisexual  flower  without  fertile 
stamens. 

Pith.   The  central  cellular  part  of  a  stem. 

Placenta.  That  part  of  the  ovary  which  bears  the 
ovules. 

Plumule.    The  bud  or  growing  part  of  the  embryo. 

Pollen.  The  fecundating  cells  contained  in  the  an- 
ther. 

Polygamo-di&eitHU.  Said  of  flowers  sometimes  per- 
fect and  sometimes  unisexual,  the  2  forms  borne  on 
different  individuals. 

Polyiiaino-monftcious.  Said  of  flowers  sometimes 
perfect  and  sometimes  unisexual,  the  2  forms  borne 
on  the  same  individual. 

Polygamous.  Said  of  flowers  sometimes  perfect  and 
sometimes  unisexual. 

Pome.  An  inferior  fruit  of  2  or  several  carpels  in- 
closed in  thick  flesh. 

Posterior.  The  side  of  an  axillary  flower  next  the 
axis  of  inflorescence. 

Prickle.   Outgrowth  of  the  bark. 

Proliferous.    Bearing  offshoots. 

Puberulent.  Very  slightly  pubescent. 

Puberulous.  Minutely  pubescent. 

Pubescence.   A  covering  of  short  soft  hairs. 

Pubescent.   Clothed  with  soft  short  hairs. 

/'ufi-inate.   Cushion-shaped. 

Punctate.  Dotted  with  depressions  or  translucent 
internal  glands,  or  with  colored  dots. 

Punctulate.   Minutely  punctate. 


Raceme.  An  indeterminate  or  centripetal  inflores- 
cence with  an  elongated  axis  and  flowers  on  pedicels 
of  equal  length. 

Rachis.   The  axis  of  a  spike  or  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Radial.   Belonging  to  a  ray. 

Radicle.   The  initial  stem  in  an  embryo. 

Receptacle.  The  axile  portion  of  a  blossom  bearing 
sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils;  the  axis  or 
rhachis  of  the  head,  spike,  or  other  flower-cluster. 

Reniform.   Kidney-shaped. 

Resupinale.  Upside  down. 

Reticulate.  Netted. 

Relrorse.   Directed  backward  or  downward. 

Retuse.  With  a  shallow  notch  at  a  rounded  apex. 

Revolute.   Rolled  backward  from  the  margins  or  apex. 

Rhaphe.  The  adnate  cord  or  ridge  connecting  the 
hilum  with  the  clialaza  in  an  anatropous  ovule. 

Rhombic.   Having  the  shape  of  a  rhomb. 

Rhomboidul.  Approaching  a  rhombic  outline;  quad- 
rangular with  the  lateral  angles  obtuse. 

Rind.  The  bark  of  some  endogenous  stems,  like  that 
of  Palms. 

Rostrate.   Narrowed  into  a  slender  tip. 

Rotate.   Circular,  flat  and  horizontally  spreading. 

Rugose.   Wrinkled. 

Rugulose.   Slightly  wrinkled. 

Ruminate.  Looking  as  if  chewed,  like  the  albumen 
of  the  nutmeg. 

Sagittate.   Shaped  like  an  arrowhead. 

Samara.   An  iudehiscent  winged  fruit. 

Sapwood.   The  young  living  wood  of  an  exogenous 

stem. 
Scales.   Thin    scarious    bodies,    usually    degenerate 

leaves. 

Scarious.   Thin,  dry  and  membranaceous,  not  green. 
Scobiform.    Having  the  appearance  of  sawdust. 
Scorpioid.   A  form  of  unilateral  inflorescence  circi- 

nately  coiled  in  the  bud. 
Scurfy.   Covered  with  small  bran-like  scales. 
Seed.   The  fertilized  and  mature  ovule,  the  result  of 

sexual  reproduction  in  a  flowering  plant. 
Segment.    One  of  the  divisions  into  which  a  leaf, 

calyx,  or  corolla  may  be  divided. 
Seinianatropous.    Same  as  amphitropous. 
Sepals.   The  divisions  of  a  calyx. 
Septicidal.   Descriptive  of  a  capsule  splitting  through 

the  lines  of  junction  of  the  carpels. 
Septum.    A  partition. 
Serrate.    Beset  with  teeth. 
Serrulate.   Serrate  with  small  fine  teeth. 
Sessile.   Without  a  stalk. 
Setose.   Beset  with  bristles. 
Setulose.   Beset  with  minute  bristles. 
Sheath.   A  tubular  or  enrolled  part  or  organ. 
Sinistrorse.   Turned  or  directed  to  the  left. 
Sinus.   A  recess  between  the  lobes  of  a  leaf. 
Spatulate.   Oblong  with  the  lower  end  attenuated. 
Spike.   An  indeterminate  inflorescence  with  flowers 

sessile  on  an  elongated  common  axis. 
Spine.   A  sharp-pointed  woody  body,  commonly  a 

modified  branch  or  stipule. 
Spinescent.   Ending  in  a  spine. 
Spinose.  Furnished  with  spines. 
Stamen.    One  of  the  male  organs  of  a  flower. 
Staminate.   Said  of  unisexual  flowers  without  pistils. 
Staniinodium.   A  sterile  or  much  reduced  stamen. 
Stigma.   The  part  or  surface  of  a  pistil  which  receives 

the  pollen  for  the  fecundation  of  the  ovules. 
Stigmatic.   Relating  to  the  stigma. 
Stipe.   A  stalk-like  support  of  a  pistil  or  of  a  carpel. 
Stipel.  An  appendage  to  a  leaflet  analagous  to  the 

stipules  of  a  leaf. 
Stipitate.   Having  a  stipe. 
Stipulate.   Having  stipules. 
Stipules.   Appendages  of  a  leaf,  placed  one  on  each 

side  of  the  petiole  at  its  insertion. 
Stomata.  Breathing  pores  or  apertures  in  the  epider- 
mis of  leaves  connecting  internal  cavities  with  the 

external  air. 
Stomatiferous.  Furnished  with  stomata. 


818 


GLOSSARY  OF  TECHNICAL  TERMS 


Stone.  The  hard  endocarp  of  a  drupe. 

Strobile.   The  same  as  cone. 

Strophiolfid'.    Said  of  a  seed  bearing  a  strophiole  or 

appendage  at  the  liilum. 
Style.   The  attenuated  portion  of  a  pistil  between  the 

ovary  and  the  stigma. 
Subcordate.   Slightly  cordate. 
Subulate.   Awl-shaped. 
Sulcate.   Grooved  or  furrowed. 
Superior.   Growing  or      *ced  above ;  also  in  a  lateral 

flower  for  the  side  i.  ,xt  the  axis. 
Suture.   A  junction,    isually  a  line  of  opening  of  a 

carpel. 
Syncarp.  A  multiple  fruit. 

Taproot.  The  primary  descending  root,  a  direct  con- 
tinuation from  the  radicle. 

Tegmen.   The  inner  coat  of  a  seed. 

Testa.   The  outer  seed-coat. 

Thyrsoidal.   Relating  to  a  thyrsus. 

Thyrsus.  A  mixed  inflorescence  with  the  main  axis 
indeterminate  and  the  secondary  or  ultimate  clus- 
ters cymose. 

Tomentose.  Densely  pubescent  with  matted  wool  or 
tomentum. 

Tomenlulose.   Slightly  pubescent  with  matted  wool. 

Torose.  Cylindrical,  with  contractions  or  bulges  at 
intervals. 

Torulose.   Slightly  torose. 

Torus.   The  same  as  the  receptacle  of  a  flower. 

Transverse.  Horizontal. 

Trichotomous.  Three-forked. 

Trifoliate.   Three-leaved. 

Trifoliolate.   Descriptive  of  leaves,  with  3  leaflets. 

Truncate.   As  if  cut  off  at  the  end. 

Tubercle.   A  small  tuber  or  excrescence. 

Tuberculate.    Beset  with  knobby  excrescences. 

Turbinate.   Top-shaped. 

Turgid.   Swollen. 

Umbel.  An  inflorescence   with   numerous   pedicels 


springing  from  the  same  point  like  the  rays  of  an 

umbrella. 

Umbilicus.   The  hilum  of  a  seed. 
Umbo.   A  boss  or  protuberance. 
Umbonale.   Bearing  an  umbo. 
Uncinate.   Hooked,  bent,  or  curved  at  the  tip  in  the 

form  of  a  hook. 
Unequally  pinnate.   Pinnate,  with  an  odd  terminal 

leaflet. 
Unguiculale.    Contracted  at  the  base  into  a  claw  or 

stalk. 
Unisexual.   Said  of  flowers  with  either  the  stamens  or 

pistil  0  or  abortive. 
Urceolale.   Hollow  and  contracted  at  or  below  the 

mouth  like  an  urn  or  pitcher. 
Utricle.   A  small  bladdery  pericarp. 

Valvate.   Said  of  a  flower-bud  in  which  the  parts  meet 

without  overlapping. 
Valve.     One    of    the    pieces    into  which  a  capsule 

splits. 
Veinlet.   One  of  the  ultimate  or  smaller  ramifications 

of  a  vein. 
Veins.    Ramifications  or   threads    of    fibro-vascular 

tissue  in  a  leaf  or  other  flat  organ. 
Ventral.   Belonging  to  the  anterior  or  inner  face  of  a 

carpel. 
Ventricose.   Swelling  unequally  or  inflated  on  one 

side. 

Vernation.   The  disposition  of  parts  in  a  leaf-bud. 
Verrucose.    Covered  with  wart-like  elevations. 
Versatile.   Said  of  an  anther  turning  freely  on  its 

filament. 
Verticillate.   Arranged  in  a  circle  or  whorl  round  an 

axis. 
Villose.   Hairy,  with  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Whorl.   An  arrangement  of  branches  or  leaves  in  a 

circle  round  an  axis. 
Wood.   The  hard  part  of  a  stem  mainly  composed  of 

wood-cells,  wood  fibre,  or  tissue. 


INDEX 


Names  of  Classes,  Subclasses,  Families,  and  Subfamilies  are  in  SMALL  CAPITALS  ;  Latin  and  English  names 
of  admitted  genera  and  species  in  roman  type  ;  synonyms  in  italics. 

Abies,  55. 

Abies  amabilis,  .-.:». 

Abies  balsamea,  58. 

Abies  concolor,  'I'j. 

Abies  Fraseri.  ~>7. 

Abies  grandis,  tin. 

Abies  lasiocarpa.  (">1  . 

Abies  magnifica,  66. 

Abies  magiiifica,  var.  Shastensis,  67. 

Abies  nobiliu,  r,r,. 

Abies  venusta,  63. 


Acacia,  540,  572. 

Acacia  Farnesiana,  541  . 

Acacia,  Green-barked,  5G2,  563. 

Acacia  Greggii,  544. 

Acacia  tortuosa,  542. 

Acacia  Wrightii,  543. 

Acer,  625. 

Acer  circinatum,  630. 

Acer  Floridanum,  634. 

Acer  glabrum,  631. 

Acer  grandidentatum,  637. 

Acer  leucoderme,  636. 

Acer  macrophyllum,  627. 

Acer  Negundo,  641. 

AcerNeguudo,  var.  Califoruicum, 

643. 

Acer  nigrum,  634. 
Acer  Pennsylvaiiicum,  627. 
Acer  rubrum,  63H. 
Acer   rubrum,    var.    Drummondii, 

640. 

Acer  rubrum,  var.  tridens,  641. 
Acer  saccharimiin.  t'.:w. 
Acer  Saccharum,  632. 
Acer  Saccharum,  var.  Florulmuim, 

G34. 
Acer  Saccharum  ,  var.  grandidenta- 

tum, t!37. 
Ari'r  Succharum,  var.  leucoderme, 

636. 

Acer  Saccharum,  var.  Rugelii,  633. 
Acer  spicatum,  626. 
ACERACE*;,  624. 
JEsculus,  644. 
./Esculus  austrina,  647. 
^Esculus  Californica,  648. 
JSsculus  glabra,  644. 
^Esculus  glabra.  var.  Buckleyi,  646. 
.lEsculus  octaiulra,  646. 
./Eseulus  octaiidra,  var.    hybrida, 

647. 

Alder,  208. 
Almond  Willow,  170. 
Alnus,  208. 
Alnus  acununufn,  214. 
Alnus  maritima,  215. 
Alnus  oblongifolia,  214. 
Alnus  Oregona,  210. 
Alnus  rhombifolia,  212. 
Alnus  Sitchenis,  209. 
Alnus  tenuifolia,  211. 
Ainelanchier,  360. 


Amelanchier  alnifolia,  362. 

Bav,  Red,  330. 

Amelanchier  Canadeusis,  360. 

Bay,  Rose,  721. 

Amelanchier  Canadensis,   var.  to- 

Bay,  Swamp,  317,  331 

mentula,  361. 

Bay,  Sweet,  317. 

Amelanchier  obovalis,  361. 

Bean,  Coral,  565. 

Amyris,  588. 

Bean,  Horse,  560. 

Amyris  Elemifera,  588. 

Bean,  Indian,  793. 

Anacahuita,  783. 

Bean,  Screw,  550. 

ANACARDIACEJE,  601. 

Bear  Oak,  241. 

Anamomis,  698. 

Bearberry,  664. 

Anamomis  dichotoma,  698. 

Beech,  217. 

Anaqua,  786. 

Beech,  Blue,  190. 

A  ndroi/iedaferruginea,  726. 

Bee-tree,  674. 

ANGIOSPERJUE,  102. 

Betula,  194. 

Anona,  328. 

Betula  Alaskana,  206. 

Auona  glabra,  328. 

Betula  coerulea,  201. 

ANONACE-E,  326. 

Betula  ccerulea,   var.  Blanchardi, 

Ants'  Wood,  744. 

202. 

APETAL*:,  125. 
Apple,  351. 

Betula  fontinalis,  207. 
Betula  Kenaica,  205. 

Apple,  Crab,  352,  353,  354,  355. 

Betula  lenta,  196. 

Apple,  Haw,  399. 

Betula  lutea,  197. 

Apple,  Pond,  328. 

Betula  nigra,  198. 

Apple,  Turkey,  436. 

Betula  occidentalis,  204. 

AQUIFOLIACRE,  613. 

Betula  papyrifera,  202. 

Aralia,  704. 

Betula  papyrifera,  var.  cordifolia, 

Aralia  spiuosa,  705. 
ARALIACELE,  704. 

202. 
Betula  populifolia,  200. 

Arbor-vitae,  74. 

BETULACB^E,  189. 

Arbutus,  727. 

Big  Bud  Hickory,  143. 

Arbutus  Arizonica,  730. 

Big  Shellbark,  141. 

Arbutus  Menziesii,  728. 

Big  Tree,  69. 

Arbutus  Xalapensis,  729. 

BlGNONIACE/E,  791. 

Ash,  758. 

Bilsted,  340. 

Ash,  Black,  764. 

Birch,  194,  204. 

Ash,  Blue,  761. 

Birch,  Black,  196,  205,  207.    • 

Ash,  Green,  771. 
Ash,  Mountain,  356,  768. 

Birch,  Blue,  201. 
Birch,  Canoe,  202. 

Ash,  Prickly,  582. 

Birch,  Cherry,  1%. 

Ash,  Pumpkin,  772. 

Birch,  Gray,  197,  200. 

Ash,  Red,  770. 

Birch,  Paper,  202. 

Ash,  Swamp,  762. 

Birch,  Red,  198,  205. 

Ash,  Wafer,  587. 

Birch,  River,  198. 

Ash,  Water,  762,  763. 

Birch,  West  Indian,  592. 

Ash,  White,  767. 

Birch,  White,  200,  206.     ' 

Ash-leaved  Maple,  641.       — 
Asimina,  326. 

Birch,  Yellow,  197. 
Bird  Cherries,  510. 

Asimina  triloba,  326. 

Bird  Cherry,  521. 

Asp,  Quaking,  154. 

Bitter  Pecan,  134,  137. 

Aspen,  154. 

Bitternut,  135. 

Avicennia,  789. 
Avicennia  nitida,  790. 

Black  Ash,  764. 
Black  Birch,  196,  205,  207. 
Black  Calabash  Tree,  797. 

Bald  Cypress,  70,  71. 
Balm  of  Gilead,  159. 

Black  Cottonwood,  156,  161. 
Black  Haw,  810,  811. 

Balsam,  157. 

Black  Ironwood,  660. 

Balsam  Cottonwood,  161. 

Black  Jack,  245. 

Balsam  Fir,  57,  58,  61. 

Black  Mangrove,  790. 

Balsam,  She,  57. 

Black  Maple,  634. 

Bark,  Georgia,  799. 

Black  Oak,  234,  237,  239,  286. 

Basket  Oak,  271. 

Black  Oaks,  227. 

Bass  Wood,  671,  673,  675. 

Black  Olive  Tree,  702. 

Bay,  678. 

Black  Persimmon,  750. 

Bay,  Loblolly,  678. 

Black  Sloe,  518. 

820 


INDEX 


Black  Spruce,  39. 

Castanea  dentata,  220. 

Black  Walnut,  128. 

Castanea  pumila,  221. 

Black  Willow,  168,  1G9,  171,   173, 

Castanopsis,  222. 

184. 

Castauopsis  chrysophylla,  223. 

Blolly,  314. 
Blue  Ash,  761. 

Catalpa,  792. 
Catalpa  Catalpa,  793. 

Blue  Beech,  190. 
Blue  Birch,  201. 

Catalpa  speciosa,  795. 
Catalpa,  Western,  795. 

Blue  Jack,  250. 

Cat's  Claw,  535,  543,  544. 

Blue  Myrtle,  667. 

Ceanothus,  665. 

Blue  Oak,  277. 

Ceauothus  arboreus,  666. 

Blue  Spruce,  44. 

Ceanothus  spinosus,  667. 

BORRAGINACE^E,  781. 

Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus,  667. 

Bottom  Shellbark,  141. 

Ceanothus  velutinus,  var.  arboreus, 

Bourreria,  784. 

666. 

Bourreria  Havanensis,  784. 

Cedar,  93. 

Bourreria  Havanensis,  var.  radula, 

Cedar,  Canoe,  75. 

784. 

Cedar  Elm,  294. 

Bow  Wood,  307. 

Cedar,  Incense,  73. 

Box  Elder,  641,  643. 

Cedar  Pine,  28. 

Box  Wood,  623. 

Cedar,  Port  Orford,  84. 

Brittle  Thatch,  105,  106. 

Cedar,  Red,  75,  94,  95,  96. 

Broad-leaved  Maple,  627. 

Cedar,  Rock,  93. 

Bucida,  702. 

Cedar,  Stinking,  98. 

Bucida  Buceras,  702. 

Cedar,  White,  74,  82. 

Buckeye,  647,  648. 

CELASTRACELE,  619. 

Buckeye,  Fetid,  644. 

Celtis,  298. 

Buckeye,  Ohio,  644. 

Celtis  Mississippiensis,  300. 

Buckeye,  Spanish,  656. 

Celtis  Mississippiensis,  var.  reticu- 

Buckeye,  Sweet,  646. 

lata,  301. 

Buckthorn,  743. 

Celtis  occidentalis,  299. 

Bull  Pine,  15,  23. 

Celtis  occidentalis,  var.  pumila,  300. 

Bumelia,  740. 

Cephalanthus,  801. 

Bumelia  angustifolia,  744. 

Cephalanthus  occidentalis,  802. 

Bumelia  lanuginosa,  741. 
Bumelia    lanuginosa,    var.    rigida, 

Cercidium,  562. 
Cercidium  floridum,  562. 

742. 

Cercidium  Torreyanuun,  563. 

Bumelia  lycioides,  743. 

Cercis,  551  . 

Bumelia  tenax,  741. 

Cercis  Canadensis,  552. 

Burning  Bush,  620. 

Cercis  Texensis,  553. 

Burr  Oak,  267. 

Cercocarpus,  504. 

Bursera,  591. 
Bursera  Simarnba,  692. 

Cercocarpus  breviflorus,  508. 
Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  507. 

BURSERACELE,  591. 

Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  var.  intri- 

Bush,  Button,  802. 

catus,  508. 

Bush,  Stag,  811. 

Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  506. 

Bustic,  739. 
Butternut,  126. 

Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  var.  betu- 
loides,  507. 

Button  Bush,  802. 

Cercocarpus  Traskiae,  505. 

Buttonwood,  344,  701,  703. 

Cereus,  685. 

Cereus  giganteus,  685. 

Cabbage  Palmetto,  108. 

Chamaecyparis,  81. 

Cabbage  Tree,  108. 
CACTACE.K,  684. 

Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana,  84. 
Chamaecyparis  Nootkatensis,  83. 

C^ESALPJNIOID^E,  534. 

Chamaecyparis  thyoides,  82. 

Calabash  Tree,  Black,  797. 

Chapote,  750. 

California  Laurel,  334. 

Checkered-bark  Juniper,  90. 

California  Lilac,  (567. 

Cherry,  509,  733. 

California  Nutmeg,  98. 

Cherry  Birch,  196. 

Cafypirantkei  Chytraculia,  699. 

Cherry,  Bird,  521. 

Canada  Plum,  511. 

Cherry,  Choke,  523. 

Canella,  «W(l. 

Cherry,  Indian,  663. 

Canella  Winterana,  680. 

Cherry  Laurels,  510. 

CANELLACE*:,  680. 

Cherry,  Rum,  524. 

Canoe  Birch,  202. 

Cherry,  Wild,  522,  526,  527. 

Canoe  Cedar,  75 

Cherry,  Wild  Black,  524. 

Canotia,  623. 

Cherry,  Wild  Red,  521. 

Canotia  holacantha,  624. 
CAPPARIDACEJE,  338. 

Chestnut,  219. 
Chestnut,  Golden-leaved,  223. 

Capparis,  338. 
Capparis  Jamaicensis,  338. 

Chestnut  Oak,  225,  272,  273. 
Chestnut  Oaks,  229. 

CAPRIFOLIACEiE,  804. 

Chickasaw  Plum,  515. 

Carica,  682. 

Chilopsis,  791. 

Carica  Papaya,  683. 

Chilopsis  linearis,  792. 

CARICACE^E,  682. 

China-tree,  Wild,  652. 

Carpinus,  190. 

Chinquapin,  221,  223. 

Carpinus  Carolinian*,  190. 

Chionanthus,  777. 

Cassada,  739. 

Chionanthus  Virginica,  778. 

Cassena,  616. 

Chittam  Wood,  602,  741. 

CasBie,  541. 

Choke  Cherry,  523. 

Castauea,  219. 

Cholla,  688. 

Chrysobalanus,  532. 
Chrysobalanus  Icaco,  532. 
Chrysophyllum,  745. 
Chrysophyllum  oliviforme,  745. 
Chytraculia,  C«J9. 
Chytraculia  Chytraculia,  699. 
Cinnamon  Bark,  680. 
Cinnamon,  Wild,  680. 
Citharexylon,  787. 
Citharexylon  villosum,  788. 
Cladrastis,  567. 
Cladrastis  lutea,  568. 
Clammy  Locust,  574. 
Cliftonia,  612. 
Cliftonia  monophylla,  612. 
Coccolobis,  311. 
Coccolobis  laurifolia,  312. 
Coccolobis  uvifera,  311. 
Coccothrinax,  106. 
Coccothrinax  jucunda,  106. 
Cock-spur  Thorn,  368. 
Cocoa  Plum,  532. 
Coffee-tree,  664. 
Coffee-tree,  Kentucky,  554. 
Colubrina,  668. 
Colubrina  reclinata,  669. 

COMBRETACE^,  700. 

Condalia,  657. 

Condalia  obovata,  658. 

CONIFERS,  1. 

Conocarpus,  700. 

Conocarpus  erecta,  701. 

Conocarpus  erecta,  var.  sericea,  701. 

Coral  Bean,  565. 

Cordia,  781. 

Cordia  Boissieri,  783. 

Cordia  Sebestena,  782. 

Cork  Elm,  290. 

Cork  Wood,  151. 

CORNACE.fi,  706. 

Cornus,  712. 
Cornus  alternifolia,  717. 
Cornus  asperfolia,  716. 
Cornus  florida,  713. 
Cornus  Nuttallii,  714. 
Cotinus,  601. 

Cotinus  Americanus,  602. 
Cotton  Gum,  711. 

Cottonwood,  160,  162, 163, 164, 165. 
Cottonwood,  Balsam,  161. 
Cottonwood,  Black,  156, 161. 
Cottonwood,  Narrow-leaved,  159. 
Cottonwood,  Swamp,  156. 
Cow  Oak,  271. 

Crab  Apple,  352,  353,  354,  355. 
Crab,  Fragrant,  353. 
Crab,  Soulard,  355. 
Crab  Wood,  600. 
Crataegus,  363. 
Cratsegus  acclivis,  450. 
Crataegus  acutifolia,  375. 
Crataegus  aestivalis,  399. 
Crataegus  algens,  374. 
Crataegus  amnicola,  392. 
Crataegus  annosa,  483. 
Crataegus  anomala,  440. 
Crataegus  apiifolia,  486. 
Crataegus  apiomorpha,  414. 
Crataegus  aprica,  4a5. 
Crataegus  arborea,  377. 
Crataegus  Arduennae,  373. 
Crataegus  Arkansana,  425. 
Crataegus  Arnoldiana,  437. 
Cratsegus  Ashei,  469. 
Crataegus  assurgens,  445. 
Crataegus  atrorubens,  408. 
Crataegus  basilica,  420. 
Cratsegus  berberifplia,  383. 
Crataegus  Berlandieri,  429. 
Crataegus  blanda,  405. 
Crateegus  Boyntoni,  462. 


INDEX 


821 


Crataegus  brachyacantha,  489. 
Crategus  Brazoria,  395. 
Crataegus  Buckleyi,  463. 

is  Bushii,  37G. 
Cratsegus  Canadensis,  428. 
CratiBgus  Caubyi,  309. 
Crataegus  ChamplainenBis,  438. 
Crataegus  Chapmaui,  493. 
Crataegus  coccinea,  459. 
Crataegus  cocciuioides,  458. 
Crataegus  colliiia,  391. 
Cratsegus  consanguinea,  472. 
Crataegus  cordata,  4S7. 
Crataegus  corusca,  430. 
Crataagus  crocina,  385. 
Crataegus  Crus-galli,  368. 
Crataegus  Crus-galli,  var.  capillata, 

309. 
Crataegus    Crus-galli,  var.   oblon- 

gata,  3G9. 
Crataegus    Crus-galli,    var.    pyra- 

canthifolia,  369. 
Crataagus  Crus-galli,  var.  salicifo- 

lia, 

Crataegus  Dallasiana,  396. 
Crataegus  delecta,  451. 
Crataegus  deuaria,  379. 
CratiBgus  depilis,  419. 
CraUugus  Deweyana,  496. 
Cr:it;i-i<u8  dilatata,  455. 
Cratitgus  dispar,  484. 
Crataegus  Douglasii,  502. 
Crat^gus  Eainesi,  454. 
Crataagus  edita,  i'.si!. 
Cnfaegu  edura,  384. 
Crataagus  Ellwangeriana,  441. 
Crataagus  Engelmanni,  378. 
Crutctfus  erecta,  375. 
Crataegus  fastosa,  393. 
Crataegus  fecunda,  371. 
Crataagus  fera,  386. 
Crataegus  flava,  471. 
Crataegus  Floridana,  476. 
Crataagus  Gaultii,  494. 
Crataegus  gemmosa,  498. 
Crataegus  Georgiana,  413. 
Crataegus  glabriuscula,  404. 
Crataegus  gravida,  426. 
Crataegus  Harbisoni,  468. 
t/rat:i-KUH  Hillii,  444. 
Crata'tjus  Holmesiana,  449. 
Cratfegus  Hudsonica,  457. 
CratiBgus  ignava,  475. 
Cratii'gus  Illinoiensis,  499. 
Cratapgus  iiiduta,  436. 
Cratipgua  ingeiis,  409. 
Crataegus  Integra,  481. 
Crata-gus  integriloba,  500. 
Crataegus  Jonesaa,  460. 
Crataegus  Kelloggii,  431. 
Crataegus  lacera,  421. 
Crataegus  lacriinata,  477: 
Crataegus  lanuginosa,  435. 
Crataegus  Letterraani,  397. 
Crataagus  lobulata,  447. 
Crataegus  lucorum,  418. 
Crataagus  macracautha,  501. 
Crataegus  Margaretta,  461. 
Crataegus  micracantha,  410. 
Crataagus  mitis,  407. 
Crataegus  Mohri,  387. 
Crataagus  raollis,  4'23. 
Crataegus  Neo-Londinensis,  443. 
Crataegus  nitida,  406. 
Crata'gus  opima,  466. 
Crataagus  ovata,  402. 
Crataagus  Palmeri,  381. 
Crat;i>gus  panda,  480. 
Crataegus  paucispina,  415. 
Crataegus  pausiaca,  390. 
Crataegus  pedicellata,  448. 


Crataegus  penita,  409. 

Dogwood,  Jamaica,  578. 

Crataegus  pentandra,  416. 

Dogwood,  Poison,  608. 

Crataegus  Peorieusis,  370. 

Douglas  Spruce,  53. 

Crataegus  pratensis,  398. 

Downward  Plum,  744. 

Crataegus  Pringlei,  446. 
Crataegus  pruiuosa,  411. 

Drypetes,  595. 
Drypetes  Keyensis,  595. 

Crataegus  punctata,  389. 
Crataegus  pyriformis,  434. 
Crataegus  quercina,  433. 

Drypetes  lateriflora,  597. 
Dwarf  Maple,  631. 

Crataagus  Ravenelii,  478. 

EBENACRE,  748. 

Crataegus  recurva,  482. 

Ebony,  537. 

Crataegus  regalis,  372. 

Ehretia,  785. 

Crataegus  rivularis,  503. 

Ehretia  elliptica,  786. 

Crataegus  Robur,  467. 

Elder,  805. 

Crataagus  saligna,  490. 

Elder,  Box,  641,  643. 

Crataegus  Sargenti,  465. 

Elkwood,  321. 

Crataegus  senta,  479. 

Elliottia,  719. 

Crataegus  sera,  424. 

Elliottia  racemosa,  719. 

Crataegus  sertata,  453. 

Elm,  287. 

Crataegus  signata,  380. 

Elm,  Cedar,  294. 

Crataegus  silvicola,  417. 

Elm,  Cork,  290. 

Crataegus  sordida,  395. 

Elm,  Red,  293,  295. 

Crataagus  spathulata,  488. 

Elm,  Rock,  290. 

Crataegus  submollis,  439. 

Elm,  Slippery,  293,  676. 

Crataegus  suborbiculata,  456. 

Elm,  Water,  297. 

Crataagus  succulenta,  497. 

Elm,  White,  289. 

Crataegus  tersa,  383. 

Elm,  Winged,  291. 

Crataagus  Texana,  43|J^^ 

Encina,  256. 

Crataegus  tomentosa;3W. 

Engelmann  Spruce,  43. 

Crataagus  Treleasei,  427. 

ERICACEAE,  718. 

Crataagus  tristis,  473. 

Eugenia,  693. 

Crataegus  vegeta,  495. 

Eugenia  axillaris,  695. 

Crataegus  venusta,  464. 

Eugenia  buxifolia,  094. 

Crataagus  verruculosa,  394. 

Eugenia  confusa,  097. 

Crataegus  viridis,  401. 

Euyenin  (larlteri.  (I'.'T. 

Crataegus  visenda,  474. 

Euyenia  monticola,  695. 

Crataegus  vulsa,  403. 

Eugenia  procera,  696. 

Crescentia,  796. 

Eugenia  rhombea,  696. 

Crescentia  cucurbitina,  797. 

EUPHORBIACE.E,  594. 

Cucumber-tree,  319. 

Evergreen  Oak,  278. 

Cucumber-tree,  Larged-leaved,  320. 

Evonymus,  619. 

Cucumber-tree,  Long-leaved,  322. 

Evonymus  atropurpureus,  620. 

CUPRESSINI.*:,  2. 

Exostema,  800. 

Cupressus,  77. 

Exostema  Caribaaum,  800. 

Cupressus  Arizonica,  78. 

Exothea,  653. 

Cupressus  Goveniana,  79. 
Cupressus  Laivsoniana,  84. 
Cupressus  Macnabiana,  80. 
Cupressus  macrocarpa,  77. 

Exothea  paniculata,  653. 
Eysenhardtia,  569. 
Eysenhardtia  orthocarpa,  569. 

Cupressus  Nootkatenxis,  83. 

FAGACE*:,  216. 

Cupressus  pygmaea,  79. 
Cupressus  thyoides,  82. 
Cypress,  77,  78,  79,  80. 

Fagara,  581. 
Fagara  Clava-Herculis,  582. 
Fagara  coriacea,  584. 

Cypress,  Bald,  70,  71. 
Cypress,  Deciduous,  71. 

Fagara  Fagara,  581. 
Fagara  flava,  583. 

Cypress,  Lawson,  84. 

Fagus,  217. 

Cypress,  Monterey,  77. 

Fagus  Americana,  217. 

Cypress,  Sitka,  83. 

Fan  Palm,  110. 

Cypress,  Yellow,  83. 

Farkleberry,  732. 

Cyrilla,  611. 

Feltleaf  Willow,  188. 

Cyrilla  racemiflora,  611. 

Fetid  Buckeye,  644. 

CYRILLACEJE,  610. 

Ficus,  308. 

Ficus  aurea,  308. 

Dahoon,  615. 

Ficus  populnea,  310. 

Dalea,  570. 

Fiddle  Wood,  788. 

Dalea  spinosa,  570. 

Fig,  308. 

Darling  Plum,  659. 

Fig,  Wild,  308,  310. 

Deciduous  Cypress,  71. 

Fir,  55. 

Desert  Palm,  110. 

Fir,  Balsam,  57,  58,  61. 

Desert  Willow,  792. 

Fir,  Red,  53,  65,  66,  67. 

Devil  Wood,  779. 

Fir,  Silver,  63. 

DICOTYLEDONS,  125. 

Fir,  White,  59,  60,  62. 

Digger  Pine,  23. 

Flowering  Dogwood,  713. 

Dilly,  Wild,  747. 

Foxtail  Pine,  8,  9. 

Diospyros,  748. 

Foxtail  Pines,  3. 

Diospyros  Texana,  750. 
Diospyros  Virginiana,  749. 

Fragrant  Crab,  353. 
Franklinia,  679. 

Dipholis,  738. 

Fraxinus,  758. 

Dipholis  salicifolia,  739. 
Dogwood,  712. 

Fraxinus  Americana,  767. 
Fraxinus  Americana,  var.  micro- 

Dogwood,  Flowering,  713. 

carpa,  767. 

822 


INDEX 


Fraxinus  anomala,  765. 
Fraxinua  Berlandieriana,  769. 
Fraxinus  Biltmoreana,  773. 
Fraxinus  Caroliniana,  762. 
Fraxinus  coriacea,  775. 
Fraxiiius  cuspidata,  759. 
Fraxinus  Floridaiia,  763. 
Fraxinus  Greggii,  760. 
Fraxinus  nigra,  764. 
Fraxiuus  Oregona,  776. 
Fraxinus  Pennsylvanica,  770. 
Fraxinus  Penusylvauica,  var.  lan- 

ceolata,  771. 
Fraxinus  profunda,  772. 
Fraxinus  quadrangulata,  761. 
Fraxinus  Texensis,  768. 
Fraxinus  velutina,  774. 
Freinontodendrou,  676. 
Fremontodendron      Califoraicum, 

676. 

Frijolito,  565. 
Fringe-tree,  778. 

GAMOPETAL.E,  718. 

Geiger-tree,  782. 

Georgia  Bark,  799. 

Glaucous  Willow,  182. 

Gleditsia,  555. 

Gleditsia  aquatica,  558. 

Gleditsia  Texana,  557. 

Gleditsia  triacanthos,  556. 

Golden-leaved  Chestnut,  223. 

Gordonia,  677. 

Gordonia  Altamalia,  679. 

Gordonia  Lasianthus,  678. 

Grape,  Sea,  311. 

Gray  Birch,  197,  200. 

Gray  Pine,  27. 

Great  Laurel,  721. 

Green  Ash,  771. 

Green-barked  Acacia,  562,  563. 

Guaiacum,  579. 

Guaiacum  sanctum,  579. 

Guettarda,  803. 

Guettarda  elliptica,  803. 

Guiana  Plum,  597. 

Gum,  Cotton,  711. 

Gum  Elastic,  741. 

Gum,  Hog,  603. 

Gum,  Sweet,  340. 

Gum,  Tupelo,  711. 

Gumbo  Limbo,  592. 

Gurgeon  Stopper,  694. 

Gymiuda,  621. 

Gyminda  Grisebachii,  621. 

Gymiuda  Grisebachii,  var.  glauce- 

scens,  622. 
Gymnanthes,  599. 
Gymnanthes  lucida,  600. 
Gymnocladus,  553. 
Gymnocladus  dioicus,  554. 
GTMNOSPEKMJE,  1. 

Hackberry,  299,  300. 
HAMAMELIDACE.E,  339. 
Hamamelis,  341. 
Hamamelis  Virginiana,  342. 
Haw  Apple,  399. 


Haw 
Haw 
Haw 
Haw 
Haw 
Haw 


Black,  810,  811. 
May,  399. 
Parsley,  486. 
Purple,  658. 
Red,  447. 
Scarlet,  459. 


Hawthorn,  363. 
Hazel,  Witch,  341. 
Helietta,  585. 
Helietta  parvifolia,  586. 
Hemlock,  47,  48,  49,  50,  54. 
Hemlock,  Mountain,  51. 
Hercules'  Club,  705. 


Heteromeles,  358. 

Juuiperus,  85. 

Heteromeles  arbutifolia,  359. 

Juniperus  Barbadensis,  95. 

Hickory,  131,  145. 

Juniperus  Californica,  87. 

Hickory,  Big  Bud,  143. 

Juniperus  communis,  86. 

Hickory,  Nutmeg,  136. 

Juniperus  communis,  var.  Sibirica, 

Hickory  Pine,  9,  33. 

87. 

Hickory,  Shagbark,  139,  140. 

Juniperus  flaccida,  89. 

Hickory,  Shellbark,  139. 

Juniperus  monosperma,  92. 

Hickory,  Swamp,  135. 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  91. 

Hickory,  Water,  137. 
Hicoria,  131. 

Juniperus  pachyphlaea,  90. 
Juniperus  sabinoides,  93. 

Hicoria  alba,  143. 

Juniperus  scopulorum,  96. 

Hicoria  aquatica,  137. 

Juniperus  Utahensis,  88. 

Hicoria  Carolinae  -  septentrionalis, 

Juniperus  Virginiana,  94. 

140. 

Hicoria  glabra,  144. 

Kalmia,  722. 

Hicoria  glabra,  var.  odorata,  145. 

Kalmia  latifolia,  723. 

Hicoria  laciniosa,  141. 

Kentucky  Coft'ee-tree,  554. 

Hicoria  minima,  135. 

Knackaway,  786. 

Hicoria  myristicaeformia,  136. 

Knob-cone  Pine,  22. 

Hicoria  ovata,  139. 

Koeberlinia,  681. 

Hicoria  Pecan,  133. 

Kceberlinia  spinosa,  682. 

Hicoria  Texana,  134. 

KCEBERLINJACE*:,  681. 

Hicoria  villosa,  145. 

Krugiodendron,  660. 

HlPPOCASTANACRE,  643. 

Krugiodendroii  ferreum,  660* 

Hippomane,  598. 

Hippomane  Mancinella,  599. 

Laguncularia,  703. 

Hog  Gum,  603. 

Laguncularia  racemosa,  703. 

Holly,  614. 

Larch,  34,  35,  65. 

Honey  Locust,  548,  556. 
Hop  Hornbeam,  191,  192. 

Large-leaved  Cucumber-tree,  320. 
Larix,  34. 

Hop-tree,  587. 

Larix  Americana,  35. 

Hornbeam,  190. 

Larix  Lyallii,  37. 

Hornbeam,  Hop,  191,  192. 

Larix  occidentalis,  36. 

Horse  Bean,  560. 

LAUKACEJE,  329. 

Horse  Sugar,  752. 

Laurel,  723. 

Huajillo,  536. 

Laurel,  California,  334. 

Huisache,  541. 

Laurel,  Great,  721. 

Hypelate,  654. 

Laurel,  Mountain,  723. 

Hypelate  trifoliata,  654. 

Laurel  Oak,  251. 

Lawson  Cypress,  84. 

Icacorea,  733. 

Leaf,  Sweet,  752. 

Icacorea  paniculata,  733. 

Leather  Wood,  611. 

Icthyomethia,  577. 

LEGUMINOS^:,  533. 

Icthyomethia  Piscipula,  578. 

Leitiieria,  151. 

Ilex,  614. 

Leitneria  Floridana,  151. 

Ilex  Cassine,  615. 

LEITNERIACEJE,  150. 

Ilex  decidua,  617. 

Leucaena,  545. 

Ilex  monticola,  618. 

Leucaena  Greggii,  545. 

Ilex  opaca,  614. 

Leucaena  pulveruleuta,  546. 

Ilex  vomitoria,  616. 

Libocedrus,  72. 

Incense  Cedar,  73. 

Libocedrus  decurrena,  73. 

Indian  Bean,  793. 

Lignum-vitae,  579. 

Indian  Cherry,  663. 

Lilac,  667. 

Ink  Wood,  fiT>3. 

Lilac,  California,  667. 

Ironwood,  192,  193,  351,  576,  611, 

LILIACKE,  115. 

612,  653,  741,  743. 

Limbo,  Gumbo,  592. 

Ironwood,  Black,  660. 

Lime,  Ogeechee,  710. 

Ironwood,  Red,  659. 

Lime,  Wild,  581. 

Ironwood,  White,  654. 

Linden,  670. 

Islay,  530. 

Liquidambar,  339. 

Jack  Oak,  245. 

Liquidarnbar  Styraciflua,  340. 
Liriodendron,  324. 

Jack  Pine,  27. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  325. 

Jacquinia,  735. 

Live  Oak.  25.",.  256,  257,  284. 

Jacquinia  armillaris,  735. 
Jacquinia  Keyensis,  735. 

Loblolly  Bay,  678. 
Loblolly  Pine,  19. 

Jamaica  Dogwood,  578. 

Locust,  557,  571. 

Jersey  Pine,  30. 

Locust,  Clammy,  574. 

Joe  Wood,  735. 

Locust,  Honey,  548,  556. 

Joshua  Tree,  122. 

Locust,  Water,  558. 

Judas-tree,  552. 

Locust,  Yellow,  572. 

JUGLANDACE.E,  125. 
Juglans,  126. 

Lodge  Pole  Pine,  27. 
Log  Wood,  658. 

Juglans  Californica,  130. 

Long-leaved  Cucumber-tree,  322. 

Juglans  cinerea,  126. 

Long-leaved  Pine,  17. 

Juglans  nigra,  128. 
Juglans  rupestris,  129. 
Juniper,  85,  86,  87,  88,  89,  90,  91, 
92. 

Lyonothamnus,  350. 
Lyonothamnus  floribundus,  351. 
Lysiloma,  538. 
Lysiloma  Bahamensis,  539. 

Juniper,  Checkered-bark,  90. 

Lysiloma  latisiliqua,  539. 

Madrona,  728,  729,  730. 
Magnolia,  315. 
Magnolia  acuminata,  319. 
Magnolia  acuminata,  var.  cordata, 

320. 

Magnolia  foetida,  316. 
Magnolia  foetida,  var.  Exoniensis, 

317. 

Magnolia  Fraseri,  322. 
Magnolia  glauca,  317. 
Magnolia  glauca  longifolia,  318. 
Magnolia  macrophylla,  320. 
Magnolia  major,  318. 
Magnolia,  Mountain,  319,  322. 
Magnolia  pyramidata,  324. 
Magnolia  Tliompsoniaua,  318. 
Magnolia  tripetala,  321. 
MAGNOLIACEJE,  315. 
Mahogany,  593,  609. 
Mahogany,  Mountain,  504. 
Malus,  351. 

Malus  augustifolia,  352. 
Mains  coronaria,  353. 
Malus  loensis,  354. 
Malus  rivularis,  355. 
Malus  Soulardi,  355. 
Manchineel,  599. 
Mangrove,  691. 
Mangrove,  Black,  790. 
Mangrove,  White,  703. 
Maple,  625. 
Maple,  Ash-leaved,  641. 

„ Maple,  Black,  (il',4. 

Maple,  Broad-leaved,  627. 
Maple,  Dwarf,  631. 
M iple,  Mountain,  626.  • 
Miple,  Red,  639,  641. 
Maple,  Rock,  632. 
Maple,  Scarlet,  639. 
Maple,  Silver,  638. 
.-.Maple,  Soft,  (53.S. 
Maple,  Striped,  627.  • 

•.  Sugar,  632,  634,  630,  637. 
Maple,  Vine.  630. 
Marlberry,  733. 
Marsh  Pine,  20. 
Mastic,  737. 
Maul  Oak,  257. 
May  Haw,  399. 
MEUACE*,  593. 
Mesquite,  547. 
Mesquite,  Screw  Pod,  550. 
Metopium,  603. 
Metopium  Metopium,  603. 
Mexican  Mulberry,  305. 
Mimosa,  5H;. 
MIMOSOIDE.K,  533. 
Mimusops,  746. 
Miniusops  Sieberi,  747 
Mock  Orange,  r>-_'7. 
Mockernut,  143. 
Molirodendron,  754. 
Mohrodendron  Carolinum,  755. 
Mohrodendron  dipterum,  750. 
MONOCOTYLEDONS,  102. 
Monterey  Cypress,  77. 
Monterey  Pine,  21. 
Moose  Wood,  027. 
MORACB*,  302. 
Morus,  302. 
Morus  celtidifolia,  305. 
Morus  mbra,  303. 
Mossy  Cup  Oak,  267. 
Mountain  Ash,  356,  768. 
Mountain  Hemlock,  51. 
Mountain  Laurel,  723. 
Mountain  Magnolia,  319,  322. 
Mountain  Mahogany,  504. 
Mountain  Maple,  626. 
Mountain  White  Oak,  277. 
Mulberry,  302. 


INDEX 

Mulberry,  Mexican,  305. 
Mulberry,  Red,  303. 
Myrica,  147. 
Myrica  California,  149. 
Myrica  cerifera,  147. 
Myrica  iuodora,  148. 
MYRICACE^E,  146. 
MYRSINACE.E,  733. 
MYRTACEJC,  693. 
Myrtle,  Blue,  667. 
Myrtle,  Wax,  147,  148,  149. 

Naked  Wood,  669,  698. 

Nannyberry,  808. 

Narrow-leaved  Cottonwood,  159. 

Norway  Pine,  25. 

Nut  Pine,  10,  11,  12. 

Nut  Pines,  3. 

Nutmeg,  California,  98. 

Nutmeg  Hickory,  136. 

NYCTAQINACE^E,  313. 

Nyssa,  707. 

Nyssa  aquatica,  711. 

Nyssa  biflora,  709. 

Nyssa  Ogeche,  710. 

Nyssa  sylvatica,  707. 

Nyssa  sylvalica,  var.  biflora,  709. 

Oak,  220. 

Oak,  Basket,  271. 

Oak,  Bear,  241.      — — 

Oak,  Black,  234,  237,  239,  286.    — 

Oak,  Blue,  277. 

Oak,  Burr,  267.       — 

Oak,  Chestnut,  225,  272,  273.     - 

Oak,  Cow,  271. 

Oak,  Evergreen,  278. 

Oak,  Jack,  245. 

Oak,  Laurel,  251. 

Oak,  Live,  253,  256,  257,  284. 

Oak,  Maul,  257. 

Oak,  Mossy  Cup,  267.    -  — 

Oak,  Mountain  White,  277. 

Oak,  Overcup,  208. 

Oak,  Pin,  232. 

Oak,  Post,  264. 

Oak,  Red,  230,  235,  244.  — 

Oak,  Rock  Chestnut,  272.    ~ 

Oak,  Scarlet,  236.    — »• 

Oak,  Scrub,  241,  255,  276,  283.    -~ 

Oak,  Shin,  263,  276. 

Oak,  Shingle,  251. 

Oak,  Spanish,  242. 

Oak,  Swamp  Spanish,  232,  244.     - 


Oak,  Swamp  White, 

Oak,  Tan  Bark,  225. 

Oak,  Turkey,  240. 

Oak,  Valley,  261. 

Oak,  Water,  246,  249. 

Oak,  White,  259,  261,  262,  263,  275, 

279,  280. 

Oak,  Willow,  247. 
Oak,  Yellow,  273.  o**- 
Oak,  Yellow-bark,  237. 
Ocotea,  332. 

Ocotea  Catesbyana,  333. 
Ogeechee  Lime,  710. 
Ohio  Buckeye,  644. 
Old  Field  Pine,  19. 
Old  Man's  Beard,  778. 
OLEACE*:,  757. 
Olive  Tree,  Black,  702. 
Olneya,  575. 
Olneya  Tesota,  576. 
Opuntia,  687. 
Opuntia  fulgida,  688. 
Opuntia  spinosior,  689. 
Opuntia  versicolor,  690.  < 

Orange,  Mock,  527. 
Orange,  Osage,  307. 
Orange,  Wild,  527. 


823 


Oreodoxa  regia,  113. 
Osage  Orange,  307. 
Osmanthus,  779. 
Osmanthus  Americanos,  779, 
Ostrya,  191. 
Ostrya  Knowltoni,  193. 
Ostrya  Virginiana,  192. 
Overcup  Oak,  208. 
Oxydendrum,  724. 
Oxydendrum  arboreum,  725. 

Palm,  Desert,  110. 

Palm,  Fan,  110. 

Palm,  Royal,  112,  113. 

PALM^E,  102. 

Palmetto,  107,  109. 

Palmetto,  Cabbage,  108. 

Palmetto,  Silver-top,  105. 

Palms,  102. 

Palo  Verde,  563. 

Paper  Birch,  202. 

PAPILIONAT^:,  534. 

Paradise-tree,  590. 

Parkinsonia,  559. 

Parkinsonia  aculeata,  560. 

Parkinsonia  microphylla,  561. 

Parsley  Haw,  486. 

Pasania,  224. 

Pasania  densiflora,  225. 

Pasania  densiflora,  var.  echinoides, 

226. 

Patton  Spruce,  51. 
Pawpaw,  326,  683. 
Peach  Willow,  170. 
Pecan,  133. 

Pecan,  Bitter,  134,  137. 
Pepperidge,  707. 
Persea,  329. 
Persea  Borbonia,  330. 
Persea  pubescens,  331. 
Persimmon,  749. 
Persimmon,  Black,  750. 
PETALS,  315. 
Picea,  38. 

Picea  Breweriana,  45. 
Picea  Canadensis,  42. 
Picea  Engelmanni,  43. 
Picea  Mariana,  39. 
Picea  Parryana,  44. 
Picea  rubens,  41. 
Picea  Sitchensis,  46. 
Pigeon  Plum,  312. 
Pignut,  144. 
Pin  Oak,  232. 
Pinckneya,  798. 
Pinckneya  pubens,  799. 
Pine,  Bull,  15,  23. 
Pine,  Cedar,  28. 
Pine,  Digger,  23. 
Pine,  Foxtail,  8,  9. 
Pine,  Gray,  27. 
Pine,  Hickory,  9,  33. 
Pine,  Jack,  27. 
Pine,  Jersey,  30. 
Pine,  Knob-cone,  22. 
Pine,  Loblolly,  19. 
Pine,  Lodge  Pole,  27. 
Pine,  Long-leaved,  17. 
Pine,  Marsh,  20. 
Pine,  Monterey,  21. 
Pine,  Norway,  25. 
Pine,  Nut,  10,  11,  12. 
Pine,  Old  Field,  19. 
Pine,  Pitch,  20,  24. 
Pine,  Pond,  20. 
Pine,  Prickle-cone,  32. 
Pine,  Red,  25. 

Pine,  Rocky  Mountain  White,  7. 
Pine,  Sand,  31. 
Pine,  Scrub,  26,  30. 
Pine,  Short-leaved,  29. 


824 


INDEX 


Pine,  Slash,  18. 

Pine,  Southern,  17. 

Pine,  Spruce,  28,  31. 

Pine,  Sugar,  5. 

Pine,  Swamp,  18. 

Pine,  Table  Mountain,  33.  » 

Pine,  Torrey's,  34. 

Pine,  White,  4,  5,  6,  8. 

Pine,  Yellow,  14,  15,  29. 

Pinon,  10,  11,  12. 

Pinus,  2. 

Pinus  albicaulis,  8. 

Pinus  aristata,  9. 

Pinus  Arizonica,  14. 

Pinus  attenuate,  22. 

Piuus  Biiliouriana,  8. 

Pinus  Caribsea,  18. 

Piuus  cembroides,  10. 

Pinus  Chihuahuana,  14. 

Piuus  clausa,  31. 

Pinus  contorta,  26. 

Pinus  contorta,  var.  Murrayana,  27. 

Pinus  Coulteri,  24. 

Pinus  divaricata,  27. 

Pinus  echinata,  29. 

Pinus  edulis,  11. 

Pinus  flexilis,  7. 

Pinus  glabra,  28. 

Pinus  heterophylla,  18. 

Pinus  Lambertiana,  5. 

Pinus  monophylla,  12. 

Pinus  monticola,  5. 

Pinus  muricata,  32. 

Pinus  palustris,  17. 

Pinus  ponderosa,  15. 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  Jeffrey!,  16. 

Pinus  ponderosa,  var.  scopulorum, 

16. 

Pinus  pungens,  33. 
Pinus  quadrifolia,  10. 
Pinus  radiata,  21. 
Pinus  resinosa,  25. 
Pinus  rigida,  20. 
Pinus  Sabiniana.  23. 
Pinus  serotina,  20. 
Pinus  strobiformis,  6. 
Pinus  Strobus,  4. 
Pinus  Tseda,  19. 
Pinus  Torreyana,  34. 
Pinus  Virginiana,  30. 
Pisonia,  313. 
Pisonia  longifolia,  314. 
Pisonia  obtusata,  314. 
Pitch  Pine,  20,  24. 
Pitch  Pines,  12. 
Planera,  296. 
Planera  aquatica,  297. 
Plane-tree,  344. 
PLATANACES,  343. 
Platanus,  344. 
Platanus  occidentalis,  344. 
Platanus  racemosa,  346. 
Platanus  Wrightii,  347. 
Plum,  509. 
Plum,  Canada,  511. 
Plum,  Chickasaw,  515. 
Plum,  Cocoa,  532. 
Plum,  Darling,  C.r>9. 
Plum,  Downward,  744. 
Plum,  Guiana,  597. 
Plum,  Pigeon,  312. 
Plum,  Red.  511. 
Plum,  Wild,  512,  513,  517. 
Plums,  510. 
Poison  Dogwood,  608. 
Poison  Sumach,  G08. 
Poison  Wood,  603. 

POLYGONACE^E,  311. 
POLYPETAL,K,  315. 

Pomette  Bleue,  489. 
Pond  Apple,  328. 


Pond  Pine,  20. 

Poplar,  152,  155. 

Poplar,  Yellow,  325. 

Populus,  152. 

Populus  acuminata,  160. 

Populus  angustifolia,  159. 

Populus  balsamifera,  157. 

Populus    balsamifera,   var.    candi- 

cans,  159. 

Populus  deltoidea,  163. 
Populus   deltoidea,    var.   occiden- 
talis, 164. 

Populus  Fremontii,  164. 
Populus  grandidentata,  155. 
Populus  heterophylla,  156. 
Populus  Mexicana,  162. 
Populus  tremuloides,  154. 
Populus  trichocarpa,  161. 
Populue  Wislizeni,  165. 
Port  Orford  Cedar,  84. 
Post  Oak,  264. 
Prickle-cone  Pine,  32. 
Prickly  Ash,  582. 
Prince  Wood,  800. 
Prosopis,  547. 
Prosopis  juliflora,  548. 
Prosopis  juliflora,  var.  glandulosa, 

549. 
Prosopis    juliflora,    var.   velutina, 

550. 

Prosopis  pubescens,  550. 
Prunus,  509. 

Prunus  Alabamensis,  526. 
Prunus  Alleghaniensis,  516. 
Prunus  Americana,  512. 
Prunus    Americana,    var.    lanata, 

513. 

Prunus  angustifolia,  515. 
Prunus  australis,  527. 
Prunus  Caroliniana,  527. 
Prunus  demissa,  523. 
Prunus  emarginata,  522. 
Prunus    emarginata,    var.    villosa, 

522. 

Prunus  hortulana,  513. 
Prunus  hortulana,  var.  Mineri,  515. 
Prunus  ilicifolia,  530. 
Prunus  ilicifolia,  var.  integrifolia, 

531. 

Prunus  integrifolia,  531. 
Prunus  nigra,  511. 
Prunus  Pennsylvanica,  521. 
Prunus  serotina,  524. 
Prunus  sphaerocarpa,  529. 
Prunus  subcordata,  517. 
Prunus  tarda,  519. 
Prunus  umbellata,  518. 
Prunus  umbellata,  var.  injucunda, 

519. 

Prunus  Virginiana,  523. 
Pseudophoenix,  114. 
Pseudophoenix  Sargenti,  115. 
Pseudotsuga,  52. 
Pseudotsuga  macrocarpa,  54. 
Pseudotsuga  mucronata,  53. 
Ptelea,  587. 
Ptelea  trifoliata,  587. 
Pumpkin  Ash,  772. 
Purple  Haw,  658. 
Pyrus  Americana,  var.  decora,  357. 

Quaking  Asp,  154. 

Ecus,  220. 
cus  acuminata,  273. 
'cus  agrifolia,  256. 
Quercus  alba,  259. 
Quercus  Arizonica,  280. 
rcus  brevifolia,  250. 
rcus  breviloba,  275. 
us  Californica,  239. 
Catesbaei,  240. 


Quercus  Chapmani,  266. 
Quercus  chrysolepis,  257. 
Quercus  chrysolepis,  var.  Palmeri, 

258. 
Quercus  chrysolepis,  var.  vaccini- 

folia,  258. 

Quercus  coccinea,  236. 
Quercus  densiflora,  225. 
Quercus  digitata,  242. 
Quercus  Douglasii,  277. 

jrcus  dumosa,  283. 

;rcus  dumosa,  var.  revoluta,  284. 

:rcus  ellipsoidalis,  234. 

srcus  Emoryi,  286. 
Quercus  Engelmanni,  278. 
Quercus  Gambelii,  263. 
Quercus  Garryana,  262. 
Quercus  Georgiana,  233. 
Quercus  heterophylla,  248. 
Quercus  hypoleuca,  252. 
Quercus  imbricaria,  251. 
Quercus  laurifolia,  249. 
Quercus  Leana,  252. 
Quercus  lobata,  261. 
Quercus  lyrata,  268. 
Quercus  macrocarpa,  267. 
Quercus  Marilandica,  245. 

icrcus  Micliauxii,  271. 

.ercus  minor,  264. 

ercus  myrtifolia,  255. 

icrcus  iiana,  241. 
Quercus  nigra,  246. 
Quercus  oblongifolia,  279. 

ercus  pagodsefolia,  244. 

ercus  palustris,  232. 

ercus  Phellos,  247. 

ercus  platanoides,  269. 

ercus  Prinus,  272. 
Quercus  reticulata,  282. 
Quercus  rubra,  230. 
Quercus  Rudkini,  248. 
Quercus  Texana,  235. 
Quercus  tomentella,  258. 
Quercus  Toumeyi,  281. 
Quercus  undulata,  276. 
Quercus  velutina,  237. 
Quercus  Virginiana,  284. 
Quercus  Virginiana,  var.  maritima, 

286. 
Quercus  Virginiana,  var.  minima, 

286. 
Quercus  Wislizeni,  253. 

Red  Ash,  770. 

Red  Bay,  330. 

Red  Birch,  198,  205. 

Red  Cedar,  75,  94,  95,  96. 

Red  Elm,  293,  295. 

Red  Fir,  53,  65,  66,  67. 

Red  Haw,  447. 

Red  Ironwood,  659. 

Red  Maple,  639,  641. 

Red  Mulberry,  303. 

Red  Oak,  230,  235,  244. 

Red  Pine,  25. 

Red  Plum,  511. 

Red  Spruce,  41. 

Red  Stopper,  697. 

Redbud,  552,  553. 

Redwood,  68. 

Retama,  560. 

Reynosia,  658. 

Reynosia  latifolia,  659. 

Reynosia  septentrionalis,  659. 

RHAMNACE*:,  657. 

Rhamnvlium  fe/reum,  660. 

Rhamnus,  661. 

Rhamnus  Caroliniaua,  663. 

Rhamnus  crocea,  662.  • 

Rhamnus  crocea,  var.  insularis,  663. 

Rhamnus  crocea,  var.  pilosa,  663. 


INDEX 


825 


Rhamnus  Purshiaiia,  664. 

Rhizophora,  691. 

Rhizophora  Mangle,  692. 

RHIZOPHOUACE.*:.  (i'Jl. 

Khododendron,  720. 

Rhododendron  maximum,  721. 

Rims,  (304. 

Rhus  copallina,  606. 

Rhus  copalliua,  var.  lanceolata,  608. 

Rhus  hirta,  005. 

Rhus  iiitegrifolia,  609. 

Hfuis  Metopium,  603. 

Rhus  Veruix,  tins. 

River  Birch,  198. 

Robinia,  571. 

Robiuia  Neo-Mexicana,  573. 

Robinia  Pseudacacia,  572. 

Robinia  viscosa,  574. 

Rock  Cedar,  93. 

Rock  Chestnut  Oak,  272. 

Rock  Elm,  290. 

Rock  Maple,  032. 

Rocky  Mountain  White  Pine,  7. 

ROSACE i 

Rose  Bay,  721. 

Royal  Palm,  112,  113. 

Roystonea,  112. 

Roystonea  regia,  113. 

RUBIACE.-E,  7DS. 

Rum  Cherry,  524. 

RUTACE/E,  560. 

Sabal,  107. 

Sabal  Mexicana,  109. 

Sabal  Palmetto,  108. 

SALICACE^E,  152. 

Salix,  166. 

Salix  Alaxensis,  188. 

Salix  amplifolia,  1S5. 

Salix  amygdaloides,  170. 

Salix  balsamifera,  178. 

Salix  Bebbiana.  1S3. 

Salix  Bonplandiana,  172. 

Salix  cordata,  isl. 

Salix  cordata,  var.  Mackenzieana, 
180. 

Salix  discolor,  1S2. 

Salix  ttuviatilis,  175. 

Salix  fluviatilis,  var.  argyrophylla, 
176. 

Salix  fluviatilis,  var.  exigua,  176. 

Salix  Hookeriana,  186. 

Salix  hevigata,  171. 

Salix  laevigata,  var.  angustifolia, 
171. 

Salix  L-evigata,  var.  congesta,  172. 

Salix  lasiandra,  173. 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  caudata,  174. 

Salix  lasiandra,  var.  Lyallii,  174. 

Salix  lasiolepis,  179. 

Salix  longipes,  169. 

Salix  lucida,  174. 

Salix  Missouriensis,  181. 

Salix  nigra,  168. 

Salix  nigra,  var.  falcata,  168. 

Salix  Nuttallii,  1S4. 

Salix  Nuttallii,  var.  brachystachys, 
185. 

Salix  occidentnlis<  169. 

Salix  sessilifolia,  176. 

Salix  Sitchensis,  187. 

Salix  taxifolia.  177. 

Salii  Wardi,  109. 

Sambucus,  805. 

Sambiicii.1  Ccmctdentis,  var.  Mexi- 
cana, Si  Hi. 

Sambucus  glauca,  S07. 

Sambucus  Mexicana,  806. 

Sand  Bar  Willow,  175. 

SandPiiie,  31. 

SAFINDACE*:,  649. 


Sapindus,  649. 

Spruce,  Red,  41  . 

Sapiudus  Drummondi,  652. 

Spruce,  Sitka,  46. 

Sapiudus  margiuatus,  651. 
Sapiudus  Saponaria,  650. 

Spruce,  Tidelaiid,  46. 
Spruce,  Weeping,  45. 

SAPOTACE^:,  736. 

Spruce,  White,  42,  43. 

Sassafras,  335. 
Sassafras  Sassafras,  337. 

Stag  Bush,  811. 
Staghora  Sumach,  605. 

Satinwood,  583. 

STERCULIACE^,  070. 

Savin,  94. 

Stinking  Cedar,  98. 

Scarlet  Haw,  459. 

Stone  Pines,  3. 

Scarlet  Maple,  639,  641. 

Stopper,  695. 

Scarlet  Oak,  230. 

Stopper,  Gurgeon,  694. 

Scluvlreria,  022. 

Stopper,  Red,  G97. 

Schajtferia  frutescens,  623. 

Stopper,  Spanish,  694. 

Screw  Bean,  550. 

Stopper,  White,  695. 

Screw  Pod  Mesquite,  550. 

Striped  Maple,  627. 

Scrub  Oak,  241,  255,  276,  283. 

Strong  Back,  784. 

Scrub  Pine,  "26,  30. 

STYHACEJE,  754. 

Sea  Grape,  311. 

Sugar,  Horse,  752. 

Sequoia,  08. 

Sugar  Maple,  632,  634,  636,  637. 

Sequoia  sempervirens,  68. 

Sugar  Pine,  5. 

Sequoia  Wellingtonia,  69. 
Serenoa,  111. 

Sugarberry,  299,  300. 
Sumach,  606. 

Serenoa  arborescens,  111. 

Sumach,  Poison,  608. 

Service  Berry,  300,  361,362. 

Sumach,  Staghorn,  605. 

Shad  Bush,  360,  361. 

Suwarro,  685. 

Shagbark  Hickory,  139,  140. 

Swamp  Ash,  762. 

She  Balsam,  57. 

Swamp  Bay,  317,  331. 

Sheepberry,  808. 

Swamp  Cottonwood,  156. 

Shellbark,  Big,  141. 

Swamp  Hickory,  135. 

Shellbark,  Bottom,  141. 

Swamp  Pine,  18. 

Shellbark  Hickory,  139. 

Swamp  Spanish  Oak,  232,  244. 

Shin  Oak,  203,  270. 

Swamp  White  Oak,  268,  269. 

Shingle  Oak,  251. 

Sweet  Bay,  317,  331. 

Shining  Willow,  174. 

Sweet  Buckeye,  646. 

Short-leaved  Pine,  29. 

Sweet  Gum,  340. 

Sideroxylum,  737. 

Sweet  Leaf,  752. 

Sideroxylum  Mastichodendron,  737  . 
Silver  Bell  Tree,  755,  756. 

Swietenia,  593. 
Swietenia  Mahagoni,  593. 

Silver  Fir,  03. 

Sycamore,  344,  340,  347. 

Silver  Maple,  038. 

SYMPLOCACE.E,  752. 

Silver-top  Palmetto,  105. 

Symplocos,  752. 

Simaruba,  590. 

Symplocos  tinctoria,  752. 

Simaruba  glauca,  590. 

SIMARCBACE.E,  589. 

Table  Mountain  Pine,  33. 

Sitka  Cypress,  83. 

Tacmahac,  157. 

Sitka  Spruce,  46. 

Tamarack,  35,  36,  37. 

Slash  Pine,  18. 

Tamarind,  Wild,  539. 

Slippery  Elm,  293,  676. 

Tan  Bark  Oak,  225 

Sloe,  516,  518,  519. 

Tassajo,  689. 

Sloe,  Black,  518. 

TAXACE^;,  97. 

Snowdrop  Tree,  756. 

TAXODIJE,  2. 

Soapberry,  650,  651,  652. 

Taxodium,  70. 

Soft  Maple,  638. 

Taxodium  distichum,  71. 

Soft  Pines,  3. 

Taxodium  distichum,  var.  imbrica- 

Sophora,  504. 

rium,  72. 

Sophora  afflnis,  566. 
Sophora  secundiflora,  565. 

Taxus,  99. 
Taxus  brevifolia,  100. 

Sorbus,  356. 

Taxus  Floridana,  101. 

Sorbus  Americana,  356. 

TirminaUa  Bucrras,  702. 

Sorbus  Americana,  var.  decora,  357. 

Thatch,  103,  104. 

Sorrel-tree,  725. 

Thatch,  Brittle,  105,  106. 

Soulard  Crab,  355. 

THEACE^E,  677. 

Sour  Tupelo,  710. 

THEOPHRASTACE.*:,  735. 

Sour  Wood,  725. 

Thorn,  Cock-spur,  308. 

Southern  Pine,  17. 

Thorn,  Washington,  487. 

Spanish  Bayonet,  117. 
Spanish  Buckeye,  056. 
Spanish  Dagger,  117,  118,  119,  120, 
121,  123,  124. 

Thrinax,  103. 
Thrinax  Floridana,  103. 
Thrinax  Keyensis,  104. 
Thrinax  microcarpa,  105. 

Spanish  Oak,  242. 
Spanish  Stopper,  694. 
Sparkleberry,  732. 
Spice-tree,  334. 
Spruce   38. 

Thuya,  74. 
Thuya  occidentalis,  74. 
Thuya  plicata,  75. 
Tideland  Spruce,  46. 
Tilia,  670. 

Spruce'  Black,  39. 

Tilia  Americana,  671. 

Spruce,  Blue,  44. 

Tilia  australis,  672. 

Spruce,  Douglas,  53. 
Spruce,  Eiigelmann,  43. 
Spruce,  Patton,  51. 
Spruce  Pine,  28,  31. 

Tilia  Floridana,  672. 
Tilia  heterophylla,  674. 
Tilia  Michauxii,  673. 
Tilia  pubesceus,  675. 

826 


INDEX 


TILIACE.B,  669. 
Titi,  012. 
Tollou,  359. 
Toothache-tree,  582. 
Torch  Wood,  588. 
Torreya,  98. 
Torrey's  Pine,  34. 
Toxylon,  306. 
Toxylon  poiniferum,  307. 
Toyon,  359. 
Tsuga,  47. 

Tsuga  Canadensis,  48. 
Tsuga  Caroliniaiia,  49. 
Tsuga  heterophylla,  50. 
Tsuga  Merteiisiaua,  51. 
Tulip-tree,  325. 
Tumion,  97. 

Tumion  Californicum,  98. 
Tuinion  taxifoliuiu,  98. 
Tupelo,  707. 
Tupelo  Gum,  711. 
Tupelo,  Sour,  710. 
Turkey  Apple,  436. 
Turkey  Oak,  240. 

ULMACE*:,  287. 
Ulruus,  287. 
Ulmus  alata,  291. 
Ulmus  Americana,  289. 
Ulmus  crassifolia,  294. 
Ulmus  fulva,  293. 
Ulmus  serotina,  295. 
Ulmus  Thomasi,  290. 
Umbellularia,  334. 
Umbellularia  Californica,  334. 
Umbrella-tree,  321. 
Una  de  Gato,  544. 
Ungnadia,  655. 
Ungnadia  speciosa,  656. 

Vaccinium,  731. 
Vaccinium  arboreum,  732. 
Valley  Oak.  261. 
Vauquelinia,  349. 
Vauquelinia  Californica,  349. 
VERBENACE.S:,  787. 
Viburnum,  808. 
Viburnum  Lentago,  808. 
Viburnum  prunifolium,  811. 
Viburnum  rufidulum,  810. 
Vine  Maple,  630. 
Virgilia,  568. 

Wafer  Ash,  587. 
Wahoo,  291,  620. 
Walnut,  126, 129,  130. 
Walnut,  Black,  128. 


Washington  Thorn,  487. 

Washingtonia,  109. 

Washiugtouia  filamentosa,  110. 

Water  Ash,  762,  703. 

Water  Elm,  297. 

Water  Hickory,  137. 

Water  Locust,  558. 

Water  Oak,  246,  249. 

Wax  Myrtle,  147,  148,  149. 

Weeping  Spruce,  45. 

West  Indian  Birch,  592. 

Western  Catalpa,  795. 

White  Ash,  767. 

White  Birch,  200,  206. 

White  Cedar,  74,  82. 

White  Elm,  289. 

White  Fir,  59,  60,  62. 

White  Ironwood,  654. 

White  Mangrove,  703. 

White  Oak,  259,  261,  262,  263,  275, 

279,  280. 

White  Oaks,  229. 
White  Pine,  4,  5,  6,  8. 
White  Pines,  3. 
White  Spruce,  42,  43. 
White  Stopper,  695. 
White  Willow,  179. 
White  Wood,  595,  680. 
Wild  Black  Cherry,  524. 
Wild  Cherries,  510. 
Wild  Cherry,  522,  526,  527. 
Wild  China-tree,  652. 
Wild  Cinnamon,  680. 
Wild  Dilly,  747. 
Wild  Fig,  308,  310. 
Wild  Lime,  581. 
Wild  Orange,  527. 
Wild  Plum,  512,  513,  517. 
Wild  Red  Cherry,  521. 
Wild  Tamarind,  539. 
Willow,  166. 
Willow,  Almond,  170. 
Willow,  Black,  168,  169,  171,  173, 

184. 

Willow,  Desert,  792. 
Willow,  Feltleaf,  188. 
Willow,  Glaucous,  182. 
Willow  Oak,  247. 
Willow  Oaks,  228. 
Willow,  Peach,  170. 
Willow,  Sand  Bar,  175 
Willow,  Shining,  174. 
Willow,  White,  179. 
Winged  Elm,  291. 
Witch  Hazel,  341. 
Wood,  Ants',  744. 
Wood,  Bass,  671,  673,  675. 


Wood,  Bow,  307. 
Wood,  Box,  623. 
Wood,  Chittam,  602,  741. 
Wood,  Cork,  151. 
Wood,  Crab,  600. 
Wood,  Devil,  779. 
Wood,  Fiddle,  788. 
Wood,  Ink,  653. 
Wood,  Joe,  735. 
Wood,  Leather,  611. 
Wood,  Log,  658. 
Wood,  Moose,  627. 
Wood,  Naked,  669,  698. 
Wood,  Poison,  603. 
Wood,  Prince,  800. 
Wood,  Sour,  725. 
Wood,  Torch,  588. 
Wood,  White,  595,  680. 
Wood,  Yellow,  568,  623. 

Xanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis,  582. 
Xanthorylum  Fagara,  581. 
Xanlhoxylum  flavum,  583. 
Xolisma,  726. 
Xolisma  ferruginea,  726. 

Yaupon,  616. 

Yellow-bark  Oak,  237. 

Yellow  Birch,  197. 

Yellow  Cypress,  83. 

Yellow  Locust,  572. 

Yellow  Oak,  273. 

Yellow  Pine,  14,  15,  29. 

Yellow  Poplar,  325. 

Yellow  Wood,  508,  623. 

Yew,  99,  100,  101. 

Yucca,  115. 

Yucca  aloifolia,  117. 

Yucca  arborescens,  122. 

Yucca  constricta,  124. 

Yucca  Faxoniana,  121. 

Yucca  gloriosa,  123. 

Yucca  gloriosa,   var.   recurvifolia, 

123. 

Yucca  macrocarpa,  118. 
Yucca  macrocarpa,  121. 
Yucca  Mohavensis,  119. 
Yucca  radiosa,  124. 
Yucca  Schottii,  120. 
Yucca  Treculeana,  117. 
YUCC.E,  115. 

Zygia,  535. 
Zygia  brevifolia,  536. 
Zygia  flexicaulis,  537. 
Zygia  Unguis-cati,  535. 
ZYGOPHYLLACEJE,  578. 


prcstf 

Electrotyped  and  printed  by  H.O.  Houghton  <&*  Co. 
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