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M l. J'Ooga 



MAPS, PLANS, 



VIEWS and COINS, 



ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE 



TRAVELS 



ANACHARSIS the YOUNGER 



GREECE, 

DURING THE MIDDLE OF THE FOURTH CENTURY BEFORE 
THE CHRISTIAN .ERA. 



V 



i, LONDON: 

+RINTED FOR G. G. J. AKlJ J. ROBINSON, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 
M.DCC.XCI. 



digitized by C3OOQ |C 



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B 



OF THE 



PLATES. 



p. I. Greece and the. Grecian Iuands 

2. Plan of the Pais of Thermopylae 

3. Plan of the Battle of Salami* 

4. Eflay on the Cattle of Plater* 

5. Chart of the Palus Mseotis and Pontus Euxinus. . 

6. The Bofphorus of Thrace 

7. The Hellefpont 

8. Plan of the Environs of Athens 

9. Attica! Megaris, and Part of the Ifland of Euboea. . 

10. Plan of the Academy and its Environs 

11. Plan of a Grecian Palcftra, after Vitruvius. . * . 

12. Plan of Athens 

13. Plan and Elevation of the Propylxa 

14. Plan of the Temple of Thefeus, Elevation and View 

of the Parthenon. 

15. Phocis and Doris . 

16. Eflay on the Environs of Delphi and View of Par- 

naflus. 

17. Plan of a Grecian Houfe after Vitruvius 

18. Bosotia 

19. Thcflaly 

Az 



• INTROBUCTION. 

' CHAP. I. 

CHAP. II. 

f CHAP. VI. 

CHAP. VII. 
CHAP. VIII. 

• CHAP. XII. 



> CHAP. XXI L. 

CHAP. XXV. 
CHAP. XXXIV. 
CHAP. XXXV. 

No. 20. 



393044 



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i CHAP. XXXVIII. 



4 TABLE or the PLATES. 

No. 40. Corinthia, Sicyonia, Phliafia and Achaia. chap, xxxvu. 

21. Elis and Triphylia 

22. Eflay on the Topography of Olympia. . . 

23. Moflcnia '. . . . CHAP. XL. 

24. Laconiaand the Ifland of Cythera -1 

25. Eflay on the Topography of Sparta and its Environs J CHAP " *"* 

26. Arcadia chap. hi. 

27. Argolis, Epidauria, Troezenia, Hermionis, the Iflc 

of jEgina and Cynuria chap. lih. 

28. Plato on the Promontory of Suniuoi, difcourfing 

to his Difciples. Vino. chap. lix. 

29. Ancient Greek Theatre chap. lxx. 

30. The Cyclades chap, lxxvi. 

31. Coins from the Cabinet of the King of Fiance. 



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CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

ON THE 

MAPS of ANCIENT GREECE: 

COMPILED 

For the TRAVELS o* ANACHARSIS the YOUNGER, 

Bt M. BARBlfe bu SOCAGE. 



XN geography, when a map is copied from another map, 
the imitation fhould be candidly avowed ; and when it 
differs effentially from all other maps of th$ fame coun- 
try, the authorities on which fuch difference is founded 
fhould be affigned. In compliance with this principle, 
I mall proceed to explain, as fuccinclly as pofiible, the 
guides I have followed, and the reafons by which I have 
been influenced, in compiling the maps of Ancient 
Greece, which accompany the Travels of Anacharfis. 

In this examination I (hall not include the particular 
plans, becaufe each of them would furnifh matter for 
one, or even for more than one memoir. I mud, how- 
ever acknowledge, that thofe of the battles of Salamis 
and Platsea would have been very imperfeS, if the Count 
6 de 



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6 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

de la Luzerne, the prefent minifter for naval affairs, had 
not been fa obliging as to favour me with his advice, 
and read the ancient authors with my drawings before 
him. I am likewife indebted to the Count de Choifeul- 
Gouifier, for his generous communications of all the 
plans and furveys he had taken in the country ; and it is; 
certain that the moft accurate of my maps are thofe 
which are laid down after his plans. They are almoft 
all by M. Foucherot, engineer for bridges and caufe- 
ways *, who not only put into my hands his drawings, 
and manufcript journals, but has alio defcribed to me* 
as diftin&ly as poffible, the parts of his route where he 
had not time to take obfervatibns, and which were ne- 
ceflary to my defign. The geographical collection for 
foreign affairs, in which the late Count de Vergennes 
permitted me to make refearches, has alfo furnilhed me 
with a number of other plans of ports and iflands ; and 
I have found in the library of the king, though not the 
entire voyage of the Abbe Fourmorit, yet at leaft feverat 
fragments of it,, of which I have made every poffible 
ufe. 

The heirs of the fete M. D'Anville have alfo commu- 
nicated to me the notes of that celebrated geographer, to- 
whom the fcience of geography is fo much indebted, and 
whofe very errors are refpe&able, fince they only prove- 
the imperfection of geographical knowledge at the time 
when he compiled his maps. I have alfo found in fome 

* Ingenicur des pouts ct chauffiies. 



yGoosIe 



ON THE MAPS. 7 

geographical manufcripts of the late M. Freret, well 
known for his profound erudition, digefted extra&s from 
the Portulans * which I mail frequently have occafion to 
cite. It now only remains for me to fpeak of a work on 
geography, in modern Greek, by Meletius, archbifhop of 
Athens, and a native of Joannina in Epirua, written 
about the end of the laft century, and printed at Venice, 
in 1728, in one volume folio. I have made ufe of it 
in feveral inflances, for the northern parts of Greece ; 
but I could not for the Peloponnefus, becaufe the maps 
of that peninfula were already engraved before this work 
fell into my hands. I mull likewife add that, if my maps 
are Iefs imperfect than thofe which have preceded them, 
they are indebted for a part of their merit to the author 
of the Travels of Anacharfis, who has afEfted me in my 
enquiries, and difcufled with me feveral eflential points. 
I likewife {hall not include in this examination the 
chart of the Palus Mxotis and Pontus Euxinus, becaufe 
time and events having furnimed us with a confiderable 
acceffion to our knowledge of thofe places fince it has 
been completed, it would be neceflary to lay it down 
entirely anew. I mall therefore confine myfelf to the 
general map of Greece, and the particular maps of each 
of its provinces. 

I have made ufe of all the agronomical obfervations 
that I have been able to procure, when I have found 

* Collections of charts, furvcys and defer iptions of different ports, roads, &c. 

them 



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8 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

them accurate ; and, in defect of thefe, have had recourfe 
to the diftances given by the ancients and modems. But 
it will be firft neceflary to give an account of the mea- 
fures I have employed. 

In all the maps, I have ufed, for the comparative fcale, 
the common French leagues of 2500 toifcs, becaufe they 
have appeared to me in general to correfpond very 
nearly with the hour's journey employed by travellers 
in thefe countries. The Olympian ftadiura, which in 
my maps I eftimate at 94 toifes 5 feet, is deduced from 
the length which M. Le Roi alugns to the Grecian foot*. 
As to the Pythian fladium, it is that which M. D'Anville 
has before ufed, and which he fixes at one tenth part of 
the Roman mile, or four fifths of the Olympian ftadium b . 
I have named it Pythian, becaufe it appears to me to have 
been principally in ufe in the north of Greece ; and be- 
caufe, according to the remark of Spon e , the ftadium 
which ftill exifts at Delphi is ihorter than that of Athens, 
By the meafures which we have of the latter, it appears 
that it was of the length, or nearly fo, of the Olympian 
ftadium. It is true that Cehforinus d , when comparing 
the Madia which he calls Italian, Olympian and Pythian, 
makes the latter coniift of 1 000 feet ; while the firft, ac- 
cording to him, only contains 625, and the iecond 600, 

* Le Roi, Ruines de la Greet, t. i. p. 32. 

* D'Anville, Trait, des Mrf. Itin. 
B Spon, Voyag. t. ii. p. 38. 

■ * Cenfor. de Die Nat. cap. 13. 

But 



yGoosIe 



ON TfiEMAPS. 9 

But Aulus Gellius, who wrote in Greece, exprefsly fays" 
that the Olympian was the longeft of all the ftadia ; and, 
belides, M. D'Anville', and before him Lucas Poetus, 
have already remarked that Cenforinus here diftin- 
guifhes the Italian from the Olympian ftadium, only 
from not knowing the difference of the feet of wnich 
they were compofed, and that 625 Roman feet are equal 
to 600 Grecian Olympian feet. We cannot therefore rely 
on the meafure of the Pythian ftadium of Cenforinus. 
Yet if we take the 1000 feet for-ihe meafure of the diau- 
lus, or double ftadium, we (hall flill have, for the length 
of the Pythian ftadium, 500 feet, which are exaftly four 
fifths of 625 Roman feet. However this may be, the Py- 
thian ftadium, being fhorter by one fifth than the Olym- 
pian ftadium, muft be equal to 75 toifes, 5 feet, 2 inches, 
44- lines, French meafure, or, to avoid fractions, 76 toifes 
(161 yards, 2 feet Eng.), as it has been eftimated by M. 
D'Anville'. 

I have fometimes made ufe of a (till ftiorter ftadium, 
or that which M. D'Anville calls the Macedonian, or 
Egyptian 11 , and which he eftimates, in feveral places, 
from fifty toifes to fifty-four, or even more. 

The projection of the general map is on the hypothefis 
which conliders the earth as * plane ; at lead the diminu- 

* Aul. Gell. Noa. Att. lib. 1, cap. I. 
t D'Anville, Trait, des Mef. Xtin. p. 14 et 70. 
% Id. ibid. p. 71. 

k Id. Eclaircif. Geogr. fui l'Anc. Gaulc, p. 162; Trait del Mef. Itin. 
p. 93- 

vol. vin. B- tion 



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io CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

tion of the degrees of longitude is calculated' from the 
table at the end of the Supplements to the Aftronomy of 
M. de la Lande '; for the difference between this hypo- 
thefis and. that of the fpherical figure of the earth is al- 
moft infenfible. on the fcale that I have chofen. The 
meridians being right lines on my map, their intervals 
have been afcertained by the tangents of the parallels. 
36 and 40 ; and I have always taken the degree of lati- 
tude at 57000 toifes, in round numbers, as it has been 
eftimated in the table of ML Schulze S for the latitude of 
39 degrees. It is not neceffary to mention that the cur- 
vature of the parallels has been determined and laid 
down on each meridian from the difference of the fecant 
and the radius ; but it may be proper to remark that, if 
the parallels are right lines on the particular maps, it 
is becaufe it would otherwife have been very difficult to= 
lay down the different bearings of which I fhall have oc- 
cafiori to fey more prefently ; and becaufe, befides, the 
curvature would have been fcarcety perceivable. I have 
likewifenot marked the longitude on the particular maps ; 
becaufe, having no obfervation relative to it through the 
whole extent of country which they reprefent, it woul<£ 
have been neceflary at leaft to reach Salonichi, from, 
which it mull have been computed. 

The general map, on the contrary, is fupported by fe- 
veral obfervations of longitude and latitude. The por- 
tion of Gonflantinople, formerly Byzantium, is taken; 

■ De la Lande, Aftronom. t- iv. p. 770. 
k Id. ibid. p. 777- 

from:' 



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ON THE'MAPS. n 

from the Cmnoiffancr. its Temps for the year 1788 s and 
the latitude and longitude of Salonichi, formerly Therma, 
at the bottom of the Thermaic Gulf ; of Smyrna, on the 
coaft of Afia ; and Candia and Canea, in the illand of 
Crete, have been obferved by rather Feuillfe. M. De 
Chazelles has given us the latitude of Rhodes, and other 
navigators have furnilhed me with that of feveral of the 
iflands of the Archipelago. 

I have not been able to make ul'e of the obfervation of 
father Feuillee at Milo, becaufe it appears to me erroneous. 
M. D'Anville had before judged it to be fo.fince the lon- 
gitude which he afligns to that illand in his maps differs 
by about twenty minutes from that of father Feuillfe. 
The longitude of Melos in my map is almoft the lame 
with that in which it is laid down by M. D'Anville. 

The particular maps have for their bafis : 1. The ob- 
fervations of latitude taken by Vernon at Athens, Negro- 
pont, or Chalcis, in Eubcea, and Sparta, a. Two obfer- 
vations of latitude, which I found in the papers of M; 
Freret. They were taken by M. De Chazelles, one in 
"the port of the illand of Zante, or Zacynthus, and the 
other to the fouth of Cape Matapan, or Taenarum, directly 
well of the mod fouthern point of the illand of Cythera. 
3. The latitude of Volo, formerly Pagafaa, at the bottom 
of the Pagafitic Gulf, in Theffaly, given by Dapper, 
though I know not whence he obtained it. 4. That of 
Corfu, from the tables of Riccioli and Pimentel. 5. That 
of Durazzo, or Epidamnus, in lUyricum, according to the 
table of Philip Lanlberge. And, 6. The latitude and longi- 
B z tude 



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ii CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

tude of Salonichi, to which I have had rccourfe to deter- 
mine the longitude of all Greece in the general map. 

The latitude of Athens, from which I have taken my 
departure for all my particular maps, according to the 
obfervations of Vernon 1 , is 38 5'. M. D'Anville men- 
tions another obfervation, which places that city in 38 4' 
only m ; but as I have not found it among his papers, I 
have followed that of Vernon. 

I have adjufted to the pofitioa of Athens the plan of the 
bay and ifle of Coulouri, which was taken by M. Four 
cherot in 1781, and which I have accurately copied in 
my plan of the battle of Salamis. I have alfo adjufted to 
the fame pofition, a manufcript map of the gulf of Engia* 
taken by the marquis de Chabert, in 1776. This map 
has likewife given me the figure of all the iflands of the 
Saronic Sea, the point of Cape ScyllBeum, and even the 
pofition of the Acro-corinthus. The bearing of the pn> 
montory of Sunium, from the fummit of the mountain hv 
£gina, does not, indeed, accord with that given by 
Wheler. n i but the pofition of the Acro-corinthus is alfo in 
this map more fou therly than, that of Athens, by about four 
thoufand one hundred and fifty toifes, or a little more 
than four minutes of latitude, precifery as I found it in 
1782. i have appertained this pofition entirely from 
comparing and combining the bearings given by Wheler 
j. 

1 Journal de Vernon, a la fuile de la Reponfe de Spon a la Critique de 
Guillct, p. 302. 

n D'Anville, Anal, del C6tes de h Crete* 
■ Whela's Journey,, book, vl p. 44.9. 

of 



yGoosIe 



ON THE MAPS. * 3 

of Athens and Mount Hymettus, from the Acro-corinthus 1 *, 
and of the Acro-corinthus from Mount Hymettus p ; for 
I then had not feen the map of M. De Chabert. The 
latitude of Corinth therefore cannot be, as the obfervatiort 
of Vernon makes it, 38" 14' *-, but muft be about 38 1 ' 30", 
as it is laid down in iny maps, , 

The fituation of Corinth thus determined, I have ad- 
justed to its pofition a map of the Ifthmus, taken geome- 
trically by the Venetians in 1697, of which an engraving 
has been given by Bellin, in his defeription of the gulf of 
Venice and the Morea r . This map, which is conftru&ed 
with great care, has enabled me to aflign with fufficicnt 
accuracy the fituation of the promontory Olroiae, though 
it is not found in it. Wheler has obfcrved that this pro- 
montory bears north- north-eaft of the Acro-corinthus * j 
and Livy fays that a temple of Juno Acreea,. built on this 
promontory, was only about feven Roman miles diftant 
from Corinth '. 

Between Corinth and Argos, the ancients, according to 
Strabo, reckoned two hundred ftadia " ; and, at prefent, 
about eight or nine hours are required to go, by the 
fhortefl road % from Corinth to Napoli di Romania, or 

Whelcr*s Journey, nook vi. p. 443. 

P Id. ibtd. p. 410. 

q Journal dc Vernon, p. 302- 

r Bellin, Defcript. du Golrc de Ven. pi. xlviii. p. 230. 

* Whcler's Journey, book vi, p. 443. 

* Liv. lib. 32, cap. 23. 

* Scrab. lib. 8, p. 377. 

* Pocock* t. iii. p. 1 75. FoucheroV Voyag-manufcr. 

Naupliav 



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H CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

Nauplia, which is but a little farther than Argos. In my 
maps, the diftance between Corinth and Argos, in a right 
line, is one hundred and eighty Olympian ftadia, and 
about feven hours and one third, of twenty-five hundred 
toifes each, between Corinth and Nauplia. 

Argos has always been placed in the maps almolt due 
fouth of Corinth ; but the fituation of the fouthern coaft 
of Argolis, and in particular the pofition of the ifle of 
Hydrsea, has obliged me to lay it down much more to the 
weft. The citadel of Argos, Nauplia, or Napoli, and 
Tiryns,at prefent Old Napoli, are laid down from obfer- 
vations, taken on the fpot by M. Foucherot, from two 
different flations ; firft, on coming out of a defile near 
Mycenae, and afterwards from the city of Argos itfelf. 
From the latter nation M. Foucherot has alfo obferved 
the bearing of that part of the coaft of Laconia which 
advances moft to the eaft. All theie obfervations have 
been taken according to the north indicated by the com- 
pafe ; but I have reclined them to the true meridian, by 
allowing for the variation of the needle 13 15' towards 
the weft, which was found to be its variation in thefe 
countries, by M. De Chabert, in 1776. 

To the fituation of Nauplia, or Napoli, I have adjufted 
two manufcript charts taken, in 1735, by the late M. 
Verguin, engineer in the naval fervice. They have fur- 
niftied me with the coaft and ifiands of Argolis, from the 
confines of Laconia to Cape Acra. I lhall fay nothing of 
the merit of thefe charts, but content myfelf with refer- 
3 rin S 



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ON T HE MAP S. jj 

ring to M. D'Anville', who did not make ufe of them tilt 
he had afcertained their accuracy. Some obfervations 
that have been taken of the bearings of the neighbouring 
places from Cape Acra, and the iflands Tiparenus and 
Ariftera, now the ifles of Efpeci and Efpeci-Poulo, have 
given me the petition of Mount Buporthmos, and the 
iflands Aperopia and Hydraea. Thefe obfervations* 
which I have found among the papers of M. Freret, have 
appeared to me to be by M, Verguin, which has induced 
me to make ufe of them with confidence. The figure of 
thefe iflands, and that of the coaft oppofite to Scyllxum, 
are taken from another manufcript chart, drawn by the 
pilot Vidal, in 1735* which I have compared with that of 
this fame coaft, given by Defmouceaux ■. 

The fituation of Hermione, now Caflri,. is llkewife as- 
certained by its diftancc from Trcezen, or Damala. M. 
Fourniont fays", that he employed four or five hours ia 
going from one of thefe places to the other. That of the 
ifland Hydrsea is alfo given by the obfervation of Tourne- 
fbrt b , of its bearing from his ftation in the ifland of Zia, 
formerly Ceos ; and the latter is laid down from its dis- 
tance from the promontory of Sunium, and from the 
bearings obferved by Wheler from that promontory * 
which extend to Anti-Milo. 

7 D'Anville, Anal, des Coces de la Grcce. 

* Extrait <lu Voyag. de Defmouceaux. a la fuite du Voyag. de Corn, le 
Bruyn, t v. p. 466. 

fc Fourmont, Voyag ^runufcr. de 1'Argolide.. 
b Tourncf. Voyag. t. i. p. 341. 

• Wheler's Journey, book vL p. 449. 

Leaving 



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i6 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

Leaving Argos, Pliny has enabled me to determine the 
breadth of Peloponnefus. He fays that the diftance from 
Argos to Olympia, eroding Arcadia, is fixty-eight Roman 
miles d . I have taken thefe in a right line ; becaufe, after 
having confidered the road which pafles through Megalo- 
polis, I have found that it does not depart much from a 
right line, and yet gives a confiderably greater diftance. 
Jn fad, the table of Peutinger ° gives twelve miles from 
Olympia to Melsenae, twenty-two from Melxnse to Mega- 
lopolis, and twenty from Megalopolis to Tegea. From 
Tegea to Argos the diftance is wanting ; but this is ealily 
fupplied from modern travellers. M. Foucherot f reckons 
ten hours journey between Napoli di Romania and Tri- 
polizza ; and we fhall be convinced that the latter town is 
near the place where Tegea flood, if, with the abbe Four- 
mont, we find the fite of Tegea in Palaeo-Tripolizza, of 
Old Tripolizza. We may therefore reckon eighty-feven 
or eighty-eight Roman miles from Olympia to Argos, or 
Nauplia, palling through Megalopolis ; and thus the re- 
duction of the diftance to fixty eight in a right line will 
ftill be very great 

Tripolizza is at prefent the capital of the Morea, or 
Peloponnefus, and the refidence of a pacha, or mouhafil, 
who is governor of the whole country. It is a modem 
town ; but Leondari is not the ancient Megalopolis, as 

d Plin. lib. 4, cap. 6, t. i, p. 196. 

« Peuttng. Tab. Scgm. 7, edit. Scheyb. Vindob. 1753, in fol. 

t Foucherot, Voyag. Maiuifcr. 

has 



yGoosIe 



ON THE MAPS. 17 

has been hitherto fuppofed, on the authority of M. De 
Fourmont *. Leondari is built on the declivity of Mount 
Taygetus,- and Megalopolis was fituated in the plain be- 
yond the Alpheus. I am therefore inclined to believe 
that the fite of the latter city is at the place called Sinano, 
which M. Fourmont has taken, without fufficient proof, 
for the ancient Mantinea h ; and within the extenfive 
circuit of which he fays there are many ruins \ Leondari 
is probably the ancieht Leuftra mentioned in Xenophon k ; 
which fhut in one of the entrances of Laconia. Olympia 
fubfifts in a fmall place now called Miraca. Mr. Chandler 
and M. Foucherot l found there but few ruins ; but M. 
Fauvel, who accompanied M. Foucherot, has been more 
fuccefsful in a fecond journey, which he made in 1787, 
by order of the count de Choifeul-Gouffier. He then 
difcovered the hippodrome, the ftadium, the theatre, and 
the temple of Jupiter ; fo that we (hall foon be in poflef- 
fion of the exact dimenfions of all thefe relics of antiquity. 
To place Olympia in my maps, its diftance from Argos, 
however, was not fufficient ; it wasneceflary alfo to obtain 
its latitude. This has been deduced from that of Zante, 
or Zacynthus, in the ifiand of the fame name ; obferved, as 

E Fourmont, Lett. Manufcr. a la Bifal. du Roi. 
h Fourmont, ibid. 

' Mem. de l'Acad. des Bell. Lettr. t. vii. p. 356. 
k Xenoph. Hift. Gnec. lib. 6, p. 607. 

1 Chandler's Travels in Greece, chap, lxxv'i. p. 294. Foucherot, Voyag. 
Manufcr. . 

vol. viii. C I have 



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>» CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

I have already faid, by M. de Chazelles : which obferva- 
rion, taken in the harbour, directly to the eaft of the 
cattle m , fixes the latitude of Zante at 37° 46' 3a". 

The road of Zante, from the city to Cape Bafilico, the 
eailem extremity of the ifland, has been laid down from 
a plan taken by M. Verguin : and able navigators, ac- 
cording to Bellin n , when failing between this cape and that 
of Tornefe, anciently Chelonites, on the Continent, have 
obfcrved the former to bear fouth-welt, and the latter 
north-eaft. The diftance between thefe two capes is 
given differently by different travellers ; but I have made 
it, with Texeira, exactly ten Italian miles \ 

From Cape Chelonites, Strabo fays that two hundred 
and eighty ftadia were reckoned to the mouth of the Al- 
pheus '. The Portulans, from feveral bearings, give reafon 
to conclude, on the whole! that the direction was fouth- 
eaft by fouth j and I have therefore placed the mouth of 
the Alpheus in this direction from Cape Chelonites. I 
have not, however, in my maps, allowed more than 
two hundred and twenty-five Olympian ftadia for the 
diftance between thefe two points; becaufe the coaft, in 
this fpace, makes great bays, and a great projection ; and 
becaufe, befides, Mr. Chandler and M. Foucherot, who 

« Note Manuicr. de M. Frcrct. 

•> Bellin, Defcripl. du Golfedc Ven. 

• Texeira, Viage, p. ao8: enAmbeies, i6to, in Svo. 

t Stiab.ltb. 8, p. 3+3. 

made 



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OK THE HAfS. i« 

made the journey by land from Pyrgo, near the mouth 
of the Alpheus, to Chiarenza, anciently Cyllene, not far 
from Cape Chelonites, give reafon to believe that they did 
not employ more than nine hours in going from one of 
thele places to the other'. 

From the mouth of the Alpheus to Olympia I have fol- 
lowed a fmall drawing which M. Foucherot drew for me 
of his route ; and which agrees with Paufanias, who rec- 
kons a hundred and twenty ftadia from Olympia to Le- 
trini '. The latter place was at the mouth of the Al- 
pheus ; we mull therefore con-eft Strabo, who makes the 
diliance between the mouth of that river and Olympia 
but eighty ftadia'. 

The greater part of the Portulans, Levanto', and many 
maps, agree in making Prodano, anciently the ifland 
Prote, on the coafl of Mefienia, bear fouth-fouth-eaft of 
Cape Bafilico, in the ifle of Zante ; and alfo of Cape Chc- 
lonites. It is precifely in this direction, with refpect. to 
the former of thefe capes, that I have placed that ifland in 
my maps : but for the diliance I have followed in pre- 
ference the Fortulan of Romagna, becaufe that alone can 
be made to agree with the diftances taken by land ; thofe 
given by the others being either too great or too little. 

^ Chandler's Travels in Greece, chap. 73, p. 284. Foucherot, Voyag. Mamtf. 

T Paufan. lib. 6, cap. 22, p. 510. 

» Strab. lib. 8, p. 343. 

* Levanto, Speccbio del Mare, p. 106. 

C a From 



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20 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

From Prote to Pylos in Meflenia, at prefent old Nava- 
rins, or Zonchio, three Portulans give for the diftance ten 
miles. Thefe miles are Greek miles, and are confe- 
quendy reduced in my maps to fix Italian miles and two 
thirds. The direction is eaft-fouth-eaft. 

To the pofition of Pylos I have afterwards adjufted two 
manufcript maps by M. Verguin, of which M. D'Anville 
has alfo made ufe u . I could not follow more accurate 
guides than thefe maps : they have conducted me to Cape 
Gallo, anciently the promontory of Acritas, at the en- 
trance of the gulf of Meffenia. Thence it was eafy 
for me to afcend to Corone, now Coron. That city was 
fomewhat more than a hundred and fixty ftadia from the 
promontory of Acritas, according to Paufanias 1 ; and tra- 
vellers r reckon by land from Modon, anciently Mothone, 
to Coron, fix hours journey, or eighteen Italian miles. 

From Coron navigators, according to Bellin % have ob- 
ferved Cape Gros, anciently Thyrides, in Laconia, to bear 
fouth-eaft and five degrees to- the fouth. The variation 
appears to me corrected in this bearing. This, cape is not 
far from Tenarum, now Cape Matapan. - Paufanias rec- 
kons only feventy ftadia between them ' ; and Bellin fays- 

° D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grcce, p. 20. 
* Paufcn. lib. 4, cap. 34, p. 365 et 367. 

J Breydenbach, Pcregr. Terr. Sand. p. 31 : Mogunt. 1486, infol. Pclle- 
grin, Voyag. de la Moree, p. 7. Foucherot, Voyag. Manufcr. 
1 Bellin, Defcript. du Golfe de Ven. p> 202. 
» Paufan, lib* 3,. cap. 25, p. 276. 

that 



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ON THE MAPS. » 

that Matapan is diftant from Cape Gallo, or the promon- 
tory of Acritas, thirty miles, or ten marine leagues, to the 
eaft-fouth-eaftV This di fiance, which is the breadth of 
the entrance of the gulf of MefTenia, is much greater ac- 
cording to the'Portulans. Pliny, however, makes it lefs c ; 
on which account I have adhered to the meafure given by 
Bellin, and employed it in a right line in my maps. 

From Taenat-um it was not difficult for me to gain the 
promontory of Malea. M. Verguin, from the latter cape,, 
had taken the bearing of the former, from two different 
ftations ; and thus determined the pofition of the promon- 
tory of Tsenarum with refpecl to that of Malea. By tak- 
ing the oppofite directions, I have ascertained the pofition- 
of Malea from Tasnarum. All the environs of the former 
cape are laid down from a manufcript chart of the fame 
M. Verguin, which has given me the eoaft from the pro- 
montory of Malea,. now Cape St Angelo, to the ifle of 
Cervi, inclufively ; as alfo the northern coaft of the- ifland 
of Cerigo, or Cythera. To this chart is added another of 
the anchoring place of St. Nicholas, anciendy the Phoeni- 
cian port, in the fame ifland of Cythera. The remainder 
of the ifland is taken from Coronelli d , whole defcrip- 
tion has been compared with other materials. The ifle of: 
Cervi was formerly only a peninfula, the moft foutherly 

" Bellin. ibid. p. 200. 

• Plin. lib. 4, cap. 5, t. i. p. 193. 

d Coronelli, Defcript. de la Morce, p. 8z; Paris, 16873 in fol. 

point 



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n CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

point of which was called Onu-gnalhos, or the jaw-bone 

of the afs. 

In the interior part of Peloponnefus, Lacedxmon, or 
Sparta, is laid down from its diltance from Megalopolis. 
Faufanias fays that from Sparta to Olympia the diflance 
is fix hundred and fixty lladia ; and Livy informs us 
that the road palled through Megalopolis'. We have 
feen that the table of Peutinger reckons, in two diQances, 
thirty-four Roman miles from Olympia to Megalopolis, 
Thefe thirty-four miles make two hundred and feventy- 
two Olympian itadia ; which, fubdufled from fix hundred 
and fixty, leave three hundred and eighty-eight ftadia foe 
the diflance from Megalopolis to Sparta. The diftance in 
my maps, in a right line, is three hundred and thirty ft*. 
dia ; and Sparta is placed in the latitude of yf, id N. ac- 
cording to the obfervation of Vernon «. 

It has not been the fame with Coran : I have not been 
able to place this city m the latitude ob&rved by Ver- 
non 1 . The fouthern part of Peloponnefus, however, 
as I have already laid, refts on an obfervation of latitude 
made at fea by M. de Chazelles, to the fouth of Cape Tae- 
narum or Matapan, and dire&ly weft of the mod fouth- 
ern point of the ifland of Cythera '. This obfervation af- 

• Pauflui. lib. 6, cap. l6» p. 492. 
1 Liv. lib. 45, cap. 98. 

f Journal de Vernon, p. 302. 

* Id. ibid. 

» Note Manufcr. de M. Freret. 

2 certains 



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ON THE MAPS. *, 

certains the latitude of the extreme point of Cerigo to be 
jo^ioN. 

In the northern part of Peloponnefus, the Gtuation of 
Dyme in Achaia is determined by its dtftance from Olym- 
pia. From Olympia to Elis there were two roads: one 
through the plain, three hundred ftadia in length' ; and 
the other, which was the ihorteft, over the mountain. By 
the latter it was reckoned twelve miles, or ninety-fix fta- 
dia, from Olympia to Pylos near Elis 1 , and feventy or 
eighty ftadia from Pylos to Elis itfelf '; in the whole, a 
hundred and fixty-fix, or a hundred and feventy-fix, fta- 
dia, from Olympia to Elis. From the latter city, proceed- 
ing into Achaia, Paufanias reckons a hundred and fifty- 
fcven ftadia* to the paflage of the river Lariflus; and he 
adds' that, from this river to Dyme, it is about four hun- 
dred ftadia. All thefe diftances appear to me accurate 
except the laft, which cannot be made to agree with the 
meafures taken at fe*. Paulmier has indeed perceived 
that there muft be an error in this number '; but he has 
not corrected it. I would propofe to fubftitute in the 
G»eek the numeral letter which denotes forty for that 
which fignifies four hundred; and we (hall then have 

« Strab. lib. 8, p. 367. Paufcii. lib. 6, cup. 22, p. 510. 

1 Plin. lib. 4, cap. 5, t. i. p. 193. 

■ Diod. Sic. lib. 14, p. 248. Pauftn. lib. 6, p. 509. 

" Pauran. ibid. cap. 26, p. 520. 

* Id. lib. 7, cap. 17, p. 564. 

ft Palmer, Exercit. p. 412. 

three 



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a* CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

three hundred and fix ty~ three, or three hundred and 
feventy-three, fladia, for the di fiance from Olympia to 
Dyme. My maps give more than three hundred and 
twenty in a right line. 

I could not place Dyme at a greater diftance from 
Olympia. Dyme was only fixty ftadia from the promon- 
tory of Araxus, according to Strabo * ; and the Venetian 
Portulan reckons only eighteen miles in a right line from 
this cape to Chelonites, the fituation of which has already 
been determined. 

M. Verguin has taken the plan of an anchoring place 
fituated to the eaft of the promontory of Araxus, now 
Cape Papa, which extends to Dyme. From this anchor- 
ing place the town of Patras, anciently Patrae, has been 
obferved, according to Belling to bear eaft by north; 
The variation appears to me to have been corrected in 
this obfervation. But the diftance from Dyme to Patras, 
according to feveral ancient authors, is a hundred and 
twenty ftadia ■ : from the promontory of Araxus to Pa- 
trae, therefore, the diftance was a hundred and eighty 
ftadia. In my maps it is a hundred and fixty-four, or a 
hundred and fixty-five, in a right line. 

The fituation of Patrae is alfo determined by its dif- 
tance from the ifthmus of Corinth. This diftance is fe- 

•) Strab. lib. 8, p. 337. 
' Bellin, Defcript. du Golfc de Ven. p. 186. 

* Apollod. in Stcph. Frag. voc. A^ot. Strab. ibid. p. 386. Paufan. lib. 7, 
cap, 18, p. 567, 568. Feuting. Tab. Segra. 7. 

ven 



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ON THE MAPS. u 

ven hundred and twenty ftadia, according to Agathe- 
merus'; and there is no reafon to fufpcft an error, fince 
Pliny eftimates it at the fame. The latter fays that the 
length of the gulf of Corinth, or of the fea of Crifla, to the 
ifthmus, is eighty-five miles " ; and he adds, that from the 
promontory of Rhium it is five miles to Patrae"; in the 
whole, ninety miles, which make exactly feven hundred 
and twenty ftadia. This meafure alfo agrees very well 
with (brae particular diftances on the coaft of Achaia, 
given by Paufanias and the Peutinger table T . In my 
maps, the diftance in a right line between the part of the 
ifthmus on the fea of Crifla where a wall terminates, and 
the pofition of Patne, is fix hundred and Gxty-five ftadia. 
It may perhaps be thought that I have not made a fuffi- 
cient allowance in reducing the itinerary meafure to a 
right linej but it is to be obferved that the coaft is almoft 
ftraight, and makes no other elbow than that of the cape 
of Sicyon. This cape has been obferved by Wheler ■ to 
bear north-weft by north of the Acro-cdrinthus ; and the> 
Greek and Venetian Portulans place Patrx in the direc- 
tion of weft by fouth, and even wcft-fouth-weit, from 
that cape. 

1 Agathem. lib. I, cap. 4, p. ID, ap. Geograph. Min. Once t. ii. 

■ Plin. lib. 4, cap. 4, t. i. p. 192. 

* Id. ibid. cap. 5, p. 193. 

T Paulan. lib. 7, paJSm. Peuting. Tab. fegm. 7. 

« Wheler's Journey, b. 6,p. 44a. 

VOL, VIII. O In 



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26 CRITIC AI, OBSERVATIONS 

In front of Patne is the ifland of Gcfalonia, anciently 
Ccphallenia, which, according to Strabo ", is only eighty 
ftadia diftant from the promontory of Chelonites in Pdo- 
ponnefus, and fixty from the ifland of Zacyntnus. The 
figure of it is taken from * Venetian chart, the fame that 
M. D'Anville has made ufe of b . This chart, which- ap- 
pears to me to have been drawn with care, has alfd fur- 
nifhed me with a part of the ifland of Ithaca, now Teaki ; 
and the ports fituated in the north of the latter ifland are 
laid down from a plan taken by M. Verguin. 

From Ccphallenia Strabo again reckons fifty ftadia to 
Leucadia-*. But this diftance is erroneous : for navigators 
estimate it at not lefs than three marine leagues, or nine 
Italian miles d ;■ at which diftance I have placed thefc two> 
j flands in my map, following the bearing which the Ve- 
netian Portukn has given between the moft northern 
cape of Ccfalonia and the moft fbuthern of Lcucadia. 
The latter ifland is now called St Maura, and was long 
only a peninfula : itislaiddownfromamapofCoronclli's, 
of which M. D'Anville has alfo made ufe*. The coaft 
of the oppoute continent, towards Alyzia, as well as die 



* Strab. lib. 10, p. 456 et 458. 

■ D'Anville, Anal, des Cdtes de la Grece, p. io r 2T* 

* Strab. lib. to, p. 456. 

* Coronelli, Defciipt. dc la Moree, p. 65. Bcllra, Dtfcript. da Gcffis dfc 
Ven. p. 163. 

* D'Anville, Anal, des Cdtes de la Grece> p. 10. 

iflahds 



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ON THE MAPS. 17 

iflands between that and Leucadia, are taken from a plan 
by M. Verguin. 

The town Leucas was not fituated in the fame place as 
that of St. Maura is at prefent. The ruins of it are dill 
to be feen at fome diftance on the fea ftiore, and in a 
place where the ifland approaches neareft to the main 
land. It was built by the Corinthians, on the ifthmus by 
which the ifland. anciently was joined to the continent ; 
but the ifthmus having been cut through, the town ro 
mained on the ifland, and the channel took the name of 
Diory&os. According to the accounts of ancient au» 
thors f , the diftance from Patrae to Leucas was eftimated 
at feven hundred iladia ; but in my map it is but five 
hundred and feventy-five, in a right line, becaufe the na- 
vigation from one of thefe ports to the other is much em- 
bairaued; and becaufe, befidcs, the diftance from Nau- 
paftus to.DiorySos, according to the table of Peutlnger, 
would not allow me to make it more. . 

Naupaclus, now called Lepanto, lies more to the eaft 
than Patrae. This city is fituated on the fea of Crifla, 
not far from the promontory of Antirrhium. From it 
the Peutinger table ' gives, at feveral diftances, feventy- 
eight Roman miles to Dioryflos. Thefe feventy-eight 
miles amount to fix hundred and twenty-four Olympian 

f Polyb. ap. Strab. lib. 2, p. 105. Plin. lib. 2, cap. 108, t. i. p. 124 ; lib. 4, 
cap. 4, p. 192. Agathcm. lib. I, cap. 4, p. 10, ap. Gcogr. Min. Gricc. t. ii. 
t Pcutiog. Tab. fcgm. 7. 

D 2 ftadia; 



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%% critical observations 

fladia ; and I have made the diftance more than fix hun- 
dred, in a right line. 

On the road from Patne to Dioryftos, the Achelous, 
now called A fpro-potamo, or the White River, was crofted. 
Coronelli has given a map of a part of the courfe of this 
river 11 , which was taken in confequence of an incurfion 
that the Venetians made into Acarnania and iEtolia in 
1684. I have found in it the track of the ancient road; 
but as the fcale of it is erroneous, I have rectified it from 
the diftances pointed out by M. Foucherot', who has tra* 
veiled through the country -, and have adjufted the whole 
map, to the pofition of CEniadae, which was fituatedat the 
mouth of the Alpheus, and diflant one hundred fladia 
from the promontory Araxus in Peloponnefus \ 

This map extends to the ruins of Stratos, which was 
built on the right bank of the river, at the diftance of 
,jnore than two hundred fladia from its mouth, according 
to Strata 1 . Yet the fame author fays, foon after™, that 
Stratos was half-way between Alyzia and Ana&orium; 
and the latter city flood on the gulf of Ambracia, Paut- 
mier has endeavoured u to reconcile thefe two pottages : 
but his ufual penetration appears here to have forfakea 

h Coronelli, Defcript. de la Morcc, p. 69. 
» Foucherot, Voyag. Manufcr. * 

k Polyb. Hift. lib. 4, p. 329^ 
> Strab. lib. 10, p. +50* 
.- m Id. ibid.. 

* Palmer. Grcc. Antiq. p, 3881. 

him$ 



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ON THE MAPS. a» 

him ; he offers nothing fatisfa&ory. If he had attended 
to the refpeftive filiation of the places, he might eafily 
have perceived that the fecond paflage is corrupted; and 
that inflead of 'AraxTogior, we fhould read 'Arn'ppio* 

From Leucas, Strabo reckons two hundred and forty 
ftadia to . the temple of Actium, at the entrance of the 
gulf of Ambracia, on the coaft of Acarnama °« This dis- 
tance appears to me erroneous ; for the Peutinger table 
only gives fifteen miles between Dioryftos and Nicopolis, 
which was afterwards built by Auguftus, on the other 
fide of the gulf, ki Epirus p ; and the Portuians and tra- 
vellers i compute the diftance between the fortrefs of St- 
Maura and that of La Preveza at only twelve miles. 
Thefe miles, which can only be Greek miles> I have laid 
down in a right tine on my map. For the bearing I hava 
followed that given by Bellin r . 

The gulf of Ambracia, at prefent the gulf of Arta, i» 
laid down from a large map of Coronelli'Sr the fame that 
M. D'Anville has made ufe of' ; but, like him, I have been; 
obliged to correct its fcale, and adjuft the map to the mea- 
fures which Polybius has given of this gulf 1 . 

* Strab. lib. 10, p. 45.1- 
r Peuting. Tab. fegm. 7. 

* D« Hayes, Voyag. du Lc*aat, p. 467; Paris,. 1632, 4 ; Spon. Voyag; 
I. i. p. 8r. 

* Bcllih, Defcript. du GolFc dc Ven. p. 161. 

»■ D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de U-Grccc, p. to.- Mem.de l'Acad,-de»- 
Bell. Lettr. t. xxxii. p. 5.1.3. 
«~ Polyb.. Hitt. lib. 4, p. 327.. 



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jo CRITIC Al OBSERVATIONS 

In this latitude Greece is (hut in between two gulfs ; 
that of Ambracia to the weft, and that of Malia to the 
eait; fo that the interval that feparates them is conudered 
by Strabo as an ifthmus, of which he gives the meafure "» 
which he makes to be eight hundred ftadia from the bot- 
tom of the gulf of Ambracia to Thermopylae on the Ma- 
liac gulf. This meafure has enabled me to determine the 
point of Thermopylae, which is alfo given by other means. 
The fame author fays that from the bottom of the gulf of 
Crifla the diftance to Thermopylae, in a right line, is five 
hundred and eight ftadia x . What Strabo calls the gulf of 
Crifla is the fea of Crifla, or of Alcyon, which was after- 
wards named the gulf of Corinth. He fays nothing of 
any particular gulf of Crifla, near Delphi ; and perhaps 
1 have been wrong in reprefenting it diltincr. from this 
fea in my maps. Laftly , the bottom of the gulf of Crifla, 
in Strabo, is in the environs of Pagae, in Megaris 7 . In my 
maps the diftance from Thermopylae to this city, in a 
right line, is four hundred and feventy ftadia, which does 
not exactly agree with that given by Strabo -, but the com- 
parifon of the bearings, of which I lhall fpeak prefently, 
would not permit me to admit a greater. The firft dif- 
tance is laid down in a right line within about twelve 
ftadia. 

" Strab. lib. 8, p. 334. Strab. Epicom. lib, 8, p. 112, ap.. Gcogr. Min. 
Grsec, t. it. 
* Id. ibid. 
? Strab. lib. 8, p. 336, 379 1 lib. 9, p. 409. 

The 



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01T THE MAPS. 31 

The bottom of the fea of Crifla is determined — 

1. From the diftance from Pagse to Megarai or to Nifea *. 
s. From that between Creufis in Bceotia and the pro- 
montory of Ohuue near Corinth '. 3. From the bearing 
of this fame promontory, as obferved by Wheler b , from 
die harbour of San Bafilio, which lies to the eaft of that 
anciently called Eutretus, and now Livadoftro. 

- For the interior part of Attica, Bceotia, and Phocis, it 
would at firft view fcem to admit of no doubt that we 
ought to follow the map of Wheler -, but if we examine 
it with attention we (ball find that it is not to be confided 
in. The map of this traveller differs effentially from his 
journal. The bearings he has given in the latter are not 
found the fame in the map. I (ball inftancc only in the po- 
fition of Corinth. We have feen that, according to the bear- 
ings given by Wheler, that city muft be more to the (buth 
than Athens ; yet in the map, in whatever manner it be 
taken, it will be found to lie more to the north* I know 
well that the difference of latitude found between thefe 
two cities on the map may be diminifhed by taking the 
north for that indicated by the compais ; but, even thus, 
Corinth cannot be brought down to its true place. It is 
the fame with other places obferved by Vernon. If we 

■ Strab. lib. 8, p. 334. Strab. Epitom. lib. 8, p. m, ap. Googr. Mia. 
tercet. U. reuting. Tab. fcgro. 7. 

■ Strab. lib. 9, p. 409. 

fc Whclei's Journey, b. 6, p. 472* 

» take- 



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31 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

take the map of Wheler as it (lands, we Ihall find they 
are all in the latitudes he has given-: Wheler has then 
adjufted his map to the obfervations of Vernon. But of 
this proofs are unneceflary i Wheler has himfelf told us 
fo in his preface. He has not perceived that thefe lati- 
tudes, for the mod part erroneous, deftroy the accuracy 
of all his 'own operations. Betides, how could he lay 
down places according to their latitude on a map taken 
by the compafs, without corre&ing the -variation? We 
can therefore -only make ufe of this map partially; it is 
rather to be had recourfe to as containing memorandums 
that have their value, than as an exafl reprefentation of 
the country. 

I have taken all the bearings given by Wheler; and 
have followed the Englilh original, becaufe the French 
tranflation is frequently faulty. Wheler indeed has only 
given the points of the compafs, which leave us in an un- 
certainty of 1 1 ° i s' ! but, by comparing a great number 
of thefe bearings, I have been able to afcertain fotne 
points with tolerable accuracy, and have reafon to believe 
that I have xeftored his map to what it was before he had 
adjufted it to the obfervations. of Vernon. I have only 
corrected, in all his bearings, the variation ; which I have 
taken, with M. D'Anville ', at a point of the compafs to- 
wards the well. 

The plans-of M. Foucherot have given me the fummits of 

« D'Anville, And. des Cotci dc U Grecc, p. 25. 

Mount 



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OH THE MAPI. J3 

Mount Pentelicus, Mount Hymettus, and the Cerate 
Mountains. I have taken my nation with Wheler on the 
two latter, and alfo at the Acro-corinthus, to determine 
the pofition of Cithaeron. From Cithaeron and the Acro- 
corinthus I have determined Helicon, and alfo the fummit 
of Parnaflus called Lycoria, which has been obferved by 
Wheler to be directly north of the Acro-corinthus '. From 
Cithaeron, Helicon, and Parnaffus, 1 have afcertained the 
pofition of Mount Ptous, in Boeotia -, from the latter and 
Cithaeron, Mount Teumeffus, near Chalcis, or Negropont ; 
from Cithaeron and Mount Hymettus, Mount Fames; 
from Mount Ptous, feveral mountains in the iuand of 
Eubcea, and one near Opus, now called Talanda. Lattly, 
from the Acro-corinthus I have determined feveral capes 
which run out into the fea of CruTa. Among all thefe 
fituations, the pofition of Chalcis or Negropont in Eubcea 
is found in the latitude given by Vernon • ; but I have not 
been able to place either Thebes or Delphi in the latitudes 
afligned them by that traveller. 

From Turco-Chorio, anciently Elatea, Wheler has ob- 
ferved the fummit of Parnaflus to bear fouth by weft ' : by 
taking the oppofite direction I have determined the pofi- 
tion of Elatea from Parnaflus. Turco-Chorio is laid down 
in a map of Thermopylae, taken in 1781, by M. Fouche- 

* Whelcr's Journey, b. 4, p. 318. 
■ Journal de Vernon, p. 302. 
' Wbd. ibid. b. 6,p. + 6>. 
VOL. VIII. E rot; 



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34 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

rot ; fb that it has been eafy toadjuft this map to mine, ft 
is the fame which I have copied, in parkin the plan of the 
pafs of Thermopylae. It has conducted me to Zeitoun,. 
and has befides given me the point of the iuand of Eubcea. 
Zeitoun is the ancient Lamia, as is proved by an infcrip- 
tion given by Paul Lucas * ; but the country in the envi- 
rons is fcarcely to be known for the fame. The Spercbius- 
no longer flows in the fame channel as formerly; the 
marfhes which exifted in the time of Herodotus are now 
become firm ground ; the Maliac gulf fills up every day ; 
and the ftrait of Thermopylae is at prefent much wider 
than it was in the time of Xerxes. 

From Athens to Thermopylae- many of the distances 
which are given by ancient authors have appeared to me 
to be- computed in Pythian ftadia, or itadia which are 
flbortcr by one fifth than the Olympian, I fhall here only 
inftance in fome that are given- near Thermopylae ; by 
comparing which with the fame diftances in Roman mea- 
fures, we fhall perceive that the ftadia in which they are 
eftimated are in the proportion of ten to. the mile- 
Herodotus, when describing this famous pafs,. reckons; 
forty-five ftadia from Anticyra, along the Sperchius, to* 
TracmsH and Strabo fays that the Sperchius is diflant 
from Lamia thirty ftadia 1 ;. in the whole,, feventy-five fta»- 

i Paul Luc**,. Second Vojag. t i. p-405. Infcript. 53. 
k Herodot. lib; 7, cap. 198, 
1 Strab. lib. 9, p. 433.. 

dis 



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ON THE MAPS. « 

da from Trachis to Lamia. But Trachis having been 
deftroy ed, according to die fame Strabo k , Heraclea was 
built at about fix ftadia diftance. Subducl thefe fix fta- 
dia from feventy-five, and there will remain fixty-nine 
for the diftance from Lamia to Heraclea ; and Livy fays 
cxprefsly, fpeaking of thefe two cities, inteffimt ftptcm 
milUafermi paffitum 1 . The fame proportion is like wife 
found in the diftance from Heraclea to the hot fpringa at 
Thermopylae. This diftance is forty ftadia, according to 
Thucydides"", which meafure is confirmed by Strabo*) 
yet Pliny makes it only four Roman miles*. 

An obfervation taken by J£. Foucherot, at Thermo- 
pylae, of the bearing of that part of the coaft of Theffaly 
which extends fartheft to the fouth, has given me the di- 
rection of the channel which feparates this country from 
Eubcea. This channel is much longer than it isrepre- 
fented in the greater part of maps, but it is extremely 
narrow ; for I have not been able to employ the eighty 
ftadia affigned by Herodotus f for the diftance between 
Artemifium and Aphetse, but by taking them at only 
fifty-three toifes each, as M. D'Anville has done in his 
siap of ancient Greece. The length I have given to this 

* Strab. lib. 9, p. 428. 
1 Liv. lib. 36, cap. 25. 

■> Thucyd. lib, 3, cap. gti . 

* Strab. lib. 9, p. 429. 

* Plin. lib. 4, cap. 7, t. i. p. 199. 

* Hcrodot. lib. 8, cap. 8. 

£ 2 channel 



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36 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

channel is the fame with that of the coaft of Eubcea which 
borders it i and this coaft extends the fpace of thirty-fix 
Italian miles, according to a manufcript chart of the 
Archipelago, drawn by the pilot Gautier, in 1738. On 
the mod northern cape of the ifland of Eubcea formerly 
flood the city of Cerinthus, the name of which has been 
corrupted by mariners into that of Capo Rhento. 

Several maps make this cape bear due north of the 
promontory of Sepias, now cape St. George ; and the 
chart of Gautier places the latter directly fouth of the 
point of Callander, anciently the promontory of Pofi- 
dium, in the peninfula 0/ Pallene. The diftance from 
the promontory of Pofidium to Sepias appears to me to 
be about thirty-five Italian miles ; Gautier makes it more; 
but it cannot much exceed this, for the latitude of the 
promontory of Pofidium is determined by that of Ther- 
ma, now Salohichi, at the bottom of the Thermaic gulf; 
The whole coaft from that city to the promontory of 
Canaftreum, now Canoniftro, is laid down from a chart 
taken geometrically, in 1738* by M. Le Roi, an engineer 
who accompanied the marquis d'Antin. The map of M. 
Le Roi has alfo fumifhed me with the mouths of the 
Axius, and even the coaft of Theffaly, though the latter be 
only laid down from eftimation. 

The longitude and latitude of Salonichi have been ob- 
ferved by father Feuillee *. It is fituated 20 48' eaft of 

t Mem. de 1'Acad. des Sciences, ann. 17c*, p. 9. 

3 Pari^ 



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ON THE MAPS. » 

Paris, and in latitude 40* 41' 10" N. From the pofition of 
this place I have determined the longitude of all Greece* 
in my general map. 

The fummit of Mount Olympus, ki Theflaly, is afcer- 
tained by its bearing from Salonichi. The valley of 
Tempe is given from a manufcript map of Mr. Stuart, a 
learned Englishman, who has publifhed the Antiquities of 
Athens ; and the bottom of the Pagafitic gulf is deter- 
mined, as X have already laid, from the Latitude of Pa- 
gafae, now the caftle of Vokx The latitude of this caflle 
is 39 21', according to Dapper'. I know not whence he 
obtained this obfervation, but it appears to me fuffr- 
ciently accurate. The ifles Sciathos, Scopelos, and the 
others near to them, are taken from the chart of Gautier t 
except that of Scyros, which is laid down from the plan 
given of it by the Count de Choifeul-Goufner V 

On the weftern coaft I flopped at the gulf of Ambra- 
cia. I mall now proceed to determine the pofition of the 
ifland of Corcyra, at prefent Corfu. Coronelli has given 
a map of this ifland. which is fufficiently minute - r but the 
fcale of it is defective. M. D-'Anville has corre&ed it *, 
by comparing it with a plan taken by M. Verguin, I have 
done the fame ; and have afterwards adjufted to the pofi- 
tion of this ifland the coaft of Epicus, from Buthrotum to 

1 Dapper, Defcript. de I'Archfp. p. 342. 

* Voyag. Pittor. de la. Grece, pi. 40, t. i. p. 77. 

* D'Aovillc,, Anal, dec Cotes de. Grece, p. 9, 

the 



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j« CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

the promontory Chimzrium, and even beyond. The 
greater number of the Pormlans place the iflands called 
Paxa: to the eaft and fouth-eaft of Corfu ; they are never- 
thelefs laid down very nearly fouth in all the maps, and 
tfo they are found in mine. In giving their figure I have? 
followed a map by Van Keulen. 

From thefe iflands the Greek and compiled Portulans; 
make Cape Sidero, the mot wefterly point of Cephallenia, 
to bear fouth by eaft ; and Levanto fays* this is in general, 
the coarfc fleered in failing from Corfu to Cefalonia, The 
diftance is different, according to different authors; but it 
is determined by the latitude of Corfu, which, according 
to the tables of Riccioli and Pitnentel *, which are con- 
ftrufled from the obfervations of navigators, is 39° 37' N. 
The pofition of Corfu agrees with the feven hundred ftadia 
which the ancients computed between Leucas and Cor- 
ey ra '. The latter city is not indeed the fame with Corfu : 
the ruins of it are feen at a little diftance to the fouth, in 
a penihfula now called Cherfopoli; and from this penin- 
fula to Leucas, the diftance, in a right line, on my map, is 
fix hundred and twelve Olympian ftadia, which appears a 
fuitable reduction. 

* Levanto, Specchio del Mare, p. 105. 

* Riccio). Gcograph. et Hydrogr. Reform. lib. 9, cap. 4, p. 384 : Venet. 
1672, in fol. Pitnentel, Arte de Navegar, p. 116 : Lifboa, 1722, in fol. 

J Polyb. ap. Strab. lib. 2, p. 105. Plin. lib.2,cap. 108, t.i.p. 124. Aga- 
them. lib. 1, cap. 4, p. 1 0, ap. Geogr. Min. Grace, t, ii. 

3 From 



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On THE KTAFK 3^ 

From Corey ra the ancients again reckoned feverr hun- 
dred ftadia 1 to the Acro-ceraunian mountains; or perhaps- 
only fix hundred and fixty, which is the number in the 
manufcript of Agathemerus " ; though Tennulius has. 
thought proper to correct; it from the text of Pliny. He 
would have done better to have corrected Pliny b by 
Agathemerus. In my map the diftance of five hundred 
and ninety ftadia will be found, in a right line, between 
Corey ra and the point of the Acro-ceraunian or Cerauniar* 
mountains, now called La Liriguetta. This reduction is. 
not too great. The pofibon of that point is liiewiie af~ 
certained by other means. 

The latitude of this point is taken from a large chart 
of the Gulf of Oricum, now La Valona, geometrically? 
taken, w 1690, by a Venetian engineer, named Alber- 
ghctti, in which the latitude feems to have beeq giver* 
from an aftronomical obfervation made at La Valona*, 
though.it is- not mentioned in the chart. Its longitude i» 
deduced from its bearing with refpeft to the mod north* 
em point of Corfu : at leaft, Levanto fays e that Corfu-' 
lies ten leagues to the fouth-fouth-eaft of the ifle of Safeno r 
anciently Safo. The leagues of this pilot are always four 
Itahaa miles each, as has been- remarked by M, D'Ant- 

-*Po1yb..ap..Strab. ibid*. 

* Agathom. ibid,. 
*Plin. ibid. 

* Levant©) Speoobto del Mare, p. 95, 104. 

Vitte; 



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4» CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

vffle a j and, taking the oppofite direction, the ten leagues 
will precifely extend from Cape Phalacrum, the molt 
northern point of Corfu, to the latitude which the Vene- 
tian chart affigns to the point of La Linguetta. 1 have 
therefore reafon to believe that the Ceraunian mountains 
are rightly placed in my map. On the other hand, the 
pofition of the Cape La Linguetta, which is placed due 
fouth of Safeno in the Venetian chart, is fhewn to be right 
by that of the fmall ifland Thoronos. The latter is di- 
rectly to the fouth * of Safeno, and due, weft f of Phala- 
crum in Corcyra. 

The chart of the Gulf of Oricum, which appeared to 
me very carefully laid down, has fumifhed me with the 
coafts of that gulf, thofe of the ifland Safo, and even a 
part of the courfe of the river Celydnus. I have alfo pro- 
fited by a note engraved on that chart, which contains a 
concife but well drawn defcription of die country in the 
environs of La Valona, the ancient Aulon. It has like- 
wife given me the diflances defcending to the fouth to 
Buthrotum, oppofite Corcyra ; and has, befides, conducted 
me to Durazzo, or Epidamnus, in IUyricum. But it mud 
furely excite our aftoniftiment that fo accurate a chart 
fhould have remained almpft unknown to the time of M. 
D'Anville * ; the reafon of which no doubt is, that the 

& D' A iiville, Ana! . ties C6 tes dc Ja G recc, p. 4. 

* Portul. Grec, et Compile. Lcvanto, ibid. 

f PoituL Mamifcr. Coronellt, Defcript. de la Morec, p. 63. 

■ D'Anville, Anal, des Cdtet de la Grcce, p. 6. 

greater 



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ON THE MAPS- 4t 

greater part of geographers, accuQomed to copy from 
each other, have never thought of examining Greece in 
detail, as has been done by M- P'AnvjlJe. 

The G reek and compiled Portulans, Levanto fc , and 
Albergaetti, in a note, lay down Dur&zzo due north of 
the ifle of Safeno. I have placed it in that direction ; and 
for the dUtance I think we mould prefer that given by 
Alberghetti ; not that the others differ much from it, 
but becaufe it is the greateft of all ; yet has it ftill obliged 
me to take the leaft of two different latitudes which have 
been afligned to TJurazzo, and which, as I have already 
faid, is that of the table of Philip Lanfberge ', who dates 
it at 41° 27'. The tables of Harris and Riccioli place 
Durazzo more to the north, and make the latitude 
41 ° 58' k ; but this would require almoft double the 
diftance, 

From all that I have laid it appears to me that the weft- 
cm coaft of Greece is afcertained wkh tolerable accu- 
racy : it is- therefore now only uecefiary to enquire whe- 
ther my meafures will be found exact, if we crofs to the 
«aftern fide. I have already determined the breadth of 
Greece ; firft in Pelopoonefus, by the diftan.ee of Argos 
from Olympia; and, afterwards, in the middle .of Greece 

>» Levantd", Specchio del Mare, p. 95. 

i Philip. Lanfberg. Tab. Mot. Ca-1. Per'p. p. 8 : Midrib. 1663, in fol. 
k Harris's Di£tion. under the word Latitude : London, 1736, fol. Ricciol. 
Gcogr. et Hydrogr. Reforin. lib. 9, cap. 4, p. 397. 

vol. viii. F itfelf. 



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4» CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

itfelf, by that of the Gulf of Ambracia from Thermopylae. 
I lhall now proceed to afcertain it in the moft northern 
part, by the extent of the Egnatian way, which went from 
Apollonia and Epidamnus to Theffalonica or Therma, at 
the bottom of the Thermaic Gulf, and even beyond. 
This way indeed was made by the Romans, and did not 
exift till a long time after the sera of the travels of Ana- 
charus : yet the meafure of its length to Thefialonica will 
enable us to determine the fpace which feparates the two 
feas. This meafure is given in Roman miles. 

Polybius, according to Strabo *, reckoned two hundred 
and fixty-feven miles on this road from Apollonia in Illy- 
ricum to Theffalonica. Strabo afterward remarks that 
the road was not longer from Dyrrachium or Epidamnus, 
than from Apollonia"; it will therefore be indifferent 
whether we take the meafure of it from one or the other 
of thofe cities. 1 (hall take it from Epidamnus, becaufe 
I have already determined the pofition of that place. 
The 267 Roman miles, at 756 toifes each, at which they 
are eftimated by M^ D'Anville % make 201852 toifes ; and 
on my map the diftance between Epidamnus and Therma* 
in a right line, is 167200. The reduction of the itinerary 
meafure to the right line is about one fixth, which I ima- 

* Polyb. ap. Strab. lib. 7, p. 323. 

n Smb. ibid. 

■ I)' AnviHc, Trait, det Mes. Itin. p. 44. 

gine 



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ONTHEMAPS. 43 

gine will appear a fuitable proportion in a mountainous 
country, and where the road panes through feveral defiles* 
Alberghetti, befides, fays that the diftance from Durazzo 
to Salonichi is little more than two hundred Italian miles. 
In the interior part of Epirus fome particularities may 
be remarked that are not found in any maps before pub- 
-lifhed. They are taken in part From a manufcript journey 
from Arta, anciently Ambracia, by Joannina, and Gom- 
phi, to Larifla in ThefTaly ; and in part from the Greek 
geography of Meletius, a native of Joannina, a town fi- 
tuated on the lake Acherulia. It may perhaps excite 
furprize to fee this lake within land, at a confiderable 
diftance from the fea, while all the maps place it at the 
mouth of the Acheron : yet Scylax and Strabo • make the 
Acheron not fall into this lake, but rife out of it: and 
Pliny ftill more pofitively fays » that the Acheron, after 
having flowed out of the lake Acherufia, makes a courfe 
of thirty-fix miles to arrive at the fea. This is in fad the 
diftance from Joannina to port Veliki, anciently Glycys, 
or the Sweet Port. The Acheron in this fpace lofes itfelf 
for fome time under ground, according to Meletiusi ; and 
this it is, no doubt, which has caufed it to be reprefented 
as one of the rivers of hell. The fame is probably the 
cafe with the Cocytus, which rifes out of the fame lake. 

• Scyl. p. II, ap. Geogr. Min. Grxc. t. i. Strab. lib. 7, p. 314. 

p Plin. lib. 4, cap. 1, t. i. p. 189. 

l MeMt. Vuiyp. lib. 1, fe&. 18, cap. 3, No. 10: Venet. 1728, infol. 

F 2 I (hall 



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44 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

I (hall not enter into fo minute a detail of the remainder 
of the general map, though all the parts of it have bees 
laid down on die fame fcale as the particular ones. The 
general map is, as I may fay, only the extract of a work 
of much greater labour ; it will therefore be fufHcieut to 
indicate the principal points. 

The figure of the three peninfulasof Chalridice and the 
Gulf of Pieria, to the ifle ofThafos indufivery,is taken from, 
a manuscript chart of the pilot Gauthier, found among the 
papers of M. Freret. This chart has been adjufted to that 
of the eaftern coaft of the Thermaic Gulf, taken geome- 
trically by M. Le Roi, and of which I have already fpoken. 
In this chart of Gauthier's the pettinfula in which Mount 
Athos is fituated, extends to a fomewhat greater length 
khan in another manufcript map of the A rchipelago, which 
is to be found in the Geographical Collection for Foreign 
Affairs : but I have reafon to believe the manufcript which 
I have followed accurate, becaufe it agrees with the mea- 
fures of this peninfula given by Pliny and BeIon r ; and 
becaufe, befides, the fummit of Mount Athos has precifely 
the fame bearing from the ruins of Alexandria Troas, 
more ancientry Sigeum, which it was obferved to have by 
Mr. Chandler ». 
The ifle of Lemnos is laid down according to its distances- 

r Plin. lib. 4, up. 10, t. i . p. 202. Bclon, Obferv. liv. 1, chap, 35:. 
• Chtndl. Trav. in Alia Min. chap. 8, p. 23. 

J * iron* 



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ON THE MAPS. 4f 

from Mount Athos and the Hellefpont, and the bearings 
indicated by the fliadow of Mount Atbos, as it projects 
itfelf on that ifland. Myrina, the principal etiy of Lesinos, 
could hot be at the north-weft point, as it is found in fome 
maps. The ihadow of Mount Athos, according to th* 
tcfticnony of almoft all antiquity, did not reach a brazen 
xiow which ftcod in the forum till the fummer folftiee l j and 
Beioa has remarked u that the ihadow already projected on 
the north-weft angle of Lemnos, oa the ad of June. Th* 
eoatt,of Thrace, from Thafos to Che mouth of the Hebrus, 
is laid down from the indications of the Portulans, comr 
pared with the Roman itineraries. 

The latitude of die Dardanelles, anciently the Belief* 
pont, has been ©bferved by M. de Chazelles x ; but for 
their pofition I have entirely followed a large manufcript 
chart taken within tbefe few years by M. Tondu, an aftro- 
nomer, who has afcertained their longitude and latitude. 
This chart has furnimed me with the coafts of the Gulf 
of Melas, the Thracian Cherfonefus, and the oppofite Afia- 
tic more, to Tenedos. To this is added another chart, 
alfo in manufcript, taken by M. Truguet, captain of a fri- 
gate, under the orders of the count de Choifeul-Gouflier. 

* Sophocl. ap Etymol. Magn. in Aftuj. Apollon. Rhod, Argon, lib. i . r. 604. 
Plln. lib. 4, cap. 12, t. i. p. 214. Plot, de Fac. in Orb. Lun. t. ii.p. 935. 
Solin. cap. ii. p. 31. 

Belon, ObfeFV. Ik. 1, chap. 25. 

& Mem. de 1'AcaJ dos Science!, ano, 1761, p. i6?» 

From 



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46 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

From this I have obtained the remainder of the coaft of 
the Troas, the Gulf of Adramyttium to the entrance of 
that of Cyme, and the whole ifland of Lefbos. 

The Propontis, now the fea of Marmara, is adjusted, 
on the one hand, to the pofition of Byzantium, or Con- 
flantinople, the longitude and latitude of which are taken, 
as I have already faid, from the Connoiffance des Temps for 
the year 1788 * ; and, on the other, to that of the Darda- 
nelles. The figure of it is taken from a large manufcript 
map, defigned in 1 7 3 1 by M. Bohn, an engineer, in the 
fervice of prince Ragozzi. This map is the fame that M. 
D'Anville made ufe of 1 . I have copied it exactly, except 
that I have thought I ought to place Cyzicus more to the 
eaft, from the diftances given by ancient authors, and even 
by modern travellers. The bottom of the Gulf of Aftacus, 
and the lake near to Ancora, are taken from a manufcript 
chart by M. Peiflbnel ; and the Bofphorus of Thrace, now 
the canal of Conftantinople, is laid down from a particu- 
lar plan which I have given of it. 

To the pofition of Smyrna, the longitude and latitude 
of which have been obferved by Father t'cuillee *, I have 
adjufted a large manufcript chart of a part of the Archi- 
pelago, which I had defigned in 1 785. This chart contains 

7 Connoiflance des Temps pour 1788, p. 245. 
* D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece, p. 33, 
■ Mem de l'Acad. dct Sciences, ann. I702, p. 8. 

6 all 



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ON THE MAPS. 47 

all the iflands to the fouth of the parallel of Smyrna, and 
to the north of thatpf Rhodes, as well as the correfponding 
coafts of Europe and Aua. The iflands are placed in it 
according to the obfervations of Tournefort, and other 
travellers; and their figures are taken from different 
plans, fome of which are manufchpt. A great number of 
thefe plans are, found in Tournefort ; the count de Choi- 
feul-Gouffier has given feveral b ; and I have alfo derived 
advantage from thofe contained in the collections of Dap- 
per, Bofchini, and even Bordone. The plans of the iflands 
of Thera and Aftypalaea are manufcript ; they were taken 
in 1738 by M. Le Roi, and the latitude of the iflands has 
been obferved. 

On the coaft of Afia the Hermaean Gulf, now the Gulf 
of Smyrna, has been laid down from a manufcript chart, 
taken by the fame M. Le Roi ; and the bottom of that df 
Cyme is afcertained by the pofition of Phocxa. This city 
was a little lefs than two hundred ftadia diftant from 
Smyrna, according to Strabo'. The latter was not built 
till fome time after the date of the travels of Anacharfis : 
it was twenty ftadia from the ancient city d , and is that 
which is at prefent fo flourifhing. The reft of the coafl 
to Lycia is taken from the charts of the count de Choifcui- 

fc Vopg. Fitter, de la Grece. 
« Strab. lib. 14, p. 663. 
* Id. ibid. p. 646. 

Goof- 



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4« CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

GoufEer, which have been likcwife compared with the 
diftances given by ancient authors. ■ 

Throughout alrnoft the who.le of Afia Minor, the rivers 
bring down an immenfe quantity of flime and mud, and 
form accumulations of earth at their mouths. The Sca- 
raander in Troas, the Caicus near Pergaraus, the Hermus 
near Smyrna, and the Cayfter, which flows by Ephefus, 
have enlarged the country they traverfe : but rio where 
is there a more remarkable inftance of this than in the en- 
vironsof Miletus. The .Moander has heaped up fo much 
fand, that a deep bay, (ituated between the city and the 
river, is now only a lake ; and the iflands Lade and Afle- 
rius, at the entrance of that bay, are become eminences 
in the plain. 

Near Miletus is the promontory of Trogilium, from 
which Strabo reckons uxteen hundred iladia to Sunium 
in Attica *. 

Rhodes is placed in the latitude obferved by M. de 
GhazeUes', which is $? 2$ 30" N.j and the figure which 
I have given to the ifland is taken from an ancient map 
corrected by the meafures of Strabo, and other authors. 
The latitude of the little ifland of Cafos is taken from the 
chart Of the Archipelago defigned for the Depot de la 
Marine, in 1738; in which this ifland is laid down accord- 

" Strab. lib. 14, p. 636. 

[ Mem. de l'Acad. dc5 Sciences, »nn. tj6l,p. 167. 

ing 



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OK THE MAPS. m 

ihg to obfervatioti. The ifland of Crete is copied from 
die general map of the ifland of Candia, given by Bof- 
chini *, fix want of a better. This map has been adjufted 
to the observations of longitude and latitude made by 
Father FeuilI6e at Candia and Canea h , as well as to the 
diftances given by ancient and modem authors. I have 
however been obliged to lay down the whole eaftem part 
ef the ifland more to the north. The promontory of Samo- 
nium, according to Pliny \ was diftant only fixty Roman 
miles, or four hundred and eighty Olympian ftadia, from, 
the ifland Carpatbos ; and the promontory Cadifcus fe- 
vcnty-three miles, or fix hundred ftadia, from Malea.irv 
Peloponnefus. 

Nothing now remains but to mention (brae particulars- 
which have not yet been noticed in the courfe of thefe ; 
obfervations, and which yet are euential to be known. 
- Thefe maps are defigned for the period when Greece 
was fiee. I have made it a rule not to infert in them, 
places the foundation or existence of which was pofterior 
to the battle of Chseronea. Some however, will be found 
which are only mentioned in more modern authors ; but 
they exifted long before, at leafl the time when they were 
founded is unknown. X have inferted under their an- 

E Bofchint, 11 Regnc-Tutto di Candia : Venet. 1651, in fol.. 
h Mem. dc l'Acad. des Sciences, ann. 1702, p. 10, 11. 
> Plin. lib. 4, cap. 12, t, i. p. 210. 

vol. vni. CJ. cientr 



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30 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS 

cient names cities which did not become celebrated un- 
til fome time after, when they received new names. Such 
are Olbia and Ancora in'Bithynia, which were afterwards 
called Nicomedia and Nicaea; Sigeum in Troas, which 
was foon afterwards named Alexandria -Troas ; Idrias in 
.Caria, which was named Stratonicea; and Therma, and 
Potidaea, in Macedonia, which took the names of Thefla- 
lonica and Cafiandria, &c. &c. 

Other-cities changed their iituation without changing 
their names. Among thefe the principal are Salamis, in 
the ifland of the fame name, on the coaft of Attica ; Si- 
cyon, Orchomenus, and Hermione, in Peloponnefus j 
Pharfalos, in Theffaly; and Smyrna and Ephefus, in 
Ionia. All thefe cihes are placed in their ancient lite in 
my maps. Cyzicus in the Propontis, and Clazomenae in 
Ionia, are only iflands, becaufe they were not joined to 
the continent till fome time after. Laftly, Olynthus in 
Macedonia, and fome other cities, are marked as de~ 
ftroyed ; becaufe, fince they had made a conspicuous 
figure rn the hiftory-of Greece, it was proper to point 
out their pofition. 

The divifions of countries are traced on the general 
map for the aera of the battle of Chaeronea, which was 
fought on the third of Augufl: of the year 338 before 
Chrift. The whole continent of Afia then appertained to 
the king of Perfia. Philip the father of Alexander pof- 
7 fefled 



yGoosIe 



ON THE MAPS. 51 

feffed Macedon, and the coafts of Thrace, except the 
Cherfonefus, and the cities of Perinthus and Byzantium. 
The iflands of Thafos and Halonefus were alfo dependant 
on him, and almoft all Illyricum was fubjected to him. 
Epirus was divided among feveral nations, the greater 
part of which were free. One among others, that of the 
Moloffi, was governed by a king who was confiderably 
powerful ; and the ally, but not the tributary, of Philip. 
All the remainder was inhabited by free Greeks. Seve- 
ral iflands, however, acknowledged the fovereignty of 
certain republics ; as the ifles of Samos, Lemnos, Scyros, 
Imbros, and even the Thracian Cherfonefus, which was 
in fome meafure dependant on the republic of Athens. 
As to that part of Alia which is included in my map, it 
was divided into three fatrapies, which contained a num- 
ber of petty tyrants eftablithed by the king of Periia in 
the Greek cities. 

My particular maps, on the contrary, have very diffe- 
rent dates. Each is defigned for the very year in which 
Anacharfis is fuppofed to have travelled through the pro- 
vince it reprefents. Hence is it that, in the map of 
Phocis, all the cities which were deftroyed after the So- 
cial War are inferted as ftill in exiftence; and, in that of 
Arcadia, all the cities the inhabitants of which went to 
people Megalopolis are marked as deftroyed, 

THE END, 



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