K
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MARINE AL<;.K OF NEW BRUNSWICK.
HA )".
INTRODUCTORY LIST OF MARINE AUi.K OF ATLANTIC CANADA. WITH NOTES
II A V and MacKA V.
[From ll: mi. BOTAl SOCIETI OF « anaim. 18
cy/\ Q.-i-r-(
s i\ . 1881 Ki7 Trans Rot 8oc Can ida
XIV. Mart ■ .1 S />' nsi0tc&. By Geo. U. Hat. IIV/A an Appendix contain-
iiKj <i List oj tht Marim Alga of tJu Maritime Provinces of ifu Dominion
tada, with Not* 9. By Geo. Y . Hat, Ph. Ik. St. John, and A. II. M u
K v . B A . B Sc . Y. S. Sc, Principal of Pictou Academy, N S.
mmnnicated by Mr. .1. 1 letn her, May 25, I-
The following paper includes observations thai have been mad.' on the marine sVlgaa
N •. Brunswick during the past i\\<> years, together with Borne remarks <>n their
nomic value, the occurrence of some rare Bpecies, etc. The localities visited have been
various points on the southern shore of New Brunswick, including the Island of Grand
sfanan, and the 1 m uaquel and Trai adie, with the Island- of Shippegan and Mi- on
on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. To this is appended a preliminary list of the marine Algae
of the Maritime Provinces, which the writer, with the assistance of Mr. A II. afacKay,
of Pictou, li 'iily compiled for the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. Tin-
list includes some eighty species of marine Algae, which, with the exception of an Intro-
troductory List of New Brunswick Algae, published I>y the writer in L886. is the Rrsl
attempt to arrange our Algic flora in such a form as shall lead to a closer investigation of
these interesting plants, and stimulate further study in this direction. No Diatomaceous
or other microscopic forms are included in the subjoined list, bul only those which may
be easily detected by the eye, including chiefly the larger forms and those parasitic npon
them. I mentioned in Dr. Farlow's " Marine Algae of New England," there
have been observed, up t<> this time, on the shores of the Maritime Provinces, over eighty
The marine Mora of the Maritime Provinces Is essentially Arctic in character, as may
be inferred from their boreal position and their exposure to cold currents from the Arctic
In t: New Brunswick, the paucity of the more delicate Bpecies of Algse
• r chiefly in two ways: —
tion of the tides on the Bouthern Bhore, as they sweep in and out of the
ol Fundy esible for any bul the stronger fovms t<> maintain
th- ■:. in sheltered coves, and Buch favored positions are rare on thii
tlities (Prye's Island) in the neighborhood of Passamaquoddy I
- thirty species were collected in July. 18$
_ The low sand [tending into the Gulf of Si L • nol furnish a
a favorabl- '. _ A marked exception t" this, however, was found on
uid Shippegan, jus! within Bay Ohaleura, where, a!
d interestin ies nol observed on the southern
shores. Th.'s-' ! t<. in another ; per.
Th rise, which make npthe great hulk of <>ur A !■_■ distributed
N ■ Brunswi k. Tie- Puci occur between tide
ma: in this position in g mdan d ithern coast, wh
168 HAY ON MARINE ALGiE
the rocks for miles are clothed with them. On the sandy shores of the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, the Fuci miss the rocks which afford them a substantial foothold, and are of rarer
occurrence. The zone of the Laminarise extends from low-water mark to several fathoms
in depth. They occur in greatest profusion on the Gulf of St. Lawrence coast, where, after
a southerly gale, vast masses thrown up by the waves may be observed for miles along
the shore. On the southern coast their occurrence is somewhat rare for a considerable
distance east and west of St. John, probably owing to the strength of the tides which
sweep them from their resting-places. Towards the mouth of the bay, however, they
occur in greater abundance.
Only two forms of Fucus are common on the coast of New Brunswick, viz., Fucus
nodosus {Ascophyllum nodosum) and F. vesiadosus. These two species form nearly the whole
covering of tidal rocks in the vicinity of St. John, and westward to Passamaquoddy Bay.
Dr. Harvey, in his introduction to the " Nereis Boreali- Americana," remarks on the poverty
of species of Fucus on the north-east coast of America, compared with the northern coasts
of Europe. Of the four species found in abundance in Europe, two of these, F. serralus
and F. canaliculatus, had not been found in America at the time of Harvey's visit in 1850.
The latter has not yet occurred here. The former is mentioned in the supplement to the
" Nereis " as having been found at Newburyport, Mass., but has not since been detected
there or at any other point on the New England coast. A specimen of this plant, collected
at Pictou by Rev. Prof. Fowler in 1869, is in the Natural History Society's Herbarium in
St. John. It has not yet been reported from the New Brunswick coast. Two other spe-
cies of Fucus occur here, confined as yet to a single locality for each, although they may
be expected elsewhere, as Dr. Farlow describes them as common on the New England
coast, viz., F. evanescens 1 found at Frye's Island, and F. furcatus just below low- water mark
on the flat shores on the north-west side of Miscou Island. These two species have not
yet been reported from Nova Scotia.
Although the Fuci are excellent fertilisers, very little use is made of them in that
respect in New Brunswick. Near the southern coast of the province they are used to a
limited extent on grass lands. I noticed some fine fields of grass on Grand Manan, last
August, w T here these plants had been used as a top-dressing. Applied fresh to the land
after the grass has been cut, and kept moist by the fogs which prevail there, they rapidly
decompose and melt into the ground. The experience of those who have used them for
fertilising purposes goes to prove that they yield the best results when used fresh. Their
value as fertilisers is diminished, if used for other than grass crops ; or if carted for any
considerable distance from shore, owing to the expense of conveying so bulky a material.
In some countries (Ireland and Scotland), crops of potatoes are raised by their means, but
the crops thus yielded, though abundant, are of coarse and inferior quality. The ashes of
the Fuci contain a large quantity of carbonate of soda ; and Dr. Harvey states that they
were once cultivated on the shores of Scotland, where rocks were deposited to attract them
to sandy or pebbly shores. The total amount of revenue, says the same author, derived by
the proprietors of these kelp shores on the coast of Scotland, during the eighty years from
A.D. 1*720 to 1800, was .£595,000. But this trade was long since destroyed by obtaining
1 Quite as common at Eastport as F. vesiculosus, for which it might be mistaken." Farlow's Marine Algse of
New England.
OF v \\ BBI NSWIOK.
bonate of soda more cheaply from other it , source ttom which iodine is
isobtamed, however, it might be possible to utilise In luture the enor lucl „i
'" s ' the Maritime Pro in<
'Jnarice there seem to 1 , iv ,,„. ,,„.,,„
X k - The » BWd ^riety of form and nders the identifi.
ij matter of some difficulty to the student The most generally diffused I
vially m the Gulf of St. Lawrence, » Laminaria fon&ruris. This, wit]
siticalupon it, formed the great mass of marine vegetation observed in the long lin<
M a P ,, - v,h " ™ hem shores of Shippegan and Miscou.
Ien ^ h Ihis plant, measured from hold-fast toend of blade ■•
■»* Ih »f another, win. h wasall that could be obtained rrom the mass of debris in
which it was imbedded, was 16 feet in length. Judging from the large size of this stipe
t must have belonged ... a plant fully s altered in endless profusion along
this shore, and thrown np from the I W ere the beautiful forms of the bright
' wand ' fustissima, the latter not having been yet observed
on tlu> southern coast of the provin
Laminaria*, L. saccharin* and L agitata with the related species
to, are found to a much more limited ext
*•■ theGuli Lawrence than L. longicruris. The size of the latter among
the islands at the mouth of the Bay of Pundy was raU ch less than what was observed in
ih- unit ol St. Uwrence, and here it was replaced to a great extent by the other
Laminarise just mentioned.
Laminame are valuable as fertilisers, although I am not aware that formers in
this province make any ase of them. The stems of Laminaria digitata s^n to be used for
a variety ol purposes, amongst others, for the manufacture of sponge-tents
only sea-plant thai has . commercial value with us is Rhodymenia palmata, ordulse
I,unn - the B « 80n II "- «port of this seaweed from the shores of the Bay of Fundy
•Id, at upwards of LOO tons, of which about 50 tons were recei
and m St John. The selling price per lb. is from thre, ents delivered
«■ • T,,1,!; i,,v -""- from dulse gathered on the Bay ol Fund last «
in the vicinity of Dm! Barb
md Manan rourite grounds for the collec-
•1 During the lull in the fishing se in august, many turn th
i to this industry. Much that is exported from St John find to the
ing towns in th ■ England SI here it , o be in demand amo
ilation.
Among the edible Algm, that which occupies the highest pi
I Ins W hen reduced to a jelly by boiling, and
wishing qualities. Porphyral
mand in China and on th
-1.1, ttn d in
-
■I to them, their q
Batakj
Sec.
170 HAY ON MARINE ALG.E
recognise them, might, in the case of shipwrecked mariners, be of great value in sustaining
life for a considerable time.
Among the rarer forms of Algae that occur on our coast the following may be men-
tioned as worthy of notice : —
Utothrix collabens, a small green Alga, found occurring at intervals on the inner shores
of Miscou and Shippegan. This is a beautiful species, with tufted slender filaments of
dark green, and does not occur on our southern shores, and but rarely in New England.
Odonthalia dentata, though found at various points on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on
the southern shores of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, has not yet been detected on the
New England coast. It is a very attractive species, of a deep red color, and occurs on
rocks and stones in deep water.
Polysiphonia fibrillosa, found oil the north side of the Island of Miscou in considerable
abundance, has hitherto been detected only at one place north of Cape Cod, referred to by
Dr. Harvey in the " Nereis." It is one of the most beautiful species of Polysiphonia, and
growing abundantly in tufts in shallow water, is a delicate and attractive form. Another
species that is collected for its beauty, although not a rare species, is CaUithamnion Pylascci,
which I detected at Grand Manan, although I have not observed it at any point east of
that station. Its occurrence, as well as that of forms common on the New England coast,
may be expected on further investigation.
List of the Marine Algje of the Maritime Provinces, with Notes.
By G. U. Hay and A. H. MacKay.
Order I.— CRYPTOPHYCE^E.
1. Clathrocystis roseo-persicina, Colin. On mud in brackish pond, Pictou harbour,
MacKay ; on decaying Algae along shore of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Hay.
2. Oscillaria subtortjlosa, Breb. On floating balls of Polysiphonia, Pictou harbour
MacKay.
3 Lyngbya majuscula, Harv. Pictou harbour, MacKay.
4. L. yESTUARii, Liebm. In brackish pond, Pictou harbour, MacKay.
Order II.— ZOOSPORES.
5. Ulva lacttjca, (Linn.) LeJolis. Pictou harbour, MacKay.
(a). Var. RIGIDA, (Ag.) Le Jo/is and
(/;.) Var. lactuca, Le Jolh, are common in tide pools along the southern coast of
New Brunswick, Hay.
(c.) Var. latissima, Le Jolis. Richibucto River, Fowler. Common in brackish waters
along the whole coast of New Brunswick, Hay.
OF \T.\\ BR1 NSWIOK. 171
iMOBPH v. /. Jao
:.\i \. /. 'nil
\'.i: o icprrssa, L> Jolts Pictou h:irl...ur. MacKay Frye'a [aland, St. John, E
\ ..• mxnon, Richibucto River, JJowler; Si John, Hay,
7 I i • v i ii k v 1 v i On •uriint, Pictou, MacH Misoou [sland, //
I Eopkibkii, (McCalla) Harv. Pictou Harbour, MacKay.
::i\ oOLLi \g.) Tkur.l Grand Manan, Hay.
1" i ha vri.Adt'Mr.M. ill'-', Sp Mohr.) Kutz Halifax harbour, MacKay.
11. < t tjotjana, (Mont.) Kutx. Halifax, Harvey in " 1 Boreali-Americana."
12, \l\ I Kuiz. Halifax, Harvey in N.B.-Am.; Shippegan Island, Hay.
ircta, (DQlto.) P.E. Island, Dr. Jeans; Halifax, Harvey; Grand Manan
and Frye's [sland, //
14. C. LAN08A, [Roth] Kuiz, var. uncialis, Thvret, P. B. Island, Jeans; Halifax, Harvey.
1"' ('. BUFS8TBI8, {Linn.) Kutz. Shippegan Island. Hay.
16. C. ] esckoug. Prye's Island, Hay.
IT Griff.) Han-. Halifax. Harvey ; North Miscon, Hay.
18. G I lb Miscon Island, //'/>/
19. I LCILIS, iffn/i A'///;. Frye's [sland, Hay.
Phtllttk l, Kutz. Halifax, Harvey.
■2\ ScTToeEPHOn lomentabtus, Ag. Halifax, MacKay; Frye's Island, Oaraqnet, Grand
M. in. in. //
la latikolia. Grev. Halifax. Harvey. Var. zosters /.■ Jolis. Mouth of
ton harbor. Kay.
P. i; [sland, Jeans.
Pictou MacKay ; BUouchibouguac Hay. Fowler.
D. •.;:.:> /.■ i Halii // [sland, Grand Manan, Miscon, //<"/
Pictou, MacKay. This species nasi n found
irbrau< a a stem formed of the- filiform frond of Chordaria
ti"L t Pictou, in su< h a manner thai the whole appeared t<> be Inn
pi adrum was : 1! i the micro ion of the branch
bile thai <»i the stem Bhev . equal
rdaria I Further examination, <>f . onrse, demon-
interesting union. i I ' I I ad M mail.
I
// /. i" i: i : md '■
172 HAY ON MARINE ALG^
28. E. confervoides, (Roth.) Le Jolis. P. E. Island, Jeans. Var. SILICULOSUS, Kjellman.
Pictou, Mac Kay ; Frye's Island, Caraquet, Miscou, Hay.
29. E. littoralis, Lyngb. Pictou, MacKay ; Grand Manan, Miscou, Shippegan, Hay.
30. E. FASCICULATUS, Harv. Caraquet Bay, Hay.
31. E. brachiatus, Harv. P. E. Island, Jeans.
32. Ectocarpus, sp. A still undefined species. Shippegan Island, Hay.
33. Elachistea fucicola, Fries. Pictou, MacKay; Halifax, Harvey; Frye's Island,
Miscou, G-rand Manan, Hay.
34. Leathesia DlFFORMis, (Linn.) Areschoug. Halifax, Harvey.
35. Chordaria flagelliformis, Ag. Pictou, MacKay; Halifax, Harvey ; Frye's Island,
Caraquet, Hay.
36. Mesogloia DIVARICATA, Kutz. Pictou, MacKay ; Frye's Island, Hay.
37. M. VERMICULARIS, Ag. Halifax, Harvey.
38. Castagnea Zosters, (Mohr.) Thurel. Halifax, Harvey.
39. Chorda filtjm, Linn. Pictou, MacKay ; Frye's Island, Gulf Shore, Fowler, Hay.
40. Laminaria longicrtjris, De la Pyl. Halifax, MacKay and Harvey. Stipes three or
four yards long have been observed. Prof. Lawson, of Dalhousie College, says that
on taking charge, of chemistry on his arrival at Halifax he could get no rubber
tubing in the city. "While his order was coming, he used the hollow stipes of this
seaweed, which is always cast up in abundance on the Halifax coast, and found
it to answer splendidly for the conduction of gas, MacKay. Around Grand
Manan and the southern coast of New Brunswick the forms of Laminarise are
variable and confusing, the two following species (L. saccharina and L. digituta)
being most abundant, Hay.
41. L. SACCHARINA, (Linn) Lamx. ? Pictou, MacKay ; Halifax, Prof. Lawson ; Frye's Island,
Grand Manan, Hay ; Gulf of St. Lawrence, Foioler.
42. L. digitata, Lamx. Pictou, MacKay; Halifax, Harvey, Lawson; Grand Manan, flay.
43. Saccorhiza DERMAT0DEA,7)e la Pyl. Halifax, Harvey ; Grand Manan, Hay.
44. Agartjm Ttjrneri, Post, and Ri/pr. Halifax, MacKay, Harvey, Lawson ; Grand Manan
and Frye's Island, Hay.
45. Alaria esculenta, Grev. Halifax, MacKay, Harvey, Lawson; Grand Manan, Hay. This
species is used as food in Scotland and Ireland, where it is called badder-locks,
henware, murlins, and also in Iceland, but it is not eaten with us, Dr. Farlow.
OF \i :\v i : i : i \>\\ [CK 173
Order III- CX)SPOEl
46 asc»PHY] ' M nodosi m, L> Jolis. Pictou, i/ fi Halifax, MacKay and Hon
very common on southern coa \ \ Brunswick, // ■>'
\~, Fi 310ULOSU8, L. Pictou and Halifax ; Halifax, 23 The varieties
of this -;>.■■ [i - are very abundant between tide marks >'ii ili<- Bouthern shores <>i
\ ew Brunswick, half shore, Fowl*
»^ V L. Pictou, Fowler ; Pictou and Pictou Island, MacKuy Not found else-
where in N. E. A.meri
P. r.\ nb, ig. Pi ind Manan, Hay.
50. P. ftjboatus, .k Growing on the low, flal shores north-weal Bide of Miscou [aland,
ond low-water mark, //
61. Vatjchebia (?) Pictou, MacKay.
Order IV.— FLORID&E.
52. PoRPHYBA l.u'I.niata. Ag. Pictou, MacKay; Halifax. Harvey; Frye's Island and
and Manan, Hay.
58. Banoia FUSOO-PUBPUREA, Lyngb. Halifax, ILi,<
■~>4 Callithamnion Rothii, Lyngb. Halifax. //<//■'
I Pvi.ais.t.i. Mont. Southern Head, Grand Manan. washed ashore in great abund-
ance at the . the clii
1 . ^mericantjm, ILirr. V. E. Island. Jeans ; Halifax, Han
"7 C. ( Halifax, H
58. Ptilota eleoans, Bonne*. P. E. Island, ./■
Kuiz. Halifax, // and Bianan, Prye's Island, Shippegan, Hay.
abundant. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay;
[aland S K"ii. 1 is Bay, Fowler. Var. PROLIFERUM,
Little Shi] //
61. C tNNATUM, Kuiz. little Shi //
- I
Halifax, land, //
I'mvi.: Halil
Aiin; : Fries. Pictou and Halil iraquet, Prye's Island,
//
Halil i Maud liui
174 HAY ON MARINE ALCliE OF NEW BRUNSWICK.
67. Chondrus CRISPUS, (Linn.) Stack. Pictou and Halifax, Mac Kay ; Meogone Island,
Frye's Island, Hay ; Gulf of St. Lawrence, Fowler.
68. Rhodymenia palmata, (Linn.) Grev Picton and Halifax, MacKay. Very abundant
on the Gulf shore and southern coast of New Brunswick, Fowler, Hay. This and
Chondrus crispus are the only seaweeds on our coasts collected for edible pur-
poses.
69. Rhodophyllis veprecula, J. Ag. Halifax, Harvey ; Grand Manan, Hay.
70. Euthora CRISTATA, J. Ag. Halifax, Harvey ; Grand Manan, Hay.
11. Polyides rotundtjs, Grey. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay.
12. Delesseria sinuosa, Lamx. Halifax, Harvey ; Frye's Island, Miscou, Hay.
IS. D. alata, Lamx., var. angustissima, Hurv. Very abundant on south side of Miscou
and Shippegan Islands, where it is cast ashore with the larger seaweeds, Hay.
74. Gracillaria multipartita, /. Ag. Pictou, MacKay ; Kouchibouguac Bay, Foivler.
15. Odonthalia dentata, Lyngb. Halifax, Harvey; Pictou, MacKay ; Kouchibouguac Bay,
Foivler ; Shippegan and Miscou, Hay. Not reported south of the Maritime
Provinces.
76. Rhodomela subftjsca, Ag. Halifax, MacKay ; Frye's Island, Grand Marian, Miscou,
Hay. Var. gracilior, J. Ag. Kouchibouguac Bay, Foivler.
11. Polysiphonia tjrceolata, (Dilhv.) Grev. Halifax, Harvey; P. E. Island, Jeans;
Pictou, MacKay; Miscou and Shippegau, Hay. Var. FORMOSA, Ag. P. E. Island,
Jeans.
78. P. Olneyi, Harv. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay.
79. P. Harveyi, Bailey (?). Pictou, MacKay.
80. P. fibrillosa, Grev. North Miscou, Hay.
81. P. violacea, Grev. Halifax, Harvey; P. E. Island, Jeans; Pictou, MacKay; Kouchi-
bouguac Bay, Foivler. Common along the whole coast of New Brunswick, Hay.
82. P. nigrescens, Grev. Halifax, Harvey; P. E. Island, Jeans; Pictou, MacKay. Var.
ftjcoides, Ag. Caraquet beach, Miscou gully, Hay.
83. P. fastigiata, Grev. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay ; Frye's Island, Hay.
84. Corallina officinalis, L. Halifax, Harvey. Common on southern and eastern
coasts of New Brunswick, and usually found on shells thrown ashore by the
waves, Fowler, Hay; Minas Basin, MacKay.
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