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MARTIN'S

WORLD'S FAIR ALBUM-ATLAS

Containing- artistic half-tone illustrations of the World's Fair Palaces, and many of Chicago's mammoth
buildings that are the marvel of the age; likewise of the civic and military Dedication parades.

A historical review of States and Nations, with tinted maps, forms an interesting feature of

" "" 'the work. A brief sketch of former world's fairs; discourses on the life of Columbus;

manners, customs, and religion of the American Indian; Chicago's early

history; Chicago in flames; Chicago of to-day; etc., etc. In short

the work is a perfect encyclopedia of authentic, useful,

very interesting and carefully selected information.

C. FtOF>F* & SONS,

CHICAGO.

U. OF ILL LIB,

ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OK CONGRES.i,
1892

BY J. F. MARTIN, CHICAGO,

IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS AT
WASHINGTON, D. C,

COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION is not only a commemoration of the paramount event of modern times the discovery of
America four hundred years ago by Christopher Columbus but among the grand events of its character it stands
pre-eminent in the world's history. It is the culmination of all the progress made by the nations of the earth in the
centuries that have passed, and the gathering together of all that science, art, and ingenuity has produced for the benefit
of mankind, not only for the present day, but for generations yet unborn, who will learn of this " festival of all nations "
through history's portrayal by pen and picture. IT is A COMPREHENSIVE PICTURE OP THE CIVILIZATION OP TO-DAY.

The design of this work is to present, in the most attractive form possible, authentic general information, compiled
from official sources, relative to this great exposition; its inception and progress; as well as of the great metropolitan
city in which it is held.

The Opening Chapter of the work presents to the reader beautiful half-tone illustrations of the World's Fair buildings
which stand forth as the marvel of the present century, accompanying which are appropriately illustrated descriptions of
the buildings, giving their location, cost, and dimensions.

In the Second Chapter the reader finds himself both charmed and amazed, as from page to page is unfolded a panoram-
ic view of many of Chicago's most attractive sights and places of interest, such as her sky-piercing structures, street-scenes,
park and stock yavd views, monuments, etc., together with many other objects of universal and unceasing interest.

Portraits of the World's Fair officials form the introduction to the Third Chapter, which is devoted to miscellaneous information relative to the
Columbian Exposition; including the President's proclamation to all nations.

A complete history of the Dedication of the World's Fair Palaces is given in the Fourth Chapter, giving a minute and glowing description of
the civic and military parades, the order in which they marched, and a report in full of the addresses delivered on the occasion.

The Fifth Chapter is composed of a series of interesting discourses on the Life of Columbus by prominent Chicago divines. The lessons taught
by these discourses and the conclusions drawn therefrom, viewed from so many standpoints, makes this an especially valuable chapter of the work.

A brief historical review of all the States and foreign countries that will exhibit, together with tinted maps of the same, constitutes the Sixth
Chapter, and in view of their participation in bringing together at the World's Fair the greatest and grandest exhibition of their products known to
man, reference to the same in the manner indicated cannot fail to be of more than usual interest.

The Eighth Chapter, containing a brief history of Previous World's Fairs, beginning with the first held in London in 1851, down to the latest held
in Paris in 1889, will enable the reader to intelligently institute a comparison between former World's Fairs and the great Columbian Exposition of 1893.
A highly fascinating subject in connection with tne history of the Columbian Exposition is a brief history of the manners, customs and religion
of the wonderful race that inhabited the North American Continent when discovered by Columbus. The subject is given added interest by the half-
tone engravings of Indian villages, Indian chiefs, and individual members of their tribes, all of which are given in the Ninth Chapter of this work.

Chicago of 1892 and 1893 is the attraction of the world. Going back a few brief years we find a small village, forming the nucleus from which
has grown, like magic, a mighty city. The early history of this city, which is, during the Columbian Exposition the host of all nations, is given in the
Tenth Chapter, accompanied by illustrations of buildings and local events of that time.

On October 8th, 1871, the world was electrified by the news that the rapidly growing City of Chicago was laid in ashes. The Eleventh Chapter
gives a thrilling account of this, the saddest event of Chicago's history. The illustrations taken at the time shown in this connection vividly portray
the city in flames as well as her square miles of devastated ruins.

The last Chapter is entitled ''Chicago of To-Day. " and gives in brief a description of all the points of interest in this great city an Exposition in
itself and just the information desired by visitors and strangers in Chicago.

BIRD'S-EYE VIEW OF THE WORLD'S FAIR GROUNDS AXD BUILDINGS.

POPULAR verdict pronounces the Administration Building gem and crown of the Exposition
palaces. It is located at the west end of the great court in the southern part of the
site, looking eastward, and at its rear are the transportation facilities and depots.
This imposing edifice cost $450,000. The architect is Richard M. Hunt, of New York,
President of the American Institute of Architects, to whose established reputation
it is a notable contribution. It covers an area of 260 feet square and consists of four
pavilions 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square and connected by
mm a great central dome 120 feet in diameter and 220 feet in height, leaving at the center

of each facade a recess 82 feet wide, within which are the grand entrances to the building.

The general design is in the style of the French renaissance. The first story is in

the Doric order, of heroic proportions, surrounded by a lofty balustrade and having the tiers of the angle
of each pavilion crowned with neat artistic sculpture. The second story, with its lofty and spacious colon-
nade, is of the Ionic order. The four great entrances, one on each side of the building, are feet wide and
50 feet high, and covered by semi-circular arched vaults, richly coffered. In the rear of these arches are the
entrance doors, and above, great screens of glass, furnishing abundant light to the central rotunda.

COl_t_JVii3iAis:

( AVING oeen delightfully located, the Government Building is set off to great advantage,
being placed near the lake shore, south of the main lagoon and of the area reserved for
foreign Nations and States, and east of the Woman's Building. The buildings of Eng-
land, Germany, and Mexico are near by to the northward. The Government Building
was designed by Architect Windrim, now succeeded by W. J. Edbrooke. It is classic
in style, and bears a strong resemblance to the National Museum and other government
buildings at Washington. It covers an area of 350 by 420 feet, is constructed of iron,
brick, and glass, and cost $400,000. Its leading architectural feature is a central octagonal
dome 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high, the floor of which will be kept free from
exhibits. The building fronts to the west, and connects on the north by a bridge over
the lagoon, with the building of the Fisheries exhibit. The south half is devoted to the Post Office Depart-
ment, Treasury Department, War Department, and Department of Agriculture exhibits; the north half to the
exhibits of the Fisheries Commission, Smithsonian Institute, and Interior Department. The allotment for the
several department exhibits is: War Department, 23,000 square feet; Treasury, 10,500 square feet; Agriculture,
23,250 square feet; Interioi, 24,000 square feet; Post Office, 9,000 square feet; Fishery, 20,000 square feet.

NCOMPASSED by luxuriant shrubs and beds of fragrant flowers, like a white silhouette
against a background of old and stately oaks, is seen the Woman's Building, situated
in the northwestern part of the Park, with a generous distance on either side from
the Horticultural Building and the Illinois State Building, and facing the great lagoon
with the Flowery Island as a vista. A more beautiful site could not have been
selected for this daintily designed building. The president of the Board of Lady
Managers quickly discovered in the sketch submitted by Miss Sophia G. Hayden, of
Boston, that harmony of grouping and gracefulness of details which indicate the archi-
tectural scholar, and to her was awarded the first prize of $1,000, and also execution
of design. The principal facade has an extreme length of 400 feet, the depth of the building half the distance.
Italian renaissance is the style selected. A wide stair case leads to the center pavilions, with an open colonnade,
where are located the Hanging Gardens. The whole floor of the south pavilion is devoted to the retrospective
exhibit; the one on the north to reform work and charity organization. In the second story are located the
ladies' parlors, committee rooms, etc. The building is encased in staff, and as it stands, with its mellow
decorated walls, bathed in the bright sunshine, grace and harmony are depicted from all standpoints.

COI^TLJMBIAINI

-- ;

( EAUTIFUL architecture, which has its inspiration in early Italian renaissance, is strikingly
displayed in the Hall of Mines and Mining, and with which sufficient liberty is taken to in-
vest it with the animation that should characterize a great general Exposition. It is located
at the southern extremity of the western lagoon or lake, and between the Electricity and
Transportation Buildings. The architect is S. S. Beman, of Chicago. There is a decided
French spirit pervading the exterior design, but it is kept well subordinated. In plan it is
simple and straightforward, embracing on the ground floor spacious vestibules, restaurants,
toilet rooms, etc. On each of the four sides of the building are placed the entrances, those
of the north and south fronts being the most spacious and prominent. To the right and left
of each entrance, inside, start broad flights of easy stairs leading to the galleries. The gal-
leries are 60 feet wide and 25 feet high from the ground floor. The main front looks southward on the Central
Court, and northward on the middle lakes, and an island gorgeous with flowers. Between the main entrances and
the pavilions are richly decorated arcades, forming an open loggia on the ground floor, and on the gallery floor
level a deeply recessed promenade, which commands a fine view of the lakes and islands to the northward, and the
great Central Court on the south. These covered promenades are each 25 feet wide, and 230 feet in length.

k HE MACHINERY HALL, of which Peabody & Stearns, of Boston, are the architects, has been
pronounced by many architects second only to the Administration Building in the mag-
nificence of its appearance. This building measures 8?0 by 500 feet, and with the large
Machinery Annex and Power House, cost about $1,200,000. It is located at the extreme
south end of the Park, midway between the shore of Lake Michigan and the west line
of the Park. It is just south of the Administration Building, and across a lagoon from
the Agricultural Building. The building is spanned by massive arched trusses, and the
interior has the appearance of three railroad train-houses side by side, surrounded on all
four sides by a gallery 50 feet wide. The trusses are built separately, so that they can be taken down and
sold for use as railroad train houses. All of the buildings on the grand plaza are designed with a view to
making a grand background for display, and, in order to conform to the general richness of the court and
add to the striking appearance, the two facades of the machinery hall on the court are rich with colonnades
and other features. The design follows classical models throughout, the detail being followed from the
renaissance of Seville and other Spanish towns, as being appropriate to a Columbian celebration. An arcade
on the first story admits passage around the building. The exterior of the building is in staff, colored.

XV O KIND'S COI^TLJlVl:B:i:A.:iN[ EXPOSITION.

HE FISHERIES BUILDING is one of the largest and most artistic of the Exposition palaces,
and embraces a large central structure with two smaller polygonal buildings connected
with it on either end by arcades. The extreme length is 1,100 feet and the width 200 feet.
It is located to the northward of the U. S. Government Building. In the central portion
is the general Fisheries exhibit. In one of the polygonal buildings is the Angling exhibit
and in the other the large Aquaria. To the close observer the exterior of the building
cannot fail to be exceedingly interesting, for the architect, Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago,
exerted all his ingenuity in arranging innumerable forms of capitals, modillions, brackets,
cornices and other ornamental details, using only fish and other sea forms for its motif of design. The roof
of the building is of old Spanish tile, and the side walls of pleasing color. The cost is about $200,000. In
the center of the polygonal building is a rotunda 60 feet in diameter, in the middle of which is a basin or
pool 26 feet wide, from which rises a towering mass of rocks, covered with moss and lichens. From clefts
and crevices in the rocks crystal streams of water gush and drop to the masses of reeds, rushes, and orna-
mental semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool gorgeous gold fishes, golden ides, golden tench,
and other fishes disport. From the rotunda, one side of the large series of Aquaria may be viewed.

HE MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING stands at the head in size and sym-
metrical proportions. It measures 1,687 by 787 feet, and covers nearly thirty-one acres,
being the largest exposition building ever constructed. Within the building a gallery 50
feet wide extends around four sides, and projecting from this are 86 small galleries, 12 feet
wide, from which visitors may survey the vast array of exhibits and the busy scene below.
The main roof is of iron and glass, and arches an area of ?85 by 1,400 feet, and has its
ridge 1^0 feet from the ground. The building, including its galleries, has about 40 acres
of floor space. The long array of columns and arches, with its facades, etc., are very
elaborately ornamented with female figures, symbolical of the various arts and sciences. The exterior of the
building is covered with staff, which is treated to represent marble. The huge fluted columns and the
immense arches are apparently of this beautiful material. The building occupies the most conspicuous place
on the grounds. It faces the lake, with only lawns and promenades between. North of it is the United
States Government Building, south the harbor and in-jutting lagoon, and west the Electrical Building and
the lagoon, separating it from the great island, which in part is wooded and in part resplendent with acres
of bright flowers of varied hues. The whole combine to make a grand and picturesque scene.

BOUNTEOUS decorations form but a minor part in one of the most magnificent structures
raised for the Exposition, such is the Agricultural Building. The style of architecture is
classic renaissance. This building is put up very near the shore of Lake Michigan, and is
almost surrounded by the lagoons that lead into the Park from the lake. It is 500 by 800
feet; its north line is almost on a line with the pier extending into the lake, on which heroic
columns, emblematic of the Thirteen Original States, are raised. The east front looks out
into a harbor which affords refuge for numerous pleasure craft; the west, faces a branch of
the lagoon that extends along the north side. With these picturesque surroundings as an
inspiration, the architects have brought out designs that have been pronounced all but fault-
less. The main entrance leads through an opening 64 feet wide into a vestibule, from which
entrance is had to the rotunda, 100 feet in diameter. This is surmounted by a mammoth glass dome, 1 20 feet high.
All through the main vestibule statuary has been designed, illustrative of the agricultural industry. There are also
similar designs grouped about all of the grand entrances in the most elaborate manner. The corner pavilions are
surmounted by domes 96 feet high, and above these tower groups of statuary. The design for these domes is that
of three women, of herculean proportions, supporting a mammoth globe, emblematic of the world's gathering.

JQI ROM the Grecian-Ionic in style, and a pure type of the most refined classic architecture,
is the Art Palace. The building is oblong, and is 500 by 320 feet, intersected north,
east, south, and west by a great nave and transept, 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, at
the intersection of which is a great dome, 60 feet in diameter; it is 12"> feet to the top
of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal statue of the type of the famous figure
of Winged Victory. On either side are galleries 20 feet wide and 24 feet above the floor.
The collections of sculpture are displayed on the main floor of the nave and transept,
and on the walls of the ground and galleries are ample areas for displaying paintings and
sculptured panels in relief. The corners made by the crossing of the nave and transept
are filled with small picture galleries. Around the entire structure are galleries, 40 feet
wide, forming a continuous promenade. Between this promenade and the naves are the smaller rooms devoted
to private collections of paintings and the collections of the various art schools. On either side of the main
building, and connected with it by handsome corridors, are very large annexes, which are also utilized by various
art exhibits. The building is located in the northern portion of the Park, facing the lagoon. The immediate
neighborhood is ornamented with groups of statues, replica ornaments of classic art, Grecian art, etc.

<-^,T.l

COI^tJUVIBlAlSt

^VERY effort will be put forth to make the Electrical Building the seat of the most novel
and brilliant exhibit in the whole Exposition. The building is 145 feet wide and 700
feet long, the major axis running north and south. The south front is on the great
Quadrangle or Court; the north front faces the lagoon; the east front is opposite the
Manufactures Building, and the west faces the Mines Building. The general scheme
of the plan is based upon a longitudinal nave, 115 feet wide and 114 feet high,
crossed in the middle by a transept of the same width and height. The second story
is composed of a series of galleries connected across the nave by two bridges, with
access by four grand staircases. The area of the galleries in the second story is 118,-
546 square feet. At each of the four corners of the building there is a pavilion, above which rises a light
open spire or tower 169 feet high. There is an open portico extending along the whole of the south facade.
The appearance of the building is that of marble, but the walls of the hemicycle and of the various porticos
and loggia are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these places being enriched with scagliola, and the
capitals with metallic effects in bronze. Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, are the architects. The cost
of the building is about $175.000. The east and west pavilions are composed of two towers 168 feet high.

-.- -,.._- ..-*>">>.

ROM every point of view the Horticultural Building presents an imposing appearance. It
is situated immediately south of the entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway Plais-
ance, and faces east on the lagoon. In front is a flower terrace for outside exhibits,
including tanks for Nymphasa and the Victoria Regia. The building is 1,000 feet long,
with an extreme width of 2^0 feet. The plan is a central pavilion with two end pa-
vilions each connected with the central one by front and rear curtains, forming two
interior courts each 88 by 270 feet. The courts are beautifully decorated in color and
planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. The center pavilion is roofed by a crystal
dome 187 feet in diameter and 11? feet high, under which are exhibited the tallest
palms, bamboos, and tree ferns that can be procured. There are galleries in each of the
pavilions. The galleries of the end pavilions are designed for cafes, the situation and the surroundings being
particularly adapted to recreation and refreshment. These cafes are surrounded by an arcade on three sides
from which charming views of the grounds can be obtained. The front of the flower terrace, with its low
parapet between large handsome vases, which borders the water, forms a boat landing at its center; this makes
a highly convenient and attractive feature, and, with its fleet of pleasure boats, reminds one of Venice,

*.'-%.,-">

'N exceedingly important part of the northern architectural court of the Exposition is the
Transportation Building. It is situated at the southern end of the west flank, between the
Horticultural and Mines Buildings. Facing eastward, it commands a view of the floral island
and an extensive branch of the lagoon. It is exquisitely refined and simple in architectural
treatment, although it is very rich and elaborate in detail. In style it savors much of the
Romanesque. Viewed from the lagoon, the cupola forms the effective southwest accent of
the quadrangle, while from the cupola itself, reached by eight elevators, the Northern Court,
the most beautiful effect of the entire Exposition, may be seen in all its glory. The main
entrance to Transportation Building consists of an immense single arch highly enriched by
carvings, bas-reliefs and mural paintings, the entire feature forming a rich and beautiful, yet
quiet, color climax, for it is treated in leaf and is called the golden door. Numerous minor entrances are from time
to time pierced in the walls, and with them are grouped terraces, seats, drinking fountains, and statues. Alhough
its architecture savors of the Romanesque, to the initiated the manner in which it is designed on axial lines and
the solicitude shown for fine proportions, with the subtle relation of parts to each other, will at once suggest the
methods of composition followed at the ECOLE DES BEAUX ARTS in a manner to elicit the highest admiration.

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PALMKR HOUSE, STATE COB. MONROE STS.

COURT HOUSE AND CITY HALL, CLARK STREET, WASHINGTON STREET.

THE AUDITORIUM, MICHIGAN AVENUE. CONGRESS STREET.

GRAND PACIFIC HOTEL, COR. CLARK AND JACKSON STREETS.

MARSHAL FIELD'S WHOLESALE WAREHOUSE, ADAMS ST., FIFTH AVE.

MONTGOMERY WARD & CO.'S MAIL OKUER ESTABLISHMENT. MICHIGAN AVK.NUE.

SIEGEL, COOl'ER & CO.'S MAMMOTH RETAIL STORE, STATE, VAX BUREN AND CONGRESS STREETS.

POST OFFICE AND CTJSTOM HOUSE, CLARK STREET, ADAMS STREET.

STATE STREET, LOOKING NORTH FROM MADISON.

MADISON STREET, WEST FROM STATE STREET

OLD EXPOSITION BUILDING.

THE HAYMARKET SQUARE SCENE OF THE HAYMARKET RIOT.

RESIDENCE OF POTTER PALMF.R

RESIDENCE OF NAT. JONES.

RESIDENCE OF EDWARD AYERS.

THE SHELDON RESIDENCE.

DEARBORN AVENUE.

MICHIGAN AVENUE.

THE LAKE SHORE DRIVE.

FAIRVIEW.

NORTH SIDE PUMPING STATION,

VIEW IN GAEFIELD PARK

BANQUET ROOM, AUDITORIUM.

DINING ROOM. PALMER HOUSE.

STAGE, AUDITORIUM.

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GRAND OPERA HOUSE.

VIEW IN THE CASINO.

AUDITORIUM PROMENADE.

WHEAT PIT, BOARD OP TRADE

INTERIOR OF GUNTHER'S STORE.

VIEW FROM LIGHTHOUSE.

UNJON STOCK YARDS

UNfON STOCK YARPS.

--,

LAKE FRONT PARK.

CHICAGO RIVKR, CLAHK STREET BRIDGE LOOKING WEST.

CHICAGO RIVER, AT KUSH STREET. LOOKING EAST.

VIEW IN WASHINGTON PARK

VIEW IN LINCOLN PARK.

JACKSON PARK,

VIEW IN LINCOLN PARK.

FLORAL MOUND. LINCOLN PARK.

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GATES AJAR, WASHINGTON PARK.

VIEW IN WASHINGTON PARK

GRANT MONUMENT. LINCOLN PARK.

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MRS. POTTER PALMER,
President of the Lady Board of Managers.

T. W. PALMER,
President World's Columbian Commission.

ORIGINAL OFFICIALS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

T. DICKINSON, JAMES ALLISON, PROF. A. P. BARRETT, THOS. w. PALMER, GEORGE R. DAVIS,

,- National Commission. Chief Manufacturers Dep't. Chief Dep't Electricity. Pres't Nat'l Commission. Director General.

EAnoDY, CAPT. COLLINS, E. E. JAYCOX, w. I. BUCHANAN,

f Dep't Liberal Arts. Chief Fish and Fisheries. Traffic Mgr. World's C. E. Chief Agriculture.

PROF. PUTNAM,

Chief Ethnology.

ACKERMAN, WILLARD A. SMITH,

tor World's Col. Ex. Co. Chief Transp'n Exhibits.

JOHN THORP,
Head Floriculture Dep't.

HALSEY C. IVES,
Chief Dep't Fine Arts.

W. T. BAKER, F. J. V. SKIFF. MAJ. MOSES P. HANDY,

Pres't World's Col. Exp. Chief Mines and Mining. Chief Dep't Pub' y and Pro'n

J. W. SAMUELS,

Chief Horticulture.

WALKER TERN, JOSEPH HIRST.

Chief Foreign Affairs. ' Installation Office.

LIEUTENANT ROBINSON, BENJAMIN BUTTERWORTH,

Chief Machinery Dep't. Ex. Sec'y World's Col. Ex.

E. W. COTTRELL, A. F. SEEBERCER,

Chief Dep't Live Stock. Treas. World's Col. Exp.

EING so advantageously located it is not sur-
prising that Chicago was selected as the
location for the World's Fair in 1893. It fully
indicates the strong impression made upon
representatives from all sections of the United
States as to its fitness for this vast under-
taking. There is no other city in the Union
which for position alone can compare with
Chicago; centrally located, with thousands of
miles of direct railroad connections, it is equi-
distant to Spain and Japan. London, Canton,
Buenos Ayres and St. Petersburg. Mexico and
Montreal are brought to its gates. Still fur-
ther, Chicago is entitled to the World's Fair
from its rank as a cosmopolitan city, being the
second city on this continent in population,

and seventh in the world. Outside of London it is doubtful if any city in
the world can show as large and as varied a population as this city.

The site adopted for the great Exposition is that portion of the cele-
brated South Park system of Chicago known as Jackson Park and Midway
Plaisance. Having in view the comfort and convenience of the hundreds
of thousands of our citizens and those from abroad, this site affords ad-
vantages which upon reflection must be appreciated and clearly under-
stood by the practical mind. This beautiful location is within easy
distance of the center of the business portion of Chicago, and is accessible
by means of the most complete transportation facilities. Jackson Park
has a frontage on Lake Michigan of one and one-half miles, and contains
nearly 553 acres of ground. The Midway Plaisance, which forms the
connecting link between Jackson and Washington Parks, is one mile long
and 600 feet wide, making an additional area of about 80 acres.

The illustrations of buildings shown in this volume give a very com-
plete idea of the plans contemplated in this stupendous work. The fine
architectural groupings and grandeur of ornamental design will, collec-
tively, excel all previous attempts at any Exposition. The plan of
arrangements for the grounds present features in landscape effects,

statuary, fountains, inland lakes, ornamental bridges, avenues and floral
designs so artistic in their beauty as to command the admiration of the
world. The frontage of the grounds on Lake Michigan affords grand
opportunities for marine displays of the most magnificent character, and
which will be taken full advantage of by the management to furnish
beautiful attractions which otherwise could not be attempted.

It may be said to be assured that the exhibits at the Exposition will
cover a wider range and be far more numerous than were ever before
gathered together. The whole world is interested and all the nations of
the earth will participate with the grandest and most creditable charac-
teristic exhibits of their arts, sciences, natural resources, customs, condi-
tion and progress of their people. From far-away India, Burmah, Siam,
China, Japan, Persia, Islands of the Pacific, Australia, Tasmania, Egypt,
Turkey and the strange lands of the mysterious and almost unknown
Africa will come attractions of interesting character. All the European
nations display great interest in the Exposition, and all give assurance
of their unqualified support and co-operation. Their finest collections of
art will be gathered here, and each country promises t,> display in the
most conspicuous manner its varied resources. All of the countries of
South and Central America with Mexico are making the most elaborate
preparation for an extensive exhibit of their splendid resources and pro-
ducts. Millions of money will be expended by these foreign countries,
and the beauty of the Exposition will be enhanced thereby to a greater
degree. Many of the foreign countries construct buildings of the finest
character and design in which to make their separate exhibits.

FOREIGN PARTICIPATION.

N the table given below will be found a list of all foreign na-
tions and colonies, and where they have determined to par-
ticipate in the Exposition, the amounts of their appropria-
tions made or officially proposed, as far as information con-
cerning them has been received at the World's Fair head-
quarters. It is safe to say that foreign representation will be larger and
more genera) than at any previous World's Exposition;

Argentine Republic,

$100,000

Victoria,

$97,330

WHAT THE UNITED STATES WILL DO.

Austria,

102,300

West Australia.

Belgium,

57,900

Greece, ....

57,900

^**sL,-JREAT interest is being taken by foreign countries in the

Bolivia,

30.700

Guatemala,

200,000

jjejg World's Fair, and they are emulated on a broad scale by the

Brazil, ....

600,000

Hawaii,

T^^/lf United States Government, and the States and Territories of

Bulgaria,

Hayti, . , . .

25,000

the Union. The United States Government has erected a

China,

500,000

Honduras,

20,000

grand structure, in and around which to display such articles

Colombia,

100,000

Hungary (informal),

and materials as illustrate the functions and administrative faculty of

Costa Rica.

150,000

Italy,

the government in time of peace, and its resources as a war power, tend-

Denmark,

(>7,000

Erythia,

ing to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and their adaptation to

Danish West Indies, .

1,200

Japan, ....

630 765 the wants of the people. For this purpose and for other necessary ex-

Ecuador,

125,000

Liberia, ....

penses, Congress has appi-opriated $1,500,000. Besides this princely sum,

Egypt (informal). .

Madagascar, .

it has donated $2.500,000 in silver half-dollar souvenirs, which the Fair

France

733,400

Mexico, ....

50 000 authorities will sell at a premium, and from which they expect to realize

Algeria,

Morocco,

150.000 & t least $5.000,000. The government has also appropriated $500,000 for

French Guiana. .

Netherlands,

diplomas and awards, to be given meritorious exhibits. The subjoined

Germany,

690,200

Dutch Guiana, .

10,000

table shows the States and Territories that will participate, and the

Great Britain,

291,990

Dutch West Indies. .

5 000 amounts which each has set aside for its exhibit:

Bahamas, .

Nicaragua,

so'ooo

Arizona, . . . $ 30,000 Montana, . . . $ 50,000

Barbadoes, .

5,840

Norway,

56,280

California, . . . 300.000 Nebraska, . . . 50.000

Bermuda. .

2.920

Orange Free State.

7,500

Colorado, . . . 100.000 New Hampshire, . . 25,000

British Guiana. .

25,000

Paraguay,

100,000

Delaware, . . . 10,000 New Jersey, . . 70.000

British Honduras,

7,500

Persia, ....

Idaho, .... 20,000 New Mexico, . . 25,000

Canada.

100,000

Peru, ....

140,000

Illinois, .... 800,000 New York, . . . 300 000

Cape Colony,

50,000

Portugal (informal).

Indiana, . . . 75,000 North Carolina, . . 25,000

Ceylon,

63,600

Madeira,

Iowa, .... 130,000 North Dakota, . . 25,000

Fiji, ....

Roumania,

Kentucky, . . . 100,000 Ohio, .... 125,000

India
Jamaica,

24,333

Russia, ....
Salvador,

46,320
12,500

Louisiana, . . . 36,000 Pennsylvania, . . 300,000
Maine, .... 40.000 Rhode Island, . . 50.000

Leeward Islands.

6,000

San Domingo,

25,000

Maryland. . . . 60.000 Vermont, . . . 15.000

Malta,

Servia, ....

Massachusetts. . . 150,000 Washington. . . 100.000

Mashonaland.

Siam, ....

Michigan, . . . 100,000 West Virginia, . 40,000

Mauritius, .

Spain, ....

14,000

Minnesota, . . . 50,000 Wisconsin. . . . 65,000

Newfoundland, .

Cuba, ....

25,000

Missouri, . . . 150,000 Wyoming, . . . 30,000

New South Wales. .

243,c'25

Porto Rico,

New Zealand,

Switzerland,

23,160

Total, ... .... $3 446 000

Queensland,

Sweden,

53,600

South Australia,

Transvaal,

In several States the appropriations made are only preliminary, and

Straits Settlements, .

Turkey,

will be largely increased. A number of States, which, owing to consti-

Tasmania. .

10,000

Uruguay,

24,000

tutional or other prohibitive reason, made no World's Fair appropria-

Trinidad, .

15,000

Venezuela,

tions, have held State conventions and formed organizations of the stock

subscription sort for raising the amounts deemed necessary for credita-

Total.

6,936,063

ble representation.

Combined with the enterprising work and encouraging promises of
all the countries of the earth, there is also positive assurances from
thousands of individual interests in all parts of the world that encourages
the management to expect such a display of the resources and products
of the human race as to outshine anything of the kind ever attempted.
Thirteen departments have been organized, in which all material things
known to man have been carefully and respectively classified, and every
facility will be provided to enable exhibitors to display their special prod-
ucts to the best advantage.

Large as is the area for the forthcoming Exposition, it will require
the greatest circumspection on the part of those entrusted with the allot-
ment of space to make it adequate for the large mass of exhibitors who
are preparing to display their varied resources. This condition gives
assurance of a larger number of exhibits than at any previous World's
Fair. The number of applications is increasing daily, and by the time
of the allotment of space, there is no doubt but that every foot of space
will be more than covered by the demand from exhibitors. This fact
alone assures the success of the Fair.

EXPOSITION FINANCES.

T the inception of the enterprise Chicago provided $10,000.000,
of which $5.000,000 was in subscriptions to the capital stock
of the World's Columbian Exposition, and $5,000,000 was in
bonds, voted by the City Council of the City of Chicago.
Subscriptions tj the capital stock are continually being
made, and now aggregate nearly six millions. The subscriptions to the
capital stock are paid on the call of the Directory, as the money is need-
ed in the prosecution of the work. Under the supervision of the Na-
tional Commission, the Exposition has assumed a broader scope than was
at first comtemplated. The enlargement involved a great additiodal ex-
pense, which the government promptly provided for, in part at least, by
the appropriation of $2,500,000 in silver half-dollar souvenirs.

BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS.

|Y comparison a person can form an idea of the size of the great
Fair buildings. The area under roof will equal that of the
Paris, in 1889, the Philadelphia, in 1876, and the Vienna, in
1873, combined. In all there will be over 150 acres under
roof, not including the space covered by the buildings devoted
to foreign States' and Governments' buildings lining each side of the
Midway Plaisance. The dimensions of the various buildings are as follows:

BUILDINGS.
Mines and Mining, ....

DIMENSION
IN FEET.

350 x 700:

AREA
ACHES

5 6;

COST.

$ 260 000

Manufactures and Liberal Arts, .
Horticulture,
Electricity
Woman's, ......
Transportation, .....
Administration, . . .
Fish and Fisheries, ....

787 x!687;
250 xlOOO;
345 x 700;
200 x 400;
250 x 960;
260 x 260;
163 x 363;

30.5;
5.8;
5.5;
1.8;
5.6;
1.6;
1.4;

1.100,000
300,000
375,000
120.000
280,000
450,000
)

Two Annexes,
Agriculture,
Annex, ......

135 diam.;
500 x 800;
328 x 500;

.8;
9.2;
3.8;

\ 200,000

540,000
)

Assembly Hall, etc.,

450 x 500;

5.2;

\ 200,000

Machinery,
Annex,
Power House,
Fine Arts,
Two Annexes,
Forestry,

500 x 850:
490 x 551;
80 x 600;
320 x 500;
120 x 200;
200 x 500;

9.8;
6.2;
1.1;
3.7;
1.1;
2.3;

f 1200,000

| 500,000
100,000

Saw Mill
Dairy,
Live Stock (three), ....

125 x 300;
95 x 200;
65 x 200;

.9;
.5;
.9;

35,000
30.000
)

Live Stock Sheds, ....

40.0:

\ 150,000

Casino

175 x 300;

1.2;

150,000

1JJ. J.' c

United States Government,
Battle Ship,
Illinois State,
Two Annexes, . . . * .

350 x 420;
348 x 69;
160 x 450;

3.4:
.3;
1.7;
.3;

400,000
100,000
250,000

Grand Totals, 150.1; $6,740,000

The Exposition buildings, not including those of the Government
and Illinois, have also a total gallery area of 45.9 acres, thus making
their total floor space 196 acres. The Fine Arts Building has 7,885 lineal
feet, or 145,852 square feet of wall space.

The annexes are scarcely loss beautiful than the main buildings. The
live-stock sheds, which will cover an immense area as indicated, are to
be constructed as inexpensively as possible without marring the general
architectural effect. The power house, pumping works, etc., are to be
exhibits in themselves, and so constructed as to be readily inspected by
visitors. The total cost of the Exposition structures is about $8,000,000.
There will be a reproduction of the famous Spanish convent La Rabida.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

BOARD OP LADY DIRECTORS.

|NE notable particular wherein the World's Columbian Exposi-
tion differs from any previous World's Fair is the prominence
of women in its management. The act of Congress authoriz-
ing the holding of the Exposition also created a Board of
Lady Managers, consisting of two members, with alternates,
from every State and Territory, eight members and alternates at-large,
and nine from the City of Chicago. Recognizing as its first duty the pro-
motion of the general interests of the Exposition, the Board has rendered
valuable assistance to the National Commissioners in influencing favora-
ble State legislation, in arousing enthusiasm, and in formulating plans
for the development of local resources. In addition, it holds and exer-
cises a dual function, the guardianship of women's special interests.
There will be no separate exhibit of women's work, the Board having de-
cided that to be inexpedient; but in the Woman's Building, which is de-
signed for administrative and other purposes, will be a showing of such
things as women are particularly and vitally interested in, and which do
not properly belong to the general competitive classification. Every de-
partment of the entire exposition is as open to women as to men, and the
act of Congress gives the Board the right to representation on all juries
of award where women's work is concerned. So great, indeed, has the
importance of the Board become, that it has long since been recognized
as an all-pervading and influential factor of the entire international en-
terprise. The Lady Managers have invited the women of all countries
to participation in the Exposition. Numerous foreign committees, com-
posed of women, have already been formed, and are now Li successful co-
operation with the official Board. This Board has instituted, in connec-
tion with the Model Hospital of the Woman's Building, a Department of
Public Comfort, which promises to become a novel and excellent feature
of the Exposition. This is intended to be supplementary to the Hospital,
and to provide for such cases of slight illness or accidents as do not re-
quire medical attendance. The main room will be in the Woman's Buil-
ding, but branches will be established in every division of the Exposi-
tion, and all of them will be under the supervision of the Lady Managers.

WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY.

This c institutes the intellectual and moral branch of the Exposition.
Its motto is: "Not Things, but Men," and is organized to provide for the

presentation, by papers, addresses and discussions, of the mental and
moral status and achievements of the human race. Under its auspices a
series oi Congresses will be held in Chicago, during the progress of the
Exposition, in which it is already assured, will participate a great many
of the ablest living representatives in the various fields of intellectual
effort and mental endeavor. The Auxiliary embraces between fifteen
and twenty main departments, such as Literature, Government, Music,
Education, Science, Art, Engineering, etc.. in each of which are subdi-
visions. A program is being arranged for congresses in each of these
departments and divisions, in which specialists and advanced thinkers
may participate in discussing the vital aud important questions, and pre-
senting the latest and best achievements of the human mind in each.
During the Exposition the Auxiliary will have the use of the magnificent
permanent Art Palace, which the Chicago Art Institute, aided by the
Exposition Directory, is erecting on the lake front. This will have two
large audience rooms, each of 3,500 capacity, and from twenty to thirty
smaller rooms, of capacity ranging from 300 to 750. The great Audito-
rium will also be utilized for the larger congresses, and numerous other
halls are available when required. Each congress will be supervised by
a committee of persons actively interested in its particular field, accept-
ance of such responsibility having already been given. It is the inten-
tion to publish their proceedings in enduring form.

THE MIDWAY PLAISANCE,

Connecting Jackson Park with Washington Park, will be occupied
throughout its entire length by Exposition features, largely of a foreign
character, such as the Bazaar of all Nations; Streets in Cairo; Street in
Constantinople; Moorish Palace; Maori Village; etc., to which concessions
have been granted, and which, in their production, will represent the
expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars. Panoramas, cycloramas,
the sliding railway, etc., will also be located there. A single entrance
fee of probably 50 cents, will entitle visitors to see the entire Exposition
proper; the special attractions on Midway Plaisance will make a moderate
additional charge.

MEDICAL BUREAU.

This Bureau will be in charge of an eminent physician, with an
ample corps of assistants and trained nurses. Hospitals will be located
at several points on the grounds. In case of sickness or accident the
ambulance corps will be called to convey the sick or injured to the
nearest hospital, where everything necessary for their immediate com-
fort and relief will bo provided. This service is intended for emergencies
requiring immediate attention.

RESTAURANTS.

According to present plans, fully 150 restaurants and cafes will be in
operation in the various buildings and about the grounds. These will be
conveniently distributed and will have an estimated seating capacity of
from 60,000 to 80,000 people.

TRANSPORTATION.

The exposition is located within easy distance of the center of the
business portion of Chicago, and accessible by means of the most complete
transportation facilities.

All public passenger railways, whether steam, cable, electric or horse,
as well as the great number of steamboats on Lake Michigan, will deliver
passengers conveniently near the numerous entrances to the grounds.
With these unlimited facilities it is estimated that more than 100,000
people per hour can be carried to and from the grounds. An intramural
elevated railroad will convey visitors to all parts of the grounds, making
it easy to go from one point to another without walking. The distances
on the grounds are so great that visitors will find this arrangement to be
a great source of convenience and comfort. Other means of transit will
also be provided inside the grounds. One of these, and in fact the most
attractive of all, will be the means of water transit through the lagoons,
canal and basin; the waterways inside the grounds cover an area of about
eighty-five acres. Here will be provided launches and small craft of all
kinds. One can board these boats and travel a distance of nearly three
miles, passing on the route all of the principal buildings and points of
attraction. It will be one of the grandest sights of the world and one to
leave an everlasting impression on the minds of those who view it. No
visitor at the Fair should fail to take this short voyage. It will be a pan-
orama of beautiful architecture, landscape effects, floral designs, statuary,
fountains, etc.. such as has never before been witnessed by human eye.

POLICE AND FIRE PROTECTION.

The Exposition management fully appreciates the necessity for pro-
tecting the interests of the visitor and the exhibitor. A large, well
organized and disciplined force of police will be constantly on duty to
attend to everything pertaining to the welfare and protection of the
enormous crowds which will daily be present. The average daily atten-
dance will probably reach not less than 150,000 people, and on many days
this number will be more than doubled.

The buildings and valuable property of exhibitors will be protetced
by a fire department of the highest standard of efficiency. Batallions of
firemen, with every modern appliance of machinery, will be located in
various parts of the grounds. This force will be on duty day and night,

A perfect system of electric signals for use in case of fire will be employed.
MUSIC AT THE FAIR.

Among the most entertaining features of the Exposition will be the
great Music Hall and its attractions. On the shore of Lake Michigan, at
the end of the basin, is being erected a beautiful building to be used ex-
clusively for musical entertainments, taking the form of concerts and fes-
tivals, and producing the grandest works of the greatest composers. The
musical programs will be of the highest standard, and in their produc-
tion will certainly take rank with the greatest musical occasions in the
history of the divine art. The celebrated artists of the world will be
gathered together to make these entertainments complete. Great cho-
ruses are now being drilled and instructed in the works that will be pro-
duced. This work of preparation will continue assiduously until the
opening of the Fair. The orchestra is to be chosen from the list of the
finest artists in America. In addition to these arrangements there will
also be an opportunity to listen to the most famous military bands of the
world. Many of the foreign governments propose to send their greatest
band organizations; these, with the noted bands of the United States,
will furnish such a quality of military music as has never been heard be-
fore. These arrangements for the pleasure of the visitors will be a
source of enjoyment and do much to make the World's Columbian Expo-
sition even greater as the historical event of the nineteenth century.

THE PRESIDENT'S PROCLAMATION.

HEREAS, Satisfactory proof has been presented to me that
provision has been made for adequate grounds and buildings
/or the use of the World's Columbian Exposition, and that a,
sum not less than $10,000,000, to be used and expended for the
purposes of said Exposition, has been provided in accordance
with the conditions and requirements of Section 10 of an Act entitled
"An Act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the
discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding an Inter-
national Exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and the products of
the soil, mine and sea, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois,"
approved April 25, 1890.

Now, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United
States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said Act, do hereby
declare and proclaim that such International Exhibition will be opened
on the first day of May, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three,
in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed
before the last Thursday in October of the same year. And ip the name

of the Government and of the People of the United States, I do hereby
invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of
an event that is pre-eminent in human history and of lasting interest to
mankind by appointing representatives thereto, and sending such ex-
hibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as will most fitly and fully
illustrate their resources, industries and their progress in civilization.

IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused
the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the City of Washington this twenty-fourth day of December, in

the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety, and in

the independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth.
By the President:

JAMES G. ELAINE, Secretary of State. BENJ. HARRISON.

ACT OF CONGRESS.

The following it the Act of Congress creating the World's Colum-
bian Commission:

An Act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the
discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding an Inter-
national Exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and the prod-
uct of the soil, mine and sea, in the City of Chicago, in the State of
Illinois :

WHEREAS. It is fit and appropriate that the four hundredth anni-
versary of the discovery of America be commemorated by an exhibition
of the resources of the United States of America, their development, and
of the progress of civilization in the New World; and

WHEREAS, Such an exhibition should be of a national and interna-
tional character, so that not only the people of our Union and this conti-
nent, but those of all nations as well, can participate, and should there-
fore have the sanction of the Congress of the United States; therefore,

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America, in Congress assembled, that an Exhibition of
arts, industries, manufactures and products of the soil, mine and sea,
shall be inaugurated in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-two, in the
City of Chicago, in the State 01 Illinois, as hereinafter provided.

SEC. 2. That a Commission consisting of two commissioners from
each State and Territory of the United States and from the District of
of Columbia and eight commissioners at large, is hereby constituted to
be designated as the World's Columbian Commission.

SEC. 3. That said commissioners, two from each State and Territory,
shall be appointed within thirty days from the passage of this act, by the
President of the United States, on the nomination of the Governors of

the States and Territories, respectively, and by the President eight
commissioners at large and two from the District of Columbia; and in
the same manner and within the same time there shall be appointed two
alternate commissioners from each State and Territory of the United
States and the District of Columbia, and eight alternate commissioners
at large, who shall assume and perform the duties of such commissioner
or commissioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the said
commission; and in such nominations and appointments each of the two
leading political parties shall be equally represented. Vacancies in the
commission nominated by the Governors of the several States and Terri-
tories, respectively, and also vacancies in the commission at large and
from the District of Columbia, may be filled in the same manner and un-
der the same conditions as provided herein for their original appointment.

SEC. 4. That the Secretary of State of the United States shall, im-
mediately after the passage of this Act, notify the Governors of the
several States and Territories, respectively, thereof and request such
nominations to be made. The commissioners so appointed shall be called
together by the Secretary of State of the United States in the city of
Chicago, by notice to the Commissioners, as soon as convenient after the
appointment of said Commissioners, at said first meeting, shall organize
by the election of such officers and the appointment of such committees
as they may deem expedient, and for this purpose the Commissioners
present at said meeting shall constitute a quorum.

SEC. 5. That said commission be empowered in its discretion to ac-
cept for the purposes of the World's Cjlumbian Exposition such site as
may be selected and offered and such plans and specifications of buildings
to be erected for such purpose at the expense of and tendered by the
corporation organized under the laws of the State of Illinois, known as
"The World's Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety-two:" PRO-
VIDED, That said site so tendered and the buildings proposed to be erected
thereon shall be deemed by said commission adequate to the purposes of
said Exposition: AND PROVIDED, That said commission shall be satisfied
that the said corporation has an actual bona fide and valid subscription
to its capital stock which will secure the payment of at least five millions
of dollars, of which not less than live hundred thousand dollars shall have
been paid in, and that the further sum of five million dollars, making in
all ten million dollars, will be provided by said corporation in ample time
for its needful use during the prosecution of the work for the complete
preparation for said Exposition.

SEC. 6. That the said commission shall allot space for exhibitors,
prepare a classification of exhibits, determine the plan and scope of the
Exposition, and shall appoint all judges and examiners for the Exposition,
award all premiums, if any, and generally have charge of all intercourse

with the exhibitors and the representatives of foreign nations. And said
commission is authorized and required to appoint a Board of Lady Man-
agers of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by
said commission. Said board may appoint one or more members of all
committees authorized to award prizes for exhibits which may be pro-
duced in whole or in part by female labor.

SEC. 7. That after the plans for said Exposition shall be prepared
by said corporation and approved by said commission, the rules and reg-
ulations of said corporation governing rates for entrance and admission
fees, or otherwise affecting the rights, privileges or interests of the ex-
hibitors or of the public, shall be fixed or established by said corporation,
subject, however, to such modification, if any, as may be imposed by a
majority of said commissioners.

SEC. 8. That the President is hereby empowered and directed to
hold a naval review in New York Harbor, in October, eighteen hundred
and ninety-two, and to extend to foreign nations an invitation to send
ships of war to join the United States navy in rendezvous at Hamp-
ton Roads, and proceed thence to said review.

SEC. 9. That said commission shall provide for the dedication of the
buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition in the said City of Chi-
cago on the twenty-first day of October, eighteen hundred and ninety-
two, with appropriate ceremonies, and said Exposition shall be open to
visitors not later than the first day of May, eighteen hundred and ninety-
three, and shall be closed at such time as the commission may determine,
but not later than the thirtieth day of October thereafter.

SEC. 10. That whenever the President of the United States shall
be notified by the commission that provision has been made for grounds
and buildings for the uses herein provided for, and there has also been
filed with him by the said corporation, known as "The World's Colum-
. bian Exposition of eighteen hundred and ninety -two," satisfactory proof
that a sum not less than ten million dollars, to be used and expended for
the purposes of the Exposition herein authorized, has in fact been raised
or provided for by subscription or other legally binding means, he shall
bo authorized, through the Department of State, to make proclamation
of the same, setting forth the time at which the Exposition will open and
close, and the place at which it will he held; and he shall communicate
to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies of the same,
together with such regulations as may be adopted by the commission, for
publication in their respective countries, and he shall, in behalf of the
Government and people, invite foreign nations to take part in the said
Exposition and appoint representatives thereto.

SEC.11. That all articles which shall be imported from foreign coun-
tries for the sole purpose of exhibition at said Exposition, upon which

there shall be a tariff or customs duty, shall be admitted free of payment
of duty, customs fees or charges, under such regulations as the Secretary
of the Treasury shall prescribe; but it shall be lawful at any time during
the exhibition to sell for delivery at the close of the Exposition any goods
or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the Exposition
buildings or on its grounds, subject to such regulations for the security
of the revenue and for the collection of the import duties as the Secre-
tary of the Treasury shall prescribe: Provided, That all such articles
when sold or withdrawn for consumption in the United States will be sub-
ject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws
in force at the date of importation, and all penalties prescribed by law
shall be applied and enforced against such articles, and against the per-
son who may bo guilty of any illegal sale or withdi-awal.

SEC. 12. That the sum of twenty thousand dollars, or as much there-
of as may be necessary, be, and the same is hereby appropriated, out of
any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the remainder
of the present fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and
ninety-one, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the
Treasury for purposes connected with the admission of foreign goods to
said exhibition.

SEC. 13. That it shall bo the duty of the commission to make report
from time to time to the President of the United States of the progress of
the work, and. in a final report, present a full exhibit of the results of the
Exposition.

SEC. 14. That the commission hereby authorized shall exist no longer
than until the first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight.

SEC. -15. That the United States shall not in any manner, nor under
any circumstances, be liable for any of the acts, doings, proceedings or
representations of the said corporation organized under the laws of the
State of Illinois, its officers, agents, servants, or employes, or any of them,
or for the service, salaries, labor or wages of said officers, agents, ser-
vants or employes, or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital
stock, or for any certificates of stocks, bonds, mortgage? or obligations of
any kind issued by said corporation, or for any debts, liabilities or ex-
penses of any kind whatever attending such corporation or accruing by
reason of the same.

SEC. 16. That there shall be exhibited at said Exposition, by the
Government of the United States, from its Executive Departments, the
Smithsonian Institute, the United States Fish Commission and the Na-
tional Museum, such articles and materials as illustrate the function and
administrative faculty of the Government in time of peace and its resources
as a war power, tending to demonstrate the nature of our institutions and
their adaptation to the wants of the people; and to secure a complete and

harmonious arrangement of such a Government exhibit, a board shall
be created to be charged with the selection, preparation, arrangement,
safe-keeping and exhibition of such articles and materials as the heads
of the several departments and the directors of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion and National Museum may respectively decide shall be embraced
in said Government exhibit. The President may also designate addi-
tional articles for exhibition. Such board shall be composed of one person
to be named of each Executive Department, and one by the directors of
the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, and one by the Pish
Commission, such selections to be approved by the President of the United
States. The President shall name the chairman of said board, and the
board itself shall select such other officers as it may deem necessary.

That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed
to place on exhibition, upon such grounds as shall be allotted for the
purpose, one of the life-saving stations authorized to be constructed on
the coast of the United States by existing law, and to cause the same to
be fully equipped with all apparatus, furniture and appliances now in use
in all life-saving stations in the United States, said building and appa-
ratus to be removed at the close of the exhibition and re-erected at the
place now authorized by law.

SEC. 17. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause a suitable
building or buildings to be erected on the site selected for the World's
Columbian Exposition for the Government exhibits, as provided in this
act, and he is hereby authorized and directed to contract therefor, in the
same manner and under the same regulations as for other public build-
ings of the United States: but the contracts for said building or build-
ings shall not exceed the sum of four hundred thousand dollars, and for
the remainder of the fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June thir-
tieth, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, there is hereby appropriated for
said building or buildings, out of any money in the treasury not other-
wise appropriated, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars. The Sec-
retary of the Treasury shall cause the said building or buildings to be
constructed as far as possible of iron, steel and glass, or of such other
material as may be taken out and sold to the best advantage; and he is
authorized and required to dispose of such building or buildings, or the
material composing the same, at the close of the Exposition, giving pref-
erence to the City of Chicago, or to the said World's Exposition of eight-
een hundred and ninety-two to purchase the same at an appraised value
to be ascertained in such manner as he may determine.

SEC. 18. That for the purpose of paying the expenses of transporta-
tion, care and custody of exhibits by the Government and the mainte-
nance of the building or buildings hereinbefore provided for, and the safe
return of articles belonging to the said Government exhibit, and for the

expenses of the commission created by this act. and other contingent ex-
penses, to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, upon itemized
accounts and vouchers, there is hereby appropriated for the remainder
of this fiscal year and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen
hundred and ninety-one, out of any money in the treasury not otherwise
appropriated, the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, or so much
thereof as may be necessary: Provided, That the United States shall
njt be liable, on account of the erection of buildings, expenses of the
commission or any of its officers or employes, or on account of any ex-
penses incident to or growing out of said Exposition, for a sum not ex-
ceeding in the aggregate one million five hundred thousand dollars.

SEC. 19. That the Commissioners and alternate Commissioners ap-
pointed under this act shall not be entitled to any compensation for their
services out of the Treasury of the United States, except their actual
expenses for transportation and the sum of six dollars per day for sub-
sistence for each day they are necessarily absent from their homes on the
business of said commission. The officers of said commission shall
receive such compensation as may be fixed by said commission, subject
to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, which shall be paid out
of the sums appropriated by Congress in aid of such Exposition.

SEC. 20. That nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to create
any liability of the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obli-
gation incurred, nor for any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance from
Congress or the Treasury of the United States in support or liquidation
of any debts or obligations created by said commission in excess of ap-
propriations made by Congress therefor.

SEC. 21. That nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to over-
ride or interfere with the laws of any State, and all contracts made in any
State for the purposes of the Exhibition shall be subject to the laws thereof.

SEC. 22. That no member of said commission, whether an officer or
otherwise, shall be personally liable for any debtor obligation which may
be created or incurred by the said commission.

Approved, April 25, 1890.

Under the provision of said Act upon the nomination by the Gover-
nors of the States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, the Presi-
dent appointed two Commissioners to represent each State, Territory
and the District of Columbia; and eight Commissioners from the country
at large, to be constituted and designated as the World's Columbian
Commission.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

RULE 1. Exhibitors will not be charged for space. A limited amount
of power will be supplied gratuitously. This amount will be settled
definitely at the time space is alloted. Power in excess of that will be

furnished by the Exposition at a fixed price. Demands for such excess
must bo made before the allotment of space.

RULE 2. Any single piece, or section, of any exhibit of greater
weight than 30,000 pounds will not be accepted if machinery is required
for its installation.

RULE 3. Exhibitors must provide, at their own expense, all show-
cases, cabinets, shelving, counters, fittings, etc.. which they may require,
and all countershafts, pulleys, belting, etc., for the transmission of power
from the main shafts.

RULE 4. Exhibitors will be confined to such exhibits as are specified
in their application. When the allotment of space is definitely made,
exhibitors will be notified of their allotment of space and its location,
and will be furnished with a permit to occupy such space, subject to
the general rules and regulations adopted for the government of the
Exposition and the special rules governing the Department in which
their exhibit will be made.

RULE 5. Special rules will be issued governing each department
and the sale of articles within the buildings or on the grounds.

RULE 6. Decorations, signs, dimensions of cabinets, shelving, coun-
ters, etc., and the arrangement of the exhibits must conform to the gen-
eral plan adopted by the Director General.

RULE 7. Reasonable precautions will be taken for the preservation
of exhibits, but the World's Columbian Exposition will not be responsible
for any damage to. or for the loss or destruction of, an exhibit, resulting
from any cause.

RULE 8. All packages containing exhibits intended for the several
departments must be addressed to the "Director General, World s Col-
umbian Exposition. Chicago. Illinois. U. S. A." In addition, the follow-
ing information must be written on the outside of each package;

(a.) Department in which exhibit is to be installed.

(b.) The State or Territory from which the package comes.

(c.) The name and address of the exhibitor.

(d.) The number of the permit for space.

(e. ) Total number of packages sent by the same exhibitor. The se-
rial number must be marked on each package, and a list of the contents
enclosed in each package. Freight must be prepaid.

RULE 9. Favorable terms will be arranged by which exhibitors may
insure their own goods. Exhibitors may employ watchmen of their own
choice to guard their goods during the hours the Exposition is open to
the public. Such watchmen will be subject to the rules and regulations
governing employes of the Exposition.

RULE 10. The expense of transporting, receiving, unpacking and

arranging exhibits, as well as their removal at the close of the Exposi-
tion, shall be paid by the exhibitor.

RULE 11. If no authorized person is at hand to take charge of ex-
hibits within a reasonable time after arrival at the Exposition buildings,
they will be removed and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it
may concern.

RULE 12. The installation of heavy articles requiring foundations
should, by special arrangement, begin as soon as the progress of the work
on the buildings will permit. The general reception of articles at the
Exposition buildings will commence November 1st, 1892. and no article
will be admitted after April 10th, 1893. Space not taken possession of
April 1st, 1893, will revert to the Director General for re-assignment.

RULE 13. If exhibits are intended for competition it must be so
stated by the exhibitor, or they will be excluded from e xamination for
award.

RULE 14. The Chief of each Department will provide cards of uni-
form size and character, which may be affixed to exhibits, and on which
will be stated only the exhibitor's name and address, the name of the ar-
ticle or object exhibited, and its catalogue number.

RULE 15. articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive,
also patent medicines, nostrums and empirical preparations whose in-
gredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the Exposition.

RULE Hi. Exhibitors' business cards and brief descriptive circulars
only may be placed within such exhibitors' space for distribution. The
right is reserved by the Director General to restrict or discontinue this
privilege whenever, in his judgment, it is carried to excess or becomes
an annoyance to visitors.

RULE 17. The Chief of each Department, with the approval of the
Director General, has the power to order the removal of any article he
may consider dangerous, detrimental to, or incompatible with the object
or decorum of the Exposition, or the comfort and safety of the public.

RULE 18. Exhibitors will be held responsible for the cleanliness of
their exhibits and the space surrounding the same. All exhibits must
be in complete order each day, at least thirty minutes before the hour of
opening. No work of this character will be permitted during the hours
the building is open to the public. In case of failure on the part of any
exhibitor to observe this rule, the Chief of the Department may adopt
such means to enforce the same as circumstances may suggest.

RULE 19. The removal of exhibits will not be permitted prior to
the close of the Exposition.

RULE 20. Sketches, drawings, photographs or other reproductions
of articles to be exhibited, will only be allowed upon the joint assent of
the exhibitor and the Director General; but general views of portions of

the interiors of the buildings may be made by the approval of the Direc-
tor General.

RULE 21. Immediately after the close of the Exposition, exhibitors
must remove their effects, and complete such removal before January 1st.
1894. Goods then remaining will be removed and disposed of under the
direction of the World's Columbian Exposition.

RULE 22. An official catalogue will be published in English. French,
German and Spanish. The sale of catalogues is reserved exclusively by
the Exposition Company.

RULE 23. Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby agrees to
conform strictly to the rules and regulations established for the govern-
ment of the Exposition.

RULE 24. Communications concerning the Exposition, applications
for space, and negotiations relative thereto, should be addressed to the
"Director General, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, U.
S. A."

RULE 25. The management reserves the right to construe, amend
or add to, all rules and regulations, whenever it may be deemed neces-
sary for the interest of the Exposition.

GEORGE R. DAVIS, Director General.

REGULATIONS FOR FOREIGN EXHIBITORS.

1. The Exhibition will be held on the shore of Lake Michigan, in
the City of Chicago, and will be opened on the first day of May, 1893, and
closed on the 30th day of October following.

2. All governments have been invited to appoint commissions for
the purpose of organizing their departments in the Exhibition. The Di-
rector General should be notified of the appointment of such foreign
commission as soon as the appointment is made.

Diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be furnished to the for-
eign commissions on or before January 1, 1892, indicating the localities
to be occupied by each nation, subject, however, to revision and read-
justment.

3. Applications for space and negotiations relative thereto must be
conducted with the commission of the country where the article is pro-
duced.

4. Foreign Commissioners are requested to notify the Director-
General not later than June 1, 1892, whether they desire any increase or
diminution of the space offered them, and the amount.

5. Before November 1, 1892, the foreign Commissions must furnish
the Director-General with approximate plans showing the manner of
allotting the space assigned to them, and also with lists of their exhibitors
and other information necessary for preparation of the official catalogue.

Products brought into the United States at the ports of Portland.
Maine. Boston, New York. Philadelphia. Baltimore, Tampa. New Orleans,
San Francisco, Wilmington, Portland, O., Port Townsend, Wash., Seattle,
Wash., and Chicago, 111., or at any other port of entry intended for dis-
play at the Internatioial Exhibition, will be allowed to go forward to the
Exhibition building, under proper supervision of customs officers, without
examination at such ports of original entry, and at the close of the Exhi-
bition will be allowed to go forward to the port from which they are to be
exported. No duties will be levied upon such goods, unless entered for
consumption in the United States.

(!. The transportation, receiving, unpacking and arranging of the
products for exhibition will be at the expense of the exhibitor.

7. The installation of heavy articles requiring special foundations
or adjustment should, by special arrangement, begin as soon as the pro-
gress of the work upon the building will permit. The general reception
of articles at the Exhibition buildings will commence on November 1,
1892, and no article will be admitted after April 10, 1893.

8. Space assigned to foreign Commissions and not occupied on the
10th day of April. 1893. will revert to the Director-General for readjustment.

9. If products are intended for competition it must be so stated by
the exhibitor; if not. they will be excluded from the examination by the
international juries.

10. An Official Catalogue will be published in English, French, Ger-
man and Spanish. The sale of catalogues is reserved to the World's
Columbian Exposition.

The twelve departments of the classification which will determine
the relative location of articles in the Exhibition except in such collec-
tive exhibits as may receive special sanction also the arrangement of
names in the catalogue, are as follows:

A. Agriculture. Forest Products, Forestry, Machinery and Applian-]

B. Viticulture, Horticulture, Floriculture. [ces.

C. Live Stock; Domestic and Wild Animals.

D. Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus for Fishing.

E. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy.

F. Machinery.

G. Transportation: Railways, Vessels, Vehicles.
H. Manufactures.

J. Electricity.

K. Fine Arts: Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative.

L. Liberal Arts: Education, Engineering, Public Works, Architec-
ture, Music and the Drama.

M. Ethnology, Archaeology, Progress of Labor and Invention, Iso-
lated and Collective Exhibits.

11. Foreign Commissions may publish catalogues of their respect-
ive sections.

1 2. Exhibitors will not be charged for space.

A limited quantity of steam and water power will be supplied gratu-
itously. The quantity of each will be settled definitely at the time of
the allotment of space. Any power required by the exhibitor in excess
of that allowed will be furnished by the World's Columbian Exposition
at a fixed price. Demands for such excess of power must also be settled
at the time of the allotment of space.

13. Exhibitors must provide at their own cost all show cases, shelv-
ing, counters, fittings, etc., which they may require, and all counter-
shafts, with their pulleys, belting, etc., for the transmission of power
from the main shafts in the building where the exhibit is located. All
arrangements of articles and decorations must be in conformity with the
general plan adopted by the Director General.

The World's Columbian Exposition will take precautions for the safe
preservation of all objects in the Exposition; but it will in no way be re-
sponsible for damage or loss of any kind, or for accidents by fire or other-
wise, however originating.

14. Favorable facilities will be arranged by which exhibitors or for-
eign commissions may insure their own goods.

Foreign commissions may employ watchmen of their own choice to
guard their goods during the hours the Exposition is open to the public,
subject to the rules and regulations of the Exposition.

15. Foreign commissions, or such agents as they may designate,
shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacking and arrangement of ob-
jects, as well as for the removal at the close of the Exposition; but no
person shall be permitted to act as such agent until he can give to the
Director General written evidence of his having been approved by the
proper commission.

16. Each package must be addressed "To the Commission (name of
country) at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, United States
of America," and should have at least two labels affixed to different but
not opposite sides of each case, and give the following information:

17. (1) The country from which it comes; (2) Name of firm of the
exhibitor; (3) Residence of the exhibitor; (4) Department to which ob-
jects belong; (5) Total number of packages sent by that exhibitor; (6) Se-
rial number of that particular package.

18. Within each package should be a list of all objects.

19. If no authorized person is at hand to receive goods on their ar-
rival at the Exposition buildings, they will be removed without delay and
stored at the risk and cost of whomsoever it may concern.

20. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent

nostrums and empirical preparations, whose ingredients are concealed,
will not be admitted.

21. The removal of goods on exhibition will not be permitted prior
to the close of the Exhibition.

22. Sketches, drawings, photographs, or other reproduction of ar-
ticles exhibited will only be allowed upon the joint assent of the exhibitor
and Director General; but views of portions of the building may be made
upon the Director General's sanction.

23. Immediately after the close of the Exhibition, exhibitors shall
remove their effects, and complete such removal before January 1, 1894;
goods then remaining will be removed and sold for expenses, or other-
wise disposed of under the direction of the World's Columbian Exposition.

24. Each pel-son who becomes an exhibitor thereby acknowledges
and agrees to be governed by the rules and regulations established for
the government of the Exhibition.

Special regulations will be issued concerning the exhibition of fine
arts, awards, the organization of the international juries, and sale of
special articles within the buildings, and on other points not touched
upon in these preliminary instructions.

2f>. All communications concerning the Exhibition will be addressed
to the Director General, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illi-
nois. U. S. A.

The management reserves the right to explain or amend these regu-
lations whenever it may be deemed necessary for the interest of the Ex-
hibition. GEORGE R. DAVIS. Director General.

WORLDS COLUMBIAN COMMISSION.
COMMISSIONERS AT LARGE.

COMMISSIONERS.
A. G. Bullock, Worcester, Mass.
Gorton W. Allen, Auburn, N. Y.
P. A. B. Widener, Philadelphia, Pa.
T. W. Palmer, Detroit, Mich.
R. W. Furnas, Brownville, Neb.
William Lindsay, Frankfort, Ky.
Henry Exall, Dallas, Tex.
MarkL. McDonald. Santa Rosa, Cal.

COMMISSIONERS OF THE

ALTERNATES.

Henry Ingalls, Wiscasset, Me.
L. Fitzgerald, New York, N. Y.
J. W. Chalfant, Pittsburgh, Pa.
James Oliver, South Bend, Ind.
H. G. Parker, St. Louis, Mo.
Patrick Walsh, Augusta, Ga.
H. C. King, San Antonio, Tex.
Thomas Burke, Seattle, Wash.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES.

Alexander T. Britton, Washington. E. K. Johnson, Washington.
Albert A. Wilson. Washington. Dorsey Clagett, Washington,

Alabama,

Arkansas,

California,

Colorado,

Connecticut,

Delaware,

Florida,

Georgia.

Idaho,

Illinois,

Indiana,

Iowa,

Kansas,

Kentucky,

Louisiana,

Maine,

Maryland,

Mass.,

Michigan,

COMMISSIONERS OP THE STATES.

COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES.

F. G. Bromberg, Mobile. G. L. Worth, Montgomery.

O. R. Hudley, Huntsville, W. S. Hull, Sheffield.
J. D, Adams, Little Rock. J. T. W. Tillar, Little Rock.
J. H. Clendening, Fort Smith. Thomas H. Leslie, Stuttgart.
M. H. de Young, SanFranc'o. G. Hazleton, San Francisco.

William Porsyth, Fresno.
R. E. Goodell, Leadville.
F. J. V. Skiff, Denver.
L. Brainard. Hartford.

R. D. Stephens, Sacramento.
H. B. Gillespie, Aspen.
O. C. French, New Windsor.
C. F. Brooker, Torrington.

T. M. Waller, New London. C. R. Baldwin, Waterbury.

Geo. V. Massey. Dover.
W. H. Porter, Wilmington.
C. F. A. Bielby, De Land,
R. Turnbull, Monticello.
L. McLaws, Savannah.
C. H. Way, Savannah.
G. A. Manning, Post Falls.
J. E. Stearns, Nama.
C. H. Deere, Moline.
A. T. Ewing. Chicago.
T. E. Garvin, Evansville.

C. P. Richards, Georgetown.
W. Saulsbury, Dover.
Dudley W. Adams, Tangerine.
J. T. Bernard, Tallahassee.

J. Longstreet, Gainesville,
J. W. Clark, Augusta.
A. J. Crook, Hailey.
John M. Burke, Wardner.
L. Funk, Shirley.

D. Smith, Springfield.

W. E. McLean. Terre Haute.

E. B. Martindale, Indiana'lis. C. M. Travis, Crawfordsville.

J. Eiboeck, Des Moines.
W. F. King, Mt. Vernon.

C. N. Whiting, Whiting.
J. Hayes, Red Oak.

C. K. Holliday, Jr.. Topeka. M. D. Henry, Independence.

J. R. Burton, Abilene.
J. Bennett, Richmond.

P. W. Lanyon, Pittsburg.
D. N. Comingore, Covington.

J. A. McKenzie, Oak Grove. J. S. Morris, Louisville.

D. B. Penn, Newellton.

A. Le Due, New Orleans

T. J. Woodward, NewOrlea's. P. J. McMahon, Tangipahoa.

A. R. Bixby. Skowhegan.
W. G. Davis, Portland.
J. Hodges, Baltimore.
L. Lowndes, Cumberland.
F. W. Breed, Lynn.
T. E. Proctor, Boston.
M. H. Lane, Kalamazoo.

J. A. Boardman, Bangor

C. S. Edwards, Bethel.
G. M. Upshur, Snow Hill.

D. E. Conkling, Baltimore.
G. P. Ladd, Spencer.

C. E. Adams, Lowell.

E. B. Fisher, Grand Rapids.

C. H. Richmond, Ann Arbor. G, H. Barbour, Detroit.

COMMISSIONERS.
Minnesota, M. B. Harrison, Duluth.

O. V. Tousley, Minneapolis.
Mississippi, J. M. Bynum, Rienzi.

Robert L. Saunders, Jackson.
Missouri, T. B. Bullene, Kansas City.

C. H. Jones, St. Louis.
Montana, L. H. Hershfield, Helena.

A.H.Mitchell, Deer Lodge Cy
Nebraska, E. Martin, Omaha.

A. G. Scott, Kearney.
Nevada, J. W. Haines, Genoa.

George Russell, Elko.
New Hamp- Walter Aiken, Franklin.

shire, C. D. McDuffle, Manchester.
New Jersey, William J. Sewell, Camden.

Thomas Smith, Newark.
New York, C. M. Depew, New York.

John Boyd Thatcher, Albany
North A. B. Andrews, Raleigh.

Carolina, T. B. Keogh, Greensboro.
North H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks.

Dakota, Martin Ryan. Fargo.
Ohio, Harvey P. Platt, Toledo.

William Ritchie, Hamilton.

Oregon, H. Klippel, Jacksonville.
M. Wilkins, Eugene City.

Pennsylv'a, W. McClelland, Pittsburgh.
J.W.Woodside, Philadelphia.

Rhode L. B. Goff, Pawtucket.

Island, G. C. Sims, Providence.

South A. P. Butler, Columbia.

Carolina, J. R. Cochran. Anderson.

South Merrit H. Day, Rapid City.

Dakota, W. Mclntyre, Watertown.

Tennessee, L. T. Baxter, Nashville.

T. L. Williams, Knoxville.

Texas, A. M. Cochran, Dallas.

John T- Dickinson, Austin.

ALTERNATES.

T. C. Kurtz, Moorhead.
Muret N. Leland, Wells.
P. W. Collins, Summit.
J. H. Brinker, West Point.
O. H. Picher, Joplin.
R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph.

B. F. White. Dillon.

. T. E. Collins, Great Falls.
W. L. May. Fremont.
J. Lauterbach, Fairbury.

E. Strother, Virginia City.
R. Ryland, Reno.

G. VanDyke, Lancaster.

F. E. Kaley, Milford.

F. S. Pish, Newark.

E. A. Stevens, Hoboken
J. H. Breslin, New York.
. J. Roosevelt, Hyde Park.
Elias Carr, Old Sparta.

G. A. Bingham, Salisbury.

C. H. Stanley, Steele.
Peter Cameron, Tyner.
Lucius Cron, Piqua.

A. Pluemer, Cincinnati.

J. L. Morrow. Heppner.
W. T. Wright, Union.

R. B. Ricketts, Wilkes-Barre,
J. K. Hallock, Erie.

J. Hazard. Providence.
L. Spencer, Newport.

E. L. Roche, Charleston.
J. W. Tindell, Sumter.

S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket.
L. S. Bullard, Pierre.

R. Strong, Knoxville.
A. B. Hurt, Chattanooga.

L. McDaniel, Anderson.

H. B. Andrews, San Antonio,

COMMISSIONERS.
Vermont, H. H. Mclntyre, W. Rando'h

B. B. Smalley, Burlington.
Virginia, V. D. Groner, Norfolk,

J. T Harris, Harrisonburg.
Washing'n, Henry Drum, Tacoma.

C. B. Hopkins, Spokane Falls.
West J. D. Butt, Harper's Ferry ,

Virginia, J. W. St. Clair, Fayetteville.
Wisconsin, P. Allen, Jr., Mineral Point.

J. N. Coburn, LaCrosse.
Wyoming, A. C. Beckwith, Evanston.

Henry G. Hay, Cheyenne.

ALTERNATES.

A. F. Walker, Rutland,

H. Atkins, Montpelier.

C. A. Heermans, Christianb'g.

A. McDonald, Lynchburg.

G. F. Cummin, Cheney.

C. B. Bagley, Seattle.
John Corcoran, Wheeling.
W. Vrooman, Parkersburg.

D. W. Curtis, Ft. Atkinson.
Myron Reed, Superior.

A. S. Mercer, Cheyenne.
J. J. McCormick, Sheridan.

COMMISSIONERS OF THE TERRITORIES.

COMMISSIONERS. ALTERNATES.

Arizona, G. F. Coats, Phoenix. W. L. Van Horn, Flagstaff.

W. Zeckendorf, Tucson. H. H. Logan, Phoenix.

New T. C. Gutierres, Albuquerque. L. C. Tetard, E. Las Vegas.

Mexico, R. M. White, Hermosa. C. B. Eddy, Eddy.

Oklahoma, O. Beeson, Reno City.
J. D. Miles, Kingfisher.

Utah,
Alaska,

J. Wallace, Oklahoma City.

J. W. McNeal, Guthrie.

F. J. Kiesel, Ogden. W. M. Ferry, Park City.

P. H. Lannan, Salt Lake Cy. C. Crane, Kanosh.
E. De Groff, Sitka. C. Spuhn, Ktllisnoo.

L. L. Williams, Juneau. N. A. Fuller, Juneau.

BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS.

Section 6 of the Act of Congress creating the World's Columbian
Commission, authorized and required said Commissioners to appoint ''a
Board of Lady Managers, of such number and to perform such duties as
may be prescribed by said Commission."

In pursuance of this authority the World's Columbian Commission
authorized the appointment of two Lady Managers from each State and
Territory and the District of Columbia, eight Managers at Large and
nine from the City of Chicago, with alternates respectively.

List of Officers, Lady Managers and Alternates of the Board of Lady
Managers of the World's Columbian Commission:

President, Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago.

First Vice-President, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of New York.

Second Vice-President, Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine.

Third Vice-President, Mrs. Charles Price, of North Carolina.

Fourth Vico-President, Miss Katherine L. Minor, of Louisiana.
Fifth Vice-President, Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, of the Dist. of Columbia.
Sixth Vice-President, Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, of Colorado.
Seventh Vice-President, Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty, of Wisconsin.
Eighth Vice-President, Mrs. Margaret Elaine Salisbury, of Utah.
Vice-President-at-Large, Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Montana.
Secretary, Mrs. Susan Gale Cook. Knoxville, Tenn. Office, Chicago.

COMMISSIONERS AT LARGE.

LADY MANAGERS.

Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, New York. Mr:

" M. C. Cantrill,Georgetown,Ky. '

" M. S. Lockwood, Wash'n, D. C. '

" J. J. Bagley, Detroit, Mich.
Miss E. A. Ford, New York.
Mrs. M. S. Harrison, Helena, Mont. Miss C. E. Dennis, Auburn, N. Y.

" I. A. E. Tyler, Philadelp'a, Pa. Mrs. G. R. Yarrow, Philadelphia.Pa.

" R. Ryan, Austin, Tex. " L. C. Baxter, Navasota, Tex.

LADY COMMISSIONERS FROM THE STATES.

LADY MANAGERS. ALTERNATES.

ALTERNATES.

B. C. Truman, Los Angles, Cal.
N. H. Banks, Morganfield, Ky.
J. B. Stone, Worcester, Mass.
S. Colfax, South Bend, Ind.
H. A. Peck, Kansas City, Mo.

Ala.

Ark.

Miss H T. Hundley, Mooresville. Miss S. T. Smith, Birmingham.
Mrs. A. M. Fosdick, Mobile. Mrs. L. L. Werth, Montgomery.

J. P. Eagle, Little Rock.

" R. A. Edgerton, Lie Rock.
Cal. " P. P. Rue, Santa Rosa.

" J. R. Deane, San Francisco.
Col. " R. J. Coleman, BeunaVista.

" S. R. Ashley, Denver.
Conn. Miss F. B. Ives, New Haven.
Mrs. I. B. Hooker, Hartford.
Del. " M. R. Kinder, Milford.

" J. F. Ball, Wilmington.
Fla. " M. C. Bell, Gainesville.

Miss E. N. Beck, Tampa.
Ga. Mrs. W. H. Felton, Cartersville.

" C. H. Olmstead, Savannah.
Idaho

" J. C. Straughan, Boise Cy.
111. " R. J. Oglesby, Elkhart.

' F. W. Shepard, Chicago.

M. D. Rogers, Fort Smith.

" W. B. Empie, Newport.

" T. Fair, San Francisco.

" F. E. Wait, San Francisco.

" W. F. Patrick, Leadville.

" M. D. Thatcher, Pueblo.

" A. B. Hinman, Stevenson.

" V. T. Smith, Hartford.

" M. E. Torbert, Milford.

" T. F. Armstrong, Newark.

" C. M. Reed, S. Jacksonville.

" H. K. Ingram, Jackson vi'e.

" M. T. McLaws, Augusta.

" G. W. Lamar, Savannah.

" A. M. Farnum, Post Falls.

" E. R. Miller, Pocatello.

" M. L. Gould, Moline.

" F. B. Phillips, Bloomington.

LADY MANAGERS.

Ind. Mrs. W. Reitz, Evansville.

" V. C. Meredith, Cambridge.

Iowa. " W. S. Clark, Des Moines.

Miss O. E. Miller, Cedar Rap'ds.
Kan. Mrs. J. S. Mitchell, Leavenwo'h.

" H. A. Hanback, Osborne.
Ky. " J. W. Faulkner. Lancaster.

Miss C. D. Payne, Henderson.
La. " K. L. Minor, Houma.

" J. Shakspere, New Orleans.
MaineMrs. E. C. Burleigh, Augusta.

" L. N. Stevens, Portland.
Md. " W. Reed, Baltimore.

" A. Thomson, Mt. Savage.
Mass. " R. S. Frost, Chelsea.

" J. H. French, Boston.
Mich. " E. J. Howes, Battle Creek.

" S. S. Angell, Ann Arbor.
Minn. " F. B. Clarke, St. Paul.

" H. F. Brown, Minneapolis.
Miss. " J. W. Lee, Aberdeen.

" J. M. Stone, Jackson.
Mo. Miss P. Couzins, St. Louis.

" L. M. Brown, Kirkwood.
Mont. Mrs. E. Rickard, Butte City.

" L. R. Toole, Helena.
Neb. " J. S. Briggs, Omaha.

" E. C. Langworthy, Seward.
Nev. " E. M. Russell, Elko.

" E. M. Stevenson. Carson Cy
N. H. " M. B. Ladd, Lancaster.

" D. Hall, Dover.
N. J. Miss M. E. Busselle, Newark,
Mrs. M. B. Stevens, Hoboken.

N. Y. " R. Trautman, N. Y. City.
" W. C. Whitney, N. Y. City.

N. C. " G. W. Kidder, Wilmington.
" C. Price, Salisbury.

ALTERNATES.

Miss S. W. Ball, Terre Haute.

" M. H. Krout, Crawfordsv'Je.
Mrs. I. F. Hendricks. Council Bl.
Miss M. B. Hancock. Dubuque.
Mrs. S. B. Lynch, Leavenworth.

' J. H. Haynes, Fort Scott.
Miss Sarah F. Holt, Frankfort.
Mrs. A. B. Castleman, Louisville.

" B. S. Leathers. NewOrlea's.

" B. H. Perkins, N. Orleans.

" S. H. Bixby, Skowhegan.
Miss K. H. Locke, Bethel.
Mrs. J. W. Patterson, Baltimore.

" E. Roman, Cumberland.

" A. F. Palmer, Cambridge.
Miss M. C. Sears, Boston.
Mrs. F. P. Burrows, Kalamazoo.
Miss A. M. Cutcheon, Detroit.
Mrs. P. B. Winston, Minneapolis.

" M. M. Williams, Little Falls.

" G.M.Buchanan.HollySpr'gs.
Miss V. Davis, Beauvoir.
Mrs. P. Moore, Kansas City.

" A. L. Swart, St. Louis.

" F. L. Worden, Missoula.

" M. D. Cooper. Bozeman.

" M. A. Martin. Broken Bow.

" L. A. Bates, Aurora.
Miss M. E. Davies, Genoa.
Mrs. M. D. Foley, Reno.

" F. H. Daniell, Franklin F'ls.
Miss E. J. Cole, Lake Village.

Mrs. A M. Smith, Newark.

" J. Pope, N. Y. City.

" A. M. Palmer, N. Y. City.

" S. S. Gotten, Falkland.
Miss V. S. Divine, Wilmington,

LADY MANAGERS. ALTERNATES.

N.Dk. Mrs. S. McLaughlin, Gr'd Fo'ks. Mrs. A. V. Brown, Lisbon.

' W. B. McConnell, Fargo.
Ohio, " M. A. Hart, Cincinnati.

" W. Hartpense, Harrison.
Ore. " E. W. Allen, Portland.

" M. Pay ton, Salem.
Penn. " M. E. McCandless, Pittsb'rg.

" H. A. Lucas, Philadelphia.
R'de " A. Starkweather, Pawtuck't.

Isl'd.Miss C. F. Daily, Providence.
Sou'h V. J. S. R. Thomson, Spartanb'g.
Car. Mrs. E. M. Brayton, Columbia.

Sou'h
Dak.
Tenn.

Tex.
Vt.
Va.
Wash.

West

Va.

Wis.

Wyo.

J. R. Wilson, Deadwood.
Helen M. Barker, Huron.
L. Gillespie, Nashville.
S. G. Cooke, Knoxville.
I. L. Turner, Ft. Worth.
M. A. Cochran. Dallas.
E. M. Chandler, Pomfret.
E. V. Grinnell, Burlington.

" F. C. Holley, Bismarck

" H. T. Upton, Warren.

" A. S. Bushnell, Springfield.

' A. R. Riggs, Portland.

" H. E. Sladden, Eugene Cy.

" S. Plumer, Franklin.

" Mrs. W. S. Elkins, Phila.

" G. A. Mumford, Pawtucket.
Miss L. P. Bucklin, Providence.

" F. Cunningham, Charlest'n.

" C. A. Perry, Walhalla.
Mrs. M. Daniels, Waterloo.

" M. J. Gaston, Deadwood.

" C. Mason, Memphis.

" C. J. McClung, Knoxville.
Miss H. E. Harrison, Waco.
Mrs. K. C. McDaniel, Anderson.

" M. G. Hooker, Brattleboro.

" T. J. Cochrane. Groton.

" J. S. Wise, Richmond.

" K. S. G. Paul, Harrisonburg. Miss M. Harris, Staunton.

" M. D. Owings, Olympia. Mrs. C. W. Griggs, Tacoma.

" A. Houghtor, Spokane Falls. Miss J. H. Stinson, Colfax.

" W. N. Linen, Martinsburg. Mrs. G. W. Black, Halltown.

" L. I. Jackson, Parkersburg. Miss A. M. Mahan, Fayetteville.

;( F. B. Ginty, Chippewa Falls. Mrs. S. S. Fifield, Ashland.

" W. P. Lynde, Milwaukee. " J. M. Smith, Mineral Point.

" F. H. Harrison, Evanston. " E. A. Stone, Evanston.

" F. E. Hale, Cheyenne. Miss G. M. Huntington, Saratoga.

COMMISSIONERS FROM THE TERRITORIES.

LADY MANAGERS.

Ariz. Mrs. T. J. Butler, Prescott.

Miss L. Lovell, Tucson. ,
Alas'aMrs. A. K. Delaney, Juneau.

ALTERNATES.

Mrs. G. Hoxworth, Flagstaff.
" H. J. Peto, Tombstone.
Miss M. Stevenson. Juneau.

N. M. " F. L. Albright, Albuquer'e.

" E. L. Bartlett, Santa Fe. Mrs. L. D. Campbell, Eddy

LADY MANAGERS.

Oklo- Mrs. M, P. Beeson, Reno City,
homa, " L. D. Miles, Kingfisher.
Utah, " T. A. Whalen, Ogden.

ALTERNATES.

Mrs. J. Wallace, Oklohoma City.
" M. S. McNeal, Guthrie.
S. B. Emery, Park City.

M. B. Salisbury, Salt Lake. Miss Keogb, Salt Lake City.
COMMISSIONERS FROM THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA.

LADY MANAGERS. ALTERNATES.

Mrs. John A. Logan, Washington. Mrs. E. D. Powell, Washington.
" Beriah Wilkins, Washington. " E. C. Wimsatt, Washington.

COMMISSIONERS FROM THE CITY OF CHICAGO.

Mrs,

LADY MANAGERS.

Bertha M. H. Palmer.

S. Thatcher, Jr., River Forest.

Jennie Sanford Lewis.

James A. Mulligan.

Frances Dickinson,

M. R. M. Wallace.

Myra Brad well.

James R. Doolittle, Jr.

Matilda B. Carse.

ALTERNATES.

Mrs. Sarah T. Hallowell.

" George L. Dunlap.

" L. Brace Shattuck.

" Annie C. Meyers.

" Martha H. Ten Eyck.

' M. I. Sandes, Ravenswood, 111.

" Leander Stone.

" Gen'l A. L. Chetlain.
Frances E. Willard, Evanston, 111.

BOARD OF CONTROL OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT.

Hon. Edwin Willits, Chairman.

Sevellon A. Brown, Chief Clerk of the Department of State, to rep-
resent that department.

Allured B. Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Depart-
ment, to represent the Treasury Department.

Major Clifton Comly, TJ. S. A., to represent the War Department.

Captain R. W. Meade, U. S. N., to represen* the Navy Department.

A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster General to represent the
Post Office Department.

Horace A. Taylor, Commissioner of Railroads, to represent the De-
partment of the Interior.

Elijah C. Foster, General Agent of the Department of Justice, to
represent that department.

Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, to represent the
Department of Agriculture.

Dr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institute, to
represent that Institution and the National Museum.

J. W. Collins, Assistant-in-Charg-e Division of Fisheries, to represent
the United States Fish Commission.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION.

The administration and control of the affairs of the Exposition have
been conferred upon the two bodies designated respectively as the
World's Columbian Commission, and the World's Columbian Exposition,
the latter being incorporated under the laws of the State of Illinois, and
both bodies acting through the executive department and committees and
the Board of Reference and Control, as herein enumerated.

OFFICERS OF THE COMMISSION.
President, Thomas W. Palmar, Michigan.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.

First. T. M. Waller, Connecticut. Fourth. G. W. Allen, New York.
Second. M. H. de Young, California. Fifth. A.B.Andrews,
Third. D. B. Penn, Louisiana. North Carolina.

Director-General, Geo. R. Davis. Secretary, J. T. Dickinson.

OFFICERS OF THE EXPOSITION.

President, H. N. Higinbotham.

Vice-Presidents, Ferd. W. Peck, Robert A. Waller.

Secretary, Howard O. Edmonds.

Attorney, William K. Carlisle. Auditor, W. K. Ackerman.

Treasurer, Anthony F. Seeberger. Traffic Manager, E. E. Jaycox.

BOARD OF REFERENCE AND CONTROL.

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION.

T. W. Palmer. M. H. de Young. Geo. V. Massey. E. B. Martindale.
J. A. McKenzie. William Lindsay. J. W. St. Glair. T. M. Waller.

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

Wm. T. Baker. Potter Palmer. Edwin Walker. Ferd. W. Peck.

Thos. B. Bryan. Lyman J. Gage. H. N. Higinbotham. Fred. S. Winston.

DEPARTMENTS OF THE EXPOSITION.

George R. Davis, Director-General.

Department A. Agriculture, Food and Food Products, Farming
Machinery and Appliances. W. I. Buchanan, Chief.

Department B. Horticulture. John M. Samuels, Chief.

Department C. Live Stock Domestic and Wild Animals. E. B.
Cottrell, Chief.

Department D. Fish, Fisheries, Fish Products and Apparatus ol
Fishing. J. W. Collins, Chief.

Department E. Mines, Mining and Metallurgy. Frederick J. V.
Skiff. Chief.

Department F. Machinery. L. W. Robinson, Chief.

Department G. Transportation Exhibits, Railways, Vessels and
Vehicles. Willard A. Smith, Chief.

Department H. Manufactures. James Allison, Chief.

Department J. Electricity and Electrical Appliances. J. P.
Barrett, Chief.

Department K. Fine Arts, Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative. Halsey
C. Ives, Chief.

Department L. Liberal Arts, Education, Engineering, Public
Works, Architecture, Music and the drama. S. H. Peabody, Chief.

Department M. Ethnology; Archaology, Progress of Labor and In-
vention Isolated and Collective Exhibits. F. W. Putnam, Chief.

Department N. Forestry and Forest Products. T. B. Keogh, Chief.

Department O. Publicity and Promotion. Moses P. Handy, Chief.

Department P. Foreign Affairs. Walker Fern, Chief.

Secretary of Installation, Jos. Hirst.

BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION.
D. H. Burnham, Chief.

BOARD OF ARCHITECTS. By recommendation of the Committee on
Grounds and Buildings, approved by the Board of Directors at its meet-

ing of January 9, 1891, the following architects \vere constituted a board
to decide, in conference with the Chief of Construction, upon the pre-
liminary problems in arrangement and grouping of buildings and their
architecture, submitted to them.

The general arrangement and harmony of the buildings, which
promise to be among the most attractive features of the Exposition, were
decided upon by the Chief and staff and the Board, and the designs cf the
proposed buildings of the Exposition were allotted among the architects
by the Chief of Construction, as follows:

Robert M. Hunt, of New York, Administration.

W. L. B. Jenny, of Chicago, Horticulture.

McKim, Mead & White, of New York, Agriculture.

Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago, Transportation.

George B. Post, of New York, Manufactures.

Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago, Fisheries.

Burling & Whitehouse, of Chicago, Casino and Entrances.

Peabody & Stearns, of Boston, Machinery.

S. S. Beaman, of Chicago, Mines and Mining.

Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, Electricity.

C. B. Atwood, of Chicago, Art and Forestry,

WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATIOX-SCE.VE ON STATE STREET, CIVIC PARADE.

civic

CHICAGO'S GRAND DEMONSTRATION IN HONOR OF COLUMBUS AND THE WORLD'S FAIR.

HE 20th of October, 1892. the day preceding the
official dedication of the World's Fair palaces,
was set apart for Chicago's celebration of the
the discovery of America byColumbus. That
demonstration is now a matter of history, and
in many respects was grander and more impos-
ing than any before ever held, not merely on
account of the great numbers taking part, but
from its heterogeneous composition includ-
ing more notable personages than had ever
r before been seen in one parade, combined with

f^ / the many orders of associations representing
F^SSS^^ every class of American citizens. There were

Governors and their staffs, in far greater num-
bers than any previous parade could boast: there were orators and
prelates; city officials; orders comprising merchants and millionaires;
orders comprising' the clerks, the mechanics, the laboring classes the
bone and sinew of the country; and there were the school children, the
lads and the lasses who will soon take the places of their fathers and
mothers in managing public affairs and moulding the opinions for the
coming generations. About 75.000 was a very conservative estimate of
the number of those in line, which took fully three hours to pass a given
point, the pedestrains marching twenty abreast, and the carriages four.
The parade formed in Lake Front Park, and at a quarter to twelve
the signal gun was fired for the march to commence. The line of march
was over Congress to Wabash, Wabash to Lake, Lake to State, State to
Adams. Adams to Franklin, Franklin to Van Buren, VanBuren to Michi-
gan Avenue, where they disbanded.

The city was in holiday attire, with buildings bedecked from cornice
to sidewalk with the national colors, in streamers and Hags. All business

was suspended, and the streets were cleared of all vehicles, not a single
one being allowed in the central portion. This was a wise and necessary
provision, for the business thoroughfares were packed with the thousands
of Chicago's citizens and the thousands of visitors from all over the
country, many of whom had journeyed hundreds of miles to witness this
great demonstration. A million of people was a fair estimate of the
number of spectators who were that day gathered in a half mile square
of the center of this great city.

The reviewing stand, occupied by Vice President Morton, the Fair
officials, and representatives of foreign governments, was placed on Ad-
ams street, in front of the Post Office, on either side of which were tiers
of seats occupied by 2,500 children, so dressed and arranged as to repre-
sent two enormous American flags.

The following is the order of the procession, with names of the dif-
ferent orders and societies of which it was formed, accompanied by hun-
dreds of bands of every description :

Chief of Police McClaughry and assistants.

Mounted police and police on foot.

Sousa's Chicago's band.

Mexican national band.

Grand Marshal Major General Nelson A Miles and numerous staff.

FIRST GRAND DIVISION.

Col. M. D. Birge and aids in command.

Chicago Hussars, escort to City officials and Governors of States.
Mayor Washburne, City officials and City Council, in carriages.
Grand Army of the Republic, by posts.

Governors of States and Territories, who, with their staffs, occupied
over one hundred carriages; with mounted escort.

Carlisle, Pa., Indian School, composed of 305 native Indian boys.

CIVIC

SECOND QfiAND DIVISION.

Gen. A. G. Hawloy in command, with numerous aids.
Independent Order of Foresters, by courts, comprising 10,000 men.
Italian Societies of 2,500 men.

Italian Democratic Club of 500 men, accompanied by a float of "Col-
Umbus Discovering America."

Grecian Brotherhood Association, composed of 300 men.

Patriotic Order of Sons of America, with 8,000 men in line.

Orangemen in full regalia.

Patriotic Guard of the United States.

Chicago Turners Societies, 2.500 men in line.

Veterans of the German army, 500 men.

Military Order of St. George aud Scottish Societies.

Croatien Benevolent Society and Polish Societies, with 5,000 men.

Swedish and Scandinavian Societies, with about 10.000 men in line.

Englewood Light Infantry.

County Democratic Marching Club, with 250 moh.

Fullerton Avenue Cadets, 100 in line.

High School Boys.

Englewood Guards.

Sons of Veterans.

Float representing U. S. S. Monitor, with 50 men, drawn by 10 horses.

Modern Woodmen of America.

Uniform Rank of Royal Arcanum.

Ninth Batallion Infantry.

Uniform Rank Knights of Pythias (colored.)

THIRD GRAND DIVISION.

P. J. Cahill in command, with aids.

Catholic Order of Foresters, with 9,534 men in line.

Uniform Rank of Catholic Order of Foresters, 850 men in

Hibernian Rifles, 699 men in line.

Ancient Order of Hibernians, 2.000 men.

Float ' 'Columbus. "

Archdiocesan Union. 4.000 men in line.

Catholic Knights of America, 1,000 men in line;

Catholic Benevolent Legion, 800 men.

St. Miehael Parish Societies, 2,500 men.

United Polish Societies, 8,000 men in line;

St. John Baptist Society, 1,000 men in line.

Consolidated Temperance Societies, fiOO men in lind.

Gaelic Societies, 500 men in line.

Consolidated Church Societies.

WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE OF REVIEWING STAND ON DAY OF CIVIC PARADE.

WOBLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE ON STATE STREET, CIVIC PARAD3.

WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION VIEW ON STATE STREET, SHOWING DECORATIONS.

OF"

A GLOWING DESCRIPTION OF THE EXERCISES. VIEWS AND INCIDENTS OF THE GRAND PARADES. SPEECHES AND ADDRESSES IN FULL,. FIREWORKS
AND OTHER EVENTS IMMORTALIZING THE GREATEST AND GRANDEST OCCASION IN THE HISTORY OF OUR NATION.

"ELLOW as a matin bell,
t clear and pene-
trating an an Alpine horn,
says The Chicago Times of
Oct. 22, 1892, the voice of a
silver-throated bugle at dawn
arouses the city and the world.
It is dedication day.
The gleaming palaces
built by Chicago enterprise are
to be formally consecrated to
a universal exposition of in-
dustry, art and science.

It is tho four hundredth
anniversary of the discovery of
the western hemisphere by
Christopher Columbus.

From every quarter of the

globe nations have sent their representatives to witness the most
imposing ceremonies ever enacted in the new world.

The blue coated trumpeter is winding a blast at break of day
that will be heard around the earth.

A city of temples and palaces, more stupendous in design, more

magnificent in splendor than any described in the pages of mediaeval romance or existed in
the wildest nights of oriental conception an enchanted capital conceived and reared within
a twelve-month by master minds has been formally presented to the republic for the purpose
of an exposition, whereto every nation will bring its choicest treasures. It has been solemly
dedicated to the purpose of a jubilee which is the cynosure of every nation and tribe of man.
Within these colossal temples the fruits of the earth, the flowers of the field, the products of
the sea, the wealth of the mines will be gathered for the inspection of mankind. Labor,
brains, and capital have been levied upon to fill these palaces of splendor. Genius and science
have gleaned the illimitable harvest fields of God to provide a feast for the children of men.
It is the apotheosis of the discovery of America. It is the hour of triumph of the possession

of his Godlike gift to humanity and to freedom. Again the bugle winds.
The day is breaking. The city stirs. There is a muffled sound of feet.
Flags, which drooped listlessly the livelong night along their halyards,
undulate proudly in the morning breeze. A purple mist, giving promise
of a perfect day, hangs over lake and land and bathes the city's spires
and domes and towers in a flood of opalescent glory. The sun emerges
from the deep blue plain of Lake Michigan. Black-mouthed dogs of war
bellow and roar and growl in the offing. The reverberations of the
thunder of the guns fill earth and sky and sea with hoarse music. It is
dedication day. It is the climax of four centuries. The city is awake.
A crash of trumpets; rifts of gleaming steel; colors dip and rise; the
park echoes to the tramp of steed and bugle blast. Ten thousand men in
blue are under arms. Within the city twice 200.000 citizens debouch
upon the avenues and boulevards; a countless throng invades the esplan-
ade. An hundred thousand guests are stirring too. Inspiring strains of
music echo through the streets. The city is a wild-rose wilderness of
color. The October sky, aflame with blue and golden tints, broods over
all. Not more beneficent was the day 400 years ago, when the admiral
of the ocean sailed out of Palos in quest of lands beyond mysterious seas.

With faith unshadowed by the night, undazzled by the day ;
With hope that plumed him for the flight, and courage to assay.
God sent him from the crowded ark, Christ-bearer, like the dove,
To find o'er sundering waters dark, new lands for conquering love.

Only one name is spoken. Only one name is inscribed upon the ban-
ners of both hemispheres. It is the name of Columbus. It is blazoned
high upon the temples of government and palaces of art and commerce.
It is echoed in the tramp of the armies of the republic and voiced in the
rumble of the chariot wheels in the mighty procession of the world's
dignitaries. It is rung triumphantly out in the blasts of trumpets and
the crash of bands. It rests upon the tongues of orators and dwells upon
the lips of reverend teachers of divinity. It is chorused by 5,000 voices,
filling the cyclopean arches of the great ceremonial hall with the echoes
of its frame. It inspires the poet with thoughts that spring like fiery
lances of living light from Vulcan's forge. It is heard in the hoarse
thunder of artillery and re-echoed from the white domed battlements of
the titanic structures at Jackson park. It is diapasoned in the muffled
murmer of the restless waves. It is inscribed upon the banners of all the
the nations of the earth and uttered in reverential accents by croziered
prelates of the church of God. Prom flashing steel, and bugle blast, and
speech and song the tribute springs, while all the wide world listens and
applauds, for mankind is apotheosizing the discovery of half the globe,
which, until four centuries ago, had existed only in dream and fable.
Four hundred times has the earth completed its annual journey around

the sun since the adventurous Genoese mariner changed the map ol the
world and gave to posterity a heritage far richer than fiction could depict.

And so in the midst of a continent, more imperial in its resources
than any on which shines the sun. and in a city whose marvelous growth
and prosperity is the wonder of the century, the nations of the world, by
their representatives, assemble to honor the memory of the man who
gave such an imperial domain to the sons of men, and rendered such an
imperial city possible.

The hour of 10 approaches. On Michigan Avenue a scene is pre-
sented which scoffs at tongue or pencil. The lofty Auditorium tower
looks down upon the most august assemblage the world has ever wit-
nessed. Representatives of the mightiest republic on earth, scions of
royalty, counselors of kaisers, ministers of kings, governors of States,
ambassadors, warriors, statesmen, churchmen, gather there to be con-
veyed to the exposition grounds. A long line of handsome carriages,
magnificent in their appointments, line the curb stone as far as the eye
can reach. They contain men whose names are know round the globe.
Besides the distinguished officials of the exposition, who are the hosts,
there are the Vice President of the United States, representing Presi-
dent Harrison. Then come the members of the cabinet the Secretary
of State, Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, the Attorney
General, the Postmaster General, the Secretary of the Navy, the Secre-
tary of the Interior, and the Secretary of Agriculture. As this group of
national celebrities enters carriages and is whirled away down the ave-
nue, a storm of cheers rises, swells and thunders from a hundred thous-
and throats. It is taken up by thousands more until lost in the distance.

Following the representatives of the great republic comes the diplo-
matic corps. The old world renders homage to the new. Crowns are
doffed before the citizen. The republic is higher than the monarchy.
In gilded trappings of royalty the long line of diplomats and plenipoten-
tiaries takes seats in the vehicles provided. The uniformed representa-
tives of empires and kingdoms are chaperoned by these plainly dressed
citizens of the republic, the Hon. Thomas B. Bryan, the Hon. F. H. Win-
ston, and the Hon. Lambert Tree. It is an object lesson that never will
be forgotten. The brilliantly arrayed attaches of the governments of
the old world represent Italy, Russia, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, Corea,
Switzerland, Great Britain, Belgium, China. Portugal. Denmark. Japan,
France, Germany and Spain. The new world is present in the persons
of ambassadors from Mexico, Argentine, Nicaragua. Brazil, Peru, Costa
Rica and Chili. The islands of the sea are represented by Hawaii. The
patriotism of the American citizen, however, rises above country, and the
hoarse thunder of welcome that greets the dignitaries of lands beyond
the sea is spontaneous and genuine.

OF"

And now follows a host of men of distinction that bewilders the vis-
ion. Amid a continuous bombardment of cheers that thunders along the
boulevard for miles, hundreds of carriages speed quickly away contain-
ing venerable members of the Supreme Court of the United States,
members of the Supreme Court of Illinois, Speaker Crisp, of the national
House of Representatives, and Mayor Washburne. A kindly cheer is
taken up and repeated from throat to throat as a gray-haired old gentle-
man enters a carriage. It is ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes. His es-
cort is Senator John Sherman, of Ohio, and Lyman B. Gage, ex-president
of the World's Columbian exposition.

Are all the famous men of the world here? Nearly all. Now come
carriages containing the Senate of the United States; following are mem-
bers of the House of Representatives, officers of the United States army,
arrayed in all the pomp and circumstance of war, distinguished naval of-
ficers these are the recipients of an ovation long to be remembered.

The Governors of States follow. This is the most brilliant and daz-
zling feature of the parade of dignitaries. Governors! There are enough
of them to form a battalion, and they look like soldiers, every one. Sur-
rounded by glittering staffs, accompanied by military escorts, outriders,
and buglers, they give the imposing parade a picturesque and martial
appearance. Many of them are mounted, and with their escorts in bril-
liant uniform; provoke the enthusiasm of the multitudes which line the
thoroughfare into a tempest of applause that drowns the senses and dulls
the ear with its continuous din.

Governors scores of them. Governors of States richer than the
proudest kingdoms of Europe. Governors of States whose boundaries
are sentineled by heaven-kissed peaks crowned by eternal snow. Gov-
ernors of States laved by the murmuring billows of the southern seas,
and Governors of States whose citizen soldiery could carry the eagles of
the republic across the continent of Europe and plant them on the lofty
crags of Caucasus.

It is dedication day indeed.

More carriages. Now rolling noiselessly down the boulevards to-
ward the white-domed park are the equippages containing ex-cabinet of-
ficers, orators, cardinals, archbishops, and chaplains; commissioners of
foreign governments to the World's Columbian Exposition; consuls from
foreign governments; the World's Columbian commissioners, headed by
the second, third, fourth and fifth vice presidents thereof. Will the line
never end?

There is more inspiring flourish of trumpets; the flags wave more
proudly. The vast multitude breaks into a roar of welcome that drowns
the blare and crash of music. A handsome carriage containing a dainty,
sweet-faced woman. Ah! Her name is a household word in more than

a score of tongues. It is Mrs. President Palmer. Following in carriages
are the members of the board of lady managers. The applause that
greets them is deafening. Now comes the board of directors of the
World's Columbian Exposition, headed by the second vice president
thereof and director of works. Following are the members of the board
of management United States government exhibit, the department chiefs,
the staff officers of the director of works, and the City Council of Chicago.

As the magnificent procession wheels and rolls swiftly down the
handsome boulevard, a battery belches forth a salute of twenty-one guns.
The mighty tempest of cheers that leaps from the throats of the watch-
ing myriads of people drowns the voice of the artillery. A thousand
mounted men in magnificent uniform form the escort for the great pro-
cession. It is a pageant that would excite the envy of monarchs.

Such is the procession of invited guests, which forms on Michigan
avenue near the Auditorium and goes in carriages and on horseback to
Jackson park to participate in the ceremonies of the dedication of the
exposition buildings. Never in the history of mankind have so many rep-
resentatives of the various nations of the earth been assembled in one
place and for one purpose. Never before has been witnessed such an as-
semblage of statesmen, potentates, rulers, officials, soldiers, sages, di-
vines, governors, financiers, thinkers and men of executive ability.
Down through Michigan avenue, along Thirty-fifth street and Grand
boulevard to Washington park the great procession moves. All along
the distance of six miles the stately mansions are adorned with flags and
streamers, with banners and shields, until the avenues present a canyon
of living color. The boulevards are packed with people from the Audi-
torium to the reviewing ground. It is a procession besides which, those
wherein the captive monarchs of the east trudge at Ccesar's chariot
wheels, pale into petty insignificance. For this is a triumph of peace,
wherein almost every nation and tongue upon the globe join in universal
tribute to the achievement of man. It forms the prelude to the most
colossal exposition of the triumphs of civilization that the mind of man
has yet conceived or attempted to put into execution.

At Washington park the pageant assumes a more martial aspect.
The military arm of the republic rises in graceful salute to the civil
power. More than 10,000 national and state troops, the flower of the
military service of the country, are massed by brigades on the east side
of the parade grounds. Infantry, cavalry, artillery, with banners gleam-
ing in the sunlight, stand in martial array, while bands crash and officers
brilliantly mounted dash hither and thither. Two hundred thousand
spectators occupy all the space beyond the confines of the parade ground.
Hundreds of carriages filled with handsomely dressed ladies and gentle-
men are drawn up at the sides. There is a word of sharp command.

WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE ON MICHIGAN AVENUE, DAY OF MILITARY PARADE.

WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE ON MICHIGAN AVENUE, MILITARY PARADE.

Swarthy troopers straighten up in their saddles. There is a rattle of steel
and fluttering of guerdons. The head of the procession appears from
Grand boulevard. First there is a squadron of dragoons. As the car-
riages containing Vice President Morton appears through the trees there
is a volcano of flame and smoke. The ground trembles. The artillery
thunders a deep welcome, which is speedily drowned by a hundred
thousand voices. In the midst of the tempest of sound an officer rides
out of the smoke and salutes. The grim guns continue to thunder as the
carriages wheel into position in parallel lines on the west side of the field.
Then the troops wheel by battalions and pass in review before the vice
president and visitors. Flags are dipped and cheer after cheer proclaims
the loyalty and enthusiasm of the defenders of the republic. With the
steadiness of a machine the brilliant army of 10,000 men wheel by columns,
and turning towards the east become the escort of the Columbian guests
through Midway Plaisance to Jackson park and the manufactures and
liberal art building, where the dedication exercises took place. From
Washington park to Jackson park the parade assumes its true proportions.
It is a glittering cavalcade of citizens and soldiery, witnessed by count-
less numbers of people. As the head of the procession, which is several
miles in length, enters the gates a battery on the lake shore fires the
national salute, which is returned by the men of war in the offing. The
national colors are run to the tops of the lofty domes and towers and the
scene becomes one of unexampled majesty and magnificence. Fags and
banners fly from every point on the immense palaces of industry and art,
and amid the triumphant music of bands, the deep-toned voices of artil-
lery, and the shouts of nearly 200,000 people, the long line of carriages
pass hurriedly to the entrance of the colossal ceremonial hall and the
occupants are speedily swallowed up in its awe-inspiring depths. The
parade is at an end. Already 150,000 people have gathered beneath the
gigantic roof. A sea of human faces stretch far away on either side.
The hum of voices fills the great building like the muttering of a distant
storm. As the head of the procession reaches the main entrance a band
strikes up a national air and the great audience rises and cheers until
the hollow dome thunders and roars iu concord. So the august guests of
Chicago are welcomed to the world's fair.

And what do the wonder-stricken visitors see? Palaces more mag-
nificent than ever graced Babylon, Athens or Rome in their palmiest
days. The grandeur of Greece and the glory of Rome are eclipsed on
the shores of Lake Michigan. The marvelous beauty of Venice has been
surpassed in the new world. The marques and minarets of Byzantium
are reproduced on a more stately scale. The Roman Coliseum becomes
a puny barrack besides the magnificent structure which covers thirty
acres of ground, and will contain a half a million people. The roof is

like the sky supported by the pillars of Hercules. So vast, so heaven-
reaching that the crowd of 100,000 guests occupy but a small portion of
the space beneath the great glass ceiling.

It is one of the most remarkable scenes ever witnessed. Upon a
raised platform holding several thousand people, Vice President Morton
and his associates, diplomats, governors and other distinguished guests,
are seated. Above, behind, and at either side droop hundreds of flags
and banners of all nations, while from its lofty perch a gigantic stone
eagle keeps watch and ward over the assemblage. In front and to the
right of the guests' platform stretches an ocean of faces. Acres of chairs
are filled with expectant men and women. To the left rises tier after
tier of chairs, reaching to a hight of fifty feet. Here are seated 5,000
singers. Five thousand voices which as one cry in tones of exultation
and triumph : Hail _ Spirit 0[ Freedomi Hail ,

The audience breathes the spirit. Each is a freeman, everyone a king.

Rising like a flood of melody to drown the sense, the notes of Sousa's
New Marine Band fills the gigantic building with the "Columbian
March." The elfect is to prepare the mind for what is to follow. The
music dies away and a profound hush follows. Bishop Fowler, arrayed
in the sacred vestments of his holy office, invokes the divine blessing.
Mayor Washburne, in behalf of a city of a million and a half inhabitants,
extends a welcome to the guests, to the exposition, and to the hospitality
of the great west. There is a burst of applause at the close, and then the
feature of the day an experience that touches the soul.

From the lips of 5,000 singers burst forth the opening stanzas of the
Columbian ode. The past rises before 100,000 minds as a picture.

Over the wide unknown,

Far to the shores of Ind,
All through the dark alone,

Like a feather blown by the wind.

It is a picture of the admiral of the seas plowing ocean's awful soli-
tude with his puny caravels in search of islands beyond the utmost purple
horizon. It is an awe-inspiring moment. Men of every kindred and tongue
are seated upon the platform, but the music speaks a common tongue
that is not heard but felt. As the 5,000 voices rise in unison pouring
forth a Niagara of triumphant harmony, the mighty audience that
stretches away into the magnificent distance sways and trembles as a for-
est is shaken and blown about by a mighty tempest. The spirit of the
past has been invoked. It is omnipresent.

Alone ! alone !

Behind wide walls of the sea,
And never a ship has flown

A prisoned world so free.

OI^ 'TMES

High over all the people the vast arched roof seems like the sky of
an enchanted world. Two hundred and thirty feet overhead is the ze-
nith, and stretching away into seemingly illimitable distances the great
steel arches grow themselves as the music rises.

Five thousand voices ! Now the music swells and fills the thirty-acre
temple of art and science from nave to dome. It roars like the furnace
of the Cyclops, and anon dies away like the whisper of winds amid a for-
est of waving pines. Then rising- trim aphantly it pervades the air with
the magnificent fury of the tempest. It is calling the world to arms

I .i) ! clan on clan !

Now it is the morning stars singing- together. There is heard the
deep diapason of the Niagara, the distant thunder of the Alpine ava-
lanche, the steady baritone of the impetuous mountain torrent, the wild
ecstasy of a cataract, the silver-throated trumpet, and above all the rest
the jubilant, piercing notes of a skylark soaring upward to the sun-
Hall, spirit of freedom, hail !
Unfurl thine impalpable wings.

So high and higher above the voice of the tempest, the thunder of
cataracts, the roaring of torrents, and the resonant cry of trumpets rises
the lark-like treble war cry.

Then the music dies away, leaving eddies of harmony floating among
the far-away arches, and filling the intoxicated senses with the perfume
of a dream. But through the mists and shadows of four Centuries the
song-dream woos back to earth the son of the Genoese wool-comber.

Under the inspiration of the hour the vast audience reads the story
of four centuries ago as from an open book. The sailor boy of Genoa
once more bends his sail to the breezes in the Levant, unsheathing his
sword in behalf of John of Anjou, chasing- fickle fortune up and down the
Mediterranean sea. Soldier of fortune, adventurer, privateer, he is lay-
ing the foundation of a fortune of posterity. He is poring over quaint
old maps and charts of an imperfect globe. Over the rim of the horizon
is a mysterious problem he longs to solve. It is the twilight of geo-
graphic knowledge. The quadrant is an experiment. Out beyond the
golden and purple gates of sunset is a shadowy world, templed with cas-
tles of gold and peopled with a race of gods. The Egyptian legend told
by Plato of the lost Atalantis has passed into current belief. The islands
of the Brandan and the Seven Cities of the Sea still find places on midae-
val maps. Again the music swells into weird, wondrous volume. Col-
umbus is an applicant for aid at the court of Portugal. His story is
laughed to scorn, and he presents himself before the royal house of Leon
and Castile. In the presence of Ferdinand and Isabella at Cordova,
sneered at in the congress at Salamanca, fighting the battles of Spain at

Malaga and Grenada, assisting in expelling Boabdil, the last Moorish
king, from Alhambra, begging from door to door, seeking shelter at the
gray old hillside convent of Lu Rabida, he finds an ardent ally in the
holy prior. Juan Perez de Marchena. The music rises to a triumphant
climax. The gray -haired mariner makes his final appeal to the king and
queen at Santa Fe. It is not in vain. The mystery of the ocean is to bo
unlocked. The jewels of the queen are pledged to the discovery of the
missing half of a world. The admiral of the seas pushes the prows of his
tiny caravels full into the face of the setting sun and sails away, amid
the laughter of men and tears of women, over ocean's uncertain billows,
in search of hidden continents and mysterious isles, set like stars in the
midst of the trackless firmament. The wave-beaten fleet is seen plowing
the lonely deep, baffled by calms and tossed by storms.

It is morning. Three white-winged barks rest at anchor off a green,
low isle embosomed on a sapphire sea. The dawn which purples the
sails of the Spanish squadron marks an epoch in the history of the world
second only to the death of the Son of Man upon the rugged, tear-stained
slopes of Calvary. It opens up to man another world of infinite promise,
of inexhaustable possibility.

And now the melody soars into the realms of celestial harmony. It
becomes an anthem of humanity. Down through the centuries floats a
vision of the budding and unfolding and blooming of a virgin world.

Lo ! unto thee the ever-living past,

Ushers a mighty pageant, bids arise
Dead centuries freighted with visions vast,

Blowing dim mists into the future's eyes.

One hundred thousand enraptured listeners catch the inspiration of
the theme. A Niagara of applause drowns the dying echoes of the song
The present is visible. It is magnificent in form and majestic in move-
ment. With a triumphant climax four centuries fade from sight and a
group of the mightiest palaces ever reared by the hand of man comes
into view. The prophecies of the admiral of the seas have been realized.
It was the waking dream of the Genoese navigator that somewhere amid
the weary reaches of gleaming billows, rising and swelling between
cloud-capped Teneriffe and far Cathay, there lay a land templed with
sky-kissing castles, peopled with gods, and watered by winding rivers
rippling over Pactolian sands. His mortal vision never rested upon the
enchanted gardens of Hesperides, but his adventurous keel clove a shin-
ing path across the sea and others found the gateway to the lost Atalantis.

Again the wave of harmony rises and floods the magnificent distances
of this mighty pantheon of modern civilization. It is the present. The
triumphs of four centuries of struggles for liberty and enlightment is the
theme. The dreams and legends of the past become merged with the

WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE AT MIDWAY PLAISANCE, MILITARY PARADE.

WORLD'S FAIR DEDICATION SCENE AT MIDWAY PLAISAXCE, MILITARY PARADE.

results of Columbus' search for hidden worlds. Perhaps the spectral
mariner standing on the prow of the Santa Maria, rocked by an opaline
sea, is gazing with contented eyes down the misty, shadowy vistas of the
centuries into the gleaming glory of the sunset, and views the great
results of his own dauntless quest. He sees all the globe astir to fill the
palaces erected to the glory of his discoveries. He sees the most mar-
velous city ever built by the hands of mortals drawing to itself the tribute
of nations that Caesar never knew. He sees scores of highways of steel
reaching from its gates to every nook and corner of the continent which
he gave to humanity. He sees within her ports more prows than ever
stirred the shining Bosphorus or passed the lofty pillars of Hercules.
He sees upon her curving shores palaces glittering like mountain peaks
across the waves and greater, grander far than Rome e'er builded or that
from which the Moorish king was exiled. He sees all things small and
great gathered here to inaugurate the mightiest exposition the world
ever witnessed. He sees representatives of every nation and both hemi-
spheres proclaiming the greatness and the glory of the most powerful
republic on earth. He hears the songs of poets, sees the masterpieces of
painters and the triumphs of the sculptor's art laid at the feet of the
Goddess of Liberty Genius, science, labor, statesmanship, commerce,
capital, education, religion pouring forth their treasures to deck the
brow of the mightiest imperial city of the western continent. Not con-
tent with levying tribute of sea and land, the sentient arm of science
wrests trophies from the skies and lays the secret of the stars upon the
conqueror's shield. Genius has yoked the thunderbolt and made it a
beast of burden unto man by day, a lamp by night. Of all this the
present jubilee is the fullness of the token given four centuries ago.
For this the nations of the earth assembled at Chicago to dedicate the
greatest exposition of the age.

The music dies away like a passing storm. The story of the dedica-
tion is an epic poem worthy of Homer's quill, for it is the finale of a
drama in which the whole world takes part. The ceremonies are majestic
in their simplicity, awe-inspiring in their character, impressive in their
motives and results. The story is told elsewhere in detail. In the
presence of the assembled dignitaries of the old wovld and the high
officials of the new appropriate medals are presented to the artists who
have builded and decorated the great palaces of science and art at Jack-
son park. Honored are these whose fertile brains and skillful hands
have wrought lines of beauty in stone, and earth, and wood. Thunders
of applause testify to the appreciation of their noble work. President
Higinbotham, in words dignified by the importance of the event, formally
presents in behalf of the World's Culumbian Exposition the buildings to
the national Columbian Commission. There is a burst of applause when

President Palmer accepts the gift and presents the same to the United
States. The millions of dollars worth of buildings are now in the custody
of the republic.

As Vice President Morton, representing the United States govern-
ment, rises to accept the gift there is an outburst of applause that for a
time renders speech making impossible. Gracefully and in impressive
words the Vice President formally dedicates the buildings to the use of
the World's Columbian Exposition to be held in 1893, and in which all
the nations of the earth are to participate.

Handel's immortal "Hallelujah Chorus," from the "Messiah," appro-
priately follows. As the 5.000 voices in the chorus soar and swell into
ecstatic realms the great audience, swept away by the enthusiasm of the
song and the inspiration of the song, rise and cheer again and again.

The first oration of the day follows. With lips anointed by the honey
of Hybla, Henry Watterson pours out a flood of eloquence that at once
enraptures and transfixes the avdience by its marvelous force and impet-
uosity. Again and again the great building is shaken with applause.
Chauncey M. Depew's oration is one of his best efforts, and thunders of
applause greet the great orator when he concludes.

"In Praise of God" is sung by the chorus, and a strange hush falls
over the sea of humanity. Clad in the crimson garb of his high office his
eminence Cardinal Gibbons steps to the front of the platform, and, with
uplifted hands, invokes the blessing of God upon the great exposition
and its purposes. It is an impressive scene, and when the prayer is con-
cluded a strange silence prevails. Following the invocation is the bene-
diction by the Rev. H. C. McCook, of Philadelphia. The great audience
that has remained in the building for several hours, rises slowly as if
loath to leave the scene of so impressive and distinguished a ceremony.
As the crowds file slowly out of the great hall the deep-toned thunder of
a battery on the lake shoi-e proclaims that the great event has been con-
cluded. The World's Columbian buildings have been formally dedicated
to the greatest exposition the world has witnessed since the beginning
of time.

The history of the day is not completed by the great civil and mili-
tary parades and dedicatory ceremonies at Jackson Park. The reception
at night by the auxiliary congress of the World's Columbian Exposition
and the magnificent display of fireworks in each of the three great di-
visions of the city would, under ordinary circumstances, be regarded as
crowning events. To the public especially the latter feature formed the
most popular feature of the day, while the address by Archbishop Ireland
at the reception upon matters pertaining to the world's fair will prove
interesting to millions of American people.

The congress auxiliary, under the able leadership of President Bon-
ney has justly merited its title by its active work in behalf of the exposi-
tion along the lines it has chosen, and the Auditorium reception is not
the least of its triumphs. Already aglow with the spirit of patriotism
and fealty to the exposition the magnificent tribute paid to the objects
of the world's fair kindled that patriotism and enthusiasm to fever heat.
It is a magnificent audience that assembles at the Auditorium, already
renowned for its famous gatherings. Archbishop Ireland's address is
burning with zeal, and the reception is only second in importance to the
exercises as Jackson Park. It is an appropriate rounding out of a day so
fraught with history and so rich in events. It is a fitting finale of dedi-
cation day.

< But dedication day is not yet ended. The skies are aflame with light.
The heavens are being bombarded with balls of fire. A million people
are witnessing the firey siege. The gigantic pyrotechnical displays,
involving an outlay of many thousands of dollars, are taking place in
Washington, Lincoln and Garfield Parks. The three great divisions are
out gazing upon the gorgeous spectacles, From the summit of the Audi-
torium tower it looks as if the city was being shelled by a powerful ene-
my from three different directions. The air is filled with thousands of
rockets, Roman candles, saucissons, tourbillions, and strange devices for
making vari-colored lights. Serpents of flame crawl across the black
horizon, to be succeeded by volcanic explosions of blood-red flame Rock-
ets pierce the night with adder-like tongues of flame, and balloons go
reeling and staggering across the sky in countless numbers. The night
is filled with flame, and the waters are lit up with the explosions of the
pieces. North, south and west the skies portend a burning city. Far
into the night the bombardment continues, and then dies slowly out, like
an enemy retiring sullenly from a determined but unsuccessful siege.
An occasional rocket alone marks the presence of the discomfited foe;
then darkness remains unbroken save by the lights of the great city.
Countless thousands of people wend their way homeward. Tattoo has
been sounded hours ago in the military camp at Jackson Park. Lights
are out. The day is dead. The world's fair palaces have been dedicated.

ORDER OF PARADE.

IT PROCEEDS FROM THE AUDITORIUM TO JACKSON PARK.

The following is the composition of the big parade by sections, and
the order in which they marched, a description of the scenes having
previously been given:

Major-Genei'al Miles in command, assisted by his numerous aides.

An escort of 1.000 troops in line.

Three batteries of light artillery under Major W. H. Randolph.

Gen. Eugene A. Carr and staff.

United States Signal Corps.

Fifth Cavalry from Fort Reno.

Detachment of troops from Fort Riley, Kansas.

Detachment of troops from Fort Sheridan.

Fifth Cavalry mounted band of twenty pieces from Ft. Riley, Kansas.

Sixth Cavalry, Capt. C. P. West in command.

Ninth Cavalry, Capt.Gerrard in command.

Four carriages containing Committee on Ceremonies of the World's
Columbian Commission, Director General, and National Commissioners.

One carriage containing Vice President Morton; President of the
World's Columbian Exposition, and President of the World's Columbian
Commission.

One carriage containing the First Vice Presinent of the World's
Columbian Exposition, and First Vice President of the World's Colum-
bian Commission.

Carriages containing cabinet officers.

Fifteen carriages containing the diplomatic corps.

Carriages containing Ex-President Hayes. John Sherman and Lyman
J. Gage.

Twelve carriages containing senators of the United States.

Forty carriages containing representatives of the United States.

Carriages containing representatives of the army and navy.

Carriages containing Governors and their staffs of the States and
Territories of the United States, as follows:

New York Gov. Roswell P. Flower and staff.

Massachusetts Gov. Win. E. Russell and staff.

New Hampshire Gov. H. A. Tuttle and staff.

Connecticut Gov. Buckley and staff.

Maryland Gov. Frank Brown and staff.

Vermont Gov. L. K. Fuller and staff.

Rhode Island Gov. D. Russell Brown and staff.

Delaware Gov. S. J. Reynolds and staff.

North Carolina Gov. Holt and staff.

New Jersey Adjt. Gen. W. S. Striker, representing Gov. Leon
Abbott and staff.

Pennsylvania Gov. Robert E Pattison and staff.

Kentucky Gov. John Young Brown and staff.

Ohio Gov. William McKinley and staff.

Louisiana Lieut. Gov. A. L. Parlonge and staff.

Indiana Gov. Ira Chase and staff.

Illinois Gov. Joseph W. Fiferand staff.

Maine Gov. Edwin C. Burleigh and staff.

Missouri Gov. D. R. Francis and staff.

Michigan Gov. E. B. Winans and staff.

Iowa Gov. Hoi-ace Bois and staff.

Wisconsin Gov. George Peck and staff.

California Gov. H. H. Markham and staff.

Minnesota Gov. W. R. Merriam and staff.

Nebraska Gov. James E. Boyd and staff.

Colorado Gov. Routt and staff.

North Dakota Gov. A. H. Burke and staff.

South Dakota Gov. A. C. Mellette and staff.

Montana Gov. J. K. Toole and staff.

Virginia Gen. J. P. Stern, representing Gov. P. W. McKenney.

West Virginia Gov. Fleming and staff.

Washington Gov. Allen Muir and staff.

Carriages containing the orators and chaplains.

Fifteen carriages containing commissioners of foreign governments
to the World's Columbian Exposition.

Five carriages containing consuls from foreign governments.

Thirty carriages containing the World's Columbian Commission
at Large.

Twenty carriages containing the Board of Lady Managers of the
World's Columbian Exposition.

Carriages containing lady representatives of the thirteen original
States.

Ten carriages containing Board of Directors of the World's Colum-
bian Exposition.

Three carriages containing Board of Managers of the U. S. exhibit.

Seven carriages containing the department chiefs.

Eighteen carriages containing staff officers of the Director of Works.
Thirty carriages containing members of the City Council of Chicago.

REVIEW OF TROOPS.

The following is the order in which the regulars and State militia,
to the number of 10,000 men, passed the reviewing stand, they marching
from Washington to Jackson Parks:

First line Two battalions of United States infantry and the battalion
of marines. Two regiments of Ohio troops. Four regiments of Indiana
troops. ">

Second line Three regiments of Illinois troops. One regiment of
Missouri troops. One regiment of Michigan troops.

Third line One regiment of Iowa troops. Two regiments of Wis-
consin troops. One regiment of Minnesota troops.

The regular and State troops passed in the following order:

OHIO BRIGADE.

Eight Regiment Ohio National Guards, Col. Geo. Geigar in com-
mand; full regimental band of forty pieces.

Fourteenth Regiment O. N. G., Col. A. B. Coit; full regimental band
of forty pieces.

Cleveland Grays, Capt. W. C. Morrow; full uniformed band of thirty-
seven pieces, and drum major.

Fifth Ohio N. G., Maj. D. W. Johns in command.

IOWA BRIGADE.

Brig. Gen. W. L. Davis and staff in command.

First Regiment, Col. Frank W. Mahin; full regimental band of forty
pieces.

Second Regiment, Col. P. W. McManus in command.

Third Regiment, Col. F. F. Lambert; 300 men.

Fourth Regiment, Col. Reilly; 280 men.

Fifth Regiment, Col. Culver; 200 men.

Sixth Regiment, Col. W. Clidemain: 350 men.

The U. S. Infantry Brigade, comprising the First Second and Third
Infantry Regiments, Col. F. F. Townsend in command.

Fifteenth U. S. Infantry, Col. R. E. A. Crofton in command; Fif-
teenth Regiment band; 337 men.

Second Regiment Infantry, comprising the Forts Snelling and Lea-
ven worth battalions.

Fort Snelling battalion, Capt. E. C. Mason in command; 280 men;
band of twenty-two pieces.

Fort Leavenworth battalion, Capt. J. M. D. Sareno in command; 227
men; band of twenty-five pieces.

Fort Omaha battalion, Lieut. Col. J. B. Park in command; 279 men;
band of twenty-one pieces.

For Wayne battalion, Maj. Coates in command; band of twenty-four
pieces; 270 men.

Marine Corps, Maj. R. W. Huntington in command: marine band of
fifty pieces.

INDIANA BRIGADE.

First Regiment, Maj. G. Pennington in command; band of 32 pieces.
Second Regiment, I. N. G., Col. W. B. McKee in command; band of
32 pieces.

Fourth Regiment, Col. G. W. Gunder in command.
Third Regiment, Col. G. S. Harte in command.

01^

MINNESOTA BRIGADE.

Brig. Gen. W. B. Bend and staff in command; Third Regiment band.
Third Regiment, M. N. G., Col. F. P. Wright; 400 men.

WISCONSIN BRIGADE.

First Regiment W. N. G., Lieut. Col. B. F. Parker in command; 1st
Regiment band.

Second Regiment, Lieut. Col. Auer; 2nd Regiment band. 800 men.
Independent Cavalry Company from Milwaukee, Capt. W. J. Grant.

MICHIGAN BRIGADE.

Col. E. W. Brown with staff in command.
First Battallion, Lieut. Col. John Bennett; 200 men.
Second Battalion, Col. Chas. L. Boynton; 200 men.
Third Battalion, Major F. H. Case; 225 men.

MISSOURI BRIGADE.
Fifth Regiment, Col. W. K. Coffee; 512 men.

Signal Corps of Denver, First Lieut. W. A. Nelson in command.

ILLINOIS BRIGADE.

First Brigade Brig. Gen. Chas. Fitzsimmons and staff.
First Regiment, Col. C. R. C. Koch; 450 men.
Second Regiment, Col. L. S. Judd; 700 men.
Third Regiment, Col. Bennett; 462 men.
Battery D, Capt. Edgar P. Tobey; 80 men.
Troop A, Capt. Paul B. Lino; 60 men.

Second Brigade Fourth Regiment, Col. R. M. Smith; 508 men.
Fifth Regiment, Col. J. S. Culver; 492 men.
Sixth Regiment, Col. Wm. Clendenin; 460 men, with band.

ADDRESSES IN FULL.

DELIVERED AT THE DEDICATION OF THE WORLD'S FAIR PALACES.

INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS BY GEO. R. DAVIS.

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: By virtue of my official position it is my
pleasurable duty to present the noted personages who at this hour, in
theij several functions, are to contribute to the exercises with which we
here dedicate the grounds and buildings of the World's Columbian
Exposition.

In a presence so vast, on an occasion so preeminent in the progress
of universal affairs I am moved by emotions that can sweep a human

heart but once in life. Awe overmasters inspiration, and both are lost
in gratitude that I am permitted to inaugurate these ceremonies.

The citizens of our common country may be pardoned the pride and
satisfaction with which we study the historic steps by which our people
have been led to their present exalted position.

Of the great nations of the world the United States is the youngest;
our resources are equal to those of any other nation. Our sixty millions
of people are among the most intelligent, cultured, happy, and prosperous
of mankind. But what we are and what we possess as a nation is not ours
by purchase nor by conquest, but by virtue of the rich heritage that was
spread out beneath the sun and stars, beneath the storms and rains and
dews, beneath the frosts and snows, ages before a David, a Homer, or a
Virgil sang, or before Italy's humble and immortal son had dreamed his
dream of discovery. This rich heritage is ours, not by our own might,
not even by our own discovery, but ours by the gift of the Infinite. It
was fitting that on the threshold of another century we reverentially
pause in the presence of the world, and with confession and supplication,
with thanksgiving and devotedness, with praise and adoration, acknow-
ledge our dependence on the Creator of the aniverse, the God of nations,
the Father of mankind. Nature has given us a virgin soil of incomparable
richness and variety. Our climate is so diversified that all the fruits of
tree and vine ripen under our autumnal skies.

The great seas that form our boundaries and with their ebb and flow
bathe our shores are rich with all the treasures of the deep.

The granite vaults of our mountain chains are stored with untold
mineral wealth.

In the prodigality of nature bountiful provision has been made for
our multiplying people, and in times of emergency from ouf great abun-
dance we may succor and comfort the distressed and afflicted of other
lands.

A single century has placed this people side by side with the oldest
and most advanced nations of the world nations with a history of over
a thousand years.

But in the midst of our rejoicing no American citizen should forget
our national starting point and the quality of the manhood on which was
laid the very foundation of our government. Our fathers were born un-
der foreign flags. The very best brain, and muscle, and conscience of
the older governments found their way to this western continent. Our
ancestors had the map of the world before them; what wonder that they
chose this land for their descendants ! Over the cradle of our national
infancy stood the spirit and form of the completed civilization of other
lands, and the birth-cries of the republic rang out over the world with a
voice as strong as a giant of a thousand years. From the morning of ouf

history the subjects of all nations have flocked to our shores and have
entered into our national life and joined in the upbuilding of our institu-
tions. They have spaded and planted, they have sown and gathered,
they have wrought and builded, and to-day, everywhere over all this
land may be seen the products and result of this toil, constituting our na-
tional prosperity, promoting our national growth. To all such the doors
of the nation are ever open.

The World's Columbian Exposition is the natural outgrowth of this
nation's place in history. Our continent, discovered by Christopher Col-
umbus, whose spirits were revived as his cause was espoused by the gen-
erous-hearted Queen of Spain, has, throughout all the years from that
time to this, been a haven to all who saw here the promise of requited
toil, of liberty and of peace.

The ceaseless, resistless inarch of civilization westward, ever west-
ward, has reached and passed the great lakes of North America, and has
founded on their farthest shore the greatest city of modern times. Chi-
cago, the peerless, has been selected for the great celebration which to-
day gives new fire to progress and sheds its light upon ages yet to come.
Established in the heart of this continent, her pulse throbs with the
quickening current of our national life. And that this city was selected
as the scene of this great commemorative festival was the natural out-
growth of predestined events. Here all nations are to meet in peaceful,
laudable emulation on the fields of art, science and industry, on the fields
of research, invention and scholarship, and to learn the universal value
of the discovery we commemorate; to learn, as could be learned in no
other way, the nearness of man to man, the Fatherhood of God, and the
brotherhood of the human race.

This, ladies and gentlemen, is the exalted purpose of the World's
Columbian Exposition. May it be fruitful of its aim and of peace forever
to all the nations of the earth.

MAYOR WASHBURNE'S ADDRESS.

Mr. President, Representatives of Foreign Governments, Ladies and
Gentlemen: This day is dedicated by the American people to one whose
name is indissolubly linked with that of our continent. This day shall
add new glories to him whose prophetic vision beheld in the stars which
guided his audacious voyage to a new world and a new hope for the peo-
ples of the earth.

The four centuries passing in review have witnessed the settlement
of a newly discovered continent, the founding of many nations, and the
establishment in this country of more than sixty millions of people whose

wonderful material prosperity, high intelligence, political institutions,
and glorious history have excited the interest and compelled the admi-
ration of the civilized world.

These centuries have evolved the liberty-loving American people,
who are gathered here to-day. We have with us the pioneer, bearing in
his person the freedom of his western home the aging veteran, whom
all nations honor, without whose valor government, liberty and patriot-
ism would be but idle words. We have with us builders of cities, found-
ers of States, dwellers in the forests, tillers of the soil, the mechanic and
the artisan, and noble women, daughters of the republic, not less in pat-
riotism and deserved esteem than those who seem to play the larger part
in building up a State.

There are gathered here our Vice President and stately Senate, our
grave and learned Judges, our Congress and our States, that all mankind
may know this is a Nation's holiday, and a people's tribute to him whoso
dauntless courage and unwavering faith impelled him to travel undis-
mayed the unsailed waste of waters, and whose first prayer upon a wait-
ing continent was saluted on its course by that banner which knows no
creed, no faith, no nation that ensign which has represented peace,
progress and humanity for nineteen hundred years the holy banner of
the cross.

Those foreign nations which have contributed so much to our growth
will here learn wherein our strength lies that is not in standing armies,
not in heredity and birth, not even in our fertile valleys, not in our com-
merce or our wealth, but that we have built and are building upon the
everlasting rock of individual character and intelligence, seeking to se-
cure an education for every man, woman and child over whom floats the
Stars and Stripes, that emblem which signifies our government and our
people.

That flag guards to-day 21.500,000 school children of a country not
yet four centuries old and who outnumber nearly four times the popula-
tion of Spain in 1492.

This is our hope in the future the anchor of the republic and a
rainbow of promise for the centuries yet to come.

As a mark to public gratitude it was decided to carry down into his-
tory through this celebration the appreciation of this people for him
before whose name we all bow to-day.

You, sirs, are the chosen representatives of our people you, into
whose keeping we intrust our property and our rights you, whose every
act becomes a link in that long chain of history which spans 400 years
without a break and whose every link signifies a struggle and victory
for man you. who represent that last and most perfect experiment of
human government, have by your official acts honored this young city

OF*

with your choice as the most fitting place to mark this country's dawn.

She accepts the sacred trust with rivalry towards none and fellow-
ship for all. She stands ready to fulfill the pledges she has made. She
needs no orator to speak her merits, no poet to sing her glories. She
typifies the civilization of this continent and this age; she has no hoary
locks, no crumbling ruins; the gray-haired sire who saw her birth to-day
holds on high his prattling grandchild to see the nations of the earth
within her gates.

Over the very spot whereon we stand, within the memory of men
still living, the wild fowl winged their migratory flight.

Less than a century ago the site of this young city was unknown;
to-day a million and a half people support her honor, enterprise and
thrift. Her annual commerce of one billion and a half tells the eloquent
story of her material greatness. Her liberality to all nations and all
creeds is boundless, broad as humanity, and high as the dome of heaven.
Rule Britannia, the Marseilles, die Wacht am Rhein, and every folk
song of the older world has drifted over the Atlantic's stormy waves, and
as each echo, growing fainter with advancing leagues, has reached this
spot it has been merged into that one great chorus: "My Country, 'Tis
of Thee, Sweet Land of Liberty, of Thee I Sing."

This, sirs, is the American City of your choice. Her gates are open,
her people at your service. To you and those you represent we offer
greeting, hospitality and love.

To the Old World, whose representatives grace this occasion, whose
governments are in full accord with this enterprise, so full of meaning
to them and to us; to that Old World whose children braved unruly seas
and treacherous storms to found a new State in an unknown land, we
give greeting, too, as children greet a parent in some new home.

We are proud of its ancestry, for it is our own. We glory in its
history, for it was our ancestral blood which inscribed its rolls of honor,
and if to-day these distinguished men of more distinguished lands behold
any spirit, thing, or ambition which excites their praise, it is but the
outcropping of the Roman courage on a new continent in a later age.

Welcome to you men of older civilizations to this young city whose
most ancient landmark was built within the span of a present life. Our
hospitalities and our welcome we now extend without reserve, without
regard to nationality, creed or race.

MRS. POTTER PALMER'S ADDRESS.

Official representation for women upon so important an occasion as
the present is unprecedented. It seems peculiarly appropriate that this

honor should have been accorded our sex when celebrating the great
deeds of Columbus, who, inspired though his visions may have been, yet
required the aid of an Isabella to transform them into realities.

The visible evidence of the progress made since the discovery of
this great continent will be collected six months hence in these stately
buildings now to be dedicated.

The magnificent material exhibit, the import of which will presently
be eloquently described by our orators, will not, however, so vividly
represent the great advance of modern thought as does the fact that
man's ''silent partner" has been invited by the government to leave her
retirement to assist in conducting a great national enterprise. The
provision of the act of Congress that the Board of Lady Managers appoint
a jury of her peers to pass judgment upon woman's work adds to the
significance of the innovation, for never before was it thought necessary
to apply this fundamental principle of justice to our sex.

Realizing the seriousness of the responsibilities devolving upon it,
and inspired by a sense of the nobility of its mission, the board has from
the time of its organization attempted most thoroughly and most con-
scientiously to carry out the intentions of Congress.

It has been able to broaden the scope of its work and extend its influ-
ence through the cooperation and assistance so generously furnished by
the Columbian Commission and the Board of Directors of the Exposition.
The latter took the initiative in making an appropriation for the Wo-
man's Building, and in allowing the Board to call attention to the recent
work of women in new fields by selecting from their own sex the archi-
tect, decorators, sculptors and painters to create both the building and
its adornment.

Rivalling the generosity of the directors, the National Commission
has honored the Board of Lady Managers by putting into its hands all
of the interests of women in connection with the Exposition, as well as
the entire control of the Woman's Building.

In order the more efficiently to perform the important functions as*
signed it, the boy.rd hastened to secure necessary cooperation. At its
request women were made members of the World's Pair boards of almost
every State and Territory of the Union. Inspired by this success at
home, it had the courage to attempt to extend the benefits it had received
to the women of other countries. It officially invited all foreign govern-
ments which had decided to participate in the Exposition to appoint
committees of women to cooperate with it. The active help given by the
Department of State was invaluable in promoting this plan, the success
of which has been notable, for we now have under the patronage of roy-
alty, or the heads of government, committees composed of the most in-
fluential, intellectual and practical women in France. England, Germany,

DEMDI CAPTION

Austria, Russia, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Portugal,
Japan, Siam, Algeria, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Brazil, the Argentine Re-
public, Cuba, Mexico and Nicaragua, and although committees have not
yet been announced, favorable responses have been received from Spain,
Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama, and the Sandwich Islands.

No organization compared to this has ever before existed among
women. It is official, acting under government authority and sustained
by government funds. It is so far-reaching that it encircles the globe.

Without touching upon politics, suffrage or other irrelevant issues,
this unique organization of women for women will devote itself to the
promotion of their industrial interests. It will address itself to the for-
mation of a public sentiment which will favor woman's industrial equal-
ity and her receiving just compensation for services rendered. It will
try to secure for her work the consideration and respect which it de-
serves, and establish her importance as an economic factor. To this end
it will endeavor to obtain and install in these buildings exhibits showing
the value of her contributions to the industries, sciences and arts, as well
as statistics giving the proportionate amount of her work in each and
every country.

Of all the changes that have resulted from the great ingenuity and
inventiveness of the race there is none that equals in importance to wo-
man the application of machinery to the performance of the never-end-
ing tasks that have previously been hers. The removal from the house-
hold to the various factories where such work is now done of spinning,
carding, dyeing, knitting, the weaving of textile fabrics, sewing, the
cutting and making of garments, and many other laborious occupations
has enabled her to lift her eyes from the drudgery that has oppressed
her since prehistoric days.

The result is that women as a sex have been liberated. They now
have time to think, to be educated, to plau and pursue careers of their
own choosing. Consider the value to the race of one-half of its members
being enabled to throw aside the intolerable bondage of ignorance that
has always weighed them down ! See the innumerable technical, pro-
fessional and art schools, academies and colleges, that have been sud-
denly called into existence by the unwonted demand ! It is only about
one hundred years since girls were first permitted to attend the free
schools of Boston. They were then allowed to take the places of boys
for whom the schools were instituted during the season when the latter
were helping to gather in the harvest.

It is not strange that woman is drinking deeply of the long-denied
fountain of knowlege. She had been told, until she almost believed it,
by her physician that she was too delicate and of too nervous an organi-
zation to endure the application and mental strain of the school room;

by the scientists that the quality of the gray matter of her brain would
not enable her to grasp the exact sciences, and that its peculiar convolu-
tions made it impossible for her to follow a logical proposition from pre-
mise to conclusion; by her anxious parents that there was nothing that a
man so abominated as a learned woman, nothing so unlovely as a blue-
stocking, and yet she comes smiling from her curriculum with her hon-
ors fresh upon her, healthy and wise, forcing us to acknowledge that she
is more than ever attractive, companionable and useful.

What is to be done with this strong, self-poised creature of glowing
imagination and high ideals, who evidently intends, as a natural and
inherent right, to pursue her self-development in her chosen line of
work? Is the world ready to give her industrial and intellectual inde-
pendence and to open all doors before her? The human race is not so
rich in talent, genius, and useful creative energy that it can afford to
allow any considerable proportion of these valuable attributes to be
wasted or unproductive, even though they be possessed by women.

The sex which numbers more than one-half the population of the
world is forced to enter the keen competition of life with many disadvan-
tages, both real and factitious. Are the legitimate compensation and
honors that should come as the result of ability and merit to be denied
on the untenable ground of sex aristocracy?

We are told by scientists that the educated eye and ear of to-day
are capable of detecting subtle harmonies and delicate gradations of
sound and color that were imperceptible to our ancestors; that artists and
musicians will consequently never reach the last possible combination of
tones, or tints, because their fields will widen before them, disclosing,
constantly, new beauties and attractions. We cannot doubt that human
intelligence will gain as much by development; that it will vibrate with
new power because of the uplifting of one-half of its members and of
that half which is, perhaps, conceded to be the more moral, sympathetic
and imaginative from darkness into light.

As a result of the freedom and training now granted them we may
confidently await, not a renaissance, but the first blooming of the perfect
flower of womanhood. After centuries of careful pruning into coven-
tional shapes to meet the requirements of an artificial standard, the
shears and props have been thrown away. We shall learn by watching
the beauty and vigor of the natural growth -in the open air and sunshine,
how artificial and false was the ideal we had previously cherished. Our
previous efforts to protect nature will seem grotesque, for she may
always be trusted to preserve her types. Our utmost hope is that women
may become a more congenial companion and fit partner for her illustrous
mate, whose destiny she has shared during the centuries. We are proud
that the statesmen of our own great country have been the first to see

beneath the surface and to understand that the old order of things has
passed away and that new methods must be inaugurated. We wish to
express our thanks to the Congress of the United States for having made
this great step forward, and also for having subsequently approved and
indorsed the plans of the Board of Lady Managers, as was manifested by
their liberal appropriation for carrying them out.

We most heartily appreciate the assistance given us by the President
of the United States, the Department of State, and our Foreign Ministers.
We hope to have occasion to thank all of the other great departments of
the government before we finish our work.

Even more important than the discovery of Columbus, which we are
gathered together to celebrate, is the fact that the general government
has just discovered woman. It has sent out a flash light from its heights
so inaccessible to us, which we shall answer by a return signal when the
Exposition is opened. What will be its next message to us?

PRESIDENT HIGINBOTHAM S ADDRESS.

President Higinbotham of the World's Columbian Exposition, ad-
dressing Director of Works Burnham and others, said:

It becomes my agreeable duty, on behalf of the Board of Directors
of the World's Columbian Exposition, to receive from you these buildings,
which represent your thought, skill, and labor as master artists of con-
struction. It is difficult to command language fully adequate to express
our satisfaction with your achievements. We have observed with
admiration she rapid development of your plans until there stand before
us to-day structures that represent the ripest wisdom of the ages.

Never before have men brought to their task greater knowledge,
higher aims, or more resolute purpose. Never before have such mag-
nificent fruits been the result of thought and toil. The earth and all it
contains have been subservient to your will. You have pursued your
work loyally, heroically, and with an unselfish devotion that commands
the applause of the world. Your country and the nations of the earth
will join us in congratulating you upon the splendid issue of your plans
and undertakings.

We accept these buildings from you, exulting in the belief that these
beautiful structures furnish proof to the world that, with all our material
growth and prosperity since the Columbian discovery of America, we
have not neglected those civilizing arts which minister to a people's
refinement and become the chief glory of a nation.

"Peace hath her victories,
. No less renowned than war."

In this Exposition, one of the adorning victories of our age of peace,
you take conspicuous part, and the work accomplished reflects, and will
continue to reflect, honor alike upon yourselves and upon your country.

In recognition of your faithful and efficient services, and in order to
commemorate more substantially than by mere words the successful ter-
mination of your great work as Master Artist of Construction, the Board
of Directors have issued this medal, which I have the honor to present
to you. A simple token it is, which finds its real and abiding value not
in its intrinsic worth but rather in the high merit which receives and
the grateful appreciation which bestows it.

Then addressing President T. W. Palmer of the World's Columbian
Exposition he continued:

But yesterday these surrounding acres composed a dismal morass a
resting-place for the wild fowls in their migratory flight. To-day they
stand transformed by art and science into a beauty and grandeur unri-
valed by any other spot on earth.

Herein we behold a miniature representation of that marvelous ma-
terial development and that unprecedented growth of national great-
ness, which, since the day of Columbus, have characterized the history
of this New World.

The idle boy, strolling the shore of this inland sea, carelessly threw
a pebble into the blue waters. From that center of agitation there
spread the circling wave, which fainter and still fainter grew, until lost
at last in the distant calm. Not so did the great thought come and van-
ish which has culminated in these preparations for the World's Colum-
bian Exposition. It was not the suggestive impulse of any single brain
or locality that originated this noble enterprise. From many minds and
many localities there seemed to come spontaneously and in unison, the
suggestions for a Columbian celebration. Those individual and local
sentiments did not die out like the waves, but in an inverse ratio grew
more and more powerful, until they mingled and culminated in the grand
and universal resolve of the American people. ''It shall be done."

To-day, sir, on behalf of the Board of Directors, representing the
citizens of Chicago, to me has been assigned the pleasant duty of pre-
senting to the World's Columbian Commission these buildings, for dedi-
cation to the uses of the World's Columbian Exposition, in celebration of
the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America.

In viewing the work thus far accomplished, we gladly acknowledge
ourselves debtors to the patriotic pride of our fellow-citizens throughout
the land: to the kindly interest manifested by the President of the Uni-
ted States; to the generosity of the Congress; to the hearty sympathy of
the civilized nations of the earth, and to the efficient cooperation of the
honorable commission which you represent.

O!F-

XVOFfct^tVS

The citizens of Chicago have cherished the ambition to furnish the
facilities for the Exposition, which in character should assume a nation-
al importance. They entertain the pleasing hope that they have not
come short of the nation's demand and of the world's expectation. Per-
mit us, sir, to believe that this was not a narrow ambition, born of local
pride and selfishness, that asked for the location of the World's Colum-
bian Exposition at Chicago. Rather let it justly be said that it was in
view of the fact that 25.000.000 of people live within a radius of 500 miles
of Chicago, and that standing here, so near the center of population,
Chicago would be accessible to a larger number of American people who
are the creators of our wealth and prosperity, than would any city on our
continent. The citizens of Chicago have been actuated by the most pat-
riotic sentiments in asking for the location of the Exposition at this
place. Animated by the most public spirited motives, they have made
such preparations for the Exposition as we trust you cannot but look on
with satisfaction.

The fidelity and remarkable skill of the master artists of construc-
tion must be the justification for the pride with which we point to the
structures which rise about us in such graceful and magnificent propor-
tions. In furnishing grounds and buildings which should meet the mod-
ern demand for utility and scientific adaptation, we have not done vio-
lence, let us hope, to that growing love for the beautiful which gratifies
the eye and educates the taste. Nature, science and art have been called
upon to contribute their richest gifts to make these grounds and buiJd-
ings worthy of your acceptance.

The Board of Directors now beg leave to tender to the World's Col-
umbian Commission and to the Nation these buildings, in fulfillment of
Chicago's pledge and in honor of the great event we celebrate.

PRESIDENT T. W. PALMER'S ADDRESS.

When a structure designed for a beneficent purpose has reached
completion and is about to be devoted to its object it is deemed fitting,
in accordance with a custom which sprang from the aspirations of man,
and which has received the sanction of successive generations, that
its intent and aim shall be declared amid imposing ceremonies, and the
good will of the present and the blessings of the future invoked upon it.

If this occasion shall have as one of the results the inauguration of
another festal day to enlarge the too meager calendar of our people, the
world will be richer thereby, and a name which has been hitherto held
in vague and careless remembrance will be made a vital and elevating
force to mankind.

Anniversaries are the punctuations of history. They are the em-
phases given to events, not by the song of the poet, or the pen of the
rhetorician, but by the common acclaim of mankind. They are the mon-
uments of the heroes and the saviors of the race. They are the Mem-
nons which fill the heart with promise, the eve with gladnes, and the
ear with song.

The teacher of Socrates, when dying, was asked what he wished for
a monument. He answered: ''Give the boys a holiday."

It was a happy thought to have linked with the achievements of
Columbus and Pinzon, which doubled the area of the habitable globe, an
undertaking whereby we hope to illustrate the fact that they also made
possible more than a duplication of blessings to mankind.

As these great men died ignorant of the magnitude of their work,
may we not hope that this Exposition will accomplish a greater good
than will be revealed to us to-day, be its outcome never so brilliant?
May we not hope that lessons here learned, transmitted to the future,
will be potent forces long after the multitudes which will throng these
aisles shall have measured their span and faded away?

Four hundred years ago to-day Rodrigo de Triana, from the prow of
the Pinta, cried. ''Land'" That cry marked the commencement of an
era wherein has been condensed more of good import to the race than in
any other. To-day at the flood-tide of that era, we are reminded of what
that cry involved and of how much there is yet to do to give it its fullest
significance.

There are no more continents to discover, but there is much to do to
make both hemispheres the home of intelligence, virtue and consequent
happiness. To that end no one materia 1 thing can contribute more than
expositions to which are invited, in a fraternal spirit, all nations, tribes,
and people, where each shall give and receive according to their respec-
tive capacities.

The foundations of civilization have been laid. Universal enlight-
ment, now acknowledged as the safe substructure of every State, receives
an added impulse from the commingling of peoples and the fraternization
of races, such as are ushered in by the pageant of to-day.

Hitherto the work of the National Commission and of the Exposition
company has been on different but convergent lines; to-day the roads
unite, and it may not be amiss at this time to speak of the work already
done. Two years ago the ground on which we stand was a dreary waste
of sand-dunes and quagmires, a home for wild fowl and aquatic plants.
Under skilled artists, supplemented by intelligence, force, industry, and
money, this waste has been changed by the magic hand of labor to its
present attractive proportions. I do not speak of this work as an artist,
but as one of the great body of laymen whom it is the high calling of art

to uplift. To me it seems that, if these buildings should never be occu-
pied, if the exhibit should never come to attract and educate, if our
people could only look upon these walls, towers, avenues and lagoons, a
result would bo accomplished by the influence diffused well worth the cost.

It was an act of high intelligence which, in the beginning, called a
congress of the most eminent of our architects for consultation and con-
certed action. No one brain could have conceived this dream of beauty
or lured from fancy and crystalized in form these habitations where art
will love to linger and science, Cornelia-like, shall expose her children
to thoss who ask to see her jewels.

Of the commission and its agencies, its Director-General and the
heads of its departments, its agents and envoys, I, although a part of
that national organization, may be permitted to speak. Called together
by the president two years ago, its organic law difficult of construction,
with room for honest and yet contradictory opinions, it has striven
honestly, patriotically, and diligently to do its whole duty. Through its
agencies it has reached to the uttermost parts of the earth to gather in
all that could contribute to make this not only the museum of the savant
and the well read, but the kindergarten of child and sage.

) The National Commission will, in due time, take appropriate action
touching the formal acceptance of the buildings provided under their
direction by the World's Columbian Exposition Company for this Na-
tional and International Fair, and to you, Mr. President, as the highest
representative of the Nation, is assigned the honor of dedicating them
to the purposes determined and declared by Congress.

In behalf of the men and women who have devoted themselves to
this great work, of the rich who have given of their abundance, and the
poor who have given of their necessities; in behalf of the architects who
have given their ideals a local habitation and a name, and the artists
who have brought hither the three graces of modern life, form, color and
melody, to decorate and inspire; of the workmen who have prepared the
grounds and reared the walls; in behalf of the chiefs who have organ-
ized the work of the exhibitors; in behalf of the City of Chicago, which
has munificently voted aid, of the Congress which has generously given of
the national moneys; in behalf of the World's Columbian Commission,
the World's Columbian Exposition Company, and the Board of Lady
Managers, I ask you to dedicate these grounds and buildings to human-
ity, to the end that all men and women of every clime may feel that the
evidence of material progress which may here meet the eye is good only
so far as it may promote that higher life which is the true aim of civili-
zation that the evidences of wealth here exhibited and the stimulus
herein given to ind ustry are good only so far as they may extend the
area of human happiness.

VICE PRESIDENT MORTON'S ADDRESS.

The dedicatory address was delivered by the Vice President of the
United States, as follows:

MR. PRESIDENT: Deep, indeed, must be the sorrow which prohib-
its the President of the United States from being the central figure in
these ceremonials. Realizing from these sumptuous surroundings, the
extent of design, adequacy of execution, and vastness of results, we may
well imagine how ardently he has aspired to be officially and personally
connected with this great work, so linked to the past and to the present
of America. With what eloquent words he would have spoken of the
heroic achievements and radiant future of his beloved country. While
fondly anguished in his most tender earthly affection, he would not
have us delay or falter in these dedicatory exercises, and we can only of-
fer to support his courage by a profound and universal sympathy.

The attention of our whole country and of all peoples elsewhere con-
cerned in industrial progress is to-day fixed upon the City of Chicago.
The. name of Chicago has become familiar with the speech of all civil-
ized communities. Bureaus are established at many points in Europe
for the purpose of providing transportation hither, and during the com-
ing year the first place suggested to the mind when men talk of America
will be the City of Chicago. This is due not only to the Columbian Ex-
position, which marks an epoch, but to the marvelous growth and energy
of the second commercial city of the Union.

I am not here to recount the wonderful story of this city's rise and
advancement, of the matchless courage of her people, of her second birth
out of the ashes of the most notable conflagration of modern times, nor
of the eminent position she has conquered in commerce, in manufactures,
in science and in arts.

These are known of all men who keep pace with the world's prog-
ress.

I am here in behalf of the government of the United States, in be-
half of all the people, to bid all hail to Chicago, all hail to the Colum-
bian Exposition.

From the St. Lawrence to the gulf, and from the peerless cosmopol-
itan capital by the sea to the Golden Gulf of California, there is no longer
a rival city to Chicago, except to emulate her in the success of this work.

New York has signalized the opening of this new era by a commem-
orative function instructive to the student, encouraging to the philan-
thropist, and admonitory to the forces arrayed against liberty.

Her houses of worship, without distinction of creed, have voiced
their thanks to Almighty God for religious freedom: her children to
the number of five a:id twenty thousand have marched under the inspira-

tion of a light far broader than Columbus, with all his thirst for know-
ledge, enjoyed at the University of Pavis; and for three successive days
and nights processional progress on land and water, aided by Spain, and
Italy, and France, saluted the memory of the great pilot with the fruits
of the great discovery in a pageant more brilliant than that at Barcelona,
when, upon a throne of Persia fabrics, Ferdinand and Isabella disregar-
ded the etiquette of Castle and Aragon and received him standing, atten-
ded by the most splended court of Christendom.

And what a spectacle is presented to us here. As we gaze upon these
munificent erections, with their colnmns and arches, their entabalatures
adornments, when we consider their beauty and rapidity of realization,
they would seem to be evoked at a wizard's touch of Aladdin's lamp.

Praise for the organization and accomplishment, for the architect
and builder, for the artist and artisan, may not now detain me, for in the
year to come, in the mouths of all men it will be unstinted.

These are worthy shrines to record the achievements of the two
Americas and to place them side by side with the arts and industries of
the elder world, to the end that we may be stimulated and encouraged to
new endeavors. Columbus is not in chains nor are Columbian ideas in
fetters. I see him, as in the great picture under the dome of the capital,
with kneeling figures about him, betokening no longer the contrition of
his followers but the homage of mankind, with erect form and lofty
mien animating these children of a new world to higher facts and bolder
theories.

We may not now appreciate the character and value of our national
exhibit. Rather may we modestly anticipate that a conservative award
will be made by the world's criticism to a young nation eagerly listening
to the beckoning future, within whose limits the lightning first plucked
from heaven at the will of man, where the expansive power of steam was
first compelled to transport mankind and merchandise over the water-
ways of the world, where the implements of agriculture and handicraft
have been so perfected as to lighten the burdens of toil, and where the
subtle forces of nature, acting through the telegraph and telephone, are
daily startling the world by victories over matter, which in the days of
Columbus might have been reckoned among the miracles.

We can safely predict, however, ;hose who will come from the near
and distant regions of our country and who will themselves make part of
the national exhibit. We shall see the descendants of the loyal cavaliers
of Virginia, of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England, of the sturdy Hol-
landers who in 1624 bought the 22,000 acres of the Island of Manhattan
for the sum of $24, of the adherents of the old Christian faith who found
a resting place in Baltimore, of the Quakers and Palatine Germans who
settled in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, of the Huguenots, who fled from

the revocation of the edict of Nantes to the banks of the Hudson in the
North and those of the Cooper and Ashley Rivers in the South, of the
refugees from Salzburg in Georgia, and of Charles Edward's Highlanders
in North Carolina. With them also we shall have in person, or in their
sons, the thousands of others from many climes who, with moderate
fortunes, have joined their future to that of the great republic, or who
with sinewy arms have opened our waterways and builded our ironways.

We trust that from the lands beyond the seas many will come to en"
gage in fraternal competition or to point us to more excellent standards.
If they shall find little in our product to excite their admiration, we
shall welcome them to the atmosphere of the New World where some of
the best efforts have been made in the cause of freedom and progress by
Washington, and Franklin and Lafayette; by Agassiz, and Lincoln and
Grant; by Bolivar, and Juarez, and Toussaint L'Ouverture; by Fulton,
and Morse, and Edison.

Columbus lived in the age of great events. When he was a child, in
1440, printing was first done with movable types; seven years later the
Vatican Library, the great fountain of learning, was founded by Nicho-
las the Fifth; and 1455 is given as the probable date of the Mazarine
Bible, the earliest printed book known. It was not until fully a hundred
years after the discovery that Galileo, pointing his little telescope to the
sky,found the satellites of Jupiter and was hailed Columbus of the heavens.

His character was complex, as was that of many of the men of his
time who made their mark in history. But his character and attain-
ments are to be estimated by these of his contemporaries and not by
other standards. Deeply read in mathematical science, he was certainly
the best geographer of his t>me. I believe, with Castelar, that he was
sincerely religious, but his sincerity did not prevent him from indulging
in dreams. He projected, as the eloquent Spanish author says, the pur-
chase of the holy places of Jerusalem, in the event of his finding seas of
pearls, cities of gold, streets paved with sapphires, mountains of emer-
alds and rivers of diamonds. How remote, and yet how marvelous has
been the realization! Two products of the Southern continent, which
he touched and brought into the world's economy, have pr jved of inesti-
mable value to the race, far beyond what the imagined wealth of the In-
dies could buy.

The potato brought by the Spaniards from what is now the Republic
of Ecuador in the beginning of the century following the discovery, has
proved next to the principal cereals to be the most valuable of all plants
for human food. It has sensibly increased the wealth of nations and
added immeasurably to the welfare of the people. More certain than
other crops, and having little to fear from storm or drought, it is hail*"!
as an effectual barrier against the recurrence of famines.

OF*

Nor was the other product of less importance to mankind. Peru-
vian hark comes from a tree of spontaneous growth in Peru, and many
other parts of South America. It received its botanical name from the
wife of a Spanish viceroy, liberated from an intermittent fever by its
use. Its most important base, quinine, has come to be regarded, as
nearly as may be, as a specific for that disease, and also for the preser-
vation of health in certain latitudes, so that no vessel would dare to ap-
proach the east or west coast of Africa without a supply, and parts of
our own land would be made partially desolate by its disappearance. No
words that I could use could magnify the blessings brought to mankind
by these two individuals of the vegetable kingdom from the shores of the
New World.

Limited time for preparation does not permit me to speak authori-
tatively of the progress and proud position of our sister republics and of
the Dominion of Canada to demonstrate the moral and material fruits of
the great discovery. Concerning ourselves the statistics are familiar
and constitute a marvel. One of the States recently admitted, the State
of Montana, is larger than the empire of Turkey.

We are near the beginning of another century, and if no serious
change occurs in our present growth, in the year 1935, in the lifetime of
many now in manhood, the English-speaking republicans of America
will number more than 180.000.000. And for them John Bright, in a
burst of impassioned eloquence, predicts one people, one language, one
law and one faith; and all over the wide continent, the home of freedom
and a refuge for the oppressed of every race and every clime.

The transcendent feature in the character of Columbus was his
faith. That sustained him in days of trial and darkness, and finally
gave him the great discovery. Like him let us have faith in our future.
To insure that future let the fountains be kept pure, public integrity
must be preserved. While we reverence what Garibaldi and Victor
Emanuel fought for the union of peoples we must secure above all else
what Steuben and Kosciusko aided our fathers to establish liberty reg-
ulated by law.

If the time should ever come when men trifle with the public con-
science, let me predict the patriotic action of the republic in the lan-
guage of Milton:

"Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing
herself like a strong man after a sleep, and shaking her invincible locks;
methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youth, and kindling
her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam; purging and unsealing her
long-abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly radiance; while the
whole noise of timorous and nocking birds, with those also who love the
twilight, flutter about, amazed at what she means,"

Mr. President, in the name of the President of the United States, I
hereby dedicate these buildings and their appurtenances, intended by
the Congress of the United States for the use of the World's Columbian
Exposition, to the world's progress in art, in science, in agriculture and
in manufactures.

I dedicate them to humanity.

God save the United States of America.

HENRY WATTERSON S ADDRESS.

Among the wonders of creative and constructive genius in the course
of preparation for this Festival of the Nations, whose formal and official
inauguration has brought us together, will presently be witnessed upon
the margin of the interocean which gives to this noble and beautiful city
the character and rank of a maritime metropolis, a spectatorium, where-
in the Columbian epic will be told with realistic effects surpassing the
most splendid and impressive achievements of the modern stage. No
one who has had the good fortune to see the models of this extraordinary
work of art can have failed to be moved by the union, which it embodies,
and of the antique in history and the current in life and thought, as,
beginning with the weird mendicant fainting upon the hillside of Santa
Rabida it traces the strange adventures of the Genoese seer from the
royal camp of Santa Pe to the sunny coasts of the Isle of Inde; through
the weary watches of the endless night, whose sentinel stars seemed set
to mock but not to guide; through the trackless and shoreless wastes of
the mystic sea, spread day by day to bear upon every rise and fall of its
heaving bosom the death of fair, fond hopes, the birth of fantastic fears;
the peerless and thrilling revelation, and all that has followed to the
very moment that beholds us here, citizens, freemen, equal shareholders
in the miracle of American civilization and development. Is there one
among us who does not thank his Maker that he has lived to join in this
universal celebration, this jubilee of mankind?

I am appalled when I reflect upon the portent and meaning of the
proclamation which has been delivered in our presence. The painter
employed by the king's command to render to the eye some particular
exploit of the people, or the throne, knows in advance precisely what he
has to do; there is a limit set upon his purpose; his canvas is measured,
his colors are blended, and. with the steady and sure hand of the master,
he proceeds, touch upon touch, to body forth the forms of things known
and visible. Who shall measure the canvas or blend the colors that are
to bring to the mind's eye of the present the scenes of the past in Ameri-
can glory? Who shall da.re attempt to summon the dead to life, and out

of the tomb of the ages recall the tones of the martyrs and heroes whose
voices, though silent forever, still speak to us in all that we are as a
nation, in all that we do as men and women?

We look before and after, and we see through the half-drawn folds
of Time as through the solemn archways of some grand cathedral the
long procession pass, as silent and as real as a dream; the caravels, toss-
ing upon Atlantic billows, have their sails refilled from the east and bear
away to the west; the land is reached, and fulfilled is the vison whose
actualities are to be gathered by other hands than his who planned the
voyage and steered the bark of discovery; the long-sought golden day
has come to Spain at last, and Castilian conquests tread upon one another
fast enough to pile up perpetual power and riches.

But even as simple justice was denied Columbus, was lasting tenure
denied the Spaniard.

We look again and we see in the far Northeast the Old-World strug-
gle between the French and English transferred to the New, ending in
the tragedy upon the heights above Quebec; we see the sturdy Puritans
in bell-crowned hats and sable garments assail in unequal battle the
savage and the elements, overcoming both to rise against a mightier
foe; we see the gay but dauntless cavaliers, to the southward, join hands
with the Roundheads in holy rebellion. And, low down from the green-
walled hills of New England, out of the swamps of the Carolinas, come
faintly to the ear like far-away forest leaves stirred to music by autumn
winds, the drum-taps of the revolution; the tramp of the minute-men,
Israel Putnam riding before; the hoof-beats of Sumter's horse galloping
to the front; the thunder of Stark's guns in spirit- battle; the gleam of
Marion's watch-fires in ghostly bivouac; and there, there in serried,
saint-like ranks on fame's eternal camping-ground stand

The old Continentals,

In their ragged regimentals.

Yielding not.

as amid the singing of angels in heaven, the scene is shut out from our
mortal vision by proud and happy tears.

We see the rise of the young republic; and the gentlemen in knee-
breeches and powdered wigs who signed the Declaration and the gentle-
men in knee-breeches who made the Constitution. We see the little
Nation menanced from without. We see the riflemen in hunting shirt
and buckskin swarm from the cabin in the wilderness to the rescue of
country and home; and our hearts swell to a second and final decree of
independence won by the prowess and valor of American arms upon the
land and sea.

And then, and then since there is no life of nations or of men with-
out its shadow and its sorrow there comes a day when the spirits of the

fathers no longer walk upon the battlements of freedom; and all is dark:
and all seem lost save liberty and honor, and, praise God, our blessed
Union. With these surviving, who shall marvel at what we see to-day;
this land filled with the treasures of earth; this city, snatched from the
ashes, to rise in splendor and renown passing the mind to preconceive?

We are met this day to honor the memory of Christopher Columbus,
to celebrate the four-hundredth annual return of the year of his trans-
cendent achievement, and, with fitting rites, to dedicate to America and
the universe a concrete exposition of the world's progress between 1492
and 1892. No twenty centuries can be compared with those four centu-
ries, either in importance or in interest, as no previous ceremonial can
be compared with this in its wide significance and reach; because since
the advent of the son of God, no event has so great an influence upon
human affairs as the discovery of the Western Hemisphere. Each of the
centuries that have intervened marks many revolutions. The merest
catalogue would crowd a thousand pages. The story of the least of the
nations would fill a volume. In what I have to say upon this occasion,
therefore, I shall confine myself to our own; and, in speaking of the
United States of America, I propose rather to dwell upon our character
as a people, and our reciprocal obligations and duties as an aggregation
of communities, held together by a fixed Constitution, and charged with
the custody of a union upon whose preservation and perpetuation in its
original spirit and purpose the future of free popular government
depends, than to enter into a dissertation upon abstract principles, or to
undertake an historic essay. We are a plain practical people. We are
a race of inventors and workers, not of poets and artists. We have led
the world's movement, not its thought. Our deeds are to be found not
upon the frescoed walls, or in ample libraries, but in the machine shop,
where the spindles sing and the looms thunder; on the open plain, where
the steam plow, the reaper, and the mower contend with one another in
friendly war against the obduracies of nature; in the magic of electricity
as it penetrates the darkest caverns with its irresistible power and light.
Let us consider ourselves and our conditions, as far as we are able, with
a candor untinged by cynicism and a confidence with no air of assurance.

A better opportunity could not be desired for a study of our peculiari-
ties than is furnished by the present moment.

We are in the midst of the quadrennial period established for the
selection of a Chief Magistrate. Each citizen has his right of choice,
each has his right to vote and to have his vote freely cast and fairly
counted. Whenever this right is assailed for any cause, wrong is done
and evil must follow, first to the whole country, which has an interest in
all its parts, but most to the "community immediately involved, which
must actually drink of the cup that has contained the poison,

ot^

The abridgement of the right of suffrage, however, is very nearly
proportioned to the ignorance or indifference of the parties concerned in
it, and there is good reason to hope that with the expanding intelligence
of the masses and the growing enlightenment of the times, this particular
form of corruption in elections will be reduced below the danger-line.

To that end, as to all other good ends, the moderation of public sen-
timent must ever be our chief reliance, for when men are forced by the
general desire for truth, and the light which our modern vehicles of
information throw upon truth, to discuss public questions for truth's
sake, when it becomes the plain interest of pnblic men. as it is their
plain duty, to do this, and when, above all, friends and neighbors cease
to love one another less because of individual differences of opinion about
public affairs, the struggle for unfair advantage will be relegated to
those who have either no character to lose or none to seek.

It is admitted on all sides that the current Presidential campaign is
freer from excitement and tumult than was ever known before, and it is
argued from this circumstance that we are traversing the epoch of the
commonplace. If this be so, thank God for it ! We have had full
enough of the dramatic and sensational and need a season of mediocrity
and repose. But may we not ascribe the rational way in which the peo-
ple are going about their business to larger knowledge and experience,
and a fairer spirit than have hitherto marked our party contentions'?

Parties are as essential to free government as oxygen to the atmos-
phere, or sunshine to vegetation. And party spirit is inseparable from
party organism. To the extent that it is tempered by good sense and
good feeling, by love of country and integrity of purpose, it is a supreme
virtue; and there should be no gag short of a decent regard for the sen-
sibilities of others put upon its freedom and plainness of utterance.
Otherwise the limpid pool of democracy would stagnate, and we should
have a republic only in name. But we should never cease t j be admon-
ished by the warning words of the Father of his Country against the ex-
cess of party spirit, reinforced as they are by the experience of a century
of party warfare; a warfare happily culminating in the complete tri-
umph of American principles, but brought many times dangerously near
to the annihilation of all that was great and noble in the national life.

Sursum Corda. We have in our time seen the republic survive an
irrepressible conflict, sown in the blood and marrow of the social order.
We have seen the Federal Union, not too strongly put together in the
first place, come out of a great war of sections stronger than when it
went into it, its faith renewed, its credit rehabilitated, and its flag sa-
luted with love and homage by 70,000,000 of God-fearing men and women
thoroughly reconciled and homogeneous. We have seen the Federal
Constitution outlast the strain, not merely of a reconstructory ordeal and

a Presidential impeachment, but a disputed coiint of the Electoral Vote,
a Congressional deadlock and an extra constitutional tribunal, yet stand-
ing firm against the assaults of its enemies, whilst yielding itself with
admirable flexibility to the needs of the country and the time. And
finally, we saw the gigantic fabric of the Federal Government transferred
from hands that held it a quarter of a century to other hands without a
protest, although so close was the poll in the final count that a single
blanket might have covered both contestants for the Chief Magisterial
office. With such a record behind us, who shall be afraid of the future?

The young manhood of the country may take this lesson from those
of us who who lived through times that did indeed try men's souls
when, pressed down from day to day by awful responsibilities and sus-
pense, each night brought a terror with every thought of the morrow,
and when, look where we would, there were light and hope nowhere
that God reigns and wills, and that this fair land is and has always been
in his own keeping.

The curse of slavery is gone. It was a joint heritage of woe, to be
wiped out and expiated in blood and flame. The mirage of the Confed-
eracy has vanished. It was essentially bucolic, a vision of Arcadia, the
dream of a most attractive economic fallacy. The Constitution is no
longer a rope of sand. The exact relations of the States to the Federal
Government, left open to double construction by the authors of our or-
ganic being because they could not agree among themselves and union
was the paramount object, has been clearly and definitely fixed by the
last three amendments to the original chart, which constitute the real
treaty of peace between the North and the South, and seal our bonds as
a nation forever.

The republic represents at last the letter and spirit of the sublime
declaration. The fetters that bound her to the earth are burst asunder.
The rags that degraded her beauty are cast aside. Like the enchanted
Princess in the legend, clad in spotless raiment and wearing a crown of
living light, she steps in the perfection of her maturity npon the scene
of this, the latest and proudest of her victories, to bid a welcome to the
world !

Need I pursue the theme? This vast assemblage speaks with a res-
onance and meaning which words can never reach. It speaks from the
fields that are blessed from the never-failing waters of the Kennebec and
from the farms that sprinkle the valley of the Connecticut with mimic
principalities more potent and lasting than the real; it speaks in the
whirr of the mills of Pennsylvania, and in the ring of the wood-cutter's
ax from the forests of the lake peninsulas; it speaks from the great plan-
tations of the South and West, teeming with staples that insure us
wealth and power and stability; yea, and from the mines and forests and

OF- THE

quarries of Michigan and Wisconsin, of Alabama and Georgia, of Ten-
nessee and Kentucky, far away to the regions of silver and gold, that
have linked the Colorado and the Rio Grande in close embrace, and an-
nihilated time and space between the Atlantic and the Pacific: it speaks
in one word from the hearthstone in Iowa and Illinois, from the home in
Mississippi and Arkansas, from the hearts of 70,000,000 of fearless, free-
born men and women, and that one word is "Union !"

There is no geography in American manhood. There are no sec-
tions to American fraternity. It needs but six weeks to change a Ver-
monter into a, Texan, and there never has been a time when upon the
battlefield or the frontier, Puritan and Cavalier were not convertible
terms, having in the beginning a common origin, and so diffused and di-
luted on American soil as no longer to possess a local habitation, or a
nativity, except in the national unit.

The men who planted the signals of American civilization upon that
sacred rock of Plymouth Bay were Englishmen, and so were the men
who struck the coast a little lower down, calling their haven of rest after
the great republican commoner, and founding by Hampton Roads a race
of heroes and statesmen, the mention of whose names brings a thrill to
every heart. The South claims Lincoln, the immortal, for its own; the
North has no right to reject Stonewall Jackson, the one typical Puritan
soldier of the war, for its own ! Nor will it ! The time is coming, is
almost here, when hanging above many a mantel-board in fair New
England glorifying many a cottage in the Sunny South shall be seen
together, in everlasting love and honor, two cross-swords carried to bat-
tle respectively by the grandfather who wore the blue, and the grand-
father who wore the gray.

I cannot trust myself to proceed. We have come here not so much
to recall bygone sorrows and glories as to bask in the sunshine of pres-
ent prosperity and happiness, to interchange patriotic greetings and in-
dulge good auguries, and, above all, to meet upon the threshhold the
stranger within our gate, not as a foreigner, but as a guest and friend,
for whom nothing that we have is too good.

From wheresoever he cometh we welcome him with all our hearts;
the son of the Rhone and the Garonne, our godmother, Prance, to whom
we owe so much, he shall be our Lafayette; the son of the Rhine and the
Moselle, he shall be our Goethe and our Wagner; the son of the Cam-
pagna and the Vesuvian Bay, he shall be our Michael Angelo and our
Garibaldi; the son of Arragon and the Indes, he shall be our Christopher
Columbus, fitly honored at last throughout the world.

Our good cousin of England needs no words of special civility and
courtesy from us. For him the latch-string is ever on the outer side;
though, whether it be or not, we are sure that he will enter and make

himself at home. A common language enables us to do full justice to
one another at the festive board or in the arena of debate, warning both
of us in equal tones against further parley on the field of arms.

All nations and all creeds be welcome here; from the Bosphorus and
the Black Sea. the Viennese woods and the Danubian plains; from Hol-
land dike to Alpine crag; from Belgrade and Calcutta and round to
China seas and the busy marts of Japan, the isles of the Pacific and the
far-away capes of Africa Armenian, Christian and Jew the American,
loving no country except his own, but loving all mankind as his brother,
bids you enter and fear not; bids you partake with us of the fruits of 400
years of American civilization and development and behold these tro-
phies of 100 years of American independence and freedom !

At this moment in every part of the American Union the children
are taking up the wondrous tale of the discovery, and from Boston to
Galveston, from the little log school house in the wilderness to the tow-
ering academy in the city and the town, may be witnessed the unprece-
dented spectacle of a powerful nation captured by an army of Lilliputs,
of embryo men and women, of topling boys and girls, and tiny elves
scarcely big enough to lisp the numbers of the national anthem; scarce
strong enough to lift the miniature flags that make of arid street and
autumn wood an emblematic garden, to gladden the sight and to glorify
the red, white and blue. See

"Our young barbarians all at play."

for better than these we have nothing to exhibit. They, indeed, are
our crown jewels; the truest, though the inevitable, offsprings of our
civilization and development; the representatives of a manhood vitalized
and invigorated by toil and care, of a womanhood elevated and inspired
by liberty and education. God bless the children and their mothers !
God bless our country's flag ! And God be with us now and ever, God in
the roof-tree's shade and God on the highway, God in the winds and
waves, and God in all our hearts !

CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW'S ADDRESS.

This day belongs not to Americans but to the world. The results of
the events it commemorates are the heritage of the people of every race
and clime. We celebrate the emancipation of man. The preparation
was the work of almost countless centuries, the realization was the reve-
lation of one. The cross on Calvary was hope; the cross raised on San
Salvador was opportunity. But for the first, Columbus would never have
sailed, but for the second there would have been no place for the planting,
the nurture, and the expansion of civil and religious liberty. Ancient

history is a dreary record of unstable civilizations. Each reached its
zenith of material splendor, and perished. The Assyrian, Persian,
Egyptian. Grecian, and Roman Empires were proof of the possibilities
and limitations of man for conquest and intellectual development. Their
destruction involved a sum of misery and relapse which made their crea-
tion rather a curse than a blessing. Force was the factor in the govern-
ment of the world when Christ was born, and force was the sole source
and exercise of authority both by Church and State when Columbus
sailed from Palos.

The wise men traveled from the east towards the west under the
guidance of the Star of Bethlehem. The spirit of equality of all men
before God and the law moved westward from Calvary with its revolu-
tionary influence upon old institutions to the Atlantic Ocean. Columbus
carried it westward across the seas. The emigrants from England,
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, from Germany and Holland, from Sweden
and Denmark, from France and Italy have, under its guidance and inspi-
ration, moved west, and again west, building States and founding cities
until the Pacific limited their march. The exhibition of arts and scien-
ces, of industries and inventions, of education and civilization which the
Republic of the United States will here present, and to which, through
its Chief Magistrate, it invites all nations, condenses and displays the
flower and fruitage of this transcendent miracle.

The anarchy and chaos which followed the breaking up of the Roman
Empire necessarily produced the feudal system. The people preferring
slavery to annihilation by robber chiefs became the vassals of territorial
lords. The reign of physical force is one of perpetual struggle for the
mastery. Power which rests upon the sword neither shares nor limits
its authority. The king destroys the lords, and the monarchy succeeded
feudalism. Neither of these institutions considered or consulted the
people. They had no part but to suffer or die in this mighty strife of
masters for the mastery. But the throne, by its broader view and
greater resources, made possible the construction of the highways of free-
dom. Under its banner races could unite, and petty principalities be
merged, law substituted for brute force, and right for might. It founded
and endowed universities a:id encouraged commerce. It conceded no
political privileges, but unconsciously prepared its subjects to demand
them. Absolutism in the State and bigoted intolerance in the Church
shackled popular unrest and and imprisoned thought and enterprise in
the fifteenth century. The divine right of kings stamped out the faintest
glimmer of revolt against tyranny; and the problems of science were
solved or submerged by ecclesiastical decrees. The dungeon was ready
for *he philosopher who proclaimed the truths of the solar system or the
navigator who would prove the sphericity of the earth. An English

Gladstone, or a French Gambetta, or a German Bismarck, or an Italian
Garibaldi, or a Spanish Castelar would have been thought monsters, and
their deaths at the stake, or on the scaffold, and under the anathemas of
the church would have received the praise and approval of kings and
nobles, of priests and peoples. Reason had no seat in spiritual or tem-
poral realms. Punishment was the incentive to patriotism, and piety
was held possible by torture. Confessions of faith extorted from the
writhing victim on the rack were believed efficacious in saving nis soul
from fires eternal beyond the grave. For all that humanity to-day
cherishes as its best heritage and choicest gifts, there was neither
thought nor hope.

Fifty years before Columbus sailed from Palos, Guttenberg and Faust
had forged the hammer which was to break the bonds of superstition
and open the prison doors of the mind. They had invented the printing
press and movable types. The prior adoption of a cheap process for the
manufacture of paper at once utilized the press. Its first service, like
all of its succeeding efforts, was for the people. The universities and
the schoolmen, the privileged and the learned few of that age, were
longing for the revelation and preservation of the classic treasures of
of antiquity hidden and yet insecure in monastic cells and libraries. But
the first born of the marvelous creation of these primitive printers of
Mayence was the printed Bible. The priceless contributions of Greece
and Rome to the intellectual training and development of the modern
world came afterwards, through the same wondrous machine. 55 The
force, however, which made possible America, and its reflex influence
upon Europe, was the open Bible by the family fireside. And yet neither
ths enlightenment of the new learning, nor the dynamic power of the
spiritual awakening, could break through the crust of caste which had
been forming for centuries. Church and State had so dextrously inter-
woven the bars of privilege and authority that liberty was impossible
from within. Its piercing light and penetrating heat must penetrate
from without.

Civil and religious freedom are founded upon the individual and his
independence, his worth, his rights, and his equal status and opportunity.
For his planting and development a new land must be found, where, with
limitless areas for expansion, the avenues of progress would have no bars
of custom or heredity, of social orders or privileged classes. The time
had come for the emancipation of the mind and soul of humanity. The
factors wanting for its fulfillment were the New World and its discoverer.

God always has in training some commanding genius for the control
of great crises in the affairs of nations and peoples. The number of
these leaders is less than the centuries, but their lives are the history of
human progress. Though Caesar, and Charlemagne, and Hildebrand,

TME:

and Luther, and William the Conqueror, and Oliver Cromwell, and all
the epoch-makers prepared Europe for the event, and contributed to the
result, the lights which illuminate our firmament to-day are Columbus
the discoverer, Washington the founder, and Lincoln the savior.

Neither realism nor romance furnishes a more striking and pictur-
esque figure than that of Christopher Columbus. The mystery about his
origin heightens the charm of his story. That he came from among the
toilers of his time is in harmony with the struggles of our period. For-
ty-four authentic portraits of him have descended to us, and no two of
them are counterfeits of the same person. Strength, intellectuality and
stupidity, high moral purpose and brutal ferocity, purity and licentious-
ness, the dreamer and the miser, the pirate and the puritan, are the
types from which we may select our hero. We dismiss the painter, and
piercing with the clarified vision of the dawn of the twentieth century
the veil of 400 years, we construct our Columbus.

The perils of the sea in his youth upon the rich argosies of Genoa,
or in the service of the licensed rovers who made them their prey, had
developed a skillful navigator and an intrepid mariner. They had given
him a glimpse of the possibilities of the unknown beyond the highways
of travel which aroused an unquenchable thirst for adventure and re-
search. The study of the narratives of previous explorers and diligent
questionings of the daring spirits who had ventured far towards the fa-
bled west gradually evolved a theory which became in his mind so fixed
a fac t that he could inspire others with his own passionate beliefs. The
words, ''that is a lie," written by him on thema r gin of nearlyevery page
of a volume of the travels of Morco Polo, which is still to be found in a
Genoese library, illustrate the skepticism of his beginning, and the first
vision of the New World the fufillment of his faith.

To secure the means to test the truth of his speculations, this poor
and unknown dreamer must win the support of kings and overcome the
the hostility of the church. He never doubted his ability to do both,
though he knew of no man living who was so great in power, or lineage,
or learning that he could accomplish either. Unaided and alone he suc-
ceeded in arousing the jealousies of sovereigns and dividing- the councils
of ecclesiastics. "I will command your fleet and discover for you new
realms, but only on condition that you confer on me hereditary nobility,
the Admiralty of the ocean, and the Vice-Royalty and one-tenth of the
revenues of the New World," were his haughty terms to King John of
Portugal. After ten years of disappointment and poverty, subsisting
most of the time upon the charity of the enlightened monk of the Convent
of Rabida, who was his unfaltering friend, he stood before the throne of
Ferdinand and Isabella, and, rising to imperial dignity in his rage, em-
bodied the same royal conditions to his petition.

The capture of Granada, the expulsion of Islam from Europe, and the
triumph of the cross aroused the admiration and devotion of Christendom.
But this proud beggar, holding in his grasp the potential promise and
dominion of El Djrado and Cathay, divided with the Moslem surrender
the attention of sovereigns and of bishops. France and England indicated
a desire to hear his theories and see his maps, while he was still a sup-
pliant at the gates of the camp of Castile and Aragon, the sport of its
courtiers and the scoff of its confessors. His unshaken faith that Chris-
topher Columbus was commissioned from heaven, both by his name and
by divine command to carry ''Christ across the sea" to new continents
and pagan peoples, lifted him so far above the discouragements of an
empty purse and a contemptuous court that he was proof against the
rebuffs of fortune or of friends. To conquer the prejudices of the clergy,
to win the approval and financial support of the State, to venture upon
that unknown ocean, which, according to the beliefs of the age, was
peopled with demons and savage beasts of frightful shape, and from which
there was no possibility of return, required the zeal of Peter the Hermit,
and chivalric courage of the Cid, and the imagination of Dante. Co/um-
bus belonged to that high order of cranks who confidently tread where
'angels fear to tread," and often become the benefactors of their country
or their kind.

It was a happy omen of the position which woman was to hold in
America, that the only person who comprehended the majestic scope of
his plans, and the invincible quality of his genius, was the able and gra-
cious queen of Castile. Isabella alone of all the dignitaries of that age
shares with Columbus the honors of his great achievement. She arrayed
her kingdom and her private fortune behind the enthusiasm of this
mystic mariner, and posterity pays homage to her wisdom and faith.

The overthrow of the Mohammedan power in Spain would have been
a forgotten scene in one of the innumerable acts in the grand drama of
history had not Isabella conferred immortality upon herself, her husband
and their dual crown by her recognition of Columbus. The devout spirit
of the Queen and the high purpose of the explorer inspired the voyage,
subdued the mutinous crew, and prevailed over the raging storms. They
covered, with the divine radiance of religion and humanity, the degrad-
ing search for gold, and the horrors of its quest, which filled the first
century of conquest with every form of lust and greed.

The mighty soul of the great Admiral was undaunted by the ingrati-
tude of Princes and the hostility of the people by imprisonment and
neglect. He died as he was securing the means and preparing a cam-
paign for the rescue of the holy sepulcher at Jerusalem from the intidel.
He did not know, what time has .evealed, that while th-} mission of the
crusades of Godfrey of Bouillon, and Richard of the Lion Heart was a

OF*

bloody and fruitless romance, the discovery of America was the salvation
of the world. The one was the symbol, the other the spirit; the one
death, the other life. The tomb of the Savior was a narrow and empty
vault, precious only for its memories of the supreme tragedy of the cen-
turies, but the new continent the home and temple of the living God.

The rulers of the Old World began with partitioning the New. To
them the discovery was expansion of empire and grandeur to the throne.
Vast territories, whose properties and possibilities were little understood,
and whose extent was greater than the kingdoms of the sovereigns, were
the gifts to court favorites and the prizes of royal approval. But indi-
vidual intelligence and independent conscience found here haven and
refuge. They were the passengers upon the caravels of Columbus, and
he was unconsciously making for the port of civil and religious liberty.
Thinkers, who believed men capable of higher destinies and larger
responsibilities, and pious people who preferred the Bible to that union
of Church and State where each serves the other for the temporal benefit
of both, fled to these distant and hospitable lands from intolerable and
hopeless oppression at home. It required 300 years for the people thus
happily situated to understand their own power and resources and to
break bonds which were still reverenced or loved, no matter how deeply
they wounded, or how hard they galled.

The nations of Europe were so completely absorbed in dynastic diffi-
culties and devastating wars, with diplomacy and ambitions, that they
neither heeded nor heard of the growing democratic spirit and intelli-
gence in their American colonies. To them these provinces were sources
of revenue, and they never dreamed that they were also schools of liberty.
That it exhausted three centuries under the most favorable conditions
for the evolution of freedom on this continent demonstrates the tremen-
dous strength of custom and heredity when sanctioned and sanctified by
religion. The very chains which fettered became inextricably woven
with the habits of life, the associations of childhood, the tenderest ties
of the family, and the sacred offices of the church from the cradle to the
grave. It clearly proves that if the people of the Old World and their
descendants had not possessed the opportunities afforded by the New for
their emancipation, and mankind had never experienced and learned the
American example, instead of living in the light and glory of nineteenth
century conditions they would still be struggling with medieval problems.

The northern continent was divided between England, Prance and
Spain, and southern between Spain and Portugal. Prance, wanting the
capacity for calonization, which still characterizes her, gave up her
western possessions and left the English, who have the genius of univer-
sal empire, masters of North America. The development of the experi-
ment in the English domain makes this day memorable. It is due to the

wisdom and courage, the faith and virtue of the inhabitants of this ter-
ritory that government of the people, for the people and by the people
was inaugurated, and has become a triumphant success. The Puritan
settled in New England and the Cavalier in the South. They repre-
sented the opposite of spiritual and temporal life and opinions. The
processes of liberty liberalized the one and elevated the other. Wash-
ington and Adams were the new types. Their union in a common cause
gave the world a republic both stable aud free. It possessed conserva-
tism without bigotry, and liberty without license. It founded institu-
tions strong enough to resist revolution, and elastic enough for indefinite
extension to meet the requirements in government of ever enlarging the
areas of population and the needs of progress and growth.

The Mayflower, with the Pilgrims, and a Dutch ship laden with
African slaves were on the ocean at the same time, the one sailing for
Massachusetts and the other for Virginia. This company of saints and
first cargo of slaves represented the forces which were to peril and res-
cue free government. The slaver was the product of the commercial
spirit of Great Britain and the greed of the times to stimulate produc-
tion in the colonies. The men who wrote in the cabin of the Mayflower
the first charter of freedom, a government of just and equal laws, were a
little band of protestants against every form of injustice and tyranny.
The leaven of their pi inciples made possible the Declaration of Indepen-
dence, liberated the slaves, and founded the new Commonwealths which
form the Republic of the United States.

Platforms of principles, whether by petition, or protest or statement,
have been as frequent as revolts against established authority. They
are parts of the political literature of all nations. The Declaration of
Independence proclaimed at Philadelphia, July 4th, 1776, is the only one
of them which arrested the attention of the world when it was published,
and has held its undivided interest ever since. The vocabulary of the
equality of man had been in familiar use by philosophers and statesmen
for ages. It expressed noble sentiments, but their application was lim-
ited to classes or conditions. The masses cared little for them, nor re-
membered, them long. Jefferson's superb crystalization of the popular
opinion, that ''all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, lib-
erty and the pursuit of happiness," had its force and effect in being the
deliberate utterance of the people. Tt swept away in a single sentence
Kings and nobles, peers and prelates. It was magna charta, and the pe-
tition of rights planted in the virgin soil of the American wilderness,
and bearing richer and riper fruit. Under its vitalizing influence upon
the individual, the farmer left his plow in the furrow, the lawyer his
books and briefs, the merchant his shop, and the workman his bench, to

THE;

enlist in the patriot army. They were fighting for themselves and their
children. They embodied the idea in their Constitution, in the immor-
tal words with which that instrument of liberty and order began. "We,
the people of the United States, do ordain."

The scope and limitations of this idea of freedom have neither been
misinterpreted nor misunderstood. The laws of nature in their applica-
tion to the rise and recognition of men according to their mental, moral,
spiritual, and physical endowments are left undisturbed. But the acci-
dent of birth gives no rank and confers no privilege. Equal rights and
common opportunity for all have been the spurs of ambition and the
motors of progress. They have established the common schools and
built the public libraries. A sovereign people have learned and enforced
the lesson of free education. The practice of government is itself a
liberal education. People who make their own laws need no law-givers.
After a century of successful trial the system has passed the period of
experiment, and its demonstrated permanency and power are revolu-
tionizing the governments of the world. It has raised the largest armies
of modern times for self-preservation, and the successful termination of
war returned the soldiers to the pursuits of peace. It has so adjusted
itself to the pride and patriotism of the defeated that they vie with the
victors in their support and enthusiasm for the old flag and our common
country. Imported Anarchists have preached their baleful doctrines,
but have made no converts. They have tried to inaugurate a reign of
terror under the banner of the violent seizure and distribution of pro-
perty only to be defeated, imprisoned, and executed by the law made by
the people and enforced by juries selected from the people. Socialism
finds disciples only among those who were its votaries before they were
forced to fly from their native land, but it does not take root upon Ameri-
can soil. The state neither supports nor permits taxation to maintain
the church. The citizen can worship God according to his belief and
conscience, or he may neither reverence nor recognize the Almighty.
And yet religion has flourished, churches abound, the ministry is sus-
tained, and millions of dollars are contributed annually for the evange-
lization of the world. The United States is a Christian country and a
living and practical Christianity is the characteristic of its people.

Benjamin Franklin, philosopher and patriot, amused the jaded
courtiers of Louis XVI. by his talks about liberty, and entertained the
scientists of Prance by bringing lightning from the clouds. In the
reckoning of time the period from Franklin to Morse, and from Morse to
Edison is but a span, and yet it marks a material development as mar-
velous as it has been beneficent. The world has been brought into con-
tact and sympathy. The electric current thrills and unifies the people
of the globe. Power and production, highways and transports have been

so mutiplied and improved by inventive genius that within the century
of our independence 64,000,000 of people have happy homes and improved
conditions within our borders. We have accumulated wealth far beyond
the visions of the Cathay of Columbus, or the El Dorado of De Sota. But
the farmers and freeholders, the savings banks and shops illustrate its
universal distribution. The majority are its possessors and administra-
tors. In housing and living, in the elements which make the toiler a
self-respecting and respected citizen, in avenues of hope and ambition for
children, in all that gives broader scope and keener pleasure to existence,
the people of this republic enjoy advantages far beyond those of other
lands. The unequal and phenomenal progress of the country has opened
wonderful opportunities for making fortunes and stimulated to madness
the desire and rush for the accumulation of money. Material prosperity
has not debased literature nor debauched the press; it has neither para-
lyzed nor repressed intellectual activity. American science and letters
have received rank and recognition in the older centers of learning.
The demand for higher education has so taxed the resources of the
ancient universities as to compel the foundation and liberal endowment
of colleges all over the Union. Journals remarkable for their ability,
independence, and power find their strength not in the patronage of
government or the subsidies of wealth, but in the support of a nation of
newspaper readers. The humblest and poorest person has in periodicals,
whose price is counted in pennies, a library large, fuller, and more varied
than was within the reach of the rich at the time of Columbus.

The sum of human happiness has been infinitely increased by the
millions from the Old World, who have improved their conditions in the
New. and the returning tide of lessons and experience has incalculably
enriched the Fatherlands. The divine right of Kings has taken its place
with the instruments of mediaeval torture among the curiosities of the
antiquary. Only the shadow of kingly authority stands between the
government of themselves, by themselves, and the people of Norway and
Sweden. The union in one Empire of States of Germany is the symbol
of Teutonic power and the hope of German liberalism.

The petty despotisms of Italy have been merged into a nationality
which has centralized its authority in its ancient eapitol on the hills of
Rome. France was rudely aroused from the sullen submission of centu-
ries to intolerable tyranny by its soldiers returning from service in the
American Revolution. The wild orgies of the reign of terror were the
revenges and excesses of the people who had discovered their power but
were not prepared for its -beneficent use. It fled from itself into the
arms of Napoleon. He, too, was a product of the American experiment.
He played with kings as with toys, and educated France for liberty. In
the processes of its evolution from darkness to light it tried Bourbon and

THIS -\*/

Orleanist and the third Napoleon, and east them aside. Now in the full-
ness of time, and through the training in the school of hardest experi-
ence, the French people have reared and enjoy a permanent republic.
England of the Mayflower and of James II, England of George III and of
Lord North, has enlarged suffrage, and is to-day animated and governed
hy the democratic spirit. She has her throne, admirably occupied by
one of the wisest of sovereigns and best of women, but it would not sur-
vive one dissolute and unworthy successor. She has her hereditary
peers, but the House of Lords will be brushed aside the moment it resists
the will of the people.

The time has arrived for both a closer union and greater distance
between the Old World and the New. The former indiscriminate wel-
come to our prairies, and the present invitation to these palaces of art
and industry, mark the passing period. Unwatched and unhealthy im-
migration can no longer be permitted to our shores. We must have a
national quarantine against disease, pauperism and crime. We do not
want candidates for our hospitals, our poorhouses or our jails. We can-
not admit those who come to undermine our institutions and subvert our
laws. But we will gladly throw wide our gates for and receive with
open arms those who, by intelligence and virtue, by thrift and loyalty,
are worthy of receiving the equal advantages of the priceless gift of
American citizenship. The spirit and object of this exhibition are peace
and kinship.

- Three millions of Germans, who are among the best citizens of the
republic, send greeting to the Fatherland their pride in its glorious his-
tory, its ripe literature, its traditions and associations. Irish, equal in
number to those who remain upon the Emerald Isle, who have illustrated
their devotion to their adopted country on many a battlefield, fighting
for the Union and its perpetuity, have rather intensified than diminished
their love for the land of the shamrock and their sympathy with the as-
pirations of their brethren at home. The Italian, the Spaniard and the
Frenchman, the Norwegian, the Swede and the Dane, the English, the
Scotch and the Welsh, are none the less loyal and devoted Americans
because in this congress of their kin the tendrils of affection draw them
closer to the hills and valleys, the legends and the loves associated with
their youth.

Edmund Burke, speaking in the British Parliament with prophetic
voice, said: ''A great revolution has happened a revolution made not
by chopping and changing of power in any of the existing States, but by
the appearance of a new State, of a new species, in a new part of the
globe. It has made a great change in all the relations and balances and
gravitations of power as the appearance of a new planet would in the
system of the solar world." Thus was the humiliation of a successful re-

volt tempered to the motherland by pride in the State created by her
children. If we claim heritage in Bacon, Shakspeare and Milton, we
also acknowledge it was for liberties guaranteed Englishmen by sacred
charters our fathers triumphantly fought. While wisely rejecting
throne and caste and privilege and an established church in their new-
born State, they adopted the substance of English liberty and the body
of English law. Closer relations than with any other lands, and a com-
mon language rendering easy interchanges of criticisms and epithet,
sometimes irritate and offend, but the heart of republican America beats
with responsive pulsations to the hopes and aspirations of the people of
Great Britain.

The grandeur and beauty of this spectacle are the eloquent witnesses
of peace and progress. The Parthenon and the cathedral exhausted the
genius of the ancients and the skill of the medieval architects in hous-
ing the statue or spirit of deity. In their ruins or their antiquity they
are mute protests against the merciless enmity of nations, which forced
art to flee to the altar for protection. The United States welcomes the
sister republics of the Southern and Northern Continents and the nations
and peoples of Europe and Asia, of Africa and Australia, with the prod-
ucts of their lands, of their skill and of their industry to this city of yes-
terday, yet clothed with royal splendor as the Queen of the Great Lakes.
The artists and architects of the country have been bidden to design and
erect the buildings which shall fitly illustrate the height of civilization
and the breadth of our hospitality. The peace of the world permits and
protects their efforts in utilizing their powers for man's temporal wel-
fare. The result is this Park of Palaces. The originality and boldness
of their conceptions, and the magnitude and harmony of their creations,
are the contribution of America to the oldest of the arts, and the cordial
bidding of America to the peoples of the earth to come and bring the
fruitage of their age to the boundless opportunities of this unparalleled
exhibition.

If interest in the affairs of this world is vouchsafed to those who
have gone before, the spirit of Columbus hovers over us to-day. Only by
celestial intelligence can it grasp the full significance of this spectacle
and ceremonial.

From the first century to the fifteenth counts for little in the history
of progress, but in the period between the fifteenth and twentieth are
crowded the romance and reality of human development. Life has been
prolonged, and its enjoyment intensified. The powers of the air and the
water, the resistless forces of the elements, which in the time of the dis-
coverer were the visible terrors of the wrath of God, have been subdued
to the service of man. Art and luxuries which could be possessed and
enjoyed only by the rich and noble, the works of genius which were read

and understood only by the learned few, domestic comforts and surround-
ings beyond the reach of lord or bishop, now adorn and illumine the
homes of our citizens. Serfs are sovereigns, and the people are kings.
The trophies and splendors of their reign are commonwealths, rich in
every attribute of great States, and united in a republic whose power and
prosperity, and liberty and enlightenment, are the wonder and admira-
tion of the world.

All hail, Columbus, discoverer, dreamer, hero and apostle. We here,

of every race and country, recognize the horizon which bounded his
vision and the infinite scope of his genius. The voice of gratitude and
praise for all the blessings which have been showered upon mankind by
his adventure is limited to no language, but is uttered in every tongue.
Neither marble nor brass can fitly form his statue. Continents are his
monument, and unnumbered millions, past, present and to come, who
enjoy in their liberties and their happiness the fruits of his faith, will
reverently guard and preserve, from century to century, his name.

ODEX

BY MISS HARRIET MONROE. READ AND SUNG AT THE DEDICATORY CEREMONIES OF THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

Columbia; on thy brow are dewy flowers

Plucked from wide prairies and mighty hills.
Lo! toward this day have the steadfast hours,

Now to thy hope the world its beaker fills.
The old earth hears a song of blessed themes,

And lifts her head from a deep couch of dreams
Her queenly nations, elder-born of time,

Troop from high thrones to hear,
Clasp thy strong hands, tread with thee paths.

Lovingly bend the ear. [sublime.

Spain, in the bordered robes of chivalry,

Comes with slow foot and inward brooding eyes,
Bow to her banner! 'twas the first to rise

Out of the dark for thee.
And England, royal mother, whose rignt hand

Molds nations whose white feet the ocean tread,
Lays down her sword on thy beloved strand

To bless thy wreathed head;
Hearing in thine her voice, bidding thy soul
Fulfill her dream, the foremost at the goal.
And France, who once thy fainting form upbore,
Brings beauty now where strength she brought
of yore.

France, the swift-footed, who with thee
Gazed in the eyes of Liberty.
And loved the dark no more.

Around the peopled world
Bright Banners are unfurled.
The long procession winds from shore to shore.
The Norseman sails
Through icy gales

To the green Vineland of his long-ago,
Russia rides down from realms of sun and snow.
Germany casts afar
Her iron robes of war,
And strikes her harp with thy triumphal song.

Italy opens wide her epic scroll,
In bright hues emblazoned, with great deeds

writ long,

And bids thee win the kingdom of the soul.
And the calm Orient, wise with many days,
From hoary Palestine to sweet Japan,

Salutes thy conquering youth;
Bidding thee hush while all the nations praise,
Know, though the world endure but for a span,
Deathless is truth.

Lo ! unto these the ever-living past

Ushers a mighty pageant, bids arise
Dead centuries, freighted with visions vast,
Blowing dim mists into the future's eyes.
Their song is all of thee,
Daughter of mystery.

Alone ! Alone !
Behind wide walls of sea !
And never a ship has flown
A prisoned world to free.
Fair is the sunny day

On mountain, and lake and stream,
Yet wild men starve and slay,

And the young earth lies adream.
Long have the dumb years pressed with vacant

eyes,

Bearing rich gifts for nations throned afar,
Guarding thy soul inviolate as a star,
Leaving thee safe with God till man grow wise.
At last one patient heart is born
Fearless of ignorance and scorn,
His strong youth wasteth at thy sealed gate-
Kings will not open to the untrod path.

OF-

His hope grows sere while all the angels wait,
The prophet bows under the dull world's
wrath.

Until a woman fair
As morning lilies are
Brings him a jeweled key
And lo ! a world is free.

Wide swings the portal never touched before,
Strange luring winds blow from an unseen shore,
Toward dreams that cannot fail
He bids the three ships sail,
While man's new song of hope rings out against
the gale.

Over the wide unknown,

Par to the shores of the Ind,
On through the dark alone,

Like a feather blown by the wind;
Into the west away,

Sped by the breath of God,
Seeking the clearer day

Where only his feet have trod;
From the past to the future we sail;

We slip from the leash of Kings.
Hail, spirit of freedom hail!

Unfurl thy impalpable wings!
Receive us, protect us, and bless

Thy knights who brave all for thee.
Though death be thy soft caress,

By that touch shall our souls be free
Onward and ever on.

Till the voice of despair is stilled,
Till the haven of peace is won,

And the purpose of God fulfilled.

O strange, divine surprise!
Out of the dark man strives to rise,
And struggles inch by inch with toil and tears;
Till, lo! God stoops from His supernal spheres,
And bares the glory of His face,
Then darkness flies afar.
This earth becomes a star
Man leaps up to the lofty place.
We ask a little all is given,

We Seek a lamp God grants us heaven,
So these who dared to pass beyond the pale,

For an idea tempting the shrouded seas,
Sought but Cathay. God bade their faith prevail

To find a world blessed his purposes!
The hero knew not what virgin soil [he laid

Laughed through glad eyes when at her feet

The gaudy trappings of man's masquerade.
She who had dwelt in forests, heard the roll

Of lakes down thundering to the sea,
Beheld the gleaming mountain heights
Two oceans playing with the lights

Of eve and morn ah' what should she

With all the out-worn pageantry
Of purple robes and heavy mace and crown?
Smiling she casts them down,

Unfit her young austerity
Of hair unbound and strong limbs bare and brown.

Yet they who dare arise

And meet her stainless eyes
Forget old loves, though crowned queens these be,

And wither her winged feet fare

They follow though death be there
So sweet, so fleet, so goddess-pure is she.
Her voice is like deep rivers that do flow

Through forests bending low.
Her step is softest moonlight, that doth force

The ocean to its course.

Gentle her smile, for something in man's face.
World worn, timeweary, furrowed deep with

tears,

Thrills her chaste heart with a more tender grace.
Softly she smooths the wrinkles from his brow,

Wrought by the baleful years,
Smiles sunshine on the hoar head, whisper slow
New charges from the awakened will of truth
Words all of fire that thrill his soul with youth,
Not with his brother is man's battle here.

The challenge of the earth, that AdamTieard,
His love austere breathes in his eager ear,
And lo! the knight who warred at love's command
And scarred the face of Europe, sheathed his
sword,

Hearing from untaught lips a nobler word,
Taking new weapons from an unstained hand.
With ax and oar, with mallet and with spade,
She bids the hero conquer, unafraid
Though cloud-veiled Titans be his lordly foes
Spirits of earth and air, whose wars brook no
repose.

For from far-away mountain and plain.

From the shores of the sunset sea.
The unwearying rulers complain, complain.
And throng from the wastes to defend their

reign,

Their threatened Majesty,
The low prairies that lie abloom

Sigh out to the summer air;
Shall our dark soil be the tomb

Of the flowers that rise so fair ?
Shall we yield to man's disdain,
And nourish his golden grain?
We will freeze, and burn, and snare.
Ah ! bid him beware ! beware !
And the forests, heavy and dark and deeo

With the shadows of shrouded years,
In a murmurous voice, out of age-long sleec,
Ask the winds: What creature rude

Would storm our solitude ?
Hath his soul no fears, no tears ?
The prone rivers lift up their snow-crowned

heads,

Arise in wrath from their rock-hewn beds,
And roar: We will ravage and drown
Ere we float his white ships down,
And the lakes from a mist
Of amethyst
Call the storm-clouds down and grow ashen and

brown.

And all the four winds wail :
Our gales shall make him quail,
By blinding snow, by burning sun
His strength shall be undone.
Then men in league with these
Brothers of wind and waste
Hew barbs of flint, and darkly haste

OF*

Prom sheltering tents and trees;
And mutter : Away ! away !
Ye children of white-browed day !
Who dares profane our wild gods' reign

We torture and trap and slay.
Child of the light, the shadows fall in vain.
Herald of God, in vain the powers conspire.
Armed with truth's holy cross, faith's sacred

fire,

Though often vanquished, he shall rise again,
Nor rest till the wild lords of earth and air
Bow to his will, his hurdens glad to bear.
The angels leave him not through the long strife,
But sing large annals of their own wide life,
Luring him on to freedom. On that field,
From giants won, shall man be slave to man ?

Lo ! clan on claa,

The embattled nations gather to be one,
Clasp hands as brothers 'neath Columbia's shield,
Upraise her banner to the rising sun.
Along her blessed shore
One heart, one song, one dream
Man shall be free forevermore,

And love shall be supreme.
When dreaming kings, at odds with swift-paced

time,

Would strike that banner down,
A nobler knight than ever writ or rhyme

With fame's bright wreath did crown,
Though armed hosts bore it till it floated high
Beyond the clouds, a light that cannot die ;
Ah 1 hero of our younger race !

Great builder of a temple new !
Ruler, who sought no lordly place !

Warrior, who sheathed the sword he drew !
Lover of men, who saw afar
A world unmarred by want or war,
Who knew the path, and yet forbore
To tread, till all men should implore;
Who saw the light, and led the way
Where the gray world might greet the day;
Father and leader, prophet sure,
Whose will iB vast works sb.aU endure.

How shall we praise him on this day of days,
Great son of fame who has no need of praise ?

How shall we praise him ! Open wide the doors
Of the fair temple whose broad base he laid.
Through its white halls a shadowy cavalcade
Of heroes moves o'er unresounding floors
Men whose brawned arms upraised these col-
umns high,

And reared the towers that vanish in the sky
The strong who, having wrought, can never die.

And lo ! leading a blessed host comes one

Who held a warring nation in his heart;

Who knew love's agony, but had no part
In love's delight; whose mighty task was done
Through blood and tears that we might walk

with joy,

And this day's rapture own no sad alloy.
Around him heirs of bliss, whose bright brows

wear
Palm-leaves amid their laurels ever fair.

Gaily they come, as though the drum
Beat out the call their glad hearts knew so well.

Brothers once more, dear as of yore,
Who in a noble conflict nobly fell.
Their blood washed pure yon banner in the sky,
And quench the brands laid 'neath these arches

high;
The brave who, having fought, can never die.

Then surging through the vastuess rise once

The aureoled heirs of light, who onward bore
Through darksome times and trackless realms

of ruth

The flag of beauty and the torch of truth.
They tore the mask from the foul face of wrong;

Even to God's mysteries they dared aspire;

High in the choir they lit yon altar-fire,
And filled these aisles with color and with song;
The ever-young, the unfallen, wreathing for time

Fresh garlands of the seeming-vanished years;
Faces long luminous, rempte. sublime,

And shining brows still dewy with cur tears.

Back with the old glad smile comes one we Knew
We bade him rear our house to-day.
But Beauty opened wide her starry way,
And he passed on. Bright champions of the

true,

Soldiers of peace, seers, singers ever blest
From the wide ether of a loftier quest
Their winged souls throng our rites to glorify
The wise who. having known, can never die.

Strange splendors stream the vaulted aisles

along

To these we loved celestial rapture clings,
And music, borne on rythm of rising wings,

Floats from the living dead, whose breath is song.

Columbia, my country, dost thou hear ?

Ah ! dost thou hear the songs unheard of time?
Hark ! for their passion trembles at thine ear.
Hush! for thy soul must heed their call sub-
lime.

Across wide seas unswept by earthly sails,
Those strange sounds draw thee on, for thou

shalt be

Leader of nations through the autumnal gales
That wait to mock the strong and wreck the

free.

Dearer, more radiant than of yore.
Against the dark 1 see thee rise;
Thy young smile spurns the guarded shore.
And braves the shadowed ominous skies.
And still that conquering smile who see
Pledge love, life, service, all to thee.
The years have brought thee robes most fair,

The rich processional years,
And filletted thy shining hair,
And zoned thy waist with jewels rare,

And whispered in thine ears
Strange secrets of God's wondrous ways,
Long hid from human awe and praise.

For lo ! the living God doth bare his arm,

No more he makes his house of clouduand gloom

Lightly the shuttles move within his loom;
Unveiled his thunder leaps to meet the storm.

From God's right hand man takes the powers
that sway

A universe of stars.
He bows them; he bids them go or stay;

He tames them for his wars,
He scans the burning paces of the sun,
And names the invisible orbs whose courses run

Through the dim deeps of space.
He sees in dew upon a rose impearled
The swarming legions of a monad world
Begin life's upward race.

Voices of hope he hears
Long dumb to his dispair,

And dreams of golden years
Meet for a world s j fair.
For now democracy doth wake and rise
From the sweet sloth of youth.
By storms made strong, by many dreams made
wise,

He clasps the. hand of truth.
Through the armed nations lies his path of

peace,

The open book of knowledge in his hand.
Food to the starving, to the oppressed release,
And love to all he bears from land to land.
Before his march the barriers fall,
The laws grow gentle at his call.

His glowing breath blows far away
The fogs that veil the coming day,

That wondrous day
When earth shall sing as through the blue she

rolls,

Laden with joy for all her thronging souls,
Then shall want's call to sin resound no move

Across her teeming fields. And pain shall sleep
Soothed by brave science with magic lore,

And war no more shall bid the nations weep.
Then the worn chains shall slip from man's desire,
And ever higher and higher
His swift foot shall aspire;
Still deeper and more deep
His soul its watch shall keep.
Till love shall make the world a holy place,
Where knowledge dares unveil God's very face.

Not yet the angels hear life's last sweet song,

Music unutterably pure and strong

From earth shall rise to haunt the peopled skies

When the long march of time,
Patient in birth and death, in growth and blight,
Shall lead men up through happy realms of light

Unto his goal sublime.

Columbia! Men beheld thee rise
A goddess from the misty sea.

Lady of joy, sent from the skies,

The nations worshipped thee.
Thy brows we re flushed with dawn's first light;
By foamy waves with stars bedight

Thy blue robe floated free.

Now let the sun ride high o'erhead,

Driving the day from shore to shore,
His burning tread we do not dread,

For thou art evermore
Lady of love whose smile shall bless,
Whom brave deeds win to tenderness,

Whose tears the lost restore.

Lady of hope thou art. We wait

With courage thy serene command.
Through unknown seas, toward undreamed fate

We ask thy guiding hand.
On! though sails quiver in the gale!
Thou at the helm. \vo cannot fail,

On to God's time-veiled strand!
Lady of beauty! thou shalt win

Glory and power and length of days.
The sun and moon shall be thy kin,
The stars shall sing thy praise.
All hail! we bring thee vows most sweet
To strew before thy winged feet.
Now onward be thy ways!

HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE.

BY THOMAS CLOW.

Columbia's sons may well be proud

To own their land of birth.
So long concealed by ocean's shroud,
Which seemed a dark and wondrous cloud

To bravest ones on earth.

Beneath that cloud there lay concealed,

A land more wondrous still,
O'er which God placed it as a shield
Till man should need a wider field

His mission to fulfill.

Its mountain ranges, to near each pole,

With mineral wealth abound;
From them, its mighty rivers roll
Through fertile plains, on which the whole

That man may need is found.

From where Magellan's currents boil,

To Arctic's chilling wave;
The range of climate, fruits and soil,
May well reward the sons 01 toil

With all that man should crave.

When time was ripe, the genius came

To part that ocean shroud;
Columbus was the hero's name,
Let every nation breathe his fame

And sound his praises lond.

For God endowed him for his work,

With courage that would dare;
Faith, which sustains when all is dark,
The hope to cheer and eye to mark
With judgment true and rare.

To brave an unknown stormy deep,

We must have courage fair;
When superstition's specter keep
Its dark unknown, where terrors sieep,

We must have courage rare.

He breathed his courage into those,

These terrors had unnerved;
Cheered them with hope, nor did disclose
His own dark fears, for as the rose

His purpose never swerved.

When doubts and fears were left behind,

And on firm land he trod;
Our hero, with a noble mind
Gave half the world to poor mankind,

The glory unto God.

Well may we guess, and well believe

The purposes divine;
An open field where man may leave
The old and worn, the new receive,

"New bottles for new wine."

Four hundred years, but partly show

The purpose which he served;
Great Nations from his work do grow,
One hundred millions, to him owe

The name he well deserved.

"Columbia" glorious name,

Euphonius and grand:
Let us be just to hero's fame;
Discard the unjust, poor aud tame,

And hail Columbia's land.

What SHOULD a grateful world rear

To such a hero's name?
Would marble monument appear
Fit tribute to a name so dear,

Enduring as his fame?

God reared his monument on high;

Its base, Columbia's plains;
Her vast cordillera the die,
While towering peaks which pierce the sky,

A fitting shaft remains.

Why has it borne another's name?

Four hundred years of wrong
Should mantle every cheek with shame;
"Columbia" would the hero's fame,

While Time endures prolong.

OPENINGS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

AN A*CCOUNT OF THE EXERCISES ANI) EVENTS OF THE GREAT OCCASION, WITH FULL TEXT OF PRESIDENT CLEVELAND'S ADDRESS AND

'THE PROPHECY."

T is the first of May. Chicago is astir with the dawn. The envelop-
ing mist which greeted the anxious eyes of early risers gives way by
9 o'clock to promise of a glorious day. Patches of blue fleck the
sky of gray, and at last the sun itself turns out with all the crowd
to see the president.

At 9 o'clock the president leaves the Lexington, escorted by company
B, Seventh United States caval^', the dashing Chicago hussars, and troop
A of the Illinois National Guard. It is one of the most noted processions
that ever rode down Michigan avenue. There is the president of the
United States, and his official cabinet; the duke of Veragua, the guest of
the United States, with his glittering retinue, the governor of Illinois, the
mayor of Chicago, and scores of high officials of nation, state, and cit\ - ;
world's fair officials and distinguished guests from home and abroad in-
vited to participate in the august ceremonies.

Michigan avenue and all the boulevards leading to Jackson Park are
atlame with flags and bunting and alive with cheering thousands who line
the route to testify their welcome to President Cleveland and the living
descendant of the admiral of the seas in whose honor the greatest exposi-
tion on earth is about to be proclaimed.

The march to the exposition grounds is an unbroken ovation. As the
glittering pageant enters Midway plaisance, the sun bursting forth, lights
up a scene nowhere else on earth to be witnessed. A glittering fleeting
panorama of all nations of the world greets the president's eyes. He is
cheered in almost as many languages as are spoken by mankind. Arabs
in gorgeous trapping greet the nation's ruler. He is saluted by grave
Turks, and greeted by Soudanese, Javanese, Chinese, Japanese, and Cin-
galese with equal zest.

The entrance of the official procession to Jackson park is announced by
a roar like that of distant thunder. It is taken up by the watching thou-
sands and carried to every nook and corner of the spacious grounds, and
350,000 voices join in welcoming the nation's guest and ruler.

And what a crowd ! From break of day it had been pouring into the
park by every gate and turnstile like a resistless stream of lava, overflowing
all boundaries, and checked only by the white walls of the massive temples
of art and industry. It flows, and ebbs, and circles, and whirls, and
surges like a mighty torrent into every vacant space, and masses itself
around the administration building like a mighty sea whose waters roar
like the voice of an approaching tempest.

It is 11 o'clock, and the president, accompanied by Director General
Davis, appears upon the platform at the east front of the administration
building. There is an outburst of cheers that sounds like the hoarse
thunder of a hundred field pieces. Closely following comes the duke of
Veragua and staff. Another roar of welcome and the great raised plat-
form fills up too fast.

Behind and above are seated the royal commissioners of foreign coun-
tries with their staffs, arrayed in glittering regalia making a sea of ever-
changing color.

In the 3,000 faces that rise tier and tier back to the towering structure
whose gorgeous dome hangs like a golden ball against the sky there are
thousands known to all the world. Nobles, famous soldiers and sailors,
statesmen and jurists of high renown, and beautiful women whose faces
are transfigured by the scene.

Stretching away to the great fountains and flanking the basin on either
side even to massive peristyle is a sea of upturned faces so dense that one
can literally walk upon the living waters.

There is a crash of music. The ceremony has begun. Thomas' orches-
tra plays the "Columbian March" and then deep silence broods upon the
sea of humanity. Dr. Milburn is invoking the throne of grace, and
although his words reach only a few in the vast crowd the angel of peace
is fanning the fevered faces of the multitude with her drooping wings.

The ceremony is brief, as follows:

Prayer, Rev. W. H. Milburn, D. D.; Poem, "The Prophecy," W. D.
Croffut. read by Miss Jessie Couthoui ; Music, orchestral overture,
"Rienzi," Wagner ; Address by Director General Davis of the World's
Columbian Exposition ; Address and opening of the World's Columbian
Exposition by the President of the United States ; Starting of machinery ;
National salute ; Official reception of the President of the United States
and the officials of the World's Columbian Exposition and the World's
Columbian Commission by the foreign commissioners in the manufactures
and liberal arts building.

It is high noon at Jackson Park.

Director General Davis has delivered his address and is loudly cheered.

Now a scene never before witnessed occurs. As President Cleveland
rises to deliver his address a wave of enthusiasm sweeps over the sea of
humanity, causing it to rock and roar like the mighty ocean. Ten acres
of people are cheering and swinging their hats in the air. A hundred

OPENING OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, MAY 1, 1893.-PRESIDENT CLEVELAND SPEAKING.

OPEN-ING- OF THE WORLD'S

thousand handkerchiefs appear and flutter in the breeze. It is like a sud-
den fall of gigantic snowtlakes. Standing there erect and calm the presi-
dent gazes upon a scene never to be forgotten.

In the presence of 350,000 expectant people gathered from every clime
and race ; beneath the luminous countenance of a relenlant sun; in the
shadow of the domes and pillars of a great, white city such as mortals
never reared before ; surrounded by a vision uf pomp and splendor un-
paralled in the history of the world the citizen-president of the United
States touches the golden electric key which opened the greatest exposition
of the century to all nations.

It marks the beginning of an olympian era, the reign of peace and good
will to men, battles won by force of intellect alone.

So it is fitting that the people's chosen magistrate, arrayed in the simple
garb of a citizen of the republic, should use the wand of science instead of
the chieftain's sword in emphasizing the greatest victory ever won by the
arms of science, genius and art.

Before him sit the Arts and Sciences bending to their sweeps ; the her-
ald, Fame, with outspread wings, and Time, the pilot leaning hard upon
his helm, seen through a mist of interlacing fountain jets, and beyond the
stately colonade through which the gray-eyed baby billows peep and laugh.

Beside him stand the men who lately rubbed Aladdin's lamp and there
arises aeain to human eyes the vision of old Norumbega a vast phantasm
of architecture glittering with domes and towers crowned with banners
flaunting to the sky, for here "in this new world which is the old," the
forums and basilicas of the Caesars have yielded up with interest their
rich inheritance of ordered beauty to the sons of men who "sit at the
eternal loom of Time and weave the drapery of the living God."

President Cleveland has spoken. Thousands of watches held in tremb-
ling hands announce the time. Nine momentous minutes have slipped
away while his words of counsel and of cheer are falling like a benediction
upon the surging human sea that beats against the presidential dais on
every side. Then this calm, self-possessed citizen-magistrate touches the
golden key, Aladdin like, and the surging human sea becomes a tempest-
driven ocean of applauding men.

The ponderous mechanism within machinery hall becomes a sentient,
waking, moving, speaking giant with lungs of steam and muscles of
gleaming steel.

Up from the sleeping fountains rise thousands of streams of water,
painting miniature rainbows on towering facades and stately peristyle.

From a thousand halyard peaks as many rosebud spheres of color bloom
and burst upon the pulsing air. It is as if the potent rod of Amphion had
called to life the sleeping roses in the gardens of the wind sprites. Tremb-
ling for a moment, then swelling and bursting into sprays of flashing color,
they spread their red, and blue, and white, and scarlet wings upon the

COLTTMBIA.'N' EXPOSITION".

eager breeze like souls of living, flying things. "Old glory" from its lofty
staff above the president leaps like a tricolored fountain of silken flame
far into space, trailing its snowy stars across the sky like some newer,
nearer firmament, then, rising, falling, rocking on the billowy air, a
luminous sail upon an opalescent sea.

Now the hoarse thunder of heavy guns mingles with the shouts and
cheers from countless throats, and over all, the deep, sweet music of the
German bells booming a royal greeting to the master minds that planned
and executed so great an enterprise.

So the World's Columbian Exposition is formally opened to the world.

PRESIDENT CLEVELAND'S ADDRESS.

I am here to join my fellow citizens in the congratulations which befit
this occasion. Surrounded by the stupendous results of American enter-
prise and activity, and in view of magnificent evidences of American skill
and intelligence, we need not fear that these congratulations will be exag-
gerated. We stand to-day in the presence of the oldest nations of the
world and point to the great achievements we here exhibit, asking no
allowance on the score of youth. The enthusiasm with which we con-
template our work intensifies the warmth of the greeting we exten.d to
those who have come from foreign lands to illustrate with us the growth
and progress of human endeavor in the direction of a higher civilization.
We who believe that popular education and the stimulation of the best
impulses of our citizens lead the way to a realization of the proud national
destiny which our faith promises gladly welcome the opportunity here
afforded us to see the results accomplished by efforts which have been
exerted longer than ours in the field of man's improvement, while in
appreciative return we exhibit the unparalled advancement and wonder-
ful accomplishments of a young nation, and present the triumphs of a
vigorous, self-reliant and independent people. We have built these
splendid edifices, but we have also built the magnificent fabric of a popular
government, whose grand proportions are seen throughout the world. We
have made and here gathered together objects of use and beauty, the pro-
ducts of American skill and invention ; we have also made men who rule
themselves. It is an exalted mission in which we and our guests from
other lands are engaged, as we co-operate in the inauguration of an enter-
prise devoted to human enlightenment ; and in the undertaking we here
enter upon we exemplify in the noblest sense the brotherhood of nations.

Let us hold fast to the meaning that underlies the ceremony, and let us
not lose the impressiveness of this moment. As by a touch the machinery
that gives life to this vast exposition is now set in motion so at the same
instant let our hopes and aspirations awaken forces which in all time to
come shall influence the welfare, the dignity, and the freedom of mankind.

THE PROPHECY BY W. D. CBOFFUT.

READ BY MISS JESSIE COUTHOUI AT THE OPENING OF THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

Sadly Columbus watched the nascent moon

Drown in the gloomy ocean's western deeps,

Strange birds that day had fluttered in the sails

And strange flowers floated round the wandering keel

And yet no land. And now, when thro' the dark

The Santa Maria leaped before the gale,

And angry billows tossed the caravels

As to destruction. Gomez Rascon came

With Captain Pinson thro' the frenzied seas,

And to the admiral brought a parchment scroll,

Saying: "Good master, read this writing here

An earnest prayer it is from all on board.

The crew would fain turn back in utter fear ;

No longer to the pole the compass points ;

Into the zenith creeps the northern star.

You saw but yester' eve an albatross

Drop dead on deck beneath the flying scud,

The devil's wind blows madly from the east

Into the land of Nowhere, and the sea

Keeps sucking us adown the maelstrom's maw.

Fraricisco says the edge of earth is near,

And off to Erebus we slide unhelmed.

Last Sunday night Diego saw a witch

Dragging the Nina by her forechains west

And wildly dancing on a Dolphin's back ;

And, as she danced, the brightest star in heaven

Slipped from its leash and sprang into the sea,

Like Lucifer' and left a trail of blood.

I pray thee, master, turn again to Spain

Obedient to the omens, or, perchance,

The terror-stricken crew, to escape their doom

May mutiny and "

"Gomez Rascon, peace."

Exclaimed the admiral. "Thou hast said enough.

Now, prithee, leave me. I would be alone."

Then eagerly Columbus sought a sign.
In sea and sky and in his lonely heart,
Finding, instead of presages of hope.
The dark and ominous portents of despair.

The wild winds roared around him and he heard
Shrill voices cry "Return, return, return ;"
He thought of Genoa and dreams of youth,
His father's warnings and his mother's prayers,
Confiding Beatrix and the prattling babe,
The life and mirth and warmth of old Castile,
And tempting comfort of the peaceful land,
And wild winds moaned "Return, return, return."

As thus he mused he paced the after deck
And gazed upon the luminous waves astern.
Strange life was in the phosphorescent foam,
And thro' the goblin glow there came and went
Life elfin shadows on an opal sea,
Prophetic pictures of the land he sought.

He saw the end of his victorious quest
He saw, ablaze on Isabella's breast,
The gorgeous Antillean jewels rest
The islands of the west.

He saw invading Plenty, dispossess
Old Poverty, the land with bounty bless,
And thro' the wretched caverns of distress
Walk star-eyed Happiness.

He saw an empire, radiant as the day,
Harnessed to law, but under Freedom's sway,
Proudly arise, resplendent in array,
To show the world the way.

He saw celestial Peace in mortal guise,
And, filled with hope and thrilled with high emprise,
Lifting its tranquil forehead to the skies,
A vast republic rise.

He saw, beyond the hills of golden corn,
.Beyond the curve of Autumn's opulent horn,
Ceres and Flora laughingly adorn
The bosom of the morn.

He saw a cloth of gold across the gloom,
An arabesque from Evolution's loom,
And from the barren prairies driven spume
Imperial cities bloom.

He saw an iron dragon dashing forth
Along an iron thoroughfare, South, North, East, West
Uniting in beneficent girth
Remotest ends of earth.

He saw the lightning run an elfin race
Where trade, love, grief and pleasure interlace,
And absent friends in Ariel's embrace
Communing face to face.

He saw Relief thro' deadly dungeons grope ;
Foes turn to brothers, black despair to hope,
And cannon rust upon the grassgrown slope
And rot the gallows rope.

He saw the babes on Labor's cottage floor
The bright wall hung with luxury more and more,
And Comfort, radiant with'abounding store
Wave welcome at the door.

He saw the myriad spindles flutter round ;
The myriad mill-wheels shake the solid ground;
The myriad homes where jocund joy is found,
And love is throned and crowned.

He saw exalted Ignorance under ban,
Though panoplied in force since time began,
And Science, consecrated, led the van,
The providence of man.

The pictures came, and paled, and passed away.
And then the Admiral turned as from a trance,
His lion face aglow, his luminous eyes
Lit with mysterious fire from hidden suns;
"Now, Martin, to thy waiting helm again,
Haste to the Pinta fill her sagging sails.
For on my soul hath dawned a wondrous sight.
Lo; thro' this segment of the watery world
1 Uprose a hemisphere of glorious life,
A realm of golden grain and fragrant fruits,
And men and women wise and masterful,
Who dwelt at peace in rural cottages
And splendid cities bursting into bloom-
Great Lotus blossoms on a flowery sea;
And happiness was there and bright-winged hope-
High aspiration, soaring to the stars;
And then methought, O, Martin, thro' the sterm
A million faces turned on me and smiled
Now go we forward forward, fear avaunt;
I will abate no atom of my dream
Though all the devils of the underworld
Hiss in the sails and grapple to the keel.
Haste to the Pinta, westward keep her prow,
For I have had a vision full of light;
Keep her prow westward in the sunset's wake
From this hour hence, and let no man look back."

Then from the Pinta's foretop fell a cry,

A trumpet song: "Light-ho! Light-ho! Light-ho!"

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

GUEST OF THE UNITED STATES.

ARKANSAS.

CALIFORNIA.

CONNECTICUT.
STHTE BUILDINGS. JltfOFZLD'S COLU7UVBIKIS EXPOSITION.

DELAWARE.

FLORIDA.

IDAHO.
STFTTB BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COLVTCBIKN EXPOSITION.

INDIANA.

IOWA.

KANSAS. KENTUCKY.

STKTE BVIL.DINGS, WORLD'S COLVJUVBIHN EXPOSITION.

LOUISIANA.

MAINE.

MARYLAND. MASSACHUSETTS.

STHTE BWILDINGS. in^ORLD'S COL.U7UTBIKN EXPOSITION.

MICHIGAN.

MINNESOTA.

MISSOURI. MONTANA.

STPCTE BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COLU7UTB1KIS EXPOSITION.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

NEBRASKA.

NEW JERSEY.

NEW YORK.

STHTE BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COLW7USBIKN EXPOSITION.

NORTH DAKOTA.

OHIO.

PENNSYLVANIA.

RHODE ISLAND.

STKTE BUILDINGS. iniORLD'S COLW7USBIHN EXPOSITION.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

TEXAS.

VIRGINIA.
VERMONT.

STKTE BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COLUWBIKN eXPOSITION.

WASHINGTON.

WEST VIRGINIA.

WISCONSIN.

STHTE BUILDINGS, inORI-D'S COLV7UVBIHN

UTAH.

EXPOSITION.

BUILDINGS. WORLD'S COL.UWB1KN EXPOSITION.

THE FERRIS WHEEL, MIDWAY PLAISANCE, WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION

Highest Point of Wheel, 264 ft.

Highest Line of Vision, .... 353 ft.
Total Weight of Wheel and Machinery, 4,300 tons.

Time Required for One Trip, - 20 minutes.
Carrying Capacity 36 Cars, - - 2, 160 persons.
Duplicate Engines 1,000 Horse Power each.

FOREIGN COUNTRIES THAT WILL EXHIBIT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR.

PEW brief facts concerning' foreign countries
which have arranges to make exhibits at
the World's Fair are given in the following
pages. A fair idea can be formed as to the
nature of the exhibits to be made by these
countries by noting the list of leading pro-
ducts mentioned, and can see that every
conceivable product of art, manufacture
and industry under the sun, will be most
fully and advantageously displayed. Each
in their particular line combine to make
a gorgeous display never equaled. They
will spare neither labor nor capital to
make the World's Columbian Exposition
one of the greatest and grandest events in
the world's history. All nations on our
globe will meet in one vast conclave and
the interchange of man's labor and progress in the last few generations,
will prove a mutual benefit. And the rapid advance of civilization and
the blessing of "peace and good will on earth" will be clearly depicted.

NORTH AMERICA.

CANADA,

| AID to have been discovered by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497. The
French took possession of the country in 1525, and founded
the first settlement at Quebec in 1608. It continued under
French control until 1763, when it was all ceded to Great
Britain. The "Dominion of Canada" includes the provinces
of Quebec and Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward
Island, Manitoba, British Columbia, and the territories Alberta, .Assina-
boia, Athabasca, Keewatin, Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territory.
It includes all of the country lying north of the United States, excepting
Alaska, has an area of 3,470,392 square miles, and a population in 1887 of
4,750,000. With an area nearly as great as the United States, it does not

contain as many inhabitants as does the State of New York. It is a de-
pendency of Great Britain, ruled by a Governor General aided by a
cabinet. In 1890 there were completed in the Dominion of Canada, 14,188
miles of railroad, besides 812 miles more in course of construction. The
Canadian Pacific Railway, 2.906 miles in length, crosses the whole of the
Dominion from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and to aid in the construction
of which, the government contributed a grant in the form of a guaranteed
loan of $12.500,000. It has 29.439 miles of telegraph in operation. The
principal industries in the eastern provinces are lumbering and fishing.
The central regions are agricultural. The almost uninhabited regions of
the north yield valuable furs in great quantities. Ottawa is the capital.

NEW FOUNDLAND.

EW FOUNDLAND has an area of 40,200 square miles, and a
population of 179,507 in 1881, and is an independent British
colony not yet incorporated with Canada. It is an island
situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is claimed from un-
authentic sources to have been discovered by the Norwegians
in 1000 A. D. and re-discovered by John Cabot in 1497. The government
is administered by a Governor and an executive council nominated by the
Crown of England. New Foundland is the nearest land on the Western
Continent to England and the old continent, and was consequently selec-
ted as the terminal of the first Trans- Atlantic cable, it being 1,665 miles
west of Galway, Ireland. An American company has in contemplation
the building of a railroad on the island. The principal exports are cod-
fish, cod and seal oils, seal skins and copper oi-e. Its chief industry is
fishing. St. Johns is the capital and largest city.

MEXICO

JS our nearest neighbor on the south, with an area of 743,948
square miles, and a population in 1887 of 10,460,723 of which
twenty per cent, only are white. It is a Republic, with Gen.
Diaz as President. Its history dates back to the seventh cen-
tury, when it was inhabited by the Toltecs, who were succee-
ded in the twelfth century by the Aztecs, whose domination may be said

to have closed with the conquest of Cortez in 1519, for although the race
has maintained occupation of the Mexican territory, its existence as a
nation ceased with the Spanish occupation. The Toltees and Aztecs came
from the north, and were comparatively a peaceful race, founding cities,
establishing roads and tilling the soil. The city of Mexico was founded
by them in 1325, and on the arrival of the Spaniards their empire was
found to extend from ocean to ocean. The Spaniards remained in almost
undisputed possession of the country until 1861, when Maximilian, under
authority of France, invaded the country and established himself as Em-
peror. His reign, however, was short lived, he being captured and shot
in 1866. A Republic was soon after established, which has continued to
the present time. Mexico had 3,570 miles of railroad open in 1885, be-
sides over 5,000 miles of projected lines, much of which has now been
completed. In 1886 there were 12.700 miles of telegraph and 892 postoffices.
It being a tropical country, its exhibits will partake of that nature, con-
sisting chiefly of coffee, tobacco, indigo, drugs, hides and fruits together
with relics of its ancient times. Its capital is the City of Mexico, with a
population of 300.000. It is justly entitled by reason of its population,
intelligence, culture, beautiful location, historical, political and com-
mercial pre-eminence to its reputation as one of the celebrated cities of
the world. Mexico is rapidly adopting a system of railroads, though at
present It has but one. Transportation is mainly by mules.

CENTRAL AMERICA.

GUATEMALA.

HIS is the most northern of the Republican States of Central
America, establishing its independence in 1839, after having
for eighteen years formed a part of the Confederation of Cen-
tral America. The country is well watered, and its soil pro-
ductive. The climate is hot and unhealthy near the coast,
but more temperate and salubrious in the higher regions. The Republic
is divided into twenty-two departments, a*nd is traversed east and west
by an elevated mountain chain. It has a number of volcanos, and earth-
quakes are numerous. There are 112 miles of railway open and more in
course of construction; with 3,000 miles of telegraph in operation. It
comprises an area of 46,774 square miles, and had in 1884 a population of
1,278.311. The principal exports are coffee, cochineal, indigo, sugar,
tobacco and fruits. Its crop of coffee in 1880 exceeded 42,000,000 pounds.
New Guatemala, with a population of 59,039, is the capital.

COSTA RICA.

OSTA RICA became a republic in 1721. It is the most southern
State of Central America. Fully one third of its inhabitants
are Indians or aboriginees. It contains an area of 23,200
square miles, with a population in 1885 of 213,785. The chief
products are coffee, sugar, maize, cocoa, sarsaparilla, cedar
and fruits. It has a railway and 450 miles of telegraph. The country is
rich in minerals, but for want of capital and skilled labor the mines are
practically unworked. The imports are dry goods, hardware, and pro-
visions, from the United States, Germany and England. The total value
of exports in 1885 was $3,297,000; and exports, $3,661,000. The capital
and chief city is San Jose, with a population of 25,000, situated on the
Cathargo river. Its port and chief one in the Republic is Punta Arenas.

HONDURAS.

NOTHER Central American Republic, established its indepen-
dence of Spain in 1838. It is the middle State of Central
America, with an area of 46,400 square miles, and a population
of 458,000, mostly of aboriginal blood. There have been no
regular elections of Presidents in recent years, and none have
served the full term of office, having been put to death or deposed from
power. It has thirty-seven miles of railroad and 1,800 miles of telegraph.
Its capital is Tegucigalpa having a population of about 12,000. Its pro-
ducts are mahogany, fruit, cotton, cattle, sugar, coffee and india rubber.
There are rich grades of mineral lying undeveloped in its mountain ran-
ges, which is attracting the attention of capitalists.

NICARAGUA,

|HE largest of the Central American States, was declared a
Republic in 1858. It contains an area of 49,500 square miles,
with an estimated population of about 300,000, of whom only
about 20.000 are whites, the rest being Indians and mixed
blood. It is traversed by two ranges of mountains. The Rio
Coco, the Escondido and the San Juan, are the principal rivers; all of
them flow into the Caribbean Sea. Nicaragua Lake, a sheet of fresh
water 110 miles long by 30 to 50 br.oad, is within the Republic. It has 120
miles of railway, and 1,300 miles of telegraph. Its present capital is
Managua, built on the slope )f an active volcano and therefore liable to
destruction. The chief occupation of its inhabitants is cattle raising.

F~O RESIGN COUNTRIES

SAN SALVADOR.

|HIS is the smallest in area, but second in population of the Cen-
tral American Republics. It contains 7,235 square miles, ex-
tending along- the Pacific coast for 170 miles, with a general
breadth of 43 miles. The population in 1885 numbered 634.-
210. Its mineral resources are not great, but ricli veins of
silver are found in Tabanco, also iron mines near Santa Anna. The only
river of importance is the Lempa. Earthquakes are frequent. The na-
tive population are engaged largely in agricultural pursuits. Its chief
exports are indigo, coffee, tobacco, sugar, rice and cedar. It has one
railway, and 1.259 miles of telegraph. San Salvador is the capital, with
a population of 13.274, and was founded in 1528. It has been repeatedly
destroyed by earthquakes, tho last time on April 16, 1864, when it was
overwhelmed by almost total ruin.

BRITISH HONDURAS.

SjlBOUT 7.562 miles of territory is covered by this Colony in Cen
tral America. It abuts on the Atlantic.and is bounded on the
north by Yucatan and Mexico, on the west and south by
Guatemala, and on the east by the Caribbean Sea. The coun-
try is chiefly a primeval forest, with sandy plains. The soil
is exceedingly rich, and sugar canes have ratooned for twenty years with-
out deterioration. In 1881 it had a population of 27,452. The staple pro-
ducts are the natural woods of the colony, mahogany and logwood. Fruits
are also extensively grown. Balize is the capital, with a varying popula-
tinon of from 8,000 to 16,000.

WEST INDIES.

CUBA,

|UCH the largest and richest of the West Indies. It is a Spanish
possession, and was discovered by Columbus on his first voyage
in 1492, and derives its name from the Indians who previously
inhabited the island. It has an area of 43,319 square miles,
and a population of 1,500.000. The chief agricultural products
are sugar, coffee, tobacco, and fruits. Havana cigars are sold the world
over, being of a high grade. The Catholic religion is the only one that
is tolerated. The inhabitants are of four classes Spaniards, Creoles,
free negroes and slaves. Havana is the capital.

JAMAICA.

|VERYTHING in the line of tropical vegetable products are
largely produced, they including all those common to the
tropics, and everything grows luxuriantly and in abundance.
It is the largest of the British West Indies, having a popula-
tion of about 700,000 to an area of 4.200 square miles. Kings-
ton is the capital. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1492.

SAN DOMINGO.

AIR progress is said to be made in San Domingo, but the
interior is entirely without roads, although a railway is being
constructed between Samana and Santiago. It occupies the
eastern portion of the island of Hayti, one of the West Indies,
and adopted a republican form of government in 1844. It
comprises an area of 18,046 square miles, and an estimated population in
1885 of 400,000. San Domingo, the capital, is the oldest settlement of
European origin in America, having been founded by Bartolomeo Colum-
bus in 1494. The chief products are tobacco, coffee, logwood and cocoa.

HAYTI,

apart of the island of that name, adopted are-
publican form of government in 1867, when it threw off the
yoke of Prance. It contains an area, including the islands of
Tortuga, Gonave, etc., of 10,205 square miles, and a popula-
tion estimated at 800,000, of whom nine-tenths are negroes
the rest mulattoes. It is the most fertile spot in the West Indies, while
its harbors offer excellent facilities for foreign commerce. The language
of the country is French, though most of the people speak a debased dia-
lect called Creole French. The religion is Roman Catholic. The products
are mahogany, coffee and cocoa. Port au Prince is the capital.

PORTO RICO

|ROANS under Spanish rule, notwithstanding its repeated but
fruitless efforts to gain her independence. It is situated
east of the island of San Domingo, having an area of 3,500
square miles, or rather less than that of the island of Jamai-
ca. It had a population at the last census of 754.313. of whom
more than half were whites. Its chief products are sugar, coffee, cotton,
tobacco, fruits and rice. A large proportion of the tobacco crop is sent
to Havarma to be manufactured into cigars. St. Johns is the capital.

SOUTH AMERICA.

BRAZIL

ARGENTINE.

JHIS South American republic, with Buenos Ayres as its capi-
tal, includes the fourteen provinces of the Rio de la Plata, of
which Buenos Ayres is the principal, and a large extent of
territoi-y not yet organized in the interior of South America.
It has an area of 1,357,896 square miles, or over one-third of
that of the United States. Its population is estimated at over 3,500,000,
which is annually being increased by immigration at least 100.000, most
of whom are from Italy, Spain and France. Silver ore, copper, sulphur,
coal and alum have been found, but as yet have not been worked very
extensively. By a treaty in 1881, with Chile, the territories of Patago-
nia and Terra del Fuego were divided between these two republics. In
1880 there were 4,150 miles of railway in operation, and an additional
],000in course of construction. At the same time it had 13.645 miles of
telegraph lines. The rearing of live stock is the chief industry of the
country. Millions of cattle wander at will over the plains, and of mules
and horses there are immense herds. Its chief exports are wool, skins,
bones, rice, sugar and untanned hides, the latter coming to this country
by the ship-load.

BOLIVIA.

HIS republic and Paraguay are the only South American coun-
tries without a seaboard. It is situated in the central-west-
ern portion of the continent, bounded by Peru and Chile on
the west, Brazil on the north and east, Paraguay, Argentine
and Chile on the south. It has an area of about 700,000 square
miles, and a population in 1883 of 2.324.000, composed principally of the
aboriginal or Indian race. Its mines and tropical products are its chief
sources of revenue. The silver mines of Potosi are supposed to be prac-
tically inexhaustible, while gold, copper, lead, tin, zinc, salt and sulphur
are also found. Its agricultural products consist chiefly of rice, barley,
oats, maize, cotton, cocoa, potatoes, fruits and India rubber, the latter
being of the finest quality, and quantity almost without limit. Bolivia
is without railroads, and has only one telegraph line, 180 miles in length.
La Paz is the capital and chief city, with a population of 26,000. It was
founded in 1548, and contains many fine public buildings.

UT lately has been added to the republics of South America,
and is the largest country on that continent. It has a coast
line on the Atlantic ocean 3, 700 miles long, and comprises an
area of 3.119,764 square miles, nearly equaling in extent the
United States. It has a population of 14, 002.335, of whom over
1.000,000 are slaves, Brazil being the only country on the Western con-
tinent where slavery exists legally. A bill for the gradual emancipation
of its slaves passed its legislative body in 1885. The country is well
watered, the principal river being the Amazon, the largest but not the
longest in the world. Its agricultural products are very extensive and
abundant. Sugar, coffee, tobacco, India rubber, maize, beans and nuts
are among the leading articles produced. The coffee being mainly
shipped from Rio Janeiro, is the Rio of commerce. In 1889 the country
possessed 5,281 miles of railroad, 1.300 miles in course of construction, and
3.000 more projected. It 1890 it possessed 6,700 miles of telegraph lines.
The capital is Rio Janeiro, with a population of about 450,000.

CHILE.

|URING the late unpleasantness between the United States and
Chile, that South American republic was made familiar to us
though the press, and the name became a household word to
us. That misunderstanding has, happily, been amicably ad-
justed. Chile is situated on the western coast, and extends
from Peru on the north to Cape Horn on the south, with an extreme
length of 2,200 miles and an average breadth of 100 miles. Chile is di-
vided into twenty-three provinces, with an aggregate area of 293,970
square miles, and a population in 1891 of 2,716,400. Roman Catholic is
the religion of the State, although all creeds are tolerated and protected.
Agriculture is carried on quite extensively, but the main source of reve-
nue is in its mineral wealth. The mountains contain precious stones,
gold, silver, copper, lead and iron. The chief exports are metals, flour,
wheat, hides and tallow. In 1891, Chile had 1,700 miles of railway and
13,730 miles of telegraph lines. Santiago is the capital, with a popula-
tion in 1891 of 200,000. Chile, previous to its discovery by white man,
was inhabited by a race of semi-civilized Indians, who were conquered
by Pizarro in 1540. The country continued as a province of Spain until
1818, when it obtained its independence, which it has maintained ever
gince, increasing in prosperity and all the concomitants of civilization.

COLOMBIA

JDOPTED a republican form of government in 1861. It is situat-
ed in the most northwestern part of South America, includes
the Isthmus of Panama, and has a coast line both on the At-
lantic and Pacific oceans. It comprises an area of 504,773
square miles, and possesses a population of about 4.000.000,
more than one-half of whom are whites and ha-lf-castes. Its inhabitants
rank first among the South Americans in point of literature and scien-
tific culture. Its chief articles of export are coffee and cinchona, or Pe-
ruvian bark, although tobacco, bannanas, wheat and other cereals are
extensively produced. The mineral productions are gold, silver, iron,
copper, platinum and precious stones. It has but 218 miles of railway;
the line connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans is 47 miles in length.
It has also 2,800 miles of telegraph lines. Bogata is the capital and chief
city, with a population of 100,000.

ECUADOR

|OSSESSES a republican form of government, which it adopted
in 1830. It lies on the west coast of South America, and is
intersected by the equator. It comprises an area of 248,370
square miles, and had in 1885 a population of 1,004,651, mostly
descendants from the Spaniards and aboriginal Indians. The
country is subject to volcanoes and earthquakes. The chief product of
export is cocoa. Among its other products are nuts, vegetable ivory,
cotton, coffee, India rubber, bark, tobacco, fruits and sarsaparilla. Its
minerals consist of gold, quicksilver, lead, iron, copper and emeralds.
There are about one hundred miles of railway in operation, with more
projected, and about 400 miles of telegraph lines. Quito is the capital,
with a population of 80,000.

GUIANA,

ITU ATED on the northeast coast of South America, comprises
an area of 202,952 square miles, and has a population of about
353.000. It is divided into three nearly equal parts British,
French and Dutch Guiana, each being a colony of the country
after which it is named. Georgetown is the capital of the

British province, Paramaribo of the Dutch, and Cayenne of the French.

Sugar, coffee, cotton and indigo are the chief products.

PARAGUAY,

ISCOVERED by Sebastian Cabot in 1526, adopted a republican
form of government in 1870. It is the smallest of the South
American States, is without seaboard, and is situated in the
central-southern part of the continent. It comprises an area
variously estimated at from 60,000 to 92.000 square miles, and
a population of 346,000, two-thirds of whom are females. The govern-
ment offers great inducements to immigrants. The southern portion is
one of the most fertile districts of South America. The chief articles of
export are mate, or Paraguay tea plant, and tobacco. The number of
horned cattle in the republic in 1884 was 600,000. The only railroad is a
short line from Asuncion to Paraguari 15 miles. There are about 100
miles of telegraph lines. Asuncion is the capital, with a population of
about 16,000.

PERU

S also a republic, which form of government it adopted in 1856,
although it has been self-governing since 1824, when freedom
from Spanish rule was secured. It is situated on the west
coast of South America, directly north of Chile, and is about
1,300 miles in length. It is divided into nineteen provinces,
with an estimated area of 463,747 square miles, and a population of about
2,622,000. There are besides about 350,000 civilized Indians. At the
time of the discovery of the new world, Peru, like Mexico, was inhabited
by Indians, considerably advanced in civilization, governed by a race of
princes called Incas. In 1532 it was invaded by Pizarro, a Spaniard, with
a band of bold followers, who captured the territory, its immense miner-
al wealth being the great attraction. Its rich and practically inexhaust-
ible mines have been worked for centuries, and continue to be one of
Peru's chief sources of revenue, and produce large quantities of silver,
quicksilver and copper. Its principal exports are guano, nitre of soda,
sheep, alpaca wool, sugar and Peruvian bark. It has twenty-two lines of
railway, embracing 2,030 miles, and over 2,000 miles of telegraph lines.
The capital and chief city is Lima, with a population of 101,488. Callao,
six miles away, is its seaport. Lima ranks as the handsomest city in all
South America, and has a large foreign trade. The public buildings
and churches are magnificent in architecture and size. Its university
was the first educational establishment of the kind in the New World.
Earthquakes have frequently visited the city and country around. The
value of the exports and imports amounts annually to about $30,000,000.

URUGUAY,

)CATED south of and adjoining Brazil, was formerly under
the rule of that power, but obtained its independence and
adopted a republican form of government in 1830. It is al-
most square in shape, its length and breadth being about 300
miles. It has an area of 73,538 square miles, and a population
estimated at 651.112, chiefly of Spanish origin. Very little is known of
the interior of Uruguay, further than it is mainly a vast plain, suitable
for grazing. In 1888 it was officially estimated that there were in the
republic 6,119,482 head of cattle and 15,921,069 sheep. In 1891 it had 538
miles of telegraph in operation. The capital and only city of prominence
is Montevideo, with a population of 134,346. It stands on a small penin-
sula, and is surrounded by a wall and fortifications. The harbor is large
and safely sheltered. Its export trade is extensive, commanding as it
does almost the entire commercial trade of the republic. The history of
Montevideo is the history of Uruguay.

VENEZUELA.

|HE republic of Venezuela was formed in 1830, having formerly
been a Spanish province. It is the most northerly of the
South American States, and comprises twenty -one provinces,
with an area of 632,695 square miles, and a population in 1884
of 2.121. 988. consisting chiefly of colored races, Indians and
negroes. A tribe of Indians called the "dirt-eaters," from their habit of
eating a kind of edible dirt, live on the banks of the Oronico, and are a
very degraded race. Its principal river is the Oronoco, the source of
which has never been visited by white man. The coast of Venezuela
was discovered by Columbus in 1498, on his second voyage. On the fol-
lowing year Americus Vespucius visited the country and found an In-
dian village which they called Venezuela, or Little Venice, which name
afterwards spread to the whole country. Owing to the richness of
the soil and the heat of the climate, fine harvests are produced. Its
chief exports are coffee, cocoa, sugar, tobacco, indigo, hides and ores.
Both iron and copper are abundant, though as yet the mines are worked
but little. In 1884 there were 102 miles of railway, and 270 more under
construction, and 1.145 miles of telegraph lines in operation. Its capital
is Caraccas, with a population of 55,638. It is situated twelve miles from
the coast, and has an extensive foreign trade through its seaport, La
Guayra. Earthquakes are frequent. Valencia, Bolivar, Cumana, Mar-
acaibo and Maturin are other important cities.

EUROPE.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

ORMS a bipartite State of Austria and Hungary, each having
a separate parliament but one hereditary monarch. Its pres-
ent ruler is Franz Joseph I, who took the throne in 1848.
The State religion is Roman Catholic, but toleration is ex-
tended to all forms of belief. Education is compulsory and
general. Military service is obligatory on all men who have completed
their twentieth year. In 1887 the strength of the army was 284.495 men
peace footing, and 1,071,034 war footing. It is the largest monarchy,
next to Russia, in Europe, embracing 240,982 square miles, with a popu-
lation in 1884 of 39.224,511. Three-fourths of the country is mountainous,
where are found valuable minerals. The forests yield good timber, and
the plains and valleys, grain and grapes. Its chief exports are cereals,
wood, glass, animal products and beer. As a wine-producing country it
is second only to France. Its capital is Vienna, with a population of
1,315,626.

BELGIUM.

|ELGIUM is the name given by the French to the Netherlands
(often called Holland) after the Revolution. It is an heredi-
tary monarchy, with Leopold II as ruler, who ascended the
throne in 1865. Nearly the entire population is Roman Cath-
olic, and thirty-two per cent of inhabitants above fifteen
years of age are unable to read and write. Belgium is one of the small-
est and most densely-populated of the European States, having an area
of 11.373 square miles and a population of 6,093,798. On its soil was
fought the famous battle of Waterloo, between the French under Napo-
leon and the English and their allies under the Duke of Wellington.
There were killed in the battle about 70.000 men, of whom the French
lost 40,000. There is no country in the world in which agriculture has
attained a higher state of perfection, little more than one-eighth of the
whole country being all that is not cultivated. The chief products are
wheat, rye, barley, oats, flax, hemp; tobacco and potatoes. Copper, zinc,
lead, iron and coal also abound, Belgium being richer in the latter min-
eral than any other European country, excepting England. Brussels is
the capital, with a population of 477,398.

DENMARK.

1HE constitution of Denmark, which received the royal sanction
in 1866, places the executive power in the hands of the king
and his council, and the amending- or making of laws with the
king and legislature jointly. The king must be a member of
the Evangelical Lutheran Church. The present ruler i a
Christian IX, who ascended the throne in 1803. Denmark was formerly
a part of Sweden, from which country it separated in 1523. It comprises
an area of 14,124 square miles, with a population in 1884 of 2.045,179,
which is almost entirely Scandinavian. The surface is generally low,
dykes being necessary to keep the sea from invading the land. Attend-
ance at school is obligatory from the age of seven to fourteen. The army
consists of all able-bodied young men in the kingdom who have reached
the age of twenty-two, who are liable to eight years of service. Nearly
one-half its inhabitants live exclusively by agriculture, and one-fourth
by manufactures and trade. The principal exports are agricultural pro-
duce. Copenhagen is the capital, and has a population of 375,251. In
1891, there were 1,214 miles of railway open, and 3,674 miles of telegraph.

FRANCE,

FTER having been a monarchy for centuries, adopted a repub-
lican form of government in 1875, and enjoys the distinction
of being the only republic of any size on the Eastern Conti-
nent. The present President is M. Carnot, who took the oath
of office in 1887, holding it for seven years, at an annual sal-
ary of $120,000. All religions are equal by law, and any sect which has
100,000 adherents is entitled to assistance from the State. Public edu-
cation is entirely under the supervision of the government. Military
service is compulsory. It has a standing army of 573,277 men, and a navy
of about 40,000 men. The country has a history dating back of the Chris-
tian era, and has produced many eminent men, prominent among whom
stand Charlemagne and Napoleon. Its present area is 204,177 square
miles. In 1886 it possessed a population of 38,318,903. France possesses
one of the finest climates in Europe, and has a soil that is generally fer-
tile. Its mineral resources are extensive, consisting of copper, lead, an-
timony, silver, coal and iron, the latter being fround nearly all over the
country. The total area of the French provinces and colonies is 766,387
quare miles, with a population af about 26,000,000. A remarkable fact
worthy of mention is that in all the French colonies there are not over a
half million Frenchmen. The principal products of France are grain,

potatoes, sugar and grapes; and its manufactures, silk, wine, cloth and
ornaments. The total mileage of railroads in 1891 was 29,683, with over
48.000 miles of telegraph lines. Paris is the capital and metropolis of the
republic. It has a population of 2,344,550, and is by many considered the
most beautiful city in the world.

GERMANY.

HE constitution of this empire bears date of 1871, and is formed
of a number of comparatively independent States. The su-
preme direction of the military and political affairs of the
country is vested in the king of Prussia, who as such bears
the title of Deutsche Kaiser. The present emperor is Wil-
helm II, who ascended the throne on the death of his father in 1888.
Absolute liberty is guaranteed all religious sects, two-thirds of the pop-
ulation being Protestant and one-third Catholic. Education is compul-
sory and general. Every German is liable to military service, seven
years being the length of service required, three of which must be spent
in actuul service, and four in the army of the reserve. The army on a
peace footing was in 1887 about 450,000 men, and the total war strength
about 2,650.000. The navy is manned by 17,472 sailors. The Germans
are remarkable for their attainments in science, literature and art, as
well as for their military prowess. The empire is composed of twenty-
six States, with an area of 212,028 square miles, and a population in 1880
of 45.234,061. It has also colonies with an area of 933.150 square miles,
and a population of 5,500,000. Agriculture and the rearing of live stock
is the principal occupation of the inhabitants of Germany. Its principal
exports are linens, woolen, hardware, corn, wool, wine and horses.
Brewing is also quite an extensive business. Prussia has fully one hun-
dred mineral springs, many of which are noted. Its mineral resources
are also very considerable. The total length of railways in the empire
in 1891 was 26,263 miles, of which three-fourths belong to the State. It
has also 67.416 miles of telegraph lines. The capital and chief city of
the empire is Berlin, with a population of 1,575.485. It is built on a
sandy, sterile plain. It is now one of the finest and most important cities
of the world. Its manufactures and commerce are extensive, and it ia
noted for its many fine and imposing buildings. Its great university and
royal library, educational and scientific institutions are celebrated for
their excellence. The principal branches of industry are engine build,
ing, iron casting and the manufacture of woolen and silken goods. Ger-
many sends annually more emigrants to the United States than any other
European country, except Great Britain.

GREAT BRITAIN.

REAT BRITAIN is an hereditary monarchy, having 1 its sole
legislative power vested in Parliament, which consists of a
House of Lords and House of Commons. The members of the
latter are elected by the people, while members of the House
of Lords become so by heriditary right, or by creation of the
sovereiga. The union of Ireland and England was made permanent in
1800. Victoria, the present queen and ruler, ascended the throne in 1838,
when but nineteen years of age, and under her wise reign England has
attained the greatest prosperity it ever possessed. Britain was known
to the Phoenicians four centuries before the Christian era, and was resor-
ted to for the purpose of obtaining tin, of which it possessed rich mines.
It was made a Roman province by Caesar, and was held by that country
for nearly four hundred years. It subsequently was conquered by the
Danes, and afterwards by the Angles and Saxons, and hence the English
people are called the Anglo-Saxon race. Its material greatness exceeds
that of any other country, ancient or modern. While the British Isles,
composed of England, Ireland and Scotland, comprises only 121,115 square
miles, and a population of 36,400,000, Great Britain and its possessions
have an area of 8,991,254 square miles, and a population of 315,885,000.
The Protestant Episcopal is the established church of the kingdom, but
all other denominations are tolerated. In 1886 the army comprised 151,-
867 men. The navy of Great Britain is the largest ever known, and is
manned by 60,632 men. Agriculture is carried on quite extensively, but
in manufactures, with the exception of the United States, she surpasses
any other country in the world, both in variety and amount. The mines
of the British Isles supply nearly one-half of the coal, iron and tin used
in the world, one-third of the lead, and great quantities of salt and
copper. Its merchant marine is also the greatest in the world, employing
18,791 vessels, manned by 198,781 seamen. In Great Britain there was in
1885, about 19,100 miles of railway, and 30.276 miles of telegraph lines.
London is the capital, and the largest city in the world, having in 1886 a
population of 4,149,533, and an area of about 120 square miles.

GREECE.

JHE civilization of Europe began in Greece, it having been intro-
duced from the Egyptians and Phcenicians. Its history dates
back to 1400 B. C. although much of it is fabulous. It was in
the zenith of its power about 300 years before the Christian
era, and produces many eminent men whose writings and
works of art are admired to this day. From first to last Greece was divi-

ded into numerous States, mostly independent. Its present government
is that of a limited monarchy, with George I as king. It comprises an
area of 25.014 square miles, with a population of 2,187,208. Agriculture
is the chief pursuit of the inhabitants, and grain, grapes, figs, etc., are
the principal products. In 1891, Greece had 452 miles of railroad, besides
127 miles in course of construction; it has also 3.720 miles of telegraph
lines. The trade of the country is largely carried on by water, the
Greeks being the best navigators of the Mediterranean and Black seas.
Athens, with a population of 107,251, is the capital and chief city. It was
one of the most famous cities of antiquity, the great center of learning
and art, but now mostly noted for its ruins.

ITALY,

LIMITED monarchy, has the legislative authority vested
jointly with the king and parliament. The present ruler is
Umberto I, who succeeded to the throne in 1878, on the death
of his father, Victor Immanuel II. While Catholicism is the
ruling religion, all creeds are tolerated, the power of the
church being subordinated to the authority of the civil government.
The history of Italy dates back to 753 B. C., when the foundations of
Rome were laid, it being named after Romulus, the leader. It became
under Julius Caesar, about the time of the Christian era, the most power-
ful nation on the globe, continuing her supremacy several hundred years,
nearly every nation in the world as then known being subject to her
power. Rome at this time had a population of over 3,000,000, and to be a
. Roman citizen was a great honor. It began to decline about the middle
of the fourth century, and in another hundred years the last vestige of the
great empire had vanished. > Since that time it has never attained the
rank of even a second-rate government. In its palmy days it produced
many great men, in government, literature and art, names which are to
this day household words. It also has the honor of being the native
country of Columbus, he having been born in Genoa. Italy comprises an
area of 114,410 square miles, and a population in 1890 of 30,947,306. Italy
is justly celebrated for its climate and scenery. Agriculture is the lead-
ing occupation. Its principal exports are olive oil, wine, silk, hemp,
fruits, artistic works, etc. In 1890 it had 8,098 miles of railway and
21,900 miles of telegraph lines. Its volcano, Vesuvius, is a great attrac-
tion for tourists. Rome is the capital, with a population at present of
273,268, and contains many ruins and objects of great interest. It is sur-
rounded by a wall twelve miles in length, and containing sixteen gates.
It was built on seven hills, and has been called the Eternal City. Naples
is the largest city in Italy, with a population of 463,172.

NETHERLANDS,

IORMERLY called Holland, is situated adjoining Belgium,
with an area of 12,648 square miles, and a population of 4,336,-
012. It was formerly united with Belgium, but the latter
country obtained its independence in 1830. The government
of the Netherlands is a limited monarchy, its present ruler
being Princess Wilhelmina, twelve years of age, with her mother as Re-
gent. Entire liberty of conscience is granted members of all church de-
nominations. The surface is mostly low and flat, parts being below the
sea level, the water kept from overflowing the land by dykes or levees,
maintained at great cost. The chief products are potatoes, rye, barley,
oats, wheat, chicory, madder, flax, tobacco and dairy products. The prin-
cipal manufactures are linen, damasks, cotton, woolen and silk fabrics
and genevra. In 1885 it had 1,542 miles of railway, and 2,938 miles of
telegraph lines. Hague is the capital, with a population of 138,696.

PORTUGAL.

, is a limited monarchy, its present ruler being Luis
I. who became king in 1861. It has a history antedating that
of the Roman empire, of which it was for a time a part. In
the fifteenth century it reached its greatest prosperity and
power, being at that time the greatest maritime country in
Europe. But its decline was as rapid as its rise, and its position among
the great powers is now inconsequential. It is the most westerly king-
dom of Europe, comprising an area of 34,501 square miles, and a popula-
tion in 18S1 of 4.708,178. It also possesses colonies with a total area of
705.258 square miles, and a population of 3,331,762. The cultivation of
the vine and olive is among the chief occupations of the inhabitants, the
rich red wine called "port" coming from Oporto, one of its leading cities.
Wine is its chief exp )rt. It had in 1886 about 950 miles of railway. Lis-
bon i the capital, with a population of 246,343.

ROUMAN1A

|OMPRISES a part of the great plain of South Russia, by which
country it is bounded on the north and east. It 1887 its area
was estimated at 48,307 square miles, and population at 5,376,-
000. The soil is one of the richest and most productive in
Europe. It has a monarchial form of government with the
legislative power vested in a constitutional assembly. The present ruler

is Carol I, who was proclaimed king in 1881. Agriculture forms the lead-
ing industry. Its chief exports are wheat, barley, maize and salt. In
1887 it had 1.100 miles of railway, with 562 in course of construction, and
3.256 miles of telegraph lines. Bucharest is the capital, with a popula-
tion of 221,805.

RUSSIA,

UJHE largest monarchy in the world, comprises about one-seventh
of the territorial surface of the globe, and approaching very
nearly in extent the dominion under English rule. In addi-
tion to its territory in Europe, of which it contains one-half,
it comprehends a third of Asia; comprising a total area of
nearly 11,000,000 square miles, with a population of about 200,000,000. A
large portion of the Russian territory is unfit for cultivation, much of it
being covered with snow for the greater part of the year. It has, how-
ever, largo plains with a fertile soil, and forests of timber which are
estimated to cover 500,000,000 acres. Agriculture forms the leading
occupation, and with its wide scope of country, its products include every
variety but the tropical; the chief are grain, timber, hides, hemp, wool
and linseed. The established religion of the empire is Greco-Russian,
with the Czar at its head. Russia is an absolute monarchy, with the will
of the Czar alone as law. Alexander III is the present Czar, ascending
the throne in 1881. The great mass of the Russians are without educa-
tion, it having been the policy of the government in times past to keep
the common people in ignorance. The army of Russia on a peace footing
comprises about 800,000 men. and on a war footing, 1.866,353. Its navy is
manned by about 30,000 men. In 1886 there were 17,021 miles of railway
in operation and 856 miles more in course of construction. It had also
68,238 miles of telegraph lines. The capital is St. Petersburgh, with a
population in 1884 of 929,100.

SERVIA,

ITUATED south of Austria, has an area of 18,800 square miles,
with a population estimated at 1.902,419. The surface of the
country is mountainous, containing extensive forests, rich
valleys and plains. The religion of the Servians is the Greek
orthodox, but is independent of the Patriarch at Constanti-
nople. In 1886 there were 247 miles of railway and 1,646 miles of tele-
graph lines in the country. Its chief exports are cereals, hides, prunes,
wines and live animals. Belgrade, the capital, has a population of 38,210.

pi" O F* El I G 3NI

SPAIN.

EOAUSE Spain's ruler furnished Columbus in 1492 with the
means of discovering America, she occupies rather an impor-
tant position in the minds of Americans at the present time.
Spain is a constitutional, monarchy, with the executive power
vested in the king, and legislative with the king and Cortes.
Alfonso XIII, born after his father's death, succeeded to the throne in
1886, his mother being queen regent during his minority. In the six-
teenth century Spain was the richest and most powerful monarchy in
Europe. It lies to the south of France, and has an area of 197,767 square
miles, and a population of 16,968,178. The Roman Catholic is the State
church of Spain, and while private worship is allowed protestants, all
public announcement of the same is strictly prohibited. The islands of
Porto Rico in the West Indies, are the principal Spanish possessions,
although nearly all of South America is held by descendents of Spain and
Portugal. Its principal exports are wine, silk, quicksilver, iron ore,
fruits, olive oil, grain, cork and salt. It had in 1887, about 5,164 miles
of railway and 1,512 more in course of construction; also possessed 11,150
miles of telegraph lines. Madrid, the capital, has a population of 397,816.

SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

3UTHERAN Protestant is recognized as the State religion.
The present charter establishes fundamental laws on the
terms that the union of these two countries shall be indissolu-
ble and irrevocable, without prejudice, however, to separate
government of Sweden and Norway. The present ruler is
Oscar II, who ascended the throne in 1872. Sweden has an area of 170,-
979 square miles, and a population of 4,744.409; Norway, an area of 123,205
square miles, and a population of 1,925,000. Fishing and ship building
are the leading industries. The chief exports are timber, fish oil, furs
and ice. Sweden had in 1890, 1,646 miles of railway belonging to the
State and 3,038 miles of private railroad, and 6,919 miles of telegraph
lines. Norway in 1891, had 971 miles of railway, and 5,649 miles of tele-
graph. Stockholm is the capital of Sweden, and has a population of 243,-
500 in 1891. Christiana is the capital of Norway, and has a population of
130,027. The legendary history of Sweden forms part of Scandinavian
history. It was settled at the same time as Norway and Denmark, by
numerous and barbarous clans. Swedish and Norwegian history begins
properly in about the ninth century, when its inhabitants were called
Northmen or Norsemen.

SWITZERLAND

STAINED its freedom and has been a republic since 1848, hav-
ing been formerly under French control. It comprises an
area of 15,892 square miles, with a population in 1884 of 2,906,-
752. The population is composed of three nationalities Ger-
man, French and Italian, the German predominating. It is
the most mountainous country of Europe, the Alps intersecting it in all
directions, and its unrivaled scenery attracts tourists from all over the
world. The forests cover about one-sixth of the surface of the country.
Agriculture is followed chiefly in the valleys. Its manufactures are ex-
tensive, consisting of silks, cottons, linens, lace, cloaks, watches, gloves
and porcelain. It has 1,925 miles of railway, and 4,349 miles of telegraph
lines. Berne is the capital, with a population of 44,086.

TURKEY.

|HE laws of the empire are based on the precepts of the Koran,
and the will of the Sultan is absolute so far as it is not in oppo-
sition to the Mohammedan religion. The present Sultan is
Abdul-Hamid II, who succeeded to the throne in 1876. The
kingdom exists solely by the suffrance of the great powers of
Europe, being wholly unable to defend itself. Turkey in Europe, for-
merly very extensive, now comprises an area of only 63,850 square miles,
and a population of 4,790,000. The soil is for the most part fertile, but
from various causes but little progress has been made in agriculture.
The cultivated products are the cereals and fruits. Its manufactures are
almost entirely domestic. In 1866 Turkey had 904 miles of railway open
and 14,617 miles of telegraph lines. Constantinople is the capital, with
a population in 1885 of 1,200,000.

ASIA.

CHINA,

INCLUDING its territories, form a vast empire in Eastern
Asia, containing an area of about 4,540,000 square miles, or
rather more than one-twelfth of the globe. The population
of the empire has been variously estimated at from 256,000,000
to -536,000,000, no system having ever been adopted to deter-
mine what it is. China has no extended commerce with the world at
large, not desiring to trade with foreign nations. Its principal exports

are tea and silk. Tea is the most celebrated of its products. A great
part of China has a fertile soil, and the chief occupation of tho inhabit-
ants is agriculture, rice and millet, the chief food of tho people, and tea,
sugar and cotton being the chief products. Their manufactures are
quite extensive, but almost wholly by hand, and with very simple instru-
ments. The people do not possess much skill, but are very industrious.
The government is that of absolute monarchy, and the prevailing re-
ligion one founded by Confucius, 500 years B. C. Education is compul-
sory. China is the most ancient of the present civilized countries, and
for the past twenty centuries has made but little advancement, although
some progress has been made in the last few years. Pekin. the capital
of the Chinese empire, has a population variously estimated at from ono
to two millions, and is surrounded by high walls thick enough to allow
twelve horsemen to ride abreast upon them. Tho wall that bounds China
on the north is 1,500 miles long, and from twenty to thirty feet high. It
is said to have been completed 214 years before Christ. In the Chinese
language there are a prodigious number of characters, some placing the
useful part at 25,000 in number.

INDIA.

|OST of the country which lies south of Turkestan and the Him-
alaya mountains, and between Persia and China, is included
in India. It is under the control of Great Britain, and ex-
tends over a territory as large as Europe, without Russia,
having an area of 1,573,504 square miles, and a population es-
timated at 254,000,000. Of tho total population, over one-fourth, includ-
ing 19,000,000 females, are connected with agriculture, and over twenty
millions are engaged in small manufactures. The principal products are
cotton, wheat, jute, rice, tea, coffee and untanned hides. The exports in
1885 aggregated $425,000,000. There are 13,305 miles of railway, and in
1884 there were 23,304 miles of telegraph lines. The principal religions
are those of Hindus and Mohammedan, which number together nearly
240,000,000, there being only about 2,000,000 Christians. Education of
late years is making considerable progress. Calcutta is the capital, with
a population of 871,504. Bombay, the next largest city, has 773,193 in-
habitants. Madras, population 405,848, capital of the presidency of the
same name, is situated on the western shore of the Bay of Bengal, Hy-
derabad, population 354,692, capital of the Nizam's territories, is situated
on the Mussi. Lucknow, population 261,303, capital of Oudh, located on
the Gumti. Benares, population 199,700, on the Ganges. Delhi, popula-
tion 173,393, capital of the province of the same name.

JAPAN.

|HIS ancient and extensive empire consists of several large and
many small islands, said to comprise in all 3,800 in number,
situated to the north and east of China. It comprises an area
of 148,456 square miles, and a population of 37,017,302. The
government is an absolute monarchy, the power of the Mika-
do being absolute and unlimited. The country is quite mountainous, and
not more than one-sixth of the territory is available for agriculture. The
principal agricultural products are rice, barley, wheat and beans. Tho
chief manufactures are those of silk and cotton, japanned ware, porcelain
and bronze. The religion is mainly Buddhism, but Christianity is
spreading among the people. Education is compulsory. In 1885 there
were 250 miles of railroad, and over 5,000 miles of telegraph lines. To-
kio, formerly called Yeddo, is the capital, with a population of 902,837.

PERSIA.

DUCATION is possessed in a rudimentary form by the popula-
tion of Persia to a greater extent than any other country in
Asia. It is situated in Western Asia, adjoining the Red Sea,
and contains an area of 610, OdO square miles, and population of
7,653,000. Its ruler is called the Shah, whose power is absolute,
only so far, however, as it is not opposed to the teachings of the Moham-
medan religion, which is professed by nearly all the inhabitants. Nearly
three-fourths of its area is a desert, occupying the central portion of the
territory. The borders are mountainous, with fertile valleys. The
articles of export are chiefly wheat and opium. The chief manufacture
is that of silk of the finest quality. Other manufactures include brocade,
embroidery, dyes, carpets, cotton and woolen fabrics, felts, shawls, etc-
There are only 30 miles of railroad, and 3,824 miles of telegraph lines in
the territory. The capital is Teheran, with a population of about 200,000,
situated about seventy miles south of the Caspian sea.

AUSTRALIA,

DEPENDENCY of Great Britain, is the largest island on the
globe, being in fact more of a continent. Its area is nearly
three million square miles, or about the size of the United
States, exclusive of Alaska. Its population is estimated a
2,300,000. The interior consists in a great part of a sandy
and stony desert, but nearly all the coast and eastern portion of Australia

is a rich grazing country. The latter region is well adapted to the rais-
ing of sheep, of which there were in 1882 upward of seventy-two millions.
The island is divided into five provinces New South Wales, Victoria,
Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. Its products
include those produced in the temperate zones. Large quantities of dia-
monds and precious metals are annually mined. Melbourne, the capital
of Victoria, is the largest city, with a population of 325,000. The other
large cities are Sydney, Wellington and Brisbane.

AFRICA.

EGYPT,

|OMINALLY a province of Turkey, but practically independent,
is one of the oldest countries in the world, its history dating
back of any authentic record. It possesses works of that
early period that are to this day the wonder of the world. Its
pyramids, tombs and monuments of its kings, have an antiqui-
ty beyond the researches of history. The base of the largest covers
eleven acres of ground, with a perpendicular height of 500 feet; it con-
tains a room thirty-four feet long and seventeen broad, in which there is
a marble chest, but without contents. The Catacombs, Sphynx, Ruins
of Thebes, etc., are great attractions to travelers. The Labyrinth is
partly under ground and cut out of marble rock, consisting anciently of
twelve palaces and three thousand chambers. Egypt comprises an area
estimated at 212.000 square miles, and a population in 1877 of 5,517,000.
The chief exports are grain, beans, cotton, sugar, skins and feathers. Its
religion is Mohammedan. The Nile is the leading and almost the only
river, its annual inundations making a fertile country of what would-
otherwise be a barren waste. Cairo is the capital and largest city, with
a population of about 400,000.

LIBERIA.

JHIS republic, with a form of government framed after that of
the United States, is situated on the west coast of Africa,
containing 14,300 square miles, and a population estimated at
1,068.000, most of whom are aboriginals. The principal ex-
ports are coffee, sugar, ginger, ivory, indigo and caoutchouc.
Monrovia, the capital, has a population of about 13,000.

MADAGASCAR,

LARGE island situated east of Africa, is under the protec-
torate of France, with a Queen as its present ruler. It is the
largest of the African Islands, having an area of about 228.600
square miles, and a population of 3,500,000. The island is
rich in minerals of every description, and produces an abund-
ance of rice, silk, spices, cotton and valuable timber.

ALGERIA,

IITUATED on the north coast of Africa, is also a French colony.
Its area is about 198,000 square miles, and population about
2,560,000. Its mineral resources are considerable, and the
cereals and olives are produced in the fertile region bordering
on the Mediterranean Sea. The Mohammedan is the pre-
vailing religion. Algiers is the principal city; population 56,800.

MOROCCO,

HE largest of the Barbary States, is situated in northwest Af-
rica, and contains an area of about 200,000 square miles, and
a population of from five to eight millions. The empire is
absolute monarchy. Among the chief products are wheat,
barley, corn, oil and fruits. There are three capitalsFez,
Morocco and Maquinez, the former the largest; population about 80,000.

CAPE COLONY

|S an extensive British province, situated in the extreme south-
ern part of Africa, with an area of 211,471 square miles, and
a population of 1,129,648. The colonists engage in the pro-
duction of wine and wool, in rearing horses, cattle, sheep and
ostriches, the culture of barley, wheat and oats, and mining
of copper, coal and diamonds. Capo Town is the capital; pop. 35,000.

ORANGE FREE STATE,

ATED in the south of Africa, is separated from Cape Colony
by the Orange river. It has a republican form of govern-
ment. Its area is estimated at 70,000 square miles, and pop-
ulation at 133.618. The principal exports are wool, hides and
ostrich feathers. The State contributes annually $10,000,000
to education. Bloemfontein is the capital; population 2,567.

DISCOURSED ON

OF"

BY CHICAGO DIVINES, SUNDAY, OCT. 16, 1892.

NO USE FOR ICONOCLASTS.

BISHOP FALLOWS SAYS COLUMBUS' IMPERFECTIONS NEED NOT BE

DWELT UPON.

ISHOP FALLOWS preached at St. Paul's
Reformed Episcopal church on "The Gift of
the Old World to the New." The Bishop said
in part:

"Very naturally and properly, too, upon
this Sunday preceding the formal dedication
of the World's Exposition, our thoughts are
turned to the man who gave the new world to
the old. I have little respect for those who
try to bring out the imperfections that cling
to the character of Columbus. It is not nec-
essary to deify him to give his just dues, and
it is not necessary to dwell on his foibles and
failings. A great historical character is like
the sun; he has spots, but we need not be par-
ticularly anxious to bring them into notice.
The Spaniards came to this new world and

the most terrible crimes in history were committed by them. The
French came, but no progressive steps were taken by them, and it was
found that another race and another religion must leave their impress
upon the new lands given as a priceless gift to the old world. It was the
broad scheme of Christian civilization, where men might find a congen-
ial home and a religion which they now claim as a birthright.

"It is perfectly proper that our Roman Catholic citizens should have
a recognition in the great ceremonies. Columbus belonged to their
church, and it would bo the height of impropriety to debar them from a
prominent part in the exercises. I only want to remind them that Col-

umbus found America, but protestants created this new continent. We
ourselves are the best gift of the old world to the new, whether made in
our lifetime or that of our ancestors."

In the evening. Bishop Fallows' subject was "The Gift of the New
World to the Old." He said in the course of his address:

"I may embrace the subject in a single phrase the gift of American
manhood. It was the manhood sustained by truth that pushed forward
the great reforms that we have experienced in this country. Infidelity
never did it, and I challenge any to prove it did. I have yet to see an
infidel who is sacrificing his personal welfare to benefit others, and when
the men of this country banded themselves together and made a stand
against the mightiest power in the world, they did so because they felt
that the Almighty was with them. Their guns were loaded with a prin-
ciple which brought down not a man but a system. We have given to
the old world a lesson that the citizen soldier, fired with the love of
country, can do vastly more than the hirelings of a great standing army.
We have expanded our common school system till countries of the old
world have modeled theirs by ours. Our poets, our historians, our nov-
elists have taken their places with the best of those of the old world."

"We are about to open a great exposition and it is a pity that the
whole world cannot be present. Let us hope it will be celebrated and
dignified in every way and that the new world will give to the old the
best that can be found in the whole world."

AMERICA NO SECTARIAN HERITAGE.

REV. P. BRUSHINGHAM'S DISCOURSE.

Rev. 3. P. Bushingham preached at the Ravenswood M. E. church
on "The Columbian Celebration." The church was decorated for the
occasion, and music of a patriotic as well as devotional character was
rendered. The texts were from Hebrews xi, 8, "And he went out not

orst THE;

or*-

knowing whither he went," and from Acts xxvii, 27, ''About midnight
the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country." Among other
things, Mr. Bushingham said:

" The nations and the churches of Christendom do not honor simply
a name, are not deifying a man, but pause to feel the force of the great
idea for which the word Columbus stands. While we should not with-
hold the meed of praise to the genius, faith, and heroism of Christopher
Columbus we must, nevertheless, recognize him as but a servant to carry
forward the great plans of divine providence. Columbus discovered
America, but the Almighty God discovered Columbus.

"It is childishly absurd for any one branch of the Christian church
to lay exclusive claim to the great discoverer. If Columbus belonged to
any branch of Christendom it must have been that only one which existed
at the time of his voyage of discov ry. I have no sympathy with this
spirit of narrow sectarianism, wherever found. I would not discount the
noble faith of Queen Isabella because she did not happen to be a protestant.

"In these days we think of a fact in history which began in prayer
and ended in praise. Columbus and his sailors planted the cross before
a new continent, symbolizing the fact that one day in seven was to be
God's day and that the country was to be God's country. It seems in poor
taste for the scoffing atheist to lampoon the faith of the mighty mariner.

"Columbus had faith in God and in himself, but he made navigation
a study. He had the spirit of originality. He knew land could be found
in the west from the very nature of the case. The stories of other navi-
gators and the authority of learned writers and his own study gave him
faith. While others doubted he believed, and trusted while they scoffed.
He prayed and fasted while his sailors mutinied. For eighteen long
years he waited before he saw the triumph of his ideas.

"Columbus opened a larger space for the increasing millions of the
old world and opportunity for experiments in free government. We have
a government of the people, for the people and by the people, yet it is all
experimental. Our institutions are in their infancy and we must not shut
our eyes to dangers threatening us. The investigations of the depart-
ment of state disclose the fact that Europe is dumping systematically
on our shores her convicts, diseased people, paupers and idiots. A moral
quarantine must be established for America's future to be as great as her
past."

VINDICATION OF THE DISCOVERER.

DORE'S ELOQUENT TRIBUTE TO THE GREAT CATHOLIC NAVIGATOR.

Worshipers at the Cathedral of the Holy Name were reminded on
glancing at the pulpit all brilliant with the stars and stripes, that the
Catholic church was honoring the memory of Columbus. A very large

congregation attended the mass celebration at 10:30, at which an eloquent
discourse on Columbus was deli /ered by Father J. P. Dore.

"There lies in the human heart," said Father Doro, "an instinct that
that prompts us to keep alive the memory of illustrious names. We cling
to the names of the world's greatest with all the tenacity of heartfelt
gratitude and they live upon the lips of men long after they have finished
their labors. The world inscribes upon its pillars the names of its heroes,
its statesmen, its philosophers, its poets, and commits them to the keep-
ing of the future. But frequently we find the memory to be but the
shadow of a name once great. It is only when their efforts, by the grace
of God, have affected the entire world, when as the Creator's instrument,
subservient to His will they have accomplished great things, that their
memory lives. Future generations in the study of their lives and charac-
ters behold the Christian influence that prevailed, the love of God that
was implanted in their mortal souls. And it is the memory of such a one
we celebrate to-day, the memory of him who first planted on this continent
the cross of Jesus Christ, of him whose life was devoted to science and
religion, the learned, the saintly Columbus."

After giving a sketch of the life of Columbus, the preacher continued:
"If we wish to estimate his merits, if we wish to recognize and to
acknowledge what we owe him, we must bring home to ourselves the
value and importance of the services he rendered for the world and for
faith. After all, what would our lives be if faith did not enlighten them?
Without the presence of faith there is no foundation of hope, no motive
for charity. Without faith man would find himself here, not knowing
whence or why he came, or whither the years are bearing him away.
Reason would find the limit of its sway, life would be a mystery. But
with faith there comes a change. It is faith that rolls away the mists
that dim the intellect and dispels the doubts that crowd the mind. This
same faith was the power that attended the great Columbus. Should he
not then be honored by us as Catholics, should not his name be ever on
our lips, should not his memory be cherished in our heart of hearts and
his virtues be made the standard and the model of our lives? Imbued
with the doctrine of Jesus Christ, Columbus yearned to save the souls of
the thousands he foresaw living in the land of his discovery. Imbued
with the living faith he longed to reclaim the sepulchre with the wealth
of the new world.

"His whole life was one living act of faith. Before leaving his own
land to sail the unknown seas he received devoutly the sacraments of
penance and of the eucharist, and as he stepped on the Santa Maria he
begged the blessing of the good Father Perez. Thus fortified by God's
grace and surrounded by the praying multitude, the Christ bearer began
his voyage. At night in midocean, commander and crew chanted solemn-

OP*

ly the Salve Regina, the Ave Maris Stella, begging the mother of God to
guide their vessels aright.

"He implored his men to have faith and confidence in God, and he
himself prayed with unremitting vigor. At last his prayers were heard,
the cry of land! land! greets his ears, and the shores of the continent are
reached. Columbus springing forward with the cross blessed by the good
priest, plants it on the newly discovered soil, falls on his knees and with
his followers give thanks to the Almighty. Columbus offered up this new
land to Jesus Christ and called it Holy Saviour.

"Such was the character of the discoverer, at all times working for
the greater honor and glory of God. Listen to the glowing tribute paid
him by that distinguished American writer, Washington Irving: 'He
was devoutly pious,' says Irving, 'religion mingled with the whole course
of his thoughts and actions and shone forth in his most private and un-
studied writings. Whenever he made any great discovery he celebrated
it by solemn thanks to God. The voice of prayer and the melody of praise
rose from his ships when they first beheld the new world. Every even-
ing hymns were chanted by the crew, and in the beantif ul groves border-
ing the wild shores of this heathen land the holy sacrifice of the mass
was offered. All his great enterprises were undertaken in the name of
the holy trinity, and he partook of communion previous to embarkation.
He was a firm believer in the efficiency of vows, and penances and pil-
grimages, and resorted to them in times of difficulty and danger. The
religion thus deeply rooted in his soul diffused a sober dignity and benign
composure over his whole demeanor. His language was pure and guarded
and free from all imprecations, oaths and other irreverent expressions.'

"That is the opinion of a protestant writer. He admires the sterling
character of our Columbus; he extols him for his love for the faith, and
implies that through faith his greatness was secured.

"What a man then for us to revere! Never could we find greater
self-sacrifice, greater humility than in the life of him whose name to-day
is on every lip in the civilized world.

"In his life what a rebuke is there for the lukewarm, the indifferent
Catholic, who esteems his faith as little or nothing compared with the
things of this world. From Columbus let them learn the lesson taught
now as it was in his day, for his faith was ours, that God is our creator,
that to him we owe everything, from him comes all of comfort and good
we possess here below, and that the return he demands for all is our love
and obedience. At this time, especially, when the world at large is hon-
oring his memory, when acts of thanksgiving are ascending to the throne
of the Most High for the blessings this land of Columbus has received,
what a consolation is the church, what a proud moment for us to point
with exultant joy to the man and say 'he was a Catholic pure and holy.'

As Catholics we rejoice in this grand celebration, and who shall deny us
the right? Why will the tongues of bigots dare attack the religion in
which was born, nurtured and carried out the great discovery of this
land? Did it not have its origin in a Catholic mind; was it not blessed
by a Catholic priest, and was it not materially aided by the Catholic
queen of Spain, the noble Isabella, who said 'I will pledge my jewels to
raise the necessary funds.

"As Catholics we assert without fear the right to celebrate the feast
of Columbus; we ask favor from no quarter, we make no apology, but
when narrow-minded men will give utterance to expressions such ?,s have
appeared of late, we fling the lie back in their faces and stand as Catho-
lics, as citizens of a great and glorious republic, on a continent first dis-
covered by an uncanonized Catholic saint. We are Americans; we enjoy
the liberty, civil and religious, that this law gives us; we are as ready
now to protect it as in days gone by, and at the same time we are, thank
God, Catholic believers in the faith of Jesus Christ; subjects of religious
belief in his vicar on earth, the bishop of Rome.

"May this land of Columbia ever prosper; may peace and content-
ment ever be hers; may God in his mercy ever protect it from war and
strife; may her citizens be loyal; may this ever be the land of the brave
and the home of the free, the refuge, the protector of the exiles from
foreign shores, the greatest, the grandest country on the face of God's
green earth. To you, Columbus:

"God sent thee from the crowded ark,

Christ-bearer like the dove,
To find, o'er sundering waters dark,

New lands for conquering love,"

CATHOLICS BROUGHT AMERICA FORTH.

FATHER CASHMAN PREACHES OF THE BIRTH OF THE NEW CONTINENT.

Were Columbus a canonized saint, the services in his honor at St.
Jarleth's Catholic church could not have been more elaborate and impres-
sive. Low masses were celebrated from early morning by the several
priests connected with St. Jarleth's parish, but the ceremony of the day
was set for 10:45 o'clock. At that hour the thanksgiving high mass of
the Holy Ghost was sung. The singing and music incidental to the mass
were excellently given by a trained choir of fifty voices and orchestra.
A distinguished ecclesiastic from Rome, who was visiting Father Cash-
man, Rev. D. Kenna, was celebrant of the mass. Father O'Connor offi-
ciated as deacon, Father Cox as subdeacon, and Father Cashman as mas-

ON THIS

OF* COl^tJM BtJS.

tev of ceremonies. The big church was thronged. After the first gospel
Father Cashman ascended the pulpit. He said:

"All the world knows that Columbus discovered America. All
Americans ought to know who Columbus was, what manner of man he
was, and what were the motives that moved him and the influences that
inspired him. The Atlantic ocean was to the people of the middle ages
what the Hyperborean sea was to the Romans a wild waste of endless
waters over which hung everlasting night and eternal death. We know
now, but Columbus did not know then, that bold voyagers from northern
Europe discovered America before the great Genoese set foot on the soil
of this country. Historical proofs abound going to show that as early as
the sixth century an Irish Monk. St. Brendan, was one of those who
came before Columbus. Ancient Irish literature teems with references
to the saint's discovery, and an Irish Christian brother, Gerald Griffin,
who made a mark among men of letters of his day in London, embodied
in a beautiful poem the Irish traditions in reference to the existence of
'Hy Brazil, the isle of the blest," America.'

Coming to the character of Columbus, the preacher paid a glowing
tribute to the great navigator:

"His faith in the existence of a land beyond the ocean was only ex-
celled by his faith in the teachings of the church to which we catholics
are proud to belong. It was because of his faith that he set forth on his
mission of discovery. He had heard of India and of the great wealth of
that country. His idea was that India extended to where he found Amer-
ica. He was fired with the idea of driving the Turks out of the Holy
Land. This task needed money for its accomplishment, and Columbus
set forth to get it with a pure heart and the heroic determination of a
crusader. We all know the sequel.

"While we laud Columbus, let us not forget the Catholic priest,
Father Perez, who influenced Isabella to assist Columbus, and let us not
forget that Catholic queen of Spain for enabling him to make the voyage.
Ignorant snarlers may bray until they get tired, but braying cannot
change the facts of history. These facts show that Catholics discovered
this land, that they explored and colonized it, that they fought and died
for it when it was in danger; and these facts, too, enable us to say that
for our faith to continue, to flourish here, means the perpetuation of the
republic. From Columbus to the Catholics whose names are signed to
the declaration of American independence, and from them to the gallant
Sheridan, a long line of the members of our church have left us a herit-
age which we should cherish as a precious possession. If we so cherish
it, we must be good Americans. A good Catholic must be a loyal citizen.
When men and nations fall away from religion, they become a prey to
materialism and selfiishness, and then greed for gain leads to injustice.

The history of all civil society proves that when justice can be trampled
on with impunity then comes the cataclysm. The further we get from
God the nearer we get to mammon, expediency becomes the rule, the
classes and the masses differentiate, and soon is heard the rumble of rev-
olution. In such times it is our duty to cleave to the faith as did Colum-
bus and the crusaders, otherwise the historian at no distant day may hp-
gin to chronicle the story of our country's decline and fall."

DR. HIRSCH ON AMERICA S DISCOVERY.

ETHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COLUMBUS' ACCIDENT.

Dr. E. G. Hirsch delivered a discourse before a large congregation in
Sinai Temple. Every seat was occupied. The platform was decorated
with American flags and banners. Busts of Washington, Lincoln and
Columbus were appropriately draped. The choir sang national hymns.
Dr. Hirsch's subject was: "The Moral Significance of the Discovery of
America." The speaker said in part :

' 'There are moments in the life of each individual soul, that are given
to deeper reflection when doubt crowds upon it, when life itself seems a
burden of accidents. During the sober reflections of these moments we
look back upon the experience of the past. A gleam comes that unravels
the interwoven fabrics of history. And the movements on the chess board
of time that forged the links of the centuries reveal themselves to us and
are as an open book.

"The question arises, was the discovery of America a mere accident
or was it by providential direction? The thinker looking backward con-
siders October 12, 1492, a turning point in the history of the world.
Then he wonders how a mariner whose original purpose was the discovery
of a passage to the Indies found a world. Columbus' intent, when he
sailed out of the harbor of Palos, was to enrich the coffers of his country.
We all know the history of that tempestuous voyage, resulting in stum-
bling upon this continent. We can say that Columbus' discovery was
accidental; we have the proof. Greater than Columbus is America.
Columbus was simply an instrument in the hands of providence.

"Looking backward over four hundred years let us embrace with one
sweeping glance the ending of the fifteenth century. In Constantinople
the crescent has been victorious over the cross. Guttenberg has invented
printing. The Hussite war has been terminated. The reformation is
approaching. Martin Luther is advancing and having recognition
Copernicus, the astronomer, is growing to manhood. Ferdinand and
Isabella are on the throne of Spain. The differences of York and Lan-

ON TtiiEO

OF" COI^TLJ IVIBUS.

caster are ending, and Henry the VII is creating modern England.
Italy cherishes the master of painting. Venice glories in republican
splendor, and Alexander Borgia is seated in the pontifical chair at Rome.
In Florence Savonarola is preaching a new reformation. This is the state
of Europe when the discovery of a new world dawns a period of uphea-
vals in art, and literature, science and religion. This was the era when
a new world was discovered for a nobler and newer humanity. What
the North American continent has done for civilization is a matter of
history. No country can boast of such natural possessions as the new
continent. The ancient forests have stored up their treasures for us.
We ask for a tribute from the rivers; they do not deny us. We dive down
into the depths of the ocean and are rewarded. It is not necessary for
me to tell of the secreted treasure in the bowels of the earth awaiting
discovery, of the black diamonds, metals and life sustaining waters.
It is needless to mention the vastness of our surface wealth, our cereals,
that help to nourish the world, and other sources of wealth in the cata-
logue of our possessions. It is in obedience to an impulse that we seek
to learn of the age of Columbus and other men who held aloft the torch
of larger opportunity.

"The constitution of the United States embodies the principles
sounded from the housetops by the ancient Hebrews, religion is the
privilege of the individual soul. Just because the election of religion
was left to the individual is our supremacy over monarchial countries.
The vital principle of religion is individual responsibility to a higher
source of life-obligation to God. The responsibility of the individual and
the authority of man are the moral significance of the discovery of
America not the discovery of virgin soil. A government of the people,
by the people and for the people is not a theory but a practical ex-
perience, and under such a government the arts and sciences will nourish.
We are on the threshold of the twentieth century, and an era of liberty."

KNEW NOT WHERE HE WAS GOING.

COLUMBUS A HERO, YET A CEEATUKE OF HIS AGE AND RACE.

Rev. John R. Gow, pastor of the Hyde Park Baptist Church, took for
his subject ''The Faith Element in the Voyage of Columbus." He com-
pared the navigator's sailing with the journey of Abraham when he sep-
arated from Lot in the land of Egypt. He said:

'Each departed 'knowing not where he was going,' each was called,
and each obeyed. Each went to discover that which to him should be
for an inheritance. Columbus was a devotee of faith, and upon his per-
ilous journey he went in perfect trust in God. Columbus lived in an age
of exploration, superstition and prejudice. But it was an age when all

minds were directed in the pursuit of knowledge. He Was a hero, and
yet a creature of his age and race. Columbus was foremost among con-
temporaneous explorers in making new discoveries, and his earnest zeal
was not without avail. The west depended upon the east for its luxuries,
and one of the most potent incentives, which ultimately resulted in the
explorations of Columbus, was the necessity for a new source of supply
which the nobility demanded.

'The gates to China were closed against the west. The war with the
Turks destroyed ihe commerce of that country, and with a view to a new
passage to Asia, Columbus departed on his perilous journey. Through
innumerable hardships, beaten back by contending elements, surround-
ed by mutinous seamen, harassed by doubt, but determined in spirit,
with face ever set toward the unknown west, he sailed on and on; till at
last, through faith in God and the dispensation of an all-wise providence
he set foot upon America, taking possession of it in the name of the God
he so faithfully served."

MORAL RESULTS OF THE DISCOVERY.

M. M. MANGASARIAN'S LECTURE ON COLUMBUS.

Before the Ethical Culture society, at the Grand Opera House, Pro-
fessor M. M. Mangasarian lectured on ''Christopher Columbus and the
Moral Results of the Discovery of America." Reviewing the life of
Columbus, Mr. Mangasarian said he was bred in an age of superstition,
when the growth of mind was shackled. In his Italian home he dreamed
as a boy, of the Indies beyond the western sea, and in his manhood,
indomitable will and great courage brought a grand realization of those
dreams. Columbus' project was received with mocking by a supersti-
tious age which would accept the supernatural, but had no place in its
faith for the great deeds of a courageous mind.

"When America was discovered, the modern spirit was born," said
the lecturer. "Great and new ideas sprang up in Europe, but they were
lost in the stubble of old forms and superstitions. In this new land to
which Columbus gave civilized existence these ideas found a soil suitable
for their growth and expansion.

"The mind of Europe was strong, but the body was weak and corrupt.
In the virgin soil of America the mind spread. The new land had
been able to teach older Europe that a nation can exist where men shall
be equal, where property shall be protected, and where the humblest
born may attain the loftiest position. All this change in the fact of the
modern world had come from the immense courage and the untarnished
mind of the great discoverer. Devout Catholic that he was, he

O1M THIS

Ot<" COI^TLJ XIQUS.

beyond the rule of priestcraft and superstition and opened to the
world a garden for the planting of the seeds of new thought. His
discovery, America, had changed modern Enrope. Its example had
melted old conventionalities and superstitions, broken down barriers
between the high and low, and taught the people of this ancient
civilization the usefulness of freedom of thought and action. It was the
irony of fate that such a man should die in poverty, unrewarded for his
most magnificent achievement."

Mr. Mangasarian took to task recent writers who have sought to un-
der estimate the value of Columbus' work by attacking his moral charac-
ter. Musty old documents and unpublished letters had been produced,
he said, to prove the errors of the discoverer's young manhood, and to
show that in his voyage of discovery he was simply a vagabond and a gold
hunter. The man who, seeing the lily, cared to point to the mud as the
birthplace of the beautiful flower, was not to be admired. Columbus
must be measured not by his origin, or by possible personal lapses. His
glory was in what he did, and he had made possible the great moral
agency of the new world.

COLUMBUS AND WASHINGTON.

TWO TYPES COMPARED BY REV. MONTGOMERY THROOP.

Rev. Montgomery Throop, of All Saints' church, preached on ''Col-
umbus and Romanism."

''During the last few weeks the Roman Catholics have, by the use of
our newspapers, used every effort possible to associate themselves prom-
inently with the Columbus celebration. It is no new thing for church
people in general to strive for notoriety. If we look back a few years to
the centennial of the adoption of our constitution we will observe that
our church is the last one to find fault with the Roman Catholics. By
using our imagination we cannot conceive that George Washington be-
longed to any church but ours. His character shows it.

"On the other hand, Columbus is connected in the same way with
the Catholic Church. I do not desire to censure him for the means he
used in keeping his crew ignorant of his voyage, but he had a great
moral weakness in connection with his great strength, not only in his
own life, but as a governor and administrator. While he desired the In-
dians to be converted and civilized, he was ready to burn them at the
stake if they did not worship as he desired.

"We can safely say that Washington and Columbus were the fruits
of two different systems, and while we give the latter all the praise and
glory that belong to him, let us think of this, our nineteenth century;'

the progress of our republican freedom; the election of our rulers by the
people, our public schools; our religious freedom, and in what light he
would consider it. Although we cannot fail to admire his intrepidity,
let us not forget the Norsemen who settled in the borders of our own ter-
ritory, and to them belong the first honors. We are their descendants.
"At the beginning of our second century of national life, we are be-
set with dangers arising from the presence of the inferior races of south-
ern Europe. These races desire to rule, and if they should gain that
power in this country, we would rapidly find ourselves in the same posi-
tion as the countries of South America. We have lost much of the zeal
which belongs to the Catholic Church of this nation. That which our
forefathers cast aside we have taken up. and we have taken much which
we ought to have left alone. Our representative men can compare with
the Roman, as Columbus compares with Washington. These two are
men who achieved greatness, not by enthusiasm, but by an unswerving
pupose which never forgets the presence of God."

AMERICA WITH A LARGE A.

REV. MR. DELANO WANTS NATIONAL CUSTOMS RESPECTED AS WELL

AS COLUMBUS.

"I am more interested to know what is to become of America in the
next fifty years than I am to know perfectly the man who discovered it,"
said Rev. Henry A. Delano in beginning his sermon before a large con-
gregation at the First Baptist Church in Evanston. He continued:

"I am more anxious to know whose hands will guide the craft from
this on than I am about the hands that guided the first bark to our
shores. Those hands are dust, and those brave hearts fast asleep, but I
know many a hand with ten fingers aching to grasp the reins of this gov-
ernment and run it for the selfish aggrandizement of the few. There is
enough of past achievement to celebrate that is glorious and magnificent
without splitting hairs over the discoverer of America. If Columbus
was the fortunate mariner, I would not pluck one feather from his plum-
age, nor even disturb the ruffle about his neck. If he it was who first
planted the cross here, I say amen, and by that sign we conquer. But I
am more interested in the men who developed this land than I am in the
man who found it; more interested in the men who saved it by their
blood than I am in the men who first sighted shore.

"The grand exposition year which is to be inaugurated the present
week, is not so much an illustration of what was found, as it is a revela-
tion of what has been made. Columbus found a chaos. The foreigner
landing here to-morrow ought to find a cosmos. It is a new world we

OIM TI-IEJ

OF*

are putting on exhibition is it not? I know of some persons who want
to make it as much like the old one as possible. God pity the servile and
namby-pamby American who, in an hour like this, is running after rel-
ics who is more careful to have Spain, Portugal or France, foreign
faith, foreign ideas, foreign fashions or foreign Sunday consulted, than
the principles, the deeds and the customs of his own land. I am in favor
of the utmost courtesy and fairness toward all without, but I protest
against the idea of arraying the goddess of American liberty in the cos-
tume of centuries gone by. If I know anything about American history
I think the stars and stripes good enough for her. I want to see liberty
of conscience and speech, fair and honorable concessions made to every
man, every sect, every church and institution, but I want the fundamen-
tal ideas of this government honored by every citizen, its flag respected
its laws obeyed, its language taught and spoken, and if the citizen can't
do that, let him go and discover something of his own. I do not want
this great celebration to be a revamping of Columbus alone nor his pe-
culiar faith.

"No sect, no hierarchy, no class, no race, no condition save that
which is American in its spirit, patriotic in its genius and loyal to the
back bone to every thread of the American flag, every star in its blue
square, every hope it stands for, and every principle it symbolizes.
Hands off, and a fair, genial, fraternal, patriotic show, not only of what
has been, but of what is and is to be.

"I am a friend of every sincere, intelligent faith, of every honest and
pure creed, of every pure principle of republicanism, but I am most, and
to-day and forever, an American, and that.spelled with ,n A as large as
North America tself."

BISHOP CHENEY'S SERMON

ON THE INDEBTEDNESS OP THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION TO THE PAST
AND PRESENT INFLUENCES OF RELIGION.

The missionary hymn, "From Greenland's Icy Mountains," was sung
to the tune "Cruger," before the reading of the communion service, and
the congregation and choir joined heartily in the singing of "God Bless
Our Native Land" to the tune "America" before the sermon.

The subject of Bishop Cheney's discourse was, "What the Columbian
Exposition Owes to Christianity."

The question was, had the religion of Christ revolutionized the moral
aspect of the world, said the bishop. All history stood ready to prove
that it had. It was easy to snow that it had been a moral fight. His
task that morning lay iu a different direction, and it was an appropriate

one on account of the near approach of the dedication ceremonies of the
great world's fair. Had they ever noticed that when an electric light
was burning the shadows around it were dark? It had been charged
against Christianity that, while it made the conscience light and clear, it
made the intellect dark. It had been said that Christianity encouraged
the emotional and dampened the practical. What had Christianity done
for the intellectual cultivation of the people? He did not ask, What had
Christianity done to educate a class? When recently one hundred miners
were entombed a glorious work was done by the rescuing party, when
some of them were brought to the surface of the ground. Such a work
was done by the philosophers of Greece and Rome. They brought out an
educated class. They never attempted to enlighten the mass of mankind.
It was reserved for Christianity not only to save more than a class, but to
enlighten a people who were enveloped in darkness.

Rome had its great teachers of art, philosophy and sciences, but their
aim was only to teach a class. The 60,000,000 slaves and the populace
living on the bounty of the rich were not troubled. They did not care to
learn and nobody cared to teach them. The public school boy of to-day
knew more about Rome than any of those persons did. How was it that
he came to do so? The lawyer says that the law of the present day comes
from the old Roman law; the poet declares that his inspiration has been
derived from Homer and Virgil; the orator points to Demosthenes and
Cicero, and the philosopher owes much of his reasoning to Plato and
Aristotle. How did the world in the nineteenth century come to have in
its possession all the literary treasures which were written before the
Christian era? When Rome fell into the hands of the Goths all learning
perished. Libraries made campfires for the savage hordes; literature
was blotted out. Who saved what is possessed to-day? The church of
Christ and the church alone. The bishop had no words of palliation for
the errors of the clergy of the dark ages, but they and they alone pre-
served the literature that remained to this day. In their cloisters and
monasteries they hid for a thousand years all those treasures. Hallam,
the historian, said: "Religion alone made a bridge and linked the two
periods of ancient and modern civilization."

The church has also broken down the wall between the classes. In
olden days the only place where the peasant and the lord where on
equality was where the church came in. No matter how humble his
origin, if a man entered the church he became a peer with the rest.
Cardinal Wolseley was the son of a butcher. The church produced pub-
lic schools. In the second century when the old Christians were dying
out the only way was to educate the young. When the Goths and Van-
dals buried Rome under ignorance, the clergy undertook to give educa-
tion to the young. As early as 529 a council of the church ordered that

ON THE

every priest should make his home a school for the young. The synod
of Orleans in 729 ordered that all children, rich and poor, should go to
school, and made teaching free. The emperor, Charlemange, also
ordered that the clergy should teach.

When Alfred the Great founded the great universaties he established
free schools where the bible was the text book. Not a university exists
in Europe, which has not been established by Christian princes or clergy.
In this country, who were the founders of Harvard and of Yale, and the
great university in Chicago? In America $4.000,000,000 has been spent
in education. Who gave it? Not the advocates of infidelity, but the
friends of Christian culture.

In what countries had inventive science shown itself? The Indians,
Arabs and Chinese are the same as they were one thousand years ago.
Under Mahommedanism. Buddism and idolatry there has been stag-
nation, except where the inhabitants have been brought into contact
with Christianity. It was easy to say that the church had closed the
doora to science. How came it to pass that in the religions in which the
church was dominant science made the greatest progress. James Watt
was a Scotchman, but how was it possible that the steam engine could be
discovered in a Christian country? Morse and Eddy were Americans,
yet they discovered telegraphy and electricity.

The great exposition which will open next year will demonstrate to
the world that progress only exists in Christian countries. Humboldt
had said that it was the tendency of the Christian mind to gather from
tho order and beauty of nature the goodness of a creator. Huxley said
that the religion which made men's thoughts to turn towards science was
tho religion of Jesus Christ. The bishop had not read the hard things
that had been said about Columbus, but he believed he was a man
actuated by the desire to place Christianity in heathen lands.

How much did the Columbian exposition owe to Christianity? It
owed everything. There would be in the coming exposition only what
had been born of Christianity, nourished by Christianity and pushed to
its development by Christianity."

FOR THE WORLD'S REGENERATION.

FINDING OP THE NEYT WORLD PART OF THE SCHEME OF SALVATION.

Services in honor and memory of Columbus were held in the Church
of the Sacred Heart, Nine teeth and Johnson streets, at 10:30 o'clock.
Tho large house of worship was completely filled, and many stood out-
side the doors. Father Walter Hill*preached on the discovery of Amer-
ica, but the exercises were for the most part musical, the regular choir

being augmented by several soloists and a string orchestra. Fathers
Masterson and Ward acted as deacons, while Father Corbett celebrated
solemn high mass.

Father Hill's sermon, which was a review of the life of the discov-
erer of the new worM, w'th morals drawn from his example, was listened
to most attentively. His words seemed to have all the more weight for
his patriotic surroundings. The pulpit from which he spoke was en-
twined with red, white and blue, while to his right a draped portrait of
Columbus smiled upon the congregation. The national colors were con-
sidered sacred enough to be wrapped round and round the tabernacle it-
self, and all through the church flags and banners were hung.

In beginning the speaker told of the opposition Columbus encoun-
tered in making his project clear to the people of the old world and the
privations to which he was subjected, drawing therefrom the lessons of
perseverance and assiduity. Blind prejudice, he said, was a most diffi-
cult thing to overcome, and that Columbus overcame it showed him to be
a great man. Americans should be grateful for the advantages they en-
joy over all other nations, especially for the freedom of religious thought
that is here afforded to all men. Of all classes the Catholics should be
the most thankful, and it was fitting they of all others should celebrate
the triumphs of a man of their own creed, who had done so mnch' for
them. They should show this by taking an active part in all matters
pertaining to the discovery of America and the world's fair which cele-
brated this epoch in the history of nations, and should conduct themselves
so as to make the best citizens.

Father Hill said he had no doubt but that America was a country
chosen of God, where all might worship him as their consciences dic-
tated, and not at tho commands of others, who could see only their own
selfish hearts. The discovery of America was only a part of the general
scheme of the Creator, and Columbus was the divine instrument used in
carrying it out. Advantages so generously given to a great people
should be used not carelessly, but with the thought always in mind of
their great value.

COLUMBUS DAY AT EPIPHANY.

SERVICES AND DISCOURSE IN TUNE WITH THE EVENTS OF THE WEEK.

American flags hung in graceful folds above the chancel of the
Church of the Epiphany, and the desk from which the Rev. T. N. Mor-
rison preached an eloquent Columbian sermon was draped with the stars
and stripes. The special service in honor of the discovery which the
whole world is celebrating, attracted an audience that filled to overflow-

OlSt

OF-

ing the handsome church at Ashland boulevard and West Adams street.
A superb musical program preceded the sermon. Beginning with the
organ prelude, the surpliced choir entered, the processional hymn being

Come ye faithful, raise the anthem,
Cleave the skies with shouts of praise.

After the Psalms came the "Te Deum," Dy kes, in F; the"Jubilate
Deo," Sullivan, in D; and Hayden's anthem:

The heavens are telling the glory of God,

The wonder of his work displays the firmament.

Mr. Morrison chose his text from Hebrews xi, 8: "By faith Abraham,
when he was called to go out into a place which he should afterwards re"
ceive for an inheritance, obeyed, and he went out not knowing whither
he went." The pastor said:

"In studying the history of human progress the wonder is not so
much that man has achieved great things, but rather that discoveries,
inventions and improvements have been so long delayed. Celebrating at
this time the discovery of America we cannot but admire the man who in
God's providence was mastered by the conviction of the rotundity of the
earth. Driven by his destiny from land to land and from court to court
amid the sneers of the learned and the anathemas of the theologians, the
contempt of courtiers; in poverty and disappointment; pressing his con-
victions on every man he met; with courage and faith sailing out into
the unexplored sea, on and on, until at last he beheld the land he had
sought by faith, and knelt down, thanked God, and knew not himself how
he had set forward the hands on the dial which measures man's life upon
earth. We admire the man. Honor Columbus, the great discoverer,
each century, as one by one the generations come and go on this great
continent. Honor Columbus, as in this happy land a great people work
out the problems of self-government.

"The thoughtful will consider this week the meaning of this event,
and as it finds place in the course of human development see God in his-
tory and know that all things come in the fullness of time. We will read
in this event a story like unto Abraham's of old; a man called of God, a
man of faith going out by faith not knowing whither he went; a man in
whom all the nations of the earth are blessed. We are the heir of all the
ages. I want something better than an ode to Columbus, but let us sing
that with a will. His fortunate destiny saw the harvest ripening; the
world was on the eve of another seed-sowing; already a premonition of a
change was agitating the world; the hands on the great clock were
slowly approaching high noon; the hour struck and the new day of mod-
ern life had begun. The Lord called Columbus and said: 'Get thee up
from thy kindred and thy father's house.' At last he prayed in the
church at Palos, and out into the west he sailed, and on Oct. 12. 1892, he

saw the land locked in God's purpose until the hour from the knowledge
of all Europe.

"Columbus has filled his destiny. He died discarded, a failure as a
colonizer and governor, and the iron entered his soul. 'I will wear those
chains,' he said, 'as an evidence of the gratitude of princes.' He died a
Christian. He who cannot read in our history a purpose must be blind to
the meaning of events, must be destitute of that spirit which seeks a phi-
losophy of history.

"In God's providence we have been trying experiments; self-govern-
ment, universal suffrage, popular education, the entire separation of
church and state. Our experiments have proven successful. A great
multitude lives in peace, and no sectional discord threatens the continu-
ance of the national life. Yet, we cannot this day think only of ourselves.
The gospel of Jesus Christ has not been preached in vain. Those mighty
buildings down on the lake front are witnesses to something more than
the enterprise and energy of Chicago. They tell of more than our ad-
vancement in art and the mechanics. They stand as a witness to the fact
that our civilization is Christian."

The services closed by singing ''America," the entire congregation
taking part.

COLUMBUS AND HUMAN PROGRESS.

LESSONS DRAWN FROM OUR NATION'S PAST, AND PROTECTIVE
LEGISLATION DENOUNCED.

Rev. M. H. Harris, D. D., preached at the Church of the Redeemer
(universalist), on "Columbus and Human Progress." The disregard of
some of our politicans for the principles of political economy in the matter
of taxation was brought out in the course of his sermon, and class legis-
lation and protection was roundly denounced. After reviewing the
character, work and achievements of Columbus, and briefly summing up
the history of the country since its discovery and the policy of the govern-
ment since the adoption of the federal constitution, he told his congre-
gation of lessons the past suggested to him and recommended their
adoption by those who have the power to outline its policy and principles.

"The chief distinction of our progress since we became a nation," he
said, "is the development of our material resources. They have claimed
our interest, they have been our pride; but with all their greatness they
have been the source of most that is unsatisfactory in our national ex-
perience, and here lies the greatest danger that threatens our immediate
future. Where the people are absorbed in pursuit of gain the govern-
ment will naturally be regarded as an instrument to the same end. It
must be admitted that we have legislated too much in accordance with

this view. For the last eighty years the course of national legislation
has been such as to encourage all who had in hand great schemes of
improvement to look to congress for aid. Under one pretext or another
such aid has been extended until local interests, or class interests, or
individual interests claim this fostering power. Tnis is the very last
country in which government subsidies should be necessary, for our
resources are so ample that they might almost develop themselves.
Special legislation is not only a preservation of the ends of government,
but it opens the way to corruption; and not all the legislative bodies in
the world contain virtue enough to resist the pressure that is sometimes
brought to bear on our congressmen.

"Our vast national wealth has tended indirectly to prevent the proper
study of the principles of government. Whether our government has
been administered well or ill, whether our legislation has been wise
or foolish, we have continued to grow rich and powerful. We have done
very well with our entire civil service for fifty years dependent on the
results of political campaigns and the caprice of those who have held the
highest offices. What can we say from actual experience of the system
of protection when we have made radical changes in it, on the average
as often as once in ten years, and have laid what we call protective duties
on all articles that we could never produce and those already produced
in abundance as well as those whose production we thought it desirable
to stimulate? What real experience have we had in distributing the
burden of necessary taxation for the support of government in such a
manner to be the most easily borne? As a government we are in much
the same condition as the farmer on a soil of great natural fertility who
becomes careless of all proper methods for the management of soil and
crops. A nation must learn prudence or perish. I trust we shall not
wait to become poor before we begin to study and apply with thorough-
ness the principles of government."

In considering the relation of the government to the schools Dr.
Harris said: ''The government should open the way for those who
would attain eminence in such departments of knowledge as distinguish
the present era of intellectual development. It should stimulate the
highest forms of activity and it should develop the intellectual resources
of the country with at least the solicitude it has bestowed on the material.
Whatever may be the relation of government to the schools it certainly
can and should be the greatest friend and promoter of sound learning.
If, however, the state insists on managing the schools, it should take
charge of all grades, and in that case must encounter the resistance of
the Roman catholic church. This church will not entrust the education
of its children to the state unless the state is administered by the church.
We are as yet only upon the threshold of the difficult question. So far

as present indications point it will be necessary to separate entirely the
schools from the state or the church from the schools."

In speaking of the future of religion in the United States, Dr. Harris
said that he looked forward to the entire separation of church from state.
At the close of his sermon Dr. Harris was heartily applauded by his
congregation.

STORY OF COLUMBUS' VOYAGES.

REV. WILLIAM G. CLARKE'S ADDRESS AT THE CAMPBELL PARK
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.

"Columbus and His Voyages of Discovery" was the subject of Rev.
Wm. G. Clarke's discourse at the Campbell Park Presbyterian Church.
He said:

"Columbus never thought of discovering a new country. His ambi-
tion was to discover a passage to the west that would lead to India and
Asia, and his imagination teemed with bright dreams of the gold and
jewels that would be his when he had reached the fabled Cathay. He
thought that if he steered straight westward the prow of his ship would
grate upon the shores of Asia. To get a fleet to carry out his ambitions,
Columbus went before the senate at Genoa, his birthplace, but the wise
men laughed at him. He traveled to Portugal, but that country was in
the throes of war, and King John would not listen to his plans. Dis-
heartened, he went over the mountains into Spain, and before Ferdinand
and Isabella. They listened to his plans, but as they had just been through
a long war with the Moors, their treasury was depleted. Heartsick, he
went back to the mountains, and for some years he lived in a convent.
Finally, through the instrumentality of the queen, Columbus was fitted
out with three ships, the Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina.

' 'Columbus had no idea of the immense size of the world. He thought
it would be but a few days before he would reach Asia. Not till Balboa's
time did the world know that a great sea still stretched to the westward.
Many days the little fleet sailed, and the superstitious sailors began to
fear and threatened mutiny. At 2 o'clock on the morning of Oct. 12, the
moon, which had been obscured by the clouds, appeared in all her bright-
ness, and from the deck of the Pinta, which was in the lead, the booming
of cannon was heard, and the joyful cry of 'Land, ho!' At daybreak Col-
umbus stepped ashore and took possession of the land in the name of the
sovereigns of Spain. He 'named it San Salvador. It was a triumphal
procession that wended its way to the throne of Castile on his return to
Spain. The foreigners flocked to the new shores, and then commenced
that history of brutalities to the natives of this country. Columbus re-

O:F-

turned from his first voyage in triumph, pomp and splendor. He re-
turned from his second voyage to plead his cause before King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella, to whom he had been grossly misrepresented. He re-
turned from his third voyage in chains, and on the return from his fourth
voyage he was a mental and physical wreck. His last years were spent
in poverty. Shame be upon Spain for this injustice to a man to whom it
owes much. 'For all that I have done for Spain,' he wrote, 'there is not
a roof in the entire land that I can call my own.' And after he died, it
was seven years before Spain realized the extent of his services to her,
and gave him a decent, Christian burial."

FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO.

REV. LUTHER PARDEE'S SERMON IN THE AUSTIN CHURCH OF ST. PAUL.

Service commemorative of the 400th anniyersary of the discovery of
America by Columbus were held in the church of St. Paul the Apostle,
at Austin. The attendance was large. "America" and the "Hallelujah"
chorus were sung by the choir. The rector of the parish, Rev. Luther
Pardee, referred to Columbus and the world's fair generally in his ser-
mon. He said;

"Four hundred years ago from the waters of the untried seas there
was opened up a new world to the eyes of the mariner, Columbus,
and his less hopeful companions, and he offered this world, as in duty
bound, to his sovereign. These 400 years have been indeed years of trial
and probation for the land which has grown from infancy to years of
robust strength, dignity and importance. He who set forth in that little
Spanish vessel had no conception of the magnitude of the work that he
had put in motion. He knew nothing of the greatness of the new world
he had given to his sovereign and through him to the multitudes who in
after years should call it home. Nor could he by any means forecast the
eventful days ths.t should follow the fire and flood, the war and pestilence,
as well as the peace, plenty and prosperity.

"From all these things his eyes were held. He could never, like
Moses, see in prophetic vision the glory that should be. Ho died with
no conception of the importance of the benefit he had bestowed upon
mankind. We of these later days are beginnning to realize something
of these possibilities, marvelous beyond the wildest conception of an
enthusiast or the gorgeous fabric of a dream, yet all stretched before us
in the future.

"There are men here to-day who can remember a time when the
mere suggestion of what is an ordinary fact in yonder fair grounds would
have been scoffed at by the great majority of people as an impossibility,
and the dreamers of such dreams have been regarded as no better than

madmen. As we look toward the future and recognize it in the light of
the plans and proposed achievements of the men of to-day what limit can
we set and say "thus far shalt thou come and no farther?"

"Limits there undoubtedly are, and he who holds the worlds in the
hollow of his hand and sets bounds to the seas knows how far to let us go
in the ace jmplishment of our purposes, but where the stop shall be made
and what will be the measure of success obtained no mortal man can tell."

SERVICES IN HYDE PARK.

SERVICES AT THE HYDE PARK PRESBYTERIAN AND SOUTH CONGRE-
GATIONAL CHURCHES.

Rev. W. W. Totheroh, of the Hyde Park Presbyterian Church, took
for his subject "The American Citizen His Debt and Duty." He said:

"Our patriotic sentiments seem to come not so much from our rea-
son or instincts. An American citizen assigns no reason for his love of
country. He simply says: 'I love my country.' Christianity cultivates
a loftier sentiment than patriotism, inasmuch that it teaches the love of
the whole world over. Christianity does not destroy patriotism. A
Christian is a better patriot because of his Christianity. It is sincere-
ly hoped that the time set apart for our Columbian celebration will be so
utilized as to inculcate into our peopte a great practical education and a
patriotic sentiment.

"For the discovery of America, as well as for its phenomenal growth
we owe a debt of gratitude to Almighty God. Was it not marvelous that
Columbus was so providentially led to the shores of our beloved land?
To God we are indebted for the beautiful location of our country, its nat-
ural products and its beautiful scenery, the development of our resources
and the inventiveness and prosperity of our people. Our nation, indeed,
has its faults, but it has also its virtues.

"As American citizens our first duty is to our God; our second to our
country. To be a good citizen and a good Christian, are two different
things and yet one cannot exist without the other. Surely these weeks
and months set apart for the celebration of Columbus' discovery and the
marvelous growth and prosperity of the nation can be utilized in devel-
oping a Christian spirit and a national patriotic seutiment."

At the South Congregational Church, at Drexel boulevard and For-
tieth street, Columbian Sunday was properly observed. Rev. Willard
Scott, the pastor, took fora topic "The Providential Features of the Dis-
covery of America." He showed the influence which Christianity had in
this movement, and related the trials through which Columbus passed,
and how at last, being led by divine p.-ovidence, he was able to reach the

new country. He also spoke of the great prosperity of the new world,
and its rapid growth since its discovery, and thought it appropriate that
the anniversary should bo celebrated.

AT THE HOLY CROSS CHURCH.

GRATITUDE FOR THE BLESSINGS GIVEN THE WORLD IN AMERICA.

Columbian Sunday was observed at the Church of the Holy Cross,
Sixty-sixth street and Cottage Grove Avenue. The church choir sang
patriotic songs. Rev. Father Hishen chose for the subject of his sermon
the anniversary of Columbus discovery. His sermon was patriotic. He
expressed his gratitude and thanks to Almighty God for the blessings to
the world following the venture of the Genoese mariner. Father Hishen

in the course of his remarks gave a brief sketch of the life and character
of Columbus, with anecdotes of the discoverer's life.

It was "Columbian Home Mission'' day at the South Evanston Pres-
byterian Church, and a special program was carried out. In the morn-
ing, the pastor, Rev. John N. Mills, preached upon the subject "America
for Christ." In the evening four ten minute speeches were delivered by
laymen of the church, as follows:

1. "The Relation of America to the Nations of the Earth, as It Has
Been," Albert Dunham.

2. The Relation of America to Other Nations of the Earth, as It
Ought and Might Be,'' A. B. Adair.

3. "Our Exceptional Populations," Thomas L. Fansier.

4. "American Presbyterianism Its History and Its Adaptability to
American Institutions," H. E. Chapman.

The services were interesting and well attended.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.

flf?ST($J6HT fa la/frfD.

HIS HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF HIS FOUR VOYAGES.

one will be interested in i-eading a com-
plete and authentic account of the life
of the man who gave to the world a new
continent, and whose discovery is about
to be celebrated and commemorated by
the greatest and grandest World's Fair
ever held. The following is reproduced
from the latest edition of the Encyclo-
pedia Brittanica, and can therefore be
relied upon for accuracy:

Christopher Columbus was the eld-
est son of Dominico and Suzanna Fonta-
narossa, and was born at Genoa, Italy,
in 1435 or 1436, the exact date being-
uncertain. His father was a wool-
comber of some small means, who was
yet living- two years after the discovery of the West Indies, and who re-
moved his business from Genoa to Savona in 1469. His eldest boy was
sent to the University of Pavia, where ho devoted himself to the mathe-
matical and nautical sciences, and where he probably received instruc-
tions in nautical astronomy from Antonio da Terzago and Stephano di
Faenza. On his removal from the university it appears that he worked
for some months at his father's trade; but on reaching his fifteenth year
he made his choice of life, and became a sailor.

Of his apprenticeship, and the first years of his career, no record
exists. The whole of his earlier life, indeed, is dubious and conjectural,
founded as it is on the half dozen dark and evasive chapters devoted by-
Fernando, his son and biographer, to the first half century of his father's
times. It seems certain, however, that these unknown years were stormy,
laborious and eventful; "wherever ship has sailed," he writes "there
have I journeyed." He is known, among other places, to have visited
England, "Ultima Thule" (Iceland), the Guinea coast, and the Greek

Isles; and he appears to have been some time in the service of Reno, of
Provence, for who he is recorded to have intercepted and seized a Vene-
tian galley with great bravery and audacity. According to his son, too,
ho sailed with Colombo el Mozo, a bold sea captain and privateer; and a
sea fight under this commander was the means of bringing- him ashore in
Portugal. Meanwhile, however, he was preparing himself for greater
achievements by reading and meditating on the works of Ptolemy and
Marinus, of Nearchus and Pliny, the Cosmographia of Cardinal Aliaco,
the travels of Marco Polo and Mandeville. He mastered all of the essen-
tials necessary to his calling, learned to draw charts, construct spheres,
and thus fitted himself to become a practical seaman and navigator.

In 1470 he arrived at Lisbon, after being wrecked in a sea fight that
began off Cape Vincent, escaping to land on a plank. In Portugal he
married Felipa Munnis Perestrello, daughter of a captain in the service
of Prince Henry, called the navigator, one of the early colonists and first
governor of Porto Santo, an island off Medeira. Columbus visited the
island and employed his time making maps and charts for a livelihood,
while he pored over the logs and papers of his deceased father-in-law,
and talked with old seamen of their voyages, and of the mystery of the
western seas. About this time, too, he seems to have arrived at the con-
clusion that much of the world remained undiscovered, and step by step
to have conceived that design of reaching Asia by sailing west, which
was to result in the discovery of America. la 1474 we find him expound-
ing his views to Paolo Toscanelli, the Florentine physician and cosmo-
grapher, and receiving the heartiest encouragement.

These views he supported with three different arguments, derived
from natural reasons, from the theories of geographers, and from the
reports and traditions of mariners. " He believed the world to be a
sphere." Says Helps: "He under-estimated its size; he over-estimated
the size of the Asiatic continent. The farther that continent extended
to the east, the nearer it came round towards Spain." And he had but
to turn from the marvelous propositions of Mandeville and Aliaco to

become the recipient of confidences more marvelous still. The air was
full of rumors, and the weird imaginings of many generations of mediae-
val navigators had taken shape and substance, and appeared bodily to
men's eyes. Martin Vicente, a Portuguese pilot, had found, 400 leagues
to the westward of Cape St. Vincent, and after a gale of many days dura-
tion, a piece of strange wood, wrought, but not with iron; Pedro Correa,
his own brother-in-law, had seen another such waif at Porto Santo, with
great canes capable of holding four quarts of wine between joint and
joint, and had heard of two men being washed up atFlores, li very broad-
faced, and differing in aspect from Christians." West of the Azores, now
and then, there hove in sight the mysterious islands of St. Brandam;
and 200 leagues west of the Canaries lay somewhere the last island of the
Seven Cities, that two valiant Genoeses had vainly endeavored to discover.
In his northern journey, too, some vague and formless traditions may
have reached his ear of the voyage of Biorn and Leaf, and of the pleasant
coasts of Helleband and Vinland that lay towards the setting sun. All
were hints and rumors to bid the bold mariner sail westward, and this he
at length determined to do.

The concurrence of some State or Sovereign, however, was necessary
for the success of this design. The Senate of Genoa had the honor to
receive the first offer, and the responsibility of refusing it. Rejected by
his native city, the projector turned next to John II. of Portugal. This
king had already an open field for discovery and enterprise along the
African coast; but he listened to the Genoese, and referred him to a
committee of the Council for Geographical Affairs. The Council's report
was altogether adverse; but the king, who was yet inclined to favor the
theory of Columbus, assented to the suggestion of the bishop of Cuto that
the plan should be carried out in secret and without Columbus' know-
ledge by means of a caravel or light frigate. The caravel was dispatched,
but it returned after a brief absence, the sailors having lost heart, and
having refused to venture further. Upon discovering ,this dishonorable
transaction Columbus felt so outraged and indignant that he sent off his
brother Bartholomew to England with letters for Henry VII. to whom he
had communicated his ideas. He himself left Lisbon for Spain (1484)
taking with him his son Diego, the only issue of his marriage with Felipa
Munnis, who was by this time dead. He departed secretly, according to
some writers to give the slip to King John: according toothers, to escape
his creditors. Three years after (March 20th, 1488) a letter was sent by
the king to 'Christopher Colon, our especial friend," inviting him to
return, and assuring him against arrest and proceedings of any kind;
but it was then too late.

Columbus next betook himself to the south of Spain, and seems to
have proposed his plan first to the duke of Medina Sidonia (who was at

first attracted by it, but finally threw it up as visionary and impractica
ble), and next to the duke of Medina Cell. The latter gave him great
encouragement, entertained him for two years, and even determined to
furnish him with three or four caravels. Finally, however, being de-
terred by the consideration that the enterprise was too vast for a sub-
ject, he turned his guest from the determination he had come to of mak-
ing instant application at the court of France, by writing on his behalf
to Queen Isabella; and Columbus repaired to the Court at Cordova at her
bidding.

It was an ill moment for the navigator's fortune. Castile and Leon
were in the thick of that struggle which resulted in the final defeat of
the Moors; and neither Ferdinand nor Isabella had time to listen. The
adventurer was indeed kindly received; he was handed over to the care
of Alanzo do Quintanilla, whom he speedily converted into an enthusi-
astic supporter of his theory. He made many other friends, and here
met with Beatrice Enriquez, the mother of his second son Fernando.

From Cordova, Columbus followed the Court to Salamanca, where
he was introduced to the notice of the Grand Cardinal, Pedro Gonzalez
de Mendoza, ' ; the third king of Spain." The Cardinal, while approving
the project, thought that it savored strongly of heterodoxy; but an in-
terview with the projector brought him over, and through his influence
Columbus at last got audience with the king. The matter was finally
referred, however, to Fernando de Tallavera, who in 1487 summoned a
junta of astronomers and cosmographers to confer with Columbus, and
examine his design, and the arguments with which he supported it. The
Dominicans of San Esteban in Salamanca entertained Columbus during
the conference. The jurors who were the most of them ecclesiastics,
were by no means unprejudiced, nor were they disposed to abandon their
pretensions to knowledge without a struggle. Columbus urged his point,
but was overwhelmed with Biblical texts, with quotations from the great
divines, with theological objections; and in a short time the junta was
adjourned. In 1489, Columbus, who had been following the Court from
place to place (billetted in towns as an officer of the king's, and gratified
from time to time with sums of money towards his expenses) was present
at the siege of Malaga. In 1490 the junta decided that his project was
vain and impracticable, and that it did not become their highnesses to
have anything to do with it; and this was confirmed, with some reserva-
tion, by their highness themselves, at Seville.

Columbus was now in dispair. He at once betook himself to Huelva,
where his brother-in-law resided, with the intention of taking ship for
France. He halted, however, at Palos, a little maritime town in Anda-
lusia. At the monastary of La Rabida he knocked and asked for bread
and water for his boy Diego, and presently got into conversation with

CM R 1ST OF* HE: I* COI^TLJ M BUS.

Juan Perez de Marchona, the guardian, who invited him to take up his
qua-.-ters in the monastery and introduced him to Garci Fernandez, a
p\ysician and an ardent student of geography. To these good men did
Columbus propound his theory and explain his 'plan. Juan Perez had
been the queen's confessor; he wrote to her and was summoned to her
presence; and money was sent to Columbus to bring him once more to
Court. He reached Grenada in time to witness the surrender of the city;
and negotiations were resumed. Columbus believed in his mission, and
stood out for high terms; he asked the rank of Admiral at once, the vice
royalty of all he should discover, and a tenth of all the gain, by conquest
or by trade. These conditions were rejected, and the negotiations were
again interrupted. An inter-
view with Mendoza appears to
have followed; but nothing
came of it, and in January,
1492. Columbus actually set out
for France. At length, how-
ever, on the entreaty of Liuis
de Santangel, receiver of the
ecclesiastical revenues of the
crown of Aragon, Isabella was
induced to determine on the
expedition. A messenger was
sent after Columbus and over-
took him at the Bridge of
Pines, about two leagues from
Grenada. He returned to the
camp at Santa Fe; and on April
17, 1492, the agreement be-
tween him and their Catholic
majesties was signed and
sealed.

His aims were nothing less
than the discovery of the mar-
velous province of Cipango,
and the conversion to Christi-
anity of the Grand Khan, to

whom he received a royal letter of introduction. The town of Palos was
ordered to find him two ships, and these were soon placed at his disposal.
But no crews could be got together, in spite of the indemnity offered to
all criminals and broken men who would serve on the expedition; and
had not Juan Perez succeeded in interesting Martin Alohzo Pinzon and
^lucent Yanez Pinzon in the cause, Columbus' departure had been long

DEPARTURE OF COLUMBUS FROM PAL.OS.

delayed. At last, however, men, ships and stores were ready. The ex-
pedition consisted of the Santa Maria, a decked ship with a crew of fifty
men. commanded by the Admiral in person; and of two caravels, the
Pinta with thirty men under Martin Pir.?on, and the Nina, with twenty-
four men under Vincent Pinzon, his brothe,.- - ft erwards (1499) the first
to cross the line in the American Atlantic. Tn_ (^venturers numbered
one hundred and twenty souls, and on Friday. August 3rd. ]492, at eight
in the morning, the little fleet weighed anchor, and stood out for the Ca-
nary Islands.

An abstract of the Admiral's diary made by the Bishop L,as Casas is
yet extant; and from it many particulars may be Cleaned of this first voy-
age. Three days after the
ships set sail, the Pinta lost
her rudder; the Admiral was
in some alarm, but comforted
himself with the reflection
that Martin Pinzon was ener-
getic and ready-witted; they
had. however, to put in at Ten-
eriffo on August 9th to refit
the caravel. On September
6th they weighed anchor once
more with all haste, Columbus
having been informed that
three Portuguese caravels
were on the lookout for him.
On September 13th, the varia-
tions of the magnetic needle
were for the first time ob-
served; on the loth a wonder-
ful meteor fell into the sea at
four or five leagues distance.
On the Kith they arrived at
those vast plains of seaweed
called the Sargasso Sea; and
thenceforward, writes the Ad-
miral, they had most temper-
ate breezes, the sweetness of the morning being most delightful, the
weather like an Andalusian April, and only the song of the nightingale
wanting. On the 17th the men began to murmur: they were frightened
by the strange phenomena of the variations of the compass, but the ex-
planation Columbus gave restored their tranquility. On the 18th they
saw many birds, and a great ridge of low-lying clouds; and they expectet

to see land. On the 20th they saw two pelicans, and were sure the land
must be near. In this, however, they were disappointed, and the men
began to be afraid and discontented; and thenceforth Columbus, who
was keeping all the while a double reckoning, one for the crew and one
for himself, had great difficulty iu restraining the men from the excesses
which they meditated. On the 25th Alonzo Pinzon raised the cry of
land, but it proved a false alarm; as did the rumor to the same effect on
the 7th of October, when the Nina hoisted a flag and fired a gun. On the
llth the Pinta fished up a cane, a log of wood, a stick wrought with iron,
and a board, and the Nina sighted a stake covered with dog-roses; "and
with these signs all of them breathed and were glad." At ten o'clock on
that night Columbus perceived and pointed out a light ahead; and at
two in the morning of Friday, the 12th of October, 1492, Rodrigo de Tri-
ana, a sailor aboard the Nina, announced the appearance of what proved
to be the New World. The land sighted was an island called by the In-
dians Guanahani, and named by Columbus. San Salvador, which after-
wards proved to be one of the group now known as the Bahamas.

The same morning, Columbus landed, richly clad and bearing the
royal banner of Spain. He was accompanied by the Pinzon brothers,
bearing the banners of the Green Cross, a device of their own, and by a
great part of the crew. When they had all "given thanks to God, kneel-
ing upon the shore, and kissed the ground with tears of joy for the great
mercy received," the Admiral named the island and took solemn posses-
sion of it, for their Catholic majesties of Castile and Leon. At the same
time such of the crews as had shown themselves doubtful and mutinous
sought his pardon weeping, and prostrating themselves at his feet.

Into the detail of this voyage, of highest interest as it is, it is impos-
sible to go further. It is enough to say that it resulted in the discovery of
the islands of Santa Maria, del Concepcion, Exuma, Isabella, Juanna or
Cuba, Bohio, the Cuban Archipelago (named by its finder the Jardindel
Rey), the island of Santa Catalina, and that of Hispaniola now called
Haiti or San Domingo. Off the last of these the Santa Maria went
aground, owing to the carelessness of the steersman. No lives were lost,
but the ship had to be unloaded and abandoned; and Columbus, who was
anxious to return to Europe with the news of his achievement, resolved
to plant a colony on the island, to build a fort out of the material of the
stranded hulk, and to leave the crew as a garrison. The fort was called
La Navidad: forty-three Europeans were placed in charge; and on January
16th, 1493, Columbus, who had lost sight of Martin Pinzon, set sail alone
in the Nina for the east; and four days after the Pinta joined her sister
ship off Monte Christo. A storm, however, separated the vessels, and a
long battle with the trade winds caused great delay; and it was not until
the 18th of February that Columbus reached the island of Santa Maria in

the Azores. Here he was threatened with capture by the Portuguese
Governor, who could not for some time be brought to recognize his com-
mission. On February 24th, however, he was allowed to proceed; and on
the 4th of March the Nina dropped anchor off Lisbon. The king of
Portugal received the Admiral with the highest honors; and on March
13th the Nina put out from the Tagus, and two days afterwards, Friday,
March 15th, dropped anchor off Palos.

The court was at Barcelona; and thither, after despatching a letter
announcing- his arrival, Columbus proceeded in person. He entered the
city in a sort of triumphal procession, was received by their majesties in
full court, and seated in their presence, related the story of his wander-
ings, exhibiting the "rich and strange" spoils of the new-found lands, the
gold, the cotton, the parrots, the curious arms, the mysterious plants, the
unknown birds and beasts, and the nine Indians he had bronght with him
for baptism. All his honors and privileges were confirmed to him; the
title of Don was conferred on himself and brothers, he rode at the king's
bridle; he was served and saluted as a grandee of Spain. And, greatest
honor of all, a new and magnificent escutcheon was blazoned for him
(May 4th, 1493) whereon the royal castle and lion of Castile and Leon
were combined with the four anchors of his own old coat of arms. Nor
were their Catholic highnesses loss busy on their own account than on
that of their servant. On the 3rd and 4th of May, Alexander VI. gran ted
bulls confirming to the crowns of Castile and Leon all the lands dis-
covered, or to be discovered beyond a certain line of demarcation, on the
same terms as those on which the Portuguese held their Colonies along
the African coast. A new expedition was got in readiness with all
possible dispatch, to secure and extend the discoveries already made.

After several delays, the fleet weighed anchor on the 25th of Septem-
ber, and steered westward. It consisted of three great carracks (gal-
leons) and fourteen caravels (light frigates) having on board about 1,500
men, besides the animals and materials necessary for colonization.
Twelve missionaries accompanied the expedition, under the orders of
Bernardo Buel, a Benediction friar; and Columbus had been directed
(May 29th, 1493) to endeavor by all means in his power to Christianize the
inhabitants of the islands, to make them presents, and to ''honor them
much," while all under him where commanded to treat them ''well and
lovingly," under pain of severe punishment. On the 13th of October, the
ships which had put in at the Canaries, left Ferro; and so early as Sun-
day, November 3rd. after a single storm, "by the goodness of God and
the wise management of the Admiral," land was sighted to the west,
which was named Dominica. Northward from this new-found island,
the isle of Maria Galante and Guadaloupe were discovered and named;
and on the northwestern course to La Navid those of Montserrat, Antigua,

San Martin, and Santa Cruz wore sighted, and the island now called
PortoRioo was touohedat, hurriedly explored, and named San Juan. On
November 22nd, Columbus camo in sight of Hispaniola, and sailing east-
ward to La Navidad, found the fort burned out and the colony dispersed.
He decided on building a second fort; and coasting on forty miles east of
Cape Haytien, he founded the city and settlement of Isabella.

The character in which Columbus had appeared had, till now, been
that of the greatest of mariners; but from this point forward his claims
to supremacy are embarrassed and complicated with the long series of
failures, vexations, miseries, insults, that have rendered his career as a
planter of colonies and as a ruler of men, most pitiful and remarkable.

The climate of Navidad proved unhealthy; the colonists were greedy
of gold, impatient of control, and as proud, ignorant and mutinous as
Spaniards could be; and Columbus, whose inclinations drew him west-
ward, was doubtless glad to escape the worry and anxiety of his post,
and to avail himself of the instructions of his sovereigns as to further
discoveries. In January, 1494, he sent homo, by Antonio do Torres, that
dispatch to their Catholic highnesses by which he may be said to have
founded the West Indian slave trade. He founded the mining cam]) of
San Tomaso in the gold country; and on the 24th of April, 14i)4, having
nominated a council of regency under his brother Diego, and appointed
Pedro de Margarite his captain-general, he put again to sea. After fol-
lowing the southeastern shore of Cuba for some days, he steered south-
wards, and discovered the island of Jamaica, which he named Santiago.
He then resumed his exploration of the Cuban coast, threaded his way
through a labyrinth of islets, supposed to be the Morant Keys, which he
named the Garden of the Queen; and after coasting westward for many
days, he became convinced that he had discovered continuous land, and
caused Perez de Luna, the notary, to draw up a document attesting his
discovery (June 12th, 1494). which was afterwards taken around and
signed, in the presence of four witnesses, by the masters, marines and
seamen of his three caravels, the Nina, the Cordera and the San Juan.
He then stood to the southeast, and sighted the island of Evangelite; and
after many days of difficulties and anxieties, he touched at and named
the island La Mona. Thence he had intended to sail eastward, and com-
plete the survey of the Caribbean Archipelago. But he was exhausted
by the terrible wear and tear of mind and body he had undergone (he
says himself that on this expedition he was for three and thirty days al-
most without any sleep), and on the day following his departure from
La Mona, he fell into a lethargy, that deprived him of sense and mem-
ory, and had well nigh proved fatal to his life. At last, on September
29th, the little fleet dropped anchor off Isabella, and in his new city the
great Admiral lay sick for five months.

The colony was in a sad plight. Every one was discontented, and
many were sick, for the climate was unhealthy, and there was nothing
to eat. Margarite and Bail had quitted Hispaniola for Spain; but ere
his departure, the former, in his capacity of captain-general, had done
much to outrage and alienate the Indians. The strongest measures were
necessary to undo the mischief, and backed by his brother Bartholomew,
a bold and skillful mariner, and a soldier of courage and resource, who
had been with Diaz in his voyage around the Cape of Good Hope, Col-
umbus proceeded to reduce the natives under Spanish sway. Alonzo de
Ojeda succeeded by a brilliant coup de main in capturing the cacique
Caonabo, and the rest submitted. Five ship-loads of Indians were sent
off to Seville (June 24th, 1495) to be sold as slaves; and a tribute was im-
posed upon their fellows, which must be looked upon as the origin of
that system which was afterwards to work such cruel mischief among
the conquered. But the tide of court favor seemed to have turned against
Columbus. In October, 1495, Juan Aguado arrived at Isabella, with an
open commission from their Catholic majesties, to inquire into the cir-
cumstances of his rule; and much contest and recrimination followed.
Columbus found that there was no time to be lost in returning home; he
appointed his brother Bartholomew ruler of the island, and on the 10th
of March, 14%, he quitted Hispaniola in the Nina. The vessel, after a
protracted and perilous voyage, reached Cadiz on the llth of June, 1490.
The Admiral landed in great dejection, wearing the costume of a Fran-
ciscan. Reassured, however, by the reception of his sovereigns, he asked
at once for eight ships more, two to be sent to the colonies with supplies,
and six to be put under his orders for new discoveries. The request was
not immediately granted, as the Spanish exchequer was not then well
supplied. But principally owing to the interest of the queen, an agree-
ment was come to similar to that of 1492, which was now confirmed. By
this royal patent, moreover, a tract of land in Hispaniola, of 50 leagues
by 20, was made over to him. He was offered a dukedom or a marquisate
at his pleasure; and for three years he was to receive an eighth of the
gross and a tenth of the net profits on each voyage; the right of creating
a mayorazgo or perpetual entail of titles and estates was granted him;
and on June 24th his two sons were received into Isabella's service as
pages. Meanwhile, however, the preparing of the fleet proceeded slowly,
and it was not until the 30th of May, 1498, that he and his six ships set
sail for the New World.

From San Lucas he steered for Gomera, in the Canaries, and thenee
dispatched three of his ships to San Domingo. He next proceeded to the
Cape Verd Islands, which he quitted on July 4th. On the 31st of the
same month, being greatly in need of water, and fearing that no land lay
westward as they had hoped, Columbus had turned his ships head north,

when Alonzo Perez, a mariner of Huclva, saw land about fifteen leagues
to the southwest. It was crowned with three hill-tops, and so when the
sailors had sung the "Salve Regina" the Admiral named it the Trinidad,
which name it yet bears. On Wednesday, August 1st. he beheld for the
first time in the mainland of South America the continent he had sought
so long. It seemed to him but an insignificant island, and he called it
Zeta. Sailing westwards next day he saw the Gulf of Paria, which was
named by him the Golfo de la Balnna, and was borne into it at immense
risk on the ridge of waters formed by the meeting with the sea of the
great rivers that empty themselves, all swollen with rain, into the ocean.
For many days he coasted the continent, esteeming as islands the great
projections he saw, and naming them accordingly; nor was it until he
had looked on and considered the immense volume of fresh water poured
out through the embouchures of the river now called the Orinoco, that
he considered that the so-called archipelago must in very deed be a
great continent.

Unfortunately he was suffering at this time from gout and ophthal-
mia: his ships were crazy; and he was anxious to inspect the infant
colony whence he had been absent so long. And so, after touching at
and naming the island of Margarita, he bore away to the northwest, and
on August 30th, the fleet dropped anchor off Isabella.

He found that affairs had not prospered well in his absence. By the
vigor and activity of the ruler, the whole island had been reduced under
Spanish sway, but at the expense of the colonists. Under the leadership
of a certain Roldan, a bold and unprincipled adventurer, they had risen
in revolt, and Columbus had to compromise matters in order to restore
peace. Roldan retained his office; such of his followers as chose to remain
in the island were gratified with a gift of land: and some fifteen, choosing
to return to Spain, were enriched with a number of slaves, and sent
home in two ships, which sailed in the early part of October. 1499.

Five ship-loads of Indians had been sent to Spain some little time
before. On the arrival of these living cargoes at Seville, the queen, the
staunch and steady friend of Columbus, was moved with compassion and
indignation. No one, she declared, had authorized him to dispose of her
vassals, in such manner; and proclamations at Seville, Grenada, and
other chief places ordered the instant liberation and return of all the
last gang of Indians. In addition to this, the ex-colonists had become
incensed against Columbus and his brothers. They were wont to parade
their grievances in the very court yards of the Alhambra, to surround the
king when he came forth with complaints and reclamations, to insult the
discoverer's young sons with shouts and jeers. There was no doubt that
the colony itself, whatever the cause, had not prospered as well as might
have been desired. And, on the whole, it is not surprising 1 that Ferdin-

and, whose support to Columbus had never been very hearty, shoulc
about this time have determined to suspend him. Accordingly, on
March 21st, 1499, Francisco de Bobadilla was ordered "to ascertain what
persons had raised themselves against justice in the island of Hispaniola,
and to proceed against them according to the law." On May 21st, the
government of the island was conferred upon him, and he was accredited
with an order that all arms and fortresses should be handed over to him:
and on May 26th, he received a letter for delivery to Columbus stating
that the bearer would "speak certain things to him" on the part of their
highnesses, and praying him ''to give faith and credence, and to act
accordingly." Babadilla left Spain in July, 1500, and landed in Hispan-
iola in October.

Columbus, meanwhile, had restored such tranquility as was possible
in his government. With Roldan's help he had beaten off an attempt on
the island of the adventurer Ojeda, his old lieutenant; the Indians were
being collected into villages and christianized. Gold mining was actively
and profitably pursued; in three years he calculated the royal revenues
might be raised to an average of 60,000.000 reals. The arrival of Boba-
dilla, however, speedily changed this state of affairs into a greater and
more pitiable confusion than the island had ever before witnessed. On
landing, he took possession of the Admiral's house, and summoned him
and his brothers before him. Accusations of severity, of injustice, of ve-
nality even, were poured down on their heads, and Columbus anticipated
nothing less than a shameful death. Bobadilla put all three in irons and
shipped them off to Spain.

Alonzo de Villejo, captain of the caravel in which the illustrious
prisoner sailed, still retained a proper sense of the honor and respect due
to Columbus, and would have removed the fetters; but to this Columbus
would not consent. He would wear them, he said, until their highnesses,
by whose order they were affixed, should order their removal; and he
kept them afterwards l; as relics and as memorials of the reward of his
services." He did so. His son Fernando l; saw them always hanging in
his cabinet, and he requested that when he died they might be buried
with him." Whether this last wish was complied with is not known.

A heart-broken and indignant letter to Dona Juan de la Torre, the
governess of the infant Don Juan, arrived at court before the dispatch
of Bobadilla. It was read to the queen, and its tidings were confirmed
by communications from Alonzo de Villejo and the Alcaide of Cadiz.
There was a great movement of indignation: the tide of popular and royal
feeling turned once more in the ' Admiral's favor. He received a large
sum to defray his expenses: and when he appeared at court, on Decem-
ber 17th, he was no longer in irons and disgrace, but richly apparelled
and surrounded with friends. He was received with all honor and dis-

tinction. The queen is said to have been moved to tears by the narra-
tion of his story. Their majesties not only repudiated Bobadilla's pro-
ceedings, but declined to inquire into the charges that he at the same
time brought against the prisoners, and promised Columbus compensa-
tion for his losses and satisfaction for his wrongs. A new governor,
Nicolas de Ovando, was appointed in Bobadilla's room, and left San Lu-
car on the 18th of February, 1502, with a fleet of thirty ships. The latter
was to be impeached and sent home; the Admiral's property was to be
restored, and a fresh start was to be made in the conduct of colonial af-
fairs. Thus ended Columbus' history as viceroy and governor of the new
Indies, which he had presented to the country of his adoption.

His hour of rest, however, had not come. Ever anxious to serve
their Catholic highnesses, ''and particularly the queen," he had deter-
mined to find a strait through which he might penetrate westward into
Portuguese Asia. After the usual inevitable delays, his prayers were
gi-anted, and on the 9th of May. 1502, with four caravels and 150 men, he
weighed anchor from Cadiz, and sailed on his fourth and last great voy-
age. He first betook himself to the relief of the Portuguese fort of Ar-
zilla, which had been besieged by the Moors, but the siege had been
raised voluntarily before he arrived. He put to sea westwards once more,
and on the 13th of June discovered the island of Martinique. He had
received positive instructions from his sovereigns on no account to touch
at Hispaniola; but his largest caravel was greatly in need of repairs, and
ho had no choice but to abandon her or disobey orders. He preferred
the latter alternative, and sent a boat ashore to Ovando, asking for a new
ship and for permission to enter the harbor to weather a hurricane which
he saw was coming on. But his requests were refused, and he coasted
the island, casting anchor under the lee of the land. Here he weathered
the storm, which drove the other caravels out to sea, and annihilated
the homeward-bound fleet, the richest that had until then been sent from
Hispaniola. Koldan and Bobadilla perished with others of the Admiral's
enemies; and Fernando Colon, who accompanied his father on this voy-
age, wrote long years afterwards, "I am satisfied it was the hand of God,
for had they arrived in Spain they had never been punished as their
crimes deserved, but rather been favored and preferred."

After recruiting his flotilla at Azua, Columbus put in at Jaquimo,
and refitted his four vessels; and on July 14th, 1502, he steered for Ja-
maica. For nine weeks the ships wandered painfully am^ng the keys
and shoals he had named the Garden of the Queen, and onl y an oppor-
tune easterly wind prevented the crews from open mutiny. The first
land sighted was the islet of Guaraja, about forty miles east of the coast
of Honduras. Here he got news from an old Indian of a rich and vast
country lying to the eastward, which he at last concluded must be the

long-sought empire of the Grand Kahn . Steering along the coast of
Honduras, great hardships were endured, but nothing approaching his
ideal was encountered. On the 12th of September, Cape Gracios-a-Dios
was sighted. The men had become clamorous and insubordinate; not
until the 5th of December, however, would he tack about and retrace his
course. It now became his intention to plant a colony on the river Ve-
ragua, which was afterwards to give his descendants the title to nobil-
ity; but he hardly put about when he was caught in a storm, which
lasted eight days, wrenched and strained his crazy, worm-eaten ships
severely, and finally, on the Epiphany, blew him into an embouchure
which he named Bethlehem. Gold was very plentiful in this place, and
here he determined to found his settlement. By the end of March, 1503,
a number of huts had been run up, and in these the ruler with 80 men
was to remain, while Columbus returned to Spain for men and supplies.
Quarrels, however, rose with the natives: the ruler made an attempt to
seize on the person of the cacique, and failed; and before Columbus could
leave the coast he had to abandon a caravel, to take the settlers on board,
and to relinquish the enterprise. Steering eastward, he left a second
caravel at Porto Bello; and on May 31st he bore northward for Cuba,
where he obtained supplies from the natives. From Cuba he bore up for
Jamaica, and there, in the harbor of Santa Gloria, now St. Anne's Bay,
he ran his ships aground in an inlet still called Don Christopher's Cove.

The expedition was received with the greatest kindness by the
natives, and here Columbus remained upwards of a year, awaiting the
return of his lieutenant Diego Mendez, whom he had dispatched to
Ovando for assistance. During his critical sojourn here the Admiral
suffered much from disease and from the lawlessness of his followers,
whose conduct had alienated the natives, and provoked them to withhold
their accustomed supplies, until he dextrously worked upon their super-
stition by prognosticating an eclipse. Two vessels having at last arrived
for their relief from Mendez and Ovando, Columbus set sail for Spain,
and after a tempestuous voyage he landed once more at Seville on Sep.
tember 7th, 1504.

As he was too ill to go to court, his son Diego was sent thither in his
place, to look after his interest and transact his business. Letter after
letter followed the young man from Seville one by the hands of Amerigo
Vespucci. A license to ride on mule-back was granted him on the 23rd
of February, 1505; and in the following May he was removed to the court
at Segovia, thence again to Valladolid. On the landing of Philip and
Juana at Coruna (April 25th, 1506) although "much oppressed with gout
and troubled to see himself put by his rights," he is known to have sent
off the ruler to pay them his duty, and to assure them that he was yet
able to do them extraordinary service. The last documentary note of h is is

contained in a final codicil to the will of 1498. made at Vailadolid, on the
19th of May, 1506. By this, the old will is confirmed: the Moyorazgo is
bequeathed to his son Diego, and his heirs maie, failing these, to his
second son Fernando, and failing these to the heirs male of Bartholomew;
only in case of the extinction of the male line, direct or collateral, it is
to descend to the females of the family; and those into whose hands it
may fall are never to diminish it, but always to increase and enoble it
by all means possible. The head of the house is to sign himself the
"Admiral." A tenth of the annual income is to be set aside yearly for
distribution among the poor relations of the house. A chapel is founded
and endowed for the saying of masses. Beatriz Euriquez is left to the
care of the young admiral in most grateful terms. Among other legacies
is one of ''half a mark of silver to a Jew who used to live at the gate of the
Jewry, in Lisbon." The codicil was written and signed with the Ad-
miral's own hand. Next day (May 20th, 1506) he died.

He was buried at Vailadolid; but his remains wore soon after trans-
ferred to the Carthusian Monastry at Las Cuevas, Seville, where the
bones of Diego, the second Admiral, were also laid. Exhumed in 1536,

the bodies of both father and son were taken over the sea to Hispaniola
(San Domingo) and interred in the cathedral. In 1795-96, on the cession
of that island to the French, the august relics were re-exhumed, and
were transferred with great state and solemnity to the cathedral of the
Havanna. where they yet remain. The male issue became extinct with
the third generation, the estates passed to a scion of the Broganca house.
In person, Columbus was tall and shapely, long-faced and aquiline,
white-eyed and auburn-haired, and beautifully complexioned. At thirty
his hair was quite gray. He was temperate in eating, drinking, and
dress; and "so strict in religious matters, that for fasting and saying all
the divine office, he might be thought professed in some divine order."
His piety, as his son has noted, was earnest and unwavering; it entered
into and colored alike his action and his speech; he tries his pen in a
Latin distich of prayer; his signature is a mystical pietistic device. He
was pre-eminently fitted for the task he created for himself. Through
deceit, opprobrium and disdain he pushed on towards the consummation
of his desire; and when the hour for action came the man was not found
wanting; he gloriously proved his metal. Long live his name.

A DESCRIPTION OF COLUMBUS' FIRST VOYAGE AND WHAT HE FOUND IN THIS NEW WOULD, TOLD IN HIS OWN LANGUAGE.

VOLUME has been issued By the Trustees of the Lenox
Library, New York City, which is of general interest,
particularly at this time. It is entitled:

" The Letter of Columbus on the Discovery of
America. A Fac-Simile of the Pictorial Edition,
with a New and Literal Translation and a Complete
Reprint of the Oldest Four Editions in Latin."
Which is appropriately prefaced as follows:

The present fac-slmile and reprint ol the four Latin editions
of the Columbus letter, belonging to the Lenox Library, are pub-
lished by the trustees at this time as an appropriate tribute to the
memory of the great discoverer. J. S. KENNEDY, President.

The Trustees of the Lenox Library, considering the present an ap-
propriate time to give the people of the United States the benefit of the
Columbus letters announcing the discovery of the New World, have been
engaged for some time in the preparation of a small volume containing
the four original Latin editions in the possession of the library, accom-
panied by a revised translation in English and an introduction giving a
brief account of the various letters known to be in existence.

The book is beautifully printed on very heavy paper, and gives a fac-
simile of the original Latin text, and also of the crude illustrations ac-
companying it. These woodcuts are in themselves an interesting study,
showing, as they do, the progress in pictorial art during the last few
centuries of this very old world's existence. A few pages from this work
are here reproduced, reduced in size.

The first letter of Columbus, giving the earliest information of his
great discovery, was translated into Latin and sent to Rome for publica-
tion immediately after his return to Spain. Original copies of the four
oldest editions of this version, printed in 1493, are preserved in the Len-
ox Library, where they occupy a prominent place in the exhibition of
rare books. The rarest, and certainly the most interesting, of these is
the pictorial edition, complete in ten leaves. No other perfect copy is
known to be extant. The curious woodcuts with which it is illustrated
are supposed by some to have been copied from drawings made originally
by Columbus himself. They give remarkable representations of the ad-
miral's own caravel, of his first landing on Hayti and meeting with the
natives, and of the different islands that he visited.

This copy, which was re-bound in rod morocco by Thompson, the
English bookbinder, apparently about sixty or seventy years ago, once
belonged to Richard Hebsr, the celebrated bibliophile. At the sale of
the final portion of his library at Paris, in October, 1836, it appeared as
No. 885 of the catalogue, selling for 97f. It was subsequently owned by
M. Guglielmo Libri, at the sale of whose library at London, in February,
1849, No. 259 of the catalogue, it was purchased by Mr. Lenox.

The memorable voyage which this letter describes lasted 224 days,
from the 3rd of August, 1492, when Columbus sailed from the harbor of
Palos, to March 15, 1493,
when he returned to the
same port in a single vessel.

Nine days after leaving
Palos he reached the Ca-
nary Islands, where he re-
mained until September 6,
taking in provisions and
making other preparations.
On September 8th, after
laying becalmed for two
days, he left these islands
and steered directly across
the Atlantic, with the ex-
pectation of reaching India
or China. On the morning
of Friday, October 12th,
corresponding to the pres-
ent 21st of October, became
in sight of one of the Ba-
hama islands, where he
landed and took possession
in the names of the Spanish
sovereigns. On the loth he

visited another island, and COLUMBUS MAP.

namprl it <>flnta Maria rip la Fac-similee of the original cut, supposed to

named it s>ania Maria ae la have been sketched by coiumbus.

Concepcion. On the follow-
ing day he reached the Island Fernandina and on the 19th Isabella.
Supposing that he was in the neighborhood of Cipango, or Japan, he
sailed toward the south, and on October 28th landed on Cuba, which he
named Juana Here he remained, exploring the northeast coast, until
December 5th, when he sailed over to Hayti, called by him Espanola.
After exploring this island, where he lost his own vessel by shipwreck,
he sailed in the Nina for Spain on January 10th, 1493, reaching Palos on

Dceamca

March 15th. The news of his discoveries soon spread far and wide.
Various editions and translations of Columbus' letter to the royal treas-
urer were printed. Only a few of these, however, have come down to our
times and they are among the rarest of books.

HIS OWN ACCOUNT.

Letter of Christopher Columbus, to whom our age owes much, concerning
the islands recently discovered in the Indian Sea:
Because my undertakings have attained success I know that it will be

pleasing to you; these I
have determined to relate,
so that you may be made
acquainted with every-
thing done and discovered
in this voyage. On the 23d,
after I departed from Cadiz
I came to the Indian sea,
where I found many islands
inhabited with men with-
out number, of all whicli I
took possession for our
most fortunate King, with
proclaiming heralds and
flying standards, no one ob-
jecting. To the first of
these I gave the name of
the blessed Savior, on
whose aid relying I had
reached this as well a s
other islands. But the In-
dians call it Guanahani. ^- I
also called each one of the
others by a name. For I
ordered one island to be
called Santa Maria of the
Concepcion, another Fer-
nandina, another Isabella, another Juana, and so on with the rest. As
soon as we had arrived at that island which I have just now said was
called Juana I proceeded along its coast toward the west for some dis-
tance; I found it so large and without perceptible end that I believed it
to bo not an island, but the continental country of Cathay; seeing, how-
ever, no towns or cities situated on the seacoast, but only some villages
and rude farms, with whoso inhabitants I was unable to converse, for as

ON THE OCEAN.

Fac-simile of the original cut, supposed to have
been sketched by Columbus.

soon as they saw us they took flight. I proceeded further, thinking that
I would discover some city or large residence. At length, perceiving
that wo had gone far enough, that nothing new appeared, and that this
was leading us to the north, which I wished to avoid, because it was
winter on the land and it was my intention to go to the south; moreover
the winds were becoming violent, I therefore determined that no other
plans were practicable, and so. going back, I returned to a certain bay
that I had noticed, from which I sent two of our men to the land, that
they might find out whether there was a king in this country or any
cities. These men traveled
for three days and they
found people and houses
without number, but they
were small and without any
government, therefore they
returned.

"Now in the meantime
I had learned from certain
Indians, whom I had seized
there, that this country was
indeed an island, and there-
fore I proceeded toward the
east, keeping all the time
near the coast, for 322 miles
to the extreme ends of this
island. From this place I
saw another island to the
east distant from this Juana
54 miles, which I called
forthwith Hispana; and I
sailed to it; and I steered
along the northern coast,
as at Juana, towards the
cast 564 miles. And the
said Juana and the other
islands there appear very

KING FERDINAND.

Fac-simile of the original cut, supposed to
have been sketched by Columbus.

fertile. This island is surrounded by many very safe and wide harbors,
not excelled by any others that I have ever seen. Many great and salu-
brious rivers flow through it. There are also many very high mountains
there. All these islands are very beautiful, and distinguished by various
qualities; they are accessible, and full of a great variety of trees stretch-
ing up to the stars; the leaves of which I believe are never shed, for I
saw them as green and flourishing as they are usually in Spain in May."

Columbus then tells of the birds and the various kinds of palm trees
found on the island. He also speaks of the large rivers so conducive to
health, of the spices and the gold "which abounds." The natives, he says,
were all naked, except some women, who wore a covering of leaves or
cotton cloth, which they made themselves. The people had no iron in
use or any arms of defence of any consequence. He says:

"They carry for weapans, however, reeds baked in the sun, on the
lower ends of which they fasten some shafts of dried wood rubbed down
to a point, and indeed they do not venture to use these always, for it fre-

quently happened when I
sent two or three of my men
to some of the villages,
that they might speak with

J^ifrolaCrMoferitfolom(cuitt3onoTrr the natives, a compact

mit!t(; octet: or i'nfulia m man TJndico r.ug troop of the Indians would

fauc-ft.aoquaepcrquirendaeoaauoantf march out and as soon as
nienfe'.aurpictia ere ?rwictiiTimi f ernandi

fciroamarum iftegO miffus fuerat)9d 4fcag the y would seo our mcn a P'

mficum oftm iRapbaele} Sanpiaeiufdc ferc preaching they would take

mffimnRcgieZbcfaurarmmifla. quant noM flight, children being

liBBclirtcrat'vir Blunder 6 Cofcoiabbili DU shed aside bv their fa
panordeomatemlannuconurnicwciokfe fffv K L

4fi>3Mfc.cccc.Kli|.ip>orUlficarua:a!tt8adrt thersand fathers by their

GtRl Snno ipntno . children. And this was

3J10P.iamrufceptep:oufotiertlB not because any hurt or

; U A" fu " Te: S rarti j injury had been inflicted on

ao:l>a9?fruiHcjcarare:aiU J J

anv ono of thera > for to an y
of them whom I visited and

to whom I was able to con-
vprsp T distributor wna t

o:pzccomo ceetnato i vet ever * had ' cloth and man y

jriuietenrioicotradicentenemmepo(refrro other things, no return

Bfff gffte inucnccoj admoneat.Xrittfimorer
nootepoft^i6adibuaotfccfri:ininareihidt
cu pcrucm:vbi plunmae Snfulaemmimcrid
babiratas benumb" rc(pen:quaB of m if U\v
efetnato i v

am vero ?n<tt

A FAC-SIMILE OF THE FIRST PAGE.

are by nature fearful and
timid. Yet when they per-
ceive that they are safe,
putting aside all fear, they
are of simple manners and

trustworthy and very liberal with everything they have, refusing no one
who asks for anything they may possess and even themselves inviting us
to ask for things.

"They show greater love for all others than for themselves: they give
valuable things for trifles, being satisfied even with a very small return,
or with nothing; however, I forbade that things so small and of no value
to them, such as pieces of plate, dishes and glass, likewise key and shoe-

C 1^ X J IVt E* tJT S .

straps; although if they were able to obtain these, it seemed to them like
getting the most beautiful jewels in the world.

"As soon as I reached that sea I seized by force several Indians on
the first island, in order that they might learn from us and in like man-
ner tell us about those things in these lands of which they themselves
had knowledge, and the plan succeeded, for in a short time we under-
stood them and they us, sometimes by gestures and signs, sometimes by
words, and it was a great advantage to us. They are coming with me
now, yet always believing that I descended from heaven, although they
have been living with us for a long time, and are
living with us to-day. And these men were the
first who announced it wherever we landed, con-
tinually proclaiming to the others in aloud voice:

"Come, come, and you will see the celestial
people!"

"Whereupon both women and men, both
children and adults, both young and old men,
laying aside the fear caused a little before, visi-
ted us eagerly, filling the road with a great crowd
some bringing food and some drink, with great
love and extraordinai-y good will. On every
island there are many canoes of a single piece of
wood, and though narrow, yet in length and
shape similar to our rowboats, but swifter in
movement. They steer only by oars. Some of
these boats are large, some small, some of me-
dium size. Yet they row many of the larger
rowboats with eighteen cross benches, with
which they cross to all those islands, which are
innumerable, and with these boats they perform
their trading and carry on commerce."

In the islands Columbus found no marked
difference in the appearance, the manners or the
language of the people. And all these people he
tried to turn to the Christian religion.

He says he solemnly took possession of all
these islands, and especially of a large town
which he named "Our Lord of the Nativity."

"And I commanded a fort to be built there forthwith, which must be
completed by this time; in which I left as many men as seemed necessa-
ry with all kinds of arms and plenty of food for more than a year. Like-
wise one caravel, and for the construction of others, men skilled in this
trade and in other professions; and also the extraordinary good will and

A PICTURE OF SPAIN.

(Fac-simile of the original cut, supposed to

have been sketched by Columbus.)

friendship of the king of this island towards us. For those people are
very amiable and kind, to such a degree that the said king gloried in
calling me his brother. And if they should change their minds and
should wish to hurt those who remained in the fort they would not be
able, because they lack weapons, they go naked, and are too cowardly.
For that reason those who hold the said fort are at least able to resist
easily this whole island without any imminent danger to themselves so
long as they do not transgress the regulations and command given them.
"In all these islands, as I understood, each man is content with only
one wife, except the princes or kings, who are
permitted to have twenty. The women appear to
work more than the men. I was not able to find
out surely whether they have individual property,
for I saw that one man had the duty of distributing
to the others, especially refreshments, food and
things of that kind. I found no monstrosities
among them, as very many supposed, but men of
great reverence, and friendly. Nor are they
black like the Ethiopians. Their hair is straight. "
Columbus makes the interesting statement
that on the island of Dominica dwelt only can-
nibals, while Martinique was inhabited entirely
by "a certain race of women," whatever that may
mean. These women appear to have been Ama-
zons. They did no kind of woman's work, but
spent their time in hunting. They must have
worn queer garments, for Columbus says:

"They protect themselves with sheets of
copper, of which there is great abundance among
them. They tell me of another island greater
than the aforesaid Hispania, whose inhabitants
are without hair, and which abounds in gold
above all the others. I am bringing with me men
of this island and of the others that I have seen,
who give proof of the things that I ha ve described .
"Finally that I may compress in a few words
the brief account of our departure and quick re-
turn, and the gain, I promise this, that if I am sup-
orted by our most invincible sovereigns with a little of their help, as
much gold will be supplied as they will need, indeed as much of spices,
of cotton, of chewing gum (which is only found in Chios), also as much
of aloes wood and as many slaves for the navy as their majesties will wish
to demand. Likewise rhubarb and other kinds of spices, which I aup-

OOT^TJT IMBUS.

pose those men whom I left in the said fort have already found, and will
continue to find; since I remained in no place longer than the winds
forced me, except in the town of the Nativity, while I provided for the
building of the fort and the safety of all. Which things, although they
are very great and remarkable, yet they would have been much greater
if I had been aided by as many ships as the occasion required.

"Truly great and wonderful is this, and not corresponding to our
merits, but to the holy Christian religion and to the piety and religion of
our sovereigns, because what the human understanding could not attain,
that the divine will has granted to human efforts."

The explorer ends the account of his discoveries in this modest way:

"These things I have done and are thus briefly narrated. Farewell,
Lisbon; the day before the ides of March."

This old Latin book, pregnant with the history of a hemisphere,
bears the following verse attached to Columbus' narratives:

TO THE MOST INVINCIBLE KING OF SPAIN.
No region now can add to Spain's great deeds;
To such men all the world is yet too small.
An Orient land, found far beyond the waves
Will add, great Betica, to thy renown.
Then to Columbus, the true finder, give
Due thanks; but greater still to God on high,
Who makes new kingdoms for Himself and thee;
Both firm and pious let thy conduct be.

WHERK COLUMBUS LANDED.

Columbus has recorded that the first land he sighted on his first voy-
age was an island, which the natives called Guanahani. but which he re-
named San Salvador. While there can be no dispute that this island is
one of the group now called the Bahamas, there has been doubt as to
which identical island of this group it was that Columbus first saw and
where he first landed. For years it was thought that San Salvador was
what is now known as Cat island, but later discoveries and Columbus'
own description seem to make this impossible. Others have fixed upon
the island of Samana, others on Grande Salina, and still others on one of
the Turk's islands, as the true San Salvador.

To settle the question as far as possible, in 1891 the Chicago Herald
sent out an expedition for the purpose of investigating the claims of all
the islands of the group, and, aided by all the data possible to procure, to
fix the location beyond question, and on the spot to erect a monument to
Christopher Columbus. The expedition left New York on June 4th of
that year, and after thorough investigation, aided by the discription
given by Columbus, decided that Watling's island deserved the honor of

being the first to be seen by the great discoverer. This island lies about
fifty miles east-by-southeast of Cat island, and is thirteen miles long by
eight miles wide. It is a fertile island, surrounded by a coral reef, ex-
cept at Graham's harbor, which is a broad sweep, with a narrow entrance,
having a promontory near by. All this corresponds with the description
given by Columbus, taken from the log-book or journal kept by him on
his voyage, an extract from which is here given:

"SATURDAY, OCT. 13, 1492. At dawn many of those men came down
to the shore; all are, as already said, youths of good size and very hand-
some; their hair is not woolly, but loose and coarse like horse-hair; they
have broader heads and foreheads than I have ever seen in any other
race of men, and the eyes very beautiful, not small; none of them are
black, but of the complexion of the inhabitants of the Canaries, as it is to
be expected, for it is east and west with the island of Hierro in the Ca-
naries, in the same line. All, without exception, have very straight
limbs and no bellies, and very well formed. They came to the ships in
canoes made out of the trunks of trees, all in one piece, and wonderfully
built according to the locality; in some of them forty or forty-five men
came; others were smaller, and in some but a single man came, They
paddled with a peel like that of a baker, and made wonderful speed; and
if it capsizes all begin to swim and set it right again, and bail out the
water with calabashes which they carry. They brought balls of spun
cotton, parrots, spears and other little things which would be tedious to
describe, and gave them away for anything that was given to them. I
examined them closely and tried to ascertain if there was any gold, and
noticed that some of them carried a small piece of it hanging from a hole
in their nose, and by signs I was made to understand that by going to the
south or going around the island to the south ward, there was a king who
had large gold vessels and gold in abundance. I endeavored to persuade
them to go there, and I afterwards saw that they had no wish to go. I
determined to wait until to-morrow evening and then to sail for the
southwest, for many of them told me that there was land to the south and
to the southwest and to the northwest, and that those from the north-
west came frequently to fight with them, and also to go to the southwest
to get gold and precious stones. This island is very large and very level
and has very green trees and abundance of water, and a very large la-
goon in the middle, without any mountain, and all is covered with ver-
dure, and most pleasing to the eye; the people are remarkably gentle,
and from the desire to get some of our things, and thinking that nothing
will be given to them unless they, give something, and having nothing,
they take what they can and swim off (to the ship); but all they have is
given for what is offered to them; so thai they bought even pieces of
crockery, and pieces of broken glass, and I', saw sixteen balls of cotton

given for three ceotis of Portugal, which is equivalent to a bianca in
Castile, and in them there must have been more than one arroba of spun
cotton. I forbade this, and allowed no one to take any, unless I ordered
it to be taken for your highness should it be found in abundance. It
grows in the island, although on account of the shortness of time I could
not assert it positively, and likewise the gold which they carry hanging
in their noses is found here; but in order to lose no time I am going to
try if I can find the island of Cipango. At this moment it is dark, and
all went on shore in their canoes."

The entries made by Columbus on Friday and Sunday, Oct. 12th and
14th, likewise bear on the matter as corroborating and detailing some of
the things described so accurately by him regarding the island, but the
passage quoted is by far the strongest proof of Watling island's claim to
bo considered identical with the island named by Columbus San Salvador
and by the Indian natives at that time Guanahani.

Having become fully convinced by actual ocular demonstrations that
none other than Watling island is entitled to the distinction of being
considered the first American territory discovered by the great voyager,
the expedition then turned its attention to the second part of its mission,
that of erecting a suitable and durable monument at the exact spot, so
far as ascertai liable, where Columbus first stepped ashore. This work
was completed and ready for dedication on the exact day it had been in-
tended from the start July 4th.

The site chosen was an admirable one only two hundred yards from
the very sandy beach on which Columbus landed, and commanding a fine
view. With appropriate dedicatory exercises the monument was turned
over that day, the stars and stripes floating above it, to the world at
large. Copies of all the papers of note printed within the wide territory
of the United States were placed in a bundle down in the foundations of
the monument; above it rose the rugged outlines of the big monument
itself, executed by designs made by Charles Lederer on the spot, and in
an appropriate niche reposes an enormous globe of substantial material,
showing that side which exhibits tha enormous hemisphere of which
Columbus was the discoverer.

Their task completed to the full, the expedition soon set sail for
home again.

COLUMBUS' LETTER TO HIS SOVEREIGNS.

The following letter was found in a very old volume of the journals
of the Honorable Council of Jamaica. In was written to Ferdinand and
Isabella by Columbus while on his last voyage, and probably about eight
months after the departure of Columbus' messenger, Diego Mendez, who

attempted to reach Hispaniola in an Indian canoe. Hearing nothing of
him in the interval, Columbus seemed to have relinquished every hope of
relief and to have written the letter in an hour of despondency. It was
evidently his intention that the letter should be found after his death, as

he had no means of sending it to Spain:

"JAMAICA, 1504.

"Diego Mendez and the papers I sent by him will show Your High-
nesses what rich mines of gold I have discovered in Veraqua, and how I
intended to have left my brother at the River Belin if the judgment of
heaven and the greatest misfortunes in the world had not prevented it.
However, it is sufficient that Your Highnesses and your successors will
have the glory and advantage of all, and that the full discovery and set-
tlement are reserved for happier persons than Columbus. If God be so
merciful to me as to conduct Mendez to Spain, I doubt not that he will
convince Your Highness and my great mistress (the Queen Isabella) that
this will not only be a Castile and Leon, but a discovery of a world of
subjects, lands, and wealth greater than man's unbounded fancy could
ever comprehend, or avarice itself covet; but neither he, this paper,
nor the tongue of mortal man can express the anguish and afflictions of
my body and mind nor the misery of my son, brother, and friends.

" Already have we been confined ten months in this place, lodged on
the open decks of our ships, that are run on shore and lashed together.
Those of my men that were in health have mutinied under the Porras of
Seville; my friends that were faithful are mostly sick and dying; we have
consumed the Indians' provisions so that they abandon us. All, there-
fore, are like to perish by hunger, and these miseries are accompanied
with so many aggravating circumstances that render me the most wret-
ched object of misfortune this world shall ever see as if the displeasure
of heaven seconded the envy of Spain, and would punish as criminal those
undertakings and discoveries which former ages would have acknowl-
edged as great and meritorious actions. Good heaven, and you holy saints
that dwell in it, let the King, Don Ferdinand, and my illustrious mistress,
Donna Isabella, know that my zeal for their service and interest hath
brought me thus low, for it is impossible to live and have affliction equal
to mine. I see and, with horror, apprehend my own and, for my sake,
my unfortunate and deserving people's destruction.

"Alas! piety and justice have retired to their habitations above and it
is a crime to have undertaken and performed too much! As my misery
makes my life a burden to myself, so far the empty title of Viceroy and
Admiral render me obnoxious to the hatred of the Spanish nation.

" It is visible that all methods are adopted to cut the thread that is
breaking: for I am in my old age opposed with insupportable pains of the
gout, and am now languishing and expiring with that and other infir-

C I-I !* IS*'.

mities, among savages, where I have neither medicines nor provisions
for the body, priest nor sacrament for the soul. My men in a state of
revolt, my brother, my son and those that are faithful, sick, starving and
dying; the Indians have abandoned us, and the Governor of St. Domingo
has sent rather to see if I am dead than to succor us or to carry me alive
hence, for his boat neither delivered a letter nor spoke with us, nor would
receive any letter from us, so I concluded Your Highnesses' officers in-
tend that here my voyage and life shall terminate.

"O blessed Mother of God, that compassionatest the miserable and
oppressed, why did not cruel Bobadilla kill me when he robbed me and
my brother of our dearly purchased gold and sent us to Spain without
trial, crime or shadow of misconduct? These chains are all the treasures
I have, and they shall be buried with me, if I chance to have a coffin or
grave; for I would have the remembrance of so unjust an action perish
with me, and, for the glory of the Spanish name, be eternally forgotten.

"Let it not bring a further infamy on the Castilian name; nor let
ages to come know there were any wretches so vile in this, that think to
recommend themselves to Your Majesty by destroying the unfortunate
and miserable Christopher Columbus, not for his crimes, but for his ser-
vice in discovering and giving Spain a new world. As it was heaven
itself that inspired and conducted me to it, the heavens will weep for me
and show pity. Let the earth and every soul in it that loves justice and
mercy, weep for me. And you, oh glorified saints of God, that know my
innocence and see my sufferings here, have mercy! for though this
present age is envious and obdurate, surely those that are to come will
pity me when they are told that Christopher Columbus, with his own
fortune, ran the hazard of his own and his brother's life, and with little
or no expense to the crown of Spain, in ten years made four voyages,
rendei-ed greater service than ever mortal man did to prince or kingdom,
yet was left to perish, without being charged with the least crime, in
poverty and misery all but his chains being taken away from him so
that he who gave Spain another world had neither safety in it nor yet a
cottage for himself nor his wretched family.

" But should Heaven still persecute me and seem displeased with
what I have done, as if the discovery of this new world may be fatal to
the old; and, as a punishment, bring my life to a period in this miserable
place; yet do you, good ange!s, you that succor the oppressed and inno-
cent, bring this paper to my great mistress. She, if she lives, will con-
sider that cruelty and ingratitude will being down the wrath of Heaven,
and stir up all mankind to revenge and rapine."

THE PRAYER OF COLUMBUS.

The following is said to be the original words offered up by Colum-
bus when he landed on the island of San Salvador. This prayer the
Spanish Kings ordered to be used by Balboa, Cortez and Pizarro when
making new discoveries. It is said to be the first translation ever known
to the American tongue, and was sent from the old cathedral at Seville,
Spain, by Miss A. M. Brooks, who is now engaged in compiling a Span-
ish history of America:

"Lord God, eternal and omnipotent, by Thy sacred word Thou hast
created the heavens, and the earth and sea. Thy name be blessed and
glorified. May Thy name be praised, known and proclaimed in this
other part of the world."

THE WIFE OF COLUMBUS.

Columbus allied himself by marriage with an Italo-Portugueso fam-
ily. She whom he was to choose and take to wife was named Felipa
Muniz Peretrello. She belonged to a noble house associated with Dom
Henry, of Ariz, in his explorations and discoveries, as well because of
their family station as by the grace of the infante. Laws like those
which in chemistry govern the affinity of combining atoms, in social in-
tercourse produce personal affinities. The greatest of all discoverers was
himself destined to wed the daughter of a discoverer.

Columbus often went to mass on Sundays and other obligatory days.
His residence in Lisbon being near the convent of All Saints, he resorted
thither to perform his devotions, and iu his assiduous attentions there it
was his fate to be attracted by Dona Felipa Muniz, until he sought and
obtained her in marriage.

The affection of Columbus for the young Lusitanian doubtless pos-
sessed practical features also, in view of the sailor's desire to live for the
1-ealization in his riper age of the work already fully planned in the lat-
ter years of his exhuberant youth. Moreover, crediting his contempo-
raries as we should, the incomparable pilot displayed two traits capable
of turning the head, we will not say of Dona Felipa, but of every woman
eloquence and personal attractiveness.

His many graces captivated her senses, his eloquence her mind. Fe-
lipa Muniz, daughter of Phillipone Peretrello, and Christopher Colum-
bus were made one, in conformity with religion and law, in holy indisso-
luble wedlock, in the year 1471. The year following their union a son
was born to them, who was baptised in Lisbon and named Diego.

VIEWS OF THE GREAT PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1889.

SHE following- beautiful illustrations are exact representations of the buildings and interior views of the last Paris World's Fair, taken from
Parisian photographs and produced expressly for this work. These buildings and exhibits were the result of six years of labor, and fur-
nished the world with what up to that time was the most elaborate exposition possible of what the combined talent of the best known
artists of that country was able to produce, far surpassing any previous effort for a similar purpose. These illustrations are both entertaining and
instructive, not only of themselves, but as well for the sake of comparison with what is and will be produced at the present World's Fair, which is ac-
knowledged by all to far excel, in almost every particular, all preceding efforts in this direction. 4

WORLD'S FAIR, P4, 1889-GE.VEBAt TIEW,

BASE OF EIFEL TOWEK.

^**s*'- :--?&^Sa

- FOUNTAIN AND'CENTBAIj

WORLD'S FAIR, PAJUS, 1889.

WORLD'S t'AIK, PARIS, 1889 CENTRAL DOME.

WORLD'S FAIR, PARIS, 1889 GRAND FOUNTAIN.

WORLD'S FAIR, PARIS, 1889 PALACE OF ART.

WORLD'S FAIR, PARIS, 1889.

WORLD'S FAIR,' PARIS,- 1889^-MACHINEKY HALJj.

IVOKLirS FAIR, PARIS, 1889.

WORLD'S FAIR, PARIS, 1889.

WORLD'S f AIR, PARIS, 1889.

WOBLD'S FAIR, PARIS, 1889.'

MAP OF
CALIFORNIA,'

Population 864,694 [I JLJf J^"^,'"~]

A,,. S ,.mil 1,9* \\\lp|iiylig5

Area, 51,510 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 1,513,017.

LABAMA was a part of Georgia, one of the
original thirteen States, until 1798, but at that
time became separate and with other divis-
ions formed the Territory of Mississippi. In
1819, Alabama was admitted as a State, hav-
ing then a population of 1^0,000. In 1861 it
seceded and formed a part of the Southern
Confederacy, and was readmitted in 1868. Of
the population. 662,ia5 are white and 600,103 are colored.
The northern and central parts of the State are covered
with forests of elm, oak. chestnut, cedar, pine, cypress and
mulberry, the bnlancc of the State being chiefly agricultu-
ral land. The chief productions of the soil are corn and
cotton, sweet potatoes, rice and fruits. Large beds of coal
and mines of iron are now worked, giving the State a new
line of industries and increasing her prosperity. Its prin-
cipal cities are Montgomery, the capital. Mobile. Birming-
ham, Selma, Huntsville and Tusoalyosa. The present
Governor is T. G. Jones.

Area, 53,015 Sqi.are Miles. Population, 1890, 1,128,179.

ARLY in the eighteenth century the French
effected a settlement in Arkansas, which was
purchased by the United States in 1803, being
a part of the Louisiana purchase. It was
made a territory in 1819, and a State in 1836.
Seceded in 1861, and was readmitted to repre-
sentation in Congress in 1868. Arkansas de-
rives its name from the Arkansas river, and
means "smoky water." It is nicknamed the "Hear State,"
owing to the great number of bears formerly found there.
The eastern portion of the State is low and subject to in-
undation, and is consequently unhealthy. The central and
western portions are higher and broken, with extensive
prairies intervening, having a productive soil. The famous
Hot Springs are its great natural attraction. There are
more than one hundred of these springs, all of great cura-
tive properties. The principal products are corn, wheat
and cotton Coal, iron and lead are its leading minerals.
Its principal cities are Little Rock, the capital, Helena,
Fort Smith, Texarkana and Hot Springs. The preseut
Governor is Jas. P. Eagle.

Area, 155,980 Square Miles. Fopnlation, 1890, 1,208,130.

western coast of the United States was first
discovered by Sir Francis Drake in 157H, but
remained unoccupied for nearly two hundred
years. Afterthe Mexican war in 1848, Mexico
relinquished hrr claim to this territory, and
this government became the undisputed pos-
sessor. In the month of February, 1848, gold
was iirst discovered in Col Sutler's mill race,
in California, and the news soon spread over the entire
country. The emigration was altogether unparalleled. In
1850 California was admitted as a State. The name is de-
rived from two Spanish words meaning "hot furnace," an
allusion to the climate. Its nickname is the Golden State,
and San Francisco the Golden Gate. Ocean currents from
the south render the climate along the coast very mild
and healthful. The remarkable attractions of the Yosem-
ite Valley are known the world over. The principal cities
are Sacramento, the capital, San Francisco, Los Angeles,
San Jose and San Diego. Its present Governor is H, H.
Markham.

Area, 1,815 Square Miles. Population, 1390, 716,258.

EARLY twenty years after the Pilgrims land-
ed at Plymouth, the Dutch first explored Con-
necticut, and laid claim to the territory. The
English made settlements at Hartford and
Wincijor a constitutional government formed
in IfAti, and a charter secured in 1J62. In 1685,
an unsuccessful attempt was made to take
away this charter, the document being hidden
n an old oak tree, in Hartford, anil this was afterwards
ailed "The Charter OaU." Its nicknames are the Nutmeg
State anil the Land of Steady Habits. The famous college
if Yale, at New Haven, was founded in 1701, nnd was well
:ndowed. While farming is carried on to some extent,
aanufacturing is the leacttngindustry. Its clocks, cutlery,
:dge tools and fire arms are widely known. The mechan-
cal ingenuity of its people is something unusual. Its prin-
ipal cities are Hartford, the capital, nnd New Haven,
Bridgeport, Waterbury, Norwich. Meridian and Norfolk.
Phe present Governor is S. E. M <""'>

Area, 103,615 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 112,198.

~*|N 1806. Major Pike led an exploring expedition
into tins region, and Pike's Peak was named
after him. In J853, gold was first discovered
within the boundaries of the State, and a
large immigration soon followed. It was or-
ganized as a territory in 1861, and adi. itted
as a State in 1876, and hence is called the
Centennial State. The climate is remarkably
dry and pleasant and is represented as ivparadise for in-
valids. Immense deposits of minerals of almost every
kind are found in nearly every section of the State. Colo-
rado abounds in natural wonders, among them being the
Grand Canyon of the Arkansas, Garden of the Gods, the
Parks Estes, North, South and Middle, etc. Its mineral
springs at Manitou and Colorado Springs have a national
reputation. Notwithstanding that Colorado is mainly a
mountainous State, it contains 21,000.000 acres of improved
land. Its principal cities are Denver, the capital, Lead-
ville, Pueblo and Gunnison. The present Governor is J.

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA.

N. Carolina, Arja, 18.580 square miles; population, 1890, 1,617,917. 8.
Carolina, Area, 30,170 square miles; population. 1890, 1,151,119.

|IR Walter Raleigh discovered what is known as
' North Carolina in 1584. In 1729 the province was
divided into North and South Carolina. It was
one of the original thirteen States. The eastern
part is low and sandy, but the western mountain-
ous, possessing the finest scenery. Agriculture
is the leading industry, while the vast pine for-
ests furnish three times is much pitch, tar and
resin as all the other States together. The leading cities are
Raleigh, the capital, Wilmington, Charlotte and Asheville.
The present Governor of North Carolina is T. Holt.

IN 1729 South Carolina was separted from North Carolina,
and was one of the original thirteen States. In 1832 a conven-
tion at Charleston adopted the "nullification ordinance,'' but
its repeal was immediately demanded by the U.S. government.
It was the first State to secede from the Union, and on its soil
the first gun was fired in the civil war. It was readmitted in
1868. Agriculture is the leading industry, the State ranking
first in the production of rice. The leading cities are Colum-
bia, the capital, Charleston and Spartansburg. The present
"-xarnor nf South Carolina is 13, R, Tillman.

MAP OF

. F/DELAWARE

Si V T \r Population .__ 146,603
Ji \ W Arua s.i.milea - .1,850

NORTH DAKOTA_AND_SO^UTH DAKOTA.

H. Dakota; Area 74,312 sq. miles, Fop. 1890, 182,719. 8. Dakota; Ares,

76,620 sq. miles. Pop. 1890, 328,808.

BS early as 1812, Lord Selkirk founded a settlement
at Pembina, North Dakota. In 1861 a territorial
government was formed. In 1889 Congress passed
a bill creating the States of North and South Da-
kota, the division line being the parallel of 460.
The greater portion of North Dakota is a rolling
prairie, and the land is nearly all tillable, pro-
ducing the finest wheat in the world. Stock-
raising is also carried on extensively. The principal cities of
North Dakota are Bismarck, the capital, Fargo and Grand
Forks. The present Governor is A. H. LJurke.

MOST of the surface of South Dakota is a rolling prairie,
with a productive soil. In the southwestern portion is an ele-
vation known as the Black Hills, where are located some of the
richest gold and silver mines in the world. It is estimated
that South Dakota's fertile soil will support three million peo-
ple. In 1891 South Dakota produced more wheat than all the
Southern States combined. Its principal cities are Pierre, the
capital, Sioux Falls, Yankton, Deadwood and Aberdeen. Its
present Governor is A. C. Mellette.

Area, 1,960 Square Miles. Population, 1390, 168,193.

ELA WARE was named after Lord De la Ware,
an early colonial governor of Virginia. After
William Penn settled Pennsylvania, for fully
twenty years Delaware remained a part, and
recognized the rule of the Governor of that
State until the Revolution, when she became
independent. It is popularly called the Dia-
mond State, from its size, shape and value.
Although a Southern State, it not only did not secede, but
furnished more soldiers, for the northern army in propor-
tion to its population than any other State. During the
Revolution, also, its soldiers were among the best in the
Continental army. With the single exception of Rhode
Island. Delaware is the smallest State in the Union. It is
so small that Texas would make 130 States of its size. The
chief industries are agriculture and fruit farming. The

geach, appie and small berries are the great staples of the
tate. Its principal cities are Dover, the capital, Wil-
mington, New Castle and Milford. The present Governor
is K. 1. Reynolds.

Area, 51.240 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 391,132.

|LORIDA claims to have the oldest dty in the
United States St. Augustine. It was found-
ed in 1512 by Ponce de Leon, who was after-
wards killed by the Indians. DeSota con-
quered the territory for the Spaniards in 1539.
Spain ceded it to the United States in 1819,

it became a territory in 1822,. and admitted to

the Union in 1845. The State seceded in 1861,
and was restored in 1808. It is nicknamed the "Peninsular
State." The southern portion is for the most part low and
marshy called the Everglades, which is impassible during
the rainy season. North of this tract to the Georgia line
the surface is generally a dead level. The geological struc-
ture of the whole State is remarkable. A large part of the
surface seems to form only a crust, through which subter-
ranean lakes and rivers force their way. Thf principal
products of the State are corn and cotton, while oranges
and other tropical fruits are extensively produced. Its
chief cities are Tallahassee, the capita 1 ,JacksonviIle,
Pensacola and Key West. The present Governor is F. P,
Fleming.

Area, 81,290 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 81,385.

ARLY in 1863, Idaho was organized as a terri-
tory, but with an area that included in its
borders the whole of Montana and the greater
part of Wyoming. It was first explored by
Lewis & Clark in 1815. It was admitted as a
State July 3, 1X90. The general surface of the
territory is an elevated table land, 2,000 to
5,000 feet above sea level, but containing nu-
merous depressed valleys, partially watered. The most
remarkable feature of Idaho connected with its mountain
system is the vast lava bed which covers the southern
part of the State, forming a desert 400 miles long and 40 to
60 wide. But a small portion of the State can be success-
fully cultivated, owing to the lack of water. Some atten-
t j on is paid to grazing. Timber is found in the northern
pa.-t,. The mining of gold and silver is the principal indus-
try. Its principal cities are Boise City, the capital, and
Lewiston. Its present Governor is N. B. Willey.

Area, 66,000 Square Miles. Population (1890) 3,826,351.

llinois was first explored by LaSalle and the
French missionaries, who formed the first set-
tlement at Kaskaskia, in 1673. It became a
territory Feb. 3, 1809, and was admitted into
the Union as a State Dec. 3, 1818. The whole
number of newspapers and periodicals pub-
lished in the State in 191 was 1,41)6, placing the
State second only to New York. Nearly one-half of the
State is underlaid with beds of coal, and m the northwest-
ern part copper, lead and zinc are found, and salt in the
southern portion. Illinois stands first in the United States
in the extent of its railroad mileage, and among the first in
the production of the leading cereals corn, wheat and
oats. No other State enters so largely into the business
of pork packing, Illinois furnishing more than 40 per cent,
of all that is marketed in the Southern and Western
States. Its leading cities are Springfield, the capital. Chi-
cago, Peoria, Quincy, Bloomington, Rockford, Aurora,
Rock Island and Joliet. The present Governor is Joseph
W. Fifer. Illinois leads all the States in its appropriation
for the World's Fair, the particulars of which are given on
another page.

Area, 58,980 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 1,837,353.

EORGIA was one of the thirteen original
States. It was first settled by General Ogle-
thorpe, whose colonial charter dates from
1732. The State seceded from the Union in
1861. and was readmitted in 1868. Though the
State suffered severely during the Indian
wars, from the British soldiers in the Revolu-
tion, and from the Federal army and navy
during the civil war, it has shown great recuperative pow-
ers. The State was named after George II, of England.
Georgia is rich in mineral production gold, iron, copper,
coal, zinc and antimony being found but not extensively
worked.' There are also rich deposits of marble, gypsum,
asbestos, soapstone, slate, agate and so-called diamonds.
Every variety of tree flourishes, and is found in abund-
ance. Crops of sugar cane, cotton, rice and sweet potatoes
are produced. More than one-half the .and surface of the
State is still covered with forests. Its principal cities are
Atlanta, the capital, Savannah, Macon, Augusta and Col-
umbus. The present Governor is W. J. Nortnen,

Area, 35,910 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 2,192,404.

Indiana was first explored in 1680, and was first
I settled at Vincennes in 1702 by the French Ca-
I nadians. On Way 7. 1800, it was constituted a
I a Territory, find was admitted as a State Dec.
Ill, 1816. As an agricultural State Indiana
stands high, and in manufacturing interests
u the State has attained an important position.
Of the latter, the largest branches are flour and flouring
mill products, lumber, woolen goods, machinery, agricul-
tural implements, iron goods, cars, carriages, boots and
shoes. The longest canal in this country is the Wabash
and Erie, connecting the Maumee river at Toledo with
Evansville on the Ohio. It is 4(57 miles long, and its course
for 379 miles is in Indiana. Its principal cities are India-
dapolis, the capital, Kvansville, Fort Wayne, LaFayette,
Terre Haute, New Albany, South Bend and Logansport.
Indiana takes a lively interest in the World's Fair, an ac-
count of which is given, elsewhere. Its present Governor
is Allan V. Hovey.

Area, 55,475 Square Miles. Population (1890) 1,911,898.

ti he first settlement wns made in 1788 by a
BFrench Canadian named Julian Dubuque, who
obtained a large grant of land, including the
tract upon which the city named after him
now stands. In 1833 settlements were made
| near Burlington and other points along the
J river. In 1X18 the Territory of Iowa was or
ganized, and was admitted as a State Dec. as, 18J6. It is
named after its chief river, an Indian name, meaning "the
beautiful country." Agriculturally considered, Iowa
stands in the front rank. Her principal products are corn,
wheat, rye, oarley, flax and potatoes. In manufacturing
industries the State is growing, among them being flour,
lumber, brick and tile and agricultural irnph ments. Hitu-
minous coal underlies about one-third of the State, with
lead mines around Dubuque. Iowa ranks third in the
Union in railroad mileage. Its principal cities are Des
Moincs, the capital, Dubuque, Davenport, liurlington,
Sioux City, Council Jiluffs and Keokuk. Its present Gov-
ernor is Horace Boies. For a d< Bcription of the part Iowa
takes ia tlae World's Fair, see elsewhere.

Area, 81,700 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 1,427,096.

ITUATED west of the Missouri river, Kansas
was a part of the Louisiana parchase in 1803.
It was organized as a territory in 18I>4, but on
account of the tierce contest over the ques-
tion of the admission of slavery into the con-
stitution, its admission as a State was de-
layed until 1861. when it was admitted as a
free State. It suffered severely during the
civil war from guerilla bands, which devasted entire coun-
ties. It derives its name from the Indian, and means
"smoky water." The surface is generally undulating, well
watered in the eastern portion, and soil very productive.
Timber is plentiful in the eastern part, but scarce in the
western. Coal and salt are found in inexhaustible quanti-
tities in the eastern and central portions. It is mainly an
agricultural State, ranking lifth in production of cattle,
corn and rye, and ninth in hogs, horses, wheat and coal.
Under the U. S. timber act. nearly 150.000 acres have been
planted with forest trees. Its principal cities are Topeka,
the capital, Leavenworth, Atchison, Wichita and Wyan-
dottc. The present Governor is I,. U. Humphrey.

KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE,

itnck- Area, 10,100 square miles; populathn. 1890, 1 . 858,635. Ttn-
nesset, Area, 11,750 square miles; population. '890, ] ',618.

IOONE was among the first to <-.;p'->reK< 'tucky
and the first settlement was at Hiirrodsbur;. ' i
1774. In 1790 it was organized as a territory, I
In 1793 was admitted to the Union. Puring .J
civil war 1*. declared for neutrn'''y. Its sur.ace
Is rather hilly and broken, with great forests ana
fertile plains. Kentucky possesses one of the
greatest curiosities in the world the Mammoth
ve. Kentucky is an agricultural State. Us principal cities
3 Frankfort, the capital, Louisville, Covington and Lexing-
1. The present Governor is J. Y. Brown.

AT NEW LONDON was the first settlement in Tennes-
B, in 1756. It was originally a part of North Carolina, but in
14 became a separate territory, and in 1796 was admitted to
e Union. It seceded in 1861, and was readmitted in 1866. It
ssesses fine varieties of valuable timber. Coal and iron are
.ned in considerable quantities, and its marbles are equal to
y found in the United States. Agriculture is the leading in-
.stry. The principal cities are Nashville, the capital, Mem-
iis, Knoxvijle and Chattanooga. Governor, J. P. Buchanan.

Area, 15,120 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 1,118,587.

BOUISIANA was first visited by DeSoto in 154!,
who discovered the Mississippi, and dying
was buried in its waters near where New Or-
leans now stands. In 1683 LaSalle descended
the Mississippi, taking possession in the
name of Louis XIV, in whose honor he
named the region Louisiana. The first set-
tlement at New Orleans was in 1706. In 1803,
the Territory of Louisiana, embracing the present States
of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Col-
orado, Iowa, Minnesota. Montana and Oregon, was pur-
chased by the United States for $15,000,000. Louisiana
was admitted as a State in 1813. It seceded in 1861 and
was readmitted in 1868. It is nicknamed the Creole State.
Its surface is generally low and flat, 1,500 miles of levees
protecting the land from the overflow of its rivers during
high water. Agriculture is the leading industry, large
crops of cotton, sugar, rice and corn being produced.
Its pnneipnl cities are Baton Houge, the capital, New Or-
loans anil Shrevcport. The present Governor is Francis
T. Nichols.

Area, 29,895 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 061,086.

IS early as 1497. the coast of Maine was discov-
ered by the Cabots. In 16i!3, the first perma-
nent settlement was made at the mouth of
the Piscataqua, but the early settlers met
with firm and persistent resistance from the
Indians, who destroyed the villages as fast as
located. By the treaty of 1783, Massachu-
setts obtained possession of the territory, and
exercised jurisdiction over it until 1820. when it was ad-
mitted as a State It is nicknamed the Pine Tree State.
The State is covered with immense forests of inestimable
value, making the preparation of lumber for the market
one of the chief industries. The principal varieties are
pine, spruce, hemlock, maple, birch, beech and ash. The
climate is quite severe, long winters prevailing, the snow
lying on the ground for three and four months. About one-
third of the State has been improved for agricultural pur-
poses. The other leading industries are ship-building,
cotton manufacture, quarrying and ice packing. Its prin-
cipal cities are Augusta, the capital, Portland, Lewiston,
Hangor and Biddeford. The presept Governor i8 E, Q,

I 'S, '*'' 1 MAP OP
U.J *""*, d MICHIGAN

Population 1,1:51,51)7 _ _T~^-* "^V'WM^^ -
Areasq.milea 46,340 ^/^ .i,,i f _ ^J" J^ < -,,/ ,. i/,",.",>^

Area, 57,130 Square Miles. Population 1890, 2,093,889.

first actual white settlement within the
fl limits of the State was a mission at Sault Ste
Marie, founded in 1668 by Father JIarquette
and others. Detroit was founded in 1701 by
BCardlUao. In 1805 it was established as a Ter-
1 ritory, and was admitted into the Union Jan.
21), 1H37. The State derives its name from two
Chippewa words, "mitcbi" and "sawgyhegan," meaning
the lake country. The western portion is largely given up
to mining. It contains the most productive copper region
in the world, except Chili, and its mines of iron ore are
practically inexhaustible. Building stone is found in
abundance, and the State takes the lead in salt production.
Its forests of pine and valuable woods are very great, fur-
nishing material for one of its chief industries manufac-
ture of furniture, in which it ranks at the head. Agricul-
ture is also an important occupation for a large portion of
its inhabitants. Its principal cities are Lansing, the capi-
tal, Detroit, Grand Rapids, East Saginaw, Bay City. Jack-
son, Muskegan and Kalamazoo. Its present Governor is
E. B. Winans. On another page is given the part Michi-
gan takes in the World's Fair.

IVI I N N

Area, 83,365 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 1,301,826.

his territory was first explored by Hennepin
and La Salle in 1OO. It was first u portion
of the Territory of Missouri, and later that of
Iowa. It was organized as a separate Terri-
tory in 1849, and admitted as a State in 18S8.
St. Paul was first settled in lh.'iO by a Swiss
colony. Fort Suelling was established in
1820. The State derives its name from the Indians, anc,
signifies "whitish water." It is nicknamed the "gopher
State." One thirty-fifth of the entire area of the State is
covered with lakes. It is estimated that there are over
7,000 small lakes within its boundaries, varying from one to
thirty miles in diameter. Iron and copper are found in
large quantities. Three-fourths of the State is rolling
prairie, while heavy tracts of forest abound in the lake re-
gion. The Falls of St. Anthony and Minnehaha are great
attractions. Its principal cities are St. Paul, the capital,
Minneapolis, Duluth, Stillwater, Winona and Mankato.
Its present Governor is W. R Merriam.

Area, 46,310 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 1,280,600.

[ISSISSIPPl'S first settlement was made at
Biloxiin 1699. This region was then known
as Louisiana. In 1798 the Mississippi Terri-
tory was organized out of the territory
claimed by Georgia. It was admitted to the
Union in 1817. It seceded in 1861 and was re-
admitted in 1869. The State derives its name
from an Indian term signifying the Father of
Waters. Its surface is undulating and generally low, and
whore not marshy has a productive soil. A large portion
of the State is covered with primitive forets of oak, hick-
ory, black walnut, butternut and dogwood, Mississippi is
almost exclusively an agricultural State, corn and cotton
being its staple peoducts. In the production of the latter
it ranks second in the Union. The labor is largely per-
formed by colored persons. Of late years more attention
has been paid to the establishment of cotton factories.
Its leading cities are Jackson, the capital, Vicksburg,
Meriden and Natchez. The present Governor is John M.
Stone.

Area, 9,860 Square Miles. Population. 1890, 1,012,390.

N" the establishment of a settlement at St.
Mary's in 1634, by Lord Baltimore, he being a
Catholic, that religion was made the creed of
the colony. In 1783 Congress met at Annapo-
lis and it was there that Washington resigned
his commission as commander-in-chief of the
army. Maryland was named in honor of
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles II. The
tate is admirably situated for water transportation, hav-
[g over 500 miles of frontage on tide water and navigable
vers. The valleys of the rivers present extremely pic-
iresque and charming scenery, and at various points pro-
isionhas been made for tourists who flock thither in large
umbers. The chief industry is agriculture corn, wheat
nd tobacco being the leading products. Manufacturing
iterests are also large and increasing. The canning of
uits and oysters is carried on quite extensively. The for-
ign commerce is conducted chiefly through Baltimore.
is leading cities are Annapolis, the capital, Baltimore,
umberland and Hagerstown. The present Governor is
'rank Brown.

Area. 8,010 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 2,238,913.

ABOT was the discoverer of the coast of Mas-
sachusetts, and the English consequently
laid claim to the territory. The first perma-
nent settlement was made at Plymouth in
16'JO. The colonists were in almost continu-
ous warfare with the Indians, and were the
first of the American colonies to oppose the
aggressions of the English government. The
latter led to the war of the Revolution, and the first blood
in that combat stained the soil of Massachusetts. It is
nicknamed the Bay State. Massachusetts devotes much
attention to her educational interests, and Boston is called
the Athens of America the seat of learning. Harvard
University, the oldest and wealthiest institution of the
kind in America, Amherst, Wellesly, Williams and Tufts
Colleges and Boston University are well known. About
one-half of the State is devoted to agriculture. It is a great
manufacturing State, ranking third in the Union. The
products are textile fabrics, boots and shoes, jewelry and
paper Its leading cities are Boston, the capital, Lowell,
Cambridge, Worcester, Fall River and Lynn. The present
Governor is W. E. Russell.

Area, 68,735 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 2,679,181.
ROBABLY the first settlement in the
daries of Missouri was made at St. Genevieve
in 1755 It was part of the Louisiana pur-
chase in 1803, and became the Territory of
Missouri in 1812, and admitted to tte Union
in MWl. The application for the admission of
Missouri as a State raised anew the question
of the extension of slavery, and after a long
conflict a bill called the "Missouri Compromise" passed
Congress, making that State a slave-holding State, but
providing that thereafter all new States admitted north of
3030' N. latitude should be free States. Missouri declared
for neutrality during the civil war, and was the scene of
many sanguinary battles. The inhabitants are nicknamed
Pukes. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and agriculture is
the leading industry. Its chief products are corn, wheat,
rye. and fruits. The iron resources of the State exceed
those of any other, while coal underlies about one-third of
the State. Its principal cities are Jefferson City, the cap-
ital, St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph and Hannibal. Its
present Governor is D. B. Francis.

ivr o isnr A. IN: A .

Area, 145,310 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 132,159.

ITUATED on the enst and immediately ad-
joining Idaho, it formerly constituted a part
of that territory, but in 1864 was separated
therefrom and made an individual domain.
The rapid growth of the territory dates from
the opening of the gold mines in 18(51. Mon-
tana has been the scene of many conflicts
with the Indians, the most memorable being
the battle on the banks of the Little Big Horn, on June 25,
1876, in which the Seventh United States Cavalry was al-
most annihilated, the brave commander. Gen. Custer, be-
ing numbered with the slain. It is generally alluded to UH
the "Custer Massacre." Montana was admitted to the
Union in 1889. As the name implies. Montana is aland of
mountains, nearly one-fourth of its extent being classed as
mountain land. This State has within its boundaries some
of the richest mining country in the world. Gold, silver,
copper, lead, coal, and other valuable minerals are exten-
sively mined. Sheep and cattle raising is also an impor-
tant industry. The principal cities are Helena, the capi-
tal, Butte City and Anaconda. Its present Governor is .! .
K. Toole.

N E;B:R A

Area, 76,136 Square Miles. Population 1890, 1,058,910.

[his State was originally a part of the Louisiana
Territory. In ISM it was, with Kansas, formed
into a territory, and in 1867 it was admitted
into the Union. Nebraska derives its name
from the Nebraska River which is derived
from the Indian "Ne," water; and "bras,"
shallow, and means shallow water. The sur-
face is one vast plane, the eastern portion being agricultural
lands, and the western devoted to grazing. Wheat, corn,
barley, oats, flax, hemp and all vegetables are produced.
Cattle raising is one of the most important interests of the
State there being 23.000.000 acres in the grazing region.
There has also been a wonderful increase in its manufac-
turing interests of late, it having large smelting works, car
works, foundries, etc. It had 5.221 miles of railroad track
in 1891. Its principal cities are Lincoln, capital, Omaha,
Hastings, Nebraska City, and Plattsmouth. The present
Governor is W. R. Boyd.

MAP OF

NEVADA

r>i].iilatl

Area Ha.niltalM.74Q

Area. 109,710 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 15,761.

IliST settled in 1848 by a colony of Mormons,
who located in the Washoe and Carson val-
leys. It was organized as a territory in 1861,
arid admitted as a State in 1864. The surface
of Nevada is an elevated tableland, with an
average height of 4,500 feet above the sea
level. Owing to lack of irrigation, much of
the State is valueless for agricultural pur-
poses. There are, however, millions of acres of fine graz-
ing land, much of which is being utilized for that purpose.
It was in 1859 that gold was first discovered in this State,
and now is mined in nearly every mountain range in its
borders. The Comstock lode contained for many years the
richest silver mines in the world, although now they are
partially exhausted. The average annual production of
the precious metals is from seven to ten million dollars.
On account of the decline in its mining operations, the
chief industry, the State has been retrograding in popula-
tion the last few years. Its principal cities are Carson
City, the capital, Virginia City, Gold Hill and Eureka. The
present Governor is It. K. Colcord.

yi^S^M fl^f ii

-^ /^-"W>.4 -t s -:/K/ s -O\ * A '.''*&-- /g BM

NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT,

Hampshire, Area, 9,005 sq miles; pop., 1890, 376,530. Vermont,

Area, 9,135 sq. tiles ; pop., 1890, 332,122.
OVER was the site of the first settlement in New
Hampshire, and Exeter the second. It is called
the Granite State, because granite abounds
there. It was one of the original thirteen States.
The general surface is rugged and broken, and is
often called the Switzerland of America. It is
chiefly a manufacturing State. The principal
cities are Concord, the capital, Manchester. Dd-
and Portsmouth. The present Governor is H. A. Tuttle.
VERMONT was the first State received into the Union
r the adoption of the Federal constitution. During the
olution the "Green Mountain Boys" took an active part to
ire independence. In 1791 Vermont was admitted to the
on. Dairying and sheep farming are important industries,
general farming is carried on quite extensively. Its mar-
i are of extra fine quality. The principal cities are Mont-
er. the capital. Bennington, Rutland, Burlington and St.
ans. The present Governor is C. S. Page.

Area, 7,155 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 1,111,933.

EW JERSEY was first settled by the Dutch,
in Itiao, and the Swedes in 1638. In 1683 Wm.
Penn purchased the entire territory. . New
Jersey was subject to New York State in its
government until 1708, when it acquired sepa-
rate administration, which it retained until
it became one of the original thirteen States.
Immediately after the outbreak of the Revo-
lution, it became the theater of war, and many important
conflicts occurred within its borders. The State was so
called in 1664, from the Isle of Jersey, on the coast of
France, the residence of Sir George Cartnret, to whom the
territory was granted. New Jersey's chief attractions are
its many seaside resorts, all of which are easy of access to
Philadelphia and New York. It is one of the principal
manufacturing States of the Union, while its fertile soil
makes its entire surface an immense garden. Its shad and
oyster fisheries are also extensive. The principal cities
are Trenton, the capital, Newark, Jersey City, Patterson,
Camden and Trenton. The present Goverror is L. Abbett.

Area, 19,170 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 6,997,853.

REVIOUS to 1609, the territory now known as
New York State was. unknown to white men.
In that year. Henry Hudson, in an eighty-ton
Dutch sloop, navigated the Hudson river as
far as the present site of Albany. In 1613, a
fort was built on Manhattan Island, now oc-
cupied by New York City. In 1626, the Island
of Manhattanwas purchased from the Indians
for S34 England claimed the entire Dutch territory on the
ground of previous discovery by the Cabots, and with suffi-
cient military force took possess.on of all that territory.
The soil of New York was frequently died with the blood
of the contestants during the Revolution, it being the scene
of many an important battle. In the civil war, this State
took a very important part, sending nearly a half a million
soldiers to preserve the Union. It is the wealthiest State
in the Union, and is called the Empire Stale. It contains
the greatest, natural attraction of its kind m the world
the Niagara Falls. The State ranks high in agriculture,
and leads all others in manufactures, as it also does in its
dairy interests. Its leading cities are Albany, the capital,
New York City, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Rochester and Syra-
cuse. The present Governor is K. P. Flower.

OMIO.

Area, 40,760 Square Miles; Population 1890, 3,672,318.

In 1679 Ohio was flrst explored by LaSalle, The
* first permanent settlement was at Marietta,
in 1788. Ohio was included in the Northwest
Territory until May 7th, 1800 when it was crea-
ted a separate Territory, and April 30th, 1803,
became a State. The first settlement of
Cincinnati was in 1781'. The inhabitants are
called " Buckeyes," derived from t>.e buckeye trees that
abound. Ohio was undoubtedly the home of the "Mound
Builders," and in different parts of the State, notably at
Marietta, Chillicqthe, and in the Licking and Miami Valleys
these mounds still remain, which many are led to believe,
point to an antiquity of 2,000 or more years. Ohio is a lead-
ing agricultural and manufacturing State. It ranks flrst in
agricultural implements and wool ; second in petroleum,
iron and .steel; third in wheat, sheep, coal and malt. Its
principal cities are Columbus the capital, Cincinnati, Cleve-
land, Toledo, Dayton, Springfield, Sandusky and Zanesville.
Its present governor is \Vm. McKinley.

Area, 91,660 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 313,716.

REGOM'S fi'-st settlement was at Astoria, in
1811. In 1845 a provisional government was
formed, and in 1848 made a territory. In 1859
it was admitted as a State. Oregon derives
its narae from an Indian word signifying the
River of the West, referring to the Columbia.

The development of the State has been rapid.

Among its natural attractions are the Falls
and Dalles of the Columbia river, and the Falls of Willa-
mette. Oregon is noted as an agricultural and wood pro-
ducing State. The soil and climate of the eastern and
western sections differ so widely that the general produc-
tions include those of the temperate and semi-tropic zones.
The abundant pasturage affords admirable facilities for
grazing. The principal cities are Salem, the capital. Port-
land, Astoria and East Portland. Tlic present Governor is
S, Penaoyer,

Area, 11,985 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 5,258,011.

HE State proper dates from the grant of Charles
II to William Penn, in Itel, which embraced
all the Territory west of the Delaware river.
Penn, by cultivating peace with the Indians
and encouraging immigration with freedom
of religious visws, established a flourishing
and prosperous colony. The State was the
scene of Braddock's defeat in the French
war, and of the battles of Gerinantown and Brandywine in
the Revolution, and Gettysburg in the civil war. It was at
Philadelphia that the Declaration of Independence was
signed in 1776. The State is mountainous with the excep-
tion of the southeastern portion. Nearly one-half of the
the iron produced in the United States is the production of
Pennsylvania. Nearly all of the anthracite and half of the
bituminous coal used in the United States is mined in this
State. In the production of coal oil it also far excels all
others, is second in the production of lumber and third in
tobacco. The principal cities are Harrisburg, the capital,
Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Allegheny, Scranton and Head'
ing. The present Governor is K. E. Pattison,

VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA.

Area, 1,085 Square Miles. Population, 1890, 315,506.

iREATED the smallest of the original thirteen
States, Rhode Island has held that position
undisputed. It was first settled by Roger
Williams and his followers in 1636. The State
was so called in 1664, in reference to the Isle
of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean. It is nick-
named Little Rhody. It has an extreme
length north and south of only forty-seven
iles. and breadth of forty miles, with a water frontage of

miles. The surface is in the main broken, but its nu-
erous islands are exceedingly fertile. Its chief industry
manufacturing, the State surpassing all others in this
le compared with its population, the chief productions
sing cotton, woolen and other textile fabrics, Although

1 small, it can boast of possessing two capitals, the Legis-
ture meeting annually at Newport, with an annual ad-
urned session at Providence. Newport is called the
ueen of American Watering Places. The leading cities
e Providence and Newport, the capitals. Woonsocket
id Warwick, The present Governor in H. W. L