HISTORY
OP THK
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE,
BY
EUSEBIUS, BISHOP OF CLESAREA,
DISCOVERED IN A VERY ANTIENT SYRIAC MANUSCRIPT.
EDITED AND TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
BY
WILLIAM CURETON, D.D.,
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE OF FRANCE.
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE:
14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON ;
AND
20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
PARIS: C. BORRANL
MDCCCLXI.
W. M. WATTS, CROWN COURT, TEMPLE BAR.
THIS ACCOUNT OF
MARTYRS FOR THE TRUTH OP THE HOLY
RELIGION OF OUll LORD JESUS CHRIST
IS
to tbe
OF
FRANCIS EGERTON EARL OF ELLESMERE
K.G.
IN PIOUS RECOGNITION OF MUCH AND LONG-CONTINUED KINDNESS AND
IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF THE PRIVILEGE OF ENJOYING THE
FRIENDSHIP OF ONE WHO SO EMINENTLY ADORNED THE HIGH
STATION TO WHICH HE WAS BORN BY HIS OWN PERSONAL
VIRTUES AND ADDED REAL DIGNITY TO THE RANK
WHICH HE INHERITED BY THE ACQUIREMENTS
OF A SCHOLAR THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS
OF A GENTLEMAN AND THE
GRACES OF A CHRISTIAN.
PREFACE.
THE manuscript from which this work of Eusebius has
been at length recovered, after the lapse of several cen
turies, is that wonderful volume of the Nitrian Collection 8
now in the British Museum, whose most curious and re
markable history I have already made known in the Preface
to my edition of the Festal Letters of St. Athanasius. b It
is not necessary, therefore, for me in this place to give any
further account of it than to state that it was tran
scribed fourteen hundred and fifty years ago, as early
as the year of our Lord four hundred and eleven.
The several works contained in it are now all printed, and
thereby rescued from the chance of being lost for all future
time. The first a Syriac translation of the Recogni
tions of St. Clement, which I once intended to publish,
and had transcribed the greater part of it for that pur
pose has been edited by Dr. P. de Lagarde, c to whom I
(") British Museum, Additional MS. No. 12,150.
( ) P. xv. The Festal Letters of Athanasius, discovered in an
antient Syriac version. 8vo. London, 1848.
( c ) dementis Romani Recognitiones Syriace. Paulus Antoiiius
de Lagarde edidit. 8vo, Lips iEe, 1801.
11 PREFACE.
gave my copy. The transcript was completed by him, and
compared with another manuscript of the same work, and
afterward printed with that great care and accu
racy which gives so much value to all the Syriac texts
which he has edited. The second treatise in this manu
script is the book of Titus, Bishop of Bostra, or Bozra, in
Arabia, against the Manicheans. We are also indebted
for the publication of this important work to Dr. de
Lagarde. a The third is the book of Eusebius on the
Theophania, or Divine Manifestation of our Lord. The text
of this was edited by the late Dr. Lee, b who also pub
lished an English translation of it, c with valuable notes
and a preliminary dissertation. The last is this history
of the Martyrs of Palestine, also written by the same
Author.
In the eighth book of the Ecclesiastical History, upon
the occasion of his giving a short account of certain
Bishops and others, who sealed their testimony for their
faith with their blood, Eusebius stated his intention of
writing, in a distinct treatise, a narrative of the confession
( a ) Titi Bostreni contra Manchaeos libri quatuor Syriace. Paulus
Antonius de Lagarde edidit. 8vo. Berolini, 1859.
( ll ) Eusebius, Bishop of Csesarea, on the Theophania, or Divine
Manifestation of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. A Syriac
Version, edited from an ancient Manuscript recently discovered. By
Samuel Lee, D.D. 8vo. London, 1842.
( c ) Eusebius, Bishop of Cassarea, on the Theophania, or Divine
Manifestation of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Translated
into English with Notes, from an ancient Syriac Version of the
Greek Original now lost. To which is prefixed a Vindication of
the Orthodoxy and Prophetical Views of that distinguished writer
By Samuel Lee, D.D. 8vo. Cambridge, 1843.
PREFACE. Ill
of those Martyrs with whom he had himself been acquainted.*
Up to the time of the discovery of this Syriac copy, no
such work was known to exist in a separate form, either in
Latin or Greek. There is indeed a brief history of those
contemporaries of Eusebius who suffered in the perse
cution of the Christians in Palestine, found in several antient
Greek manuscripts, inserted as a part of it, and combined
with the Ecclesiastical History : but it does not occupy
the same place in all the copies of that work. In one
it is placed after the middle of the thirteenth chapter of
the eighth book; b in two c at the end of the tenth book;
and in several, 3 at the end of the eighth ; while from two
( ) Oi <ye /jirjv avros vape^evofjitjv, rovrovg Kai TOI
Si erepas Troiytrofjiai >ypa<pr)s. " Moreover, there were many other emi
nent martyrs who have an honourable mention among the Churches,
which are in those places and countries. But our design is not to
commit to writing the conflicts of all those who suffered for the
worship of God over the whole world, nor yet to give an accurate
relation of every accident that befel them ; but this rather belongs
to those who, with their own eyes, beheld what was done. More
over, those ourselves were present at, we will commit to the knowledge
of posterity in another work." See Ecc. Hist., B. viii. ch. 13, Eng.
Trans, p. 148.
( h ) Codex olim Regiaa Societatis, nunc vero Musei Britannici. This
is G. of Dr. Burton s edition : Oxford, 1838. See the same, pp.
572 and ,591.
( c ) Duo Codices Florentini Bibliothecae Mediceo-Laurentianae.
Plut. Ixx. n. 7 et 20. I. and K. of Burton. See Ibid. p. 591.
( a ) 1. Codex Regius Bibliothecas Parisiensis n. 1436; 2. Codex
Mediceus, ibid. n. 1434 ; 3. Codex Mazarina?us, ibid. n. 1430 ;
4 Codex Fuketianus, ibid. n. 1435 ; 5. Codex Savilianus, in Bib-
lie heca Bodleiana, n. 2278 ; being A. B. C. D. and F. respectively
of Burton. Ibid.
IV PREFACE.
others, d as well as from the Latin version made by Ruffinus,
it is omitted altogether. There is no distinct title prefixed
to it in any copy but one, the Codex Castellani, a where it
bears the inscription : EvaefBiov a-v^pa^a irepu rwv tear
avrov fjiaprvpya-avrcov ev rw o/craeret, AiOK\Tjnavov /ecu ec^ef?;?
Ta\epiov rov Mat;i/j,ivov Siwy/juov ; but two copies, the
Mazarine and Medicean, have at the end Ewefiiov rov
Tla^Ckov Trepi rwv ev Tlakaia-rivr) /Aaprvprjcravrcov reXo?. b
That this was the history of the martyrs who were
known to Eusebius which he had promised, has never been
doubted by any one ; while, on the other hand, almost
every one who has undertaken to write on the subject has
judged it to be but an abridgment of the original work
which formerly existed in a more extended form. The
*
( d ) Codex Bibliothecas Regiae Parisiensis n. 1431, and Codex
Venetus n. 838 ; being E. and H. of Burton. Ibid.
( a ) SeeN. of Burton. Ibid.
( b ) See Valesius, note (>), p. 154, Eng. Trans.
( ) See Valesius and Ruinart, cited in the notes to this, pp.
50, 51, 55, 59, 60, 64, 69, 84. Also S. E. Assemani remarks :
" Grascam S. Procopii, ( Martyrum Palaastinorum in Diocletian! per-
secutione antesignani, historiam, qua3 in laudato de martyribus Paltes-
tinas libro habetur ; ab alia fusion, atque explication futsse con-
tractam atque truncatam, certum et exploratum est, nam qua3 ad
patriara atque institum pertinent omittere nunquam consuevit Euse
bius." Acta SS. Mart.
"Horum sanctorum martyrum historiam concisam pariter jeju-
namque exhibet nobis Graecus Eusebii Caasariensis textus in libro de
martyribus Palaestinas ; eandemque prorsus fortunam experta est,
quam prior Procopii, ex latiori scilicet narratione in brevem summam.
Atque priorem illam Latina, qua? superfuit, versio supplerit, haac
autem suppleri aliter non potuissent, nisi, favente Deo, Chaldaicu
PREFACE. V
antient Latin copy of the Acts of Procopius, a the Acts
of Pamphilus and his companions, as exhibited by Simeon
Metaphrastes, b in much fuller detail than they are newfound
in the Greek text of Eusebius, and the additional facts
respecting other martyrs who suffered in Palestine, supplied
by the Greek Menaea and Menologia, were adduced as evi
dence of the existence at one time of a more copious work,
and as a proof that the narrative inserted in the Eccle
siastical History was only an abridgment.
The correctness of this critical induction has been com
pletely established by the discovery of this copy of the work
of Eusebius of Csesarea on the Martyrs of Palestine, in
the vernacular language of the country where the events
took place, and actually transcribed within about seventy
years after the death of the author.
S. E. Assemani goes so far as to express his conviction
that this history of the sufferings of the martyrs irf Palestine
was originally composed in Syriac, a language with which
Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea,was necessarily well acquainted,
Codex noster e tenebris ^Egypti vindicatus emersisset in lucem."
Ibid. p. 173.
Baillet: " Eusebe de Cesaree avait recueilli a part les Martyrs de
Palestine : et quoique les Actes qu il en avoit ramassez avec beaucoup
de soin et de travail ne paroissent plus, il nous en reste un bon abbrege
dans le livre qui se trouve joint a son histoire generale de 1 Eglise/
See Les Vies des Saints, vol. i. p. 55.
(") See these printed p. 50 below and Valesius note thereon.
( l) ) The Latin, by Surius, of thi?, will be found in the Notes, at
p. 69.
( c ) Eusebius died A.D. 339 or 340 (Fabricius, BilUotheca Greec.
lib. v. c. 4. p. 31), and this copy was transcribed A. D. 411.
b
VI PREFACE.
as being the vernacular speech of his own country and
diocese.* It is not at all improbable that Eusebius might
made have use of the Syriac for ordinary purposes, or, indeed,
as a safer deposit for any memoranda which he might
wish to commit to writing than the Greek, during the
time that the persecution continued. Could this inference
of S. E. Assemani be established, it would give still
additional interest and value to the work which I now
publish. I must, however, own that I cannot admit the
supposition that this work was originally written in the
Syriac language. Indeed, it seems to me to be sufficiently
disproved by the fact, that the Syriac copy of such of the
Acts of Martyrs in Palestine as have been published by
S. E. Assemani, while it agrees completely in substance
with this, is evidently a translation by another hand ;
and that the variation and errors which occur in some of
the proper names are of such a kind as could only have
arisen from confounding two similar Greek letters of the
writing at that period ; b and further, there are some obscure
passages in this Syriac, which obviously seem to be the
result of a translator not fully apprehending the meaning
of the Greek passage before him. c
- How long the entire Greek text of the original work
continued to be read, we have now no means of learn
ing with any degree of certainty. It must have been
in existence in the time of Simeon Metaphrastes, in the
tenth century, for he has supplied many facts c from it
( a ) See Note, p. 51, below.
( b ) See Notes, pp. 57, 60 below.
O See p. 66, below.
PREEACE. vii
which the abridged form of the Greek does not contain,
and has also given entire the long passage relating to
Pamphilus and his companions.* Neither can there be any
doubt of its having been in use at the period when the
Greek Men^a and Menologia were compiled. 5 The fact that
many of the circumstances and events which it described
had been inserted in the abovementioned books, and that an
abridgment, which, I cannot doubt, was made by Eusebius
himself, had also been incorporated into the Ecclesiastical
History, seems to have led to the discontinuance of the
transcription of the larger work, and to have been mainly
the cause of its being no longer found in the Greek in
a separate form. The preservation of this work in its
complete state up to the present time, in the Syriac, is
chiefly due to the circumstance of its having been trans
ported, at a very early period, to the Syrian Monastery
in the solitude of the Nitrian Desert, where the dryness
of the climate kept the vellum from decay, and the idle
ness and ignorance of the monks saved the volume from
being worn out and destroyed by frequent use.
Independently of the great interest of the subject of
which it treats, this work of Eusebius has especial claims
to consideration, on the ground of the author having been
himself an eyewitness of most of the events which lie de-
( a ) A Latin version of this, as it is found in Simeon Metaphrastes,
translated by Lipomannus, I have printed in the Notes, p. 69, below,
for the sake of comparison with this text. It also still exists in
Greek, and was first published by D. Papebrochius from a Me-
dicean MS. in the Ada Sanctorum, June, vol. i. p. 64 ; and after
wards reprinted by J. Alb. Fabricius in S. Hippoliti Opera, 2 vols t
fol. Hamb. 171619, vol. ii. p. 217.
( b ) See notes pp. 53, 56, 59, 60, 64, 68.
Vni PREFACE.
scribes. There are some, indeed, at which he could not have
have been present ; for instance, the Confession of Eo-
manus, who suffered at Antioch on the same day as Al-
phseus and Zacchseus did at Csesarea, where he was then
residing. He has, given a narrative of the sufferings
of Eomanus, in his history of the Martyrs of Palestine,
because he was a native of Palestine, and had also been a
deacon and exorcist in one of the villages of CaBsarea;
and Eusebius was anxious to claim for his own country and
diocese the honour of this man s confession. This may
perhaps be the reason why there are found two distinct
accounts of the Acts of Romanus in Syriac, as well as in
Greek and Latin.
It is not my intention to enter into any discussion
respecting the time of the composition of this treatise, or
that of the great Church History by Eusebius : nor will I
consider at any length the question of the abridgment of
the account of the Martyrs of Palestine inserted in most
of the copies of the Ecclesiastical History, or that of the
different recensions of this latter work by the author
himself. 3 These are certainly very interesting subjects of
literary and historical inquiry ; and doubtless this book
will supply the critic with new data, to enable him to
elucidate and determine them in a more complete and sa
tisfactory manner than it has been hitherto possible for any
one to do. These matters I would rather leave to other
scholars. All now have the same materials as I have, and
some may be possessed of other greater facilities and
appliances, as well as better capacities for the task. I
( a ) See Heinichen, Notitia Codicum, Editionum et Translation um
Historic Ecclesiastics Eusebiance, vi.
PREFACE. ix
believe it to be my duty to employ my own time and
exertions in another way.
I will therefore content myself with briefly observing
that this work of Eusebius on the Martyrs of Palestine
bears evidently upon it the stamp of being a record of facts
which were noted down at the time as they severally oc
curred, and were afterwards revised and arranged in due
order at a subsequent period, when some events, which,
in the earlier years of the Persecution, the author thought
it probable might happen, had actually taken place ; and
when other occurrences of earlier date were no longer
so fresh and vivid in the minds of men as they had
been when all were still living who had witnessed them.
I would observe, also, that it seems to be evident that
this work, in which Eusebius recounts the martyrdom of
Pamphilusand his companions, was composed before he wrote
the fuller history of that noble Martyr, to which he refers
in the Abridgment ; for no reference whatever is made to
the existence of any such history in this original and more
copious narrative of the Martyrs of Palestine. It must,
therefore, have been composed before he wrote the Eccle
siastical History, in which he several times adverts to the
life of Pamphilus as having been already completed.
The first edition of the Ecclesiastical History does not
appear to have contained the history of the Martyrs of
Palestine. This seems to be the copy used by Ruffinus, who
neither gives any such history, nor has the passage in the
thirteenth chapter of the eighth book which refers to it.
Indeed, it is evident from his own words that the abridg
ment must have been made by Eusebius himself. a When,
( a ) See Note below, p. 79.
X PREFACE.
therefore, he condensed the narrative for the purpose of in
corporating it into the subsequent editions of the Ecclesi
astical History, he also took that opportunity of supplying
several facts which, either from considerations of prudence,
or from not having had knowledge of them at the time when
the work was originally composed, he had previously omitted;
and also ventured to speak more plainly of persons, because
the altered condition of circumstances after the accession of
Constantine enabled him to do this without any apprehen
sion of danger. This, I think, will be obvious to those who
will be at the pains to compare the general narrative of
the events as they are recorded year by year, with the
notes which I have added, even without having recourse to
fuller and more minute researches.
The translation I have endeavoured to make as faithful
as I could without following the Syriac idiom so closely
as to render the English obscure. There are a very few
passages in which I cannot feel quite sure that I have
obtained the precise meaning of the Syriac ; but the
obscurity of these passages is certainly due to the Trans
lator, who does not seem to have fully understood the
Greek text which he had before him. My English transla
tion of the long account of Pamphilus and his companions
was printed before I read either the Greek text printed by
Papebrochius, or the Latin translation made by Lipo-
mannus from the same Greek, as it was preserved by Simeon
Metaphrastes. The comparison of all of these together will
be a good means of testing both the integrity of the
transmission of the original Greek to the present day,
and the fidelity of the Syriac translation.
In the notes, my chief object has been to collect such
observations as may tend especially to throw light upon
PREFACE. XI
the time of the composition of this work and of the
Ecclesiastical History by Eusebius, and serve to elucidate
the text ; but in order to keep them from extending to
too great a length, I have omitted all those matters which
it appeared to me an ordinarily well-informed scholar
might be presumed to be acquainted with.
ON THE MARTYKS IN PALESTINE,
BY EUSEBIUS OF C^ESAREA.
THOSE Holy Martyrs of God, who loved our Saviour and Lord
Jesus Christ, and God supreme and sovereign of all, more
than themselves and their own lives, who were dragged forward
to the conflict for the sake of religion, and rendered glorious by
the martyrdom of confession, who preferred a horrible death to a 5
temporary life, and were crowned with all the victories of virtue,
and offered to the Most High and supreme God the glory of
their wonderful victory, because they had their conversation
in heaven, and walked with him who gave victory to their
testimony, also offered up glory, and honour, and majesty to the 10
Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. Moreover, the
souls of the martyrs being worthy of the kingdom of heaven are
in honour together with the company of the prophets and apostles.
Let us therefore, likewise, who stand in need of the aid of their
prayers, and have been also charged in the book of the Apostles, 15
that we should be partakers in the remembrance of the Saints,
let us also be partakers with them, and begin to describe those
conflicts of theirs against sin, which are at all times published
abroad by the mouth of those believers who were acquainted
with them Nor, indeed, have their praises been noted by monu- 20
ments of stone, nor by statues variegated with painting and
colours and resemblances of earthly things without life, but by
the word of truth spoken before God : the deed also which is
seen by our eyes bearing witness.
B
2 EUSEBIUS ON THE
[P. 2.] Let us therefore, relate the manifest signs and glorious
proofs of the divine doctrine, and commit to writing a commemo
ration not to be forgotten, setting also their marvellous virtues as
a constant vision before our eyes. For I am struck with wonder
5 at their all-enduring courage, at their confession under many
forms, and at the wholesome alacrity of their souls, the elevation
of their minds, the open profession of their faith, the clearness of
their reason, the patience of their condition, and the truth of
their religion : how they were not cast down in their minds, but
10 their eyes looked upwards, and they neither trembled nor feared.
The love of God also, and of His Christ, supplied them with an
all-effective power, by which they overcame their enemies. For
they loved God, the supreme sovereign of all, and they loved
Him with all their might. He, too, requited their love to Him by
15 the aid which He afforded them: and they also were loved by
Him, and strengthened against their enemies, applying the
words of that confessor who had already borne his testimony
before them and exclaiming " Who shall separate us from Christ ?
shall tribulation, or affliction, or persecution, or hunger, or
20 death, or the sword? as it is written, For thy sake we die daily :
we are reckoned as lambs for the slaughter." And again, when
this same martyr magnifies that patience which cannot be over
come by evil, he says " that in all these things we conquer for
Him who loved us." And he foretold that all evils are overcome
25 by the love of God, and that all terrors and afflictions are trodden
down, while he exclaimed and said : " Because I am persuaded
that neither death, nor life, nor things present, nor things to come,
nor powers, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall
be able to separate us from the love of God which is in our Lord
30 Jesus Christ."
At that time then, Paul, who exulted in the power of his Lord,
was himself crowned with the victory of martyrdom in the midst
of Rome, the Imperial City [p. 3.], because he had entered the
contest there, as in a superior conflict. In that victory also
35 which Christ granted to his triumphant martyrs, Simon, the chief
and first of the disciples, likewise received the crown ; and he
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 3
suffered in a manner similar to our Lord s sufferings. Others of
the Apostles too, in other places, closed their lives in martyrdom.
Nor was this grace given only to those of former times, but
it has also been bestowed abundantly upon this our own genera
tion. 5
As for those conflicts, which were gloriously achieved in various
other countries, it is meet that they who were then living
should describe what took place in their own country ; but for
myself I pray that I may be enabled to write an account of
those with whom I had the honour of being cotemporary, and 10
that they may rank me also among them I mean those of whom
the whole people of Palestine is proud, for in the midst of
this our land also the Saviour of all mankind himself arose like
a thirst-refreshing fountain. The conflicts, therefore, of these
victorious combatants I will proceed to relate, for the common T*
instruction and benefit of all.
THE CONFESSION OF PROCOPIUS,
IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS.
20
THE first of all the martyrs who appeared in Palestine was
named Procopius. In truth he was a godly man, for even before
his confession he had given up his life to great endurance : and
from the time that he was a little boy had been of pure habits,
and of strict morals : and by the vigour of his mind he had so 25
brought his body into subjection, that, even before his death, his
soul seemed to dwell in a body completely mortified, and he had
so strengthened his soul by the word of God that his body also
was sustained by the power of God. His food was bread only, and
his drink water; and he took nothing else besides these two. [P. 4.] 30
Occasionally he took food every second day only, and sometimes
every third day ; oftentimes too he passed a whole week without
food. But he never ceased day nor night from the study of the
word of God : and at the same time he was careful as to his
manners and modesty of conduct, so that he edified by his 35
meekness and piety all those of his own standing. And while
B2
4 EUSEBIU8 ON THE
his chief application was devoted to divine subjects, he was ac
quainted also in no slight degree with natural science. His
family was from Baishan ; and he ministered in the orders of the
Church in three things : First, he had been a Reader ; and in
5 the second order he translated from Greek into Aramaic ; and in
the last, which is even more excellent than the preceding, he
opposed the powers of the evil one, and the devils trembled before
him. Now it happened that he was sent from Baishan to our
city Cassarea, together with his brother confessors. And at the
1 o very moment that he passed the gates of the city they brought
him before the Governor : and immediately upon his first entrance
the judge, whose name was Flavianus, said to him : It is ne
cessary that thou shouldest sacrifice to the gods: but he
replied with a loud voice, There is no God but one only, the
15 Maker and Creator of all things. And when the judge felt him
self smitten by the blow of the martyr s words, he furnished him
self with arms of another kind against the doctrine of truth,
and, abandoning his former order, commanded him to sacrifice to
the emperors, who were four in number ; but the holy martyr of
20 God laughed still more at this saying, and repeated the words of
the greatest of poets of the Greeks, which he said that " the rule of
many is not good : let there be one ruler and one sovereign." And
on account of his answer, which w r as insulting to the emperors,
he, though alive in his conduct, was delivered over to death, and
23 forthwith the head of this blessed man was struck off, and an
easy transit afforded him along the way to heaven. [P. 5.] And
this took place on the seventh day of the month Heziran, in the
first year of the persecution in our days. This confessor was the
first who was consummated in our city Csesarea.
30
THE CONFESSION OF ALPILEUS, AND ZACCH^EUS,
AND ROMANUS,
IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS.
35 IT happened, at the same time, that the festival, which is celebrated
on the twentieth year of the emperor s reign, was at hand, and a
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 5
pardon was announced at that festival for the offences of those
who were in prison. The governor, therefore, of the country came
before the festival, and instituted an inquiry respecting the prisoners
which were in confinement, and some of them were set at liberty
through the clemency of the emperors ; but the martyrs of 5
God he insulted with tortures, as though they were worse male
factors than thieves and murderers.
ZacchaBus, therefore, who had been a deacon of the Church in the
city of Gadara, was led like an innocent lamb from the flock for
such indeed he was by nature, and those of his acquaintance had 10
given him the appellation of Zacchseus as a mark of honour, calling
him by the name of that first Zacchseus for one reason, because of
the smallness of his stature, and for another, on account of the
strict life which he led ; and he was even more desirous of seeing
our Lord than the first Zacchseus. And when he was brought in 15
before the judge, he rejoiced in his confession for the sake of
Christ : and when he had spoken the words of God before the
judge, he was delivered over to all the tortures of punishment, and
after having been first scourged, he was made to endure dreadful
lacerations, and then after this he was thrown into prison again, 20
and there for a whole day and a whole night his feet were strained
to four holes of the rack.
Alphaeus, also, a most amiable man, endured afflictions and
sufferings similar to these. His family was of the most illustrious
of the city Eleutheropolis, and in the church of Caesarea he had 25
been honoured with the dignity of Reader and Exorcist. But be
fore he became a confessor he had been a preacher and teacher of
[p. 6.] the word of God; and had great confidence towards
all men, and this of itself was a good reason for his being brought
to his confession of the truth. And because he saw that there was 30
fallen upon all men at that time laxity and great fear, and many
were swept along as it were before the force of many waters,
and carried away to the foul worship of idols, he deliberated how
he might withstand the violence of the evil by his own valour,
and by his own courageous words repress the terrible storm. 35
Of his own accord, therefore, he threw himself into the midst of
6 EUSEBIUS ON THE
the crowd of the oppressors, and with words of denunciation re
proached those, who through their timidity had been dragged
into error ; and held them back from the worship of idols, by
reminding them of the words which had been spoken by our
5 Saviour, respecting confession. And when Alphseus, full of
courage and bravery, had done these things openly with boldness,
the officers seized him, and took him at once before the judge.
But this is not the time for us to relate what words he uttered
with all freedom of speech, nor what answers he gave in words of
10 godly religion, like a man filled with the Spirit of God. In con
sequence of these things he was sent to prison. And after some
days he was brought again before the judge, and his body
was torn all over by severe scourgings without mercy, but
the fortitude of his mind still continued erect before the judge,
15 and by his words he withstood all error. Then he was tor
tured on his sides with the cruel combs, and, at last, having
wearied out the judge himself, and those who were minister
ing to the judge s will, he was again committed to prison, together
with another fellow-combatant, and stretched out a whole day and
20 night upon the wooden rack. After three days they were both
of them brought together before the judge, and he commanded
them to offer sacrifice to the emperors: but they confessed,
and said, We acknowledge one God only, the supreme sovereign
of all ; and when they had uttered these words in the presence
25 of all the people (p. 7.) they were numbered among the company
of Holy Martyrs, and were crowned as glorious and illustrious
combatants in the conflict of God, for whose sake also their heads
were cut off. And better than all the course of their lives did
they love their departure, to be with Him in whom they made their
30 confession. But the day that they suffered martyrdom was the
seventh of Teshri the latter, on which day the confession of those
of whom we have been speaking was consummated.
And on this selfsame day also Romanus suffered martyrdom
in the city of Antioch. But this Romanus belonged to Palestine,
35 and he was a Deacon, and an Exorcist likewise, in one of the vil
lages of Ca3sarea. And he, too, was stretched out upon the rack,
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 7
and like as the martyr Alphasus had done in Cassarea, so did the
blessed Romanus by his words of denunciation restrain from
sacrificing those who, from their timidity, were relapsed into the
sin of the error of devils, recalling to the minds of them all the
terrors of God. He had also the courage to go in together with the 5
multitude who were dragged by force into error and to present him
self there in Antioch before the judge : and when he heard thejudge
commanding them to sacrifice, and they, in trepidation from their
fears, were driven with trembling to offer sacrifice, this zealous
man was no longer able to endure this sad spectacle, but was 10
moved with pity towards them as towards those who were feeling
about in thick darkness, and on the point of falling over a preci
pice, and so he made the doctrine of the religion of God to rise up
before them like the sun, crying aloud and saying : Whither are
ye being carried, oh men ? Are ye all stooping down to cast your
selves into the abyss ? Lift up the eyes of your understanding
on high, and above all the worlds ye shall recognise God and the
Saviour of all the ends of the world ; and do not abandon for error
the commandment which has been committed to you : then shall
the godless error of the worship of devils be apparent to you. 20
Remember also the righteous judgment of God supreme,
[p. 8.] And when he had spoken these things to them with a
loud voice, and stood there without fear and without dread, at
the command of him who was constituted judge there, the officers
seized him, and he condemned him to be destroyed by fire, for 20
the crafty judge perceived that many were confirmed by the words
which the martyr spake, and that he turned many back from
error. And because the servant of Jesus had done these things in
the place where the emperors were, they at once brought out this
blessed man into the midst of the city of Antioch. And he was 30
arrived at the spot where he was to undergo his punishment, and
the things which were required for the fire were got ready, and
they were busying themselves to fulfil the command with haste,
when the emperor Diocletian, having heard of what was done, gave
orders that they should withdraw the martyr from the death by 35
fire, because, said he, his insolence and folly were not suitable
8 EUSEBIUS ON THE
for punishment by fire ; and so, like a merciful emperor, he gave
order for a new kind of punishment for the martyr, that his
tongue should be cut out. Nevertheless, when that member by
which he spoke was taken away, still was his true love not
5 severed from his God ; neither was his intellectual tongue re
strained from preaching, and immediately he received from God,
the sovereign of all, a recompense for his struggle in the conflict,
and was filled with power much greater than he had before. Then
did great wonder seize upon all men ; for he, whose tongue had
10 been cut out, forthwith, by the gift of God spake out valiantly, and
heartily exulted in the faith, as though he were standing by the side
of Him in whom he made his confession ; and with a countenance
bright and cheerful he saluted his acquaintance, and scattered
the seed of the word of God into the ears of all men, exhorting
15 them all to worship God alone, and lifting up his prayers and
thanksgiving to God, who worketh marvels [p. 9.] : and when he
had done these things he mightily gave testimony to the word of
Christ before all men, and in deed shewed forth the power of Him in
whom he made his confession. And when he had done so for a
20 long time he was again stretched upon the rack ; and by the
command of the governor and the judge they threw upon him
the strangling instrument, and he was strangled. And on the same
day as those blessed martyrs who appertained to ZacchaBus he
was consummated in his confession. And although this man
25 actually passed through the conflict, and suffered martyrdom in
Antioch, nevertheless, because his family was of Palestine, he is
properly described among the company of martyrs in this our
country.
30 THE CONFESSION OF TIMOTHEUS, IN THE CITY
OF GAZA,
IN THE SECOND YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS.
IT was the second year of the persecution, and the hostility
35 against us was more violent than the first ; and Urbanus, who
at that same time had superseded the governor Flavianus in his
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 9
office, was governor over the people of Palestine. There came
then again the second time edicts from the emperor, in addition
to the former, threatening persecution to all persons. For, in the
former, he had given orders respecting the rulers of the Church
of God only, to compel them to sacrifice ; but, in the second 5
edicts there was a strict ordinance, which compelled all per
sons equally, that the entire population in every city,- -both men
and women, should sacrifice to dead idols, and a law was
imposed upon them to offer libations to devils; for such were the
commands of the tyrants who, in their folly, desired to wage war 10
against God, the king supreme. And when these commands of
the emperor were put into effect, the blessed Timotheus, in
the city of Gaza, was delivered up to Urbanus while he was
there, and was unjustly bound in fetters, like a murderer [p. 10.],
for indeed he was not bound in fetters on account of any thing 1 5
deserving of blame, because he had been blameless in all his
conduct, and during the whole of his life. When, therefore,
he did not comply with the law as to the worship of idols,
nor bow down to dead images without life, for he was a man per
fect in every thing, and was in his soul acquainted with his God, 20
and because of his piety and his conduct and his virtues, even
before he was delivered up to the governor, he had already
endured severe sufferings from the inhabitants of his own city,
having lived there under insults and frequent blows and con
tumely, for the people of the city of Gaza were accursed in the 25
heathenism; and when they were present in the judgment
hall of the governor, this champion of righteousness came off
victorious in all the excellence of his patience. And the judge
cruelly employed against him severe tortures, and showered
upon his body terrible scourgings without number, inflicting on so
his sides horrible lacerations, such as it is impossible to describe ;
but, under all these things this brave martyr of God sustained
the conflict like a hero, and at last obtained the victory in the
struggle, by enduring death by means of a slow fire : for it was a
weak and slow fire by which he was burned, so that his soul 35
could not easily make her escape from the body, and be at rest.
C
10 EUSEBIUS ON THE
And there was he tried like pure gold in the furnace of a slow
fire, manifesting the perfection and the sincerity of his religion
towards his God, and obtaining the crown of victory which
belongs to the glorious conquerors of righteousness. And
5 because he loved God, he received, as the meet recompense of his
will, that perfect life which he longed for in the presence of God the
sovereign of all. And together with this brave confessor, at the
same time of the trial of his confession, and in the same city, the
martyr Agapius, and the admirable Theckla (she of our days) were
10 condemned by the governor to suffer punishment and to be
devoured by wild beasts, [p. 11.]
THE CONFESSION OF AGAPIUS, AND OF THE TWO
ALEXANDERS, AND OF THE TWO DIONYSIUSES,
15 AND OF TIMOTHEUS, AND OF ROMULUS,
AND OF PAESIS,
IN THE SECOND YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS, IN THE
CITY OF C^SSAREA.
20 IT was the festival at which all the people assembled themselves
together in their cities. The same festival also was held in Csesarea.
And in the circus there was an exhibition of horse races, and a
representation was performed in the theatre, and it was customary
for impious and barbarous spectacles to take place in the Stadium:
25 and there was a rumour and a report generally current, that
Agapius, whose name we have mentioned above, and Theckla
with him, together with the rest of the Phrygians, were to
be sent into the theatre in the form of martyrs, in order that
they might be devoured by the wild beasts ; for the governor
30 Urbanus would present this gift to the spectators. When the
fame of these things was heard abroad, it happened further that
other young men, perfect in stature, and brave in person (they
were in number six) arrived. And as the governor was proceed
ing to the theatre, and passing through the city, these six men
35 stood up courageously before him : and having bound their hands
behind them, they drew near before the judge Urbanus, and, in fact,
MAUTY11S IN PALESTINE. 11
by binding themselves, shewed what was about to be done to them
by others, and exhibited their excellent patience, and the readiness
of their mind for martyrdom, for they confessed, crying aloud
and saying, We are Christians ; and beseeching the governor
Urbanus that they also might be thrown to the wild beasts in 5
the theatre in company with their brethren who appertained to
Agapius. For all this confidence of Jesus our Saviour,
in his own champions did He manifest to all men ; extinguishing
the menaces of the tyrants by his champion s valour, and
manifestly and clearly shewing, that neither fire, nor steel, 10
nor even fierce wild beasts, were able to subdue his victorious
servants [p. 12.], for He had girded them with the armour of
righteousness, and strengthening them with victorious and invin
cible armour, he made them despise death. And they struck at
once the governor and the whole band with him with astonish- 15
inent at this their courage : and the governor gave command
that they should be delivered up to prison ; and there they were
detained many days. And while they were in prison, Agapius,
a meek and good man, the brother of one of the prisoners,
arrived from the city of Gaza, and went frequently to the 20
prison to visit his brother, and having already striven in
many contests of confession before, he went with confidence to
the place of imprisonment : and so he was denounced to the
governor as a man prepared for martyrdom, and consequently was
delivered over to bonds, in order that he might endure the trial 25
of a second conflict. And things similar to these did Dionysius
also suffer. And this good recompense was given to him from
the martyrs of God as the reward of his service to them. And
when the governor was made aware of this recompense of the
compassion of Dionysius towards the martyrs, he gave the sen- 30
tence of death against him. And thus he became associated with
those who preceded him. And all together they were eight in
number ; namely, Timotheus, whose origin was from Pontus ; and
Dionysius, who came from the city of Tripolis ; and Romulus, a
sub-deacon of the church of the city of Diospolis ; and two were as
^Egyptians, Paesis and Alexander ; and again another Alexander,
2
12 EUSEBIUS ON THE
and those two respecting whom we have said that they were at
last cast into prison.
All these were delivered up together at one time, to be
beheaded. And this matter took place on the twenty-fourth of
5 Adar. But there was, at the same time, a sudden change of the
emperors, both of him who was the chief and emperor, and of
him who was honoured in the next place after him : and those
[p. 13.] who had divested themselves of the power of empire and
put on the ordinary dress, having given up the empire to their
10 associates, were rent asunder from their love towards each
other, and they raised against one another an implacable war ; nor
was any remedy given to this malady of their hostility, until the
peace in our time, which was spread throughout the whole
empire of the Romans ; for it arose like light out of clouds of
15 darkness, and forthwith the Church of the supreme God and the
divine doctrine was extended throughout the whole world.
THE CONFESSION OF EPIPHANIUS (Gr. Apphianu*),
IN THE THIRD YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION WHICH TOOK PLACE IN
20
OUR DAYS IN THE CITY OF C^ESAREA.
THAT bitter viper, and wicked and cruel tyrant, which in our
time held the dominion of the Romans, went forth, even from
his very commencement, to fight as it were against God, and
25 was filled w r ith persecution and rage against us in a far
greater degree than any of those who had preceded him I mean
Maximinus : and no little consternation fell upon all the inhabit
ants of the cities, and many were scattered abroad into every
country, and dispersed themselves, in order that they might
30 escape the danger which surrounded them.
What words then are adequate to describe, as it deserves,
the divine love of the martyr Epiphanius, who had not yet
attained the age of twenty years ? He was sprung from one of
the most illustrious families in Lycia, famous also for their extensive
35 worldly wealth, and, by the care of his parents, he had been sent to
be educated in the city of Beyrout, where he had also acquired a
MAltTYUS IN 1 ALKSTJXE. 13
great stock of learning. But this incident is not in any way con
nected with the narrative which we are writing : if, however,
it be befitting that we make any mention of the virtuous conduct
of tin s all-holy soul, it is very right to admire, how in a city such
as this he used to withdraw himself from the society and company ^
[p. 14.] of young men, and practised the virtues and the habits of
old men, adorning himself with pure conduct and becoming
manners, nor suffered himself to be overcome by the vigour
of his body, nor to be led away by the society of youth. But he
laid the foundation of all virtues for himself in patience, cherish- 10
ing perfect holiness and temperance, and applying himself with
purity, as it is right, to the worship of God. And when he
had finished his education and quitted Beyrout, and was returned
to the house of his parents, he was no longer able to live with
those who were of his own family, because their manners were 15
dissimilar to his own. He therefore left them, without taking
care to carry with him the means of providing sustenance even
for a single day. He conducted himself, however, in his travels,
with purity, and by the power of God which accompanied him,
he carne to this our city, in which the crown of martyrdom was 20
prepared for him, and resided in the same house with us, con
firming himself in godly doctrine, and being instructed in the
Holy Scriptures by that perfect martyr, Pamphilus, and acquiring
from him the excellence of virtuous habits and conduct.
And for this reason I have applied myself to the narrative of 25
the martyrdom of Epiphanius, in order that I may declare, if I
be able, what a consummation he also had. All the multitudes
that beheld him were struck with admiration of him. And who
is there, even now-a-days, that can hear of his fame without being
filled with astonishment at his courage, and at his boldness of 30
speech, and at his daring, and at his patience, at his words ad
dressed to the governor, and his answers to the judge? And
more than all to be wondered at is the resolution with which he
dedicated as if were with incense the offering of his zeal for
God. For when the persecution had been raised against us the 35
second time, in the third year of this same persecution, the former
14 EUSEBIUS ON THE
edicts of Maxirninus arrived those by which he gave command
that the governors of the cities should use great pains and dili
gence in order to compel all men to offer sacrifices [p. 15.] and
libations to devils. The heralds, therefore, through all the cities
5 made a diligent proclamation, that the men, together with their
wives and children, should assemble in the temples of the idols, and
before the Chiliarchs and Centurions, as they went round about
to the houses and the streets making a list of the inhabitants of
the city. Then they summoned them by name, and compelled
10 them to offer sacrifice as they had been commanded. And while
this boundless tempest was threatening all men from all sides,
Epiphanius, a perfectly holy man, and a witness of the truth, per
formed an act which surpasses all words. While no one was aware
of his purpose ; he even concealed it from us who were in the
15 same house with him, he went and drew near to the governor of
the place, and stood boldly before him ; having also escaped the ob
servation of the whole band that was standing near the governor,
for they had not given heed when he approached the governor :
and while Urbanus was offering libations, he came up to him and
20 laid hold of his right hand, and held him back from offering the
foul libation to idols, endeavouring with an excellent and gentle
address and godlike suavity to persuade him to turn from his
error, saying to him : That it was not right for us to turn away
from the one only God of truth, and offer sacrifice to lifeless idols
25 and wicked devils. Thus did He, who is more mighty than all,
reprove the wicked through the youth Epiphanius, whom, for the
sake of his reproof, the power of Jesus had taken from the house
of his fathers, in order that he might be a reprover of the works
of pollution. He therefore despised threatenings and all deaths,
30 and turned not aside from good to evil, but spake gladly with pure
knowledge and a glorifying tongue, because he was desirous to
carry speedily, if it were possible, persuasion even to his perse
cutors, and to teach them to turn away from their error, and become
acquainted with our common deliverer, the Saviour and God of all.
35 When then this holy martyr of God had done these things, the
servants [p. 16.] of devils, together with the officers of the governor,
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE, 15
were smitten in their hearts as if by a hot iron ; and they struck
him on the face, and when he had been thrown down on the ground
they kicked him with their feet, and tore his mouth and lips with
a bridle. And when he had endured all these things bravely, he
was afterwards delivered up to be taken to a dark prison, where his 5 ^
legs were then stretched for a day and a night in the stocks. And
after the next day they brought Epiphanius, who, although a
youth in age, was a mighty man in valour, into the judgment
hall, and there the governor Urbanus displayed a proof of his own
wickedness and hatred against this lovely youth by punishment 10
and every kind of torture inflicted upon this martyr of God. And
he ordered them to lacerate his sides until his bones and entrails
became visible : he was also smitten upon his face and his neck
to such a degree, that his countenance was so disfigured by the
severe blows which he had received, that not even his friends 15
could recognise him. This martyr of Christ, however, was
strengthened both in body and soul like adamant, and stood up
even more firmly in his confidence upon his God. And when the
governor asked him many questions, he gave him no further
answer than this that he was a Christian : and he questioned 20
him again as to whose son he was, and whence he came and where
he dwelt ; but he made no other reply than that he was the ser
vant of Christ. For this cause therefore the fury of the governor
became more fierce, and he thundered forth the more in his rage, on
account of the indomitable speech of the martyr, giving command 25
that his feet should be wrapped up in cotton that had been dipped
in oil, and then be set on fire. So the officers of the judge did
what he commanded them. And the martyr was hung up at a
great height, in order that, by this dreadful spectacle, he might
strike terror into all those who were looking on, while at the same 30
time they tore his sides and ribs with combs, till he became one
mass of swelling all over, and the appearance of his countenance
was completely changed, [p. 17.] And for a long time his feet
were burning in a sharp fire, so that the flesh of his feet, as it was
consumed, dropped like melted wax, and the fire burnt into his 35
very bones like dry reeds. But at the same time, although he
16 EUSEB1US ON THE
was in great suffering from what befel him, he became, by his
patience, like one who had no pain, for he had within, for a helper,
that God who dwelt within him ; and he appeared evidently to
all like the sun : and in consequence of the great courage of this
5 martyr of Christ many Christians also were assembled together
to behold him, and stood up with much open confidence ; and
he, with a loud voice and distinct words, made his confession
for the testimony of God, publishing by this his valour the
hidden power of Jesus, that He is ever near to those who them-
10 selves draw near to Him.
And all this wonderful spectacle did the glorious Epiphanius
exhibit, as it were in a theatre : for they who were the martyr s
oppressors became like corrupt demons, and suffered within them
selves great pain ; being also themselves tortured in their own
15 persons, as he was, on account of his endurance in the doctrine of
his Lord. And while they stood in bitter pains, they gnashed upon
him with their teeth, burning in their minds against him, and trying
to force him to tell them whence he came, and who he was, and
questioning him as to whose son he was, and where he lived, and
20 commanding him to offer sacrifice and comply with the edict. But
he looked upon them all as evil demons, and regarded them as
corrupt devils : not returning an answer to any of them, but using
only this word in confessing Christ, that He is God and the Son
of God: [p. 18.] testifying also that he knew God his Father
25 only. When therefore those who were contending against him
were grown weary and overcome, and failed, they took him back
to the prison, and on the next day they brought him forth again
before that bitter and merciless judge, but he still continued in
the same confession as before. And when the governor and
30 his officers, and the whole band that ministered to his will,
were foiled, he gave orders at last that he should be cast into
the depths of the sea.
But that wonderful thing which happened after this act I know
will not be believed by those who did not witness the wonder with
35 their own eyes, as I myself did : for men are not wont to give
the same credence to the hearing of the ear as to the seeing of
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 17
eye. It is not, however, right for us also, like those who are in
error and deficient in faith, to conceal that prodigy which took
place at the death of this martyr of God ; and we also call as
witnesses to you of these things, which we have written, the
whole of the inhabitants of the city of Caesarea, for there was not 5
even one of the inhabitants of this city absent from this terrific
sight. For after this man of God had been cast into the depths
of the terrible sea, with stones tied to his feet, forthwith a great
storm and frequent commotions and mighty waves troubled the
vast sea, and a severe earthquake made even the city itself tremble, 10
and every one s hands were raised towards heaven in fear and
trembling, for they supposed that the whole place, together with
its inhabitants, was about to be destroyed on that day. And at the
same time, the sea, even as if it were unable to endure it, vomited
back the holy body of the martyr of God, and carried it with the 15
waves and laid it before the gate of the city. And there was
at that time vast affliction and commotion, for it seemed like a mes
senger sent from God to threaten all men with great anger [p. 19].
And this which took place was proclaimed to all the inhabitants
of the city, and they all ran at once and pushed against each 20
other in order that they might obtain a sight, both boys and men
and old men together, and all grades of women, so that even the
modest virgins, who kept to their own apartments, went out to
see this sight. And the whole city together, even the very children
as well, gave glory to the God of the Christians alone, confessing 25
with a loud voice the name of Christ, who had given strength to
the martyr in his lifetime to endure such afflictions, and at his
death had shewed prodigies to all who beheld.
Such was the termination of the history of Epiphanius, on the
second of the month Nisan, and his memory is observed on this 30
day.
THE CONFESSION OF ALOSIS (Gr. Mderius).
LIKE what had befallen the martyr Epiphanius, so after a short 35
time the brother of Epiphanius, both on the father s and the
D
18 EUSEBIUS ON THE
mother s side, became a confessor, whose name was Alosis. He
too, as he contended against them with the words of God, made
use of his faith in the truth as armour ; they also fought against
him with smiting and scourging, and they stood up against each
5 other as it were in battle array, and strove which side should
get the victory. But even before his brother had given him
self up to God, this admirable Alosis had applied his mind to
philosophy, and meditated upon all the learned investigations of
the greatest minds. Nor was he a proficient in the learning of
10 the Greeks only, but he was also well acquainted with the phi
losophy of the Romans, and he had passed a long time in the
society of the martyr Pamphilus, and by him had been embued
with the godly doctrine as with purple suited for royalty. This
same Alosis, after his admirable confession, which was accom-
15 plished before our eyes, and his sufferings of the evils (p. 20) of
imprisonment for a long period, was first of all delivered over to
the copper mines which are in our country, Palestine ; and after
that he had passed through many afflictions there, and then been
released, he went thence to the city Alexandria, and fell in with
20 Hierocles, who held the government of the province in all the land
of Egypt. Him also he beheld judging the Christians severely,
and contrary to just laws, making mock of the confessors of God,
and delivering up the holy virgins of God to fornication, and to
lust, and to bodily shame. When therefore these things were
25 perpetrated before the eyes of this brave combatant, he devoted
himself to an act akin to that of his brother; and the zeal
of God was kindled within him like fire, and its heat burned
within his members as in dry stubble, and he drew near to
Hierocles, the wicked governor, with indignation, and put
30 him to shame by his words of wisdom and his deeds of righte
ousness, and, having struck him on the face with both his hands,
he threw him on his back upon the ground ; and as his at
tendants laid hold upon him to help him, he gave him some
severe blows, saying to him, Beware how thou darest to
35 commit acts of pollution contrary to nature against the
servants of God. And, being well instructed, he convicted
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 19
him from the laws themselves of acting contrary to the
laws.
And after Alosis had so courageously done all these things,
he endured with great patience the torments which were inflicted
upon his body ; and as he resembled his brother in his appear- 5
ance, and conduct, and in his zeal and confession, so also did
they resemble each other hi their punishment, and at the last,
after their death the terrible sea received them from the hand
of the judge.
Now this servant of Jesus exhibited his contest for the truth in 10
[p. 21] the city of Alexandria, and was there adorned with the
crown of victory ; but the next confessor after Epiphanius who
was called to the conflict of martyrdom in Palestine was Agapius.
THE CONFESSION OF AGAPIUS,
IN THE FOURTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS.
IT was in the fourth year of the persecution in our days, and on
Friday the twentieth of the latter Teshri : it was on this same day
that the chief of tyrants, Maximinus, came to the city of Caesarea. 20
And he made a boast that he would exhibit some novel sight to all
the spectators that were assembled together on his account ; for
that was the same day on which he celebrated the anniversary of
his birthday. And it was requisite upon the arrival of the tyrant
that he should exhibit something more than what had ordinarily 25
been done. What then was this new spectacle, but that a martyr
of God should be cast to wild beasts to be devoured by them ?
while of old it had been the practice upon the arrival of the
emperor that he should set before the spectators competitive
exhibitions of various forms and different kinds, such as recitation 39
of speeches, and listening to new and strange songs and music, and
also spectacles of all sorts of wild beasts, and likewise that the spec
tators might have much delight and amusement in a show of
gladiators.
It was therefore requisite that the emperor at this festival of 35
his birthday should also do something great and extraordinary,
D2
20 EUSEBIUS ON THE
for at all the previous exhibitions which he had furnished for
them he had not done any thing new. So that what was at
once a thing desired by himself, and acceptable to the wicked
tyrant a martyr of God was brought forth into the midst,
5 adorned with all righteousness, and remarkable for the meekness
of his life ; and he was cast into the theatre in order that he
might be devoured by the wild beasts. His name was Agapius,
respecting whom, together with Theckla, an order had been given
that they should be devoured by wild beasts. The fair name
lu of Theckla has been already mentioned in another chapter [p. 22].
They therefore dragged the blessed Agapius forward, and took
him round about in mockery in the midst of the Stadium.
And a tablet, with an inscription upon it, was carried about
before him, on which no other accusation was exhibited against
15 him, but this only That he was a Christian. And the same
time also a slave, a murderer, that had killed his master, was
brought forward, together with the martyr of God, and they
both received equally one and the same sentence. And very
closely did this passion resemble that of our Saviour ; for while
20 the one was to suffer martyrdom for the sake of the God of
all, the other also was to be put to death for the murder of his
master ; and one and the same sentence of evil went forth against
both of them without any distinction. And the judge in this
case was the governor Urbanus, for he was still governor in
25 Palestine : but when Maximinus came to be present at this spec
tacle which has been described above, as if on account of the
promptitude of Urbanus, he increased his power of evil, and libe
rated from death that murderer which had slain his master, and
put him beyond all torture ; but as for the martyr of God, he
30 took delight in looking on with his own eyes while he was being
devoured by the savage beasts. When therefore they had led the
martyr Agapius round about in the Stadium, they asked him in the
first place if he would deny his God, but he cried out with a loud
voice and said to all those who were assembled together Oh ye
35 that are looking on at this trial in which I am now placed, know
that it is not for any evil crime which I have committed that I am
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 21
brought to this trial, for I am a witness of the true doc
trine of God, and I bear testimony to you all, in order that ye
may have knowledge of the one only God, and of that Light
which he has caused to arise, that ye may know and adore Him
who is the creator of the heavens and of the earth. And all this 5
which is come upon me for his name s sake, I receive with joy
in my mind ; for they have not brought me to this place against
my will, but I desire this of my own free choice, by which
I stand even unto death. Moreover, I am contending for the
sake of my faith, that I may afford encouragment to those who 10
are younger than myself, that they too may despise death while
[p. 23] they follow after their true life, and may disregard the
grave in order to obtain a kingdom ; that they should make light
of that which is mortal, and keep in their recollection the life
of the Giver of life, nor have any dread of punishment which is 15
momentary, but be in fear of those flames of fire which are
never quenched.
When therefore this martyr of God had cried with a loud
voice and said these things, and stood erect in the midst of the
Stadium, like one who felt confident that there was no danger, 20
the wicked tyrant was filled with rage and fury, and gave orders
for the wild beasts to be let loose upon him : but he, being full
of courage and despising death, turned not aside to the right
hand or to the left, but with lightness of feet and courage of heart
advanced to meet the savage beasts. And a fierce bear rushed 25
upon him and tore him with her teeth : he was then remanded to
prison, while life was still left in him, and there he lived one day.
After this, stones were tied about him, and his body was thrown
into the sea ; but the soul of the blessed Agapius winged her
flight through the air to the kingdom of heaven, whither she was 30
previously hastening, and was received together with the angels
and the holy company of martyrs. So far then was the contest
and the valour of Agapius victorious.
22 EUSEBIUS ON THE
THE CONFESSION OF THEODOSIA, A VIRGIN OF GOD,
IN THE FIFTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION WHICH TOOK PLACE
5 IN OUR DAYS.
THE persecution in our days had been prolonged to the fifth
year. And it was the month Nisan, and the second day of the
same month, when a godly virgin, and holy in all things, one of
10 the virgins of the Son of God in the city of Tyre, who was not yet
eighteen years old, out of pure love for those, who on account of
their confession of God were set before the tribunal of the gover
nor, [p. 24] drew near and saluted them, and entreated them to
remember her in their prayers: and because of these words which
15 she had spoken to them, the wicked men were filled with anger,
as if she had been doing something unjust and improper ; and
the officers seized her forthwith, and took her before the governor
Urbanus, for he still held the power in Palestine. And I know
not what happened to him, but immediately, like one much ex-
20 cited by this young woman, he was filled with rage and fury
against her, and commanded the girl to offer sacrifice : and
because he found, that although she was but a girl, she withstood
the imperial orders like a heroine, then did this savage governor
the more inflict tortures on her sides and on her breast with the
25 cruel combs ; and she was torn on the ribs until her bowels were
seen. And because this girl had endured this severe punishment
and the combs without a word, and still survived, he again
commanded her to offer sacrifice. She then raised her lips and
opened her eyes, and looking around with a joyful countenance
30 in that time of her suffering, (for she was charming in beauty
and in the appearance of her figure), with a loud voice she ad
dressed the governor: Why, oh man, dost thou deceive thyself, and
not perceive that I have found the thing which I prayed to obtain
at thy hands ? for I rejoice greatly in having been deemed
35 worthy to be admitted to the participation of the sufferings of
God s martyrs : for indeed, for this very cause, I stood up and
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 23
spake with them, in order that by some means or other they
might make me a sharer in their sufferings, so that I also might
obtain a portion in the kingdom of heaven together with them,
because so long as I had no share in their sufferings, I could
not be a partaker with them in their salvation. Behold therefore 5
now, how, on account of the future recompense, I stand at present
before thee with great exultation, because I have obtained the
means of drawing near to my God, even before those just men,
whom but a little while ago I entreated to intercede for me.
Then that wicked judge [p. 25], seeing that he became a laughing- 10
stock, and that his haughty threats were manifestly humbled before
all those who were standing in his presence, did not venture to
assail the girl again with great tortures like the former, but con
demned her by the sentence which he passed to be thrown into
the depths of the sea. 15
And when he passed on from the condemnation of this pure
girl, he proceeded to the rest of those confessors, on whose account
this blessed maiden had been called to this grace, and they were
all delivered over to the copper mines in Palestine, without his
saying a word to them, or inflicting upon them any sufferings or 20
torture ; for this holy girl prevented all those confessors by her
courageous conduct against error, and received in her own body,
as it were on a shield, all the inflictions and tortures which were
intended for them, having rebuked in her own person the enemy
that opposed them ; and subdued by her valour and patience the 25
furious and cruejp judge, and rendered that fierce governor like
a coward with respect to the other confessors. It was on the
first day of the week that these confessors were condemned in
Ca3sarea ; and in the month above written and in the year noted
by us was this act accomplished. 30
24 EUSEBIUS ON THE
THE CONFESSION OF DOMNINUS,
IN THE FIFTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS, IN THE
CITY OF C^ESAREA.
5
URBANUS was governor in Palestine ; and it was the first day
of the latter Teshri ; and so, from day to day, he renewed himself
in his wickedness, and every year prepared some devices against
us. I will therefore relate how many evils he inflicted on this one
10 day which I have mentioned. On the day then which we have
spoken of, a certain man, admirable in all his conduct, and ex
cellently skilled in the science of medicine, [p. 26] and he was
a young man of tall stature and handsome, and celebrated for
the holiness of his life, and the purity of his soul, and his mo-
15 desty, and his name was Domninus ; he was also well known
to all those in our time who had been confessors. Moreover,
this same man, previously to" his receiving consummation by
martyrdom, had endured torture in the copper mines ; and on
account of his patience under his confession he was condemned
20 to the punishment by fire.
When that same judge, cunning in his wickedness (for it is not
meet that those should be called wise who boast themselves in the
bitterness of their wickedness), had passed on from .this martyr,
he lighted upon three young men of fine stature, and handsome
25 in their person, and praiseworthy as to their souls, on account
of their courage in worshipping God ; and in order that he
might afford amusement thereby, he sent them to the
Ludus. Then he passed on from these, and delivered up an
excellent and godly old man to be devoured by the wild beasts.
30 Then the mad man passed on from this old man, and came to
others, and commanded them to be castrated and turned into
eunuchs. Then he left them also, and proceeded to those who
appertained to Sylvanus, whose own lot also it was some time
afterwards to become a martyr of God, and these he condemned
35 to the mines of Phasno. Afterwards he passed on from these and
came to others whom he insulted with tortures. Nor was the
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 25
fury of liis malice content with males, but he also threatened to
torment the females, and delivered over these virgins to forni-
cators for the violation of their persons. Others again he sent to
prison. Now all these things which we have described did this
arrogant judge perpetrate in one hour. 5
And after all these things which I have described had been ac
complished, that heavenly martyr of God, Pamphilus, a name very
dear to me (p. 27), who was holy in all things, and adorned with
every virtue, was tried in the conflict of martyrdom. He was indeed
the most famous of all the martyrs in our time, on account of his 10
accomplishments in philosophy, and his acquirements both in
sacred and profane literature. Of this same man, admirable in
all things, Urbanus first made a trial of his wisdom by ques
tions and answers ; and at last endeavoured to compel him by
threats to offer sacrifice to dead idols ; and when he had ascer- 15
tained by trial that he was not to be persuaded by words, and
also perceived that his threats were not heeded by him, he ap
plied cruel torture, and lacerated him grievously on his sides.
But he was not able to subdue him by this means, as he had ex
pected. The wicked judge then considered that if he bound him 20
in prison together with those confessors of whom mention has
been already made, he might by this means subdue this holy martyr.
Now as to this cruel judge, who employed all these wicked
devices against the confessors of God, what recompense and pu
nishment must await him ? For this is easy for us to know from 25
what we are writing. For forthwith, and immediately, and without
any long delay, the righteous judgment of God overtook him on ac
count of those things which he had dared to do, and took severe and
bitter vengeance upon him ; and he that sat on the judgment-seat on
high in his pride, and boasted himself in his soldiers that stood before 30
him, and considered himself above all the people in Palestine,
was in one night stripped of all his splendour and all his honours,
and reduced to the condition of a private individual. And here,
in our city of Caisarea, where he had perpetrated all those crimes
which have been written above, he was by the sentence of 35
Maximinus, a wicked tyrant like himself, delivered up to a
E
26 EUSEBIUS ON THE
miserable death ; and insult and humiliation, which is worse than
all deaths, was heaped upon him, so that reproachful words from
women, with dreadful imprecations from the mouths of all,
were poured into his ears before he died [p. 28]. Wherefore, by
5 these things we may perceive that this was a foretaste of that
vengeance of God which is reserved for him at the last, on
account of all his maliciousness and unmercifulness towards the
servants of God.
These things we have related in a cursory manner for those
10 believers, of whom some still remain unto this present time,
omitting to relate many afflictions which passed over him, in order
that we may arrange these things briefly, and in a few words, as a
record for those who are to come after us ; but there may come a
time when we may recount in our narrative the end and fall of
15 those wicked men who exerted themselves against our people.
THE CONFESSION OF PAULUS, AND VALENTINA,
AND HATHA,
20 IN THE SIXTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS IN
OESAREA.
UP to the sixth year of the persecution which was* in our days,
the storm which had been raised against us was still raging ; and
25 great multitudes of confessors were in the mines which are called
Porphyrites, in the country of Thebais, which is on one side of
Egypt ; and on account of the purple marble which is in that land,
the name of Porphyrites has also been given to those who were
employed in cutting it. This name, therefore, was also extended
30 to those great multitudes of confessors who were under sentence
of condemnation in the whole of the land of Egypt : for there
were a hundred martyrs there all but three. And these confessors
were sent, the men together with the women and children, to the
governor in Palestine, whose name was Firmillianus. For he had
35 superseded the governor Urbanus in his office, and he was a
man by no means of a peaceful turn ; indeed he even surpassed
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 27
his predecessor in ferocity, having been a soldier that had been
engaged in war, and had had much experience in blood and
fighting. [p29.]
There is a large city in the land of Palestine, teeming with
population, of which all the inhabitants were Jews. It is called 5
in the Aramaic tongue Lud, and in the Greek it is called Dio-
caesarea. To this city the governor Firmillianus went, and took
thither the whole assembly of those hundred confessors. And this
was a great sight which well deserves to be recorded in writing.
And the Jews were spectators of this marvellous contest, having 10
surrounded the place of judgment on all sides ; and as if it were
for a rebuke to themselves, they looked on with their own eyes
at what took place, while the whole company of the confessors,
with much confidence and immense courage, made their confession
of belief in God s Christ. And they being Jews, to whom the 15
coming of that Christ had been foretold by their prophets, whose
coming their fathers looked for, had not received him when he
was come; but these Egyptians, who had been of old the enemies
of God, confessed, even in the midst of persecutions, their faith
in God, the Lord of all, and in the Manifestation from him. And 20
these Egyptians, who had been taught by their fathers to wor
ship idols only, were at that time, from the conviction of their
reason, undergoing this conflict, in order that they might avoid
the worship of idols ; while those Jews, who had always been
accused by their prophets on account of their worship of idols, 25
were surrounding them, standing and looking on, and listening
as the Egyptians repudiated the gods of their own fathers, and
confessed their faith in the same God as they also did; and
bare witness for Him whom they had many times denied. And
they were still more cut to the heart and rent, when they heard 30
the criers of the governor shouting and calling Egyptians by
Hebrew names, and addressing them with the names of the
prophets. For the crier, shouting aloud, called to them and
said : Elias, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel, and other appellations
similar to these, which their fathers had chosen from among the 35
Hebrews, [p. 30.] in order that they might call their sons after
28 EUSEBIUS ON THE
the names of the prophets. Moreover, it also came to pass that
their deeds corresponded with their names ; and the Jews greatly
wondered both at them and at their names, as well as at their
words and their deeds, being rendered despicable themselves both
5 by their own vice and infidelity. And I myself am convinced that
these things were not done without the will of God. However,
after this trial they were deprived of the use of their left leg, by
having the muscles of the knee cauterized with fire, and then
again they had their right eyes blinded with the sword, and
10 then destroyed by fire. And not only were they men who
endured these things, but really children and many women.
And after this they were delivered over to the copper mines
to see afflictions there.
And after a short time, the three men from Palestine, whom I
15 mentioned a little while ago as having been for the moment
handed over to the Ludus, were called to undergo similar
sufferings, because they would not take the food from the royal
provision, nor would give themselves up to that exercise and
instruction which were requisite for pugilism ; and they suffered
20 many evils which we are not competent to describe : and at the
end of all their afflictions they underwent this severe sentence.
And others in the city of Gaza, being in the habit of assembling
themselves for prayer, and being constant in reading the Holy
Scriptures, were seized, and had to endure the same sufferings
25 as their companions, being tortured on their legs and eyes.
Others also had to contend in conflicts even greater than these,
and after having been tortured both in their legs and eyes,
were severely torn on their sides with combs. And others
again more than these attained to this great excellence, and at
30 the end of all contended with death itself.
And when he had turned himself away from these, he came to
judge one who, although a woman in body, was a hero in the
bravery of mind, which she possessed [p. 31]: she was also a
virgin in her mode of life, and could not bear the threat of pollu-
35 tion which she heard, but at once gave utterance to harsh words
against the tyrannical emperor, for having given authority to a
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 29
vile and wicked judge. On this account, therefore, he in the first
place bruised her body all over with stripes ; then she was hung up
and her sides were lacerated ; and this not once only, but two and
three times in one hour, and for a great while and also repeatedly,
until those who inflicted the punishment became wearied and 5
tired ; then others succeeded them against her, and, at the com
mands of the furious governor, tortured her most severely. For
these judges were barbarous in their manners, and enemies in their
hearts. Moreover, it happened that while this furious judge was
insulting this girl with his tortures, another young woman, small 10
indeed in person, but courageous in soul for she was possessed
of a large mind, which supplied strength to the smallness of her
person being no longer able to tolerate the wickedness and cruelty
of those things which were inflicted upon her sister, called out
from the midst of the crowd of persons who were standing before the 15
governor, and cried out complaining, and said : How long dost thou
intend to tear my sister to pieces in so cruel and merciless a
manner ? And when the wicked Firmillianus heard this saying,
lie was bitterly incensed, and gave orders for the young woman
who had complained to be brought before him. Her name was 20
Yalentina. Having therefore caught her up they brought her
into the midst of the place of judgment. But she placed her trust
in the holy name of Jesus. Then the murderous governor in his
fury commanded her to offer sacrifice. But the maiden Yalentina
despised the word even of the threatener. Then he gave orders2 5
for those who were ministering to his will to lay hold upon the
girl by force, and to take her up to the side of the altar, so that
she might be polluted by the sacrifices. Then at that time of
terror [p. 32.] the noble maiden shewed the courage of her mind,
and gave the altar a kick with her foot, and it was overturned, and so
the fire that had been kindled upon it was scattered about ; and
because she did all these things without shewing any fear, the rage
of the governor was roused like a wild beast, and he gave com
mand for her to be tortured with the combs, without any mercy,
so that no one man was ever torn to such a degree ; and I think 35
that, had it been possible, he would even have devoured the girl s
30 EUSEBJTJS ON THE
flesh. And when at length his fury was satisfied with the sight
of her blood, and he had learned, both by deeds and words, how
divine is that invincible power which arms and strengthens even
little girls with courage and valour, he caused both the
5 young women, Hatha and Valentina, to be bound together, and
gave sentence against them of death by h re. The name of the
first was Hatha, and her father s house was in the land of Gaza ;
and the other was from Csesarea, our own city, and she was well
known to many, and her name was Valentina.
10 And after these things, Paul the confessor was called to the
conflict. And he also endured it bravely, and in the same hour
was condemned to be put to death, and his sentence was to be
beheaded by the sword. When, then, this blessed man came to
the place of execution where he was to be put to death, he
15 besought the officer who was to behead him to have patience
with him for a little while ; and when the officer had granted
him this desire, in the first place, with a mild and cheerful voice,
he offered up thanksgiving, and worship, and glory, and suppli
cation to God for having accounted him worthy of this victory.
20 Then he prayed for tranquillity and peace for our people, and
entreated God speedily to grant them deliverance. After this he
offered up prayer for our enemies, the Jews, many of whom at
that time were standing around him : then he went on in his
supplication, and prayed for the Samaritans, and for those among
25 the Gentiles [p. 33] who were without knowledge ; he prayed
that they might be converted to the knowledge of the truth.
Nor was he unmindful of those who were standing around him,
but prayed also for them. And oh, the perfection which cannot
be described that he prayed even for that judge who had con-
30 demned him to death, and for all rulers in every place ; and not
only for them, but also for that officer who was then going to cut
off his head. And as he was offering his supplications to God,
the officers heard him with their own ears praying for them,
and beseeching God not to lay to their charge that which they
35 did to him. And as he prayed for all with a suppliant voice, he
turned the whole multitude that was standing by and looking
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 31
on to sorrow and tears; and then, of his own accord, he
bent down his body, and put out his neck to be cut off by the
sword. The conflict of this victorious martyr was consummated
on the twenty-fifth of the month Thamuz.
5
THE CONFESSION OF ANTONINUS, AND ZEBINAS,
AND GERMANUS, AND MANNATHUS (Gr. Ennathas),
IN THE SIXTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS IN C2ESAREA. 10
AND when some time had elapsed after these things which I have
related, another company of God s martyrs, amounting in
number to one hundred and thirty, was sent from the land of
Egypt into our country. And all of these had also undergone the 15
same tortures in their eyes and legs as the former martyrs ; and
some of them were sent to the mines of Palestine, and some of
them were delivered over to the judges in Cilicia to be chastised
with injurious and insulting tortures. But from us the flame of
the persecution ceased a little, the sword having been satiated 20
with the blood of the holy martyrs; and a little rest and
cessation threw some check upon the persecution which took
place in our days. And continuously the scourge of God was
sent upon Maximinus, the wicked tyrant, of all these evils, of
which the governors of the countries were the instructors and 25
cunning ministers, [p. 34], and that duke who was the general of
the army of the Romans. And because of those things which
took place, they urged the Legists of the cities, and the military
commander, and the Tabularii to rebuild with diligence what
was fallen of the temples of idols, and to compel all the men, 30
together with their wives and children and slaves, and even the
infants at the breast, to sacrifice and offer libations to devils,
and also to force them to eat of the sacrifices. And a com
mand was given that every thing that was sold in the market
should be polluted with the libations and the sprinkling of the 35
blood of the sacrifices. When these things, therefore, were done
32 EUSEBIUS ON THE
in this manner, these actions which were performed were abomi
nated, even by the heathen who were without faith.
Great tumult, therefore, and consternation, such as there had
never been the like before, overwhelmed all those who belonged
5 to us in every place ; and the souls of every one were set in affliction
and trouble. But the Divine Power, on account of those things
which had taken place, gave encouragement to such as belonged
to Him, so that they were able to tread under foot the threats of
the judges, and to depise their tortures.
10 But some servants of Christ s people, who in the stature of their
bodies were only youths, but their soul was armed with the worship
of God, both came of themselves, and when the governor was
offering libations to idols in the midst of the city, suddenly
rushed upon him, and called upon him to abandon his error, For
15 there is no other God but one, the Maker and Creator of all
things ; and when they were asked who they were, they con
fessed they were Christians. No sooner, then, were these words
uttered than they received sentence of death, and so passed on easily
and without delay to Him in whom they made their confession.
20 The name of the first of them was Antoninus, and the second
was called Zebinas, and the third s name was Germanus; and
these things were done on the thirteenth of Teshri the latter.
And they had at the same time a companion, a sister, one of
the Lord s virgins, [p. 35] a chaste and courageous maiden, who
25 came from the city of Baishan. She, however, had not acted in
the same manner as those had done with whom she became con
fessor; for she had been brought by force from Baishan, and
suffered insults and cruel tortures from the judge before she was
condemned. But one of those who was set over the streets of
so the city was the originator of these evils. His name was Maxys,
and he proved to all men that he was worse even than his name.
This same blessed woman he stripped naked, and she was only left
covered from the groin downwards, in order that he might
indulge his lustful eyes in looking at the rest of her limbs ; and
35 he carried her about through the whole city, being tortured with
straps; and afterwards took her before the tribunal of the
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 33
governor, where with great boldness of speech she made the
confession of her faith that she was a Christian ; and there also
displayed her courage and patience under every kind of torture ;
and was afterwards delivered over by the governor to be burnt
with fire. Moreover, the same judge became day by day more 5
ferocious, displaying both his merciless disposition and cruelty,
and he was carried away even beyond the laws of nature, so that
he wreaked his vengeance and hatred even upon the lifeless
corpses of the Christians, and forbade their burial. And of this
same maiden of whom it has been just spoken, and of those who 10
on the same day were consummated by confession, orders were
issued that their bodies should be devoured by animals, and be
carefully guarded night and day till they should be consumed by
birds. Persons were therefore appointed to watch over this bar
barous order from a distance, and to keep guard to prevent the 15
bodies of the confessors from being carried away by us by stealth.
So the beasts of the field, and the dogs, and the fowls of the
heaven, were here and there tearing to pieces the flesh of men, so
that men s bones and entrails were found even in the middle of
the city ; and all men were clad in sorrow on account of these 20
things, because never before had such atrocities been done. [p. 35.]
And great sorrow and grief came even upon those who were aliens
from us in the faith, because of these things which their own eyes
beheld ; for even before the gates of the city was exhibited the
dreadful spectacle of men s bodies devoured by wild beasts. 25
When, therefore, things had continued in this manner for many
days, there happened in the midst of the city a prodigy which
will scarcely be believed. The atmosphere was perfectly calm
and clear, when, all on a sudden, many of the columns of the
porticos in the city emitted spots as it were of blood, while the 30
market-places and the streets became sprinked and wet as with
water, although not a single drop had fallen from the heavens.
And it was declared by the mouth of every one, that the stones
shed tears and the ground wept ; for even the senseless stones
and the ground without feeling could not endure this foul and bar
barous deed ; and that the blood which flowed from the stones, and
F
34 EUSEBIUS ON THE
the earth which without any rain emitted as it were tears from
its body, rebuked all these godless folk. And perhaps it may
seem to such as did not see with their own eyes the things which
I have described, that what I have related must be attributed
5 to a fable devoid of truth. Far from it, for these things which
we have described were actually seen by those who were living
at that time, some of whom are alive unto this very day.
Such then was the consummation of those holy martyrs of
God, whose struggles and conflicts against error were exhibited
10 before our eyes.
THE CONFESSION OF ARES, AND PRIMUS (Gr. Promus),-
AND ELIAS,
IN THE SIXTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS
15
AT ASHKELON.
IN the month Canun the former, on the fourteenth of the same on
this day some Egyptian martyrs of God were seized before the gates
of Ashkelon ; and because, when they were questioned as to who
20 they were, they acknowledged that they were Christians, [p. 38]
and confessed that * they had undertaken the journey, and
were come from their own country for the purpose of taking
sustenance to the confessors who were in Cilicia, they also were
brought as malefactors before the judge. For the keepers of the
25 gates of the city were cruel men, and laid hold upon these
martyrs, and took them before Firmillianus the governor, because
he was also, up to that time, still over the people of Palestine; and
he decreed a cruel sentence against them : and some of them he
ordered to have their eyes and their feet injured by fire and
30 steel, and some of them to be delivered over to death by the
sword ; but one of them, whose name was Ares, was consummated
in his confession by a fierce fire, and Primus and Elias were
beheaded by the sword.
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 35
THE CONFESSION OF PETER, WHO WAS SURNAMED
ABSALOM,
IN THE SEVENTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS IN 6
THE CITY OF C^SAREA.
ON the tenth day of the month Canun the latter, Peter, who was
called Absalom, appeared, a famous confessor of the kingdom of
God; and so manfully did he behave in his struggle for the 10
worship of God, and so victorious was he in the conflict of his
martyrdom, that he even excited admiration in the judge himself,
and made those who were standing by him wonder greatly. Much,
therefore, did they strive to induce him to have pity upon him
self, to spare his own person, and save himself from the evils 15
which were hanging over him ; but he disregarded in his mind
all that they said. And those who surrounded him not those
only who knew him, but those also who were not acquainted
with him urged him, and intreated him one after another, and
besought the blessed man as if it were for their own lives. But 20
some of them confirmed his good resolution ; others, again, by
what they said, suggested irresolution [p. 39], bidding him to
regard with pity his own youth and person. Those of the same
mind as himself called to his remembrance that hell fire which is
to come, while others tried to make him afraid of the fire which was ^
visible before him. Some endeavoured to terrify him by the mortal
judge, while others reminded him of the Judge of all judges.
Some called upon him to regard this transitory life, while others
persuaded him to look to the kingdom of heaven. Those who
belonged to the right hand invited him to turn towards them, 30
while they who belonged to the left hand tried to persuade him to
mind earthly things. But he was a young man, handsome in person,
brave in mind, and active and able in body ; and being such he
proved his purity like gold in the furnace and the fire, and loved
his confession in our Saviour better than the life of this time, 35
which so soon passes away. And there was burned together
36 EUSEBIUS ON THE
with him in the same fire one who belonged to the heresy of
Marcion, and called himself a bishop ; and he gave himself up to
this as in the zeal for righteousness, although he was not in true
knowledge, and endured martyrdom by fire in company with this
5 God s martyr. And this holy martyr of whom we have spoken
came from Aia (Gr. Anea\ a village which is on the confines of
Beth Gobrin ; and he contended in the consummation which we
have described, and obtained in the conflict the crown of the
glorious victory of the martyrs of Christ.
10
THE CONFESSION OF PAMPHILUS, AND VALES,
AND SELEUCUS, AND PAULUS, AND PORPHYRIUS,
AND THEOPHILUS (Theodulus), AND JULIANUS, AND
ONE EGYPTIAN,
]5 BEING IN NUMBER EIGHT, IN THE SEVENTH YEAR OF THE PERSE
CUTION IN OUR DAYS.
THE time now calls upon us to describe that grand spectacle which
was displayed of the all-holy martyr Pamphilus, and of those [p. 39]
who together with him were consummated by martyrdom ; men
20 admirable and brave, who exhibited, under many forms, contests
for the sake of the worship of God. For indeed there are many
whom we know to have been victorious in this persecution ; but in
none altogether like these whom we have just mentioned did we
behold so completely all kinds of bodily stature, and of moral
25 qualities of soul and education, and of deaths by different tor
tures, receiving the glory of the consummation of martyrdom by
various triumphs. For all of the Egyptians who were with them
appeared to be youths and boys ; others were young men in the
prime of life, among whom was Porphyrius ; others again were in
30 the full vigour both of mind and body, namely, those who were
of the house of Pamphilus, that name dearly beloved by me; and
Paulus, who came from lamna ; and Seleucus and Julianus, both
of whom came from the country of Cappadocia. There were
also among them some venerable seniors who were bent down
35 with deep old age, as Vales, a deacon of the church of Jerusalem,
and that other, whose conduct was conformable to his name, Theo-
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 37
dulus. There was, likewise, a variety of bodily stature : and they
differed too in their mental acquirements, for some of them were
very simple-minded and ordinary like children, while others were
possessed of profound understandings and courageous habits.
There were also some among them who were also instructed in 5
theology, and in all of them was their praiseworthy courage
remarkable. But like the sun which giveth light to the day
among the stars, so in the midst of them all shone forth the
excellency of My Lord Pamphilus for it is not meet that I should
mention the name of that holy and blessed Pamphilus without 10
styling him My Lord, for he indeed had no slight acquaintance
with that learning which those among the Greeks admire ; while
there was no one in our time who was [p. 40] so well instructed
in those scriptures which proceed from the Spirit of God, and
also in the whole range of theology. And what is even greater 15
than these acquirements, he was possessed of natural wisdom
and discernment, that is, he received them by the gift of God.
Moreover, Pamphilus was by birth of an illustrious family, and his
mode of living in his own country was as that of the noble.
Seleucus also had held a place of authority in the army. 20
Some of them again were of the middle rank of life, and one
also, who was called to this honour together with the rest,
was a slave of the governor. Porphyrius too was reckoned
the slave of Pamphilus, but in his love towards God and in his
admirable confession he was his brother ; and by Pamphilus 25
himself he was considered rather as a beloved son ; and, indeed,
in every thing he closely resembled him who had brought him
up. And were any one to say of this company of them all
that they were a perfect representation of a congregation of the
church, I should say that he did not go beyond the truth. 30
For among them Pamphilus had been honoured with the
presbytery, and Vales was in the orders of the diaconate, and
others among them had the rank of readers ; and Seleucus, even
before the consummation of his confession, had been honoured as a
confessor by the suffering of cruel scourgings, and had endured 35
witli patience his dismissal from his command in the army. And
38 EUSEBIUS ON THE
the remainder of the others who came after these were hearers and re
ceivers (catechumens). And thus, under a small form, they completed
the representation of a perfect church of many persons. And so this
admirable selection of all these martyrs and such as these, while
5 we looked upon them, although they were not many in number,
lo ! they still bore the semblance of a many-stringed harp, which
consists of chords that do not resemble each other the tenor and
base, and flat, and sharp, and medial, all of which are well
arranged together by the art of music. Like this resemblance,
10 also, there were among them young men and old men together, and
slaves and free, [p. 41] and clever and simple, and noble and
common, and believers together with hearers (catechumens), and
deacons with presbyters : all of which were variously harmonized
together by one all-skilful the Word the only (begotten) of God.
15 And they displayed each individually the excellency of the power
within them by the endurance of tortures, and at the place of
judgment produced the melody of a glorious confession.
Tt is also worthy of our admiration, when we look to their
number, how they were twelve like the prophets and the
20 apostles. Nor is it fit that we should omit the all-patient
readiness of every one of them, each in his own part ; the combs
on their sides, and their incurable scourgings, and their tor
tures of every kind, and how they forced by violence these
martyrs to do that which was abominated by them. And
25 what necessity is there for our telling of the divine sayings
which they uttered, as though stripes were reckoned by them
as nothing, while with a cheerful and joyous countenance they
answered the interrogatories of the judge, and jested with
readiness under the very tortures themselves. And when he
30 asked them over again whence they came, they avoided speaking
of the city to which they belonged on earth, and spake of the
city which in truth is theirs, and said that they were from Jeru
salem which is above in heaven, confessing that they were
hastening to go thither. And because of these things the judge
35 became the more enraged at them, and prepared himself
against them with cruel scourgings, in order that he might
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 39
accomplish his will upon them ; but when hefa iled in his ex
pectations, he gave command that one of them should receive the
crown of victory.
Moreover, the modes of their deaths also were of all kinds ;
for two of them were hearers (catechumens), and they were 6
baptized at their deaths with the baptism of fire only, while others
of them were delivered up to be crucified like our Saviour.
But Pamphilus, that name so especially dear to me one who
was a lover of God in truth, and a peacemaker among all men
[p. 42] received a triumph different from these. He was the orna- 10
ment of the church of Caasarea, because he also sat in the chair of
the presbytery, both adorning it and being himself adorned thereby
during his ministry in that place. In all his conduct too he was
truly godly, being at all times in communion with the Spirit of
God ; for he was eminently virtuous in his mode of life, shunning 15
wealth and honours, despising and rejecting them, and devoting
himself entirely to the word of God. For every thing that he
possessed from his parents he sold and distributed to the naked,
and the sick, and the poor, and continued in private life without
any possessions, and passed his time in the patient study of 20
divine philosophy. He therefore quitted Beyrout, the city in
which he had grown up in stature and learning together ; and for
the sake of his knowledge and understanding he attached
himself to men seeking perfection. Human wisdom he abandoned,
and loved the word of God. He also adopted the heavenly habit 25
of the prophets, and was crowned with martyrdom.
The next after him that was brought to the conflict was Vales,
a man venerable for his comely grey hairs, being in appearance a
pure and respectable old man. Nor was he worthy of honour on this
account only, but also for his great knowledge of the holy scrip- 30
tures; for his memory was completely stored with the scriptures, so
that he could repeat God s scriptures by rote like one in whose
memory the whole scriptures were deposited. Moreover, he was
a deacon of God s church.
And he that was reckoned third among them was named Paul, 35
a man who was fervent in the Spirit of God ; and he came from
40 EUSEBITJS ON THE
the city Tamna. And he also had previously to this his con
fession contended with the suffering [p. 43] of the cautery of
confession.
And when they had endured affliction in prison for about
5 two years, the immediate cause of their martyrdom was
the arrival of those Egyptians who were also consummated in
martyrdom at the same time together with them. For having
accompanied those men who had been sent to suffer affliction in
the mines of Cilicia, and being then on their way back to return
10 to their own country, as they entered in at the gate of Caesarea,
they were questioned as to who they were and whence they
came ; and when they made no concealment of the truth, but
said, We are Christians, they were at once seized, just as if
they had been malefactors. And they were in number five. So
15 when they were carried before the judge, and spake in his
presence with openness of speech, they were forthwith committed
to prison; and on the next day the sixteenth of the month
Shebat they, together with those who appertained to Pamphilus,
were brought before Firmillianus. First of all, then, the governor
20 tried the Egyptians, and proved them by every kind of torture ;
and he brought forward the first of them into the midst, and
asked him what was his name ; but instead of his real name he
heard from them the name of a prophet. Also the rest of the
Egyptians who were with him, instead of those names which
25 their fathers had given them after the name of some idol, had
taken for themselves the names of the prophets, such as these
Elias, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Samuel, Daniel. And when the judge
heard from the same martyrs some such name as these, he did
not perceive the force of what they said, and asked them again
30 what was the city to which they belonged. He then gave a
reply similar to the former, and said, Jerusalem is my city;
for he was acquainted with that city of which St. Paul spake,
Jerusalem which is above is free, arid our -mother in whom we
confess is the holy church. And the governor inquired clili-
3 j gently about this. Then he brought against them the combs and
cauteries of fire. But he, when his hands had been bound
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 41
behind him, and his feet were twisted in the stocks, sealed what
he had said before, [p. 44.] and spake the truth. And again,
when he questioned him many times as to what city and in
what country was that Jerusalem which was said to belong to
the Christians only, he replied, It is in the east, and on the side 5
of the light of the sun, again making use of this artifice as it
were in his own mind, while those who surrounded him continued
to torture him with combs. Nor was he at all changed, but
seemed as one who had no body. Then the judge grew
furious in his mind, and imagined that perchance the Christians 10
had built in some place a city for themselves ; and so he became
much more instant with tortures against them, making inquiries
respecting this city, and the country in the east. When, therefore,
he had punished this young man with scourging, and perceived
that he varied not at all from what he had said to him at the 15
first, he gave sentence of death against him that he should be
beheaded. The rest then of the Egyptians he tried with tortures
similar to his, and they likewise agreed in their confession with
him who had preceded them.
And then, after these things he turned to those of the house of 20
Pamphilus ; and when he learned that they had been previously
tried by many tortures, he thought that it would be folly in him
to apply to them the same tortures again, and so labour in vain.
He therefore only put to them the question whether they would now
comply ; and when he heard from them one after another the words 25
of confession, he condemned them in the same manner as those who
had preceded them, and gave sentence against them that they should
be beheaded. And before the whole of the sentence was uttered, a
youth from among the men, who was a slave of Pamphilus, cried
out from the midst of the crowd which was standing round about 30
the place of judgment ; and then came forward into the midst,
and cried out again with a loud voice to persuade the governor
to grant permission for the bodies of the confessors to be buried.
And he was no other than the blessed Porphyrius, the beloved
disciple of Pamphilus, the mighty man of valour, [p. 45.] But 35
Porphyrius himself was not yet eighteen years old; and he had been
42 EUSEBIUS ON THE
instructed in literature and writing, and for his modesty and
manners was deserving of all praise. This youth then, who had
been brought up by such a man, when he was informed of
the sentence which had been issued against his master, cried out
5 from the middle of the crowd, and begged the bodies of the con
fessors. Then that wretch, who is not worthy to be called a
man, but rather a savage brute, not only refused to grant
this becoming request, but also neither spared nor had pity upon
one who in years was but a youth ; and having learnt this one
1 thing only, that he was a Christian, gave orders to those who
applied the tortures to tear him with all their might : and after
this, having commanded the blessed youth to sacrifice, and
experiencing a refusal, he now applied the torture upon him, not
as if it were upon a human body, but rather as if it were upon
15 lifeless wood or stone, and commanded him to be torn even till they
came to his bones and entrails. And when he had done this for
a long while, he perceived that he was labouring to no purpose ;
and thus having exhibited his own cruelty and brutality upon this
youth, he condemned him to be given up to a slow and lingering
20 fire. Now, he was brought to the conflict before Pamphilus
was consummated, and so departed from the body before his
master who had brought him up. And thus Porphyrius exhibited
himself as a warrior who was crowned with victory in all his
conflicts ; and although he was weak in body, he was of a cheerful
25 countenance and courageous mind, and trod along the path of death
without fear, and in truth he was full of the Holy Ghost. And
when he arrived at the place where he was put to death, having
put on his cloak like a philosopher, with his shoulder uncovered,
he looked with his eyes up towards heaven, and in his mind looked
30 down upon all the life of man, and approached the fire with a
soul unmoved, like one who had no harm near him, and with a
watchful mind, and undisturbed, he gave charge to his friends re
specting his human affairs, and then was anxious to go speedily
[p. 46] to the presence of God. When, therefore, the fire had
35 been kindled at a distance around him, he caught at the flames
here and there with his mouth, and his soul hastened to
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 43
the journey which lay before him. Such was the conflict of
Porphyrius.
Then Seleucus carried to Pamphilus a report of all these things
which had been done to Porphyrius, and as the reward for this in
telligence it was granted of God to Seleucus that he should become 5
a martyr with Pamphilus. For immediately after he had given in
formation to Pamphilus respecting the struggle and conflict of Por-
phyrius, as he saluted one of the martyrs with a kiss, the soldiers
laid hold upon him and took him before the governor ; and as Se
leucus himself was anxious to go in company with the confessors, 10
commandment was given for him to be beheaded. And this Se
leucus came from the country of Cappadocia, and had acquired a
glorious reputation by his military service, having held an impor
tant command in the ranks of the army. And not only this, but
he also surpassed most men in stature by the size of his person 15
and his prowess. His appearance, too, was very handsome. More
over, at the commencement of the persecution he had been famous
for his endurance of scourgings in confession ; and after he had been
dismissed from his military service on account of his religion, his
zeal suffered not him to abstain from doing good, and so he was 20
anxious to serve in the beloved ranks of Christ. As a visitor,
therefore, of lonely orphans, and of destitute widows, and of
those who were afflicted with poverty and sickness, he became a
visitor and supporter of these, and, like a tender father, endea
voured to heal their afflictions. And after all these things, in 25
which God delighteth more than sacrifices, and burnt-offerings,
and incense, he was counted worthy of being consummated by
confession. And this was the tenth combatant of those who have
been mentioned above as having received all together on the
same day their consummation and crown. And it seemed as if a 30
great door of the kingdom of heaven had been opened by the con
fession of Pamphilus [p. 47], and an abundant entrance been
effected for others as well as himself into the paradise of God.
The next that was brought forward after Seleucus was the
pure and pious Theodulus ; and he was one of the slaves of the 35
governor, and the oldest of them all, and was much respected by
44 EUSEBIUS ON THE
them all, both on account of his manners and his years ; and
although he was the father of three generations, and had served
his master with fidelity, still he had no mercy on him when he
heard that he had saluted the martyrs in the same way as
5 Seleucus. For after this had been told to his master, he was
excited with fury against him much more than against the rest ;
and gave command that he should be put to death by the same
mode of suffering as our Saviour, and suffer martyrdom on the cross.
But there was still one wanted after these to complete the
10 number twelve ; and so Julianus arrived from a journey, and, as if
it were on purpose to make up the number of martyrs twelve, the
moment he arrived, before he was yet entered into the city,
immediately on the way he was told by some one respecting
the matter of the confessors, and ran to have a sight of the con-
15 fessors; and when he beheld the bodies of the saints lying upon
the ground, he was filled with joy, and embraced them one after
another with heavenly love, and saluted them all with a kiss. And
while he was still visiting them, and lamenting that he himself
had not suffered martyrdom with them, the officers seized him,
20 and took him before the judge ; and that judge commanded what
his evil heart conceived, and delivered him also to a slow fire. So
this Julianus, also, with joy and gladness praised God with a loud
voice for having counted him worthy of this ; and his soul ascended
to his Lord with the company of the confessors. And this
25 man was by family of Cappadocia, and in his soul he was filled
with the fear of God, being a quiet and religious man, and
diligent in the practice of every virtue. There was also in
him a glorious savour of the Holy Spirit ; and he was counted
worthy to be associated with the company of these who received
30 the consummation of confession together with the blessed Pam-
philus. [p. 48.]
Four days and nights then were the bodies of the all-holy
martyrs of God exposed to be devoured by wild beasts, by the com
mand of the governor Firmillianus. When, therefore, nothing
35 had touched them, not even the wild beasts, they were taken up
whole without the permission of the governor, and with due
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 45
reverence committed to an honourable burial ; and were laid in
the interior of the churches, and so consigned to a never-
to-be-forgotten memorial in the temples of the house of
prayer, that they might be honoured of their brethren who are
with God. 5
THE CONFESSION OF HADRIANUS AND EUBULUS,
IN THE SEVENTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS.
WHEN the consummation of Pamphilus and of those martyrs 10
who were with him was published abroad by the mouths of all men,
both Hadrianus and Eubulus, from a place which is called part of
Batanea, had hastened to the rest of the martyrs at Caesarea: and
when they drew near to the gate of the city, they were interrogated
as to the cause for which they were come, and having stated the 15
truth, they were taken before Firmillianus; and he at once, without
any delay, ordered them, in the first place, to have their sides torn
with combs, and punished them in a peculiar manner, as if they had
been enemies and were hated by him ; and not being satisfied with
this, he condemned them to be devoured by wild beasts. And after 20
an interval of two days, the confessor Hadrianus was cast before
a lion on the fifth of Adar, and bravely accomplished his conflict,
and after having been torn by the beast, he was at last put to
death by the sword. Eubulus, also, on the second day following,
the seventh of Adar, when the judge had made many attempts 25
with him, and said to him, If thou wilt sacrifice to devils thou
shalt be set at liberty in peace, both despised the whole existence
of this passing time, and chose for himself everlasting life rather
than this fleeting and transitory life. He was then cast to a lion,
and after [p. 49] he had been torn by the teeth of the lion, he 30
suffered in the same manner as those who were gone before him.
He was the last of all that suffered martyrdom and finished his
conflict in CaBsarea.
46 EUSEBIUS ON THE
THE CONFESSION OF PAULUS (Gr.Peleus) AND NILUS,
AND PATRIMYTHEAS (Gr. Patermutheus) AND ELIAS,
5 IN THE SEVENTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS.
IT was the nineteenth day of Ilul, and during the same wonderful
conflict of the martyrs of God, that a great spectacle was assem
bled in Phseno, in this same Palestine ; and all the combatants
10 were perfect, and in number they were about a hundred and fifty.
Many of them, also, were Egyptians, amounting to more than a
hundred. And the same in the first place had their right eyes
and their left legs in their sinews destroyed by cautery of fire
and by the sword. And then after these things they were delivered
15 over to dig copper in the mines. Those, also, who belonged to
Palestine had to endure afflictions in the same manner as the
Egyptians ; and they were all assembled together in a place
called Zauara, as a congregation consisting of many persons.
There was also much people with them, who came from other
20 places to see them, and many others who ministered to them in
their necessities, and visited them in love, and filled up their
lack. And all the day they were occupied in the ministry of
prayer, and in the service of God, and in teaching and reading ;
and all the afflictions which passed over them were esteemed by
25 them as pleasures, and they spent all that time as if it had been
in a festive assembly. But the enemy of God and wicked envier
was not able to bear these things, so there was immediately sent out
against them one of those generals of the Romans that is styled
Dux ; and first of all he separated them one by one from each
30 other, and some of them were sent to that wretched place Zauara,
and some not ; and some of them to Pha3no, the place where the
copper is dug ; [p. 50.] and the others went to different places.
Afterwards he selected from among those in Phseno four of them
who were of great excellence, in order that by them he might
35 terrify the rest. Having, therefore, brought them to the trial,
and not one of them having shewn any signs of dismay, this
MARTYRS IN PALESTINE. 47
merciless judge, thinking that no punishment was so severe as
that by fire, delivered up God s holy martyrs to this kind of
death. When, therefore, they were brought to the fire, they cast
themselves into the flames without fear, and dedicated themselves
as an offering more acceptable than all incense and oblations ; and 6
presented their own bodies to God as a holocaust more excellent
than all sacrifices. And two of these were Bishops Paulus and
Nilus; and the other two were selected of the laity, Patermytheus
and Elias ; and by race they were all of them Egyptians. They
were pure lovers of that exalted philosophy which is of God, J0
and offered themselves like gold to the fire to be purified. But
He who giveth strength to the weak, and multiplieth comfort to
the afflicted, deemed them worthy of that life which is in heaven,
and associated them with the company of angels.
15
THE CONFESSION OF SILVANUS, AND OF THOSE
WITH HIM,
IN THE EIGHTH YEAR OF THE PERSECUTION IN OUR DAYS.
20
THIS blessed Silvanus came from Gaza, and he was one of the
veteran soldiers ; and when his freedom from service proved to
be contrary to his habits, he enlisted himself as a good soldier of
Christ For he was a perfectly meek man, and of bright turn of
mind, and used his faith with simplicity and purity. And he was y
a presbyter of the church in the city of Gaza, and conducted
himself there with great propriety. Arid because the conflict for
life was proclaimed against the soldiers of Christ [p. 51], he, an
old man, of a noble person, went down to the Stadium, and
there, in his first confession before the people of Ca3sarea, he
acquitted himself valiantly, being tried with scourgings. And
when he had endured these bravely, he fought in a second conflict,
in which the old man endured the combs on his sides like a
young man. And at the third conflict he was sent to the copper
mines ; and during a life of much length he exhibited great pro
bation. He was also deemed worthy of the office of the episcopate,
30
48 EUSEBIUS ON THE MARTYRS IN PALESTINE.
and also rendered himself illustrious in this office of his
ministry. But on the fourth day of lyar the great gate of
heaven was fully opened to him, and this blessed man went
up with a company of martyrs, not being left alone, for a great
5 assembly of brave men followed him. And suddenly a mandate
of wickedness was issued, and command was given that all those in
the mines who were become enfeebled through old age or sickness,
and those who were not able to work, should be put to death by
the sword ; and God s martyrs, being all together forty in num-
10 ber, were beheaded all in one day. And many of them were Egyp
tians, but their leader and guide was this same martyr and bishop
of martyrs, Silvanus, a man truly blessed and beloved of God.
Being now arrived at this place in our narrative, we will
inform you how God in a short time took vengeance upon those
15 wicked rulers, and they speedily experienced the punishment of
their crimes. For he that was excited against these martyrs of
God in a barbarous manner, like some fierce wild beast, suffered
a wretched punishment ; and by the command of him who pos
sessed the power of the time, perished after the manner of a cruel
20 wild beast. And all the rest perished by various kinds of deaths,
and received that punishment which they deserved for their crimes.
So, then, we have described and made known the things which
were done during the whole time of the persecution among the people
in Palestine. And all these were blessed martyrs [p. 52] of God,
25 who triumphed in our time ; who made light of this temporary
life, and prized the worship of God far above every other thing,
and have received the hidden hope of those good things which
are invisible to the bodily eyes.
Oh ! the blessed confessors of the kingdom of Christ, who were
30 tried like gold in the excellence of their righteousness, and ob
tained through the conflict in which they were set the heavenly
life of angels, and laid hold upon the promises of the hidden good
things of the victory of the high calling For eye hath not seen
nor ear heard, neither hath it entered into the heart of man, what
35 God has prepared for them that love him.
Here end the chapters of the narrative of the victories of the holy
confessors in Palestine.
NOTES.
P. ii. 1. 18. " Who shall separate us slaughter." Rom.
viii. v. 35. This passage varies slightly both from the Greek
and the Peshito. There is nothing here to correspond with -ny?
aycLTrr)*; and 77 yv/jLvorrjs ; and also rfb\GSa, "death," for Kivvvos.
1. 23. " For him who loved us," v. 37 : as if the Syriac
translator had read 8ta rov ayaTrrja-avra rjfjLa^^ or had mistaken
the meaning of Sia with a genitive.
1. 27. v. 38. ovre ayyeXot,, ovre ap%ai omitted.
1. 31. Eusebius gives the account of the martyrdom of Peter
and Paul at Rome in his Eccl. Hist, book ii. ch. 25.
P. iii. 1. 6. "As for those conflicts." Eusebius makes a simi
lar statement, book viii. ch. 13, on which passage Yalesius has the
following note : ( rf ) " He means doubtless his book concerning the
Martyrs of Palestine. For no other book but that can be found,
wherein Eusebius relates the conflicts of the Martyrs which he him
self had seen. The opinion of Christophorson is from this passage
further disproved, who supposed the book concerning the Martyrs
of Palestine was a part of this eighth book." In speaking here
of Christophorson, Valesius alludes to a note immediately pre
ceding, which runs thus " (*) To wit, in the book concerning the
Martyrs of Palestine, which is placed after this eighth book. For
in that Eusebius at large declares the martyrdom of Pamphilus, as
may there be seen. Moreover, from this place it appears that that
book concerning the Martyrs of Palestine was written by Euse
bius after his Ecclesiastical History, and after his books con
cerning the life of Pamphilus the Martyr. Christophorson, who
had inserted the whole Appendix before this chapter, was forced
to omit these words of Eusebius here, lest Eusebius should seem
H
50 NOTES.
to have forgot himself." See English Translation of Eusebius s
Ecclesiastical History in " The History of the Church: fol.,
London, 1709, p. 148. I shall cite this in the following notes as
Eng. Trans.
1. 18. " Procopius." There is an antient Latin copy of
these Acts, as they stand here, published by Valesius in his
notes upon the first chapter of the Martyrs of Palestine as they
exist in the Greek at the end of the eighth book of the Eccl.
Hist, of Eusebius. Respecting these, he writes thus : (t The
same relation is in the Acts of the Passion of Procopius the Mar
tyr, which begins thus : The first of the Martyrs that appeared
in Palestine was Procopius^ &c. From whence it is evident
that those acts were translated out of the Greek copy of Euse
bius into Latin. To make this more apparent, it will in no wise
be unuseful to insert here the entire acts. For many things
worth our knowledge are contained in these which neither Baro-
nius nor Molanus happened to have a sight of."
Passio Sancti Procopii Martyris, qui passus est sub Fabiano
judice 4 Nonas Augusti.
Primus martyrum qui sunt in Palsestina, apparuit Procopius,
vir coelestis gratiae, qui et ante martyrium sic suam vitam dis-
posuit, ut etiam a parva aetate castitati semper et morum virtuti-
bus studeret. Corpus quidem suum sic confecit, ut pasne
mortuum putaretur, animam vero ejus sic verbis confortabat
divinis, ut etiam corpori virtutem ex hujus refectione ministraret.
Cibus et potus ei panis et aqua fuit. Solis his utebatur, cum
post biduum triduumque, diem interdum etiam post septimam
ad cibum rediret. Sacrorum quoque meditatio sermonum ita
mentem ejus obstrinxerat, ut nocte ac die in hoc infatigabilis
permaneret. Clementine autem et mansuetudinis tanquam ceteris
inferior documentum sui prsebebat copiam. In verbis divinis ei
tantum studium erat. Ilia vero quse extrinsecus sunt, medio-
criter attigerat. Igitur genere quidem jJEliensis, conversatione
autem vel habitatione Scythopolitanus erat. Ibi ecclesiae tria
ministeria prsebebat, unum in legendi officio, alterum in Syri
NOTES. 51
interpretatione sermonis, et tertium adversus dsemones maims
impositione consummans. Cumque ab Scythopoli una cum
sociis in Csesaream transmissus fuisset, ab ipsis portis ad prsesi-
dem ducitur, et priusquam carceris vel vinculorum experiretur
angustias, in ipso ingressu suo a judice Flaviano ut diis sacrifi-
caret impellitur. At ille magna voce non esse deos multos sed
unum factorem omnium opificemque testatus est. Judex autem
plaga sermonis ictus et conscientia saucius, consensit ejus
sermoni. Atque ad alia se rursum argumenta constituit, ut vel
regibus sacrificaret. Sanctus autem Dei martyr sermonem ejus
despiciens, Homeri, inquit, versum dicens: non est bonum multos
dominos esse. Unus dominus est, unus rex. Itaque hoc verbo
ejus audito, quasi qui infausta in regibtis deprompsisset, jussu
judicis ducitur ad mortem, et capite amputate ingressum vita3
coelestis, vel compendium beatus invenit: Desii septima Julii
mensis, qua3 Nonas Julias dicitur apud Latinos, primo anno quo
adversus nos fuit persecutio. Hoc primum in Caesarea mar-
tyrium consummatum est, regnante Domino nostro Jesu Christo,
cui honor et gloria in saacula sseculorum. Amen.
And in a note following this Latin copy he writes ( f ) " Many
things are omitted in the Greek text of Eusebius, which must be
made perfect by these Acts in Latin. For when Eusebius had here
said expressly, that Procopius upon his first arrival was brought
before the judge, he adds nothing concerning the place from
whence he came, where he was apprehended, or to what place he
was brought: nothing of which ought to have been omitted. Be
sides, Eusebius does accurately relate the descent and country of
other Martyrs mentioned in this book ; and if any of these had
attained to any Ecclesiastical honour, he does usually take notice
of that also. But of this person, who was the chief and leader of
all the Palestine Martyrs, we see no such relation made. This,
it is probable, was not the fault of Eusebius, but of his exscribers;
for in the Latin Acts, which, as we before evinced, were trans
lated out of Eusebius, all these circumstances are manifestly
declared." See Ecc. Hist. Eng. Trans., p. 154. This Latin
version is also printed by Th. Ruinart, p. 353, Ada primorum
52 NOTES.
Martyrum Sincera et Selecta, fol. Amstel. 1713. There is also
another Syriac version of these Acts taken from Cod. Nit. Vat. 1.
(See Assemani, Bibl. Orient, vol. 1. p. 56) ; and published
with a Latin translation and notes, by S. E. Assemani, in Ada
SS. Mar it. Orient, et Occident., 2 vol. fol. Romae, 1748, part ii.
p. 169. I have collated it with this version. It is not of impor
tance to note the variants, which seem to be chiefly due to
separate translations,
1. 20. " The first year of the persecution in our days." The
preface to the account of the Martyrs of Palestine, in the eighth
book of Ecc. Hist., says this was the 19th year of Diocletian, or
A.D. 303. See Ruinart Acta primorum Martt. p. 316.
P. iv. 1. 2. " His family was from Baishan." The Latin has
" Igitur genere quidem ^Eliensis, conversatione autem vel habi-
tatione Scythopolitanus erat," with which the other Syriac agrees
in reading, jTii-iO K ooo ,cno^ur< poLt-ior^^ ^.i cnool^
K OOD iso^. r<xi:va " But his family was from Jerusalem,
and he dwelt in the city Baishan." Scythopolis was the Greek
name of Baishan, and JElia occupied the scite of Jerusalem. See,
respecting Baishan, S. E. Assemani, Ibid, not. p. 171.
1. 4. " In the second order he translated from Greek into Ara
maic." He was an interpreter ; on which passage S. E. Assemani
observes "Ad munus interprets recte adnotat Valesius, apud
Syros olim Divinas Scripturas Greece fuisse lectitatas, quas deinde
Iriterpres Syriacus redderet," Ibid. p. ii. p. 171. I should
feel much disposed to question this assertion without greater
proof. Doubtless before this time the Scriptures were translated
into Syriac. The meaning of the passage may also imply that Pro-
copius was engaged in translating other ecclesiastical works into
Syriac from the Greek. This very copy of Eusebius was transcribed
only 108 years after the Martyrdom of Procopius. Ibid. p. 166.
S. E. Assemani gives his opinion in these words : " Imo vero
quum S. Procopius Sanctorum librorum a Grseco in Syriacum
sermonem in ecclesia Scythopolitana Interpres dicatur, plane
hide colligitur, Syriacum seu Chaldaicum idioma Palsestinis
tune vernaculum fuisse, atque adeo ejusdem Procopii, quern-
NOTES. 53
admodum et aliorum martyrum in Palsestina coronatorum, Acta
Syriace seu Chaldaice ab Eusebio fuisse primum exarata, ea-
demque ipsa esse, quae prse manibus habemus, omnino tenendum
est. Neque enim verisimile est, Eusebium, quam in usum popu-
larium suorum, et in ovium sibi concreditarum solatium scri-
bebat, martyrum historian! iis literis consignasse, quas omnes
non callerent." Ibid. p. 166.
1.12. "Flavianus." The other Syriac has o?<XlAcvj^. Pau-
linus, evidently a mistake of the scribe.
1. 21. "Greatest of the poets of the Greeks." The Latin
has " Homeri inquit versum, dicens;" and the other Syriac,
rdxicu.i fc^Oooi^rt aSk.i t<cn **iT*ia oooijsaacn . "Homer, the
celebrated of the poets of the Greeks." Those words of Homer,
Iliad ii. 24, were often cited by the early Christians, and do
not therefore prove that Procopius was acquainted with his
poems. See Jfeinic hen s note.
1. 19. lt The Emperors, who were four in number." These
were Diocletianus, Maximianus, Constantius, and Galerius. See
Eusebius Ecc. Hist. b. viii. c. 13; and supplement to same book ;
and Valesius s notes, Eng. Trans, pp. 148. 153.
1. 27. " On the seventh day of the month Heziran." See
Valesius s note on this passage in the Greek ; Eng. Trans.
p. 157.
1. 31. " The confession of Alphaeus, Zacchseus, and Romanus."
Their festival is celebrated on the 18th of November. See
Baillet, Vies des Saints. There is also a Syriac version of these
Acts published by S. E. Assemani in Acta SS. Martt. part ii.
p. 177.
1. 35." Festival on the twentieth year." That is, Diocle
tian s Vicennalia. See Yalesius s note on this place, Eng. Trans.
p. 158; and also on Life of Constantine, ibid. p. 529.
P. v. 1. 9. " Of Gadara." So in the other Syriac. This is
not in the Greek, but Valesius has supplied the fact in the fol
lowing note ( s }: "He was of Gadara, concerning whom we have
this passage in the Menology at 18th of November The comme-
54 NOTES.
moration of the holy Martyrs, Michceus, Zacchaus^ deacon of
Gadara, and Alph&us, ibid. p. 158. See also Ruinart, n. 4. p.
317, Acta prim. Martt.
1. 22. " Four holes of the rack." Valesius has the follow
ing note on Eusebius, Ecc. Hist. b. v. c. i. " The fashion of this
engine for punishment, and the manner how persons were
punished in it, seems to have been this. It was a piece of timber
wherein five pairs of holes were made at a certain distance one
from the other. Into these holes, as it were into boots, they put
the feet of the offenders, and fastened them therein with cords
and fetters. The meaning of their feet being strained to the fifth
hole is, they forced them to straddle so wide as to put their feet
into the last pair of holes, which posture (those holes being at the
greatest distance one from the other) was the sharpest degree of
torture in this engine." Eng. Trans, p. 71. See also Gallonius
De SS. Martt. cruciatibus, Parisiis, 1659.
1. 5. "Exorcist." Valesius has this note on Exorcists ( c ):
" There was in former times a twofold use of the Exorcists in
the Church ; for their business was to cleanse both those possessed
with devils, and also the catechumens, who were exorcised more
than once ; for after every examination in their catechism they
were brought to the Exorcist ungirt and with their shoes off, that
they might be purged by him. See Cyril Hierosol. in Procate-
chesi ad llluminandos, and Chrysostom in his first Homily ad
llluminandos." Eng. Trans, p. 158. See also Bingham, Anti
quities of the Christian Churchy book iii. ch. 4. Respecting
Readers or Lectors, see ibid. ch. v.
P. vi. 1. 16. "Combs." See Gallonius de SS. Martt.
Cruciat. ch. v.
1. 33. " Romanus." There are other Acts of Romanus,
in Syriac, giving a much longer and fuller account than this.
British Museum Cod. Add. 12,174, fol. 300 b. In these the day
of his martyrdom is given the 19th of Teshri the latter. See
L. Sarius,ck Probatis Sanctorum vitis, at the 18th of November,
and Baillet, Vies des Saintf ) at the same day. See a further
NOTES. 55
account of him from Eusebius de Resurrectione ; Prudent! us Trept
o-ecfravcw, &c., collected and published by Ruinart. Act a prim.
Martt. p. 357 seq.
P. vii. 1. 7. " The judge." His name was Asclepiades. See
Prudentius Hymn Trepi a-refyavwv, 1. 687, in Ruinart, Acta prim.
Martt. p. 361. S. E. Assemanni also observes: f Hunc Ascle-
piadem vocant Acta apud Mombritium et Prudentius in Hymno."
See Acta SS. Martt. ii. p. 182, and the other Syriac Acts, Mus.
Brit. Cod. Add. 12,174.
1. 24." The officers," K*i.ia.\te.o , " Quaetionarii." They
were the persons who inflicted the punishment, as appears from
the following passage of the acts of Trypho : " Prsefectus autem
admirans tantam eorum perseverantiam, jussit eos manibus post
tergum ligatis nudos caedi : et cum acerrime caaderentur, quaes-
tionarii deficiebant, Praefectus ira repletus jussit ungulas et
lampades eorum lateribus applicari. Qusestionarii accedentes jussa
complebant." See Ruinart, Act. prim. Martt. p. 163. He also
has this note, ibid. p. 172. " Qusestionis nomine designat tor-
menta, quae ad confessionem eliciendam adhibentur : vox etiam
nunc ad eandem rem significandam usurpata est. Ab ea Con
fessor es quastionati et torti dicuntur apud Cyprian, Epist. ad
Florentium, 66.
1. 34. "The emperor Diocletian." The name is not given
in the Greek. It appears from this that Valesius was mistaken
when he wrote, " I suppose he means Galerius Caesar, for Diocle
tian made his abode then at Nicomedia." See Eng. Trans, p. 158.
The other Syriac Acts, however, give the name
cnJ&u>. " Maximinus, the son-in-law of Dio-
cletianus." Mus. Brit. Cod. Add. fol. 304.
P. viii. 1. 8. " Then did great wonder." The miraculous part
of this narrative, which savors so strongly of the superstitious, is
omitted from the Greek ; and that passage added which, in the
Syriac, commences the account of Zacchaeus, but is not found at
that place in the Greek. The story of Romanus having spoken
after his tongue was cut out is, however, repeated in the other
Syriac Acts, and is also told in the Greek Menaum. See Vale-
56 NOTES.
sius, note (*) Eng. Trans, p. 158. Ruinart has the following
no te ; ee Omittit miraculum Romani, etiam abscissa lingua lo-
quentis, quod alias adeo exaggerat. Hinc patet non omnia isto
libello contineri." p. 318. Eusebius himself also, in his book de
Resurrectione, affirms the miracle. See Ruinart, Acta prim.
Martt. p. 359 ; and Chrysostom, Orat. 43 et 48. Ibid. See also
S. E. Assemani s note, Act. SS. Martt. p. ii. p. 182.
1. 20. " Upon the rack." The other Syriac version adds
here, "to five holes," ^iicLi rd.x_^a.x=j . Ibid. p. 181.
1.22. (f Strangling instrument." K^vnacu.**^. Greek, rw
fuXw (Bpo^w. The other Acts have, " He was strangled in
Prison," fol. 304.
1. 30. "Confession of Timotheus." These Acts are also
given in the other Syriac Translation by S. E. Assemani, Act
SS. Martt. p. ii. p. 184. See Surius, at the 19th of August, and
Baillet, at the same day.
P. ix. 1. 2. " Edicts from the Emperors." Respecting these Edicts
Yalesius has the following note on the Ecc. Hist. b. viii. c. vi. ( e )
" By the first Edict of the Emperors against the Christians it was
ordered that the churches should be ruined and the scriptures
burnt, and that those who were honoured with any preferment (if
they refused to sacrifice) should be deprived of their dignity.
The meaner sort were to lose their liberty. See chap. 2.
Another Edict soon followed this, that Bishops, Priests, and
Deacons should be imprisoned, and by all ways compelled to
sacrifice. The third Edict comprehended all sorts of Christians,
as well those of the laity as the clergy ; which Edict was proposed
(says Eusebius in the chap. 3 of his book concerning the Martyrs of
Palestine) in the second year of the Persecution. But this seems
rather to have been the fourth Edict : for the second and third
concerned the Presbyters only. By the second it was ordered
they should be imprisoned, and by the third it was enjoined
that they should by tortures be compelled to sacrifice." Eng.
Trans, p. 143.
1. 25. " The people of the city of Gaza were accursed in their
heathenism." See the account given by Theodoretus, book iii.
NOTES. 57
c. 6 and 7; and S. E. Assemani, Ada SS. Martt. p. ii. p. 186,
note ( 4 ).
P. x. 1. 9. "Theckla (she of our days)." There were
several martyrs of this name. S. E. Assemani has published the
Acts of two others. See Acta SS. Martt. vol. i. pp. 101, 123;
but Eusebius seems especially to draw the distinction with re
ference to Theckla, the companion of St. Paul, so celebrated in the
early ages of Christianity. See Grabe, Spicilegium, vol. i. p. 95
Jer. Jones, New and Full Method, vol. ii. p. 353; Tischendorf,
Acta Apost. Apocr. Lips. 1851, p. 40. There are also antient
copies in Syriac of the Acts of Theckla, brought from the Nitrian
Convent, now in the British Museum. The account of Theckla
is in one or two instances found in a volume containing also the
Books of Ruth, Esther, and Judith, and called in Syriac " The
Book of Women." See Cod. Add. 12,174 ; 14,641; 14,652.
1. 15." Timotheus." The Greek has T^oXao?. See Surius,
at March 24th, and Baillet, at the same day.
1. 16." Paesis." The Syriac is caaj\A, "Plasis," which T
have corrected here from the reading below, where it is &&U&,
Paesis, or Pausis, for some Greek MSS. read Tlarjais and others
UauoY?. Yalesius notes ( c ) " In the Mas. and Med. MSS. his
name is Paesis. In the Greek Menology (which Canisius pub
lished) at the 5th of March, instead of Paesis he is called Publius"
Eng. Tram. p. 159. The variation in the Syriac doubtless
arose from confounding A with A in the word IIAHCIC or
IIAHCIC.
1. 27. "The Phrygians." There is no mention of Phrygians
in the Greek; but in Ecc. Hist, book viii. ch. 1 1, Eusebius speaks of
the destruction of a whole city of Christians in Phrygia. These,
perhaps, were some of them who had been reserved for a spec
tacle in the theatre.
P. xi. 1. 35. "A subdeacon." Syriac rn*i&, evidently a
blunder for r<lo.i2i. Greek
P. xii. 1. 5. "A sudden change." See respecting this, Euse
bius, Life of Constantine, book i. ch. 18, Eng. Trans, p. 537,
where Valesius has the following note( a ): "This place is highly
58 NOTES.
remarkable, for from it this conclusion may be made, that the
persecution began in Dioclesian s eighth, and Maximian s seventh
consulate, and not on the foregoing year, as Baronius will have
it. Concerning which matter I have spent many words in
my notes on Eusebius, Ecc. Hist, book viii. c. 2, note ( c ).
For whereas Eusebius affirms that the Emperors Dioclesian and
Maximian divested themselves of their purple in the year after
the persecution was begun ; and whereas it is manifest that they
did that on the year of Christ 304 ; what I have said does neces
sarily follow, that Dioclesian s persecution was begun in the year
of Christ 303." Ruinart has this note : " Diocletianus scilicet
prope Nicomediam, Herculius Mediolani, cogente Galerio Maxi-
minano, non autem sponte, uti Kactenus putabatur. Totam hunc
historian! egregie describit Lactantius in lib. de Mortibus Persecut.
cap. 18 seq. Act a Prim. Martt. p. 319.
1. 16. The Greek adds a passage, "But we will give an exact
account of these matters at a more opportune place and time,"
referring perhaps to the Life of Constantine.
1. 18. " Epiphanius." Syriac, ool&jAK ; but the Greek
reads Airwaves; the other Syriac version published by S. E. Asse-
mani, Acta SS. Mart. P. ii. p. 189, <toCUaAK ; and an Arabic
account cited by him, (j*>yUa^, Amphianus." In Latin he is
called Apianus, Apphianus, and Amphianus. Ibid. See Surius
and Baillet, at the 2d of April.
1. 33. " He was sprung from one of the most illustrious
families in Syria." For which the Greek is, ei ? apa Ilaya^
eirLcrTaraL r^? Av/cias, OVK aorfj/juov TTO\IV, evrevOev op/jLoj/jievos. On
this Valesius has the following note ( ): "In the Med. MS. this
city is called Arpagas ; in the Maz. MS. Arapagas, in the Fuk
MS. Harpagas} but in the margin a notice is given that it should
be dpwyas with an aspirate. I never met with any thing con
cerning Aragas, a city of Lycia. In the Menaum of the Greeks,
Amphianus is said to have been born in Lydia." Eng. Trans.
p. 160. There seems, therefore, to have been some mistake in
the copies in this place at an early period.
1. 36. Educated at Beyrout." ( ) "At Beiytus there was a
NOTES. 59
school of civil law, as many have taken notice from Gregory
Thaumaturgus, Eunapius, Nonnus, and others. Gregorius
Nazianzenus calls Berytus $OIVUCT]S K\VTOV CKTTV, vo/jiwv eSo?
AvcrovirjcoV) a famous city of Phoenicia^ the seat of Ausonian laws"
See Valesius, ibid.
P. xiii. 1. 20. " This our city." The Greek has rrjv Kaura-
p(DV 7TO\W.
1. 23. " Pampliilus." His name is not mentioned in the
Greek, and Valesius has this note on the passage (- / ): " Simeon
Metaphrastes, who professes that he transcribed the Martyrdom
of Apphianus (or, as he calls him, Amphianus), out of Eusebius,
has altered this passage thus : And having been conversant with
us in divine studies, and instructed in the sacred scriptures by the
great Martyr Pamphilus, he obtained no mean habit of virtue; by
which he opened a passage for himself, whereby he procured the
crown of Martyrdom" See Eng. Trans, p. 160. And in note ( f ),
on the same page, Valesius writes: " In the Menologies of the
Greeks at the 2d of April, Amphianus, with his brother ^Edesius,
is mentioned to have been instructed in the Christian religion by
Pamphilus the Martyr, at Berytus ;" but not having the know
ledge of the fact that Pamphilus himself had been educated at
the same place supplied in the Syriac, but omitted in the
Greek Valesius supposed the Menologies to be mistaken. See
note ( / ), Ibid. It is evident from this that Simeon Meta-
phrastes, and the compilers of the Menologies, read these Acts
as in the Syriac.
P. xv. 1. 12. "His bones and entrails became visible." The
same thing is said of the Martyr Alexander, whose Acts were
published by Ruinart : " Ita enim laniatum fuerat corpus
crudelitate verberantium, ut carne soluta costarum, patefac-
tisque visceribus, secreta animse panderentur." Acta Prim.
Martt. p. 77.
1. 28. " Was hung up at a great height." See, respecting
the various modes of suspension in torture, Gallonius de SS.
Martt. cruciatibus, p. 6.
P. xvii. 1. 30. After the Martyrdom of Apphianus the Greek
adds the following account of Ulpianus : " At the same time,
60 NOTES.
and almost on the same day, a young man in the city of Tyre,
by name Ulpianus, after he had been cruelly scourged, and en
dured most grievous stripes, was sewn up in the raw hide of an
ox, together with a dog and a venomous serpent, and cast into the
sea. Wherefore we thought it agreeable to make mention of this
person at [this place wherein we have related] the Martyrdom of
Apphianus." Eng. Trans, p. 161. On this Valesius has the
following note ( a ) : " ALO poi Sotcei K.T.\.: that is, Although Ul
pianus suffered not in Palestine, but in Phoenicia, yet because he
suffered martyrdom at the same time, and died by the same sort
of punishment that Apphianus had inflicted on him, we judged
it not unfit to make mention of him here. It is therefore appa
rent from these words that Eusebius in this book designed to
give an account of the Martyrs of the Province of Palestine
only." 76^.
1. 33. "Alosis." In the Greek ^Edesius, A(,8eo-i,o$, the varia
tion has doubtless arisen from the similarity of the names AAO-
CIOC and AAeCIOC in a MS. partly effaced. The other
Syriac published by S. E. Assemani has QCUQD.IGP. See A eta
SS. Martt. P. ii. p. 195. The account of this martyrdom is
given ])y Baillet, at the 2d of April.
1. 36. "Both on the father s and the mother s side." And
so also in the other Syriac. Ibid. p. 195. The Greek has here
o/^oTrar/oto? a&eX$o? only. Valesius has this note (*) : " In the
Greek Men&um, at the second day of April,^Edesius is styled
Apphianus s brother by the mother s side." Eng. Trans, p. 161.
Hence it appears they both followed a text like this, each omitting
one part of it.
P. xviii. 1. 12." In the society of the martyr Pamphilus."
There is no mention of this or of Pamphilus in the Greek ; but
in the Menaa and in the Menology Apphianus, with his brother
7Edesius, is said to have been instructed by Pamphilus. See
Valesius, note (f\ Eng. Trans, p. 160.
1. 20. " Hierocles." His name is also omitted in the Greek,
but it is given in the Menaeum of the Greeks, which Valesius
quotes in explanation of the passage, otherwise obscure, as it is
found in the Greek, but plain enough from the facts supplied in
NOTES. 6 1
the Syriac. " The explanation of this place is to be had from
the Menseum of the Greeks, where ^Edesius is said to have
struck Hierocles, Prefect of Egypt, with his fist. The words
there are these: But JEdesius, who was condemned to work in the
mines of brass, having seen (at Alexandria in Egypt] Hierocles,
the president, punishing the Christians, he accounted him a despi
cable person, and struck the president with his own hand. Epi-
phanius and Lactantius mention this Hierocles, Prefect of Egypt,
who was famous for the great slaughter he made amongst the
Christians. This was the Hierocles against which our Eusebius
wrote a book." See Note ( d ) p. 161, Eng. Trans. See also
Acta SS. MartL S. E. Assemani, p. 1, p. 197. The last and
best edition of Eusebius Against Hierocles was published by the
late most excellent and learned Dr. Gaisford, Dean of Christ
Church : Eusebii Pamphili contra Hieroclem et Marcellum
libri, 8vo., Oxonii, 1852.
P. xix. 1. 15. " Agapius." The Syriac is oia^K*, which
would be more correctly transcribed "Agapus;" but the other
Syriac, published by S. E. Assemani, Acta SS. Martt. P. ii.
p. 198, has Ofi-LS^c*. The omission of the vowels causes fre
quently great discrepancy in the transcription of Greek proper
names in the Syriac character. The Acts of Agapius are given
by Baillet, at the 19th of August
P. xx. 1. 10. "In another chapter." See above, p. 10. Vale-
sius was mistaken in supposing that this was a different Agapius
from the one there mentioned. For it is distinctly stateci here,
that although he had been condemned by the Judge Urbanus
to be devoured by wild beasts two years before, the sentence had
not yet been put into execution, but was kept back till now, when
Maximinus was present. See note (*) p. 162. Eng. Trans.
He is called in the Greek the second Agapius A^ajnos OVTO?
o Seurepo? because, although he had been condemned before,
he was not put to death till after the other Agapius mentioned
above, p. 11, who was beheaded.
1. 12. Concerning the leading about in the Stadium Yalesius
has this note on the Ecc. Hist. b. v. c. 1 (*) : " The Gladiators
62 NOTES.
and the Bestiarii, before they began the encounter, were wont
to be led about in the presence of the spectators. See Lucian,
in Toxari. This was usually done, not only with those who
let themselves out to play prizes, but also with those offenders,
which were condemned to the sword and to the wild beasts.
So Martial, " Traducta est gyris, nee cepit arena nocentes."
Eng. Trans, p. 72.
1. 25. "Maximinus." The Emperor s name is not mentioned in
the Greek; but the following passage, not found in the Syriac, is
added: "The Emperor himself being then present, being re
served as it were on set purpose for that opportunity, that that
saying of our Saviour s which, by his divine knowledge, he fore
told his disciples might be accomplished in him, that they should
be brought before kings for their testimony of him. See Eng.
Trans, p. 162.
P. xxi. 1. 3. " That Light which he had caused to arise."
Syriac, onisa.i rdjxl.iA ; and again below, P. xxvii. 1. 20.
(f The manifestation from him." Eusebius s work, Tlepi Qeo-
<j)avia<fy which having been long lost, was discovered in this
same MS., and has been published both in Syriac and English by
the late lamented Dr. Lee, bears the Syriac title, r^-wa.i AX..I
lcnXr< , On the " Divine Manifestation," or, more literally, on
" The Divine Sunrise," the Avaro\rj ; which is the Septuagint
version of p!ft2 of Zech. vi. 12. iSov o avQpwTros o> ovo^a AvaToXy.
In our English translation, " Behold the man whose name is the
BRANCH." So in Luke i. 78, avaro\7j ef v^ovs; and Matt. iv. 16,
</>&&gt;? avTi\ev ; Epist. to Heb. vii. 14, ef lovSa avareraXfcev o
Kvpios Tjfjiayv : all referring to the coming of Christ.
P. xxii. 1. 1. "Theodosia." There is another Syriac version
of these Acts, published by Assemani in Acta SS. Martt. P. ii.
p. 203. Ruinart notes: "Celebris est ejus memoria apud La
tinos et Grascos die 2 Aprilis. Alii tamen aliis diebus ejus festum
peragunt. Ejusdem Martyris Acta prolixiora vidimus in multis
codd. MSS. sed aliquatenus amplificata. Ipsius vero sacrum
corpus in Monasterium Dervense allatum ab ipso S. Berchario
fuisse dicitur. Vide Mabillon, sasc. 2 ; Bened. p. 848 ; et
NOTES. 63
Bolland, ad diem 2 April." See Acta Prim. Martt. p. 323.
Her martyrdom is given by Baillet, at the 2d of April.
1. 10." One of the virgins of the Son of God." The other
Syriac has "Christian virgins," r<&imT*jn ; the Greek, Trap-
OeVOS, TTKTTOV KCLl (TefJLVOTaTOV KOpdCTlOV.
1. 18. " Urbanus." The name of the Governor is omitted in
the Greek.
P. xxiii. 1. 19. "Copper mines in Palestine." The Greek
adds the name of the place Phaano, which occurs also in the
Syriac below. See P. xxiv. 1. 35; P. xlvi. 1. 9, and note
thereon.
1. 28." The first day of the week." The Greek has ev av-rrj
/cvpiaKrj Tj/^epa TT;? rov ^W^po? IJ/JLCOV avaGraaews, upon which
Valesius has a note ( a ) : " In the MS. Acts of the passion of
Theodosia, she is said to have suffered, not on Easter-day, but
only on a Sunday. Eng. Trans, p. 162.
P. xxiv. 1. 1. " Confession of Domninus." In the Greek men
tion is made of Sylvanus before him, and the account of both
much abridged. See Surius and Baillet, at the 4th of October.
1. 28. " Ludus." " Munera seu ludi, pugnaB cum bestiis
appellabantur, quod in populorum vel militum delectationem
darentur. Dicebantur autem ludi castrenses, si in castris fierent.
Sermonem in die Munerum habuit Augustinus in Basilica Resti-
tuta, qui est in nova edit 19, tomi v. vide riotas ibi appositas."
See Ruinart, Acta Prim. Martt. p. 96, in not,; also p. 111. The
Greek, however, has in this place, K.CLI rpeis fiev ? TO ^ovo^a^iv
7ri Trvypr} KaraSiica&i, on which Yalesius has this note ( c ): "See
the following chapter ; from whence we are informed that those
who were condemned to such combats were delivered to the
procurators of Caesar, who caused them to practise exercise
daily, so that at last they might be fit to engage in combat."
Eng. Trans, p. 163.
1. 29. " An excellent and godly old man." The Greek gives
his name " Auxentius." See Baillet, at the 13th of December.
1. 33. " Silvanus." A further account is given of him
below, p. 47. The Greek adds here " who was then a Pres-
64 NOTES.
byter and a Confessor, but some time after was honoured with
a Bishopric." Eng. Trans, p. 162.
P. xxv. 1. 26. u Without any long delay." For this the
Greek has, /ecu OVK e/5 /juaKpov rot? Kara Ila^Ckov TeroXyLt^ez/ot?.
1. 31. Considered himself above all the people of Palestine."
The Greek adds here if Who also was companion of the tyrant
himself, for he was his chief favourite, and did usually eat at
the same table with him." Ibid. p. 163.
P. xxvi. 1. 8. The servants of God." The Greek more boldly,
" against us," Kaff rj/jLwv, and so at line 15 below. Instead of
" There may come a time against our people," the Greek
has, " There may happen a seasonable opportunity, wherein we
shall be more at leisure to relate the exits and calamitous deaths,
by which those impious wretches (especially Maximinus and
those about him who were his advisers) that were the greatest
sticklers in the persecution against us, finished their lives." See
Eng. Trans, p. 163. This account is given in the Appendix to
the Eighth Book of the Ecc. Hist. Ibid. p. 153. See also Ecc.
Hist. b. viii. c. 16; and Valesius, note ( 6 ) Eng. Trans, p. 151,
and b. ix. c. 9, Ibid. p. 177.
1. 19. " Hatha." The Greek gives no name, but only 77
" The Sister." The word Hatha means " Sister." Hathai
was not an uncommon woman s name. See S. E. Assemani, Ada
SS. Martt. P. i. p. 101, &c. In the Greek Menology she is called
Thea. Valesius gives this note ( e ): "This virgin s name is
wanting here, but we will supply this defect from the Grecian
Menology ; where this passage occurs at the 15th of July. On
the same day the holy Martyrs Yalentina and Thea, which were
Egyptians, being brought to the city Dio CaBsarea, before Fir-
millianus the judge, made confession of Christ } s name, who is our
God ; after which, their left feet being burnt and their right eyes
pulled out, they were killed with a sword, and their bodies burnt.
But this account disagrees with Eusebius s relation here. For
he says the one was born at Gaza and the other at Cassarea ;
and he makes no mention of the burning of their feet or the
pulling out of their eyes." See Eng. Trans, p. 164. The mistake
NOTES. 65
in the Menologium perhaps arose from the compiler having read
that the Egyptians, who are spoken of in the beginning of this
same chapter, had their eyes put out and their feet burnt, and
therefore concluding that these two virgins, mentioned imme
diately afterwards, were Egyptians, and had suffered 4ike the
rest. See Sunius and Baillet, at the 25th of July.
P. xxvii. 1. 6. " Lud :" and in the Greek it is called Dio
Cfpsarea" Lydda is the same as Diospolis. It seems, there
fore, that Dio Ca3sarea, which is the same as Sepphoris, is a.
mistake for Diospolis. See Yan de Yelde, Memoir to accompany
the Map of the Holy Land, p. 331 and 347. If, however, it be
a mistake, it has been copied into the Greek Menology. See
the preceding note.
1. 31. " Calling Egyptians by Hebrew names." Eusebius
refers to this in his Commentary on Isaiah as a fulfilment of the
prophecy contained in ch. 44, v. 5 : " One shall say, I am the
Lord s, and another shall call himself by the name of Jacob, and
another shall subscribe with his hand unto the Lord, and
surname himself by the name of Israel." Eusebius s words are
Sav^iaaai Be ecrri, KCLI KarajrXayrjvai, a\r)6ws rr)V rcov
\oywv Swa/jUV, <? avrous epyoi? ra aTroreKecr/JLara
ev yovv ro<? /caff rj/jias avrovs yevopevois Siayyiiois, TTO\\,OV<> ra)V
a\\o(j)v\a)v edvwv cOcaa-a/ieOa, TrpocrapTra^ovras eavrois ra? TO)V
cuyiwv av&pwv Trpoa-rjyopias. cov o fjiev eavrov IaKw/3 eKa\ei, KCLI
T6po? lapaTjX, a\\o? 8e lepefjaav, icai Haaiav erepo?, icai Aavirj\
7ra\iv aXXoc. roiavra <yovv CTriypacfro/jLevoL ovofxara enrt, TO fjuap-
rvpiov rov Qeov aw TTO\\W Oapaei KCLI Trapprja-ta Trapyea-av a 8r)
o-rjpaivova-a rj TrpocfyrjTeta, ^yaw, OUTO? epei, rov Oeov ctfu. Hoc
est : Mirari plane subit prophetiae vim et efficaciam, et quam
vere rei eventum oculis perceperimus. Nam in persecutionibus
nostro tempore concitatis, multos ex alienigenis gentibus vidimus,
qui sanctorum virorum nomina usurpabant ; alius quippe sese
Jacobum appellabat, alius Israelem, alius Jeremiam, hie Hesaiam,
iste Danielem. Etenim his sibi adscriptis nominibus, ad mar-
tyrium pro Deo subeundum cum fiducia et constantia accedebant.
Qua? prophetia i-ndicat dnm ait, Hie dicet, Dei Sum, &c. See
K
66 NOTES.
FAisebius s Comm. in Hesaiam, in Collectio Nova Patt., edited
by Montfaucon, vol. ii. pp. 353 et 527.
P. xxviii. 1. 17. "Food from the Royal provision pu
gilism." The Greek is e-yret /^re ra? etc rov (BaaiKiKov ra/jLeiov
rpotyasl fji rjre fjL7)v ra? eTTtTTySetou? rrj Trvy/Ar) //-eXera? vire/Jievov ;
and also adds, which is not in the Syriac, 77877 Seotve eTrtrpoTrot?
avro JJLOVOV OL SrjXov/jievoi,) a\\a KO,I avrw Mafy/uLiva) TOVTOV <ye
evercev Trapaa-ravres : on which Valesius observes (*) : " He
means, as I judge, the Procurators of the company of gladiators
and of the morning exercises; of whom there is frequent mention
in the inscriptions. For the gladiators that were maintained by
stipends paid out of the imperial exchequer, were committed to
their care, and they gave them their allowances out of the
treasury." Eng. Trans, p. 163, note.
P. xxx. 1. 8. "Our own city." Omitted in the Greek; and so
probably for the same purpose below, wirep TCOV o/j,oe0va)v instead
of " for our people." 1. 20.
P. xxxi. 1. 8. "Mannathus." The Greek has EvvaQas below,
on which Valesius remarks (^) " In the Greek Menology she is
called Manatho." Eng. Trans, p. 165. Ruinart observes
" Hoc ipso die memorantur (i. e. Antoninus, Zebinas, et Ger-
manus) cum Ennatha virgine in Martyrol. Romano, ac Menologio
Basilii Imp., sed in magnis Mentis et Menologio Canisii die
praBcedenti. Porro ha3C omnia Menologia Nicephorum tribus his
martyribus adjiciunt, et pro Ennatha habent Manatho." Ada
Prim. Martt. p. 327. See Baillet, Vies des Saints, at the 13th of
November.
1. 23. " And continuously - Romans." This passage is
evidently corrupt, and it is difficult to understand it. I subjoin
the corresponding Greek : aOpows S ovv av0i<; Mafypivov
SiafyoiTa Kd& rj/Jiddv Travra^ov ^pa^fjiara /car eTrap^av. 7776/^0^69
re /cat, Trpocren o TCOV arparoTre^cov ap^eiv eTrtreTa/y/ze^o?, K. r^X.
1. 28. " They urged the Logistae of the cities, and the mili
tary commander, and the Tabularii." On this Valesius notes (*)
" I judge he means the Prefect of the Prsetorium. For at that
time they took care of the military matters. Indeed, Eusebius s
NOTES. 67
following words are a sufficient evidence that the Prefect of the
Prastorium is meant here. For he speaks of the injunctions and
public orders given to the Curators, Magistrates, and Tabular!!
of every city : which orders were issued out by the Prefect of the
Prsetorium only; as might be made to appear from several places.
See Book 9, ch. 1 & 9, where Eusebius speaks of Sabinus,
Prefect of the PraBtorium to Maximin." Eng. Trans, p. 165.
Concerning the Legists or Curators he writes (*) "The Curator
of the city was he, who looked after the Treasure and whatever
else belonged to the revenue of the city: this is manifest from the
Pandects of the Law. He is also called Logista (from the Greek
word XoyicTTrjs, which is the term here in the original) in Lege 3,
Cod. de modo mulctandi. Hence \oyia-reveiv was used to signify
the performance of the Curator s office. 1 See Ecc. Hist. b. viii.
c. 9; Eng. Trans, p. 146. Respecting the Tabular!! he writes ( )
" These officers had in their custody the public tables or rolls
of the cities, and looked after the accounts of the tribute. They
were first called Numeraiii. Afterwards Valens made a law
that they should be called Tabular!!." He then refers for further
information to his observations on Ammianus Marcellinus, ibid.
p. 165, which Heinichen has incorporated into his notes at this
place.
P. xxxii. 1. 18. "They received sentence of death." The Greek
says this was passed upon them by Firmillianus. It also adds
that Zebinas was from Eleutheropolis.
1. 20. u Antoninus." Valesius ( e ): "In the Greeks Menology
this man is called Antonius, where, besides Zebinas and Ger-
manus, there is a fourth companion of their s named, to wit,
Nicephorus. For the 12th day of November this passage
occurs : The birthday of the holy Martyrs Antonius and his
fellows, who were in the times of Maximinus. Antonius was an
old mail) Nicephorus, Zebinas, and Germanus were in the flower
of their age. They were taken at Casarea, and after they had
boldly confessed Christ, were slain. Here you see the author
of the Menology has rendered Trpecrfivrepos an old man, and
not a Presbyter." Ibid. p. 165.
68 NOTES.
1. 23. " A sister, one of the Lord s virgins , a chaste and
courageous maiden." For this the Greek has rt? <yvvrj Trap-
6evia<$ a-TfjLjj,ari KCLI avrrj Ke/coa/jLTj/jievrj ; and also adds the name
EvvaOas, omitted here in the Syriac. .
1. 30." Maxys." Greek Maf u?. Ruinart, Ada Martt. p.
327, has this note : " Hsec vox Grseca non est An a Syris
repetenda, apud quos mochos est pulicanus a casas increpare?"
That is COSO9 from Qo^ ; but the form here is ttuoo&sa , which
seems rather to follow the Greek.
P. xxxiii. ]. 33. " The stones shed tears," &c. This, which
doubtless was produced by natural causes, seemed miraculous to
Eusebius, more especially if he looked upon it as fulfilling a
prophecy of our Lord Luke xix. 40 : "I tell you, that if these
should hold their peace, the stones would immediately cry out."
See also Habak. ii. 11. Compare note p. 55 above.
P. xxxiv. 1. 12. "Primus." The Greek is IIpo^o^, on which
Valesius observes ( a ) "In the Greek this man s name is Promus;
but I suppose it should be Probus, for I have never met with
such a proper name as Promus. This mistake rose from hence :
in antient MSS. Beta is usually written like My. In the Fuk.
and Sav. MSS. it is Probus: Eny. Trans, p. 166.
P. xxxv. 1. 1. "Peter, who was surnamed Absalom." In the
Greek he is called ITer/ao? aa-KTjr^, o KOLI AtyeKapos. Valesius
has this note : ( i ) " Mention is made of this person in the Greek
Mencea at the 14th of October, although Eusebius says he
suffered on the 3d of the Ides of January. In the Menaeum he
is called Auselamus, but in the Menology Anselamus is, by a
mistake, put for Auselamus or Abselamus. The import of the
passage there is this : On the same day is the commemoration
of the holy Martyr Petrus Anselamus of Eleutheropolis, who,
being in the flower of his age and of a vigorous mind, behaved
himself most admirably in the conflicts he underwent for religion ;
and having despised earthly things, was by fire offered up as a
victim well pleasing to God in the sixth year of Dioclesian s and
Maxirnian s empire. In which passage this is observable, that
the sixth year of Dioclesian s empire is put for the sixth year of
NOTES. 69
the Persecution." See Eng. Trans, p. 166. Ruinart has pub
lished Passio Sancti Petri Balsami, who, although some have
doubted the fact, can hardly be a different person from the one
here described as " as Peter, who was surnamed Absalom." See
Ada Prim. Mar it. p. 501. The account is given by Baillet in
the J ies des Saints at the 3d of January.
P. xxxvi. 1. 1. " One who belonged to the heresy of Marcion."
The Greek gives the name Asclepius, omitted here.
1. 6. " Aia, a village which is on the confines of BethGobrin."
The Greek has Aveas, KCD/JLTJS rwv opcw EXevQepoiroXecos. The
other Syriac version published by S.E.Assemani has t<Jr< which
he renders " Ex agro Eleutheropolitano in vico Anea," Acta SS.
Martt. P. ii. p. 207. See Van de Velde Eleutheropolis : Beto-
gabra (Ptolemy xvi. 4), Betogabri, Bethgebrim; also Geberin of
the Crusaders, identified with great care by Robinson and Smith
(Bib. Res. 401420, 642, seq.), with the Modern Beit-Jibrin.
Memoir to accompany the Map of the Holy Land, p. 309.
1. 11. " The Confession of Pamphilus," &c. This account is
considerably abridged in the Greek. Valesius has the following,
note (") : " Symeon Metaphrastes has transcribed this whole
relation of the Martyrdom of Pamphilus and his companions,
out of our Eusebius, adding some things and altering others, as
he usually does. But he seems to have been furnished with
more perfect copies of Eusebius, than those we now have;
which will manifestly appear to the reader, who may meet with
Metaphrastes account hereof in the Latin version of him, which
Lipomannus and Surius put forth, Tome the third, at the 1st of
June, p. 139, Edit. Ven. at 1581." Emj. Tians. p. 166. This
account of Pamphilus and his companions still exists entire in
Greek. It was first printed from a Medicean MS. by D.
Papebrochius in the Acta Sanctorum, June, vol. i. p. 64. J. A.
Fabricius reprinted it in his edition of Hippolytus works, vol. ii.
]>. 217. Both of these learned men supposed it to have been an
extract of Eusebius Life of Pamphilus, to which he frequently
refers in his Ecclesiastical History, and of which Jerome speaks. See
note, p. 78 below. It is quite evident that Metaphrastes had before
70 NOTES.
him the same copy of the Martyrs of Palestine as this Syriac, with
some very slight variations. I have thought that it would
be useful, for the sake of comparison, to copy here the whole
of Lipomannus Latin version after Metaphrastes in Surius, De
Probatis Sanctorum Vitis, at the 1st of June :
Certamen SS. Martyrum Pamphili et Sociorum ex Symeone
Metaphraste.
I. " Tempus invitat ad omnibus enarrandum magnum et glorio-
sum spectaculum Pamphili et sociorum, virorum admirabilium,
cum eo consummatorum, et qui ostenderunt multiplicia certamina
pietatis. Atque cum plurimi in nobis cognita persecutione se
fortiter gesserint, eorum de quibus agimus rarissimun certamen
quod nos cognovimus, conscripsimus, quod in se simul omne genus
setatis et corporis et animi vitseque diversorum studiorum est
complexum, variis tormentorum generibus, et diversis in perfecto
martyrio coronis exornatum. Licebat enim videre quosdam ado-
lescentes et pueros, atque adeo plane infantes, ex ill is qui erant ex
ipsis, alios autem pubescentes, cum quibus erat Porphyrius,
corpore simul vigentes et prudentia, nempe mihi carissimum
Janmitem Paulum, Seleucumque et Julianum, qui ambo orti
erant ex terra Cappadocum. Erant autem inter eos sacris
quoque canis et profunda ornati senectute, Valens quidam
diaconus ecclesise Hierosolymitana3, et cui verum iiomen
obtigerat, Theodulus.
II. Atque hsec quidem fuit in eis astatum varietas. Aniinis
autem inter se differebant. Nam alii quidem erant rudiores,
utpote pueri, et quibus erat ingenium adhuc tenerius et sim-
plicius, alii vero severi et morum gravitate prsediti. Erant
autem inter eos quoque nonnulli disciplinarum sacrarum non
ignari. Aderat vero omnibus congenita, insignis et admira-
bilis animi fortitude. Veluti autem quoddam in die resplendens
luminare in astris fulgentibus, in medio eorum eminebat meus
Dominus, non est enim fas mihi aliter appellare divinuin et plane
beatissimum Pampliilum. Is enim et eruditionern, qiue habetur
apud Gi cecos in admiratione, non modice attigcrat, et in diviiiorum
NOTES. 71
dogmatum et divinitus inspiratarum scripturarum eruditione, si
quid audacius, sed verum dicendum est, ita erat exercitatus, ut
nullus aeque ex iis qui erant suo tempore. Quod autem erat his
longe majus et pra3stantius, habebat donum, nempe domi natam,
vel potius ei a Deo datam, intelligentiam et sapientiam.
III. Et quod ad animum quidem attinet, omnes ita se babebant.
Vita? autem conditioniset conversationis erat inter eos plurima diffe
rentia, cum Pamphilus quidem duceret genus secundum carnem ex
iis qui erant honesto loco nati, fuisset autem insignis in repub-
lica gerenda in patria sua; Seleucus vero fuisset insigniter ornatus
militiaa dignitatibus; alii autem nati essent ex mediocri etcommuni
loco. Non erat eorum chorus nee extra servilem conditionem. Nam
et ex pra3sidis domo in eorum numerum relatus erat Theodulus, et
Porphyritis, qui specie quidem erat Pamphili famulus ; is autem
ipsum affectione habebat loco fratris, vel germani potius filii, ut
qui nihil omitteret, quo minus imitaretur dominum. Quid
aliud ? Si quis dixerit in summa, eos ecclesiastici coetus tjpum
esse complexes, is non procul abfuerit a veritate, cum inter eos
presbyterio quidem dignatus esset Pamphilus ; Valens vero dia~
conatu, et alii sortiti essent locum eorum, qui e multitudine con-
sueverunt legere, et confessionibus per fortissimam flagrorum
tolerantiam diu ante in martyrio pracclarissime se gessisset Se
leucus, et militaris dignitatis amissionem fortiter excepisset, et
reliqui deinde per catechumenos et fideles reliquam implerent
similitudinem innumerabilis ecclesia?, ut in parva imagine.
IV. Sic adspexi admirabilem tarn multorum et talium martyrum
electionem, qui etsi non essent multi numero, nullus tamen aberat ex
iis ordinibus, qui inveniuntur inter homines. Quomodo autem lyra,
quae multas habet chordas, et ex chordis constat dissimilibus,
acutis et gravibus, remissisque et intensis, et mediis, arte musica
concinne adaptatis omnibus, eodem modo in his adolescentes
simul et senes, servi simul et liberi, eruditi et rudes, obscuri
generis homines, ut multis videbatur, et gloria insignes, fideles
simul cum catechumenis, et diaconi simul cum presbyteris.
Qui omnes tanquam a sapientissimo musico, nempe Dei verbo
unigenito, varie pulsati, et quaB erat in ipsis potential unus-
quisque per tormentorum tolerantiam, hoc est confessionem,
72 NOTES.
ostendentes virtutem, et clarissimos numerososque, et concinnos
sonos edentes in judiiciis, uno et eodem fine in primis piam
et longe sapientissimam, per Martyrii consummationem, Deo
universorum impleverunt melodiam.
V. Opera pretium autem est admirari virorum quoque
numerum, qui significat propheticam quamdarn et apostolicam
gratiam. Contigit enim omnes esse duodecim, quo numero
patriarchas et prophetas et apostolos fuisse accepimus. Non
est autem prsetermittenda uniuscuj usque singulatim laboriosa
fortitude, laterum lacerationes, et cum pilis caprinis laceratarum
corporis partium attritiones, et flagella immedicabilia, multi-
pliciaque et varia tormenta, gravesque et toleratu difficiles
cruciatus, quos, jubente judice, manibus et pedibus infligentes
satellites, vi cogebant martyres aliquid facere eorum quae
prohibita.
VI. Quid opus est dicere memorise perpetuo mandandas
voces virorum divinorum, quibus labores nihil curantes, laeto
et alacri vultu respondebant judicis interrogationibus, in ipsis
tormentis ridentes viriliter, et bonis moribus ludificantes ejus
percontationes ? Cum enim rogasset undenam essent, mit-
tentes dicere, quam in terris habebant civitatem, ostendebant
earn, quse vere est eorum patria, dicentes se esse ex Hierusalem.
Indicabant vero eadem sententia Dei quoque caglestern, ad quam
tendebant, civitatem, et alia quae sunt ejusmodi, ignota quidem et
quae non possunt perspici ab iis, qui sacras literas non gustarunt,
eis autem solis qui a fide divina sunt incitati, aperta adducebant.
Propter quae judex indignatus, et valde animo cruciattis, et plane
quid ageret dubius, varia, ne vinceretur, in eos operabatur.
Deinde cum a spe cecidisset, concessit unicuique auferre praemia
victoriae. Erat autem varius modus eorum mortis, cum duo
quidem inter eos catechumeni, consummati sint baptismo ignis,
alius vero fuerit traditus figurse salutaris passionis, qui autem
erat mihi cams, fuerit diversis braviis redimitus.
VII. Atque ha3C quidem dixerit quispiam, liorum magis faciens
iiniversam mentionem, singulatim autem unumquemque perse-
quens,merito beatum pronuntiarit eum,qui in choro primum locum
obtinet. Is autem erat Pamphilus, vir revera plus, et omnium, ut
NOTES. 73
semel tlicam, amicus et familiaris, re ipsa nomen sibi impositum
verum esse ostendens, Caesariensium ecclesiae ornamentum. Nam
presbyterorum quoque cathedram, cum esset presbyter, lionestabat,
ut qui simul ornaret mmisteriurn et ex eo ornaretur. Quinetiam
aliis quoque erat divinus et divinas particeps inspirationis, quo-
niam tota sua vita fuit maxime insignis virtute, multuni quidem
jubens valere delicias et copiam divitiarum, cum se totum dedi-
casset Dei verbo, renuntians quidem iis qua? ad ipsum redibant a
majoribus, nudis, mancis, et pauperibus omnia distribuit. Ipse
autem degit in vita, qua? nihil possidebat, per valentissirnam
exercitationem, divinam persequens philosophiam. Atque ortus
quidem erat ex Berytensium civitate, ubi in prima aatate educatu*
fuerat in illis, quae illic erant, studiis litterariis. Postquam autem
ejus providentia ad virilem pervenisset setatem, transiit ab iis ad
sacrarum litterarum scientiam. Assumpsit vero mores divinaa
et propheticaa vita?, et ipse se verum Dei martyrem exhibuit
etiam ante ultimum vita? finem. Sed talis quidem erat
Pamphilus.
VIII. Secundus autem post ipsum accessit Valens ad certamen,
qui senili, et quas decet sacerdotem, erat ornatus canitie, ipsoque
aspectu venerandus et sacro-sanctus senex ; qui etiam divinarum
scripturarum sciens, ut si quis alius, eas quidem certe ita erat
complexus memoria, ut a lectione nihil discreparent, qua3 memo-
ria3 mandate ab eo conservabantur, sacrosanctortim discipulorum
promissiones. Erat autem diaconus, etsi esset hujusmodi,
ecclesite Eliensium.
Tertius in eorum numerum relatus erat Paulus, qui, vir acerri-
mus et spiritu fervens, agnoscebatur ex civitate lamnitarum : qui
etiam in martyrio per cauterii tolerantiam susceperat certamen
confessionis.
IX. His in carcere duobus annis contritis, martyrii occasio
fuit ^Egyptiorum adventus, qui etiam cum eis fuere con-
summati. li autem cum vel sic valde afflicti, in metallis usque
ad loca pervenissent, domum revertebantur. Qui, cum in in-
gressu portaB Caesariensium interrogati essent a custodibus, quinam
essent et unde venirent, et nihil veri celassent, dixissent autem se
L
74 NOTES.
esse Christianos ; perinde ac malefic! in ipso furto deprehensi,
vincti sunt et comprehensi : erant vero quinque numero. Ad
Prsesidem autem adducti, et coram eo libere locuti, in vincula
quidem statim conjiciuntur : die autem sequente, qui erat sextus
decimus mensis Peritii, more vero Romano quartus decimus
Calend. Martii, hos ipsos cum Pamphilo et sociis adducunt ad
Firmillianun. Ille autem ^Egyptiorum solum periculum fecit
ante tormenta, omni ratione eos exercens. Atque eorum quidem
principem, quum adduxisset in medium, rogavit quisnam esset, et
unde ? Qui cum pro proprio nomine quoddam propheticum au-
disset (hoc autem fiebat ante alia, ut qui pro patriis eis impositis
idolicis nominibus sibi prophetica nomina impossuissent, ut qui
Eliam, et Hieremiam, Esaiam, Samuelem et Danielem ipsi
seipsos nominarent, et qui est in occulto, Judseum et germanum
Israelitem, non solum factis, sed etiam vocibus proprie enunciatis
judicarent).
X. Cum tale ergo Judex audivisset a martyre, vim autem
nominis non attendisset, secundo rogavit, quasnam esset ejus
patria? Ille vero caelestem Hierusalem dixit esse suam pa-
triam, illam intelligens de qua dictum est Paulo. Quse sur-
sum est Jerusalem est libera, quse est mater nostra. Et acces-
sistis ad montem Sion et civitatem Dei viventis, Hierusalem ca3-
lestem. Et hie quidem hanc cogitabat : ille autem humi suam
abjiciens cogitationem, qua3nam hsec esset, et ubi terrarum sita
esset, accurate perscrutabatur, atque adeo ei etiam inferabat tor-
menta, ut verum fateretur. Hie vero dum torqueretur, se verum
dixisse affirmabat. Deinde eo hsec rursus et ssepe sciscitante
quaenam esset, et ubi sita esset dicta civitas Hierusalem ? solum
dicebat earn esse patriam Christianorum ; nullos enim alios
prater eos esse ejus participes, sitam autem esse ad orientem et
ad ipsam lucem et solem. Atque hie quidem rursus per hsec
mente sua philosophabatur, nihil sentiens eos, qui circumcirca
ipsum tormentis afficiebant. Tanquam autem carnis expers et
incorporeus, nihil videbatur pati molestum. Judex vero animi
dubius, odio cruciabatur, et existimans Ch ristianos hanc sibi
civitatem, quse esset infesta Romanis, constituisse, valde urgebat
NOTES. 75
tormentisj et curiose scrutabatur eani, quse dicta fuerat, civitatem,
et quae est in Oriente, inquirebat regionem. Cum autem ado-
lescentem, diu caesum flagellis, videret non posse dimoveri ab iis,
quse prius dixerat, statuit in eiun ferre sententiam capitis.
XI. Et in eum quidem res hoc modo processit : reliquos autem
JEgyptios cum simili palaestra exercicuisset, similem quoque in eos
fert sententiam. Deinde cum ab his transisset ad Pamphilum,
accepit quod ii jam prius essent plurima expert! tormenta. Ab-
surdum autem esse arbitratus, eosdem iisdem rursus afficere tor-
mentis, et frustra laborare, hoc solum est percontatus, an nunc
saltern obedirent ? Cum vero ab unoquoque eorum andiisset
ultimam vocem martyrii, in eos similiter fert sententiam capitis.
XII. Nondum autem dictum universum absolverat, et alicunde
exclamat quidam adolescens ex familia Pamphili, et ex media
turba accedens in medium eorum, qui circumsidebant judicium,
alta voce corpora eorum petiit sepulturse. Is autem erat beatus
Porphyrius, Pamphili germanum pecus, nondum totos octodecim
annos natus, recte scribendi scientiae peritus, modestia vero
morum has laudes celans, ut qui a tali viro fuisset institutus. Is,
postquam adversus dominum latam cognovit sententiam, excla-
mavit ex media multitudine, Corpora rogo, ut humi mandentur.
Ille autem non homo, sed fera, et quavis fera agrestior, neque
honestam et rationi consentaneam admittens petitionem, neque
juvenili aatati dans veniam, cum hoc solum intellexisset, eum
fateri se esse Christianum, jubet tortoribus ut totis viribus in
eum uterentur. Cum vero, eo jubente, sacrificare recusasset vir
admirandus, non utique tanquam carnem hominis, sed tanquam
lapides et lignum, aut aliquid aliud inanimum usque ad ipsa ossa
et ima viscera jubet eum torquere et corpus ejus caedere. Cum
autem hoc diu fieret, agnovit se hoc frustra aggredi, cum pro-
pemodum mutum et inanimum efFectum esset corpus generoso
Martyri. Perseverans vero Judex in saavitia et inhumanitate,
iubet latera tormentis exagitata, pilorum textis amplius atteri.
Deinde cum sic eum cepisset satietas et furore esset exsatiatus,
pronunciat sententiam ut tradatur lento et molli igni. Atque hie
76 NOTES.
quidem, cuin ante Pampliili consummationem postremus acces-
sisset, prior e corpore excessit ad Dominum.
XIII. Licebat autem videre Porphyrium, non secus affectum
quam victorem in sacris certaminibus, qui in omnibus pugnis eva-
serat superior, corpore pulverulentum, vultu laotum, audenter et
exultando ad mortem progredientem, re vera plenum divino spiritu.
Philosophico autem habitu suo indumento amictus instar super-
humeralis, rursum aspiciens et omnia humana despiciens, sicut
vitam mortalem, quieto animo accedit ad rogum. Cum jam flamma
ei appropinquaret, et tanquam nihil ei adesset molestum, sana
mente et nulla affecta perturbatione de rebus suis mandavit suis
necessariis, adhuc vultum et universum corpus Icetum conservans
et immutatum. Postquam autem notos suos satis allocutus, eos
valere jussit, jam de csetero contendebat ad Dominum. Cum
vero rogus, satis longo spatio disjunctus, circa eum esset accensus,
hinc et illinc ore flammam arriptebat, se ipsum incitans ad iter
propositum. Hoc autem faciebat nihil aliud quam Jesum invo-
cans. Tale est certamen Porphyrii.
XIV. Cum ejus autem consummations Pamphilo nuncius fuis-
set Seleucus, dignus habetur, cui sors eadem cum eis obtingeret.
Cum primum itaque renuntiasset Pamphilo exitum Porphyrii,
et uno osculo salutasset Mar tyres, comprehendunt eum milites et
ducunt ad Prsesidem. Ille autem perinde ac urgens, ut ipse
abiret simul cum prioribus, jubet eum affici supplicio capitis.
Is erat ex regione Cappadocum, cum autem militia se prseclare
gessisset ; ad non parvos gradus dignitatum pervenerat in Romano
exercitu. Quin etiam statura, viribusque et magnitudine cor-
poris, reliquos omnes longe superabat : ipso quoque aspectu erat
omnibus suspiciendus, et tota forma corporis plane admirabilis,
tarn propter magnitudinem quam propter pulchritudinem. Atque
in principio quidem persecutionis, per flagellorum perpessionem
clarus extitit in certaminibus confessionis. Postquam autem
fuerat liberatus a militia, seipsum constituens aemulatorem eorum,
qui se exercent in pietate, efficitur Christi germanus miles, or-
phanorum desertorum et viduarum, qua? carebant pra&sidio.
NOTES. 77
eorumque qui paupertate opprimebantur et imbecillitate, tanquam
episcopus quispiam et procurator, curam gerens et instar dili-
gentis et solicit! patris, omnium, qui abjecti erant, labores
recreans et afFectiones. Quamobrem merito Deo his magis
Isetante quam quaB per fumum et sanguinem fiunt, sacrificiis,
dignus fuit habitus consummatione, qua? fit per martyrium. Hie
decimus athleta cum iis, qui dicti sunt, consummatus fuit uno
eodemque die : in quo, ut est consentaneum, maxima Pamphili
martyrio porta coelorum aperta, facilis et expeditus ei fuit aditus
regni coelorum.
XV. Seleuci institit vestigiis Theodulus quidam, venerandus
et pius senex, qui primum honoris locum obtinuerat inter servos
praesidis, et morum et a3tatis gratia, et quod trium filiorum esset
pater, et maxime propter benevolentiam quam conservabat in
suos. Is autem, cum similiter fecisset atque Seleucus, et quendam
ex martyribus salutasset osculo, adducitur ad dominum. Quern
cum magis ad iram irritasset quam alii, salutaris passionis cruci
traditus, subiit martyr ium.
XVI. Cum post hos unus adhuc restaret, qui inter eos, qui
dicti sunt, numerum impleret duodecimum, eum impleturus
aderat Julianus. Is, cum ea ipsa hora rediisset ex peregri-
natione, ne ingressus quidem civitatem, ita ut erat ex itinere,
hoc audito profectus ad videndos martyres, postquam adspexit
sanctorum corpora humi jacentia, gaudio repletus, unumquemque
amplectitur, omnes salutans osculo. Eo autem adhuc agente,
eum comprehendunt lictores et adducunt ad praBsidem. Im-
pius vero suo institute faciens consentanea, eum quoque tradit
lento igni. Sic itaque Julianus Isetans et exultans, et magna
voce Deo, qui tantis bonis eum erat dignatus, agens gratias,
assumptus fuit in choros martyrum. Erat autem is quoque
genere quidem Cappadox, moribus plenus quidem pietate, plenus
et fide, vir mitis et mansuetus, et alioqui vir bonus, et spirans
bonum odorem Sancti Spiritus. Tanta tnrba comitatus, dignatus
fuit consummatione martyrii cum beatissimo Pamphilo.
Et quatuor quidem dies et totidem noctes jussu Firmilliani
sanctissima martyrum corpora exposita fuerunt bestiis carnivoris.
78 NOTES.
Cum autem Dei providentia nihil ad eos accessisset, noil fera,
non avis, non aliquid aliud, sed sana permansissent et integra,
justum et convenientem honorem consecuta, consuetae mandata
sunt sepulturae, reposita in pulchris templorum aedibus, et sacris
traditae oratoriis ad perpetuam memoriam, ut honorarentur a
populo, ad gloriam Christi, veri Dei nostri."
P. xxxvi. 1. 13. " Theopliilus." An error of the scribe for
Theodulus. It is given correctly in the narrative below.
1. 15. a Being in number eight." And so the names enu
merated above are eight ; but there were really twelve. See pp.
38 and 44. The Greek, which is here a good deal abridged,
has at the beginning, ScoSe/ca & r/aav ou iravre^.
1. 28. " Youths and boys." Papebrochius corrects here the
error of Lipomannus "Adolescentes et pueros atque adeo plane
infantes" See Hippolyti Opera, curante J. A. Fabricio, vol. ii.
p. 217. I have not the Ada Marty rum at hand, and therefore
cite the reprint of the Acts of Pamphilus and his companions
by Fabricius. When I use the term the other Greek, I mean
these Acts, in contradistinction to the Greek, which I have used
in these notes to signify the abridgement found in the Eccle
siastical History of Eusebius.
1. 29. " Porphyrius." The Syriac has by mistake here
^CAiSk , " Porphon."
]. 32. "lamna." " Jamnia sive Jamna urbs maritima Pa-
laestinse, haud procul a Joppe, sed totis 20 leueis horariis dissita
a Caesarea, cujus Archiepiscopo subest: etiam urbs maritima in
confiniis Phoenicia." Papebrochius. Ibid. p. 218.
1. 36. " Conformable to his name, Theodulus." That is,
Servant of Cod.
P. xxxvii. 1. 7." But like the sun My Lord Pamphilus."
Eusebius speaks of him several times in his Ecc. Hist. Book vi.
chap. 32, he says: "But what necessity is there at present
to write an exact catalogue of this man s works, which
requires a work itself, which we have also written in our
History of Pamphilus s life, the blessed martyr of our times.
NOTES. 79
In which, endeavouring to prove how great Pampliilus s care
and love towards sacred learning was, we have published
the catalogue of Origen s works, and of several other eccle
siastical writers which he collected." Eng. Trans, p. 107.
And in the next chapter : " But what things concerning him
are necessary to be known, may be read at large in that Apology
for him which was written by me and Pamphilus, the holy martyr
of our times, which we conjointly composed." Ibid. In book
vii. cb. 33. "In this man s(Agapius) times we knew Pamphilus,
a most eloquent man and a true philosopher in the practices of
his life, honoured with a presbytership of that church (Caesarea).
To declare what a person this man was, and whence descended,
would be a copious subject. But all things relating to his life,
the school he founded, the conflicts which, during the time of
persecution, he underwent in several confessions, and lastly, the
crown of martyrdom with which he was encircled, we have fully
declared in a peculiar work. Indeed, this Pamphilus was
the most admirable person of all that lived here." Valesius s
note (*). Christophorson takes these words to signify one book
only. But Eusebius wrote three books of the life of Pamphilus,
which Hieromynus attesteth in his book, De Scriptoribus Eccle-
siasticis, and in his Apology against Ruffinus. Ibid. p. 138.
Book viii. c. 1 3 " Amongst which number we must in no wise
omit the mention of Pamphilus the Presbyter, the most ad
mirable person in our age, and the greatest ornament of the
Church of Caesarea, whose fortitude and courageous exploits we
will declare at a fit and convenient opportunity." Valesius
remarks ( ft ) " I must indeed confess that in the Max., Med., Fuk.,
and Savil MSS, the reading is (aveya^ajjiev, we have declared) ;
but if that reading be true, Eusebius must mean his Books con
cerning the life of Pamphilus the Martyr, which, as we before
observed, he wrote before his Ecclesiastical History, Ibid. p. 148.
See the former part of this note which I have quoted above,
p. 49. See also what Eusebius says in the Confession of Dom-
ninus, p. 25, above. The Greek, in the account of Pamphilus,
here adds: "This person s other virtues and egregious per-
80 NOTES.
formances, which require a larger relation, we have already
comprised in three Books, being a particular work which we
wrote concerning his life. On this Yalesius remarks ( rf ) :
" Moreover, hence we make this manifest conclusion, that the
Book concerning the Martyrs of Palestine was Eusebius s own
work, written by him after his Books concerning Pamphilus s
life, and after his Ecclesiastical History." Eng. Trans, p. 166.
We must bear in mind that this observation of Valesius applies
to the abridged form of the Martyrs of Palestine, and not to the
original copy ; for the passage upon which he founds his con
clusions does not exist, either in the Syriac or the other Greek.
It therefore affirms that the abridgment was made by Euse-
bius himself. The Confession of Pamphilus is given by Baillet,
Vie des Saints, at the 1st of June.
1- 10. " Without styling him My Lord." Upon referring to
the Syriac here it is seen that Simeon Metaphrastes, whom Lipo-
mannus followed in translating "non est mihi fas aliter appellare,"
had erepov correctly ; and that the reading eraipov of the other
Greek is wrong. See Papebrochius note in Hipp. Oper. vol. ii.
p. 218.
1. 23." Porphyrius." His martyrdom and that of those who
suffered with him is given by Baillet, Vie des Saints, Feb. 17.
1. 36. " His dismissal from his command in the army." Lac-
tantius speaks of the order of Diocletian respecting the dismissal
of soldiers who professed Christianity thus : " Tune ira furens,
sacrificare non eos tantum qui sacris ministrabant, sed universes
qui erant in palatio, jussit, et in eos, si detractassent, verberibus
animadverti; datisque ad Praspositos litteris, etiam milites cogi
ad nefanda sacrificia praecepit, ut qui non paruissent, militia
solverentur." See De Mortibus Persecutorum, ch. x.
P. xxxviii. 1. 6. They bore the semblance of a many-stringed
harp." Eusebius uses the same comparison inhisTheophania, bk. i.
ch. 28: ocn K -u* &O).T=J rdue^oa rdsal^ l^cn ocn
r^i.i rdl-sb a a+absnx rduaa
NOTES. 81
K ^oicxoooasni
.TjjA rdaQOGr^l r< ^C\.l*a.*O
K orAK .i r^rnSi O Klrai
which Dr. Lee translates as follows :
" This sensible world is therefore, not unlike the lyre of many
strings, consisting of many dissimilar portions: of acute and grave,
lax and intense ; and of others between these, all well combined
together by the art of the musician. Such, then, is also this
(universe), collected (as it is) into one compound, consisting of
many parts, and many compositions ; of cold at once, and warm
its opposite; and of matter, wet and dry. It is, moreover, a
mighty vessel, and is the work of the God of all." See Eusebius,
Bishop of Ccesarea, on the Theophania, translated by S. Lee.
8vo. Cambridge, 1843, p. 18.
1. 19. "Like the prophets." He means the Twelve Minor
Prophets.
1. 20. " Nor is it fit that we should omit." So also the Latin
version of Lipomannus. The other Greek is corrupt here, reading
ov Trepv ere/a ci> z>.
P. xxxix. 1. 6. " The baptism of fire." Martyrdom for the sake
of Christ was held in antient times to supply the place of baptism
to those who had not yet received that sacrament. It was gene
rally called the " Baptism of Blood." Thus Cyprian, letter 57,
to Cornelius : " Qui martyrium tollit, sanguine suo batizatur."
Edit. Dodwell, Amst. 1691, p. 1 18. And 73, to Jubaianus: " San
guine autem suo baptizatos et passione sanctificatos consummari,
et divinae pollicitationis gratiam consequi ; declarat in Evangelic
idem Dominus." Ibid. p. 208. Exhort, ad Mart. : " Nos tan-
tum, qui, Domino permittente, primum baptisma credentibus de-
dimus, ad aliud quoque singulos praaparemus, insinuantes et
docentes hoc esse baptisma in gratia majus, in postestate sub-
limius, in honore pretiosius: baptisma in quo angeli baptizant,
baptisma in quo Deus et Christus ejus exultant, baptisma post
82 NOTES.
quod nemo jam peccat, baptisma quod fidei nostrae increments
consummat, baptisma quod nos de mundo recedentes statim Deo
copulat. In aquae baptismo accipitur peccatorum remissa, in
sanguinis corona virtutum. Ibid. p. 168. See also Bingham
Antiquit. Book 10, ch. 2, s. 20, and other passages cited by him.
St. Cyril of Jerusalem, Cat. 3, ch. 10 : a py rt? \afioi TO
Twr^piav OVK e^ei, 7r\rjv JJLOVCOV papTVpcw, 01 Kai
TOV vSaTO? Xa/jiftavova-i rrjv /3acriXetai>. Eusebius speaks
also of Herais, a catechumen, receiving baptism by fire, Book 6,
ch. 4 : Kai yvvaiKwv Hpais en Kanyxov/JLevr) TO /SaTrrtcr/xa, a>?
$>r](TW TTOU ai/ro?, TO Sia Tru/ao? \a{3ovaa rov ftiov e^e\r)\vOev.
1. 8. "But Pamphilus, that name different from these."
The other Greek varies here from the Syriac. See Lipomannus s
Translation above, vii.
1. 14. " In communion with the Spirit of God." The other
Greek, @eta? fjbere^Dv eyLt7rz^eucret5.
1. 24. "Men seeking perfection." Other Greek, TeXetou? avSpas.
1. 26. " Martyrdom." The other Greek adds here, aXX o /j,ev
IIaiJ,<j)l\O$ TOtOVTO? t]V.
1. 27. " Vales." There is added here in the Greek, " a deacon
of JSlia." This had been stated of him before in the part
omitted from the Greek, " a deacon of the Church of Jeru
salem." See p. 37, 1. 35, above.
P. xl. 1. 4. "In prison." The other Greek has ein T???
KpyTrjs, which Papebrochius has corrected after Metaphrastes from
Lipomannus s translation in carcere, to TT?? etp/m??.
1. 33. " Our Mother in whom we confess is the Holy
Church." The Greek here, as in Gal. iv. 26, 77^5 ea-nv f^rjrrjp
t]^wv\ and adds, Heb. xii. 12, Trpo(Te\rj\vOare ^iwv opet, Kai
TroXet &eov fovros, lepovGaXij/j, CTrovpaviw, and so the other
Greek and Lipomannus version. See p. 74 above.
P. xli. 1. 3. " In what country was that Jerusalem." At the
time when these events took place, there was no city known to
the Romans by the name of Jerusalem ; otherwise, as Yalesius
observes, Firmillianus, president of Palestine, would never have
been so earnest in his inquiries of the martyrs where Jeru-
NOTES.
83
salem was situated. Eusebius writes, Book 4, ch. 6 : " From
that time the whole nation was altogether interdicted to enter
into the country about Jerusalem, the law, edict, and sanctions of
Adrian having commanded them that they should not so much
as from afar off behold their paternal soil. Ariston of Pella relates
this. Thus the city being destitute of the Jewish nation, and
wholly cleared of its old inhabitants, was possessed by foreigners,
who dwelt there, and afterwards made a Roman city ; and
changing its name, was, in honour of the Emperor Mlius
Adrianus, called ^Elia" Valesius, in his note on this place,
says ( ) : " Eusebius is here doubly mistaken ; both in that
he says Jerusalem was wholly destroyed in Adrian s time ; and
also because he thought ^iElia Capitolina was built by the same
Adrian after the siege of Betthera. Mlia Capitolina was built
long before ; to wit, in the second year of Adrian : from whose
times to those of Constantine the Great it was always called
^Elia. But from the time of Constantine the Great it recovered
again the name of Jerusalem, both upon account of the honour
of that name, and also because of its prerogative, being the
first episcopal seat." See Eng. Trans, p. 52.
P. xlii. 1. 7. "Wretch savage brute." Such epithets as
this, and others "that bitter viper," p. 12, "fierce wild beast,
p. 49, when applied to the persecutors of the Christians, are not
peculiar to Eusebius. Cyprian calls Nero, execrabilis ac nocens
tyrannus, bestia mala / and Decius, execrabile animal : also he
calls Diocletianus, Maximinianus Herculius, and Galerius Maxi-
minianus, tres acerbissimce bestite. See De mortt. Pers. ch. 4,
9, 16, &c.
. 1.24. "Weak in body." Syriac, Axuso cni^SD. The
other Greek, K^KOVI^VOV TO erw/u-a, and Lipomannus, corpore
pulverulentum. Perhaps originally the translation was * u**l,
afterwards altered by a transcriber.
1. 28. " Having put on his cloak like a philosopher, with
his shoulder uncovered." Yalesius has this Note on Book 6,
ch. 19 of Ecc, Hist. ( p ) : " The philosophic habit was the
84 NOTES.
pallium or cloak, which was the usual badge of the Greek
philosophers, different from that which was worn by the ordi
nary Greeks, which^those Christians still kept to, who, before
their conversion, were philosophers." See Eng. Trans, p. 101.
And on this place (*) : " This garment is in the Greek termed
efo>/u9: see its description, A. Gellius, Book 7, ch. 12." ibid.
p. 168.
P. xliv. 1. 2." The father of three generations." The Greek,
TO) rptyoveias jrarepa Ka0<rravai,, and the other Greek, Si,o rpu-
yoveias avrov Trarepa KaOea-ravai. On which Papebrochius
observes : " Trium filiorum patribus prasmia apud Romanes fuisse
proposita notius est quam ut hie moneri debeat, atque id hie dici
credo rpuyoveia^ Trarepa. Valesius, tamen aliter vertit quod
terticB jam stirpis nepotes haberet." See Hippol. Opera, vol. ii.
p. 224.
1. 19." Officers," here " Qusestionarii," as above, p. 55.
The Greek is, in this place, 01 rwv $ovwv Sia/covoi,.
1. 27. " There was also in him a glorious savour of the
Holy Spirit." Greek, rrvecov avrov ayiov 7rvev/j,aros ; and the
other Greek, TTVZWV euo>Sm? ayiov Trz/euyLtaro?.
1. 36. " Without the permission of the Governor." Omitted
m the Greek.
P. xlv. 1. 1. "And were laid in the interior of the Churches
with God." This passage is not found in the abridged Greek,
but it is in the other Greek. Upon which Papebrochius has the
following note : " Deest haec clansula in historia : quam tamem
Eusebio abjudicare nihil nos cogit, qui vitam Pamphili seque ac
Historian! Ecclesiasticam scripsit, cum jam Constantinus lege
lata permisisset Christianis sacras aedes condere et Martyrum
corpora eis inferre." See Hippol. Opera, vol. ii. p. 224.
1. 13.-" Of Batanea." rdiJ^a.T . Greek, airo Mayyavew.
1. 32. " He was the last in Caesarea." The Greek
here adds the account of Firmillianus having been put to death
by the sword; and then a chapter concerning what happened
to the prelates of the Church.
NOTES. 85
P. xlvi. 1. 1. " The confession of Paulus," &c. The name in
the Greek is JT^Xeu?, both in this place and in Ecc. Hist,
Book 8, ch. 13.
1. 9. lt Phaeno." Eusebius has described this place thus in his
book, De locis tfebraicis : <&iv(i)v, rjv KaTtoKijcrev Icrpavj\ eiri,
TOV eprjjjboV T]V Be /cat, TroXt? ESaya. avrrj ecrrt 3>aiV(0v 9 evda ra
/jieraXka rov ^aX/cou, peragv Ket,fj,evrj Herpes 7roXea>9 Kai Zovpcov.
And Athanasius : ^eraXkov ov% aifteos, aXXa eis TO rov $aiva),
i <oz>eu9 Kara^LKa^ofievo^ oX</ya9 rj/juepas /zo<yt9 Bvvarai,
See Reading s Note on Eusebius at this place.
1. 18. " Zauara." This is Zovpa, mentioned by Eusebius
in the preceding note, now Zara, Zora, or Zoara. See Van de
Velde, Memoir to Map of the Holy Land, p. 354.
P. xlvii. 1. 8. " Patermytheus." Above, Patrimytheas, with
the usual inconsistency in writing proper names in Syriac.
1. 10. " Lovers of that exalted philosophy which is of God."
That is, the Christian religion. See Ecc. Hist, passim.
1. 25. "Presbyter of the Church in the city of Gaza." The
Greek has, wv lyyeiro etc r^9 Ta Caiav e7uovco7ro9 op/jicouevos Hi\-
pavos. And in the Ecc. Hist. Book 8, ch. 13 : eTncr/coTros TWV
afjL(j)i, rrjv Ta^av etcKXrjaiwv. And in the Greek of the Mart.
Palest., ch. 7, he gives the same account of him as in this place,
that he was at that time presbyter of Gaza, and afterwards was
promoted to the episcopate : %L\(3avov en, Sr) rore ovra Trpecr-
ftvrepov, ofjLO\o r yrj<Tavra f ov OVK et9 f^a/cpov GTncrfcoTrr)
P. xlviii. 1. 5. " And suddenly a mandate of wickedness was
issued." The Greek states that this order was given by Maxi-
minus.
1. 9. "Forty in number." The Greek says "thirty-nine."
1. 10. " Many of them were Egyptians." The Greek adds in
this place the account of one John, who had learned the Scriptures
so thoroughly by heart, that Eusebius states, that when he saw
him standing up and repeating portions of the Scripture to the
congregation, he supposed that he had been reading, till he drew
near, and discovered that he was quite blind.
86 NOTES.
1. 16. "For he that was excited against us perished
after the manner of a cruel wild beast." It does not appear to
whom this applies. Probably he means Firmillianus, of whose
savage disposition and extreme cruelty he had spoken above in
such strong terms, see p. 27, 29 ; some account of whose death
he gives in the Greek, although omitted here. See note above,
on P. xlv. 1. 32, p. 84. Or he may mean the Maximinus whose
death he describes in the Ecclesiastical History, b. xi. ch. 10.
W. M. WATTS, CROWN COURT, TEMPLE BAR.
ERRORS IN THE SYRIAC TEXT.
P. en. 1. 8. for e vk^03 read
P. *. 1. 20.
P. JJL,. 1. 6.
P. *u. 1. 24.
P. <&. 1. 20.
P. cn\. 1. 18.
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