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MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

FOR TEACHEES AND PRIVATE LEARNERS
coN&idwirtar OF • ••* '

KNOTTY PROBLEMS; MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS
ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS; RULES OF MENSURA-
TION; SHORT METHODS; HELPS, TABLES, ETC.

SAMUEL I. JONES

PR0FSS80B OF MATHEMATICS IK THE OUNTBR BIBLICAL
AND LITEBABT COLLEGE, OUNTEB, TEXAS

PRICE $1.65, NET

PUBLISHED BY

SAMUEL L JONES

GUNTER, TEXAS

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J. 8. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.

Norwood, Masa., U.S.A.

" Albert Smith, in one of his amusing novels, describes
a woman who was convinced that she suffered from ' cob-
wigs on the brain.* This may be a very rare complaint,
but in a more metaphorical sense, many of us are very
apt to suffer from mental cobwebs, and there is nothing
equal to the solving of puzzles and problems for sweeping
them away. They keep the brain alert, stimulate the
imagination, and develop the reasoning faculties. And not
only are they useful in this indirect way, but they often
directly help us by teaching us some little tricks and
'wrinkles* that can be applied in the affairs of life at
the most unexpected times, and in the most unexpected

wavs."

H. E. DUDENEY.

Ill

«00773

CONTENTS

CHAPTBB PAOB

I. Arithmetical Problems 1

II. Algebuaic Problems ........ 25

III. Geometrical Exercises 33

IV. Miscellaneods Problems 48

V. Mathematical Recreations 68

VL ExAMiNATiox Questions 113

Vn. Answers and Solutions 163

VIII. Short Methods 228

IX. Quotations on Mathematics 245

X. Mensuration 258

XI. Miscellaneous Helps 285

Xn. Tables 304

PREFACE

The following pages contain many mathematical problems,
puzzles, and amusements of past and present times. They
have a long and interesting history and are part of the inher-
itance of the school.

This book is intended to be a helpful companion to teachers,
and to impart to students a knowledge of the application of
mathematical principles, which cannot be obtained from text-
books.

The present-day teacher has little time for the selection of
suitable problems for supplementary work. This book is de-
signed to meet the requirements of teachers who feel such
extra assignments essential to thorough work. Whatever text
is used, the necessity for a work of this kind is felt from the
fact that fresh problems produce interest and stimulate inves-
tigation.

Originality is not claimed for all of the problems, but for
many of them. They have been compiled from various sources.
The author's aim has been to select problems not only instruc-
tive, but also interesting and amusing.

The rules of Mensuration and Short Methods have been
included because of their usefulness. On account of the vari-
ous helps placed in this book, it will serve as a handbook of
mathematics to both teachers and pupils.

The solutions to only part of the problems are given. In
some cases solutions of considerable length are given, but at
other times only the answers are given. Had the full solu-
tions and proofs been given in every case, either half the prob-
lems would have had to be omitted, or the size of the book
greatly increased.

viii PREFACE

The author acknowledges his indebtedness to many friends
for helpful suggestions. Specially is he under obligation to the
late Dr. G-. B. M. Zerr, Philadelphia, Pa., for critically reading
the manuscript. A few of his solutions published in the lead-
ing Mathematical Journals have been used on account of their
beauty and simplicity. He is indebted to Dr. H. Y. Benedict
and Mr. J. W. Calhoun, of the University of Texas, for read-
ing the manuscript and offering many valuable suggestions
and criticisms. He is very thankful to Dr. George Bruce Hal-
sted, head of the department of mathematics of the Colorado
State Teachers' College at Greeley, for criticising the Defini-
tions, Historical Notes, and Classifications. He is also specially
indebted to Professor Dow Martin, of the Biblical and Lit-
erary College of Gunter, Texas, for reading and correcting the
proof-sheets.

Any correction or suggestion relating to these problems and
solutions will be most thankfully received.

It is hoped that this small volume may produce higher and
more noble results in awakening a real love and interest among
the great body of teachers and students for the study of math-
ematics, "the oldest and the noblest, the grandest and the
most profound, of all sciences."

SAMUEL I. JONES.

GuNTEB, . Texas.

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS

1.* Between 3 and 4 o'clock I looked at my watch and noticed
the minute hand between 5 and 6 ; within two hours I looked
again and found that the hour and minute hands had exchanged
places. What time was it when I looked the second time ?

2.* A tree 120 feet high was broken in a storm, so that the top
struck the ground 40 feet from the foot of the tree. How long
was tlie part of the tree that was broken over ?

3. How many acres does a square tract of land contain, which
sells for $80 an acre, and is paid for by the number of silver
dollars that will lie upon its boundary ?

4.* The area of a rectangular field is 30 acres, and its diag-
onal is 100 rods. Find its length and breadth.

5.* Suppose two candles, one of which will burn in 4 hours
and the other in 6 hours, are lighted at once. How soon will
one be four times the length of the other ?

6.* While a log 2 feet in circumference and 10 feet long
rolls 200 feet down a mountain side, a lizard on the top of the
log goes from one end to the other, always remaining on top.
How far did the lizard move ?

7. How many calves at $3.50, sheep at $1.50, and lambs at
$ .60 per head, can be bought for $ 100, the total number bought
being 100 ?

• Problems denoted by (•) are algebraic or geometrical. They are placed
here because arithmetical solutions are often demanded.

2 mathemat,ica;l wrinkles

8. A, mar. yfills to his- wife-i of. his estate, and the remain-
ing I to ^iS'SOrr, if'SL4ch siie^ji'ld" be ^born ; but | of it to the wife
and the other i to the daughter, if such should be born. After
his death twins are born, a son and a daughter. How should
the estate be divided so as to satisfy the will ?

9. What is the value of 4^^ , when n = 0?

10. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high.
On the middle line of one of the smaller side Avails and 1 foot
from the ceiling is a spider. On the middle line of the oppo-
site wall and 11 feet from the ceiling is a fly. The fly being
paralyzed by fear remains still until the spider catches it
by crawling the shortest route. How far did the spider
crawl ?

11. I found $10; what was my gain per cent?

12.* A conical glass is 4 inches high and 6 inches across
at the top. A marble is within the glass, and water is poured
in till the marble is just immersed. If the amount of water
poured in is ^ the contents of the glass, what is the diameter
of the marble ?

13. A banker discounts a note at 9 % per annum, thereby
getting 10 % per annum interest. How long does the note
run ?

14. In extracting the square root of a perfect power the
last complete dividend was found to be 1225. What was the
power ?

15.* Mr. Smith has a lawn the dimensions of which are to
each other as 3 to 2. If he should increase each dimension one
foot, the lawn would cover 651 square feet of land. What are
the dimensions of the lawn ?

16. A merchant marked his goods to gain 80 %, but on ac-
count of using an incorrect yardstick, gained only 40 %.
Find the length of the measure.

ARtTHMETICAL PROBLEMS 3

17.* The area of a triangle is 24,276 square feet, and its
sides are in proportion to the numbers 13, 14, and 15. Find
the length of each side.

18. Between 2 and 3 o'clock, I mistook the minute hand
for the hour hand, and consequently thought the time 55 min-
utes earlier than it was. What was the correct time ?

19. A slate including the frame is 9 inches wide and 12
inches long. The area of the frame is \ of the whole area, or
J of the area inside the frame. What is the width of the
frame ?

20. If 6 acres of grass, together with what grows on the
6 acres during the time of grazing, keep 16 oxen 12 weeks, and
9 acres keep 26 oxen 9 weeks, how many oxen will 15 acres
keep 10 weeks, the grass growing uniformly all the time ?

21. A boy on a sled at the top of a hill 200 feet long, slides
down and runs half as far up another hill. He sways back
and forth, each time going ^ as far as he came. How far will
he have traveled by the time he comes to a halt ?

22. 3 + 3x3-3-3-3=?

23. 2h-2--2--2--2x2x 2x2-i-0x 2=?

24. 3^3-^3^3x3x3x0x 3= ?

25. A fly can crawl around the base of a cubical block in
4 minutes. How long will it take it to crawl from a lower
corner to the opposite upper corner?

26. A squirrel goes spirally up a cylindrical post, making a
circuit in each 4 feet. How many feet does it travel if the
post is 16 feet high and 3 feet in circumference ?

27. If the cloth for a suit of clothes for a man weighing 216
pounds costs $ 16, what will be the cost of enough cloth of the
same quality for a man of similar form weighing 512 pounds ?

28. A ball 12 feet in diameter when placed in a cubic room
touches the floor, ceiling, and walls. What must be the diam-

4 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

eter of 8 smaller balls, which, will touch this ball and the faces
of the given cube ?

29. At what time between 3 and 4 o'clock is the minute
hand the same distance from 8 as the hour hand is from 12 ?

30.* By cutting from a cubical block enough to make each
dimension 2 inches shorter it is found that its solidity has
been decreased 39,368 cubic inches. Find a side of the original
cube.

31. A number increased by its cube is 592,788. Find the
number.

32.* The difterence of two numbers is 40 ; the difference of
their squares is 4800. What are the numbers ?

33. A man can row upstream in 3 hours and back again in
2 hours. Determine the distance, the rate of the current being
1 mile per hour.

34. A rented a farm from B, agreeing to give B i of all the
produce. During the year A used 90 bushels of the corn
raised, and at settlement first gave B 20 bushels to balance the
90 bushels and then divided the remainder as if neither had
received any. How much did B lose ? x

35. A certain number increased by its square is equal to
13,340. Find the number.

36.* The cube root of a certain number is 10 times the
fourth root. Find the number.

37. A number divided by one more than itself gives a
quotient yL. What is the number ?

38. What do I pay for goods sold at a discount of 50, 25,
and 100 % off, the list price being $ 50 ?

39. If an article had cost ^ less, the rate of loss would have
been ^ less. Find the rate of loss.

40. A merchant having been asked for his lowest prices on
shoes, replied, " I give a certain per cent off for cash, the same

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 5

per cent off the cash price tu ministers, and the same per cent
off the price to ministers to widows." The price to widows is
l^f of the marked price. What per cent does he give off for
cash?

41. If James had $40 more money he could buy 20 acres of
land, or with $ 80 less he could buy only 10 acres. How much
money has he and what is the value of an acre ?

42. What is the least number of gallons of wine, expressed
by a whole number, that will exactly fill, without waste, bottles
containing either j, |, ^, or | gallons ?

43. I sold a house and gained a certain per cent on my in-
vestment. Had it cost me 20 % less, I should have gained 30 %
more. What per cent did I gain ?

44. Goods marked to be sold at 50 and 10 % discount were
disposed of by an ignorant salesman at 60 % from the list price.
What was the loss on cash sales amounting to S 15,000?

45. I paid $ 10 cash for a bill of goods. What was the list
price, if I received a discount of 50, 25, 20, and 10 % off ?

46. My clock gains 10 minutes an hour. It is right at
4 P.M. What is the correct time when the clock shows mid-
night of the same day ?

47. Two men working together can saw 5 cords of wood per
day, or they can split 8 cords of wood when sawed. How
many cords must they saw that they may be occupied the rest
of the day in splitting it ?

48. A grocery merchant sells goods at 80 % profit and takes
eggs in trade at market price. If 2 eggs in each dozen are
bad, find his per cent gain.

49. A hollow sphere whose diameter is 6 inches weighs | as
much as a solid sphere of the same material and diameter.
How thick is the shell ?

50. If a bin will hold 20 bushels of wheat, how many
bushels of apples will it hold ?

6 MATHEMATICAL WRmKLES

51. What per cent in advance of the cost must a merchant
mark his goods so that after allowing 5 % of his sales for bad
debts, and an average credit of 6 months, and 7 % of the cost
of the goods for his expenses, he may make a clear gain of
12-1- ^ Qf lY^Q f^^.g^ cQs^ Qf ^\^Q goods, money being worth 6 % ?

52. A teacher in giving out the dividend 84,245,000 was mis-
understood by his pupils, who reversed the order of the figures
in millions period. The quotient obtained was 36,000 too
small. What was the divisor ?

53. Three men bought a grindstone 20 inches in diameter.
How much of the diameter must each grind off so as to share
the stone equally, making an allowance of 4 inches waste for
the aperture ?

54. James is 30 years old and John is 3 years old. In how
many years will James be 5 times as old as John ?

55. A merchant sold a piano at a gain of 40 %. Had it cost
him $400 more, he would have lost 40 %. What did it cost
him?

56. A steamer goes 20 miles an hour dow^nstream, and 15
miles an hour upstream. If it is 5 hours longer in coming up
than in going down, how far did it go ?

57. A and B together can do a piece of work in 24 days.
If A can do only | as much as B, how long will it take each
of them to do the work ?

58. The sum of two numbers is 80 ; the difference of their
squares is 1600. What are the numbers ?

59. When a man sells goods at a price from which he re-
ceived a discount of 33 J- %, what is his gain per cent ?

60. 6-6--6 + 6x2-2=?

61. 3--3--3^3--3--i--i--i--i=?

62. How much water will dilute 5 gallons of alcohol 90 %
strong to 30 % ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS ' 7

63. I bought a house and lot for $ 1000, to be paid for in 5
equal payments, interest at 10%, payable annually ; payments
to be cash, 1, 2, 3, and 4 years from date of purchase. What
was the amount of each payment ?

64. I buy United States 4% bonds at 106, and sell them
in 10 years at 102. What is my rate of income ?

65. If a melon 20 inches in diameter is worth 20 cents,
what is one 30 inches in diameter worth ?

66. The difference between the true discount and the bank
discount of a note due in 90 days at 6 %, is $.90. What is
the face of the note ?

67. A writing desk cost a merchant $ 20. At what price
must it be marked so that the marked price may be reduced
40 % and still 50 % be gained ?

68. A man agreed to work 12 days for $ 18 and his board,
but he was to pay $1 a day for his board for every day he
was idle. He received $8 for his work. How many days
did he work ?

69. A druggist, by selling 10 pounds of sulphur for a certain
sum, gained 50%. If the cost of sulphur advances 20% in
the wholesale mai-ket, what per cent will the druggist now
gain by selling 7^ pounds for the same sum ?

70.* The head of a fish is 9 inches long. The tail is as long
as the head and .V of the body, and the body is as long as the
head and tail. What is the length of the fish ?

71. In a corner of a bin I pour some grain which extends
up the wall 8 feet, and whose base is measured by a circular
line 10 feet distant from the corner. How many bushels in
the pile ?

72. A substance is weighed from both arms of a false bal-
ance, and its apparent weights are 4 pounds and 16 pounds.
Find its true weight.

8 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

73. When wheat is worth $.90 a bushel, a baker's loaf
weighs 9 ounces. How many ounces should it weigh when
wheat is worth $ .72 a bushel ?

74. The difference between the interest of $ 700 and $ 300
for the same time at 6 % is $ 84. Find the time.

75. What is the price of 10 % stocks that yield a profit
equal to that of 5 % bonds bought at 80 ?

76. If I sell oranges at 8 cents a dozen, I lose 30 cents ; but
if I sell them at 10 cents a dozen, I gain 12 cents. How
many have I, and what did they cost me ?

77. If a man can swim across a circular lake in 20 minutes,
how long will it take him to ride twice around it at twice his
former rate ?

78. If f of the time past noon, plus 4 hours, equals f of the
time to midnight plus 3 hours, what is the time ?

79. A horse steps more than 30 and less than 50 inches at
each step. If he takes an exact number of steps in walking
259 inches and an exact number in walking 407 inches, what
is the length of his step ?

80. I sold two horses for $ 200. I gained 10 % on the first
and 20 % on the second. How much did each cost if the sec-
ond cost $ 20 more than the first ?

81. A thief is 27 steps ahead of an officer, and takes 8 steps
while the officer takes 5 ; but 2 of the officer's steps are equal to
5 of the thief's. In how many steps can the officer catch him ?

82. A tree is 60 feet high, which is f of f of the length of
its shadow diminished by 20 feet. Eequired the length of its
shadow.

83. What time is it if | of the time past noon is equal ta
■^ of the time to midnight ?

84. Between 2 and 3 o'clock the minute and hour hands of
a clock are together. What time is it ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 9

85. Which weighs the more, a pound of feathers or a pound
of gold ?

86. Four pedestrians whose, rates are as the numbers 2, 4,
6, and 8, start from the same point to walk in the same direc-
tion ai'ound a circular tract 100 yards in circumference. How
far has each gone when they are next together ?

87. If 2 miles of fence will inclose a square of 160 acres,
how large a square will 3 miles of fence inclose ?

88. I bought a hojse for $ 90, sold it fon $ 100, and soon
repurchased it for $ 80. How much did I make by trading ?

89. Considering the earth 8000, and the sun 800,000 miles
in diameter, how many earths would it take to equal the sun ?

90. A merchant marks his goods to sell at an advance of
25%, and sells a book for $2.25, and allows the customer
10 % oif from the marked price. What did the book cost the

merchant "/

91. A merchant gives a discount of 10%, but uses a yard
measure .72 of an inch too short. What rate of discount would
allow him the same amount of gain if the measure were cor-
rect?

92.* A merchant at one straight cut took off a segment of a
cheese which weighed 2 pounds, and had \ of the circumfer-
ence. W^hat was the weight of the whole cheese ?

93. What is the shortest distance that a fiy will have to go,
crawling from one of the lower corners of the room to the op-
posite upper corner — the room being 20 feet long, 15 feet
wide, and 10 high ?

94. I buy goods at 50 % off and sell them at 40 and 10 %
off. What is my per cent profit ?

95. A farmer goes to a store and says : " Give me as much
money as I have and I will spend ten dollars with you." It is
given him, and the farmer repeats the operation to a second,

10 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

and a third store, and has no money left. What did he have
in the beginning ?

96. A book and a pen cost $1.20; the book cost $1 more
than the pen. What was the cost of each ?

97. A dealer asked 30% profit, but sold for 10 % less than
he asked. What per cent did he gain ?

98. Suppose we leave the Pacific coast at sunrise, on Sep-
tember 28, and cross the Pacific Ocean fast enough to have sun-
rise all the way over to Manila, where it is sunrise September
29. How do you account for the lost day ?

99. A man was asked whether he had a score of sheep. He
replied, " No, but if I had as many more, half as many more,
and two sheep and a half, I should have a score." How many
had he ?

100. What part of threepence is a third of twopence ?

101. Three boys met a servant maid carrying apples to
market. The first took half of what she had, but returned to
her 10 ; the second took J, but returned 2 ; and the third took
away half those she had left, but returned 1. She then had
12 apples. How many had she at first ?

102. A person having about him a certain number of
German coins, said, "If the third, fourth, and sixth of them
were added together, they would make 54." How many did
he have ?

103. If a log starts from the source of a river on Friday, and
floats 80 miles down the stream during the day, but comes
back 40 miles during the night with the return tide, on
what day of the week will it reach the mouth of the river,
which is 300 miles long ?

104. 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0=?

105. One gentleman meeting another and inquiring the time
past 12 o'clock, received for an answer, " One third of the time
from now to midnight." What time in the afternoon was it ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 11

106. A said to B, " Give me $ 100, and then I shall have as
much as you." B said to A, " Give me $ 100, and then I shall
have twice as much as you." How many dollars had each ?

107. At the rate of 4 miles per hour, a raft floats past the
lantliiig at 8 A.M.; the down-going steamer, at the rate of 16
miles per hour, passes the landing at 4 p.m. What time is it
when the steamer overtakes the raft ?

108. A bought a horse for $ 80 and sold it to B at a certain
rate per cent of gain. B sold it to C at the same rate per cent
of gain. C paid $105.80 for the horse. What price did B
pay, and what was the rate per cent of gain ?

109. The sum of two numbers is 582 and their difference is
218. What are the numbers ?

110. What are the contents and inside surface of a cubical
box whose longest inside measurement is 2 feet ?

111. Three persons engaged in a trade with a joint capital
of S 9000. A's capital was in trade 5 months, B's 2 months,
and C's 1 month A's share of the gain was S 450, B's $ 270,
and C's $ 180. What was the capital of each ?

112. A man was hired for a year for $ 100 and a suit of
clothes, but at the end of 8 months he left and received his
clothes and $ 60 in money. What was the value of the suit
of clothes ?

1 13. A note for $ 100 was due on September 1, but on August
11, the maker proposed to pay as much in advance as would
allow him 60 days after September 1, to pay the balance.
How much did he pay August 11, money being worth 6 % ?

114. If I rent a house at $18 a month, payable monthly in
advance, what amount of cash payable at the beginning of the
year will pay the year's rent, interest at 5 % ?

115. If a house rents for $20 a month, payable at the close
of each month, what amount is due if not paid till the end of
year, interest at 6 % ?

12 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

116. A merchant sold a lease of $480 a year, payable quar-
terly, having 8 years and 9 months to rim, for $ 2500. Did he
gain or lose, and how much, interest at 8%, payable semi-
annually ?

117. A box of oranges weighed 64 pounds by the grocer's
scales, but being placed in the other scale of the balance, it
weighed only 30 pounds. What was the true weight of the
box of oranges ?

118. If a ball 5 inches in diameter weighs 8 pounds, what
will be the weight of a similar ball 10 inches in diameter ?

119. A, B, and C dine on 8 loaves of bread. A furnishes 5
loaves, B 3 loaves, and C pays the others 8 cents for his share.
How must A and B divide the money ?

120. A boy being asked how many fish he had, replied, " 11
fish are 7 more than -| of the number." How many had he ?

121. I have two lamps, one of 4-candle power, and one of
9-candle power. If the former is 30 feet distant, how far
away must I place the latter to give me the same amount
of light?

122. A merchant bought 90 boxes of lemons for $265, pay-
ing $ 3.50 for first quality and $ 3 for second quality. How
many boxes of each kind did he buy ?

123. A vessel after sailing due north and due east on alter-
nate days, is found to be 16V2 miles northeast of the starting
place. What distance has it sailed ?

124. Two teachers work together ; for 10 days' work of the
first and 8 days' work of the second they receive $28, and for
5 days' work of the first and 11 days' work of the second they
receive $21. What is each man's daily wages?

125. A hind wheel of a carriage 4 feet 6 inches high re-
volved 720 times in going a certain distance. How many
revolutions did the fore wheel make, which was 4 feet high ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 13

126. A farmer carried some eggs to market, for which he
received $ 2.56, receiving as many cents a dozen as there were
dozen. How many dozen were there ?

127. Three men, A, B, and C, ai-e to mow a circular meadow
containing 9 acres. A is to receive $3, B S4, and C$5 for
his work. What width must each man mow ?

128. If the diameter of a cannon ball is 100 times that of
a bullet, how many bullets will it take to equal the cannon
ball?

129. A man sells a cow and a horse for $ 120. He sells the
horse for $100 more than the cow. What did he sell each for?

130. If a man 5J feet tall weighs 166.375 pounds, how
much will a man 6 feet tall of similar proportions weigh ?

131. Having sold a house and lot at 4 % commission, I in-
vest the net proceeds in merchandise after deducting my com-
mission of 2% for buying. My whole commission is $50.
For how much did I sell the house and lot ?

132. A teacher agreed to teach a 10-weeks school for $ 100
and his board. At the end of the term, on account of 3
weeks' absence caused by sickness, he received only $58.
What was his board per week ?

133. In buying a bill of goods, I am offered my choice of
50, 25, and 5 % discount, or 5, 25, and 50 % discount. Which
is better?

134. The product of two numbers exceeds their difference
by their sum. Find one of the numbers.

135. Twice the sum of two numbers plus twice their differ-
ence is 80. What is the greater number ?

136. One half the sum of two numbers exceeds one half
their difference by 60. What is the smaller number?

137. What per cent is gained by sellir^g 13 ounces of coffee
for a pound ?

14 MATHEMATICAL WKIKKLES

138. If I sell I of an acre of land for what an acre cost me,
what per cent do I gain ?

139. I sold a horse for $ 200, losing 20 % ; I bought another
and sold it at a gain of 25 % ; I neither gained nor lost on the
two. What was the cost of each ?

140. At the time of marriage a wife's age was f of the age of
her husband, and 24 years after marriage her age was \^ of the
age of her husband. How old was each at the time of marriage ?

141. How much water is there in a mixture of 50 gallons of
wine and water, worth $ 2 per gallon, if 50 gallons of the wine
costs $250?

142. A Texas farmer keeps 2100 cows on his farm. For
every 3 cows he plows 1 acre of ground and for every 7 cows
he pastures 2 acres of land. How many acres are in his farm?

143. The divisor is 6 times the quotient. Find the quotient.

144. When gold was worth 25 % more than paper money,
what was the value in gold of a dollar bill ?

145. I bought 15 yards of ribbon, and sold 10 of them for
what I paid for all, and the remainder at cost. I gained $ .25
by the transaction. What did the ribbon cost me ?

146. If a ball of yarn 6 inches in diameter makes one pair
of gloves, how many similar pairs will a ball 12 inches in
diameter make ?

147. At what time between 4 and 5 o'clock do the hour and
minute hands of a clock coincide ?

148. At what time between 2 and 3 o'clock do the hour and
minute hands of a clock coincide ?

149. At what time between 2 and 3 o'clock are the hour and
minute hands of the clock at right angles ?

150. At what time between 2 and 3 o'clock are the hands
of a clock exactly opposite each other ?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 15

151. From 200 hundredths take 15 tenths.

152. Find the sum of 2324 thousandths and 24,325 hun-
dredths.

153. A lady at her marriage had her husband agree that if
at his death they should have only a daughter, she should have
J of his estate ; and if they should have only a son, she should
have |. They had a son and a daughter. How much should
each receive, if the estate was worth $ 23,375 ?

154. A crew can row 24 miles downstream in 3 hours, but
requires 4 hours to row back. What is the rate of the current?

155. What minuend is 80 greater than the subtrahend, which
is 20 greater than the remainder ?

156. The G. C. D. of two numbers is 60 and the L. C. M. is
720. Find the product of the numbers.

157. In extracting the cube root of a perfect power the oper-
ator found the last complete dividend to be 132,867. Find the
power.

158. A merchant marks his goods at an advance of 25 % on
cost. After selling J of the goods, he finds that some of the
goods on hand are damaged so as to be worthless ; he marks
the salable goods at an advance of 10 % on the marked price
and finds in the end that he has made 20 % on cost. What
part of the goods was damaged ?

159. A king has a horse shod and agrees to pay 1 cent for
driving the first nail, 2 cents for the second, 4 cents for the
third, doubling each time. What will the shoeing with 32
nails cost?

160. I sold a book at a loss of 25 %. Had it cost me $1
more, my loss would have been 40%. Find its cost.

161. At noon the three hands — hour, minute, and second —
of a clock are together. At what time will they first be to-
gether again?

16 MATHEMATICAL WKINKi.ES

162. A train is traveling from one station to another. After
traveling an hour it breaks down and is delayed for an hour.
It then proceeds at f of its former speed, and arrives 3 hours
late. Had it gone 50 miles farther before the breakdown, it
would have arrived 1 hour and 20 minutes sooner. Find the
rate of the train and the distance between the stations.

163. If a cocoanut 4 inches in diameter is worth 5 cents,
what is the worth of one 6 inches in diameter ?

164. Prove that the product of the G.C.D. and L.C.M. of
two numbers is equal to the product of the numbers.

165. Sum to infinity the series l + Y+i + B'+ **••

166. Find the sum of 1 + i + i + 2V + • • • to infinity.

167. Find the sum of 4 -f- 0.4 -{- 0.04 + ... to infinity.

168. What is the distance passed through by a ball before
it comes to rest, if it falls from a height of 100 feet and re-
bounds half the distance at each fall ?

169. Two trains start at the same time, ouq from Jackson-
ville to Savannah, the other from Savannah to Jacksonville.
If they arrive at destinations 1 hour and 4 hours after passing,
what are their relative rates of running ?

170. If sound travels at the rate of 1090 feet per second,
how far distant is a thundercloud when the sound of the thun-
der follows the flash of lightning after 10 seconds ?

171. The G.C.D. and the L.C.M. of two numbers between
100 and 200 are respectively 4 and 4620. Find the numbers.

172. What three equal successive discounts are equivalent
to a single discount of 58.8 % ?

173. How much will the product of two numbers be in-
creased by increasing each of the numbers by 1 ?

174. I can beat James 4 yards in a race of 100 yards, and
James can beat John 10 yards in a race of 200 yards. How
many yards can I beat John in a race of 500 yards ?

a:^thmetical problems 17

175. Three ladies own a ball of yarn G inches in diameter.
What portion of the diameter must each wind off in order to
divide the yarn equally among them ?

176. Demonstrate the following : If the greater of two num-
bers is divided by the less, and the less is divided by the
remainder, and this process is continued till there is no re-
mainder, the last divisor will be the greatest common divisor.

177. Find the volume of a rectangular piece of ice 8 feet
long, 7 feet wide, and floating in water, with 2.4 inches of its
thickness above water, the specific gravity of ice being .9.

178. Two trains, 400 and 200 feet long respectively, are
moving with uniform velocities on parallel rails; when they
move in opposite directions they pass each other in 5 seconds,
but when they move in the same direction, the faster train
passes the other in 15 seconds. Find the rate per hour at
which each train moves.

179. A boy is running on a horizontal plane directly towards
the foot of a tree 50 feet in height. When he is 100 feet from
the foot of the tree, how much faster is he approaching it than
the top ?

180. Express 77,610 in the duodecimal scale.
181.* In what scale is 6 times 7 expressed by 110?

182. Express Adam's age at his death in the binary scale.

183. Add 3152e, 4204e, 3241e, SlOSg.

184. Subtract 12,3125 from 23,024^.

185. Multiply 62,453; by 325;.

186. Divide 2,034,431, by 234,.

187. Extract the square root of 170».

188* Extract the cube root of 3I2O4.

189. How many trees can be set out upon a space 100 feet
square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 10 feet ?

18 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

190. How many stakes can be driven down upon a space 12
feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 1
foot?

191. Multiply 789,627 by 834, beginning at the left to
multiply.

192. Two fifths of a mixture of wine and water is wine ; but
if 10 gallons of water be added to it, then only -^-^ of the mix-
ture will be wine. How many gallons of each liquid is in the
mixture ?

193. Simplify
10 4- —

1 + -1

1 +

1-i

194. 15,600 is the product of three consecutive numbers.
What are they ?

195. Find a number which is as much greater than 1042 as
it is less than 1236.

196. Multiply 729,038 by 105,357 using only 3 multipliers.

197. What is the smallest number to be subtracted from
10,697 to make the result a perfect cube ?

198. I wish to reach a certain place at a certain time ; if I
walk at the rate of 4 miles an hour, I shall be 10 minutes late,
but if I walk 5 miles an hour, I shall be 20 minutes too soon.
How far have I to walk ?

199. A wineglass is half full of wine, and another twice
the size is \ full. They are then filled up with water, and the
contents mixed. What part of the mixture is wine, and what
part water ?

200. A cork globe 2 feet in diameter, whose specific gravity
is -Jg, is hollowed out and filled with lead whose specific
gravity is 10. What must be the thickness of the shell of cork
so that it will sink just even with the surface of the water?

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 19

201. What temperature will result from mixing 100 pounds
of ice at 14° F. with 80 pounds of steam at 270° F. ?

202. It is 1800 miles from A to C, and the " Sunset Flyer "
annihilates the distance in 50 hours. She averages 30 miles
an hour from A to B, and 55 miles an hour from B to C.
Locate B.

203. A square and its circumscribing circle revolve about
the diagonal of the square as an axis. Compare the volumes
and surfaces of the solids generated, the diagonal being 6 feet.

204. The aggregate area of two square fields is 8J acres.
The side of the second is 10 rods longer than that of the first.
Ascertain the length of the first.

205. How high above the earth's surface (radius 4000 miles)
would a pound weight weigh but one ounce avoirdupois by
a scale indicator, corrected for change of elasticity by tem-
perature ?

206. On a west-bound freight train a man is running east-
ward at the rate of 6 miles an hour, and likewise a man runs
in the same direction 8 miles an hour on a train going east.
If the trains pass while running 36 and 22 miles an hour, re-
spectively, how many miles apart are the men at the end of
one minute from the moment they pass each other ?

207. A drawer made of inch boards is 8 inches wide, 6
inches deep, and slides horizontally. How far must it be
drawn out to put into it a book 4 inches wide and 9 inches
long?

208. The dividend is 4352, the remainder 17, which is the
G.C. D. of the quotient and divisor, whose difference you may
find.

209. B paid S9 more than true discount by borrowing
money at a bank for one year at 12 % . Find the face of the
note.

20 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

210. How many feet of inch lumber in a wagon tongue 10
feet long, 4 inches square at one end and 2 inches by 3 inches
at the other end ?

211. How many inch balls can be put in a box which meas-
ures inside 10 inches square and 5 inches deep ?

212. If the posts of a wire fence around a rectangular field
twice as long as wide were set 16 feet apart instead of 12 feet,
it would save 66 posts. How many acres in the field ?

213. If gold is 19.3 times as heavy as water and copper 8.89
as heavy, how many times as heavy is a coin composed of 11
parts of gold and 1 part of copper ?

214. A ball falls 15 feet and bounces back 5 feet. How far
will it bound before it comes to rest ?

215. A borrows $500 from a building and loan association
and agrees to pay $9.50 per month for 72 months, the first
payment to be made at the end of the first month. What rate
of interest does he pay ? The association claims to charge
only 8 % (the legal rate in Alabama). How can the per cent
be figured out ?

216. A rope 50 feet long is fastened to two stakes, driven 40
feet apart. A calf is fastened to a ring which moves freely on
this rope. Over what area can the calf graze ?

217. A metal dog made of gold and silver weighs 8.75
ounces. Its specific gravity is 14.625, that of gold 19.25, and
that of silver 10.5. Find the number of ounces of gold in it.

218. By drilling an inch hole through a cubical block of
wood parallel to the faces of the block, -J^ of the wood was
cut away. What were the dimensions of the block ?

219. Find two numbers whose G. CD. is 24, and L. C. M.

288.

220. Find the greatest number that will divide 364, 414,
and 539, and leave the same remainder in each case.

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 21

221. Had an article cost me 8% less, the number of per
cent gain would have been 10 % more. What was the gain ?

222. At what time between 3 and 4 o'clock will the minute
hand be as far from 12 on the left side of the dial plate as
the hour hand is from 12 on the right side ?

223. A ball whose specific gravity is 3| measures a foot in
diameter. Find the diameter of another ball of the same
weight but with a specific gravity of 2J^.

224. A owes $ 2500 due in two years. He pays $ 500 cash
and gives a note payable in 8 months, for the balance. Find
the face of the note, money being worth 6 %.

225. A man bought a horse for $201, giving his note due
in 30 days. He at once sold the horse, taking a note for
$224.40, due in 4 months. What was his rate of gain at the
time of the sale, interest 6 % ?

226. The minute hand and the hour hand coincide every 65
minutes. Does the clock gain or lose, and how much ?

227. A ball weighing 970 ounces, weighs in water 892
ounces, and in alcohol 910 ounces. What is the specific
gravity of alcohol ?

228. A steamer moves through 8° of longitude daily in ply-
ing to and fro across the Atlantic. How long is it from one
noon to the next ?

229. A, B and C raise 165 acres of grain. A owns 100 acres
of the land and B 65 acres. C pays the others $110 rent.
How must A and B divide this money if the grain is shared
equally ?

230. A silver cup is a hemisphere filled with wine worth
$1.20 a quart. The value of the cup is 2 dimes for every
square inch of internal surface, and the cup is worth just as
much as the wine. What is the value of the cup ?

231. A ball 12 inches in diameter is rolled around a circular
room 12 feet in diameter in such a way that it always touches

22 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

both wall and floor. How many revolutions does the ball
make in rolling once around the room ?

232. A man desires to purchase eggs at 5 cents, 1 cent,
and ^ cent, respectively, in such numbers that he will obtain
100 eggs for a dollar. How many solutions in rational inte-
gers ?

233. How many board feet in a piece of lumber, 2 inches
square at one end and at the other end 1 inch by 12 inches,
if the ends are parallel ?

234. How many board feet in the above piece of lumber if
it is 24 feet long ?

235. Is anything expressed by .^ ? If so, what ?

236. A man bequeathed to his son all the land he could in-
close in the form of a right-angled triangle with 2 miles of
fence, the base of the triangle to be 128 rods. How many
acres did he get?

237. The distance around a rectangular field is 140 rods,
and the diagonal is 50 rods. Find its length, breadth, and
area.

238. The specific gravity of ice being .918 and of sea water
1.03, find the volume of an iceberg floating with 700 cubic
yards above water.

239. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high.
At one end of the room, 3 feet from the floor, and midway
from the sides, is a spider. At the other end, 9 feet from the
floor, and midway from the sides, is a fly. Determine the
shortest path by way of the floor, ends, sides, and ceiling,
the spider can take to capture the fly.

240. A and B are engaged in buying hogs, each paying out
of his individual funds for hogs purchased by him, and each
retaining as his individual funds the money received from sales
made by him. They now wish to form a partnership to cover

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS 23

all past transactions and to share equally in the settlement for
sales and purchases, and also to be equally interested in hogs
which they have on hand unsold. The following data given :

A has paid for hogs $1183.35, and received from sales of
hogs $434.35. '

B has paid for hogs $241.55, and received from sales of hogs
$619.00.

Invoice of hogs on hand at this time $511.35.

How much does A owe B, or B owe A, so that they will have
shared equally in payments and receipts, and be equally inter-
ested in the hogs on hand ?

241. The hour, minute, and second hands of a clock turn on
the same center. At what time after 12 o'clock is the hour
hand midway between the other two ? The second hand mid-
way between the other two? The minute hand midway be-
tween the other two ?

242. My agent sold pork at a commission of 7%. The pro-
ceeds being increased by $6.20, I ordered him to buy cattle
at a commission of 3J%. Cattle now declined in price 33 J %,
and I found my total loss, including commissions, to be exactly
$1002.20. Find the value of the pork.

243. A owes $900, due December 10, but he makes two equi-
table payments, one September 8 and the other January 10.
Find each payment.

244. A man, dying, left an estate of $23,480 to his three
sons, aged 15, 13, and 11 years, to be so divided that each share
placed at interest shall amount to the same sum as the sons,
respectively, become 21 years of age. What was each son's
share, money being worth 5 % ?

245. A man spent $ 100 in buying two kinds of silk at $ 4.50
and $4.00 a yard; by selling it at $4.25 per yard he gained
2 ojo • How many yards of each did he buy ?

24 MATHEMATICAL WKIKKLES

246. A lady being asked the time of day replied, "It is
between 4 and 5 o'clock, and the hour and minute hands are
together." What was the time ?

247. Three men A, B, and C can do a piece of work in 60
days. After working together 10 days, A withdraws and B
and C work together at the same rate for 20 days, then B with-
draws and C completes the work in 96 days, working i longer
each day. Working at his former rate, C alone could do the
work in 222 days. Find how long it would take A and B each
separately to do the work.

248. In a class there are twice as many girls as boys. Each
girl makes a bow to every other girl, to every boy, and to the
teacher. Each boy makes a bow to every other boy, to every
girl, and to the teacher. In all there are 900 bows made.
How many boys are in the class ?

249. A boy weighing 96 pounds is seated on one end of a see-
saw 16 feet long, and a boy weighing 120 pounds is seated on
the other end. Find the distance of each boy from the point
of support, the lengths of the two arms of the plank being
inversely proportional to the weights at their ends.

250. Two men are on opposite sides of the center of the
earth. Find the shortest distance that each will be required
to go in order to exchange places, provided they travel different
routes and so travel as to enjoy each other's company for 500
miles of the distance. (Radius of earth = 4000 miles.)

251. A conical wine glass 2 inches in diameter and 3
inches deep is ^ full of water. What is the depth of the
water ?

252. A hollow sphere 8 inches in diameter is filled with
water. How many hollow cones, each 8 inches in altitude,
and 8 inches in diameter at the base, can be filled with the
water in the sphere ?

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS

1. I am now twice as old as you were when I was your
age. When you are as old as I now am, the sum of our ages
will be 100. What are our ages ?

2. A starts from Gunter to Denton, and at the same time
B starts from Denton to Gunter ; A reaches Denton 32 hours,
and B reaches Gunter 60 hours, after they meet on the way.
In how many hours do they make the journey?

3. At what time between 10 and 11 o'clock is the second
hand of a clock one minute space nearer to the hour hand than
it is to the minute hand?

4. In walking along a street on which electric cars are
running at equal intervals from both ends, I observe that I
am overtaken by a car every 12 minutes, and that I meet one
every 4 minutes. What are the relative rates of myself and
tjie cars, and at what intervals of time do the cars start ?

6. What are eggs per dozen when 2 less in a shilling's
worth raise the price one penny per dozen?

6. Two men agree to build a walk 100 yards in length for
S200. They divide the work so that one man should receive
60 cents more per yard than the other. How many yards
does each man build, if he receives $100?

7. Two boats start from opposite sides of a river at the
same instant, and throughout the journeys to be described
maintain their respective speed. They pass one another at a
point just 720 yards from the left shore. Continuing on their
respective journeys, they reach opposite banks, where each
boat remains 10 minutes and then proceeds on its return trip.

26 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

This time the boats meet at a point 400 yards from the right
shore. What is the width of the river ?

8. How many acres does a square tract of land contain,
which sells for $ 160 an acre, and is paid for by the number
of silver dollars that will lie upon its boundary ?

9. Two girls, 4 feet apart, walk side by side around a
circular park. How far does each walk if the sum of their
distances is 1 mile ?

10. How many acres are there in a field, the number of
rails used in fencing the field equaling the number of acres —
each rail being 11 feet long and the fence 4 rails high ?

11. Three men are going to make a journey of 40 miles.
The first can walk at the rate of 1 mile per hour, the second
walks at the rate of 2 miles per hour, and the third goes in a
buggy at the rate of 8 miles per hour. The third takes the
first with him and carries him to such a point as will allow
the third time to drive back to meet the second, and carry him
the remaining part of the 40 miles, so as all may arrive at the
same time. How long will it require to make the journey ?

12. Two trains, 400 and 200 feet long respectively, are mov-
ing with uniform velocities on parallel rails ; when they move
in opposite directions, they pass each other in 5 seconds, but
when they move in the same direction, the faster train passes
the other in 15 seconds. Find the rate per hour at which each
train moves.

13. How many minutes is it until 6 o'clock, if 50 minutes
ago it was 4 times as many minutes past 3 o'clock?

14. A man bought a gun for a certain price. Now, if he
sells it for $ 9, he will lose as much per cent as the gun cost.
Required the cost of the gun.

15. In a nest were a certain number of eggs; if I had
brought 1 egg that I didn't bring, I should have brought | of

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 27

thera, and if I had left 2 eggs that I did bring, I should have
brought half of them. How many eggs were in the nest?

16. A man sold a lot for $ 144. The number of dollars the
lot cost was the same as the number of per cent profit. What
did the lot cost ?

17. What is the side of a cube which contains as many cubic
inches as there are square inches in its surface ?

18. What is the length of one edge of that cube which con-
tains as many solid units as there are linear units in the diag-
onal through the opposite corners ?

19. The sum, the product, and the difference of the squares
of two numbers are all equal. Find the numbers.

20. Upon inquiring the time of day, a gentleman was in-
formed that the hour and minute hands were together between
4 and 5. What was the time of day ?

21. An officer wishing to arrange his men in a solid square,
found by his first arrangement that he had 39 men over. He
then increased the number of men on a side by 1, and found
50 men were needed to complete the square. How many men
did he have ?

22. A young lady being asked what she paid for her eggs,
replied, "Three dozen cost as many cents as I can buy eggs for
36 cents." What was the price per dozen ?

23. A cube is formed out of a lot of cubical blocks, 1 foot
each, and it is found by using 448 more another cube is formed,
the edge of which is 8 feet. What was the length of an edge
of the original cube ?

24. Find two numbers whose product is equal to the differ-
ence of their squares, and the sum of their squares equal to the
difference of their cubes.

25. A young lady being asked her age, answered, " If you
add the square root of my age to | of my age, the sum will be
10." Required her age.

28 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

26. There is a fish whose head is 9 inches long ; the tail is
as long as the head and | the body ; and the body is as long as
the head and the tail together. What is the length of the
fish?

27. I bought 2 horses for S 80 ; I sold them for $ 80 apiece,
the gain on the one being 20 % more than on the other. What
was the cost of each ?

28. A man has a square lot upon which he wishes to
build a house facing the street, with a driveway around the
other three sides. He wants the house to cover the same
amount of land as the driveway. How wide shall he make
the driveway, the lot being 100 feet each way ?

29. An officer can form his men into a hollow square 4 deep,
and also into a hollow square 6 deep ; the front in the latter
formation contains 12 men fewer than in the former formation.
Find the number of men.

30. How must a line 12 inches long be divided into two
parts so that the rectangle of the whole line and one part shall
equal the square on the other side ?

31. Two miners, B and C, have the same monthly wages.
B is employed 7 months in the year, and his annual expenses
are $350; C is employed 5 months in the year, and his annual
expenses are $250. In 5 years B saves the same amount
that C saves in 7 years. What were the monthly wages of
each?

32.

Simplify: '^ , : •

33.

Find the value of x in the equation :

2(l + ^') = (l + a;)^

34.

Solve the equation :

iB* + 4 m^x —m* — 0.

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 29

Solve the following equations :

36. r^ + 3/=ll, 39. Vx+V2/ = 5,

36. x'-y^f-^x, 4Q x-hy = 13,

^ + y = Kx-fy ^_^^_^g^

«^- ^ + 3/ = 10, ,, a- + a:y + 2r' = 39,

yVa;=12. ar^4-a:z + z2 = i9,

38. x^4-r = 13, y2^y2-f-z* = 49.
y + X2/ = 9.

42. 5t/(a;« + l)-3ar'(2/«+l)=0,
15y«(ar^4-l)-x(/ + l)=0.

43. A farmer being asked how many acres he had, replied,
" My land is square. I have plowed just 2 rods wide around,
and have plowed just \ my land." How many acres has he ?

44. From a 10-gallon keg of wine a man filled a jug. He
then filled the keg with water, and repeated the operation a
second time, when he found the keg contained equal amounts
of water and wine. Find the capacity of the jug.

45. If a certain number is divided by 32, the remainder is
25 ; if divided by 25, the remainder is 19 ; and if divided by
19, the remainder is 11. What is the number?

46. If Dr. A loses 3 patients out of 7 ; Dr. B, 4 out of 13 ;
and Dr. C, 5 out of 19 ; what chance has a sick man for his
life, who is dosed by the three doctors for the same disease ?

47. Said Robin to Richard, " If ever I come

To the age that you are, brother mine,
Our ages united would amount to the sum

Of years making ninety-nine."
Said Richard to Robin, " That's certain, and if it be fair

For us to look forward so far,
I then shall be double the age that you were,

When I was the age that you are."

30 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

48. A tells the truth 2 times out of 3, B 6 times out of 7,
and C 4 times out of 5. What is the probability of the truth
of an assertion that A and B affirm and C denies ?

49. A plank 16 feet long with a weight of 196 pounds, on
one end balances across a fulcrum placed 1 foot from the
196-pound weight. What is the weight of the plank ?

50. A man desires to purchase eggs at 5 cents, 1 cent, and
■i- cent, respectively, in such numbers that he will obtain 100
eggs for a dollar. How many solutions in rational integers ?

51. Ann's brother started to school. On the first day the
teacher asked him his age. He replied, " When I was born,
Ann was ^ the age of mother and is now ^ as old as father,
and I am J of mother's age. In 4 years I shall be i as old
as father." How old is Ann's brother ?

52. Solve for x :

Om+6 Qm-1 Q(n+1)*

^6 ^ _J_ !_» i.y ^ ,21^-^-n . 32-1-^-1).

53. My wife was born ,,

lL(f)UL 2^^' 2«-ijL(2 . 3 . 3K e^ijl

What was her age August 10, 1904 ?

Note. — Problems 54-67, inclusive, are from Bowser's "College Al-
gebra."

54. Express with positive exponents

■V(a + &)'x(a + 6)-t.
55. Extract the square root of

6-f.2V2 + 2V3-|-2V6.
66. Extract the square root of

54.V10- V6- Vi5.

57. Solve a;~^ + a;~^ = 6.

xy =2*.

61.

x^ + y^ = 14a^/,

x-{-y = a.

62.

m'<^)'-^-

xy — x — y — bAi.

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS 31

58. Solve a;^-|-x^ = 1056.

69. Solve -Jt— {a^-h^)x= -^ -.

60. Solve the following :

6(a^ + y* + 2^) = 13(0; ^- 2/ -h 2) = *fL,

63. a? + y{xy-l) = 0,
f-x(xy + l) = 0.

65. (x^-hl)y = (f-¥l)^y
{f^l)x=9(x^ + l)f,

66. A offers to run three times round a course while B runs
twice round, but A gets only 150 yards of his third round fin-
ished when B wins. A then offers to run four times round to B
three times, and now quickens his pace so that he runs 4 yards
in the time he formerly ran 3 yards. B also quickens his so
that he runs 9 yards in the time he formerly ran 8 yards, but
in the second round falls off to his original pace in the first
race, and in the third round goes only 9 yards for 10 he went
in the first race, and accordingly this time A wins by 180
yards. Determine the length of the course.

67. On the ground are placed n stones ; the distance between
the first and second is 1 yard, between the second and third
3 yards, between the third and fourth 5 yards, and so on.
How far will a person have to travel who shall bring them
one by one to a basket placed at the first stone ?

68. Sionius and his wife Lionius sip from the same bowl
filled with milk. Lionius sips during f of the time which
Sionius would take to empty the bowl ; then Lionius stops and

32 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

hands it to Sionius to finish. If both had sipped together, the
bowl would have been emptied 6 minutes sooner, and Lionius
would have received | of the milk which Sionius sipped after
receiving the bowl from Lionius. In what time would Sionius
and Lionius sipping together empty the bowl ?

69. Once, in classic days, Silenus lay asleep, a goatskin
filled with wine near him. Dionysius passing by, profited by
seizing the skin, and drinking for | of that time in which
Silenus alone could have emptied said skin. At this point Si-
lenus awoke, and seeing what was happening, snatched away
the precious skin, and finished it.

Now, had both started together, and drunk simultaneously,
they would have consumed the wine skin in 2 hours less
time. And, in this case, Dionysius' share would have been
J as much as Silenus did secure, by waking and snatching the
skin. In what time would either one of them alone finish the
goatskin ?

70. Three regiments move north as follows : B is 20 miles
east of A ; C is 20 miles south of B, and each marches 20
miles between the hours of 5 a.m. and 3 p.m. A horseman
with a message from C starts at 5 a.m. and rides north till he
overtakes B, then sets a straight course for the point at which
he calculates to overtake A, then sets a straight course for the
next point at which he will again overtake B, then rides south
to the point where he first overtook B, reaching that point at
the same time as C, namely, 3 p.m. What uniform rate of
travel enabled the messenger to do this ?

71. Three men and a boy agree to gather the apples in an
orchard for $ 50. The boy can shake the apples in the same
time that the men can pick them, but any one of the men can
shake them 25 % faster than the other two men and boy can
pick them. Find the amount due each.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES

1. Construct a trapezoid having given the sum of the
parallel sides, the sum of the diagonals, and the angle formed
by the diagonals.

2. If three equal circles are tangent to each other, each to
each, and inclose a space between the three arcs equal to 200
square feet, find the diameter of each circle.

3. An iron rod of a certain length stands against the side
of a house ; if it is pulled out 4 feet at the bottom, the top
moves down the side of the house a distance equal to ^ the
rod. Find the length of the rod.

4. A circle whose area is 1809.561 square feet is described
upon the perpendicular of a right triangle as a diameter.
From the point where the circumference cuts the hypotenuse
a tangent to the circle is drawn, which cuts the base. If the
shortest distance from the point of intersection of the tangent
with the base to the perpendicular is 18 feet, what is the length
of the hypotenuse?

5. The number of cubic inches contained by two equal
opposite spherical segments, together with the number of
cubic inches contained by the cylinder included between these
segments, is 600. If this be J of the number of cubic inches
contained by the whole sphere, find the height of the cylinder.

6. The sum of the sides of a right-angled triangle is 200
feet. What is its area, the hypotenuse being 4 times the per-
pendicular let fall upon it from the right angle ?

34 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

7. In a right-angled triangle the hypotenuse is 100 feet,
and a line bisecting the right angle and terminating in the
hypotenuse is 14.142 feet. Eind the length of each of the
other two sides.

8. Two posts, one of which is 24, and the other 16 feet
high are 100 feet apart. What is the length of a rope just
long enough to touch the ground between them, the ends of
the rope being fastened to the top of each post?

9. A ladder 30 feet long leans against a perpendicular wall
at an angle of 30°. How far will its middle point move, pro-
vided the top moves down the wall until it reaches the ground ?

10. A man owns a piece of land in the form of a right-
angled triangle. The sum of the sides about the right angle is
70 feet and their difference equals the length of a line parallel
to the shorter side, dividing the triangle into two equal parts.
Determine the length of the shorter side.

11. Required the greatest right triangle which can be con-
structed upon a given line as hypotenuse.

12. A man has a lot the shape of which is an equilateral
triangle, with an area of 60 square rods. How long a rope
will be required to graze his horse over ^ the lot, provided he
ties the rope to a corner post?

13. An iron ball 3 inches in diameter weighs 8 pounds.
Eind the weight of an iron shell 3 inches thick, whose external
diameter is 30 inches.

14. Eind the altitude of the maximum cylinder that can be
inscribed in a cone whose altitude is 9 feet and whose base is
6 feet.

15. Construct a plane triangle having given the base, the
vertical angle, and the bisector of the vertical angle.

16. How much of the earth's surface would a man see if he
WQre rg^ised, to the height of the diameter above it ?

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 35

17. To what height must a man be raised above the earth
in order that he may see \ of its surface ?

18. What part of the surface of a sphere 20 feet in diameter
is illuminated by a lamp 100 feet from the surface of the
sphere ?

19. If the earth is assumed to be a sphere of 4000 miles
radius, how far at sea can a lighthouse 110 feet high be seen ?

20. Determine the sides of an equilateral triangle, having
given the lengths of the three perpendiculars drawn from any
point within to the sides.

21. Find the number of cubic inches of water that a bowl
will hold, whose shape is that of a spherical segment, 10 inches
in height, the diameter of the top being 40 inches.

22. Find the side of the lai-gest cube that can be cut from
a globe 24 inches in diameter.

23. Which is the greater — 3 solid inches, or 3 inches solid ?

24. Three men living 60 miles from one another wish to dig
a well that will be the same distance from each of their homes.
Where must they dig the well ?

25. Bisect a given quadrilateral by a straight line drawn
through a vertex.

26. One arm of a right triangle is 30 feet and the perpen-
dicular from the vertex of the right triangle to the hypotenuse
is 24 feet. Find the area of the triangle.

27. Three chords, lengths 6, 8, and 10, just go around in a
semicircle. Find the radius of the circle.

28. A cone, a half globe, and a cylinder, of the same base
and altitude, are as 1 : 2 : 3.

29. Two sides of a triangle are 3 feet and 8 feet, respec-
tively, and inclose an angle of 60°. Find the third side.

36 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

30. A rectangular garden is 40 feet by 60 feet. It is sur-
rounded by a road of uniform width, the area of which is
equal to the area of the field. Find the width of the road.

31. The sum of the two crescents made by describing semi-
circles outward on the two sides of a right triangle and a semi-
circle toward them on the hypotenuse, is equivalent to the
right triangle.

32. Prove that the circle through the middle points of the
sides of a triangle passes through the feet of the perpendicu-
lars from the opposite vertices, and through the middle points
of the segments of the perpendiculars included between their
point of intersection and the vertices.

33. What is the volume of the frustum of a sphere, the
radius of whose upper base is 3 feet and lower base 4 feet, and
altitude 1 foot ?

34. If a circle rolls on the inside of a fixed circle of double
the radius, find the length of the path that any fixed point in
the circumference of the moving circle will trace out.

35. Find the diameter of a circle inscribed in a triangle
whose sides are 6, 8, and 10 feet, respectively.

36. Find the diameter of a circle circumscribed about a
triangle whose sides are 6, 8, and 10 feet, respectively.

37. What is the area of an equilateral triangle whose sides
are 100 inches ?

38. What is the area of a tetragon (square) whose sides are
100 inches ?

39. What is the area of a regular pentagon whose sides are
100 inches ?

40. What is the area of a regular hexagon whose sides are
10 feet?

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 37

41. What is the area of a regular heptagon whose sides are
10 feet ?

42. What is the area of a regular octagon whose sides are
10 feet ?

43. What is the area of a regular nonagon whose sides are
10 feet ?

44. What is the area of a regular decagon whose sides are
10 feet ?

45. What is the area of a regular undecagon whose sides
are 10 feet?

46. What is the area of a regular dodecagon whose sides
are 10 feet?

47. Find the side of an inscribed square of a triangle whose
base is 10 feet and altitude 4 feet.

48. Find the diameter of a circle of which the height of an
arc is 6 inches and the chord of half the arc is 10 inches.

49. Find the height of an arc, when the chord of the arc is
10 inches and the radius of the circle is 8 inches.

50. Find the chord of half an arc, when the chord of the
arc is 20 feet and the height of the arc is 2 feet.

51. Find the chord of half an arc, when the chord of the
arc is 10 inches and the radius of the circle is 8 inches.

52. Find the side of a circumscribed polygon, when the side
of a similar inscribed polygon is 10 feet and the radius of the
circle is 30 feet.

53. A log 10 feet long, 2 feet in diameter at one end and
3 feet at the other, is rolled along till the larger end describes
a circle. Find the diameter of the circle.

54. At the extremities of the diameter of a circular park
stand two electric light posts, one 12 feet high and the other
18 feet high. What points on the circumference of the park

38 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

are equidistant from the tops of the posts, the diameter of the
park being 100 feet ?

55. What is the circumference of the largest circular ring
that can be put in a cubical box whose edge is 4 feet ?

56. What is the side of the largest square that can be in-
scribed in a semicircle whose diameter is 2Vo feet?

57. What is the volume of the largest cube that can be
inscribed in a hemisphere whose diameter is 3 feet ?

58. In a triangle whose base is 30 inches and altitude 18
inches a square is inscribed. Find its area.

59. Two equal circles of 10-inch radii are described so that
the center of each is on the circumference of the other. Find
the area of the curvilinear figure intercepted between the two
circumferences.

60. Two equal circles of 8-inch radii intersect so that
their common chord is equal to their radius. Find the area
of the curvilinear figure intercepted between the two cir-
cumferences.

61. Find the area of a zone whose altitude is 4 feet on a
sphere whose radius is 10 feet.

62. Find the volume of a segment of a sphere whose altitude
is 1 foot and the radius of the base 2 feet.

63. Mr. Brown has a plank of uniform thickness 10 feet
long, 12 inches wide at one end and 5 inches at the other. How
far from the large end must it be cut straight across so that the
two parts shall be equal ?

64. Having given the lesser segment of a straight line
divided in extreme and mean ratio, to construct the whole line.

65. Find the volume of a spherical shell whose two surfaces
are 64 tt and 36 tt.

66. To construct a triangle having given the three medians.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 39

67. Two sides of a quadrilateral lot run east 216 feet and
north 63 feet. If the other two sides measure 135 and 180 feet,
respectively, what is its area in square yards ?

68. If the perimeter of a right triangle is 240 rods and the
radius of the inscribed circle 20 rods, what are the sides ?

69. On a hillside which slopes 11 feet in 61 feet of its
length, stands an upright pole. If this pole should break at
a certain point and fall up hill, the top would strike the
ground 61 feet from the base of the pole ; but if it should fall
down hill, its top would strike the ground 4S^ feet from the
base of the pole. Find the length of the pole.

70. A house and barn are
25 rods apart. The house
is 12 rods and the barn 5
rods from a brook running
in a straight line. What is
the shortest distance one
must walk from the house

to get a pail of water from the brook and carry it to the barn ?

71. Construct geometrically the square root of any number, n.

72. Construct a triangle having given the base, the median
upon the base, and the difference between the base angles.

73. A man owning a rectangular field 300 feet by 600 feet,
wishes to lay out driveways of equal width having the diago-
nals of the field as center lines, and such that the area of the
driveways shall be J of the area of the field. Determine the
width of the driveways.

74. Two ladders 14 feet apart at their base touch each
other at the top. Each is inclined the same, and a round
10 feet up on either side is as far from the top as it is
from the base of the other ladder. Get the length of the
ladders.

uouse^

""""'•^

Bam

Brook

40 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

75. A tree 123 feet high breaks off a certain distance up,
and the moment the top strikes a stump 15 feet high the
broken part points to a spot 108 feet from the base of the
tree. Find the length of the part broken off.

76. Divide a triangle into three equivalent parts by lines
drawn from a point P within the triangle.

77. From a point P without a circumference, to draw a
secant which is bisected by the circumference.

78. To construct a triangle having given the three feet of
the altitudes.

79. If from any point in the circumference of a circle per-
pendiculars be dropped upon the sides of an inscribed triangle
(produced, if necessary), the feet of the perpendiculars are in
a straight line.

80. Inside a square 10-acre lot a cow was tethered to the
fence at a point 1 rod from the corner by a rope just long
enough to allow her to graze over an acre of ground. How
long was the rope ?

81. From any point P in the bisector of the angle A in
a triangle ABCy perpendiculars PA\ PB\ PC are drawn to
the three sides. Prove PA' and JB'C" intersect in the median
from A.

82. If the bisectors of two angles of a triangle are equal, the
triangle is isosceles.

83. In a right triangle the bisector of the right angle also
bisects the angle between the perpendicular and the median
from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse.

84. Find the locus of a point the sum or the difference of
whose distances from two fixed straight lines is given.

85. The bisector of an angle of a triangle is less than half
the sum of the sides containing the angle.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 41

86. The difference between the acute angles of a right triangle
is equal to the angle between the median and the perpendicu-
lar drawn from the vertex of the right angle to the hypotenuse.

87. A hollow rubber ball is 2 inches in diameter and the
rubber is -^jr inch thick. How much rubber would be used
in the manufacture of 1000 such balls ?

88. Having given two concentric circles, draw a chord of the
larger circle, which shall be divided into three equal parts by
the circumference of the smaller circle.

89. The distances from a point to the three nearest corners
of a square are 1 inch, 2 inches, and 2J inches. Construct the
square.

90. Draw a chord of given length through a given point,
within or without a given circle.

91. Find the greatest segment of a line 10 inches long, when
it is divided in extreme and mean ratio.

92. In a quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 10, BC = 17, CD = 13,
DA = 20, and AC = 21. Find the diagonal BD.

93. To divide a trapezoid into two similar trapezoids by a
line parallel to the base.

94. From a given point in a circumference, to draw a chord
that is bisected by a given chord.

95. In a given line AB, to find a point C such that AC: BC

= 1 : V2:

96. From a given rectangle to cut off a similar rectangle by
a line parallel to one of its sides.

97. Find the locus of a point in space the ratio of whose
distances from two given points is constant.

98. Find the locus of a point whose distance from a fixed
straight line is in a given ratio to its distance from a fixed
plane perpendicular to that line.

42 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

99. Any point in the bisector of a spherical angle is equally
distant from the sides of the angle.

100. If any number of lines in space meet in a point, the feet
of the perpendiculars drawn to these lines from another point
lie on the surface of a sphere.

101. If the angles at the vertex of a triangular pyramid are
right angles, and the lateral edges are equal, prove that the
sum of the perpendiculars on the lateral faces from any point
in the base is constant.

102. A plane bisecting two opposite edges of a regular
tetraedron divides the tetraedron into two equal polyedrons.

103. The volume of a truncated triangular prism is equal to
the product of the lower base by the perpendicular on the
lower base from the intersection of the medians of the upper
base.

104. The point of intersection of the perpendiculars erected
at the middle of each side of a triangle, the point of intersec-
tion of the three medians, and the point of intersection of the
three perpendiculars from the vertices to the opposite sides are
in a straight line ; and the distance of the first point from the
second is half the distance of the second from the third.

105. Three circles are tangent externally at the points A,
B, and C, and the chords AB and AC are produced to cut the
circle BC at D and E. Prove that DE is a diameter.

106. A cylindrical bucket without a top is 6 inches in cir-
cumference and 4 inches high. On the inside of the vessel
1 inch from the top is a drop of honey, and on the opposite side
of the vessel 1 inch from the bottom, on the outside, is a fly.
How far will the fly have to go to reach the honey ?

107. P is any point on the circumcircle of an equilateral
triangle ABC; AP, BP meet BC, CA respectively in X, Y.
Prove BX - AY is constant.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 43

108. Find the locus of all points from which two unequal
circles subtend equal angles.

109. Show that any two perpendicular lines terminated by
the opposite sides of a square are equal to one another, and by
this property show how to escribe a square to a given quadri-
lateral.

110. If the incircle passes through the centroid of the tri-
angle, find the relation between the sides a, 6, and c.

111. If through a point O within a triangle ^BC parallels
EFy GHy IK to the sides be drawn, the sum of the rectangles
of their segments is equal to the rectangle contained by the
segments of any chord of the circumscribing circle passing
through 0.

112. If two chords intersect at right angles within a circle,
the sum of the squares on their segments equals the square on
the diameter.

113. If from a point A^ without a circle, two secants, ACD
and AGKy are drawn, the chords C/iTand DG intersect on the
chord of contact of the tangents from the point A to the circle.

114. If from a given point without a given circle any num-
ber of secants are drawn, the chords joining the points of
intersection of the secants with the circle all cross on the same
straight line.

115. To draw a tangent from a given external point to a
given circle by means of a ruler only.

116. Of all polygons constructed with the same given sides,
the cyclic polygon is the maximum.

117. The square on the side of a regular inscribed pentagon
is equal to the square on the side of a regular inscribed hexa-
gon, plus the square on the side of a regular inscribed decagon.

118. The area of an inscribed regular dodecagon is three
times the square of the radius of the circle.

44 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES -

119. The square of the side of an inscribed equilateral tri-
angle is equal to the sum of the squares of the sides of an
inscribed square and inscribed regular hexagon.

120. Construct a circumference equal to three times a given
circumference.

121. Construct a circle equivalent to three times a given
circle.

122. If ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral, and if we describe
any circle passing through the points A and B, another through
B and C, a third through G and D, and a fourth through D
and A ; these circles intersect successively in four other points,
E, F, G, H, forming another cyclic quadrilateral.

123. Construct a triangle, given the altitude, the median,
and the angle bisector, all from the same vertex.

124. Prove that the circumcircle of a triangle bisects each
of the six segments determined by the incenter and the three
excenters of the triangle.

125. If A, B, G are three collinear points, and if K is any
other point, prove that the circumcenters of the triangles KBG,
KCA, and KAB are concyclic with K.

126. If the diameter of a circle be divided into any number

of segments, and circumferences be de-
scribed upon these segments as diameters,
the sum of these circumferences is equal to
the circumference of the original circle.

127. I own a square garden as shown in
the above diagram. Within the garden
stands a tree 30 feet, 40 feet, and 50 feet

respectively from three successive corners. How much land

have 1 ?

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES

The Famous Nine-Point Circle.

128. (a) If a circle be described about the pedal triangle of
any triangle, it will pass through the middle points of the
lints drawn from the orthocenter to the vertices of the triangle,
and through the middle points of the sides of the triangle, in
all, through nine points.

(6) The center of the nine-point circle is the middle point of
the line joining the orthocenter and the center of the circum-
circle of the triangle.

(d) The centroid of the triangle also lies on the line join-
ing the orthocenter

and the center of yl

the circumcircle of \ / ;

the triangle, and \ / I

divides it in the \ X j

ratio of 2:1. \ ^,^^^,^ j

(e) The sides of \ -- - ^
the pedal triangle
intersect the sides
of the given tri- /^
angle in the radi- i a'<
cal axis of the cir- \
cumscribing and
nine-point circles.

(/) The nine-
point circle is tan-
gent to the in- \ /
scribed and es- "'v /

cribed circles of \ ^-- ^-^

the triangle.

Let ABD be any triangle, A\ B\ D\ the projections of the
vertices on the opposite sides; //, «/, K, the mid-points of OAy

•Y --'

^-,

/ \

;

K 1

46 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

OB, OD, respectively, 0 being the orthocenter. Let L, M, N"
be the mid-points of the sides. Join F, E, and D. The A A'B'D'
is called the pedal triangle. The nine points A', N, K, D', H, B',
J, L, M are concyclic ; and the circle through them is the nine-
point circle of the triangle.

For the proofs of these theorems, see "Finkel's Mathematical
Solution Book " and the monograph, " Some Noteworthy Prop-
erties of the Triangle and Its Circles," by Dr. W. H. Bruce,
president of the North Texas State Normal School, Denton.

129. If from any point in either side of a right triangle, a
line is drawn perpendicular to the hypotenuse, the product of
the segments of the hypotenuse is equal to the product of the
segments of the side plus the square of the perpendicular.

130. A, B, and C are fixed points. Describe a square with
one vertex at A, so that the sides opposite to A pass through
B and G.

131. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, prove that the cen-
ters of the circles inscribed in triangles ABC, BCD, CDA,
DAB are the vertices of a rectangle.

132. A round hole one foot in diameter is cut through a
sphere 20 inches in diameter. Find the volume of the part
remaining, the axes of the hole passing through the center of
the sphere.

133. Given the incenter, circumcenter, and one excenter of
a triangle, construct it.

134. Divide the triangle whose sides are 7, 15, 20 into two
equivalent parts by a radius of the circumcircle.

135. Construct a triangle, given its altitude and the radii of
the inscribed and circumscribed circles.

136. In the semicircle ABCD express the diameter AD in
terms of the chords AB, BC, and CD.

GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES 47

137. On one side of an equilateral triangle describe out-
wardly a semicircle. Trisect the arc and join the points of
division with the vertex of the triangle. Find the ratio of the
segments of the diameter.

138. If a, 6, c are the sides of a triangle, and 5 (a^ -\-b^-\-c^
= G {ab + bc -\- ac), show that the incircle passes through the
centroid of the triangle.

139. If through the vertices of any inscribed polygon tan-
gents are drawn forming a circumscribed polygon, the con-
tinued product of the perpendiculars from any point in the
circle on the sides of the inscribed polygon is equal to the con-
tinued product of the perpendiculars from the same point on
the sides of the circumscribed polygon.

140. A lot 100 feet long and 60 feet wide has a walk ex-
tending from one corner halfway around it, and occupying
one third of the area. Required the width of the walk. A
geometrical construction is desired.

141. Construct a triangle, having given the vertical angle,
the sum of the tlfiree sides, and the perpendicular.

142. Prove that the dihedral angle of a regular octahedron is
the supplement of the dihedral angle of a regular tetrahedron.

143. Given the three diagonals of an inscriptible quadrilat-
eral, to construct the quadrilateral.

144. Pis a point on the minor arc AB of the circumcircle of
the regular hexagon ABCDEF; prove that PE + PD = PA
4- P5 + PC 4- PF.

145. In a right triangle the hypotenuse is 17 and the diam-
eter of the inscribed circle 6. Another equal circle is described
touching the base produced and the hypotenuse ; how far apart
are the centers of the two circles ?

146. Two equal circular discs are to be cut out of a rectan-
gular piece of paper, 9 inches long and 8 inches wide. What
is the greatest possible diameter of the discs ?

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

1. A seed is planted. Suppose at the end of 2 years it
produces a seed, and one each year thereafter ; each of these
when 2 years old produces a seed yearly. All the seeds
produced do likewise. How many seeds will be produced in
20 years ?

2. If a 4-inch auger hole be bored diagonally through a 12-
inch cube, what will be the volume displaced, the axis of the
auger hole coinciding with the diagonal of the cube ?

3. I have a circular orchard 110 yards in diameter. How
many trees can be set in it so that no two shall be within 16
feet of each other, and no tree within 5 feet of the fence ?

4. What is the convex surface and voluifte of a cylindric
ungula whose least length is 5 feet, greatest length 13 feet, the
radius of the base being 1^- feet ?

5. AYhat is the length of the arc whose chord is 16 feet and
height 6 feet ?

6. Find the area of a sector, having given the chord of the
arc equal to 16 feet, and the height of the arc equal to 6 feet.

7. What is the area of a segment whose base is 6 feet and
height 2 feet ?

8. Find the volume of an iron rod 2 inches in diameter and
10 feet from end to end containing a loop whose inner diameter
is 4 inches.

9. What is the area of a circular zone, one side of which
is 30 inches and the other 40 inches, and the distance between
them 10 inches ?

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 49

10. The shell of a hollow iron ball is 4 inches thick, and
contains \ of the number of cubic inches in the whole ball.
Find the diameter of the ball.

11. A rope 60 feet long wraps around two trees 6 feet and
10 feet in diameter, respectively, and crosses between them.
Find the distance between their centers.

12. On the tire of a wheel 4 feet in diameter is a black
spot. How far does the spot move while the wheel makes 4
revolutions ?

13. A fly lights on the spoke of a carriage wheel 4 feet in
diameter, 1 foot up from the ground. How far will the fly
have traveled when the wheel has made 2 revolutions on a
level plane?

14. An eagle and a sparrow are in the air ; the eagle is 100
feet above the sparrow. If the sparrow flies straight forward
in a horizontal line, and the eagle flies twice as fast directly
towards the sparrow, how far will each fly before the sparrow
is caught ?

15. A cow is tethered to the corner of a barn 25 feet square,
by a rope 100 feet long. How many square feet can she
graze ?

16. A solid cube weighs 300 pounds. If a power is applied
at an angle of 45° at an upper edge of the cube, how many
foot pounds will be required to overturn the cube ?

17. A tree 110 feet high, standing by the side of a stream
100 feet wide, is broken by a storm ; the fallen part is unde-
tached from the stump, and its top rests 10 feet above the
water and points directly to the opposite shore. How high is
the stump ?

18. At the edge of a circular lake 1 acre in area stands a
tree. What length of rope, tied to this tree, will allow a horse
to graze upon \ of an acre ?

50 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

19. A horse is tied to a stake in the circumference of a
6-acre field. How long must the rope be to allow him to graze
over just 1 acre inside the field ?

20. What is the longest piece of carpet 3 feet wide, cut
square at the ends, that can be put in a room 16 feet by 20
feet ?

21. The fore wheel and the hind wheel of a carriage are 12
feet and 15 feet in circumference, respectively; a rivet in the tire
of each is observed to be up when the carriage starts. How far
will each rivet have moved when they are next up together ?

22. A log 40 inches in diameter is to be sawed by four men.
What part of the diameter must each man saw to do ^ of the
work ?

23. What is the length of a chord cutting off the fourth
part of a circle whose radius is 10 feet ?

24. Find the length of a chord cutting off the third part of
a circle whose diameter is 40 feet.

25. A tree 80 feet high was broken in a storm so that the
top struck the ground 40 feet from the foot of the tree. If
the tree remained in contact, what was the length of the path
through which the top of the tree passed in falling to the
ground ?

26. By boring through the center of a wooden ball, with an
auger 4 inches in diameter, i of the solid contents of the ball
is displaced. Eind the diameter of the ball.

27. Find the diameter of an auger that will displace i of
the solid contents of a ball 5 feet in diameter, by boring
through its center.

28. Three horses are tethered each to a rope 42 feet in length
to the corners of an equilateral triangle whose side is 80 feet.
Over how many square feet can each graze, provided they are
at no time upon the same ground ?

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 51

29. How many acres of water can a man see, standing on a
ship, with his eyes just 14 feet above the water, when there is
no land in sight ?

30. In a farmer's pasture is located a triangular house, the
length of each side being 10 yards. The farmer wishing to
graze his horse finds that stakes are not plentiful and decides
to tie the rope to one corner of the house. If the rope is long
enough to allow the horse to graze 30 yards from the corner of
the house, over how much ground can the horse graze ?

31. Three men wish to carry each J of an 8-foot log of uni-
form size and density. Where must the hand stick be placed so
tliat the one at the end of the log and the others at the ends of
the stick shall each carry equal weights ?

32. If three equal circles are tangent to each other, each to
each, and inclose a space between the three arcs equal to 100
square inches, find their radius.

33. If three equal circles are tangent to each other, each to
each, with a radius of 10 inches, find the area of the space
inclosed between the three arcs.

34. If 4 acres pasture 40 sheep 4 weeks, and 8 acres pasture
66 sheep 10 weeks, how many sheep will 20 acres pasture 50
weeks, the grass growing uniformly all the time ?

35. A rabbit 60 yards due east of a hound is running due
south 20 feet per second ; the hound gives chase at the rate of
25 feet per second. How far will each run before the rabbit
is caught ?

36. How many fruit trees can be set out upon a space 100
feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 10 feet ?

37. How many stakes can be driven down upon a space 12
feet square, allowing no two to be nearer each other than 1
foot?

52 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

38. The sum of the sides of a triangle is 100. The angle at
A is double that at B, and the angle at B is double that at C.
Find the sides.

39. A conical glass 4 inches in diameter and 6 inches in
altitude, is filled with water. How much water will run out if
it be turned through an angle of 45° ?

40. At what latitude is the circumference of a parallel half
that of the equator, regarding the earth a perfect sphere ?

41. The difference between the circumscribed and inscribed
squares of a circle is 72. What is the area of the circle ?

42. A drawer made of inch boards is 8 inches wide, 6 inches
deep, and slides horizontally. How far must it be drawn out
to put into it a book 4 inches thick, 6 inches wide, and 9
inches long ?

43. With what velocity must a pail of water be whirled
over the head to prevent the water from falling out, the radius
of the circle of revolution being 4 feet ?

44. Two hunters killed a deer, and wishing to ascertain its
weight they placed a rail across a fence so that it balanced
with one on each end. They then exchanged places, and the
lighter man taking the deer in his lap, the rail again balanced.
Find the weight of the deer, the hunters' weights being 160
and 200 pounds.

45. At each corner of a square pasture whose sides are 100
feet a cow is tied with a rope 100 feet long. What is the area
of the part common to the four cows ?

46. Find the volume generated by the revolution of a circle
10 feet in diameter about a tangent.

47. Find the volume generated by revolving a semicircle
20 inches in diameter about a tangent parallel to its diam-
eter.

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 63

48. A circle of 10 inches radius, with an inscribed regular
hexagon, revolves about an axis of rotation 20 inches distant
from its center and parallel to a side of the hexagon. Find the
difference in area of the generated surfaces.

49. Find the difference in the volumes of the two generated
solids.

50. An equilateral triangle rotates about an axis without it,
parallel to, and at a distance 10 inches from one of its sides.
Find the surface thus generated, a side of the triangle being
4 inches.

61. A rectangle whose sides are 6 inches and 18 inches is
revolved about an axis through one of its vertices, and parallel
to a diagonal. Find the surface thus generated.

52. Find the surface of a square ring described by a square
foot revolving round an axis parallel to one of its sides and
4 feet distant.

53. Find the volume generated by an ellipse whose axes are
40 inches and 60 inches, revolving about an axis in its own
plane whose distance from the center of the ellipse is 100
inches.

54. AVhat power acting horizontally at the center of a wheel
4^ feet in diameter and weighing 270 pounds, will draw it over
a cylindrical log 6 inches in diameter, lying on a horizontal
plane ?

55. Find the volume generated by the revolution of a circle
2 feet in diameter about a tangent.

56. Find the surface generated by the revolution of a circle
2 feet in diameter about a tangent.

57. Find the surface and volume of a cylindric ring, the
diameter of the inner circumference being 12 inches and the
diameter of the cross section 16 inches.

54 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

58. Eind the surface and volume of the segment of the same
cylindric ring, if a plane is passed perpendicular to its axis,
and at a distance of -4 inches from the center.

59. A galvanized cistern is 8 feet in diameter at the top,
10 feet at the bottom, and 10 feet deep. A plane passes from
the top on one side to the bottom on the other side. What is
the volume of the part contained between this plane and the
base?

60. A wineglass in the form of a frustum of a cone is

4 inches in diameter at the top, 2 inches at the bottom, and

5 inches deep. If, when full of water, it is tipped just so that
the raised edge at the bottom is visible, what is the volume of
the water remaining in the glass ?

61. To what depth will a sphere of cork, 2 feet in diameter,
sink in water, the specific gravity of cork being .25 ?

62. The diameter of two equal circular cylinders, intersecting
at right angles, is 3 feet. What is the surface common to both?

63. In digging a well 4 feet in diameter, I come to a log
4 feet in diameter lying directly across the entire well. What
was the contents of the part of the log removed ?

64. What is the volume of a solid formed by two cylindric
rings 2 inches in diameter, whose axes intersect at right angles

and whose inner diameters are 10 inches ?

65. Find the area of a circular lune or crescent
ABCD; the chord ^0=10 feet; the height
EB = S feet ; and the height ED =2 feet.

66. Find the circumference of an ellipse, the
transverse and conjugate diameters being 80
inches and 80 inches.

67. The axes of an ellipse are 60 inches and 20
inches. What is the difference in area between the ellipse and
a circle having a diameter equal to the conjugate axis ?

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 55

68. What is the area of a parabola whose base, or double
ordinate, is 30 inches and whose altitude, or height, is 20
inches ?

69. What is the area of a cycloid generated by a circle
whose radius is 6 feet ?

70. Two men, A and B, started from the same point at the
same time ; A traveled southeast for 10 hours, and at the rate
of 10 miles per hour, and B traveled due south for the same
time, going 6 miles per hour; they turned and traveled directly
towards each other at the same rates respectively, till they
met. How far did each man travel ?

71. In front of a house stand two pine trees of unequal
height; from the bottom of the second to the top of the first a
rope 80 feet in length is stretched, and from the bottom of the
first to the top of the second a rope 100 feet in length is
stretched. If these ropes cross 10 feet above the ground, find
the distance between the trees.

72. To trisect any angle.

73. A grocer has a platform balance the ratio of whose arms
is 9 to 10. If he sells 20 pounds of merchandise to one man,
weighing it on the right-hand pan, and 20 pounds to another
man, weighing it on the left-hand pan, what per cent does he
gain or lose by the two transactions ?

74. A and B carry a fish weighing 54 pounds hung between
them from the middle of a 10-foot oar. One end of the oar
rests on A's shoulder, but the other end is pushed 1 foot be-
yond B's shoulder. What part of the weight does each carry ?

75. A half-ounce bullet is fired with a velocity of 1400 feet
per second from a gun weighing 7 pounds. Find the velocity
in feet per second with which the gun begins to recoil, and the
mean force in pounds' weight that must be exerted to bring it
to rest in 4 inches.

56 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

76. A bullet fired with a velocity of 1000 feet per second
penetrates a block of wood to a depth of 12 inches. If it were
fired through a plank of the same wood, 2 inches thick, what
would be its velocity on emergence, assuming the resistance of
the wood to the bullet to be constant ?

77.* A horse is tied to one corner of a rectangular barn 30
by 40 feet. What is the surface over which the horse can
range if the rope with which he is tied is 80 feet long ?

78.* How many acres are there in a circular tract of land,
containing as many acres as there are boards in the fence
inclosing it, the fence being 5 boards high, the boards 8 feet
long, and bending to the arc of a circle ?

79.* A thread passes spirally around a cylinder 10 feet high
and 1 foot in diameter. How far will a mouse travel in unwind-
ing the thread if the distance between the coils is 1 foot ?

80. A string is wound spirally 100 times around a cone
100 feet in diameter at the base. Through what distance will
a duck swim in unwinding the string, keeping it taut at all
times, the cone standing on its base at right angles to the sur-
face of the water ?

81.* After making a circular excavation 10 feet deep and
6 feet in diameter, it was found necessary to move the center
3 feet to one side, the new excavation being made in the form
of a right cone having its base 6 feet in diameter and its apex
in the surface of the ground. Required the total amount of
earth removed.

82.* A 20-foot pole stands plump against a perpendicular
wall. A cat starts to climb the pole, but for each foot it
ascends, the pole slides one foot from the wall ; so that when
the top of the pole is reached, the pole is on the ground at
right angles to the wall. Required the distance through which
the cat moved.

* These problems are from *' Finkel's Solution Book."

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS 57

83. A tree 96 feet high was broken by the wind in such a
manner that the top struck the ground 36 feet from the foot of
the tree. If the parts remained connected at the place of
breaking, forming with the ground a right triangle, how high
was the stump ?

84. The distance around a rectangular field is 140 rods, and
the diagonal is 50 rods. Find its length, breadth, and area.

85. The area of a rectangular field is 30 acres, and its diag-
onal is 100 rods. FiQd its length and breadth.

86. Two trees of equal height stand upon the same level
plane, 60 feet apart and perpendicular to the plane. One of
them is broken off close to the ground by the wind, and in fall-
ing it lodges against the other tree, its top striking 20 feet
below the top of the other. Find the height of the trees.

87. A square field contains 10 acres. From a point in one
side, 10 rods from the corner, a line is drawn to the opposite
side cutting off 6J acres. How long is the line ?

88. Find the edge of the largest hollow cube, having the
shell three inches in thickness, that can be made from a board
42J feet long, 2 feet wide, and 3 inches thick.

89. A circular farm has two roads crossing it at right angles
40 rods from the center, the roads being 60 and 70 rods re-
spectively, within the limits of the farm. Find the area of the
farm.

90. The longest straight line that can be stretched in a cir-
cular track is 200 feet in length. Find the area of the track.

91. From the two acute angles of a right triangle lines are
drawn to the middle points of the opposite sides ; their respec-
tive lengths are V73 and V52 feet. Find the sides of the
triangle.

92. A wheel of uniform thickness, 4 feet in diameter, stands
in the mud 1 foot deep. What fraction of the wheel is out of
the mud ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

1. Mary is 24 years old. She is twice as old as Ann was
when Mary was as old as Ann is now. How old is Ann ?

2. There is a great big turkey that weighs 10 pounds and
a half of its weight besides. What is its weight?

3. With 6 matches form 4 equilateral triangles, the side
of each being equal to the length of a match.

4. One tumbler is half full of wine, another is half full of
water. From the first tumbler a teaspoonful of wine is taken
out and poured into the tumbler containing the water. A
teaspoonful of the mixture in the second tumbler is then trans-
ferred to the first tumbler. As the result of this double trans-
action is the quantity of wine removed from the first tumbler
greater or less than the quantity of water removed from the
second tumbler ?

5. (i) Take any number; (ii) reverse the digits; (iii) find
the difference between the number formed in (ii) and the
given number; (iv) multiply this difference by any number
you please ; (v) cross out any digit except a naught ; (vi) give
me the sum of the remaining digits, and I will give you the
figure struck out.

6. (i) Take any number; (ii) add the digits; (iii) sub-
tract the sum of the digits from the given number ; (iv) cross
out any digit except a naught; (v) give me the sum of the
remaining digits, and I will give you the figure struck out.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

7. Given a plank 12 inches square, required to cover a
hole in a floor 9 inches by 16 inches, cutting the plank into
only two pieces.

8. Place four 9's in such a manner that they will exactly
equal 100.

9. The square is 8 inches by 8 inches. By forming the
latter figure out of the four parts of the square it is found to be

II/__-__

r w iO <?•!

-1 -±.-^1

% .-' ■_

^^^

p------^ --

^--^

5 inches by 13 inches and contains 65 square inches,
does the other inch come from ?

Where

10. A teamster brought 5 pieces of chain of 3 links each to
a blacksmith, and asked the cost of making them into one piece
of chain. The blacksmith replied, "I charge 2 cents to cut
a link and 2 cents to weld a link." The teamster remarked
that as it would require 4 cuts and 4 welds the charge would
be 16 cents. "No, you are mistaken," said the blacksmith,
" I figure it but 12 cents." Who was right ?

11. The Hake and the Hound

A hare is 10 rods before a hound, and the hound can run
10 rods while the hare runs 1 rod. Prove that the hound will
never catch the hare.

Proof. — When the hound runs 10 rods the hare has gone
1 rod. When the hound goes the 1 rod the hare has run ^-^
of a rod, and when the hound has run the ^ oi q. rod the hare

60 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

has run y^^ of a rod, and so on. Therefore, the hare is always
a fraction of a rod ahead of the hound, and hence the hound
will never catch the hare.

12. To prove that 1 equals 2.

Let X = 1.

Then x^ = x.

x^ — 1 = X — 1.
Factoring, (x -\- l)(x — 1) = x — 1.

Dividing, a; -f- 1 = 1,

But x = l. Therefore 1=2.

13. A Young Lady to Her Lover —

I ask you, sir, to plant a grove

To show that I'm your lady love.
This grove though small must be composed

Of twenty-five trees in twelve straight rows.
In each row five trees you must place

Or you shall never see my face.

14. In going from A to B, through mistake I take the road
going via (7, which is nearer A than B and is 12 miles to the

left of the road I should have traveled. After reaching B I
find that I have traveled 35 miles. Find the distances from A
to B, A to C, and C to B, each being an integer.

15. A room is 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high.
On the middle line of one of the smaller side walls and 1 foot
from the ceiling is a fly. On the middle line of the opposite
wall and 1 foot from the floor is a spider. The fly being
paralyzed by fear remains still until the spider catches it by
crawling the shortest route. How far did the spider crawl ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 61

16. A train 1 mile long starts from the station at Glady.
The engine leaves the station and the conductor waits until the
caboose comes, when he jumps on the caboose and walks for-
ward over the train. When the engine reaches the next station,
Oxley, 4 miles distant from Glady, the conductor steps off
the engine. How far does the conductor ride and how far does
he walk ?

17. Zeno's Paradoxes on Motion

(a) Since an arrow cannot move where it is not, and since
also it cannot move where it is (in the space it exactly fills), it
follows that it cannot move at all.

(6) The idea of motion is inconceivable, for what moves
must reach the middle of its course before it reaches the end.
Hence the assumption of motion presupposes another motion,
and that in turn another, and so ad infinitum.

18. I have only $2 when approached by a friend whom
I owe $2. The friend asks for what I owe him, so I give
him the $2 and remark that it is all my money. My friend
sympathizing with me in my poverty, hands me back a dollar
and says, " I will mark your account paid." What per cent did
I gain by the transaction ?

19. What Were Our Ages When Married?

When first the marriage knot was tied between my wife

and me.
Her age did mine as far exceed, as three plus three does three ;
But when three years and half three years we man and wife

had been.
Our ages were in ratio then as twelve is to thirteen.

112 yd.

20. Find the value of the above lot at $ 1 per square yard.

62 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

21. How much dirt is there in a hole the dimensions of
which are an inch ?

22. Which is correct to say, Five and six are twelve, or to
say, Five and six is twelve ?

23. Three men, A, B, and C, wish to divide $60 among
themselves so as to receive a third, fourth, and fifth, respec-
tively. How much should each receive ?

24. A, B, and C are in partnership. They own 17 sheep.
They wish to divide them, — one to get ^, one to get -|, and
the other to get ^. How can this be done without killing a
sheep ?

25. If 6 cats eat 6 rats in 6 minutes, how many cats will it
take to eat 100 rats in 100 minutes ?

26. A man who owned a piece of land in the form of a
square, decided to divide it among his wife and four sons, so
as to give his wife \ in the shape of a square in one corner
and to give the remaining | to his sons. He divided the land
so that each son received the same amount of land and the four
pieces were similar. How did he divide it ?

27. A philosopher had a window a yard square, and it let in
too much light. He blocked up one half of it, and still had a
square window a yard high and a yard wide. Show how he did it.

28. Why does it take no more pickets to build a fence
down a hill and up another than in a straight line from top to
top, no matter how deep the gully ?

29. A room with eight corners had a cat in each corner,
seven cats before each cat, and a cat on every cat's tail. How
many cats were in the room ?

30. (i) Take any number of three unequal digits; (ii) re-
verse the order of the digits; (iii) subtract the number so
formed from the original number ; (iv) give me the last digit
of the difference, and I will give you the difference.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 63

31. Select any two numbers, each of which is less than 10.
(i) choose either of them and multiply it by 5 ; (ii) add 7 to
the result; (iii) double this result; (iv) to this add the other
number ; (v) give me the result, and I will give you the numbers
originally selected, and also tell you which one you multiplied
by 5.

32. (i) Take any number of three unequal digits, in which
the first and last differ by not less than 2; (ii) form a new
number by reversing the order of the digits ; (iii) take the dif-
ference between these two numbers ; (iv) form another num-
ber by reversing the order of the digits in this difference;
find the sum of the results in (iii) and (iv). The sum will be
1089.

33. Write down a number of three or more figures, divide
by 9, and name the remainder; erase one figure of the number,
divide by 9, and tell me the remainder, and 1 will tell you what
figure you erased.

34. Let a person write down a number greater than 1 and
not exceeding 10; to this I will add a number not exceeding
10, alternately with him ; and, although he has the advantage
in putting down the first number, I will reach the even hundred
first.

35. A boy bought a pair of boots for $ 2 and gave a S 10
bill in payment. The merchant had a friend change the bill,
and gave the boy his change. The boy left the city with the
boots and the $8. The friend returned the bill, saying it was
a counterfeit, and the merchant had to give him good money
for it. What was the merchant's loss ?

36. A man having a fox, a goose, and a peck of corn is
desirous of crossing a river. He can take but one at a
time. The fox will kill the goose and the goose will eat the
corn if they are left together. How can he get them safely
across ?

64 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

37. Suppose a hole to be cut through the earth, and a ball
dropped into this hole, what would be the behavior of the ball*
and where would it come to rest and how ?

38. A man died leaving his wife and four
children a piece of land as shown in the figure.
The wife is to have J in the shape of a tri-
angle. The children's parts are to be similar,
and equal in size. How must the land be
divided ?

39. With what four weights can you weigh any number of
pounds from 1 to 40 ?

40. Can you plant 19 trees in 9 rows with 5 trees to the
row ?

41. Do figures ever lie ?

42. Can you multiply feet by feet and get square feet ?

43. A hunter walked around a tree to kill a squirrel ; the
squirrel kept behind the tree from the hunter. Did he go
around the squirrel ?

44. A Fallacy.

Let a; be a quantity which satisfies the equation

e^ = — 1.

Squaring both sides, e'^'^ = 1.

.-. 2x' = 0.

.\x = 0.

But e'^ = - 1 and e« = 1. .'.-1 = 1.

45. I have $10,000. If I spend half of this sum to-day and
half of the remainder each day following, in how many days
will I have no money ?

46. In the diagram, DEF is a railroad with two sidings, DBA
and FCA, connected at A. The portion of the rails at A which

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

is common to the two sidings is long enough to permit of a
single car like P or Q, running in or out of it ; but it is too

HZI

short to contain the whole of an engine like Ji. Hence if an
engine runs up one siding, such as DBA, it must come back
the same way.

Car No. 1 is placed at B, car No. 2 is placed at C, and an
engine is placed at E.

By the use of the engine interchange the cars, without
allowing any flying shunts.

12 3 4 47. Given twelve coins arranged as in the
figure. Can you move them so as to have

^ ^ five on a side instead of four, not being

allowed to introduce other coins or to de-

11 6 , .

• • stroy the given square?

• • • • 48. ^ and B have an 8-gallon cask of wine

and wish to divide it into two equal parts.
The only measures they have are a 5-gallon cask and a
3-gallon cask. How can they di-
vide it?

49. I bought a horse for $90,
sold it for $ 100, and soon rep\ir-
chased it for $80. How much did
I make by trading ?

60. Stick six pins in the dots so
that no two are connected by a
straight line.

66 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

51. Let X and y be two unequal numbers, and let z be their
arithmetical mean.

Then, x -\-y = 2z.

••• (« ■i-y)(^-y) = 2 z{x - y).
.'. x^— ?/ = 2xz — 2yz.

,-. x?-2

xz =

f-2yz.

.*.

ar^

-2xz^

z' =

f-2yz-\-z\

.'.(X-',

zf =

(y-zf.

.'. X-

■■ z =
. x =

y-z.

52. To prove —

= 1.

First solution :

a^
-a^'

.-.(-

— a

= a.

.*.

-1

= 1.

Second solution ;

-V

= 1.

•

•.21og(.

-1)
-1

= log 1 = 0.

But

e« =

= 1. .-.

-1

= 1.

53. With the seven digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 0, express
three numbers whose sum is 82, each digit being used only
once, and the use of the usual notations for fractions being
allowed.

54. With the ten digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, express
numbers whose sum is unity, each digit being used only
once.

55. With the nine digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, express
four numbers whose sum is 100, each digit being used only
once.

56. With the ten digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, express
zero, each digit being used only once.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 67

57. With the ten digits, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, express
three numbers whose sum is 2^, each digit being used only
once.

58. In the accompanying diagram
the letters stand for various towns and
the lines indicate the only possible
paths by which a person may travel.

Show how a person may start from
any town and go to every other town
once, and only once, and return to
the initial town.

59. Anoarisalever of what class?

60. A man hires a livery team to drive from ^ to C via B
and return for $3. At< By midway between A and C, he
takes a passenger to C and back to B. What should he charge
the passenger?

61. Put down the figures from 1 to 9, leaving out the 8, thus :

12345679
Select any one of the figures, multiply it by 9, then multiply
the whole row by that product. Tell me what your answer is,
and I will tell you what number you selected.

62. Say to one person :

" Think of a number less than 10 ; double it; add 16; divide
by 2; subtract your first number, and your answer is 8."

Say to another :

"Think of a number less than 10; double it; add 9; divide
by 2 ; subtract your first number, and your answer is 4^."

You can go on indefinitely, giving these mental exercises, no
two alike, to each one in a large audience, and announce the
answer as quickly as they get it themselves. The secret is
this : the final answer is always half the number you tell them
to add.

68 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

63. If a hen and a half laid an egg and a half in a day and
a half, how many eggs would 7 hens lay at the same rate in 6
days ?

64. What is the shortest distance that a fly will have to go,
crawling from one of the lower corners of a room to the op-
posite upper corner, the room being 20 feet long, 15 feet
wide, and 10 feet high?

65. If a man charges $2 for sawing a cord of wood 3
feet long into 3 pieces, what should he charge for sawing a
cord of wood 6 feet long into pieces the same length ?

66. Three boys having 10, 30, and 50 apples visit a city and
sell them at the same rate and receive the same amount for
them. How much do they receive for the apples and at what
rate do they sell them ?

67. When a boy see-saws on the long end of a plank he bal-
ances against 16 bricks, but if he sits on the shorter arm of the
plank and places the bricks on the other end he balances
against just 11. Find the boy's weight if a brick weighs equal
to a three-quarter brick and three quarters of a pound.

68. A switch to a single-track railroad is just long enough
to clear a train of 19 cars and a locomotive. How can two
trains of 19 cars and a locomotive each, going in opposite
directions, pass each other, if a third train of equal length
stands on the switch, without dividing a train ?

69. A boy was sent to a spring with a 5 and a 3 quart measure
to procure exactly 4 quarts of water. How did he measure it ?

70. What is the greatest number which will divide 27, 48,
90, and 174 and leave the same remainder in each case ?

71. There is in the floor of a granary a hole 2 feet in width
and 15 feet in length. How can it be entirely covered with a
board 3 feet wide and 10 feet long, by cutting the board only
once?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 69

72. What part of J square yard is ^ yard square ?

73. Can you take 1 from 19 and get 20 ?

74. If an egg weighs 8 ounces and half an egg, what' does
an egg and a half weigh ?

76. How would you arrange the figures 8, 6, and 1 so that
the whole number formed will be divisible by 6 ?

76. What three figures multiplied by 4 will make precisely
5?

77. Mr. Jackson owns a square farm the area of which is 20
acres; near each corner stands a large tree which is upon a
neighbor's land. How may he add to his farm so as to have a
square farm containing 40 acres and still not own the land
upon which the trees stand ?

78. A gentleman rented a farm, and contracted to give a
landlord J of the produce; but prior to the dividing of the
corn, the tenant used 45 bushels. When the general division
was made, it was proposed to give to the landlord 18 bushels of
the heap, in lieu of his share of the 45 bushels which the tenant
had used, and then to begin and divide the remainder as though
none had been used. Would the method have been correct ?

79. What is the difference between half a dozen dozen, and
six dozen dozen ?

80. What is the difference between twice twenty-five and
twice five and twenty ?

81. 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0 = ?

82. If you were required to sell apples by the cubic inch,
how would you find the exact number of cubic inches in a
dozen dozen ?

83. A man who has only two rows of corn hires A and B to
hoe them. A hoes three hills on B's row and then begins on
his own row. B finishes his row and hoes six hills on A's row,

70 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

when they find the work is finished. Whifch man 'hoes the
more and how much more, the rows containing the same
number of hills ?

84. Two ducks before a duck, two ducks behind a duck, and
a duck in the middle, are how many ducks ?

85. Can you write 30 with 3 equal figures ?

86. Add 1 to 9 and make it 20.

87. Twenty-one ears of corn are in a hollow stump. How
long will it take a squirrel to carry them all out if he carries
out 3 ears a day ?

88. In the bottom of a well 45 feet in depth there was a
frog who commenced traveling toward the top. In his journey
he ascended 3 feet every day, but fell back 2 feet every night.
In how many days did he get out of the well ?

89. How many quarter-inch blocks will it take to fill an
inch hole ?

90. Cut a piece of cardboard 121 inches long by 2 inches
wide into 4 pieces in such a manner as to form a perfect square,
without waste.

91. A man and his wife, each weighing 150 pounds, with
two sons, each weighing 75 pounds, have to cross a river in a
boat which is capable of carrying only 150 pounds' weight.
How will they get across ?

92. Two men laid a wager as to which could eat the more
oysters; one ate ninety-nine, and the other a hundred and
won. How many did both together eat ?

93. Thrice naught is naught, what is the third of infinity ?

94. If \ of 20 is 4, what will i of 10 be ?

95. If the third of 6 be 3, what must the fourth of 20 be ?

96. Write 24 with 3 equal figures, neither of them being 8.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 71

97. If you cut 30 yards of cloth into one-yard pieces, and
cut 1 yard every day, how long will it take ?

98. What number is that when multiplied by 18, 27, 36, 45,
54, G3, 72, 81, and 99 gives a product in which the first and
last figures are the same as those in the multiplier, and when
multiplied by 9, and 90, gives a product in which the last
figures are the same as those of the multiplier ?

99. Three market women, having severally 10, 30, and
50 oranges, sold them at the same rate, and received the same
amount of money. What were the rates and the amounts each
received ?

100. Suppose a steamer in rapid motion and on its deck a
man jumping. Can he jump farther by leaping the way the
boat is moving, or in the opposite direction ?

101. After killing a certain number of cattle, it was found
that twenty fore feet remained. How many head were killed ?

102. Can you write 27 with two equal figures ?

103. AVhen is a number divisible by 9 ?

104. Find the figure that may be placed anywhere in, or
before, or after, the number 302,011, and make it divisible by 9.

105. In a lot where there are some horses and grooms, can
be counted 82 feet and 26 heads. How many horses and
grooms are in the lot ?

106. If a herring and a half cost a penny and a half, how
much will 11 herring cost?

107. What number is it when divided by 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6,
there is a remainder of 1, but when divided by 7, there is no
remainder?

108. A cord passing over a pulley hung to a pair of cotton
scales, suspended from a beam, has a 150-pound weight fas-
tened to one end and the other fastened to an immovable iron

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

stake. How much will the scales register? How much more
will they register if a 100-pound weight is hung to a loop in
the cord halfway between the pulley and the stake ?

109. Why can a fat man swim more easily than a lean one?

110. A rifle ball thrown against a board standing edgewise

will knock it down ; the same
bullet fired at the board will
pass through it without disturb-
ing its position. Why is this?

111. Can you mark seven
numbers by moving on a
straight line from one number
to another, as in the figure,
marking the number you move
to? Do not start twice from
the same number.

112. The sum of four figures in value will be
About seven thousand nine hundred and three ;
But when they are halved, you'll find very fair,
The sum will be nothing, in truth, I declare.

113. A fisherman, being asked the depth of a lake, replied:
" This pole when standing on the bottom reaches one foot out
of the water, but if the top is moved through an arc of 30°,
it becomes level with the surface of the water." How deep
is the lake ?

114. What is the shape of a square inch ? Of an inch square ?

115. What integer added to itself is greater than its square ?

116. What number added to itself is equal to its square?

117. What number is it that can be multiplied by 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, or 6, and no new figures appear in the results?

118. 3 + 3-3 + 3x3-3-3x0 = ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 73

119. Write any number of yards, feet, and inches. Reverse
this and subtract from the original. Reverse the remainder
and add to the remainder. The sum will in every case be 12
yards, 1 foot, 11 inches. The number of inches first written
should not exceed the number of yards.

120. The Numbers 37 and 73

When the number 37 is multiplied by each of the figures of
arithmetical progression, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, all the
products which result from it are composed of three repeti-
tions of the same figure ; and the sum of those figures is equal
to that by which you multiplied the 37.

37 37 37 37 37

3 6 9 12 15

111

222

333

444

555

666

777

888

999

If the number 73 be multiplied by each of the numbers of
arithmetical progression, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, the six
products which result from this multiplication are terminated
by one of the nine different figures, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
These figures will be found in the reverse order to that of the
progression.

121. Arrange the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 so their
sum will be 100.

122. Arrange the first sixteen digits in a square so that
they may count 34 in every straight line.

123. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a triangle so
as to count 20 in every straight line.

124. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a circle, using
one in the center, so as to count 15 in every straight line.

MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

125. Arrange the figures 1 to 19, inclusive, in a circle, using
one in the center, so as to count 30 in every straight line.

126. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a triangle, so
as to count 17 in every straight line.

127. Arrange the figures 1 to 9, inclusive, in a square so as
to count 15 in every straight line.

128.

A Bordered Magic Square
I
129. " If you multiply the number of Jacob's sons by the

number of times which the Israelites compassed Jericho, and
add to the product the number of measures of barley which
Boaz gave Kuth, divide this by the number of Haman's sons,
subtract the number of each kind of clean beasts that went
into the ark, multiply by the number of men that went to
seek Elijah after he was taken to heaven; subtract from this
Joseph's age at the time he stood before Pharaoh, add the
number of stones in David's bag when he killed Goliath;
subtract the number of furlongs that Bethany was distant
from Jerusalem, divide by the number of anchors cast out
when Paul was shipwrecked, subtract the number of persons
saved in the ark, and the answer will be the number of pupils
in my Sunday-school class." How many pupils are in the
class ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 76

130. Magic Age Table

Key to Table. — Add together the figures at the top of each
column in which the age is found, and the sum will be the age
sought. Example : Hand the table to a lady and request her
to tell you in which column or columns her age is found ; if
she says the first, fourth, and fifth, you can say it is 25 by
mentally adding together the first figures of those three col-
umns, and so on for any age up to 63.

76 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

131. How TO Tell a Person's Age

Let the person whose age is to be discovered do the figuring.
Suppose, for example, if it is a girl, that her age is 16, and
that she was born in May. Let her put down the number of
the month in which she was born and proceed as follows :

Number of month 5

Multiply by 2 10

Add 5 15

Multiply by 50 750

Then add her age, 16 766

Then subtract 365, leaving .... 401
Then add 115 516

She then announces the result, 516, whereupon she may be
informed that her age is 16, and May, or the fifth month, is the
month of her birth. The two figures to the right in the result
will always indicate the age, and the remaining figure or figures
the month in which her birthday comes.

132. A, B, and C were a mile at sea when a rifle was fired
on shore. A heard the report, B saw the smoke, and C saw
the bullet strike the water near them. Who first knew of the
discharge of the rifle ?

133. A Queer Trick of Figures

Put down the number of your living brothers.
Double the number.
. Add 3.
Multiply the result by 5.
Add the number of your living sisters.
Multiply the result by 10.
Add the number of dead brothers and sisters.
Subtract 150 from the result.

The right-hand figure will be the number of deaths.
The middle figure will be the number of living sisters.
The left-hand figure will be the number of living brothers.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 77

134. Find perfect square numbers, each containing all the
10 digits, under the following conditions :

(1) The least square possible.

(2) The greatest square containing no repeated digit.

(3) The least square which, when reversed, is still a square.

(4) The least square which is unaltered by reversal.

135. A house and a barn are 20 rods apart; the house is
10 rods and the barn 6 rods from a straight brook. What is
the length of the shortest path by which one can go from the
house to the brook and take water to the barn ?

136. A and B dig a ditch for $10; A can dig as fast as B
can shovel out the dirt, and B can dig twice as fast as A can
shovel. How should they divide the $ 10 ?

137. Three Series of Remarkable Numbers

1x9 plus 1 = 10

12x9 plus 2 = 110

123x9 plus 3 = 1110

1234x9 plus 4 = 11110

12345x9 plus 5 = 111110

123456x9 plus 6 = 1111110

1234567 X 9 plus 7 = 11111110

12346678 x 9 plus 8 = 111111110

123456789 x 9 plus 9 = 1111111110

1x9 plus 2 = 11

12x9 plus 3 = 111

123x9 plus 4 = 1111

1234x9 plus 5 = 11111

12345x9 plus 6 = 111111

123456 X 9 plus 7 = 1111111

1234567 X 9 plus 8 = 11111111

12345678 X 9 plus 9 = 111111111

123456789 x 9 plus 10= 1111111111

T8 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

1x8 plus 1 = 9

12 X 8 plus 2 = 98

123 X 8 plus 3 = 987

1234 X 8 plus 4 = 9876

12345 X 8 plus 5 = 98765

123456x8 plus 6 = 987654

1234567 X 8 plus 7 = 9876543

12345678 x 8 plus 8 = 98765432

123456789 x 8 plus 9 = 987654321

138. At 10 A.M. a train leaves London for Edinburgh run-
ning at 50 miles an hour. At the same time another train
leaves Edinburgh for London, traveling at 40 miles an hour.
Which train is nearer London when they meet ?

139. The asterisks in the incomplete sum printed below
indicate missing figures. Find all the missing figures.

1*32271

52*4

63**74

88*47

305417

2*3547*

4,107,303

140. Determine the missing digits in the following sum in
multiplication :

1*46
*5
6730
107*8

114,410

141. In a long division sum the dividend is 529,565, and the
successive remainders from the first to the last are 246, 222,
and 542. Find the divisor and the quotient.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 79

142. The sura of two numbers consisting of the same three
digits in reverse order is 1170, and their difference is divisible
by 8. Find the numbers.

143. A girl was given a number to multiply by 409, but she
placed the first figure of her product by 4 below the second
figure from the right instead of below the third. Her answer
was wrong by 328,320. Find the multiplicand.

144. I have a board 1| inches thick, whose surface
contains 49f square feet. Find the edge of a cubical box
made of it.

145. Write one billion by the Roman notation.

146. Each of two sons inherit 30 %, and each of two daugh-
ters 20%, of a parallelogrammatic plantation, containing 100
acres, and having an open ditch on its long diagonal. The
four divisions are to corner somewhere in the ditch, and each
is to have a side of the plantation in its boundary. Locate
this common corner.

147. Why is the difference between any common number
of three digits and one containing the same digits in reversed
order, always divisible by 9, 11, and the difference of the ex-
treme digits ?

148. Required with six 9*s to express the number 100.

149. The Lucky Number

Many persons have what they consider a " lucky " number.
Show such a person the row of figures subjoined :

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9
(consisting of the numerals from 1 to 9 inclusive, with the 8
only omitted), and inquire what is his lucky or favorite num-
ber. He names any number he pleases from 1 to 9, say 7.
You reply that, as he is fond of sevens, he shall have plenty
of them, and accordingly proceed to multiply the series above

80 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

given by such a number that the resulting product consists of
sevens only.

Required to find (for each number that may be selected) the
multiplier which will produce the above result.

150. Eather and son are aged 71 and 34 respectively. At
what age was the father three times the age of his son ? and
at what age will the latter have reached half his father's age ?

151. There is a number consisting of two digits ; the num-
ber itself is equal to five times the sum of its digits, and if
9 be added to the number, the position of its digits is re-
versed. What is the number ?

152. The Expunged Numerals

Given the sum following :

111
333
555

777
999

Required, to strike out nine of the above figures, so that the
total of the remaining figures shall be 1111.

153. A Grayson County widower married a Denton County
wddow ; each had children. Ten years later a domestic tornado
prevailed in the back yard in which the present family of a
dozen children were involved. Mother to father : " Your chil-
dren and my children are picking at our children." If the
parents now have each nine children of their own, how many
came into the family in these ten years ?

154. Some of the numbers differing from their logarithms
only in the position of the decimal point.

log 1.3712885742 = .13712885742

log 237.5812087593 = 2.375812087593

log 3550.2601815865 = 3.5502601815865

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 81

155. Consecutive numbers whose squares have the same
digits :

132 = 169 157- = 24649 913^ = 833569
1 42 = 196 158^ = 24964 914=-' = 835396

156. To arrange the ten digits additively so as to make 100.

157. Express the numbers from 1 to 30 inclusive by using
for each number four 4's.

158. Invert the figures of any three-place number; divide
the difference between the original number and the inverted
number by 9; and you may read the quotient forward or
backward.

159. Write a number of three or more places, divide by 9,
and tell me the remainder ; erase one figure, not zero, divide
the resulting number by 9, tell me the remainder, and I will
tell you the figure erased.

160. Can a fraction whose numerator is less than its de-
nominator be equal to a fraction whose numerator is greater
than its denominator?

161. Show why 8 must be a factor of the product of any
two consecutive even numbers.

162. A and B take a job of digging potatoes for $ 5. B can
pick up as fast as A digs, but if B digs and A picks them, B
must begin digging ^ day before A begins picking, in order
that each may complete his work at the same time. How
shall they divide the money ?

163. A and B are employed to dig a ditch 100 rods long for
$ 200. A is to get $ 1.75 per rod and B $2.25 per rod. How
much will each have to dig so as to be entitled to an equal
share of the money ?

164. If an egg balances with three quarters of an egg and
three quarters of an ounce, find the weight of an egg.

82 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

165. A farmer had six pieces of chain of 5 links each,
which he wanted made into an endless piece of 30 links.
If it costs a cent to cut a link and costs a cent to weld it, what
did it cost him ?

166. A vessel of water full to the brim weighs 20 pounds.
A 5-pound live fish is put into the vessel. Has the weight
of the vessel of water been increased or diminished ?

167. What is the most economical form of a tank designed
to hold 1000 cubic inches ?

168. "Johnnie, my boy," said a successful merchant to his
little son, " it is not what we pay for things, but what we get
for them that makes good business. I gained ten per cent on
that fine suit of clothes, while if I had bought it ten per cent
cheaper and sold it for twenty per cent profit, it would have
brought a quarter of a dollar less money. Now, what did I
get for that suit ? "

— From " Our Puzzle Magazine."

169. While discussing practical ways and means with his
good wife. Farmer Jones said : " Now, Maria, if we should sell
off seventy-five chickens as I propose, our stock of feed would
last just twenty days longer, while if we should buy a hundred
extra fowl, as you suggest, we would run out of chicken feed
fifteen days sooner." How many chickens had they ?

— From "Our Puzzle Magazine."

170. Suppose that a bird weighing 1 ounce flies into a box
with only one small opening, and without resting continues to
fly round and round in the box ; does it increase or lessen the
weight of the box ?

171. John can weed a row of potatoes while James digs
three ; but James can weed a row while John digs a row. If
they get $ 10 for their work, how should it be divided between
them?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 83

172. The Watch Trick

The following is a well-knowu way of indicating on a watch
dial an hour selected by a person. The hour is tapped by a
pencil beginning at VII and proceeding backwards round the
dial to VI, V, IV, etc., and the person who selected the number
counts the taps, reckoning from the hour selected. Thus, if
he selected VIII, he would reckon the first tap as the 9th;
then the 20th tap as reckoned by him will be on the hour
chosen.

It is obvious that the first seven taps are immaterial, but the
eighth tap must be on XII.

173. What is a third and a half of a third of 10 ?

174. (i) Write down a number thought of; (ii) add or
subtract any number you wish ; (iii) multiply, or divide by
any number you wish ; (iv) multiply by any multiple of 9 ;
(v) cross out any digit except a naught ; (vi) give me the sum
of the remaining digits, and I will give you the figure struck
out.

175. A banker going home to dinner saw a $ 10 bill on the
curbstone. He picked it up, noted the number, and went home
to dinner. While at home his wife said that the butcher had
sent a bill amounting to $10. The only money he had was
the bill he had found, which he gave to her, and she paid the
butcher. The butcher paid it to a farmer for a calf, the far-
mer paid it to the merchant, who in turn paid it to a washer-
woman, and she, owing the bank a note of $10 went to the
bank and paid the note. The banker recognized the bill as
the one he had found, and which to that time had paid S 50
worth of debt. On careful examination he discovered that the
bill was counterfeit. Now what was lost in the transaction,
and by whom ?

176. What is the difference between a mile square and a
square mile ?

84 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

177. A Multiplication Trick

Here is a little trick in multiplication that may amuse you.
Ask a friend to write down the numbers 12345G79, omitting
the number 8. Then tell him to select any one figure from
the list, multiply it by 9, and with the answer to this sum mul-
tiply the whole list — thus assuming that he selects either the
figure 4 or 6.

Select 4 X 9 = 36. Select 6 x 9 = 54.

12345679 12345679

36 54

74074074 ^ 49382716

37037037 * 61728395

444444444 66666666Q

You see the answer of the sum is composed of figures similar
to the one selected.

178. Cook was within 10 miles of the north, pole and Peary
was also within 10 miles of the pole, but 20 miles from Cook.
What direction was Peary from Cook ? Suppose Peary threw
a ball at Cook and hit him. In what direction did the ball
go?

179. A man has 12 pieces of chain of 3 links each. He
takes them to a blacksmith to unite them into one circular or
endless chain. If it costs 2 cents to cut a link and 2 cents to
weld a link, what should the blacksmith charge for the job ?

180. Take 2 pennies, face np wards on a table and edges in
contact. Suppose that one is fixed and that the other rolls on
it without slipping, making one complete revolution round it
and returning to its initial position. How many revolutions
round its own center has the rolling coin made ?

181. From six you take nine ;
And from nine you take ten ;
Then from forty take fifty,
And six will remain.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 85

182. A room is 30 feet loug, 12 feet wide, and 12 feet high.
At one end of the room, 3 feet from the floor, and midway
from the sides, is a spider. At the other end, 9 feet from the
floor, and midway from the sides, is a fly. Determine the
shortest path the spider can take to capture the fly by crawling.

183. A Geometrical Paradox

A stick is broken at random into 3 pieces. It is possible
to put them together into the shape of a triangle provided the
length of the longest piece is less than the sum of the other
2 pieces ; that is, provided the length of the longest piece is
less than half the length of the stick. But the probability that
a fragment of a stick shall be half the original length of the
stick is \. Hence the probability that a triangle can be con-
structed out of the 3 pieces into which the stick is broken is.^.

184. A Geometrical Fallacy

Proposition. — All triangles are isosceles.

Given, any triangle ABC.

To prove triangle ABC is isosceles.

Proof. — Draw ME perpendicular to AB at the mid-point
of AB', and draw CO, the
bisector of the angle* C, in-
tersecting the line ME in O.

Draw the perpendiculars,
OF and OX, to the sides AC
and BC, respectively.

Then 0N= OF.

.-. CF=: CN.

Join A and 0 ; also join 0 and B.

Then AO = BO.

.'. the triangles AOF smd OB^Vare congruent.

(Being right triangles having AO = BO and 0F=: ON.)

.'. AF=BN.

.-. AF+FC= CN+NB, or AC == BC

86 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

185. Three men robbed a gentleman of a vase containing
24 ounces of balsam. While running away they met in a
forest with a glass seller, of whom in a great hurry they pur-
chased three vessels. On reaching a place of safety they
wished to divide the booty, but they found that their vessels
contained 5, 11, and 13 ounces respectively. How could they
divide the balsam into equal portions ?

186. A man bets — th of his money on an even chance (say
tossing heads or tails with a coin) ; he repeats this again and

again, each time betting — th of all the money then in his

possession. If, finally, the number of times he has won is

equal to the number of times he has lost, has he gained or lost

by the transaction ?

187. What like fractions of a pound, of a shilling, and of a
penny, when added together, make exactly a pound ?

188. Required to subtract 45 from 45 in such a manner that
there shall be a remainder of 45.

189. Any prime number, which, divided by 4, leaves a re-
mainder 1 is the sum of two perfect squares.

Below is given a list of all prime numbers below 400 which,
being divided by 4, leave a remainder of 1 :

5 = 4 + 1 = 22 + 12 97 = 81 + 16 = 92 + 42

13 = 9 + 4 = 32 + 22 101 = 100 + 1 = 10' + 1'.

17 = 16 + 1 = 42 + 12 109 = 100 + 9 = 102 + 32

29 = 25 + 4 = 52 + 22 113 = 64 + 49 = 82 + 72

37 = 36 -f- 1 = 62 + 12 137 = 121 + 16 = II2 + 42

41 = 25 + 16 = 52 + 42 149 = 100 + 49 = IO2 + 72

53 = 49 + 4 = 72 + 22 157 = 121 -f- 36 = II2 + 62

61 = 36 4- 25 = 62 + 52 173 = 169 + 4 = I32 + 22

73 = 64 -f 9 = 82 + 32 181 = 100 -f 81 = IO2 + 9^

89=64 + 25 = 82-1-52 193 = 144 + 49 = 122 + 72

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 87

197 = 196 -h 1 = 14» + 1* 313 = 169 + 144 = 13^ + 12^

229 = 225 -h 4 = 15* 4- 2« 317 = 196 4 121 = 14=^ 4- H*

233 = 169 4-64 = 13^ + 82 337 = 256 + 81 = 16* + 9*

241 = 225 4- 16 = 15^ 4- 4» 349 = 324 + 25 = 18^ + 5'

257 = 256 4- 1 = 16' 4- 1* 353 = 289 -h 64 = 17^ 4- 8'

269 = 169 + 100 = 132 4- 102 373 = 324 + 49 = 18' 4- 7^

277 = 196 -f 81 = 142 4. 9=^ 389 = 289 + 100 = 17' 4- 10«

281 = 256 4- 25 = 16' 4. 5» 397 = 361 4- 36 = 19' 4- 6»
293 = 289 4-4 = 172 + 2'

190. Any number, less the sum of its digits, is divisible
by 9.

Proof. Let a represent the units, b the tens, c the hundreds,
d the thousands, and so on.

Then, a units = a units = 0 + a units

h tens = 10 6 units = 9 6+6 units

c hundreds = 100 c units = 99 c + c units

d thousands = 1000 d units = 999 d-j-d units

The number = 999 d+99 c+9 6+a+6+c+d units
The sum of the digits =a+6+c+d units. Subtracting, we
liave a remainder of 999 (i + 99 c+9 6.

Since 999 d+99c+96isa multiple of 9, it is divisible by 9.

191. Two persons were born Jan. 1, 1830, and both died
Jan. 1, 1885 ; yet one lived 10 days longer than the other.
Explain how this could be possible.

192. Two men are 20 miles apart. They walk in the same
direction, at the same rate of speed, for the same length of
time ; they are then 30 miles apart. Show three ways in which
this could be possible.

193. Two men start from the same place at the same time
and go in the same direction for the same length of time at
the same rate of speed. When they have gone ^ the journey
they find they are about 8000 miles apart, yet they complete
their journeys at the same time. How is this possible ?

88 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

194. Every direction is soutli except up and down. Where
am I?

195. A boy plants a grain of corn 5 inches under the soil.
The first night it sprouts and grows ^ the distance, and con-
tinues to grow i- the remaining distance each night following.
How long before it will come up ?

196. Sterling Jones, a heavy boy, weighs 20 pounds plus {
of his own weight, plus i of his own weight, plus j\ of his
own weight ... to infinity. W^hat is his weight ?

197. Express the number 10 by using five 9's in 4 different
ways.

198. The Paradox of Tristram Shaxdy

Tristram Shandy took 2 years writing the history of the
first 2 days of his life, and lamented that, at this rate, material
would accumulate faster than he could deal with it, so that he
could never come to an end, however long he lived. But had
he lived long enough, and not wearied of his task, then, even
if his life had continued as eventfuUy as it began, no part of
his biography would remain unwritten. For if he wrote the
events of the first day in the first year, he would write the
events of the nth day in the wth year, hence in time the events
of any assigned day would be written, and therefore no part
of his biography would remain unwritten.

— From Ball's " Mathematical Recreations and Essays."

199. Swift's Biological Difficulty

Great fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bite 'em.

And little fleas have lesser fleas, and so ad infinitum.

And the great fleas themselves, in turn, have greater fleas to

go on;
While these have greater still, and greater still, and so on.

— De Morgan.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 89

200. A couple of dice are thrown. The thrower is invited
to double the points of one of the dice (whichever he pleases),
add 5 to the result, multiply by 5, and add the points of the
second die. He states the total, when any one knowing the
secret can instantly name the points of the two dice. How is
it done ?

201. Three dice are thrown. The thrower is asked to mul-
tiply the points of the first die by 2, add 5 to the result, mul-
tiply by 5, add the points of the second die, multiply the total
by 10, and add the points of the third die. He states the
total. Name the points of the three dice.

202. A man has 21 casks. Seven are full of wine ; 7 half full,
and 7 empty. How can he divide them, without transferring
any portion of the liquid from cask to cask, among his three
sons, — Sam, John, and James, — so that each shall have an
equal quantity of wine and also an equal number of casks ?

203. Three beautiful ladies have for husbands three men,
who are as jealous as they are young, handsome, and gallant.
The party are traveling, and find on the bank of a river, over
which they have to pass, a small boat which can hold no more
than two persons. How can they cross, it being agreed that
no woman shall be left in the society of a man unless her hus-
band is present ?

204. A certain number is divisible into four parts, in such
manner that the first is 500 times, the second 400 times, and
the third 40 times as much as the last and smallest part.
What is the number and what are the several parts?

206. What is the smallest number which, divided by 2, will
give a remainder of 1; divided by 3, a remainder of 2; di-
vided by 4, a remainder of 3; divided by 5, a remainder of 4;
divided by 6, a remainder of 5 ; divided by 7, a remainder of
6 ; divided by 8, a remainder of 7 ; divided by 9, a remainder
of 8 ; and divided by 10, a remainder of 9 ?

- V,

90 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

206. Given, five squares of paper or cardboard, alike in size.
Required, so to cut them that by rearrangement of the pieces
you can form one large square.

207. Given a board 3 feet long and 1 foot wide. Required
to cover a hole 2 feet by 1 foot 6 inches, by not cutting the
board into more than two pieces.

208. Given a board 15 inches long and 3 inches wide.
How is it possible to cut it so that the pieces when rearranged
shall form a perfect square ?

209. Place the numbers 1 to 19 inclusive on the sides of the
six equilateral triangles which form a regular hexagon, so
that the sum on every side will be the same.

210. 15 Christians and 15 Turks, being at sea in one and the
same ship in a terrible storm, and the pilot declaring a neces-
sity of casting one half of those persons into the sea, that
the rest might be saved; they all agreed that the persons to
be cast away should be set out by lot after this manner, viz.,
the 30 persons should be placed in a round form like a ring,
and then beginning to count at one of the passengers, and pro-
ceeding circularly, every ninth person should be cast into the
sea, until of the 30 persons there remained only 15. The
question is, how those 30 persons should be placed, that the
lot might infallibly fall upon the 15 Turks and not upon any
of the 15 Christians.

211. Some Very Old Problems

Heap, its seventh, its whole, it makes 19.
— From Ahmes, Collection of Problems, made in Egypt between
3400 B.C. and 1700 b.c.

212. The numbers from 1 to 80 admit of being formed
about a point as common center into four pentagons, such that
each side of the first pentagon from within contains two num

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 91

bers, each side of the second pentagon four numbers, each of
the third six numbers, and each side of the fourth, outermost
pentagon eight numbers. The sum of the numbers of each
side of the second pentagon is 122, the sum of those of each
side of the third pentagon is 248, and that of those of
eacli side of the fourth pentagon 254. Furthermore, the sum
of any four corner numbers lying in the same straight line
with the center, is also the same; namely, 92.

26 54

81 49

10 80

86 44

76 9

70 72

60 16 32

71 66

65 25 65 27

45 37 2

61 24

11 a^ 14

20 ^ n

^ 56 69 43

35 21 64 48

69 73

67 58

6 62 23 79

75 67

77 19 22 63 18 ®

41 38

46 S3

12 39 68 74 42 13
61 28

4 29 34 7 78 47 52 3

— From " Essays and Recreations " by Schubert.

92 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

213. A mule and a donkey were walking along, laden with
corn. The mule says to the donkey, "If you gave me one
measure, I should carry twice as much as you. If I gave you
one, we should both carry equal burdens." Tell me their bur-
dens, O most learned master of geometry.

— A riddle attributed to Euclid. From " Palatine Anthology,"

300 A.D.

214. What part of the day has disappeared if the time left
is twice two thirds of the time passed away ?

— " Palatine Anthology," 300 a.d.

215. The square root of half the number of bees in a swarm
has flown out upon a jessamine bush, |^ of the whole swarm
has remained behind ; one female bee flies about a male that
is buzzing within a lotus flower into which he was allured in
the night by its sweet odor, but is now imprisoned in it. Tell
me the number of bees.

— From " Lilavati," a Chapter in Bhaskara's great work, written

in 1150 A.D.

216. Find the keyword in the following problem in "Letter
Division."

CPN)AOUIERT(PCAAU

cpy

PIUI
PUCN

RRIE
RNAN

REER
RNAN

RIRT

RCUK
EUT

Note. — For other problems of this kind, see " Div-A-Let," by W. H.
Vail, Newark, N. J.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

217. Demochares has lived a fourth of his life as a boy; a
fifth as a youth ; a third as a man ; and has spent 13 years in
his dotage. How old is he ?

— From a collection of questions by Metrodorus, 310 a.d.

218. Beautiful maiden with beaming eyes, tell me, as thou
understandest the right method of inversion, which is tlie num-
ber which multiplied by 3, then increased by } of the product,
divided by 7, diminished by ^ of the quotient, multiplied by
itself, diminished by 52, the square root extracted, addition of
8, and division by 10, gives the number 2 ?

— From "Lilavati."

219. Given a piece of cardboard in the
form of a Greek or equal-armed cross, as
shown in the figure. Required, by two
straight cuts, so to divide it that the pieces
when reunited shall form a square.

220. To show geometrically that 1 = 0.

First Solution. Take a square that is 8 units on a side, and
cut it into three parts, A, B, and C, as shown in the left-hand
figure. Fib these parts together as in the right-hand figure.

Now the square is 8 units on a side, and therefore contains
64 small squares, while the rectangle is 9 units long and 7
units wide, and therefore contains 63 small squares.

Each of the figures are made up of -4, B, and G.

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

In the square
In the rectangle

^ + 5 + 0 = 64.

.-.64 = 63.
(Things equal to the same thing are equal to each other.)

.'.1 = 0.
(By subtracting 63 from each side of the equation.)

Second Solution. Take a square that is 8 units on a side,
and cut it into three parts, A, B, and (7, as shown in the right-
hand figure. Eit these
parts together as in the
left-hand figure.

Now the square is 8
units on a side, and
therefore contains 64
small squares, while the
rectangle is 13 units long and 5 units wide, and therefore con-
tains Q>b small squares.

Each of the figures are made up of A, B, and O.

In the rectangle A -{- B -{- C = 65.
In the square A -\- B -\- C = 64:.
.-. 65 = 64.
.-. 1 = 0.

■"

l<<

-L

221. To prove that 1

Let
Then
and

Note. — If a = 1, 1

= 200.
a = 6 = 10.

. •.! = «» -1-61
.-. 1 = 10^ + 102.
.-. 1 = 200.
if a = 2, 1 = 8 ; if a = 3, 1 = 18 ; etc.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

* 222. To prove that 1 = 2000.

Let a = 6 = 10.

Then a^ - h^ = 0,

and a« - 6« = 0.

(Things equal to the same things are equal to each other.)

.-. l = ci3-f-6^
(Dividing by a' — 6^)

.-. 1 = W + 10».

.-. 1 = 2000.

Note. — If a = 1, 1 = 2; if a = 2, 1 = 16; if a = 3, 1 = 54; etc. Also
many other problems may be made similar to problems Nos. 221 and 222.

223.

Another Geometrical Fallacy

To prove that it is possible to let fall two perpendiculars to
a line from an external point.

Take two intersecting circles with centers 0 and 0'. Let
one point of intersection be
P, and draw the diameters
PJfandPxV.

Draw MN cutting the
circumferences at A and B.
Then draw PA and PB.

Since Z PBM is inscribed
in a semicircle, it is a right
angle. Also since /.PAN
is inscribed in a semicircle, it is a right angle.

.'.PA and PB are both ± to MN.

224. Given three or more integers, as 30, 24, and 16; re-
quired to find their greatest integral divisor that will leave
the same remainder.

• The exposing of fallacies has been left to the student. They should be
studied in every High School and College..

96 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

225. To Prove that You are as Old as Methuselah

Proof :

Let

X = Methuselah's age.

Let

y = your age.

Let

s = the sum.

Then

x-\-y = s.

... (x-\-y)(x-y)=s(x-y).

. • . x^ — y^ = sx— sy.

.'. x^— sx — y^ — sy.

s- s^
4 4

■■■('-S"-(-iJ-

s s

.-. x = y.

226. How many shoes would it take for the people of a
town if one third of them had but one foot and one half the
remainder went barefoot ?

227. The Spider and the Four Gnats

On a suspended piece of glass 10 inches long, 4 inches wide,
and 4 inches high is a spider and four gnats. The spider is
on one end ^ inch from the bottom and midway between the
sides. The gnats are on the other end. Three of them are
\ inch, I inch, and 1 inch, respectively, from the top and mid-
way between the sides. The fourth is 1|^ inches from the
top and on an edge.

Determine the shortest path possible, by way of the six
faces of the piece of glass, for the spider to catch the four
gnats and return to the place from which he started.

228. What difference would there be in the weight of a per-
fectly air-tight bird cage, depending on whether the bird were
sitting on the perch or flying about ?

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

A- V

229. To prove that part of a line equals the whole line.
Take a triangle ABC^ and draw
CP ± to AB.

From C draw CX, making
Z Ar\ = /-B.

Then A ABC and ACX are ^.
similar.

.-. A ABC'. A ACX=BC': CX\
Furthermore, A ABC'. A ACX^^AB.AX.
.'.BC^.CT^AB.AX,
WJ':AB = ~CT'.AX.

W^AC^+A^-^AB'AP,
~CX'' = AC''-^AT-2AX'AP,
2AB'AP_~AC'-^AX*-2AX'AP

But
and

AC*-^Aff

AC'

AB
-\-AB-2AP

AX
+ AX-2AP.

iB-'^^'-AX ^^'

AC'-AB'AX^AC^-ABAX
AB AX

..\AB = AX.
— From Wentworth and Smith's " Geometry/

230. To prove that part of an angle equals the whole angle.
Take a square ABCD, and draw MM'P, the ± bisector of
CD. Then MM'P is also the ± bisector of AB.

From B draw any line BX equal to AB.
-^X Draw DX and bisect it by the ± NP. Since
'/ DX intersects CD, Js to these lines cannot be
/ parallel, and must meet as at P.
^ Draw PA, PD, PC, PX, and PB.

Since MP is the ± bisector of CD, PD = PC

98 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Similarly, PA = PB, and PD = PX.
..PX=PD=Pa

But BX=BC by construction, and PB is common to A
PBX and P5(7.

.'.A PBX is congruent to A PBC, and Z X5P = Z CBP.
.'. the whole Z XBP equals the part, Z (7J5P.

— From Wentworth and Smith's '^ Geometry."

231. The Four-color Map Problem

Not more than four colors are necessary in order to color a
map of a country, divided into districts, in such a way that no
two contiguous districts shall be of the same color.

Probably the following argument, though not a formal dem-
onstration, will satisfy the reader that the result is true.

Let A, B, C be three contiguous districts, and let X be any
other district contiguous with all of them. Then X must lie
either wholly outside the external boundary of the area ABO
or wholly inside the internal boundary ; that is, it must occupy
a position either like X or like X'. In either case every re-
maining occupied area in the figure is inclosed by the boun-
daries of not more than three districts; hence there is no
possible way of drawing another area Y
which shall be contiguous with A, B, C,
and X. In other words, it is possible to
draw on a plane four areas which are con-
tiguous, but it is not possible to draw five
such areas.

If A, B, C are not contiguous, each with
the other, or if X is not contiguous with A
B, and C, it is not necessary to color them
all differently, and thus the most unfavora-
ble case IS that already treated. Moreover, any of the above
areas may diminish to a point and finally disappear without
affecting the argument.

That we may require at least four colors is obvious from.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

the above diagram, since in that case the areas Aj B, C, and X
would have to be colored differently.

A proof of the proposition involves difficulties of a high
order, which as yet have baffled all attempts to surmount
them. — From Ball's " Mathematical Recreations."

232. RoMEO AND Juliet

On a checker board are located two snails. They are Romeo
and Juliet. Juliet is on her balcony waiting the arrival of
her lover, but Romeo has
been dining and forgets,
for the life of him, the
number of her house.
The squares represent
sixty-four houses, and the
amorous swain visits
every house once and only
once before reaching his
beloved.

Now make him do this
with the fewest possible
turnings. The snail can
move up, down, and across
the board and through the diagonals. Mark his track.

— From " Canterbury Puzzles."

233. Find the exact dimensions of two cubes the sum of
whose volumes will be exactly 17 cubic inches. Of course the
cubes may be of different sizes.

234. I have two balls whose circumferences are respectively
1 foot and 2 feet. Find the circumferences of two other balla
different in size whose combined volumes will exactly equal
the combined volumes of the given balls.

235. Can the number 11,111,111,111,111,111 be divided by
any other integer except itself and unity ?

■^

Vik-

100

MATHEMATICAL WKIKKLES

236. My friend owns a
house containing 16 rooms as
indicated in the diagram.

While visiting him one day,
he said to me, " Can you enter
at the door A and pass out at
the door B and enter every one
of the 16 rooms once and only
once ? " Show how I might
have done this.

237. Given a plank contain-
ing 169 square inches as shown below.

Show how a hole
13 inches square may be covered
by cutting the plank into three
pieces.

238. Given a piece of cloth in
the shape of an equilateral tri-
angle. Required to cut
it into four pieces that
may be put together and
form a perfect square.

239. A Shokt Method of Multiplication

^a^ampZe. —Multiply 41,096 by 83.

The answer is found to be 3,410,968 by inspection. It will
be observed that the answer is found by placing the last figure
of the multiplier before the number and the first after it. Also
if we prefix to 41,096 the number 41,095,890, repeated any num-
ber of times, the result may always be multiplied by 83 in this
peculiar manner.

8 multiplied by 86 = 688.

Also to multiply 1,639,344,262,295,081,967,213,114,754,098,-
360,655,737,704,918,032,787 by 71, all you have to do is to place
another 1 at the beginning and another 7 at the end.

MATHEMATICAL ^T^CiSliXTIONS

101

♦ 240. The SquaI^k fAh%j^*)y' ' " ' ,

To prove that the diagonal of any square field equals the
sum of any two sides.

100 rd

Fia. 1.

FiQ. 2.

Fig. 3.

Given the square field ABCD with a side equal to 100 rods.
The distance from Aio C along two sides is 200 rods.

Now in Fig. 1 the distance from Ato C along t;he diagonal
path is 200 rods. In Fig. 2 the steps are -smaller, yet the di-
agonal path is 200 rods long. In Fig. 3 the steps are very
small, yet the distance must be 200 rods and would yet be if
we needed a microscope to detect the steps. In this way we
may go on straightening out the zigzag path until we ulti-
mately reach a perfect straight line, and it therefore follows
that the diagonal of a square equals the sum of any two sides.
Can you expose the fallacy ?

241. Given a rectangular block of wood 8 inches by 4
inches by 3J inches. Required to cut it into similar blocks
2\ inches by IJ inches by 1\ inches with the least possible
waste. How many blocks can be had ?

A Time Problem

242. A man Who carries a watch in which the hour, minute,
and second hands turn upon the same center was asked the
time of day. He replied, " The three hands are at equal dis-
tances from one another and the hour hand is exactly 20-
minute spaces ahead of the minute hand." Can you tell the
time?

• See footnote, page 95.

102 MATBEMATICAL WRINKLES

-' ' Tnti: 'Tj^ze Planter

243. Are you a practical tree planter? If so, you are
requested, (a) to show how sixteen trees may be planted in
twelve straight rows, with four trees in every row, (b) to show
how sixteen trees may be planted in fifteen straight rows, with
four trees in every row.

244. Five persons can be seated in six different ways around
a table in such a manner that any one person is seated only
once between the same two persons. Show the manner of
seating.

245. Seven persons may be seated in fifteen different ways
around a table in such a manner that any one person is seated
only once between the same two persons. Show the ways in
which they might be seated.

246. On his morning stroll, Mr. Busybody encountered a
laborer digging a hole. ^' How deep is that hole ? " he asked.
" Guess," replied the workingman, who stood in the hole.
" My height is exactly five feet and ten inches."

" How much deeper are you going ? "

"I am going twice as deep," rejoined the laborer, "and then
my head will be twice as far below ground as it now is above
ground."

Mr. Busybody wants to know how deep that hole will be
when finished.

247. One night three men. A, B, and C, stole a bag of apples
and hid them in a barn over night, intending to meet in the
morning to divide them equally. Some time before morning
A went to the barn, divided the apples into three equal shares
and had one apple too many, which he threw away. A took
one share and put the others back into the bag. Soon after B
came and did exactly as A had done. Then came C, who re-
peated what A and B had done before him. In the morning
the three met, saying nothing of what they had done during

MATHEMATICAL KECREATIONS

103

the night. The remaining apples were divided into three equal
shares, with still one apple too many. How many apples were
there in the bag at the beginning ?

248. The following diagram represents a section of a rail-
way track with a siding. Eight cars are standing on the main

line in the order 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and an engine is standing
on the side track. The siding will hold five cars, or four cars
and the engine. The main line will hold only the eight cars
and the engine. Also when all the cars and the engine are on
the • main line, only the one occupying the place of 8 can be
moved on the siding. With 8 at the extremity, as shown,
there is just room to pass 7 on the siding. The cars can be
moved without the aid of the engine.

You are required to reverse the order of the cars on the
main line so that they will be numbered 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 ;
and to do this by means which will involve as few transfer-
ences of the engine, or a car to or from the siding as are possible.

249.

The Mysterious Addition

To express the sum of five numbers, having given only the
first.

Have a person write a number, say 55,369. Subtract two
from the number, and place it before the remainder, giving
255,367, which is the sum of the numbers to be added. Each

104 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

number is to contain the same number of figures as kk oqq
the first. _ 3g|4g^

After the first number is expressed have the per- g-i ^o*
son write the second, say 38,465. Then write the 03 461
third yourself, using such figures in the number, rrn koq
that if added to the figures in the number above — j^- —
will make nine. Have the person write the fourth ^i^^,obi
number. Then write the fifth yourself in the same way as
the third. These numbers added will give the required sum,

250. At the close of four and a half months' hard work, the
ladies of a certain Dorcas Society were so delighted with the
completion of a beautiful silk patchwork quilt for the dear
curate that everybody kissed everybody else, except, of course,
the bashful young man himself, who kissed only his sisters,
whom he had called for, to escort home. There were just a
gross of osculations altogether. How much longer would the
ladies have taken over their needlework task if the sisters of
the curate referred to had played lawn tennis instead of at-
tending the meetings? Of* course we must assume that the
ladies attended regularly, and I am sure that they all worked
equally well. A mutual kiss counts two osculations.

— From " Canterbury Puzzles."

251. The Arithmetical Triangle

This name has been given to a contrivance said to have
originated or to have been perfected by the famous Pascal.
1

7 1

28 8

etc.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 105

This peculiar series of numbers is thus formed : Write do^vn
the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., as far as you please, in a vertical row.
On the right hand of 2 place 1, add them together, and place
3 under the 1 ; then 3 added to 3 = 6, which place under the
3 ; 4 and 6 are 10, which place under the 6, and so on, as far
as you wish. This is the second vertical row, and the third is
formed from the second in a similar way.

This triangle has the property of informing us, without the
trouble of calculation, how many combinations can be made,
taking any number at a time, out of a larger number.

Suppose the question were that just given ; how many selec-
tions can be made of 3 at a time, out of 8 ?

On the horizontal row commencing with 8, look for the third
number ; this is 56, which is the answer.

252. Twelve nests are in a circle. In each nest is only one
egg. Required to begin at any nest, always going in the same
direction, and pick up an egg, pass it over two other eggs, and
place it in the next nest. This process is to be continued until
six eggs have been removed and then six of the nests should
contain two eggs each, and the other six should be empty.
Show how this can be done by making the fewest possible
revolutions around the nests.

253. A man in a city skyscraper, in a time of fire, made his
escape by descending on a rope. He was 300 feet above the
ground and had a rope only 150 feet long and 1^ inches in
diameter. Show how he made his escape without jumping
from the window or dropping from the end of the rope.

254. A German farmer while visiting town bought a cask of
wine containing 100 pints of pure wine. After reaching home
he hid the cask in his barn thinking no one would find it.
While away from home his neighbor found the cask and drew
out 30 pints. Each time he drew out a pint he replaced it with
a pint of pure water before drawing the next pint. How much
wine was stolen ?

106

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

255. While out fishing on a lake in a small boat I found
myself without oars. I was two miles from shore. I had
nothing to use to row the boat. Besides this there was no
current to help me, for the water was perfectly smooth. I had
nothing in the boat but a heavy trot-line one inch in diameter
and six large fish. I could not swim and had no way of
securing assistance. Was it possible for me to reach the shore
under such circumstances ? If so, how ?

256. C's age at A's birth was 5i times B's age and now is
equal to the sum of xV's age and B's age. If A were 3 years
younger or B 4 years older, A's age would be | of B's age.
Find the ages of A, B, and C. (Solve by arithmetic.)

257. What is the smallest sum of money in pounds, shil-
lings, pence, and farthings that can be expressed by using each

of the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9,
once and once only ?

258. A Eeversible Magic Square

The digits 0, 1, 2, 6, and 8, when turned
upside down, can be read, 0, 1, 7, 9, and
8. It will be observed that this square
when turned upside down is still magic.

259. To prove that part of an
angle equals the whole angle.

Take a right triangle ABO
and construct upon the hypote-
nuse BC an equilateral triangle
BCD, as shown.

On CD lay off OP equal to CA.

Through X, the mid-point of
AB, draw PX to meet CB pro-
duced at Q. Draw QA.

Draw the ± bisectors of QA
and QP, as YO and ZO. These

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 107

must meet at some point O because they are ± to two inter-
secting lines.

Draw OQ, OA, OP, and OC.

Since O is on the ± bisector of QA, .'. OQ = OA,

Similarly OQ=OP, and .'. OA = OP.

But CA = CP, by construction, and CO = CO.

.-. A AOC is congruent to A POC, and Z ^CO = Z PCO.

260. Another Triangle Fallacy

To prove that the sum of two sides of a triangle is equal
to the third side.

Let ABC be a triangle. -^ ^ ^ -,Z>

Complete the parallelo-
gram and divide the diag- ^^ ^iv\"'""/ /

onal AC into n equal parts. / /____N<C.

Through the points of divi- / /^' ^\

sion draw n — 1 lines parallel ^ ' -^ ^

to AB. Similarly, draw n — 1
lines parallel to BC. AB will be divided into 7i equal parts.
Also BC will be divided into n equal parts. The parallelo-
gram is now divided into n^ equal and similar parallelograms.

Note. — The diagram is drawn for n = 3.

Taking the small parallelograms of which the segments of
AC are diagonals, we have

AB + BC=AM+ EF-\- GH+ ME -{■ FG -\- HC.

A similar relation is true, however large n may be. Now let n
increase indefinitely. Then the lines AM, ME, EF, etc., will
get smaller and smaller. Finally the points MFH will ap-
proach indefinitely near the line AC, and ultimately will lie on
it. When this is the case the sum of AM and ME will be
equal to AE, and similarly for the other similar pairs of lines.

Hence, AM-^ME^-EF+FO + On-\-HC:=^AE^EO-\-GC,

01 AB-\-BC=Aa

108 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

The Fourth Dimension

Geometry as studied in the schools is divided into two parts,
Plane Geometry, or Geometry of Two Dimensions, and Solid
Geometry, or Geometry of Three Dimensions. These divisions
naturally suggest an infinite number of divisions. Consider-
ing space as an aggregate of points, the line is a one-dimen-
sional space, a plane is a two-dimensional space, and a solid is
a three-dimensional space. To fix exactly the position of a
point on a line, it is only necessary to have one number giving
its distance from some fixed point. To fix exactly the position
of a point in a plane, it is necessary to start from a known
point and measure in two given perpendicular directions. To
fix exactly the position of a point in a solid, it is necessary to
start from a known point and measure in three perpendicular
directions.

Thus to locate a man traveling north from a given place it
is necessary to know only the distance traveled. To locate a
man traveling on the sea it is necessary to have two measure-
ments given — his latitude and longitude. To locate a man
traveling in the air it is necessary to have three measurements
given — his latitude, longitude, and his distance above or below
the sea level.

The question now arises : Why may there not be a space
of four dimensions and thus a geometry of four dimensions in
which the exact position of a point may be determined by
measuring in four perpendicular directions ? This question is
one which we cannot escape. Paul may have had the fourth
dimension in mind, when, speaking of spiritual life, he said,
" That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith, that ye being
rooted and grounded in love, may be able to comprehend with
all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and
height " (Eph. 3 : 17, 18) ; or when he wrote, " I knew a man
whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell, how that
he was caught up into paradise and heard unspeakable words "

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 109

(2 Cor. 12 : 2, 3). What did John mean when he " was in the
spirit viewing the Heavenly Jerusalem " and said, " The city
lieth foursquare" (Rev. 21: 16)? Was Christ's transfigured
body a four-dimensional body? Was his resurrected body
which appeared in the midst of a closed room a four-dimen-
sional body ? Was the ascension a like disappearance ?

Although these questions cannot be answered by man, we
are certain that the term fourth-dimensional came to us from
a firm believer in spiritual life. We can neither prove nor
deny its existence. If a physical fourth dimension exists, a
three-dimensional body would never know it, nor would we
have any way of finding out.

If we connect all points of our space, a three-dimensional
space, with an assumed point outside of it, then the aggregate
of all the points of the connecting lines constitutes a four-
dimensional space, or hyperspace. As a moving point gener-
ates a line, as a line moving outside itself generates a surface,
as a surface moving outside itself generates a solid, just so a
solid moving outside of our space would generate a hypersolid,
or portion of hyperspace. Hyperspace itself may be conceived
as generated by our entire space moving in a direction not con-
tained in itself, just as our space may be generated by the
similar motion of an unlimited plane.

Has hyperspace a real, physical existence? If so, our uni-
verse must have a small thickness in the fourth dimension ;
otherwise, as the geometrical plane is assumed to be without
thickness, our world, too, would be a mere abstraction (as,
indeed, some idealistic philosophers have maintained), that is,
nothing but a shadow cast by a more real fourth-dimensional
world.

Of what use is the conception of hyperspace? It is of
importance to the mathematician. The notion of such a
geometry as a logical system of theorems involved in a set of
axioms is important to the student. It gives a deeper insight
into geometry. The conception of space to which these geo-

110 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

metries apply is of great assistance in the application of geome-
try to the other mathematics. Especially is it of importance
because of the parallelism between algebra and geometry. It
has very appropriately been called the playground of mathe-
matics. It is not only of importance to the mathematician,
but is also of much importance to the philosopher, psycholo-
gist, and scientist in general. It is a question of interest to
every person.

The geometry of two dimensions is more extensive than the
geometry of one dimension. Also the geometry of three
dimensions is more extensive than the geometry of two di-
mensions, yet nearly everything in the solid is more or less
analogous to something in the plane. Just so geometry of four
dimensions would be still more extensive than geometry of
three dimensions, yet very closely related to it. For example,
the circle studied in a geometry of one dimension has very few
properties, while studied in a geometry of two dimensions has
a center, radii, chords, tangents, etc., and studied in a geometry
of three dimensions has further numerous geometrical relations
with the sphere, cone, cylinder, etc.

Let us conceive of a space of but one dimension. A being
in such a space would be limited to a straight line, which he
would conceive as extending infinitely in both directions. If
you were a point and lived on a straight line you would be a
one-dimensional man. You could not move in two-dimensional
space, but could think about it. If you were in two-dimen-
sional space you would never know it. You could move back-
ward and forward only. You could not look up or down, nor
from side to side. You could see only the back of the man's
head in front of you. You could never turn around and talk
to a man behind you. If you encountered another being,
neither could pass the other.

Conceive of a world of but two dimensions inhabited by
two-dimensional beings. Such a world would lie in a single
plane, having length and breadth, but no thickness. The in-

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS 111

habitants of this region might be thought of as the shadows of
three-dimensional beings. By a miracle one of these beings
becomes endowed with a knowledge of three dimensions. He
could then do marvelous things in the eyes of his neighbors.
He could disappear and reappear at will. The strongest prison
could not hold him. By moving out of the plane in which he
lives he could look down into the dwellings and even into the
insides of his neighbors. He would then be a god in the pres-
ence of the inhabitants of flatland, or shadowland.

If you lived on a surface, you would be a two-dimensional
man. You would have no thickness. You could slide around
like quicksilver. You would be a flat man and could not
understand how a third dimension could possibly exist. You
could pass your neighbors. You would be living in a three-
dimensional world and never know it. You could pass through
a three-dimensional being and never know it. You could pass
through a brick wall and never see it. You could not move in
three-dimensional space, but could think of it. Only a square
or circle would be necessary to imprison you. You could see
all around you but could not look down or up. If imprisoned,
a being in our space by lifting could liberate you and, to your
friends, you would have made a miraculous escape. If you
should attempt to imprison a three-dimensional criminal in
your two-dimensional jail, he would escape by stepping over
the walls of your prison and you would never realize how he
eluded you.

Now, if there be a four-dimensional world, our three-dimen-
sional space must lie in its midst. All people would then be
three-dimensional shadows of four-dimensional beings. We
could only become endowed with four-dimensional knowledge
or become four-dimensional beings b}' supernatural means. We
could move in a four-dimensional being, and not understand
how such a thing is possible. If there be such a thing as a
four-dimensional being, it would perhaps assist us in under-
standing the following scripture, " That they should seek the

112 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though
he be not far from every one of us : for in him we live, and
move, and have our being" (Acts 17 : 27, 28).

If you were a four-dimensional creature, no three-dimen-
sional prison would hold you, and we should never know how
you made your escape. You could take money from a locked
safe without opening the- door. You could place a plum
within a potato without breaking the peeling. You could fill
a completely inclosed vessel. You could turn a hollow rubber
ball inside out. You could remove the contents of an egg
without puncturing the shell, or drink the wine from a bottle
without drawing the cork.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

ARITHMETIC

Teachers' Examination Questions. — Texas

1. Write the analysis of each of the following :

(a) A boy has 75 cents, with which he can buy 5 melons.
Find the average price of a melon. '

(6) A boy has 75 cents, with which he buys melons at the
average price of 5 cents each. How many melons does he
buy?

2. A trader bought a plantation at $ 14 per acre, and sold
it for $ 15,824, gaining $ 2 per acre. Find the cost.

3. Find the product of the smallest prime number greater
than 153, and the greatest composite odd number less than 230.

4. From the sum of 29f and 42|, take the difference of 20J
and 10^.

5. The product of two factors is ^ ; one of the factors is |.
Find the other.

6. What per cent is gained by buying wheat at 62J cents
per bushel and selling at 67^ cents ?

7. In a proportion the inverse ratio of the first term to the
second term is 3^; the fourth term is 160. Find the third
term.

8. Give solution and analysis : Find the present worth and
true discount of a note for $ 135.75, due 1 year 8 months
15 days hence, money being worth 8 %.

113

114 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

9. What may X offer for a house which pays $ 895 rent
per year that he may receive 8 % interest on the investment ?

10. Reduce to lowest terms : .66|; .125; .371

Teachers' Examination Questions. — Ohio

1. Define aliquot part, mean proportional, maker of a note,
denominate number.

2. (a) Give the table of liquid measure ; of dry measure.
(5) How many cubic inches in a dry quart? in a liquid

quart ?

3. A man bought a lot 8 rods square at the rate of
$ 1000 an acre. He fenced it in at an average cost of .35 cents
a yard. He then sold the lot through an agent for $ 750, pay-
ing 2i cfo commission. Find the man's profit.

4. (a) What is meant by " paying by check " ?

(h) Suppose that you sell to Charles Ray a horse for
$ 250 and agree to give him 5 % off for cash. You receive
in payment his check for the amount on some bank of which
you know. Write the check, supplying the necessary details,
but using a fictitious name.

5. (a) A man wishes to build a house 28 feet by 32 feet.
He needs four sills, each 6 inches by 8 inches, to put under the
walls. How much will they cost at $ 18 per M ?

(Jb) How many feet of siding are necessary for this house,
supposing it to be 18 feet high, the siding being 5 inches wide
and laid 4 inches to the weather, no allowance being made for
gables, doors, or windows ?

6. (a) A certain district contains taxable property valued
at $ 150,000. The board of education has built a schoolhouse

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 115

costing $1800. What will the schoolhouse cost a taxpayer
whose property is valued at $ 4800 ?

(6) Express a tax rate of one mill as a rate per cent.

7. Write a rule for finding (a) the area of a circle when
the radius is given; (b) the surface of a sphere when the
radius is given ; (c) the volume of a pyramid.

8. A father gave his son his promissory note for $ 225, due
when the son became 21 years old. The rate of interest was
6%, and when the note became due, the principal and inter-
est together amounted to $303.75. How old was the son when
the note was given ?

State Certificate. — Kentucky

1. Given the dividend, quotient, and remainder, how may
the divisor be found ? If 10 apples be divided equally among
five boys, which of the terms in the division are concrete and
which abstract ?

2. What term is the base (a) in commission ? (b) in in-
surance? (c) in profit and lass? (d) in interest? (e) in
discount ?

3. At 6 o'clock A.M. the thermometer indicated 20° above
zero; at 12 o'clock M., 5° above zero; at 6 o'clock p.m., 7° be-
low zero. Find the average temperature from the three ob-
servations. Explain the process.

4. The sum of two numbers is 147J, and their difference
83^. What are the numbers ?

5. If equal sums be put at interest for 1 year 12 days, at
5J f/o and 7 % per annum, the difference in interest received
on the two principals will be $ 7.65. Find the sum invested
in each case.

6. Wheat is worth 90 cents per bushel, and a field yields
21 bushels per acre, at a cost of $ 16.75 per acre for cultivation.

116 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

If the cost of cultivation be increased 20%, and the yield be
thereby increased 30 %, what is the net gain per acre?

7. The longitude of Pensacola, Fla., is 87° 15' West. Find
the difference between standard time and local (Meridian)
time in that city.

8. The proceeds of a 3 months' note discounted at bank at
6 % per annum, the day it was made, were $ 400. Find the
face of the note.

^9. A contractor in building two residences finds that the
number of mechanics employed on the first is to the num-
ber employed on the second as 7:4, the weekly wages paid
individuals on the first to those on the second as 8 : 7, and the
time each mechanic was employed on the first to that on the
second as 5 : 12. Find the relative cost of labor on the two
buildings.

10. How many trees planted 33 feet apart will be required
to cover 10 acres in the shape of a rectangle 20 rods wide, if
no allowance is made for space beyond the outside rows ?

State Examination. — Michigan

1. (a) 9 is a factor of a number if it is a factor of the sum
of its digits, and not otherwise. Prove.

(6) At what time between 2 and 3 o'clock are the minute
and hour hands at right angles to each other ?

2. In a circle 1 mile in diameter three circles are inscribed,
tangent to one another and touching the larger circumference.
What is the area of the space inclosed by the three circles ?

3. Which would be the better investment and how much
better for a capital of $5000: Baltimore & Ohio Eailroad
stock quoted at 127|, brokerage ^ %, paying semiannual divi-
dends of 3^ % and the balance in a savings bank paying 3 %,
or the whole in a 6 % mortgage ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 117

4. Write a concrete problem involving cube root and solve
in full as you would require your pupils to solve.

5. Discuss briefly as to the advisability of teaching in the
grades : metric system, compound proportion, equations, cube
root, geometrical constructions, partnership, longitude and time.

6. A train weighing 126 tons rests on an incline and is
kept from moving down by a force 1500 pounds. What is the
grade?

7. Change 4321 from scale of 10 to scale of 8 and explain.

8. Find the ratio of the side of a cube to the radius of a
sphere if the volume of the cube is twice that of the sphere.

9. Discuss and illustrate graphic arithmetic.

10. The marbles in a box can be divided exactly into groups
of 17, but when divided into groups of 16, 18, or 24, 9 remain
in each case. How many marbles are there ?

County Examination. — Texas

1. Two thirds of A's money equal | of B's. If they put
their money together, what part of the whole will A own ?

2. S 600.00 Dallas, Texas, Jan. 15, 1904.
For value received I promise to pay David Dooley, or order,

on demand, six hundred dollars, with interest at 8 % per
annum.

What amount will pay the above note Aug. 20, 1904, at exact
interest ?

3. If you double the rate and time, what must be done to
the principal, that the interest be unchanged? How many
terms are involved in interest ? At what rate must any prin-
cipal be placed to make 5 times itself in 3 years ?

4. A is in 40° W. longitude. When it is 3 a.m. at A,
where must 5 be in order that it may be 10 i'.m. ?

118 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

5. If 16 men hoe 200 acres of cotton in 15 days of 8 hours
each, how many boys can hoe 150 acres in 12 days of 6 hours
each; provided, that while working a boy can do only -J as
much as a man, and that the boys are idle ^ of the time ?

6. A miller charges ^ toll for grinding corn. How many
bushels, pecks, and quarts must a man take to mill in order
that he may obtain 13 bushels of meal ?

7. The solid contents of a cube and of a sphere are each
3,048,625 cubic inches. Which has the greater surface, and
how much greater ?

8. The ice on a circular lake is 1^ feet thick. If the lake
is 1000 yards in circumference, how many cubic feet of ice on
the lake ?

9. I bought two houses for $ 1800, paying 25 % more for
one than for the other. I sold the cheaper house at a profit
of 20 %, and the higher priced house at a loss of 16| %. How
many dollars did I gain or lose ? What was my gain or loss
per cent ?

10. A bookseller buys a book whose catalogue price is $ 4
at a discount of 25 %, 20 %, and 8^ %, and sells it at 10 %
above the catalogue price. What per cent profit does he
make ?

Commercial Arithmetic. — Indiana

1. Illustrate checking residts by 9's and ll's.

2. A farmer wishes to construct a square granary 18 feet on
each side that will hold 800 stricken bushels. Find the depth
of the bin by the approximate rule.

3. Illustrate a calculation table.

4. A man had 6 acres of land ; to one party he sold a piece
25 rods by 20 rods, and to another party 140 square rods.
What per cent of the field remained unsold ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 119

5. Define the following: Discount series^ gross pricey net
price,

6. Make a copy of a bill of goods showing the purchase of
four articles, one article at a discount of 5 % ; the second
article, 10 % ; the third article, 15 % ; the fourth article, 20 %.

7. Illustrate a cost key and also a selling key.

8. A note for $ 1600, dated Jan. 1, 1906, bearing interest at
6 %, had payments indorsed upon it as follows : March 1, 1906,
$ 250 ; July 1, 1906, $ 25 ; Sept. 1, 1906, $ 515 ; Nov. 1, 1906,
$ 175. How much was due upon the note at final settlement,
April 1, 1907 ?

State Certificate. — Ohio

1. The sum of two numbers is 546, their G. C. D. is 21, and
the difference of the other two factors is 8. Find the numbers.

2. At what two times between 4 and 5 o^clock are the min-
ute and hour hands of a clock equally distant from 4 ?

3. Certain employees, having a 9-hour day, strike because of
a proposed reduction of 10 % in wages. They resume work at
the same wages, but have a longer day. If the increase in
time is (to the firm) equivalent to the proposed cut of 10 %, by
what per cent are the hours increased ?

4. A dealer sells an article at a gain of 10 % ; had he paid
for it 16 I % less, and sold it for 7 cents less, he would have
gained 25%. End the cost.

5. A man agrees to pay S 6000 for a lot in three equal pay-
ments, including 6 % interest on unpaid money. What is the
yearly payment ?

6. A lady buys 20 yards of cloth for $ 20; for some she pays
\ oi a. dollar a yard, for some | of a dollar a yard, and for the
remainder $4 a yard. How many yards of each kind did she
buy, provided she bought a whole number of yards of each ?

120 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

7. A board is 6 inches wide at one end and 18 inches wide
at the other end. If it is 16 feet long, how far from the shorter
end must it be cut, parallel to the ends, to divide it into two
equal parts?

8. A man has a square tract of land which contains as many
acres as it requires rails to build a fence around it. If the
fence is four rails high, and the rails are 12 feet long, how
many acres are in the field ?

9. Pure ground mustard contains 35 % of oil. A sample
of mustard is adulterated with wheat flour. The per cent
of oil found in a sample is 15. Find the per cent of wheat
flour in the mixture, allowing 2 % of oil to exist naturally in
wheat flour.

10. The true discount of a certain sum for one year is {^
of the interest. Find the rate.

Teachers' Examination. — Missouri

1. A dealer bought, two horses at the same price. He sold
one, at a profit of 20 %, for $102. The other he sold at a loss
of 10 %. How much did he receive for the latter?

2. A rectangular aquarium is 32 inches long, 24 inches
wide, and 16 inches deep. How many goldfish may be kept in
it, allowing 1 gallon of water per fish?

3. A man left St. Louis and traveled until his watch was 1
hour and 3 minutes slow. How many degrees had he traveled
and in what direction ?

4. The base of a triangular field is 360 yards, and the altitude
is 615 feet. How many acres does it contain ?

5. Two metal spheres of the same material weigh 1000 pounds
and 64 pounds respectively. The radius of the second is 1 foot.
Find the radius of the first.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 121

6. A dealer sold an automobile for $1000, receiving $400
iu cash and a note for the rest, due in 3 years, interest 6%,
payable semiannually. How much interest was paid on the
note?

7. Which is the better investment and how much, 5%
bonds at 110 or 6 % bonds at 118?

8. Name some subjects given in arithmetic that you think
might be properly omitted. Give reasons for your answer.

9. What must be invested in railroad 4^% bonds at 91|%
to yield an annual income of $ 1350, brokerage at |^ % ?

10. Analyze: ^ of the price paid for a cow was f of the cost
of a horse. The horse cost $99 more than the cow. • Find the
cost of each.

State Examination. — New York

1. What rate per cent of profit will a man make by paying
$17.10 for an article, with discounts of 20 %, 10 %, and 5 %
from the list price, if he sells it at the list price ?

2. Find (a) the ratio of the areas of two similar rectangles,
the length of one being 36 rods and that of the other 90 rods;
(6) the ratio of the volumes of two similar spheres, the di-
ameter of one being 6 feet and that of the other 8 feet. State
the principle applied in each case.

3. A tank to hold 100 barrels can be only 5 feet wide and
4J feet deep. What is the required length ?

4. If to alcohol which cost $ 1.25 a quart 20 % of its volume
of water is added, what will be the rate per cent of profit if
the mixture is sold at $ 1.40 a quart?

6. If a certain fraction is increased by J of itself, the result
multiplied by ^ and the product divided by ^, the reciprocal of
the result will be 4^^. Find the fraction.

122 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

6. Using the mercantile rule, find the amount due May 18,
1907, on a note for $ 650, given Nov. 30, 1903, on which the
following payments have been indorsed : Jan. 12, 1905, $ 225 ;
April 23, 1906, $ 250. (Use legal rate of interest.)

7. Determine the number of rods around a square field,
the diagonal of which is 340 rods.

8. A man has an income of $ 1925 for an investment in
United States Steel stock paying 7 %, purchased at 107, bro-
kerage I". How does this income compare with that of the
same sum invested in a real estate mortgage paying 5 % ?

9. If $ 260 placed at interest for 1 year 6 months and 20
days at 6 % produces $ 24.27 interest, what sum placed at
interest for 11 months and 24 days at 7 % will produce $20
interest ? (Solve by proportion.)

10. With no allowance for waste, how many feet of lumber,
board measure, will it take to make a watering trough 18 feet
long, 2^ feet wide, and 20 inches deep, outside measurements,
with lumber 1^ inches thick ?

County Examination. — Ohio

1. Explain the meaning of the following: notation, com-
posite number f insurance premium, commission merchant, trade
discount.

2. If A cuts 21 cords of wood in 7i hours, and B 3^ cords
in 8J hours, how long will it take the two together to cut
enough wood to make a pile 170 feet long, 4 feet wide, and
6 feet high ?

3. (a) In the expression " 3 % stock at 75,'' explain fully
what is meant. (6) Make and solve a problem to show clearly
the difference between true discount and bank discount.

4. A person owns $15,000 bank stock paying 5 %, which
he sells. He invests the proceeds in 6 % stock at 120, his

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 123

income being increased $ 60. Find the price at which he sold
the first stock.

5. The side of a square inscribed in a circle is 10 feet. Find
both the diameter and area of the circle.

6. A miner sold 2 pounds of gold dust at $ 220 a pound
avoirdupois, and the broker sold it at $ 16 per ounce Troy.
Did he gain or lose, and how much ?

7. Write a rule for finding the area of a rectangle, and illus-
trate by a diagram that children can understand.

8. A man owns a house valued at $ 1500, land valued at
$ 2100, and has $ 1500 in a savings bank. If he owes $ 900
and the tax rate is 18 mills, what is the amount of his tax ?

County Examination. — Texas

1. There are two general methods of performing subtrac-
tion. Explain the method you use and justify its use.

2. Explain as you would to a class that a fraction may be
considered a problem in division.

3. How was the length of the meter determined? The
weight of the gram ? The capacity of the liter ?

4. Nine men can do a work in 8J days. How many days
may 3 men remain away and yet finish the work in the same
time by bringing 5 more with them ? r

5. How many square inches in one face of a cube which
contains 2,571,353 cubic inches ?

6. Find the sum whose true discount by simple interest for
4 years is $ 25 more at 6 % than at 4 % per annum.

7. Find the length of a minute-hand whose extreme point
moves 4 inches in 3 minutes 28 seconds.

124 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

8. A, B, and C dine on 8 loaves of bread ; A furnishes 5
loaves ; B, 3 loaves ; and C pays 8 cents for his share. How
must A and B divide the money ?

9. Bought bonds at 12% premium and sold them at a loss
of 12i %. At what discount were they sold ?

10. (a) At what discount should 7% bonds be bought to
make 8 % on the investment ?

(6) At what premium should 8 % bonds be bought to realize
6|% on the investment?

Training Class Certificate. — New York

1. Distinguish between the simple and the local value of a
figure. How much greater is the local value of 8 in the fourth
order of units than in the second decimal place ?

2. A student paid -J- of his yearly allowance for books and
y^Q- of the remainder for clothes ; he paid $ 20 more for clothes
than for books. What was his yearly allowance ?

3. The earth removed in excavating a cellar 33 feet wide
and 55 feet long, to a depth of 6 feet, is used to raise the sur-
face of a lot containing i of an acre. How much is the surface
of the lot raised ?

4. It is 9 A.M. at a place 18° 30' east of New York. What
is the time at a place 46° 15' west of New York ? Give a
model explanation.

5. The net proceeds of a shipment of 500 tons of hay was
$ 6790 after a commission of 3 % had been deducted. What
was the selling price per ton ?

6. If 46% of the enrollment of a school is boys and there
are 162 girls, how many boys are enrolled ? Analyze.

7. Give a clear explanation of the process of finding, by
factoring, the lowest common multiple of 78, 195, 117.

8. Describe a lesson to develop the table of square measure.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 125

For Second Grade Certificate. — Michigan

1. (a) What is the least number by which |, ^^, and f can
be multiplied to give, in each case, an integer for a product?

(6) Divide some number selected by yourself into integral
parts having the ratios of |, }, and 3, respectively.

2. (a) What is the volume in cubic inches of a body that
weighs 10 pounds in air and 8 pounds in water ?

(b) The specific gravity of cork is .24, of gold is 19.36. How
much gold can be kept from sinking by a cubic foot of cork ?

3. A can do as much work in a day as B in 1^ days. If A
can do a piece of work in 12 days, how long for them to do the
work together ?

4. Sold two horses at S 120 each. On one I lost 25 %, on
the other I gained enough to retrieve this loss. What per
cent did I gain?

5. When a certain number is divided by 45 there is a re-
mainder of 30. What would be the remainder if the number
were divided by 9 ?

6. Give the following tables, using proper abbreviations:
linear measure, square measure, liquid measure, and avoirdu-
pois weight.

7. Mr. Charles Brown has a note for $ 250 at 6 % interest
per annum, running two years, which was given in Detroit 15J
months ago to John R. Clark and by Clark prope;*ly indorsed
to Brown. Draw the note, making proper indorsement and
find the interest due to-day.

8. Analyze: Ten per cent of a consignment of eggs were
broken. At what per cent advance must the remainder be
sold to realize a gain of 25 % ?

9. Formulate and solve an example in both simple and com-
pound proportion.

126 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

10. Illustrate in a township the following described parcel
of land and find its value at $ 12.50 per acre : N. i of N. E. J
of S. E. I, sec. 16.

11. Define (a) multiple, (b) factor, (c) cancellation, (d) deci-
mal fraction, (e) abstract number, (/) ratio, (g) percentage,
(h) per cent.

12. Give principles upon which the following operations are
based : (a) reducing fractions to lower terms, (h) reducing
fractions to a common denominator, (c) pointing off in multi-
plication of decimals, {d) dividing percentage by rate to find
the base.

13. At $2.50 per rod what will it cost to fence a square
field containing 10 acres?

14. A jobber retails at a gain of 25% and discounts this
price at 20% and 10% for cash. What per cent are his
profits on cash sales ?

Advanced Arithmetic. — New York

1. State three principles of the Roman notation and illus-
trate each. Mention two common uses of this system and two
advantages that the Arabic system has over the Roman.

2. Subtract 6589 from 14,523 and prove the correctness of
your result by the method of (a) casting out 9's, (b) summing
up the digits (unitate method).

3. Using the contracted method, find the product of
.134567 and 8.4032 correct to four places of decimals.

4. If 18 men can do a piece of work in 24 days, in how
many days can 27 men do the work ? Solve by (a) analysis,
(6) proportion.

5. If the price of milk rises from 6 cents to 9 cents a
quart, what per cent is the advance? If the price falls from
9 cents to 6 cents, what per cent is the fall ? Explain in full.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 127

6. A boat travels 15 miles downstream in 2Ji- hours ; the
boat's rate of travel in still water is 4 J miles au hour. In
what time can the boat return ? Write analysis in full.

7. A grocer has defective scales which indicate ^ ounce less
to the pound than the true weight. What is the value of the
tea that he sells for $ 16.64 ? Write analysis in full.

8. The exact interest on a debt for a given number of days
and at a given rate is $9.25. What would be the interest on
the same debt for the same time and at the same rate if com-
puted by the 6 % method ? Explain.

Teachers' Examination. — Indiana

1. Bought 240 barrels of apples at $1.75 a barrel ; lost 40
barrels through frost. At what price a barrel must I sell the
remainder to gain 25 % on the money invested ?

2. Find cost of stone wall 4 rods long, 6 feet high, and 2 feet
thick, at 60 ^ a square foot.

3. Simplify the following:

3i + 2^-H^1.375.

4. A resident of the city, giving up his lease on a house at
$30 per month, bought a lot at S 1200 and built a house costing
$ 2400. Taxes per year are $ 56.70 ; cost of insurance $ 10, and
cost of repairs S 25. Allowing interest at 6 % on the amount
in the property, how much does he save annually by owning
his own property ?

5. After wheeling 12^ miles, a boy found he had traveled
83^ % of the distance he had intended to go. How long a
ride did he expect to take ?

6. The wheels of a locomotive are 15 feet 6 inches in cir-
cumference and make 8 revolutions a second. How long does
it take it to run 100 miles ?

128 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

7. Central Park, New York, contains 879 acres, and the new-
reservoir in the Park contains 107 acres. What per cent of
the park does the reservoir cover ?

8. Find the interest on $ 1150 for 1 year 3 months and 17
days at 6%.

County Examination. — Texas

1. Three boys had 169 apples which they shared in the
ratio of ^, ^, and ^. How many did each receive ?

2. What is the difference in area between a half of a foot
square and half of a square foot ?

3. A man living in Galveston- observed that his clock, cor-
rect by sun time, was 19 minutes slower than the depot clock,
correct by standard time, 90th meridian. Eind longitude of
Galveston.

4. A merchant bought cloth at $1.15 per meter and sold
it by the yard at a profit of 20 % . How much did he get per
yard?

5. The distance from Austin to San Antonio is 152,064
varas. Find the distance in miles.

6. A merchant paid $1323 for goods, and the discounts
were 25 %, 121 %, and 10 %. Find the list price.

7. An agent sells 1200 barrels of apples at $4.50 a barrel
and charges 2^% commission. After deducting his commis-
sion of 8 % for buying, he invests the net proceeds in cotton.
What is his entire commission ?

8. How much must be invested, if stock 20 % below par
yield a 6 % income of $ 390 ?

9. How large a draft, payable in 30 days after sight, can
be bought for $ 352.62, exchange li % discount, and interest
at 6 % ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 129

10. A grocer has a false balance which gives 14^ ounces to
the pound. What does he gain by the cheat in selling sugar
for $258.56?

11. What would be the cost of 10 planks each 18 feet long,
15 inches wide, 2 inches thick, at $40 per thousand board feet?

For State Certificate. — Ohio

1. A and B run a race, their rates of running being as 17 to
18. A runs 2J miles in 16 minutes 48 seconds, and B the
whole distance in 34 minutes. What is the distance run ?

2. The surface of the six equal faces of a cube is 1350
square inches. What is the length of the diagonal of the cube ?

3. A man bought 5 % stock at 109^, and 4J % pike stock
at 1074 , brokerage in each case ^ % ; the former cost him $ 200
less than the latter, but yielded the same income. Find the
cost of the pike stock.

4. A, B, and C start together and walk around a circle in
the same direction. It takes A -^ hours, B | hours, C |-f hours
to walk once around the circle. How many times will each
go around the circle before they will all be together at the
starting point ?

6. I hold two notes, each due in two years, the aggregate
face value of which is S 1020. By discounting both at 5 %,
one by bank, the other by true discount, the proceeds will be
$ 923. Find face of bank note.

6. The hour and the minute hands of a watch are together
at 12 o'clock. When are they together again ?

7. How many cannon balls 12 inches in diameter can be
put into a cubical vessel 4 feet on a side ; and how many gal-
lons of wine will it contain after it is filled with the balls,
allowing the balls to be hollow, the hollow being 6 inches in
diameter, and the opening leading tq it containing 1 cubic inch ?

130 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

8. An agent sold a house at 2 % commission. He invested
the proceeds in city lots at 3 % commission. His commissions
amounted to $ 350. For what was the house sold ?

For State Certificate. — Tennessee

1. What is the difference between common and decimal
fractions ?

2. Multiply one tenth by twenty-five ten-thousandths, di-
vide the product by five millionth s, and subtract nine tenths
from the quotient.

3. When it is 10 o'clock a.m. at Berlin, 13° 23' 43" E., what
is the time at Boston, 71° 3' 30" W. ?

4. A, B, and C can together mow a field in 25 days ; A can
mow it alone in 70 days, and B in 80 days. In what time can
C mow it alone ?

5. How many gallons of water will a cistern 5 feet in diam-
eter and 10 feet in depth hold ?

6. A merchant sold a watch for $ 40 and lost 20 % . With
the $40 he bought another watch, which he sold at a gain of
20 % . What was the merchant's gain or loss by the transac-
tions ?

7. Find the annual interest on $ 560 for 4 years 3 months
and 18 days.

8. If 1800 men have provisions to last 41 months, at the
rate of 1 pound 4 ounces a day to each, how long will five times
as much last 3500 men, at the rate of 12 ounces a day to each
man? (Solve by proportion.)

9. What will it cost, at 90 cents per yard, to carpet a room
19 X 14^ feet, strips running lengthwise, with carpeting | yard
wide ?

10. How many posts, placing them 8 feet apart, will be
required to fence a square field containing 16 acres ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 131

State Examination. — Ohio

1. What fraction is | of its reciprocal ?

2. The hands of a clock coincide every 66 minutes. How
much does the clock gain or lose in one hour ?

3. Wishing to know the height of a certain steeple, I meas-
ured the shadow of the same on a horizontal plane 27|^ feet.
I then erected a 10-foot pole on the same plane and it cast a
shadow 2| feet. What was the height of the steeple ?

4. A offered me a bill of sugar for $1800 on 6 months'
credit, or for the present worth of that sum for cash. I ac-
cepted the latter offer and obtained the money at a bank for
the same time at 6 %. Did I lose or gain and how much ?

5. A stone was thrown into an empty cylindrical vessel,
which was then tilled with water ; when the stone was taken
out, the water fell 4.75 inches. What was the volume of the
stone, the diameter of the vessel being 9 inches ?

6. A passenger train leaves a certain station at 2 o'clock, to
go to the end of the road, 120 miles, and travels at the rate of
25 miles an hour. At what time must a freight train which
travels at the rate of 15 miles in 50 minutes, have left, so as
not to be overtaken by the passenger train ?

7. A owns a house which rents for $ 1450, and the tax on
which is 2|% on a valuation of $8500. He sells for
$ 15,300 and invests in stock at 90 that pays 7 % dividends.
Is his yearly income increased or diminished, and how much ?

8. The distance between the centers of two wheels is 12
feet. If their radii are 7 feet and 1 foot, find the length of the
belting necessary for one to run the other.

For State Certificate. — Tennessee

1. State the difference between common and decimal frac-
tions.

132 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

2. Approximately the longitude of Carthage is 10 degrees
15 minutes and 20 seconds east, while that of Colon is 79
degrees 25 minutes and 30 seconds west. When it is 9 o'clock
A.M. at Carthage, what is the hour at Colon ?

3. 87 % of 961 is 29 % of what number ?

4. Make formulae for each case of percentage.

5. A boy had two goats which he sold for $6 each.
What did they cost him if he gained 20 % on one and lost
20 % on the other ?

6. Write a negotiable promissory note ; a draft ; a check.

7. Find the annual interest on $760 at 5 per cent for
4 years 5 months 18 days.

How long must $84.80 be put on interest at 5^% to amount
to $102.29?

8. Divide 65 into parts proportional to ^, ^, and \.

9. If a mow of hay 32 feet long, 16 feet wide, and 16 feet
high lasts 8 horses 20 weeks, how many weeks will a mow of
hay 28 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 12 feet high last 5 horses?

10. Two trees, 80 and 120 feet high, respectively, are 30
yards apart. What is the distance between their tops ?

Teachers' Examination. — Ohio

1. Find the decimal which when added to the difference
of ^^ and 0.002775 produces the square of 0.215.

2. A can do a piece of work in 2 hours, B in 21 hours, and
C in 3i hours. How much of the work can they do in 20
minutes, all working together ?

3. Find the principal that will amount to $131.88 in 2
years 11 months 15 days at 6 %.

4. Write an example in trade discount and give solution.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 133

5. Sold an invoice of books at a loss of 16J%. Had I
paid $400 less, my gain would have been 25%. What was
the selling price ?

6. A's money added to | of B's, which is to A^s as 2 is to
3, being put on interest for 6 years at 4 % amounts to $744.
How much money has each ?

7. I received $ 4850 and a consignment of 2000 barrels of
flour which I sold at $7.50 a barrel and invested the net
proceeds and cash in cotton. How much did I invest in cotton,
my commission being 3% for selling and 1^% for buying,
and the expenses for storage and freight S350?

8. What should be paid for a 6 % stock that 8 % may be
realized on the investment ?

9. When do the hour and minute hand of a watch coincide
between 8 and 9 o'clock ?

10. A bushel measure and a peck measure are of the same
shape. Find the ratio of their heights.

For County Superintendent. — Tennessee

1. A man has 1\ miles to go ; after he has gone

i + ^xH-l
fxlj-hl

of a mile, how far has he yet to go ?

2. Simplify: (0.08J4- 1.2i)-5-(0.006J x 0.016).

3. Reduce 2 pecks 3 quarts 1.2 pints to the decimal of a
bushel.

4. A man sold two horses for $ 200 each. On one he made
50 % of the cost, and on the other he lost 50 %. Did he make
or lose by these sales, and how much ?

5. A merchant sends his agent $ 10,246.50 with which to
buy flour. After deducting his commission of 3^ %, how many
barrels of flour at $ 5.50 a barrel can be purchased ?

134 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

6. A note of $ 850 with interest payable annually at 5 %
was paid 3 years 3 months 18 days after date, and no interest
had previously been paid. What was the amount due ?

7. What is the exact interest on $ 600 at 5 % for 90 days ?

8. If 4 men can dig a ditch 72 rods long, 5 feet wide, and
2 feet deep in 12 days, how many men can dig a ditch 120 rods
long 6 feet wide 1 foot 6 inches deep in 9 days ?

9. Find the cube root of 28.094464.

10. A man receives $ 630 as his annual dividend from 7 %
stock. How many shares of $100 each does he hold.

Teachers' Examination. — Georgia

1. What is a Unit? A Number? A pure, or abstract,
Number ? What is an Integer ?

2. At what time should Wentworth's Elementary Arith-
metic be taken up ? What kind of training ought the child
to have had as an introduction to book work ?

3. What powers ought to receive special training before
book work is begun ?

4. Give suggestions of lessons intended to train (a) the
eye, (b) the ear, (c) the touch. Would any good purposes be
served by having arithmetic lessons relate generally to the
community and its life ? Why ?

5. Change the following numbers in Roman Notation into
Arabic Notation :

DXLVI, MCDXCII, CCIV, MDCCCCXI, DCXL

6. Define the following: a Prime Number; a Composite
Number ; Factor ; Multiple ; Least Common Multiple.

7. A farmer who owned f of an acre of land sold f of his
share at the rate of $300 an acre. How much did he get
for it?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 135

8. What is Ratio ? Proportion ? The Washington Monu-
ment casts a shadow 223 feet 6^ inches when a post 3 feet high
casts a shadow 14.5 inches. What is the height of the monu-
ment?

9. A man bought 20 acres of land at $50.25 an acre. He
sold i of an acre to B, 8| acres to C, and the remainder to D.
If he received $65 an acre from B and C, and $60 an acre
from D, how much did he gain ?

10. James McKnight bought from James Laird, Charleston,
S.C., as follows :

40 joists 2 X 6, 18 feet long, at $ 25 per M.
16 beams 6 x 9, 20 feet long, at $30 per M.
72 scantling 2 x 4, 12 feet long, at $ 24 per M.
240 boards 1 x 10, 12 feet long, at $ 18 per M.
24 planks 2 x 14, 16 feet long, at $17.50 per M.
Make out complete bill, and find amount due Laird.

For County Certificate. — Louisiana

1. Find the difference between IJ x 2| and 0.019 of 220.

2. Express ratio of 25| yards to 14} rods in three different
ways : first, as a common fraction in its lowest terms ; second,
as a decimal fraction ; and, third, a rate per cent.

3. On November 21, 1908, Henry Brown loaned to Peter
White on his note for 2 years at 8 per cent, $500.

Write the note. Payments on the note were made as follows :

Jan. 1, 1909 $200

Sept. 15, 1909 125

What was due at maturity of note ?

4. A real estate dealer asked for a farm 25 per cent more
than it cost. He finally took 15 per cent less than the asking
price and gained $ 1000. What was his asking price ? (Ana-
lyze.)

136 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

5. If 4 men dig a trench in 15 days of 10 hours each, in
how many days of 8 hours each can 5 men perform the same
work ? (Analyze.)

6. What will be the cost of a pile of wood 20 feet x 14 feet
X 12 feet at $3.50 a cord?

7. A, B, and C enter into partnership. A puts in $500 for
5 months, B puts in $1000 for 8 months, and C $1500 for 2
years. They gain $1200. What is the share of each ?

Teachers' Certificate. — Florida

1. A man having 100 fowls sold J of them to E and | of
the remainder to F. What was the value of what remained, if
they were worth 26 cents apiece ?

2. What is the exact value of /^3 + 2i - f of f + - V 4^ ?

3. A man sold 8 bushels 3 pecks 4 quarts of cranberries at
$3|- a bushel, and took his pay in flour at 3^ cents a pound.
How many barrels of flour did he receive ?

4. The difference in time between London and New York
is 4 hours 55 minutes 37f seconds. What is their difference
in longitude ?

5. How much less would it cost to make a brick sidewalk
41 feet wide and 260 feet long, at $ 1.08 a square yard, than to
lay a stone walk of the same dimensions, at 22 cents a square
foot?

6. A merchant marked cloth at 25 % advance on the cost.
The goods being damaged, he was obliged to take off 20 % of
the marked price, selling it at $1 per yard. What was the
cost?

7. What is the duty on 18 pieces of Brussels carpeting, of
60 yards each, invoiced at 45 cents per yard, the specific duty
being 38 cents per yard, and the ad valorem duty 35 % ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 137

8. If 9 men can mow 75 acres of grass in 6 days of 8 J
hours each, in how many days of 8 hours each can 15 men mow
198 acres ?

9. A merchant bought a bill of goods amounting to $3257
on a credit of 3 months, but was offered a discount of 2^ % for
cash. How much would he have gained by paying cash, money
being worth 7 % ?

10. How many cubic feet are there in a spherical body
whose diameter is 25 feet ?

Teachers' Examination. — California

Orcd Arithmetic

1. I sold a horse for S 60 and thereby lost J of the cost.
What should I have sold it for to gain ^ of the cost ?

2. If to a certain number ^ of itself and J of itself be
added, the sum will be 66. Find the number.

3. A bicyclist rode 27 miles in 2 hours 15 minutes. What
was the rate in miles per hour ?

4. What is the squai'e of 3^? Answer to be a mixed
number.

5. Write equivalent common fractions for the following
decimals : .87^, .62^, .06^.

6. A, B, and C enter into partnership. A puts in $ 400 for
1 year; B $300 for 2 years; C $200 for 4 years; they gain
$720. What is the share of each ?

7. Sold 24 boxes of apples at $1.50 a box, and bought cloth
with the proceeds at $ .75 a yard. How many yards did I buy ?

8. ^hatpercentof 51iis 174?

9. A field containing 3200 square rods is just twice as long
as it is wide. What are its dimensions ?

10. 3-!-ixi + 2J-6i8 J of what number?

138 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

For State Certificate. — Washington

1. Analyze: A has 20% more money than B, who has
25 % more than C. A has $80 more than C. How much has
each ?

2. Analyze: A can do a piece of work in 13 days, B in 18
days, and C in 20 days. After all have worked 4 days, how
long will it take C, working alone, to finish ?

3. If the proceeds of a sale of 20 tons of potatoes, allow-
ing 4% commission, was $432, at what price per hundred-
weight were they sold?

4. Goods marked to be sold at 35 % profit, were sold at a
discount of 20 % from marked price ; the gain was $ 192.
AVhat was the marked price?

5. What is the capacity in liters of a tank 4 meters 6 deci-
meters long, 3 meters 2 decimeters wide, 2 meters 5 decimeters
deep ? What is the capacity in kiloliters ?

6. Principal $ 675 ; time 1 year 6 months. Find amount
and write the note in full, making it negotiable by indorsement.

7. Find one edge of a cube whose volume is 2515.456 cubic
inches.

8. If 24 men in 15 days of 12 hours each dig a trench 300
rods long, 5 yards wide, and 6 feet deep, in how many days of
10 hours each can 45 men dig a trench 125 rods long, 5 yards
wide, and 8 feet deep ? (Solve by proportion.)

9. (a) Find f of 3 miles 64 rods 3 yards 2 feet 8 inches.
(6) Express .45 mile in integers of lower denominations.

10. Find the number of board feet in four pieces 10" x 2' x 16',
two pieces 10" x 8" x 32', and one piece 12" x 12" x 40'.

11. Find the volume of the largest square prism that can be
cut from a cylinder 4 feet in diameter, 12 feet long.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 139

For State Certificate. — Washington

1. Analyze : A horse cost one fourth more than a carriage ;
the horse was sold for 20 % more than cost, and the carriage
for 20% less than cost. Both together sold for $368. What
was the cost of each ?

2. Analyze : At what time between 8 and 9 o'clock are the
hands of a watch together ?

3. When it is 6 p.m. at St. Paul 95° 4' 55" west, it is 33
minutes 54 seconds after 1 a.m. next day at Constantinople.
What is the longitude of Constantinople ?

4. Find the proceeds of note of S825, drawing interest at
7 % per annum, given April 25, 1908, due 6 months after date,
discounted July 13 at 8 % per annum.

5. What annual income is derived from $8475 invested in
5^ % bonds bought at 113 ?

6. (a) What number is 40 % more than 850 ?

(6) 1050 is how many per cent more than 630 ?
(c) What number is 20 % less than 800 ?
{d) 600 is 25 % less than what number ?
(e) 900 is how many per cent less than 1200 ?

7. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 115, its altitude is
92. What is its base ? What is its area?

8. The dimensions of a rectangular solid are 24 inches, 20J
inches, and 12 inches. Find its area and volume. Find the
edge of a cube of equal volume.

9. Find the area in hectares of a field 30 dekameters in
length, 20 dekameters in width.

10. If the freight on 30 head of cattle, each weighing 1400
pounds, for a distance of 160 miles, is $ 112, what should be
the freight on 36 head, each weighing 1800 pounds, for a dis-
tance of 140 miles ? (Solve by proportion.)

140 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

For State Certificate. — Oregon

1. A well at Madison, Wisconsin, furnishes enough water
to irrigate 110 acres of land 2 inches deep, every 10 minutes.
At this rate how many acres can it cover to the depth of 1 inch
every day ?

2. A dealer bought two horses at the same price. He sold
one at a profit of 20 % for $ 102. The other he sold at a loss
of 10%. How much did he receive for the latter?

3. (a) Find the interest on S 625.20 for 6 months 9 days
at 5 % . (b) Some 4-foot wood is piled 5 feet high. The pile
is 2 rods long. How many cords are there ?

4. Find the discount and proceeds of the following note:
Face, $175. Time, four months without grace. Eate, 6%.

5. An agent has $590 to invest after deducting his com-
mission of 2 % on the money invested. What amount does he
invest ?

6. The distance around a square farm is 3 miles 240 rods.
Find the length of each side ; the area in acres.

7. Allowing 231 cubic inches to the gallon, how many gal-
lons in a watering trough that is 6 feet long and 16 inches
wide, the ratio of its depth to its width being 3:4?

8. A boy in a grocery store receives $ 8 a week. He spends
20% of it for board, 20% of the remainder for clothes, and
$2 in other ways. If he saves the rest, how much will he
save in a year ?

9. (By proportion.) When 2 men can mow 16 acres of
grass in 10 days, working 8 hours a day, how many men
would it take to mow 27 acres in 9 days, working 10 hours a
day?

10. How long must a pile of wood be to contain 10 steres,
if it is 3.5 meters high and 3.8 meters wide ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 141

11. The diagonal of one face of a cube is V162 inches.
Find the surface and the volume of the cube.

12. What will it cost to gild a ball 25 inches in diameter at
$13.50 a square foot?

Examination for Teachers' Certificate. — Pennsylvania

1. The longitude of Washington, D.C., is 77° 03' 06" west.
Tokyo is 139° 44' 30" east. When it is 6 o'clock p.m. in
Washington, Feb. 10, what is the time in Tokyo ?

2. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide are required
to cover a floor 20 feet long and 15 feet wide, allowing 5^
yards for matching?

3. On March 9, 1908, John Doe bought a house from
Richard Roe for $6000; 20% of the price was paid immedi-
ately and a 6-niouths note bearing 6% interest, given for the
remainder. The note was discounted at bank April 9. Write
the note and find the discount.

4. Three contractors, A, B, and C, did work for which they
received $1500. A furnished 12 men 24 days; B, 20 men 12
days ; and C, 18 men 20 days. What is the share of each ?

6. How far is it between the tops of two trees which are
80 feet apart, if their heights are 40 feet and 100 feet respec-
tively ?

6. The weight of a ball 4 inches in diameter was 8 pounds ;
\ of the diameter was turned off. How many cubic inches
were turned oft", and what was its weight then ?

Teachers' Examination. — Washington

1 A boy, after doing f of a piece of work in 30 days, is
assisted by his father, with whom he completes the work in
6 days. How long would it have taken each to do the work
alone ? (Analyze in full.)

142 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

2. A fruit dealer bought oranges at the rate of 40 for $1,
and sold them at 50 cents per dozen. Find gain per cent. He
also bought apples at the rate of 5 for 2 cents and sold them at
8 cents per dozen. How many must he buy and sell in order to
gain $2? (Analyze in full.)

3. A farmer finds that a bin 8 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches wide,
and 5 feet deep holds about 112 bushels. How many bushels
may be contained in a bin 50 % longer, twice as wide, and 50 %
as deep ?

4. A man who owns a quarter section of coal land claims
that he has a bed of coal 6 feet thick covering the entire
quarter. If so, how many tons of coal has he, allowing 40
cubic feet to the ton ?

5. The steeple of a certain church is a pyramid 28 feet in
slant height and stands upon a base 14 feet square. Find
cost of painting it at 10 cents per square yard.

6. A certain city bought two horses for the fire depart-
ment, but finding them unfit for the work, sold them for $300
each, thus gaining 20 % on one, and losing 20 % on the other.
Did the city gain or lose, and how much ?

7. A rectangular lot contains one acre and has a street
frontage of 120 feet. How deep is the lot and how many yards
of fence are required to inclose it ?

8. The hour hand of a clock is 4 inches long. Over what
area does it pass upon the dial during a school day ; that is,
from 9 A.M. to 4 p.m.?

9. Our most expensive battleship, the Connecticut, cost
$ 6,000,000, and the Louisiana 97| % as much. This was 117 %
of the cost of the Vermont, which cost \ more than the Kansas.
Find total cost of this division of our fleet.

10. The cruiser Olympia is 21^9 % faster than the battleship
Oregon, which is a 19-knot vessel. If each runs at full speed.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 143

how much can the former gain upon the latter in going from
Tacoma to Seattle, the distance being 23 knots ?

11. A swimming tank is 40 meters long and 15 meters wide.
When filled to an average depth of 2 meters, how many liters
of water does it contain ? Find weight of the water in kilo-
grams.

For State Certificate. — Colorado

1. A man bought a lot for $1200, and built a house for
$1980. He insured the house for | of its value at f %. The
house burned and the lot was sold for $ 1328. How much was
the gain or loss?

2. At what price must you mark a hat costing $1.50 so
you can discount the price 20 % and still make 12 % ?

3. In a school J of the pupils study grammar, | arithmetic,
J geography, and the remainder, which is 39, write. How
many pupils in the school ?

4. (a) How many yards of brussels carpet J yard wide will
cover a floor 24 feet 9 inches long and 17^ feet wide, if the
strips run lengthwise and the matching of the figure requires
that 6 inches be turned under ? (6) What will the carpet cost
at S1.65 per yard?

5. When 5 % bonds are quoted at 104, what sum must be
invested to yield an annual income of $ 800 ?

6. If 14 persons spend $1120 in 8 months, at the same
rate, what will 9 of the same persons spend in 5 months ?

7. $500.00 Denver, Colo., May 12, 1908.
Ninety days after date, I promise to pay to the order of

Charles Taylor, Five Hundred Dollars, at the Central National
Bank. Value received.

John J. Smith.

Discounted May 26, 1908. Find the proceeds. Rate 6 %.

144 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

8. How many square feet of surface in a stovepipe 16 feet

long and 7 inches in diameter ?

9. A, B, and C can do a piece of work in 10 days, and B and
C can do it in 18 days. In what time can A do it alone ?

10. How many board feet in 16 pieces of lumber, each being
14 feet long, 16 inches wide, and li inches thick ?

11. The specific gravity of sand is 3^. How much will a
cubic yard of sand weigh ?

State Examination. — Maine

1. What are fractions ? What names are given to the
terms of a fraction ? Why are they so named ? What is the
value of a fraction ?

2. Why is it necessary to teach L. C. M. and G. C. D. before
teaching fractions ? What two things must be taught before
teaching L. C. M. and G. C. D. ? Find the L. C. M. and G. C. D.
of 9, 12, and 54.

3. Add five-sixths, two-fifths, and four-fifteenths. State the
four steps taken and give reasons for each.

4. Change 5 shillings and 8 pence to the decimal of a
pound. Write the tables of Long and Liquid measures as
used to-day. How many cords in a pile of wood 18 feet long,
4 feet wide, and 5i feet high ? Write and solve a problem in
Reduction descending.

5. A sold B a farm for $ 2400, which was 20 % more than
it cost him, and took B's note for that amount due in 6 months
without interest. If he had that note discounted at a Maine
bank, what was his actual gain and what per cent did he gain ?
Write the note taken. What did A have to do before the bank
would discount the note ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 145

For State Certificate. — California

1. I pay $275 for a lot and build on.it a house costing
$1720, which my agent rents for $25 a month, charging 5 %
commission. What per cent do I make on the money in-
vested?

2. A house valued at $1200 had been insured for | of its
value for 3 years at 1 % per annum. During the third year it
was destroyed by fire. What was the actual loss to the owner,
no allowance being made for interest?

3. A man purchased goods for $ 10,500 to be paid in 3 equal
installments, without interest ; the first in 3 months, the sec-
ond in 4 months, the third in 8 months. How much cash will
pay the debt, money being worth 7 % ?

4. The surface of a sphere is the same as that of a cube, the
edge of which is 12 inches. Find the volume of each.

5. Subtract 10^ from 15 J, divide the remainder by |, add
.625 to the quotient, multiply this sum by 16J, and add 66^^
to the product.

6. A square field contains 10 acres. What will it cost to
fence it at $ 1.25 per rod ?

7. The longitude of Cincinnati is 84 degrees 26 minutes W.,
and that of San Francisco 122 degrees 26 minutes 15 seconds
W. When it is noon at Cincinnati, what time is it in San
Francisco ?

8. How many pencils 7 inches long can be made from a
block of red cedar 7 inches by lOJ inches by 2J inches, if the
block is sawed into strips 3^ inches wide and ^ inches thick,
each strip making the halves of 6 pencils ?

9. A man bought a horse for $ 72, and sold it for 25 % more
than cost, and 10 % less than he asked for it. What did he
ask for it ?

146 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

10. A person purchased two lots of land for $200 each, and
sold one at 40 % more than cost, and the other at 20 % less
than cost, and took a promissory note for the amount of the
proceeds of the sale, bearing 8 % interest for 2 years com-
pounded annually. At maturity he collected the note. What
per cent of profit was the amount of the note on the original
sum invested in the lots.

State Examination. — Oklahoma

1. How do you teach the carrying of tens in addition ?

2. Illustrate by a drawing of a dial plate that the time past
noon plus the time to midnight equals 12 hours.

3. Explain the process of multiplying a fraction by a
fraction.

4. Explain the placing of the decimal point in multiplica-
tion and division of decimals.

5. Present your method of teaching interest.

6. Factor 1225, 1448, 2356.

7. Illustrate three ways of finding the G. C. D.

8. Find the annual interest on $ 500 for 5 years 5 months
and 5 days at 6 % .

9. The list price of goods is $90. I buy for 20 and 10 off.
Find cost to me.

10. The diagonal of a square field is 75 rods. What would
be the diagonal of another square field whose area is four times
as great ? Illustrate.

11. At 66 cents a bushel, what is the value of the wheat
which fills a bin 6 feet long and 5 feet square at the ends ?

12. The boundaries of a square and circle are each 40 feet.
Which has the greater area and how much ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 147

For Third Grade Certificate. — Rhode Island

1. Explain the fact that multiplying the numerator of a
fraction or dividing the denominator by a whole number in-
creases the value of the fraction.

2. Simplify the fraction ("if + 5 of ^^ h- 2^.

3. Coffee bought for 20 cents per pound shrinks 8J%.
For how much per pound must I sell it to gain 10 %?

4. Two men are working 8 hours and 10 hours per day at
the same daily wages. After working 3 days, each works 1
hour per day more for 3 days. If the amount paid for the
whole work is $ 20.28, what should each receive ?

5. Three kinds of tea costing 68 cents, 86 cents and 96
cents a pound are mixed in equal quantities and sold for 90
cents a pound. Find the gain per cent.

6. If a square lot contains 640 acres of land, how many
rods of fence will be required to inclose it ?

7. The population of a town in 1890 was 12,298, a decrease
otS^fo of the census of 1880 ; in 1880 there was an increase
of 7^ % of the census of 1870. What was the population in
1870?

8. Telegraph poles are usually placed 88 yards apart. Show
that if a passenger in a railway train counts the number of
poles passed in 3 minutes, this number will express the rate
of the train in miles per hour.

9. A gives B a note for $ 100, payable in 60 days. If B
has the note discounted at a bank at 6 % 2 weeks afterward,
how much money will he receive ?

10. (a) If the price of land is $ 3000 per acre, what would
a lot 60 feet by 100 feet cost ? (6) What would be the cost of
a similar lot 50 feet long at double the price ?

148 MATHEMATICAL WHmKLES

JuxiOR Matriculation. — Ontario

1. Express as a decimal :

/2^ 8.8 \ . /1.74 ^ \_5
(, 6.3 0.0625J • Vl2.2i V 6'

2. Use contracted methods to find :

(a) 1250 (1.05)^, correct to two decimal places ;
(&) 1 -=- 0.4342945, correct to four decimal places.

3. How much money deposited in a bank will amount to
$ 1500 in 1 year, the bank paying 3 % per annum, compounded
quarterly ?

4. A man has a choice of insuring his house for | of its
value at li %, or for ^ of its value at 1\%. By what per cent
of the value of the house is one premium greater than the other ?

5. What is the value of the goods handled in each of the
following cases :

(a) An agent receives $2450 to invest in goods after re-
taining his commission of 2^%?

(6) An agent remits to his firm $2450, the proceeds of a
sale for which he retains his commission of 2^ % ?

6. A man has an annual income of $1785 from an invest-
ment in 10|^ % stock which is quoted at 137. What would his
income be if he had his money out at 7 % interest ?

7. What must a Canadian company pay for a draft to can-
cel a debt of £ 2430 in London, Eng., exchange being quoted
at 8^?

8. The base of a prism of height 125 inches is a parallelo-
gram with a diagonal 104 inches and two sides 45 inches and
85 inches. Find the volume.

9. Find (a) the total surface, (5) the volume, of a block of
wood 18 inches square and 3 inches thick, with a circular hole
of 14 inches diameter through its center.

EXAMINATION QCJESTIONS 149

State Examination. — North Dakota

1. Define commission, interest, exchange, annuity.

2. A boy who bought 20% as many marbles as he had,
found that he then had 60. How many had he at first ?

3. According to the metric system what is the unit of
capacity, of weight, of surface measurements ?

4. What must be the length of a plot of ground, if the
breadth is 18| feet, that its area may contain 56 square yards ?

5. What must be the price paid for 5 % stock so that it
may yield the same rate of income as 4| % stock at 96 ?

6. A merchaht sold a coat for $15.40 and gained 20%.
How much would he have gained if he had sold it for $ 16.50 ?

7. What is the depth of a cubical cistern which contains
2744 cubic feet ? What will it cost to plaster the sides and
bottom at $ .35 per square yard ?

8. A village must raise $ 8795 by taxation. The assessed
valuation is $989,387, and there are 670 persons subject to a
poll tax of $1 each. A's property is assessed at $10,000
and he is a resident of the village. What amount will he pay
in taxes ?

9. A bridge is 6 rods long and 18 feet wide. What is the
cost of flooring this bridge with 3-inch plank at $ 22.50 per M.?

10. A has I more money than B, and together they have
$510. How much has each ? Give work in full.

For Teachers' Certificate. — Iowa

1. On a map constructed on a scale of y^TrJ^^n^ the dis-
tance from Detroit to Chicago is 11.29 inches. How many
miles between these cities ?

2. W^hat principal will yield $62,50 interest in 1 year
3 months at 4 % ?

150 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

3. Define : concrete number, interest, gram, date line, cord
foot.

4. (a) Divide SJ - | X A by 21i + J, + 4^ x 5.

(6) What decimal part of a bushel is 2 pecks 4 quarts?

5. What is the area of the circle inscribed in a square
whose area is 196 square inches ? Of the square inscribed in
this circle ?

6. A collector has a $500 note placed in his hands with
power to compromise; he accepts 75 cents on a dollar and
charges 5 % of the sum collected, and 25 cents for a draft.
What are the net proceeds ?

7. What is the difference between local time and standard
time at Chicago, the longitude of Chicago being 87 degrees
36 minutes and 42 seconds west ?

8. Which is the better discount, 10%, 12%, 5%, or 15%,
6 %, 6 % ? What three equal rates of discount are equivalent
to the latter ?

9. A cubic foot of water weighs 1000 ounces, and in freez-
ing expands -^ of itself in length, breadth, and thickness.
Eind the weight of a cubic foot of ice.

10. When a Boston draft for $ 35,000 can be bought in New
Orleans for $34,930, is exchange at a premium, at par, or at
a discount ? What is the rate ?

Teachers' State Examination. — Iowa

1. Define : composite number, concrete number, least com-
mon multiple of two or more numbers, rectangle, trapezoid,
common fraction, decimal fraction.

2. (a) Express in Roman notation : 723, 1909, 1776, 2499,
31,749.

(b) Express in words : .0276, 100.001, 101, .00047.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 151

3. Reduce 44 rods 5 feet 6 inches to the decimal part of a
mile.

4. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide will be needed
to carpet a room 13 feet by 17 feet if the waste in matching is
6 inches on a strip ?

5. If goods are bought at 20 and 10 % off and sold at list
price, what per cent of profit is made ?

6. A note for $ 580 dated March 16, 1909, and due in one
year at 6 % interest, was discounted at a bank 3 months later
at 8 % . Find the proceeds.

7. A water tank is 16 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 2^ feet
high. How many barrels will it hold ? How many bushels ?

8. Find the number of acres within a circular race track
whose circumference is | of a mile.

9. A tax of $52,000 is to be raised in a city whose assessed
property valuation is $1,830,000. Find the tax rate. If A's
property is assessed at $16,000, how much does he pay for
his taxes ?

10. A factory valued at $50,000 was insured for J of its
value at J% premium. Find the annual premium.

11. Find the diagonal of a field that is a half mile long and
contains 120 acres. How many rods of fence will be needed
to inclose this field ?

For State Certificate. — South Carolina

1. Divide 7.601825 by 347.512, multiply quotient by .05,
to the product add 3.45, and from sum subtract 2.115.

2. Simplify (3i + 4i-5i x f)^(3J).

3. Find the weight in tons of the water in a dock 24 feet
deep and covering j\ of an acre, given that a cubic foot of
water weighs 62^ pounds.

152 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

4. Find the simple interest on $2000 for 2 years 9 months
18 days at 7%.

5. How many men are required to cultivate a field of 7|-
acres in 5^ days of 10 hours each ? Given that each man com-
pletes 77 square yards in 9 hours.

6. On a map made on a scale of 6 inches to a mile, a rect-
angular field is represented by a space 1 inch long and J inch
broad. How many acres are there in the field ?

7. At what rate per cent will $2250 amount to $2565 in
4 years at simple interest?

8. If the wholesale dealer makes a profit of 25 % and the
retail dealer a profit of 40%, what is the cost of an article
which is sold at retail for $ 18 ?

9. What fraction of 39 gallons is 3 bushels and 3 pints ?
If a gallon contains 231 cubic inches and a bushel contains
2150.4 cubic inches, answer as a common fraction in its lowest
terms.

State Examination. — Virginia

1. (a) A fruit dealer bought oranges at the rate of 40 for
$1, and sold them at 50 cents per dozen. Find gain per
cent. (6) He also bought apples at the rate of 5 for 2 cents,
and sold them at 8 cents per dozen. How many must he buy
and sell in order to gain $2? (Analyze in full.)

2. The steeple of a certain church is a pyramid 28 feet in
slant height, and stands upon a base 14 feet square. Find
cost of painting it at 10 cents per square yard.

3. A certain city bought two horses for the fire department,
but finding them unfit for the work, sold them for $ 300 each :
thus gaining 20 per cent on one, and losing 20 per cent on the
other. Did the city gain or lose, and how much? (Show
work.)

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 153

4. A rectangular lot contains one acre and has a street
frontage of 120 feet. How deep is the lot and how many
yards of fence are required to inclose it ?

5. (a) What is 16^% of 900? (b) 98 is what per cent of
2450? (c) 128 is 32% of what number? (d) 1350 is 25%
more than what number? (e) 765 is 10% less than what
number ?

6. Find the interest and n\aturity value of a note of $600
for 3 years 3 months 24 days at 6 %.

7. (a) Write a negotiable promissory note, using the above
data, (b) Make out a bill containing four items of merchan-
dise, and acknowledge payment.

8. A man sold his farm and invested the money at 6%
interest. In one year he spent ^ of his income traveling, ^
for a library, and saved $ 100. Kequired, selling price of farm.
(Analyze in full.)

9. A wagon loaded with hay weighed 43 hundredweight
and GS pounds. The wagon was afterwards found to weigh
9 hundredweight and 98 pounds. Required, value of hay at
$ 10 per ton.

10. What is the net amount of a bill of S 800, after allow-
ing successive discounts of 25 %, 10 %, and 5 % ?

Second Class Professional. — Ontario

1. Write an article on Arithmetic in Public Schools, under
the following headings :

(a) Purpose of teaching Arithmetic ;
(6) Correlation with other subjects ;
(c) Place and value of Oral Arithmetic.

2. Outline a lesson plan for teaching " 8 " (Numbers 1-7
are supposed to be known). What facts would you teach
before proceeding to " 9 " ?

154 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

3. Assuming that your class know how to multiply by a
one digit number, show how you would teach the multiplication
of 234 by 23.

4. How would you make clear to a class the principles in-
volved in the ordinary method of finding the G. C. M. of such
numbers as 2449 and 2573 ?

5. Mention the topics of all the previous lessons in frac-
tions which you would require to teach as a preparation for a
lesson on the multiplication of -f- by f. Outline your plan for
this lesson.

6. Solve, as you would for your pupils, the following :

(a) Find the square root of 272-^5-.

(6) A man has $ 6250 6 % stock and sells it at 80. With
the proceeds he buys a house on which he pays insurance at
J% per annum on 4- of its value, and taxes at 20 mills on
the dollar on $4500 assessment, and in addition a water
rate of $11 per annum. If he rents the house, what monthly
rent should he charge that his annual income may be the same
as that derived from the stock ?

(c) An agent sells 1000 barrels of flour at $5.50 a barrel,
and charges 2^% commission; expenses for freight, etc., are
$500. With the net proceeds he buys sugar at 6\ cents a
pound, charging 2i % commission. How much sugar does he
buy?

(d) A ditch has to be made 360 feet long, 8 feet wide at
the top, and 2 feet wide at the bottom ; the angle of the slope
at each side being 45°. Find the number of cubic yards to be
excavated.

For State Certificate. — North Dakota

1. Define Arithmetic, numeration, compound number, inter-
est, per cent.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 155

2. A farmer sold a horse for $ 80 and lost 20 % of its cost.
He then bought a horse for $80 and afterward sold it at a
gain of 20%. How much did he gain or lose on the two
transactions ?

3. Multiply the sum of } and ^ by their product and
reduce the result to a decimal.

4. Explain the difference between a common and a decimal
fraction.

5. The product of three numbers is 420, and two of the
numbers are 5 and 7. Find the third number.

6. Find the value of (J + ^) x -^ + (^^ -f f X 3).

7. How many acres in a strip of land 80 rods long and 14
rods wide?

8. C and D together own 921 acres of land, of which C
owns 420 acres. C's land equals what fractional part of D's ?
D's land is what per cent of the whole ?

9. What will be the cost of the wood that can be piled in
a shed 20 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 8 feet high, at $4.75 per
cord?

10. The longitude of Constantinople is 28° 59' E. When it
is noon in Greenwich, what is the time in Constantinople ?

Teachers' Certificate. — Arkansas

1. A man bought a horse and paid J of the price in cash.
One year later he paid J of what remained, and the two pay-
ments amounted to S 1530. What was the price of the horse ?

2. A having lost 25 % of his capital is worth as much as
B, who has just gained 15% on his capital; B's capital was
originally $5000. What was A's capital ?

3. A square field contains 131 acres 65 square rods.
What will it cost to fence it at 62i cents a rod ?

156 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

4. The width of a river is 100 yards and it averages 5 feet
in depth. Find the number of cubic feet of water which flows
past a given point in one minute if the average rate of the
stream is 2|- miles per hour.

5. A man bought oranges at the rate of 3 for 2 cents, and
an equal number at the rate of 4 for 3 cents. He sold them
at the rate of 2 for 5 cents and gained $4.30. How many-
oranges did he buy ?

6. A man divided $ 500 among his three sons, so that the
second had -f as much as the first, and the third f as much as
the second. How much did each receive ?

7. A clock is set at 12 o'clock Monday noon, and on
Tuesday morning at 9 o'clock it had lost 3 minutes. What will
be the correct time when it strikes 3 o'clock the next Friday
afternoon ?

8. Find the interest on $9430 for 2 years 5 months 7 days
at 5%, using the method which you believe best adapted for
class use in teaching interest.

9. The catalogue price of a book is $ 3. If I buy it at a
discount of 40% and sell it at 20% below catalogue price,
what is my gain per cent ?

10. A and B together have $ 153 ; f of A's money equals f
of B's. How much has each? (Write full analysis.)

Ontario Examination Questions. — University
Matriculation

1. From 1870 to 1880, the population of a town increased
30 % ; from 1880 to 1890 it decreased 30 %. The population
in 1870 exceeded tiiat in 1890 by 2781. Find the population
in 1880.

2. (a) A man borrows $ 12,000 for a year at 8 % and loans
it at 2 % per quarter year, compounding interest at the end

EXAMIKATION QUESTIONS 157

of each quarter. How much money will he have made at the
end of the year ?

(b) A borrows from B a sum of money and agrees to pay
him by three annual payments of $200 each. If money is
worth 5 % per annum, compound interest, find the sum bor-
rowed.

3. A commission merchant received 500 barrels of flour,
which he sold at S5 a barrel, charging 2% commission; he
was instructed to invest the net proceeds, deducting a purchase
commission of 2 %, in tea. Find the value of the tea bought,
and the total commission.

4. A man holds $ 15,600 stock worth 60 ; to transfer to 4 %
stock at 78 will increase his annual income $ 12 ; he effects
the transfer, but not until each stock has increased 2 in price.
Find the increase of his income.

5. A merchant marks his goods at an advance of 25 % on
cost. After selling \ of the goods, he finds that some of the
goods in hand are damaged so as to be worthless; he marks
the salable goods at an advance of 10 % on the marked price
and finds in the end that he has made 20 % on cost. What
part of the goods was damaged ?

6. A grocer, by selling 12 pounds of sugar for a certain
sum, gained 20 %. If sugar advances 10 % in the wholesale
market, what per cent will the grocer now gain by selling 10
pounds for the same sum ?

7. A note made June 1, at 3 months, was discounted imme-
diately at 8 % per annum, and produced $ 357.40. What was
the face of the note ?

8. ^Vhat rate per cent per annum, compounded half-yearly,
is equivalent to 6 % per annum, compounded yearly ?

9. Two candles are of equal length. The one is consumed
uniformly in 4 hours, and the other in 6 hours. If the candles

158 MATHEMATICAL WRIKKLES

are lighted at the same time, when will one be three times
as long as the other ?

10. Calculate the number of acres in the surface of the
earth, considering the earth a sphere of 8000 miles diameter.

State Examixation. — Ohio

1. I have three pitchers holding respectively IJ, 2}, and S^
pints. How many times can I fill each from the smallest keg
that will hold enough to fill each pitcher an exact number of
times ?

2. Bought 20 yards cloth, li yards wide, at $ 2 per yard.
The cloth shrunk 20 % in length, and 25 % in width. At what
price per yard must I now sell the cloth so as to gain 20 % ?

3. Bought 6 % railroad stock at 109i-, brokerage i- %. AVhat
must the same stock bring 6 years later to pay me 8 % in-
terest ?

4. A and B form a partnership. A contributes $ 7000,
and is to have | of the profits ; B contributes $ 8000, and is
to have ^ of the profits ; each partner is to receive or pay
interest at 6 % per annum for any excess or deficit in his share
of capital. At the end of the first year the profits are $ 1800.
Required worth of each share.

5. How many shares of stock at 40 % must A buy, who has
bought 120 shares at 74 %, 150 shares at 68 %, and 130 shares
at 54 %, so that he may sell the whole at 60 %, and gain 20 % ?

6. A laborer agreed to build a fence on the following condi-
tions : for the first rod he was to have 6 cents, with an increase
of 4 cents on each successive rod; the last rod came to 226
cents. How many rods did he build ?

7. A wins 9 games of chess of 15 when playing against B,
and 16 out of 25 when playing against C. At that rate, how
many games out of 118 should C win when playing against B ?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 159

8. B agreed to work 40 days at S 2 per day, and board ; but
he agreed to pay $ 1 a day for board each day that he was idle.
How many days was he idle, if he received $ 44 for his work
during the 40 days ?

Quarterly Examination. — Gunter Bible College

1. Define insurance, arithmetical progression, geometrical
progression, and arithmetical complement.

2. What is the distance passed through by a ball before it
comes to rest, if it falls from a height of 40 feet and rebounds
half the distance at each fall ?

3. A merchant adds 33^ % to the cost price of his goods,
and gives his customers a discount of 10 %. What profit does
he make?

4. What is the difference between the simple and compound
interest on $750 for 2 years 7 months, at 5 % ?

6. If the duty on linen collars and cuffs is 40 cents per
dozen and 20 %, what is the duty on 10 dozen collars at 75
cents a dozen, and 10 pairs of cuffs at 25 cents a pair?

6. The capital stock of a company is $1,000,000, J of which
is preferred, entitled to a 7 % dividend, and the rest common.
If $47,500 is distributed in dividends, what rate of dividend
is paid on the common stock?

7. Find the bank discount and proceeds of a 90-day note
for $ 1500 at 6 % interest, dated Aug. 10, and discounted
Sept. 1, at 7 %.

8. On Jan. 1, 1908, I borrowed $2000 at 10% interest,
paying S300 every 3 months. I paid the debt in full Jan.
1, 1909. AVhat did I pay by the United States rule?

9. Solve No. 8, by the Merchant's rule. Which method is
'^^tte^ for the debtor ? Which for the creditor ?

160 MATHEMATICAL WRI]^KLES

10. Given log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 5 = 0.6990.

(a) Find log 3^ x 51

(6) Find the number of digits in 30^.

Examination. Arithmetic A. — Gunter Bible College

1. Define arithmetic, bank discount, specific gravity,
involution, commercial discount, and ratio.

2. What is the difference in area between a square whose
diagonal is 1 foot and a circle whose diameter is 1 foot?

3. In a lot of eggs 7 of the largest, or 10 of the smallest,
weigh a pound. When the largest are worth 15 cents a dozen,
what are the smallest worth ?

4. My wife's age plus mine equals 76 years, and | of her
age minus 2 years equals ^ of my age plus 2 years. Find the
age of each.

5. The diameter of one cannon ball is 2J times that of
another, which weighs 27 pounds. What is the larger ball
worth at 1 cent a pound ?

6. Bought apples at SS a barrel. Half of them rotted.
At what price must I sell the remainder in order to gain 33^ %
on the amount bought ?

7. Extract the cube root of 926,859,375.

8. A uniform rod 2 feet long weighs 1 pound. What weight
must be hung at one end in order that the rod may balance on
a point 3 inches from that end ?

9. In any year show that the same days of the month in
March and November fall on the same day of the week.

10. In a liter jar are placed 1 kilogram of lead and 1 kilo-
gram of copper. What volume of water is necessary to fill the
jar, the specific gravity of lead and copper being respectively
11.3 and 8.9?

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 161

11. Bought land at $60 an acre. How much must I ask an
acre that I may deduct 25 % from my asking price, and yet
make 20 % of the purchase price ?

Advanced Arithmetic. — Gunter Bible College

1. (a) Define arithmetical complement, bank discount, an
equation, specific gravity, tariff.

(6) Prove (do not merely illustrate) that to divide by a frac-
tion one may multiply by the divisor inverted.

2. A man wishing to sell a horse and a cow asked three
times as much for the horse as for the cow; but finding no
purchaser, reduced the price of the horse 20 %, and the price
of the cow 10 %, and sold both for $ 165. How much did he
get for the cow ?

3. How many acres are in a square the diagonal of which
is 20 rods more than a side ?

4. (a) Extract the sixth root of 1,073,741,824

(P) Simplify pi4±l^±pq.

5. I sold a book at a loss of 25 %. Had it cost me $1
more, my loss would have been 40 %. Find its cost.

6. (a) Change 200332 in the quinary scale to an equiva-
lent number in the decimal scale.

(b) Sum to infinity the series I + Y + i+i+ "*•

7. If 100 grams of rock salt are dissolved in 1 liter of water
without increasing its volume, what will be the specific gravity
of the solution ?

8. (a) If a ball of yarn 4 inches in diameter makes one
pair of gloves, how many similar pairs will a ball 8 inches in
diameter make ?

(6) What must be paid for 6 % bonds to realize an income
of 8 % on the investment ?

162 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

9. Find the difference between the annual interest and
compound interest of $ 6000 for 3 years 6 months at 10 %.

10. An article cost S 6. At what price must it be marked so
that the marked price may be reduced 22 % and still 30 % be
gained ?

11. At what two times between 3 and 4 o'clock are the hour
and minute hands of a clock equally distant from 12 ?

For State Certificate. — New Jersey

Commercial Arithmetic

1. Bought of Brown & Company the following bill of lum-
ber: 8750 feet of boards at $31,331 per M. feet; 5750
shingles at $5.25 per M. ; 2860 laths at $2.87i per M. ; 520
joists, 20 feet long, 16 inches wide, and S^ inches thick, at $15
per M. feet. Find the amount of the bill.

2. Find the sale price of a Brussels carpet 27 inches wide
at $ 1.60 per yard for a room 15 feet long and 13^ feet wide
if the strips run lengthwise.

3. Which will cost the more and how much, to lay a brick
sidewalk 260 feet long and 4i feet wide, estimating 8 bricks
for each square foot of pavement at $ 12 per M., or to lay a
flagstone walk at 22 cents per square foot ?

4. How much will it cost to build two abutments for a
bridge each 18 feet long at top and bottom, 12 feet wide at
bottom and eight (8) feet wide at top and 11 feet high at $ 4.50
a perch for labor and stone ?

5. Three men engaged in business. A furnished $6000
of capital; B $9600, and C $6400. They made a gain of
$4800 and then sold out the business for $30,000. What was
each one's share of gain ?

6. What must I pay for a draft on Chicago for $475, pay-
able 30 days after date, ^ % premium, interest at 6 % ?

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

ARITHMETICAL PROBLEMS

1. (a) Let f = distance the minute hand is ahead of the
hour hand ; V = distance the minute hand moves while the
hour hand travels f ; ^' = distance both travel = 120 spaces ;
J = -jig. of 120 spaces = 4-j^ spaces ; |^ = 2 times 4y\ spaces =
^A spaces, the number of spaces the minute hand is in advance
of the hour hand.

ih) Let f = distance the hour hand has moved past 3
^ = distance the minute hand moved during the same time ;
Jiyt = 15 minutes + 9^ minutes + f ; ^ = 24y\ minutes ; ^ =
•^ of 24^ minutes = |J^ minutes ; ^ = 24 times f ^ minutes
= 26|ft^ minutes, past 3.

(c) Since the hands changed places, the minute hand fell
short 9^ minutes of going 2 hours. Therefore it was 26y®^
minutes past 3 when I first looked, and 120 minutes — 9^
minutes later = 17^2^ minutes past 5, when I looked the second
time. Ana.

2. The broken part of the tree, resting with the upper end
on the ground and the other end attached to the stump, forms
the hypotenuse of a right triangle, of which the base is 40 feet,
and the altitude is the stump of the tree. The height of the
tree may be found by the following rule, based on a demonstra-
tion in Geometry : From the square of the height subtract
the square of the base, and divide the difference by twice the
height. The height in this case is the height of the tree and
not the height of the stump. Therefore (120^ - 40^) -5- (120 X 2)

163

164

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

= 53^, height of the stump. Then 120 feet - 531 feet = 66|
feet, Ans.

3. The total number of dollars = 80 times the number of
acres ; or 20 times the number of acres = the number of dollars
on one side of the boundary. One dollar is 1^ inches in dia-
meter ; hence f of 20 times, or 30 times, the number of acres
= the number of inches on one side ; f times the number of
acres = the number of feet on one side. Therefore (f times
the number of acres)^ -h 43,560, or 5 times the square of the
number of acres -=- 34,848, = the number of acres ; 5 times the
square of the number of acres = 34,848 times the number of
acres ; or, 34,848 -?- 5 = 6969.6, the number of acres in the
field, Ans.

4. Let ABOD represent the rectangular field. Now sup-
pose four such fields arranged in the form of a square by plac-

H A B ing the short side of one against the

long side of another, inclosing the
square DEFG, as shown in figure.

(J Draw the diagonals AC, CK, KI,
and lA. It may be readily shown
that ACKI is a square ; and since a
diagonal is 100 rods, the area of the
square ACKI = 10,000 square rods.
One of the triangles, as ACB, has

' an area of 15 acres, or 2400 square

/ ^

/ E

F 1

rods. Hence the combined area of the 4 outer triangles
= 4 X 2400= 9600 square rods. Adding this result to the area
of the square ACKI, we have 19,600 square rods = the area of
the square HBLJ. Hence, BL = Vl9,600 = 140 rods.

Now from the area of the square ACKI, subtract the area of
the four inner triangles, and we have the area of the square
DGFEz^^OO square rods. Hence (?i^ = V400 = 20 rods.
Therefore, BC = (140 - 20) -- 2 = 60 rods, and AB = 60 + 20
= 80 rods, Ans.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

165

6. Let A and O be the points the candles burn to, when No.
2 is 4 times No. 1. If CD be used as a unit of measure, AB
will be equal to 4 such units.

Now, if the candles be allowed
to burn until CD is consumed, \ of
a unit of AB will burn, leaving 3^
units. Since the candles have been
burning 4 hours, the 3J units re-
maining in No. 2 will be consumed
in one hour if they continue to burn.
Then 5 x 3 J units = 16 units, the handle No. i.
number of units in each candle. ^o. i bums in 4 hours.
Then since 16 units of No. 1 burn ^^- ^ ^""""^ ^" ' ^^«"''«-
in 4 hours, 16 units of No. 1, or the part consumed, is burned
in II of 4 hours = 3} hours, Arts.

6. The distance the lizard moves is the hypotenuse of a
right triangle whose legs are 200 feet and 10 feet.

^ns. = 200.25 feet.

Candle No. 2.

$3.50

1.50

.50

16 calves.
2 sheep.

_82 lambs.
100 number of head
Another answer is 10, 20, and 70.

8. The daughter's share = daughter's share.
The wife's share = 2 daughter's share.
The son's share = 4 daughter's share.

D.'s H- W.'s -f S.'s = 7 times daughter's share.
*. 7 times daughter's share = the estate.

.*. daughter's share = | of the estate,

wife's share = ^ of the estate,

and son's share = ^ of the estate.

9. 64.

166 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

10. The distance AB is the hypotenuse of the right triangle

ABC= V(32)2 _^ (24)2 ^ 40 ^^^^^

End 1^

Ceiling

Side-wall

1
1

End

Floor

11. GC %.

12. First, let us find the volume of the largest ball that
j^ E C could be placed in the given cone and also

the amount of water required to cover it.
Let AC in the diagram represent the
diameter of the mouth of the glass, BE =
4 inches, the altitude, and OZ>=the ra-
dius of the largest marble which could be
covered in the glass.

Area of A ABC = area of 3 A of which
OD is the altitude. Area of A ABC = 12.
Hence one half the radius of the largest marble = 12 h- (5+5 -f
6) = |.

The diameter of the largest ball which could be covered in
the glass = 3.

= 12 7r.

. •. V of cone ABC = - iri^h = ^
3 3

V of largest marble = - ird? = — .
6 2

3.2 TT ^ = amount of water it takes to cover the largest

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 167

marble. Now, the water which would cover the largest marble
is to the water covering the required marble as the largest
marble is to the required marble.

.'. a; = 2.433 inches, Ans.

13. The discount is yj^ of the face of the note. The interest
is 10 % of the proceeds.

Hence, 10 % of the proceeds = 9 % of the face.
jIj^ of the proceeds = ^ of yf^ = -j-A^ of the face.
{%% of the proceeds = 100 x -j-J^^ = ^^%% of the face,
jj jj _ ^o^<^ — ^Y^^ = ^^ of the face, which is the discount
for the required time.

.-. the time is ^ -i- yj^ = IJ years = 400 days.

14. Since it was a perfect power, the right-hand period
must have been 25, and the last figure of the root must have
been 5. Hence the last trial divisor was 1225 -*- 5 = 245. Then
by the rule for extracting the square root, we know 5 to have
been annexed to 24, which must have been double the root
already found. That portion of the root, then, must have been
^ of 24 = 12. The entire root was 125. Therefore the power
was 125^=15,625, Ans.

15. The length of the lawn is f of its width, and if J of it
be taken off by a line parallel to the end, a square will be left,
the side of which is the width of the lawn. The area of the
lawn = f the area of the square. If the dimensions of the lawn
be increased 1 ft., its area will be equivalent to the area of f
of the square -ff of a strip 1 foot wide-|-|^ of a strip 1 foot
wide + a square with an area of 1 square foot = 651 square
feet. Area of f of the square -+- f of a strip 1 foot wide = 650
square feet. Taking J of this quantity, we have the square
+ 1 of a strip 1 foot wide = J of 650 square feet = 62,400
square inches. But | of a strip 1 foot wide = a strip of the

168 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

same length | of a foot wide = two strips the same length |- of
a foot wide, or 10 inches wide.

Now, if we place these two strips on adjacent sides of the
square and also a square containing 100 square inches at the
corner, we will have a new square the area of which = 62,400
square inches + 100 square inches = 62,500 square inches. A
side of this square = 250 inches. Therefore the width of the
lawn = 250 inches — 10 inches = 240 inches, or 20 feet, and
the length = 30 ft., Ans.

16. Let 100 % = cost. -

180 % = marked price.

140 % = selling price.

.-. i|-2. = 1|- = length in yards.

17. The area of a triangle whose sides are 13, 14, and 15
feet may be found by the rule : " Add the three sides together
and take half the sum; from the half sum subtract each side
separately ; multiply the half sum and the remainders together
and extract the square root of the product.''

13 feet -f 14 feet + 15 feet = 42 feet = sum of sides,
i of 42 feet = half sum of sides.
21 feet - 13 feet = 8 feet.
21 feet - 14 feet = 7 feet.
21 feet - 15 feet = 6 feet.

7056 = product of the half sum and the three remainders.

•\/7056 = 84 square feet, area of triangle with sides 13, 14,
and 15 feet.

Area of given triangle is 24,276 square feet.

The problem now becomes merely a comparison of areas,
the larger triangle having sides in the same proportion as the
smaller. Similar surfaces are to each other as the squares of
their like dimensions, therefore, 84 : 24,276 : : 13^ : the square
of the corresponding side. Or, V24,276 x 169 -- 84 = 221,
length of the corresponding side.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 169

Similarly with 14 and 15 we find the other corresponding
sides = 238 and 255. Aiis. 221, 238, and 255.

18. Since my mistake was 55 minutes, the hands must have
been 5 minute spaces apart. At 2 o'clock they were 10 spaces
apart, hence the minute hand had gained 5 spaces. It gained
55 spaces in 1 hour, hence to gain 5 spaces requires -jij- of an
hour, or 5^\ minutes. Therefore, it was 5^ minutes past
2 o'clock, Ans.

19. The area of the whole slate = 108 square inches. The
area of the frame = ^^ of 108 square inches = 27 square inches.
Now, suppose 4 slates so placed as to form a square 9 + 12, or
21 inches, on a side. The whole area of this square = 441
square inches. 441 square inches — 4 x 27 square inches =
108 square inches, the area of the frames of the four slates =
338 square inches, the area of a square formed by the four
slates without frames.

V338 square inches = 18.242 inches, a side of the square.
Then since 21 inches includes 4 widths of the frame, 21 inches
— 18.242 inches = 4 times the width of the frame.

Therefore the frame is .6895 inch wide.

20. 6 acres + 72* grdwths keep 16 oxen 12 weeks, or 1 ox
for 192 weeks.

3 acres + 36 growths keep 16 oxen 6 weeks, or 1 ox for 96
weeks.

Adding the above, we have,

9 acres -h 108 growths keep 16 oxen 18 weeks, or 1 ox for
288 weeks.

9 acres + 81 growths keeps 26 oxen 9 weeks, or 1 ox 234
weeks.

Subtracting, 27 growths keep 1 ox 288 weeks — 234 weeks, or
54 weeks.

.*. 1 growth keeps 1 ox 2 weeks.

.•. IpO growths keep 1 ox 300 weeks.

• A growth is the weekly growth on one acre.

170 MATHEMATICAL WBINKLES

Also, 72 growths keep 1 ox 144 weeks.

Then, 6 acres keep 1 ox 192 weeks — 144 weeks, or 48 weeks.
6 acres keep 1 ox 48 weeks, 1 acre keeps 1 ox 8 weeks.
15 acres keep 1 ox 120 weeks.

.-. 15 acres + 150 growths keep 1 ox 120 weeks + 300 weeks,
or 420 weeks.

Hence the number of oxen required is 420 ^ 10 = 42, Ans.

21. 400.

22. Precedence is given to the signs X and ^ over the signs
+ and — ; hence the operations of multiplication and division
should always be performed before addition and subtraction.
Ans. = 8.

23. 00 . 24. 0. 25. 2.236 minutes.
26. 20 feet. 27. 28.44+.

28. The distance from the extreme point of the given ball
to the corner is to the distance of the nearest point of the
given ball from the corner, as the diamfeter of the given ball is
to the diameter of the required ball.

12 feet = an edge of the cube. Then V3 x 144 = 20.7846,
the distance from a lower to the opposite upper corner of the
room. 20.7846 — 12 = twice the distance from the given ball
to the corner. 4.3923 = the distance of the nearest point of the
given ball from the corner. Then, the distance from the extreme
point of the ball to the corner = 20.7846 - 4.3923 = 16.3923.
.-. 16.3923 feet : 4.3923 feet : : 12 feet : (3.215 feet), Ayis.

29. Let I = number of minutes past 3 o'clock.
40 — |- = distance the minute hand is from 8.

y\ = number of minute spaces the hour hand is from 3.

15 4- y\ = distance the hour hand is from 12. But since
the minute hand is the same distance from 8 that the hour
hand is from 12, then

40— 24_-IK_|_ 2

.-. I, or 11 = 23yL minute past 3 o'clock, Ans.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 171

30. Since an edge of the given cube differs from an edge of
the original cube by 2 inches, the difference in the solidity of
the cubes will be the solidity of 7 blocks 2 inches thick — a
corner cube, 3 narrow blocks, and 3 square blocks. The con-
tents of these 7 solids = 39,368 cubic inches. By taking away
the 8 cubic inches, the number of cubic inches in the corner
cube, there remains 39,360 cubic inches, the solidity of the
3 narrow blocks and 3 square blocks. Then 1 square block
and 1 narrow block contain 13,120 cubic inches.

Now, since these blocks are 2 inches in thickness, the sum
of the areas of 1 face in each of the 2 = 6560 square inches.
That is, the area of a square and a rectangle 2 inches in width
= 6560 square inches. This rectangle is equivalent to 2 rect-
angles of equal length and 1 inch wide. Now, if we place
these rectangles on adjacent sides of the square and also add
a square 1 square inch in area to complete the square, we will
have a square = 6561 square inches. A side of this square
= V6561 = 81 inches = an edge of the original cube after the
reduction, increased by 1 inch.

.-. an edge of the original cube = 82 inches, Aiis.

31. The required number is the remainder left after sub-
tracting the largest cube. In extracting the cube root of
592,788 we find 84 to be a side of the largest cube, and 84 to
be the remainder. .-. 84 is the required number, Ans,

32. 80; 40.

33. In 1 hour A can row upstream J of the distance. In
1 hour A can row downstream | of the distance. ^ — i = J, or
twice the distance the stream flows in 1 hour. Hence, the
stream flows -^ of the distance in 1 hour. ^ of the distance
= 1 mile. .*. the distance = 12 miles, Ans.

34. B's share = i(90 4- 20) = 22 ; 22 - 20 = 2, the loss.

35. The required number is the remainder left after sub-
tracting the largest square. In extracting the square root of

172 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

13,340 we find 115 to be the whole mimber of the root and
115 the remainder. .-. 115 is the required number, Ans.

36. v^number = 10 Vnumber. Raising to the 12th power,
(number)* = 10^^ (number)^ Dividing by (number)^, we have
the number = 10^^ ^ 1,000,000,000,000.

37. -^. 38. 0. 39. 66|%.

40. This problem may be solved by Geometrical Progres-
sion. I = ar""'^. I = Iff, the last term, a = 1, the first term,
w = 4, the number of terms.

.•.|A| = r«,andr = |.
.-.1-1 = 1, or 121%.

41. $200; $12. 42. 30. 43. 20%. 44. $750.
45. $37,037. 46. 10: 40 o'clock. 47. 3iij cords.

48. Let 100 % = cost of goods.

180 % = marked price of goods,
iof 180% =30%, loss.
. 180 % - 30 % = 150 % = selling price.
150 % - 100 % = 50 %, gain, Ans.

49. ^i : -^ : : 6 : (5.738), the diameter of the inside sphere.
6 inches — 5.738 inches = .262 inch, twice the thickness of
the shell. .*. .131 inch = the thickness of the shell.

50. The number of bushels of apples = | of 20 bushels
= 16 bushels.

51. Let 100 % = present worth of sales.

103 % of present worth of sales = 95 % of sales.
1 % of present worth of sales = ^% % of sales.
100 % of present worth of sales = ^2^o% % of sales.
... 9232^4_ ^^ of sales = 1191% of cost of goods.
1 % of sales = 1.29if J % of cost of goods.
100 % of sales = 129if ^ % of cost of goods.
/. 29|f J % = the per cent advance of the cost.

^^•90

[ 0 All 2

190 a|i

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 173

52. J84,245,000 - 48,245,000 = 36,000,000.

36,000,000 H- 36,000 = 1000, the divisor, Ans.

53. 1.754 inches; 2.246 inches; 4 inches.

54. 3| years. 56. 300 miles.

56. $300. 57. 60 days ; 40 days.

58. 1600 -^ 80 = 20, the difference of the two numbers. The
sum -h the difference = twice the greater number. Hence,
80 -f 20 = 100 = twice the greater number.

.-. 50 = the greater number, and 30 = the smaller number.

59. 50%. 60. 15. 61. 3.

10
5
10 gallons of water, Ans.

63. Solve by means of Progression :

Let P =■ principle ; r= rate of interest ; n= number of years ;
A = amount of each payment. Then

.^r.P(l-f r)V
(l + r)*-l
Since one amount is paid at the beginning of the year, the
principal less that amount will be the money to reckon as the
new principal for the term of 4 years.

$1000-^=(P-^).

(1+rr-l (1+tV)*-1

^tV($1000-^)(1.4641).
.4641
Clearing of fractions,

$.4641 A=r^{$U64.1 - 1.4641 A).
6.1051^= $146.41.

.♦.^=$239.81, Ans.

64. 3^%. 65. $.67^.

174 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

66. The true discount on $lis $!-($ 1-^1.015) = $.014/^0^.
The bank discount on $ 1 is $ .015.

Then $ .015 - $ .014^\\\ = mOj\\\, the difference.
$ .90 ^ .000y2^ = $ 4060, the face of the note, Ans.

67. $50. 73. 11^ ounces.

68. 8 days. 74. 3|- years.

69. 66|%. 75. $160.

70. 6 feet. 76. 25 dozen ; 92 cents.

71. 168.298+ bushels. 77. 62.832 minutes.

72. 8 pounds. 78. 5-^j hours.

79. 37 inches.

80. $76.52, first; $ 96.52, second.

81. 30 steps. 82 104 feet.

83. 27^ minutes after 5 o'clock.

84. lOif minutes past 2 o'clock.

85. A pound of feathers.

86. 600; 1200; 1800; 2400 yards.

87. 360 acres. 88. $20. 89. 1,000,000. 90. $2.

91. Let 100 %= the marked price.
He receives 100 % - 10 % = 90 % .

Since he uses a yard measure .72 of an inch too short, he
gives only 35 2V inches for 1 yard. He sells 35 Jg^ inches for
90 fc of the marked price. Therefore he would sell 36 inches
for 91^ % of the marked price.

.-. 100 % — 91fi % = 8489 %, the required discount.

92. 69.36286+ pounds. 95. $8.75.

93. 32feet+. 96. Book, $1.10; pen, $.10.

94. 8%. 97. 17%.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 175

98. Each new day begins at the 180th meridian, which was
crossed in the Pacific Ocean before reaching Manila.

99. 7 sheep. 101. 40. 103. Friday.
100. f. 102. 72. 104. 0.

105. 3 P.M. 107. G:40 p.m.

106. A, S500; B, $700. 108. B paid $92; 15% gain.

109. The greater -f the less = 582.
The greater — the less = 218.

.-. 2 times the less = 364,
and the less = 182.
The gi-eater = 400.

110. 2760.4288+ cubic inches; 1152 square inches.

111. A's, $90; B's, $135; G% $180.

112. $20.

113. August 11 was 21 days before the note was due.
The use of any sum of money for 21 days, or -j^^^ of a month,
at 6 % is equal to -j-J^ of it. Then, since he promised to pay
such a sum that the use of it for 21 days was to equal the use
of the sum unpaid for 2 months, y^ of the sum unpaid = y^yVrr
of the sum paid. Hence the sum unpaid = -,^j^ of the sum
paid .-. f^ of the sum paid + ^%\ of the sum paid = $ 100.
.-. the sum paid = $ 74.07.

114. $212.12. 118. 64 pounds.

115. $246.60. 119. 7 cents to A ; 1 cent to B

116. $50 gain. 120. 10.

117. 43.817 pounds. 121. 45 feet.

122. 30 of first quality ; 16 of second quality.

123. 32 miles. 125. 810 revolutions.

124. $2; SI. 126. 16 dozen.

176 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

127. A, 2.87 rods; B, 4.72 rods; C, 13.82 rods.

128. 1,000,000. 134. 2.

129. Horse, $110; cow, $10. 135. 20.

130. 216 pounds. 136. 60.

131. $850. 137. 20%.

132. $4. 138. 20%.

133. They are the same. 139. First, $250; second, $200.

140. Husband's age, 24 years ; wife's age, 20 years.

141. 20 gallons of wine ; 30 gallons of water.

142. 1300. 143. 4. 144. $.80. 145. $.75. 146. 8.

147. 21-j9j- minutes past 4 o'clock.

148. lOif minutes past 2 o'clock.

149. 27^ minutes past 2 o'clock ; 3 o'clock.

150. 43^^ minutes past 2 o'clock.

151. .50. 152. 245.574.

153. Wife, $8500; son, $12,750; daughter, $2125.

154. 1 mile. 158. 9||%, or 9.69+.

155. 180. 159. $42,949,672.95.

156. 43,200. 160. $4.

157. 1,860,867. 161. Midnight.

162. 1 hour and 20 minutes is lost in going 50 miles.

.-. 80 minutes is lost in going 50 miles.

.-. 1 minute is lost in going | mile.

.-. 120 minutes is lost in going 75 miles.

.-. 2 hours is lost in going 75 miles.

But 2 hours is the entire time lost.

.*. the distance traveled after the breakdown is 75 miles.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 177

Again, the train at its original speed goes as far in 3
hours as it went in 5 hours at its speed after the breakdown,
.-. in 3 hours at the original speed it goes 75 miles.
.-. ill 1 hour at the original speed it goes 25 miles.
.-. the length of the line is 75 miles +25 miles = 100 miles.

163. llj cents. 166. 1^. 168. 300 feet.

165. 2. 167. 4f 169. 2:1.

170. 2 miles 340 feet.

171. 132 and 140. 172. 20%. 173. By their sum.

174. James's speed = ^ of my speed.
John's speed = -J^J of James's speed.

.-. James's speed = 1^ of (^ of my speed).
.-. James's speed = ^4|, or ^ of my speed.
.-. James's speed and my speed are in the ratio of 456 to 500.
.-. in running 500 yards I beat James 500 yards — 456 yards
= 44 yards, Ans.

175. First, .759 inch; second, 1.08+ inches ;, third, 4.16 +
inches.

176. First Method. 1. Any remainder which exactly di-
vides the previous divisor is a common divisor of the two
given quantities.

2. The greatest common divisor will divide each remainder,
and cannot be greater than any remainder.

3. Therefore, any remainder which exactly divides the pre-
vious divisor is the greatest common divisor.

Second Method. 1. Each remainder is a number of times the
greatest common divisor. For a number of times the greatest
common divisor, subtracted from another number of times the
greatest common divisor, leaves a number of times the greatest
common divisor.

2. A remainder cannot exactly divide the previous divisor
unless such remainder is once the greatest common divisor.

178 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

3. Hence, the remainder which exactly divides the previous
divisor, is once the greatest common divisor.

177. 112 cubic feet.

178. In 5 seconds both trains travel 600 feet,
.-.in 1 hour both trains travel Sl^ miles.

In 15 seconds the faster train gains 600 feet.

.-. in 1 hour the faster train gains 27^ miles.

Now, we have the sum of their rates = 81^^ miles and the
difference of their rates = 27^ miles.

.-. rate of faster + rate of slower = 81^^ miles, and rate of
faster — rate of slower = 27^ miles.

.-. 2 times rate of faster = 109 jij- miles.

.-. rate of faster == 54^^ miles.

Also, 2 times rate of slower = 54^^ miles.

.-. rate of slower == 27^^ miles.

179. 1.118 times.

185. 3042315V

180. SSte6.

186. 3424^.

181. Senary.

187. 139.

182. 1,110,100,010 years.

188. 124.

183. 221446.

189. 128.

184. 10212^.

190. 180.

191. 658,548,918.

192. 28 gallons wine ; 42

gallons water.

193. lOf

194. Since the numbers are consecutive, each r

the cube root of 15,600 ; in other words, the numbers must lie
between 20 and 30. Now, 15,600 is divisible by 25, since it
ends in two ciphers, hence 25 may be one of the numbers.
By trial, we find that 624 would be the product of the other
two, which themselves must end in 4 and 6 to give a product
ending in 4. Ans. 24; 25; 26.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 179

195. Such a number must lie halfway between 1042 and
1236.

.-. 1236 — 1042 = 194, which divided by 2, gives 97.
.-.1042 + 97 = 1139, Ans.

196. 76,809,256,566.

197. 49. The remainder left over after subtracting the
largest cube is the number.

198. At 4 miles per hour = 1 mile in 15 minutes, and 5 miles
per hour = 1 mile in 12 minutes.

.-. in going 1 mile there is a difference of 3 minutes, but the
actual difference is 10 minutes + 5 minutes = 15 minutes.
.-. 15 minutes -r- 3 minutes = 5. Ans. 5 miles.

199. i of small glass = i of total, and since the large glass
is J of both, J of the large glass = J of total, and J -f J = ^
= wine.

.-. |-J = water. — From « Arithmetical Wrinkles."

200. When the ball just floats, its specific gravity is 1.
Then by Allegation, we have

\10| 9 I 35 I' ^^ ^

^ of t ^ (12)» = Agf fi^ TT, and ^1[I|||^TTJ7) =5.52 inches,
radius of ball, and 12 — 5.62, or 6.48, inches is the thickness of
the shell. — From " The School Visitor."

201. 14° F. = - 10° C. and 270° F. = 132|° C. The specific
heat of ice is .505, that of steam is .48, latent heat of fusion
is 80, and that of evaporation is 537 ; then,

100(10 X .505 + 80 -f 100) = 18,505 heat units,

required to melt the ice and raise its temperature to 100° C.

There are 80 x 32| x .48 = 1237^ heat units given off in
reducing the steam at 132|° C. to steam at 100° C.

There are (18,505-1237^)^537 = 32.16 pounds of steam

180 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

at 100° C. to be condensed to water at 100° C. The result
would be 132.16 pounds of water at 100° C, and 80-32.16
= 47.84 pounds of steam at 100° C.

— From " The School Visitor."

202. If the average for the entire distance were 30 miles an
hour, 50 X 30 or 1500 miles would be run, but this lacks 300
miles which must be made up running 55 miles per hour, or 25
miles an hour faster, taking 300 -^ 25, or 12 hours. Hence, the
distance from 5 to C is 12 x 55, or 660 miles, and (50 — 12)
times 30, gives 1140 miles from A to B,

— From " The School Visitor."

203. Volume of sphere = 2 times volume of double cone.
Surface of sphere = V2 times surface of double cone.

204. 20 rods.

205. For bodies above the earth's surface, the weight varies
inversely as the square of the distances from the center. Hence,
to weigh yL as much as at the surface, the body must be
Vl6 = 4 times as far from the center, or 16,000 miles, and the
required height above the surface is 16,000 - 4000 = 12,000
miles.

206. 1 mile. 207. 7.2 inches. 208. 34.

209. The difference between the bank and the true discount
is always the interest on the true discount. Hence S9 is 12%
of the true discount, which is $ 75. The bank discount is $ 9
more, or S84, which is 12 % of the face of the note, and then
$84 divided by .12 gives $ 700, the face.

210. By the prismoidal formula, the volume F is |- of
(upper base + lower base + 4 times middle section) x length.
Therefore F= i (4 x 4 -f 2 x 3 + 4 X 3 x 3J) x 120 -- 144 = 8f
feet, Ans.

211. Place the box on its end and put in 11 rows of 5 and 4
balls, alternately, making a total of 50 balls in the first layer.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 181

Place the second layer in the hollows of the first, and it has 6
rows of 4 each and 5 rows of 5 each, making 49 balls in the
second layer. In this manner 12 layers may be placed, making
a total of (50 + 49) x 6 = 594 balls.

— From " The Ohio Teacher."

212. If the field were 48 feet wide, it would take one post
less at each end and two less at each side, or 6 less ; but to
make 66 less, the field must be 11 x 48 = 528 feet, or 32 rods
wide, and 64 rods long ; area, 12.8 acres.

213. 17.584, specific gravity.

214. 7^ feet, the distance the ball bounds. 30 feet equals
the whole distance the ball moves.

215. Let r = rate per month, 12 r = rate per annum, p = sum
borrowed, n = number of payments, q = cash payment. Then,
from algebra, we get

^ = 0^^> 9 = 9J, p=$500, n = 72.

••• to -Pr){^ - ry = q, and (19 - IQOO r)(l + r)" = 19.
.-. r = .00911, and 12 r = .10932 = 10.932 %.

216. 1178.1 square feet. 218. 6.864+ inches.

217. 5JJJ ounces. 219. 72 and 96.

220. Since the numbers have a common factor plus the same
remainder, if the numbers are subtracted from one another, the
results will contain the common factor without the remainder,
thus :

364 414 539

364 414

50 125

The largest number that will divide all of these numbers
is 25, Ans.

221. I. Let S = selling price and (7= cost.

182 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

S — C

Then, S — C= gain and — = rate of gain.

Also, S — -f^-^ C = supposed gain, and

J§ 9 2 (J 1_0_0_ g Q

— gJ^J, — = ^^ „ = supposed rate of gain.

.-. S- 0=1^0, or 15%, ^ns.
11. A jSJiort Solution. 8 : 10 = 92 : 115.
115 - 100 = 15 % gain.

222. Let |- = distance the hour hand moves past 3 o'clock.
^ = distance the minute hand moves in the same time.
Then -2^ + 1 = -^i = distance they both move.

But the distance they both move = 45 minutes.
.-. -^ = 45 minutes.

1 = ^ of 45 minutes = l^f minutes.
-2/- = 24 X l|f minutes = 41/^ minutes.
.-. It is 41 j7^ minutes past 3 o'clock.

223. The weight of the first ball is 3| times an equal bulk of
water, and that of the second is 2^^ times the equal bulk of
water; hence, 3|- times the volume of the first equals 2^ times
the volume of the second ball. But the volumes vary as the
cubes of the diameters ; hence, the required diameter is,

d = -^"(3f -i- 210) =, 1^ feet, Ans.

224. The amount of $500 for 2 years at 6% is $560;
$ 2500 — $ 560, or $ 1940, is the amount of the note, the pres-
ent worth of which, for 24 - 8, or 16 months, is $ 1796.30.

225. The present worth of $201 for 30 days at 6% is $200;
the present worth of $224.40 for 4 months at 6% is $220.
Hence, the present rate of gain is (220 - 200) -- $200 = 10%,
Ans,

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 183

226. If the 65 minutes be counted on the face of the same
clock, then the problem would be impossible, for the hands
must coincide every 65^-^ minutes as shown by its face, and it
matters not if it runs fast or slow ; but if it is measured by
true time it gains j\ of a minute in (yo minutes, or yY^ ^^ ^
minute per hour, Ans.

227. The loss of weight of an immersed body equals the
weight of the fluid displaced. Hence 970 — 892 = 78 ounces,
weight of water displaced, and 970 — 910 = 60 ounces weight of
alcohol displaced. But as water is taken as the standard of
comparison, the specific gravity of alcohol is 60 -r- 78 = ^§ =
.769+, Ans.

228. The rate of the ship is J* per hour, while that of the
sun is 15°. When they both move west, the sun gains 14|° ;
but when the ship moves east the sun gains 15J°. Therefore
since the sun must make a gain of 360° in each case, the time
from noon to noon is 360° -5- 14| = 24^^ hours, west and 360° -5-
15 i° = 23^ hours east.

229. ^ of 165 acres = 65 acres, the amount of land each man
should furnish.

100 acres — 55 acres = 45 acres, the number of acres A fur-
nishes C.

65 acres — 55 acres = 10 acres, the number of acres B fur-
nishes C.

Hence, ^ ot $ 110 = $90, the amount A should receive, and
^ of $ 110 = $ 20, the amount B should receive.

230. Let r be the internal radius of the cup ; and the volume
of a quart of wine,' 57f inches. Then 240 ttt^ -t- (3 X 57J) =
value of wine in cents.

Also 40 ttt* = value of cup in cents.

. A(\^ 2407rr»
••^^'^ = 3-^^-

.-. r = 28 J in. .-. 40 irr* = $ 1047.74, Ans.

184

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

231. 11 times.

232. Eleven integral solutions, as follows :

Average price = 1

233. The volume is found by the prism oidal formula.

1 Z (2 X 2 4- 1 X 1 2 + 4 X f X V ) - 144 = ^ Z feet, or if I be
the length in feet, the board measure is || of the length in
feet.

234. l|i board feet.

, 235. Since .0^ == .05, .^ must be .5.
236. 96 acres.

7|- acres.

237. 40 rods ; 30 rods ;

238. A liter of ice weighs 918 grams and a liter of sea water
weighs 1030 grams. Then 918 divided by 1.03 equals 891.262
cubic centimeters displaced by one liter of ice, and 1000 —
891.262 is 108.738 cubic centimeters above water. Now 108.738
divided by 1000 gives .108738 of the whole above water, and
700 divided by .108738 equals 6437.5 cubic yards, the volume
of the iceberg.

Side-wall^^-^'^

1
Ei^d

^-^

End

Floor

239. The distance SFis the hypotenuse of a right triangle =
V(15)2 + (39)2 ^ 41.78+ ft.

240. $ 563.23 due A.

241. (a) The least time required is 59f| seconds past 12.
(6) The least time required is 30y\^2T seconds past 12.
(c) The least time required is 1^%V minutes past 12.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 185

242. S 2500.00.

243. S225 = first payment; $675 = second payment.

244. First, $8400; second, S7800; third, $7280.

245. 8 yards of first kind; 16 yards of second kind.

246. 21^ minutes past 4 o'clock.

247. A, 261^ days; B, 120 days.

248. 10. 251. 2 inches.

249. 7ifeet; 8| f eet. 252. 2 cones.

250. 13,066.4 miles.

ALGEBRAIC PROBLEMS

1. Let X = your age.

y = difference between our ages.
Then a; -h y = my age.

and (x-^y)-\-(x-\-2y) = 100.

Solving, X = 33^ and x-}-y = 44 J.

2. A, 72 hours ; B, 90 hours.

3. Let the time be x minutes past 10 o'clock. We assume
that at the beginning of every minute the second hand points
at 12 on the dial. The distance of the second hand from the
minute hand at the required time is 60 a; — a; = 59 a; ; and that of
the second hand from the hour hand is

60 - 60 a; - (10 -^ tV x) = 50 - 60 X - -jJj a;.

.-. 59 x = 51 - 60 X 4- iV ^•
Solving, x = y^:j^ minutes = 25| Jff seconds.

— From " American Mathematical Monthly."

186 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

4. Let s = distance between cars going in the same

direction.
Let i = interval of time between cars going in the

same direction.
Let X = rate of car.

Let y = rate of man.

Then, x — y = rate of approach when both travel in the same

direction.
x-\-y = rate of approach when they travel in opposite

directions.
By conditions of problem,

12(x-y)=^s = 4.{x + y).
.'.x = 2y.

Also, ^ = ^ = ii^±l)=6.

X X

Therefore the interval between cars is 6 minutes, and my
rate is half the speed of the cars.

— F.rom " School Science and Mathematics."

5. Let X = the number of eggs for a shilling.

Then - = the cost of one Qgg in shillings.

and — = the cost of one dozen in shillings.

But if X — 2 — the number of eggs for a shilling, then -

X — 2

would be the cost of one dozen in shillings.

12 12 1

.*. = -— (1 penny being y^ of a shilling).

X — 2 X 12

Solving, a; = 18 or — 16. Then if 18 eggs cost a shilling, 1

dozen will cost if of a shilling, or 8 pence, Ans.

6. Let X = amount per yard received by one.
Then ic -j- 1 = amount per yard received by the other.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 187

Solving, «= 1.7808.

One builds 56.15 yards at $1.7808; other builds 43.85 yards
at $2.2808, Ans.

7. 1760 yards, or 1 mile.

8. Let X = number of acres.

160 X = number of dollars for which the land sold.
Then since 1^ inches = diameter of a dollar,

1^(160 x) = 240 X = perimeter of square in inches.

-y or 60 a: = length of one side of the square in inches.

-— ^, or 5 a; = length of one side of the square in feet.
(5 xy = the number of square feet in the square.

= number of acres.

25 X*

• • 43560 "•

Solving,

x = 1742.4, ^715.

9. 2652.5+ feet

; 2627.4-^ feet.

10. Let

= one side of the square in feet.

Then

43560

= the number of acres.

16aj =

= the number of feet of boards in

the fence

16 X
11

= the number of boards in the fence.

16x

**'

43560

Solving,

= 63,360.

Then

43560

= 92,160 acres, or 144 sections.

11. 10^

hours.

188 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

12. Let X = rate of faster train per hour in miles.

y = rate of slower train per hour in miles.
In 5 seconds both trains travel 600 feet.
.-. in one hour they travel 81^ miles, or

x + y = Sl^\. (1)

In seconds the fast train gains 600 feet.

.'. in one hour the fast train gains 27 ^^ miles, or

x-y=2T^. (2)

Solving, X = 54y6_, and y = 27 ^^y, Ayis.

13. Let X = number of minutes until 6 o'clock.
Then 6 hours — x= time past noon.

3 hours -f- 4 a; = time past noon 50 minutes ago.
.♦. 360 - .T = 180 + 4 a; + 50.

Solving,

X = 26, Ans,

14. Let

X = cost of the gun in dollars.

-— - = per cent of loss.
lUU

Then

(^y.=ioss.

x' ^
100

Solving,

a; = 90, or 10.

•••

$ 90, or $ 10 = the cost of the gun.

15. Let

X = number of eggs he brought.

Then

a; + 1 = 1 of them.

and

f (a; + 1) = number of eggs in the nest.

Also

a; — 2 = i of them.

and

2 (a; — 2) = number of eggs in the nest.

...2(x- 2) = 1(0^ + 1).

Solving,

aj = ll.

Then

2 (a; -2) = 18, Ans.

16. Let

X = cost of lot in dollars.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 189

100

= per cent of

gain.

)

100

= gain.

^ + 100 =

= 144.

Then

Solving, X = 80, or - 180. $ 80 = Arts.

17. 6 inches. 18. VS. 19. | ± jVS and J ± hV5.

20. 21 minutes 49^ seconds past 4 o'clock.

21. Let X = number of men in a side of the first square.
Then xr = number of men in the first square,

and ic^ + 39 = number of men.

Also X -h 1 = number of men in a side of the second square

Then (x -f 1)^ = number of men in the second square,
and (a; + 1)* — 60 = number of men.

... (x 4- 1)'- 50 = ar^-f 39.

Solving, x= 4A.

Then a:* 4- 39 = 1975, Ans.

22. 12 cents. 23. 4 feet.

24. iV5 and i(VE ± 5),

25. 16. 26. 6 feet.

27. Let X = cost of first horse.

80 — a; = cost of second horse.
Then 80 — a; = gain on first horse.

and 80 — (80 — x) = gain on second horse.
80-a;

= rate of gain on first horse.

80 -a;
80 -X 1

= rate of gain on second horse.

80-a; X 5

Solving a; = 41.905,

and 80 -x = 38.005.

190 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

28. The lot is 100 feet x 100 feet = 10,000 square feet. The
house and the driveway each covers 5000 square feet.

Let X = the width of the driveway. On each side of the
lot it extends from front to rear 100 feet ; total, 200 x square
feet. The house is 100 feet — 2 x feet ; the driveway behind
the house is 100 feet — 2x feet long by x feet wide ; the total
number of square feet is 100 x — 2 x^. The total number of
square feet in the driveway (at sides of lot and rear of house)
is 200 x + lOOx-2 x\

.'. - 2 a;2 4- 300 a? = 5000.

Solving, x = 19.1.

29. 672.

30. 7.416 inches from either end.

31. Their monthly wages may be any number of dollars.
If they receive more than $ 50 a month they will each lay up
the same sum. If they receive less than $50, they will be-
come equally indebted.

32. 1

33. 2(l-}-x')=(l-j-xy.

2-\-2x^ = x^-j-4:x' + 6x'-{-4x + l.
Transposing,

aj4_4^_6^_ 4.x -{-1 = 0.
Adding 12 x^ to both sides,

x*-4.a^ + 6x^-4.x + l = 12x^
But x^-4:a^-\-6x'-4.x-\-l = (x-iy.

Then (x-iy-12x' = 0,

or (x^ -2x^iy-12x'=0.

Factoring,

(aj2_2a; + l-f 2cc-\/3)(ic2-2a^ + l-2a;V3) = 0.
... a^_ 2a; + l + 2a;\/3 = 0,
and x'-2x-^l- 2 a;V3 =_ 0.

Solving, » = 1 - V3 ± V3 - 2 V3,

or 1 + V3 ± V3 + 2 V3.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 191

34. X* -^ 4: m^x — m* = 0.
Factoring,

(a^ 4- mxy/2 - mV2 + m*)(aj* - mxy/2 + m'y/2 + m*) = 0.
.-. x^ ^_ wa;V2 - w2V2 + m* = 0.

o I • w . mV2V2-l

Solving, x = =: ± —

V2 V2

35. a^ + 3/=ll. (1)
y2-fx= 7. (2)

(3) y - 2 = 9 - ar^, from (1).

(4) / _ 4 = 3 - a:, from (2).

(5) 2/ - 2 = -^ ^, from (4) by dividing by y + 2.

' 2/ +^ y -^ ^

3 a;

•. 9 - ar^ =

2/ + 2 y + 2

a^ ^, by transposing.

2/ + 2 2/ + 2

Then

^"7+2"^V27T4) ='^"^rf2"^(,27T4j'

completing the square.

3 = x , extracting the square root.

22/ + 4 2^ + 4'

Then canceling, a; = 3,

and substituting, y = 2.

Note.— From Horner's method we find a; =- 2.803, 3.681,-3.778.
Hence y = 3.131, - 1.849, - 3.283.

36. x = 2; 2/=l. 39. a: = 4; 2/ =9.

37. a; = 4; 2/ = 6. 40. a; = 4; y = 9.

38. a; = 2 ; 2/ = 3.

41. x = ±2, ±-^;2/ = ±5, ±-^;2 = ±3, ±-l3.

V7 Vi V7

42. 52/(a^ + l)-3ar3(2/» + l) = 0. (1)

15/(ar' + l)-x(2/« + l)=0. (2)

192 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

(3) lB(^^yl±l,iror.(2).

(5) 5(^-^^\ = s(y-^ ^\ from (4).

(6) 15('aj + ^') = 2/' + -3,from(3).

a;y SV 2/^

(8) 3(x + ±] = ^(/-fA), from(6).

^ (6).

adding (5) and (6)
Then

\/^{x -\- -) = 2/ + -, extracting the cube root.

\ ^J y

But since y-{-- = 7?-\- —

y ^

Dividing by a; + - ? we have
a;

a;" + 2 + ^ = •^+ 3, by adding + 3.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 193

* + - T= V \/5 + 3, by extracting the square root.
Also ^ - - = ^y/'5 - 1, by subtracting 1.

••• ^ = i[V^5 + 3 4- Vs/5-1].

But y + l = (^^-^l)</5 = <^^ww+s.
y- - y(v'r) . V</5 -f 3) 4-1 = 0.

y = iC^^ • Vs^/'s + 3 ± V</25(\/5 + 3)-4].
.-. 2/ = J [^5 . V^5 4.3 ± Vl + 3</25].

43. Let a; = number of feet in one side of the field.
Then, x^-{x- mf = (x - 66)1

Solving X = 225.3356+ feet.

.-. he had 50776+ square feet, Ans,

44. 2.93+ gallons.

45. Let X be the least integral number that will satisfy the
conditions ; then we shall have

a; = 39y4-25 = 252 + 19 = 19ri + ll;
whence, z = y4--^y-\- ^%.

For integral values y must be 17, 42, 67, 92, 117, 142, 167, etc.
Hence the value of y that will satisfy the last value of x in
third line, is 167 ; then

a; = 39 y -h 25 = 25 2 + 19 = 19 n -h 11 = 5369.

— From " American Mathematical Monthly."

46. Dr. A saves f; Dr. B ^; and Dr. C |^. Hence, the
chance for one who is dosed by all three is

47. Let a; = Richard's age and y Robin's age.
Then 2x-y4-a; = 99,

and 2(2y-'X)=2x-y.

,\ x = 45 and y = 36.

194 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

48. If the assertion is true, A and B tell the truth and C is
mistaken. The chance of this is

3" X Y X -g- — y 0^3".

If the assertion is not true, A and B are mistaken and C
tells the truth. The chance of this is

1 V 1 V 4 — 4
-3 A y A 5- — y 0-3-.

Now, the assertion is true or it is not true, and 12 chances
are in favor of its being true to 4 in favor of its being not
true. Hence, the probability of its truth is if or |, Ans.

— From " The School Visitor."

49. Let X = weight of the plank, acting through its mid-
point with lever arm 7, while the weight of 196 has the lever
arm 1 ; the equation of moments is :

7x = 196. .-. X = 28.

50. Let X = number at 5 cents, y = number at 1 cent, z =
number at | cent. Then

X -{- y -{- z = 100 = 5x-\-y-\-lz.
Eliminating z we get the indeterminate equation, 9x-\-y=100.

.'. y = 100-9x.

This equation gives us eleven integral solutions, as follows :

aj = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.

y = 91, 82, 73, 64, 55, 46, 37, 28, 19, 10, 1.

z= S, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88.

51. 9f. 54. a + 5.

52. 6. 55. l + V2-f V3.

53. 17 years, 2 months, 2 days. 56. 1 + V| — V|.
57. x~i + x~^ = 6.

Solving for x'^, x-^ = -^± V6Ti = 2, or - 3.
.-. a; 1 = 16, or 8L

.-. a? = yg-, or -gy.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 195

58. 64; (-33)1 62. x = Q, -^,

59. a, ~ 6. ' :y = 12, - 9.

60. « = !,}. ^

y = f,|. 63. a:=Vi(V2-l),

2= ±2. 1

61. x = ^(l±V3), ^2(V2-1)

|(i±-^), 64. x = fVio±yvg,

j, = |(lW3), y = |V2±|V5.

66. x = |[V-J/3 + 3+V-J/^_l],

66. 600 yards.

67. 5(„_l)(2n-l) yards.
o

68. 6 minutes.

69. Silenus in 3 hours ; Dionysius in 6 hours.

70. Let X = time required to overtake B. He travels 20-|-2a;

20 -^ 2 3*
miles. Hence — — — = his rate. Let y — time to go from

B to A. He travels 2 V(100 +/) miles. '^^^^^^'A = his

rate. After reaching B a second time he has left 10 — a: — 2 2/
hours to go 2 a; -}- 4 y miles.

. . ix-\-\y __ j^.g j.^^ Tg^^ j^^g ^.^^g ^g uniform. Hence
10-a;-22/
we get

20 + 2x^2V(100+^^„^g^^gy,^^^ (1)

196 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

20 4-2a; 2 a; 4-4?/ 9.0 ^?/^ ^r, /^s

-^ = 103^'°'^ ^ + 20^ = 50-102' (2)

li x = vy in (1), we get 5v^ — v = 5 ot v = 1.10499.
.*. X = 1.10499 y. Substituting in (2) gives

14.41996 / + 10 2/ = 50, ovy = 1.54737.
.-. X = 1.70983. Rate = ^ -f 2 = 13.69707 miles an hour.

From " The American Mathematical Monthly."

First Solution :

71. Let X = the part of a man's work the boy does.

k = the number of bushels of apples the man shakes off in
a day.

kx = the number of bushels of apples the boy shakes off in
a day.

-^ = the number of bushels of apples each man picks up in
o

a day.

ka^

— - = the number of bushels of apples the boy picks up in a
o

day.

. 2kx kx^ ^4:k

** 3 3 5 *

.'. x = 0.843909, about || or i^f.
Boy's share of pay = $10,976; each man's share = $13.01.

Second Solution :

Suppose a man does x times as much work as a boy.

By the first condition,

Shaking the apples : picking them up = 1 : 3 a;.

By the second condition,

4 X
Shaking the apples : picking them up = -— : 2 o^ + 1.

.-. 1 : 3 a; = — : 2 a; + 1, or 12 a;2 - 10 oj - 5 = 0.
5

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 197

.-. X = 1.185.

.'. The money is divided into parts proportional to 1, 1.185,
1.185, and 1.185.

.-. The boy receives $10.98 and each man receives $13.01.
— From " School Science and Mathematics.**

GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS

1. Construct the AABCy whose base ^B= sum of parallel
sides, Z C= angle between diagonals and where AC-\-CB =
sum of diagonals.

Take the point E on AB^ such that CE=CB; from E draw
EF parallel and equal to AC meeting CB in 0; join B and F.
CFBE is the required trapezoid.

Proof: AE=CFy hence EB -\- CF — ^ly^n sum of parallel
sides. Since EF = AC, EF-^ CB= given sum of parallel
sides. And, finally, Z EOB = Z ACB.

Let r = the radius of the three equal
circles.

Then 2 r = the diameter.

(1) The area of a semicircle whose

radius is r = -— •

(2) The area of the A is ^ +200.

(3) But the area of the equilateral A is r* V3.
.-. i?\/3 = ^+200.

Solving, r = 498.06 feet. Then 2 r = 996.12 feet

3. 6J feet. 4. 60 feet.

5. Let R = the radius of the sphere, and 2 h the altitude of
the cylinder. Then R — h = the altitude of the segment of the

198 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

sphere, and ^(R^ — h^) is the radius of the base of the seg-
ment and the radius of the cylinder.
The volume of the 2 segments

= 2 [i 7r(JR - hf + i ,r(i2 - Ji) {R' - 7i2)],

and the volume of cylinder = 2 irh{R^ — h^).

.'. ^7r(R^ — h^) = the volume of the. segments, and the cylin-
der = -|(| ttR^), by the conditions of the problem.

.■.3¥= RK .-. 1 7r{R^ - ^') = f 7r7i^ = 600, by the conditions
of the problem.

.-. 2/i = 2V(225/7r).

6. 1012+ square feet. 11. An isoceles right triangle.

7. 99.379 feet; 11.119 feet. 12. 6.18 rods.

8. 108.046 feet. 13. 3904.

9. 15.708 feet. 14. 3 feet.
10. 13.4316 feet.

15. Upon the given base AB construct a circle whose segment
ACB shall contain the given vertical angle. Through E, the
mid-point of AB, draw EF perpendicular to AB, meeting the
circumference at F. Join FB, and perpendicular to FB draw
BG equal to ^ the given bisector of the vertical angle. With
Q as center and BG as radius describe the circle BHL, and
draw FGL. With F as center, FL as radius, describe a circle
cutting the given circle in C Join FC, cutting AB in D.
Then ABC is the triangle required.

In the triangles FCB and FBD, ZFCB = ZFBA, since arc
^F=arc FB ; also Z CFB is common, hence the triangles are
similar, and FC:FB = FB:FD; but FL(=FC) : FB = FB :
FH. Therefore FH= FB and HL = CD.

Hence in the triangle ABC, AB is the given base, Z ACB
the given vertical angle, and CD the given bisector, and the tri-
angle is satisfied in every condition.

— From " American Mathematical Monthly."

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 199

16. f 18. ^.

17. Height = radius. 19. 12.91 miles.

20. Let x = a. side of the equilateral triangle. Also a, 6,
and c = the given distances from the point to the sides.

(1) The area of the equilateral A = — V3.

(2) The area of the equilateral A = ^ (a -f- & -f c).
.•.^V3 = ?(a + 6 + c). Solving, « = «±^.

21. 10341.1 cubic inches. 22. 16.9704.

23. Three inches solid is greater, for
Three solid inches = 3 cubic inches.
Three inches solid = 27 cubic inches.

24. Their homes will be the vertices of an equilateral tri-
angle, and hence the well must be dug where the bisectors of
the angles meet.

26. 600 square feet. 30. 10 feet.

27. 8.0558. 33. 39.79 cubic inches.
29. 7 feet.

34. Diameter of the fixed circle.

36. 4 feet. 44. 769.421 square feet.

36. 10 feet. 45. 936.564 square feet.

37. 4330.13 square inches. 46. 1119.615 square feet.

38. 10,000 square inches. 47. 2^ feet.

39. 17204.77 square inches. 48. 16| inches.

40. 259.81 square feet. 49. 1.755 inches.

41. 363.39 square feet. 50. 10.198 feet.

42. 482.84 square feet. 61. 10.863 inches.

43. 618.182 square feet. 62. 10.142 ft.

200

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

53. 331 feet.

54. 71.344 feet from smaller; 70,071 feet from larger.

55. 15.38756 feet.

56. 2 feet.

57. 1.84 cubic feet.

58. 126^^ square inches.

59. 122.84 square inches.

60. 11.66 square inches.

61. 251.328 square feet.

62. 6.8068 cubic feet.

63. 4.192 feet from large end.

65. 154.9856.

67. 2106 square yards.

68. 80=base; 60 = altitude.

69. 101 feet.

70. 29.41 rods.
73. 78.572 feet.

74. Let a = BC and AC, the ladders ;
J57)=10; and JBi^=7; then ^Z)=a-10.
Let X = BE ; then AE = 14 — a; ; and
we have V(ED'' + EA') = a - 10. But
ED' = 10^ -a;^ and EA" = (14 - xf.
Hence V[102 -x^-^ (14 - xf] = a - 10.

Also, 7 : ic = a : 10, whence ic = 70 ^ a.
Substituting and reducing,

a3_ 20 a^- 196 a + 1960 = 0;

.-. a = 24.72189 feet, Arts.

75. 78 feet. 80. 13.65 rods.

81. Let PA' and B'C intersect at K. Draw through K a
line parallel to BC cutting AB at x and AC at y. A PB'C is
isosceles ; therefore Z. B' = A C. The points P, K, y, B' are
concyclic ; hence Z y = Z B'. The points P, x, C, K are con-
cyclic ; hence Zx = Z C .'. Zx = Zy, and A Pxy is isosceles.
Hence K is the mid-point of xy, since PK is perpendicular to
xy. .: Kis on the median through A.

— From "School Science and Mathematics."

82. In A ABC let m be the bisector of the Z A, and n the
bisector of Z B.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 201

Then,

m = V6 • c • s(« — a), and n = Va • c • « (s — 6).

See Schultze and Sevenoak's "Geometry," page J 58.

Vft • c • 8(s — a) = Va • c • s(.s — 6),

ft+c a+c

or b{8-a)^ai8-b) .^.

(6 + c)* (a + c)2 ^ ^

Replace s by .}(a + 6H-c), simplify, and factor, equation (1)
becomes .

(6-a)[c»4-c2(6 4-a) + 3a6c + a6(6 + a)] = 0.

Since the second factor cannot be zero, b — a = 0, and a = b.

106. 5 inches.

MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

1. 10,945.

2. 221.995 cubic inches. Solve by using the formula,

V= r*V3(Trc — 2 rV2), where e is the edge.

3. 367 trees. 4. 84.823 square feet; 63.617 cubic feet.
6. 21J feet. 6. 88f square feet. 7. 8f square feet.
8. 436.21 cubic inches. 9. 362.8167 square feet.

10. Let r = the radius of the ball. Then (?• — 4) will be
the radius of the hollow sphere inclosed by the shell.

As the volumes of spheres are proportional to the cubes of
their radii, the conditions of the problem require that

r» _(r - 4)»= i r», or f r» =(r - 4)».

.-. r = — = 55.79+ inches, Ans.

1— yi

202

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

ff""*^

7 \

Fv-^

11. 15.29 feet. 12. 64 feet. 13. 18.62 feet.

14. The sparrow flies 66| feet, the eagle 133i feet.

15. Let AB=2o; ^(7=25 V2;
OB = ^^2.

BK=100-25=:75',
PO = -^BP'^-OW = -2/ VM.
^P=y(V34 + V2);

^^ = ^=|(Vi7 + i).
AEPF= AE' = ^p(9 + Vrr).

ABCD = 25^ = 625,
BEPFDC = ^1^(9 + Vrr - 2) = 3476 square feet.
EK== 100 - ^^ = ¥(7 - Vi7).
Area of segments PFH and P£'/f

= ^^ + 1(2 P^ X ^/i") = 3252 square feet.

Area AHLK= | tt x 100^ = 23,562 square feet.
23,562 + 3252 + 3476 = 30,290 square feet.

— From " The School Visitor.''

16. In order to overturn the cube it must be revolved on a
lower edge until the center of mass is vertically over that
edge, and this will require the lifting of the 300 pounds
through a distance a{-\/2 — 1), a being the edge of the cube
against gravity.

.-. the work done = 300 a(V2 - 1)= 124.26 a foot pounds.

Hence, the size of the cube cannot be left out of the

calculation.

— From " The American Mathematical Monthly."

17. 34.6785 feet. 18. 4.72 rods. 19. 7.92 rods.
20. 22.72 feet. 21. 76.394 feet.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 203

22. 11.9206; 8.0794; 8.0794; 11.9206.

23. 18.2948 feet. 27. 1.87+ feet.

24. 38.5704. 28. 889.337+

25. 124.905 feet. 29. 24,630.144 acres.

26. 11.817 inches. 30. 2765.45 square yards.

31. Two feet from the end of the log.

32. 249.03 inches. 34. 108 sheep.

33. 16.125 square inches.

35. The rabbit goes 133^ yards ; the hound goes 166J yards

36. 128. 43. 11.34 feet per second.

37. 180. 44. 90 pounds.

38. 19.8 ; 35.7 ; 44.6. 45. 350.163 square yards.

39. 16.2484 cubic inches. 46. 2467.4 cubic feet.

40. 60**. 47. 602.349 cubic inches.

41. 113.0976 square feet. 48. 355.88 square inches.

42. 7.2 inches. 49. 6830.47 cubic inches.
50. 842.044 square inches ; 404.318 cubic inches.

52. 125.6638 square feet; 31.4159 cubic feet.

53. 1,184,352.628 cubic inches.

54. Any force greater than 202J pounds will draw the
wheel over the log.

55. 19.7392 cubic feet. 56. 39.4784 square feet.

57. 4421.58 square inches ; 17,686.32 cubic inches.

58. 1473.86 square inches ; 3457.92 cubic inches.

59. 372.30 cubic feet. 61. .596+ feet.

60. 27.12 cubic inches. 62. 36 square feet.

204 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

63. 42| cubic feet. 67. 628.32 square inches.

64. 226.2 cubic inches. 68. 400 square inches.

65. 7.61| square feet. 69. 339.29 square feet.

66. 189.8 inches. 70. A, 44.69828+ mi. ; B, 86.81897+ mi.

71. 79.119 feet.

72. Let X, or AOB be the given angle.
With 0 as a center and any radius,

describe a circle.

Draw the secant AMN, making MN
1^ equal to the radius of the circle.

(This can be done only by using a graduated
ruler.)

Join the points 0 and M.
Then Z N= ^ Z X

Proof. Z MNO = Z MOK

Z AMO = Z N-^ Z M0N=2 xZN.

Z AMD = Z MAO.

ZN + ZMAO = ZX.

.'.ZN=\ZX.

For other solutions, see Ball's " Mathematical Recreations."

73. For 20 pounds on 10 arm, weight = ?5_^i5 = 22f .

20 X 9
For 20 pounds on 9 arm, weight = — — — = 18 •

22-| 4- 18 = 40f pounds or | pounds he loses.
I - 40 = ^i^, -3-i^ of 100% = 1% he loses.

. — From " School Science and Mathematics."

74. Let X = pressure on B's shoulder.

The moments about A's shoulder are 5 x 54 down, and 9 x
up.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 206

.'. 9a;= 5 x 54. .*. x = 30, weight on B's shoulder.

In like manner we may let x = the pressure on A's shoulder.

Then 9 x = 4 x 54. .-. a; = 24, weight on A's shoulder.

75. Since the momenta of the bullet and gun are equal in
magnitude, 7 v = -^ » 1400, whence v = 6.26 foot seconds and

E = ^^ 7^A26^ = 4.3 = energy of recoil.
64.2 64.2 ^^

Also 1F= Fs. .'. 4.3 = -^F,OT F= 12.9 pounds.

76. Let w equal energy of ball, and v its velocity on emer-
gence. Then w = 1000^ x — • Energy after passing through

plank is 1 1«= ^^ — •

.-. v* = | X 10002, or v = ^12.87 feet per second.

77. 16,956.1 square feet. 80. 68,948.77 feet.

78. 213,825.15 acres. 81. 337.5 cubic feet.

79. 989.96 feet. 82. 22.386 feet.

83. 41Jfeet.

84. 40 rd. = length ; 30 rd. = breadth ; 7^ acres = area.

85. 80 rd. = length ; 60 rd. = breadth.

86. 100 feet. 90. 31,416 square feet.

87. 50 rods. 91. 6 feet; 8 feet; 10 feet.

88. 48 inches. 92. .80449+.

89. 36.57 acres.

MATHEMATICAL RECREATIONS

1. Let X = difference between Mary and Ann's ages.
Then 24 — a; = Ann's age.

Therefore 12 -ha; = 24 — a;,
.-.a; = 6.
.*. 24 — a; = 18, Ann's age.

2. 20 pounds.

3. Take the six matches and form a tetrahedron. This

206

MATHExMATICAL WEINKLES

tetrahedron will have four faces, each face being bounded by
three matches which form an equilateral triangle.

4. The same. *

5. To find the digit crossed out subtract the remainder
from the next highest multiple of nine.

6. To find the figure struck out subtract the remainder
from the next highest multiple of nine.

12 inches

4 in.

{

4 in.

16 inches

8. 99|.

9. In forming the second figure from the four parts of the
first the lines forming squares do not coincide exactly, thus
seemingly forming &^.

10. The blacksmith was right, as he had to cut and weld
only three links.

13.

14. 25; 15; 20. 18. oo %

15. 40 feet 19. 34|; 31f

16. Kides 3 : walks 1.

21. None.

20. There will be no lot, since the given
dimensions will not make a triangle.

22. 5 and 6 are 11.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

207

23. A, $25.63; B, $19.15; C, $15.32.

24. They borrowed one sheep, which made 18. After divid-
ing they had one left, which was returned to the owner.

25. Only 6 cats.
26.

fe'8

Pjirt

28. The pickets, standing vertically, are supposed to be uni-
formly the same distance apart at the base ; practically there
would be the same number as at the top of the elevation, if
these pickets were extended downward to a common level.

29. 8 cats.

30. In each case the middle digit is 9 and the digit before it
(if any) is equal to the difference between 9 and the last digit.

31. Subtract 14 from the result given, and obtain a number
of two digits which are the numbers originally chosen. The
digit in tens* place is the number that was multiplied by 5.

33. If the second remainder is less than the first, the figure
erased is the difference between the remainders ; but if the
second remainder is greater than the first, the figure erased
equals 9, minus the difference of the remainders.

. 34. I make my additions so that the sums are respectively,
12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 67, 78, and 89.

36. $8and the boots.

36. Take the goose over, return and take the corn over,
bring the goose back, take the fox over, then return for the
goose.

208

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

37. Gravity would cause the ball to descend toward the
center of the earth with an increased velocity, but coming con-
stantly to a point of less motion in the earth, it would soon
scrape on the east side of the hole, until it passed the center,
where it would be constantly passing points having a faster
motion than the center; it would soon scrape on the opposite
side ; the friction thus retarding the motion, it would pass and
repass the center of the earth until it would finally come to rest
at this point.

From " Curious Cobwebs."

38.

39. With a one, a three, a nine, and a twenty-seven pound
weight.
40.

41. Sometimes, Mfcooorf^oro^occDo.

42. If so, by the same logic, you can multiply eggs by eggs
and get square eggs, or multiply circles by circles and get
square circles. It is impossible to multiply feet by feet for
the principles of multiplication are — (1) The ihultiplier must
be regarded as an abstract number. (2) The multiplicand and
product must be like numbers.

43. No.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 209

45. I will always have mouey.

46. (i) B pushes P into A. (ii) E returns, pushes Q up to
P in Af couples Q to P, draws them both out to F, and then
pushes them toE. (ii i ) P is now uncoupled, the engine takes Q
back to Af and leaves it there, (iv) The engine returns to P,
pulls B back to C, and leaves it there, (v) The engine run-
ning successively through F, D, and B, comes to A^ draws Q
out, and leaves it at B.

— From Ball's " Mathematical Recreations."

47. Place 5 on 4, 2 on 1, 11 on 10, and 8 on 7.

48. Fill the 3-gallon cask and pour it into the 5. Fill it
again and pour into the 5 until the 5 is full. There is now 1
gallon left in the 3. Pour back the 5 into the 8, and the one
gallon left in the 3 into the 5. Then fill the 3 and pour into
the 5, making 4 gallons in the 5-gallon cask, or one half of
the 8 gallons.

49. $20.

63. 80.69 -f .74 4- .5. 54. fJI + f^.

55. 78 + 15 + \/9 + ^el-
se. 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x0=0.

67. gg-i-\/4x9 . 18
70^— 6~

58. Suppose he starts from F. Then he may take either of
two routes.

(1) FBAUTPO NC DE JKLMQRS HGF.

(2) FBAUTS RKLMQPO NC DEJHGF.

Rule. The route from any town may he found by either of the
folloicing ruleSy in which r denotes he is to take the road to the
right, and I denotes that he is to take the road to the left.

(1) rrrlllrlrlrrrlllrlrl.

(2) lllrrrlrlrlllrrrlrlr.

59. Second class. The hand is the P, the boat the TT, and
the water the F.

210

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

60. $.75 $75. 63. 28 eggs. 64. 32+ feet. 65. $2.50.

66. They sell 49, 28, and 7 at the rate of 7 for a cent ; then
1, 2, and 3 at 3 cents each ; hence each one receives 10 cents.

67. 39.79+ pounds. 69. See No. 48.

70. Answer, 21. It cannot be greater than the smallest
number, 27 ; it cannot be 27, since the remainders would then
be different. By dividing these numbers, one by another, 48
by 27, 90 by 48, 174 by 90, we find the remainders to be 21, 42,
84, the last two being multiples of the first. Now dividing
the numbers by these remainders (21 and the multiples), 27 by
21, 48 by 42, 90 by 84, and 174 by 168, the next multiple of
21, we obtain a remainder which is the same in each case ; we
therefore conclude that dividing all the numbers by 21 would
give a like result.

71 10 feet

5 ft.

•=■

•r

72. |. 73. XIX. Take the 1 away and have XX.

74. 1^ pounds.

75. Invert the 6 to make it 9. The whole number may be
either 918 or 198.

76. 1.25. / '\,

77. Tree./' ^v .Tree

Tree i

Land
20 acres

• Tree

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 211

78. The method would have been incorrect. The division
would have been in favor of the tenant. The landlord would
have received J of 45 bushels when he was entitled to I of the
45 bushels and also to J of the 18 bushels. In other words, he
should have received | of (45 + 18), or 25^ bushels. The land-
lord would have lost the difference between 25^ bushels and
18 bushels, or 7| bushels.

79. 792. 80. 20. 81. 0.

82. By immersing them in a vessel of water.

83. B hoes six the most. 84. 3. 85. 3' -}- 3.

86. IX = 9. Cross the I and make it XX.

87. 21 days, because two of the ears are his own.

88. 43 days. 89. 64
90.

5 1 io!ie«

', )nche«

^fr.

91. First, the two sons cross, then one returns. Second, the
man crosses and the other son returns. Third, both sons cross,
and then one returns. Fourth, the lady crosses and the other
son returns. Fifth, the two sons cross.

92. 199. 93. Infinity. 94. 2§.

95. Tf 96. 38 - 3, or 22 + 2. 97. 29 days.

98. Ans, 987,654,321.

When multiplied by 18 = 17,777,777,778.
When multiplied by 27 = 26,666,666,667.
When multiplied by 36 = 35,555,565,556.
When multiplied by 45 = 44,444,444,445.
When multiplied by 54 = 53,333,333,334.
WJien multiplied by 63 = 62,222,222,223.
When multiplied by 72 = 71,111,111,112.
When multiplied by 81 = 80,000,000,001.

212 MATHEMATICAL WEIXKLES

When multiplied by 99 = 97,777,777,779.
When multiplied by 9 = 8,888,888,889.
When multiplied by 90 = 88,888,888,890.

The same is true of higher multiples of nine. Thus,

108 X 987,654,321 = 106,666,666,668.

117 X 987,654,321 = 115,555,555,557.

99. Three cents for each seven and nine cents each for the
remainder.

100. It will make no difference as long as he jumps on the
deck. Should he jump off the boat, then the effect would be
different.

101. 10. 102. 33.

103. When the figures added make nine or some multiple
of nine.

104. 3 + 0 + 2 + 0-1-1+1=7. 9-7 = 2. Two is wanting
to make a multiple of nine, therefore 2 placed anywhere in, or
before, or after the number, will make it divisible by nine.

105. 11 grooms and 15 horses. 106. 11 cents.
107. 301. 108. 300 pounds; also 300 pounds.

109. Because muscles and bones are heavier than fat. The
specific gravity of a fat man is therefore less than that of a
lean one.

110. The ball which is thrown has time to impart its motion
to the board ; but the one fired has not.

111. Move from 1 to 6, 4 to 1, 7 to 4, 2 to 7, 5 to 2, 8 to 5,
and 3 to 8.

112. 8888, when halved equals 0000.

113. 4±2V3.

114. May have any shape ; square.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

213

115. 1 is the only integer. This is however true of any
number between 0 and 2.

116.

2 + 2 = 2^, orO + 0 =

117.

142,857.

118.

12.

121.

96i

89 + 1+3 + 7 = 100.

100

Many other solutions.

122.

123.

124.

125. Arrange the figures as in (12) except use such figures
to place opposite each other that when added make 20. Use
10 at center.

126.

127.

129. 7.

132. B, C, and A respectively.

214 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

134. (1) 320432 = 1026753849.

(2) 990662 = 9814072356.

(3) (4) The least solutions which have been found of (3), (4)
are identical :

101010101010101012 = 10203 ... 080908 ... 30201, but there
are probably lower numbers suitable. If numbers beginning
with zero were admissible, then much lower numbers would
suffice, e. g., 01111111110^ = 001234567898765432100.

— From "Mathematical Reprint."

135. 25.3 rods.

136. Let a; = A's ability and?/ = B's ability. Since A can
dig the ditch in the same time that B shovels the dirt, x:y =
the labor required to dig it : the labor required to shovel the
dirt.

And since B can dig twice as fast as A can shovel, ^y:x — the
labor required to dig it : the labor required to shovel the dirt.
.-. x:y = ^y:x.
.\y = xV2 = lAUx.

A should receive -^— of $10, or of $10 = ——

x-\-y a; + 1.414 a; 2.414

of $ 10 = $ 4.14. B received $ 5.86.

138. This is a mere trick. When trains meet they must be
at the same distance from a given point.

139. 0 is the only possible digit to satisfy the first addend
total. 2 being " carried " to the second column, 2 is found to be
the next missing number. The third column total must be
either 23 or 33. On trial, the former is found to be wrong, and
the only two numbers making 18, so as to give 33 as total of
third line, are 9 and 9. Proceeding, we find that 9 is wanted in
the fourth line, and in the sixth line two O's. Only these
numbers will satisfy, and the answer is proved by adding.

140. The only number to satisfy the product by 5 is 3, and
this being supplied the remaining numbers are easily found.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 215

The only possible numbers, in the multiplier are 3 and 8 ; of
these we see that 8 is the one required. The third missing
number is, of course, 6.

141. If the question be put down in skeleton, we shall be
more readily able to supply the missing links.

)529566(***

2466

2225
"642"

2244

1683

The last remainder being 542, we see that 2225 — 542, i.e.
1683, must be the last multiple of the divisor. Similarly,
2466 - 222 leaves 2244 as another multiple. The G. C. M.
of 2244 and 1683 is 561, and this number is greater than the
largest remainder (542), hence 561 is the divisor. The quo-
tient, by division, will be found to be 943.

142. The middle digit remains unaltered, and since in add-
ing the second digit is 7 (1 being carried), the second line total
must be 17, and therefore 8 must be the middle digit. Again
the first digit total must be 10, and the only possible addends
are 9 and 1, 8 and 2, 7 and 3, 6 and 4, 5 and 5. By testing it
will be seen that 9 and 1 are the only two numbers fulfilling
conditions. Ans. 981 and 189.

143. Instead of multiplying by 409, she actually multiplied
by 49, therefore her answer was short of the true answer by
(409 — 49), i.e. 360, times the multiplicand, and we are told this
was 328,320 ; 328,320 -«- 360 = 912, the multiplicand.

— From " Arithmetical Wrinkles.**

144. 3 ft.

145. (1) Webster^s Dictionary says that after the sign I3
for D, the character 3 (called the apostrophus) was repeated

216 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

one or more times, each repetition having the effect of multi-
plying Iq by 10. To represent a number twice as great, C
was repeated as many times before the stroke, I, as the 3 was
given after it. Hence, one billion is written,

CCCCCCCioooOOOO
(2) A bar placed over any number in the Eoman notation
multiplies the original value by 1000 ; hence two bars placed
over it would be a thousand times a thousand times its initial
value, and M = 1000 x 1000 x 1000 = 1,000,000,000.

— From " The School Visitor."

146. Let AC locate the ditch and 0 the point required.

The triangles AOD and COB
have equal altitudes, DG and
BF', hence, their bases AO
and DC must be to each other
as their areas, or as 2 to 3,

and 0 may be -f of the distance from ^ to (7 or from C to A.

147. Let X, y, and z be the three digits. Then, (100x-\-10y
-\-z)- (100 ;? 4- 10 2/ + a^) = 99 a? - 99 2. Consequently, the dif-
ference for any set of three digits is 9 x 11 (a? — z).

The result is always 99 times the difference of the extreme
digits.

148. 99||-.

149. Multiply the selected number by nine, and use the prod-
uct as the multiplier for the larger number. It will be found
that the result is in each case the " lucky " number, nine times
repeated.

150. The father was three times the age of his son 15|
years earlier, being then 6b\ while his son was 18|-. The son
will have reached half his father's age in 3 years' time, being
then 37, while his father will be 74.

151. 45.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 217

152. The asterisks indicate the figures to be expunged.

*11

33*

«**

77*
*■**

iTTi

153. By the conditions there were twelve children in all and
each has now nine, then each parent had three children when
married, making six arrivals within ten years.

156. 50^

80H

49f*

19|

100

Many other solutions.

157.

1 = 44-^44.

16 = 4x4-4-h4.

2 = 4^4 + 4-j-4.

17 = 4x4-1-4-- 4.

3=(4-|-44-4)-i-4.

18 = 4h-.4 + 4-|-4.

4 = V(4x4x4-j-4).

19 = (4 -i- 4 -.4) -J- .4.

6 = V(4x4)+4-^4.

20 = 4h- .4 + 4^.4.

6 = 4^-.4-V(4x4).

21 = (4.4 + 4) + .4.

7 = 44-1-4-4.

22 = (4 + 4)-.4+V4.

8 = (4-f4)x (4-5-4).

23 = 4h-(.4x .4)- V4.

9 = 4-h4-h4-^-4.

24 = (4 + 4)-.4+4.

10 = 4--.4-f 4-4.

25 = (4 + 4+V4)--.4

11 =4-- .4-1-4-!- 4.

26 = 4x4 + 4-*- .4.

12 = 4x4-V(4x4.

27 = 4--(.4x.4)+V4.

13 = 44 -i-4-hV4.

28 = 44-4x4.

14 = 4^.4 + V(4x4).

29 = 4 -J- (.4 X. 4) +4.

15 = 44-^-4 + 4.

30=(4 + 4 + 4)-i-.4.

158. The figure that occurs in the quotient is the diiference
between the first and last figures of the number taken.

218 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

159. The figure erased is the first remainder minus the
second, or if the first is not greater than the second, then it is
the first + 9 — the second.

— 2 4-4

160. Yes. For example = — — .

+ 5 - 10

161. Every even number contains 2 as a factor and e very-
alternate even ntimber contains 4 as a factor ; hence, the prod-
uct of any two consecutive even numbers is divisible by 8.

162. Indeterminate.

163. A gets seven ninths as much as B per rod ; hence to
get equal money A must dig nine sevenths as much. Dividing
100 rods in proportion of 9 to 7, A must dig 56.25 rods and B
43.75 rods. For actual work each gets thus an equal sum,
^98.4375, and we may now infer that the balance of the money
should be equally divided, giving each $ 100.

164. 3 ounces. 165., 10 cents.

166. There is no change in the weight, since the weight of
the fish is the same as the weight of the water displaced.

167. A rectangular tank twice as wide as it is deep with a
square base.

168. $13.75.

169. 300.

170. The bird is heavier than the air and supports itself by
striking down upon the air. The increase in weight caused by
these strokes would undoubtedly be the difference between the
weight of the bird and the weight of its displacement of air.

171. Suppose John's rate^of work is w times James'.
Then, by the first condition,

James' work : John's work : : 3 : w,
and by the second condition,

James' work : John's work ::w:l.
.*. 3 : w::w:l.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 219

Then w = V3, a mean proportional.

Then $10 must be divided between John and James in the
ratio of 1 : V3, which makes John's share $3.66, and James'
share S6.34.

173. 5.

174. Subtract from the higher multiple of 9.

176. A mile square can be no other shape than square; the
expression names a surface of a certain specific size and shape.
A square mile may be of any shape ; the expression names a
unit of area, but does not prescribe any particular shape.

179. 36 cents.

180.

181.

SIX

s .

182.

41.78+ feet.

183. The correct answer is \. .

185. There are several solutions.
The vessels can hold
Their contents to begin with are
First, make their contents
Second, make their contents
Third, make their contents •
Fourth, make their contents
Fifth, make their contents
Last, make their contents

186. He lost.

OJA Let - be the required fraction.

187. — . y

^^ Then ? pounds + - shillinp + - pence = 1 pound.

One is as

follows :

24 oz. 13 (

oz.

11 oz.

5 oz.

24 0

0 8

16 8

16 0

3 13

3 8

8 8

220 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Reducing all to pence, we have,

240 X + 12 a; + X

= 240.

.•.253^ = 240.

Solving, ^ = ?^.
"" y 253

188. The number 45 is the sum of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9. The puzzle is solved by arranging these in reverse
order, and subtracting the original series from them, when the
remainder will be found to consist of the same digits in a dif-
ferent order, and therefore making the same total.

987654321 = 45

Thus, 123456789 = 45

864197532 = 45

191. One traveled ten times around the world, and the
other remained at home, or both traveled around the earth
in opposite directions, the sum of the two sets of circumnavi-
gation amounting to ten.

192. (a) They start in a high latitude and on the same
meridian, both going east or west, (h) They start in a high
latitude, both on the same parallel and travel south (or if in a
high southern latitude they would travel north), (c) They
may start each ten miles from the north pole 180° of longitude
apart, and each travels five miles south.

193. They travel from the North Pole to the South Pole, or
from the South Pole to the North Pole.

194. Standing on the North Pole.

195. It will never come up.

196. 40 pounds.

197. (9|)^ 9||; §^; -^9^ + f

200. All that is necessary is to deduct 25 from the sum
named. This will give a remainder of two figures, represent-
ing the points of the two dice.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

221

201. Subtract 250 from the sum named. This will give a
remainder of three figures, representing the points of the three
dice.

202. I Solution. Sam and John each take 2 full casks, 2
empty casks, and 3 half-full casks ; and James, 3 full casks,
3 empty casks, and 1 half-full cask.

II Solution. Sam and John each take 3 full casks, 1 half-
full cask, and three empty casks ; and James 1 full cask, 5
half-filled casks, and 1 empty cask.

204. This problem is susceptible of various answers, equally
correct, according to the value assigned to the smallest part,
or unit of measurement. If this unit of measurement be 1, the
number will be 1 -f 40 -f- 400 + 500 = 941. If the unit be 2,
the number will be 2 + 80 -|- 800 -f 1000 = 1882, and so on
ad infinitum,

205. 2619.

206. Find the center of either side of a given square, and
cut the card in a straight line from that point to one of the
opposite corners, as shown in the small figure. Treat four of
the five squares in this manner. Rearrange the eight segments

thus made with the uncut square in the center, as shown in
the larger figure, and you will have a single perfect square.

— From "Mechanical Puzzles."

222
207.

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

15 inches

3 in.

yy'^Q> in.

^^Q, in.

208. Cut as indicated in first figure, and rearrange the
pieces as shown in the second figure.

209

9 ..8 > 2 " JO

210. Count and mark every ninth one, marking it "Turk"
until 15 are marked. Mark the remaining ones, " Christians."

211. 16|. 213. 7 and 5. 214. 10| hours. 217. 60.
215. 72. 218. 28. 216. PRECAUTION.

219. Divide tlie cross as indicated in the first figure and
rearrange as shown in the latter.

\
\

\ rz 7 Ti

I -\ 1 ^"^^'-^ ''

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS

223

224. Subtract the smallest number from each of the others.
The G. CD. of the differences is the required divisor. An-
swer, 2.

226. The number of shoes equals the number of persons.

227. 27.3083+ inches.

228. There would be no difference in the weight when the
bird perched or flew. The air which supports the bird rests
on the bottom of the cage. If the same cage had no top, the
same would hold. If it had no bottom, there would still be no
difference in weight. In this case the flight of the bird would
tend to produce a vacuum just under the top, and the air above
the cage would press downward with a force equal to the
weight of the bird. If both top and bottom were removed,
there would be a difference equal to the weight of the bird.

— From " School Science and Mathematics."

232.

rri

^■"

■^

^^^

losm^

aq-

: v.

i. ,

1 1

233. 2||U|. inches and J^ff inches.
(2itHf)' + (ttftt)' = 17.

234. Similar solids are to each other as the cubes of cor-
responding lengths. Therefore the volumes of the balls are to

224

MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

each other as 1^ is to 2^ or as 1 to 8. By adding 1 to 8 we get
9. 9 is the sum of these two perfect cubes. We must now
find two other numbers whose cubes added together make 9.
These numbers must be fractionah They are lifffrg-fl-lf-J

fppt and 676702467503 fppj-
iet!b ana 3 4 8 6TT6^8T6"6"0 ^^^^•

235. Yes. By 2,071,723 and 5,363,222,357.

T — I — r

^- + +
+ +[+

J I L

236. I entered the room C because I put my foot and part
of my body in it, and I did not enter the other room twice,
because after once going in I never left it until I made my
exit at B. This is the only possible solution.

237.

AI^SWERS AND SOLUTIONS

225

238. Bisect AB at D and BC at E ; produce AE to F making
EF equal to EB-, bisect AF at O
and describe the arc AHF ; produce
£5 to H, and J&fT is tlie length of
the side of the required square;
from E with distance EIIj describe
the arc JIJ and make JK equal to
BE ; now from the points D and K
drop perpendiculars on EJ at L and
3f. If you have done this accu-
rately, you will now have the required directions for the cuts.

241. 24. Keduce. the length of the block by half an inch.
The small block constitutes the waste. Cut the other piece
into three pieces each IJ inches thick. Each of these may then
be cut into eight blocks.

242. There are eleven times in twelve hours when the hour
hand is exactly twenty minute spaces ahead of the minute
hand. If we start at four o'clock and keep on adding 1 hour
5 minutes 27^ seconds, we shall get all these eleven times,
the last being 2 hours, 54 minutes, 32^ seconds past twelve.
Another addition brings us back to four o'clock, but at this
time the second hand is nearly twenty-two minute spaces be-
hind the minute hand, and if we examine all our eleven times,
we shall find that only in one case is the second hand the
required distance. This time is 54 minutes, 32-j^ seconds
past 2. ^

243. A

(6)

226 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

244. 1 — 2 — 3 — 4 — 5; 1 — 2 — 4 — 5—3; 1 — 3 — 2 —
5 — 4; 1—3 — 4— 2 — 5; 1—4 — 2 — 3 — 5; 1 — 4-3 —
5 — 2.

245. Let A, B, C, T>, E, F, and G represent the seven men.
The way of arranging them is as follows : —

ABC

D E F G

A C D

B G E F

A D B

C F G E

A G B

F E C D

AFC

E G D B

A E D

G F B C

ACE

B G F D

A D G

C F E B

A B F

D E G C

A E F

D C G B

AGE

B D F C

A F G

C B E D

A E B

F C D G

A G C

E D B F

A F D

G B C E

246. 3ift.

247. The bag contained either 79, 160, 241, 322, or 403, etc.

248. Twenty-six transfers are necessary. Move the cars so
as to reach the following positions : —

£-567 8

1234
E 56

123 87
56

^312 87
E

= 10 transfers
= 2 transfers
= 5 transfers
9 transfers.

8765432 1

250. If there were twelve ladies in all, there would be 132
kisses among the ladies alone, leaving twelve more to be ex-

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS 227

changed with the curate — six to be given by him and six to
be received. Therefore of the twelve ladies, six would be his
sisters. Consequently, if twelve could do the work in four
and a half months, six ladies would do it in nine months.

252. Only three revolutions are necessary.

Number the nests from 1 to 12 in the direction the person
travels. Transfer the egg in nest No. 1 to nest No. 2, in No. 5
to nest No. 8, in No. 9 to No. 12, in No. 3 to No. 6, in No. 7 to
No. 10, in No. 11 to No. 2, and complete the last revolution to
nest No. 1.

This can also be done by transferring the egg in nest No. 4,
to No. 7, in No. 8 to No. 11, in No. 12 to No. 3, in No. 2 to No. 5,
in No. 6 to No. 9, in No. 10 to No. 1.

253. He divided the rope in half. He simply untwisted the
strands and divided it into two ropes, each being of the original
length of the rope. He then tied these two ropes together
and had a rope almost twice as long as the original rope.

254. 26.0299626611 71957726998490768328505774732373764
7323555652999.

255. I reached the shore with little difficulty. I fastened
one end of the trot line to the stern of the boat, and then while
standing in the bow, gave the line a series of violent jerks
thus propelling the boat forward.

256. C*s age at A's birth 4- A's present age = A's present
age -f B's ; then C's age at A*s birth = B's present age. By
the second condition, A's age — 3 = | (B's 4- 4), from which
A's age = f B's age + 6 years. The difference between A's and
B's present ages = B's age at birth of A. Therefore \ of B's
present age — 6 years = B's age at A's birth, and 5^ (J B's age
— 6 years) = -y- of B's present age, from which -y- B's age — 33
years = B's age, or 88 years. C's age at A's birth was also 88 ;
B's, 88 -i- 5J, or 16 years. A's present age is 88 — 16 = 72
years ; B's 88, and C's 88 -f 72 = 160 years.

257. £2,567 18 s. 9|d.

SHORT METHODS

Business men everywhere complain that the schools teach
neither accuracy nor rapidity in calculations. They claim that
the pupils must learn facts and principles and have much
practice in the application of principles; that because a boy
can apply a principle to-day is no guarantee that he will have
the same knowledge and ability tomorrow ; that eternal vigi-
lance is not only the price of liberty, but also the price of
proficiency.

" The mechanic who is not skillful in the use of his tools
will never rise above poor mediocrity; the pupils' arithmetical
tools are figures, and unless he can handle these with facility
and accuracy, he must ever remain a plodder, a waster of time,
and a blunderer upon whose results none can depend."

We are living in a fast age, an age of steam and electricity,
when results are attained by lightning methods.

ADDITION

There are no short cuts in addition ; every figure in every
column must be added to ascertain the amount. Nevertheless
the time required to perform an operation in addition can be
substantially shortened in the following ways :

1. By making plain, legible figures.

2. By placing units of a certain order immediately beneath
units of a like order.

3. By omitting the " ands " and " ares.'*

4. By making combinations of 10.

5. By double column adding.

SHORT METHODS

229

1. Civil Service Method

When long columns are to be added, the following method
will be found practical.

485
576
324
449
625
264
33
29
24

To. insure accuracy, add each column
from top downwards as well as from bot-
tom upwards.

2723

OPBBATION

83
62
63
49

Two-Column Adding

Explanation. To add 2 columns at a time, begin with
the number at the bottom and add the units of the number
next above, and then add the tens, naming the totals only.
Continue in this way until all the numbers are added.
Thus, the given example would read 49, 62, 102, 104, 164,
167, 247, 248, 268, 274, 304, 808, 328.

OPERATION

142
881
212
468
1203

To add Tliree or More Columns

Explanation. Three columns or more may be added at
one time by extending the two-column method to include
all the columns desired. Thus, 468, 470, 480, 680, 681, 761,
1061, 1063, 1103, 1203.

4. A Jap Method of Adding

Illustrative Example. — Find the sum of 382, 498, 364, 899,
842, and 789.

230

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

OPERATION Explanation. — Write 382 as read. To add 498,

say 4 + 3 = 7 ; 9 + 8 = 17, write .7, the dot (.) shows
that 1 ten is to be carried ; 8 + 2 = .0.

To add 364, say 3 + 7. = 11, the dot following the
7 increases its value 1 and is read 8.

Continuing this method, we obtain 2.6.6.4 as the
result, which would be read 3774.

382
7.7.0

1 1.4 4

2 0.3.3

2985
2.6.6.4 Ans.

Note. — To be an adder of any consequence, one ought to be able to
add at least one hundred figures per minute.

SUBTRACTION

There are three common methods of subtraction. In the
following example, we may say,

(1) 6 from 15, 9 ; 2 from 3, 1 ; 4 from 13, 9 ; 1345

(2) 6 from 15, 9 ; 3 from 4, 1 ; 4 from 13, 9 ; 426

(3) 6 and 9, 15 ; 2 and 1 and 1, 4 ; 4 and 9, 13. 919

Each of these methods is easily understood. The first is
the simplest of explanation, and hence it is generally taught
to children. The second is slightly more rapid than the first.
But the third, familiar to all as the common method of "mak-
ing change," is so much more rapid than either of the others
that it is recommended to all computers. This method is
called the " Addition Method."

MULTIPLICATION

The squares of all numbers up to 30 should be memorized.
They become the basis of further knowledge of numbers. Thus :

13 X 13 = 169

14 X 14 =3 196

15 X 15 = 225

16 X 16 = 256
17x17 = 289
18 X 18 = 324

19 X 19 = 361

20 X 20 = 400

21 X 21 = 441

22 X 22 = 484

23 X 23 = 529

24 X 24 = 576

25 X 25 = 625

26 X 26 = 676

27 X 27 = 729

28 X 28 = 784

29 X 29 = 841

30 X 30 = 900

SHORT METHODS 231

When the Multiplicand and Multiplier are Alter-
nating Numbers

Alternating numbers are those having in their regular order
a number between them; as 7 and 9; 19 and 21 ; 32 and 34.
Rule. — Write the square of the intermediate number less one.

Example.— 15 x 17 = 16^ - 1 = 256 - 1 = 255.
17 X 19 = 182 - 1 = 324 - 1 = 323.
39 X 41 = 40»--l = 1600 - 1 = 1599.

Note. — The product of two numbers having three intermediate num-
bers between them is equal to the square of the central number less 4.
Thus 9 X 13 = 112 - 4 = 117.

2. When the multiplier is a composite number.
Multiply 328 by 42.

OPERATION

328

7 Explanation. — The factors of 42 are 7 and 6. We

2296 multiply 328 by 7, and this result by 6 and obtain 13,776.

13776 Ans.

3. When the right-hand figure of the multiplier is 1.
Multiply 23,425 by 41.

OPERATION Explanation. — Multiply the units' figure of the mul-

23426 by 41 tiplicand by the tens' figure of the multiplier and se^ the
93700 figure of the product obtained one place to the left of

060425 Ans. units' figure of the multiplicand. Continue in this man-
ner until all the figures of the multiplicand have been
multiplied by the figures of the multiplier, and add the product, or
products, thus found to the multiplicand and the result will be the
product desired.

4. When the multiplier is a unit of any order.

Rule. — Annex as many ciphers to the multiplicand as there
are ciphers in the multiplier.
Thus 42 X 10 = 420 ; 21 X 100 = 2100, etc.

232 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

5. When the multiplier is 11.

Rule. — Beginning with units, add each term of the multipli-
cand to the one preceding, carrying as in the regular rule.
Multiply 1328 by 11.

OPERATION Explanation.— 0 +8 = 8 and we write 8 for the units'

1328 figure of the product ; 8 + 2 = 10, we write 0 for tens'

11 place ; 2 + 3 = 5 and 1 carried = 6 ; we write 6 ; 3 + 1=4,

14608 Ans. we write 4 ; 1+0=1, we write 1 and the product is 14,608.

6. When the multiplier is 9, 99, or any number of 9's.

Rule. — Annex to the multiplicand as many ciphers as the mul-
tiplier contains O's, and subtract the multiplicand from the result.

Thus 43561 x 999 = 43,561,000 - 43,561 = 43,517,439, Ans.

7. " To multiply any two figures by 11.

Rule. — Add the figures and place the result between them.

Thus 42 X 11 = 462, 29 X 11 = 319, etc.

8. To multiply by any number which ends with 9.
Multiply 327 by 39.

OPERATION Explanation. — The next number higher than 39 is

327 40. Multiplying the multiplicand by 40 produces a re-

40 suit of 13,080. The real multiplier is one less than 40,

13080 therefore by subtracting once the multiplicand from the

327 result we get the desired product.
12753 Ans.

9. To multiply by 15, 150, and 1500.
Multiply 324 by 15.

Explanation. — Annex a cipher to the multiplicand,

OPKHATION"

take one half of that number and add to it and you have

the desired product.
1^=^ To multiply by 150, annex two ciphers, and to multiply

4860 Ans. ^^ ^^^^ axvne^ three ciphers.

10. To multiply two numbers ending in 5.

Rule. — To multiply two small numbers each ending in 5, such

SHORT ^METHODS 233

as S5 and 75, take the product of the left-hand figures (the S and
7), increased by Imlf their sunij and prefix the result to 25.

Thus 35 5 X 5 = 25.

16 3 X 7 4- 1(3 + ") = 26.

2625, Ans.

11. To square any number of two digits.

Rule. — Square the figure in units^ place to obtain the figure
ill units^ place of the answer and carry as in multiplication.
TJien take twice tJie product of the figures in units' and tens*
])lace, plus the amount carried. To the jjart of the square
thus far obtained prefix the square of the figure in tens' place
plus the amount carried.

Thus (84)2 = 7056.

4^ = 16. Put down 6 and carry 1.
2 (8 X 4) -h 1 = 65. Put down 5 and carry 6.
82 + 6 = 70. Prefix 70 to 56.
This also applies to numbers of more than two digits, though
not so readily performed mentally,

12. To square a number ending in 5.

Rule. — To square a number ending in 5, such as 85, take
the product of 8 by the next higher figure (9) and annex 25 to
the result.

Thus 85- = 7225.

13. To square any number consisting of 9's.

Rule. — Write as many 9*s less one as there are in the given
number, an 8, as unany ciphers as 9*s, and a I.

Thus 9992 = 998001.

14. To multiply by complements. Complements are useful
not only in addition and subtraction, but also in multiplication.
When the complements are small and the numbers of which
they are complements are large, there is a great advantage in
this method.

234 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Multiply 98 by 95.

OPERATION Explanation. — The product of the comple-

98 complement 2 merits gives the two right-hand figures, 10, and

95 complement _5_ subtracting either complement from the other fac-

9310 10 tor gives the other two figures, 93.

Multiply 198 by 192.

Explanation. — When the numbers to be

OPERATION ,.. 1. 1 , , , 1 ,

multiplied are between one hundred and two

,^- , ^ - hundred, the remainder found by subtracting

192 complement 8 .,, ' , . .u .u v. Z.

..,-3-, , — either complement from the other number must

be doubled.

Note. — If the numbers to be multiplied are between two hundred and
three hundred, the remainder must be multiplied by three ; between three
hundred and four hundred by four ; between four hundred and five hun-
dred by five ; and so on.

15. To multiply by excesses.

Rule. — From the sum of the numbers subtract 100 or 1000, as
required, and annex the product of the excesses.

Note. — An excess is the amount greater than 100, 1000, etc.

Example. — 112 x 103 = 11536.

112 + 03 = 115.
To 115 annex 12 x 3, or 36 = 11536.
Example. — 1009 x 1007 = 1016063.

1009 + 007 = 1016.
To 1016 annex 063 = 1016063.

DIVISION

When the divisor is an aliquot part of some higher unit.

1. To divide by 2\, multiply the dividend by 4 and point off
one place.

2. To divide by 5, multiply the dividend by 2 and point off
one place.

3. To divide by 10, point off one place.

SHORT METHODS 235

4. To divide by 12^, multiply the dividend by 8 and point
off two places.

5. To divide by 16|, multiply the dividend by 6 and point
off two places.

6. To divide by 20, multiply the dividend by 5 and point
off two places.

7. To divide by 25, multiply the dividend by 4 and point
off two places.

8. To divide by 33J, multiply the dividend by 3 and point
off two places.

9. To divide by 50, multiply the dividend by 2 and point
off two places.

10. To divide by 66|, multiply the dividend by 3, point off
two places, and divide by 2.

11. To divide by 100, point off two places.

12. To divide by 125, multiply the dividend by 8 and point
off three places.

13. To divide by 200, multiply the dividend by 5 and point
off three places.

14. To divide by 250, multiply the dividend by 4 and point
off three places.

15. To divide by 500, multiply the dividend by 2 and point
off three places.

16. To divide by 1000, point off three places.

FRACTIONS

1. To add two fractions which have 1 for their numerator.
Rule. — Write the sum of the given denominators over the prod-
uct of the given denominators.

Thus i + i = jV

236 MATHEMATICAL WKINKLES

2. To subtract two fractions which have 1 for their numerator.
Rule. — Write the difference of the given denominators over the

product of the given denominators.

±nus ^ -g- _ 2^-j. _ ^^.

3. To multiply two mixed numbers when the whole numbers
are the same and the sum of the fractions is 1.

Rule. — Multiply the lohole number by the next highest whole
number J and to the product thus obtained add the product of the
fractions.

Thus 94 X 91 = 9O2V

4. To multiply two mixed numbers when the difference of
the whole numbers is 1, and the sum of the fractions is 1.

Rule. — Multiply the larger number increased by 1, by the
smaller number; then square the fraction belonging to the larger
mimber and subtract its square from 1. Add the whole number
and the fraction and you have the desired product.

Thus 54 X 44 = 24Jt.

5. To multiply two mixed numbers ending in J.

Rule. — To the product of the whole numbers, add half their sum
plus \. (If the sum be an odd number, call it one less, to make it
even, and annex |.)

Thus 81 X 64 = ^b\, ^x^ = 35f , etc.

6. To square any number ending in one half.

Rule. — Midtiply the number by itself increased by unity, and
annex \.

7. To square any number ending in one fourth.

Rule. — Multiply the number by itself increased by ^, and annex

8. To square any number ending in three fourths.

Rule. — Multiply the number by itself increased by 1-|-, and
annex ^^.

SHORT METHODS 237

9. To square any number ending in one third.
Rule. — Multiply the number by itself increased by J, and
annex J.

10. To square any number ending in two thirds.

Rule. — Multiply the number i>y itself increased by 1\, and
annex ^.

11. To multiply two numbers ending with the same fraction.
Rule. — To the product of the whole numbers^ add that fraction

of their sum, and the square of the fraction.

Thus lof X 6f = 90 -f 6 H- A = 96:^.

12. To square any mixed number.

Rule. — Multiply the whole number by itself increased by twice
the fraction, and add the square of the frojctimx.

INTEREST

1. The Thirty-six Per Cent Method.

Rule. — Multiply the principal by the time in days, move the
decimal point three plox^es to the left, and divide:

If at 1 % by 36. If at 7 % by 5.143.

If at 2 % by 18. If at 8 % by 4.5.

If at 3 % by 12. If at 9 % by 4.

If at 4 % by 9. If at 10 % by 3.6.

If at 5 % by 7.2. If at 11 % by 3.273.

If at 6% by 6. If at 12% by 3.

2. The Bankers' Sixty-day Method.

Rule. — (a) Moving the decimal point in the principal three
places to the left gives the interest ai 6 fo for 6 days.

Moving the decimal point in the principal two places to the left
gives the interest at 6% for 60 days.

Moving the decimal point in the principal one place to the left
gives the interest at 6% for 600 days.

238 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Writing the principal for the interest gives the interest at 6 (Jo
for 6000 days.

(h) The interest for any other time or rate can easily be found
by using convenient multiples or aliquot parts.

Thus Interest on $36 for 6 days at 6 % = $ .036.
Interest on $ 36 for 60 days at 6 % = S .36.
Interest on $36 for 600 days at 6 % = $ 3.60.
Interest on $ 36 for 6000 days at 6 % = $ 36.00.

Example. — Find the interest on $ 300 for 4 yr. 6 mo. 18 da.
at 6%.

OPERATION

$72.00 = interest for the number of years.

$ 9.00 = interest for the number of months,

$ .90 = interest for the number of days.

$81.90 = the required interest.
Explanation. — 6 % of $300 = $ 18, the interest for one year. 4 x $ 18
= $72, the interest for 4 years. $3 = the interest for 2 months. 3 x $3
= $9, the interest for 6 months. 3 x $ .30 = $ .90, the interest for 18 days.

3. The Six Per Cent Method.

Interest on $ 1 for 1 year = $ .06.
Interest on $1 for 1 month = $ .OOJ.
Interest on $ 1 for 1 day = $ .OOOi.

Rule. — Multiply 6 cents by the 7iuniber of years, \ a cent by the
number of months, ^ of a mill by the number of days, and multi-
ply their sum by the principal.

Example. — Find the interest on $400 at 6 % for 6 yr.
4 mo. 12 da.

OPERATION

$ .36 = interest on.$ 1 for number of years.

.02 = interest on $ 1 for number of months.

.002 = interest on $ 1 for number of days.
$.382 = interest on $1 for the given time.
400

$152.80 = the required interest.

SHORT METHODS

239

4. The Cancellation Method.

(1) When the time is in years.

Formula :

J ■ _ Principal X Rate X Time

(2) When the time is in months.

Formula :

T ^ . Principal x Rate x Time
^"*^'^^' = 100102

(3) When the time is in days.

Formula :

T t t — ^^^"c^P^^ X ^^^^ X Time
n eres - ^^^ ^ ^^^

Exact Interest = Principal x Rate x Time,
100 X 365

OPERATION

Example. — Find the interest
on SOOO at 12% for 1 year,
3 months, 12 days.

^L2iiL>L462^ ^02.40, interest.

5. The New Cancellation Method.

Rule. — Wnte the principal, timey and rate at the right of a
vertical line; at the lejl of this line write a year in the same de-
nomination in which the time is expressed. Cancel and reduce.
Tlie result will be the interest for the given time and rate.

OPERATION

Example. — Find the interest on $ 1080 for
3 yr. 4 mo. 12 da. at 6 %.

Example. — Find the interest on $ 540 for
2 yr. 4 mo. 12 da. at 10 %.

$ 90

40.4

.06

$218.16 = interest.

OPERATION
6

213

.10

$127.80 = interest.

240 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

6. The Cancellation-Thirty-six Per Cent Method.
Formula :

Interest = -QQl Qf Principal x Number of Days x Rate

This method is a combination of the Cancellation Method
and Thirty-six Per Cent Method and should be very popular
on account of its simplicity.

OPERATION

Example. — Find the interest '^*
on S5112 at 4 % for 100 days. 3^ =$56.80, interest.

7. The Twelve Per Cent Method.

To find the interest for 1 month on any principal at 12 %,
simply remove the decimal point two places to the left in the
principal ; in other words, divide the principal by 100. This
gives the interest for 1 month at 12 %.

Rule. — Poi7}t off two places in the principal, and multiply by the
time expressed in months and decimals, or fractions of a month.

Example.— What is the operation

interest on $185 at 12% $1.85 = interest at 12% for 1 month.

for 3 months, 15 days ? ^^^^'"^^ '"^ T""!^"'

-^ $6.47| = interest for 3^ months, Ans.

APPROXIMATE RESULTS

In scientific investigations exact results are rarely possible,
since the numbers used are obtained by observation or by
experiments and are only approximate. There is a degree of
accuracy beyond which it is impossible to go.

The student should always bear in mind that it is a waste
of time to carry out results to a greater degree of accu-
racy than the data on which they are founded. Results
beyond two or three decimal places are seldom desired in
business.

SHORT METHODS 241

I. Multiplication.

Rule. — I. Write the terms of the multiplier in a reverse order,
placing the units' term under that tei-vi of the multiplicand which
is of the lowest order m the required product.

II. Multiply each term of the multiplicand by the multiplier y
rejecting those terms that are on the right of the term used as a
multiplier, increasing each partial product by as many units as
would have been caiTied to it from the product of the rejected part
of the multiplicand, and one more when the second term toioards
the light in the product of the rejected terms is 5 or more than 5 ;
and place the right-hand terms of these partial products in the
same column.

III. Add the partial products, and point off in the sum the
required number of decimal places.

OPERATION

4.78567
95141.3

Example.— Multiply 4.78567 14.3570 = 4.7856 x 3 + .0002.

by 3.14159, correct to four 'I'^ = '''' ^ ! + -^i*

/. , ,' .1914 = 4.78 X .04 + .0002.

decimal places. 48 = 4.7 x .001 + .0001.

24 = 4 X .0005 + .0004.
4 = 0+ .00009 + .0004.

15.0346

2. Division.

Rule. — I. Compare the divisor with the dividend to ascertain
the number of terms in the quotient.

II. For the first contracted divisor, take as many terms of the
divisor, beginning with the first significant term on the left, as
there are terms in the quotient; and for each successive divisor,
reject the right-hand term of the previous divisor, until all the
terms of the divisor have been rejected.

III. In multiplying by the several terms of the quotient, carry
from the rejected terms of tJie divisor as in contracted multiplica-
tion.

242

MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

Example. — Divide 35.765342
by 8.76347, correct to four deci-
mal places.

OPERATION

8.76347)35.765342(4.0811

35 0539 = 4 X 87634 +
7114

7010:^8 X 876 + 2
104

88 = 1 X 87 + 1
16

9=1x8+1
7

3. Square Root.

Rule. — Find, as visual, more than one-half the terms of the
root, and then divide the last remainder by the last divisor, using
the contracted method.

Example. — Extract the square root of 10.

OPERATION

10(3.16227766+
9

100
61

626

3900
3756

6322

14400
12644

63242

175600
126484

632447

4911600
4427129

6324547

48447100
44271820

63245546

417527100
379473276

632455526

3805382400
3794733156

CONTRACTED METHOD

10(3.16227766+
9

61 1

100

626

3900

3756

6322

14400

12644

63242

175600

126484

49116

44269

4847

4427

"420

379

"41

4. Cube Eoot.

Rule. — Extract the cube root, as usual, until one more than
half the terms required in the root have been found; then with

SHORT METHODS 243

the trial divisor and last remainder proceed, as in contracted
division of decimals, to find the other terms of the root, dropping
two figures instead of one from the divisor at each step, and one
from each remainder.

Example. — Extract tlie cube root of 2 to four decimal
places.

OPERATIOX

2.000000 1 1.2599
1

300

1000

304

728

43200

1800

272000

45025

225125

Next trial divisor, 40i5T^ | 4687^ remainder.

4219 = 9 X 408 + 9 X 75
46^
_42 = 4x 9 + 6
4

6. Extraction of Any Root.

Rule. — Obtain one less than half of the figures required in the
root as the nde directs; then, instead of annexing ciphers and
bringing down a period to the last numbers in the columns, leave
the remainder in the right-hand column for a dividend; cutoff
the right-hand fuf a re from the last number of the j^revious column,
two right-hand figures fro7n the last number in the column before
that, and so on, always cutting off one more figure for every col-
umn to the left.

With the number in the right-hand column and the one in the
previous column, determine the next figure of the root, and use it
as directed in the rule, recollecting that the figures cut off are not
used except in carrying the tens they produce.

TJiis process is continued until the required number of figures

244

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

is obtained, observing that when all the figures in the last number
of any column are cut off, that column will be no longer used.

Remark. — Add to the 1st column mentally ; multiply and add to the
next column in one operation : multiply and subtract from the right-hand
column in like manner.

Example. — Extract the cube root of 44.6 to six decimals.

2 700

3 17 5
367 500
37 17 16
37 594^
37 659
37/^3

OPERATION

4 4 . 6 0 0 (3

17 600

1725000

238 136

12182

865

111

546323

100

1050

1054

1058

Remark. — The trial divisors may be known by ending in two ciphers ;
the complete divisors stand just beneath them. After getting 3 figures of
the root, contract the operation by last rule.

— From Ray's " Higher Arithmetic."

MARKING GOODS

To find the selling price of a single article at a certain per
cent profit when the price per dozen and rate per cent gain are
given.

Thus, to make 5 per cent, multiply the cost per dozen by .08f .

multiply by .11|
multiply by .12-j3-
multiply by .121
multiply by .12|i
multiply by .13^
multiply by .13}
multiply by .13f
multiply by .14.^
multiply by .15
multiply by .16-|

6 % multiply by .OSf

40%

8 % multiply by .09

45%

10 % multiply by .09^

50%

121 cf^ multiply by .09f

^^%

15 % multiply by M^^

60%

20 % multiply by .10 "

65%

25 % multiply by .lO^^

66|^

30 % multiply by .lOf

75%

33^% multiply by .11^

80%

35 % multiply by .Hi

100%

QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS

" Mathematics, the queen of the sciences." — Gauss.

" Mathematics, the science of the ideal, becomes the means
of investigating, understanding, and making known the world
of the real." — White.

" Mathematics is the glory of the human mind." — Leibnitz.

" The two eyes of exact science are mathematics and logic." —
De Morgan.

" Mathematics is the science which draws necessary conclu-
sions from given premises." — Pierce.

" The advance and the perfecting of mathematics are closely
joined to the prosperity of the nation." — Napoleon.

" Geometry is the perfection of logic, and excels in training
the mind to logical habits of thinking. In this respect it is
superior to the study of logic itself, for it is logic embodied in
the science of tangible form." — Brooks.

"God geoiuetrizes continually," was Plato's reply when
questioned as to the occupation of the Deity.

" There is no royal road to geometry." — Euclid.

" Let no one who is unacquainted with geometry enter here,"
was the inscription over the entrance into the academy of Plato
the philosopher.

" All scientific education which does not commence with
mathematics is, of necessity, defective at its foundation." —

COMTE.

" A natural science is a science only in so far as it is mathe-
matical." — Kant.

246

246 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

"Mathematics is the language of definiteness, the necessary
vocabulary of those who know." — White.

"The laws of nature are but the mathematical thoughts of
God." — Kepler.

" Mathematics is the most marvelous instrument created by
the genius of man for the discovery of truth." — Laisant.

" Euclid has done more to develop the logical faculty of the
world than any book ever written. It has been the inspiring
influence of scientific thought for ages, and is one of the
cornerstones of modern civilization." — Brooks.

"Mathematics is thinking God's thought after Him.
When anything is understood, it is found to be susceptible of
mathematical statement. The vocabulary of mathematics is
the ultimate vocabulary of the material universe." — White.

" Geometry is regarded as the most perfect model of a de-
ductive science, and is the type and model of all science." —
Brooks' "Mental Science."

" I have always treated and considered puzzles from an edu-
cational standpoint, for the reason that they constitute a species
of mental gymnastics which sharpen the wits, clear fog and
cobwebs from the brain, and school the mind to concentrate
properly. Comparatively but few people know how to think
properly. As a school for mechanical ingenuity, for stirring
up the gray matter in the brain, puzzle practice stands unique
and alone." — Sam Loyd.

" Geometry not only gives mental power, but it is a test of
mental power. The boy who cannot readily master his
geometry will never attain to much in the domain of thought.
He may have a fine poetic sense that will make a writer or an
orator; but he can never reach any eminence in scientific
thought or philosophic opinion. AH the great geniuses in the
realm of science, as far as known, had fine mathematical

QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 247

abilities. So valuable is geometry as a discipline that many
lawyers and preachers review their geometry every year in
order to keep the mind drilled to logical habits of thinking."
— Brooks* " Mental Science."

"Mathematics is the very embodiment of truth. No true
devotee of mathematics can be dishonest, untruthful, unjust.
Because, working ever with that which is true, how can one
develop in himself that which is exactly opposite ? It would
be as though one who was always doing acts of kindness should
develop a mean and groveling disposition. Mathematics, there-
fore, has ethical value as well as educational value. Its prac-
tical value is seen about us everyday. To do away with every
one of the many conveniences of this present civilization in
which some mathematical principle is applied, would be to
turn the finger of time back over the dial of the ages to the
time when man dwelt in caves and crouched over the bodies
of wild beasts." — B. F. Fixkel.

" As the drill will not penetrate the granite unless kept to
the work hour after hour, so the mind will not penetrate the
secrets of mathematics unless held long and vigorously to the
work. As the sun's rays burn only when concentrated, so the
mind achieves mastery in mathematics, and indeed in every
branch of knowledge, only when its possessor hurls all his
forces upon it. Mathematics, like all the other sciences, opens
its door to those only who knock long and hard. No more
damaging evidence can be adduced to prove the weakness of
character than for one to have aversion to mathematics ; for
whether one wishes so or not, it is nevertheless true, that to
have aversion for mathematics means to have aversion to ac-
curate, painstaking, and persistent hard study, and to have
aversion to hard study is to fail to secure a liberal education,
and thus fail to compete in that fierce and vigorous struggle
for the highest and the truest and the best in life which only
the strong can hope to secure." — B. F. Finkel.

248 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

"Mathematics develops step by step, but its progress is
steady and certain amid the continual fluctuations and mis-
takes of the human mind. Clearness is its attribute, it combines
disconnected facts and discovers the secret bond that unites
them. When air and light and the vibratory phenomena of
electricity and magnetism seem to elude us, when bodies are
removed from us into the infinitude of space, when man wishes
to behold the drama of the heavens that has been- enacted cen-
turies ago, when he wants to investigate the effects of gravity
and heat in the deep, impenetrable interior of our earth, then
he calls to his aid the help of mathematical analysis. Mathe-
matics renders palpable the most intangible things, it binds the
most fleeting phenomena, it calls down the bodies from the in-
finitude of the heavens and opens up to us the interior of the
earth. It seems a power of the human mind conferred upon
us for the purpose of recompensing us for the imperfection of
our senses and the shortness of our lives. Nay, what is still
more wonderful, in the study of the most diverse phenomena
it pursues one and the same method, it explains them all in
the same language, as if it were to bear witness to the unity
and simplicity of the plan of the universe.'^ — Fourier.

" The practical applications of mathematics have in all ages
redounded to the highest happiness of the human race. It
rears magnificent temples and edifices, it bridges our streams
and rivers, it sends the railroad car with the speed of the wind
across the continent; it builds beautiful ships that sail on
every sea ; it has constructed telegraph and telephone* lines and
made a messenger of something known to mathematics alone
that bears messages of love and peace around the globe ; and
by these marvelous achievements, it has bound all the nations
of the earth in one common brotherhood of man."

B. F. FiNKEL.

" Mathematics is the indispensible instrument of all physical
research." — Berthelot.

QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 249

" It is in mathematics we ought to learn the general method
always followed by the human mind in its positive researches."

— COMTE.

" All my physics is nothing else than geometry."

— Descartes.

"If the Greeks had not cultivated conic sections, Kepler
could not have superseded Ptolemy." — Whewell.

" There is nothing so prolific in utilities as abstractions."

— Faraday.
" I am sure that no subject loses more than mathematics by
any attempt to dissociate it from its history." — Glaisher.

"The history of mathematics is one of the large windows
through which the philosophic eye looks into past ages and
traces the line of intellectual development." — Cajori.

" If we compare a mathematical problem with a huge rock,
into the interior of which we desire to penetrate, then the
work of the Greek mathematicians appears to us like that of
a vigorous stonecutter who, with chisel and hammer, begins
with indefatigable perseverance, from without, to crumble the
rock slowly into fragments; the modern mathematician ap-
pears like an excellent miner who first bores through the rock
some few passages, from which he then bursts it into pieces
with one powerful blast, and brings to light the treasures
within." — Hankel.

"The world of ideas which mathematics discloses or illu-
minates, the contemplation of divine beauty and order which
it induces, the harmonious connection of its parts, the infinite
hierarchy and absolute evidence of truths with which mathe-
matical science is concerned, these, and such like, are the
surest grounds of its title to human regard." — Sylvester.

" I often find the conviction forced upon me that the increase
of mathematical knowledge is a necessary condition for the
advancement of science, and if so, a no less necessary condition

250 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

for the improvement of mankind, I could not augur well for
the enduring intellectual strength of any nation of men, whose
education was not based on a solid foundation of mathematical
learning and whose scientific conception, or in other words,
whose notions of the world and of things in it, were not braced
and girt together with a strong framework of mathematical
reasoning." — H. J. Stephen Smith.

" If the eternal and inviolable correctness of its truths lends
to mathematical research, and therefore also to mathematical
knowledge, a conservative character on the other hand, by the
continuous outgrowth of new truths and methods from the
old, progressiveness is also one of its characteristics. In mar-
velous profusion old knowledge is augmented by new, which
has the old as its necessary condition, and, therefore, could not
have arisen had not the old preceded it. The indestructibility
of the edifice of mathematics renders it possible that the work
can be carried to ever loftier and loftier heights without fear
that the highest stories shall be less solid and safe than the
foundations, which are the axioms, or the lower stories, which
are the elementary propositions. But it is necessary for this
that all the stones should be properly fitted together ^ and it
would be idle labor to attempt to lay a stone that belonged
above in a place below." — Schubert.

"As the sun eclipses the stars by his brilliancy, so the man
of knowledge will eclipse the fame of others in assemblies of
the people if he proposes algebraic problems, and still more if
he solves them." — Brahmagupta.

" Mathematical reasoning may be employed in the inductive
sciences; indeed some of their greatest achievements have been
obtained through mathematics. By it Newton demonstrated
the truth of the theory of gravitation; by it Leverrier dis-
covered a new planet in the heavens ; by it the exact time of
an eclipse of the sun or moon is predicted centuries before it
comes to pass. Mathematics is the instrument by which the

QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 251

engineer tunnels our mountains, bridges our rivers, constructs
our aqueducts, erects our factories and makes them musical
with the busy hum of spindles. Take away the results of the
reasoning of mathematics, and there would go with it nearly
all the material achievements which give convenience and
glory to modern civilization." — Brooks' " Mental Science and
Culture."

" The science of geometry came from the Greek mind almost
as perfect as Minerva from the head of Jove. Beginning with
definite ideas and self-evident truths, it traces its way, by the
processes of deduction, to the profoundest theorem. For clear-
ness of thought, closeness of reasoning, and exactness of truths,
it is a model of excellence and beauty. It stands as a type of
all that is best in the classical culture of the thoughtful mind
of Greece. Geometry is the perfection of logic ; Euclid is as
classic as Homer." — Brooks' " Philosophy of Arithmetic."

"Only a limited number of people are capable of appreciat-
ing the beauties of this oldest of all sciences." — Locke.

" The value of mathematical instruction as a preparation for
those more difficult investigations consists in the applicability,
not of its doctrines, but of its methods. Mathematics will
ever remain the past-perfect type of the deductive method in
general ; and the applications of mathematics to the simpler
branches of physics furnish the only school in which philoso-
phers can effectually learn the most difficult and important
portion of their art, the employment of the laws of simpler
phenomena for explaining and predicting those of the more
complex. These grounds are quite sufficient for deeming mathe-
matical training an indispensable basis of real scientific educa-
tion, and regarding, with Plato, one who is dyew/u-cTpryTos, as
wanting in one of the most essential qualifications for the suc-
cessful cultivation of the higher branches of philosophy." —
From J. S. Mill's " Systems of Logic."

252 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

" Hold nothing as certain save what can be demonstrated."
— Newton.

" To measure is to know." — Kepler.

" It may seem strange that geometry is unable to define the
terms which it uses most frequently, since it defines neither
movement, nor number, nor space — the three things with which
it is chiefly concerned. But we shall not be surprised if we
stop to consider that this admirable science concerns only the
most simple things, and the very quality that renders these
things worthy of study renders them incapable of being de-
fined. Thus the very lack of definition is rather an evidence
of perfection than a defect, since it comes not from the ob-
scurity of the terms, but from the fact that they are so very
well known." — Pascal.

" The method of making no mistake is sought by every one.
The logicians profess to show the way, but the geometers alone
ever reach it, and aside from their science there is no genuine
demonstration." — Pascal.

" We may look upon geometry as a practical logic, for the
truths which it studies, being the most simple and most clearly
understood of all truths, are on this account the most suscepti-
ble of ready application in reasoning." — D'Alembekt.

" Without mathematics no one can fathom the depths of
philosophy. Without philosophy no one can fathom the depths
of mathematics. Without the two no one can fathom the
depths of anything." — Bordas Demoulin.

"The taste for exactness, the impossibility of contenting
one's self with vague notions or of leaning upon mere hypoth-
eses, the necessity for perceiving clearly the connection between
certain propositions and the object in view, — these are the
most precious fruits of the study of mathematics." — Lacroix.

" God is a circle of which the center is everywhere and the
circumference nowhere." — Rabelais.

QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 253

"The sailor whom an exact observation of longitude saves
from shipwreck owes his life to a theory developed two thou-
sand years ago by men who had in mind merely the specula-
tions of abstract geometry." — Condorcet.

" The statement that a given individual has received a sound
geometrical training implies that he has segregated from the
whole of his sense impressions a certain set of these impres-
sions, that he has then eliminated from their consideration all
irrelevant impressions (in other words, acquired a subjective
command of these impressions), that he has developed on the
basis of these impressions an ordered and continuous system
of logical deduction, and finally that he is capable of express-
ing the nature of these impressions and his deductions there-
from in terms simple and free from ambiguity. Now the
slightest consideration will convince any one not already conver-
sant with the idea, that the same sequence of mental processes
underlies the whole career of any individual in any walk of
life if only he is not concerned entirely with manual labor ;
consequently a full training in the performance of such se-
quences must be regarded as forming an essential part of any
education worthy of the name. Moreover, the full apprecia-
tion of such processes has a higher value than is contained in
the mental training involved, great though this be, for it in-
duces an appreciation of intellectual unity and beauty which
plays for the mind that part which the appreciation of schemes
of shape and color plays for the artistic faculties ; or, again,
that part which the appreciation of a body of religious doctrine
plays for the ethical aspirations. Now geometry is not the
sole possible basis for inculcating this appreciation. Logic is
an alternative for adults, provided that the individual is pos-
sessed of sufficient wide, though rough, experience on which to
base his reasoning. Geometry is, however, highly desirable
in that the objective bases are so simple and precise that they
can be grasped at an early age, that the amount of training for

254 MATHEMATICAL WBINKLES

the imagination is very large, that the deductive processes are
not beyond the scope of ordinary boys, and finally that it
affords a better basis for exercise in the art of simple and exact
expression than any other possible subject of a school course/'
— Carson.

" Geometry is a mountain. Vigor is needed for its ascent.
The views all along the paths are magnificent. The effort of
climbing is stimulating. A guide who points out the beauties,
the grandeur, and the special places of interest, commands the
admiration of his group of pilgrims." — David Eugene Smith.

" If mathematical heights are hard to climb, the fundamental
principles lie at every threshold, and this fact allows them
to be comprehended by that common sense which Descartes
declared was ' apportioned equally among all men.' " — Collet.

" The wonderful progress made in every phase of life during
the last hundred years has been possible only through the
increasing use of symbols. To-day, only the common laborer
works entirely with the actual things. Those who occupy more
remunerative positions in the business world work very largely
with symbols, and in the professional world the possession of
and ability to use a set of symbols is a prerequisite of even
moderate success. The work of a man's hands remains after
the worker has gone, but the products of mental labor are lost
unless they are preserved to the world through some symbolic
medium. It may be said without fear of successful contradic-
tion that the language of mathematics is the most widely used
of any symbolism. The man who has command of it possesses
a clear, concise, and universal language. Fallacies in reason-
ing and discrepancies in conclusions are easily detected when
ideas are expressed in this language. The most abstruse prob-
lem is immediately clarified when translated into mathematics.
To quote from M. Berthelot, ' Mathematics excites to a high
degree the conceptions of signs and symbols — necessary in-

QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 255

struments to extend the power and reach of the human mind
by summarizing. Mathematics is the indispensable instrument
of all physical research.' But not only physical but all scien-
tific research must avail itself of this same instrument. In-
deed, so completely is nature mathematical that to him who
would know nature there is no recourse but to be conversant
with the language of mathematics." — Carpenter.

No less an astronomer than J. Herschel has said of as-
tronomy: "Admission to its sanctuary and to the privileges
and feelings of a votary is only to be gained by one means —
sound and sufficient knowledge of mathematics, the great in-
strument of all exact inquiry, without which no man can ever
make such advances in this or any other of the higher depart-
ments of science as can entitle him to form an independent
opinion on any subject of discussion within their range."

"It is only through mathematics that we can thoroughly
understand what true science is. Here alone can we find in
the highest degree simplicity and severity of scientific law,
and such abstraction as the human mind can attain. Any sci-
entific education setting forth from any other point is faulty
in its basis." — Comte.

" The enemies of geometry, those who know it only imper-
fectly, look upon the theoretical problems, which constitute
the most difficult part of the subject, as mental games which
consume time and energy that might better be employed in
other ways. Such a belief is false, and it would block the
progress of science if it were credible. But aside from the
fact that the speculative problems, which at first sight seem
barren, can often be applied to useful purposes, they always
stand as among the best means to develop and to express all
the forces of the human intelligence." — Abbe Bossut.

" We study music because music gives us pleasure, not neces-
sarily our own music, but good music, whether ours, or, as is

256 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

more probable, that of others. We study literature because
we derive pleasure from books ; the better the book, the more
subtle and lasting the pleasure. We study art because we re-
ceive pleasure from the great works of the masters, and prob-
ably we appreciate them the more because we have dabbled a
little in pigments or in clay. We do not expect to be com-
posers, or poets, or sculptors, but we wish to appreciate music
and letters and the fine arts, and to derive pleasure from them
and to be uplifted by them. At any rate these are the nobler
reasons for their study.

" So it is with geometry. We study it because we derive
pleasure from contact with a great and an ancient body of
learning that has occupied the attention of master minds dur-
ing the thousands of years in which it has been perfected, and
we are uplifted by it. To deny that our pupils derive this
pleasure from the study is to confess ourselves poor teachers,
for most pupils do have positive enjoyment in the pursuit of
geometry, in spite of the tradition that leads them to proclaim
a general dislike for all study. This enjoyment is partly that
of the game, — the playing of a game that can always be won,
but that cannot be won too easily. It is partly that of the aes-
thetic, the pleasure of symmetry of form, the delight of fitting
things together. But probably it lies chiefly in the mental up-
lift that geometry brings, the contact with absolute truth, and
the approach that one makes to the Infinite. We are not
quite sure of any one thing in biology ; our knowledge of ge-
ology is relatively very slight, and the economic laws of society
are uncertain to every one except some individual who at-
tempts to set them forth ; but before the world was fashioned
the square on the hypotenuse was equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides of a right triangle, and it will
be so after this world is dead ; and the inhabitant of Mars, if
he exists, probably knows its truth as we know it. The uplift
of this contact with absolute truth, with truth eternal, gives
pleasure to humanity to a greater or less degree, depending

QUOTATIONS ON MATHEMATICS 257

upon the mental equipment of the particular individual ; but
it probably gives an appreciable amount of pleasure to every
student of geometiy who has a teacher worthy of the name."
— From "The Teaching of Geometry," by David Eugene
Smith.

Mathematics has not only commercial value, but also educa-
tional, rhetorical, and ethical value. No other science offers
such a rich opportunity for original investigation and dis-
covery. While it should be studied because of its practical
worth, which can be seen about us every day, the primary
object in its study should be to obtain mental power, to
sharpen and strengthen the powers of thought, to give pen-
etrating power to the mind which enables it to pierce a subject
to its core and discover its elements ; to develop the power to
express one's thoughts in a forcible and logical manner; to
develop the memory and the imagination; to cultivate a taste
for neatness and a love for the good, the beautiful, and the
true ; and to become more like the gi*eatest of mathematicians,
the Mathematician of the Universe.

MENSURATION

Mensuration is that branch of mathematics which treats of
the measurement of geometrical magnitudes.

Annulus, or Circular Ring

An annul us is the figure included between two concentric
circumferences.

(1) To find the area of an annulus.

Rule. — Multiply the sum of the two radii by their difference^
and the product by it.

Formula. — A = (i\ + r^ (r^ — rg) tr.

(2) To find the area of a sector of an annulus.

Rule. — Multiply the sum of the bounding arcs by half the
difference of their radii.

Belts

Length of belts.

(a) For a crossed belt,

L = 2Vc'-(r,-r,y + {r,-r,)f^-2sm-'':i±LA

(b) For an uncrossed belt,

L = 2^\c^-(r,-r,yi + 7r(r, + r,) + 2(r,-r,)sm-'''^^,

where r^ is the greater radius and rj the less, and c the distance
between the parallel axes.

258

MENSURATION 250

Bins, Cisterns, Etc.

(1) To find the exact capacity of a bin in bushels.

Rule. — Divide the contents in cubic feet by .83, or {1728-i-
2150.42); the quotient will represent the number of bushels of
grain, etc. Four fifths of this number of bushels is the number
of bushels of coal, apples, potatoes, etc., that the bin will hold.

(2) To find the approximate capacity of a bin in bushels.
Rule. — Any number of cubic feet diminished by ^ will represent

an equivalent number of bushels.

(3) To find the contents of a cistern, vessel, or space in
gallons.

Rule. — Divide the contents in cubic inches by 231 for liquid
gallons, or by 268.8 for dry gallons.

Brick and Stone Work

Stonework is commonly estimated by the perch ; brickwork
by the thousand bricks.

(1) In estimating the work of laying stone, take the entire
outside length in feet, thus measuring the corners twice, times
the height in feet, times the thickness in feet, and divide by
24|, to obtain the number of perches. No allowance is to be
made for openings in the walls unless specified in a written
contract.

(2) In estimating the material in stonework, deduct for all
openings and divide the exact number of cubic feet of wall by
24|, to obtain the number of perches of material.

To obtain the number of perches of stone, deduct ^ for mor-
tar and filling.

(3) In estimating the work of laying common bricks (com-
mon bricks are 8 inches x 4 inches x 2 inches and 22 are as-
sumed to build 1 cubic foot), take the entire outside length in
feet, thus measuring the corners twice, times the height in feet,
times the thickness in feet, and multiply by .022, to obtain the

260 MATHEMATICAL WRIKKLES

number of thousand bricks. No allowance is to be made for
openings in the walls unless specified in a written contract.

(4) In estimating the material in brickwork, deduct for all
openings and multiply the exact number of cubic feet of wall
by 22, to obtain the number of brick required.

Carpeting

Carpets are usually either 1 yard or J yard in width.

The amount of carpet that must be bought for a room de-
pends upon the length and number of strips, and the waste in
matching the patterns.

(1) To obtain the number of strips.

A fraction of a strip cannot be bought. Thus, if the num-
ber of strips is found to be 6^, make it 7.

(a) When laid lengthwise. — ^Divide the width of the room
in yards by the width of the carpet in yards.

(b) When laid crosswise. — Divide the length of the room
in yards by the width of the carpet in yards.

(2) To obtain the number of yards of carpet needed to car-
pet a room.

Rule. — Multiply the length of a strip in yards {-\- the fraction
of a yard allowed for waste, when considered) by the number of
strips.

Casks and Barrels
To find the contents in gallons.

Rule. — Add to the head diameter (inside) two thirds of the
difference between the head and b^ing diameters ; but if the staves
are only slightly curved, add six tenths of this difference ; this
gives the mean diameter ; express it in inches, square it, multiply
it by the length in inches and this product by .008 J/. : the product
will be the contents in liquid gallons.

MENSURATION 261

Circle

A circle is a portion of a plane bounded by a curved line
every point of which is equally distant from a point within
called the center.

(1) Formulae. —
Area = irr^, or \ ird^.

Area = cPx .7854, or circumference^ X .07958.

Circumference = diameter x 3.1416.

Circumference = radius x 6.2832.

Diameter = circumference x .31831.

Diameter = circumference -^ tt.

Radius = circumference x .159155.

Radius = .56419 x Varea.

Side of inscribed square = dx .707107.

Side of inscribed square = circumference x .22508.

Area of inscribed square = | cT'.

Side of an equal square = circumference X .282.

Area of an equal square = f cP.

Side of inscribed equilateral triangle = d x .86.

(2) Given the area inclosed by three equal circles, to find
the diameter of a circle that will just inclose the three equal
circles.

Rule. — Divide the given area by .03473265, extract the square
root of the quotient, and multiply by 2, and the result will be tlie
diameter required.

Formula. — Diameter

=2\£

area

.03473265

(3) To find the diameter of the three largest equal circles
that can be inscribed in a circle of a given diameter.

Rule. — Multiply the given diameter by .J^G^l, or divide by
2.1557, and the result will be the required diameter.

Formula. — d = .4641 x D, or

2.1557

262 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

(4) Given the radius a, b, c, of the three circles tangent to
each other, to find the radius of a circle tangent to the three
circles.

Formula. — r or r' = — ^^^ , the

2 V[a6c (a + 6 + c)] T (ab -f ac -f- be)

minus sign giving the radius of a tangent circle circumscribing
the three given circles, and the plus sign giving the radius of a
tangent circle inclosed by the three given circles.

— Fi'om " The School Visitor."

(5) Given the chord of an arc and the radius of the circle,
to find the chord of half the arc.

Formula. — k= v 2 r^ — r V4 r^ — c^, where r = radius and c =
the given chord.

(6) Given the chord of an arc and the radius of the circle,
to find the height of the arc.

Rule. — From the radius, subtract the square root of the differ-
ence of the squares of the radius and half the chord.

Formula. — h = r — Vr^ — \ c^, where r = radius and c = the
given chord.

(7) Given the height of an arc and a chord of half the arc,
to find the diameter of the circle.

Rule. — Divide the square of the chord of half the arc by the
height of the chord.

Formula. — d = c^-r-hj where c = chord of half the arc and
h = height.

(8) Given a chord and height of the arc, to find the chord
of half the arc.

Rule. — Extract the square root of the sum of the squares of
the height of the arc and half the chord.

Formula. — A; = V^N-T^> where h = height and c = the
given chord,

MENSURATION 263

(9) Given the radius of a circle and a side of an inscribed
polygon, to find the side of a similar circumscribed polygon.

2 sr
Formula. — s' = ■. where s' = the side required and

8 = the side of the inscribed polygon.

Cone
A cone is a solid bounded by a conical surface and a plane.

(1) To find the lateral ar6a of a right circular cone.

Rule. — Multiply the circumference of its base by half the slant
height.

Formula. — Lateral area = irrh, where r = the radius of the
base and h = the slant height.

(2) To find the volume of any cone.

Rule. — Multiply the base by one third the altitude.
Formula. — V=i aB.

Formula, when base is a circle. — F= ^ ar^Tr, where a = alti-
tude, B = base, and r = radius of the base.

Crescent

A crescent is a portion of a plane included between the cor-
responding arcs of two intersecting circles, and is the difference
between two segments having a common chord, and on the
same side of it.

Cube or Hexahedron

Diagonal = V3 x edge', or Varea -h 2.
Diagonal = edge x 1.7320508.
Surface = 6 x edge*, or 2 x diagonal*.
Volume = edge'.

Cycloid

A cycloid is the curve generated by a point in the circum-
ference of a circle which rolls on a straight line.

264 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

(1) To find the length of a cycloid.

Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the generating circle by 4-

(2) To find the area of a cycloid.

Rule. — Multiply the area of the generating circle by 3.

(3) To find the surface generated by the revolution of a
cycloid about its base.

Rule. — Multiply the area of the generating circle by -^^.

(4) To find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the
cycloid about its base.

Rule. — Multiply the cube of the radius of the generating circle
bydir",

(5) To find the surface generated by revolving the cycloid
about its axis.

Rule. — Midtiply eight times the area of the generating circle by
tr minus |.

(6) To find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the
cycloid about its axis.

Rule. — Multiply | of the volume of a sphere whose radius is
that of the generating circle by ^ ir^ — |.

(7) To find the surface formed by revolving the cycloid
about a tangent at the vertex.

Rule. — Multiply the area of the generating circle by ^^.

(8) To find the volume formed by revolving a cycloid about
a tangent at the vertex.

Rule. — Multiply the cube of the radius of the generating circle
byl-r^.

Cylinder

A cylinder is a solid bounded by a cylindric surface and two
parallel planes.

(1) To find the lateral area of a right circular cylinder.
Rule. — Multiply its length by the circumference of its base.

MENSURATION 266

(2) To find the volume of any cylinder.

Rule. — Multiply the altitude of the cylinder by the area of its
base.

Formula. — V= a x B.

Formula when base is a circle. — V= airi^.

(3) To find the surface common to two equal circular cylin-
ders whose axes intersect at right angles.

Rule. — Multiply the square of the radius of the intersecting
cylinders by 16.

(4) To find the volume common to two equal circular cylin-
ders whose axes intersect at right angles.

Rule. — Multiply the cube of the radius of the intersecting cylin-
ders by iy\.

(5) To find the length of the maximum cylinder inscribed
in a cube, the axis of the cylinder coinciding with the diagonal
of the cube.

Formula. — Length = ^aV3, where a is the edge of the
cube.

(6) To find the volume of the maximum cylinder inscribed
in a cube, the axis of the cylinder coinciding with the diagonal
of the cube.

Formula. — F=^?ra^V3, where a is the edge of the cube.

Density of a Body

The density of any substance is the number of times the
weight of the substance contains the weight of an equal bulk
of water.

To find the density of a body.

Rule. — Divide the weight in grams by the bulk in cubic cen-
timeters.

266 MATHEMATICAL WBINKLES

DODECAEDRON

A dodecaedron is a polyedron of twelve faces.

(1) To find the area of a regular dodecaedron.
Rule. — Multiply the square of an edge by 20.6^578.

(2) To find the volume of a regular dodecaedron.
Rule. — Multiply the cube of an edge by 7.66312.

Ellipse

An ellipse is a plane curve of such a form that if from any
point in it two straight lines be drawn to two given fixed points,
the sum of these straight lines will always be the same.

(1) To find the circumference of an ellipse, the transverse
and conjugate diameters being known.

Rule. — Multiply the square root of half the sum of the squares
of the two diameters by 3.141592.

(2) To find the area of an ellipse, the transverse and con-
jugate diameters being given.

Rule. — Multiply the product of the diameters by .785398.

Frustum of a Cone or Pyramid

A frustum of a cone or pyramid is the portion included be-
tween the base and a parallel section.

(1) To find the lateral surface.

Rule. — Midtiply the sum of the perimeters, or circumferences,
by one half the slant height.

(2) To find the entire surface.

Rule. — Add to the lateral surface the areas of both ends, or bases.

(3) To find the volume of a frustum of a cone or pyramid.
Rule. — To the sum of the areas of both bases add the square

root of the product, and midtiply this sum by 07ie third of the
altitude.

MENSURATION 267

Grain and Hay

(1) To find the quantity of grain in a bin.

Rule. — Multiply the contents in cubic feet by .83 j and the result
will be the contents in bushels.

(2) To find the quantity of corn in a wagon bed or in a ^in.
Rule. — (i) For shelled corny mxdtiply the contents in cubic feet

by .83, and the result will be the contents in bushels. Rule. — (S)
For com on the cob, deduct one half for cob. Rule. — (3) For com
,not ^^ shucked " deduct two thirds for cob and shuck.

(3) To find the quantity of hay in a stack or rick.

Rule. — Divide the contents in cubic feet by 550 for clover or by
450 for timothy; the quotient will be the number of tons.

(4) In well-settled stacks 15 cubic yards make one ton.

(5) When hay is baled, 10 cubic yards make one ton.

Hexaedron
(See Cube.)

Hyperbola

A hyperbola is a section formed by passing a plane through
a cone in a direction to make an angle at the base greater than
that made by the slant height.

To find the area of a hyperbola, the transverse and conjugate
axes and abscissa being given.

Rule. — (1) To the product of the transverse diameter and
absci-fsa add ^ of the square of the abscissa, and multiply the
square root of the sum by 21.

(2) Add 4 times the square root of the product of the trans-
verse diameter and abscissa to the product last found, and divide
the sum by 75.

(3) Divide 4 times the product of the conjugate diameter and
abscissa by the transverse diameter, and this last quotient multi-
plied by the former will give the area required^ nearly.

268 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

ICOSAEDRON

An icosaedron is a polyedron of twenty faces.

(1) To find the area of a regular icosaedron.
Rule. — Multiply the square of an edge by 8.66025.

(2) To find the volume of a regular icosaedron.
Rule. — Multiply the cube of an edge by 2.18169.

Irregular Polyedron
To find the volume of any irregular polyedron.
Rule. — Cut the polyedron into prismatoids by passing parallel
planes through all its summits.

Irregular Solids
To find the volume of any irregular solid.
Rule. — Immerse the solid in a vessel of water and determine the
quantity of water displaced.

Logs

(1) To find the side of the squared timber that can be sawed
from a log.

Rule. — Multiply the diameter of the smaller end by .707.

(2) To find the number of board feet in the squared timber
that can be sawed from a log.

Rule. — Multiply together one half the length in feet, the diameter
of the smaller end in feet, and the diameter of the smaller end in
inches.

Problem. — Find the side, and the number of board feet, in
the squared timber that can be sawed from a log whose length
is 16 feet, and diameter of the smallest end 15 inches.

Solution. — By (1) the side is 15 inches x .707, or 10.606 inches.
By (2) the number of the board feet is \^- x ^f x 15 = 150, Ans.

MENSURATION 269

Lumber

When boards are 1 inch thick or less, they are estimated by
the square foot of surface, the thickness not being considered.

Thus a board 10 feet long, 1 foot wide, and 1 inch (or less)
thick contains 10 square feet.

Hence, to find the number of board feet in a plank.

Rule. — Multiply the length in feet by the width in feet by the
thickness in inches.

Note. — The average width of a board that tapers uniformly is one
half the sum of the end widths.

LUNE

A lune is that portion of a sphere comprised between two
great semicircles.

To find the area of a lune.

Rule. — Multiply its angle in radians by twice the square
of the radius.

OCTAEDRON

An octaedron is a polyedron of eight faces.

(1) To find the area of a regular octaedron.
Rule. — Multiply the square of an edge by S.j^G^I'

(2) To find the volume of a regular octaedron.
Rule. — Multiply the cube of an edge by .4714-

Painting and Plastering

Painting and plastering are usually estimated by the square
yard. The processes of calculating the cost of painting and
plastering vary so much in different localities that it is impos-
sible to lay down any rule. Usually some allowance is made
for doors, windows, etc., but there is no fixed rule as to how
much should be deducted. Sometimes one half the area of the
openings is deducted.

270 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Papering

Wall paper is sold only by the roll, and any part of a roll is
considered a whole roll.

The amount of wall paper required to paper a room depends
upon the area of the walls and ceiling and the waste in matching.

(1) American paper is commonly 18 inches wide, and has 8
yards in a single roll, and 16 yards in a double roll. Foreign
papers vary in width and length to the roll.

(2) Wall paper is usually put up in double rolls, but the
prices quoted are for single rolls.

(3) Borders and friezes are sold by the yard and vary in
width.

(4) The area of a single roll is 36 square feet, and allowing
for all waste in matching, etc., will cover 30 square feet of wall.

(5) There is no fixed rule as to how much should be deducted
for doors and windows. Some dealers deduct the exact area of
the openings, while others deduct an approximate area, allowing
20 square feet for each.

(6) The number of single rolls required for the ceiling and
for the walls must be estimated separately.

(7) To obtain the number of single rolls required for the
ceiling.

Rule. — Divide its area in square feet by 30.

(8) To obtain the number of single rolls required for the
walls.

Rule. — From the area of the walls in square feet deduct the
area of the openings, and divide by 30.

Parabola

A parabola is the locus of a point whose distance from a
fixed point is always equal to its distance from a fixed straight
line.

MENSURATION 271

(1) To find the length of any arc of a parabola cut off by a
double ordinate.

Rule. — When the abscissa is less than half the ordinate : To
t/ie square of the ordinate add J of the square of the abscissa, and
twice the square root of the sum will be the length of the arc.

(2) To find the area of the parabola, the base and height
being given.

Rule. — Multiply the bcLse by the heighty and ^ of the product
will be the area.

(3) To find the area of a parabolic frustum, having given
the double ordinates of its ends and the distance between them.

Rule. — Divide the difference of the cubes of the two ends by the
difference of their squares and multiply tlie quotient by J of the
altitude.

Parallelogram

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are
parallel.

To find the area of any parallelogram.
Rule. — Multiply the base by the altitude.

Parallelopiped
A parallelopiped is a prism whose bases are parallelograms.
To find the volume of any parallelopiped.
Rule. — Multiply its altitude by the area of its base.

Prism

A prism is a polyedron whose ends are equal and parallel
polygons, and its sides parallelograms.

(1) To find the lateral area of a prism.

Rule. — Multiply a lateral edc/e by the perimeter of a right sec-
tion.

272 . MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

(2) To find the volume of any prism.

Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by its altitude.

Prismatoid

A prismatoid is a polyedron whose bases are any two poly-
gons in parallel planes, and whose lateral forces are triangles
determined by so joining the vertices of these bases that each
lateral edge with the preceding forms a triangle with one side
of either base.

(1) To find the volume of any prismatoid.

Rule. — Add the areas of the two bases and four times the mid
c7^oss section; multiply this sum by one sixth the altitude.
Old Prismoidal Formula. —

(2) To find the volume of a prismatoid, or of any solid whose
section gives a quadratic.

Rule. — Multiply one fourth its altitude by the sum of one ba^e
and three times a section distant from that base two thirds the
altitude.

New Prismoidal Formula. —

V=-(B + 3T).
— From Halsted's "Metrical Geometry."

Pyramid

A pyramid is a polyedron of which all the faces except one
meet in a point.

(1) To find the lateral area of a regular pyramid.

Rule. — Multi2)ly the perimeter of the base by half the slant
height.

(2) To find the volume of any pyramid.

Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by one third of the altitude.

MENSURATION 273

Pyramid, Spherical

A spherical pyramid is the portion of a sphere bounded by
a spherical polygon and the planes of its sides.

Rule. — Multiply the area of the hose by one third of the radius
of the sphere.

Note. — The area of a spherical polygon Is equivalent to a lune whose
angle is half the spherical excess .of the polygon.

Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral is a polygon of four sides.
To find the area of any quadrilateral.

Rule. — Multiply half the diagonal by the sum of the perpen-
diculars upon it from the opposite angle.

Rhombus
A rhombus is a parallelogram whose sides are all equal and
whose angles are oblique.

To find the area of a rhombus.

Rule. — Take half the product of Us diagonals.

Rings

If a plane curve lying wholly on the same side of a line in its
own plane revolves about that line, the solid thus generated is
called a ring.

(1) Theorem of Pappus.

(a) If a plane curve lying wholly on the same side of a line
in its own plane revolves about that line, the area of the solid
thus generated is equal to the product of the length' of the re-
volving line and the path described by its center of mass.

(6) If a plane figure lying wholly on the same side of a line
in its own plane revolves about that line, the volume of the
solid thus generated is equal to the product of the revolving
area and the length of the path described by its center of mass.

274 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

(2) To find the surface of an elliptic ring.
Formula. — Surface = 2 tt^ c V|((2a)^ + (26)2).

(3) To find the volume of an elliptic ring.

Formula. — Volume = 2 -n-^abc, where 2 a and 2 b are the axes
of the ellipse and c the distance of the center of the ellipse
from the axis of rotation.

(4) To find the surface of a cylindric ring.
Formula. — Surface = 4 ii^ra.

(5) To find the volume of a cylindric ring.

Formula. — Volume = 27rVa, where a = distance of the center
of the generating curve from the axis of rotation, and r = the
radius of the circle.

Roofing and Flooring

A square 10 feet on a side, or 100 square feet, is the unit of
measure in roofing, tiling, and flooring.

The average shingle is taken to be 16 inches long and 4 inches
wide. Shingles are usually laid about 4 inches to the weather.

When laid 4^ inches to the weather, the exposed surface of
a shingle is 18 square inches.

Allowing for waste, about 1000 shingles are estimated as
needed for each square, but if the shingles are good, 850 to 900
are sufficient. There are 250 shingles in a bundle.

Sector

A sector is that portion of a circle bounded by two radii and
the intercepted arc.

To find the area of a sector.

Rule. — (a) Multiply the length of the arc by half the radius.
(b) If the arc is given in degrees, take such a part of the whole
area of the circle as the number of degrees in the arc is of 360°.

MENSURATION 275

Sector, A Spherical

A spherical sector is the volume generated by any sector of
a semicircle which is revolved about its diameter.

To find the volume of a spherical sector.
Rule. — Multiply the area of its zone by one third the radius.
Formula. — V= | irar^y where r = radius of the sphere and
a = altitude of the spherical segment.

Segment of Circle

A segment of a circle is the portion of a circle included be-
tween an arc and its chord.

(1) To find the area of a segment less than a semicircle.

Rule. — From the sector having the same arc a.9 the segment
subtract the area of the triangle formed by the chord and the two
radii from its extremities.

(2) An approximate rule for finding the area of a segment.
Rule. — Take two thirds the product of its chord and height.

(3) To find the area of a segment of a circle, having given
the chord of the arc and the height of the segment, i.e. the
versed sine of half the arc.

Rule. — Divide the cube of the height by twice the base and in-
crease the quotient by two thirds of the product of the height and
base.

(4) To find the volume of the solid generated by a circular
segment revolving about a diameter exterior to it.

Rule. — Multii)ly one sixth the area of the circle tvhose radius
is the chord of the segment by the projection of that chord upon
the axis.

Formula. — F= ; TT^LB'-^ X ^I'B', where AB is the chord of
the segment and A'B' is its projection upon the axis.

276 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Segment, A Spherical

A spherical segment is a portion of a sphere contained be-
tween two parallel planes.

To find the volume of any spherical segment.

Rule. — To the product of one half the sum of its bases by its
altitude add the volume of a sphere having that altitude for its
diameter.

Shell, A Cylindric

A cylindric shell is the difference between two circular
cylinders of the same length.

To find the volume of a cylindric shell.

Rule. — Multiply the sum of the inner and outer radii by their
difference, and this product by ir times the altitude of the shell.

Shell, A Spherical

A spherical shell is the difference between two spheres which
have the same center.

To find the volume of a spherical shell.

Formula. — V= f ir (r^^ — r^), where rj and r denote the
radii.

Similar Solids

Similar solids are solids which have the same form, and dif-
fer from each other only in volume.

Rule. — Any two similar solids are to each other as the cubes
of any two like dimensions.

Similar Surfaces

Similar surfaces are surfaces which have the same shape,
and differ from each other only in size.

Rule. — Any two similar surfaces are to each other as the squares
of any two like dimensions.

MENSURATION 277

Sphere
A sphere is a closed surface all points of which are equally
distant from a fixed point within called the center.
(1) Formulae. —

Area = 4 ttt^, or vd^.
Area = 7^x12.5664.
Area = d2x 3.1416.
Area = circumference' x .3183.
Volume = I nr^f or J 7rd\
Volume = J d X area.
Volume = circumference'' x .0169.
Volume = r« x 4.1888, or d» x .5236.

(2) Side of an inscribed cube

( r X 1.1547,

= -J or

( d X .5774.

(3) To find the edge of the largest cube that can be cut from
a hemisphere.

Formula. — Edge =d x .408248.

(4) To find the volume of a frustum of a sphere, or the por-
tion included between two parallel planes.

Rule. — To three times the sum of the squared radii of the two
ends add the square of the altitude ; multiply this sum by .5235987
times the altitude.

(5) To find the edge of the largest cube that can be inscribed
in a hemisphere of given diameter.

Rule. — Multiply the radius by ^ of the square root of 6,

Spheroid
A spheroid is a solid formed by revolving an ellipse about
one of its axes as an axis of revolution.

Spheroid, Oblate

An oblate spheroid is the spheroid formed by revolving an
ellipse about its conjugate diameter as an axis of revolution. ^

278 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

To find the volume of an oblate spheroid.
Rule. — Multiply the square of the semitransverse diameter by
the semiconjugate diameter and this product by ^ tt.

Spheroid, Prolate

A prolate spheroid is the spheroid formed by revolving an
ellipse about its transverse diameter as an axis of revolution.

To find the volume of a prolate spheroid.
Rule. — Multiply the square of the semiconjugate diameter by
the semitransverse diameter and this product by ^ ir.

Spindle, A Circular

A circular spindle is the solid formed by revolving the seg-
ment of a circle about its chord.

(1) To find the volume of a circular spindle.

Rule. — Multiply the area of the generating segment by the path
of its center of gravity.

(2) To find the volume formed by revolving a semicircle
about a tangent parallel to its diameter.

Rule. — Multiply one fourth of the volume of a sphere ivhose
radius is that of the generating semicircle by (10 — S ir).

Spindle, A Parabolic

A parabolic spindle is a solid formed by revolving a parabola
about a double ordinate perpendicular to the axis.

To find the volume of a parabolic spindle.

Rule. — Multiply the volume of its circumscribed cylinder by ^.

Square
A square is a rectangle whose sides are all equal,
(1) To find the area of a square.
Rule. — /Square an edge.

MENSURATION 279

(2) Given the diagonal, to find the area.
Rule. — Take one half the square of the diagonal.

(3) Given the diagonal, to find a side.

Rule. — Extract the square root of one half the square of the
diayonal.

(4) To find the side of the largest square inscribed in a
semicircle of given diameter.

Rule. — Multiply the radius of the given circle by | of the
square root of 5.

Tetraedron

A tetraedron is a polyedron of four faces.

(1) To find the surface of a tetraedron.

Rule. — Mtdtiply the square of an edge by V^, or 1.73205.

(2) To find the volume of a tetraedron.

Rule. — Multiply the cube of an edge by ■^'^2^ or .11785.

Trapezium and Irregular Polygons
To find the area of a trapezium or any irregular polygon.
Rule. — Divide the figure into triangles^ find the area of the
triangles, and take their sum.

Trapezoid

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral two of whose sides are par-
allel.

(1) To find the area of a trapezoid.

Rule. — Multiply the altitude by one half the sum of the parallel
sides.

(2) Width = area -t- (^ of the sum of the parallel sides).

(3) Sura of the parallel sides = (area -^ width) x 2.

(4) To find the length of a line parallel to the bases of a
trapezoid that shall divide it into equal areas.

280 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Rule. — Square the bases and extract the square root of half
their sum.

Triangle

A triangle is a portion of a plane bounded by three straight
lines.

(1) To find the area of a triangle.

Rule. — Multiply the base by half the altitude.

(2) To find the area of a triangle, having given the three
sides.

Rule. — From half the sum of the three sides subtract each side
separately; multiply half the sum and the three remainders to-
gether : the square root of the product will be the area.

(3) To find the radius of the inscribed circle.

Rule. — Divide the area of the triangle by half the sum of its
sides.

(4) To find the radius of the circumscribing circle.

Rule. — Divide the product of the three sides by four times the
area of the triangle.

(5) To find the radius of an escribed circle.

Rule. — Divide the area of the triangle by the difference between
half the sum of its sides and the tangent side.

(6) To cut off a triangle containing a given area by a line
running parallel to one of its sides, having given the area and
base.

Rule. — The area of the given triangle is to the area of the tri-
angle to be cut off, as the square of the given base is to the square
of the required base. Extract the square root of the result.

(Equilateral) Triangle

(1) Area = one half the side squared and multiplied by V3,
or 1.732050+.

MENSURATION 281

(2) Altitude = one half the side multiplied by V3, or
1.732050^.

(3) Center of the inscribed and circumscribed circle is a
point in the altitude one third of its length from the base.

(4) Radius of the circumscribed circle = two thirds of the
altitude.

(5) Radius of the inscribed circle = one third of the altitude.

(6) Side = 2 Varea^W3.

Side = radius of the circumscribed circle multiplied by

vs.

(7) All equilateral triangles are similar.

(8) Each angle = 60°.

(Right) Triangle

(1) B&ae^y/ih'-f).

(2) Perpendicular = V(/i* - 6*).

(3) Hypotenuse =V6N-p.

(4) Diameter of inscribed circle = (b+p) — h.

(6) Side opposite an acute angle of 30° = one half of the
hypotenuse.

(6) Similar, if an acute angle of one = an acute angle of
another.

(7) Altitude of an isosceles triangle forms two right triangles.

(8) To find a point in a right-angled triangle equidistant
from its vertices.

Rule. — Divide the hypotenuse by 2; the point will lie in the
hypotenuse.

(9) To find the perpendicular height of a right triangle when
the base and the sum of the perpendicular and hypotenuse are
known.

282 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Rule. — From the square of the sum of the perpendicular and
hypotenuse take the square of the base, and divide the difference
by twice the sum of the perpendicular and hypotenuse.

(Spherical) Triangle

A spherical triangle is a spherical polygon of three sides.

To find the area of a spherical triangle.

Rule. — Find the area of a lune whose angle is half the spheri-
cal excess of the triangle.

Note. — The spherical excess of a triangle is the excess of the sum of
its angles over 180°.

Ungula, a Conical

A conical ungula is a portion of a cone cut off by a plane
oblique to the base and contained between this plane and the
base.

To find the volume of a conical ungula, when the cutting
plane passes through the opposite extremes of the ends of the
frustum.

Rule. — Multiply the difference of the square roots of the cubes
of the radii of the bases by the square root of the cube of the
radius of the lower base and this product by ^tt times the altitude.
Divide this last product by the difference of the radii of the two
bases, and the quotient will be the volume of the ungida.

Ungula, A Cylindric

A cylindric ungula is any portion of a cylinder cut off by a
plane.

(1) To find the convex surface of a cylindric ungula, when
the cutting plane is parallel to the axis of the cylinder.

Rule. — Multiply the arc of the base by the altitude.

(2) To find the volume of a cylindric ungula whose cutting
plane is parallel to the axis.

MENSURATION 283

Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by the altitude.

(3) To find the convex surface of a cylindric ungula, when
the plane passes obliquely through the opposite sides of the
cylinder.

Rule. — Multiply the circumference of the base by half the sum
of the greatest and least lengths of the ungula.

(4) To find the volume of a cylindric ungula, when the plane
passes obliquely through the opposite sides of the cylinder.

Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by half the least and
greatest lengths of the ungula.

Ungula, A Spherical

A spherical ungula is a portion of a sphere bounded by a
lune and two great semicircles.

To find the volume of a spherical ungula.

Rule. — Multiply the area of the lune by one third the radius;
OTy multiply the volume of the sphere by the quotient of the angle
of the lune divided by 360°.

Wedge

A wedge is a prismatoid whose lower base is a rectangle,
and upper base a sect parallel to a basal edge.

To find the volume of any wedge.

Rule. — To twice the length of the ba^e add the opposite edge;
mtdtiply the sum by the width of the base, and this product by one
sixth the altitude of the wedge.

Wood Measure

The unit of wood measure is the cord. The cord is a pile of
wood 8 feet by 4 feet by 4 feet.

A pile of wood 1 foot by 4 feet by 4 feet is called a cord
foot.

284 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

A cord of stove wood is 8 feet long by 4 feet high. The
length of stove wood is usually 16 in.

Zone

A zone is the curved surface of a sphere included between
two parallel planes or cut off by one plane.

(1) To find the area of a zone.

Rule. — Multiply the altitude of the spherical segment by tivice
IT times the radius of the sphere.

(2) To find the area of a zone of one base.

Rule. — Tlie area of a zone of one base is equivalent to the area
of a circle whose radius is the chord of the generating arc.

(Circular) Zone

A circular zone is the portion of a plane inclosed by two
parallel chords and their intercepted arcs.

(1) If both chords are on the same side of the center.
Rule. — Find the difference between the areas of the tioo seg-
ments.

(2) If the chords are on opposite sides of the center.

Rule. — Subtract the sum of the areas of the two segments from
the area of the circle.

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS

1. Pi (tt) = 3.1416, or 3|. Its value to seven hundred and
seven places is

3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510582
09749445923078164062862089986280348253421170679821480
86513282306647093844609550582231725359408128481117450
28410270193852110555964462294895493038196442881097566
59334461284756482337867831652712019091456485669234603
48610454326648213393607260249141273724587006606315588
17488152002096282925409171536436789259036001133053054
88204665213841469519415116094330572703657595919530921
86117381932611793105118548074462379834749567351885762
72489122793818301194912983367336244193664308602139501
60924480772309430285530966202755693979869502224749962
06074970304123668861995110089202383770213141694119029
88582544681639799904659700081700296312377381342084130
791451183980570985.

2. The contents of a spheroid equals the square of the re-
volving axis X the fixed axis x .5236.

3. To find the distance a spot on the tire of a revolving
wheel moves, multiply the distance traveled by 4 and divide
by TT.

4. Sound travels 1087 feet per second at 0** C. or 1126 feet
per second at 20° C.

6. Electricity travels about 186,000 miles per second.

6. To find the approximate number of bushels of corn in a
crib, take the dimensions in feet, and multiply their product

286

286 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

by .8, if the corn is shelled ; by A, if shucked ; by .3, if in the
shuck.

7. Eoofing, flooring, and slating are often estimated by the
square, which contains 100 square feet.

8. The long ton of 2240 pounds and the long hundredweight
of 112 pounds are used in the United States custom houses
and in weighing coal and iron in the mines.

9. The term carat is sometimes used to express the fineness
of gold, each carat meaning a twenty -fourth part.

10. It takes 1000 shingles to cover 100 square feet laid 4
inches to the weather. It takes 900 shingles to cover 100 square
feet laid 4|- inches to the weather.

11. The area of an ellipse is a mean proportional between the
circumscribed and inscribed circles.

12. Gunter's chain is 66 feet long, consisting of 100 links.

13. The first 24 periods of numeration are — units, thousands,
millions, billions, trillions, quadrillions, quintillions, sextillions,
septillions, octillions, nonillions, decillions, undecillions, duode-
cillions, tredecillions, quartodecillions, quintodecillions, sexde-
cillions, septodecillions, octodecillions, nonodecillions, vigin-
tillions, primo-vigintillions, and secundo vigintillions.

14. Mathematicians have given the signs X and -;- precedence
over the signs + and — ; hence the operations of multiplication
and division should always be performed before addition and
subtraction.

15. The true weight of an article weighed on false scales is
a mean proportional between the two apparent weights.

16. To find any term of an arithmetical progression.

Rule. — Any ter^n of an arithmetical series is equal to the first
term, increased or diminished by the common difference multiplied
by a number one less than the number of terms.

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS- 287

17. To find the sum of an arithmetical series.

Rule. — Multiply half the sum of the extremes by the number of
terms.

18. To find any term of a geometrical series.

Rule. — Multiply the first term by the ratio raised to a power
one less than the number of terms.

19. To find the sum of a geometrical series.

Rule. — Multiply the greater extreme by the ratio, subtract the
less extreme from the product, and divide the remainder by the ratio
less 1.

20. To sum a geometrical series to infinity.

Rule. — When the ratio is a proper fraction, divide the first term
by 1 less the ratio.

21. To find the harmonic mean between two numbers.
Rule. — Divide twice their product by their sum.

22. To find the mean proportional between two numbers.
Rule. — Take the square root of their product.

23. A body immersed in a liquid is buoyed up by a force
equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. That is, it loses a
portion of its weight just equal to the weight of the water dis-
placed.

24. If we have the sum and difference of two numbers given,
add the sum and difference and take half of it for the greater,
subtract and take half of it for the smaller.

25. To find the day of the week for any date.

Rule. — To the given year of the century add its \, neglecting
remainder ; to this add the day of the month, the raJtio of the cen-
tury, and the ratio of the month; then divide by 7, and the re-
mainder will be the number of the day of tJie week, counting
Sunday 1st, Monday 2d, and so on.

Monthly

Ratios

January-

= 3 or 2.

August = 5.

February

= 6 or 5.

September = 1.

March

= 6.

October = 3.

April

= 2.

November = 6.

May

= 4.

December = 1.

June

= 0.

In leap years

July

= 2.

Jan. = 2. reb.:=

288 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Centennial Ratio
200, 900, 1800, 2200 = 0.
300, 1000 . . . . = 6.
400, 1100, 1900, 2300 = 5.
500, 1200, 1600, 2000 = 4.
600, 1300 . . . . = 3.
700, 1400, 1700, 2100 = 2.
100, 800, 1500 . . =1.

Examples. — March 4, 1877, was on [77 -}- 19 + 4 +0 + 6]^ 7,
remainder 1 = Sunday. Jan. 31, 1845 was on [45 + 11 + 31 +
0 + 3] ^ 7, remainder 6 = Friday. Oct. 12, 1492, was on [92 + 23
+ 12 + 2 + 3] -7- 7, remainder 6 = Friday. Leap years are
known by being divisible by 4, except those centuries that can-
not be divided by 400 ; hence 1900 was not a leap year.

26. To find the day's length at any latitude (for example,
71° N. Lat.).

Let t be the time before 6 o'clock for sunrise ; then the length
of the day is (2 1 plus 12) hours. If d be the sun's declination
and I the latitude, then sin \ t equals cot (90° — T) tan d. For
longest day d equals 23° 27', and I equals 71°. Therefore, sin \t
equals cot 19° tan (23° 27'). \t must be expressed in degrees.

log cot 19° = 10.463028

log tan (23° 27')= 9.637265

log i^ = 10.100293

As the logarithm of the sine of an angle cannot be greater
than 10, this shows that the person's latitude is within the
limits of the Arctic circle, and on the longest day there the sun
does not rise and set. — From " The School Visitor."

27. To find the G. C. D. of fractions.

Rule. — Find the G. C. D. of the iiumerators of the fractions,
and divide it by the L. C. M. of their denominators.

28. To find the L. C. M. of fractions.

Rule. — Divide the L. C M. of the numerators by the O. C D.
of the denominators.

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 289

29. To find the height of a stump of a broken tree.

Rule. — From the square of the height of the tree subtract the
square of the distance the top rests from the base of the tree, and
divide the remainder by twice the height of the tree.

30. To find how many board feet in a round log.

Rule. — Subtract 4 from the diameter of the log in inches, and
the square of this remainder equals the number of board feet in a
log 16 feet long.

31. To find the velocity of a nailhead in the rim of a mov-
ing wheel.

Rule. — Divide tivice the height of the nailhead above the plane
tipon which the wheel rolls, by the radius, and multiply this product
by the velocity of the center; then extract the square root.

Note. — Its velocity at the bottom is zero ; at the top, twice that of the
center ; and when its height is half the radius, its velocity equals that of
the center.

32. To find the distance to the horizon.

Rule. — Take one and one half times the height the observer is
above the s^irface of the ground in feet. TJie square root of this
number is the number of miles an object on the surface can be seen,

33. Extraction of any root.

Horner^s Method, invented by Mr. Horner, of England, is
the best general method of extracting roots.

Any root whose index contains only the factors 2 or 3 can
be extracted by means of the square and cube root.

Rule. — I. Divide the number into periods of as many figures

each as there are units in the index of the root, and at the left of

the given number arrange the same number of columns, ivriting 1

at the head of the left-hand column and ciphers at the head of the

^ others.

II. Find the required root of the first period, for the first figure
of the root, multiply the number in the 1st col. by this first term
of the root and add it to the 2d col., multiply this sum by the root
and add it to the 3d col., and thus continue, writing the last prod-

290

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

uct U7ider the first period; subtract and bring down the next
period for a dividend.

III. Repeat this process, stopping one column sooner at the
right each time until the sum falls in the 2d col. Then divide the
dividend by the number in the last column, which is the trial
divisor; the result is the second figure of the root.

IV. Use the second figure of the root precisely as the first,
remembering to place the products one place to the right in the
2d col., two in the 3d col., etc.; continue this operation until the
root is completed or carried as far as desired.

Notes. — 1. Only a part of the dividend is used for finding a root
figure, according to the principle of place value. The partial dividend
thus used always terminates w^ith the first figure of the period annexed.

2. If any dividend does not contain the trial divisor, place a cipher in
the root, and bring down the next period ; annex one cipher to the last
term of the 2d column, two ciphers at the last term of the 3d, three to the
4th, and then proceed according to the rule.

Example. — Extract the fourth root of 5636405776.

OPERATION

0
2

(1)

32 t. d.
21063

56-3640.5776(274
16

4
2

i03640

(1)

609

3009

658

(2)

53063 T. D.
25669
78732 t. d.
1766944

371441

2
(1) 8

321995776

3667
707

80498944 x. d.

321995776

(2)

4374
4336

101

7
(2) 108

441736

1084

— From Brooks' "Higher Arithmetic."

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 291

SCIENTIFIC TRUTHS

1. The intensity of light varies inversely as the square of
the distance from the source of illumination.

2. The intensity of sound varies inversely as the square of
the distance from the source of the sound.

3. Gravitation varies inversely as the square of the distance
between the centers of gravity.

4. The heating effect of a small radiant mass upon a dis-
tant object varies inversely as the square of the distance.

MATHEMATICAL DEFINITIONS

Algebra is that branch of mathematics in which mathemat-
ical investigations and computations are made by means of
letters and other symbols.

Analytical Geometry is that branch of geometry in which the
properties and relations of geometrical magnitudes are investi-
gated by the aid of algebraic analysis.

Analytical Trigonometry is that branch of trigonometry which
treats of the properties and relations of the trigonometrical
functions.

Applied, or Mixed, Mathematics is the application of pure
mathematics to the mechanic arts.

Arithmetic is the science that treats of numbers, the methods
of computing by them, and their applications to business and
science.

Astronomy is that branch of applied mathematics in which
mathematical principles are used to explain astronomical
facts.

Calculus is that branch of algebraic analysis which com-
mands, by one general method, the most difficult problems of
geometry and physics.

Calculus of Variations is that branch of calculus in which the

292 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together
are themselves subject to change.

Conic Sections is that branch of Platonic geometry which
treats of the curved lines formed by the intersection of the
surface of a right cone and a plane.

Descriptive Geometry is that branch of geometry which treats
of the graphic solutions of all problems involving three dimen-
sions by means of projections upon auxiliary planes.

Differential Calculus is that branch of calculus which investi-
gates mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials.

Geometry is the science which treats of the properties and
relations of space.

Gunnery is that branch of applied mathematics which treats
of the theory of projectiles.

Integral Calculus is that branch of calculus which determines
the relations of magnitudes from the known differentials of
these magnitudes. It is the reverse method of the differential
calculus.

Mathematics is that science which treats of the measurement
of and exact relations existing between quantities and of the
methods by which it draws necessary conclusions from given
premises.

Mechanics is that branch of applied mathematics which treats
of the action of forces on material bodies.

Mensuration is that branch of applied mathematics which
treats of the measurement of geometrical magnitudes.

Metrical Geometry is that branch of geometry which treats
of the length of lines and the magnitudes of angles, areas, and
solids.

Navigation is that branch of applied mathematics which treats
of the art of conducting ships or vessels from one place to an-
other.

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 293

Optics is that branch of applied mathematics which treats of
the laws of light.

Plane Geometry is that branch of pure geometry which treats
of figures that lie in the same plane.

Plane Trigonometry is that branch of trigonometry which
treats of the solution of plane triangles.

Platonic Geometry is that branch of metrical geometry in
which the argument, or proof, is carried forward by a direct in-
spection of the figures themselves, or pictured before the eye in
drawings, or held in the imagination.

Pure Geometry is that branch of Platonic geometry in which
the argument, or proof, uses compasses and ruler only.

Pure Mathematics treats of the properties and relations of
quantity without relation to material bodies.

Quaternions is that branch of algebra which treats of the
relations of magnitude and position of lines or bodies in space
by means of the quotient of two vectors, or of two directed right
lines in space, considered as depending on four geometrical
elements, and as expressible by an algebraic symbol of quadri-
nomial form.

Solid Geometry, or Geometry of Space, is that branch of pure
geometry which treats of figures which do not lie wholly
within the same plane.

Spherical Trigonometry is that branch of trigonometry which
treats of the solution of spherical triangles.

Surveying is that branch of applied mathematics which teaches
the art of determining and representing areas, lengths and direc-
tions of bounding lines, and the relative position of points upon
the earth's surface.

Trigonometry is that branch of Platonic geometry which treats
of the relations of the angles and sides of triangles.

294 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

HISTORICAL NOTES

The oldest known mathematical work, a papyrus manuscript
deciphered in 1877, and preserved in the British Museum, was
written by Ash-mesu (the moon-born), commonly called Ahmes,
an Egyptian, sometime before 1700 b.c. This work was entitled
" Directions for obtaining the Knowledge of All Dark Things."
This work contains problems in arithmetic and geometry and
contains the first suggestions of algebraic notation and the
solution of equations. This work was founded on another
work believed to date back as far as 3400 b.c.

Pythagoras, who died about 580 e.g., raised mathematics to
the rank of a science. He was one of the most remarkable
men of antiquity.

The study of geometry was introduced into Greece about
600 B.C. by Thales. Thales founded a school of mathematics
and philosophy at Miletus, known as the Ionic School,

Euclid's " Elements," tlie greatest textbook on geometry,
was published about 300 b.c. Euclid taught mathematics in
the great university at Alexandria, Egypt.

The name Mathematics is said to have first been used by the
Pythagoreans.

About 440 B.C. Hippocrates of Chios wrote the first Greek
textbook on geometry.

To the great philosophic school of Plato, which flourished at
Athens (429-348 b.c), is due the first systematic attempt to
create exact definitions, axioms, and postulates, and to distin-
guish between elementary and higher geometry.

Diophantus, who died about 330 a.d., was the first writer on
algebra worthy of recognition. His "Arithmetical is the
earliest treatise on algebra now extant. He was the first to
state that " a negative number multiplied by a negative number
gives a positive number."

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 295

Al Hovarezmi, who died about 830, published the first book
known to contain the word " algebra " in the title.

The first edition of Euclid was printed in Latin in 1482, and
the first one in English appeared in 1570.

Robert Recorde published the first arithmetic printed in the
English language in 1540.

The first arithmetic published in America was written by
Isaac Greenwood and issued in 1729.

Chauncey Lee published in 1797 an arithmetic called " The
American Accomptant." This work contains the dollar mark,
though in much ruder form than the character now in use.

Descartes, the French philosopher, invented the method of
computing graphs from equations about 1637. On June 8,
1637, he published the first analytical geometry.

The differential calculus was invented by Newton and
Leibniz about 1670.

In 1686 Leibniz published in a paper, " The Acta Erudi-
torum," the rudiments of the integral calculus.

Hipparchus, who lived sometime between 200 and 100 b.c,
was the greatest astronomer of antiquity and originated the
science of trigonometry.

The symbols of the Hindu or Arabic notation, except the
zero, originated in India before the beginning of the Christian
era. The zero appeared about 500 a.d.

Nearly 4000 years ago Ahmes solved problems involving the
area of the circle and found results that gave ir = 3.1604. The
Babylonians and Jews used tt = 3. The Romans used 3 and
sometimes 4, or for more accurate work S^. About 500 a.d.
the_Hindus used 3.1416. The Arabs about 830 a.d. used Vj
VlO, 3.1416. In 1596 Van Ceulen computed v to over 30 deci-
mal places. In 1873 Shanks computed v to 707 decimal places.

Logarithms were invented by John Napier, of Scotland,
about 1614 A.D. His logarithms were not of ordinary numbers,

296 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

but of the ratios of the legs of a right-angled triangle to the
hypotenuse.

Later Briggs constructed tables of logarithmic numbers to
the base 10.

The first publication of Briggian logarithms of trigonometric
functions was made in 1620 by Gunter. Gunter was a colleague
of Briggs. He invented the words cosine and cotangent, and
found the logarithmic sines and tangents for every minute to
seven places.

HISTORICAL NOTES ON ARITHMETIC

" The Science of Arithmetic is one of the purest products of
human thought. Based upon an idea among the earliest which
spring up in the, human mind, and so intimately associated
with its commonest experience, it became interwoven with
man's simplest thought and speech, and was gradually un-
folded with the development of the race. The exactness of its
ideas, and the simplicity and beauty of its relations, attracted
the attention of reflective minds, and made it a familiar topic
of thought ; and, receiving contributions from age to age, it
continued to develop until it at last attained to the dignity of
a science, eminent for the refinement of its principles and the
certitude of its deductions.

" The science was aided in its growth by the rarest minds of
antiquity, and enriched by the thought of the profoundest
thinkers. Over it Pythagoras mused with the deepest enthu-
siasm; to it Plato gave the aid of his refined speculations;
and in unfolding some of its mystic truths, Aristotle employed
his peerless genius. In its processes and principles shines the
thought of ancient and modern mind — the subtle mind of the
Hindu, the classic mind of the Greek, the practical spirit of
the Italian and English. It comes down to us adorned with
the offerings of a thousand intellects, and sparkling with the

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 297

gems of thought received from the profoundest minds of nearly
every age." — From Brooks' "Philosophy of Arithmetic."

The first step in the historical development of arithmetic
was in counting things. How far back this operation dates is
not known. Counting among primitive people was of a very
elementary nature, as it is now among people of a low grade
of civilization. A knowledge of arithmetic is coeval with the
race. Every people, no matter how uncivilized, has some crude
knowledge of numbers and employs them in its transactions
with one another. Some of them have no real numeral
words, while others have very few. The Chiquitos of Bolivia
have no real numerals. The Campas of Peru have only
three, but can count to ten. The Bushmen of South Africa
have but two numerals. The natives of Lower California can-
not count above five. Very few of the Esquimos can count
above five. The more intelligent can count to twenty or more.

The Egyptians stand at the beginning of the first period in
the historical development of arithmetic. Menes, their first
king, changed the course of the Nile, made a great reservoir,
and built the temple of Phthah at Memphis. They built the
pyramids at a very early period. Surely a people who were en-
gaged in enterprises of such magnitude must have known some-
thing of mathematics — at least of practical arithmetic. To
them all Greek writers are unanimous in ascribing, without
envy, the priority of invention in the mathematical sciences.

Aristotle says that mathematics had its birth in Egypt, be-
cause there the priestly class had the leisure needful for the
study of it. In Herodotus we find this (lie 109): "They
said also that this king (Sesostris) divided the land among all
Egyptians so as to give each one a quadrangle of equal size and
to draw from each his revenues, by imposing a tax to be levied
yearly. But every one from whose part the river tore away
anything, had to go to him and notify what had happened ; he
then sent the overseers, who had to measure out by how much

298 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

the land had become smaller, in order that the owner might
pay on what was left, in proportion to the entire tax imposed.
In this way, it appears to me, geometry originated."

One of the oldest known works on mathematics, a manuscript
copied on papyrus, a kind of paper used about the Mediter-
ranean in early times, is still preserved and is now in the Brit-
ish Museum. It was deciphered in 1877 and found to be a
mathematical manual containing problems in arithmetic and
geometry. It was written by Ahraes sometime before 1700 b.c,
and was founded on an older work believed to date back as far
as 3400 B.C. This work is entitled " Directions for obtaining
the Knowledge of All Dark Things." In the arithmetical part
it teaches operations with whole numbers and fractions. Some
problems in this papyrus seem to imply a rudimentary knowl-
edge of proportion. The area of an isosceles triangle, of which
the sides measure 10 ruths and the base 4 ruths, is erroneously
given as 20 square ruths, or half the product of the base by one
side. The area of a circle is found by deducting from the
diameter -i of its length and squaring the remainder, tt is
taken = Q^^-f = 3.1604.

According to Herodotus the ancient Egyptian computation
consisted in operating with pebbles on a reckoning board
whose lines were at right angles to the user. There is reason
to believe the Babylonians used a similar device. The earli-
est Greeks, like the Egyptians and Eastern nations, counted
on the fingers or with pebbles. The E-omans employed three
methods, reckoning upon the fingers, upon the abacus (a me-
chanical contrivance with columns for counters), and by tables
prepared for the purpose. The method of finger reckoning
seems to have prevailed among savage tribes from the be-
ginning of time, and every observer knows how exceedingly
common its use is among children learning to count. They
perhaps adopt this method instinctively.

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 299

The Egyptiajis used the decimal scale. The Greeks and
Egyptians made exclusive use of unit fractions, or fractions
having one for the numerator. They kept the numerator con-
stant and dealt with variable denominators. The Babylonians
kept the denominators constant and equal to 60. Also the
Romans kept them constant, but equal to 12.

The Greeks also had much to do with the advancement of
mathematics. They discriminated between the science of
numbers and the art of calculation. They were among the
first writers on arithmetic. About twenty-five centuries ago
Pythagoras classified numbers into perfect and imperfect,
even and odd, solid, square, cubical, etc. " He regarded num-
bers as of divine origin — the fountain of existence — the
model and archetype of things — the essence of the universe."
He regarded even numbers as feminine, and allied to the
earth ; odd numbers were supposed to be endued with mascu-
line virtues, and partook of the celestial nature. He consid-
ered "number as the ruler of forms and ideas, and the cause
of gods and daemons " ; and again that " to the most ancient
and all-powerful creating Deity, number was the canon, the
efficient reason, the intellect also, and the most undeviating of
the composition and generation of all things."

Philolaus declared "that number was the governing and
self-begotten bond of the eternal permanency of mundane
natures." Another ancient said that number was the judicial
instrument of the Maker of the universe, and the first para-
digm of mundane fabrication.

Plato ascribed the invention of numbers to God himself. In
the " Phaedrus " he said, " The name of the Deity himself was
Theuth. He was the first to invent numbers, and arithmetic,
and geometry, and astronomy." In the " Timaeus," he said,
"Hence, God ventured to form a certain movable image of
eternity; and thus while he was disposing the parts of the

300 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

universe, he, out of that eternity which rests in unity, formed
an eternal image on the principle of numbers, and to this we
give the appellation of time."

Euclid, who lived about 300 b.c, was one of the early Greek
writers upon arithmetic. In his " Elements " he treats of the
theory of numbers, including prime and composite numbers,
greatest common divisor, least common multiple, continued
proportion, geometrical progressions, etc.

Archimedes, who was born about 287 e.g., was one of the
most noted Greek mathematicians. He discovered the ratio of
the cylinder to the inscribed sphere, and in commemoration of
this the figure of a cylinder was engraved upon his tomb. He
also wrote two papers on arithmetic. In the first he explained
a convenient system of representing large numbers. In the
second he showed that this method enabled a person to write
any number however large, and as proof gave his celebrated
illustration that the number of grains of sand required to fill
the universe is less than 10^.

In 1202 Leonardo of Pisa published his great work " Liber
Abaci." This work contained about all the knowledge the
Arabs possessed in arithmetic and algebra and furnished the
most lasting material for the extension of Hindu methods.

In 1540 Kobert Kecorde published the first arithmetic printed
in the English language. He invented the present method of
extracting the square root.

In 1729 Isaac Greenwood published the first arithmetic pub-
lished in America.

In 1788 Nicolas Pike's arithmetic was published at New-
buryport, Mass. It was a very popular book and was highly
recommended by George Washington. /

In 1797 Chauncey Lee published " The American Accomp-
tant."

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS 301

In 1799 Daboll published at New London, Conn., " The School-
master's Assistant," which was indorsed by Noah Webster. In
this book the comma is used in place of the decimal point.

In 1821 Warren Colburn's " First Lessons in Intellectual
Arithmetic " appeared. This book met with remarkable suc-
cess. About two million copies were sold in twenty -five years.
It revolutionized the teaching of arithmetic, and its influence
is felt to this day.

MATHEMATICAL SIGNS

The symbols -h and — were used by Widmann in his arith-
metic published at Leipzig in 1489, = by Kobert Recorde in
his "Whetstone of Witte" published in 1557, x by William
Oughtred in 1631, the dot (•) as a symbol of multiplication by
Harriot in 1631, the absence of a sign between two letters to
indicate multiplication by Stifel in 1544, : as a symbol of divi-
sion by Leibniz, / as a symbol of division was used very early
by the Hindus and Arabs and is supposed to be the oldest of
all the mathematical signs, -f- as a symbol of division by Rahn,
a Swiss, in an algebra published at Zurich in 1659, > and <
by Harriot in 1631, : : by Oughtred in 1631, V was first used
in this form by Rudoltf in 1525, oo and fractional exponents
by Wallis and Newton in 1658, dx and J by Leibniz on October
29, 1675.

The symbols :^, >, <, indicating "not equal," etc., are
recent. Parentheses were first used as symbols of aggregation
by Girard in 1629. The decimal point came into use in the
seventeenth century ; it seems to have appeared first in a work
published by Pitiscus in 1612. Positive integral exponents in
the present form were first used by Chuquet in 1484.

The Greek letter v was first used to represent the ratio of
the circumference to the diameter by William Jones in his
"Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos," in 1706, and came into
general use through the influence of Euler.

302

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

e g o

o be

AhoqO ^-^

a -43

Ph Q H

W .2
W 2

5 'S a

c a> rt S t*, tc S?
-g S « « ee C2 "

■r^ 2^ CO rjt lO «0 t- C

^ OQ

V. -2

Tl (M CO

^ s 1 1:

MISCELLANEOUS HELPS

303

Bg« 3 V =-9

•3 5 = S c

1 I
I. I

fi e

E IT fc I- —

a e = 4*^

e 2 s

03 a vj

I I

.5 5

. I

H H

oc^tnoh-

E ® ft.

1 1 «l ^ .

Ph O O (S H

TABLES

iOO»CO»OQiCO»COiOO»00»OOiOO»riOiOO»r 1

T-iT-iT-ir-i(Mc^j(MC-<cococ'5r:)TH-tirtiTriio»cob;S

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S3|§3lSi8i||Sim§5||||

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^^888

Tt^ ■^ Tti rr lO

rHrHr-lr-lT-l(MC^J(MC^|lMCOCCCCCOCO

8 $S ^g ^

cc rh •* ^ Tt^

r-l

§§

ssssg^igSsiiiiiiii

X :c ■* (M o

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i-H

3SSS2gggg|gi||S||||

t~" Tfl rH CO m

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ft

r-lr-lT-ii-iT-(T-IC^C4(M<NC^C<lIOCO

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304

TABLES

305

Table showing the Amouxt of SI at Compound Interest fbom
1 Year to 20 Years

Yb.

24 Peb Cent

8 Peb Cent

SJPebCe.^t

4 Pkb Cent

5 Pek Cent

6 Peb Cent

1.025

1.03

1.035

1.04

1.06

1.0o0«2o

1.0609

1.071225

1.0816

1.1026

1.1236

1.070891

1.092727

1.108718

1.124864

1.157625

1.191016

1.103813

1.125509

1.147523

1.169859

1.215500

1.202477

1.131408

1.159274

1.187686

1.216653

1.276282

1.338226

1.159603

1.1940.52

1.229255

1.265319

1.340096

1.418619'

1.18868(3

1.229874

1.272279

1.315932

1.4071

1.50363

1.218103

1.20677

1.316809

1.3685(59

1.477455

1.593848

1.248863

1.304773

1.302897

1.423312

1 651328

1.(589479

1.280085

1.343916

1.410599

1.480244

1.628895

1.790848

1.312087

1.384234

1.45997

1.5394W

1.710339

1.898299

1.344889

1.425761

1.611069

1.001032

1.796866

2.012197

1.378511

1.4085:34

1.563956

1.665074

1.885649

2.132928

1.412974

1.51259

1.018095

1.731676

1.979932

2.260904

1.448298

1.567967

1.075349

1.800944

2.078928

2.396558

1.484506

1.604706

1.733986

1.872981

2.182875

2.640862

1.521618

1.652848

1.794076

1.947901

2.292018

2.692773

1.559659

1.702433

1.857489

2.025817

2.406619

2.854339

1.59865

1.753506

1.922501

2.106849

2.52695

3.0266

1.638616

1.806111

1.989789

2.191123

2.653298

8.207130

Tb.

7 Peb Cknt

S Peb Cent

9 Peb Ckxt

It) Peb Cent

11 Peb Cent

12 Peb Cent

1.07

1.08

1.09

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.1449

1.1664 •

1.1881

1.21

1.2321

1.2544

1.225043

1.259712

1.295029

1.331

1.3(37031

1.404908

1.310790

1.360489

1.411682

1.4641

1.51807

1.573519

1.402552

1.469328

1.638624

1.61051

1.685058

1.702342

1.50073

1.686874

1.6771

1.771561

1.870414

1.973822

1.60.')781

1.713824

1.828039

1.948717

2.07616

2.210681

1.718186

1.85093

1.992503

2.143589

2.304537

2.475963

1.838459

1.999005

2.171893

2.357948

2.568036

2.773078

1.967161

2.158926

2.367364

2.593742

2.a3942

3.106848

2.104852

2.331639

2.680426

2.853117

8.151757

3.478649

2.252192

2.61817

2.812666

3.1.38428

3.49845

3.895975

2.409845

2.719624

3.065806

3.452271

3.883279

4.363492

2.6785:W

2.a37194

3.341727

3.797498

4.31044

4.887111

2.759031

3.172169

3.642482

4.177248

4.784688

6.473565

2.952164

3.426943

3.97030({

4.594973

6.310893

6.130392

3.158816

3.700018

4.327633

6.06447

5.896091

6.86604

3.379932

3.990019

4.71712

5.659917

6.543561

7.689964

3.616527

4.315701

6.141661

6.115909

7.263342

8.61276

3.809684

4.660957

5.604411

6.7275

8.062309

9.646291

306

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Scalene Triangles whose

Areas and Sides are

Integral

Right Triangles whose Sides
are Integral

.10

110

115

120

100

125

104

130

108

135

112

140

116

145

120

150

124

155

128

160

132

165

102

136

170

105

140

175

108

144

180

111

148

185

114

152

190

117

156

195

120

160

200

100

123

164

205

105

126

168

210

Squares of Integers from 10 to 100

No.
10

7
289

8
324

100

121

144

169

196

225

256

361

400

441

484

529

576

625

676

729

784

841

900

961

1024

1089

1156

1225

1296

1369

1444

1521

1600

1681

1764

1849

1936

2025

2116

2209

2304

2401

2500

2601

2704

2809

2916

3025

3136

3249

3364

3481

3600

3721

3844

3969

4096

4225

4356

4489

4624

4761

4900

5041

5184

5329

5476

5625

5776

5929

6084

6241

6400

6561

6724

6889

7056

7225

7396

7569

7744

7921

8100

8281

8464

8649

8836

9025

9216

9409

9604

9801

TABLES

307

Square Roots of Numbers from 0 to 10, at Intervals of .1

Ko.
0

.776

.316

.447

.648

.632

.707

.837 1 .894

.949

1
2
3

1.000
1.414
1.732

1.049
1.449
1.761

lAYX,
1.789

1.140
1.517
1.817

1.183
1.549
1.844

1.225
1.581
1.871

1.265
1.612
1.897

1.304
1.643
1.924

1.342
1.073
1.149

1.378
1.703
1.975

4
5
6

2.000
2.286
2.449

2.025
2.258
2.470

2.049
2.280
2.490

2.074
2.302
2.510

2.098
2.324
2.530

2.121
2.345
2.550

2.145
2.366
2.569

2.168
2.387
2.588

2.191
2.408
2.608

2.214
2.429
2.627

7
8
9

2.646
2.828
3.000

2.665
2.846
3.017

2.683
2.864
3.033

2.702
2.881
3.050

2.720
2.898
3.066

2.739
2.915
3.082

2.757
2.933
3.098

2.775
2.950
3.114

2.793
2.966
3.130

2.811
2.983
3.146

Square Roots of Integers from 10 to 100

No.

•

10
20
30

3.162
4.472
5.477

3.317
4.583
6.668

3.464
4.690
6.667

3.606
4.796
6.745

3.742
4.899
6.831

3.873
6.000
6.916

4.000
5.099
6.000

4.123
6.196
6.083

4.243
6.292
6.164

4.359
6.385
6.245

40
60
60

6.326
7.071
7.746

6.403
7.141
7.810

6.481
7.211
7.874

6.567
7.280
7.937

6.633
7.348
8.000

6.708
7.416
8.062

6.782
7.483
8.124

6.856
7.550
8.185

6.928
7.616
8.246

7.000
7.681
8.307

70
80
90

8.367
8.944
9.487

8.426
9.000
9.639

8.486
9.056
9.692

8.644
9.110
9.644

8.602
9.165
9.695

8.660
9.220
9.747

8.718
9.274
9.798

8.775
9.327
9.849

8.8.S2
9.381
9.899

8.888
9.434
9.950

Cube Rck)ts of Ixtec.krs from 1 to 30

No.

Cube Root

No.

CUBK EOOT

No.

ClfHK Ko«.T

1.000000

2.223980

2.758024

1.255)021

2.289420

2.802030

1.442250

2.351335

2.843867

1.587401

2.410142

2.884409

1.70S)076

2.466212

2.024018

1.817121

2.519842

2.962496

1.912931

2.571282

3.000000

2.000000

2.620741

3.036589

2.080084

2.668402

3.072317

2 154435

2.714418

3.107233

308

MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Tables of Prime Numbers from 1 to 1000

i09

^69

^39

^17

811

. 83

507

503

701

507

^01

601

iOl

809

Note. — The hundreds' digits are not repeated after being first intro-
duced, unless at the heads of columns.

Constants

= 3.14159265359
= 0.7853982

= 0.5235988

0.3183099

9.8696044
0.1013212

V7r = 1.7724539

0.5641896

log

0.4971499

log - = 9.8950899 - 10

^6
log -

log tt'^

9.7189986- 10

9.5028501 - 10
0.9942997

log -L = 9.0057003 - 10

log Vtt = 0.2485749
logA: = 9.7514251 -10

TABLES

309

Specific Gravities. — Water 1

A table showing the weight of each substance compared with an equal
volume of pure water. A cubic foot of rain water weighs 1000 ounces,
or 02i lb. Avoir. To find the weight of a ctibic foot of any substance
named in the table, move the decimal point three places toward the
right, which is multiplying by 1000, and the result will show Qie number
of ounces in a cubic foot.

BCB9TAXCKS

Acid, acetic ....

Acid, nitric

Acid, sulphuric . . .

Air

Alcohol, of commerce .
Alcohol, pure . . . .

Alder wood

Ale

Alum

Aluminum

Amber

Amethyst

Ammonia

Ash

Blood, human ....
Brass .... (about)

Brick

Butter

Cedar

Cherry

Cider

Coal, bituminous (about)
Coal, anthracite . . .

Copper

Coral

Cork . .

Diamond

Earth (mean of the globe)

Elm

Emerald

Fir

Glass, flint ... . . .

Glass, plate ....

Gold, native ....

Gold, pure, cast . . .

Gold, coin

Granite

Gum Arabic ....

Gypsum

Honey

Ice

Iodine

Iron

Iron, ore

Ivory

Laid

Specific Grav.

1.008

1.271

1.841 to 2.125

.001227

.835

.794

.800
1.035
1.724
2.560
1.064
2.750

.875
8.400
1.054
8.400
2.000

.912
.457 to ^661

.715
1.018
1.250
1.600
8.788
2.540

.240
3.630
6.210

.661
2.678

.550

2.760

2.7f50

15.600 to 19..of)0

lO.'ioH

17.(>47

2. «).'>'-'

2.288
1.456

.930
4.948
7.645
4.900
1.917

.947

SfBSTANCES

Lead, cast . .

Lead, white .

Lead, ore . .

Lignum vitse .

Lime ....

Lime, stone .

Mahogany . .

Manganese

Maple . . .

Marble . . .

Men (living) .

Mercury, pure

Mica ....

Milk ....

Nickel . . .

Niter. . . .

Oil, castor . .

Oil, linseed .

Opal ....

Opium . . .

Pearl. . . .

Pewter ...

Platinum (native)

Platinum, wire

Poplar . . .

Porcelain . •

Quartz . . .

Rosin . . .

Salt ....

Sand ....

Silver, cast

Silver, coin

Slate ....

Steel ....

Stone . . .

Sulphur, fused

Tallow . . .

Tar ....

Tin . . . .

Turpentine, spirits of
i Vinegar . .
1 Walnut . . .
; Water, distilled
! Water, sea
! Wax ....

Zinc, cast . .

Si'ECinc GBA^

ll.;i5()

7.2;«

7.250

1.333

.804

2.386

1.063

3.700

.750

2.716

.891

14.000

2.750

1.032

8.279

1.900

.970

.940

2.114

l..'i37

2.510

7.471

17.000

21.041

.383

2.385

2.500

1.100

, 2.130

1.5O0 to 1 .800

10.474

10.534

2.110

7.816

2.000 to 2.700

.941
1.015
7.291

.870
1.013

.671
1.000
1.028

.897
7.190

310

MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

Approximate Values of Foreign Coins in United States Monet

Value in

Country

Standard

Monetary Unit

Terms of

U. S. Gold

Dollars

Argentine Republic .

Gold & Silver

Peso

.965

Austria- Hungary . .

Gold

Crown

.203

Belgium

Gold & Silver

Franc

.193

Bolivia

Silver

Boliviano

.441

Brazil

Gold

Milreis

.546

British Possessions in

N. A. [except New-

foundland^ . . .

Gold

Dollar

1.00

Central Am. States

Guatemala"]

Honduras

Silver

Peso

.441

Nicaragua (

Salvador J

Chili

Gold

Peso

.365

[ Shanghai

.661

China

Silver

TaeU Haikwan

.736

[ Canton

.722

Colombia ....

Gold

Dollar

1.00

Costa Rica ....

Gold

Colon

.465

Cuba

Gold

Peso

.91

Denmark ....

Gold

Crown

.268

Ecuador

Gold

Sucre

.487

Egypt

Gold

Pound [100 Piastres]

4.943

Finland

Gold

Mark

.193

France

Gold & Silver

Franc

.193

German Empire . .

Gold

Mark

.238

Great Britain . . .

Gold

Pound Sterling

4.866^

Greece

Gold & Silver

Drachma

.193

Haiti

Gold & Silver

Gourde

.965

India

Gold

Pound Sterling

4.866^

Italy

Gold & Silver

Lira

.193

Japan

Gold

Yen, Gold

.498

Liberia

Gold

Dollar

1.00

Mexico

Gold

Peso

.498

Netherlands . . .

Gold & Silver

Florin

.402

Newfoundland . . .

Gold

Dollar

1.014

Norway

Gold

Crown

.268

Peru

Gold

Sol

.487

Portugal

Gold

Milreis

1.08

Russia

Gold

Rouble, Gold

.515

Spain

Gold & Silver

Peseta

.193

Sweden

Gold

Crown

.268

Switzerland . . .

Gold & Silver

Franc

.193

Tripoli

Silver

Mahbub [20 Piastres]

.413

Turkey

Gold

Piastre

.044

Venezuela ....

Gold & Silver

Bolivar

.193

TABLES 311

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Avoirdupois Weight

16 ounces (oz.) = 1 pound (lb.)

100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt.)

20 hundredweight, or 2000 pounds = 1 ton (T.)

1 ton = 20 cwt. = 2000 lb. = 32,000 oz.
1 pound Avoirdupois weight = 7000 grains.
1 ounce Avoirdupois weight = 437 J gr.

Troy Weight

24 grains (gr.) = 1 pennyweight (pwt.)
20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (oz.)
12 ounces = 1 pound (lb.)

1 lb. = 12 oz. = 240 pwt. = 5760 gr.
1 ounce Troy weight = 480 gr.

Apothecaries* Weight

20 grains (gr. xx) = 1 scruple (sc., or 3)
3 scruples (3iij) = 1 dram (dr., or 3)
8 drains (3viij) = 1 ounce (oz., or 3)

12 ounces (3xij) =1 pound (lb., or ft.)

1 ft. = 12 3 = 96 3 = 288 3 = 5760 gr.
Medicines are bought and sold in quantities by Avoirdupois weight.

Apothecaries' Fluid Measure

60 minims, or. drops (HI, or gtt.) = 1 fluidrachm (f 3)
8 fluidrachms = 1 fluidounce (f 3 )

16 fluidounces = 1 pint (O.)

8 pints = 1 gallon (Cong.)

1 Cong. = 80. = 128 f 3 = 1024 f 3 = 61,440 m.
O. is an abbreviation of octans, the Latin for one eighth ; Cong, for con-
giarium, the Latin for gallon.

312 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Linear Measure

12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)

3 feet = 1 yard (yd.)

5^ yards, or 16| feet = 1 rod (rd.)

320 rods = 1 mile (mi.)

1 mi. = 320 rd. = 1760 yd. = 5280 ft. = 63,300 in.

Mariners' Linear Measure

9 inches (in.) =1 span (sp.)
8 spans, or 6 feet = 1 fathom (fath.)
120 fathoms =1 cable's length (c. 1.)

7^ cable lengths = 1 nautical mile (or knot) (mi.)
3 miles = 1 league

Geographical and Astronomical Linear Measure

1 geographic mile = 1.15 statute miles

3 geographic miles = 1 league
60 geographic miles, or 1 _ f of latitude on a meridian,

69.16 statute miles J ~ [or of longitude on the equator

360 degrees = the circumference of the earth

Surveyor's Linear Measure

7.92 inches = 1 link (1.)
25 links = 1 rod (rd. ) \

4 rods = 1 chain (ch.)
80 chains = 1 mile (mi.)

1 mile = 80 ch. = 320 rd. = 8000 1. = 63,360 in.

Jewish Linear Measure

cubit = 1.824 ft. I mile (4000 cubits) = 7296 ft.

Sabbath day's journey = 3648 ft. | day's journey = 33.164 mi.

Square Measure

144 square inches (sq. in.) = 1 square foot (sq. ft.)

9 square feet = 1 square yard (sq. yd.)

SO^ square yards = 1 square rod or perch (sq. rd.; P.)

160 square rods = 1 acre (A.)

640 acres = 1 square mile (sq. mi. )

TABLES 313

•q. mL A. sq. rd. sq. yd. sq. ft. sq. in.

1 = 640 = 102,400 = 3,097,600 = 27,878,400 = 4,014,489,600

1 = 160 = 4840 = 43,660 = 6,272,640

1 = 30J = 272J = 89,204

1 = 9 = 1290

Surveyor's Square Measure
626 square links (sq. 1.) = 1 square rod (sq. rd.)

16 square rods = 1 square chain (sq. ch.)

10 square chains = 1 acre (A.)

640 acres = 1 square mile (sq. mi.)

36 square miles = 1 township (Tp.)

Tp. sq. mi. A. sq. ch. sq. rd. sq. 1.

1 = 36 = 23,040 = 230,400 = 3,686,400 = 2,304,000,000

1 = 640 = 6400 = 102,400 = 6,400,000

1 = 10 = 160 = 100,000

Cubic Measure
1728 cubic inches (cu. in.) = 1 cubic foot (cu. ft.)
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard (cu. yd.)

1 cu. yd. = 27 cu. ft. = 46,666 cu. in.

Wood Measure
16 cubic feet = 1 cord foot (cd. ft.)

8 cord feet, or ] , , ...

128 cubic feet 1 = 1'=""^ ^'^'^

24J cubic feet = I PercMPch.) of etone
* [ or of masonry

Drt Measure

2 pints (pt.) = 1 quart (qt.)

8 quarts = 1 peck (pk.)
4 pecks = 1 bushel (bu.)
1 bu. = 4 pk. = 32 qt. = 64 pt.

Liquid Measure
4 gills = 1 pint (pt.)
2 pints = 1 quart (qt.)
4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal.)
31i gallons = 1 barrel (bbl.)
1 bbl. = 31 J gal. = 126 qt. = 262 pt. = 1008 gi.

3l4 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

Circular Measure
60 seconds = 1 minute (')
60 minutes = 1 degree (°)
360 degrees = 1 circle

Commercial Weight
16 drams = 1 ounce (oz.)
16 ounces = 1 pound (lb.)
2000 pounds = 1 ton (T.)

Paper
24 sheets = 1 quire
20 quires = 1 ream
2 reams = 1 bundle
6 bundles = 1 bale

English Money
4 farthings (far.) = 1 penny (d.)
12 pence = 1 shilling (s.)

20 shillings = 1 pound (£)

1 £ = 20s. = 240d. = 960 far.
1 £ = $4.8665 in U. S. money

Measure of Time
60 seconds (sec. ) = 1 minute (min. )
60 minutes = 1 hour (hr.)

24 hours = 1 day (da. )

7 days = 1 week (wk.)

365 days = 1 year (yr.)

366 days = 1 leap year

1 da. = 24 hr. = 1440 min. = 86,400 sec.

THE METRIC SYSTEM

(^The Acme of Simplicity}
The following prefixes are used in the Metric System :

(Greek) (Latin)

deka, meaning 10 deci, meaning .1

hekto, meaning 100 centi, meaning .01

kilo, meaning 1000 milli, meaning .001
myria, meaning 10,000

TABLES 315

Linear Measure

10 millimeters (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.)

10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm.)

10 decimeters = 1 meter (m. )

10 meters = 1 dekameter (Dm.)

10 dekametere = 1 hektometer (Hm.)

10 hektometers = 1 kilometer (Km.)

10 kilometers = 1 myriameter (Mm.)

SgcAUK Measure

100 square millimeters (sq. mm.) = 1 square centimeter (sq. cm.)
100 square centimeters = 1 square decimeter (sq. dm.)

100 square decimeters = 1 square meter (sq. m.)

100 square meters = 1 square dekameter (sq. Dm.)

100 square dekameters = 1 square hektometer (sq. Hm.)

100 square hektometers = 1 square kilometer (sq. Km.)

The area of a farm is expressed in hektares.

The area of a country is expressed in square kilometers.

Cubic Measure

1000 cubic millimeters (cu. mm.) = 1 cubic centimeter (cu. cm.)
1000. cubic centimeters = 1 cubic decimeter (cu. dm.)

1000 cubic decimeters = 1 cubic meter (cu. m.)

Table of Capacity

10 milliliters (ml.) = 1 centiliter (cl.)

10 centiliters = 1 deciliter (dl.)

10 deciliters = 1 liter (1.)

10 liters = 1 dekaliter (Dl.)

10 dekaliters = 1 hektoliter (HI.)

.10 hektoliters = 1 kiloliter (Kl.)

10 kiloliters = 1 myrialiter (Ml.)

The hektoliter is used in measuring grain, vegetables, etc.
The liter is used in measuring licjuids and small fruits.

Table of Weight

10 milligrams (mg.) = 1 centigram (eg.)
10 centigrams = 1 decigram (dg.)

10 decigrams = 1 gram (g.)

316 MATHEMATICAL WRINKLES

10 grams = 1 dekagram (Dg. )

10 dekagrams = 1 hektogram (Hg.)

10 hektograms = 1 kilogram (Kg.)

1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton (T.)

A myriagram = 10,000 grams
A quintal (Q.) = 100,000 grams

TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS

Long Measure

1 inch = 2.54 centimeters 1 centimeter = .3937 of an inch

1 foot = .3048 of a meter 1 decimeter = .328 of a foot

1 yard = .9144 of a meter 1 meter = 1.0936 yards

1 rod = 6.029 meters 1 dekameter = 1.9884 rods

1 mile = 1.6093 kilometers 1 kilometer = .62137 of a mile

Square Measure

1 square inch = 6.462 square centimeters
1 square foot = .0929 of a square meter
1 square yard = .8361 of a square meter
1 square rod = 26.293 square meters
1 acre = 40.47 ares

1 square mile = 259 hectares

1 square centimeter = .155 of a square inch
1 square decimeter = .1076 of a square foot
1 square meter = 1.196 square yards

1 are = 3.954 square rods

1 hektare = 2.471 acres

1 square kilometer = .3861 of a square mile

Cubic Measure

1 cubic inch = 16.387 cubic centimeters
1 cubic foot = 28.317 cubic decimeters
1 cubic yard = .7645 of a cubic meter
1 cord = 3.624 steres

1 cubic centimeter := .061 of a cubic inch
1 cubic decimeter = .0353 of a cubic foot
1 cubic meter = 1.308 cubic yards

1 stere = .2759 of a cord

TABLES 317

Measures of Capacity

1 liquid quart = .9463 of a liter
1 dry quart = 1.101 liters
1 liquid gallon = .3785 of a dekaliter
1 peck = .881 of a dekaliter

1 bushel = .3524 of a hektoliter

1 liter = 1.0567 liquid quarts

1 liter = .908 of a dry quart

1 dekaliter = 2.6417 liquid gallons
1 dekaliter =1.135 pecks
1 hektoliter = 2.8375 bushels

Measures of Weight

1 grain Troy = .0648 of a gram

1 ounce Avoirdupois = 28.35 grams

1 ounce Troy = 31.104 grams

1 pound Avoirdupois = .4536 of a kilogram

1 pound Troy = .3732 of a kilogram

1 ton (short) = .9072 of a tonneau

1 gram = .03527 of an ounce Avoirdupois

1 gram = .03215 of an ounce Troy

1 gram = 15.432 grains Troy

1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds Avoirdupois

1 kilogram = 2.679 pounds Troy

1 tonneau = 1.1023 tons (short)

CONVENIENT MULTIPLES FOR CONVERSION

To Convert

Grains to Grams, multiply by .066

Ounces to Grams, multiply by 28.35

Pounds to Grams, multiply by 453.6

Pounds to Kilograms, multiply by .46

Hundredweights to Kilograms, multiply by 50.8
Tons to Kilograms, multiply by 1016.

Grams to Grains, multiply by 15.4

Grams to Ounces, multiply by .36

Kilograms to Ounces, multiply by 35.3

Kilograms to Pounds, multiply by 2.2

Kilograms to Hundredweights, multiply by .02

318 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

Kilograms to Tons,

multiply by-

.001

Inches to Millimeters,

multiply by

25.4

Inches to Centimeters,

multiply by

2.54

Feet to Meters,

multiply by

.3048

Yards to Meters,

multiply by

.9144

Yards to Kilometers,

multiply by

.0009

Miles to Kilometers,

multiply by

1.6

Millimeters to Inches,

multiply by

.04

Centimeters to Inches,

multiply by

Meters to Feet,

multiply by

3.3

Meters to Yards,

multiply by

1.1

Kilometers to Yards,

multiply by 1093.6

Kilometers to Miles,

multiply by

.62

MISCELLANEOUS

Acre = 5645.376 square varas.

Acre (square) is 209f feet each way.

Ampere (unit of current) is that current of electricity that decom-
poses .00009324 gram of water per second.

Are = a square dekameter.

Barleycorn = ^ inch.

Barrel (flour) weighs 196 pounds.

Barrel (wine) holds 31 gallons.

Bushel (imperial) = 2216.192 cubic inches.

Bushel (U. S.) = 2150.42 cubic inches.

Cable length = 120 fathoms.

Calorie = 42,000,000 ergs = .428 kilogrammeter.

Carat (assayer's weight) =: 10 pennyweight.

Carat (of diamond) = 3^ grains. ,

Centare = 1 square meter.

Century = 100 years.

Chaldron = 36 bushels.

Coulomb (unit of quantity) is a current of 1 ampere during 1 second
of time.

Crown = 5 shillings.

Cubic foot of water weighs 62| pounds.

Cubit = 18 inches.

Cycle (metonic) = 19 years.

Cycle (of indiction) = 15 years.

Cycle (solar) =28 years.

TABLES 319

Degree (1°) = ^ of a right angle = ■—- radian.

180

Dozen = 12.

Dozen (baker's) = 13.

Eagle = a 10.

Farthing = S .00503.

Fathom = 6 feet.

Firkin (wine measure) = 9 gallons.

Florin (Austrian) = 84.53.

Fortnight = 2 weeks.

Furlong = J mile.

Gallon (drj') = 268 cubic inches.

Gallon (liquid) = 231 cubic inches.

Gram = weight of 1 cubic centimeter of distilled water at its maximum
density.

Great gross = 12 gross.

Gross = 12 dozen.

Gross ton, long ton = 2240 pounds.

Guilder (Holland) = S.402.

Guinea = 21 shillings.

Half section = 320 acres.

Hand = 4 inches.

Heat of fusion of ice at 0° C. is 80 calories per gram.

Heat of vaporization of water at 100° C. is 536 calories per gram.

Hectare = 1 square hectometer.

Hogshead = 2 barrels.

Kilo = a kilogram.

Knot = 6086 feet, or 1.15 miles.

Labor = 177.136 acres.

League or Sitio (Spanish) = 4428.4 acres.

Leap year. The centennial years divisible by 400 and all other years
divisible by 4 are leap years.

Light travels 300,000,000 meters, or 180,000 miles, per second.

Liter = 1 cubic decimeter.

Long hundredweight =112 pounds.

Mill = 8 .001.

Minim = a drop of pure water.

Mite = f .0187.

Nautical mile = 1 knot.

Ohm (unit of resistance) is the electrical resistance of a column of
mercury 106 centimeters long and of 1 square millimeter section.

320 MATHEMATICAL WEINKLES

Pace (common) = 3 feet.

Pace (military) = 2^ feet.

Pack = 240 pounds.

Parcian (Spanish) = 5314.08 acres.

Penny =$.02025.

Period (Dionysian, or Paschal) = 532 years.

Quarter (English) = 8 bushels; U. S. = 8^ bushels.

Quarter section = 160 acres.

Quintal = 100,000 grams.

Radian = — = 57.2957796°.

Eod = 5| yards, or 16^ feet.

Score = 20.

Section = 640 acres.

Sextant = 60°.

Shilling = 1 .243.

Sign = 30 degrees.

Span = 9 inches.

Specific heat of ice is about 0.506.

Square = 100 square feet. .

Stere = .2759 cord, or 1 cubic meter.

Stone = 14 pounds.

Strike (dry measure) = 2 bushels.

Ton (long) = 2240 pounds.

Ton (register) = 100 cubic feet.

Ton (shipping) = 40 cubic feet.

Ton (short) = 2000 pounds.

Tonneau = 1.1023 tons.

Township = 36 square miles.

Vara (California) = 33 inches.

Vara (Texas) = .9259+ yard, or 33^ inches.

Volt (unit of electromotive force) is 1 ampere of current passing
through a substance having 1 ohm of resistance.

Watt (unit of power) is the power of 1 ampere current passing through
a resistance of 1 ohm.

Year (common) = 365 days.

Year (leap, or bissextile) = 366 days.

Year (lunar) = 354 days.

Year (sidereal) = 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9 seconds.

Year (solar) = 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 46.05 seconds.

INDEX

Age Table

Algebraic Problems

Answers and Solutions to

Algebraic Problems . . . .

Arithmetical Problems . . .

Greometrical Exercises . . .

Mathematical Recreations . .

Miscellaneous Problems . . .

Approximate Results

Arithmetical Problems . . . .

Arithmetical Series

Belts

Bins, Cisterns, etc

Brick and Stone Work . . . .

Carpeting

Casks and Barrels

Compound Interest Tables . . .
Cube Roots of Integers . . . .

Density of a Body

Examination Questions . . .
Extraction of Any Root . . . .

Foarth Dimension

Fractions Classified

Geometrical Exercises . . . .
Geometrical Magnitudes Classi-
fied

Grain and Hay

G. C. D. of Fractions . . . . .

Harmonic Mean

Historical Notes

Historical Notes on Arithmetic .

Homer's Methotl

Interest

L. C. M. of Fractions . . . .

I^ogs

Lumber

Marking Goods

Mathematical Branches Defined
Mathematical Recreations . . ,

Mathematical Signs

Mathematics Classified . . . ,
Mean Proportional

75
25

185
163

205
201
240
1
286
258
259
259
260
260
305
307
265
113
289
108
302
33

303
267
288
287
294
296
289
237
288
»)8

244
291
58
301
302
287

Mensuration 258

Metric Tables 314

Miscellaneous Helps 285

Miscellaneous Problems ... 48

Multiplication Table 304

Nine Point Circle 45

Numbers Classified 302

Painting and Plastering . . . 269

Papering 270

Periods of Numeration .... 286

Pi (it) to 707 places 285

Quotations on Mathematics . . 245
Right Triangles whose Sides are

Integral 306

Roofing and Flooring .... 274
Scalene Triangles whose Areas

are Integral 306

Scientific Truths 291

Short Methods 228

Addition 228

Approximate Results .... 240

Division 234

Fractions 235

Multiplication 230

Interest 237

Subtraction 230

Similar Solids 276

Similar Surfaces 276

Specific Gravities 309

Squares of Integers 306

Square Roots of Integers . . . 307

Table of Equivalents 316

Table of Prime Numbers ... 308

Tables 304

To find the Day of the Week . . 287
To find the Day's Length at Any

Longitude 288

To find the Height of a Stump . 289

To Sura to Infinity 287

Values of Foreign Coins . 310

Weights and Measures .... 311

Wood Measure 283

321

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