f
AGRIC. DEPT.
Main lib.
Aerie.
'-''-
DEUTSCHER KALTE-VEREIN
<GERMAN ASSOCIATION OF REFRIGERATION)
MECHANICAL
REFRIGERATION
IN GERMANS
PRESENTED TO THE MEMBERS OF THE
THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF REFRIGERATION
CHICAGO 1913
. DEPT,
'PRINTED BY R. OLDENBOURG, MUNICH
INTRODUCTION
fN presenting these pages the Deutsche Kdfte* herein tenders its greetings to the
C>/ memBers of the Third Internationaf Congress of Refrigeration.
Under the heading "Tirms of German Refrigerating Machine Makers. Technical and
Personal "Motes'" 'we have attempted to furnish a sketch of the extent to which German
engineering firms take an active part in the suppfy and devefopment the worfd's
demand for mechanical refrigeration ; whifst in the second part we venture to descriBe
a few extensive or otherwise notahfe instaffations erected within the German Empire. —
We cannot pretend to have realized our aim to anything [ike the anticipated extent,
if onfy in view of the fact that a considerahfe numher of eminent firms engaged
in the construction of refrigerating machines have not seen their way to participate
in our scheme, so that the attainment of our oBject is necessarify incompfete ; yet
we hope that the information here given may prove usefuf to those interested with
us in aff matters appertaining to mechanica[ refrigeration.
The Deutsche Kdfte Perein was founded in 19 to and had its inception in the
institution of the Internationaf Congresses, so that it owes its origin to externaf
influences. The association numhers at present fittfe more than two hundred memhers.
Since in Germany mechanical refrigeration attracted the attention of physicists and
engineers at an earfier date than in most countries and according fy a/so has Been
devefoped and systematized more compfetefy the necessity of associated furtherance
of the devefopment of the industry is here fess pronounced than efsewhere. Of
the three departmentaf divisions of the association, that is to say the scientific,
technicaf and economicaf departments, it is according fy onfy the fatter which has
shown great activity, inasmuch as it has undertaken the study of a numBer of
proB ferns re fating to the working and management of cofd stores and ice factories.
A current account of the transactions of the Deutsche Kdfte Verein is to Be found
in the organ of the association, the Zeitschrifi der gesamten Kdfte* Industrie, a copy
of the speciaf commemoration numBer of which we present with this puBfication.
One of the objects* of the German Kdfte Verein is to estahfish ties of common
interests among the memBers of the refrigeration fraternity, and it is in this spirit
that it accompanies those of its memBers who are attending the Third Internationaf
Congress of Refrigeration with its si nee rest wishes for successfuf discussion and
frwtfuf strengthening of Internationaf interests.
THE DEUTSCHE KALTE VEREIN
President: Dr. C. v. Linde
MUNICH, August 1913.
337331
CONTENTS
FIRST PART
page
A. Borsig, Berlin =Tegel 1
A. Freundlidi, Engineering Works, Diisseldorf 10
A. Haacke © Co., Celle 17
Gesellschaft fiir Lindes Eismasdiinen A.=G., Wiesbaden 18
Griinzweig © Hartmann G. m. b. H., Ludwigshaven o. Rh 21
C. B. Konig, Altona o. Elbe 25
The Masdiinenbau=Anstalt Humboldt, Cologne^Kalk and its Position in the Refrigerating
Industry 26
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen, Esslingen 30
Masdiinenfabrik Germania, vorm. J. S. Sdiwalbe (S) Sohn, Chemnitz 33
Masdiinenfabrik C. G. Haubold jr., G. m. b. H., Chemnitz 35
Wegelin *© Hiibner, with whom are incorporated Vaas fS) Littmann, Engineering
Works and Foundry, A.-G., Halle o. S 39
Quid © Co., Engineering Works, Sdiiltigheim <Alsace> 42
SECOND PART
Refrigeration Plant of the Municipal Abattoir at Dresden. Installed by the Gesellschaft
fur Lindes Eismaschinen, Wiesbaden 47
Abattoir with Meat Cooling Plant and Ice Factory at Bad Godesberg on Rhine. Architect
and Designer: Herr Walter Frees e, Bonn o. Rh. Installation by A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel . . 56
Cold Storage Plant at the Kaiserhafen at Bremerhaven. Installed by Messrs. L.A.Riedinger,
Maschinen» und Bronzewarenfabrik A.-G., Augsburg 60
Supply Stores Cooling Installation at Essen. Installed by A. Freundlich, Engineering Works,
Diisseldorf 65
Work No. I of the Gesellsdiaft fiir Markt= und Kiihlhallen at Berlin. Installed by the
Gesellschaft fiir Lindes Eismaschinen, Wiesbaden 74
Fur Cooling Plant of Mr. Rudolph Hertzog, Berlin. Installed by A. Borsig, BerhWTegel 87
Carbonic Acid Shaft Congelation Plant, Prince Adalbert Pit near Celle, Hannover.
Erected by Messrs. We gel in «) Hub ner A.-G., Halle o.S 89
Refrigerating Madiine Plant of the Friedridishohe Brewing Company late Patzenhofer,
Berlin. Installed by the Gesellschaft fur Lindes Eismaschinen, Wiesbaden. . . . 92
The Kristalleisfabrik A.=G. Eiswerke Hamburg. Erected by A. Borsig, Berlin=Tegel . 94
Cooling Installation for Dwelling Rooms and Workshops, a) Residence of Mr. Riesser
at Frankfort o. M., b) The Hamburg Telephone Exchange Installation. Installed
by the Gesellschaft fiir Lindes Eismaschinen, Wiesbaden 98
FIRST PART • -
•
FIRMS OF GERMAN REFRIGERATING PLANT
SUPPLVERS TECHNICAL AND PERSONAL NOTES
Fig. 1 General View of the Works at Tegel
A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
The firm of A. Borsig was founded in 1837 by August
Borsig, grandfather of the present principals. The under-
taking comprises now the Engineering Works at Tegel
near Berlin and the Mining and Steel Works at
Borsigwerk in Upper Silesia. The total number of
persons employed at these establishments amounts to
125000.
The works at Tegel were installed in 1898 and in
the main work up the raw materials produced at Borsig-
werk. The establishment is situated in a most favourable
position on the Tegel Lake, which is in direct communi-
cation with the great North and East German water-
ways. For transport by rail the establishment is con-
nected by a loop line to the Berlin -Kremmen state
railway line. This loop line runs through the main
roads of the works, whilst a narrow gauge railway
system provides the intercommunication between all the
workshops.
The first building the visitor sees on passing through
the main entrance is the general office building, which
accommodates the counting house on the ground floor,
on the first and second floors the drawing offices, and
on the third floor the technical library, the blue print
laboratory, and the photographic studio attached to the
advertising and literary department.
The chief objects of manufacture are:
Locomotives,
Steam Engines and Boilers,
Piston Pumps,
Centrifugal Pumps,
Air Lift Pumps (Mammoth Type),
Air and Gas Compressors for all purposes,
Ice Making and Refrigerating Machines operating
on the ammonia, carbon dioxide and sulphur
dioxide systems,
High Pressure Pipe Conduits,
Compressed Air and Vacuum Dust Removing
Plant,
Machines and Appliances for Chemical Processes,
Forgings and Castings.
The property at Tegel embraces an area of 99 acres,
one half of which is at present occupied by the works.
The cubical content of the workshops and other works
buildings erected thereon is about 26,000,000 cub. ft.
For the transport and handling of work pieces the
works yards and workshops are served by forty cranes
varying in lifting capacity from 5 to 37% tons and of
spans varying from 10 to 56 ft.
Following the circuit marked on the plan of the
works, the boiler shops are encountered first after tra-
versing a yard bounded by the waging office with the
gate and timekeeper's lodge, the office building, the
l
A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
Fig. 2 Boiler Shop
Fig. 3 Erecting Shop for Compressors
A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
motor garage, the stables and sheds, the fire drill tower,
the wheel yard, and the delivery and despatch depart-
Fig. 4 Drawing Office of the Refrigerating Machine Department
ment. The boiler shops comprise six large sections and
are provided with the latest and most perfect equipment
for machining and handling work of the largest dimen-
sions.
The last section on the eastern side is employed for
fitting up locomotive frames. This section contains
amongst other machines the boring, slotting and milling
machines required for machining locomotive frame plates
in large numbers, the machines being so designed that
plates stacked to a height of 10 inches can be machined
with three machine tools at a time. The other sections
accommodate the boiler shops proper, separate depart-
ments being provided for locomotive boileis, large water
space boilers and water tube boilers, the latter including
special types of marine boilers, boilers with steep water
tubes, etc.
A separate section serves for making freezing tanks,
condensers for refrigerating machines, etc. Mechanical
chain stokers are likewise put together in this section.
Wherever practicable, all boilers are riveted hydrauli-
cally. The caulking of the seams and rivet heads
is effected throughout by compressed air tools. Metal
plates are cut by the autogenous method, and the
numerous containers which form part of compressor
and refrigerator machine plants are welded by the same
process.
The Boiler Section adjoins the Store Section for boiler plat-
es, rivets, corrugated tubes, and water tubes, next to which
is the Tube Bending
Shop and the Welding
Shop for water tanks
and other large vessels
for chemical manu-
facturing processes.
On the right side
of the road the boiler
yard sections are suc-
ceeded by the Erect-
ing Shops for large
engines and machines.
In this section a large
number^of refrigerat-
ing machine compres-
sors, air compressors
and hydrogen com-
pressors are at all
times being erected,
as the establishment
turns out about one
thousand units per
annum.
The construction of refrigerating machines has be-
come particularly extensive. Of other machines and
Fig. 5 CO, Marine Refrigerating Machine
engines completed here we may mention inclosed ver-
tical type quick running engines, horizontal steam en-
1*
A. Borsig^ Berlin-Tegel
Fig. 6 The Foundry
Fig. 7 The Tube Stack
A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
Fig. 8 The Tube Bending Shop
Fig. 9 Locomotive Erecting Shop
A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
gines of every type and size, pumping engines, large blow-
ing engines, hydraulic presses, etc.
Next in order follows the Fitting Shop Section, to
which adjoin the Turning
Shop for Heavy Work
and the Locomotive Fitt-
ing Shop.
This group of work-
shops accommodates about
750 machine tools, includ-
ing 250 large lathes, 100
planing machines, 140 bor-
ing machines and 70 milling
machines for forgings and
castings of all dimensions
up to the largest to be
met with in machine con-
struction.
At the rear of the fitt-
ing shops are situated the
screwing machine shops, the experimental -section for
refrigerating machines, pumps and compressors, as well
as machine parts.
Fig. 10 Apprentices' Workshop
double forge hearths, 18 welding and reheating fur-
naces, steam hammers with tups weighing up to
6 tons, machine forges and hydraulic press forges,
among these some capable
of exerting pressures of
1200 and 2000 tons.
In both forges alto-
gether 10,800 tons of forg-
ings of small and moder-
ately large size up to 40
tons are produced annually,
whilst the heavier forgings
are supplied by the iron
and steel works at Borsig-
werk in Upper Silesia.
The adjoining new
building comprises bri-
quetting presses, in which
the steel and iron turnings,
classified from gunmetal
chips, are moulded into briquettes for admixture to the
foundry charges. The next section is the template
cutting and cold sawing shop.
Fig. 11 Engineers and Clerks' Casino
These are succeeded by the steel casting and The next building is the Boiler House with the eco-
section iron store, next to which are the Forge and nomiser plant. The steam generator plant comprises eleven
Smithy. The Forge is equipped with upwards of 45 water tube boilers designed for a working pressure of
A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
147 Ibs per sq. in. and having an aggregate heating sur-
face of 28,000 sq. ft. These boilers, fitted with chain
grates, generate steam for the power house and electric
light station and partly also for the steam hammers and
the heating installations. The power house comprises
four large vertical type drop-valve engines with direct-
coupled dynamo of an aggregate output of 1800 kw.
In addition there are two exhaust steam turbines with
an aggregate output of 1500 kw, and finally a few smaller
dynamos and an accumulator battery of a capacity of
3000 ampere-hours.
Annexes to the power house comprise^ the central
station for the compressed air system for transmission
The Brass Foundry is equipped with three Piat
Furnaces and turns out upwards of 2000 tons of bronze
and gunmetal. It is accommodated in a separate build-
ing, which comprises also the dressing shop for the
smaller castings.
The brass and iron foundry are separated by the
Small Machine Shops for making in regular series air
compressors, refrigerating machines, compressors, plunger
pumps and centrifugal pumps, and inclosed steam engines
for which there is a special demand. Attached to these
shops are spacious halls for sheltering the stock of finished
machines. The next section comprises the Pattern Shops,
which are equipped with numerous wood working machines.
Fig. 12 Engineers' and Clerks' Dining Hall
of power to various machine tools in the boiler section,
foundry, erecting shop, etc.; next, the Testing Laboratory,
which is equipped with a testing machine capable of
applying tensile loads up to 40 tons, a hardness testing
machine etc., and finally a Chemical Laboratory.
The power station with its annexes brings us to the
end of the main street of the Works. Crossing the street
and retracing our steps along the other side we come
to the Foundry, the annual output of which amounts
to about 10,000 tons of castings in green sand, dry sand
and loam. The foundry plant includes nine cupolas and
a converter for a charge of about 2% tons. The foundry
turns out castings weighing up to 50 tons each. The
cupolas are charged by a suspended electric conveyor.
At the rear and on the eastern side of these shops and the
storing sheds attached thereto are situated the Copper
Smithy and Tube Bending Shop, where the large and
elaborate pipe systems of refrigerating and ice making
plants, pipe coils, etc. for freezing tanks and worms for
ammonia and sulphur dioxide refrigerating machines form
conspicuous objects of manufacture.
The extensive space originally occupied at this point
by the pattern store rooms has been claimed by the
extension of other workshops and has now been trans-
ferred to a situation outside the enclosure of the Works
near the foundry. Close to the pattern shop is the
Tool Making Shop, where the tools used in all the shops
of the establishment are made, in particular twist drills,
A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
Fig. 13 Dining Hall for_Workmen
Fig. 14 Library in the Engineers and Clerks' Casino
A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
9
screw taps and gauges of all kinds, all of which are made,
hardened and ground with the utmost degree of precision.
We now come to the General Warehouse and the
Works Managers' Offices with rooms for the managers
and the heads of the various workshop sections, as well
as the first cost calculating department, whilst the top floor
provides room for the private printing office of the firm.
The large workshops on this side of the Works ter-
minate with the locomotive erecting shop, which covers
an area of nearly 3 acres. This shop is divided lengthways
into two halves by a pit traversed by an electrically
operated travelling platform for the accommodation of
components and fittings. This erecting shop provides room
for the completion of 400 to 500 locomotives per annum.
The locomotive erecting shop includes the Painting
and Lacquering Shop, and attached to it and facing the
yard is the locomotive storing shed, in which a perma-
nent stock is maintained of a matter of one hundred
locomotives of all dimensions for light railways and local
lines, for clearing work, for mining and tunnelling
operations, etc. On the eastern side of vhe works a rail-
way track about 1100 yards long runs parallel to the
walled enclosure. This serves for the preliminary trial
of finished locomotives.
On the western side of the works are situated the
apprentice workshops, which provide room and work for
about 400 apprentices. These are also instructed by
members of the engineering staff in a separate school, •
which is situated between the smallmachine shops and
the general warehouse.
About 200 acres of land are available for future ex-
tension.
Outside the walls of the works, on the other side
of the Berlin Road, a large park with a spacious casino
testifies to the social advantages provided by the firm
for the benefit of their workmen and other employees.
Until late hours of the evening, music rooms, play rooms,
club and reading rooms, as well as play grounds in the
park are at the disposal of the employees. The Casino
kitchen has a cold storage room attached, wherein Borsig
refrigerating machines serve to preserve large quantities of
provisions. Two large dining halls have been erected and
equipped, where good fare is provided at cheap rates.
In the colony at Borsigwalde referred to above,
which is situated about ten minutes walk from the works
employees of all grades may obtain at moderate rentals
suitable residences, many of these with gardens attached.
Good food supplies are obtainable at a cheap rate
on the cooperative principle by dealing through a store
depot established within the works. A Pension Fund
assures financial security to the employees after service
for a specified number of years. A Savings Bank has
been instituted which receives on advantageous terms
the deposits of the firm's employees. For the benefit
of the workmen a Sick Fund has been instituted to pro-
vide support in the event of members being incapacitated,
and the Luise Borsig Settlement assists aged workmen
and their families. A Male Chorus and a Gymnasium
Club as well as a Rowing Club are liberally supported
by the firm.
The efficiency of the Fire Brigade and the Ambu-
lance Corps is a useful asset, the value of which extends
considerably beyond the precincts of the establishment
and Tegel.
Fig. 15 Ammonia Compressor of 400 Tons Refrigerating Capacity
Milan International Exhibition 1906
Srand'Prlx
T\. Frcundlich
ENGINEERING WORKS, DUSSELDORF 60
Turin International Exhibition 1911, 2 Grand Prix
SPECIALITIES:
Ice and Refrigerating Machines
Air Compressors At the end of
Applainces for Colour, Lacquer and Varnish Making
vacuum Pumps the very month in
Dust Extractors . . . ..
Autogenous welding which the members of
the Third International
Congress of Refriger-
ation will meet for
interesting discussions
the Engineering Works
of A. Freundlich will
have existed 25 years.
We trust therefore that
we may be pardon-
ed for occupying the space at our disposal with a
memorial sketch of the firm's history.
Large modern industrial undertakings, even though
they may still be privately owned, do no more ex-
clusively concern the individuals who are immediately
identified with them. Viewed from the wider standpoint
of the political economist and sociologist they affect
larger sections of organised society. Large privately
owned undertakings, to which category the above firm
belongs, when regarded, as they should be, as responsible
units in an economic system, are filling a very onerous
position when one bears in mind that their prosperity
determines the fate of hundreds of workers. It cannot
therefore but prove of interest to trace the development
of one of these private undertakings through its salient
phases.
It is a reflection of this nature that has prompted
us to pen a brief sketch of the growth of the works at
Diisseldorf.
How very modest were its first beginnings may
be gathered from the fact that the founder of the firm,
who still is at its head as the sole responsible owner,
began on the 1st October with a workshop in a rented
back building in the SteinstraBe occupying a floor space
of 12 sq.yds., a copper smith constituting his whole
personnel.
When this workshop was transferred to the Bahn-
stralk the original 1 H.P. Benz motor was replaced by
one of 7 H. P. and at the same time the modest copper
smithy had a still more modest turning shop appended
to it. This miniature workshop commenced, however, its
operations under exceptionally propitious conditions.
Herr Freundlich, already six years prior to the
establishment of his own firm, had been intimately
connected with the then embryonic refrigerating machine
industry, and in his capacity as the sole agent in the
Rhine Province and Westphalia for the Raoul Pictet Ice
Machines participated in the extremely interesting tech-
nical war which was then being waged between Prof.
Pictet and the Linde Company. Under these circum-
stances he became intimately connected by daily inter-
course with all who were interested in this rapidly
developing branch of industry.
The brewing trade, which in those days was almost
the only serious customer of the refrigerating machine
makers, was then flourishing in an unprecedented manner,
and the small workshop, which was originally conceived
as the nucleus of a brewing machine factory, the breweries
being the largest users of refrigerating machines, rapidly
and comparatively easily rose step by step and steadily
gained ground. Moreover, it was a period when industry
was developing in Germany at an extraordinary pace, and
the general trend of things could not but prove favourable
to the beginning cold producing industry; and who in those
days sought work earnestly and with a clear head was
able to secure it at a profitable price.
In these circumstances the new premises soon became
inadequate, if for no other reason because in the mean
time the manufacture of ice cans and air cooling
appliances, which until then had made up the principal
A. Freundlich, Engineering Works, Diisseldorf 60
11
Fig. 1 Electrically Operated CO2 Marine Refrigerator, Filiberto Pattern
Ice Tank Condenser Compressor
Fig. 2 Belt-driven Ammonia Ice Making Plant
2*
12
A. Freundlich, Engineering Works, Diisseldorf 60
Fig. 3
Electrically Operated
CO2 Marine Refrigerat-
ing Plant with
Direct Coupled Water
Pump
"
Fig. 4
Horizontal Ammonia Compressor with
Rotary Accelerator, Bosch Type
Fig. 5
Duplex Compressor,
Ice Making Capacity
of 100 Tons per Day
A. Freundlich, Engineering Works, Dilsseldorf (50
13
Fig. 6
Ammonia Ice Making
Machine
Magdeburg Export
Model
Fig. 7
Steam Operated
Vertical Ammonia
Compressor
Vienna Pattern
14
A. Freundlich, Engineering Works, Diisseldorf 60
Fig. 8 Large Double-sided Freezing Tank "De gekroonde Valk" Pattern
objects of the venture, had led to the construction of fairly
large ice making machines, condensers and other re-
frigerating appliances. It happened indeed frequently
that a single order for an ice making machine of re-
spectable dimensions would occupy the entire available
space of the establishment. Failing the possibility of
extending the premises, the owner was compelled to
transfer the factory to more suitable premises, and this
occurred several times at short intervals, and within three
years (1892) of its settlement at the BahnstraBe we see
it occupy a house in the FlorastraBe. The 7 H. P. engine
was now replaced by one of 30 H.P. and, the space so
acquired being soon found inadequate, supplementary
premises were rented in the KronstraBe. Machine tools
were added to machine tools, and as early as 1896 the
firm found itself compelled to carry out considerable
extensions. A site was accordingly purchased in the
SuitbertusstraBe and a new factory erected, which em-
bodied all the experiences of the preceding years and
was a pattern of modern factory building. The engine
which was installed on this occasion, one capable of
developing 80 H. P., proved sufficient for a short period
only, and at the present time the required motive power
has risen to 250 H. P.
The necessary changes in the working system and
the erection of new premises were always undertaken with
great circumspection, and no extension was ever attempt-
ed until the orders in hand had grown absolutely beyond
the resources of the establishment.
The year 1899 signalised a notable event in the firm's
history, inasmuch as the first ammonia compressor of
original design, and thus the first complete ice making
and refrigerating machine, was made at the works in
every detail.
Whilst the construction of complete ice making and
refrigerating machines was being carried on with great
energy, the manufacture of the now well known Freund-
lich ice cans proceeded lustily and gained such importance
that the department organised for their manufacture
produces at the present time 180000 ice cans per annum.
The business grew at this rate until 1901 and 1902.
Then arrived years of serious decline for the German refri-
gerating trade. In a measure as the general condition of
trade deteriorated in an appalling degree, prices declined
steadily, and the turnover sank to a level which was out of
all proportion to general expenditure; and whilst orders
declined working expenses rose higher and higher. Under
these conditions there was nothing for it but to hold
back expenditure and at the same time to bring the firm's
entire energy to bear upon its export relations, which had
already been fostered in previous years, and thereby
endeavour to promptly secure an equivalent for the lacking
home trade. This policy proved sound, and in a com-
paratively short time the firm was able to restore the
balance between supply and demand and to secure valuable
connections in all quarters of the globe.
Almost contemporary with that period of stagnation
were the firm's first experimental efforts to replace the
A. Freundlich, Engineering Works, Diisseldorf 60
15
partly obsolete and slow running types of compressors
by machines of an improved pattern conforming to
modern high speed requirements.
About this time a vertical type compressor (German
Patent No. 184867) had been undergoing comprehensive
tests to ascertain its economic qualities. Declared by
authorities, whose criticism had been invited, on the
strength of the data obtained by practical tests to be
under certain conditions superior to other types, the
new compressor was put upon the market in 1905. Like
most striking innovations, this type met with violent
attacks, which it was however able to survive. After
two or three years of preliminary struggles to obtain
recognition, the greatly increasing popularity of this type
proved that the right course had been adopted, and the
persistence devoted to its cause was fully vindicated.
Neither publicity nor other external means could have
secured such a permanently solid success as during the
last few years has been achieved by this new com-
pressor type. Its extraordinary success surely has its
root in its constructional points of superiority. In the
course of the last business year the Works turned out
upwards of 200 of these compressors.
The concern, situated within Diisseldorf proper,
occupies an area of about 33/, acres, of which about
9550 sq. yds. are covered with
buildings comprising the following
workshops: Erecting shops, fitting
shops, boiler shop, foundry,
copper smithy, white smithy,
forge, welding shop, leading and
tinning shop, pattern shop and
engine house, accommodating
about 200 machine tools, nearly
the whole of which are specialised
machines. By the end of April 1913
the Works had turned out about
1800 complete ice making and
refrigerating machines and ap-
pliances representing an aggregate
capacity of about 10000 tons of
refrigeration. The body of work-
men, clerks and engineers em-
ployed by the firm exceeds 300.
There is no doubt that much
of its success the firm owes to
the central situation of the works
within the industrial area of the
Rhine Province and Westphalia,
that is in the very heart of the
German metal tube and sheet and
plate metal industry. Its principal materials, such as
sheet metal, piping, bar and section iron, screws etc.
are at the firm's disposal without more than an insigni-
ficant expenditure on carriage. Another important factor
is the access to the water way provided by the Rhine,
both for inland transport and export by way of the sea
ports of Antwerp, Rotterdam, London, Hamburg, Bremen,
Liibeck etc. The steam navigation on the Rhine is
organized on such enterprising lines as to afford cheap
through freights to those ports.
The firm derives further strength from the fact that
every component of the ice making and refrigerating
machines is made within its own premises.
The success which has crowned efforts pursued for a
space of twenty-five years is assuredly in a large degree
the outcome of systematic working in conformity with
definite aims.
Such dangers as every large undertaking has to face
in the course of its development have been met with the
greatest tenacity of purpose, and possibly it was the
ever recurring necessity to fight against adverse con-
ditions which has helped the founder and his ably chosen
captains to attain the success of to-day. The importance
of a solid commercial and technical system in the admini-
strative department has always been fully recognized,
Fig. 9 110-Ton Duplex Compressor
with Direct Driving High Tension Motor
16
A. Freundlich, Engineering Works, Dlisseldorf 60
and, promptly acting upon well considered decisions,
the firm always adapted itself to the rapid development
of the ice making and cold storage industry and modern
requirements in general, and did not hesitate to adopt
initiative measures.
A number of patented innovations go to show that
the firm has contributed its share to the furtherance of
the industry. The industry is still relatively young and
many problems are still awaiting their solution and
provide a powerful incentive to firms willing and able
to march with the times - - among these assuredly the
firm of A. Freundlich - - to maintain their well earned
reputation under the forthcoming conditions of develop-
ment.
Fig. 10
1912 Type Hand or Belt Geared S02 Ice Making Machine
A. Haacke & Co., Celle
This firm was established at Celle in 1879 by W. Berke-
feld under his own name and carried on the manufacture
and application of the famous kieselgur compounds and
insulating cords, which were first placed upon the market
by Berkefeld. In 1885 the factory was acquired by Messrs.
A. Haacke & Co., London, with Messrs. Albert Haacke and
Wilhelm Windmoeller as principals, and the firm was
registered under the title A. Haacke & Co. Mr. Windmoeller
having retired from the partnership on the 1 st. July 1891,
Mr. Albert Haacke continued to carry on the business on his
sole account.
In 1895 the firm took up the manufacture of corkstone
products, which were covered by four German patents and
which since their introduction have been put to continuously
extending uses.
Notable among these are the
Algostat Cork Slabs
for the insulation of Ice Stores and Cold Chambers, which
are now used in considerable quantities.
The specific gravity of these slabs is warranted to be
0.22, whilst the thermal conductivity, as ascertained by
tests applied at the Munich Technical College, is 0.414
at 32° F.
The property on which the factory stands occupies an
area of about 5 acres and is situated on the banks of the
navigable river Aller. The establishment has direct con-
nection to the railway, and materials can be loaded into
railway trucks in the factory yards. The factory is
equipped with up-to-date machines and appliances and
produces about 2400 sq.yd. of cork stone products per
day, whilst the output of kieselgur goods and insulat-
ing cord covering amounts to about 300 truck loads of
10 tons each.
In the province of Hannover the firm owns extensive
pits which supply the kieselgur used in the manufacture
of insulating materials.
The firm employs about 300 men in all, including 120
experienced insulators who are employed on newly
erected plants.
Branches have been established at Dusseldorf, Berlin,
Breslau, Hamburg, Halle, Stuttgart and Rotterdam.
The firm has furnished the insulation for a large
number of abattoirs, slaughter houses, breweries and
dairies. Among recent supplies to large installations the
following may be named:
The Hamburg Central Cold Stores
Liibeck Cold Stores A. 0.,
Gefrierhaus Bremerhaven,
S. S. Imperator.
Gesellschaft fur Lindes Eismaschinen A.-G., Wiesbaden
The Gesellschaft fur Lindes Eismaschinen devotes
its activity on a very comprehensive scale to mechanical
refrigeration and its applications as well as to the design
and the construction of devices for the liquefaction of
gases and the numerous applications to which it lends
itself. The undertaking had its origin in the inventions
of Prof. C. v. Linde, who is mainly responsible for the
firm's development and rise to eminence and whose name
is inseparably coupled with that of the firm which bears it.
In the following paragraphs we publish a few particulars
concerning its history and the extent of its operations.
The company was founded in 1879 at Wiesbaden by
a syndicate of a few men of insight drawn from a small
circle of friends, who united with a share capital of
M. 200 000 at a time when the first refrigerating machines
designed on Linde's system had already been built and
had met with some measure of approval within as well as
outside Germany.
The firm realised at the inception of its undertaking
that the whole subject of mechanical refrigeration pre-
sented to all intents and purposes an all but unexplored
field demanding the most carefully devised and exhaustive
researches and experiments to elucidate its theoretical
aspects, constructional principles and the potentialities
of their profitable application on a commercial scale.
Accordingly, an office was organized in Wiesbaden for the
exhaustive study and systematic elaboration of all pro-
blems relating to mechanical refrigeration and its various
applications, ranging from the first mechanical calculations
down to the preparation of the necessary workshop draw-
ings. The actual construction of machines and installa-
tions was to be carried out by, or in conjunction with,
notable German and other engineering firms. In this way
theory and practice — drawing office as well as workshop -
were brought into line from the outset, with the result
that the firm has now a history of 33 years of successful
activity to its credit.
The constructional and economic advantages of the
new system were promptly recognized, and the Linde
Company thereupon entered upon the second phase of
its history. It realized that the manufacture of artificial
ice on a commercial scale could not fail to prove remu-
nerative, and it rightly concluded that by operating its
own system the best possible opportunities of demon-
strating its enduring qualities and the certainty of its
working would be afforded. In 1881 and 1882 four large
ice factories were accordingly erected and operated on
the Company's own account, viz. at Barmen, Strassburg,
Munich and Stuttgart. The expected results were indeed
not long delayed. Stimulated by such examples the
brewing trade was the first to relinquish its objections de-
finitely, and the ice famine in 1883/4 developed matters
to such an extent that the number of Linde Refrigerating
Machines increased in an entirely unexpected manner.
From forty orders received in each of the years 1882
and 1883 this number rose to 133 installations in 1884.
Ice plants working with efficiencies previously unheard
of were erected in Paris and London as well as Germany.
Besides bringing the manufacture of ice making and cooling
machines proper during these years to a high degree of
perfection the Company devised a number of economic
applications of artificial refrigeration, nearly all of which are
even now prototypical. From this period of useful problems
and their effectual solution we may recall the following
achievements: The introduction of artificial cooling of
wort and fermenting tuns in breweries by means of chilled
sweet water (Munich 1876); wort cooling in breweries
working with top fermentation (London 1877); air-cooling
in fermenting cellars and artificial ventilation (Trieste
1877); air cooling in storage cellars with "still" air cir-
culation (Munich 1878); the manufacture of crystal ice-
slabs in rotating ice formers (Bombay 1879); sugar ex-
traction from beetroot molasses by the strontia process
(Waghausel 1879); cooling in the manufacture of condensed
Gesellschaft fiir Lindes Eismaschinen A.-O., Wiesbaden
19
milk (Cham 1880); applications to processes in the ma-
nufacture of aniline (Hb'chst 1880); artificial seating ice-
rink (Frankfort Exhibition 1882); manufacture of mar-
garine (Oss 1883); stearine cooling (Brussels 1883); muni-
cipal abbattoir cooling plant (Wiesbaden 1884); cry-
stallisation from lyes (Aussig 1884); extraction of benzole
(Sheffield 1884); production of paraffin (Pechelbronn
1885); manufacture of lithopone and allied manufactures
(Schoningen 1887). The most important speciality, repre-
sented by the Linde Marine Refrigerators, dates from the
year 1888 (White Star Line) and 1893 (North German
Lloyd). The liquefaction at atmospheric pressure of elec-
trolytical chlorine was introduced on an extensive commer-
cial scale in 1895. The first Linde refrigerat-
ing plant for dry air-blast in furnaces
and converters, capable of cooling
intensely about 7 million cub. ft.
of air per hour, corresponding
to about 825 tons of re-
frigeration, was put in
operation in 1910.
For all these purposes
the requisite cooling effect
is produced by refrigerat-
ing machines working on
the compression system
and operating mainly
with anhydrous ammonia,
though in some cases car-
bon dioxide, sulphurous acid,
nitrous oxide or other suitable
refrigerant is employed.
Whilst in England and the Unit-
ed States the preservation of food stuffs
by refrigeration far surpasses that done
in this respect on the European Continent,
the LindeCompany found nevertheless opportunities of erect-
ing cold stores of large dimensions, which have served as
models for other installations. This may be said to mark
a third period in the development of the firm. With the
cooperation and under the direction of Linde two large
cold stores and ice factories were erected in Hamburg,
and notably a very large installation at Berlin, this being
by far the largest establishment of the kind on the Con-
tinent. These installations are operated and managed
by the Linde Company, who for this purpose have formed
a separate company styled the "Gesellschaft fur Markt-
und Kuhlhallen". A similar course has been pursued at
Leipzig, Niirnberg, Altona and Dresden, and an additional
cold store has been erected at Berlin. The arrangement
and equipment of these cold storage palaces furnish stan-
Professor Dr. C. von Linde
dards of perfection as regards economy of working, the
production of crystal ice free from germs, and the preserva-
tion of perishable goods of every species, which, stored
in a single building, reach at times an aggregate value
of 4 million marks.
As a means of preserving food supply of every kind
the Linde system of refrigeration has proved eminently
successful in its application to provision carrying ships of
different nationalities. In the course of years 485 refrigerat-
ing machines have been installed in about 290 ships,
amongst which are included a number of transport steamers
equipped for the exclusive carriage of frozen meat. The
navies of different nations may likewise be counted among
the users of Linde refrigerating plants.
One of the later, but no less impor-
tant, branches of the Linde Com-
pany owes its inception and
development likewise to the
efforts of Prof. v. Linde.
We are referring to the
Company's works estab-
lished at Hb'llriegelsgreuth
near Munich for the pro-
duction of oxygen, nitro-
gen, hydrogen, and other
gases used for manu-
facturing and industrial
purposes. This branch
establishment is under the
personal direction of Prof,
v. Linde. Concerning this
undertaking the Linde Company
has prepared a special Report, to
which any interested members of this
Congress are referred.
In the United States of America and
Great Britain, which with Germany share preeminence in
the ice and refrigerating industry, the patent rights of the
German Linde Company have been acquired by independent
firms. As far back as 1880 Mr. W. Wolf, of Chicago, pur-
chased these rights for exploitation within the United
States, and in 1885 the Linde British Refrigeration Com-
pany was established in London under the permanent co-
operation of the parent company.
Up to May 1913 the Company had completed, or had
under construction, about 8400 Linde Refrigerating ma-
chines operating in about 5020 establishments. These
figures include over 1200 meat cold storage plants on land
and 290 marine installations. The aggregate of other
undertakings comprise: 1842 breweries, 587 ice factories,
185 butter and cheese making establishments, 134 che-
3*
20
Oesellschaft fiir Lindes Eismaschinen A.-G., Wiesbaden
mical works, 17 sugar refineries, 9 stearin factories,
28 champagne factories, 1 1 rubber works, 53 chocolate
factories, 8 mines, 102 oxygen and nitrogen works, and
about 350 establishments engaged in other manufactures.
Refrigerating installations operating on the Linde system
are distributed throughout the various countries in the
following numbers:
German Empire 1718 Installations
Austria-Hungary 375 ,,
Switzerland 133 ,,
Great Britain and Colonies .... 1140 ,, •
France and Colonies 92 ,,
Holland, Belgium and their Colonies. 104 ,,
Italy, Spain, Portugal and their Co-
lonies 102 ,,
Denmark, Norway and Sweden . . 46 ,,
Russia and Balkan States 96 „
United States of America 914 ,,
Brazil . 35
Mexico, Guatemala etc. . . .
Argentine, Paraguay, Uruguay
Chili and Peru
Colombia and Venezuela . .
China and Japan
Egypt
The continuous expansion of
demanded a progressive increase
which in successive years rose as
In 1880
„ 1881
„ 1885
„ 1888
„ 1889
„ 1899
„ 1908
„ 1911
„ 1912
1913 .
. . . 52 Installations
, . . 73
.; ; . 49
. . . 41
. . . 26
. . . 24
the firm's business has
of its working capital,
shown below:
to M.
400 000
700 000
1 400 000
1 750 000
4 000 000
5 000 000
7 000 000
7 500 000
10000000
12000000
Grunzweig &. Hartmann 6. m. b. H., Ludwigshaven o. Rh.
Whilst German physicists and engineers have taken
a prominent share in the development of the systematic
production of cold by mechanical means, it is likewise a
German invention, that of the material known as Cork
Stone, which has enormously
expanded the whole tech-
nique of insulation, and there-
by contributed greatly to
the improved economy of
the sytem. To the founder
and director of the Cork Stone
Works of Grunzweig & Hart-
mann G. m. b. H., at Lud-
wigshaven o/Rh., Dr. C. Grun-
zweig, is due the merit of hav-
ing been the first to realize
the unique value of the one
time worthless cork offal of
bottle cork factories as a heat
insulating material, whereas
formerly this waste material,
which constituted 60% of
the whole of the cork bark,
was disposed of by burning;
and Dr. Grunzweig was also
the first who utilized these
waste products with per-
fect success. The Cork Stone
Factory which he founded
in 1878 has since become the prototype to a most
flourishing trade.
The Cork Stone of to-day is indeed something very
different from what it was in the earliest days of tentative
efforts, and the first brick which was patented in 1880
and then placed upon the market --a mixture of pow-
dered cork, clay and lime claims now historical
interest only. It is, however, a notable fact that cork is
Dr. Grunzweig
still the base of all successful insulating media; and at
present, all efforts to the contrary notwithstanding, there
is no visible prospect of the discovery of a substitute which
reproduces the extraordinary and felicitous combination
of a whole array of valuable
qualities by which nature has
constituted cork a heat in-
sulating material which satis-
fies a long list of practical
requirements.
In 1898 a cork stone was
introduced under the trade
name "Reform" Cork Stone.
This stone has since come
to be regarded as a standard
brand owing to its excellent
insulating properties, con-
venient form, and good build-
ing qualities. It is impreg-
nated with coal pitch, where-
by it has been rendered imper-
vious to water.a quality which
the original cork stone brick
lacked. In the form of slabs
of all thicknesses it lends it-
self admirably to covering the
containing walls of cold cham-
bers, whilst in the form of
purpose bricks it is equally
well adapted for covering pipe conduits and machine parts;
it can be cut like wood and similarly nailed and sawed; and
it can be laid in mortar and plastered like bricks. Excepting
in North America the material used for insulation in refriger-
ation plants consists almost exclusively of cork stones im-
pregnated with pitch, and it is only quite recently that a fur-
ther step in advance has been taken under the initiative
of the ever leading cork stone factory at Ludwigshaven.
22
Grunzweig & Hartmann 0. m. b. H., Ludwigshaven o, Rh.
Fig. 1 Method of Applying Cork Stone Slabs
Fig. 2 Abattoir at Ludwigshaven o. Rh. Insulation of Fore Cooling Chambers. Surface about 36500 sq.ft.
Natural Cork Expansit
Figs. 3 and 4 Section through the Cork Cells, the microscopic magnification being the same in both cases
Uriinzweig & Hartmann O. m. b. H., Ludwigshaven o. Rh.
23
On the occasion of the last International Congress
of Refrigeration held at Vienna in 1910 (see Report of the
SOCIETi MONIMi
VAGONI FRIGORIFERI
yiLANO
Fig. 5 Refrigerator Van insulated with Expansit Cork Stone
Second International Congress of Refrigeration, "Cork as a
Thermal Insulator", paper read by Dr. M. Grunzweig) the
firm was able to report on a new process which had in the
mean time been patented in all civilized countries.
Stone. Though more effective an insulator than the
impregnated cork stone, it could not obtain a footing
in Germany owing to the high proportion of cork which
it contained and its consequent high price, whereas to
the eminently practical American in search of insulating
material the best is just good enough. By the ex-
pansion of the cork cells throughout the entire material,
as will be seen from the photo-micrograph, the "Expansit"
Stone is made to combine the advantages of the American
"Nonpareil" Cork Stone with the cheapness of the Ger-
man article, whilst at the same time it surpasses either
in point of lightness and insulating quality. It weighs
only about 5 to 6 Ibs per cub. ft. and should for this
reason prove particularly interesting to constructors and
users of portable refrigerators.
To the manufacture of the best procurable insulating
materials Messrs. Grunzweig & Hartmann have added
improved methods in the construction of cool chambers
Fig. 6 Cailler's Chocolate Factory, Broc (Switzerland). Insulated Area about 85000 sq.ft.
The object of this process, which does away with the
impregnation with pitch, is to produce a close-grained
heat-welded cork stone moulding, and it does so by
pyrogenic transformation of the cork substance and
by expanding the cork cells to double their original
volume. Since a few difficulties retarded, until the
present year, the application of the process to manu-
facture on a large scale it was in the mean time
brought to bear upon the well established manufac-
ture of the impregnated Pitch Cork Stone. All the
productions of the firm bear as a trade mark the word
"Expansit", which in a very short time has acquired
a good sound, since it stands for a degree of light-
ness and insulating capacity wherein the material
is not equalled by any of its rivals. Visitors to the
Chicago Congress will not fail to take note of the
"Nonpareil" Compressed Cork Stone which Mr. Smith
first produced by likewise taking advantage of the
natural adhesive developed by heated cork and which
may be regarded as a forerunner of the new Expansit
and their equipment so as to meet the ever increasing
requirements occasioned by operations involving conti-
Fig. 7 Lowenbrau Brewery, Munich. Insulated Surface of about 21 500 sq.ft.
nually descending temperatures. In a treatise on the
Technique of Refrigeration and in other publications the
24
Griinzweig <& Hartmann G. m. b. H., Ludwigshaven o. Rh.
firm has published the results of many years of experience
and the achievements derived from systematic investi-
gations conducted on scientific lines and supported by
numerical data. In the course of these investigations the
firm has undertaken to elaborate the best methods of
required to be protected from the effects of frost, all of
which are applications of the insulating principles in
which the refrigerating trade is directly interested. De-
tailed information on this head may be found in the
firm's catalogues respecting heat insulating materials.
TTi^**.- w ^ -^^~~^> «*• *.-^r~
&Z^*r^ti •»3~'t3~^Z •>„
S ^fe?-^^* 3Sf v;:
Fig. 8 Cork Stores
insulating the different sections and pipe conduits of
refrigerating installations, ice cellars of every kind, cold
storage chambers in warehouses, food stuff factories,
breweries, abattoirs etc. The firm does likewise an exten-
sive manufacturing business in insulating materials for
steam boilers and steam piping, mash tuns, water piping
For use in refrigerating plants alone the firm produces
annually cork stone covering an area of many hundred
thousands of square yards. The establishment employs
about 75 engineers and clerks and 500 workmen. The
factory covers an area of 60 000 sq. yds., the undertaking
being the largest of its kind in Europe.
C. B. Konig, Altona o. Elbe
In the following paragraphs we
propose to describe an appa-
ratus which is, properly speak-
ing, only an accessory tool in
the hands of those making use
of artificial cold, which may,
however, under certain circum-
stances assume the proportions
of a necessity. We are referring to Konig's well known
Patent Respirators which enable a fitter without let or
hindrance to operate in a most poisonous atmosphere of
tions, such as the Brewers and Maltsters' Association
and the Victuallers' Association, have years ago in their
revised regulations affecting the prevention of accidents
made it incumbent upon their members to provide a
reliable respirator, and in Germany there is scarcely a
refrigerating installation of any magnitude which is not
equipped with a suitable apparatus of this kind. To
anyone acquainted with the treacherous rapidity with
which escaping ammonia vapours may prove fatal to
human life the requirements of the employers' associa-
tions will appear as a reasonable and even necessary
measure. In other countries, notably in the United
ammonia or other vapour and thus to remedy without
delay defects in the compressor (plant before a serious States, Konig's Respirators have been in continual de-
breakdown results. By
Konig's Respirator air is
conveyed from the outside
to the person wearing an
appropriate helmet, and the
apparatus is the appli-
cation of a system which
has proved eminently satis-
factory for upwards of
twenty years. It fulfils in
a perfect manner the es-
sential requirements of a
really successful apparatus
of this kind, which arc that
it should be absolutely
simple in its management
and never fail under any
conditions. The annexed illustration shows in use an
apparatus with air supply to two helmets and improved
speaking arrangement which enables the wearers of the
helmets and the bellow operator to communicate freely
with each other. The ability to always and freely con-
verse with an outside person is an essential quality of
the apparatus as it gives the helmet wearer that degree
of assurance which cannot fail to materially assist him
when called upon to advance in dangerous situations,
whilst the operator outside the danger zone knows at
every instant how matters are proceeding.
Fully appreciating the great utility of these respira-
tors, the German accident insurance employers' associa-
Fig. 1 Konig's No. Ill Respirator Equipment with Box Bellows and Improved
Speaking Attachment
marid for many years, and
here the users are solely
guided by their personal
interests, as there are no
regulations compelling them
to provide these safeguards.
The equipment of modern
refrigerating plants install-
ed in large ocean going
steamers includes one or
two respirators, which serve
also the purpose of smoke
helmets in the event of an
outbreak of fire in the
bunkers or elsewhere. On
board the modern meat car-
rying steamers fitted with
cold storage rooms for the steadily increasing export
of meat from America and Australia to Europe the pre-
sence of a respirator is an absolute necessity, as it may
be the means of preventing the loss of an entire cargo
from inability to promptly remedy a defect in the refri-
gerating plant.
In conclusion it may be noted that Konig's Respira-
tors are since many years being made as a speciality at
the Works of Fire Extinguishing Appliances of Mr. C. B.
Konig, of Altona o. Elbe. The firm's agent for the Uni-
ted States is the Meyer Supply Company, 22 South First
Street, St. Louis Mo.
The Maschinenbau-Anstalt Humboldt, Cologne-Kalk and its Position
in the Refrigerating Industry
The Maschinenbauanstalt Humboldt at Cologne-Kalk
is an outgrowth of the Mining Engineering Works of
Messrs. Sievers & Co., which had been established in 1856.
It will be seen from this that the firm was originally
engaged in the construction of ore concentration and
disintegrating machines and in the installation of complete
ore concentration plants; and it is in no small degree by
a achievements in this speciality that the Humboldt
Works have secured a leading position and a world-wide
reputation. The establishment has developed conspicu-
ously under the management of the present managing
director, Herr Richard Zorner; and in 1911/12 the output
was about 60 860 tons, whilst the turnover during the
same period amounted to M. 24 888 000.
In addition to their department of mining machinery
of every kind, such as pumping engines, ventilating ma-
chines, compressors, complete ore and coal washing plants,
etc., the Humboldt Works comprise amongst others a
locomotive department of considerable magnitude, which
has turned out a large number of locomotives for state
owned and private railways in various countries.
The number of workmen and office employees is
about 5000. The ordinary share capital of the company
is M. 20 100000, in addition to which there are debenture
stocks amounting to M. 10 000 000. The workshops and
yards cover an area of 55 y2 acres, in addition to which
210 acres of ground property is available for extension.
All works buildings intercommunicate by a home railway
system and are connected to the state railway. The power
and machine plant comprises 350 motors of an aggregate
power of 4500 H.P., 22 steam generators, 85 travelling
cranes, and over 1200 machine tools.
Incidentally, the Humboldt Works are also among
the leading German establishments engaged in the
construction of refrigerating machines and large in-
stallations. The firm acquired the manufacturing rights
of the well known Fixary type of air coolers, which it
improved and made a practical success, and soon the
firm was among the leading makers of refrigerating ma-
chines, more especially as installers of dry-air coolers. A
large number of important installations erected by the
Humboldt Company have been described by way of models
in leading technical journals and textbooks. Since the
expiration of the patent which covered the dry-air cooler
installations have been erected on this system by other
firms in Germany and elsewhere.
That the dry-air cooler system, which has always
found its most energetic votary in the Humboldt Com-
pany, is eminently suitable for cold storage has been
amply proved by a large number of extensive meat cooling
Fig. 1 General View of the Works
The Maschinenbau-Anstalt Humboldt, Cologne-Kalk and its Position in the Refrigerating Industry
27
plants, especially for municipal abattoirs, market halls etc.
Some of these installations have been in operation for
nearly thirty years without calling for serious repairs,
which may be accepted as an unquestionable proof of
workmanship. As examples of installations which are still
operating with old ma-
chines erected nearly
thirty years ago we may
refer to the cooling plants
attached to the muni-
cipal abattoirs of Katto-
witz, Crefeld, Freiburg
i. Br., Elberfeld etc. The
Humboldt system of dry-
air cooling is described
in nearly all text-books
and may be assumed to
be too well known to need
description.
Moreover, a number
of installations which
formerly operated with
wet-air coolers, have
been reconstructed by
the Humboldt Company, and amongst these may be named
the abattoir cooling plants at Berne, and that at Stettin, the
machine room of which is shown in the annexed illustration.
Of installations erect-
ed in more recent times
the following may be
instanced : Cooling plants
attached to the muni-
cipal abattoirs at Mtihl-
heim o/Ruhr, Hamborn
in Westphalia, Soest and
Duderstadt. That the
Company's installations
have proved entirely
successful is borne out
by the fact that in 1911
and 1912 alone abattoir
cooling plants erected
in previous years were
Fig. 2 Machine Room at the Abattoir at Stettin
Fig. 3 Machine House of the Frankfort Brewery Co., Frankfort o. M.
extended at Altenessen,
Eschweiler, Iserlohn, Siegen, Treves, Solingen, Duren,
Schwelm (Westphalia) and Witten.
It must, however, not be thought that the success which
has attended the installation of meat cooling plants oper-
ating on the dry-air cooler system has caused the Humboldt
Company to confine itself one-sidedly to this system. On the
contrary, plants operating on the wet-air cooler system
have been installed on several occasions, thus many years ago
an abattoir cooling plant at Oberhausen and more recently
a meat cooling plant for the abattoir at Bremerhaven-Lehe.
The majority of the installations referred to work
on the ammonia compression system, which was the type
originally adopted by
•sj»£> XML...V the Humboldt Com-
pany, but, far from
pursuing a one-sided
policy, the firm has also
made machines oper-
ating on the carbon
dioxide and sulphur
dioxide compression sy-
stem. For example, the
abattoir cooling plant
at Oberhausen works
with sulphur dioxide by
the wet-air cooling sy-
stem, whilst the muni-
cipal abattoir cooling
plants at Arnberg in
Westphalia and Wanne
operate on the dry-air
cooler system with sulphur dioxide. The latter plant,
it may be mentioned, is an extension of a plant which
originally operated on the wet-air cooling system. Exten-
sive installations work-
ing on the carbon
dioxide compression sy-
stem have been supplied
for the abattoir at Linz
o. D. and for the frontier
abattoir which is being
erected at Burdujeni
by the Roumanian go-
vernment. The install-
ation at Linz operated
formerly on the wet-air
cooler system, but on
the recent occasion of
its extensive enlarge-
ment it was refitted with
dry-air coolers.
In view of copious references to abattoirs it may
be well to state that numerous refrigerating machines
have been supplied by the Humboldt Works for other
undertakings in which artificial cold plays a part.
Among recent examples coming under this head we may
mention the Frankfurter Brauhaus at Frankfort o/M.,
whose refrigerating plant works on the ammonia compres-
4*
28
The Maschinenbau-Anstalt Humboldt, Cologne-Kalk and its Position in the Refrigerating Industry
sion system and whose cellars, arranged in three floors
above the ground level, are cooled by direct evaporation
of ammonia. This plant is probably one of the most up-to-
date brewery cooling installations in Germany. Fig. 3
shows a portion of the machine house, which comprises
a 250 H.P. tandem steam engine coupled to an 80-ton
ammonia compressor. An ammonia refrigerating plant
has likewise been erected in the Kb'nigsberg Brewery at
KOnigsberg in Prussia. The cellars in this brewery are
cooled by a brine circulating system, the general arrange-
ment of this installation being of the type usually adopted
in breweries.
Large and notable refrigerating plants have among
others been installed in margarine factories erected by the
following firms:
Duisburger Margarine
Works of Messrs.
Schmitz <& Loh, Duis-
burg;
Arnica Margarine Works
of Mr. Benedikt Klein,
Cologne;
Delmenhorster Marga-
rinewerke, Delmen-
horst;
van den Bergh's Marga-
rine Works, Cleve.
These installations
work partly on the sul-
phur dioxide and partly
on the ammonia com-
pression system.
Numerous Hum-
boldt refrigerating ma-
chines have been installed in chemical undertakings,
amongst others in the following artificial silk factories:
Soc. An. Franchise La Soie Artificielle, Givet;
Vereinigte Glanzstoffabriken, Oberbruch;
Rheinische Kunstseidefabrik, Aix-la-Chapelle;
Hollandsche Kunstzijdefabrik, Arnheim (Holland).
Apart from an extensive series of installations for a
great variety of purposes, such as cooling chambers 'for
foodstuffs of every kind, dairies, hospitals, restaurants,
theatres etc., three installations for shaft sinking oper-
ations by the congelation method may be instanced as
being of special interest:
Gewerkschaft Gute Hoffnung at Niederbruck (Al-
sace) ;
Alkaliwerk Ronnenberg, Hanover;
Haniel & Lueg, Diisseldorf-Grafenberg.
In addition to the machines installed in Germany, the
Humboldt Company has erected large and important
plants in other countries. Of these it will be sufficient to
mention a few machine plants installed in Austria-Hun-
gary and France:
Brauerei Grieskirchner G. m. b. H., Grieskirchen
(ammonia system);
Ignaz Schneider Nachf., Wholesale Game and Poul-
try Warehouse, Biinauburg (Ammonia system);
Osterreichische Exportgesellschaft Opitz, Wagner &
Co., Wels (Carbon dioxide System);
Municipal Abattoir at Linz o/D. (Carbonic dioxide
system) ;
WeiB & Co., Elizabeth Ice Factory, Budapest (Am-
monia system);
Hotel Imperial, Karls-
bad (Sulphur di-
oxide system);
Brasserie St. Nicolas,
St. Nicolas du Nord
(Ammonia system);
Brasserie L'Union,
Conflans-Jarny
(Ammonia system);
Grande Brasserie de
Lambezellec, Lam-
bezellec (Ammonia
system);
Fabrique de Chocolats
Fins, Nancy.
Fig. 4 Refrigerating Machine Installating at the Cold Stores of Messrs. E. <£ I. Mayer
Frankfort o. M.
Spain,
Other plants were
exported in 1911/1912
Holland, Belgium and
to Roumania, Servia,
notably to Argentine.
In Russia the firm has installed cooling plants for
the municipal abattoirs at Taschkent, Taganrog, Riga and
Bialystok, the market hall at Liebau as well as for private
purposes at Dorpat, St. Petersburg and elsewhere, not to
omit to mention the largest cold stores in Europe, which
are now being erected at St. Petersburg by the St. Peters-
burg Stores Company Limited. For this installation the
Humboldt Company is supplying the complete internal
machine plant including two water tube boilers with a
heating surface of 1950 sq.ft., three complete steam en-
gines of 350 H. P. each and three duplex type ammonia
compressors of 200 tons capacity each, i. e. of an aggregate
refrigerating capacity of 600 tons.
To complete our account we will not omit to mention
the machines supplied by the Humboldt Works for use
The Maschinenbau-Anstalt Humboldt, Cologne-Kalk and its Position in the Refrigerating Industry
29
on warships, fishing steamers and refrigerating railway
wagons. These portable installations have been designed
to work on the ammonia, sulphur dioxide and carbon
dioxide compression systems.
For attaining temperatures down to — 49 to — 58° F
carbon dioxide machines have been designed to work in
two stages of compression and condensation. Installations
operating on this system are, amongst other applications,
favoured for shaft sinking by the congelation method.
Still lower temperatures are required and attained in
gas liquefying installations, for instance - — 317°F for
liquefying air, — 422° F for liquefying hydrogen, and ma-
chines designed for either purpose are built at the Hum-
boldt Works. For the separation of gaseous mixtures into
their constituents, such as watergas for obtaining hydrogen,
the firm makes machines of an original patented design.
This brief sketch, though necessarily very fragmentary,
in view of the narrow space at our disposal, may neverthe-
less have served to convey an approximate estimate of
the significance of the Humboldt Engineering Works in
relation to the industries in which mechanical refrigeration
plays a part.
Fig. 5 Three-stage High Tension Compressor at the Humboldt Engineering Works.
Suction Capacity: 3500 cub. ft. per hour. Terminal Pressure: 2950 Ibs per sq. in
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen, Esslingen
The Maschinenfabrik Esslingen was a large brewery at Stuttgart, where it is now. in full
established in 1846. In 1902 the firm amalgamated with operation.
the engineering firm of G. Kuhn G. m. b. H., which had The machine portion of the installation con-
been established at Stuttgart in 1852. Both firms have sists in a superheated steam engine of the tandem
Fig. 1 Machine Room
for upwards of 25 years been engaged with the best success
in the construction of refrigerating and cold storage plants
for a great variety of purposes.
Recently a cold producing plant of modern type
was installed by the Esslingen Engineering Works in
type, which is coupled with a quick running duplex
ammonia compressor and at the same time drives
a direct coupled 250 - kw D. C. dynamo, which
supplies the entire brewery with power and light
(Fig. 1).
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen, Esslingen
31
The duplex type' of compressor runs at 125 r. p. m.,
and is of 270 tons refrigerating capacity. Special attention
may be directed to the arrangement of the valves (patented
in Germany), which are arranged at the circumference
of the cylinder covers in
alternate positions. The front
cylinder cover is rigidly at-
tached to the closed motion
guides, the frame itself be-
ing of the forked beam type
like the steam engine. The
design as a whole ensures
strength and yet presents
a pleasing appearance.
The plant furnishes a
daily output of about 80 tons
of ice in blocks of 55 Ibs
each. In addition, it serves
for cooling the sweet water
used in the brewing process
and for cooling the whole of
the fermenting and storing cellars. The condensation of
the superheated ammonia vapours is effected in a surface
condenser with water trickling arrangement set up under
the roof at a height of 130 ft. above the floor of the
machine room. This arrangement was forced upon the
designer by the extremely confined situation of the brew-
ery, which lies within an area crowded with dwellings.
Fig. 2 Surface Condenser with Water Irrigation
management of the installation. To satisfy these require-
ments the whole of the regulating valves and temperature
gauges as well as the light and power plant are controlled
from central stations in the machine room. The controlling
station to the refrigerating
system (Fig. 3) is fornished
with a tele - thermometer
placed over the respective
regulating valve. This tele-
thermometer operates upon
a registering apparatus which
enforces attentive and proper
control of the working. The
controlling board, which has
a movable base and is in
switchboard style,has mount-
ed upon it a double recorder
for the control of the tem-
perature and pressure of the
steam. The electric switch-
board is shown in Fig. 4.
The steam engine is provided with a regulating device
for the supply of receiver steam and, when working under
its normal load, will furnish up to 6500 Ibs per hour of
steam at a pressure of 30 Ibs per sq.in. This steam, after
passing through an oil separator, is employed for boiling
purposes in the brewery and also for heating the steam
drying kilns. The exhaust steam of the engine passes
Fig. 3 Regulating Station
The receiving pan which is surmounted by the condenser
covers a floor space of 2120 sq.ft. and is built up of
reinforced concrete.
Every effort was made to secure a readily con-
trollable arrangement of the components and simple
Fig. 4 Switchboard
through a feed water heater of the heat interchanger type,
whereas the remainder is condensed in a jet condenser.
The duplex compressor shown in Fig. 5 was supplied
to one of the leading chemical works. It is direct-coupled
with a D. C. steam dynamo and, running at 115 r. p. m.,
32
Maschinenfabrik Esslingen, Esslingen
has a capacity of 270 tons. In this machine the valves
are arranged at the circumference of the compressor cy-
linders, the suction valves being on one side, the discharge
fitted for emptying the system without the necessity
of reversing the function of the suction and discharge
valves.
Fig. 5 Ammonia Duplex Compressor
Fig. 6 Surface Condenser with Water Irrigation
valves on the opposite side. To ensure easy starting the The surface condenser with water trickling arrange-
two piston sides can be put in communication by a by- ment is shown in Fig. 6.
pass valve in a transmission port, which also serves the The installation is available for making ice and cooling
purpose of a relieving valve. A change-over conduit is lye used in a great variety of processes.
Maschinenfabrik Germania, vorm. J. S. Schwalbe & Sohn, Chemnitz
The Maschinenfabrik Germania, vorm. J. S. Schwalbe
Sohn, Chemnitz, is the oldest establishment in Ger-
many which specializes in the construction and installation
of complete breweries and malt houses, and so long as
thirty years ago the firm took up the manufacture of
ice making and refrigerating machine installations, which
abattoirs and market halls fitted with cooling chambers
for the preservation of foodstuffs. Among these we may
name the large market hall (Mercado de Abasto Proveedor)
at Buenos Aires, the ever expanding cold stores of which
have been equipped and subsequently extended by the
Germania Works. Germania machines are extensively
Fig. 1 Compound Steam Engine with Direct-coupled Ammonia Compressor and Three-phase Generator
it developed in a manner that to-day this branch ranks
amongst its principal interests.
The Germania machines, including all appurtenances,
as well as the steam power plant etc. -- made throughout
within the workshops of the establishment — are adapted
for the production of cold, which in many industries and
trades has become an indispensable agency.
Apart from small plants installed in cafes, restau-
rants and large households, the Germania Refrigerating
Machines are in operation in a large number of public
used in dairies, margarine works, chemical works, sugar
refineries, hospitals, post mortem rooms and mortuaries,
ice factories (including one in Batavia, Java), also in
mines for the congelation of shafts for coping with quick-
sand. Their widest field of application, however, they
have found in breweries with their extensive and varied
demands for refrigerating installations for the purposes
of ice making, water cooling and air cooling. The erection
of breweries in hot countries has only been rendered
practicable thanks to mechanical refrigeration, which
5
34
Maschinenfabrik Germania vorm. J. S. Schwalbe & Sohn, Chemnitz
provides the indispensable thermal conditions for brewing
in hot climates. Numerous breweries in Germany as well
as elsewhere, notably in South America, Japan, China,
and also in northern parts of the world, such as Scan-
dinavia and even Siberia, are equipped with Germania
refrigerating machines. All these installations have been
designed to suit the requirements of each individual
case and furnish a more convenient and a more reliable
means of controlling the process of fermentation and
maintaining a cool and dry air in the cellars than is afforded
by the use of natural ice.
jet condenser. At 100 r. p. m. and working with super-
heated steam at 572° F and a pressure of 162 Ibs per sq.
in. the engine develops 300 B. H. P. It is coupled to an
ammonia duplex compressor of a capacity of 165 tons of
refrigeration measured at a brine temperature of 23° F.
In addition, the engine drives a three-phase alternator
of 195kw.
The refrigerating effect is employed in the daily
production of 25 tons of ice, for cooling the whole of the
fermenting, storing and racking cellars as well as the hop
stores with an aggregate floor space of about 5500 sq. yds. ;
Fig. 2 Duplex Ammonia Compressor with Belt Drive
In the course of time the Germania Refrigerating
Machines have undergone many improvements and re-
present now the result of a large store of practical ex-
perience furnished by numerous and varied working in-
stallations. Many of the designs and details of construction
have proved of great practical value. Thanks to their,
high efficiency, which modern tests never fail to demon-
strate, they have met with a great measure of recognition
and form part of thousands of installations all over the
globe.
Of brewery refrigerating plants erected in recent
days by the Germania Engineering Works the following
examples may be instanced, both being remarkable as
regards their magnitude and general arrangement.
Dortm under Hansa Brauerei A.-G. a t
Dortmund. The steam engine is of the compound
opposed cylinder type and has drop-valve gearing and a
for cooling a daily quantity of about 15000 gallons of
wort; and for cooling the fermenting tubs with sweet
water. To use the engine steam to best advantage an
economiser is installed between the L. P. cylinder and the
condenser, which serves to heat to about 130° F the water
required for use in the brewery.
Fabrica de Bere Bragadiru, S. A., Bu-
k a r e s t. The ammonia duplex compressor shown in
the illustration has a capacity of about 330 tons of refri-
geration with the circulating brine at 23° F and is driven
by a 400 H. P. three-phase electromotor and belt gearing
with a Lenix belt tightener.
The refrigeration produced by this machine is em-
ployed in ice making and for cooling the whole of the
fermenting rooms, stores, racking rooms, and hop stores,
as well as for preparing the sweet water required for
cooling the worts and the fermenting tubs.
Maschinenfabrik C. 6. Haubold jr., 6. m. b. H., Chemnitz
This firm employs about 1000 engineers, clerks and
workmen and was established in 1837. Its object is the
construction of refrigerating machines, and among its
further specialities may be named: Machines for bleaching,
dyeing, finishing and printing calanders, cutting machines
etc. for paper making and rubber working, also centri-
fugals for a great
variety of purposes.
The first named
department, which
the firm started in
1893, has turned out
about 1200 refriger-
ating and ice making
plants for manufact-
uring and industrial
purposes, and about
120 marine cooling
plants have been in-
stalled in vessels of
the navy and mer-
cantile marine. Of
these the smallest
plant had a capacity
of % ton, whilst the
largest plant is of 120 tons refrigerating capacity. The
installations supplied up to 1908 worked exclusively on
the C02 compression system, but since that date the
construction of machines working on the ammonia com-
pression system has been taken up with similar success.
Of the 1200 plants referred to above 400 are installed
in German and other chocolate works, and the Com-
pany may fitly be described as specialists in this field.
Whereas formerly chocolate in cake form and pralines
were cooled by placing them on the expansion pipes
arranged in the form of racks, this proceeding has now
been abandoned, excepting for special purposes, and all
Fig. 1
cooled in a chamber with air circulation by means of
dry air coolers fitted within the chamber. In more
recent arrangements, to avoid an excessive expenditure
of transporting labour, so-called automatic cooling boxes
designed to deal with large quantities of material of
uniform quality and form have been introduced. In these
machines transport-
ing and cooling are
combined in one
process.
In the following
lines we propose to
describe by way of
example one of the
many installations
supplied by the firm
to the North German
Lloyd, the Hamburg-
American Line, the
Hamburg South
American Steam Ship
Company etc. The
example chosen is a
plant installed in the
Twin Screw Steamer
Ypiranga of the Hamburg-American Line, which makes
voyages from Hamburg to Brazil and on another oc-
casions is employed for pleasure trips. The vessel has
been fitted with an installation operating on the C02
compression system with brine circulation, which travels
from the brine cooler in the engine room to the cold
chambers and boxes. The installation consists of two
vertical marine refrigerating machines, either of which
comprises a compressor of 23/8 inch diam. and 10 inch
stroke and running at about 120 r. p. m. (Fig. 2) together
with two brine circulating steam pumps of the duplex
pattern of 3 and 3% by 4 in. stroke (one being provided
chocolates in the form of cakes or drops etc. are now as a reserve pump) and a cooling water steam duplex
36
Maschinenfabrik C. O. Haubold jr., 0. m. b. H., Chemnitz
Fig. 2
Marine Refrigerating Machine
Fig. 3 Arrangement of Cooling Machines
Fig. 4 Arrangement of Piping
Maschinenfabrik C. G. Hauhold jr., G. m. b. H., Chemnitz
37
Fig. 5
Fig. 5 and 6 Plan and Sections showing Arrangement of Piping in Cooling Rooms
Fig. 6
38
Maschinenfabrik C. O. Haubold jr., 0. m. b. H., Chemnitz
Fig. 7 Air Cooler for the Meat and Poultry Store
Fig. 8 Diagram of CO, Piping
pump of 514 and 6 by 6 in. stroke. The machines are
set up as shown in Fig. 3, and the position of the cold
chambers in the ship is shown in Fig. 4, which indicates
their size and purpose. In addition to the cold chambers,
various cupboards and drink water tanks are fitted
with cooling pipes. Figs. 5 and 6 show the arrangement
of the pipes in the cold chambers, and Fig. 7 shows the
air cooler in the meat chamber. Details of the insulation
of the brine delivery and return conduits are likewise
shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 8 shows diagrammatically the ar-
rangement of the C02 pipe system, and Fig. 9 is, a dia-
gram of the brine circulating pipe system of the install-
ation on board of 2 S. S. Ypiranga. The installation
satisfies all requirements perfectly.
Fig. 9 Diagram of Brine Piping
Similar and also larger installations have been supplied
amongst others for the following twin screw steamers:
2 S. S. "Corcovado", sister ship to the
"Ypiranga",
2 S. S. "Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria",
2 S. S. "Konig Friedrich August",
2 S. S. "Konig Wilhelm II".
For the Fast Steamers:
"Kaiser Wilhelm II." and
"Kronprinzessin Cecilie".
Also for the Mail Steamers:
"Kronprinzessin Cecilie",
"Prinz Friedrich Wilhelm" etc.
Wegelin & Hubner, with whom are incorporated Vaas & Littmann,
Engineering Works and Foundry, A.-G., Halle o. S.
The firm was established on a very modest scale in
1869 by two engineers, Messrs. Albert Wegelin and Ernst
Hiibner, the intention being to manufacture primarily
specialities only with the idea of ensuring a high degree
of perfection in the matter of design and workmanship.
Equipped with the requisite knowledge and many years
of practical experi-
ence, the founders
of the young firm
commenced oper-
ations by making
filter presses,steam
pumps, air pumps,
and steam engines,
and they had the
satisfaction of find-
ing their efforts at-
tended withsuccess
within a year of
embarking upon
their venture.
Within this short
period the existing
equipment had be-
come wholly in-
adequate -to cope
with the orders
which were then coming in, so that it became an absolute
necessity to erect a considerably enlarged factory. The re-
moval to the new works took place on the 1st March 1872,
though the number of workmen did not then exceed one
hundred. At this time the firm acquired the patent
rights of the Hollefreund mash saccharination process.
Within the short space of two years the firm was able
to introduce this new epoch-making process in upwards
of eighty distilleries, supplying in these cases all the
requisite machines and accessory installations. Whilst
this invention was being developed the afore mentioned
specialities continued to receive a full measure of attention.
In the mean time the erection of an iron foundry
had been completed, and on the 21st June 1873 it was
installed. The establishment at this juncture employed
150 men. Though
soon after the
whole of the Ger-
man iron and en-
gineering industry
passed through a
very critical time
the development of
the firm proceeded
steadily; for, re-
alizing the state of
things at a very
early stage, the
firm proceeded to
turn its attention
to foreign require-
ments. The suc-
cess which attend-
ed these endea-
vours is clearly
marked by the fact
that already at the end of the eighties the firm's export
business amounted to 36 to 40% of its entire turnover. To
wards the end of 1886 Mr. Albert Wegelin retired from the
partnership in consequence of serious ill health. His partner,
Mr. Ernst Hiibner, continued the business on his sole account
and, steadfastly applying the accumulated results of
practical experience to the improvement of the machines
made by the firm, he soon saw the undertaking grow to
such an extent that it gave employment to 500 men.
40 Wegelin & Hubner, with whom are incorporeted Vaas & Littmann, Engineering Works and Foundry, A.-G., Halle o. S.
It goes without saying that the firm maintained its tech-
nical resources and its equipment of machine tools on a
level with up-to-date requirements. On the 24ih July
1899 Mr. Ernst Hubner, who in the mean time had re-
ceived the titular honour of Geheimer Kommerzienrat,
converted the business into a share company with a
share capital of M. 2500000, and in October of the
same year sold it to the Hallesche Union Aktiengesell-
schaft; whilst in 1901 the firm of Wegelin & Hubner
became fused into the three departments of the company,
viz. the engineering works of Vaass & Littmann and
Wolff & Meinel, as well as the boiler works of H. W.
Seiffert. As a result of this fusion the capital of the
Wegelin & Hubner Company was increased to M. 3850000,
whilst the number of employees rose to about 850 men
in all. Until his death, which occurred on the 22nd No-
vember 1905, Mr. Ernst Hubner remained in close touch
with the life and work of the establishment, acting until
the last as the chairman of the board of directors.
Whilst the firm succeeded in achieving unusually
large turnovers in the specialities which it had originally
selected for manufacture, having up to now turned out
and delivered to all parts of the world about 4000 steam
engines, over 8000 air pumps and compressors, a like
number of filter presses, about 2000 complete ice making
and refrigerating machines and upwards of 18000 pumps
of every description, it secured an ever firmer footing
in the manifold branches of the chemical engineering
trade. Since years, in fact, the Wegelin & Hubner Works
have numbered among the leading establishments for
the manufacture of machines and appliances required
in chemical manufacturing processes, and the firm is
likewise well known among the users of sugar machi-
nery in all countries. There is hardly a department of
chemical trade where the firm does not possess the re-
quisite experience and materials to submit suitable pro-
positions to meet any special requirements and to carry
out the work in a first rate manner. In this undertaking
the firm is effectively aided by having at its command
an experimental station equipped .with a great variety
of full sized appliances enabling the engineer chemists
of the firm to determine upon the most suitable design
of special appliances by experiments conducted on an
adequately large scale. This installation is likewise acces-
sible to chemical factories who wish to carry out experi-
ments through their own experts.
Among the German refrigerating machine makers
the firm of Vaass & Littmann is the oldest. It was estab-
lished in 1868 for the construction of ice making machines
by the Carre" absorption system. Littmann, the technical
partner of the firm, had worked at an engineering firm
in Paris together with Kropf, who prior to Littmann
established a factory at Nordhausen. Whilst working
in Paris he became acquainted with the Carre machine.
In 1869 Vaass & Littmann supplied their first absorp-
tion machine of a capacity of 220 Ibs per hour. In the
course of that year the firm delivered three ice making
machines in all, which went abroad, as indeed most ma-
chines built by the firm were supplied in compliance
with orders received from abroad. In 1873 the firm
supplied for the first time machines for breweries, most
of these being designed for ice making, to enable the
breweries to supply ice to their customers. The ice pro-
duced by means of these machines was made from the
condensed heating steam discharged from the ammonia
generators and reboiled by live steam to complete its
de-aeration. Being clear, the ice so obtained was much
appreciated. Towards the end of the seventies these
machines were applied for the purposes of cellar cooling
on the lines of present day methods. A very large number
of German breweries operated for years with the absorp-
tion machines of Vaass & Littmann, using live steam for
heating, but subsequently these had to give way to cool-
ing machines working on the more economical com-
pression system. Within recent years, however, absorption
machines operating with the waste steam of engines
have again come into favour in breweries in particular,
and large machine installations for cooling and ice making
on the absorption principle have been supplied by this firm.
In 1890 the firm of Vaass & Littmann began to
construct refrigerating machines operating on the carbon
dioxide compression principle and in 1895 took up the
construction of ammonia compression plants. It is thus in a
position to select machines operating on this or that
system according to the exigencies of the case. At the
time when the works of Vaass & Littmann became fused
with those of Wegelin & Hubner the firm had delivered
about 700 ice making and refrigeration machine instal-
lations.
The firm of Wegelin & Hubner, prior to its amalga-
mation supplied in 1886 its first absorption machine but
comparatively soon entered upon the construction of
compression machines operating with ammonia as well
as carbon dioxide and competed energetically in orders
for abattoir installations, of which it erected a consider-
able number. Thanks to their close connection with
large chemical works Messrs. Wegelin & Hubner are in
an eminently favourable position to study and develop
the construction of refrigerating plants for technical ap-
plications. The firm acquired a leading position in the
construction of paraffin cooling installations thanks to
its location in the centre of the lignite industry of the
Wegelin & Hiibner, with whom are incorporated Vaas & Littmann, Engineering Works and Foundry, A.-Q., Halle o. S.
41
Saxon districts of Thuringia. Plants of this class have
been supplied elsewhere likewise, notably to Galicia.
In the construction of carbon dioxide refrigeration
machines the firm had from the outset held to the prin-
ciple that for this purpose none but the very best was
good enough, and, accordingly, all components which are
exposed to compressed carbon dioxide are so constructed
of the best material as to prevent the possibility of an
explosion or burst with consequent risk to life or losses
arising from breakdowns. The cylinders, their attach-
ments, valves and valve chambers are made of solid
forged and machined blocks of steel. Whilst this is a
somewhat costly mode of manufacture, it has the ad-
vantage of producing fittings of unlimited life. This
firm was also the first to receive a commission for the
installation of a carbon dioxide shaft congelation plant,
in which a temperature of — 49° F was maintained for
freezing quicksand saturated with brine. The shaft in
this case was sunk in an alkali deposit situated in the
province of Hannover and carried down to the intended
depth, and though soon after the shaft was drowned,
so that operations had to be completed by the boring
method, the results achieved with this first carbon di-
oxide refrigerating machine and its success as a means of
maintaining in a medium of brine temperatures below
— 40° F demonstrated to the leading shaft contractors
of Germany the practicability of the congelation method.
These firms have since mainly adopted the carbon di-
oxide congelation method, since this affords under all
conditions the possibility of maintaining in a briny me-
dium temperatures down to — 31° F with compressors
working in a single stage and even down to — 49° F
with compressors operating in two stages. Messrs. We-
gelin & Hubner number all the shaft contractors of Ger-
many, with a single exception, among their clients and
have so far delivered a matter of twenty complete shaft
congelation plants operating on the carbon dioxide system.
In 1906 Messrs. Wegelin & Hubner supplied to the
Geestemiinde Ice Works a large refrigerating plant for
the requirements of the large fish depot established there.
For the purposes of preserving fish it is particularly im-
portant to employ ice which shall contain as little air
as possible to obviate rapid thawing. The most suitable
product for this purpose is ice in slabs made from ordi-
nary unprepared water. Any economically working engine
can be used for the production of ice of this kind since
no means need be provided for the preparation of a de-
finite quantity of distilled water. In 1911 the firm sup-
plied the first large plate ice factory on the Continent,
the installation being driven by a Diesel motor and
having a capacity of 60 tons per day. This plant sa-
tisfied all expectations so completely that within three
months after its installation another plant of similar
capacity was ordered. Plate ice is used with preference
in the trades concerned since the ice, when cut into
cubical blocks, does not recongeal and effects more in-
tense cooling than the ordinary artificial ice, which tends
to congeal after crushing.
The two amalgamated firms of Wegelin & Hubner
and Vaass & Littmann have jointly turned out over
2000 complete refrigerating and ice making machines up
to 1913.
Quiri & Co., Engineering Works, Schiltigheim (Alsace)
' The exigencies of the modern machinery system have
brought about an increasing tendency to specialisation.
This has great advantages in a twofold sense:
1. Concentrated attention to a single speciality
enables a maker to apply himself much more efficiently
to the study and improvement of a limited class of ma-
chines, and there is no doubt that specialisation is
largely responsible for modern technical developments.
2. The specialist can manufacture his machines
systematically and in larger numbers and hence under
more economical conditions.
The subject of mechanical refrigeration is one which
calls for specialisation in an unusual degree in that it
involves an exceptionally extensive combination of prac-
tical experiences and accumulated facts for the attain-
ment of notable results. In Germany a number of firms
specialise in the construction of refrigeration machines,
and amongst these that of Messrs. Quiri & Co., of
Schiltigheim (Alsace) is one of the most im-
portant. This firm was established in 1877 and applies
itself exclusively to the construction of refrigerating
machines. The quality of the firm's production is best
borne out by its practical success in past years.
From the subjoined diagrams it will be seen that
Messrs. Q u i r i & C o. are builders of refrigerating
machines ranging from the smallest to the largest units
and that the annual turnover has risen continually.
There are probably few firms that can look back
upon a like history of brilliant growth.
The firm supplies not only machines for installations
at home but likewise exports in considerable quantities.
The subjoined table gives a good idea of the relation
between the firm's home and export trade. The number
of installations which have been erected in transatlantic
countries furnishes a concrete proof of the excellent work-
ing qualities of the sulphur dioxide compression machines
made by Messrs. Q u i r i & C o.
Synopsis of the Refrigerating Machine Plants constructed and delivered up to the
Size of Machine
000
00
0
I
la
II
Ha
III
Ilia
Capacity in tons of refrigeration
of Machines of each size erect-
ed in Germany
8
84
204
146
148
133
265
240
280
Erected in other European coun-
tries
5
75
86
105
58
70
150
280
220
Erected in transatlantic countries
1
5
12
28
200
53
35
86
40
Ice Making Capacity: 5680 tons per day.
Quid <£ Co., Engineering Works, Schiltigheim (Alsace)
43
No. of Machines supplied
270
260
250
24-0
230
220
210
200
- /
—
~?f
99^:
649
262
100?
soooL
fc
27
25
23
22
21
20
97C
t
1.6U
000?
— ?
2.871
1000
/
?4
640
>nnn
.300
OOO
507.
OOO/
000
HNW
f
190
180
•f/0
160
150
HO
•)
— 1
5 3 50
835C
OOOI
'000
I
\
N
— I
1
19
18
17
16
15
130
120
110
'
2711
nnn,
-T
~L —
1
13
12
11
100
90
80
70
B79C
ooo
m
B
I
-s?
;
,
H
77
wj
10
9
a
7
90
SO
i
j
6
. 40
30
I
j-25
-49
=3
26
J
44
b
4
3
10
d
7
'11 Ml
1921
1000
i ]i
7000
/ it
4 I/
lit
s
a 11
ze Is
' m
umb
3 //
er o
r I
Ma
§ i
:hinf
r /
s
I 1
i
1 OC
1
:
/o
Millions of Calories per hour
Total Output of
- Plants erected by
" Messrs. Quiri <& Co.
. No. of Plants
erected by Messrs.
Quiri & Co.
23 Installations
75 .nstauations
,39 ,nsta,,ations
141 Installations
^0000 Cat.
190000 Cal.
150000 Cat.
120000 Cal.
80000 Cal.
60000 Cat.
40000 Cat.
30000 Cat 20000
7500 Cal
SOOO Cat
3500 Cal.
Diagram of the Size of Machines supplied within 26 Years
Diagram of the Increase of Output in Calories relative to the Size of Machines supplied Diagram of the Size of Machines supplic
31st May 1913 by Messrs. Quiri & Co. G. m. b. H., Engineering Works, Schiltigheim (Alsace).
Size of Machine IV IVa V Va VI Via VII VIII
Total
Capacity in tons of refrigeration
of Machines of each size erect-
ed in Germany
533
320
613
680
700
127
367
110
4958
Erected in other European coun-
tries
373
400
400
320
250
2790
Erected in transatlantic countries
80
320
427
80
350
1717
Aggregate Capacity in tons of refrigeration .
6*
9465
' SECOND PART
ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION OF A FEW COOLING
INSTALLATIONS ERECTED IN GERMANY
OF THP \
Refrigeration Plant of the Municipal Abattoir at Dresden
Installed by the 6esellschaft fur Lindes Eismaschinen, Wiesbaden
The Dresden Abattoir, which was erected in 1910/1911,
comprises three self-contained and entirely independent
plants, all of which have been supplied and installed by
the Gesellschaft fur Lindes Eismaschinen A. G., Wies-
baden. The first and largest of these is situated in the
abattoir proper and serves for the preservation of freshly
killed and absolutely sound meat; the second forms part
of the Amtsschlachthof or Polizeischlachthof, \. e. the police
controlled section, and serves partly for the preservation
of meat of qualified fitness for human consumption and
partly for cooling horseflesh; whilst the third plant serves
the requirements of the restaurant attached to the abattoir.
The installation of the principal cooling house is
designed for a refrigerating capacity of 240 tons and
is required to produce the following thermal effects:
1. To maintain a temperature of 36° F and a mean
relative degree of humidity of 75% in the meat cooling
room, which occupies an area of 46 000 sq. ft. ;
2. To maintain a temperature of 45° F and a mean
humidity of 75% in a fore-cooling room having an area
of 19500 sq.ft.;
3. To maintain a temperature of 43° F in the pickling
room, which embraces 12500 sq.ft.;
4. To cool an ice store occupying 600 sq. ft.;
5. To produce 25 tons of distilled water ice per day
of twenty-four hours.
To maintain a temperature of 36° F coupled with a
humidity of 75% in the two cooling rooms of the police
controlled abattoir, which jointly occupy a space of
1710 sq.ft., the requisite work amounts to 8 tons of
refrigeration.
The restaurant installation absorbs about 16000
B. T. U. per hour for the following purposes:
1. For maintaining a temperature of 36 — 39° F in a
space of 75 sq.ft. provided for keeping' fresh and salted
meat;
2. For cooling a pantry of 68 sq. ft. for the reception
of the day's supply as well as bottled and tinned preserved
meat, fruit, etc.;
3. For maintaining a beer store of 260 sq. ft. at a
temperature of 43° F.
Within the Ami Abattoir and the restaurant an am-
monia compressor was provided for either plant, their
refrigerating capacity being 8 tons and l%ton respect-
ively. In the main cooling house, on the other hand,
three ammonia compressors of 80 tons capacity each
were put down to provide against the consequences of
a breakdown and also to obtain a better adaptability to
the varying requirements of the different seasons of the
year. A fourth compressor of similar size was added by
way of reserve, the entire plant thus grouping itself very
simply into two duplex compressor sets, each driven by
an independent engine.
In view of the fact that steam is required for the
preparation of distilled water as well as hot water for
various requirements the steam engine naturally had
preference over other prime movers. On the other hand,
the great distance intervening between the boiler house
and the compressors of the Ami Abattoir and restaurant
installation rendered it impracticable to drive these com-
pressors by steam-engines served from the main boiler
plant, as this would have entailed a disproportionately
high outlay on steam conduits and serious heat losses;
moreover, steam engines of the small dimensions required
for driving these compressors are uneconomical by their
high rate of steam consumption. For this reason the two
48
Refrigeration Plant of the Municipal Abattoir at Dresden
small compressors with all their auxiliary mechanical
appliances were arranged for being operated by electric
motors. This plan was the more rational as it did not
in any way render the working dependent upon any
extraneous source, since the energy for the electric lighting
system of the establishment, comprising 80 arc lamps
and 4000 glowlamps of 16 to 600 c. p., necessitated the
installation of an independent generating plant.
Electric motors have likewise been installed for all
machines and mechanical appliances which are either too
Fig. 1 Main Cooling Room
far removed from the central power station to be profitably
connected with it, or whose nature demands that they
should be independent of the main engine. In this cate-
gory are to be included more particularly all fans and air
cooler drums, agitators and conveying mechanisms for
ice freezing tanks, as well as the centrifugal pump for the
brine concentrator. All other small machines forming
integral parts of the compressor plant, such as the liquid
pump for the superheater, the brine circulating pump and
the agitators, are all driven by shafting mounted in the
basement of the engine house and deriving its motion
from the main compressor engines.
As an electric current generator the steam turbine
surpasses the reciprocating piston engine in the matter
of initial cost and space requirements, whilst both are
comparable as regards steam consumption. In this par-
ticular case the turbine was entitled to decided preference
in that the condensed steam furnished by it is free from
oil and thus provides water which is eminently suitable
for making crystal ice. To secure these advantages under
economical conditions matters had naturally to be so
arranged as to ensure that the turbine may be always
operate with an adequate load. For this reason the
entire water supply plant, which was likewise installed
Fig. 2 Fore Cooling Chamber
by the Linde Company, was arranged for operation by
electric motors.
All machines and appliances for the main refrigerating
installation, together with the boiler plant and the steam
turbine supplied by Messrs. Brown & Boveri, of Mann-
heim, are housed in one building, which has been liberally
planned with a view to future extensions of considerable
magnitude.
The boiler house adjoins the machine house, which
accommodates on the ground floor three turbo-generators
and the two duplex-compressors with their respective
steam engines. The compressors are of the standard
horizontal pattern with cylinders measuring 15 in. by
235/8 in- stroke and making 62 r. p. m. They have a
Fig. 3 Intermediate Hall connecting Slaughter House and Cooling House
Fig. 4 Ice Tank Room
50
Refrigeration Plant of the Municipal Abattoir at Dresden
Fig. 5 Machine House with Water Tower
thermal capacity of 80 tons each, the temperature of
evaporation being 14° F, that of liquefaction 68° F.
The steam engines are of the compound type with
opposed cylinders of 163/8 and 27 in. diameters by 33% in.
stroke. They are designed to work with superheated steam
at 446° F and a pressure of 125 Ibs per sq. in., and are
fitted with jet condensers. The surplus power of the
engine is transmitted by belt gearing from the flywheel
to the shafting in the basement. The engines develop
190 to 220 1. H. P. or 160 to 190 B. H. P.
The machine house provides room for the erection
of a fourth turbo-generator and a third duplex compressor
with steam engines coupled thereto.
To provide effective means for adapting the capacity
of the compressor to varying requirements, the entire
refrigerative effect is spread over three compressors. To
ensure a still greater elasticity each compressor is provided
with a reduction device, by means of which the cover
sides of the compressors are rendered partly or wholly
inactive without appreciable power losses, the variation
obtainable in this way ranging within 50% of the normal
capacity.
To ensure the utmost degree of economy in working
the compressors are equipped with a superheating attach-
ment. The object of this, as is well known, is to ensure
the admission of dry gas into the compressor when the
evaporator is operating in a liberally flooded condition.
This is achieved by the introduction in the suction conduit
of a liquid separator eliminating the liquid particles of
ammonia carried over from the evaporators. The liquid so
collected is forced back into the evaporators by means of a
small pump. Experience has shown that this arrangement
contributes very largely to the economy of working, in
addition to which it greatly facilitates the regulation of the
thermal effect, since the regulating valve is required to
adjust differences of pressures, instead of having to deal
with quantities of liquid as well. At all events, the presence
of this arrangement enabled the contractors to guarantee
a refrigerating output of at least 15875 B. T. U. per
I. H. P. measured at a temperature of 14° F in the eva-
porator and 68° F in the condenser.
With the exception of the ice cellar, which is cooled
by an ammonia evaporating coil surmounted by gilled
radiators and suspended from the ceiling the main cooling
Refrigeration Plant of the Municipal Abattoir at Dresden
51
Fig. 6 Road through the Abattoir
house is cooled by means of wet air coolers. The expansion
system for chilling the circulating brine, which takes the
form of two duplex evaporators, is set up in the basement
of the machine house. It comprises two evaporating coils
of patent welded wrought iron pipes of 13/16 in. bore and
1% in. diameter. The agitators to these evaporators are
driven by the shafting in the basement.
The evaporator room accommodates also two centri-
fugal brine pumps, which are likewise driven by the shafting
referred to, one of these being sufficient for maintaining
an adequate brine circulation, whilst the other serves as
a reserve pump. Room is provided for a third evaporator
and a third brine circulating pump.
From the evaporators the brine piping is carried
through a subway which joins the machine house to the
cooling house and thence proceeds to the air coolers which
are set up on the upper floor above the cooling rooms.
The air coolers are eight in number and are of the well
known rotary disc type with an aggregate brine-wetted
surface of about 95 000 sq. ft. Each apparatus contains
five disc batteries consisting of 53 discs 65 inches in
diameter. The discs are set in motion by two 8 H.P.
electromotors. Of the eight coolers two are for the fore-
cooling room for beef carcasses, four are for the main
body of the building, one for the fore-cooling room for
mutton and lamb carcasses, and the last for the salt meat
room. Additional room is provided for four other coolers.
Each air cooler is provided with an axial thrust pro-
peller fan driven by a separate 6 H. P. electromotor and
capable of displacing over two million cubic ft. of air per
hour for maintaining a continuous circulation of the air
in the cooling rooms, as well as for inducing the admission
of fresh air through an inlet pipe communicating with
the suction space of the fan. To regulate the supply of
fresh air the pipe is fitted with a swivel damper.
The dew resulting from the chilling of the air
passes into the brine. The latter by its direct contact
with the air takes up all impurities suspended in the air.
From time to time it becomes therefore necessary to
concentrate and sterilise the brine. It may be concentrated
either by the addition of salt in a dissolving pan or by
the evaporation of the excess of water in the brine con-
centrator. The latter apparatus sterilises the brine at
the same time that it concentrates it.
7*
52
Refrigeration Plant of the Municipal Abattoir at Dresden
Fig. 7 Engine Room
The apparatus operates in the following manner:
A circulating pump draws a portion of the brine from the
ammonia evaporation battery and transfers it either to
the salt dissolving pan, whence the brine returns in a
concentrated form under the action of gravity, or the
pump conveys it through an interchanger to the collecting
pan of the concentrator. From the latter the brine is
conveyed by another centrifugal pump to an overflow
trough, whence it trickles down over pipes heated with
live steam. The overflow trough contains likewise steam
pipes, the object of which is to effect the sterilisation of
the brine. From the concentrator the hot brine flows
through the interchanger, where it is cooled by the dilute
brine on its way to the concentrator, and ultimately re-
turns to the battery. In addition, a brine well is provided
which communicates with all vessels containing brine.
This well collects all mud extracted from the brine by
natural sedimentation.
The compressed ammonia vapour is condensed in
six submerged condensers fitted with cooling worms of
patent welded wrought iron piping of !3/8 in. bore and
1 y2 in. diameter with an aggregate cooling surface of
7550 sq. ft. The condensers are set up in the immediate
vicinity of the machine house within a tower built round
the chimney stack. In view of the already rather consi-
derable amount of mechanical power absorbed by the
apparatus here described the condensers are not fitted
with agitators and require 26 400 gallons of cooling water
at a temperature of 50° F, which is supplied by a low
pressure plunger pump. From the condensers the mo-
derately warm water flows by gravity to the injector well,
where it serves to feed the jet condensers of the steam
engines as may be required.
The low pressure pump supplies also the cooling
water for the surface condensers to the steam turbines.
This cooling water is further employed in the preparation
of warm water for use in the abattoir, the heat absorbed
in the condensers being thus turned to useful account.
The warm water, having been thus warmed to a tem-
perature of 95 to 104° F and stored in tanks mounted on
Refrigeration Plant of the Municipal Abattoir at Dresden
53
Fig. 8 Engine Room
the top of the tower, is then heated to 158° F whilst
circulating through interchangers heated with turbine
exhaust steam.
The tower accommodates in addition a cold water
reservoir for the requirements of the abattoir, the water
being raised by a high pressure pump. This pump as well
as the low pressure pump referred to have each a deli-
vering capacity of 66 000 gallons per hour. Both pumps
are set up in the basement of the tower, also a spare pump
of similar size and available for service both as a high
pressure and a low pressure pump.
The condensed steam from the turbines, which, as
already stated, furnishes the water for the ice factory,
is first conveyed to a receiver or, if sufficient distilled
water has been supplied, it is allowed to flow to the boiler
house, where it serves as boiler feed water. From the
reboiler, where the distilled water furnished by the con-
densed turbine steam is de-aerated by means of live steam,
it passes through a cooler to the distilled water tank,
whence it flows by gravity to the ice can fillers.
The freezing tank, which is capable of furnishing
twice 12% tons, or 25 tons, of ice in twenty-four hours,
contains 1008 square cans adapted for 28-lb blocks. The
cans are arranged in groups of twenty-four in 42 carriages.
The expansion coils are of patent welded wrought iron
pipes of l3/16in. bore and ll/2 m- diameter and present
a cooling surface of 1300 sq. ft. The agitators and con-
veying mechanism can be operated by an electromotor
when the steam engine stops. The ice is drawn by means of
an electrically operated travelling crane. The freezing
tank room adjoins the machine house and communicates
with the ice cellar. Room is available for a duplicate
freezing tank.
It goes without saying that in an installation of the
magnitude of the one here described every facility must
be provided for exercising complete control over its work-
ing in all its phases. For this purpose the installation
is provided with an adequate equipment of thermometers
at all points requiring attentive control, temperature
and pressure gauges at the suction and discharge sides
54
Refrigeration Plant of the Municipal Abattoir at Dresden
Fig. 9 General View of Abattoir and Cattle Sheds
Fig. 10 View from the Abattoir Street
Fig. 11 General View of Abattoir and Cattle Sheds
Refrigeration Plant of the Municipal Abattoir at Dresden
55
to the compressors, as well as water meters, steam gauges,
and brine density gauges, so as to enable the management
to remedy any defect from the outset.
The refrigerating effect required for the purposes
of the Ami Abattoir is furnished by an electrically operated
horizontal ammonia compressor of a capacity of 8 tons,
the temperature in the evaporator being 14° F, that in
the condenser 68° F. The installation includes a super-
heating arrangement and an open submerged condenser.
In contradistinction to the method adopted in the main
cooling plant the chambers are in this small installation
cooled on the direct expansion principle. The coils are
grouped to form two air-coolers of the box pattern, one
serving for cooling the impounded meat, the other for
cooling the horseflesh. The requisite air circulation is
maintained by means of two electrically operated fans
capable of delivering 160 000 and 210000 cub. ft. respect-
ively, which also draw in fresh ait through stoneware
pipes built into the walls. Each air cooler is fitted with
a device for defrosting the pipes by means of warm am-
monia vapour.
The refrigerating plant attached to the restaurant
is an ammonia compressor of a capacity of 1 1/3 ton with the
ammonia evaporating at 14° F and liquefying at 68° F.
The submerged condenser employed for the liquefaction
of the compressed ammonia gas is of the inclosed type,
so that the cooling water may be drawn off at any con-
venient point and used for other purposes incidental to
the working of the plant. The rooms are cooled by a direct
expansion system suspended from the ceilings of the beer
cellar and the room provided for the storage of preserves,
whilst the meat storing room is cooled by an air cooler of
the inclosed battery type. The air cooler is fitted with a fan
which produces the requisite circulation and induces the
admission of fresh air from without. Through a small
trunk at the side it is also available for providing the
store-room for preserved goods with fresh air.
Abattoir with Meat Cooling Plant and Ice Factory
at Bad Godesberg on Rhine.
Architect and Designer: Herr Walter Freese, Bonn o. Rh.
Installation by A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
The modern achievements of refrigeration engineers
are extensively taken advantage of in the design and
equipment of abattoirs, not excepting those to be found
in very small towns.
This is not altogether surprising, seeing that the
elaborate system of animal control, meat inspection and
so on would be of little practical use if an abattoir were
without a cooling plant which enabled butchers to keep
their killed meat in perfect condition for some time and
under all weather conditions. Obviously, the average
butcher cannot be expected to erect a meat cooling in-
stallation of his own as the cost of maintaining it would
make his business altogether unprofitable. The abattoir
cooling installations may indeed be described as the
practically most valuable aspect of the abattoir
scheme.
It may therefore not be uninteresting to follow an
illustrated description of an abattoir with a meat cooling
plant attached, and as an up-to-date example we have
selected a plant recently opened to the meat trade at
Bad Godesberg o. Rh.
Godesberg, with a population of 20 000, which
during the summer months is largely swelled by visit-
ors, consumes annually in meat
1500 carcasses of beef etc.,
2500 carcasses of mutton and lamb,
4500 carcasses of pork.
The whole of the available space was dimensioned
to cope with the work represented by these figures, and
allowance had to be made for the fact that in summer
the presence of visitors practically doubles the average
amount of killing required at other seasons, and from
the outset provision had to made for a probable increase
in the slaughter house requirements of the town. It ap-
peared reasonable to assume that an abattoir dimen-
sioned and equipped for double the average number of
kills would adequately meet all requirements.
The total area required for the purposes of the abat-
toir comprises about 3 acres. The buildings consist of
a residence for the director on the western side of the
main entrance with an annex situated within the yard
for the accommodation of the counting house; on the
eastern side of the main entrance the residence of the
machine attendants and abattoir foremen; at the- side
of this the "Free Bench", where meat which has
been passed conditionally for consumption is sold after
cooling, sterilising or pickling. All these buildings are
situated along the street front so as to exclude all tres-
passers from the abattoir proper. The south-eastern
corner accommodates the horse stables and yards.
The centre line of the principal building is on a
line with the centre of the main entrance. Its western
block comprises the slaughter houses, one for pigs and
the other for cattle and sheep etc. Both are separated
by an entrail washing department. At the eastern end
of the main buildings annexes are set apart for the use
of abattoir foremen and veterinary surgeons and, for the
accommodation of wardrobes for butchers and their as-
sistants, water closets and lavatories, etc. All divisions
of the abattoir are equipped with the best mechanical
appliances for killing, transporting, etc., so as to reduce
human labour to a minimum and also to despatch the
animals in the most humane manner.
The western block situated opposite the slaughter
house is occupied by the meat cooling rooms, the ice
factory and the machine plant.
The two buildings are joined by a roofed and glazed
intermediate hall and thus form a continuous unit.
This connecting hall fulfils the useful purpose of
taking up the whole of the intercommunication traffic
Abattoir with Meat Cooling Plant and Ice Factory at Bad Godesberg on Rhine
57
Fig. 1 Abattoir at Godesberg
General Plan, Scale 1 : 200
58
Abattoir with Meat Cooling Plant and Ice Factory at Bad Oodesberg on Rhine
between the different sections of the establishment. The
carcasses are here delivered and brought away under
Fig. 2 Communication and Traffic Hall
cover at all weathers; they
are conveyed through it
from the slaughter house
to the cooling chambers, etc.
The hall provides accord-
ingly facilities for survey-
ing the whole of the work
in progress.
The cooling chambers
face towards the North
and consist of a Forecool-
ing Room, the Cooling
Room proper and a Pickling
Room. In the forecooling
room the freshly killed meat
is required to pass through
an intermediate process of cooling for 24 hours, so as
not to disturb too seriously the temperature of the main
cooling rooms by its introduction whilst still warm. The
main cooling space contains thirty-two cooling cubicles of
different sizes which are let to the respective butchers.
The forecooling room and the slaughter house are con-
nected by an elevated track system, by means of which
the freshly killed meat may be easily conveyed from
one to the other.
An additional hanging room forming an annex to
the forecooling room is provided for the immediate re-
moval of the carcasses form the slaughter house and their
temporary accommodation without risk of deterioration
until an opportunity occurs for opening the forecooling
room.
On the southern side the cooling rooms communi-
cate with the air cooler-rooms. Next in position follows
Fig. 3 Forecooling Room
the ice factory, which comprises an ice freezing tank of
a capacity of 10 tons per day. The ice produced is of the
quality of crystal ice, the water to be congealed being
derived from the waste steam of the engine.
The adjacent boiler house contains two Cornwall
boilers of 538 sq. ft. heating surface and working at
147 Ibs per sq. in. These are fitted with superheaters
capable of raising the temperature of the steam to 572° F.
The machine and engine room next to the boiler house
is of sufficient dimensions to accommodate two units. At
present the plant comprises a drop valve steam engine
of 50 HP coupled direct to an ammonia compressor of
a capacity of 30 tons of refrigeration.
The warm water required for use in the slaughter
house is furnished by an economiser with large water
space of a capacity of 2200 gallons, which is heated by
the waste steam of the engine.
In view of the fact
that the water used through-
out is obtained from the
town mains the surface
condenser is constructed on
water economising prin-
ciples.
The whole of the cool-
ing machine plant has been
supplied by the well known
engineeringfirm of A.Borsig,
of Berlin-Tegel. The plant,
which has in the mean time
been put in operation, works
in every way in a faultless
manner. The guarantee
Fig. 4 Machine Room
tests have furnished brilliant results, inasmuch as nearly
the whole of the stipulated requirements have been exceeded.
Abattoir with Meat Cooling Plant and Ice Factory at Bad Qodesberg on Rhine
59
On the eastern side of the entrail washing department
the plan shows a manure shed; on the eastern side of
the cattle and sheep slaughter house are seen stables
The cost of the entire plant including the railway
connection, the purchase of land, etc. amounts to M.
500 000. In the face of the small number of the inhabi-
Fig. 5 General View
for the animals, whilst in the north-eastern extremity is
the officially controlled slaughter house for conditionally
sound animals. Railway connection at the back of the
estate provides a convenient means of conveying the
animals direct by rail to the abattoir.
tants this would seem a somewhat disproportionate ex-
penditure; it is, however, justified by the magnitude of
the plant, which in its turn is necessitated by the periodic
confluence of visitors.
Cold Storage Plant at the Kaiserhafen at Bremerhaven
Installed by Messrs. |_. A. Riedinger, Maschinen- und Bronzewarenfabrik A.-G., Augsburg
Efforts made in Germany to introduce cheap frozen
meat were attended with interesting results at the close
of the past year, the Senate of the city of Bremen having
decided to erect on state property at the Kaiserhafen in
Bremerhaven a cooling and refrigerating plant for stacking
frozen meat. As the entire scheme presented itself more
or less in the light of an experiment its realisation was to
involve as moderate an expenditure as possible, though
all that was necessary to ensure perfectly realiable work-
ing was to be provided.
Use was accordingly made of an existing goods shed,
of which those portions only which were to be employed as
cooling chambers were lined with an insulation 8 inches
thick consisting of cork slabs attached to half-brick
walling and plastered over with cement. On the outside
the shed is covered with corrugated iron. The ceiling put
in is not a solid structure but lightly framed in wood, so
as to load the ground as little as possible in view of its
limited bearing strength.
Brick walls were run up in those places only where
loads of some magnitude were required to be borne or
where it was essential to render the walling impervious
to water.
The shed is situated on the eastern side of the Kaiser-
hafen No. I and is flanked on the western and northern
sides by the quay, whilst on the opposite land side it is
served by the railway. The machine plant and the cooling
chambers proper are accommodated under the same roof.
Those portions of the shed which are not occupied by the
cooling plant are used for ordinary purposes of wharfing.
The whole of the cooling rooms are on the ground
level within a square block traversed in the middle by a
corridor about 28 ft. wide. The latter is divided by va-
rious partitions into a receiving and delivery room and a
counting house, and also provides the requisite accesses
to the individual cooling chambers. On either side this
corridor has free access to the water and railway respect-
ively.
Above this corridor are accommodated the air cool-
ers; the whole of the chambers, which cover an area of
1150 sq. yds., being cooled indirectly by circulation of air
cooled by external brine dry coolers. This, beside pro-
viding for the storage of meat which has already been
chilled, renders the installation suitable for storing
other goods, such as eggs, fruit, poultry and even fresh
meat; the whole system being accordingly available for
a wide range of purposes. In view of the location of the
cooling house mechanical power is applied through the
agency of electric motors; and two independent units have
been installed for producing the required cooling effect,
one of a refrigerating capacity of 60 tons with the cir-
culating brine at 28 to 23° F, the other of 46 tons with
the brine at 14 to 5° F. The compressors, with one cylinder
each, operate on the supplying firm's well known carbon
dioxide compression system and are each driven by an
80 H.P. D.C. motor with belt gearing, their cranks making
100 r. p. m.
The valves are of a special design, involving the use
of gas cushions, whereby the action is practically noiseless,
despite the comparatively high rate of revolution of the
machines.
On one side of the compressor room is situated the
condenser and refrigerator room, which contains two
brine coolers of the ordinary cylindrical type and two
carbon dioxide after-coolers, to which the refrigerating
agent passes from the water-cooled surface condensers for
further under-cooling.
On the side facing the quay a room is provided for the
accommodation of two water-cooled surface condensers
with flat-sided tubes and nested coils surmounting a
receiving tray of concrete. Two direct-driven cooling water
pumps of the centrifugal type are mounted in front of the
Cold Storage Plant at the Kaiserhafen at Bremerhaven
61
two after-coolers. These draw the water direct
from the quay basin and convey it through the
after coolers to the surface condensers, whence the
waste water returns to the basin. In view of the
fact that harbour water is employed for cooling,
the after-coolers are equipped with special pro-
visions for ensuring the easy removal of deposits
of impurities and mud.
To this end the after-coolers are mounted with
their bottom surface 6 ft. above the floor level so
as the render it easily accessible from below, the
apparatus being fitted with a large manhole through
which it can be cleaned and accumulations of mud
discharged.
Sufficient head room is provided, and the coils
fitted above are easily accessible.
The surface condensers are screened by louvre
boards on their open sides so as to be exposed
to an efficient current of air. The
brine which has been chilled in
the evaporators is conveyed by
two centrifugal pumps, which are
driven direct by electromotors to
the space under the roof, which
is fitted with four air coolers.
These consist of several super-
imposed rows of pipes of 3% in.
bore provided with gills to in-
crease the cooling surface, the
whole being joined up into a con-
tinuous system by cast iron elbows
and return bends.
A brisk circulation of air be-
tween the coolers and cooling
rooms is maintained by four
powerful fans, each of which is
driven direct by an electromotor
and each capable of displacing
670000 cub. ft. of air per hour;
and since the cooling chambers
have a capacity of about 106000
cb. ft. it will be seen that this
volume of air circulates and is
partly renewed about 25 times
every hour. This is necessary in
view of the low temperature which
is to be maintained in the cooling
chambers.
The air coolers are so ar-
ranged in position that the fresh
supply required for the renewal
62
Cold Storage Plant at the Kaiserhafen at Bremerhaven
Fig. 2 View from the Railway
Fig. 3 Machine Room
Cold Storage Plant at the Kaiserhafen at Bremerhaven
63
Fig. 4 Cold Storage Room
Fig. 5 View from the Harbour
64
Cold Storage Plant at the Kaiserhafen at Bremerhaven
of the vitiated air is drawn in in a very simple manner
and that it may provide an effective means of rapidly
thawing the congealed water vapour on the air coolers.
The air cooling chambers together with the main air
ducts are protected from radiated heat by an insulation
of cork 5% inches thick.
From the air coolers and ventilators respectively
main air delivery and suction ducts above the cold room
ceiling pass over the individual cooling chambers, and
slides and swivel dampers provide a means of regulating
the distribution of the air.
Within the cooling chambers, which have a height of
nearly 10ft., the air distributing ducts are so arranged on
the ceiling that their upper edges abut against the match
boarding of the ceiling. Beside economising head room,
this obviates the creation of undesirable dustcollecting
corners between the top of the air duct and the ceiling of
the cold storage room. The distribution by means of
branch conduits of the current of air within the cooling
chambers is effected by side ducts arranged on the herring-
bone plan commonly adopted in meat cooling installations,
the object of which is to attain a uniform circulation of
air from all sides.
The available area of the cold store is approximately
bisected by a corridor, as already stated, and each half
is subdivided into four cooling chambers of similar size.
From one of these chambers a portion covering a floor
space of 27' 9" X 14' 9" has been abstracted to serve as
an inspection room.
For the reception of cold meat the cold chambers
were required to have a temperature of 19° F, and in the
contract it was provided that the hygrometer should record
about 90% at 19° F.
The first machine unit was in operation on the 18 th
March of this year, and on the 27 th the first consignment
of 40 tons of frozen meat arrived by rail from Hamburg.
This store represented about one fourth of the total capa-
city and required only one machine to operate for two
hours in the forenoon and again for two hours in the
afternoon. This sufficed to bring the temperature of the
brine down to — 6° F, whilst the temperature in the
cooling chambers rose during the night only from 18 to
23° F. Seeing that the building in itself does not present
particularly favourable conditions this satisfactory result
bears testimony to the excellence and sufficiency of the
insulation of the cooling chambers.
The whole of the building work was carried out
under the directions of the harbour commissioners them-
selves.
Supply Stores Cooling Installation at Essen
Installed by A. Freundlich, Engineering Works, Diisseldorf
The modern Supply Stores furnishes an example
of up-to-date concentration of retail trading. Naturally,
in an undertaking of this kind the food stuff branch
claims fullest attention.
The workings of supply stores conducted on extens-
ive lines is naturally
subject to considerable
fluctuation and contin-
gencies in buying and
selling. Moreover, com-
mercial policy demands
purchase in sufficiently
largequantities,whence
follows the necessity of
keeping the goods in a
good state of preserva-
tion for a more or less
extended period.
Here is a situation
which provides the re-
frigerating trade with
an opportunity for
supplying universal
cooling plants capable
of satisfying in an ex-
quisite degree every
exigency likely to arise.
Fig. 1 gives an out-
side view of the monu-
mental building of a
Supply Stores at Essen.
Though instinctively one would dispose the machine
and cooling rooms in the basement, yet in the case of
various supply store installations experience has shown
this to be a mistaken plan, partly on account of the
comparatively great distance which separates the instal-
lation from the provisions sale departments. In the case
of the stores at Essen the problem resolved itself accord-
ingly into a scheme whereby the cooling chambers were
accommodated in an upper story, that is in the immediate
vicinity of the entrance to the provisions sale depart-
ment, whereas the ma-
chine plant found a
suitable place in the
basement.
In an installation
of this kind the best
way of transmitting
the refrigerating effect
would appear to be to
employ a brine circulat-
ing system, partly on
account of the resulting
great length of piping
and partly in view of
the objections to the
application of the direct
expansion principle
within a much frequent-
ed building. The reason
that nevertheless the
direct expansion sy-
stem was adopted
throughout and that
ammonia was chosen
Fig. 1 Outside View
as the refrigerating
agent, apart from the
advantages of ammonia in the matter of management and
permanently reliable working, was the desire to secure
the advantages of the greater simplicity in the general
arrangement and control of the plant as well as the
greater durability of the ammonia direct expansion system.
9
66
Supply Stores Cooling Installation at Essen
It goes without saying that in the matter of design and
workmanship very exacting requirements had to be satis-
fied to insure an easy and perfect control of the widely
ramified system and also to eliminate the element of
danger to human life.
Among the special provisions adopted to achieve
this end there is the notable fact that the entire pipe
system is welded continuously, so that no trouble can
arise from leaking joints. The pressure under which the
conduit system was tested amounted to 150 atm., which
provides a more than 50-fold factor of safety.
under gravity to the basement into the cooling system of
the ice tank which has a supplementary controlling valve
operated by the machine attendant.
This liquid separator is designed to form the last
safeguard of the installation and is fitted with an anti-
explosion plate, which in the event of the admissible
pressure being exceeded comes into function, allowing
the ammonia to escape.
The installation is represented in plan in Fig. 3, whilst
a photographic view of the compressor is reproduced in
Fig. 4. The latter is of the vertical inclosed type and
Fig. 2 Regulation Station
The installation is controlled in two ways. One
set enables the cold room attendants to regulate the
various sections of the system by means of the distri-
buting valves in an anteroom, whilst the other set con-
sists of the main regulating valves of the pressure gauge
control and filling station in the machine room, this set
being, of course, under the control of the machine attend-
ant (Fig. 2).
To obviate difficulties arising from the coexistence of
the two methods of control the whole of the cooling pipe
systems are built on the overflow principle, which provides
for an excess of ammonia occurring in any of the coils.
At an appropriate point above the cold rooms, in
the open but protected from weather influences, there is
a large liquid separator, whence the suction conduit leads
to the machine room. In this separator the excess of
liquid is eliminated from the gases, the compressor oper-
ating thus on a superheated vapour, and the liquid flows
works with a liberally dimensioned and automatically
lubricated driving mechanism. The compressor cylinder
is single-acting, which in the case of a compressor work-
ing on a superheated vapour is of special advantage in
that the stuffing box remains under the influence of
the cold aspirated gas. The valves are of the amply
tested steel plate type and are admirably adapted for
operation with superheated gases.
The condenser, which is of the submerged type, is
equipped with Freundlich's Patent Agitator with stationary
turbine wheel for maintaining an active circulation with-
out the use of transmission gearing, as shown in section
in Fig. 5.
The compressor, which in recent installations of a
similar kind is coupled direct to an electromotor running
at a moderate speed (Fig. 6), is in this case driven by a
countershaft so as to provide a means of actuating
various supplementary machines.
Supply Stores Cooling Installation at Essen
67
The machine is of 20 tons refrigerating capacity
The annexed figures 8, 9, 10, 1 1 and 12 supply an idea
working with an ammonia evaporating temperature of of the nature of the cooling chambers and bring into
14° F and a cooling water temperature of 50° C. The view the great advantages resulting from the partial ar-
driving power required to furnish this output is about rangement of the cooling pipes in tiers.
16 H.P. including gear losses.
Fig. 3] Elevation and Plan of Machine Plant
The arrangement in general and in detail is shown in
the drawing reproduced in Fig. 7.
A striking feature of the installation is the great
diversity in the arrangement of the cooling pipes. This
is rendered necessary by the different purposes which
the system is required to serve.
The various cold rooms are respectively used for
the storage of cheese and butter, vegetables and
preserves, meat and sausages, game and poultry, fruit
and fish. A few rooms requiring special ventilation are
fitted with electric fans. In addition, the anteroom con-
tains a fresh air cooler and drier consisting of an accu-
68
Supply Stores Cooling Installation at Essen
mulator system of pipes over which air drawn from without
is blown by an electric fan and thence passes through
various controllable channels to all the control chambers.
In the place of smooth cooling coils the pipe systems
take throughout the form of brine accumulator systems
for direct expansion, the ammonia pipes being surround-
ed by a welded brine container. The latter is round or
rectangular according to the requirements of the case
and, when rectangular, provides a convenient base for
mounting the pipes in tiers. The choice of brine
accumulators was necessitated to ensure that during
for the accommodation of meat, game and other easily
perishable goods are fitted with concealed cooling pipes
and serve to obviate losses such as might be caused by
no more than a temporary departure from the ap-
propriate temperature, to say nothing of the inviting
appearance of victuals kept in a cool and dry condition.
In conclusion it may be noted that the luxurious dis-
play of modern supply stores is not a purely external
matter but extends, as in the present case, to departments
hidden from the public gaze and where it would be an
easy matter to yield to the temptations of effecting eco-
nomies; accordingly, the
whole of the cold chambers
are paved with floor stones,
which encourages that degree
of scrupulous cleanliness
which should not be lacking
in any cold storage plant.
The last illustration, Fig. 1 4,
gives a view of the food
stuffs sale department and,
amongst other things, shows
a row of cupboards fitted
with cooling pipes.
The installation has work-
ed without a hitch since it
was put into service, and
has fulfilled all stipulated
requirements in that it is
simple to manage and ab-
solutely safe, besides which
it ensures a correct cooling
Fig. 4 Belt-driven Compressor
the night, when the machine would not be working,
the rise of temperature should not exceed a very
small limit.
To avoid the necessity of transferring all perishable
goods at the end of every day from the sale departments
to the cold chambers the installation was carried a step
further, and, apart from the cold chambers, cooling pipes
were carried over all the stories of the building, and all
cupboards, serving counters etc. converted into refriger-
ators. The arrangement of these is similar to that of the
larger chambers.
In the confectionary department the refrigerator,
as shown in Fig. 13, is chilled by direct expansion coils.
The ice cream machine is likewise connected with the
refrigerating system and does away with the inconveni-
ence of carrying a daily supply of ice. The show cases
in the food stuff department, including those provided
Fig. 5 Submerged Condenser
Supply Stores Cooling Installation at Essen
69
Fig. 6 Compressor with Direct Coupled Motor
Fig. 8 Cold Storage Room
I
3
r
%
5~i
3
Supply Stores Cooling Installation at Essen
71
Fig. 9 Cold Storage Room
A.Freundlich DUsss
Fig. 10 Cold Storage Room
effect, a faultless state of the air, a sufficiently steady certain circuitous elements, the fact remains that every
temperature and its unrestricted use under all circum- departure from the more obvious course has been justi-
stances. Though the installation may appear to contain fied by the manner in which the plan has been carried out.
72
Supply Stores Cooling Installation at Essen
Fig. 1 1 Cold Storage Room
Fig. 12 Cold Storage Room
Supply Stores Cooling Installation at Essen
73
Fig. 13 Cold Chest for Confectionary
Fig. 14 Fruit Sale Department
10
Fig. 1 General View
Work No. I of the Gesellschaft fur Markt- und Kuhlhallen at Berlin
Installed by the Gesellschaft fur Lindes Eismaschinen, Wiesbaden
A rational system of food supply lies at the found-
ation of national welfare. Its first aim must obviously
be to ensure that all foodstuffs provided for human con-
sumption shall be in perfect condition at such time as
they can be made use of. Now, the circumstances of
modern life render it impossible always to consume food-
stuffs at the time when they have been freshly delivered,
and hence their proper preservation plays a great part
in modern food supply, and among the problems affect-
ing the feeding of a town numbering its inhabitants by
the million food preservation is an all-important factor.
The most natural and at the same time the best
means of preserving perishable food is the application
of cold.
For years it has been used for the preservation of
food stuffs, and what the ice safe does in the family
household is accomplished in a more perfect and on an
immensely greater scale on behalf ofen tire communities
by the large cold storage plants.
Industrial progress with its need of a heightened
intelligence in the working population is responsible for
a higher scale of remuneration as the equivalent of superior
service and consequently also for higher demands in
matters of living on the part of the more successful classes.
Things which formerly were unknown luxuries have now
come to be included among the necessities of life, and
with higher pretentions has come also the ability to
distinguish between good and indifferent quality of ar-
ticles provided for consumption.
In consequence of an increasing population and its
concentration in towns it became necessary to extend the
sources of supply, and from this necessity arose a steady
increase of importation from other parts of the globe.
Since it is, however, impossible to dispose at once of all
provisions, the erection of cold storage plant followed as
an imperative necessity. In large cities the feeding of the
masses by imported food stuffs would be unthinkable
in the absence of artificially cooled storage houses.
In times of war; after mobilisation, the significance
would be even greater than in times of peace. The pro-
visions held in cold storage would effectively ensure the
feeding of troops in the field.
The first stone to the large cooling plant of the
Berlin Market and Cold Storage Company was laid in
Work No. I of the Gesellschaft fiir Markt- und Kiihlhallen at Berlin
75
1900. A site had been purchased in the heart of the
empire's metropolis between the Anhalt and Potsdam
Stations, the situation being known as the Trebbiner
StraBe and Luckenwalder StraBe. This site was chosen
by reason of its central position and also because it was
one of the few available situations within the city which
were in the immediate vicinity of the railway system;
it had the further advantage of the proximity of the
Landwehrkanal supplying in a cheap form the large
quantity of water required for working the plant and
forming also a convenient receiver for the return of the
waste water. Upon the two contiguous portions of the
building site two large cold stores were erected with the
machine house between them, whilst the general offices
were built with their frontages facing the Trebbiner
StraBe. This arrangement had the great advantage that
both cold stores as well as the machine house face on
one side the yards and the railway, which greatly facilitates
the delivery and discharge of the arriving stores and
coals, whilst on the other side the buildings front the
Luckenwalder StraBe and the Trebbiner StraBe respect-
ively, both streets being thus available for vehicular
traffic to and from the cold stores.
Either section of the estate has separate entrance
and exit gates, and between both lies the private siding
which connects the property with the Anhalt Railway
Station.
The buildings were erected in 1900 and were installed
in 1901.
The necessity having arisen for extending the under-
taking, an additional site was acquired in 1904, viz. No. 6
Trebbiner StraBe, to which in 1906 was added No. 9 on
the opposite side of the street. The machine house lies
between the Cold Store No. I in the Trebbiner StraBe
and the Cold Store No. II in the Luckenwalder StraBe.
In view of the high price paid per unit of the ground
area it became a sine qua non from the outset to utilize
the available site within the full limits allowed by the
building bye-laws.
Both cold storage buildings were accordingly run up
to a height of seven floors providing a head room of nearly
10 ft. each.
The No. I Cold Storage House accommodates on
two storeys the ice making plant, which leaves six floors
for the cooling chambers. The No. 1 1 Cold Storage House
contains eight storeys, all available for letting, a floor
area of 12000 sq. yds, including the cellars below the
pavement, being thus available for storage. Either cold
store building is fitted with two staircases and four elec-
trically operated lifts. On the property purchased in 1904
and originally known as 6 Trebbiner StraBe, a portion of
the building forming the extension of the No. I Cold Store
was employed for the erection of a spare machine plant,
whilst the first and second floors served for an extension
of the ice making factory. The third and fourth floors
are occupied by an Air Liquefying Plant operating on
Linde's patented process for the production of oxygen
and liquid air, the latter resulting as an intermediate
product. This plant is known as Department No. III.
The top floor accommodates a number of apparatus and
an oxygen holder. The yard, which is likewise cellared,
provides room for a spare oxygen charging compressor
and for the storage of empty steel cylinders.
The boiler house for the spare plant is situated on
the portion of the site adjoining the railway, and the yard
provides room for an oxygen holder of 1750 cb. ft. capa-
city. This building has a separate staircase and, to eco-
nomise room to the utmost, the stair is of the winding
pattern. An electrically operated goods lift serves all
floors, whilst another lift near the boiler house on the
other side of the yard deals with the transport of steel
cylinders to and from the cellar. Two ice shoots convey
the ice blocks from the freezing tanks here situated di-
rectly into the ice carts.
The office building facing the Trebbiner StraBe has
on either side a weighbridge, one serving to weigh the
incoming carts the other for controlling the weight of
outgoing vehicles. This ensures a well ordered vehicular
traffic in the yard.
The ground floor accommodates the ice delivery de-
partment with which is combined the control of the in-
coming and outgoing stores. The first and second floors
comprise the counting house, whilst the third and fourth
floors together with the attic rooms are the private re-
sidence of the manager.
In the machine house the plant is disposed to make
the most of the available area within the limits imposed
by the building regulations. The machine room is 23 ft.
high, whilst the boilers are placed on the floor above;
the rest of the numerous components of the plant and the
supplementary machines are distributed over the adjacent
floors.
In the section on the opposite side of the Trebbiner
StraBe, known as No. 9, the front building provides two
cartways leading to a yard and on the ground floor com-
prises the porter's lodge and a restaurant for the con-
venience of the works employees as well as of the numerous
ice customers and store room tenants of the company.
Another portion of this building has been fitted up as a
cigar shop.
The first and second floors are let out as offices,
whilst the third and fourth floors are arranged as private
10*
76
Work No. I of the Gesellschaft fiir Markt- und Kiihlhallen at Berlin
residential flats, mostly occupied by employees of the
company. The yard, which is likewise cellared throughout,
leads to a transverse building with a large thoroughfare
for the company's ice-vans. The four floors above are
employed for factory purposes.
An electrically operated goods lift serves all floors
from the first yard.
The second yard, which is reached by way of the
thoroughfare referred to, is surrounded by stables, and
others are situated on the ground floor and first floor of
the second transverse building. The remaining space
serves for the storage of fodder and gear, whilst the upper
floors provide dwellings for the stablemen.
A third thoroughfare leads through the second trans-
verse building to a triangular piece of ground. This pro-
vides room for a farrier's smithy on the left and a cart
shed on the right.
The erection of the cold storage buildings with their
eight storeys presented a problem of considerable diffi-
culty from an architectural point of view since the build-
ing was required to dispense almost entirely with win-
dows for insulating reasons. The difficulty was emphasized
by the very irregular shape of the site. On the other hand,
the character of the buildings and their height called
for somewhat strongly pronounced architecture. The
structures are carried out in mediaeval style with brick
facings and are surmounted by towers, the whole im-
pressive structure being eminently suggestive of a castle
of industry.
Anyone approaching the metropolis by way of the
Anhalt or Potsdam stations is struck by these colossal
monuments of industry, whilst to the inhabitants of
Greater Berlin travelling by the trains of the elevated
railway the entire plant is a familiar sight.
Both cold storage buildings and also the engine
house are essentially iron structures, and in determining
the strength of the skeleton structure all brick walls were
ignored as affording any support of the loads, so that
by cutting down the thickness of the walling to the lowest
limits a good deal of additional space remained available
for useful purposes. That the space so economized was by
no means a negligible quantity will be readily appreciated
when it is realized that the addition of a single brick to
the thickness of the wall would have diminished the
available floor space on each of the eight storeys of either
building by an area equal to about 4300 sq. ft.
The steel structure of the No. I Cold storage building
was designed and erected by the Vereinigte Maschinen-
fabrik Augsburg and the Maschinenbaugesellschaft Niirn-
berg, Gustavsburg Works, whereas the design and the
erection of the No. II Cold Storage Building as well as
that of the machine house was entrusted to the Akticn-
gesellschaft Lauchhammer.
The structures consist of stanchions, iron girders and
iron floor joists. Their strength is calculated for a load of
205 Ibs per sq. ft. on each floor, whilst for the freezing tank
room the calculation provides for a load of 328 Ibs per sq. ft.
The floor joists are spaced 7' 9" to 9' 0" apart, their
actual span being 15 ft., whilst that of the standard
bearing girders is 17' 9". On the first floor of the No. I
Cold Storage Building the beams have a span of up to
29J/2 ft. The steel skeleton was designed with a special
view to simple and rapid assemblage and weighed in the
case of the No. I Cold Store 556 tons and in that of the
No. II Cold Store 563 tons. To this must be added 102 tons
for the yard cellarage and 251 tons for the structure of the
boiler house, thus in all 1473 tons.
Since the enclosure walls could not be given sym-
metrical footings and symmetrically extended foundations,
it became necessary to extend all bearing surfaces inwards.
To ensure nevertheless a central load on the foundations,
and consequently a uniform pressure on the subsoil, the
foundations of the enclosure walls were suitably tied to
the foundations of the interior walls.
The external walls, as already stated, form solely a
brick facing to the steel structure. Nevertheless, in con-
sequence of the great height of the building, their thickness
is pretty considerable.
An advantage resulting from such a design is that
the brickwork could be carried out independently of the
steel structure.
To insulate the walls against heat transmitted from
without the internal faces of the walls, ceilings and floors
were lined with two layers of carefully dried and asphalted
slabs'of compressed granulated cork each 23/s inches thick
and coated with a cementing medium consisting of best
odourless coal pitch, oil varnish and finely ground cork
meal. On their inside faces the cork slabs are rendered
with cement plaster % inch thick.
The whole of the machine plant has been planned and
installed by the Linde Ice Machine Company, of Wies-
baden.
Description of the Machine Plants
The machine plant installed in 1901 in the original
cold store buildings and the ice factory attached thereto
was added to in course of time to meet the extended re-
quirements occasioned by the enlargement of the cold
storage rooms and the ice factory. The entire installation,
which is the largest cold storage undertaking in Germany,
comprises the following principal components:
Work No. I of the Gesellschaft fiir Markt- und Kiihlhallen at Berlin
77
Four internal flue boilers are
mounted on the first floor, which
supports a load of 2050 Ibs per sq. ft.
on built-up plate girders 49% inches
deep. The boilers are fitted in their
upper and lower sections with fur-
nace tubes only; they work in con-
junction with superheaters which
can be put in and out of operation
and have a total heating surface of
about 7860 sq. ft. The chimney
stack has a diameter of 5' 7" at
the narrowest cross section and a
height of 180 ft. Above are coal
magazines into which the coal is raised
mechanically from the railway trucks
and suitably distributed.
The steam generated in the four
boilers is primarily required for the
operation of two steam engines set up
in the engine-room, which with its
height of 23 ft. makes an imposing
impression. Both engines are com-
pounded single-crank engines with
Sulzer drop-valve gear and have been
supplied by the Augsburg Engineer-
ing Works. They work with an ad-
mission pressure of 132 Ibs per sq. in.
and, running at the slow speed of 54 r. p. m., develop
350 and 450 H. P. respectively. Either engine is coupled
direct with a No. 18 double Linde ammonia compressor,
which at the time when the plant was supplied was the
Ground Floor
Fig. 2 Arrangement of the Machine Plant
largest existing unit. The engines
are equipped with jet condensers,
but operate mainly with surface
condensers with water irrigation
situated in the loft of the engine
room (Fig. 2d). After passing down
the condenser tubes the water is again
raised by means of centrifugal pumps,
whilst the water supply pumps in
the basement replace the water lost
by evaporation as well as any water
which is returned to the canal. The
surface condensers form part of the
water distilling and de-aerating plant
to the ice factory, which will be
described later.
In connection with the sub-
sequent extension of the undertaking
the original power plant comprising
two tandem steam engines was en-
larged by the addition of a non-
condensing steam engine of a normal
capacity of 130 H. P. coupled to a
^No. 13 duplex compressor. By this
direct coupling arrangement of the
engines and ammonia compressors a
maximum of the power developed
by the engines is converted into use-
ful work without transmission losses. In this way up to
600 H. P. are absorbed for refrigerating work. Another
portion of the engine power is transmitted by belt
gearing to the shafting in the basement, which serves
78
Work No. I of the Oesellschaft fiir Markt- und KOhlhallen at Berlin
to drive the dynamos, two duplex cooling water pumps,
each of a capacity of 44 000 gallons per hour, and through
the medium of various countershafts to numerous sup-
plementary and auxiliary machines and other mecha-
nical appliances. About 250 H.P. are converted into
electrical energy, which is applied for lighting the
establishment by means of about twenty arc lamps and
over one thousand glowlamps as well as for transmitting
power to upwards of thirty electric motors for operating
nine lifts, numerous fans, centrifugal pumps, and other
appurtenances.
The most important units of the refrigerating plant
are the ammonia compressors. To the No. 18 and No. 13
duplex compressors coupled direct to the engines was
added a compressor driven by shafting and having a refri-
gerating capacity of about 66 tons, which raised the
aggregate capacity of the plant to 500 tons of refrigeration,
the temperature of evaporation being 14° F. The eva-
porators connected to the compressors consist of iron
worms within which the expansion of the ammonia reduces
the temperature sufficiently for maintaining the surround-
ing brine permanently at the temperature required for
any given purpose. Of these brine coolers five of a cylin-
drical pattern are set up in the loft and supply cold brine
to the air coolers for the whole of the cold chambers.
Other evaporators are in direct communication with the
four freezing tanks of the works. The ammonia vapours
formed in the evaporators are drawn in to the compressors
and liquefied by the abstraction of heat on their passage
through the condensers; the continuous repetition of this
cycle maintains the required low temperature. The
ammonia condensers are nine in number and are accommo-
dated on the upper floor of the apparatus house adjoining
the machine house (Fig. 2 a).
That part of the installation in which the cold so
produced finds its application comprises the air-coolers
and freezing tanks. The entire success of cold storage
rooms depends upon the manner in which the air coolers
Fig. 3 Machine No. II with Ammonia Compressors
Work No. I of the Gesellschaft fur Markt- und Kiihlhallen at Berlin
79
perform their duty, which is to permanently maintain
the air contained in the cold storage room in a uniform
Fig. 4 Freezing Tank
state as regards temperature, degree of dryness, and
purity. These conditions vary widely according to the
nature of the goods to be preserved, and hence the
various sections provided for the storage
of different goods are fitted with inde-
pendent air cooling devices. In a
large proportion of the rooms, for
example those for the storage of eggs
and meat, the air coolers are of the
box pattern operating in conjunction
with fans, whilst other parts contain
cooling systems suspended from the
ceilings; and in many places the me-
chanical air-circulation is combined
with gravity air-currents. In the
establishment here described the whole
of the air coolers are of the cold brine
type with the exception only of two
coolers having a pipe system of an
aggregate length of 2600 ft., both of
which are constructed on the direct
expansion principle. The latter serve
two cooling chambers of an area of
2700 and 800 sq.ft. respectively, that
is to say a very small portion of the
total cold chambers, which comprise an area of upwards
of 1 16 000 sq. ft. served by 27 air coolers. Of these, seven-
teen take the form of smooth pipes arranged in an equal
number of ceiling lofts, whilst the remaining ten air
coolers are made up of gilled pipes set
up in coil rooms. The aggregate length
of the cooling pipe system exceeds
26 250 ft., whilst the coil rooms con-
tain about 8500 ft. of gilled piping. -
The temperatures best adapted for
preserving the various stored goods
have been ascertained by practical ex-
perience extending over many years;
in the freezing rooms, for example, it
is 21° F, in the egg chambers 32° F, in
the chambers for freshly killed meat
36° F. The dimensions of the air coolers
are such that the required temperatures
can be maintained without the necessity
of lowering the evaporation tempera-
ture with an uneconomical expenditure
of mechanical energy.
Ample provisions have been made
for the removal of the deposits of hoar
frost or ice on the chilling pipes. In
the freezing rooms the removal of the
finely granular layer of snow is removed most effective-
ly by scraping, whilst the air coolers for the rooms
kept at a temperature above 32° F require to be thawed
Fig. 5 Freezing Tank
off at regular intervals by warm brine. The other appli-
cation of the refrigerating effect consists in ice making.
Work No. I of the Gesellschaft fur Markt- und Kiihlhallen at Berlin
Fig. 6 Ice Blocks
KnstJlle*
: ».» Wbb».r iU 5
V<^k I. s W. Trebbmer Str
Scharijtorst
Fig. 7 Yard
Work No. I of the Oesellschaft fur Markt- and Kuhlhallcn at Berlin
81
Keimfreies Krisfallejs.
GesellschaflvMarkf&Kuhlhallen
WerkLS.W. Trebbiner S.Jn 5,
"N.W. $charnhorstStr29.
Fig. 8 Ice Van
Keunfreies Kristalleis
GesekhaLMaddiKuhlbailen
WerkI:S.W. Trebbiner-Stt5
Werkn.-N.W. Scharnhorst-Str. 29.
Fig. 9 Ice Van
11
82
Work No. I of the Qesellschaft fur Markt- und Kiihlhallen at Berlin
The establishment comprises four large freezing tanks
containing in all 7600 ice cans for ice blocks weighing
56 Ibs each and fitted with ammonia evaporators of
an aggregate coil length of about 30 000 ft. The arrange-
ment of the freezing tanks is of the usual type adopted
on the European continent and as first put into prac-
tice by Linde at Munich in 1878. The electrically operated
travelling cranes are served by one attendant and
discharge 1815 Ibs of ice at each operation.
Particular attention is paid to the quality of the ice,
which, in order that it may serve as a perfect substitute
for natural ice, is of the kind known as crystal ice. It is
made from distilled and reboiled water of great initial
purity. The water de-aerating and purifying plant oper-
ates in the following manner: The waste steam of the
engines is first condensed in the distilling apparatus and
during this process transmits its latent heat to water
taken from the private well system on the estate. At
present the water to be frozen is obtained from three
distillers possessing an evaporating surface of about
3200 sq. ft. The resulting steam passes after condensation
into a reboiler for de-aeration and thence flows though a
heat-interchangerto the ice can filler in the opposite direction
to the water admitted to the stills. This procedure fur-
nishes ice of the utmost degree of chemical and mechanical
purity, and, with the exception of traces of air unavoidably
re-introduced whilst the water is filled into the cans and
during the freezing time, the ice is crystal clear.
As stated in the introduction, the cooling and chill
rooms serve for the storage and preservation of foodstuffs.
The perfect preservation of the various stored pro-
ducts is vouchsafed quite as much by the adjustable degree
of moisture contained in the circulating air as by the
thermal efficiency of the machine plant.
The demands made upon the resources of the cold
stores has risen from year to year. The following is a list
of the goods admitted for storage:
Eggs (Fig. 10),
Butter (Fig. 11),
Caviar (Fig. 12),
Herrings (Fig. 13),
Freshly Killed Meat
(Fig. 14),
Game and Poultry,
Frozen Fish (Fig. 15),
Fruit and Vegetables,
Dried Fruit,
Dried Milk,
Milk,
Shelled Walnuts and
Marzipan,
Beer (Fig. 18).
Of these goods eggs and butter occupy by far the
largest amount of the available space.
The ice factory produces 5000 cwt or 250 tons of ice
per day. The product consists of sterilised crystal ice and
is supplied in blocks weighing half a hundredweight
each. It is partly supplied wholesale to dealers and traders
at the works, and partly delivered by the company's
vans to private consumers.
The No. Ill Department installed for the manufac-
ture of oxygen by Linde's Patents is at present able to
supply 1400 cub. ft. of oxygen per hour.
Fig. 10 Cold Storage Room for Eggs
Work No. I of the Gesellschaft fur Markt- uncl Ktthlhallen at Berlin
83
Fig. 11 Ccld Storage Room for Butter
Fig. 12 Cold Storage Room for Caviar
11*
84
Work No. I of the Gesellschaft fiir Markt- und Kiihlhallen at Berlin
Fig. 13 Cold Storage Room for Herrings
t
1
I
Fig. 14 Cold Storage Room for Fresh Meat
Work No. I of the Oesellschaft fiir Markt- uncl Kiihlhallen at Berlin
85
Fig. 15 Cold Storage Room for Game and Poultry
Fig. 16 Fish Cold Storage Room
86
Work No. I of the Gesellschaft fiir Markt- und Kuhlhallen at Berlin
Fig. 17 Cold Storage Room for Fruit and Vegetables
Fig. 18J.Beer Cold Storage Room
Fur Cooling Plant of Mr. Rudolph Hertzog, Berlin
Installed by A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
When it was realized that artificial cold is an eminently
effective preserving agent for fur goods, in that it prevents
its destruction by vermin and moreover obviates the
decomposition of the ethereal oils to which good fur owes
This method of preservation has the further advantage
that the furs do not come in contact with ingredients
emitting a pronounced smell, so that they may be worn
immediately after their removal from the cold rooms.
Fig. 1 Cold Room with Racks
its gloss, numerous fur and general stores provided them-
selves with artificially cooled store rooms for the preserv-
ation of their own stock and more especially
to offer their customers on suitable terms the advantage
of adequate preservation during the warm season.
It also does away with the necessity of beating the fur
and the expense in labour which this occasions.
Of cooling installations erected in Berlin, apart from
those attached to the large stores of Messrs. Hermann
Tietz and A. Wertheim, one presenting particular interest
88
Fur Cooling Plant of Mr. Rudolph Hertzog, Berlin
is that appended to the draper's and outfitter's business
of Mr. Rudolph Hertzog, as this serves exclusively for the
preservation of furs. All these installations have been
supplied by Mr. A. Borsig, of Tegel near Berlin.
In the two first named installations preference was
given to the carbon dioxide system in view of the limited
space which was available,
whilst the sulphur dioxide
system was adopted in the
case of Mr. Hertzog's instal-
lation. The fur storing rooms
are exclusively cooled by air
which passes through a se-
parate air cooler and is thence
distributed in the cooling
chambers by a system of
wooden delivery and suction
ducts.
The temperature of the
fur cooling room is kept on
the average at 28° F, whilst
the mean state of humidity
should be about 75%.
The fur cooling instal-
lation of Mr. Rudolph Hertzog
was fitted up in 1909 and
consisted originally of a space
covering an area of 1500sq.
ft. and 10 ft. high. Subse-
quently a room covering 750
sq. ft. was added, the existing
space having proved insuffi-
cient for the accommodation
of the increased store of furs. The latter are suspended
from hangers hooked over bars, whilst fur rugs and skins are
stored on wooden shelves arranged above the hanger bars.
Muffs and fur caps are slipped over long wooden pegs .set
at right angles to the walls. The goods are suspended and
shelved in such a way as to ensure that the cold air may
pass round them freely from all sides. The whole of the
hanger bars and shelves are so arranged as to be readily
Fig. 2 Cold Room containing Furs
accessible. The annexed illustrations show the general
arrangement of the fur storing rooms.
The machine room is situated in the immediate
vicinity of the cooling rooms and comprises a horizontal
sulphur dioxide compressor of 10 in. bore and 14 in. stroke.
The compressor works at 65 r. p. m. and has a capacity
of 5 tons of refrigeration, the
temperature in the evapora-
tor being 0.5° F. To main-
tain this temperature in a
room of 1500 sq.ft. area in
the height of summer the
machine had to be run for
13 hours during the day, and
after the extension of the
premises it became necessary
to keep up refrigeration for
17 to 18 hours.
The compressor is driven
by a belt-geared 10 H. P.
electromotor, making 420
r. p. m. The sulphur dioxide
is liquefied in a submerged
condenser fitted with a worm
presenting a cooling surface
of 194 sq.ft. and likewise
accommodated in the ma-
chine room. The submerged
condenser consumes about
55 gallons of cooling water
admitted at 50° F.
The dry air cooler, which
is set up along one of the
long sides of the cooling room, is fitted with a cooling
coil presenting a surface of 484 sq. ft., within which the
sulphur dioxide expands directly. The fan displaces
7000 cub. ft. per minute.
Since ordinarily the cold rooms are not accessible to
the machine attendants the installation is equipped with
a tele-thermometer system, by means of which the tempe-
rature can be controlled from the machine room.
Carbonic Acid Shaft Congelation Plant, Prince Adalbert Pit
near Celle, Hannover
Erected by Messrs. Wegelin & Hubner A.-G., Halle o. S.
Having on behalf of the owners of the Prince Adalbert up for this purpose three large ammonia refrigerating
Pit undertaken to sink a shaft by the congelation method, machines. When the process had continued in operation
Messrs. Haniel & Lueg, of Dusseldorf, proceeded to set for four months the work of sinking the shaft was proceeded
with and at the same time the tubbing rings were put
in in sections. The work advanced under normal condi-
tions until a depth of 315 ft. was reached. At this point
a sheet of natural brine of such heaviness was encountered
that the sinking operations had to be suspended, and the
CO: Berieselungs-Kondensatoren
CO! Nachkuhler
Refrigerator I
CO? Kompressorl '
CO! Kompressor I.
Fig. 1 General Arrangement of the Refrigerating Machine Plant
12
90
Carbonic Acid Shaft Congelation Plant, Prince Abalbert Pit near Celle, Hannover
difficult question now arose as to how the sinking of the
shaft was to be continued. Boring by the Kind-Chaudron
process would have entailed a diminution of the cross
section of the shaft, which was to be avoided if at all
practicable. On the other hand, the prospects of freezing
an ice wall of the requisite thickness with the available
machine plant appeared very slender since the encoun-
tered brine contained 25% of salt and could not therefore
be frozen with the lyes in the refrigerator circuit at a tem-
perature no lower than --13°F.
At the time when these difficulties arose a shaft was
being sunk by the congelation method at the Niedersachsen
The annexed plan shows the arrangement of the C02
refrigerating plant. Two C02 compressors of 6% in. bore,
20y2 in- stroke and making 80 r. p. m. served to produce
temperatures down to — 33° F, and a third compressor
was then added to serve as a high tension compressor
for getting still tower temperatures. At the lowest tem-
perature the tension at the suction side descends very
considerably, and hence the rate of compression is
excessive to be satisfactorily performed in a single
cylinder, so that it became necessary to operate with
compound compression. The two first named compressors
compress the gas from 7 atm. to 20 up to 25 atm.; whilst
Fig. 2 Machine Room
Kali Works, the requisite refrigeration being produced
by a carbon dioxide refrigerating plant. In this case the
cold transmitting lye had been chilled down to — 44° F,
and no difficulty had been experienced in carrying the
shaft through the brine bearing strata down to a depth
of 350 ft., though at this depth the shaft drowned. In view
of the excellent results derived from the operations at
Niedersachsen it was decided to instal a C02 refrigerating
plant at the Prince Adalbert Pit, and accordingly Messrs.
Wegelin & Hubner, of Halle o/S., were entrusted with
the erection of the congelation plant, this firm having
supplied the successful installation at Niedersachsen.
Messrs. Haniel & Lueg attached the greatest value to
promptest delivery of the new plant, since the ammonia
machines continued to work uninterruptedly; and for
this reason two of their ammonia compressors with direct
coupled steam engines were selected to serve for the con-
gelation work after the existing cylinders had been replaced
by newC02 compressor cylinders. The requisite condensers
and refrigerators had, of course, to be replaced by new ones.
the high pressure compressor condenses the gas up to
its liquefying pressure, which varies from 50 to 65 atm.
according to the condition of the cooling water as well as
the temperature and hygroscopic state of the atmosphere.
For the high pressure stage the cylinder only was
supplied, as it was decided to use a unit of the existing
ammonia refrigerating plant, and since the stroke of the
high pressure cylinder was given, the latter became necessa-
rily single-acting.
Between the two L. P. compressors and the H.P.
compressor a system of tubes was interposed which serves
as a fore-condenser to carry off the superheat which arises
when the compressors operate in a single stage and at
relatively high temperatures; whilst when the machine
compresses in two stages it serves as a receiver for the
vapours which have been subjected to the first stage of
compression in the L. P. compressors preparatory to being
aspirated by the H.P. compressor.
To increase the efficiency of the new C02 refrigerating
plant another unit of the existing ammonia machine
Carbonic Acid Shaft Congelation Plant, Prince Adalbert Pit near Celle, Hannover
91
plant was incorporated in the C02 installation, the brine
of one of the ammonia evaporators being employed to
under-chill the liquid carbon dioxide discharged from the
surface condensers down to a temperature of about 3° F
in two after-coolers provided for the purpose. By this
arrangement the carbon dioxide was allowed to carry
into the evaporator only about one half of its heat of
liquefaction, so that a much larger proportion of the
latent heat became available for the refrigerating effect
than was possible without this device.
The whole of the machine fittings which have to
sustain the pressure of the carbon dioxide, with the
exception of the seamless pipe coils, are made of solid
forged and machined blocks of steel, and hence the chances
of a valve or compressor cylinder becoming leaky or
bursting are entirely eliminated. In the case of a shaft con-
gelation plant this is a matter of considerable importance,
since the machines are heavily taxed by continuous work-
ing, whilst any serious defect and a consequent failure
to maintain the refrigerating effect would undo the whole
of the preceding work. For the transmission of the refri-
gerating effect chloride of calcium was used as this may
be chilled to — 53° F. The C02 refrigerating installation
came fully up to requirements under the existing difficult
conditions. The freezing circuits bore ultimately tempe-
ratures of — 45° to — 47° F, and within fifteen months
after the installation of the second congelation plant the
shaft, completely tubbed to a depth of 500 ft., was ready
for operations.
Within the last eight years carbon dioxide refriger-
ating machines have come to be extensively used for
shaft sinking by the method of congelation, since by this
means the lowest temperatures can be reached which
are required to obtain a sufficiently thick ice wall and to
sink a shaft without serious hitches.
Messrs. Wegelin & Hubner A.-G., of Halle o/S., have
supplied over twenty C02 Refrigerating Machine Instal-
lations to various shaft sinking establishments in Germany.
Fig. 3 Irrigated Surface Condenser and Fore Condenser
12*
Refrigerating Machine Plant of the Friedrichshohe Brewing Company
late Patzenhofer, Berlin
Installed by the Gesellschaft fur Lindes Eismaschinen, Wiesbaden
The Friedrichshohe Brewing Company, late Patzen- heaters so as to ensure the utmost economy of working,
hofen, of Berlin, possessed in 1910 four No. VI Linde and provision was made for utilizing to best advantage
Ammonia Compressors together with a complete plant the receiver steam for boiling purposes in the brewery.
of about 200 tons refrigerating capacity. The demand for
The order for the supply of the entire refrigerating
refrigeration having risen very considerably in conse- plant was entrusted to the Linde Ice Machine Company,
Fig. 1 Machine Room
quence of the increased output of the brewery, a new
refrigerating plant was ordered and at the same time the
whole power plant was centralized by the erection of a
larger steam engine of modern type combined with a
flywheel dynamo and a coupled duplex compressor, the old
engine being laid by in reserve. The steam generating
plant was likewise replaced by modern boilers with super-
of Wiesbaden. The steam engine and compressors were
made at the Augsburg Works of the Maschinenfabrik
Augsburg-Nurnberg A.-G., whilst the dynamo was sup-
plied by the Allgemeine Elektrizitatsgesellschaft, Berlin.
The engine and machine plant, as shown in the
illustration, runs at 130 r. p. in. and is composed of the
following: a) A Horizontal Single Crank Compound Steam
Refrigerating Machine Plant of the Fried richshohe Brewing Company late Patzenhofer, Berlin
93
Engine with H.P. cylinder 19% in dia., L.P. cylinder
21% in. dia., and 35 1/2 in. stroke, with opposed cylinders
and jet condenser, developing 400 B. H. P. normally
and with reserve power up to 550 B. H. P. It is designed
to work with a boiler pressure of 176 Ibs. per sq. in.
and superheated steam at 572° F. The engine is fitted
with an automatic cut-off device to the low pressure valve
motion allowing from the receiver a discharge of 5000 to
9000 Ibs. of steam per hour at a pressure of 44 Ibs. per sq. in.
for heating purposes.
b) A Linde Duplex Compressor of the latest type
coupled to the engine with cylinders of 13 in. bore and
21J/2 m- stroke, the refrigerating capacity being about
250 tons and transmitted to brine at 23° F, the system
operating with dry ammonia and flooded refrigerator coils.
c) A Flywheel D. C. Dynamo with an output of about
300 KW at 120 Volts.
With regard to the construction of the compressors
it is interesting to note that the cylinders are secured by
circular projections within a cylindrical casting formed
in one piece with the cross-head guides and bored in one
operation together with the latter, so as to ensure the
compressor cylinders and the guides being in perfect
alignment. The lubricating arrangements for the main
bearings and crank-pins, cross-head, guides and stuffing
box are practically automatic.
In view of the widely distributed character of the
direct expansion system it was found necessary, for en-
suring proper efficiency and to obviate complications in
the expansion pipe system, to centralize the refrigerating
plant as far as possible; this was accomplished in a com-
pletely successful manner by the application of the dry
ammonia process devised and introduced by the Linde
Company. All the evaporators of the expansion system
were connected to a common suction conduit with a
liquid separator interposed between it and the new duplex
compressor. In this apparatus any liquid contained in
the stream of gas is completely abstracted and reconveyed
to the coils of the new generator or one of the old generators
by means of a displacement pump of the tooth-wheel
type; hence the compressors draw in dry vapour only
and work accordingly under conditions of greatest effi-
ciency, whilst an extremely vigorous circulation of the
ammonia is simultaneously set up within the coils of
the entire expansion system, thus ensuring the operation
of the cooling surfaces to their best advantage. This
arrangement enabled the Linde Company to guarantee
from the outset a refrigerating capacity per I.H.P./hr. of
about 16000 B.T.U. with a temperature of 14° F regi-
stered on the suction side and of 72° F on the compression
side.
The cooling effect rendered by the new installation
is applied to the following purposes:
For cooling about 3600 sq.yds. of floor area in the
fermenting cellars, and 9600 sq.yds. in the storage cellars;
for furnishing the requisite cold sweet water for cooling
six brewings per day of about 9000 gallons each, for
serving the worts in the fermenting vats, and also for the
daily production of about 1000 cwt of ice.
For the last named purpose the Linde Company
erected a new ice making installation of a capacity of
800 cwt per day equipped with an electrical crane, to
supplement the existing ice making plant. The additions
included a fresh water cooler possessing coils of an aggre-
gate length of about 9200 ft. contained within an oval
tank of about 35000 cb. ft. capacity. For the condens-
ation of the ammonia vapour cascade surface condensers,
designed for a minimum consumption of water, are placed
upon the roof of the building. The liquid ammonia dis-
charged from the condensers passes through a fore-cooler,
where it is cooled approximately down to the temperature
of the well water.
The Kristalleisfabrik A.-G. Eiswerke Hamburg
Installed by A. Borsig, Berlin-Tegel
In 1809 a large ice factory was installed in Hamburg
at the Hammerdeich with a daily output of 75 tons of
Lancashire boilers with internal horizontal grates (Fig. 2).
Two boilers are ample for the requirements of the plant,
crystal ice. This year the plant has been considerably the third being solely provided by way of reserve. Each
extended and is now available for producing 175 tons of boiler has a wetted heating surface of 2150 sq. ft. and a
ice per day, which is equivalent to a refrigerating capacity grate area of 41 sq. ft. and is designed for a working
of 350 tons. pressure of 147 Ibs per sq. in. The lower drums are 7' 2%"
The building erected in 1909 is situated at the side of in diameter and 18' 8%" long and have two corrugated
the river Bille, a tributary of the Elbe, and consists of three flues of 31 yz" inside and 35" outside diameters. The upper
adjoining spaces (Fig. 1)
occupied respectively by
the boiler house, the
machine room with the
refrigerator room attached,
and the ice generator or
freezing tank room. The
floor above the latter ac-
commodates the wet surface
condensers. At the side of
the building another large
two storied structure has
been put up for the accom-
modation of the new ice
generators. The boiler house
and machine house had at
the outset been designed
with a view to a likely ex-
tension. In addition to these buildings the property of
the company, which covers an area of about 1 % acre.
comprises four large wooden insulated sheds for the
storage of ice and an ice cooling house with a cooling
surface of about 420 sq.yds. Since the bearing surface
of the site lies about 30 ft. under the ground level the
buildings and machine foundations rest throughout on
piles 12in.thick, 1150 being employed for this purpose.
Fig. 1 Outside View
drums have a diameter of
6' 11" and a length of 14' 7"
and contain 88 water tubes
and 18 stay tubes 3%" in
diameter. Each boiler is
capable of generating under
normal working conditions
6150 Ibs and under forced
conditions of working 7480
Ibs of saturated steam at a
pressure of 147 Ibs per sq.
in., the feed water being
at 77° F.
The steam boilers are
fed by two steam feed
pumps and two injectors,
either pump and injector
being sufficient for feeding
two boilers. The chimney stack is 148 ft. high and at
the base has a diameter of 19% ft.
The boiler house adjoins the machine house, which
has a length of 52 ft., a width of 50 ft. and a height
of 29% ft. The machine house accommodates two single-
crank compound steam engines, which are coupled direct
to the compressors to be described below. The steam
engines run at 90 r. p. m. and have high pressure cylinders
The boiler house is 39 ft. long, 39 ft. wide and has a of 17" and low pressure cylinders of 26%" bore, the stroke
mean height of 29% ft. It accomodates three combined being 31%". When operating with saturated steam at
The Kristalleisfabrik A.-G. Eiswerke Hamburg
95
140 Ibs. per sq. in. and a back pressure in the condenser of
50% either engine develops an effort of 230 B.H.P. nor-
mally and 300 B.H.P. when forced. The exhaust steam
of the engines is made to furnish the pure de-aerated water
for making the ice; this, however, does not suffice in itself
to provide the entire requisite quantity of distilled water,
which, in view of the losses occasioned by thawing off,
amounts to roughly 1760 gallons. The waste steam is ac-
cordingly employed for the evaporation of additional
quantities of water in a multiple-effect distilling appa-
ratus. The operation of the latter is as follows:
The waste steam from the engine enters first an ex-
haust steam oil separator and thence passes to the first
two boiling pans, the contents of which it evaporates in the
act of condensing. The secondary steam generated in the
first two evaporating vessels is employed in a similar manner
for the evaporation of further quantities of water, being
to this end conducted into another boiling pan, whilst the
resulting tertiary steam is condensed in a water-cooled
surface condenser. The whole of the condensed steam is
then boiled up once more, carefully freed from air, re-
cooled, filtered, and conveyed to the distilled storage
tanks in the freezing tank rooms. The tertiary steam is
condensed by means of the cooling water discharged from
the refrigerating machine condenser. The whole of the
distilling apparatus is accommodated in a room at the
side of the engine house covering an area of 484 sq. ft.
This space is surmounted by four storeys of a height of
10 ft each. The ground floor accommodates the reboiling
pans, the heat interchangers, air pumps, brine pumps,
and the distilled water pumps. The first floor contains
the two first two boiling pans and the oil separators, the
second floor the second effect boiling pan, the top floor
the two water-cooled surface condensers.
One of the two steam engines is coupled direct to
an ammonia compressor of the duplex type with cylinders
of 13" bore and 23%" stroke (Fig. 3). Either compressor
when making 90 r. p. m., has a refrigerating capacity of
80 tons, the temperature in the expansion system being
14° F, and with the cooling water supplied at 50° F con-
sumes about 70 I.H.P. The flywheel, which has a diameter
of 13 ft., drives the main shafting in the basement, by
which power is transmitted to all the accessory machines
appended to the plant, such as pumps, agitators, distilling
apparatus and a 30-kw dynamo. The latter supplies the
requisite current for lighting the factory and for actuat-
ing the electric travelling crane in the freezing tank
room.
The second engine is coupled direct to a duplex type
ammonia compressor with cylinders of 14%" bore and
23%" stroke. The compressors make 90 r. p. m. and with
the temperature in the evaporator at 14° F are each
capable of producing a refrigerating effect of 100 tons,
the power consumption under these conditions being
about 87 I.H.P. The flywheel on this engine drives like-
wise a shaft coupled with the one driven by the first
engine by a Hill type disengaging coupling. This shaft-
ing drives another 30-kw dynamo as well as a 75-kw
dynamo, both being employed for lighting and power re-
quirements.
Fig. 2 Boiler
In addition to the two horizontal engines the plant
includes a vertical type inclosed compound engine of
27 B.H.P. coupled direct to a 17-kw dynamo, both being
mounted on a continuous bedplate. This motor generator
is provided to furnish light and power in the event of
the main engine being out of action and is available
for extracting any balance of ice which may be in
the freezing tank when the refrigerating plant is not
operating.
The machine house is served by a travelling crane
of a lifting capacity of 7 tons and a span of 48 ft. with a
lift of 29% ft. The basement accommodates the oil sepa-
rators to the ammonia compressors, pumps, water sepa-
96
The Kristalleisfabrik A.-O. Eiswerke Hamburg
rators, and steam traps to the engines, various pipe con-
duits, and the main driving shafting.
The entire plant consumes about 50000 gallons of
water per hour. This quantity is pumped from a well
72 ft. deep by means of a three-throw plunger pump
with plungers 10%" in diameter and having a stroke
of 10y4".
Before being passed into the boilers the water re-
quires to be softened. By way of reserve a centrifugal
pump is set up in the basement below the machine room
which draws the water direct from the river.
The machine house adjoins the old freezing tank
house, which has a length of about 115 ft., a width of
29y2 ft. and a height of 23 ft. This building accommodates
Fig. 3 Ammonia Duplex Compressor
two freezing tanks, each of an external freezing surface
of 2900 sq. ft. and accommodating each 1500 cans capable
of holding 55 Ibs. each. To secure thoroughly transparent
ice the freezing time is prolonged to 24 hours, and accord-
ingly each freezing tank turns out a daily supply of
75 tons of crystal ice. The ice produced in the Hamburg
Ice Works is declared to be of the first quality by Mr.
Stetefeld, who acted as the company's expert on the
occasion when the installation was taken over.
The new freezing tank building forms the longitudinal
continuation of the older existing building. It has two
stories, a length of about 68% ft., a width of 30 y2 ft. and
a height of 24 % ft. on the ground floor, and is 69% ft.
long, 32 ft. wide and 23 y2 ft. high on the upper floor. The
load on the ceiling of the freezing tank room is 676 Ibs. per
sq. ft. In view of the comparatively wide span of the
ceiling this great load rendered it necessary to heavily
reinforce the supporting piers. A steel structure was
erected for this purpose, the whole weighing about 100 tons.
Each floor accommodates a large freezing tank occupying
an area of 2100 sq. ft. and presenting 3600 sq. ft. of refri-
gerating surface for the reception of 2000 ice cans capable
of holding 55 Ibs each. The finished ice is collected and
loaded in the roofed and glazed space between the two tank
rooms. From the upper floor of the new building the ice
is likewise conveyed to the collecting and loading room
along an inclined plane running along the outer wall of
the building and fitted with brake blocks. The older
freezing tank room is provided with an additional ice
chute leading towards the river for the discharge of ice
which is to be transported in barges to the floating ice
store at the centre of the town, where it is sold.
The walls of the buildings for the freezing tanks are
not insulated, but all the greater care has been bestowed
upon the insulation of the ceiling. This is covered with a
double layer of astralite cemented over the concrete
bridging and the whole protected by a layer of concrete
and clinkers. As a further protection from the effects of
overflowing and accumulating waste water astralite is
applied to the wall up to a height of 12 in.
The freezing tank is served by an electric travelling
crane. The distilling room, the pump room, and the steam
condenser room, after rebuilding, will each cover an area
of about 390 sq. ft. This somewhat restricted space de-
mands the exercise of special care in the arrangement of
the appliances accomodated therein. The whole of the
distilling apparatus with its pumps is at present operated
by a 23 H.P. A.E.G.-motor.
The room available for the ammonia condensers, as
now extended, provides an area of 376 sq. ft. The condenser
vessels rest upon iron ceiling joists without bridging and
can be served by wooden gangways.
The surface condensers are accommodated in the
upper floor abov 4lie old freezing tank room and consist
of four distinct c systems. The liquefiec, mmonia passes
from these into four after-coolers.
The whole of the ammonia conduits are so arranged
that either compressor can be made to operate with any
of the freezing tanks and condenser systems. The whole
of the new and old rooms are connected by landings,
stairs and gangways, to enable the manager to control
the entire working of the plant as a whole.
The original installation was submitted to exaustive
tests under the expert direction of Mr. Stetefeld. In the
course of these tests 13.8 Ibs of ice were produced
per Ib of English coal of a calorific value of 13 530 B.T.U.
per Ib.
The Kristalleisfabrik A.-O. Eiswerke Hamburg
97
Apart from the manufacture and supply of artificial
ice the establishment collects a large quantity of natural
ice during the winter months. The ice is stacked in ten
large wooden sheds insulated with a sheathing of peat
meal 21% in. thick and capable of holding 34000 tons
of ice. For the handling of this quantity of ice seven
inclined elevators actuated by two vertical steam engines
are provided. To turn the resulting chips and pulp to useful
account a cold storage house was erected comprising four
cooling chambers covering a floor space of 860 sq. ft. The
ice chips are raised by a pulley block system and dropped
upon the ceiling of the cooling chambers. The ice water
passes through a system of pipes along the sides of the
chambers. The latter are employed for cooling herrings
and butter in barrels, and occasionally also meat is cooled
by this means. The temperature so obtained varies from
34 to 36° F.
A.BORSIG, TEGEL
Fig. 4 300-HP Horizontal Single Crank Compound Drop Valve Engine
13
Cooling Installation for Dwelling Rooms and Workshops
a) Residence of Mr. Riesser, at Frankfurt o. M. b) The Hamburg Telephone Exchange Installation
Installed by the Gesellschaft fiir Lindes Eismaschinen, Wiesbaden
The history of commercial refrigeration, like that
of many other industrial processes, furnishes an apt
illustration of how an invention may drift into channels
and be put to uses widely removed from the original in-
tention. Among all the useful applications of the original
principle of refrigeration we seek almost in vain for so-
lutions of that very problem which seems to have supplied
the first promptings towards the elaboration of mechanical
refrigeration ; for it appears to have been an endeavour to
devise mechanical appliances for lowering the natural
temperature of dwelling rooms and workshops and to
create a system of ventilation by means of artificially
cooled air that led to the development of the various
systems of refrigeration, ice making and cold storage.
Over sixty years ago noted scientists were able to
demonstrate the practicability of the principle of dwelling
cooling by means of refrigerators. Yet to-day, and after a
history of brilliant development, enquiries respecting the
cooling of inhabited spaces, which are occasionally submitted
to leading firms in the ice and cold storage industry, are
unattended by successful results owing to the pro-
hibitive cost of the plant and its upkeep, and this in days
when much is done for social betterment and when it is
fully recognized that to secure human efficiency, espe-
cially in brain workers, it would seem false policy to
withhold any adequate means to secure their comfort.
Even in hot climates immunity from the oppressive
heat of summer in dwelling rooms and workshops seems
still to lie outside the domain of practical politics; and
yet this is not a mere question of luxurious comfort, but
directly concerns the health of the workers. Thus it
happens that, so far as we are able to ascertain, only two
installations of the kind referred to are in operation at
present, one for cooling the dwelling rooms of a private
house in Frankfort o/M., the other for cooling the rooms
of the Telephone Exchange at Hamburg, both being the
work of the Gesellschaft fiir Lindes Eismaschinen A.-G.,
Wiesbaden.
It cannot be pretended that these installations involve
problems of a very novel character. The air is cooled in
precisely the same manner as with other refrigerating
plants through the agency of an air-cooling machine of
the usual type, which may either operate on the direct
expansion principle or on the brine circulating system.
It would, of course, be an error to accommodate the
cooling coils in the rooms which are to be cooled. Though
the desired effect would so be attained, it would involve
a considerable degree of moisture in the air, which is very
objectionable on hygienic grounds. Whilst the air is being
cooled it is essential that it should be deprived of a portion
of its moisture. This may be effected by cooling the air
of the room below the required temperature and subse-
quently raising its temperature, the refrigerating surface
being disposed in a separate and well insulated space.
Simultaneously with its excess of moisture the air then
loses all its impurities, dust and germs, which together
with the condensed moisture congeal on the cooling coils,
from where they should be removed from time to time
by thawing.
The over-cooled air may be warmed either by means
of special radiators arranged behind the refrigerators or
by mixing the cold with warm air. The former plan is
more effective and more perfect, since it serves to dry and
purify the whole of the air, on the other hand it is the
costlier of the two. It enters accordingly into consideration
with large installations only. The expedient of mixing
the cold with warm air derived from outside in such
proportions as to ensure the desired temperature, is
Cooling Installation for Dwelling Rooms and Workshops
99
simpler and cheaper, and so is the alternative plan of
conveying the air into the rooms and allowing it there
to mix with the warm air contained therein. In this latter
case preventive measures must be taken to obviate the
creation of unpleasant and injurious currents of air.
Where the chilled air is led straight into the dwelling
rooms without previous warming it is sufficient, at least
with small installations, to rely upon the difference of
specific gravity of chilled and warmed air for the requisite
circulation, provided the cooling elements are disposed
above the room which is to be cooled. In all other cases
it is necessary to provide fans to induce the requisite
transference capacity of the air.
Residence of Herr Riesser in Frankfort o. M.
An example of a small and simple installation is
furnished by the domestic cooling system installed in a
private residence in Frankfort o/M. In this case the object
of the system is to cool four rooms, viz. a dining and
smoking room on the ground floor, and above these a bed-
room and reception room on the first floor. These rooms
cover an aggregate area of 930 sq. ft. and have a height
of 11 ft.
The principal requirements of the installation were
that it should occupy a minimum of space, that it should
be capable of inspection at a glance, easy to manage and
certain in action. The ammonia compressor is accommo-
dated in an enclosed space in the basement to obviate
inconvenience arising from noise or smell in the event of
any portion of the refrigerant escaping, which cannot
always be obviated during various manipulations upon
the machine. The machine frame is of the form of a
hollow cylinder, which serves as a condenser, and, occupy-
ing an area no greater than 6 sq. ft., carries a vertical
compressor, an oil tank, the pressure piping, regulating
valve and the entire compression and condensing side.
The condensing coils consist of patent welded wrought
iron piping and present an external cooling surface of
about 70 sq.ft.; water derived from the town supply is
used for cooling and liquefying the gaseous ammonia.
From the condenser the liquid ammonia flows through
the regulating valve, which usually stands at full bore,
into the selfacting evaporator feed, from which each
revolution of the crank forces a certain quantity of am-
monia into the expansion coil by a piston travelling syn-
chronically with the compressor. The expansion coil,
like the condenser coil, consists of patent welded wrought
iron piping of 1 3/16 in. bore and 1 y2 in outside diameter
and presents a cooling surface of 70 sq. ft.
The ammonia evaporated in the expansion coil is
drawn in on the crank end of the piston during the down
stroke of the compressor piston, which is driven by an
electromotor and belt gearing. During the upstroke of
the piston the intake is transferred through the trans-
mission port to the cover end of the piston and there
compressed to the tension ruling in the condenser. The
advantage of this arrangement is that the piston rod
stuffing box has only to resist the low pressure of am-
monia taken from the expansion coil and hence no diffi-
culty is experienced in preventing leakage.
The refrigerating effect is transmitted by the ex-
pansion coil within the closed brine cooler to the brine.
From this latter the brine is conveyed by a centrifugal
pump through the brine circulating system to the air
cooler, placed on the top floor above the bedroom and
reception room referred to. It consists of a system of cast
iron gilled pipes fitted with a pressure equalising vessel
at the highest point. The gilled pipes transmit the heat
of the air aspirated through a grid in the roof to the brine,
which, with its temperature slightly raised, passes back
to the expansion coil.
Dew drip pans are provided under the gilled pipes
to catch the condensed water vapour which forms as the
air cools, or if hoar frost should form on these pipes, these
vessels will collect the drip water from the snow melting
when the refrigeration ceases. The drip-water is conveyed
to a cemented basin whence it passes through a syphon
trap to the drain-pipe.
It goes without saying that the air cooler is enclosed
by efficient insulating walls forming a box with two
openings, one serving as inlet at the top, the other as the
opening for the descending cold air shaft. The insulating
walls are, in addition, fitted with two doors providing
access to the cooling piping when it should become ne-
cessary to thaw off deposits of ice or to flush the pipes
with water.
On the respective floors the cold-air shaft is joined
by horizontal air delivery ducts leading to the four rooms
referred to. These conduits are concealed in the orna-
mented stucco ceiling, and are provided throughout their
entire length with narrow openings through which the
air is distributed along the ceiling, whence it gradually
descends and mixes with the warmer air which fills the
room. The rate of air-discharge through the various
openings is adjustable, each conduit can also be opened
and closed independently by means of a damper con-
trolled by a chain. These ducts are carefully arranged
and doors and windows made to shut properly so as to
obviate the creation of draught. The cold air ventilating
system, whilst adjustable for the desired temperature and
providing a good and equable distribution, does not give
rise to draughts and is so simple to manage that servants
13*
100
Cooling Installation for Dwelling Rooms and Workshops
without any technical knowledge of its working can
maintain a continuously pleasant condition of the air
without difficulty.
The Hamburg Telephone Exchange Installation.
The object of this installation was not so much the
cooling of the air as the partial removal of its moisture.
The Exchange comprises two large rooms of an aggregate
cubical capacity of about 950 000 cub. ft. and accommo-
dates 1400 persons. In summer the air became so oppress-
ingly hot and damp that cases of fainting were not
infrequent, and occasionally moisture formed on the
instruments sufficient to interfere with the operations.
The installation of a cooling system, as here described,
has effectually removed these inconveniences.
It was required that the installation should maintain
a temperature of 73° F and a relative humidity of 70%.
Since in Hamburg the open air temperature rarely exceeds
73° F losses due to heat transmission were not to be
anticipated, and accordingly it was entirely a question of
abstracting the radiated heat and humidity caused by
the presence of 1400 persons. For this result 23 tons of
refrigeration were found to suffice. The scheme for their
elimination included a horizontal double-acting ammonia
compressor with a cylinder SVgiru in diameter and a stroke
of 13% in. It is actuated by an electromotor and belt-
drive and makes 105 to 1 10 r. p. m. For better adaptation
to the varying requirements at diffr 'ent seasons of the
year the compressor is equipped with reduction device
of the usual kind.
The compressed ammonia vapours are liquefied in a
surface condenser with water irrigation exposing a cooling
surface of about 540 sq. ft. and then are passed into an
expansion coil with a similar surface placed within a fresh
water cooler. The water is cooled down to about 32 to 34° F
and is conveyed by a centrifugal pump to four dry air
coolers, each of which consists of 1575 ft. of wrought iron
flanged 2-in. piping and is fixed within an air chamber
through which a Blackman fan conveys about 495 000
cub. ft. per hour of air into the operating rooms. With a
temperature raised by about 41° F, the water returns from
the air cooler to the water coolers.
The agitator of the water cooler and the centrifugal
pump are actuated by a small countershaft driven from
belt pulley mounted upon the compressor shaft.
Since, as already stated, the outside temperature
rarely exceeds 73° F in Hamburg and hence does not rise
above the temperature within, no attempt was made to
convey the air supplied by the system back to the air
coolers, and accordingly a continuous supply was derived
from the air outside the building Moreover, it was unne-
cessary to insulate the brick air ducts since the losses by
heat transmission are negligible.
In winter the air coolers are supplied with steam and
are then used as radiators for warming the air admitted
to the rooms from without.
Whilst it cannot be pretended that the experience
derived from these two isolated cases furnishes anything
like a working basis for future developments in domestic
cooling installations — partly by reason of the smallness
of one installation and partly on account of the special
conditions governing the other — yet it must be admitted
that both go to prove the practicability of the application
of the refrigerating principle in this neglected field.
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