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ANDOVER-HARVARD THEOLOOICAL LIBRARY
CAMBRIDOE, MABBACHUSETTS

7
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MEDICAL MISSIONS:
THE TWOFOLD TASK

WALTER R. LAMBUTH, M. D., F. R. G. S.

PDURTEEN YEARS MISSIONARY TO CHINA AND JAPAN
EIGHTEEN YEARS MISSIONARY SECRETARY

NEW YORK

STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT
FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS

1920

ArooVEP-HARVAUD

Theowgical Library

STUDENT VOLUNTEER MOVEMENT

FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS

To
Mr. and Mrs. William C. Ivey

Whose

Interest, Gifts, and Intercession

Have Promoted

The Cause of Missions in Many Lands

and

To the Heroic Medical Missionaries

Who Have Devoted

Their Lives
To the Twofold Task

PREFACE

The endeavor in this book has been to place the
medical missionary and his work on the high level
where he belongs. His is no mere profession — it is a
vocation. He goes to the ends of the earth to relieve
suffering, to raise the standards of health, to restore
shrunken capacity, to increase the producing power of
man, to bridge the chasm between the religious and
the secular, and to teach that while at the present
there is "no field of knowledge which has not been
invaded by the scientific spirit", in the future there
shall be no field of need which shall not be cultivated
by a sympathetic ministry to the body and the soul
of man.

The book has been written under the constant pres-
sure of administrative duties. The writer feels much
diffidence in sending it out, but it has been a labor of
love. It goes on its mission with an earnest prayer
that It may be used of God to convince many young
men and women of the need, the opportunity and the
joy open to a life lived out in the presence and by the
power of the Great Physician who came to seek and

to save the lost.

W. R. L.

INTRODUCTION

William H. Welch, M. D., LL. D.

The request to write a few introductory words to
Bishop Lambuth's book on " Medical Missions ** af-
fords me a welcome opportunity to express apprecia-
tion of the great and much-needed service which he
has rendered by presenting in the following pages so
fully and clearly and in so interesting a manner the
needs, the aims and the results of medical missions
and the qualifications to be desired in the medical mis-
sionary. I am glad also to bear my personal testimony,
based upon observations made in China in 1915, to
the vast importance of the work of the medical mis-
sionary. This work has demonstrated not only its
power to further most effectively the ultimate end of
all Christian missionary effort, but also its influence
in leading the people into the paths of Western edu-
cation, science and civilization and thereby promoting
the advancement and the welfare of the countries
where the missionary works.

No intelligent and sympathetic observer who has
had opportunity to come into close personal contact
with medical missionaries in their fields of work can
fail to be stirred by the spirit and character of these
devoted men and women and to be impressed with the
development through the demands of their professional
and missionary work of the finest traits of heart and
mind, with the large service which they are rendering
to their fellow-men and with their joy in this service.

INTRODUCTION

I desire to endorse most emphatically Bishop
Lambuth's earnest plea for better equipment of medi-
cal missions and for the best and most thorough pro-
fessional training, in addition to other qualifications
which he describes, of those who enter the medical
missionary field. " It were better," he says, " to re-
duce the number of medical missionaries and hospitals,
much as they are needed, than to discount the science
of medicine and lower the standards of efficiency . . ^
the highest standards must be maintained, and honest,
thorough-going methods characterize the work in every
department. To do less, is to write ultimate failure
across the face of the enterprise."

The need of providing better opportunities for med-
ical education in their own land for native young men
and women is also urged with great force by the
author of this useful work, for, as he says, " ultimately
the physical and spiritual redemption of every mission
land will rest with her own sons and daughters, rather
than with foreigners; and in these years of upheaval
and rapid change in the nations of the East no more
alluring invitation comes to the Christian West than
that of calling out and training large numbers of
gifted, devoted young men and women who will be
the leaders of the Christian Church in those lands.
A special encouragment along this line comes to medical
work."

Especially interesting is the author's presentation
of the **The Challenge of the Various Fields" for
medical missions. In speaking of China he says that
this country " is a challenge to the largest investment
of faith and life. She is a giant in bulk, but no less
great in masterful qualities which make for constitu-
tional and racial perpetuity. Though hoary with age,
she is no spent force."

Bishop Lambuth has made a most valuable and

INTRODUCTION

timely contribution to the literature of medical mis-
sions and thereby earned the gratitude of all who are
interested in this important subject, — and it may be
confidently predicted that the number of those actively
interested will be largely increased by the publication
of this work.

CONTENTS

I. The Need 3

II. The Missionary Himself 33

III. The Aim and Scope S3

IV. From Candidate to Missionary 77

V. Master Workmen and Their Implements • . 107

VI. Woman's Work for Woman 135

VII. The Challenge • • 163

VIII. The Secret of Power 193

appendices

A. Some Important Questions Answered . 221

B. World Statistics of Medical Missions 225

C. Findings of the Medical Conference of

the World Missionary Conference . . 229

D. Important Recommendations From the

Mission Field Regarding Medical
Work
Recommendations of the Medical Mis-
sionary Association of China . . . 236

£. Christian Health Education in China . 242

F. Medical Missionary Societies .... 247

G. Legal Regulations Regarding the Prac-

tice of Medicine in Various Mission
Lands 248

H. Bibliography » • 253

INDEX 259

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Modern Operating Room of a Medical Mis-
sionary Frontispiece

FACING
PAGE

Cases Familiar to the Missionary Doctor . • . • 7

Manikin of Old School of Chinese Doctors ... 14

Inoculation Against Bubonic Plague, India .... 24

Blind Men Going to Hospital 35

A Chinese Ambulance 39

Fighting Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria .... 54

A Public Health Exhibit in China 71

Outdoor Surgery in Africa 94

A Typical Dispensary Crowd, India 121

Church General Hospital, Wuchang 127

Maternity Ward, McLeod Hospital, Ceylon .... 144

Dr. Mary Stone Operating 150

Korean Nurses and Patient 157

Laboratory in Severance Union Medical College, Seoul . 170

A Missionary Doctor and His African Competitor . 177

THE NEED

" Our hope is that to not a few, the vision of opportunity
will become the call to service."

Dr. R, Fletcher Moorshead.

"Pray ye the Lord of the harvest to send forth laborers
. . . the fields are whiie unto the harvest."

MEDICAL MISSIONS:
THE TWOFOLD TASK

THE NEED

A low caravansary lies before us in a rude village
of Asia minor. In the dim light of a sputtering
candle two figures are silhouetted bending over a third.
The first is Dr. Henry S. West, of Yale, missionary of
the American Board, passing through the village after
a hard day's journey on horseback; the second, a
frightened servant ready to faint at the sight of blood ;
the third, a poor stranger, in the same inn, exhausted
and ready to die from the anguish of a strangulated
hernia.

Was there any hesitation ? The light was miserably
poor, the assistant was incompetent, no anesthetic was
at hand and there was every chance of sepsis develop-
ing. The doctor could not speak the language — it
was his first year — and if the patient died who could
explain the odds to the dark visaged, scowling Turks
standing back there in the shadow? But West had
come under Divine orders. Moreover, he was a Yale
man and Yale sees it through. And, finally, was not
this a fellow-creature suffering unto death? There
was no hesitation. An incision, a swift dissection, a
release of the strangulated viscus, a compress wrung
out of hot water, a few stitches, a simple dressing, and
the work was done.

Eighteen years of service followed. Nineteen young

4 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

physicians were educated under his hand. So thor-
oughly was the work done that after they had been
examined by the medical faculty, an unfriendly
government was compelled to acknowledge its indebt-
edness. Many difficult and hazardous journeys on
horseback were made. Patients thronged his clinics
from the table lands and remote mountain regions.
He performed 1,400 operations on the eye, and 150
laparotomies. Large gifts and fees were often paid,
though not one cent found its way to the doctor's
private purse. Such a life is a convincing apologetic
of Christianity, a credit to the medical profession, and
an honor to one's country.

A large and distinguished company of college men
and women have chosen life careers like that of Henry
West, Little imagination is called for to understand
the rich and strategic value of such service. It is
Christian humanitarianism raised to the nth power.
It is a phase of the world work of Christianity that is
today receiving a new recognition. One cannot wonder
that many of the finest Christian students in North
America are seeking information in regard to the
opportunity it presents for a life investment, the quali-
fications and training required, the facilities, the gen-
eral conditions under which the work is done, the
relation of this service to other branches of foreign
missionary effort, and many other questions. It is the
aim of this book to answer a wide range of such
queries and to give a frank and intelligible presentation
of medical missionary work as it is today. In this
introductory chapter we shall try to estimate the need
for such work.

/. Human Misery at its Depths

Medical missions is the Great Adventure into a
world of desperate need. The distinct command to

THE NEED 5

the twelve, to the seventy, and to us has been " to heal
the sick." It is also one of the credentials of Chris-
tianity. Ours is a missionary religion and one of
mercy. It sends its messengers to the ends of the earth
on errands of healing and help. Its spirit prompts
them to go where the burdens are heaviest and the
need is greatest. Medical missions, therefore, in its
efforts in behalf of the individual, the community and
the race, does its work in regions where humanity is
found at its deepest depths of misery, and where the
people suffer and die from sheer neglect.

Those who stand in greatest need of medical aid
are found in all the non-Christian lands, but especially
in tropical and sub-tropical areas. This is true of
Syria, Arabia, Persia, India, Siam, Burmah, China,
Korea, the islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans,
the larger part of Africa, tropical Mexico, Central
America and the interior of South America. Most of
these areas are subject to the ravages of such diseases
as cholera, smallpox, plague, leprosy, malaria, dysen-
tery, sleeping sickness and yellow fever. There is at
the same time a disproportionate supply of qualified
physicians, lack of intelligent care of the sick and an
absence of means for the prevention of disease. In
no section of the habitable globe are sanitation and
preventive medical work more needed, and nowhere
will intelligent effort bring larger and richer results.

Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop wrote, after four years of
travel and observation : " The alleviations which in
Christian countries mitigate the suffering of the dying,
are unknown to the heathen and they regard death as
the triumph of the supposed demon. Amidst beatings
of gongs, drummings, shoutings, and incantations, with
their dying thirst unassuaged, and with their nostrils
plugged with a mixture of aromatic herbs and clay,
or with mud of sacred streams, our heathen brothers

6 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

and sisters are passing in an unending, ghastly, re-
proachful procession into Christless graves."

The mortality in non-Christian lands would depopu-
late France in a year, Germany in two years, and the
United States in less than three years. While much of
this is due to natural causes, we cannot forget that pain
has no alleviation, sickness is in the midst of every
discomfort, and death too often takes place under the
most harrowing conditions.

And this is not all. We cannot forget that
for all of this misery there is among non-Christian
peoples a surprising lack of sympathetic concern or
attempt at alleviation. After years of personal ob-
servation and contact with the natives, Joh. Warneck
remarks of animistic peoples : " You may go through
heathendom anywhere, in the Indian archipelago, in
New Guinea, in the South Seas, and in Africa, and
you will nowhere find humanity, mercy, kindness and
love."

Take one example from the writer's observation.
Heathenism along the stretches of the Aruwimi,
which empties into the Congo at its great 'bend north-
westward, is dark, despairing and degraded beyond
description. I found the sick neglected, the weak op-
pressed, the unfortunate ridiculed, and the aged looked
upon as an intolerable burden. In the depths of those
almost impenetrable forests the old people are put to
death when they become helpless, partly to save them
from the cruel bite of the driver ants, which may
come in the absence of the men who are on the hunt
for game and of the women who are tilling the fields,
and partly to relieve the living of their care.

The lack of vigor and vitality upon the part of native
peoples who live within the tropics is not altogether
accounted for by climate. They suffer from diseases,
unrelieved by medical or surgical help, which reduce

Cases Familiar to the Missionary Doctor

THE NEED 7

resisting power. For the most part, they lack even an
elementary knowledge of sanitation, hygiene and diet
values. They are preyed upon by fear, which saps
vital force even more than does physical pain. The
gospel of " good cheer," called the " happy sound "
by the Chinese, does not simply bring joy, but, with
its hopefulness, brings increased vitality, and a
stronger hold upon those forces which make for
sounder health and higher life. We have come to
recognize the truth that the work of the missionary
physician in restoring people to good health, as a basis
for sound morals and religious life, is as necessary as
that of the engineer in draining swamps, building
sewers, surveying roads, constructing bridges, and fur-
nishing many other material essentials of modern
civilization.

//. The Diseases of the Non-Christian World

Some of the diseases peculiar to mission fields are
cholera in China, India, and Arabia, which carries off
hundreds of thousands ; beriberi in Japan, China, and
on the upper Amazon; sleeping sickness, which in
Central Africa and in Uganda has decimated the popu-
lation ; hemorrhagic and other deadly fevers along the
tributaries of the Congo, Niger and Zambesi; and
amoebic dysentery in the alluvial valleys of the Yangtse
and all the rivers mentioned. To these we may add
pernicious anemia, hook-worm, ophthalmia (ptery-
gium), diseases of the lymphatics and of the blood
caused by various forms of filiaria and leprosy, which
prevails in almost every country which has been named.
Added to this list are indolent ulcers of the most
stubborn character, tumors grown to large size and
many deformities. None of these can be relieved by
native doctors. They offer a wide field for study,

8 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

investigation and treatment by the physician or sur-
geon, and for care by the trained nurse who wishes to
cooperate in relieving pain, alleviating misery and
saving life. In addition to the special diseases that
have been mentioned, all the ordinary diseases of our
own lands are very prevalent. And it is in those very
regions, moreover, that men and women are most in
need of ministry to the soul, as well as to the body.

In a closer study of the fields under review, from
the standpoint of a medical missionary, it will be in-
teresting to note some of the predominating diseases
in the larger areas such as China, India and Africa.
It is the opinion of Dr. J. R. McDill, who has devoted
years in the Orient to careful investigation, that those
which predominate in China are tuberculosis, syphilis
and intestinal parasites, and that these affect three-
fourths of the population. He thinks that when
statistics are available, malaria will also be found in
this group. Intestinal parasites are probably as
common in China as in India or Africa. Dr. W. H.
Park found men of twenty-five with hook-worm, who
had the stature and voice of boys of twelve.

The filiaria loa, which travels over the eyeball under
the conjunctiva, is not confined to Africa. In the eye
clinic of the Union Medical College Hospital, Peking,
a patient produced a small bottle containing one of
these worms which he had removed with a needle from
his own eye two days before.

In sections of all three of the countries mentioned,
malarial fevers prevail, dysentery causes great mor-
tality, diseases of the eye are very common, typhus
and typhoid fevers scourge the country and leprosy is
endemic. One of the pupils of Confucius, five hun-
dred years before Christ, was a leper. Other affec-
tions, quite common in certain districts, are enlarge-
ment of the spleen, pernicious anemia, stricture of the

j'd

THE NEED 9

oesophagus, and goitre. The writer had a singular
experience in North China while travelling in a mule
cart along the Great Wall. It was growing dark when
he came to a small village, where, according to custom,
a majority of the people were eating their supper out
of doors, bowl and chopsticks in hand. Each adult
person appeared to have two heads. The whole scene
was so ghoulish and weird that he was inclined to
doubt his own senses. Springing to the ground, he
went up to one of the men, felt his head, and found
he had a goitre under the chin so large and protuberant
that it had given rise to the illusion.

Dr. George L. Mackay speaks of malarial fever on
the island of Formosa as man's deadliest foe. It
works terrible havoc among the inhabitants. Many
cases under his observation succumbed during the hot
season within a few hours after the attack began. The
superstitious natives " suppose the disease to be caused
by the patient unluckily treading on mock-money put
in the street, or on the roadside by priest or sorcerer ;
or by a conflict between the hot and cold principles in
nature ; or by two devils, one belonging to the negative
principle in nature fanning the patient, thus causing
the chills, and the other belonging to the positive prin-
ciple, blowing a furnace and producing heat and fever.
But to mention the names of these devils would be to
incur their displeasure, and so the people never use
the name * chills and fever,' but call it ' devils fever,
beggars fever,* or some other harmless name. ... It
is not an uncommon thing in Formosa to find half the
inhabitants of a town prostrated by malarial fever at
once. I have seen households of twenty or thirty with
not one able to do any work. In such circumstances
the native preachers, living in the midst of the suf-
ferers and knowing their life, are able, by means of
foreign medicine, in the use of which they have been

10 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

trained, to do incalculable service to afflicted humanity
and so to commend the gospel of their Master."^

Reference should be made to certain groups in non-
Christian lands whose needs are especially appealing.
Such a group are the helplessly insane. In some
countries they enjoy special privileges as being favored
of the gods and possessed of the spirit of divination.
This is true of the North American Indians and of
certain African tribes, but it is the exception. In
China, the writer was called to attend a young Con-
fucian scholar who in a fit of mental aberration had
attempted suicide. After the gaping wound in his
throat had been sewed up, the family were given in-
structions about his nourishment. Returning the fol-
lowing day, the missionary doctor was refused ad-
mittance. The patient was starved to death by his
own people who, being Buddhists, would probably
have cared for a cow, but were willing that a demented
brother should be brought to death by slow starvation.

" The usual method of dealing with lunatics in
Mosul, Mesopotamia," writes Dr. A. Hume-Griffith,
" is, if they are apparently harmless, that they are
allowed to wander about freely and are treated kindly,
but once they develop symptoms of mania, they are
treated as wild beasts, put in a dark room, and chained
to the wall. But we possess a specialist in mental
diseases in Mosul, belonging to an old Mohammedan
family, who has a great reputation for the treatment of
lunatics. In the court-yard of his house he has dug
several deep wells, and beside each well is placed a
large tub, having a hole in the bottom which communi-
cates with the well. The poor madman is made to
work from sunrise to sunset, drawing water from the

*M»cka^, "From Far Formosa," pp. 312-3x4.

THE NEED ii

well and pouring it into the perforated tub, being told
that he may leave oflf when he has filled the tub/*^

The leper is perhaps the most appealing figure in
the non-Christian world. At one time in the Telugu
country, with a population of thirty million, there
was not a place of refuge for the hundreds of lepers ;
the nearest point where they could be cared for was
Madras, 350 miles away. The latest census in India
gives the number of lepers as 135,000, a decided in-
crease. In 1909 the Imperial Medical Department at
Tokyo stated that there were 28,000 families in Japan
in which the disease was known to exist. While there
are no accurate returns for China it is probable that
the proportionate number is as great, or nearly 200,000.
Among the factors favorable to the spread of leprosy
are poor food, crowding, filth, a moist climate and
failure to isolate the lepers.

The treatment of the unfortunate leper is often
cruel and summary. While he is tolerated in some
sections, in others drastic measures have been applied.
A number of years ago the mandarin of a certain dis-
trict in China made a feast and invited the lepers for
miles around. Attracted by such hospitality the un-
suspecting victims gathered in large numbers. In the
midst of the meal the building was set on fire and those
who escaped the flames were shot down by soldiers on
the outside. Dr. Horder of Pakhoi, South China, is
responsible for the statement that an official in that
section put three hundred lepers to death during his
residence of two years. On the other hand, several
institutions have been established by the Japanese gov-
ernment for the care of the most helpless victims of
this disease, a fact that reflects much credit upon the
progress in civilization of that country.

In Cuba, at the close of our war with Spain, I found

* Behind the Veil in Persia and Turkish Arabia, p. 326.

12 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

five Chinese lepers huddled together in what seemed
to be an outhouse connected with a hospital near Cien-
fuegos. It turned out to be an abandoned oven for
baking bread, on the floor of which and in the midst
of ashes, the poor wretches were gathered, far from
home and awaiting death. One thinks of the descrip-
tion of Dr. Irvin of Fusan, Korea, where in response
to his appeal, an asylum was established. " In cold
weather they crawl into the fireplaces after they are
sufficiently cool, and the accumulation of filth does not
add to their health, their comfort or their appearance.
They are badly clothed, if clothed you can call it. They
are truly outcasts, despised and shunned of all men."

As if the disease itself were not enough, the Chinese
have fallen upon the following repugnant remedy:
"An arsenical pill is prepared by placing the crude
Chinese arsenious acid into the opened abdomen of a
frog. After stitching the wound, the frog is enclosed
in a clay ball molded tight. The ball is placed in
burning red-hot charcoal, when the frog inside the ball
is reduced to ash with the arsenic." The residuum is
made into pills, several hundred of which must be
taken as prescribed.

The blind, the deaf-mutes and all afflicted groups in
non-Christian lands are in an equally pitiable condition
of neglect.

///. The Lack of Native Resources for Relief

The catalogue of diseases given above is distressing
enough, but the situation is rendered yet more pathetic
by the appalling lack of native resources with which to
deal with sickness or injury.

Ignorance of the principles and practice of surgery
and the almost utter helplessness of the native practi-
tioner in non-Christian lands, when brought face to
face with emergencies, are notable. He has no

THE NEED 13

anesthetic with which to deaden pain and prevent
shock, and no knowledge of checking hemorrhage by
the tourniquet or by the ligation of arteries. The only
thing he can do in such a case is to apply the actual
cautery — red hot iron — or plaster the wound with
substances which cause inflammation and even gan-
grene. He has no antiseptic for dressing wounds, nor
is there any adequate idea of setting a fractured bone
or of preparing splints with which to keep the limb
immovable. Without a knowledge of anatomy, he
allows the fractured ends to reunite as best they can,
often resulting in a crooked or shortened limb. As
to dislocations they frequently become ankylosed.
Tumors continue to grow without removal, causing
much suffering and ultimately death. I knew a Chinese
who had so large a tumor growing from the small of
his back that it had to be carried in a basket, the
handle of which was fastened to a strap running over
his shoulder. Where " in the field of surgery the bar-
ber is still the great practitioner/' what relief can be
expected, especially in those cases in which expert
knowledge and skill in the use of the most scientifically
devised instruments are required?

A typical instance of the ignorance of the native
" doctor " is reported from China. The Chinese suffer
much from indigestion, partly because of bolting their
food and from mixing tea and rice, which causes fer-
mentation. After the remedy for leprosy just men-
tioned one might expect almost anything for indiges-
tion. A patient was advised by his doctor, to eat
powdered millstone for this ailment, on the theory of
gravel in the gizzard of a chicken being an aid to
digestion. He ate sixty pounds, got no better, and
gave it up. He was then advised by another wiseacre
to eat cinnamon bark and finished forty pounds of
that before he quit in disgust. There can be little

14 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

question concerning the patience of the Chinese and
the strength of his stomach.

The uttter absence of a knowledge of nursing and
of preparation of food for the sick, reduces the prob-
ability of recovery. Insomnia and nervousness cannot
be overcome and lack of the comforts found in the
smallest hospital in a Christian land results in the
lowering of vitality and the loss of life.

When to the foregoing conditions we add the vague
theories concerning the causation and treatment of
disease, it is not surprising that the native practitioner
is at sea. He may have some knowledge of symptoms,
but he has little or none in regard to scientific diagnosis,
methods of prevention and means of cure. This ex-
plains the timidity which prevails in making any attempt
at surgical operations. On the other hand, the use of
acupuncture by the Chinese and the Koreans is an
exemplification of the old adage, " Fools rush in where
angels fear to tread." This sometimes results fatally,
or is followed by infection and aggravated suffering
through the insertion of long iron needles into the
joints, the abdomen and other vulnerable parts of the
body. Finally, there is the lack of means for com-
batting disease on account of ignorance of pathological
processes. Native practitioners are devoid of any
equipment for studying bacteriology and indeed of
any ideas on the subject.

The Oriental system of medicine, if one may call it
a system, is based upon a philosophy which is more
antiquated than practical. According to the ideas of
the Chinese medical faculty, " a dual system of heat
and cold pervades the human frame, and when one of
these constituents is in excess, illness supervenes. The
heart is the husband and the lungs are the wife, and
if these two main organs cannot be brought to act in
harmony evil at once arises." Dr. Mackay in writing

Manikin Used by Chinese Doctors of the Old School
Needles Show Where Punctures Would Not Be Fatal

THE NEED 15

from Formosa, indicates that the heart and liver are
supposed to produce the different states of the pulse,
and that it is believed by the native physicians that
"the heart has seven openings through which wind
and an evil principle enter, causing these changes in
the pulse. Diseases differ according to the seasons of
the year. Those of the spring are supposed to be
caused by the liver, those of the summer by the heart,
those of the autumn by the lungs, and those of the
winter by the kidneys."

How can the health of non-Christian lands be im-
proved through practitioners possessed of such theo-
ries? They are credulous, because the very absence
of faith opens the way to believe in anything, however
absurd. They are childish in their thinking and fail
to recognize the sequence of cause and effect. Their
fear of evil spirits, rooted as it is in animism, results
in mental paralysis and fatalism. Their perversion of
the truth comes from ignorance and from the very
inversion of the order of nature, with the consequence
that all that is marvelous is magnified, and all that is
real is minified.

Upon the other hand, after all that has been said
about the crude notions and practice of those living
under a different order of civilization from our own,
one must have a respect for a people who began their
medical studies in remote antiquity. " The Chinese
began 2700 years B. C," writes Dr. I. T. Headland, *' to
experiment with herbs in the treatment of disease, and
have discovered and used for centuries, many of the
common physics, astringents and other household
remedies whidi our mothers and grandmothers used.
Chinese medicine is still what our medicine would be
without medical colleges or systematic instruction."

Their failure to be abreast of the times is not due
50 much to a lack of intelligence as to the effect of

i6 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

their system of philosophy, the nature of their re-
ligious belief, and to the absence of the liberalizing
influence of Christianity. Had Bacon, Harvey, and
their methods of reasoning and experimentation been
known in China tlie results might have been very dif-
ferent. As it is, it is recorded of Wha-to, a Chinese
surgeon who lived about the twelfth century, that he
was a bold and successful practitioner. His works
were burned and he was put to death because he pro-
posed to relieve the Emperor by performing the opera-
tion of trephining the cranium.

Dr. Headland remarks in " China's New Day ** :
" We found many works on all phases of medical prac-
tice, from the eye, ear, nose, throat, and teeth, to the
treatment of infantile maladies, as well as the diseases
of camels, oxen and buffaloes. Some of these works
are veritaible encyclopedias. One, prepared by a prince
about five hundred years ago, is in 168 books, has 1,960
discourses on 2,175 different subjects, with 778 rules,
231 diagrams, and 21,739 prescriptions." And Dr.
Headland adds : " Prescriptions enough to cure all the
ills of life; but when a Chinese has a headache he
pastes turnip skins on the temples to bring the ache
out. When he has a sore throat he pinches it up and
down the two sides and the center until it is black and
blue, in order that by counter irritation he may cure
the pain within. He still has a sore throat — 'but it is
on the outside."^

The world cannot be too grateful for the discovery
and practical application of drugs for the prevention
and relief of pain in surgery. While chloroform as
a chemical substance was known on both sides of the
Atlantic, it was experimented upon and used for the
first time as an anesthetic by Sir James W. Simpson,

^Is^iac Headland, "China's New Day," p. i8i.

THE NEED 17

who IS styled the " father of anesthetics," and who
came near to losing his life while making tests in the
laboratory which he had fitted up in his own residence
in Edinburgh. Charles Darwin attended two severe
operations in the same city, one of them upon a child,
and suddenly disappeared. "Nor did I ever attend
again," he writes, " for hardly any inducement would
have been strong enough to make me do so ; this being
long before the blessed day of chloroform. The two
cases fairly haunted me for many a long year."^

But there were forerunners of Simpson long before
his day. The Egyptian physicians had a method of
benumbing their patients before operations. They
probably used a preparation of Indian hemp. It is
more than likely that such a preparation was given
Ulysses of Homeric fame to assuage his grief. In
Chinese annals there is a record of a doctor in the third
century, who produced anesthesia in his patients with
ma-yo, probably the same drug. A Chinese doctor
came to our Soochow hospital one day for the removal
of a tumor, the size of a small cabbage, growing from
the breast. He anxiously inquired if I had anything
with which to relieve pain, and remarked that he could
tell me of a local anesthetic which he had used with
some success. We gave him ether, but after the opera-
tion and recovery, he sent for the ingredients which
consisted of an amber colored cake of " frogs-eye-
juice," said to be made from the inspissated juice of
hundreds of eyes taken from frogs. This was dis-
solved in a quart of water with several white ex-
crescenses taken from the root of a certain tree. The
index finger held for five minutes in the solution be-
came so numb that it could be pierced with a needle
without pain. It was probably a secretion from the

• Victor Robinson, " Pathfinders in Medicine.

«»

i8 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

frog itself for the purpose of benumbing insects which
it captures for food, but it was none the less remark-
aible that the Chinese should have hit upon it. The
demonstration was impressive, but I concluded that
cocaine, which had just been discovered, was more
convenient and decidedly more cleanly.

Before turning from our consideration of the ab-
sence of native resources for dealing with sickness and
pain a word should be said with regard to dentistry.
This branch of medical science is desperately needed
throughout the areas under review. In all tropical
Africa, for example, dentistry is absolutely unknown.
While the African has the reputation of having excel-
lent teeth because of their apparent whiteness, the idea
is due mainly to the contrast with the ebony hue of the
skin. The fact is they suffer much from toothache,
and other consequences of carious teeth. Our first
patient at Wembo Niama, the morning after our ar-
rival, was the wife of the chief who had been in agony
for days from an exposed nerve. She was far more
sensible than her Chinese sister whom I found with an
aching tooth during a visit to the walled city of
Kading. The husband of this Chinese woman asked
if I could do anything for her. A left molar was so
far gone that it needed to be extracted. Catching sight
of the forceps, she declared that such an instrument
of torture should never enter her mouth, and putting
both hands over her face she ran out into the back
yard. I returned two weeks later and asked my
friend about his wife. He replied, with a twinkle
in his eye, that she claimed to be well. She was
embarrassed when I asked what the hole in her
cheek meant. He explained. After I had gone, a
quack doctor from the street was called in, examined
her tooth, and gravely informed her there was a
worm in it. The wriggling of the worm had caused

THE NEED 19

the pain. She submitted to his thrusting a long iron
needle, the size of a hat pin, through her cheek,
and having it driven into the root of the tooth. He
then placed a bit of cotton saturated with oil on the
end of the needle, and set it on fire. The red hot
needle killed the worm, for it had not wriggled for
a week. Native art in that case was counted superior
to foreign dentistry.

Dr. G. L. McKay, who spent so many years in For-
mosa, was not a dentist, but finding much acute suffer-
ing from neglected teeth it was his invariable custom
to take his dental instruments with him when he
itinerated. He would not infrequently arrive in a vil-
lage with Bible in one hand and forceps in the other.
Having lined up the patients who sought relief, for
they had come to have great confidence in his skill,
he and his native assistants would extract the teeth to
the number of forty or fifty and then invite the dental
congregation to hear the gospel. This they did to his
eminent satisfaction since their attention was now
diverted from the forceps to the Book.

It is not for the natives alone that the dental mis-
sionary is needed on the field. His services are much
in demand by the missionaries themselves who are re-
mote from the coast. More than one missionary has
been obliged to return home because of decayed teeth
or abscesses which have led to rheumatism, indigestion,
nervous troubles and auto-intoxication.

IV. Fields Unoccupied by Medical Missions

Commission one of the Edinburgh World Missionary
Conference, 1910, reported that there were vast
populations totaling 122,000,000 in the lands which
have not yet been entered by Christian missions and
other populations — not computed, but vastly greater
— which are in those areas of ** occupied fields"

20 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

which have not been pioneered by the Christian mis-
sionary and for whose occupation no present mis-
sionary plans have provided. For all those suflFer-
ing multitudes there is naturally no medical relief.
Into some of the countries the evangelistic missionary
might find it difficult to enter and in most of them he
would find himself confronted by suspicion and op-
position. But what a challenge they offer to the doctor
to break open the doors of access for the Christian
message! Moreover, many sections of non-Chris-
tian lands that are regarded as occupied by Christian
missions are unoccupied from the standpoint of medi-
cal missions.

Let us look at a few of the most neglected fields.
Mongolia, as described by Dr. G. H. Bonfield, is six
times the size of Germany, with a population of
5,000,000, both ignorant and degraded. There are only
ten missionaries in all that field. To the east lies
Manchuria, and to the west Chinese Turkestan and
Sungaria, while Siberia extends for 2,000 miles along
its northern frontier. It was from this portion of
Asia, over 1,000,000 square miles in area, that Kublai
Khan, the greatest general of his age, extended his
conquests until China was brought under the Mongol
Dynasty, A. D. 1280-1368. His successors " held sway
over a vast and populous empire, embracing many
races and tongues, and stretching from the Pacific
Ocean westward to Poland and Hungary, and from
Siberia southward to the Indian Ocean.

There is raw stuff in this race out of which strong
men are made, but Lamaism has ruined the people, de-
graded womanhood, poisoned family life, and fastened
upon them an unscrupulous priesthood. The number
of Lamas is said to be over sixty per cent of the male
population. While under vows of celibacy they make
no pretense of chastity. Their power must be broken

THE NEED Stt

or the nation is lost. The country is an open field for
the medical missionary, not one being found in the
whole of outer, or eastern Mongolia, though the
country is accessible. As to Qiina proper, it is said
that all the doctors in Great Britain and Ireland, in-
cluding the military, could be used in the one province
of Szechwan, so vast is the area and so dense the
population.

The need of medical missionaries in Armenia and
in the great stretch of territory through Mesopotamia,
and beyond, is more acute today than it was four years
ago. Doctors and nurses have died of exhaustion,
dysentery and typhus and even by violence. In refer-
ring to this need, especially in Armenia, Dr. Clarence
D. Ussher, whose wife succumbed, and who came near
to losing his own life, writes: "When my hospital
was built it was the only civil hospital in a district as
large as the whole of New England, New York, Penn-
sylvania and New Jersey combined. It is now in
ruins, and four times that area is without a civil
hospital or an American physician. Most of the Ar-
menian and many of the Turkish physicians have died.
There ought to be at least one American physician and
hospital every two hundred miles, and one at large
who could visit the district and send needy cases to
the hospital. Every physician in charge of a hospital
should have an associate for counsel and assistance/'
Witih the new conditions that prevail since the close of
the Great War, there is every prospect of enlarged
and wide open fields in Mesopotamia, Armenia, Syria,
and Arabia.

Persia has an area equal to that of France, Spain
and Italy, with half of Austria-Hungary added, and
yet there are not more than twenty-five medical mis-
sionaries representing both American and British So-
cieties. Twenty-five doctors for a population of nine

22 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

and a half millions! The absence of hospitals or
asylums for the insane, leaves in a helpless condition
the poor unfortunates who are mentally diseased.
Happy are they if they escape being chained, thrown
into stocks, or beaten, upon the theory that the evil
spirit must be driven out. It was for this field that
Dr. Asahel Grant and his wife sailed from Boston in
1833. They penetrated the mountain fastnesses held
by the warlike Kurds, had no cover save a tent, and
at night fortified themselves with boxes and bales.
This devoted couple wrought, endured, and laid foun-
dations upon which other heroic workers have built,
but all too few for so great a field.

Turning to Africa, let us glance at Northern Nigeria,
an unoccupied medical mission field. Udi, in the
upper Niger region, famous for its outlying coal fields,
stands on a plateau some 1,200 feet above sea level
with a wonderful view of the surrounding country,
and is in the center of a great population. " It was
a most heart stirring experience," Bishop Tugwell
writes, " to stand upon the brow of a cliff and look
upon the vast expanse of country, thickly populated,
and to realize that throughout that region not a ray
of light has as yet penetrated the darkness which for
centuries has brooded over the land. I was con-
strained to cable to the Church Missionary Society,
' Immediate expansion, Udi urgent.' " This field of
The Niger mission having a population of 3,000,000
largely unevangelized, is everywhere open. The mis-
sionaries have the ear of the people. The results have
been speedy and substantial. But a dark cloud
threatenens from the north. It is the Mohammedan
advance. " The unique opportunity so evidently given
us by God," says Archdeacon Dennis, " should be
bought up without delay. For it is passing, and delay
is perilous."

THE NEED 23

Dr. Karl Kumm, Secretary of the Sudan United
Mission, reinforces this statement by adding that with
the execption of a government doctor at Udi, no phy-
sician is to be found in all northern Nigeria south of
the Denue. Straight across the continent, along that
zone of three thousand miles with its scores of strong
and independent tribes, there are no missionaries of
any kind. Coming further south, there is a tragic
absence of medical missionaries in French Equatorial
Africa, where there are millions of unreached people ;
in British and German East Africa, with hundreds
of tribes untouched, and even in the Belgian Congo,
the force is pitifully meager, when its fifteen millions
are taken into account. In the territory northwest
of Lake Albert a vast region is almost wholly un-
evangelized. The Africa Inland Mission has estab-
lished eight stations here, but they are scarcely in sup-
porting distance of each other, and the medical mis-
sionary is notable for his absence.

Little comment has been made upon India and its
need, because of the admirable administration of the
British government, the existence of the Lady Dufferin
System of Hospitals, and the comparatively large
number of medical missionaries, men and women, at
work in that field. But despite all these factors, we
have a frightful mortality among children, a constant
recurrence of plague and outbreaks of Asiatic cholera,
and a large percentage of the population absolutely
unreached by medical aid. This is especially true of
the forty million women who are ** behind the purdah,"
and inmates of the zenanas. Isolation and ignorance,
immorality and disease have worked terrible havoc.
Only seven in every thousand women in India can
read and write. In commenting upon the situation,
Rudyard Kipling says, " You cannot gather figs from
thistles, and so long as the system of infant marriage,

24 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

the prohibition of the re-marriage of widows, the life-
long imprisonment of wives in a worse than penal
confinement, and the withholding from them of any
kind of education as rational beings .continues,' the
country cannot advance a step. The foimdations of
life are rotten, utterly rotten, and beastly rotten. The
men talk of their rights and privileges. I have seen
the women that bear these men. May God forgive
the men."

It is the cheapening of human life that we see, and
the degradation of womanhood, upon whose elevation
and purity the welfare of the country depends. It is
life " spent in grinding poverty and bitter toil," until
the burden of maintaining life becomes too great and
disease or death supervenes. These conditions lead to
the loss of all recuperative power and when epidemic
stalks over the land, the power of resistence is gone.
Mr. S. K. Datta is quoted by Sherwood Eddy as say-
ing of his own country, " Villages are blotted out by
famine and pestilence and yet the people do not pause to
inquire whether such a tragedy is preventable. In the
plague areas, when the disease is at its height, some
may attempt to escape, but the bulk of the population
quietly awaits its doom. The villagers look into the
faces of their companions and wonder which of them
will be next struck down. There are thousands of
children to whom the opportunity of life is never
given; hundreds of women who perish prematurely,
worn out with their toil, whom early marriage, neglect,
and unhygienic surroundings have killed. Not one of
us who believes in the eternal value of the individual
soul can view with unconcern this wastage of human
life."

V. A Typical Field for Medical Missions
We may take Central Africa as a typical field in its
need for medical missions. Sharing in general all

.^. •

*:*.?

^ "«

THE NEED 25

the need that has been mentioned in this chapter, there
are three great havoc-working factors operating in
this area, and it is difficult to determine which of the
three is the most destructive — the witch doctor, sleep-
ing sickness and intoxicating liquors. The witch doc-
tor is the cause of almost infinite suffering, physical
and mental. He is crafty and yet bold, secretive and
yet unscrupulous. He seems in his cunning almost
to be the special agent of the evil one himself. He
loves darkness because his deeds are evil. Like the
African spider in the jungle, he sets a snare for the
unwary, and entraps those who are ignorant and credu-
lous. He deliberately perverts the truth, discovers
the weak points of his victim and preys upon their fear
of evil spirits. The mukanda, or book, of the white
man, is greatly reverenced by the untutored native.
To him it is clothed with mystery. He thinks that
to the white man it has a voice, but to him who can-
not hear the voice, it is possessed of a spirit. I once
found a Presbyterian hymn book suspended by a grass
string from the ridge pole of a witch doctor's house.
He claimed that it was his biggest medicine.

Fetishism and witchcraft, according to Dr. Nassau,
who speaks with great authority after forty years on
the West Coast, are responsible for the death annually
of thousands of natives. There is no man in all Africa
who can break the spell and overthrow the power of
the ngangdbuka, or witch doctor, more swiftly or more
surely than the medical missionary who is scientific,
sympathetic and spiritual.

Sleeping sickness claims its tens of thousands, where
witch-craft claims its thousands. Livngstone gives an
interesting description in his Journal of the tsetse fly,
or glossina morsitans. " It is not much larger than
the common house fly and is nearly of the same brown
color as the honey bee. The after part of the body

26 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

has three or four yellow bars across it; the wings
project beyond this part consderaibly, and it is remark-
ably alert, avoiding most dexterously all attempts to
capture it with the hand at common temperatures. In
the cool of the morning and evening it is less agile.
... In this journey, though we were not aware of
any great number having at any time lighted on our
cattle, we lost forty-three fine oxen by its bite."

This was several years before the terrible havoc
made among human beings by the glossina palpalis.
This species has not so wide a range as the morsitans,
being found usually in " fly belts " along the streams,
and requires for its living " the presence of open water,
a wooded district, and a loose soil." It is remarkable
for its cunning ways. It attacks in short, sharp curves
and seeks an exposed part, plunging its lance-like
proboscis into the skin. Its bite is less irritating than
that of the mosquito, but may be deadly to the victim
if it happens to be the host of the trypanosome, which
is transmitted through the blood and may finally reach
the fluid in the canal around the spinal cord. Sir
Patrick Manson states that while the tsetse fly is not
commonly found in the veldt, and at an elevation of
3,000 feet, it has spread down the west coast from
Senegambia and has traveled up the water courses
of the Congo basin and over the lake region of Uganda,
where it has been introduced in recent years. " Death
is believed to be inevitable," he remarks, " after the
stage of sleeping sickness. . . . The population of
the implicated districts of Uganda, originally about
300,000, has been reduced in six years to 100,000 by
sleeping sickness."^

The importation of alcoholic spirits into Africa, if it
has not resulted in a greater mortality than witch*

»Sir Patrick Manson, "TropicaJ Piseases/' p. 263.

THE NEED 27

craft or the bite of the tsetse fly, is more demoralizing
than the first and more deadly than the second when
one considers the range of its pernicious influence in
the moral as well as the physical nature. Wherever
absinthe and rum have gone they have literally de-
stroyed the people soul and body. I paced the deck
of a Belgian steamer one day with a French Governor
who was returning from Dakar where the Governor
General of the French colonies, on the west coast, had
called a meeting of administrators. The principal sub-
ject under discussion was the evil influence of in-
toxicating liquors upon the native African, and it was
resolved that there should be a stop put to the use of
absinthe, a thing which had been done by the Belgian
officials several years before. When it came to rum,
my friend, the Governor, shrugged his shoulders and
said, " What can we do as long as you Americans
practice its importation? If we prohibit the use of
spirits it will be carried into other colonies along the
coast and gradually filter into ours." To convince me
of the deadly effects of rum, five cents worth of which
would make a native drunk, he took me to the port
side of the steamer, pointed to the coast two miles
away and inquired with a flash of his eye, " Do you
see that village off there? Ten years ago it had
8,000 people ; today there are only 600 ! " " Sleeping
sickness ?" I asked. " No," he emphatically replied,
" Rum ! " And then followed an awful statement of
debauchery, disease and death brought about by the
white man's curse.

Dr. C. H. Patton, in the " Lure of Africa," perti-
nently remarks, " No race is so quickly and so utterly
demoralized by strong drink as the African. Self
interest alone on the part of the Colonial Governments
dictates that the traffic be suppressed. Yet a faltering
course is followed, » , , Colonial Governors realize

A MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

the destructive effects of alcohol upon native character
and health, and would gladly be rid of the traffic ; 'but
financial considerations stand in the way. In Southern
Nigeria the importation of spirits has furnished fifty
per cent of the revenues. Rum pays a duty of 200
per cent, and gin a duty of 300 per cent ; and yet these
deadly liquors are shipped into the country in almost
unbelievable amounts." Then the author adds that
Holland, Germany, Great Britain and the United
States are the nations that sin the most in the nefarious
traffic. It was reported during the year ending April,
1916, by the British Board of Trade, that 3,815,000
gallons of spirts were imported into British West
Africa. During the previous year, there were shipped
to the west coast of Africa from the port of Boston,
1,571,353 gallons of rum. The Doctor is correct in
speaking of the evil as being one of colossal magnitude
— threatening the very existence of the west coast
tribes. It should have the attention of the entire mis-
sionary body, the civil administrative force, and also
that of the American government, which, while passing
a Constitutional Amendment in favor of prohibition,
within its own borders, should take the same high
ground in its treatment of the weaker and dependent
races, to whom we are sending missionaries to render
medical help.

The world fields and their needs lie before us. It
is a vast expanse and an abysmal depth. It is a call
with the cry of humanity behind it, on the one hand,
and the voice of God above it, on the other. It was
Ion Keith Falconer who said, '*A call is a need made
known and the power to meet that need." Has not
our blessing of health and of the gospel made us
debtors to the race ? Has it not rolled a burden upon
us — the burden of broken bodies among less favored
peoples and the possibility of new and larger life for

THE NEED 29

them? With this comes another burden : " The burden
of the proof to show that the circumstances in which
God has placed you were meant by Him to keep you
out of the foreign field"

THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF

THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF
" Heal the Sick."

I have no hesitation in expressing it as my solemn con-
viction that, as yet, no medium of contact and of bringing the
people unto the sound of the Gospel and within the influence
of other means of grace can compare with the facilities
afforded by Medical Missionary operations."

Dr, Peter Parker,
32

THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF

7. The Medical Missionary as Roadbreaker

We recognize him at once as a great pioneer of
Christianity. Even where he is not the first Christian
worker to enter a new territory it is his work that most
powerfully opens doors of entrance for the Christian
message. It removes prejudice, allays suspicion and
interprets the true spirit of Christianity. Take the
case of Dr. George E. Post, of Syria. By his integrity
and skill he won the confidence of some of the most
bigoted and intolerant Moslems. A Bedouin from
Palmyra was shot in a blood feud. The hakim, or
native doctor, attempted to drain the wound in his
side by inserting a I'ag. It slipped in. The next day
he inserted another with the same result. He con-
tinued this performance until a mass of rags had
accumulated as big as his fist. Profuse suppuration
followed, until the lungs and even the spinal column
were exposed. He was cured by the missionary, who
to the natives seemed to have performed a miracle.
But with the modesty characteristic of all these great
workers, the doctor said, " It was not a miracle of
mine, only a miracle of modem science, and modern
science is a miracle of Christianity."

Or take the case of the Christian lady traveler who
met a company of Persians on a long journey over the
desert. Some were sick and in pain. When she had
relieved them by simple remedies from her medicine
chest, they gratefully acknowledged, " We have no

34 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

hakim in the likeness of Jesus." And many doors of
access were opened to Moslem hearts that day.

The missionaries who stand upon the fringes of
great outlying empires, lion-hearted and unafraid, yet
tender-souled and full of compassion — these are the
men and women who are quietly but steadily winning
their way to the very citadels of the non-Qiristian
world. "As I have witnessed the relief of hitherto
helpless suffering," writes Dr. W. J. Elmslie, '•and
seen their grateful attempts to kiss my feet, and my
very shoes at the door, both of which they would
literally bathe with tears — especially as I have seen
the haughty Moolah stoop to kiss the boarder of the
garment of the despised Christian, thanking God that
I would not refuse medicine to a Moslem, and others
saying that in every prayer they thanked God for my
coming. ... I have wished that more of my pro-
fessional brethren might share the luxury of doing
such work for Christ." Elmslie was sent to Kashmir
by the Church Missionary Society to open the door to
Christian effort. Twice the evangelistic missionaries
had been driven out by the fanatical natives. But he
secured a foothold and an entrance for the gospel into
one of the "greatest strongholds of heathenism in
India."

"As a traveler," wrote Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop
some years ago, " I desire to bear the very strongest
testimony that can be borne to the blessings of medical
missions wherever they can be carried on as they ought
to be. On the western frontier of China, I should say
that a single medical missionary might do more than
twenty evangelical missionaries at the present time,
and that there is room, I was going to say, for fifty
medical missionaries in the world where there is but
one now; and not only room for them, but a claim
for them."

THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 35

Nowhere in the Oriental world has the medical mis-
sionary found a larger, more fruitful sphere of service
than in China. He has been the dissipator of preju-
duce, the roadbreaker, the foundation layer in many
a city, and in many a human heart. The immeasurable
need and opportunity of China has drawn to it some
of the choicest spirits, men and women imbued with
the spirit of the Great Physician, such as Dr. Noyes
of Canton, David Grant of Chinchow, Arthur Jackson
of Moukden, and Lucy Gaynor of Nanking. They had
learned that the " candle of truth " is a ** candlestick of
mercy," and that of all forms of mercy, medical mercy
is the one most needed and least likely to be abused
in heathen lands.^

Henry M. Stanley cleared a way for a road from the
Lower Congo to Stanley Pool through granite rock,
matted jungle, and dense forest under an equatorial
sun ; and the natives of the Belgian Congo called him
" Bulu Matadi," the Rockbreaker. So might the medi-
cal missionary be named.

Ignorance, selfishness, uncompromising prejudice,
social customs hoary with age, religious fanaticism
and racial antagonism running into hostility are bar-
riers which in some countries have constituted ada-
mantine walls. But they have been breached, smashed,
leveled to the ground and, with the dispelling of igno-
rance and prejudice and the transformation of hostility
into profound respect and permanent friendship, a
new order of life in the midst of non-Christian sur-
roundings has been built up.

//. His Standing

What of the professional standing of these mission-
ary men and women who represent the leading insti-
tutions of the West ? I unhesitatingly reply that they

^Elliott I. Osgood, "Breaking Down Chinese Walls."

36 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

are the peers of the members of the medical profes-
sicm the world over. Dr. John G. Kerr, for years
in charge of the Presbyterian Hospital in Canton,
" stood second only to Sir William Thompson in the
number of times he had operated for urinary calculus
— one thousand three hundred times." The fee of
many surgeons in the United States for one of these
operations would have more than paid Dr. Kerr's
salary for a year as a missionary, but most of this
surgery was done gratuitously and if a gift was made
it went toward the upkeep of the institution.

Dr. George E. Post, of New York, who became
professor of surgery in the Beirut Medical College^
in Syria, was one of the greatest surgeons in any land.
Intelligent, skilled, devout, he was a tower of strength
to all missionaries along the Mediterranean coast. In
addition to his work in hospital and college, he wrote
a number of books in the Arabic, such as a treatise
on the flora of Syria, Palestine and Egypt, text-books
on birds, botany, surgery, materia medica, and a Con-
cordance of the Bible.

Dr. Mary Pierson Eddy returned to Turkey in Asia
as a medical missionary in 1893, with six diplomas.
The government at first refused a permit. She reso-
lutely held on for nearly a year, succeeded, and
thereby opened the door for others. In three weeks,
at Baalbek, her only helper being a native Bible
woman, she performed over forty operations on the
eye and treated five hundred new patients. In her
journeys waiting crowds surrounded her tent, exclaim-
ing, before five in the morning, "Why, the hakim
sleeps so late ! '*

It is not surprising that men and women of such
ability should possess exceptional influence in the com-

*Dr. John R. Mott has said of this Medical College that it hM
practically created the medical profession in the Levant.

THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 37

munities and in some cases throughout the nations to
which they go. Three times the Shah of Persia urged
Dr. G. W. Holmes, of Hamadan, to become his per-
sonal physician. He was invested with the insignia
of the Order of the Lion and the Sun, the highest
in the power of the Prince. Dr. Wm. S. Vanneman
was "called on medically by almost every person of
prominence, the Crown Prince, the Governor, and the
nobility," but the helpless poor of Tabriz always had
the preference, and the rich were often declined from
lack of time. There are many missionary physicians
and surgeons today in India, Africa and other lands
to whose hospitals native princess and statesmen come
long distances for treatment and whose personal in-
fluence is recognized near and far.

Dr. Speer in speaking of his journey through Persia
says it was " one long testimony to Dr. [Joseph]
Cochran's power. He was our passport and defense."
The chief of a band of robbers walked in one day to
see the doctor. The quiet little man looked the chief
squarely in the eye and said, * So you are the rascal
who commits these outrages? I have heard of you.
Your name is a stench in the country. Would it not
be well to stop?' The man's face turned pale, and
he soon went out very quietly."

These fearless, heroic toilers in the Near East and
the Far East, in the centers of population and the
waste places of the earth, men and women who are
opening the door for Christianity and for a higher
civilization everywhere, would be a credit to their pro-
fession in any land.

Of course their skill is rapidly developed by the
very nature of their work. Whatever latent abilities
are in the missionary doctor are certain to be brought
forth by emergencies. He is continually being faced
by the unexpected and is driven to call upon every

38 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

resource that is in him. Many a medical missionary,
with no trained assistant beside him and with almost
none of the facilities which if he were practising in
the homeland he would regard as indispensable, has
found himself sudednly called upon to attend to an
emergency case. In the lives of some of them this is
of almost everyday occurrence and it is an expanding
element in their development.

Resourcefulness, the talent of meeting the unex-
pected and doing the right thing, is one of the chief
qualifications required in all foreign missionary
workers and in the exercise of it they become greater
men and women. Often missionaries who have had
no medical training whatever are called upon to render
medical assistance and the degree of self-reliance and
ingenuity and aptitude they exhibit in these emer-
gencies is at times surprising. A messenger came one
night to Rev. W. G. Cram, of Korea, in breathless
haste, urging that he save the life of a woman stabbed
in a brawl. He declined on the ground of his not be-
ing a surgeon. The messenger would not be put off,
saying that if she died, other lives might be lost in
retaliation. He reluctantly followed, and, upon enter-
ing the house, found the woman with a terrible slash
in her right side, the intestines protruding through the
gaping wound. For the moment he fell back aghast
and declared his inability to do anything. Her friends
urged the necessity of the case. He bethought him-
self of the needle and thread and clean towels his
wife might provide, and a bottle of cafbolic acid.
Ordering water to be boiled, he went to his home,
returned with these articles, soaked needle and thread
in the antiseptic, disinfected his hands, wrung the
towels out of hot water, washed the viscera, replaced
them carefully, sewed up the wound and dressed it to
the best of his ability. The woman made a good re-

THE MISSIOiNARY HIMSELF 39

covery, and to his embarrassment Mr. Cram's fame
traveled through all that country. With grit and
gumption of that sort, that man would have made a
successful medical missionary.

It is the general testimony of scientific and other
travelers in mission lands that medical missionaries
in general rank high and that a strikingly large pro-
portion of them are to be classed among the elite of
the profession. This high standing is due in part to
the standards of talent and training by which they are
selected, in part to the developing nature of their work
and in part to the spirit that drives them and gives
quality to all that they do.

But of missionaries as of others it is true that real
greatness lies in deeds, not in words, nor in name.
It is embedded in the life, in character, in purpose and
in motive. It is unconscious of itself. To be sure,
every man should be able to take the measure of his
powers, as well as to understand his limitations. Self-
respect is quite compatible with humility. But when
pride of greatness comes, greatness disappears. '* The
most subtle device of Satan for the undoing of a
man's soul is to tempt him to use opportunities of
public service for the pursuit of selfish ends," says
an English writer, and adds, "There is no prayer
which should be oftener on the lips of a public man
than a clause in the Moravian liturgy : * From the
unhappy desire of being great, Good Lord, deliver
us ! ' " It is right to pray to be good, to be true, and
to be useful to the highest point of efficiency, but men
are never great when they seek to achieve greatness
for its own sake. Neither do men become great by a
single stroke; they grow into it by heroic mastery of
themselves, and by moral and spiritual forces which
work as silently but as surely as gravitation.

The outstanding figures in the history of medical

40 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

missions have been men and women of deep humility.
Indeed one of the most beautiful characteristics of
such medical missionaries as Post of Syria and Kerr
of China, is the moderate estimate which they put upon
their abilities and work. Such men have realized that,
after all, it was not their own achievement, but God
in His mighty power working through them. And
it has been this very modesty and simplicity of faith
which have commended them to those to whom they
have been sent. " In judging of my own character and
abilities," writes one of the most eminent, " I may
say that I am only a plodder of average talents, and
of plain common sense. If remarkable for anything
it has been for industry and perseverance, working
steadily on one line and toward one object." Dr.
Harold Schofield had said of him by a friend, in re-
ferring to the wonderful success and distinction he
achieved at Oxford University and elsewhere, " The
humility which others have to learn by failure, he
seemed to learn by success.*' He won distinction in
almost every department of effort. Several scholar-
ships were assigned him, covering from one to three
years each and amounting in the aggregate to $7,000.
These included a Greek Testament prize, one in
Zoology, and another in Geology. But through it all,
he remained humble, trustful and open-minded.

How unconsciously and how truly great was Dr.
J. C. Hepburn ! Though too timid at times to lift up
his voice in public, yet he wrought himself into the
life of the Japanese nation, laid the foundations for
righteousness by his superb translation of the Scrip-
tures, received a decoration at the hands of the Em-
peror, and enshrined himself a3 "the good physician "
in the hearts of the common people to whom he minis-
tered for nearly half a century. This humble mission-
ary was, in a sense, " the father of modem medicine

THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 41

in Japan." Neither he nor Dr. Bethune McCartee, also
of the Presbyterian Board, who came over from
Ningpo, China, and was one of the first professors of
the Imperial University, realized whereunto it would
all grow. They contented themselves with laying the
foundations, deep and out of sight; others built the
superstructure, and the world marvels at it all! Dr.
John R. McDill of Chicago, surgeon for years in the
Philippines, and author of ** Tropical Surgery," admits
that the Japanese Medical Corps at Peking during the
Boxer Movement in 1900 was " superior to that of any
other nation."^ This record was due to the study of
Western medicine by the Japanese, and so was in-
directly a result of medical missionary work.

///. His Supreme Contribution

Men like these remind us that a great life is one that
is constrained by a great love — a love that has spring
in it, impulsion, and a sense of high privilege. To
such a life there must always come a sense of duty,
but reaching far above and beyond is the higher sense
of privilege which gives vision, altitude, and a realiza-
tion of a Christly mission.

It is this sense of a Christly mission that makes
possible the greatest contribution of the medical mis-
sionary to the life of the people he serves. His su-
preme contribution is the exemplification of the spirit
of Jesus Christ. And who more than the medical
missionary is in a position to exemplify that spirit?
However talented and highly trained a missionary

*From another source I quote the following: "The statistics taken
from General Oku's army of 75,990 men during the Russo-Japa.iese
War had but 187 typhoid cases. They reduced their dysentery cases
from over 12,000 in the Chinese War to 6,624 in the Russian War;
their cholera cases from over 7,000 to none; and their malaria fever
cases from 41,734 to 1,257. This was in spite of the fact that their
army in the Russian War was three times the size of that employed
in the Chinese War,"

42 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

may be, it is the degree in which he incarnates the
loving, serviceable spirit of the Redeemer of all life
that is the measure of his power.

It takes a Christly man to reveal a Christlike God.
The non-Christian believes there is a God, but does
not know Him — He seems too vague and far off.
The Christian knows there is a God, but too often does
not believe and obey Him because He seems unreal.
Jesus Christ came to reveal God as Father and make
Him real. The missionary, if he really incarnates
the spirit of Jesus, reveals the Christ as the Great
Brother of humanity who, by His life in the flesh,
gives to truth a new setting and to service a new
power. Even the preaching of the Gospel to the many
and the few, in season and out of season, carries less
emphasis with the non-Christian than the power of
Christ finding expression in human personality. Dr.
Robert E. Speer, in his life of Dr. Joseph Cochran,
says of this splendid medical missionary to the Per-
sians, "Every one who came into any kind of close
personal relations with him, felt and recognized the
stimulus of his personality and was made stronger
by it. Much as he was to the people, he was more to
his fellow-workers, for all that he did was of minor
importance compared to what he was. For it was the
Spirit of Christ that was his own inspiration; it was
the love of Christ that constrained him, and made him
a lover of his kind."

Is this not an illustration of the truth of the saying,
" If you want to convince a man, let loose a life at
him ? " Talk is cheap but the logic of a life is irre-
sistible. Thought must be followed by action, high
purpose by noble deeds, renewal of ideals by a yet
higher life, or all will be a miserable failure. It was
the sense of duty and the ever-present consciousness
of higher things that constrained the biographer of

THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 43

the first medical missionary to Japan, to say of him
that he was " ever seeking his life out of himself in
God. • . . With the ignorant, conceited, or im-
petuous, instead of magisterial haughtiness, he held
rather the attitude of a discerning physician of souls.
. . . With Hepburn, life was ' the energy of
Love.'"^ The supreme contribution of the medical
missionary is the measure of his incarnating of the
love of God.

IV. His Double Errand

The glory of Christianity lies in its mission to lost
men. The Great Master of us all said, " The Son of
Man is come to seek and to save that which was lost."
Sin drags man down to his worst. Christ would bring
man up to his best. If there is no best in him, He
creates desires, aspirations, ideals and loves, which
change an empty life into an overflowing life, and an
incomplete life into one like unto that of the Son of
God.

The world's greatest need today is a ministry that
will take both body and soul into the count. Chris-
tianity places a large emphasis upon the health and
soundness of the body, which it holds is the temple for
the abode of the Spirit of the living God. Men may
not be conscious of their birthright, but they were
created in the image of God, and are to be restored
to a realization of Sonship. The world needs big-
hearted men, courageous and high-souled, whose sym-
pathy can overleap every boundary, whose love can
lavish itself upon those for whom Christ died, however
remote and however depraved — men with medicine
for the body and medicine for the soul, men who are
expert to prevent and repair physical loss and who
can repeat with loving authority, " Though your sins

»W, E. Griffis, "Life of J. C. Hepburn." pp. 9, 10,

44 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though
they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool."

The work and the worker must ever find their high
type in Jesus Christ, the first Medical Missionary.
"And Jesus went about in all Galilee teaching in the
synagogues and preaching the Gospel of the Kingdom,
and healing all manner of disease and all manner of
sickness among the people."^ His was a mission to
diseased human nature as well as to the halt, the
maimed, the deaf and the blind. He could restore the
soul of man, and rehabilitate his body. How wonder-
ful those words at the very opening of His ministry
at Nazareth: ''The Spirit of the Lord is upon me,
because He hath anointed me to preach the Gospel to
the poor ; He hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted,
to preach deliverance to the captives and recovery
of sight to the blind; to set at liberty them that are
bruised, and to preach the acceptable year of the
Lord."^ He did not simply heal disease. He restored
shrunken capacity. He preached a Gospel to the
whole man, and sought to make man whole through
the Gospel that He preached. The physician, teacher
and preacher were in Him so beautifully intertwined
that they became a trinity of life-giving service. The
body, through His magic touch, becomes the temple
of the Holy Spirit, the mind the organ of God's
thought, and the soul of man the candle of the Lord,
burning, and shining as it burns.

Jesus did not go out of His way to prove His di-
vinity by His miracles, though they unquestionably
attested His divine nature and power. He did not
attempt to prove anything. He came to reveal the
Father and to live a life. In the living of that life
of compassion. He gave the fullest proof of His true

*Matt. 4:23.
'Luke a:i8,i9.

THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 45

nature and mission. His miracles of healing were
wrought out of His sympathy and love for man. They
seemed almost to burst forth into light wherever He
touched human bodies and met human needs.

What a noble catalogue might be written of those
men and women who as medical missionaries have fol-
lowed their great Exemplar on His double errand to
humanity! Let us take for illustration Dr. U. H.
Nixon, who surrendered a lucrative practice in Texas,
sold his house, disposed of his effects and, taking his
family, went at the call of the Church to Monterey,
Mexico. Splendid fellow he was — a great Christian
and a great physician. Hundreds were treated in his
hospital wards, and thousands listened to his words
in the chapel. Then came Yellow Jack up from
Tampico. A weekly letter to the Secretary of the
Mission Board told of the ravages of the epidemic.
Nixon's wife and children were smitten. His nurses
succumbed. Yellow fever had seized its victims in
almost every house. Then followed the telegram that
he himself was ill. Finally the last message — an
envelope containing a prescription blank on which was
penciled the farewell. True as steel, prompt and un-
flinching as the fellows who have served the military
hospitals in the Balkans and died of typhus, he an-
swered the call of duty.

Upon my way home one evening, in Nashville, Ten-
nessee, I passed the gate of a hospital. The house
surgeon was standing there for the moment and I
caught his eye. Seeing that something unusual had
happened, I stopped to hear the story. A brakeman
had been crushed under the wheels of a freight train.
The railroad surgeon was summoned, examined the
patient, turned from the bedside and said there was
no hope. " But he is not a Christian. Are you not
|foin^ to tell hirp that h^ must die ? " asked C. B. H?in-

46 MEDICAJ MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

son, the young doctor. '* Tell him yourself, I cannot,"
was his reply, as he turned on his heel and left the
hospital. The house surgeon returned to his patient,
took him by the hand, looked him in the eye, and told
him that he had less than three hours to live. He must
make his preparation to die. The young brakeman
was at first incredulous, but grasping the truth, re-
quested Hanson to kneel by his side and pray, while
he confessed his sins and committed his soul to God.
Athwart the darkening shadows that settled rapidly
across the cot that afternoon, there fell a great light,
and a joy came into the hearts of two men, and of
the angels. The story, told so simply and so earnestly,
gripped me. I felt that a man with a soul like that
ought to be a medical missionary and told him so. He
went to Mexico. He took the place of Nixon who had
fallen, carried the work with marked ability, comforted
many hearts, led scores to Christ, was himself stricken
with pellagra, and laid down his life — a faithful soldier.
Is it any wonder that men and women who preach
and live this double gospel, whose errand is so closely
patterned on that of their Lord and whose work is so
accurate an obedience to His commission are filled
with exuberant hope? The missionary, as a rule, is
the most optimistic worker in all the world. His
cheerfulness is proverbial. It is the optimism of an
aggressive Christianity — a Christianity which does not
dig in, but takes the field, and in the fight with evil
is as terrible as an army with banners. It is a hope-
fulness that springs from humanity's conquering faith
in the ultimate triumph of the right, in the unshakable
and ineradicable hope of immortality, and in the power
and persistence of the truth. Nay, it is rooted in the
very work and character of God. The great mission-
aries have always placed themselves in line with God's
providence, resolved to dp His will, however things

THE MISSTDTTARY HIMSELF 47

might come out. The results have been left with Him
" When we are assured," says Bishop Brent, " that we
are called by God to a task and have His interest and
supervision, our sole responsibility is to commit our-
selves to the activities involved. The ultimate issue is
not the worker's concern." So it is with the medical
missionary.

Or is it any wonder that so many men and women
of vision, of heroism, of the spirit of service have
leaped to a task like this, that they have found their
imaginations captured, their devotion challenged, their
love for humanity compelled by so rich and sweeping
an opportunity to serve to the uttermost ?

V. His Motive

For what, after all, has been the driving motive in
Henry West and Mary Pierson Eddy and Kenneth
McKenzie and all the other men and women who have
poured the strength of their lives into the abundant
service of medical missions ? What has been the cen-
tral, directing force? It is the divine love in the
missionary's life, giving singleness and strength of
purpose. In the absence of such impelling love, any
man may well question the genuineness and the vitality
of his faith. David Livingstone, pioneer and medical
missionary in Africa, in referring to his conversion,
writes : "A sense of deep obligation to Him for His
mercy has influenced, in some small measure, my con-
duct ever since ... In the glow of love, which Chris-
tianity inspires, I soon resolved to devote my life to
the alleviation of human misery." This dynamic is
central in the heart of the great Father of the race.
He loved and therefore gave. In giving, He withheld
nothing. He gave His best, and His beloved Son in
the spirit of infinite sacrifice withheld not Himself.

We lose sight of the other man when we have lost

48 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

sight of God. Confucianism, with its agnostic teach-
ing, ignores God and deals only with the relations of
man. " Judaism had two coordinate points — God and
man. These were the two foci of the curve. Chris-
tianity has three — God, man and the other man. The
distinction of Christianity is that it puts man in his
own place, between God and his neighbor ; and teaches
him that he may receive grace from the one, which he
may and must transmute into energy for the service of
the other."^ It is not because the other man is so far,
but because our selfish aim is so near. It obscures not
only the one man and his need, but all men with their
greater need. Are we willing to remain quietly at
home and see whole tribes and nations go down under
their burdens ? Are we willing, with our magnificent
heritage, to stand " outside all the big hopes and all the
big fights of humanity?" A selfishness which ever
seeks its own good and looks not for the good of
another is deliberate moral and spiritual suicide. " The
missionary enterprise of the Church, the momentous
social movements of our time, these are dragging be-
cause so many of us are spending on ourselves what
we were meant to spend upon the world. Selfishness
entails not only lost souls but a lost world." But re-
member, when a world goes down, we go down with it.

VL Who Follows?

A thrill of joy comes to every man who can throw
himself into a life undertaking — one worth living for,
and equally worth dying for. A man is never so great
as when he has a sense of mission — never so invincible
as when he grips a great purpose. It springs him to
his best. It makes him immortal. But the purpose
must grip hint. He must become possessed by it, if

^Koberts, "The Renaissi^nce of Faith." p. loo.

THE MISSIONARY HIMSELF 49

he would measure up to the hig»hesit demands of God
and humanity. It makes life count for something —
for the most possible. Such a man does not rest upon
the belief that the world owes him a living. He is
convinced that he owes the world a life and that that
life should be related to God's plan.

The plan of God is built around the needs of men.
Every man who believes in God has a share in it. The
share may be very small, but it is very real. It may be
in an obscure corner of the earth, but it counts. Your
lot may be simply that of lifting your fellow-man off
the scrap-pile. That of another may be a mighty con-
structive effort for the uplift of humanity. The one
may be small in detail, the other, building in the large.
But it is all lending a hand, lifting a voice, living a
life, and offering a service of help and of good cheer.

It matters little where the plan of God leads us.
It matters much that our lives are rightly set down in
the work and in the place marked for them in the
divine plan. For Livingstone it meant the work of an
explorer and pioneer medical missionary in Africa.
He was on God's errand and he knew it. To the
Directors of the London Missionary Society he wrote
from the remote interior of the Dark Continent saying
that he was at their disposal " to go anywhere —
provided it be FORWARD/' The sense of mission
never left him. In it there were blended a heart of
tenderness and a will of iron. It was illustrated, on
the one hand, by a night ride against the entreaties of
his friends through a forest infested by wild beasts to
save a poor native who had heen gored in the abdomen
by the thrust of a black rhinoceros. On the other hand,
it emerged in his reply when troubles multiplied, and
his brother Charles proposed he should give up the
difficult task and settle in America: " I am a mission-
ary, heart and soul. God had an only Son, and He

50 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

was a missionary and a physician. In this service I
hope to live ; in it I wish to die."

There are times in the history of the world when
men and women must accept great tasks and make
great decisions. This is one of them. Never before
were demands for medical missionaries so imperative.
Never before was there such a rush of opportunity,
never such a pressure of responsibility growing out
of the march of events, the cumulative needs of hu-
manity, and the providence of God.

President Henry Churchill King speaks of " the
natural birth-hours of great decisions,'* and adds,
that " they should not be allowed lightly to pass."
There are indeed hours that come to every man when
deep-seated convictions are conceived and far-reaching
decisions are born. They may grow slowly from the
sense of one's obligation to serve his fellowman. Or
they may come under the lightning-like flash of a
revelation of God's will and of a world's need. When
they do come, they are to be accepted as God's way of
sweeping a man's life out into a larger sphere of duty.

A call to fill the life with service is always God's
call. It may be the inner voice of duty; but it is
His call. It may be an open door; that is the voice
of Providence. It may be the urgent need of a mis-
sionary doctor; that is the voice of the Church. It
may be the cry of humanity for help ; that becomes an
imperious demand and must be obeyed. The call is
of God — the answer is by man. " Here am I, send
me," said David Livingstone. Just so have answered
a host of men and women who have fared forth to
serve as medical missionaries — physicians, surgeons,
nurses, sanitary engineers, athletic directors, medical
instructors — into the lands where the task of physical
reconstruction is so sorely and urgently needed. Who
follows in their train?

THE AIM AND SCOPE OF MEDICAL

MISSIONS

" Medical Missions are an expression of the whole message
of Jesus Christ to the individual, the healing of the body,
the enlightening of the mind, the redeeming of the soul."

Dr. Henry T, Hodgkin,

" Now, while all pursuits ought to be of the nature of
callings, there are two which may be said to be callings par
excellence, namely, the Christian ministry and the ministry
to the sick. In the ideal physician, as in his Lord, these
callings are blended."

Dr. Hcnvard A. Kelly,

Ill

THE AIM AND SCOPE OF MEDICAL

MISSIONS

In this chapter, with some inevitable repitition, we
are to consider the objective and the range of the
medical missonary's work.

/. The Aim and Scope Defined

The one great aim of medical missions is to present
Christ to suffering and sinful men. To undertake less
is to reduce a high calling to a secular profession, a
mere philanthropy, or to the art of healing as a science
pure and simple. In scope it is inclusive of every
legitimate and available means of curing dsease and
of allayng the suffering of the individual ; of minister-
ing to the sick in the home and in the hospital; of
guarding the health of the community and of the State,
and, through all of these channels, of making Christ
known whenever and wherever opportunity may offer.
The one supreme purpose of every missionary, whether
evangelistic, educational, industrial, literary or medi-
cal, is to present Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the
Saviour of the world, to preach His gospel by being
His witness, by proclaiming the truth, by a ministry
of mercy, by the daily life, and by every worthy and
effective means for the promotion of the brotherhood
of Christly men, and the extension of the Kingdom
of God.

Medical Missions," says Dr. James L. Barton,

have not lost in the least degree their original aim

54 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

and purpose. They represent the compassionate
Christ yearning over the suffering masses of His
ignorant children, to whom He stretches out His hands
in loving invitation. At the same time they are intro-
ducing among the people of the East a new profes-
sion, are making the modern medical school and hos-
pital indigenous to the Orient, and are constructing
barriers through which epidemics and scourges that
seem to breed in those countries may not break."^

Medical mission work is preventive, curative, re-
demptive and constructive. Initially the physician
bends every effort to heal diseased humanity ; then he
must throw himself into the wider field of applying
modem medical science to prevent disease in the in-
dividual, and to check the ravages of epidemics, and
finally to eliminate them not only in the community
where he lives and -works but in all the world. His
is a world task on this level. Beyond this, however,
and on a higher plane, he becomes an exponent of
spiritual forces set in motion for the redemption of
humanity from a life of sin and moral degeneration
to a life of personal purity and efficient service. Here
his constructive work begins. He is a builder of a
social order which is an integral part of the Kingdom
of God among men. It is not the Utopia of the
philosophers, nor heaven brought down to earth ac-
cording to the notion of the Jew, but the divine life,
and power to live that life, wrought into the conscious-
ness of men — a life which is meant to interpenetrate,

* " Human Progress Through Missions,*' p. 67. The truth of this
statement is reenforced by the fact that when the capital of Chnia
was threatened by the plague tnat was ravaging the Province of Man>
churia, the Missionary Medical College in Peking was agreed upon
by the Chinese officials as the most suitable place for planning the cam-
paign against the epidemic. Medical missionaries had large leadership
*• in organizing and carrying out preventive measures, and the students
in the Mission College were the mainstay of the Chinese Government
in the crisis."

THE AIM AND SCOPE 55

transform, and uplift, until men shall come to realize
that God is their Father, and that they may become
His restored and reinvigorated children. " Every
civilizing influence that the missionary can bring to
bear upon the people, and that gives to Christianity
a practical aspect, every such form of missionary ef-
fort, when made to observe the one great purpose,
lies within the scope of the Divine commission and
should have its place in the missionary enterprise."^

No man is called upon so much as the medical mis-
sionary to combine the secular and religious, the ma-
terial and the spiritual, to bring them together, to
fuse and make their forces work to the same great
end. It is the function of Christianity constantly to
widen the sphere of religion and not to narrow it. It
is the genius of Christianity not to be divorced from
life but, like the leaven, which a woman took and hid
in three measures of meal, to permeate and work per-
sistently and powerfully until it is all leavened. ** Ye
are the salt of the earth." Jesus would not pray that
His disciples should be taken from the world, but,
while they were to be held to their task. He besought
the Father that they might be kept from the evil one.
Sin and shame, disease and death are present in the
world — constantly present, and as widespread as
humanity. Man to be saved must be redeemed in
every part of his being. The medical missionary
moves among the dead and dying. He touches life on
every side ; he deals with material as well as spiritual
forces, but through it all he must be the light that
radiates, the leaven that permeates, and the salt that
preserves and becomes the savor of life unto life.
With him there is neither secular nor religious as
separated from each other. His reverence for human-

*John Lowe, "Medical Missions: Their Place and Power."

56 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

ity lifts and transfigures his daily task into a divine
mission.

The gospel is revealed to us in world terms, and
is inclusive of nature and all of man, as well as of all
men. Canon Freemantle teaches that the world, lying
in the bondage of sin, is subject to redemption.
" There was always the hope," he writes, " that at last
the creation itself would also be set free from the
thraldom of decay." In the deliverance from such
bondage man is freed from the burden of a diseased
body and is given an opportunity to rise to the powers
of manhood restored to its pristine strength. Who
would not covet a share in bringing about such a
restoration ? How exalted such a mission !

The conservation of energy is one of the great dis-
coveries of modern science. The redemption of nature
and of man is logically to be accompanied and followed
by the conservation of physical forces and moral ener-
gies — all to be turned into the channels of a re-
creative and constructive era. Any man may consider
it a high privilege to have a share in one or all of
these processes. The medical missionary is singularly
happy in that he lays one hand upon the material and
the other upon the spiritual forces which enter into
the divine scheme for the restoration of a universe.
He is called to the work of building manhood and
womanhood upon foundations wrought into the physi-
cal life, upon which the spiritual superstructure is to be
based. Sometimes it is a re-creation out of poor
human wreckage; more often it is magnificent ma-
terial of latent powers he has to work upon. Were
men made out of any other stuff, it might be a hopeless
task. But the good work does not stop with the body.
The life of sense is superseded by the life of the spirit.
That which is seen yields to the unseen and that which
is mortal yields to immortality.

THE AIM AND SCOPE 57

77. Medical Missions an Evangelising Agency

The medical missionary is first a missionary and
second a doctor. His work is primarily spiritual rather
than humanitarian. After all, while there may be
many gifts, there is but one ministry of Christly ser-
vice through which the gospel is propagated, the truth
exemplified, and the life of the Church expressed.
" The true Christian apologetic is the redemptive work
of the Church." It is this ministry to men in the
name of Jesus Christ that wins the battles of the Chris-
tian faith, and winning, finds Him in the van through
whom we are more than conquerors.

Lest we are betrayed into undue emphasis and en-
thusiasm on the merely physical and material side, we
quote from an eminent missionary author :

If medical missions are to come to their own, in the mind
and heart of the Church on the mission field, their undoubted
service to the cause of humanity must never be allowed to
assume so large a place as to divert attention from their
supreme mission in making known by word, as well as by
deed, the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ. Not that the work
of healing the sick is to be lowered in estimation and the
equally mistaken view supported that Christianity and phi-
lanthropy are spheres apart, but that medical missions by
declared aim and constant practice, by Board at home and
by medical missionary on the field, must present a sphere of
missionary activity in which the dominant note shall be the
setting forth of the evangel of Christ and the redemption of
the whole man for His glorious Kingdom.

Let no one imagine that medical missions are here classified
as a by-product. From the days of Christ until the present
hour the sacred art of healing has been one of the most
powerful means of winning an indifferent or an openly hostile
people to a recognition of the truth. The medical missionary
preaches by the silent practice of his profession as powerfully,
and, at times, even more eloquently than does the clerical
missionary speaking from the sacred desk. The medical mis-
sionary and his dispensary and hospital are not a by-product;

S8 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

they are among the most ircrsistible forces for the Chris-
tianization of the East.^

The spiritual function of the medical missionary
is like that of the evangelist. He is as truly a mission-
ary as his ministerial brother. Both have offered and
been accepted for the great work of the redemption
of humanity, and they are equally unworthy of the
name they bear if they fail to make the work of repre-
senting Christ the grand aim and purpose of their
presence in the mission field. As for the extent and
reach of the spiritual influence of the medical mission-
ary -there are no limitations save those of time and
strength.

Medical missions may not stand first, but they stand
a close second to evangelism in the work of redemp-
tion. They are a form of evangelism and have been
greatly used of God in saving men. They have passed
from the pioneering to the constructive stage. They
are related not only to the individual, but to the com-
munity as a whole. Medical missionaries have, as a
rule, been highly honored and influential in the com-
munities where they have lived and labored. They
have stood for education, sanitation, reform move-
ments and all that makes for progress in social and
civic life. Their work has been the best illustration
of Christianity adjusting itself to the needs of modern
men. It is Christianity at work. But neither educa-
tion nor reform, nor even healing, important as they
may be, should obscure the one great aim — the bring-
ing of men to know Christ. The doctor must re-
member too that his relations to his patients give him
exceptional opportunities, with a corresponding re-
sponsibility, to present Christ. The difficulty of the
evangelistic missionary in approaching men as indi-

^ James L. Barton, "Progress Through Missions/' p. 61.

THE AIM AND SCOPE 59

viduals does not apply to him. They deal much with
men en masse, he comes into direct and personal con-
tact. The sense of hostility is removed and the barrier
of separation is broken down. The intimate relation-
ship of physician and patient creates a sense of con-
fidence, and seeds are sown which ripen into friend-
ship. Could there be a more open way of approach?
The doctor shares with the patient the divine gift of
friendship as well as that of healing.

Dr. Kenneth Mackenzie, writing from Tientsin,
March 4, 1887, gave the following reasons why the
medical missionary should be active in evangelistic
work:

First — He can best influence his own patients.

Second — His assistants will be, under God, largely
what he makes them.

Third — Unless he attends to it, the full value of the
medical missions as a Christianizing agency will not
be developed.

Fourth — His own spiritual life requires it.

It has already been pointed out that medical missions
have had more influence in disarming fanaticism than
any other department of the service. Dr. Pennell of
the Afghan frontier is a standing illustration of the
ability of the medical missionary to carry the influence
of Christianity into the crowded bazaar, the home of
the Moslem, and among hostile tribes of fanatical
Mohammedans. What happened when Dr. Joseph
Cochran was so ill in Persia that his life was despaired
of? Merchant and trader, official and soldier, and
even the wild Kurd from the hills, would stop the
Sahib's servant on the road and anxiously inquire
concerning the doctor's welfare. Men who had been
jealous for Mohammendanism and haters of Christian-
ity, inquired for him with tears, and one was heard to
say, ** Would that God would take us and spare him."

6o MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

There is nothing in human nature which can resist
such a ministry as that. Everything goes down before
it. Argument begets argument, as friction creates
sparks ; but love begets love as sunshine begets warmth,
and genuine sympathy softens the most obdurate
heart.

The influence of the mission hospital in blazing the
way for the Gospel has been as clearly demonstrated
in Persia as in any other field. " No missionary
agency has been so influential in contact with uncivil-
ized or semi-civilized governments; none has played
so large a part in promoting peace and good-will, in
ameliorating social and economic conditions, in spread-
ing a knowledge of the simpler truths of the gospel
and embodying its spirit in action, and in generally
breaking down prejudice and opening the way for
advance. It is also a fact that in land after land —
the most notable instance is, perhaps, that of the
Church Missionary Society in Central Persia — the
nucleus of the first Christian Church has been gathered
throug'h medical work, and clusters closely around
hospitals."^ The absence of hospitals, dispensaries,
asylums and homes for the blind and helpless in
Oriental lands has brought out in unmistakable terms
the beneficent work of medical missions. It is prob-
ably true that the wonderful opportunities in evangel-
istic and educational work, which presented themselves
in the Near East before the great war, were largely
the outcome of medical missionary work.

During the medical practice of nine years in China
the writer came to realize with his missionary col-
leagues the drawing power of the Christian hospital,
and the reach of the ministering hand into literally
thousands of villages untouched by any other agency.

^ Interaational Review of Missions — ^April, 1913.

THE AIM AND SCOPE 6i

*' The influence of the medical work extends beyond
the bounds of all other missionary activities. No
evangelist with a corps of Chinese helpers can visit
as many towns as are represented by the patients who
come to a single dispensary. The work has no geo-
graphical bounds. The evangelist may be driven out of
a place by fanatical mobs, but no such power can stop
the sick in that place from entering the mission hos-
pital. . . . Consecrated evangelists have come
from the ranks of opium sots, saved from the toils
of the opium demon by the ministries of the doctor.
Thousands caught their first glimpse of the Christ
while in the hospital and are humbly following Him
today.''^

Jahan Kahn, the son of a merchant, went down
with his father from Central Asia into Hindustan.
In Dr. Penneirs Hospital at Bannu he first heard the
gospel story, but in the beginning he stopped his ears
lest he be defiled by the words of the infidel. His
father died, he came into the employment of the doc-
tor, and began to read the Scriptures. When the Mos-
lems heard that he was reading the forbidden book
they assaulted him. Dr. Pennell heard the cry, " Oh,
Daktar Sahib ! Oh, Daktar Sahib ! " Rushing out,
he found Jahan Kahn being beaten by two Mohamme-
dans who were trying to stifle his cries by twisting
his turban around his neck. This experience, however,
brought him to a decision and public confession of
Christ. Burning with a desire to tell his friends, he
revisited his home in Afghanistan, in the face of ter-
rible risks. He was arrested as a spy, having sewn
copies of the gospels in Pushtu and Persian inside his
baggy trousers. Finally he reached home, to the de-
light of his mother and brothers. Not attending pub-

< Elliott I. Osgood, " Breaking Down Chinese Walls.''

62 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

lie prayers in the Mosque, he bravely told the vil-
lagers that he was a Christian. They then clamored
for his life. That night he escaped, returned to
Bannu and married a Christian girl, **who had re-
ceived the training of a compounder and mid-wife in
one of the Zenana Missions." A call having come for
helpers in a mission on the Persian Gulf, they re-
sponded and went as missionaries to a foreign country.
" In addition to the great work Jahan Kahn has done
among the tribes in the region of Karak, he has built
a beautiful little church of rough hewn stone — The
Church of the Holy Name — as a memorial to his
friend, Dr. T. L. Pennell."

The Pakhoi Leper Hospital is a marvelous illustra-
tion of the quickening and transforming power of the
gospel. The father of Ng Wanshaan was a farmer
and a leper. More than once a gang of thieves from
the leper colony attacked his home because he refused
to go and live with them. " Subsequently he went and
dwelt alone in the neighboring mountains and there
passed away." At seventeen the son was apprenticed
to a sorcerer, married, and had two daughters. Then
leprosy appeared. Again the lepers came from the
colony, seized him, demanded money, and threatened
to drag him to their loathesome village. All his money
and valuables were taken. He could not earn a living
and finally sold his daughters. Once more the lepers
came, stole what was left, discovered and dragged him
off to their den. His wife, in hunting for him, heard
of the missionary leper asylum at Pakhoi. She helped
him to escape and reach the haven of rest.

" I, a foot-sore and weary leper, arrived one morn-
ing at the hospital gate," he writes in an account of
his life, " and on seeing the doctor besought him to
heal me. He had compassion on me and received me.
He gave me food, clothes, a bed, and ^ little money

THE AIM AND SCOPE 63

to buy vegetables and fish, besides medicines, and every
day took great care of me. . . . Every day I heard
the word explained, and understood that I was a sin-
ner, and that I must believe in Jesus the Saviour of
the world. ... I gave up sill the sorcery I had
learned, and yielded my heart to God. On my first
visit home I burned my ancestral tablet and idols, and
destroyed the bowl used for burning incense. My
nephew was very angry and cursed me, but I was not
afraid, and God gave me patience to bear with his
anger. . . . The Holy Scriptures enlightened me,
and led me to understand the truth. I thus learned to
love God with a hot heart." His wife, under his in-
fluence and prayers, believed and walked twenty miles
every Sunday to attend the services. He became a
licensed lay reader and conducted services in the leper
village where he had been so much abused. He be-
came head master, and one of the most trusted inmates
of the Home. One leg had to be amputated, but he
managed to make short preaching tours, selling books
and receiving no pay beyond the usual allowance
of rice. His remaining foot became so bad from
the ravages of the disease that he could no longer
walk. When the day for the Holy Communion came,
the missionaries were deeply touched by seeing him
crawl to the table on his hands and knees to partake
of the Lord's Supper.

In no land more than in Africa is the force of medi-
cal missions needed as a pioneering factor in the work
of evangelization. The Mohammedan advance in the
Dark Continent constitutes a direct menace to the mis-
sionary forces of Christendom. It is a standing men-
ace to Christian civilization, and will be wherever it
gets a foothold. The erstwhile Arab slave raider has
become the propagandist trader. That advance must
be more than met — it must be checked. The entire

64 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

structure built upon error and fanaticism must be un-
determined. This can best be done by a counter move-
ment — a ministry to the sick and the incarnation of the
truth in the man who ministers. In the African field
where the advance is steadily southward, and whole
tribes are going over to Islam, the writer strongly
favors a chain of medical stations stretching across the
continent from South Nigeria through the French
Congo to Uganda. These should be not more than
two hundred and fifty miles apart, or within supporting
distance of each other.

All life in Central Africa is village life, and all mis-
sionaries in the remote interior dispense medicine
daily. They have no choice. Medical missionaries
are scarce and the native is in imperative need of help.
It was in the midst of such a ministry to body as well
as soul, that George Grenfell laid down his life. Like
Bishop Hannington, on the upper reaches of the Nile,
he too died with his face toward Uganda. Grenfell's
dream had been to throw a chain of stations toward
the northeast along the Aruwimi through pigmy land,
until his missionaries should strike hands with those
of the Church Missionary Society. From his grave
you can hear the lap of the great water-course at the
junction of the rivers and realize the genius of his
strategy and the grip of his purpose. Had he lived
and succeeded it might have served to check the Mo-
hammedan advance. His was a soul cast in an heroic
mould. He endured much, but in his suffering was
identified with his Lord.

Is not all true and essential Christian life an identi-
fication with Jesus Christ? We must enter into His
sacrificial spirit if we would interpret Him to the
world, and that interpretation must be in terms of a
sacrificial life. The sufferings of Christ wrought into
our lives and our faith become by some mysterious

THE AIM AND SCOPE 65

process "profoundly cooperative with His in the
ministry of salvation." It is often through the deepest
experience of suffering and our fellowship with those
who suffer that we find the richest ministry of service.

///. The Range and Relationship of Medical Mission

Work

It is the function of Christian missions to introduce
a new order of society among the peoples to whom
they go. In this exalted errand the medical missionary
has an important and distinctive part to play.

1. He exalts and conserves human personality. The
Chris-tian order of society calls for eflScient manhood
and womanhood and this is the alluring goal before
the medical missionary as he labors to redeem diseased
and broken human life. In speaking of Jesus Christ
and His mission, Professor E. I. Bosworth uses the
significant words, " Bringing to them His own eternal
health." It was the soundness of His health that
helped to make the sweetness of His soul, and the
wholesomeness of His spiritual life gave virtue and
power in the healing of men. He brought immortality
to light and bestowed the wealth of immortal life
which alone can be the guarantee of eternal health.
Who has a sublimer mission than the missionary who
introduces the Great Physician into the sick room
with all His tenderness, comfort, and strength. It was
in His own words of prayer that He said, "And this is
life eternal that they might know Thee, the only true
God, and Jesus Christ whom Thou has sent." Eternal
life means eternal health.

In the comparative study of Christianity and other
faiths, we find that a constantly deepening relation
between human and divine personality is the highest
form of religion. Reverence for personality is the
strength and glory of Christianity, It is the truest

66 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

test of the Christian religion, Harnack says, ** Jesus
Christ was the first to bring the value of every human
soul to light, and what He did no one can any more
undo.'* It was a rediscovery of the individual and his
true place in the Kingdom of God and in the com-
munity of men that gave Jesus a unique place as a
teacher. Since His day those with the highest ideals
always reverence personality, and hold inviolate the
sanctity of womanhood and of the inner nature.
Failure at this point is failure not at tlie circumference
but at the center. A low and enfeebled conception of
God results in a depreciated estimate of personality.
This is true of paganism everywhere. In the war be-
tween France and China, a Chinese gunboat was sunk
in the river Min. The sailors sprang overboard and
endeavored to escape by swimming ashore, but were
driven back with poles and hoes in the hands of their
countrymen, and left to drown like rats because they
had the misfortune of being overwhelmed by defeat.
When Japan and China were at grips in Korea, thou-
sands of wounded Chinese soldiers were left upon the
battlefield to die and rot without medical care or at-
tention. Outside of Christianity the individual counts
for little or nothing, except where non-Christian
nations have been influenced by Christian ideals.

Christ discovered the individual. And in non-
Christian lands who more than the medical missionary
is a conservator of the discovery ?

2. He illustrates and communicates the ideal of ser-
vice. This ideal is fundamental in tlie Christian con-
ception of society. Nature abhors a vacuum and so
does Christianity. To be saved from sin without an
objective and purpose, is to be saved to a life of selfish-
ness, with the consequence that man falls into sin
again. The Christian life must be filled with desire
for opportunities to serve and to save. All its prepara-

THE AIM AND SCOPE (fj

tion, and the purpose to utilize the opportunity when
it comes, is for a higher quality of service in this life,
as well as the life to come. The Kingdom of God
stands for the establis-hment of " the Christian civiliza-
tion of brotherly men." The Gospel has no signifi-
cance if it does not preach a real brotherhood, a
genuine desire to share our blessings and to help men
out of their pain, misery and disease.

" It remains a part of the Church's duty," writes
Dr. P. L. McCall in The China Medical Journal, " in
seeking to represent Christianity not to neglect the
exercise of a Christlike Christianity. It is indeed a
poor, maimed, un-Christlike Christianity that does no
benevolent deeds. When the Church takes no part in
philanthropic effort the world says, * The Church talks
at men's souls and lets their bodies rot away,' the truth
being that one of the Christlike characteristics of
Christianity is gone; while, if we have hospitals and
asylums apart from Christianity, this is to pick the
fruit and reject the tree from which it grew. There
must be pari passu the verbal explanation of the
gospel truth, and a practical exihibition of it in the
form of loving care for the sick and destitute. The
two methods of showing the double scope of Chris-
tianity may not be omitted so long as the Church exists
and human need remains."

It is the highest privilege of the missionary to hav«
a share in the unveiling of God the Father through
Jesus Christ. This evangel can be wrought out in
home and hospital the livelong day. And in his life the
medical missionary not only is serving but is planting
ideals of unselfish service among the people. Hon.
Charles Denby, former United States Minister at
Peking, after a personal visit to a number of stations,
has said : " In China the missionaries are the leaders
in every charitable work. They give to the natives

68 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

largely out of their scanty earnings, and they honestly
administer the alms of others. When famine arrives
— and it comes every year — the missionary is the
first and last to give his time and labor to alleviate
suffering/' The work of the medical missionary
silently and powerfully makes its own argument. No
appeal in words is necesasry to produce conviction.
In addition to gifts of money, of time and of service,
especially in epidemics and in famine, there is the self-
giving in which even life is not withheld. Herein lies
its virtue, its power and its acceptance by all classes
of men. Its enemies may oppose Christianity as a
dogma and as a creed, but they accept it as a mission
of mercy, and in the glow as well as the shadow of
the Cross come to see the crucified One as the only
hope of the world.

A vivid illustration of the influence of medical mis-
sions to implant the Christian conception of brotherly
service is related by Mr. Fred Paton, son of the
famous missionary, John G. Paton. In writing of the
leper settlement on the New Hebrides Islands, he says
that the women voluntarily elected to share the isola-
tion of their leprous husbands. " The blessing of God
seemed to have rested on these self-sacrificing Tanna
women. In no single case did the wife contract the
disease. In every case, save one, the husband died.
. . . We have our communion next Sabbath. Two
old cannibals will join. Our collection will go to the
Relief Fund of the Belgians. We sold tlie nuts on
the mission land last week for 35 shillings, which is
a good start.*'

The lepers* camp, the heroic missionary, devoted
native women, converted cannibals, Belgian relief!
What a combination ! Where can it be duplicated save
on the mission field where wonders never cease? It
is unmistakable evidence of the mighty inward force

THE AIM AND SCOPE 69

which impels the messenger to go, drives the message
home, and transforms humanity. What if it is far
away in the South Seas, where the keel of a vessel
seldom plows a furrow through the blue waters that
wash the coral reefs. The distance, the isolation, the
dread disease, and the savage lives make it the more
interesting and the more marvelous.

3. He promotes the physical well--being of the com-
munity. He is not content with his remedial work
in hospital and sick room; he aims at preventive
measures. He is concerned not only to bring a patient
back to health but to return him to an improved en-
vironment. He ministers to both individual and com-
munity health.

The promotion of public health education on the
mission fields, in an organized way, is a comparatively
recent development. It comes legitimately within the
scope of medical missionary work and bids fair to
yield most valuable results. The need is emphasized
by the crude ideas that prevail, by the ignorance of the
simplest laws of health, and by the habits of life which
have tended enormously to increase mortality.

The need of systematic health education is brought
out by such facts as that 48 per cent of the children un-
der two years of age die in some sections of China, and
60 per cent in Turkey. Dr. W. W. Keen, during his
visit to Burma, saw hundreds of pilgrims " drinking
the green scum-covered water'* from temple tanks.
The ingestion and ravages of the spirillum are easily
accounted for in this way. The rise and spread of
epidemics of cholera, typhoid, plague and smallpox in
such countries as Korea, China and India are not
difficult to understand. Dr. C. D. Ussher, in referring
to the spread of typhus in such cities as Van and
Bitlis in Turkish Armenia, brings out the fact that
the military medical authorities were neglectful of

70 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

their duties, and in their monumental conceit refused
to adopt the simplest precautions, until 2,800 out of a
garrison of 4,800 soldiers perished. Finally awaking
to the seriousness of the situation, the suggestions of
the missionary doctor were adopted and the epidemic
stamped out.

We were slow in the United States to learn the les-
son of alertness, investigation of causes and preven-
tion. The consequences were terrible. Ninety-five
times did the yellow fever invade our coasts, travel-
ing as far north as Philadelphia, in the days of the
celebrated Dr. Rush. These invasions have cost us
the lives of 100,000 victims and the single epidemic
of 1878 resulted in a loss of $100,000,000. It was not
until the splendid achievement wrought out by Dr.
Walter Reed, first in the laboratory of Johns Hopkins,
under Prof. William H. Welch, and afterwards in the
camp in Cuba, w*here the heroic Lazear laid down his
life, that the world recognized the possibility of stamp-
ing out yellow fever by the extermination of the mos-
quito. Dr. Howard A. Kelley, of Johns Hopkins,
has given in his life of Reed the outline of this mag-
nificent piece of work. He quotes General Leonard
Wood as saying: " I know of no man who has done
so much for humanity as Major Reed. His discovery
results in the saving of more lives annually than were
lost in the Cuban War and saves the commercial in-
terests of the world a greater financial loss in each
year than the cost of the entire Cuban War."

Such work puts the campaign of Dr. W. W. Peter,
in China, for health education, upon high ground. In
this campaign he has had the efficient cooperation of
Dr. Wu Lien Teh, President of the China National
Medical Association, and that of Dr. S. P. Chen, of
Peking, a graduate of Cambridge University, and
prominent in the campaign against plague in Man-

Part of Db. VV. W. Peter's Public Health Exhibit

THE AIM AND SCOPE 71

churia, two years ago. Under the auspices of the
Y. M. C. A., and with the hearty endorsement of the
body of medical missionaries in China, this work has
commended itself to the highest officials in the re-
public, who have given liberal sums of money and
devoted their time to committee work looking to the
organization of public health associations. Making a
splendid beginning in the capital, the campaign was
carried to the city of Hangchow, where Dr. Duncan
Main and the Commissioner of Police, the latter meet-
ing practically all expenses, secured an attendance of
7,000 people in the midst of pouring rain. The chief
Abbot of the famous Lin Yin Monastery furnished a
unique audience by the presence of one hundred
Buddhist priests at a special meeting.

The method pursued by this doctor is that of arous-
ing curiosity, establishing a point of contact, the use
of charts and object lessons, the (Jistritution of anti-
tuberculosis calendars, and, finally, home thrusts in
the way of arguments. The exhibit itself weighs two
and a half tons, is distributed in 38 packages, and re-
quires 81 coolies to carry it. The audience, its atten-
tion having been caught by the pantomime enacted,
is held spelltound by the lecture which follows. The
announcement is made that 852,348 victims of tuber-
culosis die every year in the country. Figures like
this mean little, but when an illustration is given by
touching a button and having a constant procession
of little men, women and children walk out of a
miniature Chinese house, one for every eight seconds,
and falling into an open grave, as a bell tolls a funeral
knell, the impression is simply tremendous. Even the
phlegmatic Chinese feel a suppressed quiver of excite-
ment running through them, and resolve that they will
join in the preventive campaign for which their co-
operation is requested.

^2 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

Mrs. D. L. Pierson, in an article in the Missionary
Review of the World, in commenting upon this work
remarks: "The health question in China is but one
of the many sides to the problem of China's redemp-
tion. But this question affects not China alone, for the
close contact between the peoples of the world, makes
the health of one-fourth of the human race of vital
importance to the other three- fourths. Commerce may
carry communicable diseases as well as marketable
produce, and preventive measures at the source are
twice as effective as quarantine at ports of distribu-
tion."

Dr. W. W. Peter, in impressing upon the Chinese
the relation between national health and national
strength is teaching a profound and much needed les-
son. But when he closes his lecture, or follows it on
Sunday, with the greater need of the gospel for man's
higher nature, diseased and stricken by sin, the appli-
cation carries with it additional weight. Every medical
missionary in going to the foreign field should give
as much attention to the matter of public health and
preventive medicine as his time and his other duties
will permit.

These are distinctive ways in which the medical
missionary is quietly but effectively introducing the
leaven of a new order of society into non-Christian
lands. But all that he does should be correlated and
cooperative with the other branches of the missionary
service, for, as we have seen in an earlier part of this
chapter, their ultimate aim and his are identical.

A quiet, gracious, unselfish man of pervasive influence;
missionary, administrator, peacemaker and -diplomatist —
Joseph Plumb Cochran . . . went far towards attaining the
ideal of what a medical missionary should be. ... Notwith-
standing his high record of unsparing professional devotion,
both in the hospital and out of it, Dr. Cochran was in the

THE AIM AND SCOPE 73

heart of the general administrative work of the mission, every
part of which was indebted to his far-sightedness and sym-
pathetic wisdom. . . . When supplies from home ran short
he was always ready to vote money to other agencies in the
mission as more needy than his own. It is impossible to
doubt that there are already other doctors who mean as much
to their missions as Dr. Cochran did to his. Yet those who,
like the writer, have some acquaintance with the work of
composite mission stations will admit that, speaking generally,
a closer incorporaition on lines of mutual understanding would
result in better work.i

The letters of Dr. Cochran throw a flood of light
upon the scope of his work and upon a life absolutely
given to the service of his fellowmen. There was no
reservation. From the health standpoint it might not
have been wise. It was an abandon of self. He lit-
erally emptied himself. He was often so busy that he
had to lock his doors while preparing for the mail.
His correspondence with the British officials, concern-
ing mission, church and civil affairs, growing out of
the opposition of the people, was very heavy. Even
on his mountain tours, in the midst of dispensing medi-
cine, the doctor's services as a mediator between the
oppressed peasants and their task masters, whether
Turkish or Persian officials, were constantly in de-
mand. He writes, near the end of his first missionary
term, "If at home, unless I stay in bed, I have to see
or else refuse, which is often harder, a great many
sick and oppressed, while if I go to the village the
press, if possible, is greater and sick are brought along
the roadside, which they know I must pass. All our
circle here in the spring advised my going off with
my family, but I could not make up my mind that I
was not to rally, nor did I wish to leave my work, and
incur such great expense. It has been my hope and
prayer that I would have strength given me to con-

» R, E. Speer, " The Foreign Doctqr."

74 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

tinue at this post at least for ten years without an
absence, but I am now obliged to admit that unless I
can soon get away from all places where I would be
beset by Persians, I must before very long give up
my work in toto."^

What is the ideal medical missionary? Is it not
the doctor who, while he holds himself true to the
highest aim, embraces within the scope and orientation
of his life all responsibility that grows out of his
relationship to his patients, the community, the mis-
sion and the Church?

*R. E. Speer, "The Foreign Doctor," p. 129.

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY

The Hippocratic Oath

"With purity and holiness I will pass my life and practice
my art."

Hippocrates— 460-35/ B, C.

"Blessed is he who has found his work, let him ask no
other blessedness. He has a work, a life-purpose. He has
found it, and will follow it."

Carlyle,

IV
FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY

/. The Call

Carlyle has said, " Blessed is the man that hath
found his work. Let him ask no other blessedness."
The call to a life work on the foreign field — what
constitutes it? This question is perplexing the minds
of a large number of earnest men and women in
colleges, universities, theological seminaries and med-
ical schools. It is sheer mockery for any student to
look for an answer to the question who does not
genuinely purpose to live a life of the largest possible
usefulness. But where that purpose directs the ques-
tion, any honest seeker may learn whether or not he
is "called" to missionary service. What are the
factors in such a call?

The need constitutes one factor in the call. It is
the first thing that impresses a man who studies the
condition of the non-Christian world. It is the first
impression, the most lasting and tlie most urgent. One
cannot escape the appalling fact that millions of his
fellow beings are sick unto death, without medicine,
without surgery, without hospitals, without doctors,
without nurses, and, in addition, are deprived of the
gospel of good cheer.

The desire to meet the need is a second factor in
the call. The impulse is God-given. To realize the
need of suffering humanity is but to create an in-
sistent desire, in the heart of every true Christian, to
relieve that need. To do less is to be lacking in a sense

78 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

of gratitude to God, and to be untrue to the obligation
to give our fellow men what we have ourselves received.

The judgment of those who know the candidate
best, his qualification and disqualification, together with
the demands of the field and of the service to be
rendered — all enter into the final decision.

A personal commitment to the will of God is the
most important factor in the call. God does not speak
to all men and women in equally clear and intelligible
terms concerning their life mission. But no one should
enter upon a life work without a sense of vocation.
Bishop Brent says, " God's richest response comes to
us in his gift of vocation. We are called by Him,
and our consciousness becomes steeped in the power
of His call. The sense of vocation is the deepest
secret of the lives of the greatest leaders, early and
late. The call of a need and the call of the crowd are
both inspiring, but it is not until there is added to
them, or heard through them, tlie call of God that
the leader is fully equipped to achieve." Such a call
involves a plan and it must be God's plan. No man
can do his best work for humanity if he has no sense
of program larger than his own. He must come to
realize that his life is moving with perfect freedom
of initiative within the circumference of a larger life,
in line with forces that are infinite.

It was the growing conception of a divine program
for the world that made apostles of Galilean fishermen,
and gave to Paul and to the beloved physician, Luke,
the imperial vision of the Roman empire evangelized—
the prayer and the goal of their purpose. " Most
superfDly," writes Griffis, in speaking of Dr. Hepburn,
" does Providence fit men for their work and put each
into his niche." This recognition of Providence in the
pull and the push of a man's life work is not fatalism,
for fatalism is the negation of freedom. It is the

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 79

attitude of an intelligent and free man who realizes
that "the will was made not only to use forces less
than itself, but forces greater than itself, and to be
used by them through vigorous cooperation." In other
words, the voluntary yielding of the lower to the
higher, the human will to the divine, brings that tre-
mendous reenforcement which not only enables a man
to do his own greatest work, but to do it through other
lives than his own, and by forces far beyond his own —
a work made possible only through the union of the
human and the divine purpose.

When such a student as we have described becomes
conscious of a call to foreign missionary work, he need
not concern himself at first as to the specific place to
which he will go. Naturally he will desire to go
where he is needed most. David Livingstone, with
his usual directness, wrote, " I would earnestly recom-
mend all young missionaries to go at once to the real
heathen and never to be content with what has been
made ready to their hands by men of greater enter-
prise." With him it was to open a way, to prepare a
field, to sow the seed, to wrestle with a herculean task,
and to have a share in prizing a continent up into the
light. It may be that in the experienced judgment of
his Mission Board the candidate will be sent into one
of the regions where today heathenism is as raw and
life as primitive as in Livingstone's time. But the
young missionary of this century is more apt to be
sent to build upon the foundations of others, and to
carry out plans already laid. If so, it should be done
with equal fidelity and an equal sense o{ privilege.

But whether it be to pioneer or established work that
he goes, the missionary candidate should face it with
an equal consciousness of answering that divine sum-
mons which he has heard in the call of the world's
need. For the task 13 one and the resources that must

8o MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

be brought to bear on it are the same in either case.
It is not by well laid plans, substantial buildings and
costly equipment, nor by learned faculties in educa-
tional and medical work, nor by the evidences of
science and a higher civilization expressed by ma-
terial forces, that the nations are to be won. The
missionary is not sent out to evangelize the world
through his civilization. In confirmation of this.
Dr. John Lowe of the Edinburgh Medical Missionary
Society, says, " The agency we employ may, to all
human appearance, be perfect, but without the ener-
gizing influence of God's Holy Spirit it is nothing
more than a splendid machine without the motive
power." The missionary does not proceed, therefore,
on the basis of having larger material resources than
the non-Christian, nor upon his representing a superior
order of society, neither is his chief reliance upon a
better organized religion and more intelligent leader-
ship. These are valuable in their place as auxiliary
factors, but they are secondary. Christ alone is the
true measure of our Christian civilization, and our
ability to help our fellow men. Leave Him out and
our civilization is no better than that of the Orient.
It is not worth while deluding ourselves. If He is
not in the personal experience and life of the medical
missionary who goes to present Him and His message
to needy men, then that missionary would better stay
at home. The strength of the missionary lies in the
consciousness that it is God's program in which he is
to share, God's power in which he is to work, and
God's call to which, he is responding.

//. The Qualifications
The qualifications necessary to the making of a
medical missionary are of paramount interest to the
candidate. " The qualities required in a missionary

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 8i

leader," writes Livingstone, the great pioneer to
Africa, " are not of the common kind. He ought to
have physical and moral courage of the highest order,
and a considerable amount of cultivation and energy,
balanced by patient determination ; and above all these
are necessary a calm Christian zeal, and anxiety for
the main spiritual results of the work."

First there are the physical qualifications. There is
no Christian worker who stands more in need of
robust health, toughness of fiber and good digestion.
It was Lord Kitchener who said, "An army travels
on its stomach." A poor digestion, flabby muscles,
and inability to sleep will lose the battle for the
soldier ; much more the physician when he has to play
the part of doctor, pharmacist and nurse. A strong
heart, a good stomach, ability to sleep under all con-
ditions and a cheerful disposition will carry the owner
over the roughest roads. Humboldt, the great trav-
eler and indefatigable student, maintained that he had
lived " four working lives by retaining a working
power double the average, f 6r double the average num-
ber of years."

There are physical disqualifications which should
prevent the candidate from being accepted and which,
if they develop on the field, however well qualified the
missionary may otherwise be, will necessitate a return.
These are latent tuberculosis and malaria, chronic
nervous headaches, a predisposition to dysentery, and
a strain of insanity. Any or all of these should be
eliminated, since long and exhausting hours of work
in an unfriendly climate will always develop latent
tendencies. " Few things," says Henry Churchill
King, " are a severer test or better training of the will
power of a man than fidelity to this trust of his body.
To be truly temperate and fully to meet the require-
ments of health of body gives an ample field for will

82 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

training — an ampler field, it is to 'be feared, than most
of us are cultivating."

Intellectual qualifications make up another group.
A trained mind with disciplined powers of observation
must be brought to bear upon the task. With these
there should be mental alertness, a good memory, at
least a moderate capacity for languages, and a faculty
for impartation. Limited time and opportunity for
language study and research work will be such that
the doctor must bring to his or her task mental powers
that are trained, disciplined and under the control of
a masterful will.

The question of age is one which the candidate and
the Board must consider in looking forward to the
foreign field. It is the consensus of opinion that med-
ical missionaries, men or women, should not go out
to the field before they are twenty-five, and the prefer-
ence of many Secretaries is for a maturer age, thirty
being no barrier to acceptance. This is partly upon
physical grounds, but largely because of the time re-
quired for thorough collegiate and medical education,
with added hospital experience. Time in the end is
saved by it. It is true that Dr. Hepburn at twenty-six
was at work in Singapore and at twenty-eight in China,
but he began his 'best and most enduring work in Japan
at forty-four. The opinion of Dr. Joseph Cochran
is worthy of consideration at this point : "A mistake
is frequently made in sending persons to a foreign field
who are too young and immature. But few persons
under thirty are physically and mentally prepared for
the hard, anxious work which is to devolve upon them.
Married ladies should not be sent out under twenty-
two or twenty-four. Especially would I insist that no
single lady be sent out under twenty-four or twenty-
six. The strain which comes upon a single lady in
coming to and engaging in foreign work is much

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 83

greater than that which falls upon her married sister.
Again the mistake is made of sending out men whose
health has been very much impaired, seriously though
not permanently, from a course of hard study and
close confinement."

Other qualifications may 'be classed as tempera-
mental. Calmness and self-control in times of emer-
gency are as important as resourcefulness. An un-
limited stock of patience, and an absence of hurry
while going steadily forward cannot be too strongly
emphasized. To worry is to lose time, waste strength,
and lower the level of efficiency. A happy combination
of dignity and genial friendliness brings masterful
poise, and yet leaves the way open to that spirit of
comradeship without which true leadership is impos-
sible. Another qualification is that enthusiasm which
gives zest for study and creates interest in the dryest
details. " I am passionately fond of surgery," Mac-
kenzie writes to his brother from China, " and never
happier than when I am about to undertake some big
operation." Not an easy optimism, but a wholesome
one gives a buoyancy of spirit with which the surgeon
is able to meet and overcome difficulties growing out
of the stupidity of patients and carelessness of helpers.

Cheerfulness under trying circumstances is a qualifi-
cation the young medical missionary may well covet.
Dr. Duncan Main, shortly after arrival at Hangdiow,
found himself and his wife up against some serious
situations. Characteristically, he at once suggested,
" We must belong to the Cheer-up Society from this
day forth." No missionary in China has exemplified
more than he, by his good humor and optimism, the
principles of such a society. It was not long before he
had his good nature tested.

" Well," began the Doctor to an old patient, " so
your cough is no better."

84 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

" No, Doctor," replied the old man, coughing and
expectorating to show how bad it still was.

" Do you take the medicine as I told you ? " in-
quired the Doctor.

That was so," replied the patient.
Tell me," said the Doctor, looking up his note book
to see what he had prescribed and the directions he
had given, " how did I tell you to take the medicine ? "

" Yes, Doctor," answered the old man, " ate the fat.
It was not sufficiently strong, I think. And I rubbed
my knee with the lotion, but it did not raise any
blister or even make my leg warm."

" Oh," said the Doctor, " you may well not be bet-
ter. I gave you the sulphur ointment to rub on your
leg for the itch and the medicine for your cough."
Result: Fresh instructions and fresh medicine, and
the patient departed.

The burdens of a heavy and exacting work are
greatly lightened by a sense of humor. The ability
to see the fun in a thing, if there be any, promotes a
spirit of cheerfulness and infectious mirth which helps
to make life endurable under the most exasperating
circumstances. "A merry heart doeth good like a
medicine, but a broken spirit drieth the bones." Back
numbers of Punch were an unfailing source of quiet
amusement to Livingstone when under severe nervous
tension and far removed from civilization. Some one
has said, " The lack of a sense of humor has turned
many a wise man into a fool." Who could repress a
smile in seeing a dignified Presbyterian missionary
gesticulating violently and slapping his legs while in
the pulpit, in Central Africa, when an army of driver
ants were swarming up his trousers? Of course the
congregation laughed outright when he took to the
woods. No doubt the missionary himself had many a
laugh over the incident.

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 85

Supremely important are the spiritual qualifications
of the missionary candidate. An unshakeable faith in
God is an equipment which lies at the foundation of
all Christian character and work. It ensures per-
manence and success. It may recognize difficulties, but
never admits of discouragement or defeat. God never
gets discouraged. He cannot use a discouraged man
or woman. Discouragement is a leaden weight and
ends in paralysis of effort. There is no room in our
religion for pessimism. Christianity can meet the
largest need, support faith and stimulate every faculty
to noble efficiency. It is the high function of the
Christian physician to rekindle hope, and to restore
his patients to vigorous physical and spiritual life.
How important, therefore, that he himself should be
a man of large faith.

Love as a qualification and a motive must be the
perennial fountain from which all true and helpful
ministry proceeds. No candidate can be a true mis-
sionary whose heart is not constrained by the love of
Christ. This is the reinforcing point and the re-
inforcing power. Love's labor is never lost under
such impulsion. It seeks, it finds, it conquers. Where
failure has been made by the medical missionary, it
has generally been at this point. No natural gifts,
however great, and no scientific training can substi-
tute the tender loving sympathy which lifts every man
into a real sense of brotherhood by bringing him to
God. "After all," writes Dr. Mackenzie to a medical
friend in China, **our great work lies in bringing
home the love of God to our patients. What a glori-
ous thing it is to be engaged in such a service ! "

A prayerful spirit must not be overlooked, for it is
the secret of power with God and man. With the
medical missionary, prayer must become a habit, an
attitude, a working force. He must live and work in

86 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

the atmosphere of prayer which he creates. Prayer
with him is the key with which he unlocks the re-
sources of divine grace upon the one hand, while love
opens the door of the most obdurate heart upon the
other. A consciousness upon his part that he goes
to a divinely appointed task and works under the
commission of the Great Physician, generates that
spirit of faith and confidence which is the solution of
almost every problem of life. It 'was said of Dr.
Harold Schofield by one who knew him intimately:
" He carried on his work in the spirit of prayer. On
ordinary dispensary days he invariably sought the
Divine blessing before he saw the patients. I have
frequently been with him when performing surgical
operations, and he always besought God to make his
efforts to give relief effectual."

In discussing the spiritual qualifications of tlie can-
didate, the Board of Missionary Preparation mentions
specifically these requirements:

1. " The Bible — that he may be able to teach it.

2. Practical Christian work — that he may most tact-
fully lead men and women into a new spiritual life."

It wisely adds that too much emphasis cannot be
placed upon the subject just mentioned. "As to the
Bible," the statement continues, "the missionary
should have a first hand acquaintance with it as a
source of power ; an up-to-date knowledge of Bible in-
terpretation that will keep him far from too narrow or
too literal views ; a broad knowledge of its relation to
modern thought that will help in bringing it to bear on
the characteristic problems of the present day; an
ability to teach the Bible effectively, which is not neces-
sarily involved in the most thorough scholarship and
which can be developed only through practice."

In referring to practical Christian work, the Board
makes the comment that ** the physician may do very

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 87

little if any preaching ; he may not engage in teaching,
but his chief justification for being a missionary is that
he is a representative of Jesus Christ. He cannot
properly represent Him unless he knows Him and he
cannot know Him without some knowledge of His
Word."^

///. The Preparation,

How should a candidate for medical mission work
prepare for a life career so exacting and so full of
immense possibility?

The educational preparation of the candidate should
not fall short of a full college course. The time was
when doctors were sent to the field without the advan^
tages of literary studies. But today the Foreign Mis-
sion Boards rarely accept candidates who have not this
educational qualification. The minimum pre-medical
preparation suggested by the Council of the American
Medical Association for students intending to practice
at home is "At least a four year high school education,
and in addition at least one year of college work, in-
cluding at least eight semester hours each of physics,
chemistry, biology, and German or French." The
Board of Missionary Preparation, however, coincides
with the consensus of opinion that, for a medical mis-
sionary, a full college course should, if possible, be
taken before the medical begins. "If choice must be
made, a fifth hospital year would be preferable to the
last two years in college. The volunteer for medical
missionary service should realize the need for better
preparation than if he were planning to remain at
home.''2

The physical and the psychical act and react upon
each other. Dr. Catherine L. Mabie, of the Belgian
Congo, in a recent paper on missionary health, lays

^ Board of Missionary Preparation — Third Report, p. 98.
• Board of Missionary Preparation — Third Report, p. 89.

88 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

great stress upon a study of psycopathy as it relates
itself to mental conditions developing among those who
are remote from civilization or community centers.
The Chinese in the early centuries philosophized over
mental attitudes, and had the germ of the theory of
healing by suggestion. Aristotle expressed the opinion
that " The philosopher should end with medicine — the
physician commence with philosophy." One might or
might not be wise in following his advice in the light
of the experience of another ancient — ^Anaxagoras,
who said, " To philosophy I owe my wordly ruin, and
my sours prosperity."

Some of the foremost medical educationalists main-
tain that a medical course preceded by two years of aca-
demic study, with electives, and followed by two years
of post graduate study and practice including at least a
year as a hospital interne, is the preferable plan, espe-
cially in the case of students who begin medical study
after 22 years of age.

One modern language at least should be studied by
the candidate, in addition to the mother tongue, not
only for its value in medical training, but also in order
to give a knowledge of language structure and some
facility in the acquirement of the vernacular of the
people to whom he is sent. The medical missionary
will have less time for study than his evangelistic col-
league and should, therefore, at the outset be fully as
well drilled and quaified in a knowledge of the prin-
ciples which lie at the foundation of every language.
The first year's work on the field should largely be
given to such study, and if possible the mission should
arrange for his entire time being devoted to it. At
least the first year of active service, and preferably two
years, should when possible be free from administra-
tive responsibility.

The medical preparation of the candidates cannot be

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 89

too thorough. A full course in a first class medical
school is an absolute requirement. Nothing short of
this can be considered for a moment. " It is definitely
recommended that only graduates from Class A Plus
and Class A schools should be appointed medical mis-
sionaries. No one should be appointed to medical
missionary service who has not had at least four years
of professional training. The majority favor a course
of five years."^ The obligation to do carries with it
the responsibility to prepare. There is an Indian
proverb that runs:

"Half physician, peril of life;
Half priest, peril of faith."

Inadequate preparation leads ultimately to dishonest
work — a sin against character and a crime against
humanity.

There are no half-way measures in this sort of work.
Too much is involved. More than the average time
should be given to such foundation studies as anatomy,
physiology, chemistry, biology, and pharmacology. It
is often the case that medical missionaries are at great
distances from their colleagues and consultation is
impossible. The candidate, therefore, cannot be too
thoroughly grounded in those branches that form the
basis of all successful medical and surgical practice.

Especial attention should be paid to obstetrics, dis-
eases of women and children, diseases of the eye and
ear, skin diseases and tropical medicine. He should be
proficient in the latest laboratory technique as related
to chemical tests of all the 'body discharges. Experi-
ence and skill in microscopical and the chemical meth-
ods of blood study will also be valuable. Bacteriologi-
cal skill and familiarity in the making of autogenous
vaccine will be of great aid. Many of our plants on

'Board of Missionary Preparation — Third Report, p. 92.

90 MEDia\L MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

the mission fields will be supplied with X-ray outfits
and in the future years these X-ray studies will play
a larger part than ever in diagnosis and treatment, so
it behooves the new workers to secure all the familiar-
ity possible to the technique of taking and developing
X-ray plates and in the interpretation of them.

In addition, such branches as preventive medicine,
hygiene and sanitation will qualify for rendering
effective service to the community in the department
of public health in such fields, especially, as China,
Korea, India, the Philippines, Mexico and South
America. A necessity for studying pharmacy grows
out of the doctor having to put up his own prescrip-
tions at first, to prepare drugs from crude materials,
and to train helpers as compounders and dispensers.
It is hardly worth while to go extensively into dentis-
try, though every medical missionary should be sup-
plied with a set of forceps, know how to use them, and
be able to treat an aching tooth.

After the four years' medical course, at least one
year should be spent in a general hospital of recognized
standing. During that year the prospective missionary
should familiarize himself with the technique of sur-
gery and obstetrics, spending as much time in the
maternity and children's wards as possible. He can-
not have too much experience here, for the very first
missionary case on the field may tax his skill to the
utmost. Several weeks given to first aid in some down-
town emergency hospital would be invaluable. In ad-
dition to this some practice should be had in filling
prescriptions and in the making of pills and tabloid
preparations. This can often be acquired during vaca-
tions before graduation. These may seem to be minute
details, but facility must be acquired before plunging
into the ceaseless activity which precludes all prepara-
tion after reaching the field*

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 91

It is the opinion of an eminent medical missionary
in India that the young medical missionary upon ar-
rival should spend some time associated with, and
under the direction of, a more experienced worker
before being put in charge of a hospital. Since con-
ditions on the field are very different from those at
home, this is an excellent suggestion, but difficult to
comply with because of the almost invariable lack of
qualified workers. The young missionary almost im-
mediately finds heavy work thrust upon him and must
undertake an independent task.

As to postgraduate work, beyond one or two years
of hospital interneship following graduation, the writer
would advise its postponement until the medical mis-
sionary has returned on his first furlough. He will
then know definitely what he requires and will be able,
out of his experience, more satisfactorily to meet the
need. Three months of postgraduate study under
these conditions would be worth a year of preparation
before going to the field. If, however, the candidate
is under appointment to a tropical country, three
months of study in a school of tropical medicine after
completing a hospital interneship is most desiraible.

At the expense of repetition, we recommend un-
compromising thoroughness as the watchword of the
medical missionary. In emergencies the surgeon may
be called upon to perform major operations and do
for a fellow missionary, or a native, what at home
could be done only by the head of the staff or by a
surgical specialist. He, therefore, cannot acquire too
much experience, within reasonable limits of time, be-
fore going out. Service as a house surgeon, or in-
terne, in a good hospital will have given directness,
accuracy, and confidence. He should not trust to
acquiring technique on the field. To do so would
place him at a disadvantage with both patients and

92 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

helpers and might result disastrously. An inexperi-
enced doctor in China having undertaken, without ade-
quate help, a severe surgical operation upon a tumor
entbedded in the tissues of the neck, allowed the
patient to come from under the anesthetic in the midst
of the operation. The native friends, hearing his
groans, rushed in. The sight of blood threw them
into a frenzy. The surgeon came near being mobbed,
and all that saved him was the presence of a steamer,
aboard which he took his patient to a hospital at the
nearest port, where the operation was completed.

IV. Problems to be Faced

The difficulties a medical missionary may expect to
encounter are legion, but few of them are insuperable.
It is well enough, however, to look things squarely in
the face — forewarned, forearmed. Some of these diffi-
culties are as follows :

L Acquirement of the language. This is to be done
with inadequate time for study, growing out of un-
expected responsibilities and possible exacting domes-
tic duties. A working knowledge of the language is
the key to the situation. The medical missionary may
rarely lay claim to a thorough mastery of it, but
familiarity for daily use is absolutely essential. To do
less is to fail at the point of personal contact, or to fall
back upon an interpreter. To depend upon the latter
is to lean on a broken reed, and to increase the prob-
ability of being misunderstood. In the face of every
difficulty the language must be acquired.

" During his first year in India, China or elsewhere,"
writes Dr. Lowe, " the medical missionary ought to
devote his chief time and attention to the acquisition
of the language. If possible he should reside during
that period with an experienced missionary at some
distance from the station where he expects eventually

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 93

to establish his medical mission, but where the same
language is spoken. Unless some such arrangement
is made, he will soon find himself burdened with the
anxieties of a large practice, which will sadly interfere
with his linguistic studies/'

Tliis missionary administrator, after years of medi-
cal experience in India, is so emphatic that we quote
these additional words : " We attach so much im-
portance to the first year being kept almost entirely
free for the study of the language that we strongly
recommend that his full medical and surgical outfit
should not be supplied until he has passed his exam-
inations in the vernacular. Experience proves that if
at the close of the first year a good beginning has not
been made in the acquisition of the language, after-
progress is very slow, and the missionary's usefulness
suffers irreparably during his whole future course."^

It was with a full appreciation of this very thing that
Harold Schofield threw himself, with all the intensity
of his purpose, into the task. Here is the record:
"After he had been a week in China, he set to work to
learn the language, with the determination by God's
help to master it and not to * play at Chinese.' He felt
that being a missionary was * a very real thing,' and
that it was to be his 'life's work.' With him there
was no thought of turning back. He had made up his
mind that his whole life was to be spent among the
Chinese in seeking to win them to Jesus."

2. Learning the native view point. The native and
the foreigner are at opposite poles in their thinking.
They represent different civilizations — ^the growth of
a thousand years of custom, folk lore, habits of
thought and of life. Mr. Dan Crawford has summed
it a.11 up in the title of his book on Africa, " Thinking

'John Lowe, "Medio^l Missipna: Tbeir Place and Power/* p. 46.

94 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

Black." It might be illustrated by an experience of
the writer eariy in his practice in China. He had pre-
scribed crushed ice for a patient suffering from hemor-
rhage. To his amazement, on the following day, he
was shown a couple of ounces of pounded glass. The
glass was intended for the patient, but fortunately the
family had awaited the doctor's return to ascertain the
exact dose. They were " thinking yellow." In Cen-
tral China, in those days, they would as readily have
thought of giving pounded glass as pounded ice, the
sound of the words being similar. Again, patients
under the native system have been in the habit of tak-
ing medicine a bowlful at a time. One soon learns the
danger of prescribing powerful medicines by the drop
or by the grain. Turn your back and all goes down
at a single dose.

3. Suspicion as to motive. It is almost impossible
for the non-Christian to realize and appreciate the
motive of the missionary. He may 'be looked upon as
an emissary of a foreign government — one seeking an
opportunity to further its political schemes. If even a
nominal amount is charged to make the hospital par-
tially self-sustaining, or to prevent pauperizing the
people, the doctor is accounted mercenary. He may
even be accused of accumulating funds with which to
support his family or native countrymen. In Africa
the doctor is not infrequently asked for a present in
return for taking bitter medicine. If a patient should
become delirious the medical missionary may be
charged with having bewitched him.

4. Inadequate equipment. This is often a severe
handicap. The absence of a hospital, though it be a
small one with only a few beds, the lack of sufficient
instruments, drugs, bandages, linen, bathing facilities
and apparatus for sterilizing purposes, is an embar-
rassment to the ambitious doctor eager to make tlie

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 95

best of the opportunity. If, in addition, he lacks the
assistance of an intelligent nurse or a staff of trained
helpers, his efforts are greatly handicapped.

5. The exacting demands of the work — who can de-
fine or measure them? The details of medical work,
whether in dispensary or hospital, are exhausting, es-
pecially where single-handed one must examine and
prescribe for fifty or a hundred patients daily. Ex-
planations have to be repeated endlessly, and even then,
assistants will commit blunders if left too much to
themselves. Heavy responsibility and many demands
fall upon the shoulders of the medical missionary.

He must be an executive," writes Dr. Osgood,
handling assistants, cooks and coolies. He must
watch and instruct every assistant during the clinic,
operations and subsequent nursing of patients. The
buying of supplies, the preparation of dressings, the
paying out of monies and even the presenting of the
Gospel to the thousands of patients, must be under
his guidance." In addition, the climate in certain
countries is trying, the hours of work long, and rest
by day or night constantly interrupted. There is no
time for thorough work, and with it all a gnawing
consciousness of insufficiency to meet its many and
varied demands.

6. Barriers of custom and belief. In Turkey, India
and China, women are so secluded through the sus-
picion and jealousy of their male relatives, and often
through their own pride and false modesty, that a
male physician if admitted at all may only be permitted
to ask questions of an attendant in an adjoining room
or on the outside of the curtain while the attendant or
patient on the inside makes reply. In China the pulse,
in some cases, is supposed to be felt through a red
cord tied round the patient's wrist, and passed from
behind a screen, or out of the window. Happily, this

96 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

method has now aUnost passed away. In India and in
Turkey, not infrequently, the patient's tongue may be
seen only through a slit in the veil or in the bedcurtain.
Dr. V. Penrose is authority for the statement that " a
patient who inadvertently saw and afterwards re-
marked on the size and color of the doctor's hand, was
starved to death by her modest relatives."

This is but an illustration of the triple-plated bar-
riers of alien prejudice, social custom and religious
caste, which are well nigh impenetrable to all ordinary
agencies. The language of eloquence in the presence
of such obstacles is as a sounding brass and a tinkling
cymfbal. The utterance of a creed and the statement
of dogma — these count for little or nothing. But the
language of sympathy expressed in terms of devoted
and patient service, of willing and joyful sacrifice,
of the pouring out of one's life in deeds upon the altar
of mercy for love's sake, and for Christ's sake — this
language speaks in unmistakable terms to the heart of
humanity. Nothing is finally proof against it.

V. Physical Efficiency on the Mission Field

The consideration of missionary health, that of the
mission staff and his own, should be a matter of first
importance to every medical missionary. There is a
close relationship between health and efficiency. Work-
ing power is measured in terms of health. Every mis-
sionary is necessarily an expensive agent. Years have
been spent in preparation for the field. He has gone
to large expense and, sometimes, the Board has made
an investment in his special equipment. Then there is
the matter of salary and the cost of travel to the field.
Added to these again is the amount appropriated for
rent or for building, and, in the case of teaching or
medical work, provision for equipment in books, ap-
paratus and instruments.

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 97

From the standpoint of economy alone it is import-
ant, therefore, to preserve the health of the mission-
ary. For the sake of his work, moreover, he must
make it a matter of conscience and take every reason-
able precaution. The longer the missionary remains
on tlie field, the stronger this emphasis becomes. He
has begun a life work that should be carried to com-
pletion. This may involve educational policies, evan-
gelistic work, translation, building, the training of
native helpers and the development of the native
church itself. He is also looked up to more and more
by the natives who have learned to respect and confide
in him as a counsellor and friend.

A break in the continuity of a constructive life and
work after eight or ten years on the field is hardly
short of a calamity to the mission. In some cases it is
irreparable. Men and women cannot be made to or-
der; they have to grow. Leadership is not a thing of
a day. It has to be forged upon the anvil with many
hard blows, for trying experiences are permitted in
order that body, mind and spirit may be tempered for
the strain of daily life. To sacrifice a missionary be-
cause of preventable conditions on the field is unpar-
donable.

Boards that have required close scrutiny of health
conditions in the candidate at home should demand at
the hands of the mission doctor equal carefulness in
the case of the missionary abroad. An annual pliysical
examination should be required. This would often
forestall troubles and save a return home before the
time for furlough comes. Frequent returns on account
of health, or from other causes, seriously break the
continuity of work and embarrass the Secretaries and
the Boards. Furloughs should be regular and long
enough for recuperation. The interval between, and
the length of time at home, depends upon the field and

98 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

the nature of the work. Missionaries in Central Africa
are permitted to return in three years. Merchants and
officials have even shorter terms.

The missionary while at home should not travel or
speak until he has had a few weeks of absolute rest.
To plunge into postgraduate study, if he be a medical
missionary, or into deputation work in the case of an
evangelistic missionary, and to keep it up until the
time for return to the field, leaves him fagged and in
worse condition than when he came. From too heavy
drafts upon his nerve force, he is in even greater
danger of breaking down during his second term on
the field than during the first. The initial three months
at home might well be spent in rest and light study, to
be followed by six months of travel and visitation, and
the last three in further preparation for the field.

The importance of wholesome food as related to the
health of the missionary on the field, cannot be over-
estimated. The too free use of canned goods should
be avoided. And yet in some fields, where native food
is indigestible and it is difficult to get the articles of
diet to which one has been accustomed at home, there
is little alternative. The best rule is to eat sparingly
of canned meat and rich food, and to utilize the few
things which can be grown by the natives, but to have
them cooked or otherwise sterilized. This applies
especially to fruits and certain vegetables. One should
guard against unripe and over-ripe fruit, particularly
in the tropics.

The natives in the interior of Argentina, Uruguay,
Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil, and Mexico, eat large
quantities of jerked beef. Meat is sold in Uruguay
and Rio Grande " by the yard," having been dried in
the sun in long strips. Upon such a diet tape-worm
flourishes, and the " tape-worm doctor " carries on a
lucrative practice. In many mission fields it is not safe

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 99

to drink unboiled and unfiltered water. Every mis-
sionary should make a firm rule against the use of
unboiled water. In the home the supply of drinking
water should be under the immediate personal super-
vision of the missionary. No native servant should be
trusted with this detail. The Chinese for centuries
have been tea drinkers. The habit has doubtless saved
them from some of the ravages of typhoid fever and
dysentery. As it is, these and other diseases growing
out of unsanitary conditions claim their victims by the
tens of thousands. Shallow wells, frequently sunk
through the ruins of old cities, or in the neighborhood
of graves, with canals teeming with human and animal
life, as in Soochow, China, or in Osaka, Japan, make
in absolutely unsafe to use the water without boiling
it. This is true, as well, of the tropics. The smaller
streams in the forest sections of the Belgian Congo and
French Equatorial Africa, are sometimes a deep wine
color from organic matter. The writer has marched
days at a time in the tropics without drinking anything
but the insipid boiled water from his water bottle, or
a cup of coffee or tea. The only time he was put out
of commission was after drinking water from the
upper Congo, when the careless servant had failed to
boil it sufficiently.

Flies, dangerous in the homeland, are more deadly
in the Orient. Many missionaries have lost their lives,
or been invalided home, on account of various forms
of enteritis. Usually careful screening of the home —
especially the kitchen and dining room — and particular
care as to sterility of food and water, when itinerating,
will save this waste of life.

The most fatal months in the Northern Sub-Tropics
are August and September. With the opening of sum-
mer rigid rules should be established and well ob-
served. All raw food should be banished from the

100 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

table except such small fruit and vegetables as are
raised directly under the eye of the missionary. Prac-
tically all native vegetables are fertilized with human
excreta and hence abound with the ova of intestinal
parasites, as well as with the active germ of dysentery
and cholera.

With care, however, and accurate supervision many
missionaries are able to furnish their tables safely
with raw lettuce, tomatoes, cabbage, etc. But the rule
to adopt is that they be banished from June 1st to
September 30th, unless they bring with them high class
credentials.

Keep the head cool, the feet dry, and the bowels
open, is a good rule for the mission field. A pith
helmet should be worn for the tropical sun and of
sufficient size to protect the nape of the neck. Colored
glasses will guard the eyes from the blazing light, and
in Syria, Egypt and Mexico, from the glare of streets
and blank walls. Where hematuric fever prevails,
clothing and bedding should be kept dry, — a very diffi-
cult thing in travelling, when perspiration is free and
rain a daily occurrence. Many Europeans have lost
their lives on long marches from becoming exhausted,
overheated, and then chilled in the shade. Attacks of
hematuric fever are more frequent with older resi-
dents and those who have had repeated attacks of
malarial fever without taking sufficient care to break
them. It was a marvel that Livingstone escaped,
especially after his medicine chest had been stolen.
Dr. George Grenfell of the Congo country and many
other pioneers have succumbed to this dangerous
malady. In nearly every case, however, it must be
said that attacks followed the violation of the basic
laws of health.

Sleep IS nature's restorer and is better than any
tonic. No time is to be gained on the mission field by

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY loi

cutting off the hours that should be given to sleep.
The habit of working far into the night is pernicious,
and in most cases will shorten life or impair vitality.
In sections where the mosquito and the tsetse fly
abound, one should sleep under a net, whether by day
or by night. The fly appears in the morning and dis-
appears about five in the afternoon, when his place is
taken by the mosquito.

Work to the point of mental exhaustion should al-
ways be avoided. It produces brain fag. The mission-
ary should keep himself fit. To keep at the highest
possible state of efficiency is an aim to be conscien-
tiously attained as far as is possible. Cheerfulness is
a stimulus to activity and health. Moods should be
avoided. Pessimism sees the hole in the doughnut
while optimism " takes the cake." Sociability should
be cultivated. On the mission station, one evening a
month might well be devoted to a social gathering,
when matters in the outside world can be discussed,
yarns exchanged, music furnished and refreshments
served. It should be a time of complete " let down."
To talk shop under such circumstances would be un-
pardonable. . Few men really know how to let go, but
all should practice the art. "Physical relaxation is
necessary to sustained energy." The strings of a
violin can be keyed up to the highest pitch, but if kept
tense they will inevitably snap.

The missionary on the station should take a little
time daily for recreation and exercise. Even the busy
doctor should aim at this. He should also have some
side study, such as botany, natural history, folk lore,
etc., which should be of sufficient interest to divert his
attention for a while from the regular routine. In
the tropics, it is the custom to knock off at midday
and have a siesta for at least a half hour after the
noon meal. It is the part of wisdom to observe this

102 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

conscientiously, nervous energy and working force be-
ing conserved thereby. Prof. James in his " Psychol-
ogy " makes the striking observation that " the great
thing, in all education, is to make our nervous system
our ally instead of our enemy. It is to fund and
capitalize our acquisitions, and live at ease upon the
interest of the fund."

The medical missionary should take a personal in-
terest in the location of residences on the station with
a view to drainage, sunshine and prevailing winds.
There should be ample space underneath buildings for
ventilation. Ventilators should be large, floors well
above ground, and material used that will absorb the
least amount of moisture. " No wall should be built
without an adequate damp course of some substance
impervious to water. This course should be laid in all
walls and placed about one foot above the ground level
and one foot or more below the first floor level. Good
heavy quality of tar roofing paper can be used if
granite or slate, or some other impervious stone, is
not available." In tropical regions a double roof should
be put on with an intervening air space if the materials
and the appropriation will allow. This space should
be screened from snakes and bats, and the windows
from mosquitoes and flies. No better investment can
be made than in wire gauze for screening houses and
hospital wards. Thorough sewerage should be carried
out on the missionary premises, the surface drained,
accumulation of garbage and stagnant water avoided,
an ample supply of pure water provided for and a war
of extermination declared upon insects of all kinds,
and also rats and mice. Regular medical inspection
of all premises should be insisted upon by the home
Board. To exhort the natives about village, com-
munity and public health and at the same time to have
the mission compound in an unsanitary condition is to

FROM CANDIDATE TO MISSIONARY 103

bring a serious reflection upon the sincerity and com-
«non honesty of the missionaries themselves, and espe-
cially upon the physician in charge.

Regular and periodical inspection of school build-
ings, dormitories and work shops upon the mission
premises should be made by a committee of three, one
being the doctor. If this were thoroughly carried out,
many an institution would be spared the too frequent
outbreaks of typhoid and malarial fevers, dysentery
and other troubles, the forestalling of which would
prevent suspension of work, loss of life and all the
accompanying demoralization and expense.

Great and useful missionaries, as a rule, have been
long-lived. This has not been due solely to the sur-
vival of the physically strongest. It has been the
result of a high purpose, regular habits, a simple diet
and sensible precautionary measures, learned by ex-
perience, which have enabled them to adjust them-
selves to the most unfavorable climates and conditions.
Illustrations of this will be found in the lives of
Moffat of Africa, Fidelia Fiske of the Near East,
Scudder of India, Kerr of China, Hepburn of Japan,
and Post of Syria. This discussion of missionary
health as it relates itself to the duties and work of the
medical missionary, has been made in detail because of
its tremendous importance in the safeguarding of the
lives, and the conservation of the vital forces of those
noble and heroic men and women, native and foreign,
upon whose shoulders rests the burden of the evan-
gelization of the non-Christian world.

MASTER WORKMEN AND THEIR

IMPLEMENTS

"The secret of the iinest and the largest work is to keep
persistently at one's best/'

Henry Churchill King.

'* Medical Missions are indeed a grand weapon in the hand
of God for removing prejudice, winning the affections of the
people and at the same time of directing their minds to
Christ"

Dr» Duncan Main,

MASTER WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLE-
MENTS

At this point we turn to look at the achievements of
the medical missionary and the equipment with which
his work is done.

/. Achievements of Master Workmen

It has already been pointed out that the medical
missionary is essentially a pioneer. He is a pathfinder.
Like the Norseman with his pick, he finds a way or
makes one. There comes to him the joy of breaking
new ground, of sowing seed in virgin soil, and of
reaping harvests from fields where the gospel of
health and of good cheer has never been presented. It
is not the lure of romance that draws him, though th€
facts are more wonderful than fiction. It is not the
" Call of the Wild,'* though in some fields he cannot
escape the thrill of pushing into unexplored regions,
of following the trail through jungle grass, of blazing
the way through dense forests, of mapping mountains
and charting rivers, reducing languages to writing,
recording strange diseases and the action of new drugs.
It is to open a way through the body to the soul of
humanity, and to the heart of the world.

It was Dr. Thomas, whose patient, Krishna Pal,
became William Carey's first convert in India; Peter
Parker, who opened the Chinese Empire with his
lancet ; Livingstone, who explored the Dark Continent
and probed the open sore of the world; Sims, who
helped George Grenfell chart the tributaries of the
Congo and made them available for missionary work.

J07

io8 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

It was Grant, who with his medicine chest scaled the
tablelands of Kurdistan; Kerr, who established the
first insane asylum in the Far East ; Osgood, who put
Gray's Anatomy into Chinese ; Van Dyck, who trans-
lated the Bible into Arabic ; Allen, who opened Korea
to Protestant Missions; Clara Swain, who penetrated
the zenanas of India; Howard King, who captured
the yamens of China; Pennell, who tamed and won
the warlike Afghans, and Lof tis, who climbed the roof
of Asia and laid down his life for Tibet.

Medical missions have been pioneered by such
spirits as these; science built up, literature enriched,
museums filled with their contributions; while geo-
graphical societies and learned academies have honored
themselves by electing them to membership and be-
stowing upon them their medals. Decorations have
been conferred on them by kings and potentates partly
because of their achievements, but especially because
of their personal character and worth. They have
been a moral asset in every country where they have
lived and wrought. Millions have been made more
accessible through their efforts, by the solution of
geographical problems, by the breaking down of caste,
by the winning of confidence, and by the creation of
facilities for communicating truth. Whole nations
and tribes, have been brought, through their skill and
diplomacy, within reach of the Church and a Chris-
tian civilization, and best of all they have won in-
numerable trophies for their Lord. The hour has
struck for the Church to advance by taking advantage
of the achievements of these master workmen that
the Kingdom of God may be established in all the
earth.

Wherever medical missionaries have gone they have
been instrumental in the establishment of local and
national hospitals and dispensaries, emergency hos-

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS i<^

pitals at arsenals and in factory centers, institutes
for the deaf and dumb and blind, camps for lepers
and refugees, more intelligent and effective quarantine,
better sewerage, co-operation in stamping out epi-
demics, relief for the sick poor, circulation of literature
and sanitation and health exhibits for the better edu-
cation both of the people and governing classes. Their
membership, irrespective of nationality or creed, in
municipal and provincial sanitary boards is a high
compliment to their intelligence and devotion. They
have made contributions of immense value to the
literature of medicine, especially with reference to
diseases in tropical and sub-tropical climates. Dr.
Barton makes this observation : " In the Schools of
Tropical Medicine in London and Liverpool, the re-
ports of medical missionaries in Africa and their
observations of African diseases constitute the best
and most reliable data upon the subject."

In other spheres they have shown equal intelligence
and ability and, being actuated by a distinterested pur-
pose, their influence has been almost unlimited. It was
the testimony of an influential Persian, who knew and
esteemed Dr. Cochran highly, that he was the greatest
diplomat who had ever come to Persia. No one had
the influence he exerted over princes and governors.
" In all his career it has never been known, in any in-
stance, that his word or request was refused from the
Government side."

The editor of the International Review of Missions
after going over several volumes, speaks emphatically
of medical missions as '* one of the largest assets of
the Church in her worldwide enterprise," and raises
the question : " Has the value of this missionary
agency been fully utilized, or are its resources still
in part unexplored?" Without hesitation we reply
that it is one of the most valuable assets ; that it has

no MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

not been fully utilized; that its resources have never
been fully explored. It might be justly termed the
neglected arm of the missionary service. The number
of medical missionaries is pitifully inadequate. For
lack of equipment and trained help the missionary
doctor has not had more than half a chance. His
success in the face of this has been remarkable. What
might he not be able to accomplish in behalf of the
evangelization of the world if given a full opportunity,
especially in those regions where he is the most poten-
tial factor for the restoration and uplift of humanity?

//. Some Notable Examples

Let us now take a brief glance at the careers of a
few of these Master Workmen.

The first missionaries to India were Danes. They
had medical work at Tranquebar and Madras in
1730-32. Dr. John Thomas, at first a physician in
civil life, returned to England and urged the need of
a suffering people. He then went back to the field,
as medical missionary, with William Carey. For six
years Carey labored without a convert. Krishna Pal,
a carpenter, was hurt. He was cured by Dr. Thomas,
and became the first baptized convert of the English
Baptist Mission.

Dr. John Scudder, of New York City, College ot
Physicians and Surgeons, went out under the Ameri-
can Board in 1819, the call having come to him while
attending a woman patient, through the reading of a
tract, " The Conversion of the World." His first field
was the Island of Ceylon. He afterwards removed
to Madras on the mainland. Out of this home and
family there came seven sons, two daughters and four
grandchildren who gave themselves to work in India.

Gutzlaff was one of the most remarkable of medical
pioneers. While interpreter to the British Government

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS in

at Hong Kong he prosecuted his studies, extended his
practice and continued his explorations, making, from
1831 to 1835, seven journeys along the China coast,
at the peril of his life. In his enthusiasm " he even
engaged himself as mate on a Chinese junk, and at
another time as cook, in order to visit places to which
no foreign vessels sailed, and obtain opportunities
for making known the truth as it is in Jesus."^ Dr.
Hudson Taylor frequently referred to him as " The
grandfather of the China Inland Mission." It was
through his representations that the idea of an inter-
denominational missionary societey for the interior of
China was lodged in Taylor's mind. Though not, in
the technical sense, a missionary, Gutzlaff lived for
one thing only — the extension of the Kingdom of
God. To this he devoted his large income, his re-
markable powers of mind and body, and all his avail-
able time. He wrote and published eight works in no
fewer than eight languages, including a translation into
the Chinese of the Old and New Testament.^

Eight years after Jenner made the discovery of vac-
cination in 1797, Dr. Alexander Pearson, surgeon of
the East India Company, introduced it into the Chinese
Empire. His leading assistant prepared a treatise of
100 pages on the subject and in thirty years vaccinated
more than a million patients. An ode in praise of the
discoverer was written by the Chinese Governor Gen-
eral. Dr. T. H. Colledge, also of the East India
Company, was the first to urge "upon the various
missionary societies the desirableness of employing
medical missionaries."

Dr. Peter Parker, who was sent out by the American
Board, had the honor of being the first regularly ap-
pointed medical missionary to any field under a Mis-

* Sec Ball's China, published in 1854. Pp. 59. 60.
•"Hudson Taylor in Early Years." pp. 88, 89.

113 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

sionary Society.^ He opened work in Canton in 1835
and treated over 50,000 patients. Through his in-
fluence, in 1838, the Medical Missionary Society of
China was organized. He visited Scotland, on his
way home, and was instrumental, in 1841, in the organ-
ization of the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society.
Dr. John Lowe was its Secretary for years, a man
who has rendered an invaluable contribution, not only
through his writings, ' but also by stimulating the ex-
tension of the work in many lands.

The hospital which Dr. Parker established continues
to be supported by the Medical Missionary Society of
Canton, the evangelistic work being conducted under
the auspices of the American Presbyterian Mission.
Dr. J. G. Kerr, who became a recognized authority
upon surgery throughout the world, was in charge of
this hospital for many years. The value and influence
of his work in Canton, and throughout that section of
the Empire, has probably never been surpassed in any
land. Some 700,000 patients were treated by him, and
his associates, and over 48,000 operations performed.
Among these were some 1,300 operations for urinary
calculus — an operation which, in those days, was very
difficult and dangerous. In addition to all this, most
of the textbooks used in teaching his medical students
were prepared through his indefatigable energy. He
gave forty- four of his best years to service in China;
labored for two years among the Chinese in California ;
trained some 200 medical students; was for years
President of the Medical Missionary Society of Can-
ton, and in 1887 was unanimously elected first Presi-
dent of the Medical Missionary Association in China.

It is difficult to say which one admires most, the
simple childlike faith of the men and women in the van-
guard of a Christian civilization who have been hammer-

^ Pr, Scudder was not appointed as a medical missionary.

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 113

ing at the outworks of Mohammedanism, or the wonder-
ful ability with which the work has been prosecuted
under every disadvantage. Dr. Azariah Smith of
Yale, who laid down his life at Aintab, in 1851, after
great and successful labors in northern Syria, was a
man of wide and accurate scholarship and made many
valuable contributions to medical journals and to the
American Oriental Society. Yet he was a man of
humility and beautiful faith. His absolute trust in
God is described by a fellow missionary. ** If the Lord
should tell me," said the doctor, " to take a small ham-
mer and go out and pound with it a great granite rock,
I should have nothing to do but to go on till He bade
me stop ; nor would it belong to me to ask the reason
for the command, or to be anxious about results. My
whole duty would consist in doing as He required,
because He required it." When Dr. Smith arrived at
Aintab he found the mind of the native populace
greatly inflamed against the Americans. He slowly
but surely gained a footing. It was said of him,
"Wherever cholera appeared, there Dr. Smith also
appeared ; and in many a city in Asia Minor, Armenia
and Mesopotamia, Moslems and Christians learned to
bless the missionary who seemed miraculously to
heal." He won their confidence and was considered
** the principal instrument in establishing and giving
character to the Turkey Mission."

One of the most distinguished pioneers of medical
missions was Dr. Asahel Grant, who penetrated hun-
dreds of miles into the interior of Asiatic Turkey and
Kurdistan where he was hourly in danger of death
by violence. His courage and unselfishness coupled
with wonderful skill as an operator, especially upon
cataract, won confidence on every side. A writer in
the British Quarterly has the following to say con-
cerning this intrepid man : " He was continually

114 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

thronged with patients, both Moslems and Christian.
Children brought their aged parents, and mothers led
their little ones. Those blind with opthalmia were
led by the hand. Those relieved from pain kissed his
feet, or even his shoes at the door." "Among his
patients," adds Dr. Thomas Laurie in the Ely Volume,
** were Kurdish chiefs, Georgian princes, Persian
nobles, and members of the royal family. In the great
peril of his first journey in Kurdistan his fame as a
physician had preceded him, and kept him in safety
where the life of another could not have been assured
for an hour."

In the year 1838, Dr. Robert Reid Kalley, of the
Free Church of Scotland, was on his way to China.
His wife becoming seriously ill, they landed at Fun-
chal, on the island of Madeira, which had never been
occupied by Protestant missionaries. Led there by
Providence, the doctor resolved upon opening work.
A man of means, he was able to maintain such work
outside of his practice. A hospital was opened and
medical treatment given free, upon condition that all
patients were to be present at nine every morning,
when he read the Scriptures and pointed them to
Christ. Schools were established over the island, the
doctor employing the teachers and furnishing the
books. The majority of the Portuguese were illiterate.
The people flocked to these night schools. At one
time, eight hundred adults were in attendance. They
were teachable and grateful. He was everybody's
friend, for he visited the prisoners and ministered to
the poor. As his reputation grew, the well-to-do
sought relief, and, " the municipal authorities tendered
him a formal vote of thanks."

One Sabbath morning, two Portuguese, Saving re-
nounced their former faith, communed at the little
Scotch Church. Persecution then broke loose. The

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 115

two believers were ex-communicated, the schools were
broken up and the teachers imprisoned. In defiance
of the treaty granting religious liberty, one of his
nurses was dragged to prison. Kalley was seized,
tried, condemned and incarcerated for five months
under an old law of the Inquisition which had not
been enforced for more than two hundred years. He
was finally released, but had to flee for his life, with
the loss of all his personal effects, including his books,
which were burned.

He returned to Scotland for a time, but later visited
the island of Malta and then went to Brazil. In both
places he started medical and evangelistic work.

His persecuted followers in Madeira, to the number
of two hundred and eleven, were driven from their
homes, and assembled near the seashore, where they
prayed for the coming of a British ship that might bear
them away. Their faith was honored. The ship came,
and on August 23d, 1846, they sailed away to the
island of Trinidad, off the mouth of the Orinoco River.
Others followed until nearly one thousand left Ma-
deira. Later there was a migration of some of them
from Trinidad to Jacksonville, Illinois, where, to this
day, they have a self-supporting church and their own
pastor. Their devoted friend and spiritual father
visited them there on his way to Brazil where he
opened work in Rio de Janeiro. The Emperor, Dom
Pedro, being attracted by his personality and medical
practice, called upon him in person. It w^as discussed
in the privy council, and determined that Dr. Kalley
should be permitted to remain and continue his work.

Out of this came a great central church in the city
of Rio, another across the bay, and a third in Per-
nambuco. One convert, who prospered greatly after
his acceptance of Christ, gave $10,000, to meet a like
sum from Dr. Kalley, toward building the first Church.

Ii6 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

In addition, the doctor supported a number of Bible
readers and their families out of his private purse.
For years this noble enterprise went on until it rooted
Itself in the soil and could be cultivated by other hands.
Dr. Kalley was a master workman, approved of God
— one of the great pioneers of medical missions and
of evangelistic work. The American Presbyterian
Church, in 1859, entered the field which through him
had been so providentially opened, and now counts a
membership of 14,000 under a General Assembly.
This is not all Dr. Kalley's work, but he blazed the
way. Who shall measure the potentiality of one man's
devotion to Christ? Who is bold enough to question
the providence of God in raising up such a leader,
through whose prayers and life moral and spiritual
forces have been released for the blessing and uplift
of humanity on three islands and two continents ?

///. Equipment of Master Workmen

1. If you should visit one of these master workmen
and ask to be shown over his " plant," he would prob-
ably take you first into his study. There you would
find his medical books and journals, and possibly a
microscope, and, if dissection is not permitted, some
anatomical models. On his table there are the best
dictionary and grammar available and a copy of the
Scriptures in the native language. The daily reading
of the Bible in the vernacular has been recommended
as an excellent exercise, and is the best preparation
for personal work and chapel service. Then there are
account books, ledgers, case records and the card file
to be systematically used for entering the names of
enquirers, patients, diseases, drugs, new medical terms,
proverbs and a growing vocabulary. This file will in
a few years contain invaluable information in the most
available form for the preparation of reports, articles.

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 117

and books; also names and addresses of those who
are to be followed up. Upon the walls of the study
or office, there will probably be found a few scrolls
containing the words of Christ and quotations from the
sages of the country.

The true workman is honest and thorough in all
that he does. He holds that inferior work is dis-
honest work. Less than a man's best, in any depart-
ment of education, science, philanthropy or medicine,
»s hardly short of a sin. Every man who respects
himself and would transfer the integrity of his char-
acter and purpose to the material on which he works
must be true to the highest and best that is in him.
Failing in this, he misrepresents science, civilization
and Christianity itself, and with that failure the whole
fabric he has endeavored to weave will perish. A man
must never cheapen his profession or religious faith.
While the life of Dr. Hepburn was given most largely
to literary work because of his qualifications and the
demands of that period, he did not neglect his daily
clinic. And as for diligent and persistent effort con-
tinued through nearly half a century, we can find no
better description than the following by W. E. Griffis :

*' This tireless student rose every day at five o'clock
in the morning and in cold weather made his own fire.
He worked until breakfast time, which was between
seven and eight. Then followed family worship, after
which he took a short stroll, then he went into the dis-
pensary, usually for an hour, but sometimes for three
or four hours. In addition to the usually crowded
front room, there was another back of it, which, be-
sides chairs for the patients who were called in one
by one for treatment, was well provided with shelves
for medicines and Chinese Bibles and tracts. These
latter, in time, gave way to the same blessed messages
in easily read Japanese. Returning to his study, he

ii8 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

worked on his dictionary, or his reading in Japanese
literature, and, in later days, on his translation or re-
vision of the Bible, until dinner time, at one o'clock.
In the afternoons he would take his exercise and at-
tend to the innumerable calls, medical, evangelistic,
social, or to multifarious public services. The even-
ing was usually spent in light work, or in fulfilling
social demands."

Many of the great medical missionaries, like Dr.
Hepburn, have devoted a generous amount of time
to literary work. The creation of a literature and the
making of books is not primarily the work of the
medical missionary, but not un frequently it has been
necessary to take this up as a skilled mechanic stops
to invent or fashion his own tools. Besides this, medi-
cal missionaries at times have shown such literary
ability, or the demand for certain kinds of literary
work has been so great, that the Boards have been
requested by the Missions to have these doctors set
apart for this special task.

Dr. C. V. A. Van Dyck was a graduate of Jefferson
Medical College, Philadelphia. Appointed to Syria
under the American Board, he mastered the Arabic,
wrote books for the schools, ministered to the wounded
in the wars of 1840-45, and traveled much with Dr. W.
M. Thompson who said that their " station was on
horseback." Van Dyck was providentially prepared
during seventeen years of study, travel, and medical
work for his masterpiece. " He had, and mastered, a
whole library of Arabic books, poetry, grammar,
rhetoric, logic, history, geography and medicine; had
published Arabic books on algebra, geometry, higher
mathematics, geography, logic, etc. In the colloquial
Arabic he was without an equal." Upon the basis of
the work done by Dr. E. Smith, his predecessor, he
gave eight years to the translation of the Scriptures.

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 119

In addition he was professor in the Medical Depart-
ment of the Syrian Protestant College, where twelve
medical classes graduated under him, worked in the
St. John's and the Greek Hospitals and founded the
Astronomical Observatory.

Dr. J. C. Thompson, of Canton, has called attention
to a number of books and pamphlets on medicine and
surgery prepared in Chinese in the early years of
medical missionary work. These begin with a treatise
on the art of vaccination by Dr. Alexander Pearson,
in 1805, two years before Robert Morrison landed.
In 1841 a letter was addressed, by Dr. James Legge,
to Chinese residents of Malacca, on the subject of
cholera. Dr. B. Hobson did much valuable work, and
Dr. J. G. Kerr, with his hands already full, prepared
and published twenty-two volumes, a number of them
text books. One notable contribution was the transla-
tion of Gray's Anatomy, published in 1878, by Dr.
D. W. Osgood of Foochow, the anatomical plates be-
ing cut on blocks of wood.

" Dr. Mary H. Fulton of Canton manages in some
mysterious way," writes Dr. Isaac T. Headland, " to
spend five hours a day in translation work. Three
books are in progress, two of which will soon be pub-
lished. She has translated : * Remarkable Answers to
Prayer,' * Diseases of Children,' * Nursing in Ab-
dominal Surgery,' ' Gynecology,' etc." Since that was
written, Dr. Fulton has been set free from other duties
for the work of medical translation. Drs. Edkins and
Dudgeon also made valuable contributions to this liter-
ature, and Dr. John Fryer, now professor of Chinese
in the University of California, prepared textbooks
on chemistry and physics. Of Dr. P. B. Cousland
it has been said that " he was the leading spirit in the
largest translation work that has been done in China
during the last twenty-five years, and as President

i^ MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

of the China Medical Missionary Association and later
chairman of its committee on translation he devoted
all his time and splendid ability to this work, being
set aside by his Board for translation work alone."
In India this line of work has practically been dupli-
cated in the languages of that country, though English
is far more extensively used, thus opening a much
wider field for the study of medical and scientific
literature.

Sir Harry Johnston, who for many years represented
the British government in Africa, in emphasizing the
huge debt that philologists owe to the labors of mission-
aries there, reports that nearly two hundred languages
and dialects have been reduced to writing and for theii
acquirement vocabularies, dictionaries and grammars
have been prepared. In this achievement medical mis-
sionaries have shared. Dr. Elias Riggs of Turkey,
mastered several languages, in order that he might
be the better able to reach the people. Dr. Sims, an
eminent man in his profession, who has worked for
many years in an unhealthy section of the Congo, has
not only acquired several African languages, but is
perfectly at home in French and Italian as well.

The mastery of the language with these great
workers has been the key to their knowledge of the
people, their viewpoint, social life, philosophy, religion,
superstitions and everything, in fact, that gives an in-
sight into human nature, habits and customs, both
individual and national. If a physician would seek the
deep-seated and obscure causes of disease, especially
the roots of nervous troubles, he would often find
them embedded in psychic phenomena, which bafHe
ordinary diagnostic methods, and which can be dis-
covered only by a knowledge of the native tongue.
Then the medical missionary should so master the
written language as to familiarize himself, as far as

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 121

possible, with native books on medicine, history,
biography, ethics, philosophy, and folk lore.

A veteran missionary out of his personal experience
writes : " Were I a new missionary, I would do first
things first. I would soon find out that the first of
first things Is language study; that the Board had not
sent me out as a mission's cousellor ; that I should not
waste energy in trying to correct all that I thought
wrong in missionary methods; that the greatest asset
of a missionary's life is the gift of the Holy Spirit,
and the second is a mastery of the language." All
of this effort, on the part of the medical missionary,
centers in his study.

2. The dispensary is another necessary part of the
missionary doctor's equipment. It prepares the way
for the hospital by allaying suspicion and creating
confidence. The master workman cannot meet the
demand without the one or the other. The dispensary
is a means of introducing the gospel to hundreds of
villages. It is extensive in its work, while the hospital
is intensive. While it lacks continuity of treatment
and is not the most satisfactory agency, it ministers
to thousands who suffer and who would otherwise be
unreached. It attracts the common people and brings
them into touch with Christian influences, so that its
work is not unimportant and is not to be slurred over.
It helps to supply patients for the hospital wards and
attendance upon the chapel services during week days
and on Sundays. It furnishes a variety of clinical
material for the training of assistants and nurses and
reaches a class of patients who have not courage as
yet to enter a hospital ward.

3. The chapel, in connection with both dispensary
and hospital, is an essential part of the working equip-
ment. Here the patients assemble for hours before
the clinic begins. They should be made comfortable,

122 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

(and, if able to read, be given simple and interesting
illustrated literature, both to pass away the time and
to set them to thinking about health and religion.
Illuminated Scripture texts upon the wall and picture
scrolls, such as are used in the Sunday School, espe-
cially those bringing out the ministry of Jesus to the
sick and poor, help to a better understanding and ap-
preciation of Christianity.

A trained native helper for the men and a Bible
woman for the other sex, carefully selected for their
honesty, sympathy and reliability, can do much to
point the waiting patients to Christ. The physician in
charge should exercise great caution in the selection
of these workers. To employ in this sacred relation
those who are tactless, dictatorial or mercenary would
be injurious to the last degree and a travesty upon
the cause which the missionary represents.

Half an hour before the clinic begins, the doctor
may himself occupy the chapel platform and give a
simple, direct evangelistic talk, not over fifteen min-
utes, selecting by preference a parable or the story of
one of the miracles of healing. The doctor does not
pose as a preacher, but he does realize that he is sent
to minister. Like his Great Master he yearns over the
sick and suffering. His heart is filled with loving com-
passion. Men, women and children have come from
long distances to one who they believe can help them
in a time of need. They do not know Christ, but they
do know the doctor. He is touched by the appeal, and
is thrilled by the opportunity. Though he may not be
eloquent, his message goes home, and many a patient
coming from some humble hut in the country or dis-
tant village rejoices in the memory of the day when,
with the relief to the body, there came restoration of
soul.

4. Without a hospital no substantial and permanent

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 123

work can be done. It would be better not to begin
medical work, in most cases, if such provision cannot
ultimately be made. This does not mean that there
should necessarily be a large and expensive plant.
But, however small, it should be complete in every
essential detail. In fact, the missionary physician is
much better off to begin with a hospital with a few
beds in a temporary structure, or in a building which
will be one of several units in the hospital which is to
be established. The institution thus may grow with
the experience of the doctor who is then more able
wisely to direct and administer the work than if he
were to be burdened at the first with the heavy re-
sponsibility of a large and poorly planned equipment
and without an adequate native staff to assist him.

The writer would hardly be willing to repeat what
he did in his early medical experience. A Chinese
farmer came with an affection of the throat. His
wife explained that for two years she had fed him
through a small bamboo tube but that now he was
scarcely able to swallow. There being neither dis-
pensary nor hospital at the time, he was operated on
in the yard, seated upon one of our dining room chairs.
Another missionary held his head, and the patient to
steady himself grasped the rounds of the chair on
each side of him. The tumor, which was malignant,
was, after much difficulty, removed, the operation be-
ing followed by profuse hemorrhage. Cocaine had
not been discovered, no anesthetic could be adminis-
tered; but the patient heroically held his seat and
went through the operation without a groan. He sur-
vived a couple of years, but it was his vitality and
powers of endurance rather than skilled work that
helped to his recovery, even for a time. The Board
made it possible a little later to erect a hospital for
forty beds.

124 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

Dr. H. T. Hodgkin, in his admirable book on medical
missions, " The Way of the Good Physician," makes
a strong point when he states that ** the hospital be-
comes a far more vital item in the equipment of the
doctor abroad than at home." One of the reasons
for this is that he encounters the most difficult cases
in medical and surgical practice. Patients are often
not brought to him until they are given up by the
family and the native doctor. In order to deal with
these cases, the medical missionary must have an ade-
quate equipment and a competent staff. He can keep
up the continuity of treatment in the hospital under
his own eye. Upon this much of his success depends.
The doctor, moreover, by placing his patients in a hos-
pital ward can ensure the three great essentials of
cleanliness, sunlight and fresh air — essentials not to
be found in the majority of homes in non-Christian
lands. He has a chance to study the case from the
standpoint of scientific diagnosis and treatment, physi-
cal and psychic. The hospital gives him his best and
only opportunity for the clinical training of a staff
of assistants and nurses. And, lastly, in the hospital
he does his best personal work in leading the patients
to Christ.

Not only is an adequate building necessary, but a
sufficient appropriation to meet the needs of urgent
cases. A shortage in contributions at home and a
cut in the appropriation compelled Dr. Joseph Cochran
at one time to close a part of his hospital. Here is
the note in his journal : " Yesterday five Kurds arrived
from the region between Amadia and Mosul. The long
and perilous journey has been made, they have been
twenty-five days on the way and have reached here
with about two dollars in cash. Three of them are
very seriously ill. . . . They had heard that this
institution received people of all nationalities and

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 125

creeds, and that the poor could find treatment as well
as the rich. It requires a very stony heart to close
the doors to people from such a distance." All he
could do was to find a place for them among the Kurds
in a neighboring villege, with the request to take them
into their mosque, let them beg for their bread from
door to door, and come to him for medicine which he
would give them free of charge.

We have already remarked that the mission hospitatl
is a powerful evangelizing agency, but the fact cannot
be too sharply emphasized. In a paper read by Dr.
Duncan Main before the China Medical Missionary
Association on the best method of presenting Christian
truth to patients, he was decidedly of the opinion that
it is in the hospital wards and by personal dealing with
the patients at the bedside, that the best opportunity
offers. He was convinced that this work should be
chiefly done by the native evangelists and colporteurs
who regularly and systematically visit the wards and
thus get in touch with the patients. "The doctors
and their assistants, of course, drop a word in season
on their daily rounds. . . . but the actual teaching,
as a rule, is done by the evangelists, who can do it
much better than we can."

Separate services in his hospital are held for men
and women, for maternity cases, for children, and for
lepers, conducted by different members of the staff.
These services are held every evening, except that on
Monday night all assemble in the same hall for a magic
lantern exhibition, and on Tuesday night for the
weekly prayer meeting attended by the members of
the staff and all the Christians on the compound,
" This meeting," he adds, " I always keep in my own
hands. We vary it a good deal and there is nothing
stereotyped. The burden of this meeting is the power
of godly living, and the power of the Holy Ghost.

ij6 medical missions : THE TWOFOLD TASK

The meeting is short and as interesting as we can
make it."

This position of Dr. Main's, who has demonstrated
his ability as a surgeon and Christian leader, coincides
thoroughly with the attitude of Dr. W. J. Wanless,
of Miraj, India, who expressed himself recently before
the India Medical Missionary Association in almost
identical terms. " The evangelistic work of mission
hospitals should as a rule be in charge of the medical
staff, all of whom should take a definite and active part
in the gospel work of the institution." On account of
the immense number of villages within reach of large
mission hospitals in India he makes the suggestion that
an ordained missionary, in addition to the medical
staff, should be available for personal work in the
institution and for " the visitation of villages within
the district from which patients have come, with whom
acquaintance and even friendships have been estab-
lished while in the hospital." He makes the further
admirable suggestion that there should be a small li-
brary of carefully selected books, and a reading and
prayer room, open to any of the patients who during
convalescence are able to make use of them.

Not the least important part of evangelistic work is
the following up of patients after they leave. It is a
most fruitful field, but the lack of workers in mission
stations has, as a rule, prevented this from being done
systematically. Now that mission churches are be-
coming well organized and self-supporting it ought to
be possible to secure the voluntary services of some
reliable and mature Christians, men and women, for
both are needed, to carry to the homes the lessons of
truth received in the hospital. This should be done in
addition to a letter of introduction to the nearest
pastor in behalf of every patient interested in the
gospel, a copy of the letter with the patient's address

Church General Hospital, Wuchang, China

Above — Entrance to Woman's Hospital

B«Iow — Woman's Tubercular Ward

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 127

going to the pastor himself. Faithfully and system-
atically carried out, this would double the effectiveness
of the hospital as an evangelistic agency. The sugges-
tion comes from Dr. Main and is worthy of general
adoption.

It is remarkable at what a comparatively insignifi-
cant outlay medical missionary work is carried on.
The cost of maintaining the largest hospital at Canton
for an entire year has been the modest sum of $10,000.
Even the amount mentioned does not come from
home ; the budget is provided for by the Chinese Medi-
cal Missionary Society. In this hospital and its as-
sociated dispensaries, nearly 50,000 patients are treated
annually. While the average cost of a bed in a hospital
in New York, Kansas City, or San Francisco, is two
dollars a day, in Canton or Lucknow it is not more
than from twenty-five to thirty-five dollars a year, or
less than ten cents a day.

It is the consensus of opinion among medical mis-
sionaries that, if possible, something should be paid
by patients for treatment, even though it be an insig-
nificant amount. At the same time, it is the policy of
every mission hospital not to turn away any one who
is too poor to pay the fee. While the total of receipts
from out-patients and from those paying a small fee
within the wards may not come to much, it does
amount to a great deal in an enlarged appreciation
of the value of medical help, the creation of self-
respect, and the building of character. Patients are
often overheard to say that free medicine is poor
medicine. People appreciate what they pay for and
are then more ready to follow directions. The policy
of self-support is carried out in a number of hospitals
such as that of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
South, at Soochow, China, under the administration
of Dr. W. H. Park. In addition to meeting its current

128 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

expenses, it has repeatedly bought land for enlarge-
ment and put up several buildings for its staff and
departmental work.

The American Presbyterian hospital at Miraj, India,
under the administration of Dr. W. J. Wanless, is an
illustration, in the extent of its work, its growth in
self-support, and in the multiplication of its agencies,
of what can be accomplished under intelligent and
masterful leadership. It has 130 beds, treats over
2,000 in-patients and more than 40,000 out-patients
annually and has four branch dispensaries. In twenty-
four years, or to the close of 1916, 27,000 in-patients
were treated, with a total attendance of three-quarters
of a million and over 40,000 operations performed. It
has been conducted on such a sound basis that it has
been practically self-supporting from the beginning.
During the past six years, in addition to current ex-
penses, it has enlarged its plant to the amount of $40,-
000 from funds raised on the field — mainly the gifts
of patients. The work of three hospitals and seven
dispensaries in the Western India Mission, are all ex-
tensions of the Miraj work and cost the home Church,
exclusive of missionaries' salaries, less than $4,000
annually. A physician and a nurse, both Americans,
are supported by the hospital.

In an article by Saint Nihal Singh, the Indian writer,
he states that " within a radius of 250 miles of Miraj,
there are numerous hospitals maintained by the gov-
ernment, most of them under the charge of British
physicians; yet so famous is this missionary doctor,
that during a recent year he performed twice as many
as the total operations performed in all other hospitals
within this area." It becomes a matter of both aston-
ishment and of admiration when we sum up in figures
alone the personal service rendered by this one medical
missionary in twenty-eight years. During that period

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 120

Dr. Wanless has performed more than 25,000 surgical
operations, of which over 6,000 were for cataract, 900
for stone in the bladder, and 1,800 abdominal opera-
tions, including 400 on the stomach, the largest number
of any one operator in India for gastric disorders. We
are not surprised to learn that " his name has come
to be almost worshipped in Hindu and Moslem
homes."

The mission hospital in the hands of these master
workmen has been a leveler of caste, a builder of
brotherhood, an illustration of Christianity in the con-
crete, a distributing center of good influences, a haven
of rest for helpless humanity and not infrequently a
bulwark of safety to the missionary or the foreign com-
munity in the midst of which it is located. It was
said of Dr. Kerr's hospital in Canton, that in protection
to the community it was more powerful than a gun-
boat.

There is a consensus of opinion among experienced
medical missionaries that certain things are essential
to the efficiency of every mission hospital :

1. Two doctors and a staff of assistants.

2. A woman missionary superintendent who can

train nurses.

3. Buildings adapted in structure to ample light and

ventilation and in material to cleanliness.

4. An adequate up-to-date equipment.

5. Sufficient current expense funds.

6. High Christian ideals and policy for the home

Board and the hospital staff.

7. On the part of the physician in charge, a scientific

attitude that is alive to the latest and best things
in medicine and a spirit of tactful. Christlike
leadership over those associated with him in the
work of his hospital.
We could not better close this chapter than with a

130 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

brief notice of yet another master workman, a
vigorous, masculine, red-blooded missionary. Dr. Theo-
dore L. Pennell, who lived, planned and wrought on
the Afghan frontier of India. He built up a medical
practice that extended along the mountain trails, into
the camps of wild tribes, among soldiers, and in not
a few frontier towns, where surgical operations had
to be performed in the midst of border forays or as
a result of bloody feuds. He established a hospital,
founded a boys' school, ran a mission press, preached
constantly in the bazaars, where he was several times
beaten and stoned, and yet found time somehow to
learn Urdu and Pushtu thoroughly, and to acquire a
fair working knowledge of Arabic, Persian and Pun-
jabi. His medical activity was equalled by his interest
in athletic sports, through which he got a masterful
control over the Afghan boys. Cataract being his
speciality, he not unfrequently performed a dozen
operations during a single day while on the road, a
native assistant being left behind in each village to
care for the patients while he pushed on. " Each tour
was an adventure from beginning to end — all kinds
of dangers from desert sands, swollen rivers, mountain
trails, warlike chiefs, fanatical Moors and lurking
diseases." It was indeed a marvel that he should have
been able to maintain himself at such a pace, but he did
more than that. We could not more accurately sum up
the character and achievements of medical missionaries
than by quoting from the introduction to Pennell's
life, written by none other than Field-Marshal Earl
Roberts himself. When so high an authority on In-
dian affairs — military, civil and missionary — gives
his deliberate opinion, it is well worth recording.

" Dr. Pennell was a man of striking appearance, of
commanding personality, and of prepossessing man-
ner. He was quite fearless (he never carried a weapon

WORKMEN AND THEIR IMPLEMENTS 131

of any kind), and he was patient and determined.
His aim was to get to understand the people and to be
trusted by them ; and in this endeavor, living amongst
them and mixing freely and fearlessly with them, and
by the example of his frugal, self-denying life, he
achieved a remarkable measure of success. ... In
one year in the Bannu hospital alone, 34,000 individual
cases were dealt with, and 1,655 of these were ad-
mitted to the wards. Eighty-six thousand out-patients
were visited, and nearly three thousand operations
were performed. This enormous amount of work was
carried out by only four qualified medical men, two
British and two Indian, and one qualified medical
woman. These figures will give some idea of the
magnitude and importance of the work, for the organ-
ization and execution of which Dr. Pennell was mainly
responsible."

In commenting upon the life of this eminent phy-
sician, who without seeking it, had won for himself
such distinction in the Public Service in India, and
through his compassionate ministry such a large place
in the hearts of the wild Afghans upon the Border,
Earl Roberts deems it impossible for any one to read
the pages of the book^ " without being convinced that
medical missions are a great power for good in the
land and, as to their spiritual influence, I can only
say from personal knowledge of their work, that I
heartily agree with the Bishop of Lahore who, after
a visit of inspection to Bannu, testified to their being
* of immense service in breaking down opposition, soft-
ening hearts, making clear to the rough, untamed
people of these parts the real meaning and bearing
of the gospel message and so preparing the way for
its reception.'

9 99

* *• Pennell of the Afghan Frontier," by Alice M. Pennell.

13^ MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

True greatness is measured by integrity of charac-
ter, loftiness of ideals, heroism of spirit, and the
reach of influence as it affects the individual, the com-
munity, the nation, the civilization itself. From this
standpoint the master workmen whom we have had
under discussion have made and are making a wonder-
ful contribution to the world's good. What college
man or woman desiring a highly productive career for
God's glory and humanity's gain would not rejoice to
be listed among such master workmen as these? The
roster is still in the making.

S '

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN

"There is nothing in the universe that I fear but that I
shall not know all my duty, or shall fail to do it"

Mary Lyon,

** Oh, how could I serve in the wards if the hope of the world

were a lie ?
How could I bear with the sights and the loathsome smells of

disease,
But that He said, " Ye do it to me when ye do it to these."

Tennyson,

VI.

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN

During a visit to the sacred island of Pu-du, off the
China coast, we passed a poor woman seeking a double
cure, that of a diseased body and a sin-smitten soul.
She was measuring her length along the stone pave-
ment from the landing to the most distant temple,
three miles and a half away. Seven miles in all, under
a blistering sun, before she could return to the boat
which brought her, and more than ten days consumed
tmder the self-inflicted penance and for the acquire-
ment of the merit which would make her whole. Alas,
for the simple-minded victim of a venal priesthood and
a religion of false promises. And that poor creature
was the personification of half the womanhood of the
world groping blindly for health and salvation.

A Door of Hope swung wide open! A Christly
mission of mercy to suffering women and children!
How better may one characterize the entrance of
women medical missionaries and nurses into the world
field of missions? Hope had been long deferred, and
" hope deferred maketh the heart sick." Neglected
womanhood, sitting in the valley of the shadow of
death, might have said, " I water my couch with my
tears all the night." True, but "joy cometh in the
morning," with the coming of Christ's Gospel of life
and good cheer. The morning light is beginning to
break upon the darkened womanhood and childhood
of the non-'Christian world. And some of the brightest
gleams of the dawn are rising out of the work of
Christian women doctors and nurses for their suffering
sisters of other races.

135

136 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

/. The Introduction of Women's Medical Mission

Work

It was a romantic incident which made it possible to
open medical work for women in India. The Ma-
harani, or wife of a native prince, was nursed by Miss
Beilly. Upon recovering, the princess dismissed her
attendants and addressed her friend as follows : " You
are going to London, and I want you to tell our Queen
and the Prince and Princess of Wales what the women
in the zenanas of India suffer when they are sick.
Will you promise me ? " Taking a locket she placed
within it a slip of paper, upon which Miss Beilly had
written the message, and asked her to present it to
Queen Victoria. A prayer was offered by her friend
and nurse that the appeal might in some way reach
the Throne. The Queen heard of the incident, gave
the messenger an audience, and authorized the begin-
ning of a work which later on led to the establishment
by Lady Dufferin, wife of the Viceroy of India, of
the Dufferin system of hospitals.

Dr. Clara A. Swain, of the Women's Medical Col-
lege, Philadelphia, enjoys the distinction of being the
pioneer of woman's medical missionary work in India,
and " the first accredited woman physician ever sent
out by any missionary society." She went out in 1869,
in company with Miss Isabella Thoburn, under the
auspices of the Woman's Missionary Society of the
Methodist Episcopal Qiurch, North. Stationed at
Bareilly, she began training a class of young Indian
women nurses who graduated in 1873, the forerunners
of what will one day prove to be a great host. In
direct answer to earnest prayer, which inspired the
beginnings of all this work, the Nawab of Rampore
gave an estate of forty acres adjoining the mission
premises, and valued at $50,000, for the establishment
of the first hospital for women in India. The Rajah

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 137

wrote in the Blue Book that this gift, invested for
suffering women, gave him more satisfaction than any-
thing else he had ever done.

To the women of the Chinese Empire, in 1872, came
their first medical missionary in the person of Dr.
Lucinda L. Combs, of Philadelphia, also sent out
under the Methodist Society. She was succeeded in
1877 by Dr. Leonore Howard, afterwards Mrs. King,
who was instrumental, with Dr. Kenneth Mackenzie,
in the recovery of Lady Li, wife of the great Viceroy,
Li Hung Chang. The cure having arrested the atten-
tion of the most powerful official in the empire and won
his gratitude, stirred officialdom, and gave medical
missions a prestige it had never known. The yamen
was thrown open and thousands of women and chil-
dren flocked to the doctor with the " wonder-working
hand." The mother of the Viceroy was also treated,
and made a gift of one thousand dollars for Christian
benevolence. A Buddhist temple was placed at the
disposal of the doctor for dispensing medicine. The
Viceroy's mother would not let Dr. Howard out of
her sight. She desired her to live on the premises,
heaped costly presents upon her, had the doctor treat
her numerous retinue of attendants and put her in
medical charge of her regiment of seventy cats.

Dr. Fanny J. Butler, was the first woman medical
missionary from Great Britain to India. She went out
in 1880, after an examination in Kings and Queens
College of Physicians, Dublin, of such excellence that
she was informed by a member of the faculty that her
paper was the best he had ever had from any candi-
date. Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop was inspired by her
work on the field to huild a hospital. She afterwards
wrote : " It was a terrible sight to see the way in
which the women pressed upon her at the dispensary
door^ which was kept by two men outside and another

138 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE iwOFOLD TASK

inside. The crush was so great as sometimes to over-
power the men and precipitate the women bodily into
the consulting room." The strain upon health and
nerves was too great and in nine years after she began
her noble work, the tender hearted doctor succumbed.
Her helpers begged the privilege of bearing her body
to the grave, saying, " We have eaten her salt, and no
other arms must bear her."

It does not require a second reading of the story
of the life and ministry of Jesus Christ to realize the
drain upon his sympathy and nerve force. It was
constant and exhausting. The throngs pressed upon
Him from morning until night, laying their sick at
His feet. Often He had not so much as leisure to eat.
The burden of afflicted and distressed humanity was
upon His heart and shoulders. *' Himself took our in-
firmities and bore our sicknesses." Dr. Butler minister-
ing to the women of India followed the example of the
first Medical Missionary and entered into the fellow-
ship of His suffering and theirs.

Many other women medical missionaries have
pressed out into the needy fields and have added new
luster to the records of their predecessors. Among
them are Dr. Mary W. Niles and Dr. Mary H. Fulton
of the Woman's Hospital at Canton, an institution
which not only is self-supporting, but in which students
and faculty are all earnest Christians. In 1890 Dr.
Niles opened the first school for blind girls, seventy
of them having been turned over to her by the Chinese
authorities. By her skill she had been the means of
saving the life of one of the wives of the Viceroy of
Canton province. To show his appreciation he placed
at her disposal a large sum of money with which to
begin the school. It is one of many proofs that the
Chinese are capable of the most generous impulses,
B,s w^U ^s pf sincere ^atitude.

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 139

Another out of many illustrious medical women
who might be mentioned as following in the path of
great pioneers like Doctors Swain and Combs was Dr.
Elizabeth Reifsnyder, of the Women's Union Medical
Society of Philadelphia. She was perhaps the first
woman in Central China to operate upon an ovarian
tumor. It weighed fifty pounds, over half as much
as the patient. The following day, the Chinese paper
in Shanghai appeared with a long editorial in praise of
the surgeon and her skill. Accompanying it was a
picture, drawn from the imagination of the native
artist, which represented the patient as lying in state
upon a high and beautifully canopied bedstead. The
doctor stood by the bedside with one foot resting upon
a high stool, and in her right hand a sword which she
was waving aloft and with which, at one fell swoop, she
was to remove the tumor. It was some distance from
the actual facts, but the mind of the average native was
tremendously impressed, especially as the patient made
a good recovery.

11. The Claims of Medical Missionary Work for

Women

A work of this kind presents very commanding
claims. We mention three of these.

1. Because of the nature of the task. It comes
straight from God and is worthy of all one's powers.
Going to such a task, therefore, the doctor or the nurse
may confidently expect the power of God. He has
promised it, and He is faithful. It keeps the sense
of vocation alive, for it is God's call. That sense may
die out at home from the insidious influences of per-
sonal ambition, professionalism, and the commercial
spirit. On the field it deepens, grows, and becomes
the very soul of missions. The task which bids one
seek the place where suffering is greatest and in which

140 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

the power to relieve grows into the obligation to serve,
appeals to the heroic and satisfies the noblest aspira-
tions. It impels the missionary doctor to tread in the
footsteps of the Great Healer, and in doing so touches
the springs of mercy, inspires the grace of confident
patience, leads to masterfulness of faith and deepens
that prayer life which brings an increasing sense of
the presence of God.

2. Because of the depth of the need. The need is
as deep and as acute as the sufferings of neglected
humanity can very well be. Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop,
the world traveler, began her journeys indifferent to,
and almost sceptical of, the utility and power of for-
eign missions. Dr. Arthur Smith, in " Rex Christus,"
remarks that by being an« eye witness of the ministries
and results of the medical missions she became " an
ardent believer in their saving power, and was led to
build five hospitals and an orphanage in the East."
How could she do otherwise when she had the oppor-
tunity to see and the ability to give ? While in China,
the more she frequented daily clinics in hospital and
dispensary, the more profound was her admiration
for the physician who left home and friends for
Christ's sake. " To her comes the little slave girl al-
most murdered, the childless wife whose husband is
about to discard her, the thirteen-y^ar-old daughter-in-
law whose mother-in-law has beaten her eye out, and
the child with poor little crushed feet, inflamed and
suppurating with decaying bones, appealing to her
from the cruel bandages."

In India women suffer, if anything, even more than
in China. A large proportion of them live a confined
life by being kept in strict seclusion in zenana or harem.
The Hindu is convinced that woman has been created
inferior in nature to man. He believes " in the sanctity
of the cow and in the depravity of woman." She is,

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 141

according to his creed, made for man^s sole proprietor-
ship and enjoyment. In infancy she is neglected, if not
denied the right to live ; in girlhood betrothed and mar-
ried without her will, or sold into a life of shame. If
fortunate enough to bear children, she not only suffers
the pangs of nature, but endures what is worse at the
hands of the ignorant and meddlesome midwife. If
widowed and childless she becomes a subject of con-
tempt and scorn, and throughout life is made a drudge.
If she falls ill, " prejudices and custom banish medical
aid altogether. Woman is taught that she is unworthy
of confidence and a slave of passion, a great whirlpool
of suspicion, a dwelling place of vices, full of deceits,
a hindrance in the way of heaven, the very gate of
hell."

The above description is, of course, not universally
true for many a Hindu wife is devotedly loved by her
husband ; but, alas, it is prevailingly true.

It was in India that I was brought to a sudden real-
ization of the ignoble place accorded to woman in non-
Christian lands. Our train had come to a standstill
at a wayside station. A tap at my window by the
British guard aroused me from sleep. In low but
excited tones he explained that a passenger was ill
and needed the assistance of a physician. Dressing
hastily, I followed him to the woman's car and found
a half dozen native women in the far end gesticulating
wildly. Upon my left, stretched upon a hard bench,
was a mere child who had just become a mother, while
beside her, weeping hysterically, was her mother, who
seemed utterly helpless.

The nearest hospital was thirty miles away. Advis-
ing the guard to telegraph for help and to push on,
I turned my attention to the young mother and her
baby. Upon reaching our destination a stretcher had
been brought, but when the bearers discovered the sex

142 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

of the patient, and that she was of a different caste,
they absolutely refused to touch her. In vain I ap-
pealed to them through my servant and interpreter.
They were men and she was a woman, they were high
caste and she was low. The appeal fell dead at the
feet of those tall swarthy turbaned fellows. I turned
to my interpreter. " You are a Mohammedan. You
surely will help me carry this woman to the platform."
He drew himself up with great dignity and an unmis-
takable look of scorn and retorted, " True, I am a
Mohammedan, but if I touched her I would be unclean
for a month ! " He was forthwith ordered out of the
car. The guard approached. I appealed to him as an
Englishman and a Christian. No argument was
needed. Cheerfully he slipped his strong arms under
the patient and helped to bear her to the cot. As the
locomotive whistled, the mother of the child-wife
threw herself upon her knees and tried to articulate
her thanks. We shot out into the night once more, and
I realized the failure of a man-made religion, and
caught a new vision of the beauty of Christianity
which teaches the mission of the strong to the weak,
makes sacred the very name of wife and mother, and
ennobles womanhood the world over.

The need in Latin America, too, is very great. Far
away in the mountains of Mexico southeast of the
section occupied by the fierce Yaquis, there lies a
beautiful valley — the home of the Terascan Indians.
We enter it on horseback, Dr. G. B. Winton and my-
self, after several days by rail, canoe and in the
saddle. Finding that one of the two visitors is a
doctor, the mothers gather about him with their chil-
dren. In all the years of their lives no physician has
come into their midst. Patiently and mutely they have
endured their suffering and carried their grief. From
morning until night they throng the enclosure. Their

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 143

gratitude is touching as they press upon us the little
silver trinkets they have fashioned with rude tools out
of native ore. Their appeal to return quickly takes the
heart out of us. Are they not ready, waiting and eager
for the message? One medical missionary with the
gospel story would be the key to that fair valley. Ten
years have come and gone, and still those Terascan
Indians wait. And many another section of the
southern republics is waiting too.

Up and down the vast dark stretches of Africa the
women and children are waiting. For all the pain and
sickness of the dark continent, the men doctors are
pitifully few, and the women doctors a mere handful.
Often missionaries with little or no medical training
are compelled to respond to an emergency call for a
doctor, for in Africa the unexpected always happens.
No field requires more initiative, courage and common
sense. There was a quiet little woman of sixty, who
had spent thirty years of missionary service in the Bel-
gian Congo. While travelling with her and her husband,
the writer stumbled upon the following incident in her
life. An elephant hunter had swung himself into a
tree to get a shot. His gun exploded, tearing off his
hand. Mud and leaves were plastered on the mutilated
wrist by his comrades, but within a week they brought
him to the station more dead than alive. Our heroine
was not even a trained nurse. She had some experi-
ence, however, in caring for the sick, and was blessed
with an abundance of grit and sense. She stripped
off the wrappings and found the forearm in a state of
gangrene. Her husband was informed that the arm
would have to be amputated. He replied in dismay
that he was no surgeon. She insisted that they must
jointly perform the operation, brought the carving
knife and wood saw, showed him where to cut the
tissues and how to make a flap. She tied the arteries,

144 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

sprinkled the wound with iodoform and dressed it.
The man recovered and still hunts elephants. She had
the stuff for a medical missionary — initiative, courage
and self-reliance. Such material is abundant, but
awaits discovery. Add to these efficiency in service
which comes from training, and a sense of the urgency
of a God-given task, and many a modest woman will
be inspired to great deeds and a life of heroic service.
Woman has the capacity. What she needs is a realiza-
tion of duty, thorough training and a field.

Miserable, beyond the power of language to describe
it, is the physical condition of womanhood in Persia,
Egypt, Syria, Arabia and the other Mohammedan
lands of the world. Neglected, degraded, limited,
woman moves about in her little circle under the
tyranny of Islam and none can tell the horrors of what
she suffers from child-marriage, polygamy and un-
limited divorce. Disease among them is plenteous, but
the laborers are few.

So we might go from field to field through the
mission world and always it would be the same sad
story of desperate need. Nor would we find any native
sources of relief that can greatly mitigate the distress.
All that was said in an earlier chapter about the suffer-
ings resulting from native malpractice, quackery,
witchcraft, and superstition in reference to men ap-
plies with double force to women and little children.
Two illustrations may be given of these crude theories
and cruel practices, both of them relating to psycho^
pathic troubles.

Dr. Christie tells of a sad case in his experience in
Manchuria where " madness, epilepsy, and extreme
hysteria are usually regarded as being caused by devil
possession. Without any inquiry into the origin of
the condition, most cruel methods are resorted to in
order tp drive out the evil spirit, such as forcing; the

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 14S

patient to stand on red hot iron, and there is always
a severe and merciless beating. A girl of seventeen
was brought to me, evidently a case of extreme hys-
teria. The witch doctors, after trying several cruel
methods without success, had finally thrust a red hot
poker down her throat to expel the demon. The girl
died shortly afterwards."^

The other illustration is also from Qiina. During a
journey along the Great Wall, as it stretches its length
between China and Mongolia, I met two young men,
gun in hand, hunting a fox. They were deeply intent
upon the chase, and wore an air of grave anxiety.
Questions led to the explanation. Their mother had
suddenly lost her mind. Discovering this upon their
return from the field, they had reached the conclusion
that she had been bewitched. She claimed that she
had seen a fox upon the window sill. He must have
been there because a bowl of water standing in the
window had been overturned. With a single glance
he had woven a spell over her spirit. She could not
think clearly, nor go about her daily duties. Her sons
consulted a soothsayer. He advised them to catch the
particular fox, search for a red hair in the middle of
his forehead, pull it out, turn him loose and the mother
would recover. We endeavored to dispel their fears,
but without avail. They shouldered their guns and
resumed the search.

As accentuating the need of woman doctors through-
out the mission world, it should be borne in mind that
in many non-Christian lands such as China, India and
Mohammedan countries, men physicians have no ac-
cess whatever to the bedside of the majority of women
sufferers.

The women who are trying to relieve this acute and

» Christie, ** Thirty Years in Moukden," p. 38.

146 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

stupendous need on the mission field are but a drop in
the bucket compared with the thousands of doctors and
nurses who remain at home. If, in addition, we throw
into the scale the desperate need of the millions who
are yet unreached, there can be no comparison between
the available sources of supply at home and abroad.
In all China — ^nay, in all Asia — there are fewer women
physicians than there are in New York City or in
London; and as for nurses, the staff of one military
hospital in France during the war would outnumber
them all.

3. Because of the immense fruitage. Neither lan-
guage nor figures can set forth the results in suffering
relieved, lives repaired, communities made clean and
healthy. But greater still have been the religious fruits
from the ministry of healing. To all that has been
said above on this subject, it may be added that the
women have been even more responsive than the men.

The value of medical missions in breaking down
prejudice and opening the door for the Gospel has
often been demonstrated in the case of women patients.
Maliza, the Toro Princess, was reached in the early
days of the medical mission at Mengo, the capital of
Uganda, in Central Africa. She lived at the foot of
the snow-capped Ruwenzori. Captured by Moham-
medan slave raiders, she had regained her freedom
and was making the long journey home through Mengo
on foot. Having contracted an affection of the eyes,
she visited the Enyumba Yedagala (House of Medi-
cine). She recovered and resumed her journey, re-
turning to Toro, her native country. Here she was
received with great honor, but at once sought out the
missionary, told him of her treatment in Mengo, and
said, " I want to learn about a religion which teaches
its followers to be as kind as that." When years after-
wards Dr. Albert Cook was on a visit to Uganda, he

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 147

was told that the King of Toro was then on a visit
to the King of Bunyoro, and that his " entourage in-
cluded this Christian princess. They found her visit-
ing the princesses of Bunyoro, teaching them and doing
the work of an evangelist." Once again it happened
that the doctor was the hinge upon which the door of
opportunity turned.

Although the out-door clinic is not very satisfactory,
it gives a rare opportunity for seed-sowing, and is not
to be despised. Some of the best converts have been
won here. Sakineh, a bigoted Moslem, came repeat-
edly to get medicine for her aunt, but always tried to
leave before chapel was over. She heard enough, how-
ever, to touch her heart and began making ex-
cuses to return after her aunt had recovered.
The following year she was herself a patient hav-
ing been so abused by her husband that she fell
ill. He then divorced her. She was reported to
her father as an infidel, and she received a severe
beating. In spite of this she joined the Bible class,
regularly attended Sunday service, renounced her
faith in Islam, and declared her allegiance to Jesus
Christ. Systematic boycotting began. She persisted,
however, in telling " the glad tidings." She was pelted
with mud and stones, and hooted at in the streets as a
"Christian dog." "A night or two later she was
cruelly beaten by her uncle, and was much bruised and
cut, but she was not the least daunted." A mob then
surrounded the house and threatened her life. Low-
ered over the village wall, she fled to the missionaries
for protection. Though unnerved she kept on repeat-
ing, '* I have not denied Christ. I want to live and die
a Christian." The Governor demanded her and her
little boy. For two years she was not allowed to hold
communication with the Mission, but finally being re-
leased she had the joy of seeing her mother baptized.

148 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

The answers to her prayers were so remarkable that
the Christian women were in the habit of saying that
when they wanted anything badly, " we ask God to
give us one of Sakineh's answers." One such convert
is worth all the investment in medical missions. Nay,
more. It is a demonstration that Moslem women and
the Moslem world can be brought to Christ.

Apart from any words that may be spoken there is
always the opportunity in medical work to preach the
gospel of love in the concrete terms of friendly service.
It has an eloquence that elicits a sure response. The
gratitude that is awakened by the sympathetic ministry
of women doctors is often touching. At Guntur, India,
in connection with the magnificent Lutheran Hospital
under the charge of Dr. A. S. Krugler, there is a new
inn for the friends of the many patients. It was given
by the Rajah in gratitude for the life of his son. The
little prince was very ill, and the anxious doctor slept
for two weeks on the veranda near his cot. Early one
morning she heard footsteps. Listening she saw in
the dim light the Rajah bending over the boy and
heard the words, " Our Father who art in Heaven."
God gave the little son back to life, and the father
received it as a token of God's love and yielded his
heart to Christ. It is but another illustration of the
love that makes it divine to give, and human to receive.

As showing the appreciation of a man for the woman
doctor's attention to his wife, we quote two cases given
by Mr. Sherwood Eddy which also illustrate the
struggle a native Indian may have with the English
language.

No. 1 — Cured
"Dear She,

My wife has returned from your hospital cured. Provided
males are allowed in your bungalow, I would like to do you

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 149

the honor of presenting myself there this afternoon. But I
will not try to repay you; vengeance belongeth unto God.

Yours noticeably,"

No. 2 — Dead

" Dear and Fair Madam,

I have much pleasure to inform you that my dearly un-
fortunate wife will be no longer under your kind treatment,
she having left this world for the other on the night of the
27th ultimo. For your help in this matter I shall ever remain
grateful.

Yours reverently,"

///. The Training of Native Workers

The need for native women, trained and qualified
as physicians and nurses, in China and India, is im-
perative. We must remember that there are nearly
tv^ro hundred million women and children in China who
have no adequate care for their health, and no intelli-
gent ministry for either body or soul; and in India,
notwithstanding the agencies of the British govern-
ment, the admirable Dufferin hospital system, and
missionary effort in all parts of the empire, there are
at least another million yet unreached. A more at-
tractive field for service, to be rendered by any Amer-
ican or English woman in the training of native women,
could hardly be found.

Dr. Arthur Smith quotes an editorial in the China
Mail as an unbiased testimony : "Among the present
day developments of mission work and general prog-
ress there is nothing of more importance than the
thorough training of Chinese women in western medi-
cine and surgery. The field for such when properly
qualified is practically limitless." The first medical
college for women in China was established in 1902
in the city of Canton. In addition to an audience of
seven hundred, the Viceroy and other officials were

ISO MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

present or represented by deputation. "A guard of
five hundred soldiers lined the streets in the neighbor-
hood to do honor to the occasion. The Woolston
Memorial Hospital at Foochow has had for years at
its head Dr. Hu King Eng, the daughter of a native
minister. She graduated at the Woman's Medical Col-
lege, Philadelphia. In a single year she has treated
over 15,000 patients. In Kukiang, on the Yangtse
river, two other Chinese women doctors. Dr. Mary
Stone and Dr. Ida Kahn, of the second generation of
Christians, and graduates of the University of Michi-
gan, have been conducting eminently successful hos-
pital work. In the same section, and in the city of
Nanking, Dr. Tsao, the daughter of a Chinese minis-
ter and physician, herself a graduate of medicine from
Philadelphia, is carrying on with distinguished ability a
hospital under the auspices of the Friends.

Someone may ask the specific reasons for the train-
ing of native women on the mission field. They are :

1. The body of women medical missionaries and
nurses now on the field is inadequate to reach one in
a thousand of those who are in need of their help.

2. The enlisting and qualifying of native workers,
even in small numbers, would greatly relieve the al-
ready over-burdened medical missionaries.

3. The native woman doctor or nurse, including the
trained obstetrical nurse or mid-wife, frequently has
access where the foreigner is not welcome, or is not
admitted at all.

4. The few native women who have qualified in
England, in the United States, or in their own country,
have shown great skill in private practice and marked
ability in the superintendency of hospitals. They have
large capacity for leadership. Several of these are at
the head of important institutions under missionary
or government auspices.

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 151

5. The heavy expense of sending students to Great
Britain, Canada or the United States and training them
there for five or six years, precludes the possibility of
any large number ever preparing in these countries for
medical work.

6. Education on the field also prevents that tendency
to denationalization which is so serious an objection to
students going too young and spending too much time
abroad. Postgraduate work abroad, for mature men
and women only, is, of course, not open to this ob-
jection.

7. If the Mission Boards and their representatives
do not undertake this training work, it will be taken
up at a later date by the native governments. It will
then be done under conditions unfavorable to the high-
est moral and religious ideals, and the Church will have
lost one of its greatest opportunities and most poten-
tial agencies for presenting Christianity in the concrete.
It is but just to say that the provision for the educa-
tion of women practitioners and nurses in India,
whether under missionary societies or the government
of the country, is forging ahead with rapid strides. A
number of the native princes have been very liberal
in gifts of lands, buildings, and funds for hospitals
and for medical education. The same is true of some
high officials in China.

IV. The Trained Nurse in the Mission Field

Florence Nightingale rediscovered the use of the
human hand. With her entry into the Crimean War,
in 1853, there came a new era in the ministry to the
body. After the first century, the hand seemed to have
lost its higher and diviner touch. She restored it to
its rightful place and mission. She created a new
sphere and a new calling for woman. With her estab-
lishment of the first Training School for Nurses at

152 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

St. Thomas Hospital, London, this ministry was recog-
nized and put upon an enduring basis. The first
Nurses Training School in the United States was
opened in 1873, Linda Richards being the first grad-
uate and superintendent.

The world's fingers have never been so gentle as now, be-
cause the world's heart has never been so tender. Never have
there been so many millions of dollars expended in medicines
and comforts, and never has human genius put forth such
strenuous eflForts to relieve pain, and bring half-dead men
back to life again. War beats men down into blood and mire,
it tears their flesh and splinters their bone, but the human
heart is infinitely pitiful, and what man has marred man also
labors to restore. Man is a great destroyer. He is a great
saviour too. He is a great hater — and likewise a great lover.
The deepest thing in him is his love. . . . The Red Cross is
the sjrmbol of the new spirit It is the prophecy of the world
that is to be. When you get sick at heart, pondering the
cruelty and heartlessness of the War, then look upon the
Red Cross, a flower of Paradise blooming on the field of
blood.i

The introduction of the trained nurse into the Far
East was due to the medical missionary. Dr. John C.
Berry of the American Board, in addition to public
lectures and the circulation of literature on hygiene and
sanitation, began the systematic and scientific training
of Japanese women in Okayama and Kyoto, placing
great emphasis upon this arm of the service. While it
was a new departure, the idea, as Dr. Barton remarks,
met with such favor that a member of one of the
earlier groups under training was summoned to the
imperial palace to nurse the young prince.

With the growing number of patients, and the in-
creased willingness of native people to receive treat-
ment, the skilled help of nurses is urgently required in
mission lands. We may take two fields by way of il-
lustration. The demand in Persia is strongly empha-

» Jefferson, " What the War Is Teaching," p. 85.

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 153

sized by Dr. White of that field who states that in his
own Society, under which there are ninety hospitals
and dispensaries and 87 doctors, there are only 67
nurses. Twenty fewer nurses than doctors ! At home
every doctor in charge of an institution must have a
staff of nurses. Here are twenty-three hospitals and
dispensaries without a nurse, and in a field of desperate
need. Who shall say how desperate since the begin-
ning of the war with its sick and overborne refugees,
its wounded, and the slaughter and mutilation of inno-
cents in Armenia and in Syria. Dr. White adds, " The
nurse has an immense sphere of influence — all kinds
of men, from princes to brigands, coming to the hos-
pital, and the object lesson of the nurse's life is often
the strongest proof to them of the love of God."

The demand in Latin America for nurses is almost
as urgent as in the Eastern fields. There are skilled
physicians and surgeons in the great cities of Rio de
Janeiro, Buenos Ayres, and Santiago. These are the
peers of any in the profession — ^men educated in Paris,
Berlin and Vienna, but they are the few. The wealthy
and the well-to-do middle class have almost a monop-
oly of their services. The condition of the women of
the lowest classes is pitiful indeed. Disease and dirt,
neglect and misery abound, especially in the largos, or
enclosed courts in the city. They are preyed upon by
designing quacks and ignorant charlatans. Trained
nurses, who believe in their call to a life mission, could
do much to relieve this situation, but trained nurses
are scarcely to be found in those cities. The nursing
in the wards of the general hospitals is left to the Sis-
ters of Charity, who, unfortunately, lack training and
efficiency. And amid all the physical suffering of
women and children outside the great cities, trained
nurses are conspicuously absent. Of women practi-
tioners there are none.

154 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

We have spoken of Persia and Latin America
merely as typical fields. The need for trained nurses
is quite as great in most of the mission areas of the
world.

What was said above of the appreciation and grati-
tude with which the work of women doctors is re-
ceived in non-Christian lands is equally true of nurses.
There are exceptions of course. Miss Barnes tells of
a poor woman suffering from pneumonia, who was
being carefully nursed in St. Mary's hospital at Tarn
Taren. Before morning the mother-in-law, mad with
jealousy and declaring that the patient was being
poisoned, stole to the bedside of the sick woman.
Stripping off her clothing, she dragged her out and
dropped her by the tank to die, while she spread the
report that Sahiba, the woman doctor, had poisoned
her daughter-in-law.

But such cases are rare. A grateful response to the
ministry of the nurse is the rule. After the great
plague of 1897 in India, Miss Rachel Piggott received
a letter from the Indian authorities, which ran as fol-
lows : " On behalf of the Hindu Panchayat, I beg to
tender you our warmest thanks for the voluntary help
you so freely rendered in nursing patients in the
Plague Hospital at a critical time and at great personal
risk. Such noble, unselfish work is always blessed and
it is a privilege to express our gratitude to you for
the important part you have taken in saving human
life."^

This statement recalls the terrible yellow fever epi-
demic in Brazil, a number of years ago, which ravaged
the towns in the interior and especially the city of
Ribeirao Preto on the fringe of the great coffee dis-
trict. Every house had its victim. There were no

* Irene H. Barnes, " Between I/jf^ »nd Death," p, 8i.

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 155

nurses and the Brazilian doctors were unable to cope
with the situation without help. They came to Miss
Willie Bowman and Miss Ada Stewart of the Meth-
odist Mission, and asked if they would not take charge
of the hospital. While they were not immune and had
no experience as trained nurses, they felt it impossible
to deny the request. With their own hands they nursed
nearly one thousand patients, and came out of it un-
scathed. To this day, the memory of these two heroic
women is enshrined in the hearts of Roman Catholic
and Protestant people alike, and they have won for
Christianity of the sacrificial type an abiding place in
all that section of Brazil.

The personal qualifications of a trained nurse are
admirably set forth by a woman of large experience.
They are " a sound, wholesome character, even dis-
position, and a genial, helpful spirit. Culture and re-
finement shown in dignity and courtesy of manner,
tasteful dress, correct speech, agreeable voice and
freedom from objectionable mannerisms; friendliness
and tact in dealing with people, combined with a
reasonable degree of firmness and decision, and a
healthy sense of humor; enthusiasm, vigor and re-
sourcefulness in planning and carrying on one's work,
combined with systematic and orderly habits and good
staying qualities. A keen, well-balanced, well-ordered
mind combined with a real love for students and a
strong desire to help others to enjoy and profit by the
knowledge to be given."^

To the foregoing, which applies to missionary nurses
and nurse superintendents who are to train others, I
would add : a high purpose, a clean life, good health,
cheerfulness, obedience to authority, a willingness to
work and the fear of God. What more can we ask?
And yet, these are not impossible requirements.

* laabella Stewart, m the Amm^w Jounul of Nursing, January, 1917,

156 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

The trials of a trained nurse on the foreign field are
more numerous and annoying than at home. For ex-
ample, the inability to get patients to understand and
follow directions; constitutional objections to cleanli-
ness, as in those lands where a bath is " an almost un-
known luxury or an annual ceremony " ; the handling
of vermin infested cotton-padded clothing. Then there
is the fear of fresh air, sick rooms in India and in
China as a rule being kept close and stuffy. Even in
stifling equatorial heat the African will almost her-
metically seal up his hut and croon over the fire on
the dirt floor. Moreover, one often meets an aversion,
because of superstition or religious scruples, to using
certain articles of diet, such as beef or mutton broth,
cow's milk and eggs, and just as often a readiness to
eat the most indigestible substances, such as unripe
melons, hard pears and green plums. In most non»
Christian lands contagion is not feared, and the natives,
therefore, disregard the necessity of quarantine. Rest
and immobility for a broken limb are ignored, while
the presence of officious friends and relatives, with
their noisy talking, attempts at smoking in wards, and
the surreptitious introduction of prohibited articles of
food, increase the wear and tear upon one's nerves.

The following is true to every day occurrence in
the experience of some missionary nurses :

The patients who have been supplied with new beds and
bedding are found in the morning to have moved on to the
floor, the medicine is taken by the wrong person, or applied
inwardly instead of outwardly, or several days* supply is con-
sumed at one gulp. The bandage that has relieved pain on
a suppurating leg is removed, and applied in place of an
aseptic dressing to a clean wound, or even to the eye, causing
total blindness. The clinical thermometer is supposed to
have some curative value, and is crunched to powder and
swallowed ; an emergency operation must be performed in the
midst of indescribable filth with men, women and children

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 157

crowding around, not to mention dogs and cats and small
things innumerable.'-

The field of work is almost unlimited. In pagan
lands more than in Christian communities there is
deficient vitality, blindness, deafness, old ulcers, latent
tuberculosis, neurasthenia, and almost innumerable
troubles growing out of ignorance and secret vice and
the lack of care and nourishment, especially in regard
to children. The alert visiting nurse, and there should
be one for district work to every hospital, can be in-
valuable in the control of quarantine in epidemics, in
the education of the community, in the disinfection of
homes, in making reports to the hospital staff or to
local health boards, now beginning to be organized in
India and in China ; and in " the follow up," so essen-
tial to the complete success of dispensary and hospital
work.

The majority of cases of cholera infantum are said
to be directly due to the visit of the house fly from
the cesspool or garbage pile to the food of the children.
It is estimated that seventy-five per cent of those living
in Christian countries need instruction in ventilation,
dietetics, screening and drainage, and of the care of
milk and meat supply. If this is true of civilized
countries, how much more in those lands where illit-
eracy and ignorance are entrenched and where Chris-
tianity must make a stand for physical health as well
as for moral vigor, for the two are bound up together.

Surpassing all that has been said above of the great
service which the trained nurse may render in the
mission field is the opportunity that comes to many to
develop native nurses. It means nothing less in some
sections than the creating of the nursing profession
amid the suffering of a vast population. What better

*EIma K. Paget, "The Claim of Suffering," Chapter IV.

IS8 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

chance is there anywhere for a trained devoted woman
to do an uplifting thing for humanity?

V. The Motive and the Call

What motive save that of love could be sufficient to
propel the life of a woman doctor or nurse into the
mission field and maintain it there through a long
stretch of trying years as a vigorous instrument of
Christian redemption ? How dynamic and far-reaching
a motive it is! Who can measure its ingenuity and
resourcefulness? It concerns itself about one single
life and echoes the sentiment of Miss Laura Haygood
who left a great educational work in Atlanta, Georgia,
to spend herself in behalf of China's women and chil-
dren — ** Wherever there is a soul without Christ there
is my mission field/' Or it lavishes its wealth upon
the heart of humanity with the spirit of Mary Lyon, of
Mount Holyoke, and sends out Christian teachers into
many fields, with the motto, " Go where you are needed
most." Such love as this knows no limitations, but
must have an objective. " It is forever revealing new
powers and creating new situations," and then it busies
itself finding ways and means to exercise those powers.
With love as an impelling force, " the moral life of the
spiritual man has no terminus ; there is no known point
at which he can say, ' I have attained.' " It is here that
human life is reaching ever upward into the infinite
for grace and enthusiasm, and then, seeking its ob-
jective, begins, with divine compassion, to reach down-
ward to kindle the first of new and tender ministries
to the bodies and the souls of men.

The call to a life-work, whether that of a medical
missionary or trained nurse, is it only an urgent sense
of need, a desire to help, or a feeling of fitness or of
responsibility? It is not any one of these. It includes
them all hxxt goe3 far beyond. It is a vocation — one

WOMAN'S WORK FOR WOMAN 159

which comes through a sense of personal obligation for
a woman to place her life where God wills, and where
Christ can use it with all its powers. Such a life can
then " sound forth the deep notes of self-fulfillment,"
for it is tuned to " the unseen and the infinite by the
constant pressure of profound motive." The most di-
rect way, therefore, of meeting the call and of achiev-
ing self-fulfillment is to give Christ an opportunity for
expression in the service of humanity. We are, in
other words, saved to serve.

If great artists and sculptors like Leonardo da Vinci
and Michael Angelo, have " succeeded in idealizing the
human form as a vehicle of grace and truth, of noblest
thoughts and tenderest sympathies," is there not a
larger and a nobler Christ to be discovered to men
and to be reincarnated in their lives? Jesus has been
spoken of as the greatest artist of living. Then shall
we not also be artists? Is this not our aim? Is this
not worth working for ? Surely the missionary doctor
and the nurse who would restore pristine health and
the true and the beautiful to the human body and to
the human life will find not men and women simply,
but what Christ represented — ^humanity and divinity —
the child of man and the child of God.

To sum up, why should a young woman who is free
to go abroad choose this work rather than a life work
at home? Because of the few who can go, because of
the bigness of the task, the depth of the need, the
abundance of the fruitage, and the obligation to help
those who need us most ; and not least of all, because
in ministering to those who suffer, one may minister
to Him who bore the burdens of humanity and was
acquainted with its griefs.

The demand, on account of the depletion of the
staflf of medical practitioners during the years of the
great war, is now more than urgent— it is acute. The

i6o MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

dictates of necessity and of wisdom require that prep-
aration be begun at once, since such preparation must
cover several years. The women of China and India
need you. Christ needs you in these and other fields
now. Will you volunteer ?

THE CHALLENGE

"The prayer that has been mine for twenty years, that I
tnight be permitted in some way or at some time to do some*
thing to alleviate human suffering, has been granted ! "

Dr. Walter Reed.

'*Kw2iy with the faithless plea, which cannot abide the light:
Be wholly for Christ, and He will teach thee to speak aright,
His love shall supply the power, the measure, the mode, the

theme;
Thou hast but the present hour, oh, spend every breath for

Him."

Dr, Harold Schofield.

VII

THE CHALLENGE

The field of medical missions is a challenge to noble
and unsparing endeavor. The life of the medical mis-
sionary when devoted to the extension of the Kingdom
of God, has, in a special manner, the divine approval.
The ministry of mercy was so wrought into the life
of Jesus Christ and his disciples that we must con-
clude it to be an integral part of the divine purpose and
program. Of all the agencies and methods employed
by the Church, in her endeavor to evangelize the world,
there is none more Christlike than this. Following
His example, it at once puts itself in sympathetic touch
with the body and carries restorative power to the soul.

Here is a challenge to the young men and women
of our schools and colleges — ^those who can throw
themselves with purpose and enthusiasm into a great
enterprise. It must appeal, and it does appeal, to
young life especially, because of its element of heroic
service, and because the students of this decade have
come to the hour when God and htmianity need that
service most. It is an hour for diligent preparation,
efficiency, skill, and vigorous initiative to the limit of
strength and capacity. At no time in the history of
our race have the words of Carlyle been more appro-
priate: "Produce! Produce! Were it but the piti-
fulest, infinitesimal fraction of a problem, produce it,
in God's name! 'Tis the utmost thou hast in these;
out with it then. Up I Up ! "

It is to the Christian physician that the challenge
comes to enter the world's arena and grapple with the

163

I64 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

ills and misfortunes of humanity ; to explore the fields
and to supply the forces which can remedy those ills ;
and to help his ministerial and educational colleagues
in creating a new social and religious order. Let us
consider in this chapter the nature of this challenge
to medical missionary work, as it comes to us from
three lines of approach.

/. The Challenge of the Changing World Order
A changing world order constitutes a challenge to
Christian leadership. The medical missionary has had
a real share in the laying of foundations and in the
shaping of events in the past ; how much greater will
be his share in the reconstruction period of the future ?
We are facing a situation the potentiality of which no
man can measure. With all Europe in the melting pot,
social and political turmoil in the Near East, industrial
and religious upheavals in the Far East, and with a
larger interpretation of life and of service, we are on
the threshold of a new era in the world's history — one
which should prove a renascence of greater reach and
significance than that which preceded the Reformation.
It remains with us to make it such. If Paul and his
medical companion planned their journeys with the
outline of the Roman Empire and its provinces before
them, shall we not lay out our program with our eyes
upon the map of the world ?

With the discovery of the individual — a discovery of
Christianity — there has been a steady growth not only
in the spirit of nationalism but also in a world con-
sciousness which tends to a realization of the brother-
hood of the race. Neighborhood already has come as
between all regions wherein men dwell. Distance is
disappearing. And brotherhood should follow after
neighborhood. But the sense of brotherhood does not
prevail till the spirit of Christ is felt in the neighbor-

THE CHALLENGE 165

hood. The barriers of custom and caste give way
before that spirit; but without it there will be neigh-
borhood without neighborliness and friction and strife
will multiply. It is a time, therefore, for a new effort
on the part of all Christians to interpret Christ to the
nations in terms of unselfish brotherly service. And
in no way can this interpretation more adequately be
made than through the medium of medical missions.

As indicating the significance of the rapid changes in
the world situation which now challenges the full
strength of Christianity, we may point out the new
accessibility of many parts of the world to missionary
effort. The development of means of communication
is not the main reason for this, as religious bigotry
and governmental restrictions have been greater bar-
riers than physical difficulties in the pioneering of new
mission fields. But these barriers are giving way.
Peru has been granted religious liberty and in other
parts of Latin America there are many recent signs
of similar freedom being granted. The Mohammedan
populations of the world, yesterday so bigoted and so
fiercely intolerant of Christian efforts among them, are
now showing an interest in the Christian message that
is truly remarkable. The European governments in
control of Africa will probably be more tolerant of
aggressive Christian work than they were before the
war. It is highly significant that international labor
has taken its stand before the Peace Conference as
favoring full religious liberty in every land. So far
as medical missions are concerned, it is doubtless to
them that the hand of welcome will first be extended.

Coupled with these significant facts is the possibility
of new centers of missionary strategy being added to
those already occupied. Bagdad, on the Tigris, the
key to Mesopotamia and the region from the Persian
Gulf to the Black Sea, already a center for medical

i66 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

missionary work, may well become a reinforcing point
for an advance in the near future. Moscow, the heart
and religious center of all the Russias, may be the
point of departure for a leavening process east and
west of the Ural Mountains in the Trans-Caspian re-
gion, and on until the nomadic hordes, that wander
upon the roof of Asia, are reached. Jerusalem, the
religious Mecca of the world, where Cross and Crescent
meet, bisecting a base line running along the Medi-
terranean from Egypt upon the south to Asia Minor
upon the north, and the geographical and distributing
center of Syria, Armenia, and the Near East, will
doubtless become the headquarters of the Christian
evangelistic forces, philanthropic agencies and medical
relief in all that quarter of the globe.

A peculiar challenge rises out of the enhanced pos-
sibility of securing in the lands of the East a strong
native leadership for its Christian life. The wide
spread of education, the emancipation of woman in all
the Orient and the great evangelistic movements
among the educated classes in China, Japan and India
where thousands have indicated their willingness to
accept Jesus Christ are factors which enter into this
opportunity, an opportunity which is, to say the least,
as true of medical as of evangelistic or educational
work. Ultimately the physical and spiritual redemp-
tion of every mission land will rest with her own sons
and daughters rather than with foreigners; and in
these years of upheaval and rapid change in the na-
tions of the East no more alluring invitation comes to
the Christian West than that of calling out and train-
ing large numbers of gifted, devoted young men and
women who will be the leaders of the Christian Church
in those lands. A special encouragement along this
line comes to medical work, because the government
recognition of mission hospitals and medical schools

THE CHALLENGE 167

in Japan, India and other countries, accompanied by
princely gifts to their work.

Lack of space forbids our surveying the profound
and significant changes of a social and economic char-
acter that offer a striking challenge to Christian loyalty
and service. These are the days of plasticity. The
new standards and ideals and institutions that will de-
termine the physical health and opportunity and the
whole manner of life of great nations in days to come
are now in process of formation. How important that
the liberating, transforming touch of Christ should
be laid upon them !

Mention may be made, however, of the rapid indus-
trial developments now in process in the countries of
the Orient. Of this Japan offers the most conspicuous
illustration. While the population of Japan increased
twenty-five per cent between 1880 and 1916, the popu-
lation of her five large industrial centers increased
325 per cent. In thirteen years the population of
Tokyo increased twenty-nine per cent, but its suburbs,
occupied by factories, increased 415 per cent during
that period. In 1883, there were only 125 factories in
the whole empire, with a total of 15,000 operatives.
By the year 1916, these had grown to 20,000, with
1,000,000 operatives. The Japan Weekly Mail is re-
sponsible for the statement that in 1914 there were
471,877 women and children employed in these fac-
tories, 22 per cent of the latter being under fourteen.
Many were working fifteen hours a day. The majority
of these came from the agricultural class, as in other
lands. The consequences have been detachment from
home, weakening of moral restraints, child labor, un-
sanitary conditions, physical deterioration, tubercu-
losis and immorality.^ Government regulations, if

^Although the new industrial conditions are only one contributing
factor, the social evil in Japan has assumed alarming proportions. It

i68 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

carried out, would in a measure safeguard the factory
women and children, and while, on account of the
high state of medical education in the empire, there
is little place for medical missionary work in Japan,
there is a field for the creation and circulation of
literature on public health and morals, and especially
the social evil, which from the Christian standpoint
should be made a part of an organized propaganda.
This should, of course, be in sympathetic cooperation
with the efforts of the Japanese Church and largely
under its leadership. Japan is fortunate in having in
Dr. S. H. Wainright, as Executive Secretary of the
Christian Literature Society, a missionary who has had
medical training.

As the other nations of the Orient follow Japan's
lead in industrial development, they are entering into
problems which are similar to those just described and
which cannot be solved without medical assistance,
both preventive and remedial.

77. The Challenge of the Various Fields

Two-thirds of the human race is in need of medical
relief. Much has been said in the preceding pages
about this need as it exists today in various countries.
Let us now take a swift glance at a few of the great
mission fields as presenting a challenge to medical
missions.

Japan proper, as has already been said, has a good
system of medical education and foreign doctors are
not called for in the older part of that empire. But to
Formosa and Chosen, or Korea, now parts of Japan,
this does not apply. Chosen has from the beginning
been a rare field for medical missions. While the

is said that over forty million yen was spent in one year by the guests
numbering 16,212,669. Who knows how much was spent in clandestine
prostitution? — Christian MoTcment in the Japanese Empire, X9i7f ?• 3io.

THE CHALLENGE 169

United States was instrumental in opening the Hermit
Kingdom, from a political standpoint, to the outside
world, it was through the initiative of a medical mis-
sionary that Protestant missionaries were introduced
into Korea. General Foote was made our Minister
Plenipotentiary in 1884. The year following, Dr. H.
N. Allen, of the Presbyterian Board, having been
providentially detained in Shanghai, was transferred
from China to that field and became physician to the
Legation. Not long after his arrival in Seoul, Prince
Min Yong Ik, a nephew of the Queen, was cut down
at a banquet under the swords of assassins employed
to kill him. Melted wax was poured into the wounds
by the Korean doctor. The Prince was about to die
from hemorrhage. Dr. Allen was summoned, Hgated
the arteries, saved his life and won the gratitude of
the King and Queen. This opened a land, hitherto
hermetically sealed, to the entrance of missionaries,
evangelistic and educational, as well as medical.

Several months afterward, one dark, rainy night,
in Tientsin, China, while the writer was on a visit to
Dr. Kenneth Mackenzie, a mysterious messenger
knocked at the door and requested my professional
services in the native city. I responded at once, though
the messenger would not reveal his identity. Entering
the gate of the walled city in a sedan chair, we
threaded the narrow streets, turned into a large outer
court, then entered another, alighted and were shown
into a reception room where I found myself in the
presence of Prince Min. His wounds, the scars of
which were all over his back and neck and arms, one
reaching from the helix of the ear to the opposite hip,
looked red and angry. He felt anxious lest they might
break out again. I had the pleasure of assuring him
that his fears were groundless. Dr. Allen had done
his work well, so well in fact that the King had placed

I70 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

him at the head of the Government Hospital, and
though he afterwards went into diplomatic service,
the fact remains that it was through his instrumentality
that the country was opened to Protestant missions.

Through that open door other medical missionaries
have entered. Dr. O. R. Avison of the Presbyterian
Board, and his staff, in charge of the Severance Hos-
pital and of the Union Medical School in Seoul, are
doing a great work, the creation of a medical litera-
ture being not the least valuable product of this school.
Sixty miles to the north, on the great highway, is
Songdo, the ancient capital where on the crest of a hill
stands the Ivey Methodist Hospital, under the super-
intendency of Dr. Wightman Reid. It is one of those
unique institutions which not only commands a large
patronage in the city itself, but draws from hundreds
of villages in all the outlying districts, and through the
patients, as they return to their homes, extends its
beneficent influence in every direction. These are two
samples of the excellent medical missionary work now
being done in Chosen.

But the needs of that country are still very great.
Smallpox and typhoid fever, cholera and tuberculosis,
venereal diseases, intestinal troubles and diseases of
the eye are prevalent. The native practitioner only
adds to the problem. The sorcerer in Korea is as
much a manipulator of evil spirits as is the witch
doctor in Africa. He conjures with a stone upon
wWch he spits, or with a rag or old straw sandal hung
upon a tree. With sticks driven in the ground here
and there, and by the use of his drum, he professes to
guide and control the forces of the animistic world.
This man is one of the greatest obstacles to Chris-
tianity, but his spell is being dissipated as surely by
education and medical science as are the damp mias-
matic vapors of the tropics before the rising sun.

THE CHALLENGE 171

The body of medical missionaries needs reinforce-
ment.^ During the past year two hospitals were with-
out doctors in one section, and in another, three medi-
cal missionaries were trying to run five hospitals.

China is a challenge to the largest investment of
faith and of life. She is a giant in bulk, but no less
great in masterful qualities which make for constitu-
tional and racial perpetuity. Though hoary with age,
she is no spent force. She has been overrun alter-
nately by Mongol and Manchu hordes, devastated by
epidemic and plague, but seems to be as virile as she
was two thousand years ago. She has repeatedly ab-
sorbed her conquerors — her national digestion always
being equal to the job — has survived both floods and
famines, which have swept away their millions, and is
a nation with a destiny, having preserved an ethical
basis for her educational system. She has honored
parents and reverenced old age, and has loved the arts
of peace more than the weapons of war. The words of
a Chinese professor, quoted by Robert W. Wilder, are
worth pondering : ** China seems to be at the parting
of the ways. Shall she choose materialism or Christ?
. . . China is today in pressing need of men, men who
are willing to sacrifice their lives for a good cause.
China needs a true religion that teaches men to honor
the Supreme Intellect, and to minister, but not to be
ministered unto. . . . The men who possess the quali-
fications to minister can only be found in the school
of Christ." And, we might add, none possess greater

* The fear that, under the recent regulations of the Government
General, physicians of foreign countries might be shut out of Korea
has proven to be unfounded. The Government has merely enacted
that physicians coming from countries which have not arranged for
medical reciprocity with Japan shall pass an examination in Japan
belore receiving a licence to practise as Japanese physicians would
have to do in going to those countries. The examinations are given
at Tokyo in English,

172 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

qualifications of this sort than the Christian doctor
who has studied at the feet of the Great Physician.

We have spoken in a previous chapter of the physi-
cal suffering and handicap in China. Her native re-
sources to meet the situation are very meagre. The
quack doctor and the fortune teller reap a rich harvest.
The fortune teller like his confrere, desires to profit
at the expense of his too trustful patron. He does
not aspire to be a physician, but he dabbles in medicine
and magic. One such sat in his little tent near our
front gate in Shanghai for several years. A wise look,
a heavy mustache and long beard, giving him the ap-
pearance of a modern Confucius, a few scrolls hung
at his back with proverbial sayings, a family pedigree
as long as his arm, a little camp table in front of his
chair, with a piece of polished tin on which he wrote
with India ink and a camel hair brush, a few tiger's
bones and tiny bundles of herbs — ^these were his outfit.
Several dozen closely rolled slips of paper, the size
of a cigarette, were kept in an open box by the side of
his writing pad. A lucky number found on the roll
by the patient, a sentence written by the wiseacre on
the sheet of tin, followed by sage advice as to the
origin of the patient's toothache, rheumatism, fever
or bad luck, with directions as to the best procedure,
always seemed to satisfy the simple-hearted victim,
whether peasant from the country, or resident of the
city. They got the experience, he got the money.

Lest we should be unduUy exalted over the achieve-
ments of western civilization as compared with some
of the crude theories of non-Christian lands, we may
digress for a moment to remind ourselves of the ab-
surd practices which were in vogue in Europe at a
comparatively recent date. Mayerne, who was the
most prominent doctor of his day, wrote a treatise on
gout, and had for his patients two French and thr^q

THE CHALLENGE 173

English sovereigns. He was given to prescribing pul-
verized human bones, and the principal ingredient in
his gout-pad was " raspings of a human skull un-
buried." Balsam of bats he strongly recommended for
hypochondriacs. It was composed of " adders, bats,
sucking whelps, earth worms, hog's grease, the marrow
of a stag and the thigh bone of an ox."

William Bulleyn, an eminent physician of the Eliza-
bethan era, received his preliminary education at Cam-
bridge University and " enlarged his mind by extended
travel, spending much time in Germany and Scotland."
He left the following remedy for a nervous malady in
a child, " a small young mouse roasted.'* One would
hardly recommend such heroic treatment, but the
famous Desault secured excellent results with a young
patient by using " club tincture." In England as well
as in France, in the early days of medical practice, the
doctor's cane was occasionally employed for physical
infirmities as well as moral failings, and a beating was
prescribed for ague as well as for stealing. "Antinius
Musa, one of the ancients, employed this remedy to
cure Octavious Augustus of sciatica, and Gk>rdonius
prescribed it in certain cases of nervous irritability —
'si sit juvenus, et non vult ohedire, flagellitur fre-
quenter et fortiier/ ** A Chinese mother brought her
son to me one day with the request that he be given a
beating. She knew nothing about the practice of the
Romans, but had evidently reached the same conclu-
sion and was prepared to go in for heroic measures.
Upon asking her the trouble she replied, " His heart
is turned to one side ; he no longer obeys me. A sound
thrashing might turn it back." He got his thrashing
and improved at once.

There before us, wide open to our ministries of
healing and physical reconstruction, lies China, with
one quarter of the human family acutely suffering and

174 MEDICAL MISSIONS; THE TWOFOLD TASK

pitifully limited in her physical life. Children need a
fighting chance, lives need prolonging, agonies need
relief, communities need wholesome conditions. And
whereas in the United States and Canada we have a
qualified physician for every 625 of the population,
the number of medical missionaries in China (1917)
is but one to every 644,760.

India is a challenge to devoted effort and to Chris-
tian statesmanship. The triple problem of impotent
religion, of inexorable caste, and of grinding poverty
is there. While both extremes of society and of in-
tellectual life are to be held steadily in view, it is not
so much from the top as from the bottom, where
myriads of ignorant, diseased and poverty stricken
human beings are to be found, that the redemption of
the individual and of the nation must begin and be
carried forward. It has ever been thus.

Mr. Sherwood Eddy remarks, in " India Awaken-
ing,** that '* the most powerful apologetic in India will
not be a few converted Brahmins nor the arguments
of the missionary, but the mighty uplift of whole com-
munities, once debased and degraded, for whom Hin-
duism has no message, and who were without hope and
without God in the world." Is Christianity equal to
the task? It is not only hypothetically or potentially
able to do the work ; it is actually doing it through the
gospel^ social service, primary schools and a system of
hospitals and dispensaries which is carrying medical
relief to millions.

Mr. Eddy tells of the lowest human being he had
ever seen — a pariah who could count up to ten, pain-
fully and slowly, if he could look at his ten fingers or
toes, but not beyond it. When asked how many
children he had, he scratched his head and replied with
some hesitation that he had twelve. His wife said they
had ten, the missionary estimated the number at eleven.

THE CHALLENGE 175

That man has three sons in college," adds Mr. Eddy,
one who will go out as a preacher, one perchance as
a Christian doctor, and one perhaps in the government
employ to compete with the Brahmin who has had a
monopoly of culture and religion for more than a
thousand years — * It is not yet made manifest what
they shall be/ *' Is there a young Christian doctor,
man or woman, at liberty to do so, who would hesitate
to share with Christ and the missionary body in India
in the miracle working task of transforming the " fifty
million untouchable outcastes," yet unreached, into the
foundation stones of the Church that is to be in India ?
Sir Andrew Fraser, in his introduction to " The
Appeal of Medical Missions," writes, " I desire to give
my strongest testimony — the testimony of a man whose
experience gives him a claim to be heard — in favor of
the urgency of the call made on the churches at home
for medical missionaries." Thirty-seven years of dis-
tinguished service under the Crown, in India, entitles
this eminent Christian statesman to speak with author-
ity. In the presentation of the need of medical mis-
sions. Dr. Moorshead brings out the fact that while
the Indian Government has put forth generous and
praiseworthy efforts to reach the people in densely
populated village areas, it was estimated some years
ago by Sir William Moor that, " not five per cent of
the population is reached by the present system of
medical aid."^ He quotes Dr. W. J. Wanless' state-
ment in the International Review of Missions, that
6,000 die annually in Calcutta, the largest medical cen-
ter in India, without competent medical aid. As for
those dying in the outlying villages in India, Dr. Wan-
less estimates that 98 out of every 100 die unattended
in their last illness by an educated physician.

^ R. F. Moonhead, " The Appeal of Medical Missions," p. $9.

i;6 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

It is estimated that during the past twenty-two years
between eight and ten millions of people have died of
plague in India. One' of the chief obstacles in com-
bating this terrible scourge is religious prejudice, for
Hinduism refuses to destroy the rats, the carriers of
the disease.

Medical missionaries are needed for every part of
Africa, and especially those who will volunteer for a
plunge into the remote interior. They must be mis-
sionaries who can drive an entering wedge with master
strokes into that dark mass of heathenism that the
light of civilization and of the gospel may filter
through. Aside from remoteness and isolation these
districts are not objectionable. They are more healthy,
as a rule, than the coast, and the people more open to
approach. Missionary effort in the past has been too
much confined to the rim of the continent. There has
been a dearth of doctors in the hinterland. It might
have been necessary fifty years ago to cling to the
fringes of Africa, but the way is now open along a
thousand trails and all the great rivers to reach villages
and tribes hitherto inaccessible.

The call is urgent for a large force of medical mis-
sionaries at once. The need is more than urgent — it
is desperate. One hundred doctors would not meet
the present demand. One thousand would not meet
the need. Are they forthcoming? France, "bled
white," sent eighty doctors to the aid of Roumania, to
minister to her wounded and to fight the dreaded
typhus ; and she gave one thousand of her officers to
train the soldiers of her ally. What would the going
forth of one hundred medical missionaries for Africa
mean for all Christendom with its hosts of young men
and women ? They could easily be spared. But what
would they mean for Africa? We need to adopt an
initiative which will carry our standards into the re-

THE CHALLENGE I77

cesses of the forests, along the rivers, out into the open
veldts and on to the spreading table lands of Angola
and the southern Belgian Congo, on the one hand, and,
on the other, to the mid-continental area where the peo-
ple have never heard of Christ, have never been healed
of their sicknesses of body or soul. In the absence of
qualified physicians, trained nurses here and there have
been compelled from sheer necessity to hold the
ground. One of these. Miss E. M. Fair of the
Southern Presbyterian Church, we found at mission
headquarters at Luebo, treating the sick, binding up
the wounded from a recent village fight, and having
oversight of the health of the missionaries during the
enforced absence of the station doctor. Invaluable?
Such women are simply indispensable. Yet for most
of the people of Africa there is not available even the
help of a nurse.

At the present time there is no more urgent demand
from any field for medical missionaries, unless it be
from Syria and Armenia. In British East Africa, a
number of large tribes without a missionary are re-
ported and forty workers are required. In German East
Africa, there is an immense district with an insistent
call for fifty missionaries, and at least one in ten
should be medical. To the northwest of Lake Albert,
in the Welle district of the Belgian Congo, a report
comes through the Africa Inland Mission of " one
tribe alone, the Azandi, thought to number nearly five
millions of people. Access to all of these districts is
reasonably convenient. Large ocean steamers stop at
Mombasa. The Uganda railway runs from there to
port Florence on Lake Victoria. Motor roads are
being built in the interior; and the great, almost un-
touched part of Africa with its perishing millions is
at our door."^

^ Student Vdunteer Movement Bulletin, January, 1916, p. 41.

178 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

So we might pass in review the Mohammedan
countries and all the other sections of the non-Chris-
tian world, and especially the unoccupied mission
fields, finding in each one a burning challenge for
medical missionary work.

If in any survey we may make of various fields we
can hear the call of suffering human life, we cannot
fail to catch in it the special cry of womanhood. The
condition of woman in all non-Christian lands consti-
tutes a powerful appeal as well as a challenge to the
women of Christendom. In point of need, their con-
dition in the twentieth century does not differ ma-
terially from that of the first. Dynasties rise and fall,
civilizations flourish and decay, but humanity remains
the same. It has its perennial needs, its sicknesses, its
sorrows, and, at the root of all, its sins. Disease roots
itself in the tenderest organs of the body, while sin
strikes its fangs into the deepest tissues of the soul,
injects and leaves its virus there. The women of non-
Christian lands bear the cumulative ills of flesh — ^the
unrelieved anguish of childbirth, the awful sense of
loneliness and neglect, and too often the consciousness
of suspicion and hate instead of tender, watchful love.

There is an indescribably pathetic touch in what
occurred in China during the Anti-Opium Crusade in
connection with a petition to the Throne. "After the
demi-monde had heard of the movement, they wrote
an appeal asking that their names be sent — not in the
same list — they could not ask for that, but in a sep-
arate list, saying that most of them had been sold into
this life of shame by opium smoking fathers, or
brothers, or husbands, saying also : * We are in a
shoreless sea. There is no possibility of helping us,
but it may save others from a similar fate. There are
those who think we are flippant and enjoy this life.
They do not know how often we must smile upon

THE CHALLENGE 179

guests we despise. We beat our breasts and cry
aloud, but there is no help for us. We feared to
write this lest it should soil your eyes.' "^

It was the Christ who had compassion upon a poor
wretched woman whom others would have stoned, it
was He who never turned his back upon one who
sought to be healed, and through his ministry the
world has discovered the grace, the loyalty and the
power of love in all true womanhood. Wipe out at
one stroke our Christian homes and hospitals, our
physicians and nurses, our maternity wards and in-
firmaries, our ether and cocaine, the tender care of
husband and friend, and our civilization would suffer
an immediate eclipse. But dark as this would be, the
condition of the non-Christian land is darker still.
At the beginning of life we have the Arabian proverb,
" The threshold weeps forty days, whenever a girl
baby is born " ; and near the end of life the reply of
a man in India when an operation was proposed to
save his wife : " Better let her die than see a man ;
it is easy enough to get another wife."

The physical needs of womanhood run throughout
all non-Christian lands and on all levels of society.
The pariah in India has no monopoly of suffering and
neglect. Miss Irene H. Barnes tells of an Indian
princess of the highest caste who was approaching
her confinement.^ Isolated from the family, she was
thrust into a thatched hut about six feet square, with
mud floor, and almost unbearable heat from the fire
burning day and night to keep out evil spirits. " I
screamed for help," she afterwards told, " but no one
would come near me. I lay on the damp clay with an
old mat under me and except for some water thrown
on the floor to wash it by the nurse, an old woman,

»Mrs. Chauncey Goodrich in China's New Day, p. 64.
""Between Life and Death."

i8o MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

nothing was done for me. Through her carelessness ;
I was at death's door. Oh, how I did cry to the one
great God to hear me, to save me. With all my
strength I called on Him and He did answer me and
I knew there was a God."

At the other extreme of life is an incident given
by Dr. Cochran when commenting upon the high death
rate in Persia, especially among children. A woman,
very poor, came from a distance, leaving her husband
and three small children sick, and in a pitiable con-
dition. " The morning she left she covered the chil-
dren in the stable with the dried manure used to bed
the animals, and came away, as she expressed it, with
* only heaven above them, hell under tiiem, and their
stomachs empty.'" With such conditions it would
seem as though every young woman in Christian lands,
if free to go and not disqualified for such work, would
volunteer for service. But the Woman's Boards have
had the greatest difficulty in securing physicians and
nurses, and the force on all these fields falls far short
of the demand.

As if to cover the reproach of delay and neglect
upon the part of their sisters in the West, the women
of the Orient are themselves beginning to respond.
We have already referred to the able Chinese women
at the head of large hospitals. In Japan they are
taking an active part in social and reform movements,
and in India they are studying medicine and are as-
suming their share of war relief which bids fair to
initiate a new stage of development. Just as the war
broke out, the Turkish government was beginning to
send women abroad for study — two hundred of them
being destined to enter institutions in Switzerland.
For the first time, a Moslem woman had been per-
mitted to qualify as a lawyer in Petrograd; a number
were attending the universities there, and some were

THE CHALLENGE i8i

already practicing medicine.^ At the same time the
higher education of women was being promoted under
the patronage of the mother of the Khedive of Egypt,
and special lectures for them were being delivered in
the Universitie Egyptienne.

We hear the challenge from all the mission fields.
Where are the men? Who are the women? Is there
a slacker in all our ranks? Not if the spirit of the
soldiers who went to the front, ready to lay down their
lives, IS the spirit of the modern Church. If it is not,
then the Church must reform or decay. It is not then
so much a question of the non-Christian world perish-
ing without the gospel, as it is a question of our sur-
vival if we fail to give them the gospel. "If thou
forbear to deliver them that are drawn unto death,
and those that are ready to be slain; if thou sayest,
Behold we knew it not; doth not He that pondereth
the heart consider it ? And He that keepeth thy soul,
doth not he know it? And shall He not render to
every man according to his works ? "^ Who will go ?

///. The Challenge of Pressing Problems

In a work of such proportions there are bound to
be many difficult problems. Before closing the chapter
let us consider some which now challenge earnest and
expert attention.

1. There is a challenge at the home base which is
second only to that on the field. An apathetic Church
is to be aroused from its indifference, slackness of
zeal, and poverty of faith. A missionary conscience
must be quickened, if not actually created; enthusiasm
generated, mission study promoted, volunteers secured,
candidates qualified, the work financed and the spirit
of intercession fostered.

^ Intgrnational Review of Missions, January, 1915, p. 39.
"Proverbs 34:11^12,

i82 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

2. Turing from the home base to the mission field,^
we are faced by the problem of inadequate equipment.
While rigid economy should be practiced at the home
base by the Boards, and on the field by the mission-
aries, there are limitations in equipment which may
mean superficial work, patients slighted, the doctor
disheartened, medical science brought into disrepute
and Christianity cheapened. It were better to reduce
the number of medical missionaries and hospitals,
much as they are needed, than to discount the
science of medicine and lower the standards of effi-
ciency. In the presentation of any phase of Chris-
tianity, the highest standards must be maintained, and
honest, thoroughgoing methods characterize the work
in every department. To do less, is to write ultimate
failure across the face of the enterprise.

3. An inadequate staflF is as serious a limitation as
inadequate equipment. The findings of the Medical
Missionary Association of India urge the necessity
of two qualified doctors on the staff of every medical
mission station, in order that furlough or illness shall
not break the continuity of the work and that in per-
forming serious operations consultation shall be had
and responsibility shared. In regard to wastage of
evangelistic opportunity. Dr. Moorshead refers to a
brochure of Dr. Harold Balme of China, in which he
urges that the mission hospital be so staffed as to
permit the medical missionaries in turn to spend a
portion of the day in personal work among the patients,
and that there should be, if possible, one non-medical

* Dr. Moorshead sums up the possibility of failure of medical missions
under six heads: " Insufficiency of the medical and nursing staff j in-
adequacy of medical plant; wastage of evangelistic opportunities;
opening too many medical stations; designating new medical missionaries
to responsible positions; and sending out new medical missionaries
without a sufficient amount of post graduate work." — [R. F. Moorshead*
"The Appeal of Medical Missions," p. i6o.] He would avoid making
the impression that there has been failure, but is rightly opposed to
inferior work and argues for the best professional results possible.

THE CHALLENGE 183

missionary on the staff whose entire time dould be
given to evangelistic work. Reference is made to a
missionary in India who, in the follow-up of his sister's
medical work, had in seventeen years secured a foot-
ing in one hundred villages and baptized more than
three thousand converts.

4. Another problem relates to the use of the time
and energy of the medical missionary on furlough.
On the one hand, opportunity should be furnished
him for rest, for study and for visits to hospitals.
On the other hand, his services should be utilized to
stimulate the missionary interest of the public. He
can render invaluable service by furnishing occasional
articles to the medical journals, to the missionary
magazines and denominational papers, presenting per-
sonal experiences, difficulties, successes, the needs of the
people to whom he has been ministering and the power
of the gospel to meet that need. He can go further
by making a systematic effort to reach the medical
constituency of his church — a great reserve force
as yet undeveloped. This may be done through corre-
spondence and personal visits in the homes of Christian
medical men and women, by delivering addresses be-
fore medical societies and colleges, by visiting Volun-
teer Bands and by attending student conferences where
personal work can be done in counseling with students
in the determining of their life work. The returned
medical missionary, moreover, ought to be able to
do more than any other in enlisting liberal givers in
the support of individual missionaries or nurses, and
in the maintenance of beds or wards and the erection
of hospitals, where the Boards have authorized such
efforts.

5. The problem of cooperation is ever present in
missionary administration. Medical Missionary As-
sociations upon the larger fields are recommending

i84 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

close cooperation by the Boards, especially in medical
education on the field and in the preparation of much
needed textbooks in the development of a medical
literature. Dr. Robert C. Beebe, as executive secretary
of the China Medical Missionary Association, is de-
voting his entire time to the work of coordinating
educational work carried on at different centers, to
securing help from the Boards, missionary and finan-
cial, to the development of a literature, and to aiding
the campaign on behalf of public health carried on
by Dr. W. W. Peter and his staff under the auspices
of the Y. M. C. A. A beginning was made by the
earlier medical missionaries, but they were hampered
by insufficient knowledge of the written language and
by the lack of dictionaries and of a technical and
scientific terminology. It is very important that a
literature should be developed under Christian aus-
pices, thus preempting the ground from that prepared
from a grossly materialistic standpoint.

6. A most pressing problem is that of missionary
medical education. On all the mission fields, but
especially in China, this branch of education requires
to be considered in the light of the scientific demands
of our age, and in view of the establishment of com-
peting government institutions. In the case of China,
there is the added factor of the insidious agnostic
and even atheistic influences from Japan where such
ideas are rife in the medical departments of her uni-
versities. This is the more significant in view of
Japan's absorption of Korea and her foothold upon
the continent. Dr. Thomas Cochran, in a recent article,
calls attention to the Japanese medical college in
Moukden, established by the South Manchurian Rail-
way Company. " They have an ample staff, and
perhaps the best building and equipment of any school
in China. The teaching is in Japanese,"

THE CHALLENGE 185

The visit in 1914 of the Commissioners representing
the Rockefeller Foundation, and the subsequent estab-
lishment of the China Medical Board, with the pur-
pose of promoting medical education bids fair to cre-
ate a new era in scientific education and in research
work. The decision to establish two medical centers,
the one at Peking and the other at Shanghai, will lay
a base line along the coast from which other centers
may be established at a later date under the auspices
of the Foundation, through missionary initiative or
as government enterprises. The article by Dr. Cochran
speaks of the inevitable conclusion that there has been
"a very real danger of a sacrifice of scientific effi-
ciency in the diffusion of effort which characterizes
the work of missionary societies." Dr. McDill of
Chicago in his discussion of missionary medical work,
while giving the missionaries themselves a high meed
of praise for their efficiency and self-sacrifice, reached
the same conclusion — that much of the medical edu-
cational work as conducted under the auspices of the
Missionary Boards is inefficient and therefore unsatis-
factory.

The Commisioners referred to are quoted as saying
in effect to missionary educators, " We are thinking
of the interests of China as a whole and are viewing
the situation dispassionately. We are determined to
secure efficiency if it should cost us millions. Will
you join us and make a happy combination, and be
as keen on Christianity as we are on medical science ? '*
What is this but a tremendous challenge to the most
virile young men and women we have at the home
base and on the mission field, to get into the game?
The Foundation has the financial resources with which-
to do in laboratory, class room, and hospital what no
one Board, nor half a dozen Boards with their other
obligations, could possibly do. The institutions to be

i86 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

established at the two centers already fixed upon must
be adequately staffed. Scientifically qualified men are
required, but Christian men of equal qualifications
are preferred. Let men offer for such service, secure
the best preparation there is to be had, and, going
to the field, throw the weight of their education, ex-
perience and personal influence into the effort to train
a body of Chinese physicians and surgeons who can
in turn not only man mission and government hos-
pitals, but become the influential factors for moral
purity and religious life in the institutions of the
country.

There is a great cause at stake here — namely the
efficiency and character of medical education and of
the profession itself in China. If inefficient, it will be
worthless ; if non-Christian, it will bring a blight upon
physicians and patients alike for generations to come.
Dr. Thomas Cochran is correct in saying that " Medi-
cal missionary enterprise has earned China's undying
gratitude. The young profession there is largely either
Christian or favorably disposed to Christianity." It
rests with Boards at home and missionaries on the
field to see that this continues.

It behooves all concerned, therefore, to sink individ-
ual differences and urge common interests so as to
agree upon the following as a working basis : •

(1) Coordination of larger educational policies and
plans so as to promote that unity in spirit and effort
which will best secure the one great aim for which
missionary work is undertaken. Such plans should not
be laid for a decade, but projected for a century.

(2) Concentration upon three great centers on the
coast, and at least one in the interior. Geographically,
China lends itself to such a distribution. To do less
is to fail to capture the strategic points and make
them distributing centers of medicaJ educational in-

THE CHALLENGE 187

fluence. To undertake to occupy more than these at
present will be to repeat the blunders of the past

(3) Team work upon the part of the representatives
of the various Boards and Societies through the Medi-
cal Missionary Association, and also with the growing
body of qualified Chinese practitioners through the
China National Medical AssociatiQU. Generous and
sympatheteic cooperation will create a sense of brother-
hood, give push to the entire movement, and help to
generate an esprit de corps.

(4) High professional standards must always be
held steadily in view. Low grade medical work is un-
worthy of the man from home and equally discredit-
able to the native practitioner who qualifies on the
field. Shoddy, inefficient work is dishonest work and
should not be tolerated by a Mission Board or in any
Mission Hospital or School.

(5) The generous offer made by the China Medical
Board of the Rockefeller Foundation, to finance and
increase the staff and equipment of mission hospitals
which correlate themselves with the medical schools
established by the Foundation, should be accepted,
since such acceptance does not in any way divert from,
or interfere with, the one purpose for which medical
missions is established — healing the sick and extending
the Kingdom of God.

There is no greater challenge before the Church
today than the challenge to a generous expansion of
her medical missionary work. The work of medical
missions, like all Christian work, is a challenge to
faith. There can be no mighty work built upon the
quicksands of unbelief. There has never been a truly
successful medical missionary — man or woman —
who has not been great in prayer and faith. All of
preparation, all of scientific equipment, and all of
human skill will fail in the hour of crisis if the element

i88 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

of faith be lacking. Then in the highest reaches of
achievement, just as the human will must be lifted up
into the divine, man's faith must be conjoined with and
merged into the faith of the son of God. This is a
great truth and a great mystery, but it is God's way,
and His ways are higher than ours. The medical
missionary who goes in the strength of the faith of
the Son of God, goes with power, for the Master
Workman has said, ** Greater works than these shall
ye do because I go unto the Father." A God-sent man
does not do his work alone.

The work of medical missions is also a challenge
to love. Love, let us repeat, is the great missionary
motive. To float the great cause of missions, the
motive must be big enough not only to prompt our
ministry to the individual, to compass a nation with
our high purpose, but to include a world in its terms
of sacrificial and Christly love. It must be centripetal
as well as centrifugal. In the effort to get in touch
with the lowliest and the neediest man, it must find
its spring and inspiration in the touch of the risen
Christ.

The writer never fully realized the true significance
of missionary motive until he reached the mission field.
There came one day into our Soochow hospital a
Chinese woman. " Can you do anything for me ? "
she asked. '* I hope so," was the reply. " What is
the matter ? " Then she told her story. " I am the
wife of a small farmer. We are very poor. My life
of seventy years has been a hard one, for we have
eaten much bitterness. Day after day, I have crawled
with my husband through the mud, on hands and knees
in cultivating the rice stalks. We had neither plow
nor buffalo. My body is tortured to death with
rheumatism and burning up with fever."

She was put to bed^ given medicine, and made as

THE CHALLENGE 189

comfortable as possible for the night. The next morn-
ing, after attending the surgical cases, I visited the
Woman's ward, paused by her bedside, took her hand
in mine and asked, " Have you eaten your soft-boiled
rice? How do you feel this morning?" " Oh, I feel
better," she replied. " Then why do you cry ? " The
tears were trickling down her weather-beaten cheeks.
" Oh, Doctor, you have been so good to me ! " and
then she added, " I am an old woman. My life has been
bitter — bitter to death, I have given birth to chil-
dren. They grew up, married and have gone, but not
one has ever held my hand or said kind words like
a son. Oh, Doctor, when I am well do not send me
away. This is heaven. Let me mop the floors and
cook the rice. My old husband might sweep the yard
and mind the gate. But let me stay — this is the only
heaven for an old woman like me."

As I stroked her rough hand, the tears came in-
voluntarily to my own eyes until her face was lost
in the blur. There seemed to be another face into
which I gazed for the moment — the face of the Great
Physician who said, " Inasmuch as ye have done this
unto the least of these, my brethren, ye have done it
unto me." Then I discovered the real motive of the
missionary. It is not the need of the individual,
deep and appealing as that is; not the Chinese, great
as the appeal of countless multitudes may be; not
the command, imperative as its terms are, but the
Master — the Master himself and His love. Herein
lies the constraint. In neglecting these weaker ones,
we neglect Him. In ministering to their need, we min-
ister to Him. The true missionary motive is wrapped
up in His life and centered in His love.

THE SECRET OF POWER

''A good doctor should be at once a genius, a saint and
a man of God/'

Amiel,

"Oh, we need power; the deadness of these souls is some-
thing awful; their utter ignorance of what sin is, the fearful
lethargy into which they have fallen, all reveal that our one
great essential is power — Divine, life-giving power. And
bless God we have all this in Christ."

Dr. Kenneth Mackensie.

)

VIIL
THE SECRET OF POWER.

Dr. Alexander Simpson, of Edinburgh, visited
Tokyo on his way to the General Missionary Con-
ference in China. Being an eminent authority on
obstetrics, he was given a reception and invited to
deliver an address before the Medical Faculty of the
Imperial University. More than sixty professors were
present. Knowing he could speak with authority on
his special department, and aware of the fact that he
was a relative of the distinguished James Y. Simpson,
who was the first to experiment with the use of chloro-
form in Great Britain, they expected an address upon
some obstetrical or scientific subject.

Realizing that it was his only opportunity, that of a
lifetime and not one to be thrown away. Sir Alex-
ander spent the half hour in recounting, in the simplest
of language, what the Great Physician had done for
him personally, and for the souls of men as well as for
their bodies. It was a beautiful sight — the glowing
face of the white-haired old veteran turned toward the
amphitheatre full of professors and students, the
majority of whom were agnostics, and not a few
avowed atheists. The respectful silence, the almost
awed hush, the recognition of his professional standing,
and the reverence for his age and sincerity — all
seemed to point to a new and open door through which
his words gained an entrance to the hearts of men
who had given themselves for years to rationalistic
argument and materialistic research.

What seemed to be the lesson of the hour? That

193

194 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

man who would fight sin to a finish must begin the
battle in the arena of the physical nature; that effi-
ciency in the higher realm of our nature is mysteriously
dependent upon efficiency in the lower ; that the sanctity
of the body becomes a corollary of the sanctity of
the soul. Finally, and this was the point up to which
all else led, if a man is to find any real basis of living
and of duty, he must first find God. To the medical
faculty of a non-Christian university it was an extraor-
dinary line of thought, and Sir Alexander brought
them to an unexpected conclusion.

Real life begins for any man only with the discovery
of a real God. We have a striking illustration of this
in H. G. Wells' great war story, " Mr. Britling Sees
it Through." With rare skill the author leads his
principal character from an easy optimism, a colorless
non-moral life and a sinful wastage of manhood's
opportunity to a stern realization that while he and
his guests from London were spending their Sundays
in playing hockey, the world was in a conflagration.
He had been adrift without a God. His secretary
joined the King's army and was taken prisoner; his
son enlisted and was killed. And now Mr. Britling
finds God — a real God, and duty. It is the story of
England's awakening to the stem reality of life and
its tragedies. What is it, but the story of every man's
awakening to the sense of personal obligation to throw
himself, without reserve, into the service of God and
of his f ellowman ?

Man's ministry to man — body, mind and soul —
can win the world, and will win the world, if it rests
on a central and vital faith in God. He must be made
real. Men of this age are seeking the reality of things
and want a real God, and a mighty God. A weak God
will not satisfy strong men. It is not a question of
theories or doctrines or even ideals, but of dynamics

THE SECRET OF POWER 19S

and of power. It is not ethical standards that will
win mankind. " Christianity is the only religion which
possesses a sufficient dynamic to make its ethical
standards realizable." It is the story of a life which
explains God — more than that even — it is the life
itself. It involves a force, the most potent in the
universe, a force which is personal, vital, re-creative,
and which concerns every man. That force is Jesus
Qirist, the Saviour of the world, personally present
in the physician, imminently present in the hospital,
forever present in His own world. To accept this
Person, to realize Him, to live Him, to minister as
He ministered to humanity sick in body, sick in soul,
sick unto death, is to find the reality of God. It is
the secret of power, the heart of the gospel, and the
soul of the missionary enterprise. The missionary who
would be equipped for his task and efficient in it must
live in the might of this superhuman energy.

/. The Power of Faith in God,

Faith in a real God lies at the source of all power,
whether in personal experience, or in a constructive
work, whether in our age or in any other. " What we
need today is a resurgence of the heroic, daring temper
of the apostolic age. There was a little Christian com-
munity then which dared to look with calm, aspiring
eyes abroad over the whole wild welter of the western
world, and to dream the impossible dream of capturing
it all for the empire of Christ, and then dared to set
out to make the dream come true."^ To repeat and
extend such a conquest requires men who have a
mighty faith, and who by the very audacity of their
faith make God real and actual in all their tasks. It
requires men who believe and dare; who pray and

* Roberts, "The Renascence of Faith," p. 257.

196 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

have large expectation ; who have vision and are ready
to venture for God — men who will not be disobedient
to the heavenly vision. Such, and only such, can hope
to win men and conquer the world.

Faith upon the part of the physician begets con-
fidence upon the part of the patient. Faith without
works is vain, but physical as well as moral recoveri.es
depend upon faith as well as works. " It is when the
eye of the patient meets the eye of the physician,"
says Dr. A. T. Schofield, " that the cure begins, if it is
likely to take place." The personality of a doctor,
what he is, and what he believes, counts for more than
what he knows. This is not discounting qualifications
or skill. Does not this account for much of the won-
derful success attending the work of medical mission-
aries who labor under the most untoward and trying
circumstances ? Their reassuring touch upon humanity
is because Another has touched their lives. By the
measure of their openness to His approach, and faith
in His power, by so much do they win the confidence
of their patients. The native, however full he may be
of conceit, always recognizes, and often to the point of
reverence, the soul of sincerity and truth in the life
of an honest man or woman who seeks to do him good.
One was heard to say of a missionary, " He is so pure
we cannot look him in the face and tell a lie."

There is power in the Name. We may not have the
special gift of miraculous cures bestowed upon Peter
and John, but how suggestive and convincing the story
of the healing of the man lame from his mother's
womb who lay at the beautiful gate of the temple.
"And Peter, fastening his eyes upon him, with John,
said, ' Look on us.' And he gave heed unto them
expecting to receive something from them. But Peter
said, * Silver and gold have I none, but what I have,
that give I thee. In the name of Jesus Christ of

THE SECRET OF POWER 197

Nazareth, walk."^ What did Peter have for a help-
less man? An impelling desire to help, faith in the
Name, and the touch of the risen Christ upon himself
and John. May not these be the privilege of every
medical missionary? Without them it is useless to
go forth ; with them we share in the promise, " Verily,
verily, I say unto you, he that believeth on me, the
works that I do shall he do also; and greater works
than these shall he do ; because I go unto the Father.
And whatsoever ye shall ask in my name, that will I
do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son."

Rev. W. E. Soothill, of China, has said : " Medicine
IS our substitute for miracles. Whatever the cause,
we cannot do the wonderful works wrought by the
Apostles. It may be our lack of faith ; it may be the
power has been withdrawn, having served its purpose ;
or it may be the power is here within men's reach as
much as ever." Ours is not an absentee God; He is
imminently present in the world today. But we are
doing more wonderful works than the Apostles.
Power is not withdrawn. It is diffused. It finds
expression through a thousand agents and agencies.
"All power is with God, and His power is available."
Let our daily task be shot through with a mighty
faith and He will give us more power as we fully and
reverently use what we have.

In other words, power is given us according to our
obedience. Christianity is a religion of obedience.
If the first secret of the mighty power of Jesus Christ
was faith in God, the second was no less significant —
" He learned obedience by the things which he suf-
fered," and with this key he opened to man the
mysteries of the Kingdoms of nature and of grace.
" The military virtues of obedience, courage and sacri-

* Acts 3:4-6. John 14:12-13.

198 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

fice are also the Christian virtues/' says Dr. Jeflferson.
** Christ's first commandant is Obey. Obedience, He
says, is the organ of knowledge. He that wills to do
God's will, shall know. * If ye know these things,
happy are ye if ye do them/ " By obedience the mis-
sionary moves against wind and tide. He never drifts ;
he sails. He is no victim of fate. If he would do the
will of God, he moves as a prince, as the child of a
King. Hear Cassius as he exclaims,

" Men at some time are masters of their fate ;
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,
But in ourselves, that we are underlings."

The missionary who has a vital faith in God will
have a mighty faith in His religion. Christianity is
a religion of hope and good cheer. It is like a cordial
to a weary and weakened body. It is the good Samari-
tan to the poor fellow, beaten and bruised, who had
fallen among robbers between Jerusalem and Jericho.
Its hopefulness is based upon the love of the Father
for His children ; upon the ministry of Jesus Christ for
the sinful and the lost; upon the impregnable rock
of God's word; upon the power and persistence of
truth; upon the indestructible faith of humanity; upon
the ultimate triumph of the right; and upon its un-
shakable and ineradicable hope of immortality. Mis-
sionaries are constitutionally optimistic, and all great
missionary workers have been men and women whose
hopefulness has risen to the height of their faith.

Christianity is a religion of comfort. The man who
faces the ravages of sin, disease and death must have
faith in a God of comfort — One who is a mighty-
fortress; One whose presence should bring assurance
and peace into the sick room instead of terror. The
death of a heathen is the death of a Christless man —
one who goes out alone. Who shall describe it — the
staring eyes, the clenched fist, the shriek of fear*^ It

THE SECRET OF POWER I99

IS because, with him, God is associated with evil, mis-
fortune and death. How true to the experience of the
man without Christ is Shakespeare's description of the
death of Falstaff, as given by the tavern keeper's wife :
" So 'a cried out, God, God, God, three or four times.
Now, I to comfort him bid him 'a should not think of
God; I hoped there was no need to trouble himself
with any such thoughts yet."

A living faith in God carries with it not only a faith
in the message of God which the missionary proclaims
but also in the errand on which God has sent him. The
secret of power lies with him who can forget himself
in the pursuit of his task. That is the man who rises
above the petty exactions of the hour, retains his
poise, and, with an almost divine patience, finds time
to pray for opportunity to touch with tenderness
wounded hearts. It is just this that wins the fight.
Dr. Speer quotes Archbishop Benson's rules as apply-
ing to Dr. Joseph Cochran : " Not to call attention
to crowded work, or petty fatigues, or trivial expe-
riences. To heal wounds which, in time past, my cruel
and careless hands have made. To seek no favor, no
compassion ; to deserve, not ask for tenderness. Not
to feel any uneasiness when my advice or opinion is
not asked, or is set aside." Do we wonder that his
Board Secretary, on a visit to the field, should say,
" He illustrated the repose and calm of real strength
more than any man it was ever my pleasure to meet.
I have found this year that nothing I have ever known
is such a continual strain upon one's temper and nerves
as the continual contact with the smallness and petti-
ness of native character. I thought that I was amiable
before I came here ; I have had to revise this estimate
of myself and pray daily for patience."^

* Robert E. Speer, "The Foreign Doctor," pp. 374, 375,

200 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

Of all workers the missionary should be the last to
grow despondent His high purpose and his realiza-
tion of the presence of his Master, strengthen hope,
and keep doubt and fear away. Professor James says,
*' the sovereign cure for worry is religious faith." He
is right, but it must be Christain faith. Dr. C. W.
Saleeby is quoted as saying that *' the two great anti-
worry religions are Buddhism and Christianity." But
what does Buddhism say? ** Worry is an inevitable
accompaniment of life. In order to get rid of worry,
you must destroy the desire to live, and the goal of all
being is Nirvana — absorption and extinction." What
does Christianity teach ? " The great end is not less
but more abundant life" — anything but absorption and
extinction. It is to find the real meaning of life, the
discovery of a new center and reenforcing point of
life. Then does human life become lifted up and over
into the Divine.

The calm assurance which Jesus had was " the peace
of a soul that had come out of eternity." Receive
Him, and His peace becomes ours. Ay, more than that.
He Himself becomes our peace. Nor will any man
attain unto masterfulness until he is filled with the
spirit of Him who strengthens faith and inspires con-
fidence in the infinite resources of divine grace-—
than comes the calm of a soul in touch with the In-
finite. Was it not in such a spirit that Jesus did His
mighty works ? There was neither timidity nor haste.
He moved steadily forward as one conscious of His
power over nature, men and evil spirits, and yet He
gave constant evidence of a reverent obedience to the
Father and of supreme desire to do His will in all
things. His faith in His cause never wavered.

Nor can any man have power in work who lacks
faith in his cause. This is more important than to
have faith in himself, essential as that may be. A

THE SECRET OF POWER 201

man who can so thoroughly forget himself as to make
his life-work first and uppermost, will not only win
success in the profession to which he is called, but,
what is far better, win the confidence of others in the
genuineness of his life, and the sincerity of his pur-
pose.

The secret of power then, lies first of all in the mis-
sionary's life of faith in God. How enriching and
expanding is this quality. As God reveals Himself
to him, man grows. " Man grows with the greatness
of his purpose." He grows with his apprehension of
truth, his enlargement of sympathy, his deepening
motive, and his ever-rising ideals. The missionary
must keep his faith alive if he would grow with his
convert, with his group of believers, with the native
church, and what should be to him an ever-enlarging
conception of the redemptive purpose and plan. Should
he fail here, his failure is perilous and is a symptom of
that slow paralysis which may lead to a deadening of
every spiritual sensibility. A calling under such con-
ditions degenerates into professionalism and loss of
spiritual power. If the faith of the native church sur-
vives the failure of his own, and grows in intelligence
and vitality, he loses his place of leadership, becomes
a follower instead of a leader and forfeits his right to
a place on the mission field. It has been true of all
missionaries of power that they have seen men and
women of conquering faith in the living God.

//. The Power of the Word of God

The Bible is the missionary's textbook. It is the
Book of Life — a revelation of God the Father in
Jesus Christ His Son, the Saviour of the world. No
man can live a truly great life without it, neither can
he expect to be a messenger of life to others unless
he himself has a first-hand, working knowledge of its

202 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

principles. " The Bible will not be closed," said Emer-
son, " until the last great man is born." The Bible
stands for primacy of spiritual realities. It does not
claim prominence for itself in history, philosophy or
science, but it is supreme in the realm of morals and
religion. The emphasis of the Bible is upon person-
ality — redeemable and redeemed — ** the most inter-
esting, the most eminent and the most costly in the list
of the assets of the world."

The Bible alone can satisfy the heart hunger of the
world. It was Coleridge who said, " I know the Bible
is inspired because it finds me at greater depths of my
being than any other book." Joseph Neesima, of Japan,
leaving his mountain home in his quest for God, ex-
changed his sword for a New Testament, and in find-
ing God found his true and higher self. Sosthenes
Juarez, receiving a family Bible in French from one of
Maximillian's soldiers, gathered round him a g^oup
of thirsty souls and laid the foundations of an evan-
gelical church in the city of Mexico. It was a Cuban
woman, in the city of Santiago, who read her Bible
daily for thirty years behind barred doors, prayed for
the opening of the island to the gospel, and interpreted
the bombardment of Admiral Sampson as an answer
to her prayers. There is no craving for comfort, no
himger for truth, no thirst for God, that the Bible
cannot satisfy whether it be in the hands of the mis-
sionary who goes to make Christ known, or of the
native to whom the message has been taken.

Twelve tribes were welded into a nation, and made
the depository of God's thought. Two of the world's
greatest languages — the Hebrew and the Greek — were
formed into a matrix for God's revelation to man.

The Bible has created a world conscience and
deepened the sense of God. It has vitalized nations
and peoples remote frpni civilization. It h^s led tQ

THE SECRET OF POWER 203

sweeping reforms and generated great revival move-
ments. It has opened perennial fountains for enrich-
ing literary work and personal experience. Dr. Wil-
liam Osier, eminent in the medical profession, in his
Harvard lecture on " Science and Immortality," makes
forty-one allusions to, and quotations from the Bible in
the compass of its forty-three pages. Dr. Howard
Kelly, of Johns Hopkins, equally distinguished in his
department, is a diligent and daily student of the Word
of God. "All the wisdom of the world is in this little
book," exclaimed a great savant. Its unity, its con-
tinuity, its comprehensiveness of plan, its revelation
of God, its vascularity and freshness, its htmian ele-
ment which never grows old, and its moral energy
and spiritual power caused the Ex-Premier of Japan,
Marquis Okuma, to assert, " Modern civilization takes
its rise from the teachings of the sage of Judea, in
whom alone is found the dynamic of progress."

Its principles have been the inspiration of great
missionaries and its translation their crowning work.
We have only to turn to Robert Morrison, the pioneer
missionary to China, and find that in his earlier years,
while still at Newcastle-on-Tyne, he toiled from
twelve to fourteen hours a day and " still found time
to spend one or two hours for reading and meditation.
While at work, his Bible or some other book was con-
stantly open before him." William Carey, the pious
cobbler of Nottingham, read the Bible so diligently
in the original that when he went to India he was pre-
pared to translate it into several languages. Adoniram *
Judson put it into the Burmese, Dr. Hepburn into the
Japanese, Dr. Van Dyck into the Arabic.

In Schofield's journal there is the following record:
" January 1, 1876. Began at twenty-five years of age
the habit of reading through the Old Testament once,
and the New Testament twice every year. * My soul,
wait thou on God, for my expectation is from Him.'

204 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

* Ye are not your own ; ye are bought with a price.*
To some extent I have kept my resolutions of reading
God's Word. God help me this year to treat it as
His Word ; to read it every spare moment ; constantly
to meditate on it, and to use it in dependence on the
Holy Ghost, both in judging myself and as a sword to
others."

///. The Power of Fellowship with God

In the life of Dr. J. C. Hepburn is a simple but most
significant statement : " They raised the family altar
at once in the old temple in which they were living."
Quietly, unostentatiously, without flourish of trumpets,
this man of God brought to the Japanese Empire the
living fire. Not an altar raised to the " unknown
god," in a land where the people are as fond of hearing
some new thing as were those of Athens, but to the
known God, to Him who had been tested, who could
by His spirit quicken a man's personality and energize
it into a Christly life. What wonder then that a
Japanese, in speaking of the veteran and his wife at a
farewell meeting, was prompted to say, " When it was
common for the patriot to take his sword in hand,
there was a man who came to our country with the
gospel of peace; . . . The once young and
able couple have now become the old, white-haired
couple. . . . The gift which the Doctor has made
to our countrymen is his personality, more than his
work. • • ."

In the old Buddhist temple, standing upon the shore
of the beautiful bay that stretches out toward the
Pacific many prayers were offered for the people of
the Sunrise Kingdom in those early days of medical
practice and of translation. The missionary had made
them his people, and for them he interceded as though
they were his children.

Does prayer really change things? Out of the

THE SECRET OF POWER 205

experience of a multitude of missionaries we have a
decided and an affirmative answer. Minds have been
convinced, hearts brought under conviction, tempera*
ments changed, life-long habits broken up, and lives
completely transformed. The very physical texture
and expression of the countenance have come under
some marvelous influence, so that malignity and hate
have been changed into affection, gentleness and so-
licitude, as in the case of Africaner, the ferocious
chief, under the spell of Dr. Moffatt's prayers. Cures
have been wronght — wonderful cures, fevers rebuked,
health restored and life preserved.

Ruxley was in the habit of saying that a thought
could no more produce a change in our bodies than a
steam whistle could run a locomotive. But in view
of the wonderful cures effected in certain diseases by
strong faith, hope or suggestion, no experienced physi-
ologist or physician would endorse this dogmatic state-
ment today. Man's will, we know, has power to
cooperate with God's will, and to effect results which
would not be effected were either facter cancelled.
The fundamentatl dogma of modern psychology is the
unity of mind and body. It is almost impossible to
exaggerate the significance of this fact.^

One of the most remarkable tendencies in modem
thought is that toward the forces at work in the un-
seen world, whether psychic or spiritual. Mind af-
fects mind, and mind affects matter. The quickened
circulation of the blood, its determination to some
particular organ, rise in temperature, increased sensi-
tiveness to pain, loss of appetite, impaired digestion,

^The great Italian physician, Moso, demonstrated tke intimate con-
nection between thought and the circulation of the blood in the brain.
He so nicely balanced a man stretched upon a table that concentrated
thought upon the part of the man, or even a noise made when he slept,
would so affect the sensorium tnat even tkat slight determination ox
blood to the brain would cause the end of the table upon which his
head rested to respond and become slightly depressed.

2o6 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

or, on the other hand, the beneficent results of con-
fidence in a remedy, or in the doctor or nurse, or the
prayers of a trusted friend, are too familiar to gain-
say.^

Professor James says, "As regards prayers for the
sick, if any medical fact can be ccmsidered to stand
firm, it is that in certain environment prayer may
contribute to recovery and should be encouraged as a
therapeutic measure. Under the influence of prayer
wonderful recoveries have taken place; whereas it is
well known that when men become demoralized and
lose faith and hope and the will to live, they frequently
die from the slightest causes. Perhaps the most re-
markable example of the power of prayer in sickness
is that of Luther and Melanchthon. Prayer, as is
well known, rescued Melanchthon from the jaws of
death."^ And yet there is a lurking infidelity in many
quarters in regard to the efficacy of prayer. "Any-
thing which helps us to recover our faith in prayer,"
says Richard Roberts, "will add enormously to the
possibilities of life."

How refreshing, after Huxley's agnosticism, is the
experience of such a man as Kenneth Mackenzie,
whose medical qualifications were the best England
could offer, whose surgical skill no one doubted, and
whose religious life was such as to convince the
Chinese that he lived what he professed and that
his word was absolutely dependable. "After doing all
I could for him," he writes, " I imitated the men who
brought the case of palsy to our Lord to be healed,
and laid this man's case before Jesus. He heard my
prayers, and the prayers of dear Millie, and the next
morning there was a great improvement in the man,
since which time he has been daily getting better."*

* Memorials of Harold A. Schofield, by his brother.

* Quoted by Worcester, " Religion and Medicine," p. 309.
'Mrs. M. I. Bryson, "John Kenneth Mackenzie," p. 190.

THE SECRET OF POWER 2b7

During the development of the medical work at
Tientsin, the question was raised as to what would
happen were the Viceroy Li to die or leave the city.
Humanly speaking, everything depended, at that time,
upon his favor and patronage. Mackenzie replied,
" Such contingencies do not trouble me, as I believe
it is God's work, not ours. We are not trusting in
the princes of this world, but in the help of the King
of Kings who has already started this work, and He
will not forsake it, I am sure. We only want to use
more our privilege of prayer through faith in Jesus.
It is marvelous to think that God promises to hear and
answer prayer when in the name of Jesus. Especially
is this manifest when we are in felt need."

Working with God was the secret of Harold
Schofield's reserve of power. He had a mighty faith
in prayer. In the " memorials " prepared by his
brother we find the observation : "Always before com-
mencing a serious operation he would offer a few
words of prayer with equal sincerity and simplicity.
On one occasion the doctor was trying to reduce an
old case of hip dislocation. After several attempts
it seemed impossible to succeed, but during a pause
the doctor offered a few words of prayer, and shortly
afterwards was successful in restoring the hip to its
normal position. This will show the spirit in which
he did his work. He was a * worker together with
God,' " This calls to mind the habit of William E.
Gladstone, the great Commoner and the great Chris-
tian. It was his custom when in the midst of a debate
in Parliament, or the delivery of a speech upon some
important question, to pause for a moment, and lift
up his heart in prayer for divine help. It may not
have been noticed by the members of Parliament, but
God saw, help came, and the effect at times was
overwhelming.

2d8 medical MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

Schofield made constant intercession that God would
place the needs of the mission fields of the world upon
the hearts of university and college students. ** These
prayers were answered/' writes his brother, ** in the
going out of the well-known Cambridge Band, in the
influence of the addresses of Messrs. Stanley Smith
and C. T. Studd upon scores of young men of the
British Universities, and in * the formation and growth
of the Student Volunteer Movement.' '* It was in the
remote interior of the Shansi province, where he was
the first medical missionary, that those days of inter-
cession were observed. His time of service was short,
but he lived much even if he did not live long. Dr.
J. Hudson Taylor, in commenting on it all, said : ** I
have sometimes thought that in those prayers the
greatest work of Harold Schofield was accomplished,
and that having finished the work that God had given
him to do, he was then called to his eternal reward.
Who yet will follow him as he followed Christ ? "^

Dr. John R. Mott in " The Decisive Hour of Mis-
sions '* has well said, ** Every grave crisis in the ex-
pansion of Christianity which has been successfully
met, has been met by the faithfulness of Christ's
disciples in the secret place. That there is a necessary
connection between the prayers of Christians on the
one hand, and the revealing of Christ's plans, the
raising up of workers, and the releasing of the great
spiritual forces of the Kingdom, on the other hand,
is a fact as clearly established as any fact can be
established. That God has conditioned so largely the
extension, the progress and the fruitfulness of His
Kingdom upon the faithfulness and loyalty of His
children in prayer is at the same time one of the
deepest mysteries and one of the most wonderful
realties."

^ See Memorials of Harold A. Schofield.

THE SECRET OF POWER 209

To the great missionaries we have named and to a
host of others, missionary doctors included, prayer
has meant more than interceding for the energies of
the living God to be applied in human affairs. It
has meant and it always means " practising the pres-
ence of God." " The great secret of all living," says
Dr. Henry Churchill King, " is the persistent staying
in the presence of the best — the great facts, the
great truths, the great personalities, the one great
Person, Christ." Is it not the daily, expectant, pas-
sionate interest in not only the best, but in the highest
personality ever revealed to man that determines,
ultimately, our significance and efficiency in life? It
is this relationship between the Great Physician and
His follower that deepens and enriches all the pro-
cesses of life.

God had his opportunity through Harold Schofield.
He had it because of the growing intimacy between
them. We say it reverently, that " when God and
man meet in intimacy one never knows what may
happen." Over and over again we turn to his journal.*
It is as wine poured forth — a libation upon the altar
of service and sacrifice. We read entries like these:

Lord Jesus, make Thyself to me a living, bright reality.
Above all, His cross and risen life; that I may really enter
into the glorious gospel.

Lord, increase my faith, that I may realize more each day
that I am redeemed at an infinite price, and belong not to
myself, but only to Thee, and that I may reckon myself to be
** dead unto sin " and alive only to Thee !

Enable me to press onward every hour and every day, and
be satisfied with nothing short of constant abiding communion
with Thee and practically living Christ.

Make me real. Make me like one who waits for his Lord.
Give me to meditate constantly on Thy Word. Do make Thy
Word continually the food of my soul! Give me a constant
desire at least to do Thy will.

* Schofield'fl Joarnal.

210 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

" Our Lord, it seems to me," writes Kenneth
Mackenzie, " would have us learn that exactly the
same sort of relationship which existed between the
Man Christ Jesus and the Father in Heaven, is open
to us. He was ever depending upon the help of the
Father, was ever seeking to obey the Father, and was
in the closest communion with the Father. We can
only live as fruitful branches when we are in vital
contact with the Vine. . . . This spiritual food can
only be obtained direct from Jesus. I fall into temp-
tation when I get up late in the morning and lose my
communion with God over His Word. Nothing, no
united service, or even family prayers, can take the
place of this."

IV. The Power of the Spirit of God

When the Holy Spirit becomes the Pioneer and
Administrator of such a missionary movement as that
set forth in the Acts of the Apostles, He takes personal
charge, searches for men, finds them, separates them
for the task, endues them with power, and sends them
out with might to carry forward the divine order of
expansion. It was so in the case of Luke, the beloved
physician ; Livingstone, the explorer ; Post, the healer ;
and Kerr, the surgeon. Sir William Ramsey argues
that it was Luke that appeared to the Apostle Paul
in his vision at Troas. These men who have been
mentioned, and a host of others, have been instruments
of power in the hands of God because they had the
Spirit of Power.

The Holy Spirit, in the days of the Apostolic
Church, outlined the missionary program. He has
continued to give direction to it and put meaning into
it. He seeks to express Himself through men, times,
events, brings men together through wonderful provi-
dences, administers the Kingdom and carries forward

THE SECRET OF POWER 211

the divine purpose. The meeting of Stanley and
Livingstone on Lake Tanganyike; the call for a mis-
sionary physician for Lady Li in Tientsin at the very
time that Mackenzie and his little group were praying
for an opportunity to reach the Viceroy; the going
of Dr. H. N. Allen from Shanghai to Seoul in time
to heal Prince Nin and thus open Korea to the gospel,
were surely events which occurred under the leader-
ship of the Holy Spirit.

The message may be inscribed on parchment by the
medical missionary, as in the case of Luke, or in lines
of light and love upon the sensitized hearts of men,
but the messenger must be preceded and reenforced by
the Holy Spirit — the Promise of the Father — whose
function it is to quicken the conscience, fasten con-
viction, and create a sense of personal responsibility
to Jesus Christ. Bishop Warne gives this remarkable
testimony : "After twenty years of personal experience
and close observation, I can testify that, apart from
the direct work of the Holy Spirit in convicting non-
Christians of sin, I have never known the conversion
of an individual to the real Christian life and ex-
perience. Among a pepole whose consciences are
educated in the vagaries of the Vedantic philosophy
of India, which leaves the individual without a con-
sciousness of personal and moral responsibility, there
is absolutely no hope except in the awakening to, or
the creating of, a consciousness of sin and moral re-
sponsibility by the direct work of the Spirit of God.
I have seen thousands of instances of awakening and
transformation of character nothing short of the
miraculous."^

The Rey. J. E. Adams, in writing from Korea, ex-
presses the conviction of such medical missionaries

* Quoted by Mott, " The Decisive Hour of Missions," p. aos.

212 MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

as Hepburn and Berry of Japan, Kerr and Jackson
of China, Scudder and Pennell of India, when he says,
** I have experienced, tested and proved the sufficiency
of the Holy Spirit in the work of the conversion of
men so constantly and with such invariable results,
that any question on the subject has long ceased to
exist. It has become one of the assumed working
postulates of life. No man living in the conditions
in which I have lived, even with the most rudimentary
instincts of scientific observation, could arrive at any
other conviction than that the gospel is the power of
God.'*

The entire scheme of missionary work must be
energized by the spirit of God. If a nation is con-
fronted by the peril of becoming materialistic, so is
a Church, and so is a missionary. The danger of
reducing Christian work to a scientific formula and
of instituting technique for the dynamic of spiritual
life is very real. Nothing could be more timely than
the note sounded by Bishop David H. Greer, in his
opening address before a recent Convention of the
Diocese of New York. He pointed to the danger of
materialism in the Church, even in so beautiful a work
as social service and its varied activities. He did
not for a moment discount " the social uplift and the
welfare of the people, the betterment and improvement
of their material conditions ; with better houses to live
in, and more sanitary and helpful surroundings." He
pronounced it a good and much-needed work, but that
was not enough. We must go deeper. He went on
to say :

In order to make our social life, whether rich or poor, a
new and changed life, with a new spirit in it, giving a new
perspective, a new direction to it, giving an uplift — a ** lift-up"
— to it, something more is needed than a new and changed
physical environment — something that will go more deeply

THE SECRET OF POWER 213

down into the Hfe itself, to change and transform it with a
spiritual transformation.

It should be the aim, the ultimate aim and purpose, of social
service work to bring it into touch, into quickened touch, with
those unseen realities, and to give to our social life not only
a physical but a spiritual transformation, and so nott merely
to spread it out and over a larger and smoother flat physical
surface, but to put into it more and more of the lifting
power, more of the spiritual power of Jesus Christ.

That IS it. Only the " lifting power " of Christ can
give genuineness and permanence to social srevice or
any work for human redemption. St. Paul's, in Lon-
don, is no more a monument to Sir Christopher Wren,
the architect, than the mission hospital in Urumia is a
memorial to the life of one who for a quarter of a cen-
tury was a builder of the body — the cathedral of the
soul and of God. More arduous, more tactful, more
constructive and more enduring are the labors of such a
life than those of the architect. The one builds of stone
and steel that are not proof against the gnawing tooth
of time; the other with materials that will abide be-
cause wrought into character which will survive the
corroding acids of a sin-cursed world.

The Master of All Missionaries

Since the days of the Great Apostle to the Gentiles
men have been seeking to answer the question. What
is the supreme and final need of our age ? The answer
is simple and yet all comprehensive. It is Jesus
Christ, the Son of the living God, who is the supreme
and final answer to the need or ours or any age. All
faith must be centered in Him, all work related to
His work, and all life vitalized by His life. Our
Christ is imperial in personality, in faith, in authority
and in power. An imperial Christ must be represented
by an imperial gospel which lays its claims upon every

214 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

man, upon all that is in man and upon all mankind
His plan of redemption is world-wide in its conception,
terms of grace, inspiration to man's faith, and applica-
tion to man's deepest and most urgent need. His is a
royal decree which commands the entire membership
of His Church and places obligation upon them to
teach all nations, to heal the sick, and to be His faith-
ful witnesses even to the laying down of life itself.

In the Christian civilization which we would build,
it is Jesus Christ who must be made preeminent. It
is not science which must have the supreme place, nor
philosophy, nor ethics, nor even morality, but Christ.
There is no civilization worth speaking of without
Christianity, and there is no Christianity without the
living Christ — the central figure, the creative force,
the driving power and organizing personality of the
physical and spiritual universe. Christianity without
Christ is spurious, fraudulent and bankrupt in morals.
Christianity which centers its faith and loyalty in
Jesus Christ tends constantly to renew its youth and
its strength. This is not by virtue of its inherent
power, for it has none of itself, but it is by a return to
the divine source of its life. Therein lies its perma-
nency, its vitality, and its ultimate hope of conquering
the world. No missionary can permanently maintain
his faith, or carry on his work, without a constant
and prayerful personal relationship to Him who is the
soul of Christianity.

" His was a pure life of consecration to the highest
ideals, and an absolutely unselfish devotion to duty,'*
was the comment upon the life of Dr. J. P. Cochran
by one who knew him well. " Here was a man who
had put aside the alluring ambitions of a most promis-
ing professional career, and was living day by day,
and every day, the Christ-life amid the perils and
privations of fanatical, heathen Persia. Nothing but

THE SECRET OF POWER 215

the teaching and example of Christ can explain such
a life ; and he had more of His spirit than any man I
have ever known." It was the surrender of a brilliant
career in the United States for a life of constant toil
and imminent peril in a distant field; but there was
neither hesitation nor mental reservation. He was
not conscious of it, but it was that dedication of man-
hood, of professional skill and of a great soul to a
Cause, which is always significant of true greatness
and opens the way for God to do a mighty work. It
was the devotion of his life to Jesus Christ. It was
such a surrender as that made by the Apostle when,
in undertaking the conquest of the Roman empire,
he desired that " in nothing I shall be put to shame, but
that with all boldness, as always, so now also Christ
shall be magnified in my body, whether by life or by
death. . . . For me to live is Christ and to die is
gam.

Devotion to Jesus Christ has ever been the striking
characteristic not only of the great missionaries but of
the leaders of the national Church in all mission lands.
Dr. Isaac T. Headland in " China's New Day " gives
an illustration of heroic devotion to Christ on the part
of a Chinese Christian physician, one of many such
that are being produced in China through the Christian
home. Christian education and medical missions. To
have produced one man like Wang is worth the invest-
ment of any man's life.

" One of the first graduates from the school of
medicine in Peking University was E)r. Wang. When
the Boxer trouble reached Peking he was arrested,
his little son with him. The Boxers were ordered to
put to death any one who would not give up his faith
and burn incense to the Gods in the temple. But
educated men were few in China, and so they said to
him: —

2i6 MEDICAL MISSIONS : THE TWOFOLD TASK

* Dr. Wang, you are an educated man ; we do not
want to put you to death, but we have no liberty in
the matter. You go with us and burn some incense
and we will let you go.'

* No/ said he, * I will not burn incense.*

* Well, we want to make it easy for you,' they con-
tinued, * you just get some one to go and burn incense
in your place and it will be all right.'

* No, I will not get any one to burn incense for me,'
he persisted.

* Well, we will get some one to bum incense for
you,' they continued. * You just go over to the temple
with us.'

* No,' he answered, * I will not do that.'

* Then,' they continued, * we must kill you.*

* You may kill me ' he answered, * but I will not
worship your gods. How could I look my teachers in
the face, if I burned incense in the temple, to say noth-
ing of my Christ ? We are four generations of Chris-
tions, my grandfather, my father, myself and this little
boy. Do you think I would allow this child to see
his father deny his Saviour? Kill me if you will, but
I will not deny my Lord.' They ran him through
with a spear."

After all that has been said in these pages about
the missionary himself, his call, his motive, his task,
his field of labor and the power without which he
cannot perform his task, does the subject not carry us
back to the one great Master Workman? He is the
personal dynamic — the inspiration of it all. " Ye did
not choose me, but I chose you, and appointed you,
that ye should go and bear fruit, and that your fruit
should abide; that whatsoever ye shall ask of the
Father in my name, He may give it you."

THE SECRET OF POWER 217

In commenting upon the intercessory prayer of
Jesus, the author of " Rational Living " points out the
two major requests, the first for the divine associa-
tion, the second for a God-given work. The followers
of Jesus were to be kept in the Father's name, in the
divine association; and sent into the world, as Jesus
was sent into the world, on a divine mission. " No
life can fail in charcter, in influence or in happiness,"
says the author, " for whom these two requests are
granted. To find the Great Companion, and the work
He gives — this is the sum of all."^ A God-given work
and the Great Companion — in receiving the one we
find the other. Is it not true ? Ask Peter Parker who
stands before China's frowning rock, the Gibraltar of
heathenism; Loftis who lays down his life in the
mountain passes of Tibet; Grenfell in his hospital ship
on the icebound coast of Labrador; Post toiling under
the fierce and fiery rays of the Syrian sun; Clara
Swain who lifts the curtained door to the zenanas of
India; and Dr. Howard who wins the confidence of
China's leading Viceroy, and the women of his court.
From every mission hospital, and from every mission
field, comes the testimony to the presence and the
fellowship of the Great Companion.

We cannot close this book more fittingly than in
the words of the pioneer medical missionary to the
unreached millions of Africa. He had found the
Great Companion, and, in the finding, had discovered
himself and his task. That Companion, too, was a
missionary and a physician, and His task — ^to heal the
open sore of the world.

In 1872, near the close of his life, just four days
after Henry M. Stanley bade him farewell at Unyan-
yembe, Livingstone made this entry in his journal:

^H. C. King, Rational Living.

2iS MEDICAL MISSIONS: THE TWOFOLD TASK

"19th March. Birthday.

"My Jesus, my King, my life, my All; I again dedicate my
whole self to Thee. Accept me, and grant, O gracious Father,
that ere this year is gone I may finish my task. In Jesus'
name I ask it Amen. So let it be.

David Livingstone,"

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

SOME IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ANSWERED

I. What constitutes the call to medical missionary work?
The need.

Ability to meet the need.
Inadequate supply of physicians.
Urgency of the task.
No providential hindrances.
The voice of the Church.
The Divine command — Heal the sick.

2. What are the qualifications of a candidate?

Robust health
Wiry constitution
Good digestion
Ability to sleep

Physical

Mental

Spiritual

r A trained mind

J Good memory

{ Capacity for language

Ability to impart

Alertness

Strong faith in God
Love of men
Hopefulness
Prayerfulness
Sympathy

Traits of
Character '

Patience

Absence of worry
Thoroughness
Enthusiasm
Sense of humor
Resourcefulness

231

222 APPENDIX A

3. To whom does the candidate make application for accept-

ance?
Application should me made through the Candidate
Secretary of the Board of Missions of the denomina-
tion of which the candidate is a member. He will
give information concerning necessary preparation.
Write also to the Candidate Secretary of the Stu-
dent Volunteer Movement, 25 Madison Ave, New
York City, regarding the specific needs of the various
Boards.

4. What is the age Ihnit?

Candidates over thirty-five are rarely accepted for any
field on account of difficulty in acquiring a new
language (especially those of the Far East) and of
adjustment to climate and people. Missionaries are
not sent out under twenty-five, as a rule.

5. Who decides upon the field?

The Secretaries and Executive Committee of the
Board. Preferences are considered, but the special
qualifications of the candidate and exigencies of the
work are the deciding factors.

6. What term of service is required?

A life term. The great missionaries have been those
who gave themselves without reservation for life.
Special short term agreements may be entered into for
special reasons. The first period of service varies
with the Board and the field. It may be from three
to seven years.

7. Should the medical missionary go out single or married?

For pioneer fields it is best to send out single men for
short terms. The reasons for this are obvious.
Otherwise, most Boards prefer to send out married
men.

8. What are the climatic conditions to be considered?

Effect of altitude, as in Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, and
Tibet; tropical sea levels, damp and hot, as on the
northeast coast of Brazil, and the East and West
coasts of Africa; the enervating climate of southern
India, the Straits Settlements and central and south-
eastern China.

9. What directions are ^ven concerning language study?

No foreign language is easily mastered, though Spanish
and Portuguese in South America, and many of the

APPENDIX A 223

tribal languages of Central Africa, are the most
readily acquired. The mastery of Japanese, Chinese,
Arabic and the vernaculars of India, however, re-
quire diligent and protracted study.

10. Who makes the financial arrangements and what are

they?
The provision is made by the Boards. It is simply a
sum sufficient to meet the necessities of life abroad,
varying as to field, years of service, size of family, and
special demands. A house free of rent is usually fur-
nished, and expense of travel to and from the field.
The Secretary or Treasurer of each Board will fur-
nish details.

11. Does the Board provide the medical and surgical outfit?

As a rule it does, by special appropriation before the
missionary leaves, or it turns over an outfit to him on
reaching the field. He should have a minor operating
case of his own.

12. What books should the medical missionary take?

Those that he would most need at home, with the addi-
tion of a few special medical books treating of the
diseases peculiar to his fi^ld. He can best build up
his library by adding to it from time to time as the
needs of his work demand. He should take at least
one medical and surgical journal, and include a few
choice books of a general character. A compact ency-
clopedia is invaluable.

13. Can research work be done on the field?

The mission fields are rich in material, and every med-
ical missionary should be supplied with microscope,
apparatus and reagents for original investigation as
well as diagnosis.

14. What is th€ relation of the doctor to the mission?

His relation to the mission is that of a regular mission-
ary, sympathetic with all its problems, ready to bear
his share of responsibilities and to contribute of faith
and prayer to the cause which inspires all alike.

15. What is the relation of the doctor to the natives?

That of a brother in sympathy and of a father in coun-
sel. He more than any other may be looked to for
aid in times of suffering and distress. This consti-

224 APPENDIX A

tutes his golden opportunity to minister to body, mind
and soul.

16. What provision is made for yearly rest Intervals and for

furloughs?
Arrangements are made by the Board for a rest of
several weeks during each summer. The furlough
home at the end of from three to ten years varies
from six or eight months to a year and a half.

17. How can the furlough be utilized to the best advantage?

By planning at the outset so to divide the time as to
secure a maximum of rest, study and opportunity to
reach the medical and lay constituency which should
be interested in his particular field. A course in
Bible study at some high-grade Bible Training School
would give spiritual refreshment and qualify for deal-
ing with the spiritual needs of men and women.

APPENDIX B

WORLD STATISTICS OF MEDICAL MISSIONS

The following statistical tables are adapted from
the "World Statistics of Christian Missions", 1916 :

Medical :

Foreign physicians — men 743

Foreign physicians — women 309

Foreign nurses 537

Native physicians 230

Trained assistants — ^men 968

Trained assistants — women 1,138

Dispensary treatments 8,833,759

Dispensaries 1,234

Individuals treated in dispensaries and hospitals 3,107,755

Hospitals 703

Beds 17,364

In-patients 253,633

Major operations 36,044

Fees received $446,164

Philanthropic :
Orphanages :

Institutions 245

Inmates 9736

Leper homes :

Institutions 39

Inmates i»88o

225

APPENDIX B

SUMMARIES OF PROTESTANT

STAFF

■IJ

1
1

;

:
'.

i
1

I
1

7*3
13

]

J
=

-i

12-

231

9
6

961

Sond.-

SouIhirD Ceotnd Africa (Five Britiiih Pi

fOlBCto-

S3 """ ffi-aSS-. '".'"T"! .::■::

UnitBd sUtw. ioi-ludiiic AlnAa (iiidi

umand

Uiutsd StBia, eiapfiiig HawaiEan lajanda (A^-

Haxaiian 1^0* (Hawaiiuo. aWd A^U
grant*)-

Imim-

ea do ao% (urijoct iljiid miliar iJiia head, Uu lutal ia iaGompteLa.

APPENDIX B

MEDICAL MISSIONS •

DISPENSARIES AND HOS

PITAI5

^^1

3 584 6\

»\

1 281 361

3 348

57 76S

13 P99

90 913

1 076

S 529

'*tn

,;,

IIS 679

76 406

736

1S6B4

414

113 M6

9 363

3S6a6S

3a 239

318

3466

6 268

a SOT

4 B70

I4S

1 3S4

147

2 571

2 «S9

1 S25

—

9 111

—

I 800

at 602

13 633

—

J 631

—

53 4S9

414S9

131

753

18 T«

11772

I!2

•Table Ukc.1 froi

22d

APPENDIX B

MEDICAL MISSIONS OF THE PROTESTANT MIS-
SIONARY SOCIETIES OF CANADA AND
THE UNITED STATES

The Foreign Missions Year Book of North America,
1919, reports that the Canadian Societies have in the
non-Christian world 43 men and 25 women physi-
cians, with 32 hospitals, 68 dispensaries and 512,888
treatments for the year.

The societies with headquarters in the United States
are credited under the Latin American work with 20
men and 6 women physicians, having 15 hospitals, 25
dispensaries and 65,658 treatments. In the Non-
Christian world they are credited with 360 men and
165 women physicians, with 285 hospitals, 542 dis-
pensaries, having 3,452,098 treatments.

This gives a total for Canada and the United States
of 423 men, 196 women physicians, with 332 hospitals,
635 dispensaries, having 4,030,644 treatments in a year.

NURSES' TRAINING SCHOOLS

According to the latest data available the Missionary
Societies of Canada and of the United States conduct
the following Nurses' Training Schools:

TOTALS

Korea

China

Philippine Islands

India

Mexico

Schools

5
I

Students

Men

152
3

133
6

ID
O

Women

388

45
180

Note: In addition to these there are many Nurses' Train-
ing Classes which do not attempt to give full nurses* training.

APPENDIX C

FINDINGS OF THE MEDICAL CONFERENCE

OF THE WORLD MISSIONARY

CONFERENCE

(Edinburgh, 1910.)

The sectional meeting of medical delegates, medical
missionaries and other medical practitioners interested
in the medical aspects of missionary work, desire to
represent to the

COMMISSION ON 'THE HOME BASE OF MISSIONS"

(i) That there should be a definite Medical Department in
connection with all foreign Missionary Societies; that this
department should deal with all questions relating to the
physical fitness and the preservation of the health of mission-
aries, their wives, and families; that it should be under the
supervision of an honorary Medical Board, composed of med-
ical missionaries and other medical practitioners, some of
whom, at least, should have had foreign medical experience;
and that there should be a medical officer, preferably salaried,
who should deal with all such questions, under the general
direction of the Medical Board.

It is further suggested that, in the case of the smaller
Societies, there might possibly be one Medical Board and
Medical Officer representing several Societies.

(2) Also, that ihert is urgent need for the collection and
systematic recording by the Home Medical Base, or their
medical representative, of such statistics as relate to the
health of foreign missionaries, including causes of death or
retirement.

That deductions obtained from these and other data will
have an important bearing upon such problems as —

(i) The frequency and duration of furlough and holi-
days.

229

230 APPENDIX C

(2) The necessity for issuing or revising of health regu-

lations from time to time.

(3) The insurance of lives of missionaries against sick-

ness, breakdown, and death.

(4) The need for missionaries to receive elementary med-

ical instruction as to preservation of their health
abroad.

This latter statement is emphasized by the fact that, as a
result of a recent investigation, under the aegis of the Associa-
tion of Medical Officers of Missionary Societies, of the causes
of death in missionaries who have died since i8qo, over 60 per
cent, were victims to the so-called preventable diseases, against
which many safeguards may be taken.

Such information will also bring into prominence the chief
diseases in various countries, and risks to health which mis-
sionaries have to face, and the best methods of combating
such conditions.

The following Report is submitted because of the great
importance of the information it contains and its possible
value to Missionary Societies:

A REPORT

On the need of the Home Base (Medical Department) for
the Systematic Collection and Record of Statistics, 'such
as relate to the Health of Foreign Missionaries,

By G. Basil Price, M.D., M.R.C.P., D.P.H.,

Hon. Sec. Association of Medical Officers of Missionary So-
cieties ; Physician to the London Missionary Society.

Synopsis

1. The Need for the Collection and Systematic Recording by

the Home Medical Base of such Statistics as relate to the
health of Foreign Missionaries.

2. The Data of Greatest Value.

3. The Practical Application of such Information—

(a) More Uniform Series of Regulations.

(b) Furloughs.

inence, particularly relating to Safeguards to Health.

4. Extract from Report on Causes of Death amongst Mission-

aries.
Conclusion.

APPEXDIX C 331

It probably needs no argument to demonstrate the valne of
statistics in relation to any subject of investigation, and that
the Commissions agree on such a statement is shown by the
valued contributions on Mission Statistics by Dr. James S.
Dennis, of New York, towards the work of Commission I.;
but that statistics as relate to the health of foreign mission-
aries are urgently needed, has still to be generally acknowl-
edged and systematically collected.

I. The Need for the Systematic Collection and Recording
GF Such Statistics as Relate to the Health of

Foreign Missionaries

In reviewing the proceedings and work of the Association
of Medical Officers of Missionary Societies during the last six
years — ^that is to say, since its foundation — the fact emerges
that with regard to many of the problems which intimately
concern the physical welfare of foreign missionaries, judg-
ment and decision had often to be suspended owing to the
paucity of statistics obtainable^ and the insufficiency and in-
adequacy of those collected.

This lack of material on which to base opinions was not
due to want of effort in attempting to collect it, but was due
to the fact that, with one exception, none of the large Mis-
sionary Societies had sufficiently organized Medical Depart-
ments, or had during their long and historic existence deemed
the subject of the collection of vital statistics in relation to
foreign missionaries of sufficient importance to even merit
attention.

Though the broader views now held are gradually produc-
ing a change in regard to this subject, the members of the
Association have still a heritage of ignorance to contend with
on this subject, which is the foundation basis of the policies
of Insurance Societies in relation to ordinary lives, and from
which expectations of lives and all other details are deduced.

It is therefore incumbent to emphasize the urgent need for
the systematic collection of all facts and figures as relate to
the health of foreign missionaries.

It is here suggested that this duty is a necessary corollary
of the work of the Home Medical Base, and should be initi-
ated and carried out under the supervision of, or, in the case
of smaller Societies, by the Medical Officers of those Societies.

Individual effort has, at times, been made towards this end,
as in the case of Dr. Harry Guinness, whose statistics col-

a32 APPENDIX C

lected nearly twenty years ago were of considerable service
to Insurance Societies, when accepting the insurance proposals
of missionaries, but such records have been due to private
enterprise, and often remain inaccessible or unknown, and
have not been due to a definite and considered policy of a
Society's Medical Department.

The only recent attempt at generally collecting such records
was made (1909-10) under the authorization of the Associa-
tion of Medical Officers already referred to, and certain facts
and figures of this Report will subsequently be quoted*

It is true one Society has collected concerning its mission-
aries a great deal of statistical material, but the statistics
were not until lately co-ordinated under the aegis of one
department, and the facts relating to the past, which are so
important for the guidance of its medical advisers, are not
easily accessible.

2. The Data That Are of Greatest Value

(a) To register with regard to every missionary—

(i) Age at death or retirement

(2) Certified cause of death or retirement.

(3) Spheres of work and position held (medical, or-

dained, lay, pioneer, etc.).

(4) In cases of premature breakdown, retirement, or

death, to state probable causes, whether prevent-
able, or contracted from the nature of the loca-
tion, work, or intercourse with natives.

(5) State the number of effective years of service

abroad.

(6) Whether elementary medical instruction had been

received on health and hygiene matters, and
whether systematic measures were carried out for
the preservation of health imder unhealthy con-
ditions of climate and country.

(b) By means of Health Sheets, to be returned annually or

periodically on return home to ascertain—

(i) Sick leave required year by year.

(2) Incidence of disease (especially climatic disease),

accident, or record of operation. Cause and char-
acter of illness.

(3) Annual holiday each year and whether utilized.

APPENDIX C 233

(c) To have collated the climatic, sanitary conditions of each
mission station, character of water and food supply,
and conditions of housing.

The Practical Application of Such Information

It may well be urged that the mere accumulation of such
statistics, unless they are of practical utility, would result
merely in wasted labor.

It must be remembered that the collection of corresponding
data in other realms have formed the basis of enquiry for
more than one Governmental Commission; equally important
are such enquiries in relation to medical matters.

It is believed that with gradually accumulating reliable in-
formation as suggested, the following beneficial results would
be gained : —

(a) The issue of a more uniform series of regulations from
all the Societies, both as regards the standard of acceptance of
missionary candidates and in dealing with missionaries.

(b) Furloughs. — The relation of furloughs to health would
be established, and lead to more uniform regulations for vari-
ous countries; in some cases, modifications in view of im-
proving health conditions, progress of civilization and sanita-
tion, quicker and cheaper travelling facilities, would lead to
considerable economy on the part of Societies* expenditure.

In other countries shorter but more frequent furloughs
might be necessary.

A useful comparison might be established with the furloughs
of military and civil servants.

The necessity for an annual holiday and regular furloughs,
and their relation to the preservation of good health, would
be established.

(i) The chief diseases in various countries and risks to
health which missionaries have to face, and against which they
may to a large extent be safeguarded.

(2) The need for educating all missionaries as to the
nature, mode of incidence and infection, and best methods of
combating such diseases.

(3) The need in some cases and in certain countries for
taking advantage of the more modem methods of preventive
inoculation as a means of protection.

(4) The necessity for issuing from time to time health regu-
lations as to preventive measures against disease and the best
methods for preservation of health.

234 APPENDIX C

It is gratifying to state as an example of mutual cooperation
and common service, a small handbook, Health Regulations,
for missionaries, has been issued by the Association of Med-
ical Officers of Missionary Societies, and has been adopted
with slight modifications by several of the large English Mis-
sionary Societies for distribution to each of their mission-
aries, and is under consideration by others.

(5) A valuable addition to our knowledge as to what
period of service abroad is most pregnant with risks to health,
whether in the case of fresh missionaries a shorter first
period of service would be advisable or not.

(6) The indirect benefit to both missionaries and their
Societies, due to the undoubtedly more favorable terms which
Insurance Societies would grant to missionary life proposals,
at any rate for many fields of work; a further development
might take place of Societies insuring their own missionaries
against ill-health, premature retirement, breakdown or death.

4. Extract from Report on Causes of Death Amongst

Missionaries — Cono^usion

The following result obtained from an enquiry authorized
by the Association of Medical Officers, already referred to, is
of great value, indicating, as it does, the soundness of the
contention of this paper:

A record of deaths from all causes in missionaries of nearly
all the large Societies, and resident in all parts of the world
where missionary activities are carried on, has been obtained.
The record deals with such cases as have occurred since 1890
to 1908, and are therefore not complicated by circumstances
and conditions of life abroad which now no longer exist.

The cause of death in 561 missionaries (men and women)
are stated; of these 349 died from diseases, now termed
preventable diseases — ^namely those against which many safe-
guards to health and methods of prevention can be applied,
with the saving of life as a result.

Malaria, Enteric (Typhoid), Cholera, Blackwater Fever,
Dysentery, Tuberculosis. Typhus Fever, and Smallpox are
by far the more important of these diseases in frequency of
occurrence.

Of the missionaries who have died during the last eighteen
years (1890- 1908) over 60 per cent, have died of diseases
against which there are many, and oftentimes adequate, safe-
guards to be adopted.

APPENDIX C 23S

They died, most of them, ignorant of their foe and unen-
lightened as to how to preserve their own health.

Not only is this a wastage of life which can and surely
must be checked, but, on the lowest grounds, it is a waste of
capital expenditure.

This statement represents but one of many interesting facts
to be deduced from a study of such statistics, and it is not
too much to hope that this branch of the Home Department
will be more emphasized, organized, and studied in the future,
60 that lines of policy may be established on surer and firmer
foundations than in the past.^

1 World Missionary Conference — 1910 — Volume VI, The Home Base,
pages 286 to 290.

APPENDIX D

IMPORTANT RECOMMENDATIONS FROM

THE MISSION FIELD REGARDING

MEDICAL WORK

RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MEDICAL MISSION-
ARY ASSOCIATION OF CHINA

(Adopted at the triennial meeting of the Association.
Peking, January 13 to 17, 1913.)

The Medical Missionary Association of China calls the
attention of Dr. Mott, as representing the Continuation Com-
mittee, and also of Home Missionary Societies, to the follow-
ing facts and suggestins: —

1. Medical Missions are not to be regarded as a temporary
expedient for opening the way for, and extending the influence
of the Gospel, but as an integral, co-ordinate and permanent
part of the missionary work of the Christian Church, as was
emphasized in the resolutions passed by the Shanghai Con-
ference of 1907.

2. There are now in China over 500 medical missionaries,
but there is a lack of common policy among the Missionary
Societies in the utilization and distribution of these forces.
The Association would, however, deprecate any independent
decision on the part of the Missionary Societies as to policy
in medical missionary work without consultation with this
Association through its Executive.

3. A most important feature of the work of medical mis-
sions in China at the present juncture is the work of training
Christian young men and women that they may take their
place as thoroughly qualified medical missionaries to per-
petuate the work we have begun, and to occupy positions of
influence in the service of their country. ^

4. The Association therefore considers that the object of
our presence here can now best be advanced by concentrating
our energies largely on the important centres approved by the
Association, and forming there eflicient union medical col-

236

APPENDIX D 237

leges and specially equipped hospitals. And we would
strongly recommend that all such colleges be affiliated and co-
ordinated with other existing missionary educational institu-
tions.

5. The Association reiterates its Resolution of 1907 as to
the desirability of each hospital being in charge of two fully
qualified medical missionaries, but considers that, owing to
the present emergency, and the urgency for medical education,
all except large or isolated hospitals should be put in charge
of one foreign doctor, with, if possible, one or more fully
qualified Chinese.

6. The Association recommends that much of the work done
in the less important stations should, wherever practicable, be
placed under the charge of qualified Chinese; that mission-
aries of ability and experience in certain instances should be
called in from these stations to the teaching centres to take
part in the work of the colleges and large hospitals ; and that
the staffing and thorough equipment of these centres should
take precedence of the opening up of new medical work
throughout the country.

7. A number of fully qualified men and women are scat-
tered over large areas without proper hospitals or equipment,
and this, in the opinion of the Association, is waste of effort
and money, as no efficient medical missionary work can be
done on these lines. We have arrived at a stage in China
when all medical and surgical work done in the name of
Christianity should be of the highest order, and we therefore
recommend, in the interests of economy and efficiency, that
wherever possible small and poorly equipped hospitals should
tinite to form thoroughly equipped institutions.

8. Recent movements in China have developed a natural
desire on the part of the people to carry out their own educa-
tional reform, and this we must recognize, and make the for-
eign element in our work as little prominent as possible by
having our Colleges gradually and increasingly staffed and
supported by the Chinese themselves.

9. The Association considers that the minimum staff for
efficient work in a medical college should be ten men on the
field giving full time. This means, when furloughs, language
study, etc., are taken into account, a total staff of at least
fifteen fully qualified teachers, foreign or Chinese.

10. The Association recommends that sufficient lecture room
and laboratory accommodation should be provided, and as
liberal an equipment as possible in microscopes, models, patho-

2j8 APPENDIX D

logical specimens, etc., also that clinical opportunities to the
extent of three beds to each student in the two final years be
considered the minimum.

11. The Association strongly recommends that until the
undermentioned union medical colleges are efficiently staffed
and equipped no new medical colleges be started in China.
The schools referred to, beginning with the North, are: —
Moukden, Peking, Tsinanfu, Chengtu, Hankow, Nanking,
Hangchow, Foochow and Canton.

12. In order to retain in medical missionary service the best
graduates from our medical colleges we wish to point out that
it will be necessary to give much larger salaries than have
usually been given.

13. As medical books in Chinese are necessary in order to
carry on the instruction in our colleges and to provide med-
ical literature for graduates, the Association would urge on
the Missionary Societies the need for arranging that suitable
men should devote a large part of their time to the work of
translating and preparing such books, and also the necessity
for money grants for this purpose.

14. The Association is of opinion that the nursing in our
hospitals can never be satisfactory until we have thoroughly
trained nurses; that a foreign trained nurse should be asso-
ciated with each large hospital wherever possible, and that
this should be considered indispensable in those hospitals which
are associated with the work of medical colleges.

15. The following resolution was passed by the Association:
Resolved, That we, the members of the China Medical Mis-
sionary Association, met in Conference, let it be known: —

(i) That in establishing medical colleges and hospitals our
sole object is to bring the blessings of healing to the
souls and bodies of the people of China, and to give
a thorough training in medicine and surgery to young
men and women of education and intelligence, enab-
ling them as fully qualified doctors to be of the high-
est service to their country.

(2) That we have no desire to create permanently foreign

institutions, and that our aim and hope is that these
medical colleges will gradually and ultimately be
staffed, financed and controlled by the Chinese them-
selves.

(3) That we are desirous of bringing our teaching work

into line with the regulations of the Ministry of Edu-

APPENDIX D 239

cation, and in all ways to co-K>perate with and assist
the Government of the Republic in medical education,
so that a strong and thoroughly equipped medical pro-
fession may be established in Uiis great land.

16. In conclusion, the members of the China Medical Mis-
sionary Association take advantage of this their first oppor-
tunity to express their profound disappointment that medical
missions, which have been so largely blessed of God as a mis-
sionary agency, were ignored in the list of subjects for con-
sideration at the Edinburgh Conference of 1910; and they
strongly urge that medical missions be adequately represented
in any future conference.

17. We recommend that two local representatives be ap-
pointed to bring forward these recommendations at the vari-
ous centres where conferences with Dr. Mott are held. These
members shall be chosen from those who have attended the
Medical Missionary Conference at Peking. Also that a com-
mittee of five be appointed to represent the Peking Medical
Conference at the General Conference with Dr. Mott at
Shanghai ; and that copies of these resolutions be sent to the
Continuation Committee, and to all home Mission Boards and
Committees and governing bodies on the field.

FINDINGS OF THE CONTINUATION COMMITTEE
CONFERENCE, HELD IN KOREA (CHOSEN),

MARCH 25-28, 1913.

"Medical work is an essential part of the Gospel.

"Every existing hospital should have two doctors, either
Korean or foreign, on its staff, and due weight should be
given to this consideration in entertaining proposals for open-
ing new hospitals. Every hospital should have also at least
one foreign nurse.

*'A11 Missions should imite in giving adequate support to
the Union Medical School at the Severence Hospital, both by
setting doctors free for reasonable periods to take part in
teaching and by devoting funds for its maintenance.

"Medical work in Korea will need considerable financial
assistance from the home base countries for a long time to
come. It is recommended that Mission Boards adopt the plan
of having special medical funds.

"A sustained effort should be made to plant the Gospel in
the Government Medical School and to maintain it there by

240 APIJENDIX D

means of a branch of the student Young Men's Christian
Association.

"Medical work by the Church of Christ in Korea will be
necessary at least until in this land the spirit of all medical
work whatsoever is the spirit of Christ"

FINDINGS OF THE CONTINUATION COMMITTEE

CONFERENCE HELD IN INDIA,

DECEMBER 18-21, 1912

1. "There is at present urgent need for a reconsideration on
the part of many leaders at home of the true aims and scope
of medical mission work^ so that emphasis on its humanitarian
aspect may not overshadow its value for direct evangelization.

2. "According to recent careful estimates at least 100,000,000
of the people of India are still beyond the reach of the
simplest medical aid.

3. "That in every well-established mission hospital there
should be an evangelistic missionary, Indian or European, who
may assist the medical staff to utilize to the fullest extent the
opportunities afforded by the work in the hospital.

"That every possible effort should be made to encourage the
closest mutual cooperation of the evangelistic and medical
forces in each mission area, both in hospitals and in district
itinerating work.

4. "That medical missions are an integral and essential part
of the message of Christ to this land and that in many cases
such as in large rural tracts and unopened fields they repre-
sent the most effective evangelistic agency at present available.

"That for bringing the Gospel message into vital contact
with large numbers of people of all classes who from age and
other circumstances are unreached by educational work, for
reaching women in their secluded homes, and for extensive
evangelization in the villages, especially in connection with
mass movements, it has been established by experience that
there is no agency more powerful than that of medical mis-
sions.

5. "With a view to ministering to the multitudes of women
in India who are as yet beyond the reach both of medical
relief and spiritual help, this Conference would earnestly press
upon the home church the need for strong reenforcements for
women's medical missions.

6. "That the training of all Indian medical mission workers
of whatever grade should include systematic spiritual instruc-

APPENDIX D 24X

tion, every effort being made to arouse m them the true
evangelistic spirit and later on to associate them closely with
the medical missionary in the spiritual side of the work."

"This Conference views with the greatest concern the pres-
ent falling off in offers for medical mission service, which
renders largely inoperative the oft-repeated and vital prin-
ciple that, both for efficiency and for the permanence of the
work, it is essential that at each considerable hospital there
should be stationed two medical missionaries and one trained
nurse. The shortage of medical missionaries is at present so
serious that many mission hospitals stand empty for long or
short periods owing to the absence on furlough or from sick-
ness of the doctors in charge, while numberless pressing
opportunities for extensive evangelization are being lost.

"This Conference believes it to be necessary that the home
authorities should enable all who are being prepared for med-
ical mission work to acquire special training in ophthalmic and
general surgery, and also in the treatment of diseases special
to the tropics.

" The question of the isolation and efficient treatment of the
numerous cases of tuberculosis among the younger generation
of the Christian commtmity (especially in mission schools and
orphanages) is one which calls for earnest consideration on
the part of responsible authorities in the field. In this con-
nection the efforts now being made to establish tuberculosis
sanitoria in various parts of India for the special treatment
of members of the Indian Christian community deserve most
grateful recognition. Such institutions, since they seek to
benefit all classes of Indian Christians, have a strong claim
upon the support of the various Missions/'

APPENDIX E
CHRISTIAN HEALTH EDUCATION IN CHINA

By Dr. W. W. Peter, Secretary of the National Committee of
the Young Men's Christian Association in China

Among many of the missionary leaders in China
there has been a growing consciousness that the pres-
ent situation in China presents a new opportunity,
nation-wide in its scope and world-wide in its possible
influence. The time seems ripe to engage with the
Chinese in promoting health education.

Since 1916 there has been working in this field the
Joint Council on Public Health Education, represent-
ing the China Medical Missionary Association, the
Young Men's Christian Association and the National
Medical Association, the latter organization being
composed of western trained Chinese physicians who
organized themselves in 1915. In 1919 the Christian
Educational Association of China also voted to join
the Joint Council.

The headquarters of the Council are in Shanghai.
Dr. Wu Lien Teh, President of the National Medical
Association, is Chairman; Dr. Robert C. Beebe,
Executive Secretary of the China Medical Missionary
Association, and Mr. David Yui, General Secretary of
the National Committee of the Young Men's Christian
Association, are the two other members of the Execu-
tive Committee. Drs. W. W. Peter and S. M. Woo
are the Executive Secretaries.

Until 1919 the money for the work of the Council
was provided by foreign and Chinese physicians in

242

APPENDIX E M3

Qiina and by the Young Men's Christian Association.
On January 2^, 191 7, at the Bi- Annual Conference
of the China Medical Missionary Association, the
following resolution was passed :

"That the China Medical Mission resolves that the China
Medical Missionary Association appeal to the missionary
societies now at work in China to send out or allocate men
of the necessary qualifications to undertake under the direc-
tion of the China Medical Missionary Association the leader-
ship in a nation-wide campaign of public health education and
to provide the financial support needed."

On January 17, 1918, at the 25th Annual Session of
the Foreign Missions Conference of North America,
the following action was taken :

"Resolved, that with respect to the resolution adopted by
the China Medical Missionary Association, January 27, 1917,
appealing to missionary societies to support a nation-wide
campaign of public health education in China, the Foreign
Missions Conference expresses deep interest in the proposed
campaign and commends the movement to the sympathetic
consideration of such Boards as may be approached."

Already a number of missionary societies have
pledged their support to this work. A number are
considering the proposal, but the following have al-
ready endorsed the work and pledged the following
sums, annually for a period of three years :

Free Methodist $ 100

Evangelical Associations • 600

American Baptist (North) 1,000

Presbyterian (North) 1,000

Methodist (North) 1,000

Methodist (South, Woman's Council) 2,400

International Committee Y. M. C. A 5,000

A beginning has been made in developing five
methods of work in China.

In its headquarters at Shanghai the Council has

M4 APPENDIX E

over 500 negatives on health subjects which are at the
service of missionaries and others throughout the
country. Lectures have been prepared with English
and Chinese manuscript on such subjects as: Sanita-
tion of the Chinese Cities ; Flies Kill People ; Plague ;
Infectious Diseases; Small-pox; and The Work of
Health Education in China.

A demand for literature on health subjects has
existed for a long time. Six and one-half tons of
paper were used in printing 430,000 copies of a large
anti-tuberculosis story calendar which was sold in
every province in China and in some foreign countries.
Several editions of a book prepared by Dr. F. J.
Tooker, "Hygiene by Picture and Story**, have already
been exhausted. The Chinese Executive Secretary
has given considerable new literature in this field to
the doctors and teachers. Eighteen newspaper articles
were prepared and used in different parts of the
country.

Small portable health exhibits are in the process of
preparation whereby medical missionaries or teachers
will be enabled to hold small health campaigns in
connection with their regular work.

A number of large health campaigns have been held.
In Changsha thirty-six meetings were held in one week,
attended by 30,000 people. Twenty thousand dollars
was raised for land and buildings to erect a tubercu-
losis sanitarium. In Canton the number of vaccina-
tions for small-pox was raised from the highest mark
of 92 for one day to over 800 per day.

The question naturally arises, why should the Chris-
tian church engage in this work of health education?
The million and a quarter dollars which the Christian
church sends into China annually for medical work
applies to up-keep and does not include capital invest-
ment, such as buildings and other new equipment.

APPENDIX E 24S

While undoubtedly a great deal of disease prevention
and health education are accomplished, most of these
hospitals are primarily rescue stations placed at the
bottom of an invisible cliff to heal the people from
disease after they have fallen over. There are as yet
no agencies in China adequately occupying the top of
the cliff to warn the people and help them erect bar-
riers to prevent the wastage of human life which has
existed for so many years. Incidentally, the Christian
church itself sustains a large annual loss from death
in the Chinese membership of the church and the lead-
ers among the Chinese men and women in whom the
missionaries and home boards have placed great
confidence. The records of the China Continuation
Committee in Shanghai are full of names of men and
women who died prematurely from some preventable
disease.

It is during the initial stages of such a health move-
ment that men and money from other countries are
most needed. While there are other agencies of a
more general nature such as the American Red Cross
Society, the United States Public Health Service, the
China Medical Board of the Rockefeller Foundation,
and the International Health Board of the Rockefeller
Foundation, which are interesting themselves in certain
problems in China, it is the expression of the medical
missionaries of China that the Christian church,
through its Foreign Mission Boards, should engage in
this work of health education. They prefaced their
request by first subscribing $3,000 a year Mexican for
two years in order to secure the first Chinese western
trained leader. Dr. S. M. Woo. His work was so
acceptable that he was re-engaged at the close of the
two years.

The beginning has already been made to make this
movement indigenous through Chinese leadership and

246 APPENDIX E

support. Qiinese physicians contributed $3,cxx) a year
for two years; also for the support of Dr. Woo.
This is not only an example of co-operation between
Chinese and foreigners, but between foreigners of dif-
ferent denominational relationships. By rendering
this particular service the non-Christian people of the
Orient will be enabled to see that the out-reach of
Christianity includes a consideration of those social
problems which relate to the life of the people. There
is a very bright outlook indeed for this, one of the
newest forms of missionary work in China.

APPENDIX F

MEDICAL MISSIONARY SOCIETIES

On the mission fields are the following Medicat
Missionary Societies:

THE CHINA MEDICAL MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION

Executive Secretary: Robert C. Beebe, M.D., 5 Quinsan
Gardens, Shanghai.

THE NURSES* ASSOCIATION OF CHINA

General Secretary : Miss L. A. Batty, 5 Quinsan Gardens,
Shanghai.

MEDICAL MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
Secretary: A. Lankester, M.D., Hyderabad, Deccan.

Missionary nurses are members of this Medical Missionary
Association.

247

APPENDIX G

LEGAL REGULATIONS REGARDING THE
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE IN VARIOUS

MISSION LANDS

These regulations are abstracted from *' Laws regu-
lating the Practice of Medicine in the United States
and Elsewhere." July 15th, 1919, published by the
American Medical Association.

In many instances the restrictions will seem almost
prohibitive for our American physicians, but practical
adjustments with government officials can usually be
made that will allow sufficient freedom in his practice
to one who is engaged in missionary work. The laws
apply primarily to one engaged in practice as a means
of livelihood.

AFRICA
East and West Coasts

No regulations. Government's efforts exerted toward stopping
witch doctors and native medicine men.

South Africa — Cape Colony

Medical practice under the control of the Colonial Medical

Council.
Admission to register is given on a diploma of 5 years' study.
Foreign diplomas not honored unless equal rights are given in

such countries to holders of British Registrable Degree.
(A) Madagascar, (B) Natal, (C) Rhodesia, (D) Transvalia,

and (E) Orange River Colony are governed by the same

rules.

CEYLON

Registration is required to practise and any one not so quali-
fied who proposes to practise or hold himself as ready to
treat patients is liable to prosecution.

248

APPENDIX G 249

No foreign degrees of qualification are acceptable unless the
foreign state or country recognizes the certificate of
Ceylon.

CHINA

No legal restrictions or regulations govern the practise of
medicine in China.

FIJI ISLANDS

Now provides medical education for natives.

Medical practise now controlled by government and registra-
tion is required. Any one entitled to practise in the
United Kingdom or British Colonies may claim admis-
sion.

INDIA

A foreign physician to obtain a license must pass examinations.
He must have graduated from a medical college recognized
by the General Medical Council. The government wel-
comes the work of American Medical Missionaries.

JAPAN

Foreign physicians must secure license from Minister of the

Interior.
Examination in Japanese.
Four years of medical study required.
Physician required to keep all records of all patients for ten

years.

LATIN AMERICA

Argentine Republic

Physicians from foreign countries required to pass full series

of examinations.
Examinations in the Spanish language.
Diplomas from colleges in the United States must be legalized

by the Department of State in Washington, D. C, and

must be vised by the Argentine Minister.

Examinations held March, July, December.

«
Bahama Islands

Registration is required and penalties are provided for prac-
ticifng without first being registered.

No examination is required where applicant presents satis-
factory credentials of graduation from a medical school
legally incorporated m the country wherein it is located.

250 APPENDIX G

Other phjrsidans may be registered as "Unqualified prac-
titioners," but a list of such is posted annually in the
official Gazette.

Bermuda

Registration after an examination is required of all applicants
before the right to practise is conferred.

Bolivia

Foreign candidates take examinations in Spanish.

Same license registers him in the following states, (a) Argen-
tine, (b) Peru, (c) Paraguay, (d) Ecuador, (e) Colombia,
(f) Chile.

Brasil

Unless foreign physician has been a professor in a University
Medical School or is the author of an important medical
book, requirements to practise are almost prohibitive.

Must undergo examinations in Portuguese in all branches of
medical corriculum.

British Guiana

Has a thorough medical organization.

Only medical men who are already registered in the United
Kingdom are admitted to the register.

Costa Rica

Foreign physician must be a graduate of an allopathic college.
Must deposit a certain sum of money.
Must take an examination in Spanish.

Preliminary education required is that demanded for a reputa-
ble medical school in the United States.

Cuba

Foreign physician must present his degree to the Department

in charge of Public Industries.
Degree must be registered by the University of Havana.
Must take an examination in Spanish. Thesis also required.

Dominican Republic and Guatemala

The foreign physician must apply to the Superior Medical

Council for permission to practise.
Examination in Spanish must be taken.

Haiti and Honduras
Six-year course required
Examination.

APPENDIX G 251

Mexico

Examinations required. Must submit a thesis.

Nicaragua

^o examination required for foreign doctor.

Diploma presented must have signatures acknowledged before
notary, and certified by secretary of state, this must be
certified by the diplomatic officer in the United States.

Panama and San Salvador

Registration to practise medicine under the control of the

National Board of Health.
Examination required. Also assigned thesis.

Porto Rico

For foreign physicians the Board of Medical Examiners issues
a certificate of registration to one having received a
diploma from a college.

Must pass the examination given, either oral or written, in
English or in Spanish. There are three forms of cer-
tificates given: (a) Doctor of Medicine, (b) Licentiate
of Medicine, (c) Midwife.

Venesuela

Foreigners must present diploma, and have license to practise
medicine in one of the states of the United States, or from
the city from which he comes.

Take final examinations in Portuguese.

Yucatan

Foreign physicians must present a diploma from a recognized
medical school and pass an examination of the Board of
Medical Examiners at Merida.

Examination oral, given in Spanish or through an interpreter.

Applicant required to diagnose and prescribe for a certain
number of patients in a hospital.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

For foreign physicians the Board of Medical Examiners issues
a certificate of registration to one having received a
diploma from a college.

Must pass the examination given, either oral or written, in
English or in Spanish. There are three forms of cer-
tificate given: (a) Doctor of Medicine, (b) Licentiate
af Medicine, (c) Midwife.

2S2 APPENDIX G

SIAM

There are no legal restrictions to the practise of medicine.
Opportunities are not good for private practise.

TURKEY

Foreign physician must present diploma and license to prac-
tise in one of the states of the United States.

Documents must be legalized by the Turkish Consul in the
United States.

Strict oral examination.

APPENDIX H
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barnes, Irene H. Between Life and Death. Marshall, Lon-
don, 1901.

Barton, James L. The Medical Missionary. Am. B. C.
F. M., Boston.

Blaikie, W. G. The Personal Life of Livingstone. Revell,
N. Y., 1880.

Bryson, Mrs. John Kenneth Mackenzie. Revell, N. Y.

Capen, Edward Warren, Ph.D. Sociological Progress in
Mission Lands. The author, Hartford, Conn.

Christie, Dugald. Thirty Years in Moukden. McBride, Nast
& Co., N. Y., 1914.

de Gruche, Kingston. Dr. Apricot of Heaven Below.
Revell, N. Y., 1911.

DiMMiTT, Delia. A Story of Madeira. Meth. Book Concern,
N. Y., 1896.

Eddy, G. S. India Awakening. Missionary Education Move-
ment, 1911-12.

Edwards, Martin R. The Work of the Medical Missionary.
Student Volunteer Movement.

Glover, Richard. Herbert Stanley Jenkins, M.D., F.R.C.S.
The Carey Press, London, 1914.

Gracey, Mfts, J. T. Eminent Missionary Women. Eaton &
Mains, N. Y., 1898.

Griffis, W. E. Hepburn of Japan. Westminster Press, Phil-
adelphia, 1913.

Halsey, Abram Woodruff. Go and Tell John. Presby-
terian Church in the U. S. A. 1919.

Halsey, Abram Woodruff. Presb)rterian Medical Missions.
Murray & Evenden, London, 1912.

HoDGKiN, Henry T. The Way of the Good Physician.
United Council for Miss. Educ, London, 1916.

Hume-Griffith, Mrs.. M. Behind the Veil in Persia and
Turkish Arabia. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1909.

Jackson, John. Lepers: Thirty-six Years Among Them.
Marshall, London, 1910.

aS3

254 APPENDIX H

Jackson, John. Mary Reed, Missionary to Lepers. Revcll,

N. Y., 1900.
Jefferys, Wm. Hamilton. Practical Ideals in Medical Mis-
sion Work, Dom. & For. Miss. Society of the Prot. Epis.

Church, 1909.
Kelly, Howard A. Walter Reed and Yellow Fever. Medical

Standard Book Co., Baltimore, 191 2.
Kerr, J. G. Medical Missions. Pres. Board of Pub., Phila-
delphia, 1895.
Kerr, Robert. Morocco After Twenty-Five Years. Murray

& Evenden, London, 1912.
KiLBORN, O. L. Heal the Sick. Miss. Soc. Meth. Church,

Toronto, 1910.
LocKHART, Wm. a Medical Missionary in China. Hurst,

London, 1861.
LoFTis, Zen AS Sanford. A Message from Batang. Revell,

N. Y., 191 1.
Lowe, John. Medical Missions — Their Place and Power.

Oliphant, Edinburgh, 1895.
Mackay, George L. From Far Formosa. Revell, N. Y., 1900.
Manson, Sir Patrick. Tropical Diseases. Cassell, N. Y.,

1898.
McDill, John R. Tropical Surgery. Kimpton, Glasgow,

1918.
McLean, Archibald. Epoch Makers of Medical Missions.

Revell, N. Y., 191 2.
MooRSHEAD, R. Fletcher. The Appeal of Medical Missions.

Revell, N. Y., 1913.
MuNSON, Arley. Jungle Days : Experiences of an American

Woman Doctor in India. Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1913.
Osgood, Elliot I. Breaking Down Chinese Walls. Revell,

N. Y., 1908.
Peill, Rev. J. The Beloved Physician of Tsang Chou : Life-

Work and Letters of Dr. Arthur D. Peill. Headley Bros.,

London, 1908.
Pennell, a. M. Pennell of the Afghan Frontier. Dutton,

N. Y., 1914.
Penrose, Valeria F. Opportunities in the Path of the Great

Physician. Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1902.
Perkins, Edward C. A Glimpse of the Heart of China.

Revell, N. Y., 191 1.
Ramsey, W. M., Kt. Luke, the Physician, Geo. H. Doran

Co., N. Y., 1908.

APPENDIX H 255

Speer, Robert E. The Foreign Doctor: Joseph Plumb Coch-
ran. Revell, N. Y., 191 1.

Tachell» W. Arthur. Healing and Saving : The Life Story
of Philip Rees. Charles H. Kelley, London, 1914.

UssHER, Clarence D. & Knapp, Grace H. An American
Physician in Turkey. Houghton, Boston, 19 17.

Wanless, W. J. The Medical Mission. Westminster Press,
Philadelphia, 1908.

Williamson, J. Rutter. The Healing of the Nations. Stu-
dent Vol. Movement, 1899.

Worcester, Elwood C. Religion and Medicine. Grosset &
Dunlop, N. Y., 1910.

PERIODICALS, REPORTS, ETC.

American Journal of Nursing.

Board of Missionary Preparation, Third Report.

China Mission Year Books.

Continuation Committee Conferences in Asia.

International Review of Missions.

Reports of Student Volunteer Conventions, 1902, 1906,

1910, 1914, 1920.
Student Volunteer Movement Bulletin.
Medicine in China — Report of Rockefeller Commission.
The Missionary Review of the World.

LIST OF MEDICAL PERIODICALS, PUBLISHED IN

ENGLISH IN MISSION LANDS, OR BEARING

ON PROBLEMS OF MISSION LANDS

AFRICA:

1. "South Africa Medical Record," published monthly

since 1903 in Cape Town, South Africa, by W.
Darby-Hartley.

2. "Medical Journal of South Africa," published monthly

in Johannesburg, Transvaal Colony, East Central
Africa, price i pound, one shilling; annually.

2S6 APPENDIX H

CHINA:

3. The China Medical Journal," a bi-monthly published

by the China Medical Missionary Association,
since 1887 in Shanghai, China, Dr. Robert C.
Beebe, Manager. Price $S.oo Shanghai currency.

4. **The China Maritime Customs Medical Reports," pub-

lished annually since 1877. Lately published in
"The China Medical Journal**

INDIA :

5. "The India Journal of Medical Research," a monthly

edited by the Director-General of the India Med-
ical Service. Published in Calcutta, Bengal,
India, since 19 13. Per copy price is 2 rupees.

6. "The Indian Medical Gazette," published monthly in

Calcutta, Bengal, India, since 1866. The price is
14 rupees a year, with 2 rupees extra for postage
outside of India.

7. "The Indian Medical Record," published in Calcutta,

Bengal, India, since 1890.

8. "The Hospital Assistant," published monthly in Kol-

hapur, Bombay, India, since 1906.

9. "Medical Missions in India." The organ of the India

Medical Missionary Association. Editor is Rev.
J. M. MacPhail, M.D., Bamdah, India. Secretary,
A. Lancaster, M.D., Hyderabad, Deccan, India.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS :

10. "Philippine Journal of Science," Section B. This is

a scientific journal with ten numbers annually,
published in Manila since 1906, Section B is de-
voted to medical science. The other sections to
natural sciences, etc.

JAPAN :

11. "Sei-i-kwai Medical Journal," published monthly in

Tokyo, Japan, since 1882.

GENERAL :

12. "The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene," a

bi-monthly published in London since i^. Price
21 shillings a year.

13. "Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology."

This is issued by the Liverpool School of Trop-
ical Medicine. Liverpool, England. Price i
ppjmd, ? ghilJings, 6 pence per yean

APPENDIX H 257

MEXICO :

14. There are five current journals on medicine and

allied subjects, published in this country, accord-
ing to the index of the Surgeon General's office,
but none of these is in English.

SOUTH AMERICA :

15. There are fifty-nine journals listed in the Surgeon

General's index, published in various countries of
South America. Many of these are not now cur-
rent, and none is published in English.

TURKEY :

16. There is one current medical journal published in

Constantinople, Turkey, in French.

INDEX

Achievements of medical mission-
aries, 107-109.

Adams, J. E„ quoted, 211-212.

Africa Inland Mission, 23.

Africa, need of medical missions
in, 22, 24, 63. 64. I43..^r7.

Aim and Scope of Medical Mis-
sions, 53-74.

Alcohol, 26-28.

Allen, Dr. H. N., 108, 169, 211.

American Presbyterian Hospital,
Miraj, India, 128. ^

Armenia, need of medical mission-

• •

aries in, 21, 177.
Avison, Dr. O. R., 170.
Acupuncture, 14.

Balme, Dr. Harold, 182.

Barnes, Irene H., quoted, 154, 179.

Barton, James L., quoted, 53, 58,

109, 152.
Beebe, Dr. Robert C, 184.
Beilly, Miss, 136.
Beirut Medical College, 36.
Berry, Dr. John C, 152, 212.
Bishop, Isabella B., quoted, 5, 34,

137. 140.
Board of Missionary Preparation,

quoted, 87, 89.
Bonfield, Dr. G. H., 20.
Bosworth, E. I., auoted, 65.
Bowman, Miss Willie, 155.
Brent, Bishop, quoted, 47, 48.
Bryson, Mrs. I., quoted, 206.
Bulleyn, Dr. William, 173.
Butler, Dr. Fanny J., 137-139.

Cambridge Band, The, 208.

Candidates for Medical Mission
Work, 77-92; the call, 77-80;
qualifications, 80-87 1 preparation,
87-92.

Carev, William, 107, 110,^ 203.

Challenge to Medical Missionary
work, 163-189; challenge of the
changing world .order, 164-168;
challenge of various fields, 168-
181; challenge of pressing prob-
lems, 1S1-189.

Chapel, 1 21-122.

Chea, Dr. S. P., 70,

China, lack of native resources
for relief, 13-14; discovery of
medicines, 15-16; a challenge to
faith, 171.

China Medical Board, 185, 187.

Chinese Medical Missionary So-
ciety, 127.

Christie, Airs. Duga!d, quoted, 145.

Church Missionary Society, 22^ 34,
60, 64.

Cholera Infantuni, 157.

Cochran, Joseph P., 37, 42, 59, 72-
73, quoted, 82, 124, 180.

Cocnran, Thomas, 1S4, 185, 186.

Colledge, T. H., iii.

Combs, Lucinda L., 137, 139.

Cook, Albert, 146.

Cooperation in medical work, 183-
184.

Cousland. Dr. P. B., 119,

Cram, W. G., 38-39.

Crawford, Dan, quoted, 93.

Chloroform, 16-17.

Cataract, 129, 130.

Darwin, Charles, quoted, 17.

Datta, S. K., quoted, 24.

Denby, Hon. Charles, quoted, 67,

Dennis, Archdeacon, quoted, 22.

Dentistry, 18-19, 9o.

Diseases of the non-Christian

world, 7-12, 69, 70, 157, 170.
Dispensary, The, 64, 121, 137, 157.
Dru^^s, discovery and application

•f, 16-17.
Dudgeon, Dr., 119.
Dufferin, Lady, 136,
Dysentery, 7.

Eddy, Mary P., 36, 47.

Eddy, Sherwood, quoted, 24, I74t

Edinburgh Medical Missionary So-
ciety, 112.

Edinburgh World Missionary Con-
ference, 19.

Edkins, Dr., 119.

Elmslie, Dr. W. J., quoted, 34.

Engj Dr. Hu King, 150.

Equipment for medical missionary
work, 182.

259

26o

INDEX

Fair, Miss Elda M., 177.

Falconer, Hon. Ion Keith-, quoted,
28. ,

Fetishism, 25.

Fields ^ Unoccupied by Medical
Missions, 19-29; population, 19;
their need of medical mission-
aries, 21-23; typical field for
medical missions, 24-29.

Filiaria ha, 8.

Fiske, Fidelia, 103.

Fortune teller, 172.

Fraser, Sir Andrew, quoted, 175.

Freemantle, Canon, 56.

Fryer, John, 119.

Fulton, Dr. Mary H., 119, 138.

Caynor, Lucv, 35.

Gladstone. Hon. William E., 207.

Goitre, 9.

Goodrich, Chauncey, quoted, 179.

Grant, Dr. Asahel, 22, 108, 113.

Greer, Bishop David H., quoted,

212-213.
Grenfell, George, 64, 100, 107,217.
Griffis. W. E., quoted, 43, 78, 117,
Griffith, Dr. A. Hume-, 10,
Gutzlaff, Dr. iio-iii.
Grant, David, 35.

Hannington, Bishop, 64.
Hanson, C. B., 45-46.
Haygood, Laura, 158.
Headland, Isaac, quoted, 15, 16,

119, 215-

Ilepburn, J. C, 40, 78, 82, 117,
118, 203, 204, 212.

TTobson, Dr. B., 119,

Hodgkin, Dr. Henry T., 124.

Holmes, Dr. G. W., ^7.

Home Base of Medical Missions,
181.

Hnok-worm, 8,

Horder, Dr., 11.

Hospitals, evangelizing centres,
60-64, 125-127; importance of,
122-125; cost of. 127-128; Pek-
ing, China, 8; Soochow, China,
17, 127, 188; MiraJ. India, 128;
Tarn Taren, 154; Seoul, Korea,
170.

Howard, Leonore, 137, 217.

Huxley, William, quoted, 205.

Ivey Methodist Hospital, 170.
India, medical neea in, 23-24; a

challenge to Christian states-

manship, 174-175.
Insanity, 10-11, 22, 144-145.
Irvin, Dr., quoted, 12.

Jackson, Arthur, 35, a 12.
ames, William, quoted, xoa, aoo,
206.
Jefferson, Charles E., quoted, 152,

198.
, enner. Dr., iii.
, ohnston. Sir Harry, 120.
, uarez, Sosthenes, 202.
, udson, Adonirara, 203.
. apan, industrial growth a men*
ace in, 167.

Kahn, Dr. Ida, 150.
Kahn, Jahan, 6 1-62.
Kalley, Dr. Robert R., iX4-xi6.

Keen. Dr. W. W.. 69.
-elley, D "
70, 203.

Kelley, Dr. Howar

t A.,

quoted.

Kerr, Dr. J. G., 36, 40, 103, xo8,
112, 119, 129^ 210, 212.

King, Henry C, quoted, 50, 81,
209, 217.

King, Howard, 108.

KipRng, Rudyard, quoted, 23-24.

Kitchener, Lord, quoted, 81,

Krishna Pal, 107, 110.

Kugler, Dr. Anna S., 148.

Kumm, Karl, 22.

Lady Dufferin Hospitals, 23, 136,

149:
Lamaism, 20.
Laurie, Dr. Thomas, 114.
Latin America, medical need in,

142; demand for nurses in, X53«

_ 154.

Legge, Dr. Alexander, 119.
Leprosy, 8, 11-12, 62, 68, 69, 109.
Lin Yin Monastery, 71.
Livingstone, David, 107, 210, air,

quoted, 47. 49, 50, 79» 81, 318.
Loftis, Z. S., 108, 217.
Lowe, John, quoted, 55, 92, 93,

112.
Lyon, Mary, 158.

McCall, Dr. P. L., quoted, 67.
McCartee, Dr. B., 41.
McDill, Dr. John R., 8, 41, 185.
Mabie, Dr. Catherine L., 87.
Mackay, Dr. George L., 9, 19,

quoted, 14.
Mackenzie, Kenneth, 47, 137, 169,

206, 211, quoted, 59, 83, 85.
Malarial fever, 9-10.
Maliza, the Toro Princess, 146.
Main, Dr. Duncan, 71; quotea, 83,
I 125, 126.

3 2044 020 631 727

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