•NRLF
»
MEMOIR
OFFICIAL COREESPONDENCE
OF
GEN. JOHN STARK
■WITH NOTICES OF SEVERAL OTHER
OFFICERS OF THE REVOLUTION.
ALSO, A BIOGRAPHY OF
CAPT. PHINEHAS STEVENS,
AND OF
COL. ROBERT ROGERS,
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF HIS
SERVICES IN AMERICA DURING THE " SEVEN YEARS' WAR.
BY CALEB STARK
CONCOED:
PUBLISHED BY G. PARKEE LYON.
1860.
S7SS
CASE
Entered according to an Act of Congress, in the year 1860,
BY CALEB STARK,
In the -Clerk's Office of the District Court of New-Hampshire
CONCORD, N. H.:
STEAM PRESS OF MCFARLAND & JENKS,
PHENIX BLOCK, MAIN STREET.
TO OUR READERS
Much of the information contained in this vokime was obtained from
individuals well acquainted with and even related to officers of the " Seven
Years' War," and who afterward served with them in the war of the Kevo-
lution, to the principal events of which they were eye witnesses. Their
narratives of what they had performed and seen have been familiar to us
from childhood.
While contemplating the character of the heroes of the Ke volution, the
scenes in which an important portion of their lives was engaged, and
their entire devotion to the cause of their native land, the heart is chilled
with the reflection that, of those war-worn veterans — the pioneers of
American Independence — a few only now remain, tottering on the verge
of the grave, to witness the result of their unparalleled sufferings and vic-
torious toils.
Although the ingratitute of the nation to which their valor gave birth,
in neglecting to perform what had solemnly been promised to her officers
and soldiers in the hour of that nation's direst peril, caused the suns of
many of them to go down in clouds of misfortune, it is imperatively
incumbent upon those of the present generation to bestow appropriate
honors upon their memory.
It is to be hoped that their posterity, cheered by the perusal of the
annals of the past, and inspired with a due sense of gratitude for their
national prosperity, will never become objects deserving the insulting
taunt that the spirit of the Kevolution, which, like an adamantine rock,
withstood the angry billows that dashed against it, has become extinct,
with the departure of the heroic souls it once animated.
If, in this feeble attempt to throw light upon that desperate and long
doubtful struggle, which, under Heaven's favor, founded this now potent
nation, it shall be our fortune to rescue from oblivion traits of character
and examples of devoted patriotism worthy of imitation, we shall consider
our humble labors compensated.
M46353
IV TO THE READER.
We acknowledge obligations to several gentlemen for information and
documents furnished: among whom we name with pleasure, Colonel
Henry Stevens, of Burlington, Vermont, President of the IJistorical and
Antiquarian Societies of that State ; Charles C. Sheafe, Esq., of Boston ;
I. S. Hunt, Esq., of Sudbury, Massachusetts; and William E. Goodwin,
Esq., of Concord, New-Hampshire ; to the authors of the Histories of
Concord and Manchester ; and J. D. Butler, Esq., author of the address
before the Legislature of Vermont, October 20, 1848.
Our production, such as it is, we offer to the consideration of the inde-
pendent freemen of the United States, who will, we hope, receive it with
candid indulgence, and cast the mantle of charity over its errors.
A people who inherit the enviable privilege of occupying the vast
domains of this mighty and only Republic on earth, will, we confidently
trust, through future ages, continue to be, what their progenitors of the
iron days of '76 were — the undaunted champions and guardians of Liberty.
Firm as her hills, may freedom's spirit stand,
Repelling despots from her heaven-blest land ;
And never be her glorious standard furled,
Till the dread power who made, shall crush the world.
CONTENTS
MEMOIR OF GENERAL JOHN STARK 9
CORRESPONDENCE : 108-325
GENERAL JACOB BAILEY 327
GENERAL JOSEPH CILLEY 335
COLONEL MARINUS WILLET \ 339
MAJOR CALEB STARK 344
CAPTAIN PHINEHAS STEVENS 372
COLONEL ROBERT ROGERS 386
THOMAS BURNSIDE 487
INDEX OP GENERAL STARK'S CORRESPONDENCE.
Petition to government of N. H. 109
Council of N. H 110
Commission to John Stark Ill
To Hon. Matthew Thornton (Bat-
tle of Bunker's hill) 112
From General Gates 114
General Schuyler 115
Ira Allen to N. H. Committee of
Safety 118
Gen. Burgoyne's Proclamation....ll9
Gen. Schuyler's Proclamation 119
From Colonel Seth Warner, 121
Vermont Council of Safety 122
Hon. M. Weareto Ira Allen 123
Hon. M. Weare to Col. Folsom,..124
Gen. Schuyler to Gen. Lincoln....l25
Gen. Lincoln to Gen. Stark 126
Gen. Stark to N. H. Council
(battle of Bennington)....126
Gen. Schuyler to President Han-
cock 129
Gen. Stark to Gen. Gates 129
Handbill (battle of Bennington)..132
President Weare to Gen. Stark...l35
Gen. Schuyler to Gen. Stark 136
Vermont Council to Gen. Stark..l37
Gov. Chittenden to Gen. Stark....l38
Commission to Gen. Stark 138
President Hancock to Gen. Stark 139
Resolve of Congress 140
From Gen. Gates 140
Massachusetts Legislature 140
Gen. Gates 142
Orders to Captain Patrick 142
Gen. Gates to Gen. Conway 143
Gen. Gates to Gen, Stark 144
James Deane to Gen. Schuyler. ..145
From Mayor of Albany 146
Gen. Washington 147
To Gen. Gates 147
Col. SafFord 148
Rev. S. Kirkland to Gen. Schuy-
ler 148
Gen. Stark to Pres. of Congress.. .150
VI
CONTENTS.
To Gen. Gates 151
James Deane to Gen. Schuyler... 151
Gen. Stark to Gov. Chittenden....l53
To Gen. Gates 154
From Gen, Gates 155
To Gen. Gates 156
the Mayor of Albany 157
Gen. Tenbroeck 157
Gen. Gates 157
Sundry people of Cochnawaga to
Gen. Stark 158
To Gen. Gates 159
Gen. "Washington ~ 160
From Gen. Gates 161
To Col. Klock ...162
Gen. Stark to Committee of
Safety of Tryon Co 163
From Gen. Gates 163
Col. E. Allen 164
To Col. E. Allen 165
Gen. Gates 166
Gen. Fellows 167
the Brigadier of Hampshire
Co ....168
Capt. Ballard 168
Gen. Gates 169
From Gen. Gates 170
To Gen. Gates 170
President N. H. Congress 172
Col. Hay 173
From Gen. Gates 174
To Gen. Gates ■ 174
Press Warrant 175
To Col. Alden 175
Col. Alden to Capt. Ballard 176
Gen. Stark to Gen. Gates 176
To Col. Warner 177
Gen. Gates 177
Gov. Chittenden 177
From Gen. Washington 178
To Gen. Gates 179
From Gen. Gates 180
Gen. Gates 181
To Gen. Washington 182
Gov. Chittenden 184
Col. Alden 184
Col. Butler.. 185
Gov. Clinton 187
To Gen, Washington 187
Gen. Washington 188
Commissioners of Albany 189
Gen. Washington 189
British Commander at Crown
Point 190
Gov. Chittenden 190
Col. Alden 191
From Gen. Washington 192
To President of Congress 193
Gen. Washington 194
From Col. Herrick 196
Gen. Gates 196
To President Weare 197
From Gen. Washington 199
Gen. Washington to President
Weare 201
To Gen. Heath 203
From Gen. Heath 204
To Col. Shrieve 205
G^n. Washington 206
From Gen. Heath 206
Gen. Heath 207
To Gen. Washington 207
From Gen. Heath 208
To Gen. Heath 209
Col. T. Pickering 209
From Gen. Washington 210
To Hon. Meshech Weare 210
From Gen. Washington 211
Gen. Washington 213
To Gov. Clinton 213
Gen. Washington 215
Gen. Washington 217
From Gen. Washington 218
Orders to Capt. Livingston 218
To Gov. Clinton 219
Gov. Clinton 220
' Gen. Washington 220
From Gen. Heath 221
Gov. Clint<5n 222
Col. Willet 222
To Col. Pickering 225
Col. Laurens 225
Gov. Chittenden 226
Joseph Fay, Esq., to Gen. Stark.. .227
From Col. Willet ...227
Gov. Clinton 228
CONTENTS
Vll
To Gen. Heath 229
Gov. Clinton 231
From Gov. Clinton 233
Gen. Heath 284
City Government of Alhany to
Gov. Clinton 235
Gen. Stark to Gov. Haldiman 236
To Capt. E. Marshall 237
From Gen. Washington to Presi-
dent of Congress — (arrival of
Count de Grasse) 239
From Capt. Marshall 240
Extract from Ki vington's Gazette 241
From Gen. Heath ; 242
H. Glen to Capt. E. Marshall 243
Gen. Heath to Gen. Stark 243
Gov. Clinton to Mayor of Albany 243
Capt. Marshall to Gen. Stark 245
Gen. Stark to Gen. Heath 245
Hugh Miller, Esq., to Gen. Stark 246
From Capt. E. Marshall 247
To Gen. Heath 247
From Gen. Schuyler 250
To Gen. Schuyler 251
From Major Logan 251
Gen. Schuyler 252
To Gen. Schuyler 253
From Gen. Heath 254
Capt. E. Marshall 255
To Gen. Heath 256
Gen. Washington 257
Gen. Heath 258
From Gen. Heath 260
Gen. Schuyler 261
To Capt. Hickocks 262
From Col. Willet 263
Capt. E. Marshall 264
To Gen. Heath 265
From Gov. Clinton 267
Gen. Heath 267
Capt. E. Marshall 268
Capt. E. Marshall to Major
C. Stark 269
Gen. Schuyler 271
Gen. Heath 271
Gen. Schuyler 272
Col. Willet 273
Gen. Heath 273
Gen. Heath to Col, Tupper 274
From Gen. Schuyler 274
Col. Kobinson 275
Gen. Schuyler 276
Col. Safford 277
Gen Heath 278
To Governor George Clinton 279
From Gen. Heath 280
Gen. Schuyler 281
Gen. Koger Enos 282
Gen. Schuyler 283
Gen. Heath 284
Gen. Enos 284
To Gov. Chittenden 285
From Gov. Chittenden 286
Lord Stirling 288
To Gen. Heath 289
General orders 290
From Lord Sterling 291
Gen. Heath 292
To Gen. Heath 293
From Gen. Heath 295
To Gen. Heath 296
From Gen. Heath 299
To Col. Yates 300
Hon. Meshech Weare 301
From Gov. Chittenden 302
To Gen. Washington 303
Gen. Heath 305
From Col. George Eeid 306
Gen. Heath 307
Col. Safibrd 308
Thomas JeiFerson 308
Answer 309
From Committee of Bennington
310-311
Answer 312
From Bennington Committee 314
Answer 315
From James Madison 316
Answer 316
From Committee of "Seventy-
six Association " of South-Car-
olina 318
From Judge Witherell 318
Dr. Bentley 320
Letters 321-326
NOTICE.
A reference has been made in note (page 322) to a portrait intended for
this volume. Since the work was printed, a new engraving has been pre-
pared for the frontispiece.
ERRATA.
Page 41, line 14, read one hundred and jijty yards.
Page 61, note, for continental read continual.
Page 333, last paragraph, current read currant.
MEMOIR OF JOHN STARK.
Archibald Stark was born at Glasgow, Scotland, in
1697, and received his education at the University of
that city. At an early age he removed, with his father
and family, to Londonderry, Ireland, where he married
Eleanor iTichols, the daughter of a Scottish emigrant.
In 1720 he embarked with a company of adventurers
for IS'ew-Hampshire, whither a considerable party of his
countrymen had previously proceeded, to form a settle-
ment.
After a tedious voyage, during which all his children
died, the emigrants arrived at Boston late in autumn.
As many of them were ill with the small-pox they were
not permitted to land, and were, in consequence, com-
pelled to depart for the wilds of Maine. At a place called
Sheepscot, near the site of the present town of Wiscasset,
they endured their first trial of the horrors of a northern
winter in the forests of ^ew-England.
In the course of the year following, after encountering
and enduring many severe hardships and privations, they
joined their Scottish friends, who had preceded them, at
[N'utfield, (now Londonderry, IS". H.) then a wilderness,
rendered hideous by the frequent incursions of hostile
savages, who, at that period, and for many succeeding
years, harrassed the frontiers. His house in London-
derry having been burned in 1736, he, in consequence,
removed to that portion of land on Merrimack river,
10 MEMOIK OF
then known as Harrytown, and settled upon a lot, which
had been granted to Samuel Thaxter bj the government
of Massachusetts, a short distance above the Falls of
Amoskeag,
- There several of his friends soon afterward followed
him, and the new location received the name of Derry-
iield. Several sons and daughters were born to him,
after his arrival in America, to whom, at his fireside, he
gave the best education his own acquirements and the
circumstances of the times would permit. " His educa-
tion fitted him for the walks of civil life, yet," says the
Historian of Manchester, " we find him a volunteer for
the protection of the frontier against the ravages of the
Indians in 1745 ; and for the protection of the people
in his immediate neighborhood, a fort was built at the
outlet of Swager's, or Fort brook, which, in compliment
to his enterprise in erecting and garrisoning the same,
was called Stark's Fort."
His sons were William, John, Samuel, and Archibald,
who all held commissions in the British service during the
"seven years'" or "French war," and were distinguished
for good conduct, coolness and bravery. William, the
eldest, served with reputation on the northern frontiers,
and, under General Wolfe, in the expeditions to Louis-
burgh and Quebec, where his courage and address ren-
dered signal services. He afterward tarnished his well
earned fame by joining the British army at New- York.
In 1776 he obtained the rank of colonel of dragoons,
but was soon afterward killed by a fall from his horse.
A stone, in the old burial ground at Manchester, bears
this inscription :
Here Lyes The Body of Mr.
ARCHIBALD STARK. HE
Departed This Life June 2bth,
1758, Aged 61 Years.
JOHN STARK. H
At tliis period hunting was the most agreeable and
profitable occupation of the young me^i of N^ew-Hamp-
shire. They were accustomed, at certain seasons, to
dwell in forest camps, at great distances from home, and
thus became inured to hardships, and were early taught
lessons of self-dependence. They were often, in the pur-
suit of their vocation, brought in contact with the native
savages, from 'whom they obtained a knowledge of their
language and customs, and became excellent marksmen.
Their occupation as hunters, in the wild forest, was
admirably adapted to prepare these hardy woodsmen for
the arduous services they were soon afterward called upon
to render their country, in a war which engaged all the
thoughts, fears and energies of New-England.
John Stark, the subject of this memoir, was born
at Londonderry, in New-Hampshire, August 28th, 1728.
He resided with his father until March, 1752, when, in
company with his brother William, David Stinson, and
Amos Eastman, he proceeded on a hunting expedition
to Baker's river, in the township of Rumney, (now so
called) but then a forest, without an inhabitant or name.
They constructed a camp in the woods of hemlock
boughs and bark, in which they deposited the supplies of
provision, ammunition, traps and necessaries which had
been drawn hither on their Indian sleds, and commenced
their operations. The game was abundant, and prior to
the 28th day of April they had collected furs of the
value of five hundred and sixty pounds sterling.
On that day they were interrupted by a scout of ten St.
Francis Indians, commanded by a chief named Francis
Titigaw. Signs of the enemy had been observed on the
previous day, and the party had concluded to leave the
hunting ground. John Stark, being the youngest of the
party, was directed to collect the traps, and while thus
engaged, at sunset, fell into the enemy's hands. While
stooping to the water to take up a trap, the Indians sud-
denly sprang from their ambuscade. A sharp hissing
12 MEMOIR or
sound, as of a snake, accompanied the movement. He
looked up and found himself a prisoner, surrounded
by savages, with guns pointed toward him, rendering
escape impossible.
When interrogated by his captors in regard to his
companions, he pointed in a contrary direction to the true
position of their camp, and thus induced them to travel
two miles out of their way. Ilis friends, alarmed at his
long absence, discharged several guns which discovered
their position to the savages, who, proceeding a distance
down the river, turned their encampment and formed
an ambush to intercept their canoe.
The hunters suspecting what had taken place, were
proceeding down the river — William Stark and Stinson
in the canoe, and Eastman on the shore. Soon after
day break, on the 29th of April, the latter fell into the
ambuscade and was taken. The Indians then directed
John to hail the boat, and bid the occupants to come on
shore. He called to them, stated his own and Eastman's
situation, and urged them to escape to the opposite shore.
Perceiving the boat turned from its course, a portion
of the Indians rose and fired into it. At this critical
instant. Stark had the daring temerity to strike up their
guns ; and when the remainder were about to fire, struck
all the guns he could reach. One ball, however, pierced
the canoe paddle in the hands of William Stark, and
another killed Stinson. John then shouted to his brother
to escape, as they had fired all their guns. He profited
by the advice and made good his retreat.*
* After the return of William Stark to the settlements, a party from
Rumford (now Concord, N. H.) started for the scene of the disaster.
They found the hody of Stinson stripped and scalped, which they buried
in the woods, near the place where he fell ; and returned in safety, bring-
ing home the paddle of the canoe pierced with a ball.
Baker's river is a small stream flowing into the Pemigewasset, and is so
called from Captain Thomas Baker, of North-Hampton, Mass., who, in
1720, with a scouting party of thirty-four men, passed up Connecticut
river, and crossed the heights of land to the Pemigewasset ; where, at the
junction of that river with the small stream above named, he destroyed
a party of Indians, killing their chief, Wattanummon, with his own hand,
himself and the sachem firing at each other at the same moment.
JOHNSTAEK. 13
Exasperated by this conduct of their prisoner, the
Indians beat him severely ; made prize of all the furs
collected by the party, and proceeded to the place now
occupied by the town of Haverhill, upon Connecticut
river, where two of their party had been stationed to
obtain and prepare provisions for the returning scout.
There they tarried one night, and continued their route
to the Upper Coos. From thence they dispatched three
of their party, with Eastman, to St. Francis. The re-
mainder of the Indians employed themselves, for some
time, in hunting upon a small stream called John's river.
The prisoner was liberated during the day, but confined
at night. While there, they allowed him to try his luck
as a hunter. He succeeded in trapping one beaver, and
shooting another ; and received their skins as a present
in compliment to his skill.
The Indians, with their captive, arrived at St. Francis
on the 9th of June following, where he remained nearly
five weeks. He was well treated by the tribe, and obtain-
ed a knowledge of their language and modes of warfare,
which proved of great service to him in his subsequent
military career. In July, Mr. Wheelwright, of Boston,
and Captain Stevens, of Charlestown, I^. H., who were the
agents employed by Massachusetts to redeem her captives,
arrived at Montreal. !N'ot finding the prisoners they
expected to find, belonging to Massachusetts, they re-
deemed Stark and Eastman ; and, returning by way of
Albany, arrived at Derryfield in August following. The
ransom of Stark was one hundred and three dollars, and
that of his friend Eastman sixty dollars, f These sums
He destroyed their wigwams, and the party, loading themselves with as
much of the fur, collected by the enemy, as they could carry home,
burned the remainder. — Farmer's Hist. Coll.
A considerable branch flows into Baker's river, from Stinson's pond,
and is called Stinson's brook. The pond is four hundred rods long, and
two hundred and eighty rods wide. Its name is probably derived from
the circumstance that David Stinson was killed in its vicinity by the
savages, April 29th, 1752.* — Hayward's Gaz.
♦On a journey to the White Mountains we last year visited the place.
f Eastman was sold to a Frenchman.
14 MEMOIROF
were never repaid by the State. Massachusetts, pursuing a
more liberal policy, redeemed all her captives.
It may here be remarked, as a singular fact, that the
scout which captured these prisoners accompanied the
returning party to Albany, and there disposed of the
furs taken from them without molestation.
When the prisoners arrived at St. Francis, they were
compelled to undergo the ceremony of running the gant-
let. The young warriors of the tribe arranged themselves
in two lines, each armed with a rod or club to strike the
captive, as he passed them, singing some ditty which had
been taught him for the occasion, and bearing in his hands
a pole six or eight feet long, with the skin of some bird
or animal attached to one end of it.
Eastman advanced first, singing words which meant,
*'ril beat all your young men." The latter, considering
themselves insulted, beat him so severely with their rods
that he fell exhausted as soon as he had passed the lines.*
Stark followed, singing the words, "I'll kiss all your
women," his pole being ornamented with a loon skin.
After receiving a blow or two, he turned his pole right
and left, dealing a blow at each turn, and made his way
without much injury, his enemies making way for him
to avoid the sweeping blows dealt by his pole.
This feat pleased the old Indians, who enjoyed the sport
at their young men's expense.
The principal portion of the labor and menial drudgery
of Indians is performed by squaws and captives. They
directed Stark to hoe corn. He at first carefully hoed
the weeds, and cut up the corn ; but finding his purpose
of freeing himself from the labor not answered by this
process, he boldly threw his hoe into the river, declaring
that " it was the business of squaws, and not warriors, to
hoe corn."
^- Stark stated that the first one who struck him was a youth, whom
he knocked down ; and that he did not see him again while he remained
at the village.
JOHN STAEK. 15
Instead of being enraged at tliis action, the Indians
were pleased with his boldness, released him from his
task, and called him ^' young chief." He was adopted by
the sachem, and treated with kindness while he remained
at the village. In the latter days of his life he often
related, with much humor, the incidents of his captivity,
observing that he had experienced more genuine kindness
from the savages of St. Francis, than he ever knew
prisoners of war to receive from more civilized nations.
[N'ot daunted by this unfortunate enterprise, our adven-
turer repaired the next season to the river Androscoggin
to pursue his vocation, and raise means to discharge his
redemption debt. Upon this occasion he was very successful,
and returned with a valuable lot of fur.
The reports of these prisoners, concerning the Coos Ter-
ritory ^ induced the authorities of the province to dispatch
a party to explore this hitherto unknown region. Colonel
Lovewell, Major Talford and Captain Page were ordered
to enlist a company for that service. They engaged Mr.
Stark as their guide, and under his direction, on the 10th
of March, 1753, their journey was commenced.
In seven days they reached Connecticut river at Pier-
mont. There they passed one night ; and, having made
such observations as their time would allow, returned,
reaching Concord on the thirteenth day from the time of
their departure. An account of the proceedings of this
surveying party, with the names of the company, is to be
found in the History of Manchester.
In 1754 a report was current that the French were
erecting a fort at the Upper Coos ; and Captain Powers
was dispatched by Governor Wentworth with thirty men
and a flag of truce, to demand their authority for so
doing. He applied to Mr. Stark to accompany him,
who conducted the party to the Upper Coos, by way of
the Little Ox-Bow, by the same route he had traveled
two years before, as a captive to the Indians. Finding
no French garrison there, the company returned, being,
we believe, the first party of English adventurers who
16 MEMOIR OF
explored the Coos intervals, where are now located the
flourishing towns of Haverhill and Kewbury.
Mr. Stark had acquired so much reputation by these
expeditions, that, upon the breaking out of the "seven
years' war," he was commissioned by the Governor as
second lieutenant of Rogers' company of rangers, attached
to Blanchard's regiment. Captain Rogers, possessing a
bold and adventurous spirit, soon mustered a band of
rugged foresters, every man of whom, as a hunter, could
hit the size of a dollar at a hundred yards' distance ; could
follow the trail of man or beast ; endure the fatigues of
long marches, the pangs of hunger, and the cold of winter
nights, often passed without iire, shelter, or covering, other
than their common clothing, a blanket, perhaps a bearskin,
and the boughs of the pine or hemlock.
Their knowledge of Indian character, customs and
manners, was accurate. They were principally recruited
in the vicinity of Amoskeag Falls ; where Rogers was
accustomed to meet them at the annual fishing season ;
whom he knew to be accustomed to traveling in forests,
and hunting, and upon whose courage and fidelity implicit
confidence could be placed. They were men who could
face, with equal resolution, the savage animals of their
native woods, the mountain tempests, or engage in the
combat of heroes.
In the summer of 1755, Rogers, with his command,
was ordered to Coos to burn the intervals, preparatory
to the erection of a fort. Before reaching their place
of destination, a new order directed them to join their
regiment, at Fort Edward, by way of E'umber Four.
They reached headquarters in August, a short time before
the provincial army, under the command of General
Johnson, was attacked by the French and Indians, at the
south end of Lake George, near Bloody pond, so named
from the slaughter on this occasion.
The French were defeated with the loss of one thousand
killed, wounded and prisoners, with all their baggage.
Their general, the Baron Dieskau, was wounded and
JOHN STAKK. 17
taken prisoner. General Johnson was created a baronet ;
but the honors bestowed upon him were earned and
deserved by General Lyman, who was the real hero of
the battle of Lake George.
After the enemy gave way, he urged a pursuit ; but
Johnson, having received a slight wound, became alarmed,
and would not allow of it. In fact, he never commenced
the erection of the fort, afterward called William Henry,
until the rangers returned from a reconnoitering scout,
with the information that the French were building a
fortress at Ticonderoga. The campaign passed without
any other occurrence worthy of notice. In autumn the
regiment was discharged, and Lieutenant Stark returned
home.
In the winter of 1756 the British commander at Fort
Edward resolved to establish a permanent corps of rangers,
to counteract the operations of the French and Indian
scouts, which harassed the frontiers, and hung upon the
wings of the army. Rogers was appointed to enlist and
command the corps. He selected Stark again for his
second lieutenant, (his own brother, Richard, being his
first lieutenant) raised a company, and in April following
reported himself and soldiers at Fort Edward.
Although no important military operations were at-
tempted during this campaign, the rangers were constantly
on foot, watching the motions of the enemy at Crown
Point and Ticonderoga, cutting off their convoys of
supplies, and often making prisoners of sentinels at their
posts. One of their parties brought in the scalp of a
French sentinel, killed near the gate of Crown Point. The
rangers sometimes used the scalping knife, in retaliation
for the cruelties of the French and their savage allies.
"On one of our expeditions," says Rogers, "my lord
Howe did me the honor to accompany me, being desirous,
as he expressed himself, of learning our method of
marching, ambushing, retreating, &c. ; and on our return
expressed his opinion of us very generously." George,
Lord Viscount Howe, was at this time second in command
of the British forces in the north.
18 MEMOIROF
In the autumn of 1756 the corps of rangers was
reinforced by two companies from Halifax, which raised
it to the force of three hundred, strong. These hardy
woodsmen were familiar Avith all the practices of the
French and Indian partisans, and, in many a fierce conflict,
evinced their ability to contend with and defeat them
upon their own terms, either of force or stratagem.
In January, 1757, a detachment of rangers marched
from Fort William Henry to intercept supplies passing
between Crown Point and Ticonderoga. They passed over
Lake George, and turned the latter fortress, without being
observed. They captured several sleds, and destroyed their
loading. One sled, however, escaped, and was driven back
to the fort.
Knowing that the garrison would immediately be noti-
fied of their presence in the vicinity, the party commenced
their retreat homeward ; when, at the distance of three
miles from Ticonderoga, they were, in the afternoon of
January 21st, suddenly attacked by a force of French
and Indians, springing from concealment in their front.
The strength of the enemy was in numbers more than
double that of their own, and a sanguinary action ensued.
According to the numbers engaged, a more desperate and
bloody encounter did not occur during the war. Rogers
was twice wounded. Captain Spikeman killed, and the
command devolved upon Lieutenant Stark, as senior
ofiicer ; who, by his prudence and firmness, secured the
wounded, and drew off* the detachment in such order as
to keep the enemy at bay. By marching all night, they
reached Lake George at eight o'clock next morning. The
wounded, who, during the night march, had kept up their
spirits, were by that time so overcome with cold, fatigue,
and loss of blood, that they could march no farther. It
became, therefore, necessary to forward a notice to the
fort, that sleighs might be sent for them. Lieutenant
Stark volunteered for this purpose, and, by undergoing
extraordinary fatigues, reached Fort William Henry, dis-
JOHN STAKK. 19
tant forty miles, tlie next evening.* Sleighs were imme-
diately dispatched to bring in the wounded, who arrived
at the fort on the evening of the 23d of January.
General Stark stated, in after times, that he was nev^r
conscious of taking the life of an individual except in
this action. While the rangers were defending their
position on the crest of the hill, he observed that several
balls struck near him from a certain direction. In a
moment afterward he discovered an Indian stretched at
full length upon a rock, behind a large tree. His gun was
soon ready, and he saw the Indian rising for another shot
at him. His fusee was instantly leveled, discharged, and
the savage rolled from the rock into the snow, pierced by
the bullet through the head, f
Rogers, after he received his second wound, advised a
retreat ; but Stark, now having the command, and being
almost the only officer fit for duty, declared that he had a
good position, and would fight the enemy until dark, and
then retreat ; that in such a course consisted their only
safety ; and that he would shoot the first man who fled.
While speaking thus, a ball broke the lock of his gun ;
and, at the same moment, observing a Frenchman fall, he
sprang forward, seized his gun, returned to his place, and
continued the action. His decision, prudence and courage
no doubt saved the party in the present instance, and
afterward contributed much toward the attainment of
that success and celebrity which distinguished the career
of the rangers in the campaigns of the " seven years'
war." So said many of his veteran comrades.
In the reorganization of the corps, he was promoted
to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Captain
Spikeman.
* The snow was at this time four feet deep upon a level, and the journey
was performed on snow-shoes.
f He was at this period twenty-eight years of age. He had heen an
expert and successful hunter, and was well known to be one of the best
marksmen of his time ; and the most savage animals of his native forests —
the catamounts, bears, wolves and wildcats — in numerous instances, felt
the effects of his unerring aim.
20 MEMOIK OF
lu March, 1757, while commander of the rangers sta-
tioned at Fort William Henry, one of his eccentricities
saved the garrison from surprise and capture.
At this time Fort Edward, on the Hudson, and Fort
William Henry, at the south end of Lake George, were
the two most northerly frontier posts of the British
dominions in JSTorth America. They were situated fifteen
miles apart. The latter fort was at this period occupied
by an Irish regiment, and about one hundred and fifty
rangers. The nearest French post was Ticonderoga, forty
miles northward.
With the exception of the uneasiness occasioned by the
small-pox, then among them, the garrison at Fort William
Henry rested in confident security on the night of March
17, 1757.
While going his rounds, on the evening of the 16th,
Captain Stark overheard a squad of his men, who were
of the Scotch-Irish race, planning a celebration in honor
of St. Patrick, for the next night. He afterward said he
had then no presentiment of approaching danger, but
disliked these wild Irish demonstrations. He therefore
called for the ranger sutler, Samuel Blodget, and gave
him directions to deliver the rangers their regular rations
of grog until the evening of the 17th ; and after that, no
more, without a written order from himself. On that
evening he retired to his quarters, directing his orderly
sergeant to say to all applicants for written orders that he
was confined to his bunk with a lame right hand, and would
not be disturbed. The Irish troops received an extra
supply of rum on the night of the 16th, and commenced
their carousal, which they carried on with unabated vigor
through the night and during the ensuing day, in honor
of St. Patrick, and his wife Shelah. They drank so freely
that the ofiicer of the day could find none of them fit for
duty as sentinels ; and the rangers, who were sober,
supplied their places. The rangers, seeing the Irish thus
enjoying themselves, desired the same privilege. The
sutler informed them of his orders, and the captain's
JOHN STAKE. 21
quarters were beset to obtain a written order. The orderly
refused to disturb his officer, as he was confined with a
painfully lame right hand, and could not write. The
soldiers felt somewhat cross, but bore their disappointment
like philosophers.
At two o'clock on the morning of the 18th, a ranger
sentinel on the ramparts observed a light upon the lake,
and soon afterward became aware that a large force was
advancing in the direction of the fortress.
I^otice was instantly conveyed to the ranger captain.
The lame hand was instantly restored to health, and he
was among his soldiers. The commander of the post was
quietly notified, and the rangers silently mustered upon
the walls. The French army, of more than twenty-five
hundred men, with a large force of Indians in their rear,
commanded by General, the Marquis Yaudreuil, advanced
and halted within about thirty rods of the fort. A detach-
ment of five hundred men immediately came forward with
scaling ladders, thinking to carry the place by surprise.
They planted their ladders, and mounted ; but as the
foremost men were about placing their feet upon the
ramparts, a deep, stern voice gave the word ^'fire." A
volley of musketry was instantly poured, with fatal eftect,
upon the assailants, while the guns of the fortress opened
with grape and canister upon the columns in the rear.
The enemy were repulsed, and fell back, confused and
mortified.
The expedition had been concerted with the hope of
carrying the fort by surprise, in consequence of the excesses
which the French general knew would be committed by
the adorers of St. Patrick, upon the anniversary of that
worthy saint's birth. The roar of the guns dissipated
the fumes of alcohol from the brains of the regulars;
and the garrison was soon in condition for a vigorous
defence.
At day light the French general sent a flag of truce by
his lieutenant general of artillery, (he brought, however,
no artillery on this occasion) and formally summoned the
22 MEMOIKOF
garrison to surrender. He stated that "they occupied
territory belonging to his most christian majesty, the
King of France. He offered them their lives, and the
officers were to be allowed to retain their baggage and
side arms ; the troops were to march out with the honors
of war. He suggested, however, that it would be well for
them to bestow some presents upon the Indians, to keep
them quiet ; that if these terms were not accepted, a gen-
eral assault would be made by their whole army, and if
the fort was taken, no quarter would be given."
The messenger had been brought in blind-fold, and
after delivering his message was conducted to another
apartment, while the council of war considered their an-
swer. It was gallantly and unanimously resolved, by the
officers, to bury themselves in its ruins, rather than sur-
render the fortress. The disastrous defeat of General
Braddock, two years previously, was fresh in the memory
of the soldiers. They crowded around the commander's
quarters, anxiously awaiting the council's decision. " Mo-
nongahela and revenge," were the words shouted by the
men. The French officer was again brought before the
council, where the colonel commanding gave him their
answer, allowing him twenty minutes to regain the French
army.
In the course of the day a general attack was made
upon the fort, with great obstinacy and perseverance, upon
four different points, but was, at every position assailed,
gallantly repulsed by its heroic defenders.
The enemy then burned a vessel on the stocks, set fire
to the wood-piles and the rangers' summer huts, outside
of the walls, and after a siege of five days retreated, car-
rying away most of their wounded. They concealed their
loss in killed by cutting holes in the ice and throwing into
the lake the bodies of the slain, after having, as report
says, scalped them, to obtain the bounty then offered by
both governments for the scalps of their enemies. Sev-
eral wounded prisoners, who were brought in after the
French had retreated, reported that their orders were, if
JOHNSTAKK. 23
the place was carried, to put every man, woman and child
in it to death.
On the part of the garrison not a man was killed, and
but few wounded. Captain Stark was struck by a spent
ball, which produced a slight contusion, but drew no
blood. It was not a wound, but was the only injury he
ever received from an enemy's weapon during the whole
course of his military career.
Some time after this affair, a few gentlemen from Nan-
tucket, strangers to him, presented Captain Stark with a
cane, made from the bone of a whale, headed with ivory,
as a token of their admiration of his conduct in the de-
fence of Fort William Henr)^ The cane is still in the
possession of his family.
Thus terminated the first siege of Fort William Henry,
in March, 1757. In the month of August following, it
was surrendered to the Marquis de Montcalm, after a
siege of nine days, and entirely destroyed.
The cause of its capture was as follows : In 1757 the
Earl of Loudoun was appointed commander-in-chief of
the British forces in North America. He came to Amer-
ica with the hope of reaping a harvest of laurels, but
gained none.
He drew off most of the forces from the north to Nova
Scotia, threatened Louisburgh and Quebec, but effected
nothing except a waste of time and treasure. He left
a garrison of 4,000 men at Fort Edward, under the com-
mand of General Webb, an inefficient and imbecile officer,
who suffered Fort William Henry to be besieged and re-
duced by the French, without m.aking the slightest effort
for its relief. General Wolfe, in his position, would
have acted a bolder part, and no doubt have compelled
the enemy to retreat. Sir William Johnson came to Fort
Edward and urged General Webb to make a movement
for the relief of the besieged fort. The troops were once
paraded for that purpose ; but Webb's courage failing him,
they were ordered back to their quarters, and a message
24 MEMOIKOF
dispatched to Colonel Monroe, advising him to capitulate
on the hest terms he could obtain.
Captain Stark proceeded to [N'ew-York to join the east-
ern expedition, but was there attacked with the small-pox,
and compelled to remain until the return of the armament.
After his recovery he rejoined the army at Albany, in
October, and passed the winter at Fort Edward.
In March, 1758, Lord Loudoun returned to England,
having added nothing to his military reputation by his
American campaign.
The command of the British forces now devolved upon
Major-General James Abercrombie, who resolved to
attempt the reduction of Ticonderoga. Preparations were
accordingly commenced to assemble for that purpose the
most powerful armament ever mustered in America. In
addition to a large force of disciplined regulars, numerous
detachments of provincials were called out, and every
preparation made to insure success. Of this army. Lord
Viscount Howe was second in command.
" On the morning of July 5th the whole army (of
16,000 men) embarked in bateaux for Ticonderoga (on
the waters of Lake George.) The order of march afforded
a splendid military show. The regular troops occupied
the centre, and the provincials formed the wings. For
the advanced guard, the light infantry flanked the right,
and the rangers the left, of Bradstreet's bateau men."
The services of Captain Stark had long before this
period attracted the notice of Lord Howe, by whom he
had been treated with great kindness and respect. His
lordship had accompanied the rangers on a scout ; and
had, on that occasion, been conducted to the summit of
Mount Defiance, a mountain eight hundred feet in height,
overlooking and commanding the works of Ticonderoga.
He perceived, at that time, the advantage which a few
pieces of heavy artillery, placed there in battery, would
afford a besieging army over the garrison. But General
Abercrombie, supposing his force of sufficient strength
to carry the place by assault, brought no artillery with his
army.
JOHN STAEK. 25
On the evening before the attack, Captain Stark had a
long conversation with Lord Howe in his tent, seated with
him npon the bear-skins which composed his lordship's
camp-bed, respecting the mode of attack, and the position
of the fort. They supped together, and orders were given
him for the rangers to carry the bridge, between Lake
George and the plains of Ticonderoga, at an early hour in
the morning.
On the morning of July 6th, they advanced at day-light;
but on approaching the bridge, Rogers, who was with the
front column, perceiving a body of French and Indians
prepared to dispute the passage, halted a few moments,
which caused the rear guard, which was advancing rapidly,
to press upon the front. Stark, who led the rear column,
not knowing the cause of the delay and confusion conse-
quent upon the halting of the front column, rushed for-
ward, exclaiming, ''It is no time for delay;" and calling
on the troops to follow, pushed boldly on to the bridge,
where, after a contest of a few minutes, the enemy broke
and tied, leaving a clear passage for the army.
The attacks upon the French lines were made on the
6th, 7th and 8th of July, and proved unsuccessful, partly
through the overweening contidence of the commander-in-
chief, in neglecting to bring up his artillery with the army,
at the expense of 1,608 regulars, and 334 provincials killed,
wounded and prisoners. The French force under Mont-
calm scarcely amounted to 3000 men, Indians included.
Of those who fell, none was more regretted than Lord
Howe, who was mortally wounded in the action with the
enemy's advanced guard. He had driven them in, but
following up his success too closely, received a fatal wound.
His fall checked the advance of the army, and paralyzed
their efforts. Other attacks were made, but without suc-
cess. - On the evening of the 8th, the General ordered a
retreat, directing the " corps of rangers to cover his rear."
In general orders next da}^, he thanked the army for their
good behavior — a compliment which his troops could not
bestow upon their general.
3
26 MEMOIR OF
The following extract relates to transactions of the after-
noon and evening of the 7th of July, 1758.
"Major Kogers held the position with 450 naen, while
Captain Stark, w^ith the remainder of the rangers, (250)
W'Cnt with Captain Ahercrombie and Colonel Clerk to
reconnoitre the enemy's w^orks. They returned in the
evening, Colonel Clerk reporting that the enemy's works
were of little importance.
Captain Stark, however, was of a different opinion ; and
did not hesitate to say that the French had formidable
preparations for defence. Stark w^as but a provincial
w^oodsman, and Clerk a British engineer. The opinion
of the former was unheeded, while, most unfortunately,
the advice of the latter was followed.
Early on the morning of the 8th, Ahercrombie, relying
upon the report of his engineer, as to the flimsy nature of
the French defences, determined to commence the attack
wdthout bringing up his artillery." *
The regret of Captain Stark for the fate of the gallant
Lord Howe, who thus fell at the age of thirty-three, lasted
his lifetime. He often remarked, however, during the Rev-
olution, that he became more reconciled to his fate, since
his talents, had he lived, might have been employed against
the United States. He considered him the ablest com-
mander under wdiom he ever served. To his military ser-
vices and private virtues the General Court of Massachu-
setts paid an honorable tribute, by causing a monument to
be erected to his memory, in Westmister Abbey.
Until the close of the campaign the rangers were con-
stantly employed in excursions to the French forts, and
in pursuit of their flying parties.
Returning home on furlough. Captain Stark was, on
the 20th of August, 1758, married to Elizabeth, daughter
of Captain Caleb Page, one of the original proprietors of
Dunbarton, IsT. H.
* History of Manchester.
JOHN STAPwK. 27
In the spring of 1759, having enlisted a new company,
he returned to Fort Edward, and was present under Gen-
eral Amherst, at the reduction of Ticonderoga and Crown
Point. After the surrender of the latter fort, he was
ordered by that general, with a force of two hundred ran-
gers, to construct a road through the wilderness from
Crown Point to I^umber Four, on Connecticut river.
The capitulation of Canada put an end, for the time, to
military operations in America. This circumstance, to-
gether with the jealousies of the British officers, induced
him to leave the service. General Amherst assured him,
by an official letter, of his protection ; and that, if he
should be inclined to reenter the service, he should not
lose his rank by retiring.
In the campaign of 1759, the name of Captain Stark
is mentioned several times in general orders, as follows :
June 13, 1759. " Captain Stark, with his company of
rangers, will join the detachment from the ' four mile
post.' "
June 27. " Captain Stark will have a red flag in his
bateau ; and every bateau must be near enough to call to
each other, and ready to follow Captain Stark immedi-
ately, as he knows where the covering party is posted, and
will row in at a proper time. The fishermen will take
their arms, which Captain Loring will deliver ; and great
care must be taken that they are not too much crowded.
Captain Stark will receive his orders when the whole is to
return from Major Campbell."
According to the above order, a large detachment of
rangers and other troops were sent out in bateaux, cov-
ered by a strong force on shore, that fresh-fish might be
procured for the use of the army, one bateau being allowed
to each battalion.
October 10. " Captain Stark is to man three whale
boats, with seven men each, and to attend such directions
as he shall receive from Captain Loring."
After the conquest of Canada had been completed. Cap-
tain Stark returned home, and directed his attention to the
28 MEMOIR OF
cultivation of a large farm, to the care of his mills, and
the settlement of a new township, first called Starkstown,
and afterwards Dunbarton, from the town and castle in
Scotland, from the vicinity of which his ancestors emi-
grated ; himself, his brother William, and Captain Caleb
Page being the principal proprietors of the new township.
From the time he left the army, until 1774, he uniformly
espoused the cause of his countrymen ; and from his mili-
tary services and respectable standing, was a person around
whom could rally the people of his vicinity, and exchange
ideas upon the then critical situation of the provinces.
He was appointed one of the committee of safety, and
discharged the diihcult duties devolving upon him with
firmness and moderation, endeavoring, to the utmost of
his abilities, to promote union of sentiment and prepara-
tion for action, should that become necessary.
The transactions of April 19, 1775, rendered no longer
doubtful the course to be pursued by patriots and friends
of the land that gave them birth.
The cry of blood from Lexington and Concord had
sounded the tocsin of alarm, and routed a nation to arms.
" The sword had been drawn and the scabbard thrown
away! "
Captain Stark received the report of these events while
occupied in his saw-mill. He immediately returned to
his house — a mile distant — changed his dress, mounted
a horse, and proceeded toward the theatre of action.
Being well known along the route, he encouraged the
people to volunteer, telling them that the time had
arrived when a blow should be struck for the liberties of
their country, and recommended Medford as a place of
rendezvous. Thither he was followed by many of his old
soldiers, and hundreds of citizens, who thus answered his
appeal to their patriotism.
His important public services, and uniform attachment
to the cause of equal rights, were potent inducements in
the minds of his countrymen who, at his call, had ap-
peared in arms, to elect him their colonel by an unani-
JOHN STAKK. 29
mous vote. Isaac Wyman was chosen lieutenant colonel,
and Andrew McClaiy major of the regiment.
The late venerable Jonathan Eastman, senior, informed
the writer that the election took place at the hall of a
tavern, in Medford, afterward called the E'ew-Hampshire
Hall ; that it was a hand vote, and he held up his hand for
his friend John Stark.
A regiment containing thirteen full companies was soon
organized, and reduced to a tolerable state of discipline.
As the colonel had left home at ten minutes' notice, he
returned to arrange his affairs. Having accomplished this
object, he joined the army for the campaign.
While examining doddle's island with a party of offi-
cers, by request of General "Ward, with .a view to erect
batteries against the British shipping, their object having
been accomplished, on their return, they discovered a
British party upon the same errand. The latter attempted
to cut off their retreat by seizing their boat, which,
after exchanging a few shots, they reached, and returned
to camp.
At the battle of Bunker's hill the ITew- Hampshire reg-
iments constituted the left wing of the American line,
and the attacks of the enemy were repulsed in a manner
worthy of the brightest days of chivalry.
The regiment opposed to the ISTew-Hampshire line was
the Welsh fusileers, which had been distinguished at the
battle of Minden, and was considered the finest light
infantry regiment in the British army.
'' The troops advanced, and displayed in front of our
line," (said an eye witness) "with the coolness and preci-
sion of troops upon parade. Not a shot was fired until
they came within eighty yards of our line, when a fire
opened upon them so rapid and deadly that in a few
moments they broke and fled in confusion. They were
immediately rallied, reinforced, again led to the attack,
and once more gave way before the fatal fire of the ]^ew-
Hampshire marksmen. A third attempt was made to
turn our left, which was repulsed with great slaughter.
30 MEMOIR OF
ISTo farther attempts were made to turn our flank. Our
men were brought into action with the utmost coolness,
and without being fatigued. Colonel Stark observed to
Captain Henry Dearborn, who suggested the propriety of
hastening the march over CharlestoAvn neck, which was
enfiladed by the guns of the frigate Lively on one side,
and two floating batteries on the other, that " one fresh
man in action was worth ten tired ones."
The Welsh fusileers came into the field more than 700
strong, and mustered but 83 on parade next morning. In
the heat of the action some one reported to Colonel Stark
that his son, a youth under sixteen years of age, who had
followed him to the field, had just been killed. "If he is,"
said the veteran, " it is no time to talk of private affairs
while the enemy are advancing in our front. Back to
your post !" The report proved groundless ; the son refer-
red to was unhurt ; was a staff' officer throughout the war,
and was the youngest survivor of the action who was
present when the corner stone of the Bunker hill monu-
ment was laid in 1825.*
The position occupied by the iSTew-IIampshire troops
was at the rail fence, about forty yards in the rear of the
redoubt, toward Mystic river. The hay had beenj^ecently
mown, and lay in windrows and cocks upon the field. Two
fences, forming a lane, ran parallel to each other along
their front. The rails of one were taken up and passed
through those of the other, while the hay, suspended
from top to bottom, gave the whole line the appear-
ance of a breast-work. This arrangement, hastily prepared,
served to deceive the enemy, and give confidence to the
men, although it was in reality no defencive cover.
"When the redoubt was carried, and retreat became una-
voidable. Colonel Stark drew off" his troops in such order
as not to be pursued. The men were unwilling to quit
their position, having repulsed the enemy so often as to
consider themselves completely victorious. While the
* See Memoir of Major Caleb Stark, contained in this volume.
JOHN STAEK. 31
British were storming the redoubt, these troops could
hardly be prevented from leaving their lines and attacking
the enemy's rear. Their commander had witnessed such
scenes before. He foresaw the fate of the redoubt ; knew
that his men had but few bayonets, and but one or two
rounds of ammunition remaining. He therefore consid-
ered any attempt to succor the right of the line would be
an act of madness.
General Gage, surveying the scene of action from the
cupola of the Province House, just before the attack,
remarked to one of his staff, who inquired whether he
thought the rebels Tvould await the assault of the royal
troops, " that if one John Stark w^as with them, they
would fight ; for he was a brave fellow and had served
under him, in 1758-9, at Lake George."
The late General Winslow, of Boston, was on the
ground at 10 o'clock, the day after the action. (Sunday.)
Before a wall hastily throwm upon the beach of Mystic
river, he counted 96 men dead ; he saw no ofiicers among
them, as they had probably been removed. The company
of Captain John Moore was posted behind the stone-wall
at that place.*
* A mercliant of Boston, writes to his ||^rother in Scotland, June 24,
1775: "To the great satisfaction of all good men, Doctor Warren was
slain, who was one of their first and greatest leaders."
" Early next morning I went over and saw the field of battle, before any
of the dead were buried, which was the first thing of the sort I ever
saw ; and I pray God I may never have the opportunity of seeing the like
again. The rebels are employed since that day fortifying all the hills and
passes within four miles, to prevent the troops from advancing into the
country. We hourly expect the troops to make a movement against them ;
but they are too few in numbers, not less than 20,000 being equal to the
task. I cannot help mentioning one thing which serves to show the
hellish disposition of the accursed rebels : by parcels of ammunition left
on the field, their balls were all found to bo poisoned!" About as rational
as were the British officers, who, mistrusting the buzzing of large flying
bugs in the evening for something -different, wrote to England that the
rebels fired at them with air guns !
It was the intention of the enemy to have occupied Dorchester heights.
The dispositions for that purpose were made, and the 18th of June was
the day appointed to carry the design into effect. Fortunately the appear-
ance of the Americans on Breed's hill, on the morning of the 17th, discon-
certed the plan ; and the losses sustained in the action of that day so
weakened the British forces, that the expedition to Dorchester heights Avas
postponed, and in due time the position was occupied by the Americans.
Its battery expelled the British from Boston.
32 MEMOIKOF
It is a singular coincidence that the battle of Bunker's
hill, in 1775, and that of Bennington, in 1777, were fought
on Saturday, commencing at nearly the same hour.
The British official report admitted a loss of 1,064 killed
and wounded ; while that of the provincials was about
334. The ground along the whole line of the rail fence
was thickly strewn with dead and wounded.
"We may truly consider that the memorable stand made
on the heights of Charlestown, by a small force of undisci-
plined and ill-armed yeomanry, was, in its moral influence,
to the American revolution, what the defence at the pass
of Thermopylae was to the campaign of Xerxes.
It partially convinced the arrogant invaders of our soil,
that to conquer American rebels an the floor of parlia-
ment was a less formidable task than to subdue them
while with arms in their hands, defending the fair fields of
their country, their homes, their fire-sides, and the tombs
of their forefathers.
Immediately after the retreat, intrenchments were form-
ed by the l^ew-Hampshire line at "Winter hill ; and the
campaign passed away in a few abortive projects for set-
tling the rank of general and field officers, and in reenlist-
ing the troops.
We have often heanA the following incident related,
w^hich, although no conflict ensued, exhibited traits of
character of the men who fought at Breed's hill, and who
composed a portion of the force which held the British
army for nearly a year in a state of seige at Boston.
After the batteries on Dorchester heights had opened
their fire upon the town. Admiral Graves called upon
General Sir William Howe, and stated that unless the
rebels were dislodged from those heights, he could not
keep a ship in the harbor. Orders were immediately
issued for a strong force to embark in boats at night, and
proceed to storm the heights. The troops were accord-
ingly embarked, but a furious tempest suddenly arising,
placed the detachment in extreme peril, and compelled
the abandonment of the enterprise.
JOHN STARK. 33
A flag of truce was soon afterward sent to the American
lines, proposing that if the cannonade was discontinued, the
British army would evacuate Boston on or before a speci-
fied day in March, (ten days being the limit of the truce.)
The terms were accepted by General Washington, and the
firing ceased.
The proposed time expired, and no notice was received
from the enemy to signify that they intended to comply
with the terms of the truce. Washington, supposing he
had been made a dupe of British treachery and falsehood,
determined to attack and carry the town by assault. He
ordered a strong force to enter the town by way of Eox-
bury neck, while at the same time a force, under the com-
mand of Colonel Stark, was directed to pass over on rafts
and carry the batterj^ on Copp's hill.
The wife of Colonel Stark was at this time in the camp
on a visit ; and was directed by him to mount on horse-
back, after the embarkation of the troops, and remain in
sight to watch the result. If the party were fired upon,
she was directed to ride into the country, spread the alarm,
and arouse the people.
The troops efi:ected their passage over the river unmo-
lested. She observed them land, advance up the height
and take possession of the battery. The enemy's rear
guard were then embarking at the end of Long wharf.
The troops, on entering the works, found the guns
loaded, and lighted matches lying beside them, indicating
that mischief had been intended ; but, for some reason,
the design had not been carried out.
General Washington entered by way of the neck, and
the Americans obtained possesion of a ravaged town, the
inhabitants of which could hardly realize the fact that
they were free from the merciless exactions and despotic
sway of British tyranny.
The wife of General Stark has often related this inci-
dent.
34 MEMOIR OF
After the evacuation of BostoD, Colonel Stark was
ordered, with two regiments — the fifth and twenty-fifth —
under his command, to proceed to J^ew-York and assist
in arranging the defences of that city, where he remained
until May, 1776, when his regiment, with ^yb others, was
ordered to march by way of Albany to Canada.
He joined the army at St. John's, and advanced to the
mouth of the Sorelle. There he met the army retreating
from Quebec, commanded by General Thomas. While
there, the latter died of the small-pox, and the command
devolved upon G-eneral Arnold, who employed himself
in plundering the merchants of Montreal, for his private
emolument, making use of his ofiicial station to cover his
exactions. He boldly seized upon property as he pleased,
threatening and sometimes using force. A large amount
of goods was conveyed to Albany, and sold for his benefit.*
He was soon, however, superseded in his command by
General Sullivan. The latter was persuaded to detach an
expedition against Trois Rivieres. This movement was
strongly opposed by Colonel Stark, as being imprudent
and hazardous. It was formed in the face of the enemy,
and on the opposite side of the St. Lawrence, or Lake St.
Pierre, nearly ten miles broad, at a time when the enemy
had a strong naval force on the river, and the Americans
none. The expedition proved a failure, as Stark had
predicted, and its commander. General Thompson, was
made prisoner.
Upon their return, the remains of this ill-fated enterprise
sufifered severe losses by the small-pox, which quickly
spread through the army. A retreat now became necessary.
It was ably conducted by General Sullivan, before the
close pursuit of a superior force, which continued until
the troops reached St. John's. ISTot a boat or piece of
artillery was lost. The troops, after setting fire to all the
public buildings and barracks at St. John's, embarked in
boats for the Isle aux l^oix. Colonel Stark, with his stafi",
was in the last boat that left the shore. They were in
* Eor farther particulars, see Wilkinson's Memoirs.
JOHN STARK. 35
sight when the advanced guard of the enemy arrived
amono' the smokino- ruins. On the 18th of June the
army encamped upon the Isle aux Noix, and before the
enemy could prepare boats to pursue, they had again
embarked, and safely landed at Crown Point.
Colonel Stark's regiment was quartered at Chimney
Point, directly opposite Crown Point, on the eastern shore
of Lake Champlain, at that place about a hundred and
sixteen rods wide. The army remained in ^this position
until ordered to evacuate Crown Point, and fall back
upon Ticonderoga.
Against this removal Colonel Stark and other field
officers presented a remonstrance to General Schuyler,
then in command, showing that their present position
ought not to be abandoned, as it commanded the lake,
and could be rendered more capable of defence than
Ticonderoga. General Schuyler being of a different
opinion, the removal took place. After events proved
that the memorialists were correct. (See the answer of
General Schuyler, and General Washington's letter to
Congress upon the subject, in another part of this work.)
On the 6th and 7th of July the army reached Ticon-
deroga, and, on the morning follow^ing, the Declaration
of Independence was read to the army. It was received
with shouts of applause. Powder was too precious an
article to be afforded upon the occasion.
General Gates, soon after this, assumed the command ;
and assigned to Colonel Stark the command of a brigade,
with orders to clear and fortify Mount Independence, (so
named on the above occasion) and then a wilderness — in
clearing which the soldiers destroyed a large number of
rattle-snakes.
In the autumn of this year Congress promoted several
junior colonels to the rank of brigadiers; against which
Colonel Stark protested, on the ground of insecurity of
rank, and that such proceedings would plant the seeds of
discord among the officers of the army.
36 MEMOIK OF
When it was ascertained that the British army, under
Sir Guy Carleton, * had retired to winter quarters in
Canada, Colonel Stark's regiment, with several others,
were detached from the northern army to reinforce General
Washing-ton at ISTewtown, Penn., where he arrived a few
days before the battle of Trenton, where, leading the van
of Sullivan's division, he contributed his share in that
bloodless and fortunate coiip-de-main.
* The following anecdote furnished to the writer by the late Captain
Jonathan Eastman, (senior) refers to the late General Badger, of Gilman-
ton, X. H.
While the American army, after the retreat from Canada in 1776, lay
at Crown Point, the British forces being at St. John's, the American gen-
eral was desirous of obtaining information relative to their anticipated
movements.
Lieutenant Badger volunteered for the purpose. He selected three men
who had been rangers in the French war, and who knew the country well,
for his companions. They embarked in a boat and landed near St. John's
at dark.
On that night a ball was given by the British officers, of which they
obtained information from a Canadian, whom they made a prisoner.
Leaving him at the boat in charge of two of his men. Badger proceeded
with the other into the town, intending to make prisoner, an officer.
His attendant was well acquainted with the locality, and while in the
dark watching near a house occupied for officers quarters, they observed a
young officer come out in full ball-dress. They sprang upon him ere he
was aware of their presence, and with presented pistols, compelled him to
go with them in silence.
When they reached the boat, a new and bolder idea was conceived by
Badger ; being of the same size of his prisoner, he ordered the latter to
change dresses with him, determined, under the mask of a British uniform,
to attend the ball, and gather what information he could from the conver-
sation of those present. *
The circumstance that many of the officers who were present had lately
arrived, and were strangers to each other, favored his enterprise.
He obtained from their conversation such intelligence as he desired ; the
most important item of which was that Sir Guy Carleton did not intend
to advance toward Crown Point the present season, but intended to retire
to winter quarters in Canada.
Lieutenant Badger danced as long as he pleased, and when tired of that
amusement, returned to his boat, released the Canadian, and with his mili-
tary prisoner returned to camp. This news thus acquired, enabled the
general of the northern army to detach several regiments to reinforce
General Washington at Newtown, Penn., and contributed their aid at
Trenton and Princeton.
The officer thus captured would give no information ; but Badger had
learned sufficient for all purposes. When the captive army of Burgoyne
marched for Cambridge, Mass., Lieut Badger was attached to the troops
who acted as their escort. On the second day's march. Badger came acci-
dentally in the vicinity of his former prisoner ; the latter having previ-
ously seen none but hostile faces in the ranks of the escort, embraced
Badger with the affection of a brother.
JOHN STARK. 37
If the invasion of Canada in 1775-6 had concluded
^ith no result commensurate with the losses incurred, the
attempt to defend Long Island and i^ew-York with inade-
quate forces, and without a fleet, against a superior veteran
force, supported by a powerful naval armament, was still
more unfortunate.
The Americans were driven from one breast-work to
another, leaving at each retreat prisoners to fill the British
hulks — there to perish by thousands — until a considerable
army was reduced to scarcely more than a brigadier's com-
mand. It then retreated through E'ew-Jersey to ^^ew-
town, Penn., and there waited until reinforcements could
be spared from the northern army to aid in retrieving its
fortunes.
The timely arrival of several half-filled regiments from
Ticonderoga, who had marched more than 200 miles, ill-
supplied, ill-clothed, and so J^orly shod that their march
could be traced by their tracks in blood, mainly contrib-
uted toward gaining two victories, which revived the des-
ponding hopes of the country. Had these last efforts
failed, who can not anticipate the melancholy result ?
In the council of war, preceding the affair at Trenton,
in giving his opinion. Stark observed to General Washing-
ton : " Your men have too long been accustomed to place
their dependence for safety upon spades and pick-axes. If
you ever effect to establish the independence of these
States, you must teach them to place dependence upon
their fire-arms and their courage."
Here it may be proper to introduce a circumstance, the
particulars of w^hich were related at the funeral of General
Stark, by a veteran comrade in arms there present. Pre-
vious to the important action of Trenton, the American
army was upon the point of being broken up by suflering,
desertion, and the expiration of the term of enlistment of
a great portion of the troops. A few days previous the
term of the ]^ew-Hampshire regiments expired. The
most gloomy period of the war had arrived. Every hope
of the country was concentrated in the action of the
38 MEMOIK OF
ill-supplied, ill -clothed, ill-shod, and unpaid troops, then
assembled under the orders of Washington, on the bankS
of the Delaware. Their only chance of striking a blow
was at some of the detached posts of the enemy by
surprise. Trenton was the nearest practicable point of
attack, and Princeton, twelve miles distant, the next. An
army of British veterans, (4,000 strong) well supplied,
commanded by Earl Cornwallis, was approaching to crush
this "forlorn hope" of America. Had these last efforts
failed, heaven only knows the result.
In this trying emergency, while officers of other lines
did the same. Colonel Stark, aware that the fate of the
country depended upon the retention of the troops then
in the field, appealed to the patriotism of the men of the
Granite hills, who composed the I^ew-Hampshire regi-
ments. He told them that if they left the army all was
lost ; reminded them of thj^r deeds at Bunker's hill, and
other occasions in the Canada campaign ; assured them
that if Congress did not pay their arrears, his own private
property should make it up to them. He proposed a re-
enlistment for six weeks ; and such was his influence and
popularity, that not a man refused. Thus two half-filled,
but veteran regiments, of tried valor and fidelity, were
retained for the approaching crisis, and nobly they sus-
tained the efforts of their leader.
The Hessians were attacked, at opposite points of the
town, by the division of Sullivan, and that led by
"Washington, in person. Colonel Stark led Sullivan's
advanced guard, and General Greene that of Washington.
" General Sullivan's division halted near Howell's ferr}^,
to enable the division led by General Washington to make
a circuit to attack the enemy in an opposite direction.
Here it was discovered by Captain John Glover, of the
Marblehead regiment, that the best secured arms of the
officers and men were wet, and not in firing condition.
The communication was made to General Sullivan, in
presence of General St. Clair. Sullivan cast a look at
St. Clair, and observed, ' What is to be done ? ' who
JOHN STARK. 39
instantly replied, ' You have nothing for it but to push on
and charge.'
"We soon marched (Colonel Stark in command of
the advanced guard) the troops, with orders to clear their
muskets as they moved on, in the best manner in their
power, which occasioned a good deal of squibbing. In
the meantime an officer was dispatched to apprise the
General (W.) of the state of our arms, who returned for
answer, by his aid-de-camp. Colonel Samuel Webb, that
^we must advance and charge.'
It was now broad day, and the storm beat violently in
our faces. The attack had commenced on the left, and
was immediately answered by Colonel Stark in front,
who forced the enemy's picket, and pressed it into the
town, our column being close at his heels. The enemy
made a momentary show of resistance, by a wild and
ill-directed fire from the w^indows of their quarters, which
they abandoned as we advanced ; and made an attempt
to form in the main street, which might have suc-
ceeded, but for a six-gun battery opened by Captain T.
Forest, under the immediate orders of General Washing-
ton, at the head of King street, which annoyed the enemy
in various directions ; and the decision of Captain Wil-
liam Washington, who, seconded by Lieutenant James
Monroe, * led the advanced guard of the left column, per-
* James Monroe was afterward President of the United States. Colonel
Williani Washington was the gallant commander of the cavalry at the
route of Tarleton's legion, in Morgan's battle at the Cowpens, which action
was in effect, as regards the fate of Lord Cornwallis and his army, in 1781,
what the victory of Bennington, in 1777, was to the invading army of
General Burgoyne.
After the defeat at Cowpens, Colonel Tarleton retreated in the rear of
his flying troops, pursued by the dragoons of Colonel Washington. He
faced about once, and confronted the leader of the dragoons. A blow
from the sabre of the latter wounded two of his lingers. The goodness of
his horse prevented his capture. Afterward, speaking to a patriotic
southern lady of Colonel Washington, he remarked that he had under-
stood the " fellow was so illiterate that he could not write his name, and
he should like to see his face." The lady replied, " he can make his
mark ; and you might, by facing about on your retreat from the Cowpens,
have seen his face."
It is but justice to say of the gallant General Tarleton, (a brave man he
undoubtedly was) that in after days, in the British parliament, he de-
40 MEMOIR OF
ceiving that the enemy were about to form a battery,
rushed forward, drove the artillerists from their guns, and
took two pieces in the act of firing.
These officers were both wounded : the captain in the
wrist, and the lieutenant through the fleshy part of the
shoulder. These particular acts of gallantry have never
been noticed, and yet they could not have been too highly
appreciated ; for, if the enemy had got his artillery into
operation in a narrow street, it might have checked our
movement and given him time to reflect ; and if he had
retired across the bridge in his rear, and taken post, he
would have placed a defile between us, which, in our half-
naked and half-frozen condition, he ought to have defended
against our utmost efibrts ; and we, in turn, might have
been compelled to retreat, which would have been fatal
to us. But while I render justice to the services of Forest,
Washington, and Monroe, I must not withhold due praise
to the ' dauntless Stark, who dealt death wherever he
found resistance, and broke down all opposition before
him.'
The 2d of January was a critical day for the American
cause. Their advanced guard had been driven across the
Assampink by Lord Cornwallis ; and had he followed up
his success and crossed the river, thirty minutes would
have brought on an engagement, and thirty more would
have decided the contest; and then, covered with woe,
Columbia might have wept the loss of her beloved chief,
and most valorous sons.
In this awful moment, the guardian genius of our coun-
try admonished Lord Cornwallis that his troops were
fended the character of the Americans for courage and conduct, saying'to
a certain non-fighting member who, in a tirading speech, was denouncing
the cowardly j^ankees, " if you had fought with them as often as I have,
you would perhaps entertain a different opinion."
Colonel Ackland, who commanded the grenadiers under General Bur-
goyne, at hearing the courage of the Americans defamed at a public
dinner in London, contradicted the assertion in unequivocal terms. A
duel ensued, in which the gallant colonel was slain.
His widow, Lady Harriet, afterward married a chaplain, Mr. Brudenel,
•who had accompanied the expedition of General Burgoyne in America.
JOHN STARK. 41
fatigued, and that the Americans were without retreat.
Under this impression, he addressed his general officers:
'The men had been under arms all day; they were lan-
guid and required rest ; he had the enemy safe enough,
and could dispose of them next morning. For these rea-
sons, he proposed that the troops should make fires, refresh
themselves, and take repose.'
General Grant, his second, acquiesced, and others fol-
lowed ; but Sir William Erskine exclaimed, ' My lord, if
you trust those people to-night, you will see nothing of
them in the morning.'
This admonition was not regarded; the enemy made
their fires and went to supper, as we did also, our ad-
vanced sentries being posted within one hundred and
yards of each other.
The American guards at the watch-fires were doubled,
the neighboring fences supplying fuel. The army, in de-
tachments, was so noiselessly drawn oft* as to escape the
notice of the enemy. The night was cold and dark ; the
guards kept up the watch-fires until nearly day-light, when
the remaining fuel was thrown upon them, and the men
followed the army's track.
ISText morning Lord Cornwallis, with chagrin and disap-
pointment at having lost what he supposed an opportunity
of finishing the war, discovered that the enemy had
retired ; and soon after, the roar of artillery at Princeton
indicated the direction of his march.
On the 5th of January, soon after the action, an aid-de-
camp of Washington bore a flag of truce to Brunswick.
The British officers spoke freely of the trick Washington
had played them, and the race they had run ; having made
a forced march from Trenton to Brunswick, being alarmed
for the safety of their magazines.
The aid-de-camp. Colonel Fitzgerald, conveyed to Gen-
eral Leslie the information of the fall of his son, Captain
Leslie. The veteran was much affected by the recital of
the respect which had been shown to his remains, and
retiring to a window shed tears. When Colonel Fitzgerald
42 MEMOIK OF
returned, he sent his acknowledgments to General Wash-
ington."*
Colonel Stark was with Washington when he re-crossed
the Delaware, was engaged at Princeton, and remained
with him until his winter quarters were established on the
heights of Morristown. The term of his men's enlistment
having then expired, he returned to i^ew-Hampshire to
recruit another regiment.
In March, 1777, the new regiment was completed,
and he repaired to Exeter to receive instructions for the
campaign. There he was informed that a new list of
promotions had been made out by Congress, and his
name omitted. The cause of this flagrant injustice was
easily traced to the malignant influence of several ofiicers
of high rank, and members of Congress, who were dis-
pleased with his unbending character.
He waited upon Generals Sullivan and Poor, wished
them all possible success, and resigned his commission.
They endeavored to dissuade him from this course ; but
he replied, " that an oflicer who would not maintain his
rank, w^as unworthy to serve his country." He warned
them of the dangerous situation of the army at Ticonder-
oga, and the necessity of immediate relief. He declared
his readiness again to take the fleld, whenever his country
required his services, and retired to his estate. His letter
of resignation is as follows :
" To the Honorable the Council and House of Representatives for the State
of New-Haynpshire, in General Court assembled :
Gentlemei^- —
Ever since hostilities commenced, I have, so far as in me lay, endeavored
to prevent my country from being ravaged and enslaved by our cruel and
unnatural enemy. I have undergone the hardships and fatigues of two
campaigns with cheerfulness and alacrity, ever enjoying the pleasing
satisfaction that I was doing my God and country the greatest service
my abilities would admit of ; and it was with the utmost gratitude that
I accepted the important command to which this State appointed me.
I should have served with the greatest pleasure, more especially at this
* Wilkinson's Memoir.
JOHN STAKK. 43
important crisis, wlien our country calls for the utmost exertions of every
American ; but am extremely grieved that I am in honor hound to leave
the service, Congress having thought proper to promote junior officers
over my head : so that, lest I should show myself unworthy of the honor
conferred on me, and a want of that spirit which ought to glow in the
breast of every officer appointed by this Honorable House, in not suitably
resenting an indignity, I must (though grieved to leave the service of my
country) beg leave to resign my commission ; hoping that you will make
choice of some gentleman, who may honor the cause and his country, to
succeed
Your most obliged, humble servant,
JOHN STAKK."
His zeal for the cause continuing as ardent as ever, he
fitted out all his family and servants, capable of bearing
arms, and dispatched them to the army.
Upon receiving his letter of resignation, the council
and house of delegates of I^ew-Hampshire, on the 21st
of March, 1777, passed the following resolve :
" Voted, That the thanks of both Houses, in convention,
be given to Colonel Stark, for his good services in the
present war ; and that, from his early and steadfast
attachment to the cause of his country, they make not
the least doubt that his future conduct, in whatever state
of life providence may place him, will manifest the same
noble disposition of mind."
" Thereupon the thanks of both Houses were presented
to Colonel Stark by the honorable president." Colonel
Stark was called before the assembly, and received their
thanks. ^
The cause of American Independence was never ex-
posed to a more doubtful crisis than in the eventful cam-
paign of 1777.
That of the preceding year had been extremely disas-
trous ; but when the affairs of the States appeared to be
irretrievably ruined, two brilliant actions, toward its close,
threw a sudden ray of light upon the surrounding gloom.
The winter was passed in raising men and means for
another and more desperate struggle. The edicts of royal
indignation had gone forth, denouncing vengeance on the
44 MEMOIKOF
devoted heads of the leaders of this unnatural rebellion ;
and new armies of veteran troops were organizing to exe-
cute their mandates.
Ticonderoga was at this period occupied by the whole
force of the United States' army in the north. It was the
key stone of that region, and deemed of sufficient strength
to oppose an effectual barrier to any advance of the enemy
from Canada. The victorious career of the invader soon
dispelled the delusion. He made himself master of the
heights of Mount Defiance with the utmost secrecy, and
drew up several pieces of heavy ordnance. These being
placed in battery, and discharged at a vessel on the lake,
gave notice to the American general that his post was no
longer tenable.
ISTothing now could save the army but a precipitate
retreat, and preparations were immediately commenced
for that purpose. The baggage was embarked in boats,
and the retreat commenced on the night of the 5th of
July. On the same night the stores in the fortress and
those on Mount Independence were improvidently set on
fire, the light of which informed the enemy of the move-
ment.*
The retreating army was immediately pursued by Fra-
zer's light infantry brigade and Keidesel's Yagers, on
land and water, with such diligence that the rear guard of
1000 men, under Colonel Warner, was overtaken next day
at Hubbardton, and brought to action.
* "Which of our historians might not profitably copy the following
account of the evacuation of Ticonderoga, albeit it fell from the lips of a
negro? "About 11 o'clock on Saturday night, orders were given by our
colonel to parade. "We immediately obeyed. He then ordered our tents
to be struck and carried to the battery. On doing this, the orders were to
take up our packs and march, which we also did ; passed the general's
house on fire ; marched twenty miles without a halt, and then had a
brush with the enemy." — Butler.
Near the scene of a bloody hand-to-hand contest, during the attacks
upon Ticonderoga in 1758, is a fine spring. We were informed by a vet-
eran soldier of the first New-Hampshire regiment, Mr. William Beard, of
Dunbarton, N. H., that the soldiers found a skull near it, which they
cleansed and used for a drinking-cup, and that one of his comrades said he
intended to carry it home. In the haste of the retreat on the night of
July 5, it was left behind.
JOHN STARK. 45
The contest was well fought, if we may rely upon An-
bury's statement, that Earl Balcarras, second in command
of the light infantry, received nearly thirty balls through
his jacket and trowsers, only one of which wounded him
slightly in the hip. The assailants would have been
repulsed by Warner, but Reidesel's Germans came up in
season to save them ; and the gallant Warner, after per-
forming all that an intelligent and fearless soldier could do,
was compelled to giv^e way before superior numbers.
Colonel Francis, a brave and valuable officer, (father of
the late eminent financier of Boston) with others of less
note, fell upon this occasion.
One of the most unfortunate results of this aiffair was
felt by the Americans in the loss of all their baggage, few
of the officers and men having any clothing except that
upon their persons.
The army continued its disorderly retreat toward the
Hudson, breaking down bridges, and blocking up the
streams with timber-trees.
The news of the fall of Ticonderoga * spread rapidly
through the country, giving rise to the most fearful fore-
bodings. The people in general appeared to be paralyzed
with terror and astonishment. All was considered as lost.
But there were men whose nerves had not been unstrung:
by the misfortunes of two disastrous campaigns ; whose
warrior spirits arose with the dangers that surrounded
them ; who could look upon this dreary night of disaster
as the harbinger of a more glorious day ; who could
foresee that the invader, notwithstanding his hitherto
triumphant advance, would not be able to retrace his
steps, should he be so inclined. Around such men the
hopes and strength of the country gathered.
* Five days after the evacuation of Ticonderoga, in a letter from
Stockbridge, Mass., it was written: '* We are greatly burdened with peo-
ple who have fled from the ' Hampshire Grants.'^' It was feared that
Manchester must be abandoned. In a letter dated there, July 15, it is
said: "We learn that a large scout of the enemy are disposed to take a
tour to this post. The inhabitants, with their families, can not be quieted
without the assurance of the arrival of troops directly."
46 MEMOIK OF
The people of l^Tew-Hampsliire had performed all that it
was supposed they could do. Public credit was at a low
ebb ; and the ability to support a single extra regiment
was doubted, even if one could be raised.
The State council had been notified, by the authorities
of Vermont, that unless speedy assistance was sent them,
they must yield to circumstances, and accept the protection
of the enemy, which would leave Kew-Hampshire a frontier
State.* In this emergency shone forth the spirit and
patriotism of that man of his country, John Langdon.
Ever honored be his memory !
He was then presiding ofiicer of the assembly and, upon
the receipt of the news from the north, thus addressed
that body :
^' I have three thousand dollars in hard money ; my
plate I will pledge for as much more. I have seventy
hogsheads of Tobago rum, which shall be sold for the
most they will bring. These are at the service of the
State. If we succeed, I shall be remunerated ; if not,
they will be of no use to me. We can raise a brigade ;
and our friend Stark, who so nobly sustained the honor
of our arms at Bunker's hill, may safely be entrusted
with the command, and we will check Burgoyne." f
* See letter of Ira Allen, Secretary of Yermont.
f The following anecdote is a sample of many others which might be
cited, to exhibit the zeal manifested in consequence of Mr. Langdon's
proposition, to furnish means for the Bennington enterprise.
As soon as it was decided to raise volunteer companies, and place them
under tlie command of General Stark, Colonel Gordon Hutchins (member
of the assembly from Concord) mounted his horse, and traveling all
night with all possible haste, reached Concord on the Sabbath afternoon,
before the close of public service.
Dismounting at the meeting-house door, he walked up the aisle of the
old North Church, while Mr. Walker was preaching. Mr. Walker paused
in his sermon, and said: "Colonel Hutchins, are you the bearer of any
message?" "Yes," replied the colonel, "General Burgoyne with his
army is on his march to Albany. General Stark has offered to take the
command of the New-Hampshire men, and if we all turn out we can cut
off Burgoyne's march." Whereupon, the Rev. Mr. Walker said : " My
hearers, those of you who are willing to go, had better leave at once." At
which all the men in the meeting-house rose and went out; many imme-
diately enlisted. The whole night was spent in preparation, and a com-
pany was ready to march next day. Phinehas Eastman said, " I can't go,
JOHN STARK. 47
This noble proposal infused new life into the assembly,
and arrangements were immediately commenced for carry-
ing it out.
A messenger was dispatched to Colonel Stark who,
Btung with the injustice of Congress in promoting junior
officers over him, had resigned his commission, and retired
to private life. He had left the army three months before,
and was now living upon his estate on the banks of the
Merrimack.
He returned with the messenger, and waited upon the
council. He listened to their proposal. They assured him
that his former patriotic services were duly remembered
and appreciated, and urged him to forget the past, and
assume the command of their troops.
He informed them that he had no confidence in the
commander of the northern army ; but if they would
organize a brigade to be by him commanded, to hang
upon the left wing and rear of the enemy, with full
authority to direct their operations according to his own
judgment, without responsibility to any other authority
than their own body, he would again take the field. The
council closed with the terms, and issued a commission,
investing him with as ample powers as he could have
desired.
Recruiting officers were immediately employed under
his orders, in beating up for volunteers. His popularity,
military reputation and previous successes (for he had
seen more actual service than most of the continental
officers) were strong inducements with the yeomanry of
New-Hampshire to volunteer under his command.
More men than his orders called for were soon engaged,
and marched to Charlestown, on Connecticut river, as a
place of general rendezvous. From thence they were
for I have no shoes," to which Samuel Thompson, a shoe-maker, replied,
" Don't be troubled about that, for you shall have a pair before morning,"
which was done. The late Jonathan Eastman, senior, esq., was in similar
want of shoes, and a new pair was also made for him before morning.
Rev. N. Bouton's History of Concord.
48 MEMOIK OF
ordered to Bennington, Yt., as fast as they could be
equipped with, arms, ammunition and supplies.
On the 30th of July the General wrote from Charlestown
to the ^ew-Hampshire Council : ''I am informed that the
enemy have left Castleton, with an intent to march to
Bennington. We are detained by the want of bullet
molds. There is but one pair in town, and the few balls
sent by the council go but little way."
One pair of bullet molds for an army ! In many other
particulars the troops were equally deficient. The address
of J. D. Butler, Esq., before the Legislature of Vermont,
on the reception of the Bennington cannon, contains many
interesting particulars in regard to the expedition.
General Stark crossed the mountains to Manchester, in
Vermont, where, after reinforcing and consulting with
Colonel Warner, he proceeded to assume the command of
his brigade, then mustering at Bennington, w^here he
arrived on the 9th of August.
Soon afterward an officer of the northern army arrived,
with instructions to conduct the ItTew-IIampshire levies to
the main army, then at Stillwater. To these orders
General Stark declined to submit, declaring himself to be
only responsible to the authorities of ISTew-Hampshire,
who had invested him with an independent command, and
promptly refused to permit the troops to march to join the
army commanded by General Schuyler. *
The officer reported the result of his mission to head
quarters, and General Schuyler complained to Congress,
urging the necessity of reinforcements of men and supplies.
Congress resolved " That the council of I^ew-Hamp-
* To tlie remark of the officer, that he was assuming a fearful responsi-
bility, he replied, that he had " often assumed responsibilities for the good
of his country, and should do so again."
It may here be observed that the New-Hampshire brigade mustered on
Thursday, the 14th; although nominally consisting of 1,332 privates, it
was, in real strength, but little more than half that number, as one company
had been left at Number Four, two on the mountains, and others else-
where, or weakened by sickness and desertion. The strength of Stark's force
was, by General Schuyler, estimated at 700 or 800 men. He was joined by
Captain Kobinson, with the Bennington militia, and by many volunteers
in the vicinity.
JOHN STAKK. 49
shire be informed that the instructions which General
Stark says he has received from them, are destructive of
military subordination, and highly prejudicial to the com-
mon cause at this crisis ; and that, therefore, they be de-
sired to instruct General Stark to conform himself to the
same rules which other general officers of the militia are
subject to, whenever they are called out at the expense of
the United States."
This vote of censure neither the council nor their
general considered of much account. He knew no other
authority than the State council ; and had he submitted to
the demand of General Schuyler, the campaign would
have terminated with the ruin of the northern army; and
General Burgoyne would have reached Albany, from
whence he could cooperate with Howe and Clinton, and
find the task an easy one to crush the other American
armies.
General Stark now proceeded with all diligence to
organize and discipline his forces, collect supplies, and
prepare for active duty as soon as occasion should require.
The commander of the northern army soon opened a
correspondence with him, and he detailed to him his plan
of operations; which was to intercept and cut off the
enemy's supplies, remove beyond his reach all the cattle
and stores of the country, harrass his rear, and attack any
of his detachments which should afford him an opportu-
nity. The plan was approved by General Schuyler, and
while arrangements Avere making to carry it out. General
Burgoyne himself furnished the desired opportunity.
That general had heard of the arrival of the militia at
Bennington. He also knew that large magazines of flour
and other supplies were to be found in the vicinity ; and
while waiting to hear of the success of Colonel St. Leger,
who had been ordered to march by a different route from
that pursued by his main army, and reduce Fort Stanwix
on his way, he resolved to detach a force sufficient, as he
supposed, to look down all opposition, to disperse the
enemy on his left, and secure the stores of provisions col-
50 MEMOIK OF
lected in the vicinity, which the necessities of his army
already required.
The force consisted of 500 German regulars, a detach-
ment of British light infantry and dismounted dragoons,
a party of tories, 200 Indians, with two pieces of light
brass field artillery, commanded by Lieut. Colonel Baum,
a brave and intelligent officer, who was attended by the
veteran Colonel Philip Skene, who well knew the country
and the inhabitants, as an assistant and adviser.
Another detachment of 600 Germans, with a similar
accompanying force of tories and Indians, with two heavier
brass field pieces, were also ordered to be in readiness to
march at a moment's warning to support Colonel Baum,
if he had occasion to call for assistance.
While encamped at Battenkill, awaiting orders. Colonel
Baum addressed the following note to General Burgoyne :
" Battenkill, 12 August, 1777.
Sir — I had the honor of acquainting your Excellency,
by a man sent yesterday by Col. Skene, to head quarters,
of the several corps under my command being encamped
at Saratoga, as well as my intention to proceed next
morning at ^ve o'clock. The corps moved at that time,
and marched a mile, when I received a letter from Brig.
Gen. Frazer, signifying your Excellency's order to post
the corps advantageously on Battenkill, until I should
receive fresh instructions. The corps is now encamped
at that place, and waits your order.
I will not trouble you with the various reports, which
are spread, as they seem rather to be founded on the
different feelings of the people who occasion them.
I have the honor to be, &c.,
F. BAUM.
The reinforcement of fifty chasseurs, which your Excel-
lency was pleased to order, joined me last night."
JOHN STARK. 51
INSTRUCTIONS FOR LIEUT. COL. BAUM, ON A SECRET EXPE-
DITION TO CONNECTICUT RIVER.
" The object of your expedition is to try the affections of
the country, to disconcert the councils of the enemy, to
mount Reidesel's dragoons, to complete Peters' corps, and
to obtain large supplies of cattle, horses and carriages.
The several corps of which the inclosed is a list, are to
be under your command. The troops must take no tents ;
and what little baggage is carried by of&cers, must be on
their own bat-horses.
You are to proceed by the route from Battenkill to
Arlington, and take post there, so as to secure the pass to
Manchester. You are to remain at Arlington until the
detachment of provincials, under Capt. Sherwood, shall
join you from the southward.
You are then to proceed to Manchester, where you
will take post, so as to secure the pass of the mountains, .,'i:^
on the road from Manchester to Rockingham ; from
thence you will detach the Indians and light troops to
the northward, toward Otter creek. On their return, and
also receiving intelligence tliat no enemy is in force in
the neighborhood of Rockingham, (on Connecticut river)
you will proceed by the road over the mountains to
Rockingham, where you will take post. This will be '
the most distant point of the expedition ; and must be
proceeded upon with caution, as you will have the defile
of the mountains behind you, which might make a return
difficult. You must therefore endeavor to be well informed
of the force of the enemy's militia in the neighboring
country.
You are to remain there as long as may be necessary
to fulfill the intention of the expedition from thence, while
the Indians and light troops are detached up the river;
and you are afterward to descend by the Connecticut
river to Brattleborou^h ; and from that place, by the
quickest march, you are to return by the great road to
Albany.
^^
52 MEMOIKOF
During your whole progress, your detachments are to
have orders to bring in all horses fit to mount the dragoons,
under your command, or to serve as bat-horses to the
troops, together with as many saddles and bridles as can
be found. The number of horses requisite, besides those
necessary for mounting the regiment of dragoons, ought
to be thirteen hundred. If you can bring more for the
army, it will be better.
Your parties are likewise to bring in wagons and other
convenient carriages, with as many draft oxen as will be
necessary to draw them, and all cattle fit for slaughter,
(milch cows excepted) which are to be left for the use of
the inhabitants. Reg alar receipts, in the form hereto
subjoined, are to be given in all places where any of the
above named articles are taken, to such persons as have
remained in their habitations, and otherwise complied
with the terms of General Burgoyne's manifesto ; but no
receipts are to be given to such as are known to be acting
in the service of the rebels.
As you will have with you persons perfectly acquainted
with the abilities of the country, it may, perhaps, be
advisable to tax the several districts with their portion
of the articles, and limit the hours for their delivery ;
should you find it necessary to move before such delivery
*can be made, hostages of the most respectable people
should be taken to secure their following you the next
day. All possible means are to be used to prevent plun-
dering.
As it is probable Capt. Sherwood, who is already to the
southward, and will join you at Arlington, will drive in a
considerable quantity of horses and cattle to you ; you
will therefore send in the cattle to the army with a proper
detachment from Peters' corps, to cover them, in order to
disincumber yourself. You must always keep the regi-
ment of dragoons compact.
The dragoons themselves must ride and take care of
the horses of the regiment. Those horses which are
destined for the use of the army, should be tied together
JOHN STAEK. 53
in strings of ten each, so that one man may lead ten
horses. You will give directions to the unarmed men of
Peters' corps to conduct them, and inhabitants whom
you can trust. You must always take your camps in
good positions ; but at the same time where there is
pasture. You must have a chain of sentinels around your
cattle and horses while grazing.
Col. Skene will be with you as much as possible, in
order to assist you with his advice ; to help you distinguish
the good subjects from the bad ; to procure the best
intelligence of the enemy ; and to choose those people who
are to bring the accounts of your progress and success.
"When you find it necessary to halt for a day or two,
you must always entrench the camp of the regiment of
dragoons, in order never to risk an attack or affront from
the enemy. As you will return with the regiment of
dragoons, mounted, you must always have a detachment
of Capt. Frazer's or Peters' corps in front of the column,
and the same in the rear, to prevent your falling into an
ambuscade when you march through the woods.
You will use all possible means to make the country
believe that you are the advanced corps of the army, and
that it is intended to pass the Connecticut river on the
route to Boston. You will likewise insinuate that the
mSm^army from Albany will be joined at Spriugfield by
aTcorps of troops from Rhode-Island. You will send off,
occasionally, cattle or carriages to prevent being too much
incumbered; and give me as frequent intelligence of your
situation as possible.
It is highly probable that the corps under Mr. Warner,
now supposed to be at Manchester, will retreat before you ;
but should they, contrar}^ to expectation, be able to collect
in great force, and post themselves advantageously, it is
left to your discretion to attack them or not, always bear-
ing in mind that your corps is too valuable to let any con-
siderable loss be hazarded on this occasion.
Should any corps be moved from Mr. Arnold's main
army in order to intercept your retreat, you are to take as
54 MEMOIEOF
strong a post as the country will afford, and send the
quickest intelligence to me ; and you may depend on my
making such a movement as shall put the enemy between
two fires, or otherwise effectually sustain you. It is imag-
ined the progress of the whole of the expedition can be
effected in about a fortnight ; but every movement of it
must depend upon your success in obtaining such a supply
of provisions as will enable you to subsist for your return
to the army, in case you get no more ; and should not the
army reach Albany before your expedition should be com-
pleted, I will find means to send you notice of it, and give
your route another direction. All persons acting in com-
mittees, or any ofiicers acting under the direction of Con-
gress, either civil or military, are to be made prisoners.
J. burgoyot:."
The above instructions, and the following letters, are
copied from Burgoyne's defence before Parliament.
INSTRUCTIONS OF COL. SKENE, UPON THE EXPEDITION TO
BENNINGTON.
" Sir — I request the favor of you to proceed with Lieut.
Col. Baum upon an expedition of which he has the com-
mand, and which will march this evening or to-morrow
morning. The object of his orders is to try the affections
of the country to disconcert the councils of the enemy,
to mount the regiment of Reidesel's dragoons, to com-
plete Lieut. Col. Peters' corps (tories,) and to procure a
large supply of horses for the use of the troops, together
with cattle and carriages.
The route marked out for this expedition is to Arling-
ton and Manchester ; aiid in case it should be found that
the enemy is not in too great force upon the Connecticut,
it is intended to pass the mountains to Eockingham, and
descend the river from thence to Brattleborough. Some
hours before the corps march for Arlington, Colonel
Peters, with all his men, is to set forward for Bennington,
and afterward are to join you at Arlington.
JOHISrSTAKK. 55
Receipts are to be given for all horses and cattle taken
from the country. Lieut. Col. Baum is directed to com-
municate the rest of his instructions, and to consult with
you upon all matters of intelligence, negotiation with the
inhabitants, roads and other means, depending upon a
knowledge of the country, for carrying his instructions
into execution.
I rely upon your zeal and activity for the fullest assist-
ance, particularly in having it understood in all the coun-
try through which you pass, that the corps of Colonel
Baum is the first detachment of the advanced guard ; and
that the whole army is proceeding to Boston, expecting to
be joined on the route by the army from Rhode-Island.
I need not recommend to you to continue the requisites
of the service with every principle of humanity in the
mode of obtaining them ; and it may be proper to inform
the country that the means to prevent their cattle and
horses being taken for the future, will be to resist the
enemy when they shall presume to force them, and drive
them voluntarily to my camp.
I have the honor to be, &c.,
J. BURGOYKE.
The following letters of Colonel Baum give an account
of his progress up to the 14th of August, 177T, at 9
o'clock P. M.
Cambridge, 13 August, 1777.
Sir — In consequence of your Excellency's order, I
moved this morning at 4 o'clock with the corps under my
command ; and after a march of sixteen miles, arrived at
Cambridge at four in the evening. On the road I received
intelligence of forty or fifty rebels being left to guard some
cattle. I ordered thirty provincials and fifty savages to
quicken their march in hopes to surprise them. They took
five prisoners in arms, who declared themselves to be in
the service of Congress; yet the enemy received advice
4
56 MEMOIROF
of our approach, and abandoned the house in which they
were posted. The provincials and savages continued their
march about a mile, when they fell in with a party of fif-
teen men, who fired upon our people and took to the woods
with great precipitation. The fire was quick on our side,
but I can not learn if the enemy sustained any loss. A
private of Captain Sherwood's company was the only one
who was slightly wounded in the thigh.
From the many people who came from Bennington,
they agree that the number of the enemy amounted to
1,800. I will be particularly careful, on my approach to
that place, to be fully informed of their strength and situa-
tion, and take the precaution necessary to fulfill both the
orders and instructions of your Excellency.
I cannot ascertain the number of cattle, carts and
wagons taken here, as they have not as yet been collected.
A few horses have been also brought in ; but I am sorry
to acquaint you that the savages either destroy or drive
away what is not paid for with ready money. If your
Excellency would allow me to purchase the horses, stipu-
lating the price, I think they might be procured cheap ;
otherwise, they ruin all they meet with. Your Excel-
lency may depend on hearing how I proceed at Benning-
ton, and of my success there.
Paying my respectful compliments to General Reidesel,
I am, &c..
F. BAUM.*
P. S. The names of the men taken in arms are George
Duncan, David Starrow, Samuel Bell and Matthew Bell.
Hugh Moore, a noted rebel, surrendered himself yester-
day evening.
The express left Cambridge at 4 o'clock on the morning
of the 14th of August.
* Frederick Baum.
JOHN STARK. 57
Sancoick, 14 August, 9 o'clock P. M.
Sir : — I have the honor to inform your Excellency that
I arrived here at eight in the morning, having had intelli-
gence of a party of the enemy being in possession of a
mill, which they abandoned at our approach, but in their
usual way, fired from the bushes ; and, took their road
to Bennington; a savage was slightly wounded. Thev
broke down a bridge which has retarded our march above
an hour. They left in the mill about seventy-eight barrels
of fine flour, one thousand bushels of wheat, twenty bushels
of salt, and about one thousand dollars' worth of pearl
and potashes.
I have ordered twenty provincials and an ofiicer to guard
the provisions and pass of the bridge. By the five pris-
oners taken here, they agree that from 1,500 to 1,800
men are in Bennington, but are supposed to leave at our
approach. , I will proceed so far to-day as to fall on the
enemy to-morrow early, and make such disposition as I
think necessary from the intelligence I may receive.
People are flocking in hourly, but want to be armed ; the
savages can not be ruled. They ruin, and take everything
they please.
I am, &c., F. BAUM.
I beg your Excellency to pardon the hurry of this letter,
it is wrote on the head of a barrel."*
On perceiving the brigade, the enemy halted ; selected
an advantageous position upon elevated ground, and
commenced intrenching their camp, by felling timber-
trees and forming log breast-works for their several corps ;
for, according to the British plan of their works which,
together with the orders of General Burgoyne, fell into
the hands of General Stark, several redoubts were thrown
up. In fact, the enemy tore down all the houses of hewn
timber in the vicinity, and used the materials thus obtained
for that purpose.
*Burgoyne's Defence.
58 MEMOIEOF
As the ground was not suitable for a general and
immediate action, tlie American commander concluded
to fall back one mile, and prepare his troops for battle.
The whole day of the 15th proving stormy, nothing
farther took place than a skirmish on the enemy's front.
A chosen body of men, several of whom had served in
the ranger corps of the "seven years' war," were ordered
to try the enemy's temper, and harass their operations
while forming intrenchments. In this expedition thirty
of the enemy were killed and wounded ; among them
two Indian chiefs were slain, whose silver ornaments were
brought to camp by the victorious rangers, who returned
without losing a man, or one of the scout receiving a
wound. This success was hailed by the troops in camp
as an omen of farther good fortune. The rain poured
down in torrents during the whole night ; and the situa-
tion of the Americans, in their bush huts, and,the enemy
in their intrenchments, was uncomfortable.
At one o'clock on the morning of August 16th,
the camp was aroused by the arrival of the Berkshire
volunteers, led by Colonel Symonds — those from Pittsfield
being conducted and commanded by their pastor. Rev.
Thomas Allen. This worthy, patriotic and exemplary
descendant of one of Cromwell's Ironsides, proceeded at
once to the general's quarters, (a log house) and addressed
him in substance, as follows :
" The people of Berkshire have often turned out to
fight the enemy, but have not been permitted to do so.
"We have resolved that if you do not let us fight now,
never to come again." "Would you go now," observed
the general, " in this dark and rainy night ? l^o ; go to
your people ; tell them to take rest if they can ; and if
God sends us sunshine to-morrow, and I do not give you
fighting enough, I will never call upon you to come again."
The storm continued until nearly noon on Saturday,
the 16th of August. When the rain ceased, the clouds
suddenly broke away, and the sun came out in full
splendor.
JOHI!^ STAKK. 59
"We have reason to believe its appearance was welcome
and cheering to thennartial husbandmen who had assem-
bled in arms for the defence of their soil and firesides,
and that they obeyed the order to march to battle with
alacrity, and the spirits of men resolved to ''live free
or die."
An order had been dispatched to Colonel Warner, who
was at Manchester with one hundred and fifty continental
troops, to hasten his march to the scene of action, which
order he promptly obeyed.
During the retreat from Ticonderoga, Hale's regiment
surrendered to a force of British and tories, who, not
being able to carry away their arms, had left them stacked
in the woods. General Stark being apprised of this fact
had, a short time previously, directed Colonel Warner to
secure them for the use of his corps. He had just returned,
when the order to march arrived. He reached Benning-
ton in season to use them, in the second action, with glori-
ous effect.
Colonel Baum took advantgage of the delay occa-
sioned by the storm of the 15th, to inform General Bur-
goyne of his situation, and call for Colonel Brej^man's
corps, who immediately marched to his support.
Their preparations being completed, the Americans left
their camp and marched in quest of the enemy. They
were found in the position they had fortified, with their
artillery properly posted, and prepared to receive the
assailants.
The German commander harangued his men, stating
that the countrymen opposed to them were the owners of
the soil, and would probably fight well to defend it ; but
that they could have no chance of success against their
superior discipline and favorable position, surrounded by
breast-works and supported by artillery, of which their
opponents possessed not a single piece ; and the arrival
of Colonel Breyman, with a reinforcement superior to
their present force, with two heavier pieces of artillery,
was hourly expected.
-^,
60 MEMOIR OP
Common report has attributed a brief address to the
American general, such as : " There*, my boys, are your
enemies, the red-coats and tories ; you must beat them,
'^ or my wife sleeps a widow to-night." We will here,
however, introduce the address, with a quotation from
the graphic pen of iSTew- York's talented bard, Fitz-Greene
Halleck. Speaking of the traits of New-England character,
he writes :
♦* And minds have there been nurtured whose control
Is felt e'en in their nation's destiny ; —
Men who swayed senates with a statesman's soul,
And looked on armies with a leader's eye ;
Names which adorn and dignify the scroll
Whose leaves contain their country's history ;
And tales of love and war — now list to one,
"y^ Of the White Mountaineer — the Stark of Bennington.
When on that field his band the Hessians fought,
Briefly he spoke before the fight began :
' Soldiers, those German gentlemen were bought
For four pounds eight and seven pence, per man,
By England's King : a bargain, it is thought.
Are we worth more ? let's prove it while we can :
For we must beat them, boys, ere set of sun.
Or my wife sleeps a widow.' — It was done.'"^
* " The tories, who had joined the king's troops, confident that in these
last days the time of recompense for all their maltreatment had come,
were intrenched in front of the German battery. They braved the battle
fire, that they might, if by any means possible, turn their castle in the air
into a castle on the earth.
On the other hand, the assailants saw before them a band of mercena-
ries, bought at thirty crowns a head, and of whose speech they covild not
understand a syllable. They saw a horde whose orders were to make spoil
of every horse, every ox, every wheel-carriage, every saddle, every bridle,
leaving only milch cows as special clemency ; to carry ofi" all provisions, to
tax every village as much as it could pay — tories being judges; to take
hostages for payment of the tax, to let loose Indians and tories to do what
they pleased with the refractory vanquished. They knew that they
were the last hope of New-England ; that if they were repelled, there was
no reserve to fall back on; that the dragoons, now dismounted before them,
on the morrow would be cavalry, a winged army pouncing upon the fugi-
tives in every valley, while Indians would set fire to every hill-side ham-
let and scalp its inmates. Stark was full of high disdain from a sense of
injured merit; rivals had been promoted over his head, and he left a
subaltern.
•'Men
That never set a squadron in the field,
Nor the division of a battle knew,
More than a spinster, except the bookish theorick."
%
JOHN STAKK. 61
The enemy occupied elevated ground, with a gradual
slope on the north and west. At some short distance on
his right flowed the river Hoosac, and along his front the - ^ y
little river Walloomsac to its junction with the former -O
river. y • — "^
His position was reconnoitered at a mile's distance, and
the plan of attack arranged. Two detachments were
ordered to diverge to the right and left, passing through
the woods and corn-fields, and by circuitous routes turn
the enemy's flanks, unite their force, and attack his rear.
Colonel Mchols, on their left, and Colonel Ilerrick, on
their right, had the command of these attacks. Herrick's
force was three hundred, that of Mchols two hundred ;
but a reinforcement of one hundred men was sent him, at
his own demand, before his attack commenced.
Colonels Hubbard and Stickney, with two hundred
men, were posted on the enemy's right, to attack the
tory breast-work ; and one hundred men were stationed
in front to attract the enemy's attention to that quarter.
The General took his position with the reserve. The
attack on the flanks and rear of the enemy was to be the
signal for a general assault.
Colonel Baum with his glass observed the movements
of the flanking parties, and supposed they were running
away.*
He had insisted upon having a separate command and independent
authority. Had he taken his position only to expose his weakness, like
one who plunges into deep water though he can not swim ? He was tried ;
and to be found wanting, or not wanting ? It was for him in these mo-
ments a fearful question. Was he to prove a mere partizan, a scout, or
was he to prove a general?
" expert
When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway
Of battle: open when, and when to close
The ridges of grim war."
He heard the warwhoop of the savages, who had captivated him in his
youth, and forced him to run the gauntlet. Is it any wonder his words to
his men were: "There are your enemies, the red-coats and tories ; we must
have them in half an hour, or this night my wife sleeps a widow!" No
wonder the engagement was the hottest he had ever witnessed, resembling
a continental clap of thunder." — Butler^ s Address.
* So said his servant and waiter, Henry Archelaus, who died at Weare,
N. H., many years ago.
62 MEMOIEOF
The flanking parties were soon concealed from his
view by the woods. In the meantime the reserve slowly
advanced. The G-eneral ordered frequent halts, and was
observed often to look at his watch, saying to himself, " It
is time they were there."
The artillery of the enemy soon commenced playing
upon the reserve, which advanced slowly as at first. At
three o'clock in the afternoon, Colonel Kichols opened his
fire upon their left, which was immediately answered by
Colonel Herrick on their right. The troops in front pressed
forward, and the action became general.
The enemy were, after a sharp contest, forced from
their works,* and driven upon the reserve, which soon
decided the action. The Indians in the enemy's rear fired
on the right and left, and fled on the appearance of the
flanking detachments, as they approached each other to
form a junction.
The prisoners were speedily collected, and hurried from
the field, escorted by a force suflicient to secure them.
The remainder of these undisciplined volunteers, exulting
in their success, could not be prevented from dispersing
in quest of refreshment and plunder, not anticipating more
fighting that day.
The drums and bugles of the German reinforcement,
under the orders of Colonel Breyman, were, in the space
of an hour, heard in the distance, announcing to the
victors that another and more desperate conflict was at
hand.
Colonel Warner's drums at the same time gave notice
of his approach in an opposite direction. The men of
the ^ew-Hampshire brigade who were near were rallied,
and a second action commenced.
* In regard to the attack of tlie redoubts, Butler says : " On a sud-
den a solitary wagon, containing all the Germans' spare ammunition,
exploded in the midst of the redoubt. You would have thought that
explosion to have been an order given for every American to charge with
railroad speed ; for the redoubt was instantly stormed, and carried on
everv side." — Butlei-^s Address.
JOHN STAKK. 63
Colonel "Warner was directed to divide his force, and
attack the right and left flanks of the enemy ; which
service he performed with his accustomed gallantry, and
succeeded in checking the Germans until the scattered
troops of i!Tew-Hampshire could be again formed, and
brought up to his support.
The action continued, and was obstinately fought on
both sides until dark, the enemy fighting on a retreat for
two miles. They then gave way at all points. They w^ere
pursued some distance, and many more prisoners taken.
The remainder escaped under cover of the night, while
the conquerors, worn down by the fatigues of the day,
returned to camp. With one hour more of daylight, the
whole detachment would have been captured.
The fruits of this signal and almost unexpected victory,
thus obtained by raw militia over European veterans,
tories and savages, w^ere four pieces of brass artillery,
eight brass-barreled drums, eight loads of baggage, one
thousand stand of arms, many Hessian dragoon swords,
and seven hundred and fifty prisoners ; two hundred and
seven of the enemy fell upon the field of battle. The
loss of the Americans was about thirty killed and forty
wounded. But the most important result of this victory
was the restoration of confidence to the desponding armies
of America, while it gave a death blow to the hopes of
the invader.
Lieut. Colonel Baum, who was mortally wounded, died
soon after the action, and was buried with military honors.
The Hessians and .English were treated as prisoners of
war, and marched from the field in their ranks ; but the
tories,* 152 in number, were tied in pairs ; to each pair a
* The most unique punishment to which they (the tories and spies) were
subjected, was decreed by the Council of Bennington, in January, 1778,
after this fashion :
" Let tlie overseer of the tories detach ten of them, with proper officers
to take the charge, and march them in two distinct files from this place
through the Green Mountains, for breaking a path through the snow. Let
each man be provided with three days' provisions ; let them march and
tread the snow in said road of suitable width for a sleigh and span of
horses ; order them to return, marching in the same manner, with all con-
venient speed. Let them march at 6 o'clock to-morrow morning." Early
rising. — Butler's Address before the Vermont Antiquarian Society.
Tp
64 MEMOIROF
horse was attached by traces with, in some cases, a negro
for his rider; they were led away amid the jeers and
scoffs of the victors — the good house-wives of Bennington
taking down beds to furnish cords for the occasion. Many
of their neighbors had gone over to the enemy the day
before the battle. Collections of trophies of this victory
were presented to the States of Kew-Hampshire, Massa-
chusetts and Vermont.
"This success," says an eloquent writer, "was the first
link in the chain of events, which opened a new scene to
America. It raised her from the depths of despair to the
summit of hope, and added unfading laurels to the brow
of the veteran who commanded."
The question of American Independence was no longer
considered doubtful. France, in due time, engaged in the
contest with zeal and vigor, joyously embracing the oppor-
tunity thus afforded of humbling her most ancient and
most hated foe.
Immediately after the action at Bennington, troops were
detached, under the command of active ofiicers, in every
direction, to secure all cattle and stores of provisions
within the enemy's reach, and to disconcert his foraging
parties. The march of General Burgoyne's army was in
consequence checked for nearly a month, during which
period the Americans found time to muster a force suffi-
cient to put an end to his progress. Madam Eeidesel, in
her memoir, speaking of the Bennington expedition, says
" This unfortunate event paralyzed at once all our opera-
tions."
A Hessian officer's journal describes the combat in the
intrenchment, occupied by the Germans, as follows :
" Then for a few moments, the bayonet, the butt of the
rifle, the sabre and the pike were in full play, and men
fell, as they rarely have fallen in modern warfare, under the
Symsbury mines furnished a subterranean prison for a portion of the
spies and tories condemned by the Council of Bennington ; others were
held in duress, under the supervision of overseers who, in the above de-
scribed instance, employed them for the benefit of the traveling public.
JOHN STAEK. 65
direct blows of their adversaries. Colonel Baum, sword in
hand, led the remainder of his men, but soon sank mor-
tally wounded ; and save a few, who darted here and there
between the surrounding assailants, his whole corps, with
the loyalists who had joined them, were disabled or taken
prisoners."
Butler's discourse before the Vermont Legislature, on
the reception of the Bennington cannon, contains the fol-
lowing passages :
If Burgoyne was thunderstruck when an antagonist,
he had never heard of, ' came cranking in and cut him
from the best of his troops, a huge half-moon, a monstrous
cantleout,' what would he have thought had he known
that antagonist's history? How twenty-five years before
Stark had been led along as a ransomed captive, over the
very ground where the British army lay encamped ? How
he had been given up by his savage masters for one Indian
pony? I copy the following from the original journal of
the officer who redeemed the captive :
"July 12, 1752.
This day John Stark was brought to Montreal by his
Indian master. He was taken a hunting this spring. He
is given up for an Indian pony, for which we paid five
hundred and fifteen livres ($103). The boy, sold for a
French horse, in little more than a score of years had be-
come a man, more precious than the wedges of Ophir."
Mr. Butler continues: Ascertaining that a veteran of
Bennington was still living, (1848) some eight miles from
my house at Wells River, I paid him a visit about a week
ago. His name is Thomas Mellen, and though upward
of ninety-two years of age, he is so far from being bald or
bowed down, that you would think him in the Indian
summer of life. His dress was all of gray homespun, and
he sat on a couch, the covering of which was sheep-skins,
with the wool on. I will repeat his statements so far as
possible, in his own words :
66 MEMOIKOF
" I enlisted," said he, " at Francestown, N. H., in Colonel
Stickney's regiment and Captain Clark's company, as soon
as I learned that Stark would accept the command of the
State troops; six or seven others from the same town
joined the army at the same time. We marched forth-
with to l^umber Four, and stayed there a week. Mean-
time I received a horn of powder and run two or three
hundred bullets; I had brought my own gun. Then my
company went on to Manchester ; soon after I went, with
a hundred others, under Colonel Emerson, down the valley
of Otter Creek ; on this excursion we lived like lords, on
pigs and chickens, in the houses of tories who had fled.
When we returned to Manchester, bringing two hogsheads
of West India rum, we heard that the Hessian^ were on
their way to invade Vermont. Late in the afternoon of
rainy Friday, we were ordered off for Bennington in spite
of rain, mud and darkness. We pushed on all night,
making the best progress we could ; about day-break I,
with Lieut. Miltimore, came near Bennington, and slept a
little while on a hay-mow, when the barn-yard fowls waked
us ; we went for bread and milk to the sign of the ' wolf,'
and then hurried three miles west to Stark's main body.
Stark and ****** rode up near the enemy to
reconnoitre ; were iired at by the cannon, and came gallop-
ing back. Stark rode with shoulders bent forward, and
cried out to his men: 'Those rascals know that I am an
oificer ; don't you see they honor me with a big gun as a
salute.' We were marched round and round a circular
hill till we were tired. Stark said it was to amuse the
Germans. All the while a cannonade was kept up upon
us from their breast-works ; it hurt no body, and it lessened
our fear of the great guns. After a while I was sent, with
twelve others, to lie in ambush, on a knoll a little north,
and watch for tories on their way to join Baum. Pres-
ently we saw six coming toward us who, mistrusting us
for tories, came too near us to escape. We disarmed
and sent them, under a guard of three, to Stark. AVliile
I sat on the hillock, I espied one Indian whom I thought
JOHN STARK. 67
I could kill, and more than once cocked my gun, but the
orders were not to fire. He was cooking his dinner, and
now and then shot at some of our people.
Between two and three o'clock the battle began. The
Germans fired by platoons, and w^ere soon hidden by the
smoke. Our men fired each on his own hook, aiming
wdierever he saw a flash ; few on our side had either bay-
onets or cartridges. At last I stole away from my post
and ran down to the battle. The first time I fired I put
three balls in my gun ; before I had time to fire many
rounds our men rushed over the breast-w^orks, but I and
many others chased straggling Hessians in the woods ; we
pursued until we met Breyman with 800 fresh troops and
larger cannon, which opened a fire of grape shot; some of
the grape shot riddled a Virginia fence near me ; one shot
struck a small white oak behind which J stood; though it
hit higher than my head I fled from the tree, thinking it
might be aimed at again. We skirmishers ran back till
we met a large body of Stark's men and then faced about.
I soon started for a brook I saw a few rods behind, for I
had drank nothing all day, and should have died of thirst
if I had not chewed a bullet all the time. I had not gone
a rod when I was stopped by an ofiicer, sword in hand,
ready to cut me down as a runaway, who, on my com-
plaining of thirst, handed me his canteen, which was full
of rum ; I drank and forgot my thirst. But the enemy
outflanked us, and I said to a comrade, ' we must run, or
they will have us.' He said: 'I will have one fire first.'
At that moment, a major, on a black horse, rode along be-
hind us, shouting ' fight on boys, reinforcements close by.'
While he was yet speaking, a grape shot went through his
horse's head; it bled a good deal, but the major kept his
seat, and rode on to encourage others. In a few minutes
we saw Warner's men hurrying to help us ; they opened
right and left of us, and one half of them attacked each
flank of the enemy, and beat back those who were just
closing round us. Stark's men now took heart and stood
their ground. My gun barrel was at this time too hot to
68 MEMOIR OF
liold, so I seized the musket of a dead Hessian, in*which
my bullets went down easier than in my own. Right in
front were the cannon, and seeing an officer on horse-back
waving his sword to the artillery, I fired at him twice ; his
horse fell ; he cut the traces of an artillery horse, mounted
him and rode off. I afterward heard that the officer was
Major Skene. Soon the Germans ran, and we followed ;
many of them threw down their guns on the ground, or
offered them to us, or kneeled, some in puddles of water.
One said to me, ' Wir sind ein bruder!' I pushed him be-
hind me and rushed on. The enemy beat a parley,
minded to give up, but our men did not understand it. I
came to one wounded man flat on the ground, cr^ang water
or quarter. I snatched the sword out of his scabbard, and
while I ran on and fired, carried it in my mouth, thinking
I might need it. The Germans fled by the road and in a
wood each side of it ; many of their scabbards caught in
the brush and held the fugitives till we seized them. We
chased them till dark; Colonel Johnston, of Haverhill,
wanted to chase them all night. We might have mastered
them all, as they stopped within three miles of the battle
field; but Stark, saying ^he would run no risk of spoiling
a good day's work,' ordered a halt, and return to quarters.
I was coming back, when I was ordered by Stark him-
self, who knew me, as I had been one of his body guards
in Canada, to help draw off' a field-piece. I told him ' I
was worn out.' His answer was, ' don't seem to disobey ;
take hold, and if you can't hold out, slip away in the dark.'
Before we had dragged the gun far, Warner rode near
us. Some one pointing to a dead man by the road-side,
said, 'Your brother is killed,' 'Is it Jesse?' asked
Warner. And when the answer was 'yes,' he jumped off
his horse, stooped and gazed in the dead man's face, and
then rode away without saying a word. On my way back
I got the belt of the Hessian whose sword I had taken in
the pursuit. I also found a barber's pack, but was obliged
to give up all my findings till the booty was divided. To
the best of my remembrance, my share was four dollars
JOHN STAEK. 69
and some odd cents. One tory, with his left eye shot out,
was led in, mounted on a horse, who had also lost his left
eye. It seems to me cruel now — it did not then.
My company lay down an(l slept in a corn-field, near
where we had fought — each man having a hill of corn
for a pillow. When I waked next morning, I was so
beaten out that I could not get up till I had rolled about
a good while.
After breakfast I went to see them bury the dead. I
saw thirteen tories, mostly shot through the head, buried
in one hole. Not more than a rod from where I fought,
we found Captain McClary dead and stripped naked. We
scraped a hole with sticks, and just covered him with
earth. We saw many of the wounded who had lain out
all night. Afterward we went to Bennington, and saw
the prisoners paraded. They were drawn up in one long
line ; the British foremost, then the Waldeckers, next the
Indians, and hindmost the tories.
A letter is still preserved, written by Secretary Fay, of
Bennington, at six o'clock on the afternoon of the battle,
and sent hither and thither as a circular. It says : ' Stark
is now in an action which has been for some time very
severe. The enemy were driven ; but, being reinforced,
made a second stand, and still continue the conflict. But
we have taken their cannon ; and prisoners, said to number
four or five hundred, are now arriving. '
When the smoke cleared away, those who had van-
quished the tories beheld, among the captives, among
the wounded, among the killed, their neighbors, and in
some cases their kinsmen. My own mother's father was
in the battle under Stark. My step-mother's father, but
for an accident, might have fought in the same engage-
ment under Baum ; and these, my ' two grand-fathers,
were cousins.' "
The following incident, resting upon good authority, we
have never seen published.
All the men of Bennington, capable of bearing arms,
were acting as volunteers in the American battalions, leav-
70 MEMOIROF
ing in the town old men, and the wives, daughters, and
sisters of the brave men who had advanced to repel the
British, German and Indian force, which had invaded
their soil. *
A runaway from the field, who fled at the first fire,
circulated a rumor in the town that General Stark was
killed, and his forces routed, which spread consternation
through the place.
One lady, the wife of an opulent inhabitant, then with
his command engaged in the action — a lady who had not
even been accustomed to perform household labor — went
alone to the barn-yard, yoked a pair of oxen, attached
them to a hay-cart ; with her own hands, unaided, loaded
the cart with her most valuable articles, and drove the
team into the woods, where she sunk down exhausted with
her uncommon exertions.
When the victors returned, search was made for her,
and by lantern-light she was found by her friends, instead
of the savages of whose approach a false rumor had given
notice.
" Who of us can figure to himself the tortures of sus-
pense by which the women and helpless ones all around
about Bennington were excruciated during the hour of
battle ? In my boyhood, my grand-mother often related
to me how, on that day she, with many other women of
Williamstown, and their minister, resorted to the meeting-
house and continued in pra^^er for their kinsmen who
were on the field of blood, till late at night, when a courier
came, announcing glad tidings. She could never refrain
from tears when she spoke of hearing the cannon peals
again and again booming over the hills, and knew not but
each peal spoke defeat and death to those she held most
dear, and threatened her home with outrage, pillage and
flames."
JOHN STARK. 71
" One more such stroke," said Washington, on learning
the tidings, " and we shall have no great cause for anxiety
as to the future designs of Britain." *
In the second engagement, after the arrival of Colonel
Warner with one hundred and fifty men, the advance of
the enemy was checked. Mr. Butler says : *' Stark's hat-
talion, you would have said, arose out of the earth at a
stamp of his foot. lie ordered a hogshead of rum, and
it was ready for distribi^tion among his men ; but they,
refusing to taste while the victory was doubtful, and
flushed with success an hour before, rushed to meet the
fresh troops of Breyman. The field pieces which we to-
night ' begin to possess, were turned against those who
came to Baum's rescue. Brevman's cannon, of larc^e cali-
bre, were taken and retaken more than twice ; but at last
remained in the hands of Americans. The cannon were
an emblem of victory on that eventful day.'
' But what could overcome the men who fought for
their fire-sides and freedom, and who,' in the words of
Stark, ' had every man been an Alexander, or a Charles
of Sweden, they could not have behaved more gallantly.'
' One of the soldiers who went into battle bare-foot, or
nearly so, seeing a good pair of shoes on one of the slain,
transferred them to his own feet, but found the dead man's
shoes a fleeting inheritance — being killed in the course of
the action.'
' The whole expense of Stark's brigade, for mustering,
mileage, rations, wages, and contingent charges, was
£16,492 125. lOd. of continental money, which was paid
by the United States, according to such a scale of depre-
ciation that every single dollar of hard money paid for
thirty-three dollars of the account. So that £491 and Id,
or less than $2,000, paid for the two-fold and ever memora-
ble victorv-' "
* The retreat of St. Leger from Fort Stanwix, and the surrender of
Burgoyne, amply supplied the "one more stroke" hoped for by "Washing-
ton.
72 MEMOIK OF
It is tlie testimony of cotemporary journals that we
read of the victories at Bennington as " sowing the seed
of all the laurels that Gates reaped during the campaign/'
Soon after the hattle of Bennington, General Burgoyne
wrote to Lord George Germain e : " The Hampshire grants
in particular, unpeopled and almost unknown in the last
war, now ahound w^ith the most active and rebellious race
upon the continent; and hang like a gathering storm
upon my left. In all parts, their industry and manage-
ment in driving cattle and removing corn are indefatigible,
and it becomes impracticable to move without a portable
magazine.
Another most embarrassing circumstance is the want
of communication with Sir William Howe. Of the mes-
sengers I have sent, I know of two being hanged, and am
ignorant whether any of the rest arrived. The same fate
has probably attended those dispatched by Sir William,
for only one letter has come to hand, informing me that
his intention is for Pennsylvania ; that Washington has
detached Sullivan with 2,500 men to Albany, and that
Putnam is in the highlands with 4,000 men. ]^o opera-
tion has yet been undertaken in my favor."
The situation of General Burgoyne became every day
more critical and desperate. The defeat of Baum and
Breyman, and the failure of Colonel St. Leger's expedi-
tion, came upon him in rapid succession. Colonel St. Leger
had defeated General Herkimer, (slain in the action) and
invested Fort Stanw^ix on the second of August. The
fort was bravely defended by Colonel Peter Ganesvoort, of
the New- York line, until August 22, when the siege was
raised by a forced march of General Arnold. The enemy
heard of his approach, which was the signal for the
Indians, of whom Colonel St. Leger had a large party, to
desert. He therefore raised the seige and retreated to
Canada, while Arnold was thirty miles distant from the
fort.
General Burgoyne was thus deprived of the support of
1,500 good troops. By these several disasters he lost the
JOHN STARK, 73
support of more than 2,500 men ; and as the scouts of the
victorious Americans carried beyond his reach all the sup-
plies of the country, and disturbed his foraging parties, he
was obliged to obtain his subsistance from Canada. As
he had invaded the country with so much of the " pomp
and circumstance of war," and sounding proclamations,
declaring that *' Britons never retrograde," his British
pride prompted him to try his fortune in an engagement
with an army of nearly twice his numbers, more than half
of which had volunteered since the victory of Bennington.
But for that, to him, fatal expedition, he would probably
have reached Albany and effected a junction with Sir
Henry Clinton, who advanced some distance up Hudson
river for that purpose. Happily, for the cause of .Ameri-
can liberty, that junction never took place.
The affairs consequent upon the battle of Bennington
having been arranged. General Stark, with his volunteers,
approached the main army, and entered the camp on the
18th of September.
General Gates, sensible that an engagement must soon
take place, was desirous of adding these victorious troops
to his army. They were drawn up and addressed by him ;
but to no purpose. '^ Their time had expired, they had
performed their part, and must return to their farms, as
their harvests now waited for them." Thus they reasoned
among themselves, and commenced their route homeward.
Their general being then without a command, proceeded
to ^N'ew-Hampshire to make his report to the council. His
return was a triumphal march. He was waited upon by
committees of congratulation wherever he came, and was
received with the warmest demonstration of the people's
gratitude. His triumph over his enemies in and out of
Congress was complete. Their malignant acts of injustice
had given him an independent command ; and his good
fortune had confounded their machinations, by a victory
which had turned in its favor the doubtful tide upon
which floated the forlorn hope of American independence.
6
74 MEMQIK OF
General Stark was soon afterward at the head of a more
formidable command of ^ew-IIampshire volunteers, and
again advanced, by order of the council of that State, *to
the theatre of action.*
After capturing Fort Edward, and securing the garrison
left at that post by General Burgoyne^ and leaving there
a detachment of his own troops, he descended the Hudson
river and disposed of his forces in such a manner as to
enable him to check any attempt of General Burgoyne to
retreat.
After his defeat, on the 7th of October, that general
concluded to abandon his artillery, his wounded men, and
heavy baggage, and with his remaining troops, lightly
equipped, cross the Hudson, force his way back to Fort
Edward, and retreat from thence to Canada.
He was not then aware that the garrison he had sta-
tioned at Fort Edward were prisoners, and that General
Stark, with a force of 2,500 men, had arrived in the evening,
and then occupied the opposite shore of the river fronting
his camp, f
* In this second expedition of Kew-Hampshire troops, impressed with
the certainty that Burgoyne must be captured, volunteers flocked to his
standard from all quarters, mustering nearly 3,000 men.
The militia turned out with the understanding that they were to serve
under General Stark. This argument induced the men to march and the
general to remain on the field. — Farmer's Ed. Belknap.
j- By this movement Burgoyne became completely surrounded ; and
General Stark earnestly advised General Gates to attack his camp and
thus compel an unconditional surrender. A capitulation, however, was
the most prudent, and perhaps equally advantageous mode of ending the
military career of Lieutenant General Burgoyne. He never afterward
commanded an army. He in later days made no ordinary figure as a
member of parliament, and was distinguished as an elegant miscellaneous
writer. General Burgoyne was the natural son of Lord Bingly. His
wife, clandestinely married, was the Lady Charlotte Stanley, daughter of
the Earl of Derby, who died at Kensington palace, during his absence in
America, in 1776. Her memory was embalmed in the fond regrets of the
general, in the following verses :
" Encompassed in an angel's frame,
An angel's virtues lay ;
Too soon did heaven assert its claim,
And call its own away.
My Anna's worth, my Anna's charms,
Must never more return —
What now can fill these widowed arms ;
Ah me ! my Anna's urn."
JOHN STAKK. 75
In the course of the night he ordered a sergeant, with a
party, to cross the river and ascertain whether the passage
was practicable. He returned with a report that an army
occupied the opposite shore, and had watch-tires burning.
Disbelieving this report, the general dispatched one of
his staff to ascertain the truth. His boat was hailed, and,
no answer being returned, was fired upon by the Ameri-
can sentinel.
Soon afterward a flag of truce was dispatched to the
head quarters of General Gates, which caused a cessation
of hostilities, and eventually resulted in the surrender of
the British army at Saratoga.
Thus ended with glory the campaign of 1777 in the
north, which had so in auspiciously commenced with the
retreat from Ticonderoga.
Colonel Breyman was killed, when the British lines were
stormed, on the 7th of October, 1777 ; and General Frazer,
one of Burgoyne's ablest officers, fell on the same day. In
a small house, near the battle ground, he died. We vis-
ited the house a few years ago, and were shown the stain
made by the hero's life-blood upon the floor. His last words,
says Baroness de Reidesel, who was by his side, were :
" Oh fatal ambition ! Poor General Burgoyne ! Oh my
poor wife ! "
Speaking of the heroes of Bennington, General Stark
stated, in his official dispatch to the E'ew-EIampshire coun-
cil, " Too much honor can not be given to our brave officers
and soldiers, for their gallant behavior in advancing
through fire and smoke, and mounting breastworks sap-
ported by cannon. Had every man been an Alexander, or
a Charles XII., they could not have behaved more gal-
lantly. I can not particularize any officer, as they all be-
haved with the greatest spirit.
Colonels Warner and Herrick, by their superior intelli-
gence and experience, were of great service to me. I de-
sire they may be recommended to Congress."
The general was an enthusiastic admirer of Charles XII.,
king of Sweden.
76 MEMOIR OF
Five days after the battle of Bennington, a resolution
was offered in Congress, censuring General Stark for not
submitting to the army regulations.
" Thereupon a member from J^ew-Hampshire rose and
said Hhat he had not the least doubt but the first battle
they heard of from the north would be fought by Stark
and the troops under his command, notwithstanding some
gentlemen, in their warmth, had spoken disrespectfully of
them ; and that he should not be afraid to risk his honor
or his life on a wager, that Stark's men would do as much
as any equal number of troops toward the defence of the
country.' "
In a letter home, that speaker says: "Judge my feelings,
when the very next day I had a confirmation of all I had
asserted, by an express, from General Schuyler, detailing
the defeats of Baum and Breyman."*
Upon the receipt of this news. Congress, on motion of
Mr. Bland, of Virginia, Resolved^ that the thanks of Con-
gress be presented to General Stark, of the I^ew-Hamp-
shire militia, and the officers and troops under his com-
mand, for their brave and successful attack upon, and sig-
nal victory over the enemy in their lines at Bennington ;
and that Brigadier Stark be appointed a brigadier in the
army of the United States.
By order of Congress —
J0H:N' HAE'COCK, Presidentr
One member of Congress voted against the passage of
the foregoing resolution, who, as Mr. Everett states in his
biography of Stark, was Hon. Samuel Chase, of Maryland.
The war being now over in the north, the general re-
turned to ]N"ew-Hamp shire to obtain recruits and supplies.
In December he received orders from Congress to repair to
Albany, and prepare for a winter expedition to Canada,
according to the following resolves :
* Butler's Address.
JOHN STARK. 77
"In Congress, Dec. 3d, 1777.
Whereas, the surprise and destroying of the enemy's
shipping at St. John's and elsewhere, on Lake Champlain,
during the winter, is an expedition of the utmost impor-
tance, and of which there is the greatest prrospect of
success, provided it can be conducted with prudence,
resolution and secrecy —
Resolved, That the Hon'ble James Duane, Esq., be
authorized and directed, in a personal conference, to
communicate the enterprise to Brigadier General Stark,
who is appointed to the command, and to consider with
him the best and most practicable means for its accom-
plishment ;
That Brig'r Gen. Stark be authorized, with the utmost
secrecy, to select or raise a competent number of volun-
teers for this service, and to receive, from the commanding
officer of the northern department, a sufficient quantity
of military stores, carriages and provision (or, if more
convenient, to hire carriages and purchase provisions) ;
and that the sum of five thousand dollars, for those and
other contingent expenses be advanced, out of the military
chest in the said department, to him or his order, for the
expenditure whereof he is to be accountable ;
That, if the expedition should be successful, the sum
of $20,000 shall be paid to the said Gen. Stark and his
officers and men, to be divided among them in proportion
as the pay of continental officers and privates bears to
each other, as a reward for their service, and in full
satisfaction of all wages and claims, or in such proportion,
more advantageous to the privates, as the general and his
officers shall ascertain.
But, if stipulated wages should be preferred to the
chance of such reward, the general shall be at liberty
to retain the officers and men, at double continental pay
and rations, during the expedition, in consequence of the
inclemency of the season and the importance of the service ;
78 MEMOIROF
That General Stark be enjoined to keep secret the said
enterprise, and not to communicate it until the nature of
the operation shall render it necessary ;
That a warrant, in the words following and subscribed
by the president, shall be transmitted to Gen. Stark :
'In Congress, York Town, 3d Dec, 1777.
Whereas, Brigadier General Stark is appointed to
command and direct a secret expedition during the
winter season, you are therefore directed and required,
upon his order, to supply him with such sum of monej^,
not exceeding ^yq thousand dollars, and such carriages,
military stores and provisions as he may require, taking
his vouchers for the same, and for which he will be
accountable.
By order of Congress —
IIE:N'RY LAURElsrS, President
To the Commanding Officer, Pay Master General, Quarter
Master General, and Commissioner of Stores and Provis-
ions in the Northern Department:
That if, from any unforeseen accident, General Stark
should be unable or unwilling to engage in the said
enterprise, the commanding officer in the northern
department be in such case directed and authorized to
appoint some other brave and diligent officer to the said
command ; and that the officer so commanding shall have
the same rewards and pay as before proposed ;
That all officers in the seiwice of the United States, and
all civil officers and others, be requested to give every aid
and assistance in their power for forwarding and securing
the success of the said enterprise.*
CHAS. THOMPSO]^, Secretary,
^ Extract from the Minutes.
JOHNSTAKK. 79
Manour Livingston, 16th Dec, 1777.
Sir — Congress, from a high sense of your patriotism,
activity and valor, liave conferred upon you the chief com-
mand of an important enterprise, which they have very
much at heart, as, under divine providence, its success
entirely depends upon expedition and secrecy.
I am enjoined by Congress to meet you, as soon as pos-
sible, at Albany, and there deliver your commission and
instructions ; and, in a personal conference, fully explain
their views. The time you will be pleased to fix ; and
you may be assured, if health permits, of my punctual
attendance. When you are apprised that not a moment is
to be lost, and that the security of the United States, and
your own in particular, now call for your exertions, I am
persuaded all farther arguments must be unnecessary.
I left your friend, General Folsom, in good health and
spirits, the 5th instant. He desired me to present you with
his respectful compliments.
It is with singular pleasure I congratulate you and your
brave militia on the honor which you have acquired at the
important battle of Bennington. I feel it the more grate-
fully, as it has eminently contributed to rescue this de-
voted State (^ew-York) from the dangers with which it
was surrounded.
Waiting for your speedy answer, by the return of the
express, whom you will order to take the shortest route to
this place,
I have the honor to be, &c.,
JAMES DUANE.
Brigadier General Stark.
Albany, 14th Jan'y, 1778.
Sir — This evening I had the honor of your favor of
yesterday, by the express, and shall communicate its con-
tents to Congress, as soon as an opportunity offers on
which I can securely rely. Indeed, without the most
urgent necessity, I would not commit - any thing on this
&0 MEMOIK OP
important subject to paper, well knowing that, by declar-
ing it unseasonably, the enterprise must in all probability
be blasted. I observe that you make your election of the
wages, instead of the bounty. I have no doubt but that
you may safely trust to the liberality of Congress in case
of success. But this you will be pleased to consider as
the opinion of an individual having no authority beyond
the instructions I communicated to you at the conference.
With a high sense of your merit, and the greatest personal
regard,
I am, sir, &;c., &c.,
JAMES DUANE.*
Brigadier General Stark.' ''
In consequence of this order of Congress, prepai'ations
were made for carrying it into execution, with every pros-
pect of success. Had the undertaking been crowned with
good fortune, it would have contributed much to insure
the safety of the northern frontiers during the remainder
of the war. Supplies were obtained of provisions, snow-
shoes, conveyances, and every thing required for a winter
campaign. The troops were engaged, equipped and ready
to march, and their leader was confident of a successful issue
— when Congress thought proper to abandon the design.
Early in 1778 he was ordered to assume the command
of the northern department at Albany. Eor this service
he had very few reliable troops, and was obliged to depend
for support, at times, upon the militia. He had two large
frontier rivers to guard, and was surrounded by tories,
spies, peculators, "and public defaulters. In regulating
these abuses, he succeeded like most reformers. Those
detected cursed him, while their friends complained ; and
in November he gladly received notice from General
"Washington that General Gates desired his assistance in
* James Duane was a member from New- York, of the first congress, in
1774, and the first mayor of New- York, after the evacuation of that city
by the British army. Ho was appointed United States district judge, for
the district of New- York, in October, 1789, and died at Albany in 1797. —
Allen's Biographical Dictionary.
JOHN STAKK. 81
Rhode-Island, with orders to proceed thither. General
Hand succeeded him at Albany, but shortly afterward left
the command with equal pleasure.
On joining General Gates at Providence, he was direct-
ed to take post at East Greenwich, on account of his pop-
ularity with the militia, and with a view to ascertain and
counteract the designs of the enemy from Rhode-Island.
When the season for action was over he returned, by way
of Boston, to jS'ew-Hampshire, to urge the necessity of
recruits and supplies.
In the spring of 1779 he joined the army at Providence,
and, by direction of General Gates, examined the coast
from Providence to Point Judith, as well as the east side
of the bay, as far as Mount Hope. Few troops were em-
ployed on this station ; and more than ordinary vigilance
was required to prevent inroads, and establish a regular
system of espionage. In autumn, indications of a descent
from the enemy being discovered, he removed his head
quarters to Point Judith, seldom resting more than one
night in a place.
Late in October the enemy were in motion, and his
command were for some days upon constant duty. About
the 10th of I^ovember the British army decamped from
Rhode-Island, and at day light next morning General
Stark took possession of ISTewport, and placed guards in
the streets to prevent plunder, and preserve order.
At this time General Washington, fearful that on the
arrival of the Newport reinforcement at New- York, an
attack might be made upon his army, ordered Generals
Gates and Stark, with the troops who h^^d blockaded New-
port, excepting a small garrison, to join him in New-
Jersey, whence, soon afterward, he directed the latter to
proceed to New-Hampshire to make requisitions of troops
and supplies.
Having performed this service, he returned to the army
at Morristown in May, 1780, and was present at the battle
of Springfield, on Short hills, in June following. The
affair at Springfield appears to have been as follows :
82 MEMOIROF
General Knyphausen, with a force of 5,000 Hessians, made
a marauding incursion into I^ew-Jersey, and advanced to
Springfield June 23, 1780. The American army was
ordered under arms, to oppose them. Maxwell's brigade
engaged their advanced guard, but was forced to fall back
before superior numbers, until reinforced by Stark's brig-
ade, when a stand was made on high ground near Spring-
field* While this contest continued, a detachment of the
British forced the bridge, after a gallant defence of forty
minutes, and burned the village. The enemy then drew
off his forces, and commenced his retreat, in which, by
order of General Greene, Stark's and Maxwell's brigades
closely pursued, and harrassed him for several miles. The
pursuers brought back several prisoners, and a quantity of
baggage abandoned by the enemy.
Immediately after this General Stark was dispatched to
IN'ew-England, with orders to collect a body of militia and
volunteers, and conduct them to West-Point. He arrived
with the troops at West-Point while General Washington
was absent to meet Count de Rochambeau at Hartford,
Connecticut, shortly before Arnold's desertion. Upon
delivering up the reinforcement, he joined his division at
Liberty Pole, Xew-Jersey.
In September he was ordered to relieve the Pennsylva-
nia line, under General St. Clair, which had occupied
West-Point after Arnold's treason. General St. Clair
marched next day to Liberty Pole.
Wliile at West-Point he was called upon to participate
in the melancholy duty of deciding the fate of Major
Andre.* He was one of the thirteen generals who com-
■^JUDGMENT OF THE BOARD OF GENERAL OFFICERS, IN THE CASE OF
MAJOR JOHN ANDRE.
The Board, having considered the letter of His Excellency, General
Washington, respecting Major Andre, adjutant general to the British
army, the confession of Major Andre, and the papers produced to them :
Report, to His Excellency, the commander-in-chief, the following facts
which appear to them relative to Major Andre :
First. — That he came on shore from the Vulture, sloop-of-war, in the
night of the 21st of September instant, on an interview with General
Arnold, in a private and secret manner.
JOHN STARK. 83
posed the military tribunal. He was duly sensible of the
hardship of the case ; but, with his brother officers, was
also aware that the liberty of his country was at stake,
and that the safety of her army depended upon the exam-
ple. Their decision, stern and unfeeling as it has since
been termed by those who have lived in less dangerous
times, had undoubtedly an eftect, throughout the war, of
preventing a recurrence of the same necessity. An almost
universal distrust of each other, at this time, prevailed in
the army. Indeed, to such an extent did this feeling
increase, that it was deemed unsafe to trust the custody of
the prisoner to the guard of soldiers alone. Officers * were
present, relieving each other by turns ; and, by every atten-
tion in their power, they endeavored to alleviate the painful
Secondly. — That he changed his dress within our lines, and, under a
feigned name, and in disguised habit, passed our works at Stoney and Ver-
plank's Points, on the evening of the twenty-second of September instant,
and was taken the morning of the twenty-third of September instant, at
Tarry Town, in a disguised habit, being then on his way to New- York ;
and when taken, lie had in his possession several papers which contained
intelligence for the enemy.
The Board, having maturely considered these facts, do also report to
His Excellency, General Washington, That Major Andre, adjutant gen-
eral to the British army, ought to be considered as a spy from the enemy ;
and that, agreeably to the law and usage of nations, it is their opinion he
ought to suffer death.
NATH. GREENE, M. Gen'l., President.
Sterling, M. G.
Ar. St. Clair, M. G.
La. Fayette, M. G.
R. Howe, M. G.
Steuben, M. G.
Samuel H. Parsons, B. Gen'l.
James Clinton, B. Gen'l.
H. Knox, Brigr. Gen'l. Artillery.
Jno. Glover, B. Gen'l.
John Patterson, B. Gen'l.
Edward Hand, B, Gen'l.
J. Huntington, B. Gen'l.
John Stark, B. Gen'l.
John Lawrence, J. A. Genl.
In regard to the execution of Major Andre, six members were in favor
of his being shot ; six others were of opinion that he ought to be hung as
a spy. General Greene, the president, decided the question in favor of the
latter.
* The late Major C. Stark, and his brother, Lieutenant Archibald
Stark, were among those who were frequently in his place of confinement,
and were present at his execution.
84 MEMOIK OF
situation of a high-minded soldier who, in an evil hour,
became the dupe of a traitor whose name has gone down
to posterity with scarcely a ray of honor to lighten the
darkness of his memory.
At this time General Washington formed the design of
surprising Staten island. To mask his intention, General
Stark was detached, with 2,500 of the best troops of the
army, with a suitable proportion of cavalry and field artil-
lery, accompanied by a large train of wagons, teamsters,
and cattle-drivers, with orders to advance near Manhattan
island ; bring awaj all the cattle, grain and forage to be
found, and hover about the vicinity of -N'ew-York until far-
ther orders ; if attacked by the enemy, to collect his force
upon advantageous ground, and trust to his own conduct
and the goodness of his troops for the result. The enemy,
suspecting some design from another quarter, suffered this
detachment to pillage the country, (principally peopled by
the disaffected) as far as Morrisania and King's bridge, for
several days, and then quietly return with their booty.
Colonel Humphreys, aid-de-camp to General Washington,
crossed the Hudson on a stormy night, informed that
the Staten island project was abandoned, and directed the
foragers to retire. The army soon afterward went into
winter quarters at West-Point, J^ew Windsor and Fishkill.
General Stark was there visited with a severe illness, and
returned home on furlough, with the standing order for
men and supplies.
In the spring of 1781 he was ordered once more to as-
sume the command of the northern department, and fix
his head quarters at Saratoga. Some feeble detachments
of militia from ]^ew-York, Massachussetts and 'New-
Hampshire constituted all the disposable force for the
protection of this extensive frontier. If the country was
in a sad condition in 1778, it was ten fold more so in 1781.
It was overrun with spies and traitors. Robberies were
frequent, and many inhabitants (non-combatants) carried
prisoners to Canada.
JOHN STARK. 85
General Schuyler's house, at Albany, was robbed, and
two of his servants carried away. The general saved
himself by retreating to his chamber, barricading the door,
and firing through it upon the marauders. The reports
o? his pistols roused the city military ; but the plunderers
escaped.
Soon after the establishment of the military post at Sar-
atoga, a party of these brigands was discovered within
the lines, unarmed, and a British commission found upon
their leader, a refugee from the States. A board of offi-
cers examined the case, pronounced him a spy, and con-
demned him to be hanged ; which sentence was executed
on the next day."^
One of the prisoners, upon promise of quarter, informed
that he belonged to a party of fifteen, who had come down
from Canada as spies; that his companions were then
variously disguised and scattered through the country to
ascertain its defensive condition, for the benefit of the
British officers in Canada, who were planning an inroad ;
and that their boats had been concealed on the shore of
Lake George. A lieutenant, with a sufficient force, with
the prisoner for a guide, was dispatched to the place, with
* Death Warrant of Thomas Lovelace. By John Stark, Esq., Brig-
adier General in the army of the United States, and Cornyna7ider of the
Northern Department, ^c.
At a general court-martial, held at Saratoga, October second, 1781,
whereof Colonel Wcissenfels was president, Thomas Lovelace, of the tory
forces in the British army, was brought before the court, charged with
being a spy ; and the court, after hearing the examinations, and other tes-
timony, have pronounced their opinion that he was a spy, and, by the
usages of war, he be hanged by the neck until he be dead ; which sen-
tence being approved by me, you will remove him from the main guard
to-morrow, the 8th instant, at half past ten o'clock A. M., and exactly at
eleven o'clock cause him him to be hanged by the neck until he be dead —
for which this is your sufficient warrant.
Given under my hand and seal, at my head quarters, at Saratoga, this
7th day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
and eighty-one.
By the General's command —
JOHN STARK, . ^ -.
Brig. General Commanding. ^ " ' ^
Caleb Stark, Brigade Major.
To the Adjutant of the day.
86 MEMOIEOF
orders ^' to wait five days for the return of the party." He
found the boats, and remained there one day. The pris-
oner escaped in the night, and, becoming alarmed for his
safety, he disobeyed his orders and returned to Saratoga.
Ten days would have elapsed before a force could have
been brought against him from the information of the
escaped spy, and soon after the officer's retreat, the facts
were ascertained that the tories returned to their boats two
days afterward, and escaped. The officer was censured
for not capturing the whole party, as he might and ought
to have done. The relatives of the spy, residing in the
vicinity, complained to the commander-in-chief, and said
much about retaliation. General "Washington demanded
a copy of the proceedings, which were forwarded to him ;
and no farther notice was taken of the matter. The cure
of the body politic was radical. Xo other parties* of a.
similar character appeared in the northern department dur-
ing the war.
After the surrender of Earl Cornwallis, and the appre-
hension of inroads from Canada had disappeared, General
Stark dismissed the militia, with thanks for their good
conduct ; and, after securing the public stores, was ordered
to retire, by way of Albany, to IS"ew-England, to recruit
men and collect supplies for the next campaign.
During the year of 1782 he was afflicted with rheuma-
tism, and did not return to the army until ordered to head
quarters by General Washington, in April, 1783. He was
there present at the appointed time, and received the
warm and hearty thanks of the commander-in-chief for his
punctuality.
* A party of the same character was captured at Bennington, soon after
General Stark assumed the command of the troops there concentrated.
On this occasion all his address was necessarily employed to prevent the
sovereign people from exercising summary justice upon the culprits. They
were sentenced to Symmsbury mines. Lynch law was often the most
potent authority in those days.
During the years 1778 and 1781, many such persons, arrested as spies or
traitors to the"^ continent, were condemned by courts-martial, ordered by
General Stark, and sentenced to be confined in prison, or be compelled lo
serve on board public American ships for the remainder of the war.
JOHN STAEK. 87
The celebrated ITewburg letters* were then operating
upon the minds of the officers as well as soldiers. His
influence was exerted, with that of other general officers,
in allaying the feelings of distrust and discontent then
manifested, and to induce the troops to disband without
confusion, or suffering their victorious laurels to be tar-
nished by acts of hostile violence against their country.
Several officers at this time retained a partiality for
orders of aristocracy. The establishment of the Cincin-
nati Society was the result. He made several objections
to the formation of this order : one of which was that its
principles had no affinity with the character and conduct
of the illustrious Roman general, whose name had been
adopted.
"To imitate that great man," he observed, "we should
return to the occupations we have temporarily abandoned,
without ostentation, holding ourselves ever in readiness to
obey the call of our country." This course he strictly
observed during the remainder of his life.
The independence of the United States having been
acknowledged by England, her army, on the 25th of ISTo-
vember, 1783, evacuated New- York. During the follow-
ing month most of the continental troops returned to their
homes, many of them having a journey, on foot, of six
hundred miles to perform, bearing in their arms, " as
presents," their muskets and bayonets, with their certificate
of service, their honorable discharges, and a few " carica-
tures " of money, in the shape of depreciated continental
paper, in their pockets. f
^The Newburg letters were written by General John Armstrong, who,
in 1813, was chief of the war department. The predictions contained in
those letters, in regard to the officers and soldiers of the revolution, and
the neglect of the United States government to satisfy the just demands
promised to secure their fidelity and valor in the hour of trial, have since
been more than verified.
f One soldier informed the writer that during his journey home (two
hundred miles) he called at a farm house for a drink of milk, for which he
offered to pay "silver money." The good housewife was indignant; said
" he was either an Englishman or a tory," for no honest, true American
could have "silver monev."
88 MEMOIBOF
After this concluding scene of the revolutionary drama,
General Stark, bidding adieu to his friends of the army,
and to the cares of public life, retired to his estate. He
there devoted the remainder of his days to the various du-
ties incumbent upon a patriot — an extensive agriculturist,
and the father of a numerous family.
His long, useful, and active career terminated on the 8th
day of May, 1822, in the ninety-fourth year of his age.
His funeral was attended by a numerous concourse of
his countrymen, at his late residence on the banks of the
Merrimack ; the Rev. Dr. Dana, of Londonderry, officiat-
ing as chaplain. His remains were interred with military
honors in a cemetery upon his own estate, which had been
inclosed, by his order, several years previous to his de-
cease. The well disciplined company of light infantry,
from Goffstown, performed, in satisfactory manner, the
duties of military escort, and fired three volleys over the
grave of the last American general of the revolutionary
army, who surrendered his arms to his God.
The cemetery occupies elevated ground, and may be
seen for a considerable distance up and down the river.
On the 16th of August, 1829, (the anniversary of Ben-
nington victory) a block of granite, emblematic of his
republican firmness of character, hewn in the form of an
obelisk, upon which his name was inscribed, was, by his
family, erected to his memory.
Such is an imperfect outline of the life and services of
a soldier of New-Hampshire, who was a bold and firm de-
fender of his country's rights in the " times that tried
men's souls ;" and who contributed as much as any other
individual toward the successful result of the long and
Having, by the exhibition of his honorable discharge, convinced her of
his true character, he was made welcome to a lodging, and the best refresh-
ments the house afforded. In the morning a substantial breakfast was
furnished him, after partaking of which, the good people placed a plenti-
ful luncheon in his knapsack ; and having thanked his kind entertainers,
the veteran went on his way rejoicing.
JOHN STARK. 89
hard-fought contest which established the independence of
the United States of America.
In the path of duty no man was more stern and unbend-
ing ; yet no one better knew how to win the affections of
his soldiers. Fearless, cool and intrepid in the midst of
danger, his manner and presence inspired courage and con-
fidence in those he commanded.
When visited by the writer, in 1819, he was the last sur-
vivor of the American revolutionary generals — the only
relic of that glorious band of patriots who were his com-
peers, to read the history of their sufferings and triumphs.
He was then more than 91 years of age.
As the proud oak that braves the pelting storm,
Unbroke, unbent, the' lightnings play sublime ;
The' ninety years have marked thy war-worn form,
Thou stand 'st alone amid the march of Time.
First in the lists where warring champions stood.
Whose free born spirits brooked no sceptered lord ;
Thy deeds of fame were writ in tyrant's blood.
And freedom blessed thy ever conquering swor,d.
Although broken down with age and infirmities, his
memory was clear and distinct, in regard to the military
events of the French war, particularly as to the actions of
Lord Howe, and several others under whom he served.
The events of the revolution, being of later date, had
mostly escaped him. To a question respecting Bunker's
hill action, he answered, *' all I know about it is, that we
gained the victory."
The events of the war of 1812 were regarded by him
with attention and great interest. When he learned that
the Bennington cannon had been surrendered at Detroit,
he was highly incensed at the loss of " his guns," as he
termed them, and regretted that the weakness, incident to
old age, prevented him from again taking the field for his
country.
The pieces surrendered were inscribed, " taken at Ben-
nington, August 16, 1777." An officer of Hull's army
mentioned the following incident respecting them :
90 MEMOIE OF
He was standing near tlie field artillery, when the British
ofiicer of the day directed the evening salutes to be fired
from the captured cannon; at the same time observing
the inscription, he said he w^ould cause another line to be
added to the verse ; " retaken at Detroit, August 15, 1812."
The guns were recovered at the capture of Fort George,
and transferred to Sackett's Harbor; and with them, said
our informant, we fired salutes in honor of the victory
gained over General Proctor and Tecumseh in 1813, at
the river Thames, U. C. The two lightest pieces were
presented by Congress to the State of Vermont a few
years since.
One of the heavier pieces, marked with many sword
cuts, is supposed to be in the possession of the company
of ITew-Boston artillery belonging to the ninth regiment
of IST. H. Militia.
Tradition reports that the gun was presented to that reg-
iment by General Stark ; as such it is still regarded and
retained, although the legislature of New-Hampshire, a
few years ago, passed a resolve that it should be placed in
the State Capitol, at Concord.
Of the trophies presented to New-Hampshire, by Gen-
eral Stark, the brass barreled drum, and a Hessian ammu-
nition bag, have found their way to the State Capitol.
The musket, sword and grenadier's cap are yet missing.
The cannon granted to Vermont might long ago have
adorned the State House of New-Hampshire, had her leg-
islature ever considered them worthy of an application to
Congress. They could easily have been obtained while
our State was represented in the national councils by a
Woodbury, an Atherton, a Hubbard, or a Pierce, to sup-
port her claim.
"We will not, however, complain ; they are in good
hands. The highlanders of Vermont were ever true to
the cause of liberty ; and the achievements of their Allen,
Warner, Herrick, Baker, and others, during the war of
independence, entitle their names to be handed down with
undying honors to future ages.
JOHN STARK. 91
May these trophies be preserved, by our Vermont friends,
as histing mementos of the patriotism and bravery of the
White and Green mountaineers in the trial days of 177T.
It may here be remarked, that while Congress liberally
bestowed upon other distinguished actors, in the great
drama of the revolution, swords and medals, in approba-
tion of their services, the total defeat of a veteran enemy,
the capture or destruction of one thousand men, and a
death blow dealt to the invader's hopes, was complimented
by a generous vote of thanks bestowed upon General
Stark and his brave officers and soldiers.
The general received from Congress the following com-
pliment in 1786 :
"In pursuance of an act of Congress, of the thirtieth
day of September, A. D. 1783,
JOH^ STARK, Esquire, is to rank as Major Gen-
eral BY Brevet, in the army of the United States of
America.
Given under my hand, at E'ew-York, the ninth day of
June, 1786.
[L. s.] ISTATHAN^IEL GORHAM, Fresident.
Entered in the war office —
Henry Knox, Secretary of War.*^
The writer was informed by an old lady in Kentucky,
formerly a resident of Boston, and intimately acquainted
with General Stark and Dr. Belknap, that in May, 1798,
she bore a message from the general to the doctor, inviting
him to come to his residence and spend a fortnight, to re-
ceive from him an account of the campaign in Canada in
1776, as no correct history of it had then appeared. She de-
livered the message, and the historian was preparing to ac-
cept the invitation, when a sudden paralytic attack put an
end to his life, June 20, 1798. Thus the opportunity of
* Copied from the original commission.
92 MEMOIR OF
obtaining information upon the subject, from a living, in-
telligent, and prominent actor in the scene, was lost.
His character was as unexceptionable in his private as
in his public life. His manners were frank and open. He
spake his thoughts boldly, and without concealment of his
meaning, on all occasions. He was a man of kindness
and hospitality, which, through life, he extended to all his
comrades in arms, and others who sought his assistance.
He ever sustained a reputation for honor and integrity —
friendly to the industrious and enterprising, but severe to
the idle and unworthy.
Society may venerate his memory as that of an honest
and useful citizen ; while his conduct, as an intrepid and
faithful soldier, occupies a distinguished and honorable
position in the history of his country.
He lived about forty-five years after the battle of Ben-
nington, and proved the N'estor of the revolution, for
he survived all his comrades in arms, of equal rank, in
America.
He lived to see the fruits of his toils endured, and dan-
gers braved, in the establishment of his nation's inde-
pendence, the prosperity of her institutions, and the hap-
piness of his countrymen.
On the eighth day of May, 1822, he received marching
orders from the only Power he ever feared, and "took up
his line of march" for the Soldier's Home.
Beside his native silvery stream,
The hero's relics low are laid ;
Of battle's deeds no more he '11 dream,
Fame claims no more — her debt is paid ;
But o'er him still her laurels bloom,
And crown with brightest wreaths his tomb.
JOHN STARK. 93
In person, the General was of middle stature, well pro-
portioned for strength and activity. Constant exercise
prevented his ever becoming corpulent. He always trav-
eled on horseback, even if accompanied by his family in
a carriage ; and at an advanced age, mounted his horse
with ease, without other aid than the stirrup.
His features were bold and prominent ; the nose was
well formed ; the eyes, light-blue, keen and piercing,
deeply sunk under projecting brows. His lips were gen-
erally closely compressed. He was not bald ; but his hair
became white, and covered his head. His whole appear-
ance indicated courage, coolness, activity, and confidence
in himself, whether called upon to perform the duties of
an enterprising partizan, or a calculating and considerate
general.
At a public dinner, given at Concord, N. H., in honor of
Hon. Richard M. Johnson, a gentleman present gave the
following sentiment :
Colonel Richard M. Johnson — From the shoulders up,
the image of General John Stark !
The general's children were eleven in number : five
sons and six daughters, and all, excepting one, reached the
age of maturity. Three of his sons were ofiicers of the
United States army. A notice of Caleb, the eldest, is
contained in this volume.
Archibald attended his father during his command of
the northern department in 1778, and during the cam-
paign in Rhode-Island. As a lieutenant, he accompanied
General Sullivan's expedition against the Six ]N"ations. He
was present at their defeat, and witnessed the destruction
of their settlements as far as the Gennessee river. He
served through the war. He died September 11, 1791.
94 MEMOIK OF
Benjamin Franklin was commissioned as a lieutenant in
1799, when, during the administration of President John
Adams, war * was declared against the French Ilepublic.
He died July 25, 1806.
[Copied from one of General Stark's memorandum books.]
John Stark, son of Archibald Stark, was born August 28, 1728.
Elizabeth Page, alias Elizabeth Stark, daughter of Caleb and Elizabeth
Page, was born February 10, 1737-8. Died 29th June, 1814.
Married August 20, 1758.
Caleb Stark, born December 3, 1759. Died August 26, 1838.
Archibald Stark, born May 28, 1761. Died September 11, 1791.
John Stark, born April 17, 1763, Deceased.
Eleanor Stark, born May 4, 1765. Died August 20, 1767.
Eleanor Stark, Jun'r, born June 30, 1767. Deceased.
Sarah Stark, born June 11, 1769. Died January 29, 1801.
Elizabeth Stark, born August 10, 1771. Died May 14, 1813.
Mary Stark, born September 19, 1773. Deceased.
Charles Stark, born December 2, 1775. (He sailed from Boston in the
brig Sipsburgh, Benjamin Wheelwright, Master, November, 1776, and
was heard of no more.f
Benjamin Franklin Stark, born January 16, 1777. Died July 25, 1806.
Sophia Stark, born January 21, 1782.
The above and foregoing children were born of the above Elizabeth
Stark. '
The Stark family is supposed to have originated in Ger-
many. Tradition reports that persons of that name came
to Scotland, with a body of Germans, sent oyer by the
Duchess of Burgundy, (widow of Charles the Bold) under
the orders of General Martin Swart, to support the claim
of Perkin Warbeck (the pretended son of Edward lY) to
the crown of England, in the reign of Henry YII. They
* The only events of this war, worthy of notice, were the two brilliant
victories obtained by the United States frigate Constellation, rated at 36
guns, over the French frigates Insurgente, (February 9, 1799) and Ven-
geance (February 1, 1800). The French frigates mounted fifty or more
guns each. For the capture of the former, the merchants of Lloyd's
coffee-house presented Commodore Truxtun a silver pitcher, with an appro-
priate inscription ; and Congress voted him a gold medal for his triumph
over the Vengeance. The pitcher we have seen in the possession of his
daughter, Mrs. Sarah Benbridge, of Cincinnati, Ohio.
I The vessel was owned by Major Stark. His brother-in-law, Thomas
McKinstry, and one of his clerks, Mr. Heath, were also lost in her.
JOHN STAEK. 95
were defeated on the plain of Stoke, and tlie fugitives
escaped to Scotland.
The book of heraldry contains a legend that one of the
name saved the life of a king of Scotland, by slaying a
wild bull, which attacked his majesty while hunting. For
this exploit he was created a baronet. The following is
copied from the book.
" stark — Scotland and AmericajJ^-
A bull's head erased, ar, •*•* '
(distilling blood, p. p. r.)
Fortiorum fortia facta."
In 1840 a communication was received by the secretary
of State, at Washington, from the government of Hesse
Cassel, requesting inquiries to be made to ascertain the fact
" whether or not the officer who commanded the Amer-
icans, at the battle of Bennington, was born in Germany;
stating that, upon the answer of that question, depended
the decision of a law suit which had been for several years
pending, in which a large estate was involved. Inquiry
was also to be made as to his heirs, and if any were dead,
who were their representatives." The answers were fur-
nished, by the writer, to Honorable John Forsyth, then
Secretary of State, and nothing farther has been received
upon the subject.
96
MEMOIR OF
ROLL OF CAPTAIN JOHN STARK'S COMPANY OF RANGERS ENLISTED FOB
THE YEAR 1759, AND 'TO THE END OF THE WAR.
John Allen,
Richard Aspinwall,
Daniel Abhot,
Reuben Allen,
Jasper Bagley,
Tristram Barnard,
George Berry,
James Broderict,
Andrew Boynton,
Daniel Blair,
James Bannerty,
John Babson,
James Colbey^
James Chase,
James Crayton,
Jacob Colbey,
James Cratston,
Jedediah Grain,
Caleb Dalton,
Abner Dane,
Samuel Doherty,
Adam Dickey,
Robert Dickey,
John Evans,
Joseph Farwell,
James Fling,
John Fram,
William Gamble,
Joseph George,
William Garrals,
Andrew Gilman,
Edward Gordon,
John George,
James McGlachan,
Jonathan Hobbs,
Ezra Heath,
John Hall,
Joseph Hall,
Thomas Hall,
Elisha Hutchins,
Robert Hurd,
James Humphrey,
Robert Humphrey,
Jonathan Hobbs,
Sargent Jewell,
Richard Kinneston,
William Kinneston,
Lt. Joshua Martin,
Nath'l Martin,
John Martin,
James McMullen,
Josiah Molan,
Jasper Needham,
Samuel Mackers,
Alexander McNeil,
Nehemiah McNeil,
Daniel McNeil,
Daniel Newell,
James Peters,
William Peters,
James Kimmbey,
Bimsley Pottle,
John Peney,
John Robinson,
Layers Rowe,
James Roose,
James Russ,
Joseph Sewall,
Robert Stuart,
Robert Starret,
Isibule Sterling,
Josiah Swett,
Edward Webber,
George Whalley.
The general orders in 1759 required the ranger compa-
nies to consist of one hundred privates each. Where a
full company could not be obtained by enlistment, the
number deficient was made up by volunteers, or men
drafted from the provincial regiments then in the royal
service.
JOHN STAEK
97
These hardy soldiers, with their veteran comrades of the
" seven years' war," constituted the nucleus around which,
in 1775, assembled the army of the revolution.
NAMES OF PERSONS DISCHARGED FROM COLONEL JOHN STARK'S REGI-
MENT, WHOSE ARMS AND ACCOUTERMENTS WERE RETAINED.
James Nesmith,
Samuel Thompson,
Eben Mcllvain,
Hugh Alexander,
John Nesmith,
Hugh Connel,
Nehemiah Lockhart,
Company.
Reid.
Kinsman.
Reid.
Kinsman,
Reid.
James Stone,
Solomon Call,
John Palmer,
William Perkins,
Stephen Flanders,
John Burns,
Abiel Austin,
John Folsom,
Jonathan Bell,
William Gamble,
Stephen Dudley,
Capt. Henry Dearborn,
Company.
Kinsman.
Moore.
Kinsman.
Eben'r Eastman,
John McPhersen,
Stilman Corser,
John Young,
James Orr,
Richard Straw,
Simeon Mudget,
Thomas Morril,
Hugh Campbell,
John Peterson,
Samuel Morris,
James Caldwell,
Joseph Harris,
James Folsom,
Wells Davis,
James Colamer,
John Little,
Peter Butterfield,
James Wier,
Robert Adams, "
Amount of appraised articles, £78, 17s., lO^f.
Winter Hill, January 11, 1776. A true return of the
guns and cartouch hoxes * delivered in camp, from the
soldiers discharged from Colonel Stark's regiment, heing
the sixth, agreeably to general orders, appraised by us,
the subscribers, appointed by Brig'r Gen'l Sullivan for
that purpose. Joseph Cilley, Major.
Ezra Folsom, Captain.
Amos Morril, Lieut.
* The arms, &c., and their value, are, in the original return, placed
against each name.
Robert McDonnel,
Andrew Robinson,
William Frazer,
Josiah Baehelder,
David Abbot,
Daniel Ladd,
William Graves,
John Page,
Samuel Lakeman,
Robert Page,
James Colamer,
James Noyes,
Andrew Silkens,
Jonathan Robey,
98
MEMOIK OF
All or the larger portion of the men before named
were in the action at Bunker's hill.
We copy, from the " Siege of Boston," a list of the
officers of the ^ew-Hampshire regiments who were in
the action at Bunker's hill.
CAPTAINS.
Isaac Baldwin,
Elislia Woodbury,
Samuel Eichards,
John Moore,
Joshua Abbot, .
Gordon Hutching,
Aaron Kinsman,
Henry Dearborn,
Daniel Moore,
George Reid,
STAEK'S EEGIMENT.
LIEUTENANTS.
John Hale,
Thomas Hardy,
Moses Little,
Jonas McLaughlin,
Samuel Atkinson,
Joseph Soper,
Ebenezer Eastman,
Amos Morril,
Ebenezer Erye,
Abraham Eeid,
ENSIGNS.
Stephen Hoyt.
Jona. Corliss.
Jesse Carr.
Nath'l Boyd.
Abiel Chandler.
Daniel Livermore.
Samuel Dearborn.
Michael McClary.
John Moore.
James Anderson.
The regiment contained thirteen companies; and but
ten captains, lieutenants and ensigns, are named in the
above list. An old manuscript contains charges, by
Colonel Stark, to his officers, for advances. We find as
captains, charged with sundries. Captain Chandler, No-
vember 19, 1775 ; Captain James McCurdy, June 1776 ;
Captain Morril, March 14, 1776 ; Captain Walker, March
14, 1776 ; Captain l^oah Cook, ITovember 20, 1775 ; Dr.
Obadiah Williams, June 10, 1775 ; Lieutenant Amos Mor-
ril, i^ovember 20, 1775.
EEED'S EEGIMENT.*
CAPTAINS.
John Marcy,
Benjamin Mann,
Josiah Crosby,
William Walker,
Philip Thomas,
Ezra Towne,
Jona. Whitcomb,
Jacob Hinds,
Levi Spaulding,
Hezekiah Hutch ins,
LIEUTENANTS.
Isaac Farwell,
Benjamin Brewer,
Daniel Wilkins,
James Brown,
John Harper,
Josiah Brown,
Elijah Clayes,
Isaac Stone,
Joseph Bradford,
Amos Emerson,
* Colonel James Eeed was not in the action.
ness, and left the service in 1776.
ENSIGNS.
James Taggart, 48.
Samuel Pettengill, 49.
Thomas Maxwell, 44.
William Eoby, 46.
Ezekiel Band, 46.
John Hackness, 52.
Stephen Carter, 59.
George Aldrich, 54.
Thomas Buff, 44.
John Marsh, 44.
He was struck with blind-
JOHN STAKK. 99
ITEMS FROM COLONEL STARK'S ACCOUNT BOOK,
Camp on Isle aux Noix, June 20, 1776.
£ s. d.
Lieutenant Carr, to cash lent, lawful money, 0 18 0
Chimney Point.
Jonathan Carr, to cash lent, lawful money, 0 4 0
Paid August 20, 1776.
Mess hill. Cash laid out by Colonel Stark.
£ s. d.
To ^ case gin, bought at Crown Point, 1 13 9
To 1 case gin, bought of Mr. Tucker, 3 12 9
To 1 do. bought of Mr. Avery, 3 9 9
To cash paid for brewing a barrel of beer, 0 2 0
Extract from the speech of Colonel Potter, at the anniver-
sary dinner of the Amoskeag Veterans, February 22, 1859 :
" Stark, at Lake George, when a shot from the enemy
broke the lock of his gun, deliberately running over to
the enemy's line, and seizing the gun of a prostrate
Frenchman, to use instead of his own, shew his individ-
ualism.
It was the same quality that, at the news of Lexington
battle, led him to throw down his crow-bar, shut down
the gate of his saw-mill, seize his arms, mount his horse,
and ride to the post of danger. It was his striking indi-
vidualism that induced fourteen full companies to flock to
his standard in less than as many days.
It was individualism that stamped the heights of
Bunker's hill with the impress of American valor. Each
battalion seemed to be actuated by individualism. The
battle was fought by individualism. Each commander of
a battalion or regiment, seemed to fight in his own way,
and ' on his own hook. '
Prescott fought at his redoubt ; Warren, with a major
general's commission in his pocket, fought as a volunteer.
Stark came up to the rail fence breast-work, (itself an in-
dividualism) continued it down to the beach, and, in a
a moment as it were, built a wall to the water's edge of
the stones upon the beach. Then was displayed that indi-
vidualism so often spoken of by Washington, to his honor.
100 MEMOIR OF
Taking a stake in his hand, he deliberately walked in
front of his line, the distance of thirty or forty yards,
where, setting up the stake in the ground, he shouted :
*Boys, the red coats are coming up the hill. If one of
you fire a gun till they reach that stake, I '11 shoot him.'
It was the same individualism that, at Bennington, dic-
tated the memorable spe^h : ' There are the enemy, boys,
the red coats and tories ; you must beat them, or Betty
Stark sleeps a widow to-night.' "
The speaker obtained the anecdote of the stake from
George W. Park Custis, who said he had often heard
General "Washington relate it, to show the cool courage of
General Stark. In his speech, at the tomb of Washing-
ton, before the Amoskeag Veterans, General Custis alluded
to the fact of the stake, and stated his authority.
The following relates to statements contained in Powers'
History of Coos :
In Stark's Memoir, page 15, the exploring expeditions
to Coos are noticed.
Mr. Powers disbelieves that any party, acting under the
orders of government, did in reality visit that region in
1T52, or prior to 1754.
Belknap (vol. 2, p. 215) states that a ^' party was sent
up in the spring of 1752, to view the meadows and lay
out the townships."
Stark and Eastman passed, in 1752, as captives to the
Indians, through the Coos country. The former, as pilot,
attended the expedition of Colonel Lovewell, in 1753, and
in 1754, in the same capacity, that conducted by Captain
Peter Powers.
The following extract, from the History of Manchester,
(p. 279—281) relates to the subject :
"About the time Stark was taken, Sebattis and Plaus-
awa, Indians living at St. Francis, but who had formerly
lived in the Merrimack valley, came to Canterbury, and
having been kindly treated by Messrs. Miles and Lindsay,
with whom they had formerly been acquainted, they left the
JOHN STARK. 10]
place, having seized upOn and captured two negroes, be-
lono-ino- to the men who had treated them with so much
hospitality. One of the negroes escaped and informed of
his captors, while the other was sold at Crown Point.
This conduct of the Indians produced the greatest con-
sternation and alarm, and the project of taking armed
possession of the Coos country was prosecuted with re-
newed vigor.
The assembly of ^ew-Hampshire, in answer to the me-
morial of those engaged in the project, so far complied
with the wishes of the memorialists as to assume the ex-
pense of cutting and making a road from the settlements
upon the Merrimack, to the ' Coos meadows ; ' and ap-
pointed a committee to survey and mark the road. This
active preparation to seize their lands did not escape the
notice of the Indians ; and in January, 1753, they sent six
Indians, with a flag of truce, to the fort at ^N'umber Four,
to remonstrate against the proceedings of the English.
They took strong grounds upon the subject, and it is
highly propable that the whole procedure was at the in-
stance and under the direction of the French.
They told Captain Stevens that they were displeased ^ at
our people going to take a view of the Coos meadows last
spring' (spring of 1752) ; ' and that for the Enghsh to set-
tle Cowos was what they could not agree to ; and as the
English had no need of that land, but had enough without
it, they must think the English had a mind for war if they
would go there, and that they should have a strong war.' *
Meantime, about the 10th of March, 1753, the commit-
tee, appointed by the assembly to survey and mark the
road to Coos, commenced the performance of their duty.
The committee consisted of Zacheus Lovewell, of Duns-
* The Rev. Mr. Powers, in his History of the Coos Country, undertakes
to show that Dr. Belknap has misconstrued this extract from Colonel Wil-
liams' letter, and that no such persons visited the Coos country in the
spring of 1752. But in this matter Dr. Belknap is right and Mr. Powers
wrong. Mr. Powers does not quote the extract correctly. As given
above (from the original letter of Colonel Williams, of March 19, 1753)
no one can doubt, were other proofs wanting, that our people went into
the Coos country in the spring of 1752.
102
MEMOIK OF
table, John Talford, of Chester, and Caleb Page of Starks-
town. They hired sixteen men at Amoskeag and Penna-
cook to assist in the expedition ; and John Stark, of Der-
ryfield, as pilot, he having passed through the Coos
country, as a captive, the spring previous. Caleb Page
was the surveyor.
The committee performed the duties assigned them in
twenty days, returning to Concord on the 31st of March.
As most of the men engaged in this expedition were from
Amoskeag, the following account is added, giving the
names, time, and capacity in which each one was em-
ployed.
March, 1753. Messrs. Zacheus Lovewell, John Talford, and Caleb
Page, charge ye Province of New-Hamp'r, Dr. Por themselves and
men, here named, hired to survey and make the road to Coos, in March,
curr't :
£ 8. d.
Zacheus Lovewell,
John Talford,
Caleb Page,
Nath'l Smith,
John Eveny,
Reuben Kimball,
Benj. Laikin,
Enoch Webster,
Eben. Copp,
Jona. Burbank,
John Johnson,
Benj. Eastman,
Peter Bo wen,
Nath'l Ingalls,
Robert Rogers,
John Combs,
Wm. McCluer,
John Stark, pilot,
Abraham Perry,
Caleb Page, surveyor.
22 days, a 355.
22
22
19^
19|
19J
l^
19|
19^
19^
19|
19^
19|
22
22
22
21
22
22
35
35
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
35
30
60
Zach. Lovewell, John Talford, Caleb
Page, each one day attendance to
appoint the day's and prepare for
ye march,
Caleb Page, jurney to Rumford, to
hire men, four days, 35
Old tenor,
Dated 31st of March, 1753,
38
38
38
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
33
29
33
33
36
33
66
5
7
684
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
0
6
0
0
15
0
0
5 0
0 0
5 0
ZACHEUS LOVEWELL, )
JOHN TALFORD, \ Committee.'^
CALEB PAGE, J
* See files in Secretary's office.
JOHN STARK. 103
The author of the History of Manchester has collected
other information in regard to the expeditions to Coos,
which will probahly appear in the edition of Belknap's
History of E'ew- Hampshire, which he is now preparing
for publication. "We have a recollection of seeing, in boy-
hood, a journal of the above survey, written by our ances-
tor. Captain Caleb Page, surveyor of the expedition, but
thouofht no more of it, until a letter was received from
John Farmer, Esq., making inquiries concerning such a
paper. He was then preparing his edition of Belknap's
History. Search was made for the manuscript, but with-
out success.
104 BATTLE OF
THE BATTLE OF BENXIXGTOX, August 16, IITT.
BY REV. THOMAS P. RODMAN.
Copied from the Rhode-Island Book.
Up through a cloudy sky, the sun
Was buffeting his way
On such a morn as ushers in
A sultry August day.
Hot was the air — and hotter yet,
Men's thoughts within them grew ;
They, Britons, Hessians, Tories, saw,
They saw their homesteads too !
They thought of all their country's wrongs ;
They thought of noble lives,
Poured out in battle with their foes ; —
They thought upon their wives,
Their children and their aged sires.
Their firesides, churches, God !
And these deep thoughts made hallowed ground
Each foot of soil they trod.
Their leader was a veteran man —
A man of earnest will ; —
His very presence was a host ;
He'd fought at Bunker's hill !
A living monument he stood,
Of stirring deeds of fame ;
Of deeds that shed a fadeless light
On his own deathless name !
Of Charlestown's flames, of "Warren's blood,
His presence told the tale ;
It made each patriot's heart beat quick,
Though lip and cheek grew pale ;
It spoke of Princeton, Morristown ; —
Told Trenton's thrilling story ;
It lit futurity with hope,
And on the past shed glory.
Who were those men ? their leader, who ?
Where stood they on that morn ?
The men were northern yeomanry, —
Brave men as e'er were born ;
Who, in the reaper's merry row,
Or warrior's rank could stand ;
Right worthy such a noble troop —
John Stark led on the band,
Walloomsac wanders by the spot
Where they, that morning., stood ;
Then rolled the war-cloud o'er the stream,
The waves were tinged with blood ;
And the near hills that dark cloud girt,
And fires like lightning flashed ;
And shrieks and groans, like howling blasts,
Rose as the bayonets clashed.
BENNINGTON. 105
The night before, the yankee host
Came gathering from afar,
And in each belted bosom glowed
The spirit of the war !
All full of fight, through rainy storm,
Night cloudy, starless, dark —
They came, and gathered as they came,
Around the valiant Stark !
There was a Berkshire Parson — he
And all his flock were there.
And like true churchmen militant,
The arm of flesh made bare.
Out spoke the Dominie, and said : —
"For battle have we come,
** These many times ; and after this,
"We mean to stay at home,
♦' If now we come in vain." Said Stark : —
*' What ! would you go to-night,
"To battle it with yonder troops ?
" God send us morning light,
•' And we will give you work enough ;
Let but the morning come,
" And if ye hear no voice of war,
" Go back and stay at home."
The morning came — there stood the foe ; —
Stark eyed them as they stood ;
Few words he spoke — 'twas not a time
For moralizing mood ;
"See there, the enemy, my boys —
Now, strong in valor's might,
^^ Beat them, or Betty* Stark will sleep
" In widowhood to-night! "
Each soldier there had left at home,
A sweetheart, wife or mother ;
A blooming sister, or perchance,
A fair-haired, blue-eyed brother ;
Each from a fireside came, and thoughts
These simple words awoke.
That nerved up every warrior's arm,
And guided every stroke.
Fireside and woman ! — mighty words !
How wond'rous is the spell
They work upon the manly heart.
Who knoweth not full well ?
And than the women of this land,
That never land hath known
A truer, nobler-hearted race.
Each yankee boy must own.
• General Stark's wife's name was Elizabeth Page.
106 THE TOMB OF STARK.
Brief eloquence was Stark's — nor vain ;
Scarce uttered he the words,
"When burst the musket's rattling peal ; —
Out leaped the flashing swords ; —
And when brave Stark in after time,
Told the proud tale of wonder,
He said "the battle din was one
Continual clap of thunder."
Two hours they strove, when victory crowned
The valiant yankee boys ;
Nought but the memory of the dead
Bedimmed their glorious joys !
Aye — there 's the rub ; the hour of strife.
Though follow years of fame,
Is still in mournful memory linked
With some death-hallowed name.
The cypress with the laurel twines —
The Pjsan sounds a knell —
The trophied column marks the spot
Where friends and brothers fell !
Fame's mantle, a funeral pall
Seems to the grief-dimmed eye ;
For ever where the bravest fall,
The best-beloved die !
THE TOMB OF GENERAL STARK.
BY HERRICK.
No trappings of State their bright honors unfolding.
No gorgeous display mark the place of thy rest ;
Yet the granite points out where thy relics lie mould' ring.
And the wild rose is shedding its sweets o'er thy breast.
The zephyrs of evening shall sport with the willow,
And play through the grass where the sweet flow' rets creep,
Where the thoughts of the brave as they bend o'er thy pillow,
Shall hallow the spot of the hero's last sleep.
As from glory and honor to death thou descendedst.
It was mete thou shouldst lie by the Merrimack's wave ;
It was well thou shouldst sleep 'mongst the hills thou defendedst
And take thy last rest in so simple a grave.
There for ever thou 'It sleep, and tho' ages roll o'er thee,
And crumble the stone o'er thine ashes to earth.
The sons of the free shall with reverence adore thee —
The pride of the mountains that gave thee thy birth.
CORRESPONDENCE
Ik regard to the following correspondence, we will here state that the
letters from General Stark are copies of the original draughts, a few
of which are in his own hand writing ; all subsequent to the campaign
of 1777 were written by his brigade major, and aid-de-camp. The
letters addressed to him are copied from the originals now in the pos-
session of the writer of the foregoing memoir.
Copy of a Petition to the Government of New-Hampshire, in 1754, as on
file in the office of the Secretary of State.
Amos Eastman, of Pennacook (Concord), and John
Stark, of Starkstown (Dunbarton), both in the province of
New-Hampshire, of lawful age, testify and say ^' that on
the 28th day of April, 1752, they were in company with
William Stark, of Starkstown, and David Stinson, of Lon-
donderry, on one of the branches of the Permigwasset
river, about eighteen miles from Stevenstown (Salisbury) ;
that on the same day, toward night, the Indians captivated
the said John, and the next morning, soon after day
break, captivated the said Amos ; and fired upon David
Stinson and William Stark ; they killed and scalped the
said David (the said William made his escape), and car-
ried the deponents both to Canada ;
That the stuff the Indians took from the deponents and
their company was of the value of five hundred and sixty
pounds at least, old tenor, for which they have no restitu-
tion ;
108 CORKESPONDENCE OF
That the said Amos was sold to the French, and for his
redemption paid sixty dollars to his master, besides all his
expenses of getting home ; that the said John purchased
his redemption of the Indians, for which he paid one hun-
dred and three dollars, besides his expenses in getting
home ; that there were ten Indians in the company who cap-
tivated the deponents, and lived at St. Francis. They
often told the deponents it was not peace. One Francis
Titigaw was the chief of the scout. There was in the
scout one named Peer, a young sagamore, who belonged
to St. Francis.
The deponents made oath to the preceding, May 23,
1754, before Joseph Blanchard, one of his majesty's jus-
tices of the peace.
In a memorial presented by John and William Stark to
Grovernor Wentworth, in 1754, they say that they gave no
offence to the Indians ; that they had it in their power to
destroy them, or defeat their enterprise ; but esteeming it
a time of peace with all the Indians who own themselves
subjects of the French king, free from any expectation of
any hostilities to be committed against them, they peace-
ably applied themselves to their own business, till am-
bushed by the Indians. They killed, scalped and stripped
David Stinson, one of their company, captivated the afore-
said John and Amos, and shot at the said William, who
escaped ; that they carried the said captives to Canada,
and, at the same time, took the goods and effects of your
memorialists and said David Stinson, in company, of the
value of five hundred and sixty pounds at least, old tenor."
The government never refunded any portion of the
above. In this respect Massachusetts adopted a more lib-
eral policy, and redeemed all her captives from the Indians.
JOHN STARK. * 109
Medford, May 18, 1775.
Gentlemen — About the 29th of April last, a committee,
8ent from the provincial Congress of the province of l^&w-
Hampshire, to the provincial Congress of the Prov. of
Mass. Bay, having discretionary instructions from said
Congress, advised to raise a regiment from the province
of New-Hampshire as soon as possible, under the constitu-
tion or establishment of the Massachusetts Bay, but to
be deemed as part of the quota of men from the province
of ]^ew-Hampshire, and that the iTew-Hampshire Congress
would establish said measures. In consequence of which
a number of officers from the province of New-Hampshire
convened and made choice of their field officers for said
regiment, who have raised the same — 584 of whom are
now present at Medford, exclusive of drummers and fifers,
and the remainder are hereby expected. And, as a great
number of those already here (who expected, when they
enlisted, to draw arms from the provincial stock) are desti-
tute of the same, and can not be furnished (as no arms are
to be procured here, at present), must inevitably return
from whence they came, unless they are supplied from
some quarter speedily, I humbly pray that you would
maturely consider our defenceless situation, and adopt
some measure or measures whereby they may be equipped.
In confidence of your immediate compliance with the
above request,
I am, in the country's common cause.
Your most obedient, humble serv't,
JOHN STARK.
N. B. The gentlemen who present this to the conven-
tion can give you particular information as to our present
situation.*
Superscribed " the Chairman of Prov'l Congress, for the
province of New-Hampshire, now sitting at Exeter."
* Vol. 1, State papers, p. 149.
110 COKEESPONDENCE OF
To the Hon, Council of New-Hampshire.
Medford, May 29, 1775.
Gentlemen — Yours of the 20th inst. I have received,
and note the contents ; and as to fire-arms for the regi-
ment under my command, the greater part who were
destitute when I wrote you, are since furnished ; and I
am informed from the ofiicers of the several companies,
that the remainder will be equipped very shortly, so that I
flatter myself this difficulty will be speedily removed as to
my regiment ; but as to the manner of procuring them,
whether by the respective towns to which they belong, or
by individuals, I can not at present inform you, as no ac-
count thereof has as yet come to hand. But I would beg
leave still to entreat you to take a little farther notice of
us ; and, in the first place, consider that a considerable part
of the regiment are destitute of blankets (and can not be
supplied by their towns), and are very much exposed ; some
of whom, for want thereof, by reason of colds, are very
much indisposed, and thereby rendered unfit for duty ;
and, secondly, that we are in great want of money ; and
that neither the officers or soldiers can subsist without it,
much longer, by any means. And this I am well assured
of from daily complaints which are made to me, that un-
less you, by some means or other, advance some money to
the army directly (as there is no room in my mind to
doubt but there is a very considerable sum in the province,
belonging thereto), their courage will fail, and they will
return ; and by that means, we shall work our own de-
struction. Again, I would recommend a sutler or supplier
for the army ; and if it should be necessary that there
should be a sutler or sutlers, and you can not find one in
that province who will undertake it on reasonable terms,
I know of a gentleman in this province who will, if ap-
plied to. I would likewise be glad if a chest of medicine
might be procured for the use of the regiment, and tools
for the armorer to repair arms with. According to your
request, I have inclosed and transmitted to the committee
of safety a return of the men who have enlisted in the
JOHN STAKK. Ill
service of the province of New-Hampshire (now under my
command), and who expect to be paid therefrom. Your
speedy compliance with the above will greatly oblige
Yours, in the common cause,
joh:n" stark.
The Congress of the Colony of New-Hampshire,
To John Stark, Esq., Greeting.
"We, reposing especial trust and confidence in your
courage and good conduct, do, by these presents, consti-
tute and appoint you, the said John Stark, to be colonel of
the first regiment of foot, raised by the Congress afore-
said, for the defence of the American colonies.
You are, therefore, carefully and diligently to discharge
the duty of a colonel, in leading, ordering, and exercis-
ing the said regiment in arms, both inferior officers and
soldiers, and to keep them in good order and discipline.
And they are hereby commanded to obey you as their
colonel ; and you are yourself to observe and follow such
orders and instructions as you shall, from time to time,
receive from the general and commander-in-chief of the
forces raised in the colony, aforesaid, or any other your
superior officers, according to such military rules and dis-
cipline of war as have been, or hereafter shall be, ordered
by the Congress of said colony, in pursuance of the trust
reposed in you.
By order of the Congress —
MATTHEW THOR:N'TO:t^, President
Exeter, the third day of June, A. D. 1775.
E. Thompson, Secretary.
112 COKRESPONDENCE OF
Colonel Stark to Hon. Matthew Thornton, President of the New-Hamp-
shire Provincial Congress.
Medford, June 19, 1775.
Sir — I embrace this opportunity, by Colonel Holland,
to give you some particulars of an engagement in battle,
which was fought on the 17th inst., between the British
troops and the Americans.
On the 16th, at evening, a detachment of the Massa-
chusetts line marched, by the general's order, (General
Ward) to make intrenchment upon a hill in Charlestown,
called Charlestown hill, near Boston, where they in-
trenched that night, without interruption, but were at-
tacked, on the morning of the 17th, very warmly by the
ships of war in Charlestown river, and the batteries in
Boston. Upon this, I was ordered by the general to send
a detachment of two hundred men, with proper officers,
to their assistance ; which order I promptly obeyed, and
appointed Lieutenant Colonel Wyman to command the
same. At two o'clock P. M. an express arrived with
orders for my whole regiment to proceed to Charlestown,
to oppose the British who were landing on Charlestown
point ; accordingly we proceeded, and the battle soon
came on, in which a number of officers and men of my
regiment were killed and wounded. The officers killed
were Major McClury, by a cannon ball ; Captain Baldwin
and Lieutenant Scott, by small arms.
The whole number, including officers, killed
and missing, 15
Wounded, 45
Total, killed, wounded and missing, 60
By Colonel Reed's desire, I transmit the account of
those who suffiared belonging to that portion of his regi-
ment who were engaged :
Killed, 3 ; wounded, 29 ; missing, 1.
Total, in both regiments, 93.
JOHN STARK. 113
But we remain in good spirits, being well satisfied that
where we have lost one, the enemy have lost three. I
should consider it a favor if the committee of safety should
recommend to the several towns and parishes of New-
Hampshire the necessity of detaining and sending back
all the soldiers belonging to the IlTew-Hampshire line, sta-
tioned at Medford, whom they may find at a distance from
the army, without a furlough from the commanding ofiicer.
I am, sir, with great respect.
Yours and the country's.
To serve in the good cause,
JOHlSr STAEK.
IjTotes by Editor. Colonel Stephen Holland, of Lon-
donderry, afterward went to J^ew-York and joined the
enemy. He received a grant of land in Ireland, as a re-
muneration for his estate confiscated in America.
General Ward ordered this party to intrench upon
Bunker's hill, but by mistake they proceeded a mile far-
ther, to Breed's hill, a lesser eminence, and nearer to Bos-
ton. The attempt of the enemy to dislodge them pro-
duced the action called the battle of Bunker's hill. This
affair gave the enemy direct evidence that the yankees
could fight, and the latter confidence in themselves. The
enemy intended to possess and fortify Dorchester heights,
on the 18th of June, but the operations of the Americans,
on the night of the 16th, directed their attention in an-
other direction ; very fortunate for the Americans, as
they were enabled to fortify the heights themselves, and
force the enemy to evacuate Boston.
114 CORKESPONDEN^CE OF
Marching Orders for Colonel John Stark, commanding the 5th and 25th
. Eegiments of Foot.
You are forthwitli to inarch, with the regiments under
your command, to Norwich, in Connecticut, according to
the route indicated ; and in case of extreme bad weather
or other unforeseen accidents you are obliged to halt a
day or more, between this and IsTorwich, you will acquaint
Brigadier General Heath, who is appointed to the com-
mand of the brigade, now under marching orders, and
receive and follow his directions. You will immediately
apply to Commissary General Trumbull, and to Quarter
Master General, Col. Mifflin, for an order for carriages
and provisions for your march to Norwich. Upon your
arrival there. Brigadier General Heath has his excellency,
the commander-in-chief's directions for the farther dispo-
sal of the brigade.
His excellency expects you to preserve good order and
exact discipline upon your march, carefully preventing all
pillage and marauding, and every kind of ill-usage, or in-
sult to the inhabitants of the country. As the motions of
the enemy, and the advanced season of the year make it
of the utmost consequence that not a moment should be
lost that can possibly be made use of on your march,
the general, depending on your zeal, experience and good
conduct, is satisfied that, on your part, [no vigilance will
be wanting.
Given at head quarters, this 16th day of March, 1776.
HORATIO GATES, Adft Gen'l
Route from Cambridge to
Framingham,
20
Sutton,
18
Dudley,
20
Mort Lake,
19
IsTorwich,
20
In all, 97
THOMAS MIFFLIK, Q, M. GerCl
JOHN STAKE. 115
Colonel Stark, and other colonels, presented a remon-
strance to General Schuyler against the removal of the
army from Crown Point to Ticonderoga.
GENERAL SCHUYLER'S ANSWER.
Ticonderoga, July 9, 1776, 9 P. M.
Gentlemen — Your remonstrance, of yesterday's date, was
delivered to me at eight o'clock this evening, by General
Sullivan. Previous to any observations on it, give me
leave to remind you of a mistake you have made in sup-
posing that I informed you " that Congress had directed
that the army was to be removed to Ticonderoga." My
expression was exactly in these words : " That it be recom-
mended to General Schuyler to form a strong camp in the
vicinity of Ticonderoga or Crown Point." I observed
that, as I quoted from memory, and had not the resolution
with me, I could not repeat the very words of it. I rather
wish to impute your mistake to misapprehension than to
any intentional false repetition of what I said, which I
can not suppose any gentleman can be guilty of.
The reasons which induced the council of general offi-
cers unanimously to give their opinion to move the main
body of the army from Crown Point, I can not conceive
myself at liberty to give without their consent ; for myself,
I declare with that frankness which I wish always to char-
acterize me, that the measure seemed not only prudent,
but, in my opinion, indispensably necessary for a variety
of reasons, against which those you have given do not, in
my opinion, bear a sufficient weight to alter it; some of
which are evidently nugatory, and all of which might be
contrasted with more cogent ones in support of the resolu-
tion. I assure you, at the same time, that if I were con-
vinced of the impropriety of the measure, I should not
be in the least tenacious of supporting my opinion, but
immediately give way to conviction, and rescind the reso-
lution so far as depended on me to do it.
I am happy, gentlemen, that you declare your readiness
to obey the resolution of the general officers, although it
116 CORKESPONDENCE OF
does not meet your approbation — a sentiment that every
good officer ought not only to entertain, but to inculcate
on others as a principle on which the preservation of every
army in a great measure depends. Such a sentiment will
always induce me, and I dare say every other general offi-
cer, to receive with patience and pleasure the advice of
his officers, and act accordingly, where I or they are con-
vinced.
I am, gentlemen, with great respect.
Your most obedient, humble serv't,
PH. SCHUYLER.
I^OTE BY Editor. After events proved that the memo-
rialists were correct. The following extract expresses the
opinion of the commander-in-chief to Congress.
In consequence of the evacuation of Crown Point, Gen-
eral Schuyler lost for a time the confidence of many of
the northern officers, and many of the people of the north.
Extract from a letter of General Washington to Congress, July 19, 1776.
" I confess the determination of the council of general
officers, on the 7th, to retreat from Crown Point, sur-
prised me much ; and the more I consider it, the more
striking does the impropriety appear. The reasons as-
signed against it by the field officers, in their remonstrance,
coincide greatly with my own ideas, and those of the
other general officers I have had an opportunity of con-
versing with, and seem to be of considerable weight, I may
add, conclusive. I am not so fully acquainted with the
geography of that country, and the situation of the difibr-
ent posts, as to pronounce a peremptory judgment upon
the matter ; but if my ideas are right, the possession of
Crown Point is essential to give us the superiority and
mastery of the lake.
That the enemy will possess it, as soon as abandoned by
us, there can be no doubt ; and if they do, whatever gallies
JOHN STAKK. 117
or force we keep upon the lake, will be unquestionably in
their rear. How they are to be supported there, or what
succor can be drawn from them, is beyond my comprehen-
sion. Perhaps it is only meant that they shall be em-
ployed on the communication between that and Ticonder-
oga. If this is the case, I fear the views of Congress will
not be answered, nor the salutary effects derived from
them that were intended.
I have mentioned my surprise to General Schuyler, and
would, by the advice of the general officers, have directed
that post should be maintained, had it not been for two
causes : an apprehension that the works had been de-
stroyed, and that if the army should be ordered from
Ticonderoga, or the post opposite to it (where I presume
they are), to repossess it, they would have neither one
place or another secure, and in a defensible state ; the
other, lest it might increase the jealousy and diversity of
opinions which seem already too prevalent in the army,
and establish a precedent for the inferior officers to set up
their judgment whenever they would, in opposition to
their superiors — a matter of great delicacy, and that might
lead to fatal consequences if countenanced, though in the
present instance I could have wished their reasoning had
prevailed."
General Gates and Schuyler took fire at the implied
censure of the general officers who had given their opin-
ions to General Washington, against the abandonment of
Crown Point, and the preference of Ticonderoga. They
made common cause, and in spirited terms vindicated
their judgment to the commander-in-chief; reprehended in
strong language the general officers to whom General
Washington alluded, and carried their complaints to Con-
gress. The steady, temperate course, however, of the
commander-in-chief, prevented serious consequences.*
* Wilkinson, vol. 1, page 63.
118 COKEESPONDENCE OF
Ira Allen to New-Hampshire Committee of Safety.
Onion River, July 10, 1776.
Gentlemen — I learn you are alarmed at the retreat of our
army out of Canada. I can assure you the savages have
killed and scalped a number of men by the river La Cole,
on the west side of Lake Champlain. When they will
visit us or you, is uncertain ; I advise you to look sharp,
keep scouts out, but not to move, except some families
much remote from the main inhabitants. Last Saturday
I was at Crown Point with General Sullivan. He assured
me he would do all in his power to protect the frontier
settlements.
I proposed a line of forts by this river to Cohos. He
said he believed that to be the best place, and made no
doubt but it would be done. He immediately ordered
Colonel Waite and two hundred men to this place, here to
remain, and grant all protection in his power to the inhab-
itants. Before I left there. Generals Schuyler, Gates and
Arnold arrived. I conclude there is a determination, be-
fore this time, in regard to all the frontiers. I make no
doubt but a line of block forts is agreed on by all, from
this river to yours, and so round your frontiers. I had in-
telligence from St. Johns about twelve days ago. Our
enemy had but one hundred tents, which at most could
not be more than six hundred men. They did not appear
to be in much preparation for war. At Chambly there
were but few men. It is thought by some that the enemy
are busy in sending provisions and clothing to all the
garrisons near the head of the river St. Lawrence, and in
supplying the Indians with all necessaries. The small-pox
has almost gone through our army; they are in much
better health than they were. Gondolas are building ;
the vessels are preparing for war. I hope, in a short
time, they will be able to beat all the powers of Britain
on this lake. Crown Point is proposed for head quarters.
In haste, IRA ALLEJN".*
* Vol. 1, fifth series, American Archives, page 177.
JOHN STARK. 119
A PROCLAMATION.
By Lieut. General John Burgoyne, commanding an army and fleet against
the revolted Provinces of America.
To the inhabitants of Castleton, Hubbardton, Rutland,
Tinmouth, Pawlet, Wells and Granville, with the neigh-
boring districts; also the districts bordering on White
Creek, Cambden, Cambridge, &c.
You are hereby directed to send, from your several town-
ships, deputies, consisting of ten persons or more, from
each township, to meet Colonel Skene, at Castleton, on
Monday, July 15, at 10 o'clock in the morning, who will
have instructions not only to give farther encouragement
to those who complied with my late manifesto, but also to
communicate conditions upon which the persons and
property of the disobedient may yet be spared. This fail
not to obey, under pain of military execution.
Head Quarters, at Skenesborough House, July 10, 1777.
J. BURGOYNE.
By order of His Excellency, the Lieutenant General —
B. KiMPTON, Secretary.
A PROCLAMATION.
By Philip Schuyler, Esq., Major General in the Army of the United States
of America, and Commander-in-chief of the Northern Department.
To the inhabitants of Castleton, Hubbardton, Rutland,
Tinmouth, Paulet, Wells, Granville, with the neighboring
districts bordering on White creek, Cambden, Cambridge,
&c., &c.
Whereas, Lieutenant General John Burgoygne, com-
manding an army of the British troops, did, by a written
paper, by him subscribed, bearing date at Skenesborough
House, on the 10th day of July, instant, require you to
send from your several townships, deputations consist-
120 COKRESPONDENCE OF
ing of ten persons or more from each township, to meet
Colonel Skene at Castleton, on Wednesday, July 15th, at
ten in the morning, for sundry purposes in said paper
mentioned ; and that you were not to fail in paying obedi-
ence thereto, under pain of military execution.
"Whatever, my countrymen, may be the ostensible rea-
sons for such meeting, it is evidently intended by the ene-
my, then to prevail on you, by threats and promises, to
forsake the cause of your injured country; to assist them
in forcing on the United States of America, and under the
specious pretext of affording you protection, to bring on
you that misery which their promises of protection drew
on such of the deluded inhabitants of ISTew-Jersey who
were weak enough to confide in them, but who expe-
rienced their fallacy by being treated indiscriminately with
those virtuous citizens, who came forth in defence of their
country, with the most wanton barbarity, and such as
hitherto hath not even disgraced barbarism. They cruelly
butchered, without distinction to age or sex ; ravished
children from ten, to women of eighty years of age ; they
burnt, pillaged and destroyed whatever came into their
power. Nor did those edifices dedicated to the worship of
Almighty God escape their sacrilegeous fury. Such were
the deeds — such they were incontestibly proved to be
which have marked the British arms with the most indeli-
ble stains.
But they having, by the blessing of divine providence
on our arms, been obliged totally to abandon that State,
they left those who v,rere weak or wicked enough to take
protection under them, to bemoan their credulity, and to
cast themselves on the mercy of their injured countrymen.
Such will be your fate, if you lend a willing ear to their
promises, which I trust none of you will do. But lest any
of you should so far forget the duty you owe to your coun-
try as to join with, or in any manner assist or giv6 com-
fort to, or hold correspondence with, or take protection
from the enemy : be it known to each and every one of
you, the inhabitants of said townships, or any other, the
JOHN STAKK. 121
inhabitants of the united States, that you will be consid-
ered and dealt with as traitors to said states ; and that the
laws thereof will be put in execution against every person,
so offending, with the utmost rigor ; and do hereby strictly
enjoin and command all officers, civil and military, to ap-
prehend or cause to be apprehended, all such offenders.
And I do strictly enjoin and command such of the militia
of said townships as have not yet marched, to do so with-
out delay, to join the army under my command or some
detachment thereof.
Given under my hand and seal, at head quarters.
PHILIP SCHUYLER.
Fort Edward, July 13, 1777.
By the general's command —
Henky B. Livingston.
Manchester, 24:th July, 1777.
Dear Sir — I learn, by express, from the council of safety
and assembly of your State, dated the 19th instant, and
directed to the council of this State, that it is expected
that one fourth part of twelve regiments are to be imme-
diately drafted, formed into three battalions, and put under
your immediate command, and sent forthwith into this
State, to oppose the ravages and coming forward of the
enemy ; and also to desire the convention of this State to
send some person or persons to wait on you, at l!^o. 4, this
day, to advise with you, relative to the route and disposi-
tion your troops are to take, as also the present disposition
and manoeuvres of the enemy.
By Major Tyler and Captain Fitch I send you an
extract of a letter from General Schuyler, relative to the
situation of the enemy. And from what intelligence I
have been able to collect since that date, I judge there is
not less in number than 2,000, at different places in Cas-
tleton and Rutland, and a large number at Skenesbor-
ough ; part of which are (by their motion) making
122 COKEESPONDENCE OE
preparations for a very speedy movement toward this
camp, whicli is at present so thinly inhabited that I can
by no means be able to make a stand without assistance.
It is, therefore, of the most pressing importance that your
troops be forwarded to this place with as much expedition
as possible. Provision will be made here for their sub-
sistence, on their arrival. The council of safety of this
State are present, and join me in urging the necessity of
your speedy assistance.
I am, sir, your very humble servant,
SETH WARNER.
Brigadier General Stark.
Address of the Council of Safety of Yermont to the Councils of Safety of
Massachusetts and New-Hampshire.
In Council of Safety. State of Vermont, "I
Manchester, July 15, 1777. /
Gentlemen — This State, in particular, seems to be at pres-
ent the object of destruction. By the surrender of the
fortress of Ticonderoga, a communication is opened to the
defenceless inhabitants on the frontier, who, having little
more in store at present than sufficient for the maintenance
of their respective families, and not ability immediately
to remove their effects, are therefore induced to accept
such protections as are offered them by the enemy.
By this means, those towns who are most contiguous to
them are under the necessity of taking such protection,
by which the next town or towns become equally a fron-
tier as the former towns before such protection ; and un-
less we can have the assistance of our friends, so as to put
it immediately in our power to make a sufficient stand
against such strength as they may send, it appears that it
will soon be out of the power of this State to maintain its
territory.
This country, notwithstanding its infancy, seems to.be
as well supplied with provisions for victualing an army as
JOHN STARK. 123
any on the continent ; bo that, on that account, we can not
see why a stand may not as well be made in this State as
in Massachusetts ; and more especially, as the inhabitants
are heartily disposed to defend their liberties.
You, gentlemen, will be at once sensible that every
such town as accepts protection is rendered, at that in-
stant, incapable of affording any farther assistance ; and
what is infinitely worse, as some disaffected persons eter-
nally lurk in almost every inhabited town, such become
doubly fortified to injure their country, our good disposi-
tion to defend ourselves and make a frontier for your
State, with our own, which can not be carried into execu-
tion without your assistance.
Should you send immediate assistance, we can help you ;
and should you neglect till we are put to the necessity of
taking protection, you know it is in a moment out of our
power to assist you.
Your laying these circumstances together will, I hope,
induce your honors to take the same into considera-
tion, and immediately send us your determination in the
premises.
I have the satisfaction to be your honors' most obedient
and very humble servant. By order of the council,
IRA ALLEISr, Secretary.
Letter from Meshech Wcare, President of New-Hampshire, to Ira
Allen, Secretary of the State of Vermont.
Exeter, July 19, 1777.
Sir — I was favored with yours of the 15th instant yes-
terday, by express, and laid the same before our general
court, who are sitting. We had, previous thereto, deter-
mined to send assistance to your State. They have now
determined that a quarter part of the militia of twelve
regiments shall be immediately drafted, formed into
three battalions, under the command of Brigadier General
John Stark, and forthwith sent into your State, to oppose
124 CORRESPONDENCE OF
the ravages and coming forward of the enemy ; and orders
are now issuing, and will go out in a few hours, to the sev-
eral colonels for that purpose.
Dependence is made that they will be supplied with pro-
visions in your State ; and I am to desire your convention
will send some proper person or persons to ^N'umber Four,
by Thursday next, to meet General Stark there, and ad-
vise with him relative to the route and disposition of our
troops ; and to give him such information as you may
then have relative to the manoeuvres of the enemy.
In behalf of the council and assembly, I am, sir, your
most obedient humble servant,
MESHECH WEAEE, President
State of New-Hampshire. \
In Committee of Safety, July 30, 1777. /
To Colonel Samuel Eolsom —
You are desired to proceed to N^o. 4, and if General
Stark has marched from there before you arrive, to fol-
low him until you overtake him, and endeavor to find
out what circumstances his men are in ; how they are sup-
plied, and what they are likely to want that can be sup-
plied from hence.
The State of Vermont having assured us that they
would supply them with provisions, dependence is made
on them therefor.
You are to inform General Stark that it is expected that
he, with the advice of his field ofiicers, will appoint such
ofiicers as are wanting in his army.
Beside the ammunition lately sent to l^o. 4, there is
now on the way forty-three bushels of salt, a thousand
weight of musket-balls, of different sizes, four hundred
flints, and a small cask of medicines, of which you will
inform General Stark. If it had been possible to procure
tin kettles, they would have been sent, but they were not
to be had ; and we fear the men will be put to great diffi-
JOHN STAKK. 125
culty for want of them. You will endeavor to be informed
what magazine of ammunition there is at Bennington, and
whether oar men can depend on a supply from thence in
case of necessity.
You will inquire of Mr. Grrant and Col. Hunt what
ammunition they have delivered to Gen. Stark's men, and
what is now on hand, as well as stores. On the whole,
you are to advise with all persons in the service of this
State on such things as you think needful to forward the
business we are engaged in, and make report, on your
return, of what shall appear to you necessary to be farther
done for supplying the troops under Gen. Stark.
The X200 (pounds) delivered to your care you are to
deliver to Gen. Stark, if he thinks he shall need it, for
contingencies, taking his receipt to account therefor.
MESHECH WEAEE, President.
General Schuyler to General Lincoln.
Albany, August 8, 1777.
Dear General — Your favor of the 6th instant was de-
livered me last night. I could not wish you to remain
too long at Bennington for the Massachusetts militia, as
the enemy point their force down Hudson river ; and we
can not know how soon we may want your assistance.
Please to leave orders for them to follow you, and do the
same in respect to those from E'ew-Hampshire, who are
yet expected.
I inclose you a copy of a letter from General Washing-
ton to General Putnam, which was transm,itted me by the
latter, and came to hand last evening. You will please to
promulgate it as extensively as possible.
I am, with great regard and esteem.
Dear General, your mo. obt. hbl. servt.,
PH. SCHUYLER.
Major General Lincoln.
126 COKKESPONDENCE OF
Half Moon, August 14, 1777.
Dear General — ^Your favor of yesterday's date, per ex-
press, I received on the road to this place. As the troops
were not on the march, I am glad you detained them in
Bennington. Our plan is adopted. I will bring with me
camp-kettles, axes, ammunition and flints. I expect from
Albany a surgeon, with a case of capital instruments, band-
ages, dressing, medicines, &c., &c. You will please to
meet us, as proposed, on the morning of the 18th. If the
enemy shall have possession of that place, and in your
opinion it becomes improper for us to rendezvous there,
you will be so good as to appoint another, and advise me
of the place. You will give me leave to recommend that
all the troops march as light as possible, bringing only
their blankets, a second shirt, and a pair of stockings, be-
side what they have on.
I am, sir, your most obed't humble serv't.
B. LmCOLK.
Brigadier General Stark.
To the Council of Xew-Hampshire.
Bennington, August 18, 1777.
Gentlemen — I congratulate you on the late success of
your troops under my command, by express. I propose to
give you a brief account of my proceedings since I wrote
to you last.
I left Manchester, Yt., on the 8th instant, and arrived
here on the 9th. The 13th I was informed that a party of
Indians were at Cambridge, which is twelve miles distant
from this place, on their march thither. I detached Col.
Gregg, with two hundred men under his command, to stop
their march.
In the evening I had information, by express, that there
was a large body of the enemy on their way, with field
pieces, in order to march through the country, command-
ed by Governor Skene. The 14th I marched with my
JOHN STAKK. 127
brigade, and a portion of the State militia, to oppose them,
and cover Gregg's retreat, who found himself unable to
withstand their superior numbers. About four miles from
this town I accordingly met him on his return, and the
enemy in close pursuit of him, within a half mile of his
rear ; but when they discovered me, they presently halted
on a very advantageous piece of ground.
I drew up my little army on an eminence in view of
their encampment, — but could not bring them to an en-
gagement. I marched back about a mile, and there en-
camped. I sent a few men to skirmish with them, who
killed thirty of them, with two Indian chiefs. The 15th it
rained all day ; I sent out parties to harrass them.
The 16th I was joined by this State's (Vt.) militia, and
those of Berkshire county. I divided my army into three
divisions, and sent Lieut. Col. Nichols with two hundred
and fifty men on the rear of their left wing. Colonel Ilerrick
on the rear of their right, ordered, when joined, to attack
the same. In the meantime I sent three hundred men to
oppose the enemy's front, to draw their attention that way.
Soon after I detached Colonels Hubbard and Stickney on
their right wing, with two hundred men, to attack that part ;
all which plans had their desired efl:ect. Colonel Mchols
sent me word that he stood in need of a reinforcement,
which I readily granted, consisting of one hundred men ;
at which time he commenced the attack precisely at three
o'clock in the afternoon, which was followed by all the
rest. I pushed forward the remainder with all speed.
Our people behaved with the greatest spirit and bravery
imaginable. Had they been Alexanders, or Charleses of
Sweden, they could not have behaved better.
The action lasted two hours ; at the expiration of which
time we forced their breastworks, at the muzzle of their
guns ; took two pieces of brass cannon, with a number of
prisoners ; but before I could get them into proper form
again, I received intelligence that there was a large rein-
forcement within two miles of us, on their march, which
occasioned us to renew our attack ; but, luckily for us,
128 COEEESPONDENCE OF
Colonel Warner's regiment came up, which put a stop to
their career. We soon rallied, and in a few minutes the
action hegan very warm and desperate, which lasted until
night. We used their cannon against them, which proved
of great service to us.
At sunset we obliged them to retreat a second time ; we
pursued them till dark, when I was obliged to halt for
fear of killing our men.
We recovered two pieces more of their cannon, together
with all their baggage, a number of horses, carriages, &c. ;
killed upward of two hundred of the enemy in the field of
batftle.
The number of wounded is not yet known, as they are
scattered about in many places. I have one lieutenant
colonel, since dead (Colonel Baum), one major, seven
captains, fourteen lieutenants, four ensigns, two cornets,
one judge advocate, one baron, two Canadian officers, six
sergeants, one aide-de-camp, one Hessian chaplain, three
Hessian surgeons, and seven hundred prisoners.
I inclose you a copy of General Burgoyne's instruc-
tions to Colonel Baum, who commanded the detachment
that engaged us. Our wounded are forty-two — ten privates
and four ofiicers, belonging to my brigade ; one dead.
The dead and wounded in the other corps I do not know,
as they have not brought in their returns yet.
I am, Gentlemen, with the greatest regard, your most
obedient and humble servant,
joh:n' stark.
Brigadier General Commanding.
P. S. I think in this action we have returned the
enemy a proper compliment for their Hubbardston engage-
ment.*
* Historical Collections and Monthly Literary Journal.
JOHN STAKK. 129
Van SchaiTc's Island, August 18, 1777.
Sir — I have the honor to congratulate Congress on a
signal victory obtained by General Stark, an account
whereof is contained in the following letter from General
Lincoln, which I have this moment had the happiness to
receive ; together with General Burgoyne's instructions
to Lieut. Col. Baum, a copy whereof is inclosed.
I am in hopes Congress will very soon have the satisfac-
tion to hear that Gen. Arnold has raised the siege of Fort
Schuyler. If that takes place, I believe it will be possible
to engage two or three hundred Lidians to join the army,
and Congress may rest assured that my best endeavors
shall not be wanting to accomplish it.
I am informed that General Gates arrived at Albany
yesterday. Major Livingston, one of my aids, will have
the honor to deliver this dispatch.
I am, with every sentiment of respect.
Your obedient servant,
PH. SCHUYLEE.
Hon. John Hancock, Pres't of Congress.
The following private letter to General Gates, is copied from General
Stark's first draft. He would not write to Congress ; but wrote to his
old friend, General Gates.
Beymington, August 23, 1 777.
Dear General — Yours of the 19th was received with
pleasure, and I should have answered it sooner, but I have
been very unwell since. General Lincoln has written you
upon the subject, with whom I most cordially concur in
opinion.
I will now give you a short account of the action near
this place. On the 13th of August, being informed that
a party of Indians were at Cambridge, on their way to
this place, I detached Lieutenant Colonel Gregg to stop
130 COKRESPONDENCE OE
their march, and, in the night, was informed that a large
body of the enemy were advancing in their rear.
I rallied my brigade, sent orders to Colonel Warner,
whose regiment lay at Manchester, and also expresses to
the militia to come in with all speed to our assistance ;
which orders were all promptly obeyed. We then marched
with our collected force in quest of the enemy, and, after
proceeding ^Ye miles, we met Colonel Gregg in full re-
treat, the enemy being within a mile of him.
Our little army was immediately drawn up in order of
battle ; upon which the enemy halted, and commenced
intrenching upon very advantageous ground. A party of
skirmishers, sent out upon their front, had a good effect,
and killed thirty of them, without loss on our side. The
ground where I then was not being fit for a general ac-
tion, we retired one mile, encamped, and called a council
of war, where it was determined to send two detachments
to the rear, while the remainder attacked in front. The
15th, proving rainy, afforded the enemy an opportunity to
surround his camp with a log breast work, inform General
Burgoyne of his situation, and request a reinforcement.
On the morning of the 16th, Colonel Symonds joined
us, with a party of Berkshire militia. In pursuance of
our plan, I detached Colonel Mchols, with two hundred
men, to the left ; and Colonel Herrick, with three hundred
men, to the right, with orders to turn the enemy's flanks,
and attack his rear. Colonels Hubbard and Stickney,
with two hundred men, were posted upon his right, and
one hundred men stationed in front, to attract their atten-
tion in that quarter.
About three o'clock P. M., Colonel Mchols began the
attack, which was followed up by the remainder of my little
army. I pushed up in front ; and, in a few minutes, the
action became general. It lasted about two hours, and
was the hottest engagement I have ever witnessed, resem-
bling a continual clap of thunder.
The enemy were at last compelled to abandon their
field pieces and baggage, and surrender themselves prison-
JOHN STAKK. 131
ers of war. They were well inclosed by breast works, with
artillery; but the superior courage and conduct of our
people was too much for them.
In a few moments we were informed that a large rein-
forcement of the enemy were on their march, and within
two miles of us. At this lucky moment. Col. Warner's reg-
iment (one hundred and fifty men) came up fresh, who was
directed to advance and commence the attack. I pushed
up as many men as could be collected to his support, and
the action continued obstinately on both sides until sunset,
when the enemy gave way, and was pursued until dark.
With one hour more of daylight, we should have captured
the whole detachment.
We obtained four pieces of brass cannon, one thousand
stand of arms, several Hessian swords, eight brass drums,
and seven hundred and fifty prisoners. Two hundred and
seven were killed on the spot ; wounded unknown. The
enemy effected his escape by marching all night, and we
returned to camp.
Too much honor can not be awarded to our brave officers
and soldiers, for their gallant behavior in advancing
through fire and smoke, and mounting breast works sup-
ported by cannon. Had every man been an Alexander or
Charles XH.,* they could not have behaved more gallant-
ly. I can not particularize any officer, as they all behaved
with the greatest spirit. Colonel's Warner and Herrick,
by their superior intelligence and experience, were of great
service to me ; and I desire they may be recommended to
Congress.
As I promised, in my orders, that the soldiers should
have all the plunder taken in the British camp, I pray you
to inform me of the value of the cannon and other artil-
lery stores.
* The general was an enthusiastic aamirer of Charles XII. The memoir
of that intrepid warrior was the companion of all his campaigns ; and,
even to the last of his life, he dwelt with pleasure upon the daring exploits
of that Alexander of the north.
132 COKKESPONDENCE OF
I lost my horse in the action, and was glad to come off
so well. Our loss is inconsiderable — about thirty killed
and forty wounded.
Very respectfully,
Yours, in the common cause,
JOHISr STARK.
Hon. Major General Gates.
N. B. In this action, I think we have returned the
enemy a proper compliment for their Hubbardston affair.
JSToTE BY Editor. This letter differs in a few particu-
lars, of no importance, from the dispatch to the I^ew-
Hampshire council. I*Tot considering himself as acting
under the orders of Congress, he forwarded them no ac-
count of the action. General Schuyler, however, dis-
patched an aid-de-camp to that body, with the intelligence
of his success.
Copy of a handbill issued at Boston, August 22, 1777.
Boston, (12 o''clock) Friday, August 22, 1777.
The following letter from Hon. Maj. Gen. Lincoln to the honorable
council is just received by express.
Bennington, August 18, 1777.
Gentlemen — I most sincerely congratulate you on the
late very signal success gained over the enemy, near this
place, by a few continental troops, the rangers from the
grants, some of the militia from the State of Massachu-
setts, and those from [N'ew-IIampshire and the Grants,
under the command of Brigadier General Stark. Officers
and men, stimulated by the most laudable motives, behaved
with the greatest spirit and bravery ; entered the enemy's
several intrench ments with fortitude and alacrity, amid
the incessant fire from their field-pieces and musketry.
Our loss, killed, is supposed to be between twenty and
thirty — wounded in common proportion. The enemy
JOHN STARK. , 133
were totally defeated. The number of their slain has not
yet been ascertained, as they fought on a retreat, several
miles, in a wood ; but is supposed to be about 200. A
large number of the wounded have fallen into our hands.
We have taken one lieutenant colonel, mortally wound-
ed ; one major, five captains, twelve lieutenants, four
ensigns, two cornets, one judge advocate, one baron, two
Canadian ofiicers, and three surgeons. Beside the above
officers and wounded, there are in our hands thirty-seven
British soldiers, three hundred and ninety-eight Hessians,
thirty-eight Canadians, and one hundred and fifty-five
Tories ; four brass field-pieces, with a considerable quan-
tity of baggage. The number the enemy had in the field
can not be ascertained — perhaps one thousand five hun-
dred.
It is very unhappy for the wounded, and painful to us,
that such is our situation that we can not afford them all
that speedy relief which their distresses demand of us.
We were under a necessity to forward the prisoners to the
State of Massachusetts. They are now under the care of
General Fellows. He will wait the order of the council
with respect to them.
I was ordered by General Schuyler, a few days since,
from this place, to join the army at Stillwater, and was on
my return when the action happened. This is the best
account I c^ obtain of matters at present. It appears,
by one of the enemy's journals, that the day before the
general action they had thirty killed, and two Indian
chiefs, and some wounded.
I am, gentlemen,
With sentiments of esteem and regard,
Your very humble servant,
B. LIJSrCOLK
Published by order of council —
John Avery, Dep, Sec.
:^
134 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Captain Barnes, who brought the above letter, was in
those gallant actions, the following particulars of which
were taken from his own mouth : viz., that on Saturday,
the 16th instant, about one thousand six hundred militia
from Kew-Hampshire, Massachusetts, and the Grants, un-
der the command of Brigadier General Stark, about five
miles west of Bennington, at a place called Loomschorkj^
attacked a body of the enemy, consisting of about one
thousand five hundred, in their intrenchments ; and, after
an obstinate engagement, dislodged them from their strong-
holds, making prisoners of upward of three hundred men,
and taking two field-pieces.
General Stark, having been reinforced with one hundred
and fifty continental troops, under Colonel Warner, took
advantage of the confusion of the enemy's retreat, and
pursued them, with great slaughter, about two miles and a
half, where the enemy were reinforced with one thousand
men and two field-pieces. A second and very severe en-
gagement ensued, and after continuing about two hours,the
enemy beat a retreat. The militia rushed on with a uni-
versal shout, which put the enemy into such confusion, that
they left their wounded behind, and General Stark com-
plete master of the field.
In the second onset, two more field-pieces, together with
three hundred more of the enemy were taken ; among
whom was a lieutenant colonel, a major, the general's aid-
de-camp, and thirty other ofiicers. The prisoners arrived
at Lanesborough last Tuesday night. The enemy left
nearly two hundred dead on the field. Our loss was twenty-
five killed, and a number wounded. Among the prisoners
were one hundred and forty-seven tories, belonging to this
and other States ; that the parties sent out by General
Stark, the day after the engagement, brought in about one
hundred more prisoners. In the whole, the prisoners
amounted to more than seven hundred.
The number of the enemy, in the lines first attacked by
the militia only, were, as Capt. Barnes was informed by the
aid-de-camp of the general commanding, fifteen hundred ;
JOHN STAKK. 135
and that their reinforcement consisted of one thousand.
About one thousand stand of arms, and eight loads of
baggage was also taken, and twenty horses, supposed to
belong to the dragoons.
The lieutenant colonel, who was taken, is since dead of
his wounds.
General Stark is the same person who commanded a
regiment at the famous battle of Bunker's hill, and be-
haved there with great intrepidity and courage.
Captain Barnes says that, after the first action. General
Stark ordered a hogshead of rum for the refreshment of
• the militia ; but so eager were they to attack the enemy,
upon their being reinforced, that they tarried not to taste
it, but rushed on the enemy with an ardor perhaps unpar-
alleled.
state of New-Hmnpshire. In Committee of Safety.
Dear Sir — The committee received yours, of the 18th
instant, with the greatest pleasure, and have directed me
to present their very sincere thanks to you, the officers
and soldiers under your command, for their brave and
spirited conduct manifested in the late battle, and for the
very essential service done to the country at this critical
period. I hope, sir, that this success may be a prelude to
greater things of the same kind ; and that heaven will yet
bestow many blessings upon our countr^^, through your
hands.
Fervantly praying that the God of armies may protect
you in the day of battle, and be a shield and buckler to
our countrymen under your command, and that he may
give success and victory to all your undertakings, I do, in
behalf of the committee, subscribe myself
Your most obedient
And very humble servant,
M. WEABE, Chairman,
Hon. General Stark.
136 COREESPONDENCE OF
A collection of trophies, similar to those presented to
Vermont and Massachusetts, were sent to Kew-IIampshire.
The drum and one or two other articles have, after being
missing more than forty years, found their way to the
State Capitol at Concord. The cannon might also have
been there, had the legislature of !N"ew-Hampshire ever
considered them worth the trouble of application to Con-
gress. Vermont applied, and obtained two of them in
1848.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Vanshaik, August 19, 1777.
Dear Sir — I do myself the pleasure to congratulate you
on the signal victory you have gained. Please accept my
best thanks. The consequence of the severe stroke the
enemy have received can not fail of producing the most
salutary results. I have dispatched one of my aids-de-
camp to announce your victory to Congress, and the com-
mander-in-chief.
Governor Clinton is coming up the river with a body of
militia ; and I trust that, after what the enemy have re-
ceived from you, their progress will be retarded, and that
we shall yet see them driven out of the country.* General
Gates is at Albany, and will this day resume the command.
I am, dear general, your most obedient serv't,
PH. SCHUYLEE.
* Better still — they were driven to Boston. — Editor.
JOHN STARK. 137
To Brigadier General Stark.
State of Vermont, in Council of Safety, ")
Bennington, September 6, 1777. j
The council's compliments most cordially wait on his
honor, Brigadier Gen. Stark, with their sincere thanks for
the honor the general has been pleased to do them, by
presenting a Hessian broad-sword, taken by a- number of
troops from the State of l^ew-Hampshire and elsewhere,
under his immediate command, in the ever memorable
battle fought at Walloomschaik, near this place, on the
sixteenth day of August last ; and also for the honor the
general has been pleased to do them in applauding their
exertions as a council.
In the House of Representatives^ 1
September 18, 177T. /
''Voted, To choose a committee of three, to join such as
the honorable board shall appoint, to take into considera-
tion a letter from Congress respecting General Stark, and
to draft an answer thereto, and lay the san^e before this
house; and that Col. Peabody, Capt. Martin and John
Dudley, Esq., be the committee of this house for that
purpose. Sent up by Col. McClary."
September 23, 1777. " Sent the copy of a letter from
Gen. Stark, to Col. Evans, and another copy of the same
to Col. Drake, with a letter from this house to each of
them."
In Congress, September 18, 1777.
" Vote for a committee to draw an answer to a letter
just received from Congress, respecting the conduct of
Brig. General Stark, brought up and read, and concurred,
and Mr. Bartlett, Mr. King and Mr. Thompson added."
We have not been able to obtain the report of the com-
mittee above named upon the subject. But the Benning-
ton success probably superseded all farther action upon
the case. And the vote of thanks of Congress, and the
promotion of General Stark concluded the matter.
10
138 COKRESPONDENCE OF
From the President of the Council of Safety of the State of Yermont.
Bennington^ Sept. 20M, 1777.
The council beg leave to return their sincere thanks to
the Hon. Brig. Gen. John Stark for the infinite service he
has been pleased to do them, in defending them and their
constituents from the cruelty and bloody rage of our un-
natural enemy, who sought our destruction on the 16th of
August last.
They also retuni their grateful acknowledgements for
the honor the general has been pleased to do the council,
by presenting them with one Hessian gun, with a bayo-
net ; one broad-sword, one brass barreled drum, and a
grenadier's cap, taken on the memorable 16th of August,
for the use of the State.
The general may rely upon it they will be reserved for
the use they were designed.*
I remain, dear general,
With sentiments of esteem,
Your most ob't serv't,
THOMAS CHITTEOT)E]Sr.
Hon. Brigadier General Stark.
In Congress. The Delegates of the United States of New-Hampshire,
Massachusetts Bay, Khode-Island, Connecticut, New- York, New-Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-
Carolina, and Georgia,
To John Stark, Esquire.
We, reposing especial trust and confidence in your pat-
riotism, valor, conduct, and fidelity, do, by these presents,
constitute and appoint you to be brigadier general in the
army of the United States, raised for the defence of
American liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion
thereof You are, therefore, carefully and diligently to
discharge the duty of brigadier general by doing and per-
* Mr. Butler, in his address, inquires where are they now ? Lost, we
suppose.
JOHN STAKK. 139
forming all manner of things thereunto belonging ; and we
do strictly enjoin, charge, and require all officers and sol-
diers under your command to be obedient to your orders,
as brigadier general. And you are to observe and follow
such orders and directions, from time to time, as you shall
receive from this or a future Congress of the United States,
or committee of Congress, for that purpose appointed, or
the commander-in-chief, for the time being, of the army of
the United States, or any other, your superior officers, ac-
cording to the rules and discipline of war, in pursuance of
the trust reposed in you. This commission to continue in
force until revoked by this or a future Congress. Dated
October 4, 1777.
By order of the Congress —
JOHN HAISTCOCK, President.
Attest. Chas. Thompson, Secretary.
To General Stark, from President Hancock.
Yorktown, Pa., October 5, 1777.
Sir — It is with the greatest pleasure I transmit the in-
closed resolve of Congress, expressing the thanks of that
body to you, and to the officers and troops under your
command, for the signal victory you obtained over the
enemy in the late battle of Bennington.
In consideration of your distinguished conduct on that
occasion, and the service you rendered the cause of free-
dom and your country, the Congress have been pleased to
appoint you a brigadier in the army of the United States.
Be pleased to communicate to the officers and troops, un-
der your command, this mark of the approbation of their
country for their exertions in defence of American liberty.
I inclose your commission, and have the honor to be,
with the greatest esteem and respect, sir, your most obe-
dient and very humble servant,
JOHN" HANCOCK, President.
140 COREESPONDENCE OF
In Congress, October 4, 1777.
Resolved^ That the thanks of Congress be presented to
General Stark, of the ]^ew-Hampshire militia, and the of-
ficers and troops under his command, for their brave and
successful attack upon, and signal victory over the enemy,
in their lines at Bennington ; and that Brigadier Stark be
appointed a brigadier in the army of the United States.
By order of Congress —
JOHisT HANCOCK President,
Camp at Saratoga, October 18, 1777.
Dear Sir — Inclosed, I send you an exact copy of the
Convention, signed by Gen. Burgoyne, and ratified by me.
I will forward every thing necessary for your assistance.
Colonel Warner had my verbal instructions last evening.
Let me very frequently hear from you by express, and be
sure to keep a sharp look out upon Lake George and South
Bay, and between Fort Ann and Fort Edward.
I am, dear general,
Your affectionate
Humble servant,
HORATIO GATES.
The Hon'ble Brig. Gen'l Stark.
Proceedings in the Legislature of Massachusetts in regard to the Ben-
nington trophies.
To General Stark. '
Sir — The general assembly of this State take the earliest
opportunity to acknowledge the receipt of your accepta-
ble present — the tokens of victory gained at the memora-
ble battle of Bennington. The events of that day strong-
ly mark the bravery of the men who, unskilled in war,
forced from their intrenchments a chosen number of vet-
JOHN STAKK. 141
eran troops of boasted Britons, as well as the address and
valor of the general who directed their movements, and
led them on to conquest. This signal exploit opened the
way to a rapid succession of advantages most important to
America. These trophies shall be safely deposited in the
archives of the State, and there remind posterity of the
irresistable power of the God of armies, and the honors
due to the memory of the brave. Still attended with like
success, may you long enjoy the just reward of your
grateful country.
I have the honor to be,
Your obedient servant,
JEREMIAH POWELL,
President of the Council.
In Council. Eead and concurred, and ordered that the
above letter be taken into a fair draft, and the president
of the council be directed to sign the same ; and that it be
transmitted to the Hon. General Stark.
Consented to by fifteen of the Council.
Thursday, December 4, 1777.
In the House of Hej^resentaiives.
Resolved^ unanimously, That the board of w^ar of this
State be, and hereby are directed, in the name of this
court, to present to the Hon. Brigadier General Stark, a
complete suit of clothes becoming his rank, together with
a piece of linen, as a testimony of the high sense this
court has of the great and important services rendered by
that brave officer, to the United States of America.
In Council. Read and concurred, and consented to by
fifteen of the Council.
Friday, December 5, 1777.
]^OTE BY Editor. The trophies consisted of a musket,
sword, brass barreled drum, and a Hessian helmet. They
are suspended in the senate chamber of Massachusetts.
142 COKKESPONDENCE OF
War Office, 2ith January, 1778.
Dear General — The honorable Congress having thought
proper to direct an irruption to be immediately made into
Canada, and their design being in part communicated to
you by Hon. James Duane, Esq., I am directed by that
honorable body to acquaint you that, for wise and pruden-
tial reasons, they have appointed Major General the Mar-
quis de Lafayette, first in command, and Major General
Conway, second in command, who w^ill act in concert with
you in promoting the interest and political views of the
United States in Canada.
I am confident, from my knowledge of your attachment
to the freedom of America, that you will cordially coope-
rate with them in every measure and move to the public
service. My experience convinces me, and the opinion I
entertain of you and your associates, the general officers,
upon this important service, induces me to believe that
the expectations of Congress will be fully answered by
your hearty agreement with, and officer-like assistance to
the gentlemen above mentioned. There is not any thing
that will niore recommend your many and great services
to Congress than your implicit compliance with their
wishes upon this occasion.
I am, dear general,
Your most obed't humble serv't,
HORATIO GATES, President
Hon. Brigadier General Stark.
Instructions for Captain Patrick, Commanding officer at Schoharie,
Sir — ^You will keep continual scouting parties in the
adjacent country to where you are posted, to discover the
motions and movements of our internal enemies. If any
of them should be found under arms, aiding, assisting, or
holding correspondence with our enemies, you will forth-
with detect them (if in your power), and with their crimes
JOHN STARK. 143
send them to me or to the commanding officer at this place.
You will do the utmost in your power to find out if any-
British officers should come into that country, as it is
highly probable they will do, because they have there so
many friends ; and let no pains be spared in detecting and
securing them, making report of your proceedings, from
time to time, to me or the commanding officer at this
place. Putting great trust in your vigilance, valor, and
good conduct, I subscribe mj^self
Your very humble ser't,
joh:^ stark.
Given at Head Quarters, at Albany, this 20th day of
April, Anno Domini 1778.
Fishkill, May ISth, 1778
Dear General — ^Your letters of the 3d, 7th and 13th of
this month are just now put into my hands by General
McDougal. Being detained some days at a council of
war, held at Valley Forge, I did not arrive here until this
morning. I must therefore beg you will, with all conven-
ient expedition, embark Colonel Greaton's and Colonel
Allen's regiments, with the artillery under Lieut. Col.
Stevens, as directed in my last letter from the war office,
of the 17th ult., and command them to proceed immedi-
ately to Fishkill. This being executed, you will, as
speedily as may be, repair to the army in this department.
Please acquaint Col. Stevens that the military stores and
fixed ammunition are to be removed down the river,
agreeably to my former orders.
I am, sir, your most obedient
And humble servant,
HORATIO GATES.
The Hon'ble Major General Conway.
144 CORKESPONDENCE OE
To Brigadier General Stark.
Fishkill, May 18, 1778.
Dear Sir — This instant I received your favor of the 19th
of April last. I hope that this letter will find you in Al-
bany, from whence I have desired General Conway to re-
move, the moment he has embarked the troops and stores
to be sent down the river. As the committee at Benning-
ton have offered to recruit Colonel Warner's regiment with
three hundred men, I desire you will immediately trans-
mit them the inclosed requisition for that number. I will
write to Congress for the commission for your son,* and
shall, the instant I receive it, transmit it to your hand.
I am, dear sir, your afiiectionate humble serv't,
HOEATIO GATES.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Albmiy, May 18, 1778.
Sir — Wq have raised a few rangers to apprehend and
secure such persons whose going at large may be danger-
ous to the liberties of America. We want now to send
them out, and would be glad if you would give an order
that they may be supplied with ammunition. They are
fifteen in number.
We are, with great respect.
Your most obedient serv'ts,
MAT. YESSEKER,
ISAAC D. FO]S"DA,
JOHN M. BEECKMAI^,
Commissioners.
* Archibald Stark, then a youth of eighteen. — Editor.
JOHN STAKK. 145
Oneida, May 19, 1778.
Sir — Your favors of 12th and 16tli inst., together with
the inclosed speech, this day, came safe to hand. I be-
lieve it most prudent to defer communicating your answer
to the Senecas until I have had an opportunity of consult-
ing the Oneida chief upon the subject. The meeting at
Onondaga is this day dissolved. ^Not one of the Quigogas
attended ; nor any of the Seneca chiefs, but a number of
their warriors.
They have not yet taken up the affair of the commis-
sioner's speech at Johnstown. The whole concern of the
Senecas has been to fall upon some plan to recover their
prisoners out of our hands. Some friends of ours returned
from Onondaga this evening, and inform that three consid-
erable parties of Senecas and Quigogas — one consisting of
one hundred and twenty-four men — have some time since
gone to war upon the frontiers of Virginia, and that an-
other party set out yesterday for Quigoga to ravage the
frontiers of Pennsylvania, and that Butler is now at Kan-
adasega, with a large quantity of arms and ammunition
for the Indians, where the remaining part of his friends
are to meet him. I shall give you a farther account, as
soon as the sachems, who are now on their way, return.
I am informed that another council is summoned to meet
at Onondaga, when the commissioner's speech at Johns-
town is to be taken into consideration. But from present
appearances, I think there is little reason to expect such
an answer as will, or can be accepted. From the character
of my informer, and from several concurring circum-
stances, I have reason to think the above articles of intel-
ligence are too true, and that we shall soon receive a dis-
agreeable confirmation.
I am, sir, your most obedient
And very humble servant,
JAMES DEA^^E.
General Schuyler.
146 COEKESPONDENCE OF
To the Hon. General Stark.
Albany, 20th May, 1778.
Sir — The mayor, aldermen and commonality of the city
of Albany being convened in common council, in conse-
quence of your honor's letter to General Ten Broeck, of
this date, informing him that the troops are ordered to
Fishkill, and requesting him to relieve the guards in the
city.
The common council beg leave to observe that they
consider themselves in duty bound to inform you that,
from the weakness of the militia in this city (owing to the
number in public service) it will not be safe to leave the
stores, provisions, hospital, sloops and vessels, the regular
and other prisoners (the latter exceeding one hundred), be-
side the disaffected in and about the city, to so small a
number as one hundred and fifty, being the whole number
of the militia that are subject to military duty ; for should
any accident happen, by means of the disaffected, either
in destroying the stores or in discharging the prisoners
(ten whereof are now under sentence of death), it would
distress not only this city, but the service of the continent
generally.
The common council farther beg leave to observe that
about six weeks ago the troops were also ordered down,
but upon the committee's representing to the Hon. Major
General Conway the above matters, and the necessity of
having a bod}^ of troops in this city, to succour the north-
ern and western frontiers in case of an attack. General
Conway, then commanding at this post, wrote upon the
subject to Major General McDougal, and his excellency, the
Governor, who thereupon ordered the troops to remain
here. The common council farther beg leave to observe
that in case your honor can not detain one of the regi-
ments stationed here, that at least one hundred and fifty
men ought to be detained, and they doubt not that your
honor will concur with them in sentiment.
JOHN STAKK. 147
The bearers hereof, Mr. Eecorder and Aldermen, mem-
bers of this board, can inform your honor of many other
reasons for the detention of part of the troops.
We are your honor's obedient servants,
JOHI^r BAECLAY, Mayor.
By order of Common Council.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Head Quarters, Valley Forge, 20th May, 1718.
Sir — In a letter from Maj. Gen. Sullivan of the 1st
instant, he complains of wanting assistance in his com-
mand, and begs that you may be desired to take post with
him this campaign. You will therefore be pleased to join
him as soon as possible.
I am, sir, your most obed't
And very humble serv't,
GEO. WASHINGTOK
To Hon. Major General Gates.
Albany, May 21, 1778.
Dear Sir — In consequence of the remonstrance from the
mayor and aldermen of this city, in committee assembled,
which I inclose you, I have detained a regiment of troops
destined for Fishkill, and think it highly necessary for the
security of the citizens and commonality.
Murders and robberies are daily committed in the adja-
cent counties by our internal enemies. The militia, it is
possible, could be raised, but you know that there is no
dependence to be put in them ; and by letting these infa-
mous villains at large, we should greatly endanger our
most valuable friends.
I am sensible, after mature consideration, you will ap-
prove of my conduct, sir ; waiting with impatience for
your answer, I subscribe myself
Your affectionate and most humble serv't,
JOHN STARK.
Hon. Major General Gates.
148 COKKESPONDENCE OF
To Colonel Safford.
Albany, May 21, 1778.
Sir — Doctor Smith complains that the troops at Fort
Edward are turning out the inhabitants and destroying
the buildings at that place. I should be glad that such
disorders should be suppressed, and the inhabitants' prop-
erty secured.
I received a letter from you, directed to General Con-
way, informing him that you expected that the cannon
would be at Fort Ann. I should be glad to know where
they are now. You mentioned teams to be sent from this
place. Col. Lewis not being here, I can give no informa-
tion in that matter. I expect him soon, when I can give
you an account. Keep a good look out for the enemy, so
that they do not come upon you unawares.
Your most ob't humble serv't,
JOHNS' STARK.
To Major General Schuyler.
Fort Schuyler, May 23, 1778.
Sir — Your favor of the 10th instant came safe to hand,
and I have now the happiness to acquaint your honor that
things have taken a very different turn from wdiat they
promised when I did myself the honor to write you last.
I left the Oneidas yesterday. Your agent, Mr. Deane, re-
quested me to inform you that the reason of his not writ-
ing now, w^as the uncertainty which attended the result of
the meeting at Onondaga. However, in his opinion, from
what he could collect, there remained very little prospect
of a reconciliation with the Senecas ; that the Oneidas
would soon stand in need of your protection ; that the
German Flats, and Cherry Valley w^ould soon be attacked
by the Indians, in scouting parties, some time next month.
Mr. Butler is on his way down through the Six [N'ations.
He was left at Kanadasega (the first Seneca village west
of Cayuga) six days ago, where, by the way, he was met
by his son, ensign Butler, and a number of tories.
JOHN STARK. 149
Mr. Butler's address to the Indian's, and professed design,
will be transmitted to your honor, by your agent, the
moment the Oneidas determine what course to take. I left
them yesterday, full of resentment against the Cayugas
and Senecas. They were then upon the point of giving
them up to deserved punishment, and immediately call
upon your honor for a sufficient force to crush them.
The Oneidas now find they have been very much imposed
on by their brothers, the Cayugas, who had the impudence
to frame a great part of that speech sent you with four
strings of wampum. When the Oneida sachems left
Onondaga they could not determine what effect their dec-
larations and advice would have upon the minds of the
Seneca warriors there convened ; whether they would re-
turn from thence to meet Mr. Butler, or proceed with their
prisoners down to Albany. Mr. Butler strictly enjoined
them to go no farther than Onondaga, or Oneida at far-
thest, and then, by the hands of the Oneidas, demand of
General Schuyler their prisoner, " Atskeara," to be de-
livered up at one of those places for an exchange ; but
this the Oneidas peremptorily refused.
This morning two runners came from Oneida, with a
letter from Mr. Deane, informing that three Senecas had
arrived there, and the others were on their way with their
prisoner. This, said Mr. Deane, changed the face of
things.
I am fully of your opinion that a conference with the
Six E"ations, at Fort Schuyler, if attainable, would be at-
tended with good consequences ; but at present it appears
to me impracticable, unless you had such a force at this
garrison as would strike terror through those haughty, in-
solent Senecas, and a speech sent them of a like import,
closing with some words of clemency ; and then, it is my
opinion, you might effect it. I propose going down, the
beginning of next week, by which time I expect Mr. Deane
will be able to transmit to you something decisive as to
affairs in this quarter. You can hardly conceive what ar-
tifices and barefaced lies the enemy make use of to evade
150 COKKESPONDENCE OF
the force of argument, and misrepresent every thing you
say to the Indians, particularly among the Senecas.
I have the honor to he
Your ohedient and humhle serv't,
s. kirkla:n'd.*
p. S. Mr. Butler has said, as related hy the Indians,
that Sir John Johnson f is repairing to Oswego, to take
post there, and Mr. Butler is collecting the Indians for a
conference at that place.
-r
To Honorable President of Congress.
Albany, 2ith May, 1778.
Dear Sir — I received your favor of April 18th, for which
I am greatly ohliged to you and my country, for the hon-
ors hestowed upon me. The cause of my country appears
the nohlest for which man ever contended ; and no meas-
ures should he neglected, or sacrifices withheld, which will
support it to a favorahle result. In such a cause we may
despise even death itself You may assure Congress that
I am most happy when I can do my country the greatest
service.
Some time ago Congress appointed me to raise a force
to destroy the British shipping at St. Johns. For this
purpose I raised a numher of soldiers, hut as the expedi-
tion was abandoned, they were dismissed.
I hope Congress will allow them some recompense for
their zeal in volunteering at so unpleasant a season of the
year.
I ask this favor, inasmuch as Congress made no provi-
sion for them in case they did not succeed. To grant this
favor might prove an encouragement to others to engage
in similar cases.
I am, sir, &c., &c.,
JOHIT STARK.
* Eev. S. Kirkland was the father of the late Kev. John Thornton
Kirkland, President of Harvard College. He was, in 1778, a missionary
among the Indians of the western part of New-York.
f Son of Sir William Johnson. He joined the enemy in 1775. — Editor.
JOHN STAKK. 151
« Albany, 2ith May, 1778.
Dear General — I received a letter from Governor Chit-
tenden, of Vermont, of the 21st inst., informing me that
you had written to that State for three hundred men to be
sent to Albany. I think it will be an injury to have them
leave that section, except they can be replaced by the like
number from some other quarter. We expect an invasion,
for the enemy's vessels are now at Crown Point, cruising
along the lake, which lies sixty miles on the frontier of
that State. I have ordered Colonel Bedel to keep scouts
at Onion river and St. Johns, and make report to me of
any movements of the enemy in those parts.
You wTote, some time since, that General Fellows was
to command on the Grants. He has not yet arrived. I
should like to know if he is to take that command, and
likewise how far eastward my command extends, that I
may govern myself accordingly. Colonel Safford informs
me that he has brought all the cannon as far as Fort Ann.
As I have a great deal of writing, I should be much
obliged to your honor to allow me a clerk ; or if I employ
one, to inform me what I shall promise him.
I am, &c., JOHN STARK.
Hon. General Gates.
To the Hon. Major General Schuyler.
Oneida, May 25, 1778.
Sir — I have deferred writing for several days, after the
return of the Indians from Onondaga, in hopes of being
able to give you a just account of the situation of affairs
among the Six IsTations. But the intelligence I receive is
so various and contradictory, that it is impossible to de-
termine what are their real intentions.
It is, however, now publicly known that three different
parties of Quigogas are already gone to war upon the
frontiers of Virginia and Pennsylvania. It is also said
that Joseph Brandt is at the head of a fourth, and that he
152 COEKESPONDENCE OE
is to collect his friends upon tlie Susquehanna, and attack
Cherry Valley. The party of one hundred and twenty-
four Senecas, mentioned in my last, are since returned
from war. They have taken thirteen scalps and two pris-
oners, with the loss of several of their party.
From the best accounts I have been able to collect, it
appears that the Onondagas are much divided in senti-
ment ; and that a party of the Senecas have observed a
neutrality since the beginning of the war, and still wish to
live in friendship with the United States. Upward of
twenty, mostly of this party, arrived here yesterday, on
their way to Albany, to procure an exchange of prisoners.
I expect them to leave here to-morrow. They are deter-
mined to proceed to whatever part of the States you shall
direct them, to effect their purpose.
They were ordered by their sachems to go no farther
than the boundary line, and procure an exchange there;
but the Oneidas, presuming upon their influence w^ith the
commissioners, encouraged them (at the late council at
Onondaga), with assurance of personal safety, to proceed
to Albany, or whatever place the prisoners they are in
quest of, may be confined.
The other part of the Senecas, which is by far the most
considerable, seem resolved to make no terms with us,
though I believe there is no danger of their attacking
Tryon county, while so large a party of their people are
down in our country.
The Onondagas have sent three runners successively to
the Quigogas and Senecas, to call them to the intended
meeting ; but, hitherto, to no purpose. They have there-
fore declared their final resolution not to address them
again upon the subject, but return the commissioner
belts, at Albany. All the Quigogas, not gone out to war,
are now attending a conference with Mr. Butler, at Kana-
dasega.
Upon the whole, there appears but very little prospect
that any considerable council will be held to deliberate
upon the commissioner's speech. Or should such an event
JOHN STAKK. 153
finally take place, I do not expect they will make such
satisfaction, for their repeated violation of treaties, as can
be accepted. Your speech, of the 11th instant, I have
communicated to the Oneidas and Tuscaroras, to their
great satisfaction, and yesterday repeated the same to the
Senecas, now here.
The Oneidas have of late been under great apprehen-
sions of danger. 'Not long since two of their young men
were fired upon by a party of the enemy, not far from this
village ; but as it was in the dark of the evening, they
both fortunately made their escape unhurt.
They are much concerned that there are no troops near
their country to march to their assistance, in case of a
sudden invasion. I have just received an intimation from
the sachems that they determine to address a speech to
the commissioners, as soon as they can find leisure and
opportunity, from whence you will be able to collect their
sentiments upon the present situation of affairs here. I
have not been able to procure any more warriors to join
General Washington's army. Their apprehensions of dan-
ger are such that they think it their duty to stay and pro-
tect their women and children.
I am, sir,
Your obedient humble serv't,
JAMES DEAKE.
To Governor Chittenden.
Albany, May 25, 1778.
Dear Sir — I have received yours of the 22d inst., and
noted the contents. You state that Gleneral Gates wrote
to you to raise three hundred men to recruit Colonel "War-
ner's regiment, and for their being removed to this place.
I have written to the general against it, setting forth the
necessity of their remaining on that station ; but have re-
ceived no answer yet. I have likewise written concerning
the quarter master's want of money, and of the necessity
11
154 COEEESPONDENCE OF
of his being so paid ; also to know how far my command
extends to the eastward. When I receive the answers, I
will give you farther intelligence. In the meantime, I
should be glad if the three hundred men should be made
up the general mentioned.
Your most obed't serv't,
JOHN STARK.
Albany, May 25, 1778.
Dear General — This morning a letter came to hand from
the governor and council of the State of Vermont, which
I inclose to you, and recommend to your consideration.
I am, dear sir.
Your humble serv't,
joh:n' stark.
Hon. Major General Gates.
To General Gates.
Albany, [Sunday) 81 s^ May, 1778.
Dear Sir — I this instant received an express from Scho-
harie (a copy I enclose), informing that a party of the
enemy have made a descent at Cobuskill, and destroyed
a great part of that place. I have ordered out the militia
to put a stop to farther proceedings, which I hope will
have the desired effect for the present. But they can not
prevent it effectually ; for, as soon as they return, the
enemy will make farther descents, and get away before
the militia are collected. I think it highly necessary that
a party should be raised for some certain time, and equip-
ped, to march at the shortest notice to any quarter where
the enemy may happen to be in force. Without some
such method, I fear they will lay waste a great part of our
frontiers. I leave it to your wise consideration.
I remain yours, &c.,
joh:n^ stark.
JOHN STAKK. 155
To General Stark.
Headquarters, Robinson's House, \
May 30th, 1778. f
Sir — I have received your favor of the 21st inst. My
reason for demanding three hundred men from the com-
mittee at Bennington, was in consequence of their having
offered to supply that reinforcement to protect Albany,
and the upper part of Hudson river, from the tories and
scouting parties of the enemy.
Col. Bedel's regiment was thought sufficient to cover
the north-western frontiers of the Grants, and all Gen.
Nixon's brigade was to come to Fishkill. In case Col.
Warner's regiment can not be supplied with the drafts
requested from Bennington, you will apply, in my name,
to the generals commanding the militia in Hampshire,
and Berkshire, State of Massachusetts, for the purpose
above recited.
I must desire you will immediately apply to the deputy
quarter master general to provide a sloop to carry the
convalescent British prisoners of war, now at Albany, to
Fishkill, from whence they are, by his excellency. Gen-
eral Washington's command, to be sent in the same vessel
to l!^ew-York, where a like number of our soldiers, pris-
oners with the enemy, are to be returned.
As the artillery stores, hospital and prisoners of war are
now removed, or removing from Albany, I think Alden's
regiment should be without delay sent from thence, as I
can not conceive but the inhabitants of Albany can at
least protect the town until the militia from the Grants, or
Massachusetts, arrive to defend it, especially as Warner's
regiment to the northward, Gansevoort's to the westward,
and the militia of the whole country in the immediate
space, cover that city.
As to the extent of your command under me, it was
intended that it should be confined to the State of New-
York, northward and westward of Albany ; and as far as
the manor of Livingston, inclusively, to the south ; and on
both sides of Hudson river. The governments of the
156 CORRESPONDENCE OF
adjoining States will no doubt provide for their own de-
fence respectively. But this, as circumstances require,
will be altered hereafter. If your brigade major can not
do all your writing business, you must doubtless employ a
clerk. His wages must be what is at present customary
for such services.
I am, sir, your affectionate
Humble servant,
HOUATIO GATES.
To Major General Gates.
Albany, Z\st of May, 1778.
^x> — I inclose you copies of two letters received from
Schoharie. The tragical scheme has been some days
brewing. I shall send them all the relief in my power ;
but, I assure you, it will be a slender reinforcement. I
have applied to Gen. Ten Broeck for his militia, and he
has promised to assist me as soon as church is over. He
can not do any business before, for fear of frightening the
town into fits. I should be glad of some few field pieces
for the protection of this quarter, as we are weak in men
and weaker in artillery. If you could spare me one regi-
ment more, I think it would be highly necessary for the
benefit of the United States.
I am, in a great hurry,
Your aff. humble serv't,
JOHN STAEK.
P. S. I wrote you about moving the British hospital
to ]S"ew-England. I must desire you would immediately
order it to be removed.
JOHN STAKK. 157
To the Mayor and Common Council of Albany.
Albany, June 1, 1778.
Gentlemen — As I am ordered by the Hon. Major General
Gates to send to Fishkill all the continental troops from
this place, with the British hospital, I must beg the favor
of you to mount the guards for the security of the city
and the stores in it. Your compliance will much oblige
your friend, and very humble servant,
JOim STARK.
To General Ten Broeck.
Albany, June 1, 1778,
Dear General — I have this instant received orders from
General Gates to call upon you to send, without loss of
time, one hundred men from your brigade to garrison this
city, and protect the stores in it, as the militia can not be
depended upon.
The Indians and tories have made a descent upon a
place called Cobuskill, about forty miles from this place,
and destroyed some part of it. A party of continentals,
posted not far off, attacked them ; while a company of
these militia poltroons looked on, excepting six, who be-
haved well. This is all the news. I have written to the
brigadier of Hampshire county for the like number.
I am, sir, &c..
JOHI^ STARK.
Albany, June 2, 1778.
Dear General — I received your» of May 30th, informing
of the British hospital's removal, which gives me pleasure.
Your orders for sending down Alden's regiment shall be
obeyed as soon as the wind will admit. "No news could
give the troops here more pleasure than to hear of their
being removed, as they have lost all confidence in the
militia since the affair at Cobuskill. I wrote you some
158 COEKESPONDENCE OF
time since concerning Bedel's regiment being mustered
by a continental muster master, but you have given no
answer to tbat part of my letter. I think it highly neces-
sary that they, having been all this time at home doing
nothing, should be employed some where; I think on
Otter creek or at this place. If on Otter creek, "Warner's
corps could be moved this way. I have sent orders to the
brigadiers of Hampshire and Berkshire counties to send
me two hundred men to garrison the city and the places
hereabouts. I likewise send you a copy of a journal I
received this day, informing of the situation of the ene-
my's shipping on the lake.
Yours, &c.,
J. STARK.
Hon. Gen. Grates.
Hon. Brigadier General Stark.
Cohnawaga, M of Ju7ie, 1778.
Sir — ^We were this day at the fort at Johnstown, with a
few invalids, and about six o'clock of said evening, one
Philip Pellet, an old servant of Major Fonda, who is a
worthy man, came and informed us that about half way
between Sagondawa and Johnstown he saw about one
hundred Indians, painted, in the woods, near his house.
He also says he knew some tories who were there, w^ho
took George Cook and his son prisoners, together with
Charles Maresius and several others ; and as we were busy
swearing to this purpose, two other expresses arrived at
the fort, who said the Indians were busy destroying all
before them in that part of the country, and were then
near Johnstown ; upon which we thought proper to go
home and bring our families into Cohnawaga church, hav-
ing only seven armed men to defend that fort. All our
militia have gone to the relief of those at Cobuskill and
Cherry Valley, on the German flats. We are only about
ten men strong in the church, with about one hundred
JOHN STAKK. 159
women and children, and expect to be attacked this night
by the best • accounts we can get. For Grod's sake, send
reinforcements, or I am afraid we shall fall an easy prey
to the enemy ; and we are also much afraid that some of
our neighbors will act against us.
We are, your most obed't serv'ts,
FREDERICK FISHER,
ZEPHAOTEL BACHELDER,
JAMES YEDEISr,
THOMAS ROMEA,
C. F. M. ADAMS,
GILES FO^DA.
Received at Albany, June 4th, 1778.
N"oTE BY Editor. A party was dispatched to their relief
by General Stark, and the besiegers were themselves sur-
prised and defeated ; and some of them, brought in as pris-
oners, proved to be tories, and hanged.
General Stark to General Gates.
Albany, June 4, 1778.
Dear General — By the inclosed, you will find how de-
plorable my condition is ; and I do not in the least doubt
an immediate assistance will be granted.
Colonel Ilerrick has been here this day, applying for
pay for part of a regiment he raised to go to Canada last
winter. Among my inclosures, is a letter from Colonel
Bedel, who says his regiment is full, and ready for the
field, waiting for nothing but provisions.
I should be glad to have Colonel Ethan Allen command
in the Grants, as he is a very suitable man to deal with
tories, and such like villains.
Colonel Ilerrick, whose bravery and good conduct is a
sufficient recommendation to him, I look upon, would be
a very suitable man to be in this western quarter to
160 COKKESPONDENOE OF
scourge these tories and Indians. Your sentiments on the
above will add greatly to the former favor conferred on
Your affect, humb. serv't,
J. STARK.
Hon. Major General Gates.
Albany, June 5, 1778.
Honored Sir — I last night received your kind favor, of
20th ult, informing that General Sullivan desires me
to join him this campaign. Had it been the pleasure
of Congress to have ordered me to that station, I should
have thought myself very happy to have served a cam-
paign with that worthy officer ; and would still be glad to
•join him, if it could be for the public good.
I look upon myself in a disagreeable situation here,
with nothing to do but guard the frontier ; with no troops
but militia, who are engaged but for a month at a time.
I can not obtain any great advantages to the public, nor
honor to myself
But I shall cheerfully obey any orders that are entrusted
to me, and proceed wherever Congress * shall think I may
be of most service. I have no will of my own ; the good
of the common cause is all my ambition.
I remain, dear sir, your
Devoted and very humble servant,
JOHIT STAEK.
His Excellency, General Washington.
* Congress ordered him to the command of the northern department.
JOHN STABK. 161
To the Hon. General Stark.
Highlands, Sth June, 1778.
Sir — I have received your letters of the 18th and 20th
instant, and now inclose two to Colonel Ethan Allen, and
one for Colonel Bedel, both of w^hich you will please to
forward immediately by express. I have ordered Colonel
Bedel to send you one hundred of his regiment, properly
officered, without delay, to Albany ; which, with the
militia from Hampshire and Berkshire counties, will be a
good reinforcement. The governor farther assures me
you hq-ve all the support he can furnish.
Mr. Winship, when he was here, said that there were
only twenty men at Fort Edward, and that Warner's reg-
iment was at Saratoga ; of course the issuing commissary
might from thence have supplied the few men at the up-
per post. If it is absolutely necessary that an issuing
commissary should reside at both places, you will order
Mr. Winship to place them accordingly.
You will please to acquaint Colonel Yarick w^ith my
orders to send one of his deputies immediately to Coos,
to muster Colonel Bedel's regiment ; and direct the colonel
himself to set out directly for Fishkill to muster the east-
ern reinforcements that are daily expected. As to the
employment of Colonel Bedel's regiment, I am satisfied
with whatever you may determine ; but it may not be
amiss to take Colonel Ethan Allen's opinion upon the sub-
ject, with whom I wish you to open a correspondence. I
I have no doubt but an issuing commissary is emploj^ed
with Bedel's regiment ; if not, one must be appointed.
Colonel Bedel has my orders to obey your commands.
I am, sir, your affectionate, humble servant,
HORATIO GATES.
162 CORKESPONDENCE OF
To Colonel Klock.
Albany, June 14, 1778.
Sir — I am desired by his excellency, Governor Clinton,
to order you to fill up the two companies of rangers that
were proposed to be raised in Try on county, at the last
session of the assembly. He is much surprised that it has
been delayed so long, since your all is at stake. Your ex-
ertions in this affair will do you honor, and your neglect
will be your disgrace and your country's ruin. You can
not expect that the people of this State and the neighbor-
ing States will leave their farms and families to relieve
you, when you will do nothing for yourselves. If you
expect relief, you must first exert yourselves ; and then,
I make no doubt but your neighbors will cheerfully assist
you. I give this order first for your own safety, and next
for the public good.
Your obed't serv't,
J. STARK.
1^. B. By having such a number of alert men (and
no others are fit for such a service) on your frontier, you
will not only disconcert the plans of the enemy, but oblige
them to watch their own frontiers, and leave yours in
peace. You complain from that quarter that you can not
carry on your business ; but if there are a number in the
service, there will remain less to be provided for, and the
country made safe. Were such men to be found as could
go into the enemy's country, and serve them as they have
served you, it would put a stop to their progress, and ren-
der you entirely secure ; and without such measures are
taken, you may depend upon it you will be harrassed to
the last degree. J. S.
JOHN STAKK. 163
To the Committee of Safety of Tryon County.
June lUh, 1778.
Gentlemen — I received yours, of 14th, wherein you com-
plain that you are in bad circumstances. I am of the
same opinion with you ; but you may blame yourselves for
it in a great measure. The governor ordered the officers
in your county to raise two companies of rangers for the
defence of your frontiers, and exempted you from making
up your proportion of the continental troops. Had that
order been complied with, you might have been safe ; but
it was neglected, and you suffer. The reason for your not
having the men proposed for that place, is on that account.
They say that they are obliged to raise their proportion
for the army, while you were exempted, and now you
want them to guard your frontier.
Eespectfully,
JOHN STARK.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Peekskill, 17th June, 1778.
Sir — I am favored with the receipt of your letter, of the
13th instant, from Albany. I am much pleased that the
counties of Hampshire and Berkshire have so readily com-
plied with my request for the two hundred militia to be
sent to Albany. These, with what Colonel Allen will
do for you, the reinforcements from Bedel's regiment, will,
with the State militia, secure the frontier.
From my conversation with the Senaca chiefs, and the
complexion of affairs here, I am inclined to think you
will not have many real alarms in your district.
I have for some time been dissatisfied with these mat-
ters (as you emphatically call them). Let me know, as
soon as possible, the names and officers of those you think
necessary to be continued in the service, and I will lay it
before Congress ; and I wish you to recommend the dis-
mission of the rest ; but I desire that the armory may re-
main as it now stands.
164 COKRESPONDENCE OF
Issuing commissaries are only to be placed at the mag-
azines where you think proper to post troops. Lieut. Col.
SaiForcl was yesterday furnished with my orders upon the
agents for the clothing, etc., so much wanted for Colonel
Warner's regiment, and dispatched immediately therewith
to Boston.
Please to acquaint Colonel Wynkoop, that when he has
worked up his materials, and finished the ten gun boats
he mentions, I would not have him build any more, or
collect any more materials. As the boats are finished
they should be sent to Fishkill landing, to be rigged and
equipped. If Colonel Wynkoop is able, I should be glad
if he would come to me, when the boats come down, and
bring the abstract of the pay due to Captain Low's com-
pany of carpenters, that their demands may be satisfied.
I am, sir.
Your most ob't humble servant,
HOEATIO GATES.
Hon. General Stark.
Bennington, June \^th, 1778.
Dear Sir — I have lately received a letter from Gen. Gates,
requesting me to furnish you assistance in defending the
northern frontier. I shall be happy to render any aid in
my power for that service. Your reputation, and the
hatred and fear with which you are regarded by the tories,
those infernal enemies of American liberty, induce me to
propose a visit to your head quarters in Albany, so soon
as our aftairs are in a little better way. The tories, and
the friends of tories, give us some trouble yet. Their
management in a great measure keeps alive the anarchy
which has heretofore disturbed the peace of Vermont.
I am of opinion that we shall never be at peace while
one of the traitors is sufiered to remain in the country. I
JOHN STARK. 165
hear you are doing well with some of them.* I hope, in a
few days, to pay my respects to a man for whose republi-
can character and important services I have the highest
veneration and respect.
I am, sir,
Your most ob't serv't,
ETIIA:N' ALLEN.
To Col. Ethan Allen.
Albany, June 20th, 1778.
Bear Sir— Your favor of the 18th has just come to
hand, wherein you promise me a visit. You may be sure
that I shall be happy in receiving one from a man whose
fame has been so extensive, and whom I never have had
the pleasure of seeing. As for the political matters you
now have in hand, I cordially agree with you in senti-
ment. You may rely upon my cooperating with you in
purging the land of freedom from such most infamous
and diabolical villains.
As for Bedel's regiment, if any iniquity has been prac-
ticed upon the public, I hope in a few days to discover it,
I shall be obliged to you for using your best endeavors to
ascertain their numbers, employments, &c.
Please accept my best wi&hes for yoar success and happy
settlement of the business now on hand.
I am, sir.
Your obedient serv't,
JOHN STAEK.
* Doing well, here, means hanging; several tories this time having
been hanged at Albany. — Editor.
166 COKKESPONDENCE OF
To Major General Gates.
Albany, June 20th, 1778.
Dear General — I wrote to you some time ago to send me
a few small field pieces, with a proper quantity of ammuni-
tion for them, but they have not yet arrived. I would
be much obliged to you for them. We have here two iron
three-pounders, which I intended to send to Cherry Val-
ley, but find there is not one shot for them. And as that
is a place very much exposed, I think that they might be
of great service, as that post covers all the Mohawk river,
and stops all passages from Unadilla to that place. I
herewith inclose you a return from the commissary of
issues, which surprises me. There you will find seven
hundred and fifty rations, delivered out in a day, upon an
average, in the month of May, without any to the troops
or hospital. What these men are doing I do not know ;
but if there are as many at every post, according to the
number of troops, I think it is no wonder that provisions
are scarce and dear. I should be glad to have the matter
inquired into, as also the state of Bedel's regiment. It is
much doubted whether he has half the number enlisted
which he returns. Agreeably to your order, I have sent
for one hundred of them to come to this place ; but I
think it would be best to send for them all, and then we
shall find out the iniquity, if any there be. He has drawn
for a regiment last winter, to go to St. John's, double pay
and rations (and none of them ever left their homes ; and
whether any of them were enlisted or not is uncertain), to
the amount of $1,400 ; and now he is uneasy because he is
not paid for his regiment, of which no man knows where
it is. I think it the duty of every lover of his country to
endeavor to find out such people, which, without ordering
them some where else, is impossible ; for he can muster all
the inhabitants, and as soon as they are mustered, they go
to their own business again, and cheat the continent of
their wages and provisions.
I should be glad of your opinion on this subject, and
as you order I will do.
JOHN STAKK. 167
A nest of villains are lurking about Unadilla, sixty miles
from Cherry Valley, and have given us all this uneasiness.
I have thoughts of trying to remove it if practicable. I
have sent scouts to ascertain the strength and situation of
the country. I should be glad of your opinion on this
subject.
Your most ob't serv't,
JOHl^ STAEK.
Albany, 2\st of June, 1778.
Dear Sir — I received yours of the 11th, as to the expe-
dition to Unadilla. I have ordered scouts to be sent from
Cherry Yalley to reconnoitre that part of the country, and
find out the enemy's strength, and the situation of the
country. When they return, I shall be able to give you a
more particular account ; but, till that time, I must rest
content. I expect the scouts back in a week. I should
be obliged if you would forward the letter, by express, to
Gen. Gates.
I am, your ob't serv't,
JOHN^ STARK.
To Genoral Fellows.
Albany, 22d June, 1778.
Dear General — I received your favors, for which I am
obliged. You wrote that you would send one hundred
men, to guard the frontiers, which have arrived, and inform
me that they are raised for one month. I should be glad
to have them replaced by that time, as they will not tarry
any longer. Your compliance with this request, will much
oblige
Your friend and obedient servant,
JOHIsr STARK.
168 CORKESPONDENCE OF
To the Brigadier of Hampshire County, Mass.
Albany, June 22c?, 1778.
Dear General — I received orders, some time ago from
Gen. Gates, to call on the militia of Hampshire and Berk-
shire, to assist in securing the frontiers against the ravages
of the enemy. In pursuance of said orders, I v^-rote to
you and Gen. Fellows for one hundred men each, properly
officered, to be stationed on the frontiers, where it was
thought necessary. Gen. Fellows sent his proportion.
But I have not heard from you since. I wish that you
w^ould make up your proportion, and send them as soon as
possible. G^n. Fellows proposes to relieve his men every
month. If you should be put upon the same footing, it
would perhaps be not amiss. You can best judge of that
matter. The western frontiers are in great distress, and
unless speedily relieved, the settlement must be broken
up, which will be a great injury to the United States. As
it is the best country for bread in America, which is much
wanted for the use of the army, I hope you will succeed
in sending the men, so that I shall rest assured of your
vigilance and good wishes toward the welfare of your
country and the common cause.
Your ob't serv't,
JOHuN" STAEK.
To Captain Ballard.
Albany., 2Zd of June, 1778.
Sir — You are to proceed wdth the party, under your
command, to Cacknawaga, there, or as near that place as
you shall, with the advice of your colonel, and other offi-
cers in that quarter, judge most convenient to defend, and
stop the progress of Brandt (the Indian commandant).
Nevertheless, you are not to begin an engagement, but to
suffer the militia from this quarter to make the first attack,
and you are to support them as you may think most
proper.
JOHN STARK. 169
If you should find that Brandt has crossed the Mohawk
river on his way to Crown Point, you will then return
with the detachment. Wishing you a happy and success-
ful voyage,
I am, sir, your obed't serv't,
JOHN STARK.
To Captain ■William H. Ballard.
If you should stand in need of any horses or carriages,
you are to apply to the quarter master ; and all officers,
both civil and military, are ordered to supply you with
any thing you may want.
Given under my hand and seal.
JOHN STARK, B. G.
To General Gates.
Albany, June 25, 1778.
Dear General — This morning came to hand a letter, the
copy of which I inclose. Since that, another from Scho-
harie brings much to the same purport. I must beg your
immediate answer and instructions. There are here a
number of bateau men, and no employment for them.
Please instruct me in regard to them. Here are a num-
ber of British prisoners. I should advise to send them to
some part of New-England, as the scarcity and dearness of
provisions here renders them very costly ; and, likewise,
the number of disaffected make it dangerous. Upon the
above matters I should be glad of your immediate advice.
I am, &c.,
JOHN STARK.
12
170 COKKESPONDENCE OF
To General Stark.
Peekskill, 26th June, 1778.
Sir — Having received no letter from you since that
dated the 14th inst., I conclude all is calm and serene
in your quarter. Inclosed is a letter for Colonel Bedel,
which the bearer is charged to deliver to him at Coos.
You will, after perusal, seal and forward it as directed.
I have no account from General Washington later than
the 21st instant, when his army was on the east side of the
Delaware, at Corgel's ferry, and the head of the enemy's
column at Mount Holly, moving slowly through the Jer-
seys.
As General Washington declares in his letter, Philadel-
phia was evacuated the 18th inst., at sunrise. Our parties
who entered the city that day, took Cunningham, provost
marshal, and seven of the enemy's officers, prisoners. I
hope soon to give you joy of some capital stroke in our
favor.
I am, dear sir, &c.,
HORATIO GATES.
To Major General Gates.
Albany, 2Qth June, 1778.
Dear General — I received yours of the 17th, and it gives
me great pleasure to learn that you agree with me in sen-
timent in regard to those supernumeraries, or rather cor-
morants, that " devour the childrens' bread." I inclose
you a list, as you desired.
You will find one colonel, one major, twelve captains,
four clerks, and fourteen other officers ; but they can not
be in lower stations than that of captains in the battalions,
as I am informed their pay is a great deal more.
I think two assistant quarter masters sufficient to be sta-
tioned at Albany for all the business to be done there ;
one at Schenectady, one at Fort Schuyler ; and, as all the
timber is obtained at Coeyman's, there is no more to be
JOHN STARK. 171
done there than one barrack master, one forage master,
and clerk, and one wagon master can do.
We have not more than five or six wagons in the public
works. There are many carpenters at work here, build-
ing store-houses, which I think of no service at present ;
and God forbid they should go on, if there is any business
for them elsewhere. If they could not be better employed,
I think they had better be discharged, as we have now
more store-room than provisions.
As to the names of those to be retained in service, I
can not give them, as all are strangers to me. I have
been informed by some country people that the scheme
which the purchasing commissaries pursue is a great dam-
age to the public. The more they give for any article,
the more profit they have ; which seems to be the drift of
every body here, come of the public what will.
I understand that people have taken men out of the
regiments for clerks to them, giving to them sixty dollars
per month, which puts them above all officers of the reg-
iments, the colonel excepted ; which makes the troops very
uneasy. And I think they are not far from right, since the
soldier, who is despised, must run all the risks for nothing,
while these others are devouring the fat of the land.
I think that these things should be remonstrated against
to Congress, as they must be deceived in the manner these
people in their pay are spending the public money. I
leave them to your farther consideration, and conclude by
subscribing myself
Your obedient serv't,
JOIIN STAEK.
!N'oTE BY Editor. This letter caused much commotion
in the hive. Those who disliked the prospect of losing
profitable sinecure offices, were particularly indignant.
172 COKKESPONDENCE OF
To the President of the New-Hampshire Congress.
Albany, 2Sth of June, 1778.
Dear Sir — I take this opportunity, by express, to inform
you of my situation at this place. I arrived on the 18th
of May, and found the greatest irregularity in the army.
There were then two regiments here, and both ordered
away. I detained one of them for the security of this
citj, and the stores, as I could place no dependence upon
the militia ; such a set of poltroons is not to be found on
the face of the earth. When their all is at stake, they
rather choose to see it destroyed than to hazard any thing
in its defence. On the 13th of May, a party of continental
troops, who were stationed at a place called Schoharie,
about thirty or forty miles from this place, being informed
that a party of the enemy were advancing to destroy it,
marched out, but could not induce the militia to follow
them, except seven or eight ; and in a short time were
engaged with a party of the enemy, in which action the
captain, and the lieutenant, and fifteen men were killed,
while the militia coldly looked on, but did not go to their
assistance. Such is their conduct ; and when I applied to
them for a guard for their State prisoners, they told me
there were so many tories among them that they could not
be depended upon.
The Indians and tories are making depredations daily at
the westward. They have burned many houses, and killed
and driven away a great number of cattle.
The enemy have been very still at the northward, but I
expect they will break out soon, as they visit Crown Point
sometimes. If they should appear in that quarter, none
can be depended upon for the security of that country but
you.
Gen. Bayley informs me that he has sent one Major
Wright, of Peters' corps, to ]!!s"umber Four, but could not
get the people of that place to take him into custody,
which is similar to their conduct last year. I wish their
conduct to be inquired into. He was obliged to send him
to you. I would take it kind if he were secured, as he is
an arrant poltroon.
JOHN STARK. 173
It is reported here that General Howe has left Philadel-
phia, and Gen. Washington is on his march for ISTew- York.
How that may be, I do not pretend to say ; but it is cer-
tain they have put tlieir baggage on board some time ago.
Gen. Gates is on his march for New-York. They (the
people) do very well in the hanging way. They hanged
nine on the 16th of May ; on the 5th of June, nine ; and
have one hundred and twenty in jail, of which, I believe,
more than one half will go the same way. Murder and
robberies a^re committed every day in this neighborhood.
So you may judge of my situation, with the enemy on my
front, and the devil in my rear.
I am your obedient humble servant,
JOHi^ STARK.
To Colonel Hay.
Albany, June 30, 1778.
Dear Sir — I received yours of the 26th inst., and have
noted the contents. As for sending Mrs. Chesley and
Mrs. Cooper to Canada, I can not see any damage they
can do us by their going ; and there is one other, 'S^ * h^ * * *
and his wife, had best go along with them. If you send
your letter, I will lay them under an obligation to convey
it safe. You wrote for some large cannon that were
brought from Ticonderoga, to put on board the gun-boats.
They are not mounted. I have ordered them to be put in
order ; but I believe they will not do, as they are very
long. The two eighteen-pounders are twelve feet, and the
twelve-pounders nine feet long ; but, if they will answer,
I will send them as soon as they can be put in order.
There are a few anchors here ; but I can not obtain them
any other way than by pressing them, as it grieves the
inhabitants to the soul to think that they can not help the
enemy. For all the disappointments the enemy have met
with, they are still in hopes they may recover, and then it
will be out of their power to grant them any relief.
I am, sir, &c., JOHN STAEK.
174 OOEKESPONDENCE OF
To General Stark. n
June 30, 1778.
Sir — I received yours of the 27th instant, and much ap-
prove of your plan. I shall do every thing in my power
to have it put in execution. The field pieces you men-
tioned, I will send for, and I think there will he no obsta-
cle in the way, but the want of men, who I hope will be
got out. Should it meet with success, it would in all
probability put a stop to the ravages of the enemy in your
quarter, and chastise the pride and insolence of that aban-
doned savage crew. And unless such measures are taken,
you will be kept in a continual alarm, and your country
ravaged.
I am, sir, &c.,
HORATIO GATES.
To the Hon, General Gates.
July \st 1778.
Dear General — I have some thoughts of sending a party
to Unadilla, to try to break up a nest of tories — which
nests give us all our trouble in this quarter. To promote
my plan, I beg you would be so good as to send me the
field pieces I wrote you about some time since. This
Unadilla is about sixty miles from Cherry Valley. It is
concluded that the expedition can be made in a month.
Should the party meet with success, they will secure all
our western frontiers, and give such a check to the tories
in these parts that they will never dare to lift up their
heads again. I have received no answers to my three last
letters. We live in a suspense about the transactions of the
southern army. I wish to learn the truth.
I am, dear sir.
Your sincere friend.
And humble servant,
JOHI:^ STARK.
JOHN STARK. 175
[Press "Warrant]
Albany, 2d of July, 1778.
Sir — The general finds that the inhabitants of this place
are so lost to all sense of their duty to the continent, that
they will not assist him in any thing they can help, which
puts him to the disagreeable necessity to order you to take
such a number of bateau men as shall be necessary to
assist you in pressing one anchor from Martin G. Van
Burgan, one from William Winne, and from one Lucas,
into the public service, and one from Dow ; the one from
Dow, you will pay for. The other three you will give your
receipt for, they being all for the service of the continent ;
and this shall be your sufficient order for so doing.
Given the day and date above mentioned.
JOHE^ STARK
[Supposed to Colonel Alden.]
Albany, Ath of July, 1778.
Dear Sir — I received yours of the 1st instant ; and con-
cerning those disaffected persons, if they will not come
within the lines, and swallow the oaths of allegiance with
a good stomach, you must take the trouble to bring them
in, and use your utmost endeavors (by usage becoming
such villains) to make them (after a season) valuable sub-
jects.
I send you three quires of paper by the bearer. The
ammunition you write for shall be sent by the first safe
opportunity. I shall make inquiry about the salt provi-
sions and rum ; if to be spared, they shall be sent to
you. The militia from Berkshire county must be sent
down ; but you are to stay until farther orders.
I am, sir, your obedient serv't,
JOim STAEK.
\
176 COKRESPONDENCE OF
To Captain William H. Ballard.
Sir — ^You will proceed immediately with a number of
tories (whom you brought to this place prisoners), to Al-
bany. You are to take a guard sufficient for you from the
militia. When you arrive at Albany, you will deliver the
prisoners unto General Stark. Then you will return and
join your regiment.
ICHABOD ALDEN, Colonel
l^OTE BY Editor. Colonel Alden commanded the post
at Cherry Valley, and was surprised by the Indians under
Brandt and Walter Butler, in the autumn of 1778, and
slain. The fort was not taken, but the houses of the set-
tlement were mostly burnt, and the inhabitants nearly all
massacred. Colonel A., very imprudently, was accus-
tomed to sleep outside of his fort. He was in a house
outside on the night of the surprise.
Albany, 9th July, 1778.
Honored Sir — I received a letter from Col. Ganesvoort,
informing that he has received intelligence the enemy are
making preparations against Fort Schuyler ; on which I
ordered Colonel Alden's regiment to reinforce him, which
leaves me without any troops but a few militia, and with-
out a field officer. I should be glad of a few continental
troops, if not more than one company, as there is not one
officer here that can parade a guard. As to the affair of
Fort Schuyler, I refer you to Colonel Ganesvoort's letter,
of which you have a copy.
Yours, &c., J0H]5^ STAEK
General Gates.
JOHN STARK. 177
To Colonel Warner.
Albany, July 9, 1778. .
Dear Sir — An alarm from Fort Schuyler has put me
under the necessity of sending Colonel Alden's regiment
to reinforce that post, which has left me without a field
officer to command the militia. I should be obliged, if
your health will permit you to come and take command
of them, and assist me in the farther operations of the
campaign. Your compliance with this request will much
oblige your friend and
Humble servt..
JOHIsr STARK.
To General Gates.
Albany, 15th July, 1778.
Dear General — I send you by the bearer. Captain Clark,
eight of those people, called tories, who have been found
so inimical to their country that the council of our good
friends at Bennington have thought proper to send them
as a present to their friends, to obey their laws and wor-
ship their gods in future. I would to God every State on
the continent would follow their example. If this meets
your approbation, you will send them to the enemy's lines,
where they will be received. The good people of Ver-
mont have suffered too much from them already to per-
mit them any longer to be their neighbors.
I am, &c., JOHN STARK.
To His Excellency, Gov. Chittenden.
Albany, July 5th, 1778.
Sir — I received yours of the 22nd instant, with the pris-
oners, and have given orders for them to be sent to the
enemy's lines ; all except one Minors, whom I have exam-
ined before the officers who brought him in, and can find
178 CORRESPONDENCE OF
no crime against him worthy of banishment. The only
crime is that his wife told him ^' that she saw one Simons,
and that he did not tell it again."
I hope your committee do not banish every body on so
slight an accusation, for if every one should be banished
for such slight crimes, I am afraid that there would be but
few left. I shall detain him here until I have your answer
on the subject, and beg the proofs may be sent.
I am, sir,
Your most obedient
JOn:^' STARK.
Headquarters Haverstraw, \
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarter
JuIt/ 18, 1778.
Dear Sir — I this day received your letter of the 14th
instant, and am sorry to find you so circumstanced as to
render a reinforcement necessary, which I can hardly spare
in the present critical and interesting state of things. I
have, however, ordered Colonel Butler, with the fourth
Pennsylvania regiment, and a part of Morgan's rifle corps,
to march to the village Mawarsink, in Ulster county, from
whence they may be called either to Albany or farther to
to the westward, as the exigencies of afikirs will point out.
These, with the troops which General Gates informs me
are to march to your assistance, will, I expect, prove suf-
ficient to repel any attack which may be made upon you ;
and I hope, in a little time, to be in a situation that I can
give you every necessary support.
I am, dear sir.
Your very humble servant,
GEOEGE WASnmGTOK
JOHN STARK. 179
Albany, Ith July, 1778.
Dear General — I received yours of June 26. The letter
to Colonel Bedel I have sent as directed. Colonel Whit-
lock arrived yesterday, and informs me that about sixty
of Colonel Bedel's regiment will be in this day, but it will
be difficult to get the remainder. I believe my prediction
will turn out true that those men have never been raised
for any service but to stay at home. I have sent to Col.
Bedel to march the remainder agreeably to your orders,
which will discover the truth of that matter. I beg he
may have no orders to the contrary, until he arrives. I
send you a return of Colonel Alden's regiment for the
month of June.
We have need of a paymaster at this place, as a part of
Bedel's men are expected in this day, and they want
money of course ; likewise the militia, whose time is out,
complain that it will cost them more to go down to you
than their pay will come to. If they can not be paid
when their time is out, it will discourage others from
coming, which may be a damage to the service. I should
be pleased to afford them no opportunity of complaint.
I have met with some difficulty in getting down the
gun boats. When I applied to the quarter master for
pilots, and inquired if they had not a number of assistants
that were pilots, Mr. Van Yonter told me they had, and
he would send them. When they heard it, they com-
plained that it was degrading their rank to take charge of
these boats, and employed others. Four boats have gone,
and the other two are left, I suppose, for the above reason.
I sent you a list of these gentlemen's names in a former
letter, with their employ. I will not trouble you farther
in this matter. Your wisdom is sufficient to settle the case.
We have had no alarm lately, though duly threatened.
Your humb. serv't,
J. STARK.
To General Gates.
180 COKRESPONDENCE OF
White Plains, ISth July, 1778.
Sir — Yesterday I received your last favor, with the intel-
ligence from Colonel Ganesvoort inclosed. The two pieces
of brass artillery, &c., must be at Albany by this time,
where Col. Stevens acquaints me you have some good iron
guns mounting ; so your demands on that head are satis-
fied. Should the intelligence from Oswagathie continue to
obtain credit, and the alarm from that quarter increase,
you will immediately apply in my name to Hampshire and
Berkshire for more militia, and acquaint Col. Ethan Allen
it is my request that he immediately march out all the
militia he can, without delay collect, to Albany.
It may not be amiss, at the same time, to intimate to
the council at Bennington that I desire their assistance
and concurrence in every measure you think indispensably
necessary for the public service. Bedel's regiment has my
orders to be at Albany the first day of next month, where
they are to receive pay and clothing. I will immediately
send a deputy paymaster to Albany with fifty thousand
dollars for the payment of the troops, continental and mi-
litia, but I shall command him not to advance one penny
either to the quarter master general or to the commissary
of purchases, as Gen. Greene has directions to take care
for them. As to the sending you more continental troops,
that is not in my power ; but Gen. Washington, who is
just at hand, has received your last letter with the in-
closure, and will himself determine upon that subject.
I am, &c.,
HORATIO GATES.
Hon. Brigadier General Stark.
JOHN STARK. 181
White Plains, July 14, 1778.
Dear Sir — This instant your favor, dated the 10th, from
Albany, is put into my hand by the express. All accounts
and reports received from you. General Schuyler, and the
Indian commissioners, have been regularly transmitted to
Congress, and his excellency, General Washington, and
every means in my power constantly supplied for the de-
fence of both the northern and western frontiers, as my
letter to you of yesterday's date, by Lieutenant Trow-
bridge, w^ill evince. The money sets out this morning for
Albany.
You need be under no manner of concern of another
Canada expedition being heedlessly undertaken. The
period is not far distant when that province must join the
great confederation, w^ithout any force being raised to
effect it ; or if any, such only as is merely necessary to
take possession.
Colonel Alden's behavior is exactly what it was last year.
Be assured that he shall be made to answer for his conduct.
I have this moment ordered General IsTixon to ransack the
State stores, and send the shoes and stockings so much
wanted by that regiment. The paymaster, who is now
here, has received the subsistance due to the corps, to the
1st June ; shall have charge of what shoes, &c., can be pro-
cured for them.
Colonel Trumbull says Ganesvoort's regiment is paid
up to April ; Warner's and Whitcomb's rangers, the same.
So the continentals w^ith you are full as well paid as any
this way.
Inclosed, I send you all the late glorious news. It is so
positively asserted, from all quarters, that the French fleet
are off New- York, that I have the utmost belief in the
news. You may depend upon my sending you all the
good new^s that arrives.
I am, sir, &c., &c.,
HORATIO GATES.
To Hon. Brigadier General Stark.
182 COKKESPONDENCE OF
To General Washington.
Albany, 2ith July, 1778.
Dear Sir — The Pennsylvania regiment, and a detacli-
ment of the second rifle corps arrived here the 27th inst.,
but in a very miserable condition for want of clothing. I
inclose a return of what is wanted by them at present,
without which they will not be fit for scouting, which ap-
pears the only business on hand. I shall send them im-
mediately to the frontiers to protect the affrighted inhab-
itants, whose fears are but too well grounded. I think
the western frontiers will never be at peace until we
march an army into the Indian country, and drive these
nefarious wretches from their habitations, burn their towns,
destroy their crops, and make proclamation that if ever
they return they shall be served in the same manner.*
I hear of nothing from Fort Schuyler of late, worthy
of notice. An officer of Colonel Butler's regiment will
wait for the clothing and answer.
With due respect, &c.,
joh:^ stark.
His Excellency, General Washington.
To Governor Chittenden.
Albany, 29th July, 1778.
Bear Sir — I received yours of the 27th, and noted the
contents. But finding some difficulty in sending the pris-
oners to iSTew-York, I would advise that they be sent back
to Bennington, and left in the public works, for several
reasons.
1st. If they are sent to ^ew-York, they will be the best
spies that can be let in to them ; and if sent into Canada,
can give information of the defenceless state of our fron-
tiers, and send a sufficient force to destroy them this sea-
son.
* This phin was carried into effect by General Sullivan in 1779, who de-
feated the Indians under Brandt, the tory Butlers, and the sons of Sir
William Johnson, John and Guy — laying waste all the hostile Indian set-
tlements from the Susquehannah to the Genessee.
JOHN STAKK. 183
2d. If I detain them here, I must put them into the city
hall, which, if I do, will bring them under the inspection
of the committee of this place, who do not love you so
well as to wish you any peace ; but, in my opinion, would
be glad to have your settlement broken up. Therefore,
putting all these reasons together, I think it best to keep
them until the end of the campaign, when, if you find you
can not trust them any longer, you can send them to Can-
ada, or any other place which you think proper.
I am, sir, &c.,
JOim STARK,
lion. Thomas Chittenden.
To General "Washington.
Albany, ^\st July, 1778.
Dear General — I received orders last January to raise a
number of volunteers to burn' the shipping at St. Johns,
a copy of which I inclose. I proceeded to raise a party
for that purpose, and had them ready to march, when the
expedition was abandoned ; which put both me and the
officers to considerable expense, and the men I raised are
troubling me every day for wages.
I should be glad if your Excellency would be so good
as to put me in a way to obtain some remuneration for my
extra expenses, and those of the officers and soldiers whom
I engaged for that service.
We have a number of State prisoners in this jail, who
draw provisions ; who I think ought not to draw them from
the continent, as they are prisoners belonging to this State.
Your orders on this head will much oblige
Your friend and hbl serv't,
JOH¥ STAEK.
IN". B. Besides these, a number of soldier's wives in
this city are starving, with no person to help them. I
have applied to the corporation to take care of them, but
was denied any help. Would likewise be much obliged
'by your order on this head. Nothing new since I wrote.
J. S.
184 COKRESPONDENCE OF
To His Excellency, General Washington.
Albany, August 10, 1778.
Dear General — Your letter of the 5th instant has come
to hand by express. I am very happy to hear that the dis-
position of the troops in this department will so well agree
with your sentiments.
The posts of Schoharie and Cherry Valley I look upon as
exposed to equal danger. For that reason I have stationed
Colonel Butler at one, and Colonel Alden at the other.
By the inclosed letters, you will perceive the progress
Colonel Butler has made, since he took the command at
Schoharie ; and if he should be removed, and form a junc-
tion with Colonel Alden 's regiment, I shall find some
method to remove Colonel Alden, so that Butler may have
the command, and Alden be satisfied. Concerning the
provisions, that have been issued to the State prisoners,
upon inquiry, I find it to be by some general order a year
ago ; but I shall stop it until farther orders. "VYe are in
daily expectation of some important news from you.
I am, sir.
Your humble servant,
J0H:N' STARK.
To Colonel Alden.
Albany, 16th August, 1778.
Sir — I received yours of the 12th, and am happy to hear
of the success of your scout. A few such strokes will
teach the enemy to watch their own frontiers, and give us
peace on ours. As to the tories you sent, I shall take care
that they be properly treated.
As for the plunder Captain Ballard's scouts have taken,
you will order it to be divided among the people who took
it. If any has fallen into their hands belonging to the
honest inhabitants, you will please to deliver it up to the
proper owners. Captain Ballard and his party are to
choose such person to make division, as they think will do
the most justice to the party.
JOHN STARK. 185
/ You will order a court of inquiry to examine the mat-
ter, and see what part ought to be condemned and what
returned to the owners, and make report.
You write that you have been obliged to employ some
of the inhabitants to assist in building your fort. The
accounts must be sent down, properly attested, and I make
no doubt will be allowed ; but I can not send you any
money before I receive orders for so doing. If your scouts
should be fortunate enough to fall in with any more of
those painted scoundrels,* I think it not worth while to
trouble themselves to send them to me. Your wisdom
and your scouts may direct you in that matter, f
I am, sir, &c.,
JOHI^ STAEK.
To Colonel Butler.
Albany, l^th of August, 1778.
Dear Sir — I received yours of the 14th instant, and am
glad to hear that you have got the enemy and tories in so
good a way. I am in hopes, in a few weeks, that they will
all be convinced that it is neither through fear nor want of
strength that we have spared them so long.
As for the cattle your scouts have brought in, such of
them as do actually belong to friends of the country, I
would be glad might be given up to the proper owners ;
the others, which belong to the tories who have taken up
arms against us, I think ought to be sold for the use of
the party that brought them in. As to that portion of the
inhabitants who have been disaffected, but have not taken
up arms, I think it would be well to admit them to their
oath ; but the others keep on suspense at present, inform-
ing them that their future behavior must determine their
fate, and that the blood they have been instrumental in
* Tories painted like Indians for disguise.
f Meaning, in other words, "knock them on the head."
13
186 COKRESPONDENCE OF
shedding, calls aloud for vengeance on their guilty heads.
As to advancing on the enemy at present, I am of your
opinion it would be impolitic, before we first find out
their strength and situation. I would be glad that it should
be done.
I have sent a small scout from Cherry Valley for that
purpose, and if they bring in any intelligence worth com-
municating, I will send it to you. Lest they fail, I would
be glad if you could send a small scout of good woods-
men, with a good pilot, for the same purpose. As for the
pack-horses and saddles you mention, I have not had an
opportunity to learn what number could be provided ; I
shall make enquiry, and let you know.
As to the number of continental troops with you and at
Cherry Valley, I believe they will amount to the number
you mention ; but cannot tell you what the militia will
amount to at present.
If the enemy should attempt to attack your post, you
will find it out, before they can come, long enough to send
away the women and children.
Of the shot you mention, I have not one here, or else
I would send them to you. I have written to General
Washington on the subject, but have received no answer.
If he sends them, I will forward them to you. Captain
Seoul, whom you recommend to me, answers the desired
recommendation. I think him a very intelligent young
gentleman, and worthy of acquaintance.
I am, sir,
Your most obedient serv't,
JOHK STAEK.
K B. My best respects to Majors Posey and Church,
with all the other brave officers of your corps.
JOHN STARK. 187
Albany^ August 18, 1778.
Dear Sir — An exchange is proposed from Canada of
Captain Brunson, of Warner's regiment, now a prisoner
there, for one Smith,^ son of Doctor Smith, a State prisoner
in the City Hall.
I can not but consider the exchange a good one. Brun-
son has given most undeniable proofs of his soldiership
and firm attachment to his country's cause.
He has been in service ever since the commencement of
the war, and discharged his duty most satisfactorily. Such
men are ornaments to their country, and through the ex-
ertions of such men may we hope to see the liberties of
this country established by an honorable peace. The
other proposal for exchange is but a youth, who can not
render any essential service to the king ; and any injury
he may do this nation we may look upon with contempt.
If there is nothing in the case of Smith more than I have
heard, I have no reason to doubt your excellency's con-
sent to an exchange, every way in our favor.
I have the honor, &c., &c.,
joh:^ stark.
His Excellency, Governor Clinton.
His Excellency, General "Washington.
Albany, 19th August, 1778.
Dear Sir — I yesterday wrote you concerning clothing
for Major Whitcomb's corps of rangers, and sent a re-
turn of the said corps. The bearer hereof waits on you
for clothing, and can inform you of the sad condition of
the men.
I understand that Colonel Winship, deputy commissary
general, has resigned. I know of no person so attentive
to his business as Bethuel Washburn, assistant deputy
commissary general at this place. I hope he may be ap-
pointed, as his fidelity may be relied on.
188 COKRESPONDENCE OF
Inclosed is tlie report of Lieutenant Colonel Wheelock,*
who lias been upon a scout to Unadilla, which will inform
you of the situation of the enemy. If an expedition
should be made to that quarter, a number of pack-saddles
will be necessary. Colonel Wheelock' s information may
be depended on, as he is a gentleman of undoubted char-
acter.
I am, sir, your ob't serv't,
JOHN STAEK.
To General "Washington.
Albany, August 21, 1778.
Dear Sir — I am under the disagreeable necessity of com-
plaining of the quarter master general of this department,
although I could wish never to be under such a necessity.
IsTot only myself, but almost every other person who has
any business to transact with him, have reason to com-
plain, as he seems very unwilling to oblige any person
whatever.
He has no tents, nor can I learn that he has tried to get
any ; by which neglect. Colonel Alden's regiment is in a
suffering condition, with no probability of their wants
being supplied.
I have, after several applications for some kind of grain
for my horses, been informed that I can have none unless
I advance hard money for the same. I think it a very
surprising affair if the continental money will not purchase
a little grain for some horses ; but I am fully of the opin-
ion that such gentlemen, by demanding hard money, have
been very influential in reducing the continental money to
* He was afterward president of Dartmouth College. Several years
after the war, General Stark, having business to transact in the vicinity of
Hanover, called upon President Wheelock, at whose house, on a pressing
invitation, he passed the night. In the evening a large party of his fellow-
citizens called on the president, to whom he said he was happy to have
an opportunity of presenting them to his veteran commander.
An escort of citizens on horse-back attended him a few miles on his
return, President Wheelock riding in the escort. — Editor.
JOHN STARK. 189
its present low state. I must beg, if he can not be
removed or reformed, that I and some other officers may
be recalled.
I am, sir, &c.,
joh:n^ staek.
To the Commissioners of Albany.
Albany, August 22, 1778.
Gentlemen — I received yours of yesterday, informing me
of your desire to have the tories Captain Ballard brought
here the other day.
I assure you I have no intention to keep them. You
write for twelve, as being inhabitants of this State, one of
whom I look upon as a prisoner of war, and shall detain
him as such. The other eleven I have given orders to be
delivered up to you.
As to the cattle and sheep brought in by Captain Bal-
lard, I have directed Colonel Alden to have a court of in-
quiry sit upon them, and make report to me, as I thought
the owners had not been concerned in any conspiracy
against the United States.
I am, &c..
JOH]^ STARK.
Albany, September 15M, 1778.
Dear Sir — I beg to be excused for not writing to you
sooner ; but, not having any thing worth communicating, I
deferred it. The enemy at the northward have given us
no trouble as yet. Major Whitcomb is daily watching
their motions, and often bringing in their sailors. Four
came in the other day, with two deserters, who agree that
they have but three or four vessels on the lake.
Three prisoners brought from Unadilla inform that
Brandt is mustering his forces in order to pay us a visit.
Whether he is in earnest or in jest, is uncertain ; but if he
190 COKKESPONDENCE OF
should be fool enough to attempt it, I hope to be able to
give a good account of him.
Colonel Blair informs me that a small scout of his
militia found two brass howitzers in the river by Saratoga,
after the army left that place, and turned them into the
stores and took a receipt.
I would beg your honor to make them some allowance
for the same. He farther informs me that one hundred
dollars has been paid for such pieces found before.
The quarter master general is building a large store house
at this place, which is putting the continent to an amazing
expense, to little or no purpose, as I can not see the most
distant prospect of so extravagant a building ever being
wanted in this department. I should be much obliged to
you to let me know whether it was by your order, or that
of any other general of&cer, or not.
I have the honor, &c.,
JOHiT STARK.
His Excellency, General Washington.
To the British Commander at Crown Point.
Albany, 2Mh September, 1778.
Sir — I am not a little surprised to think of the conduct
of the master of your vessels on the lake at Crown Point,
who says that, by your order, he has detained Captain
* * *, whom I sent with a flag of truce, in order to carry
over to you a number of people in your interest. If that
was not the case, you must be sensible that it is contrary
to the law of nations to detain such a flag ; but also the
laws of humanity forbid it ; and as I have a number of
prisoners in my custody, it is in my power to make retali-
ation. You may depend upon it I shall not let that piece
of broken faith pass unnoticed.
I am, sir, your most humble servant,
JOHN" STARK. *
JOHN STAKK. 191
To His Excellency, Governor Chittenden.
Albany, 24th September, 1778.
Sir — I received yours of the 22d instant, informing me
that some of the inhabitants are detained on board the
enemy's vessels at Crown Point, whom you wish to re-
deem. I send four French prisoners, who were taken at
Ticonderoga last year, for that purpose, whom you will
keep until you have a like number in return. I have in-
formation that the enemy is forming a design against you
this Fall. I should think it advisable for you to send a
strong reinforcement to your frontiers ; as the time is
short, and the season so far advanced, it can not put you
to much trouble ; otherwise, your frontiers may share the
fate of German flats. A few days will decide the matter ;
and as I have nothing* more at heart than your welfare, I
give you this advice. I know that you have enemies here,
which induces me to give it, as your own exertions must
be your salvation.
Your humble serv't,
JOHIS" STAEK
To Colonel Alden.
Albany, Zd of October, 1778.
Sir — Yours of the 30th of September has come to
hand. I highly approve of your proceedings concerning
the tory efiects. I should advise you to keep the money
in your own hands at present.
I shall reserve the prisoners in my hands, for the pur-
pose of exchanging yours with Brandt.
The French king has published a declaration that his
army and navy are to seize, take and destroy all the prop-
erty of the king of Great Britain, wherever they can find
it, either by sea or land. This order was sent to Mons le
Compte Durbare, supposed to his prime Minister of State.
I am, your humble serv't,
JOH:^r STARK.
192 COEKESPONDENCE OF
Brigadier General Stark.
Fishkill, Sih of October, 1778.
Dear Sir — I have been favored with yours of the 31st of
August, and 7th, 15th and 28th of September. The sub-
ject of Mrs. Md^eil's petition comes under the notice of
the quarter master general, General Mifflin, who was in
that office at the time the grievance complained of was
committed. He has lately had one million of dollars put
into his hands for the purpose of discharging all demands ;
and I see that Col. Hughes is appointed to adjust and set-
tle all those in the State of iSTew-York. To him, therefore,
Mrs. Mcl^eil must apply.
The proceedings of the court martial, had at Schoharie,
never came to hand. The inclosed paper, which appears
by the endorsement to have contarined the proceedings,
was all that you sent.
The quarter master should make a reasonable compen-
sation to those persons who take up shot or any stores
from the Korth river and deliver them to him. I have
laid your several complaints against Col. Lewis before the
quarter master general. Col. Lewis has sent down a vin-
dication of his conduct, and desires a proper enquiry,
which the quarter master genei^l must make.
1 would not have you build barracks at Fort Edward.
The troops now there may vrinter at Saratoga, where are
good barracks for three hundred men.
If there should be a necessity of keeping a small com-
mand at Fort Edward, a hut or two may be easily erected
for that purpose.
If Col. Butler undertakes the Unadilla expedition, I
hope he may have success. I am glad to hear of the blow
struck by the Oneida Indians upon the rear of Brandt's
party.
I am, sir.
Your most obedient servant,
GEORGE WASnmGTOK
JOHN STARK. 193
Albany, dth October, 1778.
Dear Sir — Being employed the last winter to prepare an
expedition to the northward, I enlisted a number of men
for that purpose, who are demanding pay, and give for
reason that Bedel's regiment received their pay for like
service. I should be glad if you would lay the affair
before Congress, and see if they will not make some allow-
ance for the extra expenses of the voyage.
I likewise understand that a major general, when on a
separate command is, by order of Congress, entitled to
extra allowance for his support ; but can find no resolve
where a brigadier is allowed any more than his bare wages,
which, at this time, are very inconsiderable for a mainte-
nance, more especially on a separate command ; and being
willing, for the honor of my country and the noble cause
we are engaged in, to live up to my station, I desire you
will let me know whether I can not be allowed my table
expenses, &c.
I am in hopes, in a few days, to be able to give you a
good account of the enemy at the westward. Colonel
Butler, with his detachment, has marched to Unadilla.
His success will probably finish the campaign in this de-
partment. I inclose a return of the garrison of Fort
Schuyler.
I am, sir,
With great respect and esteem.
Your most obedient
^ * And very hbl. serv't,
JOHI^ STARK.
Hon. President of Congress.
In September, 1778, some prisoners brought information
that Brandt was mustering a force of tories and Indians
at Unadilla, on the Susquehannah, with an intention of
laying waste the western frontiers of ISTew-York. Upon
194 COKKESPONDENCE OF
this information being received at head quarters, Colonel
William Butler,* of the Pennsylvania line, was detached
with a force of continentals and militia to divert the
threatened danger. Of the success of this expedition,
General Stark gives the following account in a letter to
General Washington.
Albany, Oct. 23, 1778.
Dear Sir — I have just returned from Schoharie, and find
that the enemy have been driven too far from the frontier
for me to overtake them this season, as it is so far advanc-
ed. Too much honor can not be given to Colonel Butler
and his brave officers and soldiers, for their spirited exer-
tions in this expedition against the Indians. They have
put it entirely out of the power of the enemy to do our
frontier any serious injury for the remainder of the cam-
paign. I beg of your excellency that they may be reliev-
ed, as soon as the nature of the service will admit, as both
officers and men are much fatigued.
I must beg also that clothing may be sent them, for
want of which they are neither fit for duty where they
are, nor in a condition to be removed. It grieves me to
the soul to see such brave troops in so miserable a con-
dition.
I am, sir, &c.,
JOIIN STAEK.
His Excellency, General Washington.
* Colonel Butler marched from Schoharie and penetrated into the In-
dian country in October, with great difficulty crossing high mountains
and deep waters, and destroyed the towns of IJnadilla and Anaguaga, the
latter being the head quarters of Brandt, lying on both sides of the Sus-
quehanah where it is two hundred and fifty yards wide. Many farm
houses and about four thousand bushels of grain were destroyed. — Allen.
JOHN STAKK. 195
Bennington, Idth May, 1779.
Dear General — The men I sent into Canada (by your
orders) in the last part of 1777, or beginning of '78, as
spies, and wiio were made prisoners, have all returned
safe, and have made repeated applications to me for the
reward promised them. I have it not in my power to dis-
charge these demands, as my expense, as well as that of
several other officers (by endeavoring to carry your orders
into execution), is very considerable to us. I therefore
desire your advice in the premises ; and beg leave to pro-
pose whether it would not be advisable for you to inclose
to me a letter to the commanding officer at Albany, pur-
porting the nature of your orders to me, which occasioned
the expense, and desire me to wait on him for an adjust-
ment, or to direct to any other measures in the affair that
you may judge proper. I could wish you to write me, by
the bearer, on this subject (should you see this person), as
the men are poor, and are under real necessity for their
pay. Your endeavors to serve them will much oblige
them, as well as, dear general,
Your most obedient humble servant,
SAMUEL HERRICE:.*
Brigadier General Stark, Derryfield, l!^. H.
Archibald Stark, a young lieutenant of 18, who accom- ifX/
panied Gen. Sullivan against the Six ISTations in 1779, ^
wrote the following minutes :
"Dance at head quarters; the Oneida sachem was mas-
ter of ceremonies."
" September 3d. The army is preparing to march for
Wyoming."
" 4th. The army marched fifteen miles down the river."
* Colonel Herrick, as also Colonel Seth Warner, were good penmen, as
appears by their original letters to General Stark.
196 COKRESPONDENCE OF
" 5th. The whole army embarked on board boats, except
what were necessary to drive the pack-horses and cattle ;
and on the 7th arrived at Wyoming, in high spirits. Dur-
ing the whole of this severe campaign, our loss in killed,
died of wounds, and sickness, did not exceed sixty men.''
" 8th. General Sullivan received an express this evening
from General Washington, informing him that Count de
Estainge is on the coast near l!^ew-York, with a French
fleet and army ; in consequence of which, General Sulli-
van's army is ordered to march the 10th inst. for head
quarters."
^' 10th. The army march for Easton, and the 15th arrived
there. This army has marched from Tioga to Easton
(one hundred and fifty miles through a mountainous,
rough wilderness) in eight days, with their artillery and
baggage. A most extraordinary march indeed."
"16th, 17th, 18th. Remain at Easton. We are informed
that Count de Estainge has taken several ships-of-war,
with all the transports and troops the enemy had at and
near Georgia. He is expected daily at ]N"ew-York."
" 25th. Our army is to march the 27th inst. towards
head quarters."
To General Stark.
Bristol, R. L, 25th of October, 1779.
Sir — This morning I received a dispatch from his excel-
lency. Gen. Washington, dated the 2d instant. He in-
forms me that the evening of the preceding day the enemy
burnt and destroyed the works at Stoney and Yerplanck's
Points, and retreated down the IN'orth river. His excel-
lency also sent me the copy of the inclosed intelligence
from the southward which he says, came from such men
and such authority as induces him to believe it substan-
tially true. I give you joy of this extraordinary flow of
good news.*
I am, sir, your afl'. humb. serv't,
HORATIO GATES.
* The arrival of the French fleet under Count de Estainge.
JOHN STARK. 197
West Point, December 14, 1779.
Dear Sir — Since the death of the late worthy General
Poor, I am led to suppose you have had no regular corres-
pondent from the army. The fluctuating state of our
affairs, since that time, has prevented ray writing; but
now, since all hopes of active operations for this campaign
are laid aside, I can write with more propriety than before.
Representations in regard to this important fortress must
have been made you before this ; but still, it can be no in-
jury farther to show the absolute necessity of its being
well supplied the ensuing winter ; and still farther, to urge
the importance of the place. It is beyond a doubt the
keystone of America. The enemy, possessing it, would
infallibly cut off all communication between the northern
and southern States.
You may be assured that every supply within the power
of the army will be attended to with the greatest alacrity ;
but their endeavors, without your assistance, must be al-
together useless. While, on the other hand, their industry,
with your care and assistance, will effectually secure the
garrison, and place matters upon a proper footing for the
opening of another campaign.
To relate the difiiculties of last winter at Morristown,
with the unequalled suff'erings of the troops at that place,
would wound the feelings of every one who had the mis-
fortune to hear them. That period having passed (though
by no means forgotton), I shall not enlarge upon the cir-
cumstances, but leave you to judge what must have been
their calamity to be for six or seven days destitute of
flour, and with very little meat, and sometimes several
days without either.
It was then supposed to be owing to the indigence of
the States at large. Upon the present system of supply-
ing the army, it would be an insult to the judgment of any
man to suppose they could not be procured, when every
one acknowledges that there is more provision by far in
the country than when the war was commenced.
198 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Every one knows liow liberally a much larger army was
supplied at that time. The next thing that occurs to me,
is in regard to the next campaign. We ought to exert
every nerve to procure soldiers to fill up our battalions,
agreeably to the establishment now on foot in Congress, of
which you will probably soon receive notice. Although
this new arrangement may occasion a diffidence in officers,
and a negligence of the service, still, if Congress thinks it
just, it is not our business to find fault. I have been told
that a number of soldiers and some officers, belonging to
the sixteen additional regiments, have made application
to their respective States for their depreciation money.
I can not see the propriety of its being paid, for they were
not considered as belonging to any State in particular, nor
were their vacancies filled by any particular State. As
for their services, I don't think ten more soldiers enlisted
on account of their appointment than would otherwise
have done. It was only creating a multiplicity of officers,
which the public would now willingly be rid of How-
ever, as that matter more particularly concerns you than
me, the farther progress of it rests solely with you.
I am, sir, your obedient humble servant,
JOHi^ STAEK.
To Hon. Meshech Weare.
[Circular.]
Headquarters, Morristown, ")
January, 6, 1780. /
Sir — As it will contribute in some degree to relieve our
distress on the subject of provisions, I am to desire that
you will discharge all the men in the brigade under your
command whose enlistments and terms of service will
clearly expire by the last of this month.
In conducting the matter, you will call upon the com-
manding officers of regiments to prevent the discharge
of any not coming within the above description.
I am, sir, your most obedient serv't,
GEO. WASHINGTOJS'.
Brigadier General.
JOHN STAKE. 199
To the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and the Commander-in-Chief.
Albany, June 26, 1778.
Pursuant to orders received from Colonel Bedel, by di-
rection of the commanding officer at Albany, I set off
with my party ye 28th of March last, and with a design
to visit the Penobscot tribe of Indians.
On our arrival at Penobscot we found they were princi-
pally absent, which detained us nearly ten days. On their
return, the chiefs being called together, we delivered them
the belts ani found them very friendly disposed. They
appointed three of their chiefs to wait on the commander-
in-chief of the northern department, who will inform him
of the particular condition, disposition, and intention of
the tribe. Before we came away, they had sent off the
belts, ordering them to be transmitted to the Indians at
Machias, St. Johns, &c. We returned to Colonel Bedel's
on the 22d instant.
LOUIS VINCENT, Interpreter.
To General Stark.
Headquarters, Kamaporuh, \
June 30th, 1780. /
Dear Sir — You will be pleased to repair immediately to
the State of New- Hampshire, in order to receive and for-
ward to the army the levies required of the State, by the
honorable the committee of Congress, for filling their
three battalions. I have not heard from the State upon
the subject, and therefore can not inform you of the place
which may have been appointed for their rendezvous ; but
this you will learn, and, if you do not already find the
levies assembled at it, you will exert every degree of in-
dustry in your power to effect it.
You know how precious moments are to us ; and I am
pursuaded your . efforts, both to collect and forward the
levies, will correspond with the exigency. That the busi-
ness may be more facilitated, you will take with you four
officers from General Poor's brigade, to w^hom I wrote on
the subject, if this number should not be already in the
200 CORRESPONDENCE OF
State, and with whom you will forward the levies, either
in a hody or in detachments of from one hundred and fifty
to two hundred men, as circumstances best suit, with all
possible expedition. If there are more officers in the
State than this number, you may retain them for this ser-
vice.
In receiving the men, you will pay particular attention
to their being sound and healthy, and in every respect fit
for service ; and none but such as answer thi^ description
must be taken, as they would otherwise prove an in-
cumbrance and a great expense, without being of the
least advantage.
Besides the levies for filling the three battalions, it has
been deemed essential, to render the success of our opera-
tions the more certain, to call upon the State for between
nine hundred and a thousand militia to join the army in
service for three months from the time of their arriving at
Claverack, on the ITorth River — the place assigned for their
rendezvous — by the 25th of next month.
It is much my wish that you should have the direction
and command of those. You will therefore use your best
endeavors to have them assembled, armed and equipped
in every respect in the best manner circumstances will ad-
mit, for taking the field, and march with them so as to
arrive with certainty at Claverack by the time I have men-
tioned.
I shall only add that I shall be happy to hear from you
very frequently on the subject of this important and inter-
esting business, both as it respects the levies for the bat-
talions, and the militia ; and, entirely confiding in your
greatest address and assiduity in promoting it,
I am, dear sir,
With much regard and esteem,
Your most ob't serv't,
GEO. WASHINGTON.
Brigadier Gen. Stark.
JOHN STAKK. 201
To President Weare.
Ramapough, June 30, 1780.
Sir — I send Brigadier General Stark to your State to
collect and forward the drafts for your battalions, and the
levies for three months to the appointed place of rendez-
vous. The zeal which the State of E'ew-Hampshire has
always manifested, gives me the fullest confidence that
they have complied with the requisitions of the committee
of Congress in all their extent, though, we have not yet
heard from thence what measures have been taken.
This is the time for America, by one great exertion, to
put an end to the war ; but, for that purpose, the necessary
means must be furnished. The basis of every thing else
is the completion of the continental battalions to their full
establishment. If this is not done, I think it my duty to
forewarn every State that nothing decisive can be attempt-
ed ; and that this campaign, like all the former, must be
chiefly defensive. I am sorry to observe that some of the
States have taken up the business on a less extensive
scale. The consequences have been represented with can-
dor and plainness ; and I hope, for the honor and safety of
America, the representation may have the weight it de-
serves. The drafts can not be forwarded with too much
expedition ; but as to the militia, under present appearan-
ces, I think it advisable to suspend the time fixed for their
rendezvousing to the 25th of next month, at which period I
shall be glad they may be without fail at the place appoint-
ed ; and it would be my wish that they should come out
under the command of General Stark.
I entreat your excellency to employ all your influence
to give activity and vigor to the measures of your State.
Every thing depends on the proper improvement of the
present conjuncture. We have every thing to hope on one
side, and every thing to fear on the other.
With perfect respect, I have the honor to be
Your Excellency's most obed't humble serv't,
GEO. WASHINGTON
14
202 CORRESPONDENCE OP
P. S. The suspension of the period for the assembling
of the militia is founded on the French fleet's not being
arrived ; if this event shall have taken place before this
reaches your excellency, the suspension is not to have
effect. The militia can not be too soon at the place of
rendezvous after the fleet arrives.
[Opinion sent to a Council of War held near Tappan, New- Jersey, 1780.]
Agreeably to your excellency's request, I send you my
opinion of what we ought to do for the safety of the coun-
try this fall and winter.
Question 1. To what object our attention ought to be
directed this fall and winter ?
Answer. To try to reenter as many of the soldiers now
in the field as can be engaged, either for the war or for
one year from the first of January next, and in case the
second division of the French fleet should arrive, to push
with all our force against I^ew-York ; should that not be
the case, to keep as near to the enemy as our circumstances
will admit of, so as to prevent their obtaining any supplies
from the country.
Question 2. Whether we ought to send any part of the
army to the southward ?
Answer. As the army at present does not amount to
many more than that of the enemy, and is in expectation
of the second division of the French fleet, I do not think
it advisable to detach any part of it.
JOHIS" STARK.
JOHN STARK. 1^03
[Eesolve of the State of New- York.]
In Senate, October 10, 1780.
A message of the honorable, the House of Assembly,
was received with the following resolution for concurrence :
viz.,
Resolved^ unanimously. That the delegates from this
State be instructed to declare in Congress, that it is the
earnest wish of this State that Congress should, during
the war, or until a perpetual confederation should be com-
pleted, exercise every power which they may deem neces-
sary for an effectual prosecution of the war ; and that,
whenever it shall appear to them that any State is deficient
in furnishing the quota of men, money, provisions, or
other supplies required of each State, that Congress direct
the commander-in-chief, without delay, to march the army,
or such parts of it as may be requisite, into such State, and
by military force compel it to furnish its deficiency.
Resolved^ That his excellency, the governor, be requested
to transmit a copy of the foregoing resolution to the dele-
gates from this State in Congress.
Resolved^ That this Senate do concur with the honor-
able, the House of Assembly, in this said resolution.
Extract from the minutes.
EOB'T BEISTSON,
Cl'k of the Senate.
To Major General Heath.
November 23, 1780.
Dear Sir — Yours of this date was received by Major
Fisk, but previous to the receipt I had ordered the troops
to march ; those of the centre column I halted, and gave
the necessary directions to the right and left columns.
I hope the forage will turn out according to your wishes,
but it does not equal my expectations. The country
below White Plains is almost desolate on account of the
ravages of both armies. Scarcely a farmer has more than
204 CORRESPONDENCE OF
one cow, and many wlio were once in affluent circumstan-
ces are now reduced to indiscriminate poverty.
I sent Col. Sheldon's light dragoons to Fort Clinton
yesterday, and moved with the troops within eight miles
of King's bridge, to cover them in case of necessity. But
the caution, however prudent it may appear, was needless,
for the enemy either did not know of our approach, or did
not choose to meet us.
Twenty militia light horse, who proceeded in front of
the cavalry, took prisoners two of DeLancy's men : one
Bumour, cousin of the famous Major Bumour, and one
Ferrett, a noted cow-hoy, and of course a villain ; he has
once been condemned to be hanged, but made his escape.
I have sent them to you under a guard.
While the cavalry were formed upon a hill in our ad-
vance, one of them left the line and proceeded a few rods
to the rear to water his horse. Curiosity led him to a
house near by, when a cow-boy came up, dismounted him,
and rode away his horse in triumph.
If my instructions would have permitted, Morrisania,
that noted nest of tories, might have been plundered and
burnt, but I think it too late now.
I am, sir,
Your obedient humble servant,
JOILN STAEK.
To General Stark.
Headquarters. West Point, \
November 23, 1780. J
Dear Sir — Your favor of yesterday came to hand this
morning. I am glad to hear that everything goes on well
with you. The weather is disagreeable, but your troops
will endure anything. I apprehend that some rum and
bread will have reached you before this does.
I am anxious to hear from you to-day, and hope an ex-
press is now on the way with an account of something
JOHN STARK. 205
very interesting. Heaven grant that it may be equal to
our most sanguine expectations. Please give me notice
when you are on your return, and the time you will prob-
ably reach this place, that provisions may be in readiness
for the troops. I have sent you a few sheets of paper.
I am, with great regard,
Dear sir, your obed't serv't,
W, HEATH.
P. S. Please give the inclosed to Major Cartwright, if
he is not gone ; if he is, please send it back to me.
W. H.
General Stark.
About eight miles from King's Bridge, \
November 23, '80—5 o'clock P. M f
Dear Sir — Yours of 12 o'clock is recieived, and I am
very happy to hear of your success ; and am in hopes mine
will be equal. I believe the enemy are surprised to find
us so near them. We have taken three prisoners, but can
learn nothing of consequence from them ; one of them
is a cousin of the famous Maj. Bumour. Col. Cilley,
with the left, is now, I suppose, at Maroneck ; he marched
from White Plains at about 1 o'clock. I have not heard
from him since.
As to your movement, I approve of the hour of 10
o'clock for the march to commence. You will move verj
slowly until 1 ; and then, in case you hear of no alarm, you
will, by proper marches, retire. But in case of alarm, you
will have recourse to the copy of Gen. Heath's instruc-
tions. I beg that the greatest vigilance may be observed
in loading and forwarding the teams. I expect you will
hear from me before 10 o'clock in the morning ; if not, the
preceding instructions will be your guide, together with
your own prudence.
Wishing you success, I am.
Dear sir, your most obed't serv't,
JOHI^ STARK.
To Colonel Sbrieve.
206 CORRESPONDENCE OF
To His Excellency, General Washington.
Peekskill Hollow, November 30, 1780.
Dear Sir — The impaired state of my health, and the
unsettled state of my accounts with the State of New-
Hampshire, renders my presence in that State the ensuing
winter highly necessary. I have never as yet settled my
depreciation, or received any cash from that source.
Without an arrangement of these matters, it is impossible
for me to subsist in the army.
The many favors I have received from you, and the zeal
you have manifested for the interest of the officers under
your command, induces me to ask leave of absence until
spring.
The brigade I have the honor to command is now
under orders to join its several States ; therefore it is not
probable it will be in my power to render the country any
essential service until the next campaign.
I have the honor to be, sir.
Your most obed't serv't,
joh:^ staek.
To the Officer commanding the New-Hampshire Line.
Gabrrison. West Point, \
December 12, 1780. /
Dear Sir — I apprehend some of the officers will wish to
go on a furlough during the winter. They may be in-
dulged, the following order being strictly observed : Each
brigade, which has not a brigadier, is to be commanded
by a colonel. Each regiment at all times to have one field
officer with it. The colonel commanding a brigade not
to be considered as answering for the regiment to which
he belongs. Two commissioned officers to be with each
company, if convenient ; but one is indispensable. The
officers will agree who shall go first, and divide the time,
so that those who go first may return in season to give a
reasonable time to those who remain, if they choose it —
JOHN STAKK. 207
always bearing in mind that all officers are to join their
respective corps by the first of April next. The brigadier
or officer commanding the brigade will certify which of
the field officers are to go first, and that others are satisfied
as to the length of the furlough ; this, on being shown
here, will be approved. The colonel or commanding offi-
cer of each regiment will certify the same, respecting the
commissioned officers, which is to be shown and approved
by the brigadier or officer commanding the brigade.
I am, with great regard, your ob't serv't,
W. HEATH.
Garrison. West Point, \
December 19, 1780. /
Dear Sir — I have just received a letter of this date from
Major Maxwell, at Crom pond, informing me that the
enemy are in motion at Morrisania ; and it is supposed
that Crom pond is their object, and that they will be up
this evening or early in the morning. I therefore request
you would order about one hundred and fifty or two hun-
dred men from the N'ew-Hampshire line to move down
towards Crom pond immediately. Let them take one
day's provisions with them. Perhaps Colonel Delancy
may be cleverly handled.
I am, with great regard, dear sir.
Your obed't serv't,
W. HEATH.
General Stark.
Peekskill Hollow, Jan. 1, 1781.
Sir — Your letter of the 31st ult. I have been honored
with, together with the resolution of Congress. If my
health permits, I shall endeavor to pursue my journey by
the last of this week. But my finances are exhausted ;
neither do I know where they can be replenished, unless
208 CORRESPONDENCE OF
by application to your excellency. I believe five thousand
dollars may answer my purpose. If you can grant me
that sum, it will be considered as an infinite obligation.
I beg your excellency to consider that I have not drawn a
single farthing of cash since the last of December, 1778 ;
and only four thousand dollars, on account, since then.
Therefore, as my demands have not been great, and my
present necessity is very urgent, I flatter myself your ex-
cellency will furnish me with the cash. As to the term of
my absence, it is a matter of indifference to me whether
your excellency or Congress limit it. But, either way, I
shall return as soon as my health will permit.
Wishing your excellency a happy new year, and an
agreeable winter,
I have the honor to be
Your most obed't serv't,
JOim STARK.
His Excellency, Gen. Washington.
Garrison. West Point, ")
January 1, 1781. j
Dear Sir — I am just honored with yours of the last eve-
ning ; am happy to hear, and much approve of the meas-
ures you have taken to support Col. Hull, and hope they
will be crowned with deserved success. Wishing that the
new year may be productive of honor, peace and happi-
ness to our country, to you and your family,
I am, with great regard, dear sir.
Affectionately yours,
W. HEATH.
General Stark. ^
P. S. A few boards arrived last evening ; three or four
of them are at your service, agreeable to your former
requeat.
JOHN STARK. 209
To Major General Heath.
Peekskill Hollow, Jan. 2, 1781.
Dear Sir — Your favor of the 31st was delivered by ex-
press, with the letter from his excellency. You apologize
for breaking the seal of the letter superscribed to me, but,
convinced that it was a mistake, you are excusable.
Yours of the 1st instant was received, and I am very
happy that my conduct has met with your approbation.
Major Waite, who was sent with the party, has returned.
He went to Pines bridge, found Colonel Hull, and that the
enemy had retired. I can not learn that they did any thing
of consequence.
I have the honor to be
Your obedient humble servant,
JOH^^TARK.
To Colonel Pickering, Quarter Master General.
Peekskill Hollow, 2d January, 1781.
Sir — Having received his excellency's approbation for
leave of absence for the recovery of my health, I propose
setting out the last of the week ; but am absolutely desti-
tute of cash to perform my intended journey, or for the
transportation of my baggage. If you can furnish me
with a sum suihcient for the purpose, I shall be very glad.
I have certificates from the quarter master and forage de-
partment for nearly ten thousand dollars, but I suppose
you do not take them ; therefore, I must solicit to have
some cash advanced on account. I wish you to let me
^ know as soon as possible what assistance you can aftbrd
me.
I am, sir, your obedient humble serv't,
JOHN STARK
210 COKKESPONDENCE OF
General Washington to General Stark.
Headquarters. New- Windsor, \
Jan. 3, 1781. /
Dear Sir — I am favored with yours of the 1st ins taut,
and wish it was in my power to gratify you in your request.
But as there is not a single farthing in the military chest,
it will be absolutely impossible to furnish any part of the
sum solicited.
I am, dear, sir, with very great regard.
Your most obed't hble. servant,
GEO. WASHESTGTOK
P. S. I have not been able to obtain any money, for
my own expenses or table, for more than three months.
General Stark.
#
To the Hon. Meshech Weare.
Derryfield, \Uh March, 1781.
Sir — I have received two letters from Lieutenant Howe.
The one informs that he shall be able to muster forty re-
cruits to-morrow, and the other gave intelligence of some
persons tracked from Long-Island to Amherst, who were
supposed to belong to the Dunbarton tory club. I sent
Lieutenant Stark to examine the suspected houses, which,
I suppose, was executed this morning at day-break.
The furloughs of the officers are almost expired, and
they can not tarry unless business requires it. If you
should think proper to have them detained to conduct
parties of recruits, the measure could not fail to meet with
universal approbation.
I was, day before yesterday, taken suddenly unwell, and
am not able to go out yet ; but, as soon as I am able, I
shall come to Exeter. In the meantime I should be glad
of a list of officers in the western district, and the number
of troops that Brigadier General Mchols is to muster, that
they may be equally divided and officered according to
our circumstances.
JOHN STARK. 211
If jou should think proper to place some money in my
hands, to give to the officers with their instructions, I
should be accountable for it by their receipts, by your let-
ting me know the quantity each is to have. I have writ-
ten to Lieutenant Colonel Dearborn to receive, and with
your approbation to forward, those from Exeter.
Your most obedient servant,
JOHK STARK.
General Washington to General Stark, appointing him Commander of the
Northern Department.
Headquarters. New- Windsor, \
June 25, 1781. /
Dear Sir — Upon finding it necessary, for the operations
of the campaign, to recall the continental troops from the
north, I have ordered six hundred militia from the coun-
ties of Berkshire to that quarter, in addition to the militia
and State troops of N^ew-York ; and I have now to request
that you will assume the general command of all the
troops in that department, as soon as conveniently may
be. I am induced to appoint you to this command on
account of your knowledge and influence among the in-
habitants of that country.
You will be pleased, therefore, to repair to Saratoga,
and establish your head quarters at that place, retaining
with you four hundred of the troops from Massachusetts,
and sending the other two hundred to Col. Willet, who
will remain in command upon the Mohawk river, as his
popularity in that country will enable him to render essen-
tial services there.
In case of an incursion from the enemy, you will make
such dispositions, as you shall judge most advantageous,
for opposing them and protecting the frontier, not with-
drawing the troops from the Mohawk river. I rely upon
it you will use your utmost exertions to draw forth the
212 COKRESPONDENCE OF
force of the country* from the Green mountains and all
the contiguous territory. And I doubt not your requisi-
tions will be attended with success, as your personal influ-
ence must be unlimited among those people, at whose
head you have formerly fought and conquered with so
much reputation and glory.
I request you will be particular in keeping up proper
discipline, and preventing the troops from committing
depredations upon the inhabitants.
Be pleased to let me hear from you from time to time,
and, believe me, dear sir.
Your most obedient humble servant,
GEO. WASHINGTOI^.
KoTE BY Editor. — The expedition against Lord Corn-
wallis, in Virginia, was now in secret contemplation. The
movement was only known to Congress, to General Wash-
ington, Robert Morris, Count de Rochambeau, the French
agent, the Chevalier de La Lucerne, and General Lafay-
ette. • Previous reports had been circulated, that, on the
arrival of the French army, an attempt would be made
upon I^Tew-York. The British general in New- York,
therefore, when too late to remedy the matter, received
with astonishment the information that the American
army was in Virginia, and soon afterward, that Lord Corn-
wallis was shut up at Yorktown by a French fleet on one
quarter, and a superior American and French force on the
other.
JOHN STARK. 213
Headquarters. Peekskill,
June 28, 1781. J
Sir — On your arrival to take the command of the north-
ern frontier, you will be pleased to advise with General
Schuyler with respect to the disposition of the troops des-
tined for the defence of that quarter. As that gentleman's
knowledge of every part of that exposed country is very
good, his assistance and counsel may be very useful to you.
From this motive, I am induced to give you this direction.
You will also consult with him with respect to furnishing
the means of subsistence to the troops under your com-
mand, should you at any time find the public stores to be
exhausted.
With much regard,
I am, sir, your most obed't
Humble serv't,
GEO. WASHLN'GTOK
Brigadier General Stark.
To Governor Clinton.
Albany, 1781.
Dear Sir — An instance, which I think is unusually
alarming, has lately transpired in this department, and
which I think is a design of no less consequence than
the dissolution of the army. The plan seems to be to try
the superior force of the civil government over that of the
military, in seizing, imprisoning and detaining soldiers
from their duty, at a time when the public are under the
necessity of giving such enormous prices to induce men
to enter the service, and the demand is so pressing. This
instance happened in this city on the body of one Hoar, a
soldier in the Massachusetts line, but detained here in the
useful works of the armory. He was seized on a pretended
debt of about six pounds, that it was said he owed a
tavern-keeper as a tavern bill. The tavern-keeper took
the advice of a young fubble of a lawyer who, ready to
214 COKKESPONDENCE OF
undertake anything that would make him popular in
knavery, and perhaps possessed of some glimmering hopes
of future favors from the tory's sovereign for the bold
and daring attempt, readily engaged in the design, and
granted a writ, by force of which he now lies in jail.
I need not relate to your excellency the fatal conse-
quences resulting from such a procedure ; they are too
plain to need a moment's animadversion. However, I am
not apprehensive of any imminent danger from the loss of
a single soldier, though a very useful man; but the pre-
cedent, I must own, alarms me. What shall hinder a
body of the enemies to the country (of which, to my sor-
row, I must own that I think this city is replete), to either
trust, or pretend to trust soldiers, and then commence
actions against them ? The answer must be, they must be
immediately laid in jail, and by the same authority that
puts one in can a brigade be put in ; and, if a brigade goes,
I know nothing to prevent the whole army from sharing
the same fate. And farther, sir, I am fully confident that
George the III., of Great Britain, has many subjects in this
city who would willingly lay down half, nay, even the whole
of their estates in this service, and trust in his royal clem-
ency for the repayment of the money so profitably laid out
for his great advantage. But it is unnecessary to enlarge
upon a subject so explicit, and I shall only beg leave to be
considered yours, and my country's sincere friend.
I am, sir, your faithful friend
And obedient servant,
JORN STARK.
JOHN STARK. 215
To His Excellency, General Washington.
Albany, 9th of August, 1781.
Dear Sir — In compliance with your orders, I arrived at
Bennington on Friday last, and on Saturday made a visit
to their governor, who, together with the leading men of
the country, have promised me every assistance in their
power to repel the common enemy. I have reason to be-
lieve, from their conduct, that their promises are not falla-
cious ; for, before I came to Bennington, Major McKinstry,
who has command of the troops at Saratoga, sent an ex-
press to apprise them of the enemy's advance for his post.
The alarm was spread, and in a few hours one hundred
and fifty men, on horseback, marched to his assistance.
The alarm proved false, and next day they returned, but
not till they had visited Saratoga.
On Monday last, at sunrise, a party of eleven was dis-
covered in the south-east part of Bennington, supposed to
be a party of tories from Hoosac, passing to Canada. The
people were instantly in arms, pursued them until 1
o'clock, when three of the pursuers came up and made
them prisoners. They were instantly marched to Ben-
nington. Upon examination, I find them to be a party
from Canada, which first consisted of six. They made
prisoners of Esquire Bleeker and two servants, when they
were joined by other tories, making up the eleven. I in-
close you their instructions. For ray part, I think they
ought to be considered as spies, and beg your excellency's
opinion on the subject.
Perhaps you will be surprised when I inform you that
the militia from Berkshire and Hampshire counties have
not yet arrived at Saratoga. Upon being apprised of it at
Bennington, I wrote to Gen. Fellows by express, begging
that they might be hastened without loss of time. I like^
wise wrote Major McKinstry to send me a return of the
garrison at Saratoga, and find it to consist of but ninety
men, including ofiicers ; for which reason, I thought it
most prudent for me to return to Albany and wait until a
larerer number can be collected : but be assured that when
216 CORRESPONDENCE OF
a number arrives that will render my presence necessary,
I shall lose no time in repairing to my post.
I should be remiss in my duty not to inform your ex-
cellency that it was with the greatest difficulty I procured
an express to go to Saratoga, for want of something to pay
his expenses ; and in a department that requires so much
intelligence to be communicated, if possible, some pro-
vision ought to be made. Knowing that your excellency
will do all in your power for the public good, your direc-
tions on this, and every other subject, shall be my invari-
able and certain guide.
Your letter, of the 28th of June, is just placed in my
hand. I will show it to General Schuyler, who is polite
enough to promise me every assistance in his power, either
in advice, or knowledge of the country and property, if
required.
I congratulate your excellency on his fortunate escape,
the night before last. He writes by this conveyance, other-
wise I should give you the particulars.
There is not a drop of public rum in the department.
I wish that a quantity may be ordered this way, as large as
would amount to our proportion. Your excellency must
know that, if I do my duty, I must keep scouts continually
in the woods, and men on that service ought to have a
little grog in addition to their fresh beef and water.
Every intelligence worthy of your excellency's notice
shall be regularly communicated, if in my power.
Wishing your operations against our enemies all the
success that the virtue of our cause deserves,
I have the honor to be.
Your excellency's most ob't.
And very humble servant,
JOim STARK.
JOHN STAKK. 217
To His Excellency, General "Washington.
Albany, August 15, 1778.
Dear General — The deputy paymaster of this department
informs me that he is recalled, and that your excellency
is of opinion that we have no occasion for one. Your
excellency must be deceived as to the distances of our
detachments from head quarters.
One body is stationed at Otter creek, one hundred and
thirty miles north-east of this place ; one at Fort Edward,
fifty miles ; one at Fort Schuyler, one hundred and twen-
ty miles ; and Alden's and Butler's regiments are posted
on two other stations. Beside these, the militia are
employed for short terms, and the wages they earn will not
justify the expense of sending to you. Under these cir-
cumstances, a deputy paymaster is often of the greatest
importance at this place. I leave the matter, however, for
your judgment.
As Congress has been pleased to make provision for the
battalion ofiicers, but not any as I have heard for the gen-
erals or staff, I should be glad of your opinion in what
manner I shall make up my accounts, as I am in a separate
command, which makes my expenses much greater than
if I acted with the army. I wish to be able to live up to
my station, which can not be done by the bare allowance
of a brigadier, as I am obliged to purchase everything at
a high price : for instance, for a gallon of rum, $14 ; a
pound of sugar, $2.50 ; and every thing in proportion.
Capt. McKean is with me, and informs that he can raise
a company of good rangers to scour the woods on the
western frontier, if he can have proper encouragement.
He served with me in the ranging service during most of
the last war.
I have ordered him to raise them, which I hope you will
approve, as I think one company of such men can do
more than a regiment of militia.
I am, sir, your ob't serv't,
JOHIsr STAKK
15
218 COKKESPONDENCE OF
Headquarters. Dohhs' Ferry, \
August IG, 1781. /
Dear Sir — I have received your favor of the 9th, and
am very well pleased with the account you give of the dis-
position and behavior of the people of Vermont. The
party you mention to have been captured by them, I think
must be considered as prisoners of war, and ought to be
closely confined, to prevent all possibility of escape until
they are exchanged.
I hope the militia have arrived before this time, as I
have been obliged to order the remainder of the conti-
nental troops to join the mam army.
I am fully sensible of the embarrassments the several
departments labor under for the want of money, especially
to pay the expenses of expresses and persons employed to
carry intelligence ; and after informing the quarter master
general of your situation in this respect, shall be very
happy if he can devise ways to remedy the evil in future.
The commissary will have directions to send a proportion
of whatever rum we may receive for the use of your de-
partment.
I am, dear sir, with great regard.
Your most obed't serv't,
GEO. WASHmGTOK
Brigadier Gen. Stark.
Instructions to Captain Livingston.
Headquarters, Albany.
By John Stark, Esq., Brigadier General in the Army of the United
States, and Commander of the Troops in the Northern Department.
You will proceed, with the party under your command,
to Schoharie. On your arrival at that place, you will
establish your post on the most convenient and advanta-
geous piece of ground in your power, to act either offen-
sively or defensively, as circumstances may require —
immediately detaching and keeping out such scouts as
may be necessary to give you intelligence of the advance
of an enemy, and save you from a surprise.
JOHN STARK. 219
In case, on your arrival, the militia of that place should
join you, they are to he allowed provisions in the same
manner as the other troops under your command.
You will take particular care that no wanton mischief
is committed either upon the persons or property of the
inhabitants by your soldiers.
The commissary has my orders to send some cattle
along with you. Flour, I presume, can be got upon the
ground ; if it appears otherwise, I shall take care that you
shall be equally supplied with the other troops in the
department. Should any public teams come to Schoharie
during your stay, you will lend them what aid you can
with safety, to assist in loading.
Placing full confidence in your address, activity and
experience as an officer, I shall omit particulars not essen-
tially interesting, in regard to which your prudence must
be your guide — and wish you every success and honor due
to military glory.
Done at Albany, this 16th of August, 1781.
JOHN" STAKK.
Albany, ISth August, 1781.
Dear Si7' — Application has been made to me by several
gentlemen of reputation, for permission to send a flag of
truce to Canada for the exchange of persons, inhabitants
of this State, who are now there in captivity. If you
should think proper to signify your approbation to such
exchange, I will furnish them with a flag. The bearer
will give you the names of those proposed for the purpose.
As the command of this department may require me
upon occasion to impress wagons for the transportation of
provisions, &c., I must request your excellency to grant me
a warrant for that purpose.
I have the honor to be, &c., '
Your Excellency's most obed't serv't,
JOHI^f STARK.
His Excellency, Governor Clinton.
220 COKKESPONDENCE OF
Headquarters. Albany. \
22d August, 1781. /
Dear Sir — I am informed that a large quantity of grain
is at Schoharie, and that the inhabitants would willingly
part with it upon terms highly beneficial to the United
States ; and, as so large a granary as that of Schoharie
may be a considerable object to induce the enemy to
destroy it, I have had it in contemplation to remove it to
Schenectady. To do this will be impossible unless a large
number of teams can be collected, which I am told can
not be done without your warrant to impress them. If
you should judge the matter worthy of attention, it will
be then necessary to give a press warrant to me, or some
person whom you shall think more proper, to execute the
business.
I am, sir, «&:c.,
JOHIsr STARK.
To His Excellency, Governor Clinton.
Albany, 2Zd August, 1778.
Dear Sir — I have ventured to detain three armorers in
this department until your pleasure shall be known, two
of whom I determine to send to the westward under the
direction of Col. Willet, and the other is to go to Saratoga
with me. Your excellency will be pleased to consider
that when a gun is out of repair (though perhaps a trifle
would put it in order), a soldier is rendered unfit for duty ;
and it is very improbable that any man can be found with
the militia capable of performing the service. But, never-
theless, if your excellency should disapprove of the meas-
ure, and think they can be of more service any where
else, I shall send them immediately.
Two hundred of the militia have arrived. I hope the
remainder will come in soon. I am just told that seventy
will be in to-morrow.
I have likewise detained one, of Col. Yanschaik's regi-
ment, to serve as a pilot on the frontiers. Gen. Schuyler
JOHN STARK. 221
can inform you of the necessity of his tarrying. He is
a man that he enlisted on purpose for a guide.
I am, dear sir, &c.,
JOHN STAKK.
His Excellency, Gen. Washington.
Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters. Peekskill, \
August 24, 1781.
Ml/ Dear Sir — His excellency, the commander-in-chief,
having crossed the Hudson river, the command of all the
troops, posts, etc., in this department, have devolved on
me. By his special instructions he has been pleased to
enjoin on me attention to the security of the northern and
western frontiers of this State. I have, therefore, to re-
quest of you stated reports and returns of the state of
things, and of the troops in your district, and of all im-
portant intelligence or occurrences that may come to your
knowledge. Please to endeavor to obtain the earliest and
best intelligence of any motions or designs of the enemy,
and advise me from time to time how your troops are sup-
plied with provisions, etc., etc. A quantity of rum is on
its way from Springfield to Claverack, as the nearest point
of embarkation on the Hudson, and designed for the use
of the army. About one tenth part of the rum which
goes to Claverack is designed for the troops under your
command. Please direct Mr. Commissary Gamble not to
detain a larger proportion. The remainder must be for-
warded to West Point for the use of the garrison and this
army. The latter now consists of eighteen regiments of
regular troops, without a single drop of rum in the hands
of the commissaries. Please let me hear from you as
often as opportunity offers.
I am, with great regard, dear sir,
Your most obe't serv't,
W. HEATH,
M. General.
222 CORKESPONDENCEOP
Poughkeepsie, August 2bth, 1781.
Dear Sir — I am favored with your letter of the 23(1 inst.
Although I fully agree with you in the importance of
removing the grain from Schoharie, as it is yet the prop-
erty of individuals, I am not authorized to grant warrants
of impress for the purj^ose.
If the commissary general or State agent should pur-
chase the whole or any part of the grain in that quarter,
for the use of the army, I shall then be authorized and
will cheerfully grant him my warrant for impressing as
many teams as may be necessary to remove the quantity
they shall certify to be so purchased. Should they decline
selling in the first instance, I hope your influence with the
inhabitants, and their own safety, will induce them to
remove their crops to the interior parts of the State, and
not leave it as an incitement to the enemy to repeat their
ravages against that place.
I am informed that Captain Dunbar and Lieutenant
Grant, of the levies of this State, are apprehended and sent
to Albany on a charge of deserting to the enemy. As these
troops are subject to the command of the commander-
in-chief, and, as a sufficient number of officers to consti-
tute a court for the trial of these officers may not con-
veniently be convened at Albany, I submit it to you
whether it would not be more expedient to order them,
with the evidence, to West Point, to be tried there.
With greatest respect, &c.,
GEORGE CLmTOK
Brigadier General Stark.
To General Stark.
Fort Rensselaer, 25th Aug., 1781.
Dear General — Your favor of the 23d instant has come
safe to hand. The arrival of only part of the rum is a
disappointment ; yet, it is a true old saying that " half a
loaf is better than no bread." This disappointment, how^-
JOHN STARK. 223
ever, for the present does not affect me so much as the
backwardness of the troops designed for this quarter. The
want of rum is quite a small evil in proportion to what
the w^ant of men would be, in case of a visit from the
enemy, w^iicli we have continual reason to apprehend in
these parts ; for our situation is vulnerable for a large ex-
tent on both sides of the river ; and this is the most con-
venient frontier we have for the enemy to approach, either
from Niagara, Buck's island, or Oswegotchie (from all
which places w^e have been visited this campaign) ; nor
would it be a new thing for the enemy to move this w^ay
through Lake Champlain.
But the immediate painful part of my business here, is
the daily applications that are made to me by numbers of
suffering inhabitants (whom I class among the best of
whigs, being always ready to turn out in case of alarm),
for guards to enable them to save their grain — a considera-
ble quantity of which is still in their fields, in great dan-
ger of being spoiled — and it is not in my power to help
them. Very considerable quantities of grain may be had
in these parts for public use, if we are fortunate enough
to have the grain all secured. But, in order to procure
grain for the public use, the quarter master should furnish
us with bags ; indeed, this appears to me to be an object
of such importance that it ought to spur the quarter
master to make large exertions, in order to procure bags.
I should be glad if you would urge him to attend to this
business. At present I have a large guard at Turloch,
with a number of hands at work endeavoring to secure as
much of the harvest of that place as possible. This
makes my force, which was otherwise very scant, bare
indeed.
The whole force now at this place, including ten who
are sick, is fifty one ; and most of the posts above and
below are entirely destitute. I am not a little desirous of
removing a part of the stores from Fort Herkimer, agree-
ably to an order I received some time ago from his
excellency. Gen. Washington, which the want of strength
224 COKKESPONDENCE OF
has hitherto prevented. I can not therefore help thinking
it strange that one hundred men, beside the two compa-
nies stationed at Schoharie, and which is the full propor-
tion for that place, should he sent for and detained there,
while this more exposed and extensive country remains
so exceedingly bare. Of this I imagined Gov. Clinton
was well apprised. By his letter to me of the 13th inst,
immediately after the disaster at Haversink, in which, after
continuing to guard against a possible appearance of that
party of the enemy in this quarter, he lets me know that
he had ordered reinforcements for Schoharie from General
Ganesvoort's brigade of militia, until the entire departure
of the enemy should be ascertained. Yet after this, his
reinforcing that place with part of the quota of troops
intended for this river, which is more exposed than that
place, is what I could not have expected. There is no
doubt, however, that if it is with you to have this matter
rectified, it will be done without loss of time ; but, should
it be still necessary to wait for directions from the gov-
ernor upon this head, I shall be much obliged to you to
mention the difiaculties I labor under to him, yourself, as
well as make me acquainted with it, that I may likewise
write upon this business as soon as possible, as much
may depend upon it. I am in danger of having a famine
of paper. I shall therefore be much obliged to you, sir, to
order some this way.
I am, sir.
Your most obed't serv't,
MARINUS WILLET.
P. S. Flour we shall be able to furnish ourselves with
if we have no assistance, but beef I must request you to
order this way, or we shall soon be meat less.
JOHN STARK. 225
To Colonel Pickering.
Headquarters. Albany, \
August 25th, 1781. j
Dear Sir — My situation in this department is the most
disagreeahl^ I was ever in. There is no forage for horses ;
no horses to transport any kind of provisions in this
extensive department ; there are no camp-kettles for the
use of the troops. And unless some of the above men-
tioned grievances are redressed, and very speedily, I shall
expect the troops on the frontiers will disperse and go to
their homes.
I can not say it is the fault of the quarter master, for I
do not know his authority ; hut, unless he can or will do
something more than he has since I have been here, he is
entirely useless here.
I applied to him a fortnight ago for a wagon to trans-
port my baggage to Bennington ; I have not got it yet,
nor do I see any probability of it.
I must beg an answer from you on the subject ; and do
let me know what I am to expect from the quarter master's
department — whether assistance or not.
I am, sir, your most obedient serv't,
JOIOT STAEK.
To Colonel Henry Laurens.
Albany, August 21th, 1781.
Dear Sir — By a spy, who has been on board the enemy's
ships at Crown Point, we learn that their intention is to
make a push upon this place, to alarm the N'ew-Hampshire
Grants by way of Castleton, and gather all the tories in
this quarter, who are to be met by General Howe's army
near this place. Therefore I should advise you to keep
your men in readiness.
Your obed't serv't,
JOHN STARK.
226' COKKESPONDENCE OF-
To Governor Chittenden.
Albany, 27th August, 1781.
My Dear Sir — I only waited the prudent and happy
determination of Congress, to congratulate you upon the
interesting and important decision in your favor. Be
assured, sir, that no intervening circumstance on the grand
political system of America, since the war began, has giv-
en me more real pleasure than to hear of your acceptance
into the Union* — a measure that I do now, and always did
think, was highly compatible with the real interest of the
country. It is with difficulty that I can determine in my
own mind why it has been postponed to this late hour ;
but perhaps Congress had motives that we are strangers
to. The best and wisest mortals are liable to error.
I am very happy to acquaint you that the people in this
city show very much of the highest solicitude upon the
matter, fully convinced that to be separate will be more
for the interest of both States than to be united. In my
opinion, nothing can wound a generous mind more than
the mortifying thought of making a large country misera-
ble ; and the people of your State, by their utter detesta-
tion of the management of ^N'ew-York, must have been
wretched under their government.
To have been connected with ^ew-Hampshire is what
many in the State would have been very sorry for, as very
inconvenient and expensive for both bodies of people, and
no real good resulting from such a connection ; therefore
I am of the opinion that every man, who consulted the
public interest, must be an advocate for a separation. For,
had they been connected, there would ever have been a
jealousy between the two States, which would have been
infallibly dangerous to both ; but that jealousy, by the
separation, must entirely subside, and IsTew-Hampshire
and Vermont live in perfect friendship as sister States.
That Vermont, in its government, may be happy, and a
stranger to internal jars, is the ardent wish, my dear sir, of
your most obed't serv't,
JOH]^ STARK.
*Tbis was premature : Congress offered, but Vermont would not accept.
JOHN STARK. 227
Bennington, 28th August, 1781.
Sir — From the slight acquaintance I have made with
you, and your known humanity, I am induced, in behalt
of my good friend. Captain Brownson, to ask the favor ot
you to use your good influence to procure the release ot
Doctor Smith's son, who is confined in Albany gaol ; and
for whom, by my request, application has been made to
you before. Capt. Brownson 's exchange can be eftected
for him, and a servant, McFall, taken at the battle of Ben-
nington ; and, as there is no probability of any farther
exchange taking place, I must earnestly entreat your kind
interposition in this case.
General Safford, who will deliver this, will consult you
more fully on the subject, to whom I beg leave to refer
you. I have the honor to be, sir.
With respect and esteem,
Your most obed't and most
Humble servant,
JOSEPH FAY.
Hon. General Stark.
Fort Rensselaer, 28th August, 1781.
Dear General — Yours, of the 26th inst., is come to hand.
The prospect of a supply of beef relieves me from a con-
siderable deal of anxiety. Yesterday, just at dusk, I was
advised of the enemy's having been early the day before
at Cobuskill, where it is said they have burned several
houses and barns. How it came to pass that I did not re-
ceive this account sooner, I am unable to devise, as the
distance is little more than twenty miles from this place,
and only eight miles from Turloch, where I have a large
party at work procuring the grain of that settlement.
Had I have known it at the time, I think the chance
would have been in my favor of falling in with them
before they could have reached the Susquehanna, as I had
a party out that night as far as Cherry Valley, in conse-
228 COKKESPONDENCE OF
quence of having discovered ten or twelve Indians at
Bowman's creek. I shall endeavor to find out the reason
of this delay in sending this account this way.
No people can he more alert and ready to turn out on
news of the approach of an enemy than the militia of this
quarter; consequently none deserve more attention. We
shall, therefore, look to you for our quota of men, and
every thing else that may be necessary to make our situa-
tion as comfortable and agreeable as possible.
I am, sir, your most obedient humble serv't,
MARmUS WILLET.
Hon. General Stark.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Poughkeepsie, 28th August, 1781.
Dear Sir — Your letter of the 11th instant is this mo-
ment received. I can have no objections against your
sending a flag to Canada, to negotiate an exchange of the
inhabitants who are prisoners with the enemy, as their
liberation is an object Ihave frequently attempted, although
in vain, and most ardently wish.
I need not mention to you, sir, the great care that ought
to be taken, especially in our present situation, in the
appointment of an officer to conduct this business, as your
own good sense will dictate that he ought to be a man of
address and firmness ; and no person should be permitted
to accompany him but such as merit the most perfect con-
fidence.
I inclose you a list of the persons transmitted to me by
the commissioners of Albany, to be oftered in exchange,
and against which I have no objection, provided that
those that are marked as inhabitants make their applica-
tion to me, for the purpose, in writing, agreeable to law, to
be filed in the Secretary's office of the State.
If the enemy should consent to an exchange, due atten-
tion must be paid to give preference to those of our friends
JOHN STARK. 229
who have been longest in captivity, as this is consonant
with justice, and the contrary would occasion discontent.
Agreeable to your request, I transmit your inclosed war-
rant 6f impress for forty wagons for ten days. You will
.please to observe that you may, by the letter of the war-
rant, in the first instance, employ the whole number of
wagons for ten days, to transmit provisions or public stores,
and the warrant would expire. But, I conceive the public
service would be advanced by employing a small number
of them only at a time ; and that in this way they will be
sufficient, with what the quarter master may furnish, to
transmit provisions for your troops during the season. It
is justice to make the disaffected, who in other respects
bear least of the common burthen, the objects of the im-
press, which I am sure will not be disagreeable to you.
I am, with great respect and esteem.
Dear sir, your most obed't serv't,
GEO. CLINTOIsr.
Albany, 29th August, 1781.
Ml/ Bear Sir — Your letter of the 24th was delivered me
last evening. I am very sorry it will be impossible for me
to transmit a regular return of the state of the district, in
my present circumstances. . Paper, that necessary article
for the transaction of business, we are wholly destitute of;
and the troops in the department are so scattered that it
would be a work of considerable time (under the best
circumstances), to collect and digest the state of the depart-
ment into a single return. Much more must be the diffi-
culties in the present, which are very far from coming
within that description. I desired Col. "Willet to send me
a return twenty days ago, but it has not come yet, nor can
I guess when it will. He has nothing to make it on.
I shall regularly communicate every intelligence that
comes to my knowledge, worthy of attention ; and shall
230 COKKESPONDENCE OP
begin with the common, but ever disagreeable news of
twelve houses and fourteen barns being burnt, by a party
of the enemy, at Cobu skill, and three men and five boys
taken prisoners ; and a number of cattle and horses dHven
away. I can not learn who had the command, nor their
exact number ; but they bent their course towards Cherry
Yalley, where it is very probable we shall hear of some
other instances of their unparalleled clemency.
I shall strictly adhere to your directions with respect to
the commissary ; and, at the same time, must beg you
would attend to the indispensable wants of this depart-
ment. It is not in my power to send an express forty
miles, for want of cash, be the emergency ever so press-
ing. There is not a camp-kettle for all the militia, and
not half enough for the three years' men ; and you are too
well acquainted with those gentry to think they will rest
easy under such circumstances. There is no forage in the
department, nor means to provide any.
The commissioners of accounts and the quarter masters
draw provisions from the department, which I think
directly contrary to a positive resolution of Congress ; but
I shall suspend directing to the commissary not to deliver
it until your pleasure shall be known.
There are a number of prisoners of war and convention
in this department : some under bonds for their appearance
on certain days ; and others at large. I have ventured to
give orders for the seizing of all that can be found. A
number are already collected, and I expect to get a number
more. I could wish that they could be exchanged for
some of Alden's or Warner's regiments that were taken
in this quarter. But, at all events, they are very improper
persons to be at large, especially in this country.
I am, dear sir,
"With much respect and esteem,
Your ob't serv't,
JOHIT STAEK.
Major General Heath.
JOHN STARK. 231
To his Excellency, Governor Clinton.
Albany, ^\st August, 1781.
Dear Sir — My embarrassments in this department are
almost intolerable. I have not a single grain of forage,
nor can 1 procure any. When I apply to the quarter mas-
ter, he says, "what can I do ? " and this is all I can get
from him. It is all that he does, and almost all that he
says. You must be sensible that it will be impossible to
transact the business without some magazine of forage is
laid up, or at least some for immediate consumption.
It is a month since I have been on the ground, and I
have received nothing from the quarter master except a
little swamp hay, and none of that for these ten days.
I have almost daily calls from the frontier for provisions,
but am not able to send them any assistance, as the quar-
ter master has no money to hire teams, and no authority
to impress them ; and as you promised me every assist-
ance in your power, to facilitate my command and the
public business, I must now claim the benefit of your
promise, and beg your assistance at this critical period.
Major Shurtliff, who will have the honor of delivering
this, can enumerate many difiiculties I have not men-
tioned, and which, if mentioned, would stretch this letter
beyond its designed length. I shall be very happy to be
favored with your advice, and shall apprise you of all
intelligence that shall appear to affect the State.
Your most obedient servant,
JOHN STAKK.
To the Honorable President of Congress.
Albany, September 1st, 1781.
Dear Sir — Perhaps the topic that I take the liberty to
address you upon, is so common that it is no longer
noticed ; if that be the case, my labor is lost. However, the
high opinion I have formed of the rectitude, virtue and
justice of the august body over whom you preside, leads
me to hope that my request, which I think reasonable,
may be taken into consideration and granted.
232 CORRESPONDENCE OP
I must inform you that it is going on the third year
since I have received any cash from the public as pay, or
on account (except two thousand dollars at Providence,
R. I., in 1779), which you must know is very incompetent
to the expenses of a general officer since that time. How-
ever, I have tamely waited the liberality of Congress, with-
out asking what was my dae, until my means as well as
my credit are entirely exhausted.
ITecessity now induces me to ask that from you which
I endeavored to keep off as long as possible. I do not
indeed recollect ever troubling your excellency with a
request of this kind before, nor should I now, were there
any other method within the compass of my knowledge.
It may be necessary to inform your excellency that I
applied to IN'ew-Hampshire last winter for a settlement of
accounts. They returned for answer that " Congress had
not recommended it to them to take up the matter with
respect to the general officers ; and without that recom-
mendation, they did not conceive that it was in their pow-
er, as Congress might determine to do it themselves, as
they had their sole appointment." But they advanced me
a little paper money upon my own credit, which I hold
myself bound for the payment of; and a little of it still
remains in my hands. There it must remain, for I can get
nothing for it.
I could, I own, when I procured the paper, have
exchanged some of it for hard cash, but the precedent I
did then, and still do, despise ; and I trust you will not
permit me to be a sufferer by that.
I have no doubt but that Congress are too much
troubled with requisitions of this kind ; but, at the same
time, I must, among others, request a little cash — not that
I expect or wish all that is my due, but something that
shall be equal to what Congress shall think a general
officer ought to have, on a separate command.
I have the honor to be
Your most obedient humble servant,
JOHK STAEK.
J-OHN STAEK. 233
To Brigadier General Stark.
Pouc/hkeepsie, 1st Sept., 1781.
Dear Sir — When in Albany last winter, I addressed
a letter to Governor Haldiman, respecting the exchange
and liberation of a number of women and children,
captured by the enemy on the frontiers of this State,
which was to be forwarded by a flag. Brig. Gen. Clinton
intended sending to Canada to effect the exchange of Dr.
Smith and others, but it seems the situation of our affairs,
while he had the command, rendered such communication
inexpedient, and he has returned me the letter and papers ;
but the forwarding of them at this late day might be
deemed improper.
I now take the liberty of inclosing them to you, and to
request that the letter be forwarded by the first flag.
As the letter is sealed, I inclose you a copy of it, to
which, and the other inclosed papers, I beg leave to refer
you for information. It is only necessary for me to ob-
serve, that I am possessed of the obligation of Mr. Stuart,
executed by himself and two freeholders, for complying
with the conditions expressed in the papers, signifying my
consent to his being exchanged, and for the liberation of
an inhabitant of this State, a prisoner with the enemy, for
a negro man he is to take with him ; and also Dr. Smith's
obligation, subscribed by two other persons, for the
exchange of Captains Wood and Drake, agreeable to the
State commissary's certificate.
You will find, among the papers now transmitted, a peti-
tion from Margaret McKenny, supported by one in favor
of her request by a number of the most respectable inhab-
itants of Schenectady.
I should be happy if I were at liberty to grant her the
indulgence she asks, as I believe her case (and it is an ex-
tremely hard one), is truly represented by the gentlemen
of Schenectady, who have interfered in her behalf
But, however insignificant the character, I do not con-
ceive myself authorized to permit subjects of this State to
change their allegiance without their compliance with
16
234 CORKESPONDENCE OF
a law of this State, which empowers me to exchange them
on making proper application for the purpose, as men-
tioned in mj certificate at the foot of the petition.
Mr. McFarland's character, as a zealous whig, induced
me to consent to his accompanying the flag, and I helieve
he may he confided in. You will please to return me the
papers respecting Mrs. McKenny, when you have perused
them. I transmit them to you, under the idea of her
applying to you on the subject, and perhaps she may
conceive herself able to comply with the law, to facilitate
which I will agree to take the most insignificant charac-
ters in exchange for her family, on her engagement to
return when required, if she can not effect any.
I am, with great respect, dear sir,
Yaur most obed't serv't, .
GEO. CLINTOK
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters, Peekskill, \
September 3d, 1781. j
Dear Sir — I addressed you a few days since, but, as the
conveyance was not direct, am uncertain whether my
letter reached you. I wish you to write me very frequently,
and give me a particular state of affairs in your district —
the number of troops, and where stationed ; what works
are in the district, in what condition, and how garrisoned ;
what supplies of ammunition, provisions, &c., you have.
Whenever you can obtain any intelligence of the mo-
tives or designs of the enemy, please give me the earliest
notice of them. Please, also, to direct the person who is
directed to do the duty of deputy adjutant general, to
make accurate monthly returns of all the troops in your
district, in continental pay, to Lieutenant Colonel Grosve-
nor, the deputy adjutant general of the department at this
place, or wherever this army may be at the time of making
such return.
JOHN STAKK. 235
Such return should he made punctually hy the first of
each month, that the general return may he made to Con-
gress. Please, hy the first opportunity, to order a return
of your present strength to be sent, that, if there is any
deficiency in the militia levies, the States may he called
upon to complete them.
A British fleet, of fourteen sail-of-the-line, under the
command of Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, arrived at Sandy
Hook last Tuesday, from the Wes-Indies : one ship of
90 guns ; thirteen, of 74 ; three, of 44 ; one sloop and one
fire-ship. It is said three old British regiments came in the
fleet : viz., 1st battalion of royals, 13th and 69th ; but
these must have been much reduced by sickness in the
West-Indies.
I congratulate you on the safe return of Colonel Laurens
from France, and the success of his embassy. A large
sum of specie, and a quantity of clothing of all sorts, are
safely arrived at Boston.
I am, with great regard.
Dear sir, your most obedient serv't,
W. HEATH, Major General.
City Government of Albany to Governor Clinton.
Albany, 4th September, 1781.
Sir — We have received undoubted information that a
party of the enemy from Canada intend to burn and
destroy this city.
The corporation and field oflicers of this city have had
a meeting on the subject, and conceive it absolutely nec-
essary that some troops be stationed in town to protect the
city, and the public buildings, stores and magazines in it.
We conceive the city guards and night watches to be
insufficient to ward off' the impending danger. An undis-
ciplined militia, whose city duty is frequent, are inade-
quate to the task. We have requested General Stark to
236 CORRESPONDENCE OF
detain in town a sufficient guard or company for the pur-
pose, and to be held in readiness to assist the city guards
and patrols ; but, though willing, he does not conceive
himself authorized to grant this request without orders
for the purpose from the commander-in-chief of the
department.
We therefore beg your excellency to write to General
Heath on the subject, and endeavor to prevail on him to
send a company (or two if possible) of troops, of at least
sixty men each, or to order General Stark to send a com-
pany of the troops now at Saratoga, to be stationed in this
city for the above purposes.
We are, &c.
His Excellency, Governor Clinton.
To His Excellency, Frederick Haldiman, Esq., Governor-in-Chief of Can-
ada, and Commander of the Britannic Majesty's forces in the same.
Headquarters. Saratoga, \
September, 1781. /
Sir — The British military prisoners in this department
are as anxious to be released from captivity as I suppose
are the Americans in your power. Wishing to alleviate,
as far as in me lies, the calamities incident on captivity, I
have to propose to your excellency the exchange of all
prisoners within my power, either agreeably to the mode
settled between his excellency. General Washington, and
his excellency, General Sir Henry Clinton, or on any other
we can agree upon. Should you prefer the former, you
will please to advise me thereof as soon as may be ; to
transmit me a list of the numbers and rank of the pris-
oners in your power, and to signify at what place you
would wish to deliver and receive such as may be ex-
changed.
Should your excellency deem it more eligible to settle
the terms of exchange between us, I conceive it would
JOHN STARK. 237
tend to expedite the business, if commissioners were
appointed on both sides, to meet either on this or the
other side of lake George, and settle the terms.
Captain is the bearer of this, attended by , one
non-commissioned officer and — privates, and, having
orders to return as soon as he has delivered this, as a flag
he is entitled to, and will doubtless be treated according
to the laws of war. 1 am, with due respect.
Your Excellency's most obedient servant,
JOH]^ STARK, Brigadier General,
Commanding the Northern Department.
To Captain E. Marshall.
Albany, September 4, 1781.
Dear Sir — Finding it necessary, for the good of the ser-
vice in expediting public stores to the frontiers, to have
an officer in whom I can confide stationed in this city —
from your long service in the army, and, consequently,
knowledge of your duty — I am induced to appoint you to
this command ; and, from and after my leaving the city,
you are to consider yourself commanding officer on this
ground, unless relieved by me, the commanding officer of
the northern department, or the commanding officer of
the main army, either of whose orders you are to obey.
As I have reason to think there will be several militia
men who will arrive after this date, to go either to the
westward or northward, those you will victual and send to
their regiments, in such a manner as you shall think
proper, reserving in the city twenty men, who are to be
a constant guard until farther orders.
I must request you to employ some of your leisure
moments in inspecting the public works of all kinds, as I
have every reason to think that the most flagrant abuses
are committed, and the most wanton dissipation of public
238 COKRESPONDENCE OF
property too familiar in them. In case you meet with
any instances of the kind (which I think that you can
hardly fail of), you will take the earliest opportunity of
reporting them to me. You will do all in your power to
facilitate the public business of all kinds in the depart-
ment, and strenuously urge on supplies while it is practi-
cable. I shall leave you power to impress teams, but that
power is not to be made use of when it can be well
avoided, and then is to be to the reputed friends of the
country ; and the carriages of persons of suspicious char-
acter are to be taken.
You will give no orders for provisions except to the
quarter master's department, and then agreeably to the
return and list he shall make out, in compliance with my
orders of the 3d instant : one ration per day to Mrs.
Orson, Lieutenant Lee's regular allowance, and to all
officers on command (they producing their instructions),
and to the Indians of the Oneida tribe, upon the order of
John Bleeker, Esq., of this city.
You will see that my orders of the 3d instant are dis-
tributed, and when the returns and reports are delivered to
you, forward them by the first conveyance to my head-
quarters.
You will not allow Mr. Commissary to repay any rum
which he has borrowed heretofore, unless the supply of
that article will justify it. .
Should any of the Massachusetts levies come on with-
. out arms, you will furnish them, and endeavor to obtain
receipts from their officers for the same, making them
accountable to the commissary of military stores.
I am, &c., JOIffl STAKK.
JOHN STARK. 239
[Copy of an extract from General "Washington's Letter to the President
of Congress,]
Philadelphia, September 5, 1781.
""With the highest pleasure I do myself the honor to
transmit to your excellency a copy of a letter from Gen.
Gist, which announces the safe arrival of Admiral De
Grasse in the Chesapeake, with twenty-eight ships-of-the-
line. On this happy event, I beg your excellency to
accept my warmest congratulations."
Baltimore, Sep>temher 4, 1781.
Sir — I have the pleasure to inform you that the Serpent,
(cutter of eighteen guns). Captain Arme de Luane, has
this moment arrived here with dispatches to your excel-
lency from Count de Grasse, who arrived in the Chesa-
peake, with twenty-eight ships-of-the-line, the 26th ult.
The next day he landed three thousand troops on the south
side of James river, in order to form a junction with the
Marquis de la Fayette. The fleet, on their passsage, took
a packet from Charleston, with Lord Rawdon on board,
bound for Europe.
The grand fleet has taken its station from the middle
ground to Cape Henry, from whence have been detached
three ships-of-the-line and one frigate to York river, where
one twenty-six-gun-ship fell into their hands. Captain De
Luane informs me that he left the fleet the day before
yesterday, and that he had particular directions from the
admiral to forward these dispatches to you by one of his
officers ; but, as this gentleman can not be in readiness to
proceed immediately, I have thought it expedient to for-
ward the intelligence by express, to assist your excellency
in the government of such movements as it may be judged
necessary to adopt on this occasion.
I do myself the honor to inclose a list of the fleet, deliv-
ered to me by the cutter, which will wait here for your
orders. I have ordered all the vessels to sail immediately
for the troops at the head of the Elk.
I am, &c., M. GIST.
240 COEKESPONDENOE OF
Note. The above fleet is exclusive of tliat under the
command of Count Barras. E'ew-York news, which may
be depended on, states that two frigates, conveying three
transports from that place, having on board three Hessian
regiments, were captured ; only one frigate returned,
which brings the news.
Alha72y, Septemla^ 12, 1781.
Dear General — I this moment received a letter from
Colonel Willet, dated Fort Plain, 10th inst. The follow-
ing is an extract :
'' I am just returned to this place. The party that
Lieutenant Woodworth fell in wdth, w^hich occasioned the
late alarm, was not so strong as was represented to me.
They were too far gone before I got to Fort Herkimer.
Poor Woodworth was taken in by their ambuscade, and
was unfortunately killed the second fire. It cost us dear ;
only fifteen men out of Ihirty-nine, and two ofiacers, have
escaped ; eleven of our men, including "Woodworth, were
found dead. The remainder, with Lieutenant "Wilson, we
have no account of "Wilson, no doubt, did all in his
power. The enemy were too heavy for him ; and I fear
some of his men left him in the lurch. It has been an
unfortunate afiPair. "We must hope for better luck here-
after. Please communicate this to the governor and
General Stark. Want of paper and time prevented me
from doing it myself"
Inclosed you have a copy of a hand-bill from belo^v. I
give you my warmest congratulations on the flattering
aspect and prospect of our aifairs.
I am, &c., dear sir,
Your obed't serv't,
E. MAESHALL.
Hon. General Stark.
JOHN STARK. 241
[Extract from Kivington's New- York paper, dated September 5, 1781.]
By a letter from the Chesapeake, dated the 31st ult.,
the French fleet or squadron, consisting of twenty-
three sail, including frigates and inferior vessels, were
arrived at Lynn Haven bay, in Virginia, from whence a
sixty-four and two frigates were detached up York river,
and had taken a station off Yorktown. Every prepara-
tion was making by our noble general to defend the im-
portant posts his lordship there possesses ; and, as a very
formidable and truly well appointed squadron of the
British line, commanded by Admiral Graves, is, through
much exertion, supposed to be now in the vicinity of our
combined enemies, we may conclude the present to be the
most interesting and critical era since the commencement
of the American rebellion — for an expected action at
sea is likely to become decisive of the inadmissible idol,
Independence.*
We have at present the satisfaction to perceive a great
part of the French navy in a more peculiar, and, perhaps,
a more dangerous position than they were ever yet reduced
to. Granting that the French West-India and Ehode
Island fleets should have both reached the Chesapeake
before Admiral Graves, we trust the following statement,
as accurate as we can present it of the British navy when
arrived in the bay, may inspire every true Briton with
a firm confidence of its fair pretensions to brilliant success.
A list of the British fleet, commanded by Thomas
Graves, Esq., rear admiral of the Red : " One of 98 guns,
twelve of 74 do., one of 70 do., four of 64 do., two of 50
do., four of 44 do., three of 32 do., five of 28 do., one of
24 do."
* During the month of October, 1781, poor Mr. Eivington had the morti-
fying opportunity of dressing his paper in mourning for the capitulation
of a second British army to the American rebels, which settled the ques-
tion of the admissibility of the " idol, Independence."
242 COKKESPONDENCE OP
[Extract of a Letter from Virginia, dated Yorktown, August 31.]
I now inform you that we are blocked up by a French
fleet of twenty-three sail ; one of sixty-four, and two
frigates lie in sight of us.
Yesterday came up two victuallers, committed to the
protection of his majesty's frigate, Pegasus, and dispatched
by Rear Admiral, Sir Samuel Hood, to ISTew-York. The
Pegasus and her convoy, on their passage, fell in with a
French squadron of line-of-battle-ships, supposed to be
Mons. Barras. It was apprehended that the w^hole, consist-
ing of six victuallers, and a vessel with the 40th regiment
on board, had fallen into the hands of the enemy, until
happily these two effected a safe arrival in our harbor.
Headquarters. Peekskill, \
September 7, 1781. J
Dear Sir — By a letter from General Ganesvoort, and the
mayor of the city of Albany, to his excellency. Governor
Clinton, with a copy of which I have been honored, it
appears they are apprehensive that a party of the enemy
have a design to burn and destroj^ that city ; that they had
requested of you a company of the troops under your
command for its protection, which you would gladly grant,
but was doubtful of doing it without my sanction.
I wish you immediately to afford the protection request-
ed, if the state of the troops under your command, and
the safety of the other posts will admit it ; or, if not in
your power to grant effectual support, you would do it as
far as circumstances will allow, and give me notice, if you
apprehend it necessary, what farther aid may be requisite.
I am, with great regard,
Dear sir, your most obed't serv't,
W. HEATH, Major General.
Brigadier General Stark.
JOHN STAKK. 243
Schenectady, Sth September, 1781.
Dear Sir — As the inclosed is so wet by the rain, I am
afraid jou will not be able to read the whole. By the let-
ter of Lieutenant Fonda, it appears that Lieutenants
Woodworth and "Wilson, with a party of forty, including
themselves, went from Fort Plain yesterday in the fore-
noon, and were attacked between the Indian castle and
Fall hill; both lieutenants are killed, and tweny-six pri-
vates, and four wounded. I can not learn the enemy's
strength, nor what number are killed on either side.
Captain Y , and the small party, with some pork,
beef, salt, &c., &c., are gone off.
Yours, sincerely, in haste,
H. GLEN.
To Captain E. Marshall.
Headquarters. PeeJcsHll, \
September 8, 1781. /
Dear Sir — Apprehending that the city of Albany may
be in some immediate danger, and that it is not in your
power to afford the aid requested, without too much weak-
ening your other posts, I have ordered two companies of
Colonel Weisenfel's regiment, under the command of
the Major, immediately to Albany. This detachment,
while in the northern district, will be subject to your
orders ; but I wish not to have it removed beyond the city,
unless some particular occasion shall require it. Li conse-
quence of this measure, you will not call any of your
troops from Saratoga to cover Albany.
I am, with great regard, &c.,
W. HEATH, Major General
Brigadier General Stark.
244 CORKESPONDENCE OF
To the "Worshipful Abraham Ten Broeck, Mayor of Albany, and Briga-
dier General Ganesvoort.
Pleasant Valley, Duchess County, \
September 8, 1781. /
Gentlemen — I have the honor of inclosin^^ a letter from
Major General Heath, commanding the department, to
Brigadier General Stark, (which you will please to have
delivered), authorizing him to aiford the city of Albany
the protection you request, and directing him, in case the
state of the troops under his command will not admit of
effectual support, to give the general notice what farther
aid may be requisite. You will readily perceive the pro-
priety, on this occasion, of not only transmitting the
substance of any intelligence you may receive of the
designs of the enemy, but also of giving the manner of
acquiring it, and every circumstance attending it, to ena-
ble me to form a proper judgment of the credit it may
merit, and back your application with confidence.
I have the pleasure, also, of transmitting the inclosed
extracts from Eivington's Kew-York paper, of the 5th
instant, announcing the arrival of twenty-three sail-of-the-
line, belonging to our illustrious ally, in Lynn Haven
bay (Chesapeake), and that Lord Cornwallis is completely
blocked up, &c., &c., which you will please to communi-
cate to your fellow-citizens in such manner as you may
deem proper.
On Mons'r Barras' junction, which, from the inclosed
account, must long since have taken place, our fleet will
consist of thirty-one sail-of-the-line, besides frigates, etc.,
from which, when compared with the enemy's lists, you
will be able to judge of the event of an action.
I am, with great respect, gentlemen,
Your obed't serv't,
GEO. CLE^TOK
JOHN STARK. 245
Albany, September 9th, 1781.
Dear General — The letter, per bearer, came to hand
yesterday, about an hour after the express went off for
you. In expectation, then and now, of farther intelligence
from the westward, I retained, and still do, the only
express horse here, or I should have sent them forward
immediately. You may depend upon the earliest notice.
The same slothfulness, too prevalent here, has prevented
me from sending the rum and other stores this day. They
will, at all events, go off to-morrow morning, and will
be at Stillwater on Tuesday morning. The commis-
sary here, says wagons generally came from Saratoga
to receive them at that post. I believe you may venture
to send some men on that day. There came but two
hogsheads of rum from Claverack. I have ventured to
let the commissary repay Mr. Glen sixty gallons, of whom
Mr. Gamble had borrowed one hundred and eighty, two
months ago, and entered into a private obligation to repay
the same in ten days, or pay for the rum in specie ; this
both parties mutually did for the benefit of the public.
The rum Mr. Glen was selling for a merchant in Boston,
whom he expects every moment will call for the money ;
but he said if I would let him have two barrels he would
wait for the other. I hope these considerations will justify
proceedings.
I am, sir, &c.,
Your obed't serv't,
E. MARSHALL.
Hon. General Stark.
Saratoga, 9th September, 1781.
Dear Sir — This will be handed you by Captain Brady,
who has suffered a long and tedious imprisonment in Can-
ada ; but, by good fortune, made his escape from Montreal,
on the — of August. He is now nearly two thousand
miles from his place of residence, and no friends or money
to assist him. The public finances in this department not
246 CORKESPONDENCE OF
enabling me to grant him any aid, I have taken the liberty
to recommend him to you. He can give you a tolerable
account of affairs in Canada.
M}^ letters of yesterday, from Albany and Schenectady,
give an account of a body of the enemy being on the Mo-
hawk river ; and that they had killed two lieutenants and
twenty-five privates, and wounded four more. I can not
learn the particulars of this sad disaster, but hope to be
able to inform you in my next, together with their capture
by the brave and intrepid Colonel Willet, who is collecting
in force to oppose them.
I must beg you to send me a supply of ammunition as
soon as possible, as the department has not sufficient for a
single action ; which, by the accounts I can learn from
Canada, we may daily expect.
I am, sir, &c., JOHI^ STAEK.
Major General Heath.
Schenectady, Septemher 9, 1781.
Sir — I wrote to his excellency, the Governor, relative to
those women whose husbands are with the enemy, and in
his answer, which I have just received, he approves of
sending them off; but directs that a list of their names
should first be sent to him (which I shall do without
delay), and then he will signify his approbation to you
of sending them oft' as soon as you think it expedient.
As you may not have seen the law relative to this matter,
I here inclose you a copy of it.
Mr. Ellis informs me that he is going to wait on you
on business relative to Mrs. Constable's going to Canada.
I have only to observe that she had the necessary leave
when she had obtained yours.
Before your arrival at Albany, to take the command, I
applied to Colonel Willet to station twelve or fifteen of
his men in this town, to assist us in the commissionary
business, in apprehending disaftected persons, and small
JOHN STARK. 247
parties of the enemy, who came in a private manner, in
order to enlist soldiers amongst ns, and get intelligence.
He promised to comply with my request ; but, I suppose,
from the multiplicity of business, and scarcity of men, he
has neglected it. I should be glad if you would order us
a few men here for those purposes, for the militia will not
answer.
"With respect, your most ob't serv't,
HUGH MILLER.
Brigadier General Stark.
Albany, September 10, 1781.
Dear General — Yours of yesterday came to hand last
evening. I believe you may dispel your fearful apprehen-
sions of Colonel Willet's suffering for want of cartridges.
When I came from that quarter, his men were supplied,
and he had nine thousand on hand (and the artillery mak-
ing more), and a large quantity of loose powder. The
whole, fixed and unfixed, amounted, by the artillery offi-
cer's calculation, to nearly three tons. I send per bearer
the things you demanded of the surgeon of the hospital.
Major's Stark's horse is recovering. ]N'o news from either
quarter.
I am, &c., E. MARSHALL.
To Major General Heath.
Saratoga, \lth September, 1781.
Dear Sir — Yours of the 3d and 7th inst. are now before
me ; the former was received last night, and the latter
this day. By your not acknowledging the receipt of my
former letters, I am led to believe you never received
them, for certainly they must have reached you long
before this. In them you will find the reason of my not
sending you a return ; and the same difficulty that then
existed is not yet removed. Therefore, you must not
248 COKRESPONDENCE OF
expect a return until the materials are supplied to make it
with. However, I can tell the number in this garrison,
which consists of two majors, seven captains, eleven lieu-
tenants, twenty-seven sergeants, and three hundred and
sixty rank and file. We have about ten rounds of car-
tridges per man, and no more ammunition in store. I
wrote to General Knox for a supply some time ago, but
have neither received the ammunition, nor any answer ;
but hope for them every hour. I have no deputy adju-
tant general, nor have I one that I can appoint, capable of
the business, who is willing to undertake it. Be assured,
sir, whenever you shall think proper to order a supply of
paper, and appoint a deputy adjutant general, either from
your army, or some one that you know in this district, the
business shall then be done with regularity, and, I hope, to
your satisfaction ; but till then, I can not tell how it will
be transacted. You will perceive, by the number of men
in this garrison, that it would be very imprudent to detach
any of them to Albany ; but I expect a few more in every
day. Notwithstanding this, I can not think myself justi-
fiable in sparing any men from this, or any of the frontiers,
without your positive orders, until we are stronger than
we are now.
And, indeed, was I ever so strong, Albany is a very
dangerous place to put men into ; for, were I to send a com-
pany there, I should expect they would have one half of
them in jail, and the other half to keep them there, in a
month. For I can inform you, sir, that they have had
more than one continental soldier in jail, for debts, or pre-
tended debts ; now they are calling for more, for perhaps
the same purpose. It appears, sir, that some villains have
determined to try whether they can detain a soldier in jail
for debt or not ; and, by the assistance these patriotic
gentlemen have had from the magistrates of Albany, they
have been enabled to carry their nefarious plans into exe-
cution.
Farther, sir, Albany is able to turn out five hundred
men for its own defence ; and a larger body than fifty can
JOHN STARK. 249
not well come against them ; and, if ten virtuous citizens
are not able to defend themselves against the assaults of
one sculking rascal of a tory or an Indian, it is very
remarkable, as they have got forts and walls to cover them,
almost beyond the power of human force to shake. But,
my dear sir, if you have men to spare from the army, I
expect they will be soon wanted at this place, as I have
this day almost certain intelligence of there being a large
detachment of the enemy at St. Johns, destined for this
quarter. Perhaps they may come before you can possibly
send me any assistance ; but I hope not.
I am sorry that, among the rest of my calamities, it is
not in my power to send an express forty miles, unless by
detaching a soldier on foot, with his provisions on his back ;
and, in case the enemy shall approach, I shall be under the
necessity of sending expresses to Hampshire and Berk-
shire counties, to Albany, and to the Grants. This, sir,
requires good horses and horsemen. Neither of them are
to be had here ; and, were there any horses, there is no
money to pay their expenses, nor forage to keep them on ;
nor any of either can I get.
I have applied to the governor for forage, but he says
that Congress has never required it of the State, and, with-
out that requisition, he can not give a warrant to impress
it ; and that he supposes Congress has lodged the money
in the hands of the proper officers, to procure it.
I am, sir, your obedient
Humble servant,
JOH]^ STARK.
17
250 COKRESPONDENCE OF
To General Stark.
Albany, September 11, 1781.
Dear General — ^Your favor of this day's date has just now
come to hand. You may rely that every intelligence I can
procure, from Canada or elsewhere, worthy of your atten-
tion, will be immediately communicated. I have now
the pleasure to inclose a farther communication of the
account I wrote you in my last, with some agreeable
additions, to which I add, as may be relied on, that the
British fleet, which Rivington, in a paper of the 5th inst.,
declared was gone in quest of the French fleet, has return-
ed to JN'ew-York, where it remains ; and will perhaps
remain, as it can not face the formidable fleet of our illus-
ritous ally.
Governor Clinton writes that all our prisoners who were
at I^ew-York, have been sent out on exchange and parole ;
and that, from the best, nay, certain accounts, the greatest
consternation prevails in that place among the British and
their infamous friends. God increase their apprehensions.
It was this morning reported that the infamous Arnold
had made a descent at IN'ew-London, in Connecticut, and
burnt that town, * but it has since been contradicted, and
will, I hope, prove without foundation.
With my compliments, please advise Major Stark that I
feel with pleasure his polite attentions, both as it endears
him to me, and that such a line of conduct is ever attended
with happy results in a young gentleman. I should have
written him, but the express waits.
I am, sir, your most ob't serv't,
PH. SCHUYLER.
* This report proved true. The fort on Groton heights surrendered Sep-
tember 6, 1781, and Colonel Ledj-ard was slain with his own sword after
he had delivered it up as a token of submission. A large portion of New-
London was at the same time laid in ashes by the traitor, Arnold.
JOHN STAKK. 251
Saratoga, September 13, 1781.
Dear Sir — ^I am honored with yours of the 11th instant.
The extra flood of good news it contains difibses a joy
through my senses little short of delirium, and makes me
almost forget my declining years, and wish for health and
vigor, and an opportunity of distinguishing myself in the
presence of our illustrious general, in aiding to humble the
haughty, arrogant, and ostentatious Earl Cornwallis. I
should be very happy to have a share in his defeat and
capture — two events which either already have occurred
or infallibly must take place in a few days.
Poor Rivington must now be in a wretched dilemma.
What excuse can he make ? How extricate the British
from their present difficulties ? If he, or any other power
short of omnipotence can, they must be adepts indeed.
I am so pleased with the good news you send me, as
almost to forget to thank you for your generous ofl:er of
sending me intelligence. Be assured, sir, that I feel
exceedingly grateful for this and every other expression of
your favor.
I have no doubt of the willingness of that infamous
traitor, Arnold, to do his country all possible injury, but
hope he has not been able, in the case you mention, to
give us fresh evidence of his hateful disposition.
With esteem, sir, your friend.
And most humble servant,
JOHN STAEK.
Hon. General Schuyler.
Albany, 15th September, 1781.
Sir — Agreeably to your orders, which I received yester-
day, I marched on my men this morning for Saratoga ; but
the corporation of Albany, conceiving this place to be in
danger, sent me a note, the copy of which your honor has
inclosed, requesting me to halt till they could write to
you upon the subject.
252 COKRESPONDENCE OF
If your honor reconsider my orders from General Heath,
you will find that Albany is the post I am at present to
command, and to consider myself under your command
while here. Il^Totwithstanding, sir, I can assure you there
shall be nothing lacking in my power to serve the common
cause of America.
I am, with proper respect,
Your most obed't hbl. serv't,
SAM'L LOGAI^.
Brigadier General Stark.
Albany, September 15, 1781.
Sir — We are just now informed that you have ordered
one company of your detachment to march to Saratoga,
in consequence of orders received for that purpose from
General Stark. As we conceive, from your orders from
General Heath, that you was sent here for the purpose of
affording protection to this city, and conceiving that
General Stark has not adverted to your orders from
General Heath, we wish you to halt the company on the
march, and to wait yourself until we receive an answer to
the letter directed to General Heath, herewith delivered,
which we beg may be forwarded on by express.
We are, sir, your very humble servants,
ABRAH'M TE:^ BROECK, Mayor.
LEOII^AED GAJTESYGORT, Recorder.
To Major Logan.
Albany, September 15, 1781.
Dear Sir — The mayor informed me just now that Major
Logan, with the troops under his command, were ordered
from hence, and wished me to write you on the subject.
As those troops were expressly sent for the protection of
JOHN STARK. 253
the city, the citizens are much alarmed that they should
be removed at a time when parties of the enemy are lurk-
ing about with the express intent of burning the city.
You doubtless have your reasons for the disposition, but
if they are not of a very pressing nature, I would advise
you to dispense with their going up, as they can be drawn
to your assistance on the shortest notice, should there be
occasion, and I may also hasten on the militia, should you
find it necessary to call for them.
General Washington embarked at and sailed from the
head of Elk, with five thousand and five hundred of his
troops, on the 8th instant. The remaining two thousand
and ^ve hundred were expected there on that day, and
would immediately follow. Both French fleets are now
in the Chesapeake.
An account is current in Philadelphia that the French,
Dutch, and Spanish fleets had formed a junction, and
sailed on an expedition with a large army of land forces,
under convoy, their destination not known.
I am, with great respect, ^
Dear general, your obed't serv't,
PH. SCHUYLER.
Hon. General Stark.
To Major General Schuyler.
Saratoga, IGih September, 1781.
Dear Sir — Yours, of yesterday, was delivered to me last
night by express. I only ordered Major Logan, with half
of his troops, to this post. The remainder, with the
united eftbrts and spirited exertions of the citizens of
Albany, must, in all human probability, be competent to
its defence.
You must be sensible, sir, that no party of more than
fifty or sixty could get there undiscovered ; and even of
these, ten parties would be discovered where one would
miss. On the other hand, Albany may for a few days
254 CORKESPONDENCE OF
turn out one hundred and fifty men for guards, every
night. These, sir, with the regular guards of troops
which will be left, will he an infallible bar against any
descent upon the city.
In case of an attack here (which I am in daily expec-
tation of), I can assure you, sir, that I have no hopes of
any assistance from Albany ; and, should I receive any, it
will exceed my expectations ; as the delays that attended
their late march to Schoharie, at a time when we had
every reason to expect they would be hourly wanted, are
still fresh in my memory, and affords convincing proof
that it is not their inclination to fight away from their own
castle.
I think, by this time, my Lord Cornwallis has his hands
full of business, and I fancy, if the truth was known,
would rather be arguing the cause of America in the
British Commons (however irksome that task might be),
than in his present situation. Pray, sir, continue to give
me the news, as you are the only gentleman from whom
I can expect it authentically. That God may prosper the
alliance, and render us a happy peace, is the most ardent
wish of.
Dear sir, yours, with respect and esteem,
JOHN STARK.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters. Continental Village, \
September 17, 1781.
Dear Sir — I have received repeated information that the
enemy have been building canoes and small bateaux for
some time, at St. Johns, and sending hard bread from
Montreal to that place ; and it is now said that a number
of troops have arrived there. Whether their design is to
cross the lakes and advance toward you, or toward the
towns on the Connecticut river, for which the light craft
seem rather calculated, is uncertain.
JOHN STARK. 255
You will please to keep a sharp look out, and be in
readiness to oppose them, should thej advanc^. I have
ordered Colonel Weisenfels to move to Albany imme-
diately. The troops he will take with him, with those
lately sent under the command of Major Logan, will
make about three hundred and fifty men. They are an
exceedingly fine corps, and generally officered with old
continental officers.
I would have one company left at Albany for the secu-
rity of the city. The remainder you will dispose of in
such manner as you may judge most conducive to the pub-
lic service and security of the frontiers.
From the high opinion I have of Colonel "Willet, and
his knowledge of the country, I would have him con-
tinued in command in the quarter where he has been.
Colonel Weisenfels is a brave and good officer ; will
answer your expectations whenever employed. Let me
hear from you often. I have not yet received a return of
the troops in your district, which leaves me in uncertainty
whether your force is sufficient, or that reinforcements are
necessary.
Some soldiers have deserted from the troops gone to
the southward — several Canadians from Colonel Hazen's
regiment; probably they wdll steer for Albany. Please
direct your guards to examine such as appear suspicious,
and, if any are detected, send them down.
With great regard, etc.,
WM. HEATH, M. General.
Albany, September l^th, 1781.
Dear General — Some prisoners came to town last eve-
ning from Montreal. They had the liberty of that town,
and say that, two days before they left that city, a body of
two hundred and fifty men crossed for St. Johns ; it was
said they were to be joined by a body of whites and
256 COKKESPONDENCE OF
Indians at that place, and, in conjunction with a body from
Buck's island, were to fall upon and destroy the remainder
of the country on the Mohawk river. I have no news
from below.
I am, with esteem, sir, yours, &c.,
E. MARSHALL.
Hon. General Stark.
To Major General Heath.
Saratoga, September 20, 1781.
Dear Sir — I am somewhat alarmed that no answers
have been received to my several letters addressed to you.
I think it improbable that all should have miscarried;
and have considered some of them of sufficient conse-
quence as to have required an answer. By them you will
ascertain that this department is destitute of ammunition,
there not being ten pounds to a man at his post ; and none
at Albany, subject to my order. There are no horses for
expresses, or to convey provisions to the several posts, and
if there were, they would starve for want of forage. "We
have not even paper to transact our business with, nor
can we obtain it.
Now, sir, if you will cast up the account, you will find
the public much in our debt, and unless these debts are
paid, or more regular provision made for supplies, I hardly
know what consequences may follow — no good ones can
come, unless miracles interpose in our behalf.
Intelligence from Canada, through sound sources, leads
us to conclude that an attack is designed, either upon
this post or the Mohawk river. From the situation of
the country I think the attempt will be made upon this
post, as the enemy can come here with twenty-five miles
land carriage ; while, on the other quarter, the distance is
six times that number. However, if ammunition is sup-
plied me, I hope to give any that may come such a recep-
tion as will make them glad to return if they have an
opportunity.
JOHN STARK. 257
The people of Albany are greatly alarmed for their city.
They require all the troops of this district, or a major part
of them, to prevent about fifty tories from burning them,
their sloops, wives and houses ; for it appears these tur-
bulent sons of rapine have given out most fearful threats
against that sacred place. However, sir, unless you order
to the contrary, I shall venture, in case I feel confident of
the enemy's approach, to order all the troops now at
Albany to this post, or to the Mohaw^k.
The resolutions of Congress, allowed to every general
officer, I have not seen for nine months. I wish they may
be sent me.
With respect, I am, dear sir ,
Your obed't humble serv't,
JOHN STARK.
Dear General — Since my last, nothing extraordinary has
turned up in this department, except seven deserters, who
shall be sent to you as soon as possible ; and a few tories
that have been taken on the frontiers. I inclose you
a copy of a letter found with one of them, and am in
hopes, by this time, that the writer is a prisoner likewise.
I am informed that forty-seven of the enemy's Indians
are coming down here to make a treaty with us, while
their young men are cutting our throats. I think, until
their insolence is chastised in a severe manner, we never
can expect peace in this quarter. The bearer of this,
Major Guather, has found fifty-five shells, twelve boxes
musket balls, one vise, and one pair hand-screws in the
river near Saratoga. It is reported that the enemy sunk
some cannon in the river. I should think a farther search
would be necessary, but, by reason of the scarcity of men,
it has been neglected.
I am, sir, &c., &c.,
joh:^ staek.
His Excellency, General Washington.
258 CORRESPONDENCE OF
Saratoga, 2ith September, 1781.
Dear Sir— Your letters of 24th August, 3d, Tth, Sth,
and 17th of September, came safely to hand ; to all of
which, except the latter, I have written particular and
descriptive answers, and given you an account of the
department as near as was in my power ; and, by what
unfortunate accident they are kept from you, I can not
imagine ; but perhaps some of them may have reached
you before this, and will clear up the mystery ; but, lest
they should not, it will be necessary to be particular in this.
Your suggestions in your last, with respect to a visit
from Canada, I think very probable ; for it is no longer
a doubt that the enemy have put eighty or a hundred
bateaux in repair for some purpose ; and, as they are
boats well calculated for making a descent upon this post,
or some part of this frontier, it is very likely that we are
the object of their design ; and to my sorrow I must
inform you that, should they make an attempt now, we
should be able to make but a faint resistance. Ammuni-
tion, that life of an army, we are scant of; the troops
have not ten rounds per man, and none can I get from
Albany ; but, lest you should think I have been remiss in
not giving you this intelligence earlier, I have written
three times to you, and once to General Knox, for a
supply ; but have received neither answers nor ammuni-
tion in return for any of them, for which reasons I must
suppose they never came to your hands.
I have written particularly for some horses and forage
to be procured for this quarter ; for at present I have no
other method of keeping up a line of correspondence
with the frontiers, but by sending soldiers on foot with
their provisions on their backs ; and, in case the enemy
should come in force, that, sir, would be but a sorry
method for the commander of a district to communicate
his orders, and call in the country to his assistance.
Thus, sir, you will see the necessity of sending some
cash to enable me to send expresses, and some provision
for horses for the purpose, and pointing out some method
JOHN STARK. 259
of procuring forage and other necessaries for the use of
the district, and which are absolutely necessary to facili-
tate the public business.
There are in this neighborhood about thirty persons,
who lately came from Canada, as I suppose to bring
dispatches to Albany, and to find out the situation of the
country. I have taken every possible method to trepan
them, and hope to succeed ; but, at the same time, the
slowness of my dispatches gives me some reason to fear
that I shall not. One of the parties, employed for the
purpose, shot one man through the arm, as he was
endeavoring to pass them last evening. He is likely to
suffer amputation.
You must not expect any regular returns from this
quarter, unless you supply paper ; for there is none here
to transact any kind of public business. This, sir, has
been, and still is, my apology for not sending you a return.
The people of Albany seem in a mighty fright about
their devoted city, and would willingly, if they could, call
all the troops in the district to its protection, but, for my
part, I have not penetration enough to see any impending
danger ; for they have five hundred citizens able to bear
arms, and nothing else to do but to protect themselves,
and the most that can ever come against them (unless I
am withdrawn from this place, which shall not be if I can
help it) can not be more than fifty. ISTow consider the
odds, and you will find it to be infinitely in their favor.
Captain King, of the Massachusetts militia, will have
the honor of delivering this. He has offered his service
to perform the business, which I was glad to accept, as
the only sure method of conveying a letter to you. His
conduct in this and every other branch of his duty appears
uniformly good, and merits my highest approbation.
September 25th. This moment are brought in five of
the party I mentioned, supposed to be in this neighbor-
hood, but they will give no satisfactory account of the
remainder of the party. They were taken by Captain
Dunham and two more persons this morning. Too much
260 COKKESPONDENCE OP
lionor or praise can not be bestowed on these three brave
militia men, for this special and meritorious conduct.
I am, sir, your obedient, humble servant,
JOHN STARK
To Major General Heath.
}
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters. Continental Village,
September 24, 1781.
Dear Sir — ^Your favors of the 9th and 11th did not
come to hand until last evening. I have received but one
other letter from you, since my return from the eastward.
That letter I inclosed to Congress, with a general repre-
sentation of the situation of the army, and I believe
omitted writing you an answer at that time.
I was surprised, by yours of the 9th, to find your district
so short of ammunition, and last night sent an express to
Colonel Crane, at West Point, to forward immediately to
Albany thirty thousand musket cartridges, four barrels of
powder, fifteen hundred flints, some cartridge paper, thread,
etc., subject to your orders. I apprehend the ammunition
is by this time on the water. Paper was some time since
sent to Albany, and must have arrived. I must again
request a return of the several corps of troops as soon as
possible. I assured Congress, in my last, that yours should
be in the next, which must be made the 1st of October.
"Weisenfel's regiment will have joined you before this
reaches you. I request you to dispose of it in such a
manner as to cover the country and promote the public
service. A company, or part of a company, I would have
stationed at Albany. Ballstown is, I am told, a pass
through which the enemy will probably advance ; but, as
you are on the spot, you are the best judge. Endeavor
to have every thing arranged in the best manner for
immediate defence. Your brigade major or inspector is,
of course, to do the duty of deputy adjutant general. If
you have not a brigade major or inspector appointed, it
JOHN STARK. 261
belongs to the eldest majors. If they decline, a capable
captain is commonly appointed.
We are equally embarrassed with you in our finances,
sending expresses, etc. I have represented your situation,
and will do it again.
Every account we receive from below announces that
the British have had a very severe drubbing from the
French. The last occasion says two British seventj-four
gun ships were sunk, three ships driven on shore, four or
five taken, five or six missing ; the remainder returned to
New- York ; the admiral's ship so much damaged that he
w^ould not return in her ; the inhabitants of IN^ew-York in
the greatest consternation, packing up their effects.
I am, with equal regard.
Dear sir, your obedient servant,
WM. HEATH, Major General
Albany, September 24, 1781 — 1 o'clock, A. M.
Dear Sir — ^Your favor of yesterday's date was this
moment delivered. This morning I had intelligence of a
party's having crossed the Mohawk river, and of their
being discovered near Canastighuma ; a jjarty is gone out
after them. "We have not had any farther accounts from
the southward than what I have already transmitted. I
have letters from Philadelphia, but they contain nothing
but very great hopes that Cornwallis will soon be in our
power. Indeed, it seems almost impossible for him to
escape, as both our naval and land force is so infinitely
superior to the British.
General Heath informs me that the enemy are embark-
ing their stores at ITew-York ; what their object may be
he cannot learn ; but is under no apprehensions for West
Point, as his force is equal to that of the enemy at least.
With compliments to the major,
I am, dear sir, very sincerely,
Your obedient servant,
PH. SCHUYLER.
Hon. Brigadier General Stark.
262 CORKESPONDENCE OP
[Instructions for Captain Hickoks, with a Flag of Truce.]
By John Stark, Brigadier General in the army of the United States, and
commander of the Northern Department, &c.
Done at head quarters, Saratoga, 26th September, 1781.
Sir — You will proceed with the flag under your direc-
tion to the British shipping on Lake Champlain. On
your arrival, you will tarry until you find out w^hether
Captain will have it in his power to negotiate his
business there ; if so, I have no objection to your tarrying
a few days, until that can be transacted ; but, should he
be under the necessity of going to Canada, it is by no
means probable that you will be permitted to attend him,
for which reason you will return by the route you go, and
make report of your proceedings.
It will be necessary for you to keep up your flag ever
after you leave Skenesborough, and frequently order your
drums to beat a parley, especially should you discover any
boat or party. Wishing you a pleasant voyage,
I am, dear sir,
Your most obed't serv't
To Captain Hickoks.
joh:n" stark.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters. Continental Village, \
October 1st, 1781. /
My Dear Sir — Since Captain King came here, Major
Villefranche has returned from the Mohawk river, from
whom I learn that your district is very far from being
short of ammunition. Indeed, I think the quantity is
much too large for the places where it is at present depos-
ited. I learn that there is not less than twenty odd casks
of powder, each containing two hundred pounds, beside
a large quantity of fixed ammunition on the Mohawk
river, and that a great part of it is at Fort Herkimer,
which is one of the most advanced posts. There are also
at the same place a number of spare cannon. The powder
JOHN STARK. 263
ought to be divided to the different posts in such quanti-
ties as, from the particular situation and the importance of
the posts, may be necessary. After each post is properly
supplied, your reserve ought to be at some safe post in
the rear, from which each advanced post may draw sup-
plies, when they are wanted. The spare cannon should be
deposited in the same manner. I request you to write
Col. Willet immediately upon the subject; and have such
arrangements made as may appear most eligible, with-
out risking more ammunition than is necessary, at the
advanced posts.
I am informed that paper was sent to Albany for the
use of your district, as early as the beginning of the last
month. As I observed in my other letter, you must call
on Mr. Quackenbush, at Albany, for what you want. I
must renew my request for a speedy return to be made of
the troops, etc., in your district. I hope Col. Weisenfel's
regiment will give you a force adequate to any occasion
you may have for it.
I am, with great regard, etc.,
WM. HEATH, M. General.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Fort Rensselaer, Gth October, 1781.
Dear General — The murder of Mr. Werner Taygert, and
the captivity of one of his sons, two days ago, at their
uninhabited house upon Fall hill, by three or four rascals,
nobody knows who, comprehends the substance of our
present intelligence in this quarter, and it is disagreeable.
I have, for the present, fixed Major Logan, with his
detachment, at Johnstown, and directed him to keep
guards at Fort Hunter, and at Yeeder's mills, in Caghna-
waga. Johnstown is the best place to cover Caghnawaga,
and is an additional protection to Stony [not legible]. I
have sent Captain Marshall's company from Johnstown to
264 COKRESPONDENCE OF
relieve Captain White at Ballstown ; and ordered Cap-
tain White to this place with his company. I could wish
to know from you when you conceive the service of the
Massachusetts troops to expire.
This department is badly furnished with surgeons. The
surgeon of my regiment is at the German flats, and can not
attend any other place. My surgeon's mate is at Saratoga,
At this place we have a mate from the general hospital,
and this quarter is all that he can attend. Major Logan
has requested me to supply him with a doctor at Johns-
town. You can easily perceive that this is not in my
power. I shall be glad if you can order him one from
Saratoga, or any other place you please.
I am, &c., MARmUS WILLET.
Albany, October 7, 1781.
Dear General — When Major Logan took the command
at this post with two companies, he told me it was at the
particular request of this city, from which, I concluded he
might continue some time. I therefore sent the twenty
men I had retained by your order, to their several corps,
knowing they were much wanted. The remaining part
of Shepherd's company consists of about twenty-seven
men, from which, I am so often obliged to detach small
parties, that I have not relieves for a guard of six men.
If you could think it convenient to station a small guard
at the Half-Moon, it would ease me much, for, whenever
flour goes on for your quarters, I am under the necessity
of sending men to press teams to carry it into Stillwater.
Twenty head of cattle, out of forty-eight just arrived,
go to Saratoga ; part of the remainder I shall send west-
ward. I see but faint hopes of any more rum.
Letters from the south mention only that De Grasse
drove the British fleet from the Virginia coast, without
JOHN STARK. 265
capturing any capital ship. Rivington tells ns they had
two or three sunk after the action. Admiral Digby has
arrived at New- York with three ships only. This is
nearly the state of affairs.
I am, with highest respect,
Your obed't serv't,
E. MARSHALL.
Brigadier General Stark.
To Major General Heath.
Saratoga, Sth October, 1781.
Bear Sir — Yours of the 24th and 25th ult., and the 1st
inst., are now before me, and the ammunition mentioned
has come to hand. What quantity of that article has been
received on the Mohawk river, I am ignorant of ; but it is
certain that Colonel Willet, some time in the beginning of
August last, took a quantity from Albany for the use of
that quarter, and I have never been able to procure a
return of the stores, &c., for want of paper.
You are pleased to observe that paper was sent as early
as the beginning of last month. That might be the case,
but the portion allotted to this post never arrived until
yesterday, and then we got but ten quires, part of which
being for the use of the garrison, and a part for my office,
which you must be sensible is a very inadequate supply,
and can not last but a few days.
By every appearance, it is plain that the enemy in
Canada are either meditating an attack on this place, or
that they are very anxious for intelligence from the west-
ward. Their small parties are continually among ua. Last
night I sent a party who took two more of them prisoners,
who are now safe in my guard-house. They say that they
came over the lake with three more in company, who
parted with them about -^ve miles above my garrison ; I
am in hopes to take them, but can not insure success.
18
266 CORKESPONDENCE OF
I shall instantly dispatch orders to Colonel Willet to
send the spare ammunition now at his post to Schenec-
tady, where I presume it will be secure.
This day Thomas Lovelace, the commander of the
party whose instructions I sent you, was hanged, in
pursuance of the sentence pronounced against him by
a court-martial. The remaining four taken with him are
sentenced to imprisonment during the war. They are
already sent to Albany, and under close confinement.
You will perceive by the returns that go with this
conveyance, our strength, and then, if you think a rein-
forcement necessary, you can act your opinion. I would
only observe, that in case any men are to be sent, no
time should be lost, as the season is far advanced, and,
should the enemy come, it will be impossible for me to
give you notice early enough to reap any advantage from
a reinforcement that could come afterward. I have prom-
ises, in case of an attack, that the Yermonters shall once
more come to my assistance. I am in hopes to give you
an account of a small acquisition in the course of a few
days. Any thing extra you must not expect, as I am only
prepared to act on the defensive.
You can not think how disappointed I was when Capt.
King returned, without bringing any official account of
the French fleet, or our southern army. I hope, before
this comes to your hand, that I shall have a confirmation
of the great events that our country seems now to be
pregnant with. Pray omit no intelligence, as the least
gives great pleasure to me in this obscure and melancholy
quarter. I have no accounts from the Mohawk river of a
late date. When any thing occurs worthy of notice, you
may depend upon the earliest intelligence which my cir-
cumstances will permit me to furnish.
I am, sir, with respect and esteem,
Your most obed't serv't,
JOHN STAKK.
JOHN STARK. 267
To Brigadier General Stark.
Poughkeepsie, October 8, 1781.
Sir — ^By some unaccountable delay, your letter of the
4th ult. (which appeared by a mark on the back to have
been in the post-office) did not come to my hand until
this evening. I have had frequent representations of the
abuse you complain of, in the arresting and confining
soldiers for tavern debts, and thereby depriving the public
of their services ; and I am so fully impressed with its
destructive consequences, that it is my intention to apply
to the Legislature, who are now convened at this place,
to make provision, as far as possible, to prevent such
abuses in future.
I am, with the greatest respect,
Your most obedient servant,
GEO. CLmTOIS'.
P. S. I am happy in transmitting you the inclosed
account of an action between General Greene and the
enemy, and congratulate you on the occasion. I hope to
receive a confirmation of it.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters. Continental Village, 1
October 10th, 1781.
Dear Sir — Your favor of the 7th and 8th have just
come to hand. I have ordered the 2d New-Hampshire
regiment immediately to embark and proceed to Albany,
with a detachment of artillery, and one field-piece. I
have sent the 2d regiment, because it has more field officers
than the first, and w^ill admit of some companies of levies
being incorporated into it, if necessary; for, of itself, it is
but weak in numbers, but excellent troops.
A few days since I directed Colonel Reynolds, who is
at I^umber Four, to detach his major and two hundred men
to join you. He will have two hundred left to move to
your aid, or to the upper settlements on Connecticut river,
268 CORRESPONDENCE OP
should the enemy attempt them. These, I hope, will be a
force sufficient to repel any that may come against you.
Keep a sharp look out, and endeavor to develope the
designs of the enemy, and keep me frequently advised of
w^hat passes, if possible.
W^e have as yet no official accounts of the naval engage-
ment between the two fleets. The British were severely
mauled, and have ever since been refitting. It is said
they intend again to try their fortune. It will probably be
their ruin.
It is said General Greene has had a bloody action with
the British in Carolina, and that the advantage was in his
favor ; many are said to have been killed and wounded
on both sides. The particulars are not yet come to hand.
By the last accounts from General Washington, every
thing was in a prosperous way, and I hope soon to give
you some important news from that quarter.
I am, with much regard,
Dear sir, your obed't serv't,
WM. HEATH, Major General.
To General Stark.
Albayiy, October 11, 1781.
Dear General — My knowledge of the scantiness of your
present supplies makes me intensely uneasy. I have met
with a number of inhabitants of this town who appear
determined to give every aid in their power, but as we can
not expect a quantity of flour, equal to what we have un-
doubted reason to believe you will soon want, I have re-
quested the bearer, Bethuel Washburn, Esq., to assist in
procuring whatever supply of flour he possibly can in your
neighborhood, and desired him (provided you will ascer-
tain the necessity of and furnish him with men for the
purpose), even to use force, especially with those he can
find possessed of any considerable quantity, and are disaf-
fected to the general cause in the districts of Saratoga,
JOHN STARK. 269
Schoharie, or Half Moon — these districts being most con-
tiguous to you.
Be 80 good as to let me know your real situation, both
as to beef and flour, the first convenient opportunity, di-
rected to Major Shurtlefi* at this place. General Schuyler
has been kind enough to desire I would request you to
take whatever beef he has fit for the knife, ordering the
issuing commissaries to give receipts for the same, as re-
ceived from me, mentioning the weight of each ; and to
have all the wheat he has at that place threshed out and
ground immediately, should you find it necessary, the
commissary giving receipts for the quantity of fiour pro-
duced therefrom, in the same manner.
I am, sir, your most ob't serv't,
E. MAESHALL.
From Captain Marshall, commanding at Albany, to Major C. Stark, aid-
de-camp to General Stark.
Albany, October 15, 1781.
Dear Sir — A very curious, sublime, and masterly per-
formance. The penman must have been much exercised
with indignation, or he never could have written with
such force and energy. Then the grammar and consis-
tency oatshine all pieces of the kind I ever perused ;
although there are some few lies in it, yet I don't mind
trifles. I never denied him subsistence. Am I obliged to
become an historiologist ?
The Seven Wise Masters, the Arabian Kights entertain-
ments, Tom Thumb, &c., were always beyond my capacity.
Your Bohemian kings may be hippo-centaurs for aught
I know. This I know, I will never divulge the secret. He
might have eat the tavern keeper's family, horses, barns,
wood-piles, and all the mynheers in the city — he never
asked me for an ox or barrel of flour.
I suppose you are under no great apprehensions while
the Albanians and the contiguous militia are at your
backs. Their patriotic spirit never shone more brilliantly
270 COKKESPONDENCE OF
than at this juncture. And then, their resolution and
firmness, I am sure you cannot doubt ; for larger numbers
of them have been severely handled heretofore by the
Governor (Clinton), for their in activity on sim-
ilar occasions, notwithstanding they now, like a firm cour-
aged horse, will stand the second spur, and even wait a
third before they will kick. ****** if he had asked
me, had it been for no more than a day's allowance,
humanity would have urged me to, have given it to him.
Great spirit and determination is evinced by their
ofiicers — swearing death and vengeance against the delin-
quents. Of some companies tw^o, and of some three
have already marched. I heard a certain general swear,
" God d — m him, if he did not make them smart."
So the next account, after the alarm subsides, will be
bloodshed and slaughter among our friends in this quar-
ter; shrieks, cries, and deadly agonizing groans already
vibrate on tbe drums of my ears.
Bat you have not told me how the general treated the
sensibly feeling injured men on the presentation of their
learned remonstrance. "Where, or how is Ford? Have
you given any charge against him ? If not, and you
think the following one will answer, exhibit it :
''Sir, you are confined for unofficer-like behavior in
combining with, and aiding and assisting Captain Dun-
ham in making his escape, when he was under sentence of
a court-martial for treasonable practices, in holding corres-
pondence with the enemy when he was under your
charge."
Do as you think best on the occasion ; this, or some-
thing similar, I wish might be presented against him.
Why don't you tell me what you are about? The 2d
Kew-IIampshire regiment and a six-pounder, with a
detachment of artillery, arrived this morning. They will
go on as soon as we can procure wagons. Your intelli-
gence will oblige me.
Yours, &c.,
E. MARSHALL.
Major C. Stark.
JOHN STARK. 271
To Brigadier General Stark.
Albany, October 12, 1781—1 o'clock, P. M.
Dear Sir — At 6 o'clock this morning I was favored with
jours, announcing the arrival of the enemy on the south
end of Lake George. I immediately called on General
Ganesvoort, and have already sent two expresses to every
quarter of the country, to hasten on the militia. Some
will move from hence to-day. I have also wrote two
letters to Generals Rositer and Fellows ; and, as the officer
whom you had sent there, requested me to call on General
Rositer to march, if I thought it necessary, I have ven-
tured to request him in your name to proceed.
The night before last I intercepted a letter going to the
enemy. It acknowledges the receipt of dispatches from
Canada, and clearly points that this place is their object,
the disaffected districts of 'N Helleburgh, and others
in the vicinity. The writer says we are ready to execute
the business as soon as the party that is to conduct it
arrives. This business a former intercepted letter affords
me the means of knowing : and it is to burn the city. I
have ordered a scout of Indians to join the militia, and
try to discover the party before it arrives. The remainder
of the Indians are ordered to join you. If I was to leave
this before the militia arrive, I fear the consequences
would be disagreeable. I shall tarry at least a day longer
to put matters in a good train.
I am, &c.. Dear General, your ob't serv't,
PH. SCIIITYLEE.
Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters. Continental Village, \
October 12, 1781. /
Bear Sir — I wrote you the 10th, which I hope you have
received before this time ; and that the second ]N'ew-IIamp-
shire regiment will join you, before this reaches you, as
they embarked and sailed the night before last. I have
ordered a chain of expresses to be immediately established
272 CORRESPONDENCE OP
between this place and your army, for the immediate con-
veyance of intelligence. Please to improve them, and
give the earliest intimations of whatever occurs.
Please carefully to watch the motions and advances of
the enemy, and endeavor to ascertain their force, and who
commands. A gentleman, not long since from Canada,
gave it as his opinion that, from the size of the hatteaux,
he apprehended they had a design to pass by the rivers
toward the head of Connecticut river. While they remain
at Point Ofer it remains uncertain which way they will
proceed, and they will probably display much deception.
I early gave notice to the State of ^ew-Hampshire, and
north-western parts of Massachusetts, to keep a look out
in that quarter. Please advise me of every movement the
enemy make ; it will reach me in about thirty hours.
I am, with great regard, &c.,
W, HEATH, M. Gen'l
Brigadier General Stark.
Albany, October IZth, 1781.
Dear Sir — Too much indisposed from yesterday's
fatigue, I have not been in town to-day, but believe a con-
siderable body of militia has marched, as I have seen
many come across the ferry.
By letters from Virginia of the 29th ult., I learn that
our army have begun their approaches, and that they hoped
in a little while to send us accounts that he* is captured-
General Greene, it is said, has defeated a very considerable
body of the enemy at Monks corner. I expect letters by
this day's post, and if any thing interesting occurs, shall
send an express. "With best wishes to the major, I am,
Dear General, with
Great regard, your most obed't serv't,
PH. SCHUYLER.
Hon. General Stark.
* Lord Cornwallis.
JOHN STARK. 273
Fort Rensselaer, l\th October, 1781.
Dear General — By the best advices from Montreal, it
appears that eiglit hundred men went up the St. Lawrence
early in September. The report was, that they were
intended to relieve their western garrisons ; but it is by no
means improbable, even if they were intended as a relief,
that, while they have such an augmentation of their force
to the westward, they will make an incursion into this
quarter.
I beg leave to submit whether it is eligible to draw any
of the troops from this quarter, as our situation is so
advanced from the thickly inhabited parts of the country,
as will not admit of our receiving speedy succors from
any other place. I can only promise, if they come, that
everything in my power shall be done to cause them to
regret their enterprise.
I am, sir, your very humble serv't,
MARmUS WILLET.
General Stark.
Headquarters. Continental Village, \
October 14th, 1781. /
Dear Sir — A copy of yours of the 4th, to General Ganes-
voort, announcing the advance of the enemy to this
side of Lake George, was handed me last evening. The
first IlTew-Hampshire and tenth Massachusetts regiments,
with a detachment of artillery, are ordered to march to
your support immediately. I hope they will arrive, to
enable you to defeat the enemy, if you are not fortunate
enough to do it before. The moment these regiments are
no longer necessary in your quarter, order them to return.
I am, with great regard, &c.,
W. HEATH, M. Gen'l
Brigadier General Stark.
274 COKRESPONDENCE OF
To Colonel Tupper.
Headquarters. Continental Village, \
October 14, 1781. /
Sir — You will immediately select the best clothed men
of the brigade under your command, with them a detach-
ment of artillery, and one field-piece from the company
under Captain Yose, and march for Albany. If the wind
should be favorable when you get to Fishkill, you may
embark on board vessels for your greater dispatch ; but if
the wind should continue to blow down the river, proceed
with all possible dispatch by land. On your arrival at
Albany, send off an express to General Stark, informing
him of your arrival, and then continue your march to
Saratoga, or wherever General Stark may be, or you
receive his orders to march. If the enemy should have
gone back before you reach General Stark, on certain
accounts of it, halt your troops ; and, upon your receiving
notice from General Stark that your aid is not necessary,
return to this place with the troops that march with you,
except such as belong to the 2d l!^ew-Hampshire regiment,
who are to join their regiment. Take three days' pro-
visions with you, and draw what may be necessary at
Fishkill to support you to Albany.
Beside the ammunition in the men's boxes, take about
fifteen thousand spare musket cartridges with you.
Advise me frequently of your situation, and all occur-
rences of consequence.
I am, sir, with great regard,
Your ob't serv't,
W. HEATH, M. General
Albany, October 15, 1781.
Dear Sir — Your favor of yesterday's date was delivered
me in the course of the night. I am much obliged, and
pleased by your attention to the ladies.
Yesterday morning I was advised that you had written
to General Ganesvoort for some of the militia, and also to
JOHN STAKK. 275
the Massachusetts. I went to the general and urged him
to be pointed in his orders, and to point the necessity
there was for General Rensselaer to march up his brigade.
He had wrote, but not so fully as I wished. I therefore
addressed myself to G-eneral Rensselaer, and doubt not
but we shall have a respectable body to oppose the enemy,
should they venture down. I have ordered the Indians
to hold themselves in readiness, and some to scout between
Schoharie and Batts' hill. I think it will be right in you
to renew your request to Ganesvoort, and to press him to
hasten up the militia. In no season of the year can they
leave home with so little inconvenience, especially as this
will be the last occasion during the campaign.
My disorder has taken a favorable turn, and I hope in
a few days to join you, and shall take the advantage of an
escort from the militia. I forgot to mention, in mine of
the 4th inst., that I had advised Colonel Willet of the
intelligence contained therein. With best wishes for
your health and happiness,
I am. Dear General,
Your obed't serv't,
PH. SCHUYLER.
Hon. General Stark.
Bennington, October \Q>th, 1781.
Dear General — I am surprised to learn that the militia
of Albany county have no other business upon their hands,
at this time of general alarm and danger, than to distress
the inhabitants of Vermont, as if they considered the
British from Canada not sufficient for our destruction, at
a time when all our militia are under marching orders,
and most of them have already marched. This they
think a proper time to manifest their spite and malice.
Part of my regiment has marched to Castleton. I shall
this morning follow with the remainder. If your honor
276 COKKESPONDENCE OF
can not find the militia of Albany some other employment,
I shall march my regiment to that quarter, and try pow-
der and ball with them, which I have as well as they. I
pray your honor to check them if possible.
I am. Dear General, your very humble servant,
SAM'L EOBIN'SOK.
Hon. General Stark, Saratoga.
Honorable General Stark.
Albany, October 16, 1781.
Ml/ Dear Sir — The inclosed was delivered to me and
opened before I discovered that it was directed to you.
General Heath advises me that the second J^ew-Hamp-
shire regiment, and some artillery, are on the way up ;
I will press the quarter master to expedite them to you.
General Heath also informs me that General Greene has
defeated the enemy in Carolina, and obtained a complete
victory, though dearly bought, as it has cost us many
valuable officers and three hundred men. The enemy's
loss trebles ours.
Mrs. Schuyler arrived last evening, and has detailed
the various attentions you and your worthy son have paid
to herself and her daughters.*
I feel it with pleasure and with gratitude, and hope to
return you personal thanks as soon as the severe fit of the
gravel, which now confines me, will permit.
I am, dear sir.
Your most obedient humble serv't,
PH. SCHUYLER.
* In 1781 the headquarters of the northern department was estab-
lished at Saratoga, on or near one of the estates of General Schuyler,
whose lady and daughters came to the farm in the autumn to prepare their
winter stores. At this time General Stark, with his son. Major Caleb
Stark, frequently called upon them, and detached a sergeant, with a party
of soldiers, for their protection, and to assist their servants in securing the
winter supplies. The foregoing letter refers to these attentions.
JOHN STAKK. 277
To Brigadier General Stark.
Bennington, October 17, 1781.
Sir — In consequence of your request to me of the 11th,
I sent orders to the militiii, now considered in this State,
in the neighborhood of the Il^ew City. Lieutenant Colo-
nel Fairbanks is present with me, and informs that, in
obedience to my orders, he had mustered a number of men
to march to your assistance on Sunday morning. Satur-
day evening, Colonel Van Rensselaer came with a party
of men from Albany, and its vicinity, and took them pris-
oners, broke open their houses, and much distressed their
families.
Such conduct appears very extraordinary at this time,
when every man ought to be rather employed in the
defence of his country, than in destroying his neighbors'
property. What Colonel Van Rensselaer designs, is best
known to himself; but it has the appearance of preventing
men going to defend the frontier at this critical moment.
I have ordered one half of our militia to the north, and
the remainder I expect must shortly follow. The inhab-
itants of this western territory are willing to do their duty
under Vermont, but are prevented by York. And now,
sir, if you judge it lies within your province to quiet those
disorders, I must entreat you to do it. That we may be
united, is my sincere desire. The dispute of jurisdiction
must be settled between the States ; but if such conduct
is persisted in before, I must repel force by force, and the
hardship fend off.
I am, with sentiments of esteem.
Your obed't serv't,
SAM. SAFFORD.
278 COKRESPONDENCE OF
Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters. Continental Village, \
October 20tli, 1781. /
Dear Sir — Your favor of the 15th came to hand the
last night, by which I learn that the report of the advance
of the enemy to the south end of Lake George was pre-
mature. If there is a doubt whether the enemy will
advance, I advise you not to detain the militia. They are
wanted at home to gather their harvest, and the state of
our provisions will not allow us to feed them, unless abso-
lutely wanted. The i^ew-Hampshire brigade, Col. Wil-
let's regiment, Weisenfel's, McKinstry's, Sear's, and that
part of Reynolds' ordered from Number Four is a very
respectable force ; and, with such part of the militia as are
at hand, and can be collected on the shortest notice, supe-
rior to any force that will come out against you. If you,
on such intelligence as you can depend upon, are of the
same opinion, I advise that the militia be permitted to
return home immediately. I have requested Lord Stirling
to go as far as Albany, to advise on the present occasion.
We are at present exceedingly short of flour, and have
not the best prospect of a supply speedily. Please let
me hear from you frequently.
I am, your obedient humble serv't,
W. HEATH, 31. General,
P. S. October 21. Upon farther consideration on the
state of our provisions, and some other circumstances, I
am fully of opinion that unless something has turned up
since you wrote to convince you that a contrary measure
is expedient, that, on receipt of this, it will be for the
good of the service to dismiss all the militia called out on
the late alarm ; and that the ISTew-Hampshire brigade
remain with you for the present, with such levies and mili-
tia as were with you before. Please present my thanks
to the militia, for the spirit with which they have turned
out on this occasion, and my assurance of their doing it
again, should it be necessary.
I am, as before, WM. HEATH.
JOHN STAKK. 279
To Governor Clinton.
Headquarters. Saratoga, \
26th of October, 1781. ]
Dear Sir — For the protection of the northern frontier,
it becomes absolutely necessary (in my opinion) that a
post be established at or near this place. Barracks are
already built here, and other advantageous circumstances
point out this as the most proper place ; and I have it
now in contemplation to establish a garrison for the
winter. But, unless my design is seconded by some
authority, who have it in their power either to procure
supplies, or advance money for those necessaries — that the
troops can not exist without — among which, I may name
wood and forage, I can not succeed. The former, the troops
can not live without ; and the latter is absolutely neces-
sary to keep up a communication with the country, and
remove and transport supplies for the use of the garrison.
My patience is already exhausted in making fruitless
applications to the officers, acting by the authority of Con-
gress, to procure supplies. They either will not, or can
not, grant them. I have now no other recourse than to
make application to you, who seem to be more interested
in the protection of this frontier than any other man —
being the father and guardian of the people. ^N'ow, sir,
I have told you my wants, and it remains next to inform
you of the consequences, if they are not supplied : viz.,
that the northern and western frontiers must be evacuated
as far as Albany ; and, indeed, Albany itself, unless some
speedy measures are fallen upon to lay in magazines for the
consumption of a garrison. The season is now so far
advanced that measures must be taken speedily, or they
will prove ineflectual. However, I am convinced that the
State will see the absolute necessity of interfering, and
will do all in their power, which I hope will be sufficient,
to save this unhappy frontier from impending ruin, which
will probably be its fate, unless these garrisons are con-
tinued for its protection.
I have the honor to be your obed't serv't,
JOHN STAEK.
280 CORRESPONDENCE OF
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters. Continental Village, \
October 25, 1781. /
Dear Sir — Your favor of the 18th, with its inclosures,
come to hand this evening. I think it yet rather doubtful
whether the enemy will advance — they possible may ; but
I would not call out many militia until it is pretty certain.
Our scantiness of provisions will not admit of it, unless
indispensably necessary ; and your regular troops and
levies, and the three months' militia, are a very respectable
force. The conduct of the Berkshire militia does them
much honor.
When matters looked very threatening, and the troops
to the northward were greatly increasing, I desired Major
General Lord Stirling to repair toward Albany, and even
to take the command during the emergency, should it be
necessary. You will find great relief and support from
his lordship, should the enemy advance in force. If they
should not come in force, he will not interrupt you in your
command.
I would have the tenth Massachusetts regiment, and the
detachment of artillery, with the six-pounders which went
with the I^ew-Hampshire brigade, return as soon as they
can be safely spared ; that is, after you are pretty certain
the enemy are not in considerable force, or are turned
back, or do not advance. Some troops will be necessary
in your district during the winter. Colonel Weisenfel's
regiment, I believe, is engaged only to the beginning of
December; Colonel Willet's to the first of January. I
have, therefore, determined that the two I^ew-Hampshire
regiments shall be assigned to you. The detachments
absent from them shall be ordered up, when the army
moves to winter quarters, to join their corps. I would
have you consult with Lord Stirling, and also take the
advice of General Schuyler, where it may be best to station
the troops, and in what numbers, during the winter. You
must take into view the Mohawk river, as well as the other
parts of the frontiers ; and the best preparations in your
JOHN STAKK. 281
power should be seasonably made of provisions, fuel and
forage, as well as covering for the troops. If any of tbe
posts are difficult of access, when the cold season sets in,
provisions, etc., sufficient for the subsistence of the troops
designed for such posts, should be previously deposited.
These several matters will claim your immediate atten-
tion.
Assure those regiments who are to remain with you,
that they may depend on equal justice being done them
in the distribution of clothing, or any public stores.
Advise me often of your situation, and all remarkable
occurrences, that I may advise or direct as may be neces-
sary.
I am, with great regard.
Your obedient serv't,
W. HEATH, Major General.
P. S. We have a report that Lord Cornwallis, with his
army, surrendered on the 17th instant. We impatiently
wait a confirmation.
Albany, Octboer 22, 1781.
Dear Sir — Your favor of yesterday's date, covering
letters for G-eneral Heath and Lord Stirling, I received
about 7 o'clock last evening : the former I shall forward,
and the latter detain, as Colonel Tupper informs me his
lordship is on the way to this place. But I believe your
conclusion is not very just, that you will be relieved from
the fatigue and trouble you undergo, as I believe his lord-
ship will return from hence.
The conduct of the Berkshire militia is one of those
events which place human nature in an amiable and digni-
fied light. How ridiculous is the idea of conquering a
country whose inhabitants, with so much alacrity, abandon
the sweets of domestic ease and private concerns, when
19
282 COKRESPONDENCE OF
put in competition with their country. This is the true
spirit of patriotism, which I earnestly hope will pervade
every quarter of the United States. My thanks are small
matters, but as they are gratefully bestowed, they acquire
some value on that account. I have endured the most
severe torment for forty-eight hours past, from a fit of the
gravel ; about two hours ago voided a considerable quan-
tity, and am now much relieved. The moment I am able,
will do myself the pleasure of a visit. Nothing new now.
I am, Dear General, with great respect, esteem, and
every friendly wish, your obed't servant,
PH. SCHUYLER.
Hon. General Stark.
General Enos to General Stark.
Headquarters. Castleton, \
October 26, 1781.
Dear Sir — Captain Salisbury this instant returned as a
scout from the Mount, which he left last evening. He lay
in sight of the enemy's works the chief part of the day.
They are repairing the fortification at (Ticonderoga), and
have covered the long barracks. ^N'early two hundred
cattle were employed in drawing cannon, &c., from their
boats.
. Behind the old French lines appeared a large number of
smokes, where it is supposed the chief part of their army
is quartered. Colonel Walbridge informs me, by express,
that he has not as yet made any discovery from Lake
George and that quarter. He has my directions, in case
of any important discoveries, to make immediate returns
to you.
I am, sir, your most obed't hh'bl serv't,
ROGER E:N'0S.
Hon. Brigadier General Stark.
JOHN STARK. 283
Albany, October 15, 1781.
Dear Sir — Greneral Rositer, with a few of his brigade,
arrived yesterday afternoon ; the remainder, to the amount
of eight or nine hundred, will be in this evening. As
Colonel Reid, with the second battalion of ^ew-Hampshire
continental troops, has arrived here, subject to your com-
mand, I advised G-eneral Rositer to tarry here, until we
received farther advices from you, as perhaps you might
think it unnecessary for him to proceed. You will be so
good as to dispatch your orders to the general, with as
much speed as circumstances will permit. Should he not
be wanted, it will save provision to the public to permit
him to return the soonest possible. Governor Clinton has
ordered up all the militia from below, and the whole, we
understand, are on the move. Colonel Willet, in a let-
ter of 13th, advises that all is well in the west quarter, &c.
I am. Dear General, with sentiments of great esteem,
your obedient servant,
PH. SCHUYLER.
Hon. General Stark.
Albany, IWi October, 1781.
Dear Sir — Your favor of yesterday's date, covering a
copy of a letter from General Enos, was delivered me last
evening. As it seems impossible that the reconnoitering
officer can be mistaken, I conclude the enemy intend a
permanent post at Ticonderoga. Perhaps it may prove a
cage in which we shall secure them.
To-morrow, if the weather be good, I shall set out on a
visit to you. We have as yet no official account of the
surrender of Lord Cornwallis ; but the intelligence we
have bears such strong marks of veracity, that I have not
a doubt but we shall receive authentic advices in a day or
two. Please to make my sincere and best wishes to the
major, and to thank him.
I am. Dear General, with great esteem and regard,
your most obedient servant,
PH. SCHUYT.ER.
Hon. General Stark.
284 COKRESPONDENCE OF
Headquarters. Continental Village, \
October 30, 1781. /
Dear Sir — Please to forward the inclosed to Colonel
Willet. It contains the appointment of Major Hitchcock
to muster and inspect his regiment, as the dispersed
situation of it will prevent an inspector attending that
duty. I trust you will direct Captain Eobinson, inspector
of the I^ew-Hampshire brigade, to muster and inspect
Colonel Weisenfel's regiment, and other regiments of
levies, if any are with you, except Colonel Willet' s.
I am impatiently w^aiting to hear some thing very
interesting from your quarter.
I am, with great regard, dear sir,
Your obedient servant,
W. HEATH, M. General.
Brigadier General Stark.
Fort Ann, November 2, 1781.
Dear Sir — I arrived at this place last evening with the
number of men as mentioned in my last, with five days'
provisions of beef, and one of bread ; was disappointed
in every way of procuring the latter article, of which I
am now destitute.
I am extremely sorry and much disappointed that you
did not furnish me with the number of cartridges required.
As the Hampshire forces are destitute of ammunition, I
judge it improper to proceed to Fort Edward, unless there
shall be absolute occasion. I have this instant heard a
firing of cannon and small arms at Fort Edward, and
shall immediately send a scout to that place, for intelli-
gence. If no discovery of the enemy be made, I shall be
under the necessity of returning to Castleton.
I am, dear sir, your obedient servant,
ROGER EI^OS.
Hon. Brigadier General Stark.
JOHN STABK. 285
To Governor Claittenden.
Saratoga, November 6th, 1781.
Sir — Ordered by his excellency, the commander-in-chief,
to assume the command of the northern department, and
to call if necessary upon the militia of this State and
those of Vermont, for protecting the frontiers of both
States, I have observed, with great satisfaction, the alac-
rity with which both have taken the field on every requi-
sition ; but, accountable as I am to superiors, and inexcu-
sable as I should be if I neglected to advise them of any
circumstances which carry the aspect of iniquity, I wish
to receive the most authentic information respecting the
sergeant of the Vermont militia who was slain, and his
party captured by the enemy.
I expect your excellency will enable me to furnish a
minute detail of it to Congress, by affording me a perusal
of the original letter, which the British commanding
officer is said to have written to you upon the occasion.
This will be returned you by a safe hand, and a copy
transmitted to Congress.
The report, as brought to me, is that, upon the party's
arrival at Ticonderoga, the British officer expressed great
displeasure that the citizens of Vermont had been dis-
turbed ; that he sent for the corpse of the deceased
sergeant, caused it to be interred with military honors,
and then dismissed the captured party with what liquor
and provisions they chose to carry away, and delivered
them a letter of apology to your excellency. If this be
true, it indicates a deep stroke of policy on the part of
the enemy, to raise a suspicion in the minds of all Ameri-
cans that the Vermonters are friendly to them or that they
have really some encouragement from some people in
Vermont.
That the principal portion of the people of Vermont
are zealously attached to the American cause, no honest
man can doubt ; but, that like every other State, it con-
tains its proportion of lurking traitors, is a reasonable
supposition ; and if these, by their machinations, have
286 COEKESPONDENCE OF
brought upon the people injurious suspicions, there is uo
doubt but the latter will severely punish the miscreants
as- soon as their misdeeds are fully developed.
No exertion on my part shall be wanted to eradicate
every suspicion injurious to the people of Vermont.
Your compliance with my request will probably afford me
one of the means ; and I pray most earnestly your acqui-
escence, that I may detail the whole business in its true
light.
I congratulate you, with the most heartfelt satisfaction,
on the glorious event which has placed another British
army in our power, which was announced on the third
instant by a discharge of fourteen cannon,* and yesterday
by that of a like number of platoons, in honor of the
United States of America.
I am, sir, respectfully,
Your humble servant,
joh:n' stark.
Governor Chittenden to General Stark.
Arlington, November liih, 1781.
Dear General — Your kind favor of the 5th inst. was
received on the 10th, but through the extreme hurry of
business, and for a want of a proper conveyance, I have
neglected the answer till now.
The particular account jou have requested me to send
you in regard to the slain sergeant of the Vermont militia,
and the return of the party with him, who were discharged
by the British officer commanding, I have thought it my
duty to transmit to his excellency. General Washington,
together with every other public movement in this vicin-
ity, that in any maimer relates to the welfare of the inde-
*Yerinont was not at this time a State. The fourteenth cannon wa&
however fired, as a compliment to her good services in the war, and a
hope that she might soon become a state of the Union. — Editor.
JO^N STAKK. 287
pendent States of America. This I doubt not will be
satisfactory.*
I take this opportunity to return my thanks for the
honor done this State, by your directing the discharge of
the fourteenth cannon, on your late public day of rejoic-
ing, occasioned by the capture of Lord Cornwallis and his
army. A like day will probably be observed in this State
on the same occasion.
I am. Dear General,
Your most obedient, humble servant,
THOS. chitte:n'Dek
Brigadier General Stark.
* In a communication to General Washington this matter was explained.
Vermont not having been ack'nowledged by Congress as a State, her
people contended for independence, and were threatened by the enemy in
Canada. Some little management was necessary.
A correspondence was opened with the enemy, who were flattered for
two or three years with the expectation that the people of Vermont were
about to become subjects of the king. Thus a meditated invasion was
averted, and the Vermont prisoners returned. At the same time, the pos-
sibility that Vermont would desert the American cause, was held up to
Congress; and, in consequence, the settlers were not compelled to submit
to the claims of New- York. Such was the political course Governor
Chittenden thought necessary to pursue. — Alleri Biog. Diet.
"We quote the following from Butler's Address :
*' Our truce with Canada was rather a help than a hindrance to the last
great struggle of the war — the operations against Cornwallis. It was
either unknown to Washington, or understood by him to be a political
manoeuvre. In the midst of the armistice, he wrote to Stark, commander
of the northern department : ' I doubt not that your requisitions to call
forth the force of the Green Mountains will be attended with success.'
Requisitions remember — to defend New- York, their bitterest foe, Stark's
reply was that his requisitions were attended with success ; that upon
a sudden alarm, five hundred and fifty mounted men from Vermont joined
his troops in a few hours. Near the beginning of the armistice, Schuyler
had written to Washington : ' It is believed that large otFers have been
made the Hampshire Grants, but that nothing will induce the bulk of
them to desert the common cause.'
" Washington was privy to the secret policy of Vermont for some time —
probably a month before the surrender of Cornwallis. This fact, stated
by one of our historians, seems to have been discredited by all the rest. It
is established b}- a letter long given up for lost (but recently discovered),
and so alluded to by our historians as to excite suspicions that they had
never seen it. Washington does not appear to have been perplexed by
a British officer's apology for killing a Vermonter in a skirmish — an
apology which enraged General Stark, and filled Vermont from side to
side with indignation."
By this policy of Governor Chittenden, an army, equal in force to that
of Burgoyne, was kept inactive in Canada — amused by the finesse of the
governor, and his able coadjutors, till the war was virtually ended by the
surrender at Yorktown.
288 CORRESPONDENCE OF
To General Stark.
Headquarters. Albany, \
November 6, 1781. j
Dear Sir — Since my leaving Saratoga I have received
a letter from Colonel Willet, giving a particular account
of the action near Johnstown, and his pursuit afterward.
The enemy were very precipitate in their retreat,- leaving
behind their packs, blankets, &c., which were found
strewed through the woods. He pursued them eight miles
beyond Canada creek. Before his arrival at that place, he
fell in with about forty who were left in the rear to pro-
cure provisions. He instantly dispersed them.
At the creek he came up with their rear, when an
action commenced, in which Major Walter Butler fell
with a number of others. Finding his own provisions
were very short, and the probability of coming up with
their main force not very great, he wisely gave over the
pursuit, leaving them in a situation promising little less
than certain death. Cold, and the excruciating pains of
hunger, will, in my opinion, produce a death more becom-
ing such a plundering pack of murderers, than the bayo-
net or ball ; and as they must have been, at his quitting
them, at least eight days' march from any place where they
could procure provisions, the purpose of an entire defeat
must be very well answered. Inclosed is an order which
I have received from General Heath. The returns I wish
may be forwarded as soon as possible.
I am, sir, &c.,
STIELHSTG, Maj. General
Brigadier General Stark.
JOHN STARK. 289
To Major General Heath.
Saratoga^ November 6th, 1781.
Bear Sir — I am honored with your letter of the 30th
ult., and have directed Captain Robinson to inspect the
troops you mentioned ; hut it will be very difficult to per-
form the business without paper, and I do not think there
is at present enough in the garrison to make the rolls
proper for inspection.
I have ordered all the teams I can possibly collect, to
draw timber for two block-houses that Lord Stirling has
directed to be built on this ground. I hope to get them
finished in the course of a fortnight.
I have engaged with Colonel Sears that, in case his
regiment will cut and collect the timber for one of them,
they shall receive a discharge. I think this a very good
bargain, and they have fallen to work with unremitted
vigor. But, sir, remember the poor continental soldiers.
They are now half naked and many of them unfit for
duty, merely for want of clothing. If any can be sent to
them, I beg no time may be lost, as the doctor tells me
that inflammatory disorders are very epidemical in camp,
and farther says the want of comfortable clothing is the
occasion.
In case the regiments now here are destined to tarry
the winter, I beg you to order the detachments to join
them, as you must be sensible how inconvenient it is to
have regiments mutilated as these are.
I beg, sir, you will accept my warmest congratulations
on the late important event, that has crowned our wishes
with, another British general and his army. This event,
I hope, will convince that infatuated nation how chimer-
ical is the attempt of subjecting these States to her lawless
will ; and open their eyes to their true interest, which is
Peace to themselves, and Freedom to America — the latter
of which they cannot hope to enjoy.
I beg leave to suggest whether it would not be for the
interest of the public to discharge Col. Reynolds' regiment
immediately, as this frontier can be in no danger of an
290 COREESPONDENCE OF
invasion between now and the 20th of January ; and they
are in reality using public provisions, and doing no service
to the States, especially if continued on this frontier. If
your opinion should coincide with mine, I beg you would
let me know it as soon as possible.
I am, sir, your obed't serv't,
JOHI^ STARK.
[General Orders.]
Headquarters. Continental Village, \
November 9, 1781. ■/
The general has the pleasure of acquainting the army
that the enemy have been completely disappointed in their
designs on the northern frontiers of this State, in conse-
quence of the measures adopted to receive them in the
vicinity of the lakes, in which the general is much
indebted to Major General Lord Stirling, Brigadier Gen-
eral Stark, and the officers and soldiers both of the regular
troops and militia, who, with great zeal and alertness,
pressed forward to meet the enemy.
That part of their force which was coming by w^ay of
the lakes not having dared to land on this side of them,
Major Ross, who had advanced from the w^estward as far
as Johnstown, with a body of six or seven hundred troops,
regulars, Yaugers, and Indians, was met by Col. AVillet,
defeated and pursued into the wilderness, where many of
them probably must perish. The number of the enemy
killed is not known.
Major Butler, who has so frequently distressed the fron-
tiers, is among the slain. A number of prisoners, chiefly
British, have been taken and sent in.
The general presents his thanks to Colonel Willet,
whose address, gallantry, and persevering activity on this
occasion, do him the highest honor ; and while the con-
duct of the officers and soldiers in general who were with
Colonel Willet, deserves high commendation, the general
JOHN STAKK. 291
expresses particular approbation of the behavior of Major
Rowley, and the brave levies and militia under his imme-
diate command, who, at a critical moment, not only did
themselves honor, but rendered essential service to their
country.
W. HEATH, Maj. General
Extract from general orders.
THOMAS T. JACKS0:N^, Aid-de-Camp,
Headquarters. Albany, \
November 10, 1781. j
Dear Sir — Your letter of the 7th came to hand yesterday
evening. I think, by the accounts of Captains Emerson
and Senter, it is reduced to a certainty that the enemy to
the northward are returned to Canada, yet I coiild wish
to hear from Captain Carr soon ; as, if the enemy do not
accept of my proposals, I would send the prisoners of war
now here down the river before the winter sets in, and let
them take I^ew-York in their way to Canada. Their
number is increased to fifty odd. I have ordered some
very good German steel to be sent you ; paper and wafers
shall follow as soon as they can be procured. I will
inquire into the state of the iron cannon, and send you
two of the best of them. What you propose in regard to
Colonel Reynolds' men, I will communicate to General
Heath, and you shall have his answer in a very few days.
I shall request him to send up the carpenters belonging
to your brigade, who are now with the quarter master
general's department. I send you inclosed a copy of
Colonel Willet's loss in his late encounter with the enemy.
I do not doubt but this will be the destruction of their
whole party.
I am, sir, your most obedient, humble servant,
STIRLI:N^G, Major General
General Stark.
292 CORRESPONDENCE OF
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarter?. Continental Village, ")
November 14, 1781. /
Dear Sir — Your favor of the 6th instant came to hand
last evening. I am sorry to hear you continue so short of
paper. We suffer here equally with you ; however, if
possible, let the monthly returns be sent down in season.
I would have Colonel Reynolds' regiment discharged
immediately, and the Massachusetts militia as soon as you
can spare them. All camp utensils, ammunition, etc.,
drawn from the public, must be returned previous to their
discharge.
I am happy in the prospect of the army's receiving a
competent supply of clothing this year. A part of it is
now in the store made up, and a large quantity of mate-
rials are near at hand. These must be made up by the
regimental tailors. Every regiment, whether present or
not, will have strict justice done it. I think the pay-
masters of the two ]^ew-Hampshire regiments had best
come down immediately wdth their returns, made out and
signed, conformable to the ordinance of clothing and late
order, that they may be present at the distribution. I
trust the tenth Massachusetts regiment and detachment of
artillery are now on their way to this army.
It was my intention that the two [N'ew-Hampshire regi-
ments should winter in the northern district. It is now
rather uncertain, but the circumstances whether they
will or will not are so nicely divided, that I can not now
determine which will take place. They must, therefore,
make every preparation as if to stay. I shall reserve their
last year's huts for them, until the matter is determined.
The artificers of the two regiments are ordered to join
them. The detachments will do it also, as soon as it is
known where the regiments take winter quarters, and
they obtain some clothing. At present they are nearly
naked. Please to forward the inclosed as speedily as
possible to Colonel Reynolds.
With much regard, I am your obedient servant,
W. HEATH, M. General.
JOHN STAKK. 293
To Major General Heath.
Saratoga, 29th November, 1781.
My Dear Sir — Your two letters of the 14tli and 21st
inst. came safe to hand. I have discharged Col. Reynolds'
regiment. The militia and levies at this post were dis-
missed previous to the, arrival of your letters. The two
block-houses mentioned in my last are nearly completed.
The barracks are repairing by the soldiers, as well as they
can be done without materials, but I can not hope that the
soldiers can be rendered very comfortable without consider-
able alterations in clothing, fuel, &c. With respect to the
latter, you observe that I have it "at command." In that
suggestion you are certainly mistaken, for it can not be
got without going a mile and a half for it. In your obser-
vations on the clothing, you mention that the materials
are to be sent, and the clothes to be made by the regi-
mental tailors. I must observe that there is but one tailor
in the ISTew-Hampshire line, and he a drunken rascal, that
could be hardly compelled to make three coats in a winter.
You observe that few horses should be kept with the
troops, and that the remainder should be sent to places
where forage can be obtained. This argument I think
very reasonable ; but I can not find a man in this district
who knows where that place is. But I suppose it is
romantic to issue any more complaints, w^hen experience
has taught me that they are of so little value.
I can not sufficiently admire the magnanimous conduct
of our soldiers. They certainly put knight errantry out
of countenance ; and all those whimsical tales which are
generally supposed to have existed no where but in the
brains of chimerical authors, seem realized in them.
But I fear that this virtue will not last forever ; and,
indeed, it is my opinion that nothing but their too wretched
situation prevents an insurrection. However, I have not
heard a syllable of the kind yet, and shall take every
imaginable precaution to hinder it ; and I hope that their
firmness and my endeavors will prove efficacious.
294 COKRESPONDENCE OF
Colonel Willet writes me that he has between eighty
and one hundred men in his regiment, engaged for three
years, and he is of opinion that two hundred men ought
to be kept on the Mohawk river for its protection. This
number, I believe, would be sufficient; a less number, I
think, would be dangerous. But until the men are
clothed, they can not be sent. Indeed they can hardly
leave their barracks ; and their distress is so great that it
is difficult to keep the necessary guards.
"When I have finished the block-houses, and got the
barracks repaired, as well as our circumstances will admit,
I shall retire to Albany, after w^hich, as there can be little
business for a general officer in this district, and the num-
ber of men will be so greatly diminished, and those scat-
tered on the frontiers, I must beg leave to make a visit to
ISTew-Hampshire. I hope this request will meet your
approbation, and that you will be pleased to signify it as
soon as convenient.
I shall be ready to take the field whenever my services
are required, but at present my domestic affairs strongly
press my attendance. I have the honor to be, with the
greatest respect and esteem.
Your most obed't serv't,
JOHX STARK.
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquakters. Highlands, ^
December 5, 1781.
Dear Sir — Your favor of the 22d ult., came to hand yes-
terday by Captain Carr. Upon having recourse to my
files, I find my letters to you are two to one received from
you ; so that either you do not give me credit for all, or
else part of yours to me, and mine to you, miscarry.
I most sincerely condole with you under our w^ants and
embarrassments, for we experience every one of them
equally with you, and some which you do not. In Octo-
JOHN STARK. 295
ber the troops were ten days without bread — the last
month more. We are equally naked and destitute of pay.
Materials are collecting for clothing — the whole army
and every man will be clothed ; but it will be late before
it can be effected. It is said Mr. Morris is in hopes of
making the army three months pay, at least in the course
of this winter. You may assure the regiments with you
that they shall have equal justice done them. My heart
bleeds for their distresses, but the means of relief are not
in my power.
The pay-masters of the 1st and 2d regiments will wait
and receive the clothing for the regiment. The Honorable
Mr. Morris, our financier, I hope will be able to put mat-
ters in a good way, but he must have time.
The time for which Colonel Willet's regiment is engaged
expires the last of this month. If you have not already
made a distribution of the regular troops to all the posts
and places necessary, I would recommend to you to do it
immediately. Please send Colonel Reid's regiment toward
the Mohawk river, and let them seasonably relieve Col-
onel Willet's. Probably you may think it best to station
a part of the regiment at Schenectady, and send detach-
ments to the principal posts above, some of which are
important. Fort Herkimer, in particular, has a consider-
able quantity of ordnance and military stores, which must
be preserved, and the country protected as much as
possible.
Please, therefore, to have such disposition made as will
best effect the preservation of the public property, curb
the enemy, and afford protection to the country. As soon
as these arrangements are made, which should not be
delayed a moment, please take effectual measures to have
a supply of provisions sent up at the best season, sufficient
to subsist the troops until the season arrives when they
may obtain supplies again.
I have been informed that, in the late alarm, a number
of public arms were delivered the militia, which have not
been returned. I request you to inquire of Mr. Rensselaer,
296 COKRESPONDENCE OF
and find to what regiments they were issued, and let
measures be taken to call them all in immediately. Col-
onel Dearborn, D. Q. M., has just arrived from the south-
ward ; he informs me he shall be able soon to send you
some paper, etc. I am sorry to hear of your indisposition.
I hope that you will soon recover your health.
I have the honor to be
Your obedient humble serv't,
W. HEATH, Maj. General.
To Major General Heath.
Saratoga^ 12th December, 1781.
Dear Sir — I am honored by your favor of the 5th inst.
I should have written an answer before, but I have sent
to Bennington to gain the particulars of a riot raised
some time ago, and which still continues at St. Coicks.
The particulars are as follows : Men, under the direction
of a Captain Abbot, assaulted a public house at Hoosac ;
seized upon Colonel Rensselaer and some others, who
considered themselves under the government of I^ew-
York, and abused them in a most outrageous manner.
After which they carried them to Bennington, and called
upon the magistrates acting under the authority of Ver-
mont for warrants to arrest them in (as they term it) a
legal manner ; but, upon the magistrates refusing to
interfere in the matter, they were dismissed. Rensselaer,
upon his liberation, represented the matter to General
Ganesvoort, and invited his neighbors to join him and
protect him from a second abuse, with which he was
severely threatened. Ganesvoort approved his conduct,
and ordered the militia on both sides of the IN'orth river
above Albany to join them. Those persons called Ver-
monters discovered the motions of the Yorkers, and
immediately collected their force within half a mile of
the quarters of the Yorkers ; and in this position the two
detachments have continued nearly a week.
JOHN STARK. 297
Yesterday, about twelve o'clock, the Yorkers were
about two hundred strong, and the Vermonters about two
hundred do. What I nciean by Vermonters is those acting
under Vermont within the twenty-mile line ; for I can
not learn that any have joined them belonging to old
Vermont.
What the result of these two armies will be, I can not
say, but hope they will compromise the matter without
bloodshed. I think Congress would do well to interfere
in the matter, pass some severe and decisive edicts, and
see that they are put in execution before spring ; other-
wise, the consequences may be exceedingly serious, and
perhaps dangerous.
I am sorry to hear that any troops sufier more than
those in this quarter, (our enemy excepted) ; but, since
some are more wretched, we must submit to our fate
like good soldiers. I am sure it is not practicable for
the troops that are here to go to the Mohawk river until
they are clothed. Indeed, I am obliged to detain the six
months' men to do the necessary camp duty, on account of
the nakedness of the continental troops. In the last duty
report, only thirty-six "three years" and "during the
war" men, including sergeants, were fit for duty in the
two regiments. The remainder are so naked that they
can not procure fuel for their own use.
If there is any possibility of sending some blankets,
shirts, overalls, stockings, and shoes, they might aiFord a
temporary relief, and I dare say would prove satisfactory.
My predictions in my last were realized on the evening
of the 10th instant. The troops mutinied ; but, by the
seasonable interposition of the officers, it was quelled very
easily. But, sir, this may be but a prelude to an insurrec-
tion of a more serious nature.
Some of the most forward of the mutineers are in
custody, and are to be tried by a court-martial. Mutiny
is certainly a crime that deserves the severest punishment,
but to punish one soldier for it, is unjust and cruel to the
last degree. Whenever it is possible, I shall send the
20
298 COREESPONDENCE OF
second regiment to the posts on the Mohawk river ; but
you must not expect impossibilities. However, Colonel
Willet has between eighty and one hundred men engaged
for three years. Those can garrison the posts until the
continental troops are clothed.
I shall make inquiry of Mr. Rensselaer what arms were
delivered out to the militia, and shall endeavor to have
them returned. I never knew of any being delivered
until your letter informed me.
You complain that my letters to you are not so frequent
as yours to me. I have not received a single letter from
you that I have not acknowledged ; but I have been
apprehensive that some of mine to you have miscarried,
and am convinced that some of yours to me have never
come to hand, but I am not able to determine the reasons
for their miscarriage.
I am, dear sir, with regard and esteem.
Your obed't serv't,
JOHlSr STARK.
P. S. I never saw a thanksgiving before that was so
melancholy. I may, I believe with safety, affirm that
there will not be a thankful heart in this garrison, nor one
that has cause to be satisfied with his circumstances. It
may be argued that it is a blessing to have trials ; but life
without enjoyment, and replete with misery, is rather (in
my opinion) a curse than a blessing.
JOHN STAKK. 299
To Brigadier General Stark.
Headquarters. Highlands, \
December 12th, 1781. /
Dear Sir — Your favor of 29tli ult. came to hand last
week. The soldiers will receive ample supplies of cloth-
ing, but it will be late before it is all ready. The paymas-
ters of the IsTew-Hampshire regiments have drawn shoes,
hose, some overalls, shirts, &c., for the most necessitous men.
These will be conveyed to Albany in a few days, when all
the detachments will join their corps. The paymasters of
the regiments think that the clothing can soon be made
up for the men of your line.
Mr. Morris, the financier, wrote me yesterday that he
had settled the arrangements of the forage with the quar-
ter master general ; so that, as soon as matters can oper-
ate, we shall have a supply. Colonel Pickering was
expected at I^ew- Windsor night before last. A quantity
of paper, etc., is on the road from Philadelphia, and Col-
onel Dearborn, the deputy quarter master, assures me a
supply shall be sent you. The good temper and patience
of the troops, exhibited on all occasions, does them honor.
I am happy in having the evidence of a prospect of their
being well fed and well clothed ; and I hope they will
receive some pay.
I have not yet fully ascertained whether Colonel Wil-
let's men, engaged for three years, will remain where they
are this winter, or not. I have written Governor Clinton
respecting them, but have not received his answer ; I
expect it hourlj?. I believe the posts usually occupied in
the winter, and probably the best calculated to cover the
country, are Saratoga, to the northward (from whence
detachments can be made to Ballstown aud White creek) ;
and Fort Herkimer, Fort Rensselaer, and Johnstown, on
the Mohawk river, from which detachments can also be
occasionally made to other small posts, in their respective
vicinities, and Schoharie, about thirty miles west of
Albany.
300 COKRESPONDENCE OF
I am not so intimately acquainted with the importance
of these different places, relatively considered, as to be
able to determine what proportion of the troops each
ought to have ; but I think Colonel Reid's regiment ought
to be destined to the western posts above mentioned, and
not to be diminished by any detachments which may be
necessary to leave at Albany or Schenectady for the secur-
ity of the public stores. The northern frontier is not so
extensive as the western, and can be easier supported by
the militia. Let each post be properly and seasonably
supplied with provisions. I wish to gratify your inclina-
tion in visiting your family, but wish you to remain a few
days, as I hourly expect General Hazen in this quarter.
As it may be equally agreeable to him to spend the winter
at Albany, and as I should prefer having a general officer
in the northern district, I will request him to repair there ;
if he declines it, Colonel Reid must exercise the command.
The light infantry have returned from the southward.
'^o news in this quarter.
I have the honor to be, with great regard.
Dear sir, your obedient serv't,
W. HEATH, 31. General
To Colonel Yates.
Headquarters. Saratoga, \
Uih December, 1781. j
Sir — Upon anxiously examining the nature of the dis-
putes between !N'ew-York and Vermont, I am of opinion
that violent measures at present would be attended with
very evil consequences. If, therefore. Col. Rensselaer can
be assured of protection of his person and property,
together with positive assurances that his adherents shall
remain in peaceable and quiet possession of their estates,
and that their persons shall be preserved from indignities
or insults until Congress shall determine the jurisdictional
boundaries — till then, I say, I should think hostilities very
dangerous.
JOHN STARK. 301
Now, sir, considering the inconveniencea of keeping
men in the field at this season of the year, I imagine, if
the above mentioned preliminaries are agreed to and
ratified by responsible men on the part of Vermont, it
would be prudent for you to withdraw your men ; but, if
jour orders are to continue in your present station, you
must obey. In that case, it would be advisable to apply
to General Ganesvoort, or the ofiicer who gave the orders,
that they might be remanded.
I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
JOHN STARK.
Hon. Meshech Weare.
Saratoga^ lith December, 1781.
Dear Sii' — Notwithstanding my letters to you seem to
be treated with silent contempt, yet, when any thing inter-
venes where I think my country or the State of New-
Hampshire in a particular manner deeply interested, I
conceive it my duty, apart from common politeness, to
inform you of it. Such I deem the late riotous conduct
of the State of Vermont, in extending their pretended
claim to the westward, and threatening to support it by a
military force; and, indeed, those within the twenty-mile
line are actually in arms, in open defiance and violation
of the rules of Congress ; and are actually opposing them-
selves to the troops raised by the State of New- York to
put their constitution and laws into execution. Two
detachments, one acting under the authority of Vermont,
and the other under officers owing allegiance to the State
of New- York, are assembled now at St. Coick, in opposi-
tion. For farther particulars I refer you to Captain Fogg,
who will have the honor of delivering this.
I have been favored with a perusal of the proceedings
of the legislature of Vermont State, on the subject of
their being received into the Union of the United States,
and find that they have not only rejected the resolutions of
Congress, but in reality have disavowed their authority ;
302 CORRESPONDENCE OP
and I farther perceive that, in their great wisdom, they
have thought proper to appoint a committee to deteraiine
whether E'ew-Hampshire shall exercise jurisdiction to
Connecticut river or not. This proceeding appears too
weak and frivolous. For men of sense to suppose that
New-Hampshire would ever consent to an indignity so
flagrant, and an abuse so pointed as this seems to be, is
what I own surprises me. However, I hope, and indeed
have no doubt, that ITew-Hampshire will be more politic
than to take notice of this daring insolence. What I
mean by notice, is to think of treating with them upon
this or any other subject until Congress shall come to
a final determination with respect to these people.
I am, sir, with high respect,
Your most obedient serv't,
JOHN STARK
Arlington, December 15, 1781.
Dear Sir — I have consulted my council on the perplexed
situation of this State, and have resolved to call the Legis-
lature thereof to meet at Bennington, as soon as may be ;
at which time they will doubtless consult such measures as
may tend to the peace and tranquility of this State and
the United States.
In the meantime I earnestly request that you write to
the officers of New- York, that are daily making depreda-
tions to the west, to suspend any farther operations of that
kind until the assembly meet ; and that, if they do not
comply, you will not interfere with your troops. And I
do assure you that if they comply with said request, and
liberate the prisoners they have taken, I will suspend the
exercise of jurisdiction or law over any person or persons
who profess themselves subjects of New- York, during that
time.
I am, sir, with sentiments of esteem,
Your most obed't and most hbl. serv't,
THOMAS CHITTENDEN.
JOHN STARK. 303
To General Washington.
Albany, 2\st December, 1781.
My Dear Sir — Although I am not the first that has
addressed a congratulatory letter to you on account of
your late glorious and unequalled success in Virginia, yet
be assured that I am not behind the others in respect, or
in the high opinion I entertain of the important and very
essential service rendered my country by your capital
acquisition. British standards will no more be the dread
of neighboring nations, nor will her armies in future be
deemed invincible. You have taught them the road to
submission, and have manifested to the world that they
are vulnerable ; and no doubt the warlike nations with
whom they are at variance, stimulated by your noble
example, will give them farther proofs of their inability
to trample on the laws of equity, justice and liberty with
impunity. I hope that this may be the case, and that
they may shortly be brought to a sense of their duty, and
relinquish to us the invaluable blessings that the power of
Omnipotence has placed in our view, and leave our coun-
try once more to taste the sweets of tranquil peace.
My exile has not been attended with any very interest-
ing events. The enemy, to be sure, came as far as Ticon-
deroga ; but when they learned the alacrity with which
the militia turned out to defend their country, they
returned, with shame and disgrace, without striking a
blow at the northern frontiers. But the Mohawk river
felt some of the effects of their inveterate malice. How-
ever, by the timely interposition of Colonel Willet, they
were driven from that country with indignity. As the par-
ticulars must have come to your knowledge before now,
I will not give you the trouble of reading them here.
During the time the enemy were hovering about Ticon-
deroga, a sergeant and a scout of the Vermont militia
were attacked by a scout of the enemy. They killed the
sergeant and took his party prisoners. When the party
was brought to Ticonderoga, the commanding officer
showed great dissatisfaction at the accident, treated the
304 CORKESPONDENOE OF
men with all imaginable tenderness, sent for the sergeant,
and had him buried with the honors of war ; after which
he released the prisoners, with what provisions they chose
to take, and they returned home with a letter from Lt. Gol.
St. Leger to Gov. Chittenden (as it was said), apologizing
for the accident. Upon this coming to my knowledge, I
addressed a letter to the governor, of which I inclose a
copy, as likewise a copy of his answer. You will per-
ceive, by his letter, he gives his reason for not sending to
me, by affirming that he has sent the account of it to you.
K so, I should be much obliged for a copy of the letter.
I shall be farther obliged if you let me know whether he
sent you the original or a copy. If he sent you the origi-
nal, it must be satisfactory ; otherwise, the case will still
be doubtful in my opinion. I shall think that they dare
not produce the original.
The proceedings of the Yermonters have been very mys-
terious, until about ten days ago, when they in a manner
threw off the mask, and publicly avowed their determina-
tion to continue their claim of jurisdiction to the [N'orth
river on the part of Is'ew-York, and to Mason's patent on
the part of E^ew-Hampshire, and did actually send an
armed force, with a piece of artillery, to protect and
defend their adherents on the west side of the twenty-
mile line ; and indeed have done little less than to wage
war with the United States, who, I conceive, are bound,
by every tie of justice and policy, to defend all its mem-
bers from the insults of any enemy, internal or external.
I believe, sir, that I may venture to predict that unless
something decisive is done in the course of this winter,
with respect to these people, we may have every thing to
fear from them that they are capable of, in case we are
under the disagreeable necessity of making another cam-
paign.
This may be considered as strange language from me,
who have ever been considered as a friend to Yermont ;
and, indeed, I ever was their friend, until their conduct
convinced me that they were not friendly to the United
JOHN STAKK. 305
States. Were I to judge by their professions, they are
more mine and the State's friend now than ever ; but their
actions and their words appear to carry a very different
meaning. During my command, I have been promised
everything from their government and their leading men
that I could wdsh for; but they have taken particular care
to perform nothing, while, on the other hand, the militia
of New- York, and those of Berkshire, attended to my
requisitions with alacrity and uncommon spirit ; and I
believe the northern and western frontiers are in a great
measure indebted to them for the protection of their
houses, etc. I most sincerely wish that matters may turn
out better than I expect, and am, with my best wishes for
your health and happiness,
Your most obedient humble servant,
- JOHN STARK.
Albany, 22d December, 1781.
Dear Sir — I have received your favor of the 12th inst.,
and am under infinite obligations for the indulgence you
are pleased to grant me. However, I shall not hasten
from the district until matters are duly arranged, and I
hope not till General Hazen arrives to take the command.
If he is not already on the road, I should take it as a sin-
gular favor if he might be directed to proceed as soon as
possible.
Colonel Eeid addresses a letter by this conveyance.
His domestic affairs are in a very fluctuating state, and
render his presence very essential to his interest. It must
be unnecessary to mention the difiiculties officers and
soldiers labor under for want of proper supplies, wages,
&c. When all these difficulties are enumerated, you will
easily perceive that the indulgences become almost neces-
sity ; and, without them, no officer, with a large family
and in common circumstances, can continue in service.
If, therefore, it is compatible w^ith the public interest, it
would certainly be a great favor if he could be permitted
to visit his family in the course of the winter.
306 COKRESPOISDENCE OF
Your letter of the 17th has just come to my hand. I
shall order the return you require to he made, and hope to
be able to transmit it in a few days.
I am, dear sir, your ohed't serv't,
JOrm STARK.
Major General Heath.
To General Stark.
Saratoga, 22rf December, 1781.
Dear General — Here I am, alone, not a soul to speak
a word to me but bruin and Mony. A dismal gloom
overspreads this quarter at present. However, two d — m'd
Indians favored me with their company this afternoon,
and gave me a piece of venison, on which I intend to
dine to-morrow, is'o but what the cursed Irishman
asks too dear for. I am invited to keep Christmas with
Mr. Ensign. I think that man must be a christian.
How did you get down to Albany ? I hope you have
good quarters. Pray let me hear from you every oppor-
tunity ; in particular, I wish to have your directions with
respect to the leather at Dickerson's. If you have not
already wrote to General Heath, I pray you to write as
soon as possible, representing my situation, and the pres-
sing necessity of my being at home, and also please to
forward any letters.
My kind compliments to Major Caleb. I wish to hear
how my book comes on. No more writing — this is the
last inch of paper I have.
Your prediction was right. I am informed, by a man
from Peterborough, that your cousin IS'athan and my
cousin Abraham are really in the horse-stealing way.
I am, with esteem.
Your most ohed't humble serv't,
GEO. REID.*
General Stark.
* Afterwards general of State militia, and father-in-law of late Governor
Samuel Dinsmoor, Senior.
JOHN STARK. 307
To General Stark.
Headquarters. Highlands, \
December 25, 1781. /
Dear Sir — Your favors of the 2d and 12th instants have
come to hand; that of the 2d, by Major Yillefranche,
not until yesterday. The attention and abilities of that
officer deserve commendation in every quarter v^here his
services have been experienced.
I am very sorry to hear of the conduct of the Yermont-
ers and Yorkers with you. I fear that there will, sooner
or later, be serious consequences produced by their dis-
putes. I transmitted your intelligence to Congress, and I
request you will be pleased from time to time to commu-
nicate to me such other circumstances as may come to
your knowledge.
The paymasters of the Kew-Hampshire regiments have
drawn clothing of every kind, and will convey it up as
soon as possible. The naked condition of those regiments
led me to direct that they should be first served.
I hope that the time will soon arrive when the army
will be relieved from many if not all of those distressing
wants which they have long experienced. I trust the
quarter master has relieved your wants of forage and paper.
Please direct the returns to be made with as much punc-
tuality as possible.
Congress has called upon the States to complete their
respective quotas of troops by the first of March, deter-
mined to improve the late successes, and with the blessing
of heaven bring the war to a speedy and honorable con-
clusion.
I have the honor to be,
With great regard, your obed't serv't,
WM. HEATH, M. General,
308 COKRESPONDENCB OF
To Honorable General Stark.
Bennington, 12th September, 1786.
Dear Sir — This opportunity of presenting gratitude
demands a few lines from me. I have had health in
general since we saw each other, but have understood
your health was much impaired before you left the camp;
and since have learned it is much recovered, and wish you
that blessing for a long time to come.
It is doubtless yet in your mind what I have mentioned
concerning a right of land granted you in this State, for
which I paid the fees. If you choose to hold the land, it
is agreeable to me; but, w^hen you wrote me last, you pro-
posed quitting your right to me, and that without any
pay. I send you a deed ; if it is your choice to execute
it, then I am secured for the money I have paid ; and if
you will take the ten dollars which I heretofore proposed,
on your letting me know by a line, it shall be conveyed
to you by the first safe opportunity ; or if Mr. McGinnis
satisfies you there, I will repay him here.
I am, sir, with respect.
Your obedient servant,
SAM'L SAFFORD.
!N". B. Mine and Mrs. Safford's best compliments to
the General, Mrs. Stark, and the Major.
To General Stark.
Monticello, August 19th, 1805.
Respected General — I have lately learned, through the
channel of the newspapers, with pleasure, that you are still
in life, and enjoy health and spirits. The victories of
Bennington — the first link in the chain of successes which
issued in the surrender at Saratoga — are still fresh in the
memory of every American, and the name of him who
achieved them dear to his heart.
JOHN STARK. 309
Permit me, therefore, as a stranger who knows jou only
by the services you have rendered, to express to you the
sincere emotions of pleasure and attachment which he
felt on learning that your days had been prolonged — his
fervent prayer that they still may be continued in comfort,
and the conviction that whenever they end, your memory
will be cherished by those who come after you, as one who
has not lived in vain for his country.
I salute you, venerable patriot and general,
With affection and reverence,
THOMAS JEFFERSON.
[Answer.]
Derryjield, October, 1805.
Bespected Sir — Your friendly letter of August 19th came
to hand a few days since ; but, owing to the imbecility
inseparably connected with the wane of life, I have not
been able to acknowledge it until now.
I have been in my 77th year since the 28th of August
last ; and, since the close of the revolutionary war, have
devoted my time entirely to domestic employments, and
in the vale of obscurity and retirement, have tasted that
tranquility which the hurry and bustle of a busy world
can seldom afford. I thank you for the compliment you
are pleased to make me, nor will I conceal the satisfaction
I feel in receiving it from a man who possesses so large a
share of my confidence.
I will confess to you, sir, that I once began to think
that the labors of the revolution were in vain, and that I
should live to see the system restored which I had assisted
in destroying.
But my fears are at an end ; and I am now calmly pre-
paring to meet the unerring fate of men, with, however,
the satisfactory reflection that I leave a numerous progeny,
in a country highly favored by nature, and under a gov-
310 COKKESPONDENCE OF
ernment whose principles and views I believe to be cor-
rect and just.
With the highest considerations of respect and esteem, I
have the honor to be, sir, your most obed't serv't,
JOHN STARK.
To the Hon. Maj. Gen'l John Stark.
Bennington, 16^A August, 1806.
Respected Sir — 'By direction of a numerous and respect-
able body of Republican citizens of this and the adjoining
towns, convened for the purpose of commemorating the
glorious battle fought on the 16th of August, 1777, com-
monly called the Bennington action, the undersigned, in
their behalf, are instructed to inform you of the grateful
feelings they entertain for your person ; that they duly
appreciate the important and eminent services you ren-
dered your country, and more especially the people of this
vicinity, on this auspicious day.
They ever have and still consider your fortunate success
on that day, achieved by the wisdom of your plans and
the promptness of their execution, to have been a fatal
check to the success of General Burgoyne, and which
shortly after produced the surrender of his whole army to
the American troops.
The few officers and soldiers yet living, who were imme-
diately under your command, still hail you as their fortu-
nate and brave general ; while those who were their chil-
dren or unborn, hail you as the patriot of your country,
and acknowledge the blessings they enjoy from the pros-
perity of your arms.
The citizens, composing this meeting, are highly grati-
fied when they learn, through the channel of the news-
papers, that you still retain your affection and first love
for your country, while many of your compatriots, in their
opinion, have apostatized, and forgotten the important
object of the American Revolution.
JOHN STARK. 811
You have their fervant prayers that your days may be
prolonged ; not doubting (when they shall end) that pos-
terity will hold you in honorable remembrance for the
noble deeds you have done.
We tender you, venerable General,
Our warmest affection and esteem,
JOSIAII WRIGHT,
DAYID FAY,
J0:N^AS GALUSHA, [CommUtee,
JONATHAN ROBINSON,
WILLIAM TOWNER,
To General Stark.
Bennington, July 22, 1809.
Honored and Bespected Sir — You can never forget that,
on the memorable 16th of August, 1777, you commanded
the American troops in the action called Bennington
battle, and that, under divine providence, astonishing
success attended our arms. Our enemy was defeated
and captured, and this town and its vicinity saved from
impending ruin. It has been usual to hold the day in
grateful remembrance, by a public celebration.
On Thursday last, a large and respectable number of
leading characters in this and the neighboring towns, met
to choose a committee of arrangements for a celebration
on the 16th of August next. More than sixty of those
who met were with you in the action. They recollect
you, sir, with peculiar pleasure, and have directed us to
write and request you, if your health and age will permit,
to honor them wdth your presence on that day. All your
expenses shall be remunerated.
No event could so animate the brave "sons of liberty,"
as to see their venerable leader and preserver once more
in Bennington ; that their young men may once have the
pleasure of seeing the man who so gallantly fought to
defend their sacred rights, their fathers and mothers, and
protected them while lisping in infancy.
312 COKKESPONDENCE OF
Should this request be inconsistent with your health, we
should he happy in receiving a letter from you, on that
subject, that we may read it to them on that day. Senti-
ments from the aged, and from those who have hazarded
their lives to rescue us from the shackles of tyranny, will
be read by them with peculiar pleasure, and remembered
long after their fathers have retired to the silent tomb.
Accept, sir, our warmest wishes for your health and
happiness, and permit us, dear general, to assure you that
we are, with great esteem.
Your cordial and affectionate friends,
JONATHAN ROBINSON, \ Commiitee.
DAVID FAY, J
[Answer.]
At my Quarters. Derryfield, \
31st of July, 1809. /
My Friends and Fellow Soldiers — I received yours, of the
22d instant, containing your fervent expressions of friend-
ship, and your very polite invitation to meet with you to
celebrate the 16th of August in Bennington.
As you say, I can never forget that I commanded
American troops on that day at Bennington. They were
men who had not learned the art of submission, nor had
they been trained to the arts of war ; but our " astonishing
success" taught the enemies of liberty that undisciplined
freemen are superior to veteran slaves.
Nothing could afford me greater pleasure than to meet
your brave "sons of liberty" on the fortunate spot; but,
as you justly anticipate, the infirmities of old age will not
permit it, for I am now more than fourscore and one
years old, and the lamp of life is almost spent. I have of
late had many such invitations, but was not ready, for
there was not oil in the lamp.
You say you wish your young men to see me ; but you
who have seen me can tell them I never was worth much
for a show, and certainly can not be worth their seeing now.
JOHN STARK. 313
In case of my not being able to attend, you wish my
sentiments. These you shall have, as free as the air we
breathe. As I was then, I am now, the friend of the equal
rights of men, of representative democracy, of republi-
canism, and the declaration of independence — the great
charter of our national rights — and of course a friend to
the indissoluble union of these States. I am the enemy
of all foreign influence, for all foreign influence is the
influence of tyranny. This is the only chosen- spot of
liberty — this the only republic on earth.
You well know, gentlemen, that at the time of the
event you celebrate, there was a powerful British faction
in the country (called tories), a material part of the force
we contended with. This faction was rankling in our
councils, until it had laid a foundation for the subversion
of our liberties ; but, by having good sentinels at our out-
posts, we were apprised of the danger. The sons of free-
dom beat the alarm, and, as at Bennington, they came,
they saw, they conquered.
These are my orders now, and will be my last orders to
all my volunteers, to look to their sentries ; for there is a
dangerous British party in the country, lurking in their
hiding places, more dangerous than all our foreign
enemies ; and whenever they shall appear, let them ren-
der the same account of them as was given at Benning-
ton, let them assume what name they will.
I shall remember, gentlemen, the respect you and the
inhabitants of Bennington and its neighborhood have
shown me, until I go to the " country from whence no
traveller returns." I must soon receive marching orders.
JOHN STARK.
Hon. Gideon Olin, ")
Jonathan Robinson, Esq., I Committee.
David Fay, Esq., j
IS'oTE. The general forwarded in this letter, as his vol-
unteer sentiment: ''Live free, or die — Death is not the
worst of evils."
21
•
314 COKRESPONDENCE OF
To the Hon. General John Stark.
Bennington, July 26th, 1810.
Once more the season has arrived for the celebration of
that auspicious day, when you sir, at the head of our
brave yeomanry, under the benevolent hand of a superin-
tending providence, led our troops to victory on the mem-
orable hill of Walloomsack. The people of the adjacent
counties have resolved to celebrate the day on the conse-
crated ground. For this purpose they have chosen a large
and respectable committee from the surrounding towns.
The governors of the States of ]^ew-York and Vermont
will be invited, and probably attend ; hundreds of your fel-
low-citizens, who fought by your side, and thousands of
other republicans, will be present on the pleasing occasion.
^Nothing can be wanting, to make our joys complete, but the
presence of our venerable friend and commander, whom,
with American pride, we style "the hero of Bennington."
In your patriotic address to us last year, we regret that
you tell us that the oil is almost extinguished in the lamp,
and that age has rendered it impossible for you to attend,
although we are again pressed by our fellow-citizens to
give you an invitation to come and join in the festivities
of the day. The toast, sir, which you sent us in 1809,
will continue to vibrate with unceasing pleasure in our
ears : " Live free, or die — ^Death is not the worst of evils."
]!!*[ever, never, sir, shall we cease to recollect, with the
most ardent affection, the man who made the arrange-
ment, and who, at the hazard of his life, executed the
plan with such 'decision and success. And while your
sword was waving on the high places of the field, the
cries of thousands of our oppressed fellow citizens, like a
cloud, rolled before the Eternal. Heaven heard, and led
you and your brave fellow-citizens to glory and victory.
Accept, Dear General, the expression of our warmest
gratitude, and of our highest esteem, and believe us to be
Your cordial friends,
JOISTATHAN KOBmSO]^,)
ELEAZER HAWKS, V Committee.
DAYID FAY, j
JOHN STAKK. 315
[Answer.]
Derryjield, 20th September, 1810.
My Friends — Yoiirs, of the 25th of July, is but just
received, inviting me to partake of your festival. Had
not your letter been stopped in its passage to me, its con-
tents could have made no difference, for it is now eighty
two years since I have been in wear, and I am worn
beyond all hope of repairs. The disease and pain, attend-
ing the last stage of life, render many of the surrounding
objects that I once delighted in indifferent to me. But if
any thing could have given me pleasure, it would to have
been with you on the 16th of August.
A scene like that must have brought to my recollection
the principal events of my life. I could remember how
British tyranny arose, and how it yielded to the untutored
bravery of democracy, and particularly, as being on that
fortunate spot, with so many of the brave men who taught
the tyrant's tools the hard lesson.
In your letter, you praise me extremely for being the
fortunate commander of valiant men. To merit the praise
of my country, has been a leading motive of my life.
Unmerited praise is satire ; therefore we should be careful
not to bestow too much praise, unless we mean to satirize.
You mention being pleased with the toast I gave you last
year. I have the best evidence that the people of your
rugged country do sincerely accord with such sentiments,
for in '77 you displayed evidence by practice. And I
have no doubt if we had a Congress now, who had the
resolution to express the will of the nation, you would be
found as ready as you were then.
Be assured of my friendship for yourselves and the
other inhabitants of the Green mountains, and accept my
thanks for their respect.
JOHN STAEK.
Hon. Jonathan Eobinson,
Eleazer Hawks,
David Fay.
316 COKKESPONDENCE OF
President Madison to General Stark. ^
Washington^ December 26, 1809.
Sir — A very particular friend of yours, who has been
much recommended to my esteem, has lately mentioned
you to me in a manner of which I avail myself to offer
this expression of the sense I have always entertained of
your character, and of the part you bore as a hero and a
patriot in establishing the independence of our country.
I can not better render this tribute, than by congratu-
lating you on the happiness you can not fail to derive from
the motives which made you a champion in so glorious a
cause ; from the gratitude shown by your fellow-citizens
for your distinguished services, and especially from the
opportunity which a protracted life has given you of wit-
nessing the triumphs of republican institutions, so dear
to you, in the unrivalled prosperity flowing from them,
during a trial of more than a fourth of a century.
May your life be continued as long as it can be a bless-
ing, and may the example it will bequeath never be lost
upon those who live after you.
JAMES MADISOI^.
Gen. John Stark.
To James Madison, Esqr., President of the United States.
Derryjield, January 21, 1810.
Sir — I had yesterday the pleasure of receiving an address
from the first magistrate of the only republic on earth.
The letter compliments me highly upon my services as a
soldier, and praises my patriotism. It is true, I love the
country of my birth, for it is not only the land which I
would choose before all others, but it is the only spot
where I could wear out the remnant of my days with any
satisfaction.
Twice has my country been invaded by foreign enemies,
and twice I went out with her citizens to obtain a peace.
JOHN STAKK. 317
When tha objectt was attained, I returned to my farm
and my original occupation. I have ever valued peace so
highly that I would not sacrifice it for any thing hut free-
dom ; yet submission to insult I never thought the way
to obtain or support either.
I was pleased with your dismissal of the man* sent by
England to insult us : because she will ascertain by the
experiment, that we are the same nation we were in '76,
grown stronger by age, and having gained wisdom by
experience.
If the enmity of the British is to be feared, their alli-
ance is still more dangerous. I have fought by their side,
as well as against them, and have found them to be
treacherous and ungenerous as friends, and dishonorable
as enemies. I have also tried the French : first as ene-
mies, and since as friends ; and, although all the strong
prejudices of my youth were against them, still I have
formed a more favorable opinion of them than of the
English. Let us watch even them.
But of all the dangers from which I apprehend the most
serious evil to my country, and our republican institutions,
none requires a more watchful eye than our internal Brit-
ish faction.
If the communication of the result of my experience
can be of any service in the approaching storm, or if any
benefit can arise from any example of mine, my strongest
wish will be gratified.
The few days or weeks of the remainder of my life will
be in friendship with James Madison.
JOHN^ STAEK.
*The British envoy.
318 CORKESPONDENCE OF
Charleston, South Carolina, 1
August 29th, 1811. /
Sir — In conformity to a resolution of the " Seventy Six
Association" of this State, we, their standing committee,
hereby transmit for your perusal a copy of an oration,
delivered on the Fourth of July, by Benjamin A. Mark-
ley, Esq., a member of that institution.
We remain, sir, with great respect and esteem, your
obedient humble servants,
JOS. JOHI^SOIN',
J. B. WHITE,
WILLIAM LAUCE,
JOSEPH KIRKLAl^D,
MYER MOSES.
To General Stark.
[From the Farmer's Monthly Visitor]
We received the following letter from that indefatigable
antiquarian, Henry Stevens, Esq., of Barnet, Yt. We
most cheerfully comply with his request, and give it a
place in our columns. We presume the cannon, spoken
of by Judge Witherell, is one of the two afterward sur-
rendered by General Hull, which were subsequently recov-
ered by our army at Fort George, and is probably one of
the two now at Montpelier, as trophies, having been by
act of Congress presented to Vermont. We hope the
remaining two cannon, of the four taken at Bennington,
which the venerable Stark was wont to call ''my guns,"
may be recovered, and placed by permission of Congress
in the State House at Concord, as trophies won by her
worthy sons.
Detroit, 26th May, 1811.
Venerable General — On examining the fort of this place,
a few days past, I perceived in one of the embrasures a
handsome brass cannon, with this inscription on it : ''John
Stark. Taken at Bennington, the 16th of August, 1777."
This, together with the situation in which I found it,
JOHN STARK. 319
forcibly drew my mind not only to a retrospect of the
revolutionary war, but still farther back, to the records of
transactions too remote for my observation ; and I could
not but view the fortuitous circumstance of its being
placed on these walls, as a sort of pledge for the future
safety of this place, as well against those from whose mar-
tial hands we wrested it, on the embattled plains of
Walloomsack, as the descendants of those savages who felt
the chastisement of your arms, near this fort, in the mem-
orable ambuscade of the 31st of July, 1763. I have often
contemplated the spot with horror, where fell by your side
the brave Captains Dalyell and Campbell; where the
bridge, from the blood of two hundred and thirty out of
three hundred British troops, and that of one hundred
out of two hundred provincials, is to this day emphatically
called "Bloody bridge."
I was much gratified with the feeling narration of this
transaction, by a man of the name of Maxwell, who
served under you in that campaign, who, while he related
the events, frequently attempted to wipe away the encrust-
ed tear from his furrowed cheeks, often exclaiming : *^ Ah,
is my old Captain Stark still living?"
But, though death is a severe muster master, you have
parried his stroke until he has arrived at the very Zed of
the revolutionary^ alphabet, by which you have been
enabled to view and contemplate vast portions of your
native country freed from the savage knife, and from civil
tyranny ; in effecting which, to have borne so conspicu-
ous a part, must remain a fruitful source of consolation,
even to the very last fragment of your furlough ; at the
end of which, when summoned to head quarters, to join
the main body of patriots and heroes who have long since
marched for that station, that you may pass a good
muster, and finally receive a pension which will support
you through the war of elements, is the sincere wish of
Dear General, your most obed't serv't,
J. WITHERELL,
The Venerable John Stark, Esq.
320 NOTICE AND LETTEES OF
Dr. Bentley was born at Boston in 1758 ; graduated at
Harvard College in 1777 ; and was (September 24, 1783)
ordained as pastor of the second church at Boston. He
afterward removed to Salem, where he resided until his
death, which occurred suddenly December 29, 1819, at the
age of 61 years.
For nearly twenty years he edited the Essex Register,
a paper which supported the political principles of the
democratic republican party.
He collected, in the course of his life, a large library of
rare and valuable books, as also a cabinet of curiosities
and minerals. He was well versed in ancient literature.
His benevolence was well known, and experienced by
all whose necessities demanded his assistance.
Masters of vessels, and even seamen, in requital of his
kind actions and friendship, when visiting foreign coun-
tries remembered him, by bringing home some rare or
curious article to add to his collection.
We have been informed of one instance where a party
of American seamen, from Salem, who were in Italy
during the victorious career of General Bonaparte, observ-
ing the French soldiers taking from churches and palaces
the valuable paintings of ancient masters, to be forwarded
to Paris to grace the triumph of the conqueror of Italy,
during the confusion, secured one of them, which was
in due time presented to Dr. Bentley.
His valuable library and cabinet were bequeathed prin-
cipally to Meadville College, in Pennsylvania, and the
American Antiquarian Society, of Worcester.
Harvard College probably expected the donation, having
conferred upon him the degree of D. D. some short time
before his death ; but the honor was perhaps too long
withheld.
His library was more needed, and may probably be
more useful at Meadville. His eulogy was pronounced
by Hon. Edward Everett.
EEV. WILLIAM BENTLEY. 321
He published a sermon on Matthew 7 : 21, in 1790 ; on
the death of J. Gardner, 1791 ; of General Fiske, 1797 ;
of B. Hodges, 1804 ; a collection of psalms and hymns,
1795 ; three masonic addresses ; and a masonic charge,
1797-99 ; at the artillery election in 1796 ; on the death
of J. Richardson, 1806 ; before the female charitable
society, at the election of 1807 ; a history of Salem, con-
tained in vol. 6 Mass. Hist. Collections.
Dr. Bentley was a warm friend and admirer of General
Stark, whom he several times visited at his residence on
the banks of the Merrimack, and with him kept up a
friendly intercourse until his own decease.
On one occasion he informed the general that he
intended to deliver his eulogy on the occasion of hia
demise, and had prepared his notes. "Suppose, my
chaplain,"* replied the veteran, ''your call should come
first ? " The general survived his friend nearly three
years, and all the American generals of the Revolution,
thus making good the saying formerly applied to him,
"First in the field, and last out of it."
Major General John- Stark.
Salem y Mass., August 30, 1805.
My Dear General — I have just received, with the greatest
pleasure, a letter from the President of the United States,
inclosed to me but directed to you. In his letter to me
the President writes: "Forward the expressions of my
respect and esteem for the venerable General Stark, whose
name, lately mentioned in the newspapers, excited in me
at the same time the sensations which the recollections of
his services were calculated to inspire. Disinterested
esteem and approbation can not be unacceptable to any
one. I therefore solicit your delivery of the inclosed
letter to him, &c."
*The general frequently addressed Dr. B. as *'my chaplain."
322 NOTICE AND LETTEKS OF
I doubt not this best attention from the man most
deserving of the highest honors of his country, so freely
expressed, will be welcome to the hero who gave the first
serious check to the military power of Britain, when
employed against his country.
I am preparing to obey all your commands. Be pleased
to assure the major* and his family of my affection, and
ask him to inform me of the receipt of this letter ; and
believe me, with the greatest veneration, and with the
highest sense of your personal merit and public services.
Your devoted servant,
WILLIAM BENTLEY.
Salem, Mass., June 18, 1810.
My Dear General — The likeness my young pupil. Miss
Hannah Crowninshield, took, proved to be a good one.f
All your friends knew it instantly. The inclosed is a
copy. The original is as large as life. She is taking a
copy for President Madison ; and then I intend to get it
engraved, and painted in oil colors. Any corrections will
be accepted, as she had only one sitting.
With veneration and respect,
Your sincere friend,
WILLIAM BENTLEY.
General John Stark, Derryfield.
* Major Caleb Stark.
f The likeness taken by Miss Crowninshield was the one from which,
with alterations, was engraved the portrait at the head of this volume.
We have been informed that the above named lady married Captain
Armstrong, of the United States Navy. In the portrait, the artist who
prepared Miss Crowninshield's painting for the lithographer, gave too
much length to the neck and face. The forehead is also too narrow. ^ He
was about five feet nine inches in height. The portrait of Major Stark
by S. F. B. Morse resembles the general more than that at the head of
this volume. A person came to obtain a likeness of General Stark
immediately after his decease. Major S. was there ; and the artist, in
completing his work, frequently looked from the face of the dead to the
living resemblance there present.
KEV. WILLIAM BENTLEY. 323
Salem, December 1, 1810.
My Good General — My packets of papers will prove that
I have not forgotten you. One friend after another has
promised to convey them to you from Salem, without going
the circuitous route, by your worthy son at Boston ; but
after repeated disappointments, I return to my old route.
Your southern friends all inquire after, and delight to
honor you.
Believe me, that I never am more happy than in every
expression of my veneration of General Stark, and every
opportunity of evincing my readiness to serve him.
With the highest respect.
Your devoted servant,
WILLIAM BE:NrTLEY.
General John Stark.
Salem, May ^l, 1811.
My Father — I long to pay another visit to Manchester.
All your friends inquire for you. An officer told me
lately, that, on a public occasion, he drank as a toast :
" General Stark," and a British officer present remarked,
" that is the hero who took me." We have a deep interest
in your welfare. If any thing in my power can give you
pleasure, command.
With duty and affection,
WILLIAM BEI^TLEY.
To General John Stark, Manchester, ^. H.
P. S. I send you papers by every opportunity ; I would
send them daily if I could. Please ask your son, when he
sees my friend Stickney, to beg of him a few specimens of
such fossils, stones, minerals, earths, &c., as are within his
reach, and much oblige one who will reward him to his
full satisfaction.
W. B.
324 NOTICE AND LETTERS OF
Salem, August 13, 1811.
My Worthy General — I have inclosed you eight packets
of newspapers, &c., which I had no opportunity of forward-
ing, and now send by your son at Boston.
I am obliged to inform you that your old friend, Captain
Addison Richardson, left us last Wednesday, as firm as at
the first. The great and the good inquire after, and
remember you.
With all my heart, and the highest respect.
Your obedient friend,
WILLIAM BEI^^TLEY.
Hon. General Stark.
Saletn, December 2, 1811.
My Good General — The communication between Salem
and Manchester is so indirect that I have few opportunities
of sending to you, save by the circuitous route of Boston.
If you will charge your neighbors, who visit Salem, to call
on me, I should have the pleasure oftener of discovering
that I remember you. I sent five packets by your son,
who lately honored me with a visit.
With the papers, I send you a book which has in it this
value : it treats of our Indian aflairs, which threaten seri-
ous trouble.
Believe me most rich, when I imagine I can afford a
momentary pleasure to the man to whom my country owes
its salvation.
In all duty,
WILLIAM BEiTTLEY.
Gen. John Stark.
KEY. WILLIAM BENTLEY. 325
Copy of a letter from David Pierce, Esq., of Gloucester, Mass., to Kev.
William Bentley, of Salem, dated 19tli February, 1814, on the subject
of the " General Stark" armed ship, in 1780, which captured three large
ships from London for Quebec, valued, with their cargoes, at $400,000.
Sir — The ^'General Stark" was built under my direc-
tion. In one cruise, in three weeks, she sent me $300,000,
I having sold some part of her.
She was a ship of 350 tons ; twenty guns on her lower
deck, eight guns on her half deck, and two on her fore-
castle— a very fast sailer and very stiff. I named her in
honor of General Stark.
This copy was sent to the general by Dr. Bentley,
accompanied by a drawing of the ship by Miss Crownin-
shield.
GENERAL JACOB BAYLEY,
The grand-father of General Bayley, of " French war"
and revolutionary notoriety, was the son of Joshua, who
was the son of John Bayley, who emigrated from Chip-
pingham (England) in 1635, and settled in Kew^buryport,
Massachusetts. The general was horn at Hampstead,
K H., in 1728.
He was well known on both sides of the Connecticut
river, from 1759 until his death in February, 1815, and
rendered valuable services in the " seven years' war." He
afterward s'^^rved with ability and reputation during the
revolution.
In 1755-6 he held the rank of colonel, and in August,
1757, was at Fort William Henry, which, after a siege of
nine days, capitulated to the Marquis de Montcalm. On
this occasion he is said to have escaped the ensuing mas-
sacre, by running bare-footed seven miles, to Halfway
brook, outstripping a party of Indian runners, and reach-
ed Fort Edward in safety.
He was present in Montreal, at the capitulation of Can-
ada, September 8, 1760 ; after which, having obtained
leave of absence on furlough, he visited his home. Being
of an adventurous spirit, rather than pass down the Ben-
nington road, he took a point of compass intending to
strike the head waters of the Merrimack, but happening to
arrive at the Connecticut, in the northern part of I^ew-
bury, (now so called, and named by him) he discovered
that most beautiful of all the valleys of ^tTew-England,
comprising the Great Ox Bow and other intervals.
328 MEMOIK OF
He selected this interesting location for his future resi-
dence, and, after the close of the war, emigrated thither
through a wilderness, from the residence of Colonel Web-
ster, in Plymouth — his being the last dwelling-house on
the route from the English settlements to Canada.
At the commencement of the revolution he joined the
noble spirits of the time — was appointed commissary gen-
eral of the northern division, and served throughout the
war.
His fireside narratives, in after life, were full of interest.
" Many thrilling incidents and hairbreadth escapes," says
his grand-son, " I have heard from his lips, which have
now escaped my memory. He once run the gantlet,
after capitulation (probably at Fort William Henry). He
was once taken by two Indians from his home, to be con-
veyed to Canada, where a reward had been offered for his
capture. He managed to escape by extending his feet,
tripping up both of them, and running for his life."
" Many incidents of his history have escaped my recol-
lection. One of much consequence at the time, and of
important interest to himself and his posterity, I will
state. He furnished and became responsible for supplies,
of which the army was in the utmost need. He conse-
quently became involved, mortgaged his property, and
finally disposed of it all to discharge his obligations in an
honorable manner. I well recollect seeing him writing
petitions to Congress for relief; but he never obtained
any, nor have his heirs, although the claims were ascer-
tained after his decease to have amounted to about
sixty thousand dollars. Republican gratitude — or rather
American ingratitude, was in this, as in thousands of
other cases, strongly exemplified."
The following anecdote we heard from a revolutionary
veteran many years ago :
In the year 1784, an elderly gentleman, in a plain dress,
travelling on horse back, stopped for the night at a tavern,
near King's bridge, about fifteen miles from New- York
city, as it then was. He was conducted to the only spare
JACOB BAYLEY. 329
room in the house, in which he had hardly been comforta-
bly established, when a party of young "roaring blades,"
the sons of wealthy citizens, arrived at the tavern, " to make
a night of it." They called for a private room, but were
informed by the landlord that his last spare chamber had
just been taken possession of by a respectable appearing
elderly gentleman, apparently from the country.
" Try the old fellow," said one of them, '' perhaps you
can coax him to let us into his room for our spree, and
we'll soon smoke him out."
The host applied to his guest, who readily assented.
He observed, "he was alone, and would be happy to meet
a pleasant company of young gentlemen to help him spend
the evening." The party soon assembled ; liquors were
produced, and an excellent supper brought forward, at
which the good natured old gentleman played his part as
well as the best of them.
After this, one of the youngsters proposed an agreement
that who ever of the company should refuse to perform
or submit to any proposal made by either of the others,
the recusant or recusants should forfeit the whole bill, and
the damages of all the others. To the astonishment of
the young gentlemen, the stranger agreed to the terms.
The first proposed to burn their hats, and each threw his
hat into the fire ; coats, vests, and watches followed, the
old gentleman throwing into the fire his old fashioned
silver turnip, as a companion to the gold watches of the
young rowdies.
When his turn came, he called the landlord and request-
ed him to send for a doctor, and his tooth instruments.
The doctor soon appeared. The old gentleman then
seated himself in a chair, and said: "I propose that the
doctor shall draw out every tooth in the heads of this com-
pany. Doctor begin with me." The latter found but one,
which he extracted, "l^ow, gentlemen," said the vete-
ran, " submit to my proposal, and ascertain whether you
have turned the flanks of an old soldier."
22
330 MEMOIK OF
The young men perceived that they were out-generaled ;
and learned that General Bayley was the person with
whom they had attempted to trifle, and to their cost.
They apologized — paid liberally his bill and damages,
having learned a valuable lesson for their future govern-
ment. The general, newly equipped with a better outfit
than when he left home, proceeded on the next day to
N"ew-York, to settle his army accounts.
Extract from a letter written by General Bayley, at
^N'ewbury, many years after the close of the war :
" I could not with safety leave the frontier, where I
was settled, and join the army. I thought I could be of
more service to our cause by securing an extensive fron-
tier from the depredations of the Indians, which, by mak-
ing friendship with them, I effected for at least two hun-
dred miles. My exertions were such that I was watched
and waylaid night * and day, by the enemy from Canada
— my house rifled, papers destroyed, son carried captive,
and maltreated only because he was my soil, and would
not discover to them how his father obtained intelligence
of their movements. To the close of the war I was em-
ployed by Washington to keep friendship with the Indians,
and gain intelligence of the enemy in Canada."
It has lately transpired that President Wheelock inter-
ceded with his former pupil, Brandt, the Indian chief,
and not without success. Moreover, proof is not wanting
that the British colonel, Johnson, was taken prisoner by
John Warner, but released on condition of the Indians
being restrained from Vermont. But our frontier settle-
ments, however safe, were by no means secure — rather out
of danger, than free from apprehensions. One of our his-
*G6n. Bayley was so closely watched by the tories in his vicinity, employed
by the authorities of Canada, whose scouts often attempted his capture, that
his friends dared only to warn him secretly of the approach of the enemy.
To have given him notice openly, would have ensured their own captivity,
and the destruction of their dwellings. When a friend desired to put him
on his guard against tory liers-in-wait, he dropped in his path a paper
on which were written these words: "The Philistines be upon thee,
Sampson."
JACOB BAYLEY. 331
torians narrates a panic in "Windham county — he might
have spoken of another in "Windsor county — when the
inhabitants along the White river fled, many of them by
night, lighted by brands of fire, down the river to Leba-
non, "when," says an eye witness, "families are this mo-
ment rushing into ]N"ewbury ; and for sixty miles they are
upon a doubt whether to remove or not.
Women yet live who can testify of such days; when they
lived in fear of the fate of Miss McRea, the bride of Fort
Edward — that Gertrude of W^yoming in real life ; when
every rustle of a shaken leaf seemed an Indian tread, every
tree an Indian covert, every window a mark for his rifle,
and every hamlet fully assured that it was singled out,
above all others, as the victim of the savage." *
Extract from Powers' History of Coos.
" I have already stated how desirable an object it was
with the British to get possession of Gen. Jacob Bayley.
A bold and determined effort to effect this was made on
the 17th of June, 1782, while Col. Johnson was at home
on parole. (He was a prisoner of war).
" Gen. Bayley lived at the Johnson village, in a house
where now stands the brick house of Josiah Little. Capt.
Prichard (British) and his scout, to the number of eighteen
men, lay upon the heights west of the Ox-Bow, and made
a signal for Johnson to visit them.f Johnson went, as he
was bound to do by the terms of his parole, and learned
that they had come to capture Gen. Bayley that evening.
Johnson Was now in a great strait. Bayley was his neigh-
bor, and a host against the enemy, and Johnson could not
have him go into captivity; and yet, he must seem to con-
* Butler.
f Johnson was bound by the terms of his parole, to present himself at
all times before the enemy's scouts, upon certain signals being made from
their places of concealment, and to convey no information of their pres-
ence to liis friends.
332 MEMOIR OF
form to the wishes of Prichard, or he would be recalled
to Canada himself, and in all probability have his buildings
laid in ashes.
'' Johnson returned to his house, and resolved to inform
Bayley of his danger, at the hazard of everything to him-
self. But how was this to be done ? Bayley, with two of
his sons, was plowing on the Ox-Bow. Prichard's eleva-
ted situation on the hill enabled him to look down upon
the Ox-Bow, as on a map. The secret was entrusted to
Dudley Carleton, Esq., the brother of Col. Johnson's wife.
Johnson wrote on a slip of paper this laconic sentence :
'The Philistines be upon thee, Sampson !' He gave it to
Carleton, and instructed him to go on to the meadow, pass
directly by Bayley, without stopping or speaking, but drop
the paper in his view, and return home by a circuitous
route. Carleton performed the duty assigned him well.
Gren. Bayley, when he came to the paper, carelessly took it
up and read it ; and as soon as he could, without exciting
suspicion in the minds of lookers-on, proposed to turn out
the team, and said to his sons : ' Boys, take care of your-
selves !' and went himself to the bank of the river. The
sons went up to the house to carry the tidings to the
guard who were stationed there. The guard consisted of
Captain Frye Bayley, commandant; Ezra Gates, Jacob
Bayley, Jun., Joshua Bayley ; Sergeant Samuel Torrey, a
hired man of Gen. Bayley ; three boys, John Bayley,
Isaac Bayley, Thomas Metcalf ; and a hired maid, Sarah
Fowler.
" Although the guard was apprised of the general's
apprehensions, yet, it would seem, they thought his fears
were groundless, for they were taken by surprise at early
twilight, while they were taking their evening grog ; or,
we might more significantly say, perhaps they were taking
in a freight of prowess, to be tested at a later hour of the
night. The enemy were not discovered until they were
within a few rods of the front-door. Sergeant Torrey met
them at the door, and presented his piece at them ; but
Prichard knocked aside the gun, made Torrey prisoner,
JACOB BAYLEY. 333
and the enemy rushed in. The guard dispersed in all direc-
tions ; Ezra Gates was wounded in the arm bj a ball, as
he ran from the south front-door, and a gun was discharged
at John Bayley, as he was jumping the fence to run for
the Ox-Bow, and two balls lodged in the fence close to
him. Thomas Metcalf reached the meadow, where he
tarried all night. Gates was brought in and laid on the
bed, where he lay bleeding and groaning, while the enemy
were searching the house for prisoners and papers. ' But
there was one belonging to the house who displayed great
presence of mind and intrepidity. It was a woman ! —
woman, who in ten thousand instances has risen superior
to danger, and performed 'astonishing deeds of heroism,
when man, her lord by constitution, has forfeited his claim
to superiority, by timidity and flight.'
" Sarah Fowler, the servant-maid spoken of, remained
upon the ground, with a babe of Mrs. Bayley in her arms,
undismayed at the sight of loaded muskets and bristling
bayonets, and repeatedly extinguished a candle which had
been lighted for the purpose of searching the house. I^ot
succeeding with a candle, one of the parties took a fire
brand and attempted to renew the search ; the dauntless
maid struck it from his hand, and strewed the coals
around the room. This was too much for British blood,
and one of the soldiers swore, by a tremendous oath, that
if she annoyed them any more he would blow out her
brains, showing at the same time how he would do it.
She then desisted, as she had good reason to believe he
would execute his threat.
" Mrs. Bayley had, at the outset, escaped through an
eastern window, and lay concealed in current-bushes in
the garden. The enemy having destroyed one gun, and
taken what papers they could find, commenced their
retreat, greatly disappointed in respect to the main object
of their pursuit, for the general was resting securely on
Haverhill side. They took with them prisoners Gates
and Pike, the hired man of General Bayley, and proceeded
south. An alarm was given, but not in time to arrest the
334 MEMOIR.
enemy. About half a mile south, they met James Bayley,
son of General Bayley, whom they took prisoner, and
kept until the close of the war. ******5k*
" This failure of the British, in the main object of their
expedition, brought fresh trouble upon Colonel Thomas
Johnson. The tories in the vicinity, who had laid the
plan for taking General Bayley, learning that he was not
at home that night, and knowing that he was not in the
habit of being absent from his family over night, unless
on business out of town, said at once, Johnson was a
traitor to their cause, for he must have given Bayley infor-
mation of his danger. ******* The dispo-
sition to peace in the mother country, and the actual
treaty before the year came about, saved Johnson from
the calamities threatened.
GENERAL JOSEPH CILLEY.
Joseph Cilley was born at I^ottingham, in l!Tew-Hanip-
sliire, in 1735, of whicli town his father, Captain Joseph
Cilley, was one of the earliest and principal settlers. "With
few advantages of education, he became a self-taught law-
yer in consequence of his residence in the midst of a law-
seeking community. Before the revolutionary war com-
menced, he was one of those ardent patriots who seized
and brought away the cannon and military stores from the
fort at Portsmouth.
Immediately after the commencement of actual hostil-
ity, on the plains of Lexington and Concord, he marched,
at the head of one hundred volunteers, to the theatre of
action.
He was by Congress appointed a major, and in July,
17T7, was colonel of a regiment in the army then occupy-
ing Ticonderoga. With his gallant regiment he performed
a chivalrous part in the actions with General Burgoyne's
invading army, near Behmus' heights, at Saratoga.
On the 19th of September his regiment first encountered
the enemy, and suffered a more severe loss than any other
regiment engaged.
Lie heard the British colonel give the order to fix bayo-
nets, and charge those d — d rebels ; and retorted, loudly
enough for the enemy to hear his words : " that is a game
two can play at. Charge, and we will try it."
His regiment advanced, delivered their fire, and, under
cover of the smoke, closed with the bayonet. The enemy
336 MEMOIR OF
gave way, leaving on the field sixty killed and wounded.
On the 7th of October his regiment captured a portion of
the enemy's field artillery ; and with the eleventh regiment
of the Massachusetts line, forced their way with the bayo-
net into the British camp. In this encounter, Colonel
Breyman, of the German grenadiers, was killed ; and the
British troops separated from their German allies.
At Monmouth, when General Lee ordered a retreat of
his division. Colonel Cilley ordered his regiment to ad-
vance. They boldly attacked the advanced guard of the
enemy and drove them back. By this timely check, the
fortune of the day was retrieved. Washington arrived
with the remainder of the army, and the action recom-
menced. Pleased with the gallant stand made by Cilley,
the general inquired, "What troops are these?" "True
blooded Yankees, sir," was the colonel's emphatic reply.
"I see," said General Washington — " they are my brave
Kew-Hampshire boys."
Wlien the army retreated from Ticonderoga, in 1776, a
son of Colonel Cilley (Jonathan) was left behind. He was
but a boy, and his captors, learning who he was, brought
him to General Burgoyne. The latter treated him kindly,
and set him at liberty, with permission to select any article
he pleased from the captured* baggage of the Americans.
He selected the best regimental coat he could find, which
proved that of Major Hull (afterwards General Hull). He
was also furnished with an old horse, and a pair of saddle-
bags, filled with Burgoyne's proclamations, to convey to
his father. He found him in front of his regiment on
parade. The colonel seized one of the hand-bills, which,
* After the evacuation of Ticonderoga, many reams of continental paper
fell into the hands of the enemy. It was divided in due proportions among
the British officers. The younger ones, in derision of the yankee money,
used it for lighting their pipes, while the veterans stowed it away among
their effects.
After the surrender of Burgoyne's army, this paper was discovered to be
of value, and would purchase for the holders as many necessaries as would
British gold.
Jonathan Cilley might, under the privilege granted by Burgoyne, have
demanded a few quires of these paper apologies for money, and perhaps
they would have been given him.
JOSEPH CILLEY. 337
after reading, he tore into pieces, and scattered them to
the winds, saying, "thus shall his army be scattered."
He served throughout the war with reputation. On the
22d of June, 1786, he was appointed first major general
of the iTew-Hampshire militia, and served the State in
various civil capacities. From this time, he advised the
people to compromise their lawsuits. He died in August,
1799, aged 64 years. He was a man of temperance, econ-
omy, great industry, decision of character and sound judg-
ment. His passions were strong and impetuous ; his deter-
minations prompt, and his disposition frank and humane.
He was a decided republican in politics.
Portions of this notice have been gathered from Allen's
Biographical Dictionary, and the remainder from the con-
versations of the late Major Caleb Stark, who, in 1776 and
1777, was adjutant of the first New-Hampshire regiment,
commanded by Col. Cilley.
During the confused night retreat from Ticonderoga,
General Kosciusko, not finding his own, took the first
saddled horse that came in his way. It belonged to the
adjutant of Colonel Cilley's regiment, who, not finding his
horse where he left it, proceeded on foot until daylight,
when he discovered the Polish general mounted upon his
horse, and demanded his property, which the other refused
to give up. High words ensued, and the adjutant de-
manded satisfaction. The general replied that " a subal-
tern is not of suflicient rank to meet a brigadier general."
" If he is not," said a third person, coming up on foot, "I
am. This ofiicer, general, is my adjutant; the horse is
his property, and his demand is a proper one."
"Ah, Colonel Cilley," replied the general, "if that is
the case, I will give up the horse." The adjutant recov-
ered his horse, but, in half an hour afterward. Colonel
Cilley, who had also lost his horse, said: "Stark, I am
tired ; you must lend me your horse" — which request was
of course complied with.
During the armistice, prior to the peace of 1783, several
American officers visited N'ew-York. Eivington, the
338 MEMOIR.
king's printer, kept a book-store, which was a lounging
place for British officers. At this time an American officer
entered the store, purchased several books, which he
directed to be sent to his lodgings; and, calling for a pen,
wrote his name and address. "What," said a British
colonel, half reclining on a sofa, " an American officer
write his name !" " If I can not," was the prompt answer
of Colonel Cilley, "I can make my mark;" and suiting
the action to the word, drew his sword, and applied the
flat of it to the British officer's face. The latter departed,
saying that he "would hear from him." The intrepid
colonel, however, heard no more of him.
COLONEL MARINUS WILLET
Colonel Willet was one of the bravest, most vigilant,
and enterprising officers of the Kew-York line. He was
at Fort Stanwix when that post was invested by Colonel
St. Leger, with a force of more than 2,500 regulars, tories,
and Indians, on the 3d of August, 1777. On the 6th, he
sallied out with a party from the fort, and bravely attacked
the enemy, to favor the approach of General Herkimer
with aid to the garrison. The latter was unfortunately
defeated and slain.
In a few days, Colonel Willet and another officer effected
a march through the wilderness, to the German flats, to
raise a force to succor the besieged fort, which, however,
under the command of Colonel Peter Ganesvoort, held
out against St. Leger, until a rapid march of General
Arnold, with a strong force, and the consequent desertion
of his Indians (who learned the fact of the approach of
Arnold, when he was thirty miles distant), compelled him
to raise the seige and retreat to Canada, thus depriving
Burgoyne of the support of 1,500 good troops.
In the years 1780-81, Colonel Willet commanded Fort
Rensselaer, on the western frontier. He was charged with
the defence of the Mohawk river, and th6 western settle-
ments, where his prudence, foresight, and decision of
character rendered important services. On the 25tli of
October, 1781, he defeated the enemy at the battle of
Johnstown. He died at I^ew-York, honored and respected,
in August, 1830, aged ninety years.
340 MEMOIR OF
In several letters of Generals Washington, Heath, Stark
and others, contained in this volume, his services are
highly complimented. The latter general, who in 1781
commanded the northern department, often in after years
spoke with approbation of the efficient support he received
during his command from the gallant Colonel Willet.
[Account of the Battle of Johnstown.]
To Major Kowley.
Fort Rensselaer, 2ith October, 1781, >
9 o'clock, P. M. i
Dear Sir — I am this moment informed by Mr. Lewis, of
Correytown, that the enemy in considerable force passed
through the lower part of that town about sunset, making
toward the river. I am collecting all the forces in this
quarter, and shall advance toward them as quickly as pos-
sible. As they are in your quarter, I have no doubt of
your exertions in collecting as many of the men of your
regiment as possible. I wish you to have them all collected
in a body, without any loss of time. And as it is likely
you may be somewhat acquainted with the particular
route of the enemy, sooner than I shall, I wish you to
take such a position as 3^ou may think best, and make me
acquainted with it, together with the whole of your situ-
ation, and every information you can procure, as fast as
possible.
I am, sir, your obed't serv't,
M. WILLET.
P. 8. I think it will be best for you to forward this let-
ter to Schenectady as soon as possible, that the people be-
low may be acquainted with this intelligence, that such
measures may be taken as the officer there commanding
shall see fit.
M. W.
MARINUS WILLET. 341
To Lord Stirling.
Schenectady, 2&th October, 1781, 1
6 o'clock, P. M. /
My Lord — Last night, about 10 o'clock, I sent Mr. Van
Ingen, a young gentleman who is my clerk, to Colonel
Willet, in order to bring the particulars, who this moment
returned. The colonel had no time to write. He has
made a statement of what has happened, as near as he can
recollect (he has been on the spot where the action was),
which I herewith inclose.
Colonel Wimp, with the greatest part of his regiment,
and the Albany militia, with about thirty Indian warriors
of the Oneidas, left this place in the morning for Colonel
Willet. Colonel Schuyler's regiment went on this after-
noon. I look out for the ammunition, which will be for-
warded the moment it arrives. Please excuse my bad
writing. I am in a great hurry.
I am your Lordship's most obed't serv't,
H. GLEN".
Major E-oss, commanding officer at Buck's island, with
about 550 men, left that place in bateaux, and proceeded
to Oneida lake, where they left their boats, some pro-
visions, and about twenty lame men to take care of them.
They proceeded from thence by way of Cherry valley, to
the Mohawk river, and made their first appearance at a
place opposite Anthony's nose. They then proceeded to
Warren bush, and in its vicinity destroyed upward of
twenty farm houses, with out-houses containing large
quantities of grain, and killed two persons.
After this they crossed the Mohawk river at a ford about
twenty miles above this place, and proceeded in order to
Sir William's hall, where they arrived about a quarter of
an hour before Colonel Willet and his detachment, who
had crossed the river six miles higher, and marched, also,
for the same place.
Colonel Willet commenced an action with the British,
which was much in his favor, when part of his troops,
342 MEMOIR OF
who covered a field piece, gave way, whicli occasioned the
loss of the piece and ammunition cart,* but which, a short
time after, he bravely recovered. The enemy, however,
had stripped the cart of all the ammunition. The eve-
ning coming on put an end to the action.
Part of Colonel Willet's men, however, possessed the
hall all night. The enemy retreated about six miles
into the woods, where the last accounts, just now come in,
leave them. About thirty British have been taken during
the action and the morning before.
The action commenced yesterday in the afternoon, and
Colonel Willet went in pursuit this morning, with a force
about equal to the enemy's. An account has also come
to hand (although not ofiicial), that a party sent from Fort
Herkimer took their boats and provisions. Seven of the
enemy's dead and three of ours were found on the field of
action this morning. Between thirty and forty were killed
and wounded on both sides.
6 o'clock, P. M. For Major General Lord Stirling.
This party of -^ve hundred and fifty were so roughly
handled by the intrepid Colonel Willet, that they returned
to Canada with but two hundred men. Many perished in
the wilderness of hunger, their boats and provisions having
been cut ofi*, and their retreat greatly harrassed. Colonel
Walter Butler, notorious for his cruelties at Wyoming and
Cherry valley, was slain.
Colonel Willet had with him a party of Oneida Indians,
who, he said, furnished the best cavalry for wood service.
The enemy made a precipitate retreat, leaving behind
their packs, blankets, &c., which were found strewn
through the woods. Colonel Willet pursued them eight
miles beyond Canada creek. Before his arrival there, he
fell in with a party of forty, who had been left in the rear
to procure provisions, whom he instantly dispersed. At
the creek he came up with their rear, when an action com-
* At this juncture Major Rowley, of Massachusetts, arrrived with a party
of Colonel "Willet's men, and attacked the enemy with great bravery.
MARINUS WILLET. 343
menced, in whicli Walter Butler and a number of others
fell. Butler attempted to escape by swimming the creek,
but was fired at and wounded by an Oneida. He turned
and called for quarter, but the Indian, throwing down his
gun and blanket, dashed into the stream and soon came
up with Butler, still earnestly begging for quarter. The
Oneida answered, " Cherry valley," buried a tomahawk
in his brain, took his scalp, and rejoined his party.
In passing through the region of western Is"ew-York at
this period, it was easy to ascertain, at a glance, who were
whigs and who were disaifected (tories in all else but
taking up arms), the houses and estates of the latter being
respected by the marauders from Canada, while those of
the former were plundered or destroyed.
MAJOR CALEB STARK
On the 20th of August, 1758, Captain John Stark, of
his Britannic majesty's corps of American rangers, while
on a furlough from the army, was married to Elizabeth,
daughter of Caleb Page, Esquire, who also held his
majesty's commission as captain of provincial militia, and
was one of the original grantees of *' Starkstown," now
known as Dunbarton, Kew-Hampshire.
In the spring of 1759, his furlough having expired, and
*a new company having been enlisted, the hardy soldier
returned to his post at Fort Edward, prepared to perform
his part in the next campaign, which, under the vigorous
direction of the Earl of Chatham, was destined to reduce
Louisburg and Quebec, and open the way to the entire
conquest of Canada.
His wife was left at home, with her father, one of the
most prominent and wealthy pioneers of the settlement,
under whose hospitable roof the subject of this notice was
born, December 3, 1759, during the absence of his father.
The capitulation of Canada, in 1760, terminated the war
in the north, and the provincial troops returned to their
homes.
Soon after these events, there being no immediate pros-
pect of active service. Captain Stark resigned his commis-
sion in the army, and withdrew, with his wife, to his pa-
ternal acres, at Derryfield, now Manchester, I^ew-Hamp-
shire.
CALEB STAKE. 345
The good Captain Page, entertaining a strong affection
for the child who had been born under his roof, and had
received his christian name, was desirous of retaining and
adopting him. To this proposition his father made no
objection, and he remained under the indulgent care of
his maternal grand-father until the 16th of June, 1775.*
The best works of the time were procured for his im-
provement, and he obtained a good education for that
period. The two principal books were Fenning's Diction-
ary and Salmon's Historical Grammar, which are still pre-
served in the family.
The tragedy enacted at Lexington, on the nineteenth of
April, 1775, having aroused the martial spirit of ^ew-
England, Captain Stark abandoned his domestic occupa-
tions, and hastened to the theatre of action, in the vicinity
of Boston, followed by most of the old corps of " ran-
gers" who had served under his orders during the previ-
ous war, and others from the province, who were eager to
prove their devotion to the cause of liberty.
The daring acts of valor, which had so frequently dis-
tinguished the career of the veteran Stark, combined with
his military experience and success, left him no corapetitor
in the minds of his countrymen in arms, by whom he was
unanimously elected colonel, and in a few hours a regi-
ment of nearly nine hundred men was enlisted for one
year.
These proceedings were soon known in the northern set-
tlements, and his son, then under sixteen years of age,
whose memoir we are writing, made an earnest application
to his grand-parent for permission to repair to the camp
at Medford. The latter remonstrated with him, on account
of his extreme youth, saying that although his father was
familiar with scenes of strife and carnage, the camp was
not a fit place for one of his years ; and there the matter
for a short time rested.
* This interest in the child of his adoption continued unabated until the
close of his life ; and in the division of his large estate, his favorite grand-
son was assigned an equal portion with his own children.
23
346 MEMOIR OF
Not, however, dissuaded by these representations, the
young man resolved to go at all events ; and having secret-
ly collected his clothing in a valise, without the knowl-
edge of the family, and before day-light on the morning
of June 16, 1775, he mounted a horse which had been
given him by his grand-father, and with a musket on his
shoulder, started for the American camp.
After travelling a few miles he was joined by another
horseman. The stranger was a tall, well-formed, fine
looking person, wearing the undress uniform of a British
officer. He inquired politely of our young adventurer
who he was, and where he was going ; and upon being
informed that he was proceeding to the camp at Medford,
to join his father, Colonel Stark, the stranger said: "You
are, then, the son of my old comrade. Your father and I
were fellow-soldiers for more than five years. I am travel-
ling in the same direction, and we will keep company."
The stranger was the celebrated Major Robert Rogers,
of "French war" notoriety. As they journeyed on, the
major insisted on defraying all the road expenses, and
toward evening took his leave, transmitting to his old
associate in arms. Colonel Stark, a message, soliciting an
interview at a tavern in Medford.* Upon the arrival of
our youthful patriot at the regimental head quarters, his
father's first greeting was : " Well, son, what are you here
for? You should have remained at home." The answer
was: "I can handle a musket, and have come to try my
fortune as a volunteer!" "Yery well," said the colonel;
and addressing Captain George Reid, he continued: " Take
him to your quarters ; to-morrow may be a busy day. After
that we will see what can be done with him."
*"We have reason to suppose that the object of Major Rogers' visit to
America, in 1775, was to sound public opinion and ascertain the rela-
tive strength of the opposing parties, to enable him, in the choice of ser-
vice, to make the best personal arrangement which circumstances would
permit. At this interview, as we have been informed. Colonel Stark
assured him that no proffers of rank or wealth could induce him to
abandon the cause of his oppressed country. " I have," he said, *' taken
up arms in her defence, and, God willing, I will never lay them down
until she has become a free and independent nation." The veteran lived
nearly forty years after this object of his most fervent wishes and labori-
ous toils in the field of honor had been accomplished.
CALEB STAKK. 347
The morrow, in truth, was a "busy day." A force,
composed of detachments from the Massachusetts and
Connecticut lines, under the command of Colonel William
Prescott, moved, on the evening of the 16th of June,
with instructions to fortify "Bunker's hill," but misap-
prehending their orders, proceeded about one mile farther,
and commenced an intrenchment on "Breed's hill," a lesser
eminence, which was commanded by the guns of the oppo-
site battery on Copp's hill, in Boston, as well as exposed
to the fire of the ships of war at anchor in the harbor.
At daylight, on the 17th, a furious cannonade opened
upon the half-finished "redoubt," and soon after, in com-
pliance with an order from General Ward, two hundred
men were detached by Colonel Stark to support the par-
ties employed on that rude field-work. Later in the day
(about 2 P. M.), another order was received, directing him
to march with his whole regiment, to oppose the enemy
who were landing in great force at " Morton's point."
As previously stated in the preceding pages, the New-
Hampshire line, under Colonel Stark, formed the left
wing of the American force on this ever memorable occa-
sion, and gallantly repelled the reiterated* attacks of some
of the choicest battalions of the British light infantry.
Our young "volunteer" proceeded, with the company
under Captain George Peid (to whose care he had been
so summarily assigned by his father the previous evening),
to the position occupied by the regiment at the rail-fence,
extending from the redoubt to the beach of Mystic river,
where an opportunity was soon afforded for testing the
skill and facility with which he could " handle a musket"
in his country's cause. Side by side with some of the
veteran rangers of the "old French war," he stood at his
post on that eventful afternoon ; and when their ammu-
nition was nearly expended, and the occupation of the
redoubt by the British marines and grenadiers had decided
the fate of the day, he returned unharmed* to Winter
hill, where the regiment was subsequently intrenched.
* During the action a man was killed at his side, and it was reported to
his father that he had fallen.
348 MEMOIR OF
On this pleasant eminence, a few miles from the city,
were located the handsome residences of several wealthy
loj^alists, whose opinions having rendered them obnoxious
to the American party, on the commencement of hostili-
ties, had abandoned their dwellings, and taken refuge in
Boston. Among them was a gentleman named " Koyal,"
who, on retiring to the city, had left his lady, with a family
of beautiful and accomplished daughters, in possession of
his abode. The mansion being conveniently situated for
his " head quarters," Colonel Stark called upon the family,
and proposed, if agreeable to them, his occupancy of a few
rooms for that purpose ; to which Madame Royal most
cheerfully assented, being well aware that the presence of
an officer of his rank would aflbrd her family and premises
the best protection against any possible insult or encroach-
ment, not only from those under his immediate command,
but also from other detachments of the patriot forces.
His proposal was made, not with the tone of authority,
but rather as the request of a private individual ; and it is
almost unnecessary to add, that during the intercourse
which ensued, the family were always treated by Colonel
Stark and his officers with the utmost consideration and
respect.
During the remainder of this campaign our young
soldier was acquiring, as a cadet in Captain Eeid's com-
pany, the principles and practice of the military discipline
of the day ; and, when not actually engaged with his new
duties, many of his leisure hours were naturally passed at
the "headquarters" of his father, where his association
with the refined and well educated ladies of the house
could not but exert, at his age, the most favorable influ-
ence over the formation of his habits and manners. And
when referring, in after years, to this period of his life,
the subject of this memoir has frequently acknowledged
the advantages derived from the intercourse it was then
his privilege to hold with this 'amiable and interesting
family.
On the re-organization of the army, early in the succeed-
ing year (1776), young Stark received his first commission
CALEB STAKK. 349
as "ensign" in Captain George Reid's company, and pro-
ceeded with the regiment, which constituted a portion of
Sullivan's brigade, to ^N'ew-York, and thence, in May, to
Canada, w^here our New-Hampshire troops, under that
able and resolute general, rendered important service in
checking the advance of Sir Guy Carleton, and covering
the retreat of the forces which had invaded that province
the preceding season under Montgomery and Arnold.
The retrogade movement of the army, ahvays dis-
couraging to the young soldier, was rendered more so on
this occasion by the accompaniment of a dangerous and
loathsome malady, the small-pox, w^hich, as innoculation
was not in general use in those days, rapidly spread among
the officers and men, converting the camp into a vast hos-
pital. Among the victims of this contagious disease was
the adjutant of the first New-Hampshire regiment, who
died at Chimney point, in July. And Ensign Stark, who
had been previously performing, during a portion of the
campaign, the duties of quarter master, although then
under seventeen years of age, w^as deemed qualified to
succeed to the vacancy, being already distinguished for his
energy of character and promptness of action, as well as
for the proficiency attained in all the details of military
discipline and duty. Promotion to the grade of lieutenant
accompanied this appointment.
After the retirement of Sir Guy Carleton to winter
quarters in Canada, the regiment, with others from the
northern department, marched to reinforce the dispirited
remnant of the main army, under General Washington, in
Pennsylvania. Cheerfully sharing all the hardships and
privations which w^ere endured by the army, at this
gloomiest period of our revolutionary struggle, Adjutant
Stark was also an active participator in the brilliant opera-
tions at Trenton and Princeton, with which the campaign
was so successfully closed in New-Jersey.
In January, 1777, the army being cantoned on the high
lands about Morristown, the first New-Hampshire regi-
ment was dismissed, the term of enlistment of the men
350 MEMOIK OF
having expired. In company with his father, young Stark
was now enabled to revisit his native State, where the
next few months were employed cooperating with the
other officers of the regiment in raising recruits for the
ensuing campaign.
Several junior officers having been promoted to the rank
of "brigadier," over the heads of some of the veteran
colonels of the army. Colonel Stark could not, consist-
ently with a decent self-respect, continue to retain a
commission which compelled him to serve under officers
of less experience than his own. On his resignation, the
command of the regiment was assigned to Colonel Joseph
Cilley, an officer of undoubted courage and firmness,- in
every respect qualified to succeed him ; and Lieutenant
Stark, having been re-appointed adjutant, repaired with
the troops to Ticonderoga, in the spring of 1777.
Those who are conversant with military affiiirs will
readily appreciate the important bearing of the adjutant's
duties on the discipline and efficiency of the regiment. It
is no disparagement to the individual courage and con-
duct of the officers and men composing the same, to
remark that the steadiness and precision with which all
the evolutions of this regiment were performed, when in
the presence of the enemy on various occasions during
this campaign, affiorded satisfactory evidence of the faith-
fulness with which the duties of his office were discharged
by the subject of this memoir.
After the evacuation of Ticonderoga, and the retreat of
the American army to the I^orth river. General Schuyler
was superseded in the command of the northern depart-
ment by General Gates. Young Stark happened to be
present on duty at the head quarters of that general,*
* While General Gates was rejoicing at the reception of tidings
announcing the first success in the north, an aid-de-eamp mentioned to
him that a son of General Stark was awaiting an interview, with a mes-
sage from Colonel Cilley. " Is he ?" said Gates ; "call him in." When
ho appeared, the general said: "I am glad to see you, my boy. Your
father has opened the way for us nobly. In less than two months we shall
capture Burgoyne's army. Don't you wish to see your father?" The
adjutant replied, that "if his regimental duties would permit, he should
CALEB STARK. 251
when the intelligence of the Bennington success was
received hy express, and being permitted to accompany a
small party sent to open a communication with General
Stark, he was soon enabled to congratulate his father per-
sonally on that brilliant achievement; and, after a few
days' absence, rejoined his regiment, which was the first
to come into action on the 19th of September.
In the action of October 7, 1777, he was wounded in the
left arm. Soon after the capitulation of Saratoga, General
Stark, having received from Congress the commission of
brigadier general, which had been justly due to him the
year previous, selected- his son for his aid-de-camp. Dur-
ing the years 1778 and 1781 he discharged the duties of
aid-de-camp, brigade major, and adjutant general of the
northern department, then commanded by General Stark.
He was a good writer for one of his years, and from the
period of his appointment as aid-de-camp, wrote the let-
ters of the general's official correspondence. In the cam-
paign in Rhode-Island, in 1779, he acted as aid-de-camp to
his father, in which capacity he was present at the battle
of Springfield, in 1780.
After the close of the revolutionary war, his attention
was directed to mercantile pursuits : first at Haverhill,
Mass., and afterward at Dunbarton, IS". H. He was for a
time concerned in navigation, and owned several vessels.
be glad to visit him." "I will find an officer," said Gates, "to perform
your duties, and you may go with the party I shall dispatch to Bennington,
and convey a message from me to yuur father. I want the artillery he
has taken for the brush I soon expect to have with Burgoyne." He pro-
ceeded with the party. The houses along their route were deserted by
their owners, but abounded in materials for good cheer. From the resi-
dences of fugitive tories they obtained ample supplies for themselves
and horses during their march.
After the surrender, he accompanied General Stark on a visit to General
Gates, and at his head quarters was introduced to all the British officers
of rank who were there assembled as the guests of the American general-
in-chief of the northern army.
He said that Major Ackland and General Burgoyne were, in personal
appearance, two of the best proportioned and handsomest men, of their
age, he had ever seen.
General Burgoyne held a long conversation with General Stark, apart
from the other company, on the subject of the French war, of which the
former then stated that he intended to write a history.
352 MEMOIK OF
In 1805-6, lie became an importing merchant at Boston,
in the English and East-India trade. In the course of his
commercial transactions he visited the West-Indies in
1798, and Great Britain in 1810, where he spent a year
making purchases for himself and other merchants of
Boston. While in England he travelled through a large
portion of the kingdom, and his observations furnished
an interesting journal. He also kept a journal during his
residence in the West-Indies.
After the declaration of war, in 1812, he closed his mer-
cantile affairs at Boston, and purchased an establishment
which a company had commenced at Pembroke, 'N. H.,
which he furnished with machinery for manufacturing
cotton. To this he devoted his attention until 1830, when,
having disposed of his interest in the concern, he pro-
ceeded to Ohio to prosecute his family's claims to lands
granted for military services, which, in 1837, after a vex-
atious course of law- suits, were recovered. He died upon
his estate in Oxford township, Tuscarawas county, Ohio,
August 26, 1838, aged 78 years, 8 months and 23 days.
In 1787 he married Sarah, daughter of Dr. William
McKinstry, formerly of Taunton, Mass., (who was, in
1776, appointed surgeon general of the British hospitals
at Boston). She died September 11, 1839, aged 72. Of
their eleven children (five sons and six daughters), five are
now living. Major Stark's remains lie in his family cem-
etery at Dunbarton. His monument bears the following
inscription :
IN MEMORY OF
MAJOR CALEB STAKK,
ELDEST SON OF
MAJOK GENERAL JOHN STARK,
Under whose command he served his country in the war of American
Independence. He entered the army at the age of 16, as quarter master
of 1st N. H. Regiment; was afterward adjutant of the same, and sub-
sequently brigade major and aid-de-camp to General Stark, He was
present at the battle of Bunker's hill, in 1775 ; at Trenton, in 1776 ;
at Princeton, and in the actions of September 19th, and October 7th,
1777, which immediately preceded the surrender of Burgoyne.
Born December 3, 1759: Died August 26, 1838.
CALEB STAKK. 353
In person, Major Stark was rather above the middle
height, of a slight, but muscular frame, with strong fea-
tures, deep-set, keen, blue eyes, and a prominent forehead.
He much resembled his father in personal appearance.
His characteristics were indomitable courage and perse-
verance, united with coolness and self-possession, which
never deserted him on any emergency.*
He was the youngest survivor of the action who appear-
ed to witness the ceremony of laying the corner stone of
the Bunker hill monument, by the Marquis la Fayette, by
whom he was recognized at once as a fellow-soldier. Dur-
ing his tour to ]N"ew-Hampshire, the illustrious guest of
the nation and his suite were entertained at his mansion
in Pembroke.
Major Stark was one of the twelve revolutionary vete-
rans who stood by General Jackson, at the ceremony of
his iirst inauguration as President of the United States,
and was personally acquainted with all the presidents,
from General Washington to General Harrison, inclusive.
[Copied from an Ohio paper of August 31, 1838.]
"Patriot Departed. Died, on Sunday evening last, at
his residence near N'ew-Comerstown, in this county. Major
Caleb Stark, of ]^ew-Hampshire. Though confident that
on this occasion ample justice can not be done to the
memory of Major Stark, yet entire silence on the subject
would not be tolerated by that portion of the community
who know his public services, and his worth.
* When the pension act of 1820-21 was passed, Major Stark (as former
brigade major) being personally known to all the officers and most of the
soldiers of the New-Hampshire line, his testimony secured pensions to all
whose cases he represented at the war department.
Most of the veteran applicants who sought his assistance had some rem-
iniscence of their military days to relate. One of them, Captain Daniel
Moore, spoke of the sinking of a flat-boat in the middle of the North
river, in which himself. Major S., their horses, and the oarsman were the
only passengers. "While I was considering," said the captain, "what
excuse I should make to the general for losing his boy, the boy's presence
of mind and activity effected arrangements which enabled us all, with the
horses, to reach the shore in safety, although in a well-soaked condition."
354 MEMOIK OF
"He was the son of General Stark, of l!^ew-Hampshire,
the hero of Bennington. At the age of fifteen he entered
the army of the revolution, and commenced his career at
the battle of Bunker's hill, as a volunteer in his father's
regiment. He remained in service until the close of the
war, which found him a brigade major. In the engage-
ments which resulted in the surrender of General Bur-
goyne, he was adjutant of the regiment commanded by
the brave Colonel Cilley, grand-father of him who fell in
the duel last winter at Washington.
" At the close of the war he retired to private life. He
afterward was extensively engaged as an importing mer-
chant at Boston, and subsequently as a manufacturer of
cottons at Pembroke, N. H. He owned and cultivated a
large farm, and contributed the results of many agricul-
tural experiments to the public journals.
" He possessed a highly cultivated and active mind, for
the improvement of which he suffered no opportunity to
pass neglected.
''His memory was strong, and his stores of information,
derived from travel or extensive reading, were ever at
command. He had the reputation of being one of the
best military critics of the nation ; and was often con-
sulted, especially during the war of 1812, when our army
had but few experienced officers.
" He came to Ohio to prosecute the claims of his family
to lands granted to General Stark for military services, in
which, after a tedious litigation, he was successful. It was
his intention, after he had succeeded in recovering this
valuable estate, to have returned to his family in Xew-
Hampshire, but sudden indisposition and death prevented
its being carried out.
" Major Stark, in all his acts and movements, exhibited
the prompt decision and energy of the soldier. Indeed,
his whole course appeared to be influenced by the habits
acquired while fighting the battles of freedom in the war
of the revolution. At the season of life when habits are
generally formed, his education was acquired in the tented
CALEB STAKK. 355
field, in the laborious marches, counter-marches and pri-
vations of that fearful struggle, devoting his moments of
leisure to useful study ; and, in his duties abroad, pressing
forward with indomitable resolution and confidence in
himself.
" From the efiects of this habitual perseverance resulted,
as is supposed, the immediate cause of his death. Hp
had attended court at ^N'ew-Philadelphia on the 16th of
August ; and on the 17th, which was a very warm day,
rode a hard travelling horse from Dover to his residence,
twenty-three miles, in three hours ! On the following
week he was attacked with a disease in the head, and
suspension of his faculties, which, with some intermis-
sions, continued until his death, on Sunday evening last,
at the age of 78 years, 8 months and 23 days."
The subject of the following article, from the pen of
Major Stark, has long since been dismissed from public
attention, by the adjustment of American claims against
France. As it contains the sentiments of an old soldier,
of strong mind, as well as an attentive observer of all
public events from the commencement of the revolution
until his decease, in 1838, it may perhaps be interesting
to many yet living, who remember the veteran writer.
[Copied from the Tuscarawas (Ohio) Advocate, of March 31, 1835.]
" Mr. Douglass. If you think the following desultory
remarks will be either instructive or amusing to the pub-
lic, 3^ou may publish them, unless they are in the way of
more interesting matter.
A considerable portion of the historical facts are from
memory, many of which I have never seen published ; but
I can say as Virgil makes ^neas say : " Many of them I
saw, and part of them I was."
356 CALEB STAKK.
FEENCH SPOLIATIONS.
This knotty question has called forth the maledictions
of the president against the French nation.
The matter has now reached a crisis at which every
real American should pause and consider. Let them take
a retrospective view of our own history, and see how far we
have observed good faith, national honor, and integrity,
as well with our own citizens, as with other nations and
individuals, who patronized us in the heart-rending strug-
gles which were endured when this country was conquered
from Great Britain.
To illustrate these intricate subjects, it is necessary to
treat of them under separate heads. I will commence
with the French relations.
Early in the revolution, it was considered an object of
the first importance to engage, if possible, the French in
our cause.
Mr. Silas Deane, and other agents, were sent to France
to feel the pulse of the king and nation upon the subject.
The French court, smarting under their losses and morti-
fications incurred in the "seven years war," observed a
cautious indifi*erence. They neither acknowledged the
agents nor directed them to leave the kingdom.
It was not so with individuals, among whom was M.
Beaumarchais, who, on his own account and credit, fur-
nished the United States with twenty thousand stand of
arms, and one thousand barrels of powder, of one hun-
dred pounds weight each. These were immediately hur-
ried off to America. Ten thousand of the muskets were
landed at Portsmouth, (N. IL), and the remainder in some
southern State.
With those landed at Portsmouth, the army stationed at
Ticonderoga, for the defence of the northern frontier, was
immediately equipped, and great exertions made by the
officers to instruct the soldiers in their use.
"We will pass over the disastrous retreat from Ticon-
deroga, during which, although the American army lost
FKENCH SPOLIATIONS. 357
their cannon, and most of their baggage, they preserved
these precious arms, and reached l^orth river with incon-
siderable loss. There the same indefatigable exertions
were continued in disciplining the troops for ulterior
action.
The first opportunity of testing the qualities of the new
French muskets occurred September 19, 1777, when the
Americans left their lines and advanced, without trepida-
tion, to meet the veterans of Britain in the open field.
The result of that day belongs to history. The two
armies, after this action, lay in their intrenched camps
(reserved rights) until the 7th of October, when both
armies simultaneously quitted their camps and met in
deadly contact on the vacant ground between their lines.
On that all important day the Beaumarchais arms, fol-
lowed by their yankee comrades, after forcing the enemy
from the field with great slaughter, leaped boldly into his
camp, drove his forces from part of it, capturing a portion
of his artillery, and discomfiting his whole army. Ten
days afterward that army were prisoners of war, and the
corner stone of independence so firmly placed that it could
not be shaken or removed. The tl-eaty of 1783 confirmed
its foundation.
I firmly believe that unless these arms had been thus
timely furnished to the Americans, Burgoyne would have
made an easy march to Albany. These same arms, under
the direction of the brave and impetuous Colonel Cilley,
arrested the British advance at Monmouth, and performed
many other notable feats in the course of the war. What
then ? My pen almost refuses to record the fact that these
arms have never been paid for to this day I
When the war was ended, application was made to
Congress for payment, which was refused on the frivolous
pretext that they were a "present from the French king."
Judge Marshall was employed to press the payment, but
his efibrts were unsuccessful. The claim was referred to
the United States attorne}^ general, who reported in
substance that he could find no evidence of their ever
358 CALEB STARK.
having been paid for, or that they were presented as a
''gift" by the court of France.
Congress, skulking behind their sovereignty, still refused
payment. Fifty-eight years have rolled away since the
arms were delivered, and forty-eight since the constitution
was formed ; and, during the latter period, our eyes and
ears have been charmed by our presidents and governors,
by incessant reiterations, in their annual messages and
speeches, of the national health, wealth and unparalleled
prosperity. Yet, the cries of Beaumarchais' heirs (by the
French revolution reduced to poverty) have not been
heeded !
Supposing the most favorable plea of Congress to Ve
true, that there was an underhanded connivance by France
to furnish the arms, inasmuch as the king had thought
proper to deny it, is it just or magnanimous for the United
States to refuse payment ? Suppose the arms were clearly
"a gift," bestowed on us in our poverty, ought not a high-
minded people to restore the value of that "gift," with
ten fold interest, when their benevolent friend has become
poor, and they have waxed wealthy and strong ?
To enumerate the aid we received from France during
the revolution, her various gifts, loans, troops furnished,
battles fought and severe losses incurred in our behalf, is
the work of history ; but an honorable remuneration from
our government, and a grateful remembrance from every
true American, are due to the French nation.
Who has forgotten that by the treaty of 1788 we guar-
anteed the French West-India possessions ? Who has
forgotten the proclamation of neutrality crowded upon
General Washington by the British faction about him,
when the "practice" of neutrality might have answered
equally as well, without proclaiming to the world that we
had so shortly forgotten our obligations, and were willing
to let them know that we hold treaties in contempt, when
transient circumstances caused them to operate against
our temporary interests ?
FRENCH SPOLIATIONS. 359
By the treaty of 1783 it was mutually stipulated that
no laws should be enacted to interrupt the collection of
debts due to the citizens of either of the contracting par-
ties. Great Britain complied, on her part, with the treaty,
while in some of the States stop-laws were passed, and the
doors of justice closed against British claimants. The
English, in consequence, refused to deliver up the frontier
posts they held within the United States, which measure
cost us two or three Indian wars, and the posts were still
retained.
It was not until after the treaty of Pilnitz, formed by
Great Britain and her allies to put down the revolution-
ary rebels of France, and the consequent invasion of their
territory by a Prussian army, that France was supposed to
be irretrievably ruined, and the epoch arrived to sweep
republicanism from the earth, that the November order
was issued by the British cabinet as a step preparatory for
that important event, and Mr. Jay was dispatched to
England to form a treaty.
In the interim, France had aroused from her slumbers.
Her gigantic energies had driven the invaders with ruin
and disgrace from her soil, and followed them to their
lair. Her masses had become the invaders in their turn !
This unexpected turn of affairs rendered the British
government more pliable. They graciously gave us a
treaty, by which we might navigate the West-India seas
with vessels of seventy tons burthen, and pay the debts of
those States who had violated the treaty of 1783 by their
stop-laws. These terms being agreed upon, the parties
opened an account current. The British surrendered the
posts, and agreed to pay for all illegal captures ; which
terms, at maturity, were complied with by both parties.
Even in this matter we were the aggressors, and suf-
fered severely for violating the treaty. The United States
were compelled to pay the damages for the refractory por-
tion of the States who had arrested the course of justice
by refusing to pay their debts according to treaty and
moral obligation.
360 CALEB STAKK.
How far the license trade was coimtenancedj it is now
difficult to determine ; but during the wise experiments of
the "embargo" and "non-intercourse," to starve Great
Britain into compliance by withholding tobacco from her
voracious appetite, licences were very common, very easily
procured, and probably the cause of many seizures.
"We will now try the honor and good faith of the United
States on another tack. How have they fulfilled their
contract with the soldiers of the revolution ? When it
was necessary to continue the army in 1776, Congress,
by a resolve of September 16, promised the soldier, in
addition to his pay, one hundred acres of land in case
they would join the officers and conquer the country.
They closed with these terms, and by unparalleled sufter-
ings, exertions, and consummate bravery, in eight years
cleared the country of its enemies, leaving the United
States government in quiet possession of our immense
public domain. Two years after the peace, May 20, 1785,
resolves were passed for furnishing the soldiers the prom-
ised lands ; but especial care was taken to saddle the law
w^itli a supplement, requiring the lands to be located in
plats of six miles square, so that if two hundred and thirty
soldiers could not be collected, and induced to combine in
the location, they could not obtain their land.
But Congress, farther to exhibit their love of justice and
honor, enacted a law that the soldier might assign his
right to the honorable fraternity of speculators, many of
whom were members of the honorable Congress.
After the first harvest had been gathered, a considerable
number of lots still remained ; and it became necessary to
enact the law of 1796, reducing locations to ^ve miles
square, and permitting lands to be located in quarter
townships, so that forty soldiers, uniting, might locate.
At tlie same time, in order to hurry the business, a statute
of limitation was added, fixing upon the first day of Jan-
uary, 1800, for the outlawry of the claims. This most
"just and salutary" enactment brought many of the
claims to the speculators' shops.
FRENCH SPOLIATIONS. 361
The first and second lot of dealers became pretty well
gorged, when Congress passed the act of March 1, 1800,
confining locations to the original owners, to be transferred
according to the laws for the conveyance of real estate.
These matters clearly exhibit the spirit of justice and
national equity in those early days of liberty and equality.
It may be remembered that although the soldier was
promised pay at the rate of $6.66f per month, even of
that sum but a small portion was ever paid.
When the war was over, a certificate was handed to the
soldier, showing the amount due to him as arrears for past
services, with a furlough, and the magnanimous present of
his gun and bayonet. With these resources he was turned
adrift to wend his way home, distant perhaps from fifty to
seven hundred miles ; and this was his treatment, after
conquering for his country millions of acres, secured to
that country by his privations, faithfulness, courage and
wounds in the public service.
These papers, in process of time, were embraced in the
funding system, but not until the largest portion of them
had been swallowed by hawkers and speculators in and out
of Congress, at the rate of 80 and 90 per cent, discount.
Those owners who had not parted with their certificates,
fondly expected that their principal and interest would be
funded at par value. But no ! A magnanimous Congress
placed the speculator, who had purchased the papers at
two shillings and sixpence on the pound, on a par with
the soldier who, for a noriiinal value of six dollars, sixty-
six cents and two-thirds of a cent per month, actually
received but eighty-three cents per month for his priva-
tions, wounds and hardships actually endured in the public
service.
When those flimsy papers, called "Pierce's notes," were
generally disposed of, a new dish had to be prepared to
glut the hungry maw of the buzzards. The soldier's land
was the next bill of fare, and this new field of operation
was eagerly entered. Several members of Congress, with
the aid of smaller outside fry, were engaged to obtain
24
362 CALEB STAEK.
ex post facto laws to carry on the operations. The acts of
1785 and 1796 eilectually answered the purpose of reducing
the soldier's claim from the government price — say from
two dollars to twenty and ten cents per acre — and opened
such a field for forgery, fraud and chicanery, that many of
the soldiers lost the whole. Indeed, if this honorable
tribe found the land, they experienced very little trouble
in making out the title ; and, if made out of whole cloth,
not one soldier in a thousand could find out the fraud, and
not one in ten thousand carry a suit to the expensive tribu-
nals of the United States, if it was discovered.*
We will now look back to the year 1779. Every Amer-
ican should be familiar with the account of the destruction
of that beautiful settlement on the Susquehannah, called
Wyoming, and the horrible massacre which ensued. Con-
gress resolved to send an expedition against the Six
IsTations, to revenge the inhuman murders and savage
devastations committed during their expedition to
Wyoming.
General Sullivan was appointed to the command. Pro-
visions and military stores were also forwarded to sustain
the army. As the march was through an unexplored wil-
derness, unforeseen obstructions and impediments were
found in their way ; and before the troops could reach the
enemy, their provisions were so far exhausted as to require
a speedy return, or a reduction of rations to half allow-
ance. An order of General Sullivan made the proposition
in regard to half allowance, forcibly exhorting the army
to accept, with a condition that Congress should pay for
the deficiency.
The army accepted the terms — pressed on, found, and
totally defeated the enemy ; pursued him to his den, rav-
aged his corn fields, destroyed his villages, and returned
completely victorious. So effectually was the chastisement
\
* Having been engaged in prosecuting the claims of his family to mili-
tary lands, from the year 1826 until their recovery in 1837, the writer had
an opportunity of examining all the proceedings of Congress, and of spec-
ulators in regard to soldiers' lands.
FRENCH SPOLIATIONS. 363
inflicted, that the States suffered no more from the maraud-
ing expeditions of these tribes during the war.
For this signal service, I anticipate the reader's expec-
tations— votes of thanks, medals, swords, &c., and a lib-
eral payment of the detained allowance. I wish I could
stop here ; but justice forbids the concealment of the true
but shameful fact, that Congress even refused to pay for
the " half rations." General Sullivan considered his
honor insulted by the refusal, and resigned his commis-
sion. Thus, by a flagrant act of injustice, the nation was
deprived of the skill, bravery and intelligence of one of
the most accomplished officers of the army.
7^ :^ ^ Ht :(: :4{ i{j
The above episode affords one specimen of the manner
in which the United States Government has treated her
military servants.
But to return to our obligations to France. I^o sooner
had that nation recognized our independence, on the 6th
of February, 1778, than instant preparations were made to
render absolute assistance. Early in the summer. Count
de Estainge arrived on our coast with twelve line-of-battle-
ships, six frigates, and four thousand troops to aid our cause.
In the attempt on ]^ewport one ship of the line was
lost, and the fleet very much shattered by the August
storm. 'Not discouraged in well doing, more French
troops arrived, and powerful fleets constantly hovered
upon our coast, ready to render assistance (ever attended
with great danger, loss and expense), until, to cap the
climax, the French fleet and army united with our own
force, reduced Cornwallis, and ended the active war upon
the continent.
As peace had not yet been agreed upon, to divert the
British forces from N'ew-York, Count de Grasse, with the
flower of the French fleet, and a suitable land force, sailed
for Jamaica, expecting to be joined by the Havana fleet.
While pursuing his course, he was interrupted ofi' the
island of Dominica by Admiral Rodney, and his fleet
nearly annihilated. So decisive was this naval engage-
364 . CALEB STAKK.
ment, that France was unable to appear upon the' ocean
again in any force during the war ; indeed, Lord Howe's
victory of August, 1794, may fairly be ascribed to the
result of that battle, fought at our desire, and to secure
our independence.
The expense of that war was as much, if not more, to
France than to the United States ; and if the latter had
only ]^aid the purchasers of soldiers' tickets, *' quantum
meruit,'' it would probably have been ^vq times as much
as it cost the United States.
It is a matter of historical truth that the expenses incur-
red in this war by France, bankrupted the nation, and
hurried on the terrible events which convulsed the world
from the commencement of the French Revolution until
th6 battle of Waterloo.
During all this period of distress and disaster, the
Americans were chuckling in their sleeves, and wafting
the treasures of the old world to embellish the half-fledged
cities of the new world.
Gratitude is a virtue often spoken of with apparent sin-
cerity, but not so frequently exhibited in practice.
It is a notorious fact that the people of the United
States were jointly and severally rebels, from the 19th of
April, 1775, until the national recognition in 1783. Of
course they were guilty of treason, and liable to forfeiture
of life and estate, according to the well known law of
nations. Now, then, who protected them from the rigor
of that law ? Is it presumption to say, in answer — their
soldiers ? How often was it said in conversation, in those
days of trial, " if we can only get our liberties secured,
we will willingly give all our personal property and half
of our farms."
This was the language when the soldier was in the field.
The king of England had pronounced them rebels. The
soldiers declared them to be freemen. They wiped away
the stigma of rebellion and nullified the treason.
" Treason never prospers — what is the reason ? When
it does, none dare call it treason."
FKENCH SPOLIATIONS. 365
The soldiers redeemed the farms, received very little
personal property, generously allowed the owners to retain
their lands, and added uncounted millions to the national
domain, to which no individual had any pretence of title
or claim until gained by the soldiers, by right of conquest,
from a declared enemy. While the whole was in jeop-
ardy, the people generously promised them one hundred
acres each (it being understood that they must conquer it).
Conquer it they did — what then ? Why, they quietly
laid down their arms, trusting to the magnanimity and
justice of their country for that petty pittance of one hun-
dred acres to each soldier. And how was that paid ? An-
swer— Congress, two or three years after the peace, over-
flowing with gratitude, liberality and justice, passed a law
to locate their lands in six-mile square townships, and soon
afterward in five-mile square townships, as before men-
tioned.
If the people should ever look back upon those laws,
they would doubtless agree that they ought to be headed
acts of abomination, to defraud the soldiers of the revolu-
tion of their promised lands, for conquering the boundless
regions which compose the geographical chart of the
United States.
This was the manner in which Congress paid their sol-
diers. Their fame, their bravery, their privations and
patriotism have been proclaimed to the world in both
hemispheres ; and this is their reward from an high
minded and honorable republic. The same republic is
now about to buckle on her armor, and engage in a war
with her old patron for a paltry debt of five millions.
In looking over the report of the Senate, we see a tem-
perate, long-winded address, a la mode le Senate ; while
the more chivalrous spirits of the House, as their " ultima
ratio," say that the United States will sustain at all haz-
ards the faithful performance of the stipulations of the
treaty with France ; that is, as much as to say, " pay us,
or abide the consequences."
366 CALEB STAKK.
If this laconic paragraph does not give France a fit of
the ague, that nation must possess strong nerves and
robust bodies.
These historical facts ought to be kept in view, in order
to direct our moral obligations and duties ; and we ought
occasionally to look over a worm eaten authority, seldom
used by statesmen excepting upon the eve of elections,
which, as nearly as I remember, is, " cast the beam out of
thine own eye, and thou wilt see more clearly to pluck
the mote out of thy neighbor's eye."
Americus Yespucius.
To the Hon. Senate and House of Eepresentatives of the United States, in
Congress assembled :
Eespectfully petitions Caleb Stark, and gives your hon-
ors to understand that he served in the army of the revo-
lution during the whole of that glorious war: viz., in 1775,
as a cadet to learn the active principles of the then mili-
tary discipline and evolutions, and was present at the ever
memorable battle of Bunker's hill.
On the new organization of the army, in 1776, he
received the appointment of ensign in Captain George
Reid's company in Col. John Stark's regiment, and
advanced into Canada, when Gen. Sullivan was ordered
to sustain the retreating army from before Quebec. In
July, tlie adjutant died of small-pox at Chimney Point,
and he succeeded to the of&ces of lieutenant and adjutant
of the regiment, and proceeded to Mount Independence,
where the campaign was closed in that department. On
the retreat of the British army [to winter quarters], the
regiment was ordered to join General Washington in
Pennsylvania. Soon after their arrival, they were ordered
to enter Kew- Jersey, and on the morning following wit-
nessed the capture of the Hessians at Trenton. The reg-
iment was dismissed in January, 1777, their term of
enlistnient having expired, and the ofiicers returned to
PETITION TO CONGRESS. 367
prepare new recruits for the next campaign. In the new
organization, your petitioner was continued in the same
rank, and on the opening of spring repaired to the ren-
dezvous at Ticonderoga, in the regiment of Col. Joseph
Cilley, w^here he continued until the retreat of the army
in July, and proceeded with the regiment to the sprouts
of the Mohawk, where they joined Gen. Gates, the new
commander, and soon afterward took up the line of march
to meet the enemy. He was found at Behmus' heights
and Stillwater ; and your petitioner performed the duties
of adjutant in the action of September 19th, and that of
October 7th. In the last action he was so severely
wounded as to be disqualified to perform the difficult
duties of his office.
Colonel Stark having been appointed a general officer,
requested your petitioner to accept the office of brigade
major to his brigade. Peculiar circumstances, not neces-
sary to be explained, induced him to accept the appoint-
ment, and he repaired to ^ew-Hampshire to prepare for
the next campaign.
In the early part of 1778 General Stark was ordered to
take command of the northern department, and fix his
head quarters at Albany. It devolved on your petitioner
to perform not only the duties of brigade major but those
^f adjutant general to that extensive command. At the
close of the campaign, orders were received to join Gen-
eral Gates at Providence [R. I.], who charged General
Stark w^ith the command from East-Greenwich to Tower
Hill.
The same duties devolved upon your petitioner as at
Albany. About mid-winter General Gates, by command
of General Washington, ordered General Stark to repair
to Massachusetts and New-Hampshire to forw^ard the
recruiting service, in which your petitioner performed the
practical duties.
He repaired early in the spring [1779] to JProvidence,
with General Stark, and was commanded to join General
Cornell, to examine and make remarks on all the points
368 CALEB STAKK.
liable* to attack from Point Judith to Tiverton. About
the time this new duty was in progress, by a new regula-
tion of Congress, the duty of brigade major was ordered
to be performed by a major of the line, and my office
devolved upon Major Bradford, of the Rhode-Island
troops.
It w^as my intention to have retired ; but, by the desire
of General Stark, backed by General Gates, I consented to
the appointment of aid-de-camp to General Stark, and in
that capacity passed the campaign. In the same capacity
I joined General Washington at Morristown, in 1780, and
was present at the battle of Springfield, and also engaged
in the great foraging party from West-Point in October
following, to mask General Washington's plan of surpri-
sing Staten Island.
In 1781, General Stark being again ordered to assume
the command of the northern department, your petitioner
w^as called on to perform the same duties which he had
discharged at Albany in 1778, and passed the campaign
at Saratoga, where he continued until after the reduction
of Lord Cornwallis, when General Stark was ordered to
leave a small garrison at Saratoga, and prepare for the
campaign of 1782. That year passing without any active
service, I pass without further notice ; but by command of
General Washington I joined the army at ^ewburg, April
10th, 1783.
The preliminaries of peace suspending military opera-
tions, I returned home on the separation of the army.
During all this period, from the close of 1775, 1 received
pay rations and forage as an ensign and lieutenant ; from
July, 1776, as an adjutant; and from October, 1777, nomi-
nally as a major; but was occasionally obliged to draw
considerable sums from my patrimonial property to sup-
ply my extra expenses, in consequence of the depreciation
of paper money, and have received neither half pay,
commutation, nor land.
It may appear remarkable that I have not called before.
The fact is, I never saw the several laws that gave me a
PETITION TO CONGKESS. 369
claim until the present season, nor ever heard of them till
1824. I supposed I was precluded by leaving the line.
I now perceive a vast train of special acts in favor of the
army from September 16th, 1776, to the concluding com-
pliment made to the illustrious la Fayette in 1825.
In corroboration of the above facts, you have the depo-
sitions and certificates numbered 1, 2 and 3.
It will now rest with Congress to determine whether I
shall perhaps be the only officer in the State not allowed
to profit by the public arrangements for the labors of eight
dangerous and difficult campaigns.
CALEB STARK.
DEPOSITION.— No. 1.
I, Caleb Stark, brigade major, and aid-de-camp to
the late Gen. John Stark in the revolutionary war, do
testify and declare that I never received any allowance, as
half-pay, or commutation, or land, for my revolutionary
services, other than is described in the petition accompa-
nying this affidavit, nor ever applied for the same. I
farther declare that I never heard of the several resolu-
tions of Congress in favor of officers of my standing until
1824, and never saw them until the present season.
CALEB STAEK.
DEPOSITION.— No. 2.
To whom it may concern. I certify that I have been
acquainted with Major Caleb Stark ever since the year
1775 ; and know that he served in the J^ew-IIampshire
line, as adjutant to Col. Cilley's regiment, in the years
1776 and 1777 ; and that he was wounded in the battle of
October 7th, at Stillwater, in 1777 ; and that he served as
brigade major and aid-de-camp to the late Gen. John
Stark during the remainder of the revolutionary war.
HEiTRY DEARB0R:N',
Maj, Gen. U. S. Army.
370 CALEB STAKE.
DEP0SITI0:N-.— No. 3.
L Robert B. Wilkins, lieutenant iri the IN'ew-Hamps'hire
line, in the revolutionary army, do testify and declare that
I knew Major Caleb Stark as early as 1775, when he served
on Winter hill, and afterward as lieutenant and adjutant
to the close of the northern campaign, and reduction of
Burgoyne ; that he was wounded at the battle of the 7th
of October, at Behmus' heights ; and that he afterward
served as brigade major and aid-de-camp to Gen. Stark
to the end of the war.
ROBERT B. WILXmS.
In 1828 the petitioner obtained, by a special act of Con-
gress, his land and commutation (or five years' full pay),
but without interest ; and by the pension act of 1828, full
pay for life.
To Hon. Samuel Bell, United States Senate.
Pembroke, 2^th November, 1825.
My Dear Sir — Inclosed you have my petition to Con-
gress, with such evidence as I suppose will prove sufiicient
to establish my claim. Should farther testimony be
deemed necessary, I can produe most of the IsTew-England
officers now living, as well as all the surviving officers of
the State of ^ew-York, of which, I presume, there will
be no necessity.
I spoke to your colleague, Hon. Mr. Woodbury, who
promised me his influence. I must request you also to
make my case known to the several gentlemen of our del-
egation, that they may be enabled to render you assistance
in case it should meet with opposition.
You will find in the inclosed paper a great variety of
cases similar to mine, that have been provided for.
I have perused the laws cursorily through four volumes
of the digest, but could not find a regular file in the State
library subsequent to that publication. I intended to
PETITION TO CONGEESS. 371
have seen you before your departure, but was detained at
Boston longer than I expected.
If, after examining the papers, any deficiency appears,
have the goodness to let me know.
I have the honor to be.
Your friend and humble servant,
CALEB STARK.
Hon. Samuel Bell.
Dear Sir — Since writing the above (petition), a circum-
stance has occurred to me which has hitherto escaped my
recollection. It is a fact that the same regiment that first
arrested the advance of Burgoyne, on the 19th of Septem-
ber, 1777, and on the 7th of October, in the same year,
carried victory into his camp, was the same that retrieved
the battle of Monmouth, when our army was retreating
under the command of General Lee, and produced the
well known anecdote, that after the British were checked
and forced to run on their part, our illustrious Washington
rode up and inquired of Colonel Cilley : " What troops
are these ?"
The Colonel, with his usual promptitude and impetu-
osity, answered : " True blooded Yankees, sir, by G — d.'"''
In this regiment I served in 1775-6-7, devoting all m}^
abilities to form them for action. Any person in the
least acquainted with military affairs, knows the very im-
portant duties of an adjutant on such occasions ; and their
victorious career through the whole of the war, is the
best commentary on the faithfulness with which the duty
was performed.
I send you these texts to be used for arguments, should
you think them worth relating.
I am, sir, &c.,
CALEB STARK.
* " I see," said General Washington — " my brave New-Hampshire
boys."
PHINEHAS STEVENS
To MOST of the pioneers who sought an abode in the
wilds of America, the same circumstances will apply.
Prior to the year 1760, the frontier settlers were at all
times exposed to the incursions of hostile savages, who
were continually on the watch for opportunities of laying
waste their homesteads, and to slay or carry away as cap-
tives the inhabitants. Necessity, therefore, compelled
them to become familiar with danger, and acquire a har-
dihood of character unknown to their posterity. Whether
they attended public worship, or cultivated their lands,
they departed from their fortified garrisons w^ith arms in
their hands, prepared for instant action, and worshipped
or labored with sentinels on the alert.
In their w^arfare, the Indians preferred prisoners and
plunder to scalps. Hence, few persons were slain by them,
excepting those unable to travel, those who attempted to
escape, and. such as appeared too formidable for them to
encounter with a hope of success.
Of the latter class w^as Captain Stevens. He was ath-
letic, hardy and resolute ; ever ready to cultivate his acres,
or arm in their defence, as well as for the protection of his
countrymen. He was truly a martial husbandman —
" Who. in the reaper's merry row
Or warrior rank could stand."
A man of self-acquired education, possessing deep pene-
tration and intelligence, he was admirably fitted for the
important public services, in the performance of which he
was intrusted by the government.
PHINEHAS STEVENS. 373
He was the father and defender of the early settlements
on the north-eastern frontiers of New-England, where he,
like
** The pastoral hero, assembled his band,
To lead them to war at his monarch's command."
He was the son of Joseph and Prudence Stevens, and
born on the 20th of February, 1706, at Sudbury, Massa-
chusetts, from whence he removed with his father to Eut-
land, in the same State.
At the age of sixteen, accompanied by his three younger
brothers, he was proceeding to a meadow where his father
was engaged in making hay, when he fell into an Indian
ambuscade. The enemy made him prisoner, slew two of
his brothers, and were about to slay the youngest, then
but four years of age. He succeeded, however, in making
the savages understand, by signs, that if they would spare
the life of his little brother, he would carry him on his
back. He conveyed him in that manner to Canada.
Such tragic events were not uncommon at that period.
The captives were soon afterv\^ard redeemed.
He received several commissions from Governor Went-
worth, of New-Hampshire, and Governor Shirley, of Mas-
sachusetts, and rendered important service in defending
the frontiers.
In 1747, when Number Four was abandoned by its
inhabitants, he was ordered to occupy the fort with thirty
men. On the 4th of April, of that year, the garrison was
attacked by more than four hundred French and Indians,
commanded by Monsieur Debeline. The siege continued
three days. Indian stratagem, French skill, and fire,
applied to every combustible matter in the vicinity of the
fort, produced not the desired effect. Its heroic defenders
were not appalled, and would not capitulate. At length
the enemy demanded a parley, and the commanders met
outside of the fort. The Frenchman declared that he had
seven hundred men, and depicted the horrid massacre
which must ensue unless the post was surrendered.
374 MEMOIR OF
"My men are not afraid to die," was Captain Stevens'
noble answer. The attack was renewed, and continued
with increased fury until the third day, when the enemy
again called for a cessation of arms. They then proposed
to depart if the garrison would sell them provisions suffi-
cient to support them on their way back to Canada. Captain
Stevens replied that he could not sell the supplies of the
fort for money, but would give them ^ve bushels of corn
for every prisoner they would deliver up to him. Upon
receiving this answer the enemy discharged four or five
guns at the fort, and departed.
This noble defence of a timber fort, by thirty-one per-
sons, against a force of more than fourteen times their
number, confirmed the high opinion already entertained
both by the government and his fellow-citizens of the
capacity and dauntless valor of our frontier hero. For
his distinguished gallantry upon this occasion. Commodore
Sir Charles Knowles presented him an elegant sword.
From this circumstance the township, when its charter
was granted by Grovernor Wentworth to Joseph Wells,
Phinehas Stevens, and others, in 1752, obtained the name
of Charlestown.
On two occasions (in 1749 and 1752), if not more, the
Governor of Massachusetts employed Captain Stevens to
proceed with flags of truce to Canada to negotiate the
redemption of captives from the Indians. Of these expe-
ditions he kept diaries, as we have reason to suppose he
did of most of his transactions, as well in regard to the
affairs of his farm, as of his proceedings in the public ser-
vice. We have seen his journal of 1749, published in the
ISTew-Hampshire Historical Collections, and also his origi-
nal journal of 1752, which was several years ago found at
the bottom of an old churn in a garret in Charlestown. It
was afterward lost at the burning of the Vermont State
Capitol. The manuscript was written in a plain, legible
hand. The language was concise and appropriate. His
education, however obtained, must therefore have been
superior to that of most of his New-England cotemporaries.
.PHINEHAS STEVENS. 375
The journal of 1T52 contained observations relative to
his crops; mentioned the date when the first barrel of
rum was brought to number four ; detailed a journey to
Portsmouth, and another with a flag of truce to Canada.
It also contained a description of Montreal. Mr. Wheel-
wright, of Boston, was his colleague in this mission to
Canada.
Captain Stevens died at Chenucoto, in I^ova Scotia,
April 6, 1756, while engaged in public service, in the fifty-
first year of his age. He is the ancestor of many persons
of high respectability in ]^ew-Hampshire and Vermont.
His son. Colonel Samuel Stevens, was the first representa-
tive of Charlestown to the General Court. He was a
councillor six years, and afterward register of probate
until his death, November 17, 1823, at the age of 85 years.*
One daughter of Captain Stevens was born in the fort
at i^umber Four, and married to Hon. John Hubbard,
father of the late Hon. Henry Hubbard.
The president of the Vermont Historical and Antiqua-
rian Societies, Colonel Henry Stevens, is the grandson of
the hero of Number Four. Those societies are indebted to
his laborious researches for a large portion of the valuable
ancient documents and curiosities in their possession.
The State of Vermont should also justly appreciate his
exertions in procuring from Congress two of the most im-
portant trophies of a victory gained by the valor of the
White and Green mountain boys, to adorn her capitol —
the Bennington cannon.
He formerly resided at Barnet, Vt., but in 1858 removed
to Burlington. As an industrious and scientific farmer,
his experiments, his writings and addresses before the
State and County agricultural societies, have obtained for
him an extensive reputation.
His son, Henry Stevens, junior, was an assistant of Mr.
Sparks while preparing those voluminous historical works
which, while they reflect the highest honor upon that dis-
tinguished gentleman, also cast a brilliant light upon the
achievements of the American revolution.
376 MEMOIR OF
Since the foregoing was written, a communication has
been received from Colonel H. Stevens, which we insert
in his own words.
I find among my grand-father's old papers the following
commissions :
" To Phinehas Stevens, of N"o. Four so called, on ye
East of Connecticut river. You, the said Phinehas
Stevens to be Lieut, of the foot company of Militia, in the
regiment whereof Josiah Willard, Esq., is Colonel.
B. WEKT WORTH.
Dec. 13, A. D. 1T43."
" He was commissioned by Gov. W. Shirley, as Lieut,
in a company of volunteers, raised for the defence of the
western frontiers, on the 26th day of October, A. D.
1744."
" He was appointed captain of a company of volunteers,
to be raised for his majesty's service against the French
and Indians, January 9, 1745, by W. Shirley."
" He was commissioned first Lieut, of a company of
soldiers raised for ye defence of ye western frontiers, for
the protection of the inhabitants, whereof Josiah Willard,
Jun'r, is Captain, 29th July, A. D. 1745," by W. Shirley.
The following commission I copy from the original,
which is all written :
BY HIS EXCELLENCY, THE GOVEKNOR.
Province of Massachusetts Bay,
These are to direct you forthwith to enlist sixty able
bodied, effective volunteers to make up a marching com-
pany on the western frontiers. Twenty-five of which
sixty men you may so enlist out of the standing companies
in those parts ; taking effectual care, that, that enlistment
be made with as much equality as may be, so as not much
PHINEHAS STEVENS. 377
to weaken any particular party of those soldiers, and with
the said company to scout during the summer season in
such places where the Indian enemies hunt or dwell, keep-
ing one half of your company at the garrison called !N"um-
ber Four, to guard and defend the inhabitants there, and
to repel and destroy the enemy that may assault them;
and upon return of the half that go out upon the march,
the half just mentioned forthwith to march out and scout
in the manner above said ; and so interchangeably — one
part to continue to do their duty at !N"umber Four, and the
other to be upon the march above said.
And you, the officer that shall command the said march-
ing party, must keep exact journals of your marches,
noting down all circumstances, and making such observa-
tions as may be useful hereafter. You must take care to
keep an exact discipline among your men, punishing all
immorality and profaneness, and suppressing all such dis-
orders in your marches and encampments as may tend to
disorder and expose you to the enemy.
Given under my hand, at Boston, the twenty-sixth day of
April, 1746, in the nineteenth year of his majesty's reign.
WM. SHIRLEY.
To Captain Phinehas Stevens.
I find also one other commission, bearing date at Bos-
ton, 16th June, A. D. 1746.
Also, one other commission to Phinehas Stevens, " to be
commander of the fort called ISTumber Four, and the gar-
rison there posted, or to be posted there, and to consist of
the first company of soldiers in the said garrison." Dated
the 25th of February, A. D. 1747. Wm. Shirley.
Also, one other commission : " You, the said Phinehas
Stevens, to be captain of the garrison at the fort called
ISTumber Four." Dated at Boston, I^ovember 10, A. D.
1747. Wm. Shirley.
Also, a commission of captain of a company at Charles-
town. Dated 26th April, 1754. B. Wentworth.
25
378 MEMOIK OF
There were other commissions before and after the
above, which I have not been able to recover.
I have a commission of Simon Stevens, as a lieutenant
in John Stark's company, dated the 14th of January,
1758, signed "Loudoun."
Again, I have Simon Stevens' commission, as captain
of a company of rangers, bearing date at Three Eivers,
July 9, 1760. Signed, Jeff. Amherst.
Samuel Stevens was commissioned as a lieutenant by
Jeffery Amherst, and had command of a party that went
from Charlestown up Connecticut river to meet Eobert
Rogers with provisions, at the time he went to St. Francis,
A. D. 1759.
Again, Enos Stevens (my father), was a lieutenant,
A. D. 1756. I had his journal of an expedition up West
river, and so on to Fort Massachusetts. His diary was
burnt in the Vermont State House.
CHILDREN OF CAPTAIN PHINEHAS STEVENS.
Simon and Willard (twins), born February 4, 1735.
(Simon died.)
Simon, 2d, September 3, 1737 ; Enos, October 2, 1739 ;
Mary, March 28, 1742 ; Phinehas, July 31, 1744 ; Catha-
rine, JSTovember 20, 1747. (The above named were born
at Rutland, Massachusetts.)
Prudence, November — 1750, Solomon, September 9,
1753 — were born at Charlestown, ^. H.
Dorothy, born October 31, 1755, at Deerfield, Mass.
Died at Charlestown, September 10, 1758.
Enos Stevens, my father, married Sophia Grout, March
4, 1791. Of their ten children, only three are now living :
viz., Henry Stevens, "Willard Stevens, of Barnet, Yt.,
and Sophia, wife of Jonathan Fitch Skinner, of Barton,
Vermont.
PHINEHAS STEVENS. 379
Our friend, Colonel Henry Stevens, married Candace
Salter, March 16, 1815. Of their eleven children, four
sons and one daughter are now living.
Enos, the eldest, resides at Boston, Mass. Henry is
now in London, agent for the trustees of the British
museum, literary agent for the Smithsonian Institute and
several other American libraries ; also for several private
American gentlemen.
Sophia Candace married her second husband, William
Page, an artist, celebrated as the greatest colorist since
the days of Titian, of whom, in that branch of the art, he
has been a distinguished and successful imitator. He
resides at B.ome, in Italy.
Simon is a distinguished attorney and counsellor at
law, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Benjamin Franklin is now engaged at ]N"ew-York,
assisting his brother Henry in purchasing and exchang-
ing books for the British museum and other libraries.
Lieutenant George Stevens graduated at West-Point, in
1843, and was ordered to Fort Jessup. From thence he
proceeded, with the army of occupation, to Corpus Christi,
and was there attached to May's corps of dragoons. May,
with his cavalry, cut their way through the Mexican field
batteries, but on returning with five of his company, he
found one battery still in operation. He rode up and
demanded its surrender, with which demand General la
Yega complied. Captain May placed him in charge of
Lieutenant Stevens, who, with a sergeant, conveyed the
Mexican general of artillery to the rear, and delivered him
to General Taylor. After General la Vega recovered his
baggage, he presented Lieutenant Stevens with several
curiosities, bullets, cigars, &c., which his father now has
in possession.
Lieutenant Stevens was drowned in passing the Rio
Grande from Fort Brown to Metamoras. The cavahy
were dismounted, and he proposed to take the lead on
horseback, although advised by General Twiggs not to
venture. However, he went on ahead. In passing the
380 MEMOIR OP
river the horses could ford part of the way, and three
of the mounted dragoons followed to direct the foremost.
When within sixty yards of the Mexican shore, the
horses came into a whirlpool. About sixty of them were
carried round and round, and Lieutenant Stevens became
unhorsed. He kept above water for about sixty rods.
Boats were put off from the shore, but could not reach
him on account of the roughness of the water. He was
recovered on the third day after, and buned on one side
of the flag-staff of the fort, Major Brown lying upon its
other side.
" How sleep the brave who sink to Wj^t,
By all their country's wishes blest I
Both for their country, and in danger's face,
Won chaplets which time's hand shall not erase ;
Left her foes' cause, for memory stern and just.
To live, though valor's urn has claimed their dust.
Copy of a letter to Governor "William Shirley, from Captain Phinehas
Stevens, Commander of the Fort at Number Four, forty miles above
Northfield, dated April 7, 1747 :
^' Our dogs being very much disturbed, which gave us
reason to think the enemy were about, occasioned us not to
open the gate at the usual time ; but one of our men, being
desirous to know the certainty, ventured out privately, to
set on the dogs, about nine o'clock in the morning, and
went about twenty rods from the fort, firing off his gun,
and saying choboy to the dogs. Whereupon the enemy,
being within a few rods, immediately rose from behind a
log and fired ; but, through the goodness of God, the
man got into the fort with only a slight wound. The
enemy being then discovered, immediately arose from all
their ambushments and attacked us on all sides. The
wind being high, and every thing exceedingly dry, they
set fire to all the old fences, and also to a log house, about
forty rods distant from the fort, to the windward ; so that,
within a few minutes, we were entirely surrounded with
PHINEHAS STEVENS. 381
lire — all which was performed with the most hideous
shouting and firing from all quarters, which they con-
tinued in a very terrible manner until the next day at
ten o'clock at night, without intermission, during which
time we had no opportunity either to eat or sleep. But,
notwithstanding all their shoutings and threatenings, our
men seemed not to be in the least daunted, but fought
with great resolution, which doubtless gave the enemy
reason to think we had determined to stand it out to the
last degree. The enemy had provided themselves with a
sort of fortification, which they had determined to plish
before them, and bring fuel to the side of the fort in order
to burn it down ; but, instead of performing what they
threatened, and seemed to be immediately going to under-
take, they called to us and desired a cessation of arms until
sunrise the next morning, which was granted ; at which
time they would come to a parley. Accordingly, the
French general, Debeline, came with about sixty of his
men, with a flag of truce, and stuck it down within about
twenty rods of the fort, in plain sight of the same, and
said if we would send three men to him, he would send as
many to us, to which we complied. The general sent in
a French lieutenant, with a French soldier and an Indian.
" Uj)on our men going to the monsieur, he made the fol-
lowing proposals: viz., that, in case we would imme-
diately resign up the fort, we should all have our lives,
and liberty to put on all the clothes we had, and also to
take a sufiicient quantity of provisions to carry us to Mon-
treal, and bind up our provisions and blankets, lay
down our arms, and march out of the fort. Upon our
men returning, he desired that the captain of the fort
would meet him half way, and give an answer to the above
proposal, which I did ; and upon meeting the monsieur, he
did not wait for me to give an answer, but went on in the
following manner : viz., that, what had been promised he
was ready to perform ; but, upon refusal, he would imme-
diately set the fort on fire, and run over the top, for he
had seven hundred men with hira ; and if we made any
382 MEMOIK OF
farther resistance, or should happen to kill one Indian, we
might expect all to be put to the sword. 'The fort,'
said he, ' I am resolved to have, or die. Xow^, do what
you please ; for I am as easy to have you fight, as give it
up.' I told the general that, in case of extremity, his pro-
posal would do ; but inasmuch as I was sent here by my
master, the captain general, to defend this fort, it would
not be consistent with my orders to give it up, -unless I
was better satisfied that he was able to perform what he
had threatened ; and, farthermore, I told him that it was
poor encouragement to resign into the hands of an enemy,
that, upon one of their number being killed, they would
put all to the sword, when it was probable we had killed
some of them already. 'Well,' said he, ' go into the fort
and see whether your men dare fight any more or not,
and give me an answer quick, for my men want to be
fighting.'
" Whereupon I came into the fort and called all the men
together, and informed them what the French general
said, and then put it to vote, which they chose, either to
fight on or resign ; and they voted to a man, to stand it
out as long as they had life. Upon this, I returned the
answer that we were determined to fight it out. Upon
which they gave a shout, and then fired, and so continued
firing and shouting until daylight next morning.
"About noon they called to us and said, good morning;
and desired a cessation of arms for two hours, that they
might come to a parley, which was granted. The general
did not come himself, but sent two Indians, who came
w^ithin about two rods of the fort and stuck down their
flag, and desired that I would send out two men to them,
which I did ; and the Indians made the following proposal:
viz., that, in case we would sell them provisions, they
would leave, and not fight any more; and desired my
answer, which was, that selling them provisions for money
was contrary to the law of nations ; but if they would
send in a captive for every five bushels of corn, I would
supply them. Upon the Indians returning the geneml
PHINEHAS STEVENS. 383
this answer, four or ^ve guns were fired against the fort,
and they withdrew, as we supposed, for we heard no more
of them.
" In all this time we had scarce opportunity to eat or
sleep. The cessation of arms gave us no great matter of
rest, for we suspected they did it to obtain an advantage
against us. I believe men never were known to hold out
with better resolution, for they did not seem to sit or lay
still one moment. There were but thirty men in the fort,
and although we had some thousands of guns fired at us,
there were but two men slightly wounded: viz., John
Brown and Joseph Earl.
"By the above account, you may form some idea of the
distressed circumstances we were under, to have such an
army of starved creatures around us, whose necessity
obliged them to be the more earnest. They seemed every
minute as if they were going to swallow us up, using all
the threatening language they could invent, with shouting
and firing, as if the heavens and earth were coming
together.
" But, notwithstanding all this, our courage held out to
the last. We were informed by the French that came
into the fort, that our captives were removed from Quebec
to Montreal, which they say are three hundred in number,
by reason of sickness that is at Quebec, and that they were
well and in good health, except three who were left sick,
and that about three captives had died which were said to
be Duchmen. They also informed us that John JSTorton
had liberty to preach to the captives, and that they have
some thousands of French and Indians out and comincf
CD
against our frontier.
"A very beautiful silver-hilted sword has been purchased
by order and at the expense of the honorable Commodore
Sir Charles Knowles, to be presented to Captain Stevens
for his bravery in defence of the fort above mentioned."
The foregoing I copied from a Boston newspaper, with
the note at the bottom in relation to the sword. This
384 MEMOIR OF
letter was addressed to His Excellency, Governor Shirley.
I have to say that Captain Stevens received the sword,
and it was kept, after grand-father's decease, by Colonel
Samuel Stevens, of Chariest own. I have been told that
Uncle Samuel took said sword to ^Northampton, to a gold-
smith, to have it cleansed. The goldsmith left I^Torthamp-
ton, and the sword was not returned.
Tour friend,
HEKRY STEVENS.
To Caleb Stark, Esq.
Addressed to Honorable Spencer Phipps, Lieutenant Governor of this
Province (Massachusetts), and the Council, June 12, 1750.
The memorial of Phinehas Stevens, of Number Four,
humbly sheweth :
That, upon his enlisting himself a volunteer in his
majesty's service for the then intended expedition against
Canada, he removed his family, viz. : his wife and six
children, to Rutland, from Number Four, expecting himself
soon to set out for Canada, on said expedition ; and that,
upon the delay of that expedition, he was, by direction
from his excellency, the captain general, ordered to the
frontiers of the province, and was constantly employed on
the frontiers either in guarding stores to Fort Massachu-
setts or Number Four, or in keeping the fort at Number
Four, till the said expedition was laid aside, and the
Canada forces dismissed, in which time he defended the
said fort, Number Four, from a vigorous attack of the
enemy ; and his other services, in that term, he humbly
hopes were acceptable to the province, where he was at
very great expense in supporting his family at a distance
from his station ; and as his expenses, so he humbly con-
ceives, his constant labors and services for the province in
that term, distinguish his case from that of most if not any
PHINEHAS STEVENS. 385
of the officers who enlisted themselves for the Canada ser-
vice. He therefore prays your honorable consideration of
the premises, and that your honors would grant that he
may be allowed the common allowance for a soldier, for
subsistence during the said term ; and your memorialist, as
in duty bound, will ever pray.
PHINEHAS STEYEIS^S.
In the House of Bepresentaiives,
June 13th, 1750.
Kead, and ordered that the memorialist be allowed out
of the public treasury the sum of ten pounds and eight
shillings, in full consideration of the above named.
Sent up for concurrence,
D. HUBBAED, Speaker.
In Council, June 13, 1750.
Eead and concurred,
SAM'L HOLBROOK, Dep'.ty Sec'y.
Consented to,
S. PHIPPS.
COLONEL ROBERT ROGERS
. James Rogers was one of the early settlers of London-
derry, ]^. H. He afterward removed to the wilderness of
the township now known as Dunbarton, where he was
killed by mistake by a hunter, who was his intimate
friend. The latter, in the dusk of the evening, perceiving
a dark object at a distance, supposed it to be a bear, and
fired through a thicket with fatal effect. The fur cap and
dark clothing of Mr. Rogers occasioned the sad disaster.
Mr. Hadley, in his notice of Dunbarton, gives the follow-
ing account of this catastrophe :
"Mr. Ebenezer Ayer, of Haverhill, Mass., a celebrated
hunter of those times, came into these parts to pursue his
usual avocation in quest of bears, deer, and other game.
He had made a rude camp on Walnut hill, in Bow, near
to Dunbarton line. He had been hunting all day, and
came to his camp at evening, and it not being late, was
still looking out for the approach of a bear.
" Mr. Rogers was an intimate friend of Ayer, and was
coming to pay him a visit. He drew near to his camp ;
he was dressed entirely in black ; and the dusk of the
evening deceived the eye of the eager hunter. He took
the fatal aim, and shot the man ! He soon discovered his
mistake, and with sorrowing heart stood over the bleeding
form of his friend. Rogers did not long survive. He
died before he reached his home. Ayer could never after
relate the story of the sad event without shedding tears."
' KOBEKT KOGEKS. 387
Robert Rogers, son of tlie above, was born at London-
derry, E". H. (or Methuen, Mass.), in 1727. He was from
his youth inured to the hardships of frontier life, from
which circumstance he acquired a decision and boldness
of character which served him in after years.
He was six feet in stature, well proportioned, and one
of the most athletic men of his time — well known in all
the trials of strength or activity among the young men of
his vicinity, and for several miles around. He was endued
with great presence of mind, intrepidity, perseverance,
and possessed a plausible address.
In 1755 he was appointed by Governor Wentworth
captain of a company of rangers. He afterward com-
manded that celebrated corps, with the rank of major, in
the line of the army. With this corps — of which the
most hardy and resolute young men ]^ew-Hampshire and
other provinces could produce, constituted the principal
portion — he rendered important services on the northern
frontiers, and in the Canadas, until the surrender of those
provinces, in 1760, to the crown of Great Britain.
The enemy dreaded him and his daring followers with
good reason. The rangers under his command were in
their expeditions limited to no season. Summer or winter
caused no difference or delay in their arduous duties.
They made long and fatiguing marches in winter, upon
snow-shoes, often encamping in the forest, without fire, to
avoid discovery by the enemy, and with no other food
than the game they had killed during their march.
They penetrated into the enemy's country, and destroyed
French settlements and Indian villages, sometimes at four
hundred miles' distance. They were in truth the most for-
midable body of men ever employed in the early wars of
America, and in every regular engagement proved them-
selves not inferior to British troops. To their savage and
French foes they were invincible.
After the year 1760, he served against the Cherokees in
the south, under the orders of General Grant.
388 MEMOIR OF
In 1765 he proceeded to England to prosecute his claims
for services and money advanced during the northern
campaigns of the "seven years war."
In 1766 he was appointed governor of Michilimackinac,
where, sometime afterward, he was arrested and conveyed
in irons to Quebec, charged with an intention to plunder
the fort he commanded, and desert to the French.
He managed to be acquitted of this charge and pro-
ceeded, in 1769, a second time to England, where he was
presented to the king.
While in England at this time, the following character-
istic anecdote is related of him.
A mail-coach, in which he was a passenger, was stopped
by a highwayman on Hounslow Heath. The robber,
thrusting a pistol through the coach window, demanded
the purses and watches of the occupants. While others
were taking out their valuables, the bold American
ranger suddenly seized the man hy the collar, by main
strength drew him through the coach window, and ordered
the coachman to drive on. The captive was an old
offender, for whose apprehension a reward of fifty pounds
sterling had been offered by the government.
While at a social party of British officers in England,
of similar spirits, it was agreed by the company that who
ever of them should relate the greatest falsehood, or the
most improbable story, should have his bill paid by the
others.
When his turn came, Rogers stated that " his father was
shot in the woods of America by a hunter, who mistook
him for a bear ; that his mother was followed by a hunter,
who mistook her tracks in the snow, on a stormy day, for
those of a wolf; and that he, when a boy, had carried on
his back birch brooms for sale to Rumford, ten miles dis-
tant from his father's house, following a path through the
woods only marked by spotted trees." The company
admitted that Rogers had related the greatest falsehood,
and the most improbable story, when he had narrated
nothing but the truth.
EGBERT ROGERS. 389
Eogers returned to America in 1775, where, had he not
been suspected of being hostile to the revolutionary move-
ment, he might perhaps have obtained an important com-
mand, and rendered signal services. He had seen more
arduous and difficult service than most of the continental
officers.
He visited ]N"ew-Hamp shire, came to Cambridge and
Medford, then occupied by continental troops. At the
latter place he had an interview with Colonel Stark, who
had been his second in command in the ranger service.
Washington suspected him to be a British spy, and
prohibited his entering the American camp. He also vis-
ited Congress, but his fidelity being considered doubtful,
received no appointment.
He obtained, in 1776, the rank of colonel from the Brit-
tsh general at ITew-York, and raised a corps known as
the " Queen's rangers," with which, for a time, he was a
scourge to the people in the vicinity of Long-Island
Sound.
In October, 1776, he made an attack upon an American
outpost near Maroneck, of which a Hartford, (Conn.)
paper states the following particulars :
" On Monday last (October 21st) a party of tories (100),
some of whom came from Long-Island, under the com-
mand of the infamous Major Rogers, made an attack upon
an advanced party of our men, when a smart engagement
ensued, in which the enemy were totally routed. About
twenty were killed on the spot, and thirty-six taken pris-
oners, who were safely lodged in the goal at White Plains.
Their gallant commander,, with his usual bravery, left his
men in time of action, and made his escape."
He came very near being made prisoner. Soon after
this affair, he went to England, and the command of the
" Queen's rangers" devolved upon the noted Colonel Sim-
coe. In 1778 he was proscribed by the legislature of
New-Hampshire, who also granted his wife (a Miss Brown,
of Portsmouth) a divorce. She afterward married Cap-
tain John Roach.
390 MEMOIR OF
His son, Arthur, resided with his mother, and at her
decease inherited the property at Concord. He died at
Portsmouth, in August, 1841, leaving two sons and one
daughter, then occupying respectahle positions in the
West-Indies. His eldest son, Robert, now a respectable
farmer in Derry, is the only survivor of a family of eight
children. For othei' particulars respecting Colonel Rogers,
see the history of Manchester (pages 488-492), from which
several of the foregoing statements were obtained.
The following account of his services during the " seven
years war" in Korth America, contains the substance of
his journal, published in London in 1765, with informa-
tion in regard to the same subject obtained from other
sources.
ACCOUNT OF THE SERVICES OF COLONEL ROBERT ROGERS.
In 1755 an expedition w^as organized for the purpose of
reducing Crown Point, a post from which had for several
years been fitted out most of the Indian scouts which had
harrassed the English frontier settlements. Troops were
accordingly raised in J^ew England, [N'ew-York, and !N"ew-
Jersey. Albany was designated as the place of rendez-
vous, and Major General Johnson appointed commander.
Captain Robert Rogers, with a commission from Gov-
ernor Wentworth, raised a company of rangers in 'New-
Hampshire on account of that province, and made several
excursions to the north-western frontiers to prevent
inroads from the enemy. On the 26th of August, 1755,
he was employed in escorting provision wagons from
Albany to the carrying place, since called Fort Edward.
At this time, he waited upon General Johnson, to whom
he had been recommended as a person well acquainted
with the haunts and passes of the enemy, and the Indian
methods of fighting. He was by him dispatched on sev-
eral scouts to the French posts. He was on one of these
up the Hudson, on the 8th of September, when General
Dieskan was taken prisoner, and his army routed at the
KOBEET KOGEKS. 391
south end of Lake George. Johnson's army was com-
posed principally of the troops raised by the above named
province for the Crown Point expedition. With the
exception of those who were with Rogers on his scout,
the remainder of the rangers were engaged in this action.
September 24, 1755. General Johnson ordered Rogers
to reconnoitre Crown Point, and, if practicable, to secure
a prisoner. He embarked, with four men, and proceed-
ing down lake George twenty-five miles, landed on the
west shore. There leaving his boat in charge of two
men, he proceeded with the other two, and on the 29th
obtained a view of Crown Point. A large body of In-
dians were observed about the fort, who, from their irreg-
ular firing, were supposed to be shooting at marks — a
diversion of which Indians are very fond. At night the
party crept through the French guards into a small vil-
lage, south of the fort, and passed through it to an emi-
nence at the south-west, where it was ascertained that the
enemy were erecting a battery, having already thrown up
an intrenchment on that side of the fort. The next day,
having gained an eminence a short distance from the
former, an encampment was discovered, extending from
the fort south-east to a wind-mill, at thirty yards distance,
containing about five hundred men. Finding no oppor-
tunity to obtain a captive, and that they had been observed,
the scout retreated on the first of October.
On the route homeward they passed within two miles of
Ticonderoga, from which a large smoke was noticed, and
the discharge of a number of small arms heard ; but, as
their provisions were expended, they could not remain to
ascertain the enemy's force. On the second they reached
the place where their boat had been left in charge of two
men, who, to their surprise, had departed, leaving no pro-
visions behind. This hastened their return to camp, where
they arrived on the fourth, not a little fatigued and dis-
tressed with hunger and cold.
October 7tL General Johnson ordered Roofers to em-
392 MEMOIK OF
bark \\ith five men to reconnoitre Ticonderoga. He pro-
ceeded at night to a point of land on the west shore of the
lake, where he landed, concealed his canoe, and leaving
two men in charge of it, arrived at Ticonderoga point at
noon. Here were about two thousand men, who had
thrown up an intrenchment, and prepared a large quantity
of hewn timber in the adjacent woods. He tarried there
a second night, and in the morning saw the enemy lay the
foundation of a fort, on the point which commands the
pass from Lake George to Lake Champlain, and the
entrance to South bay or Wood creek. Having made
what discoveries he could, on his return he found a large
advanced guard of the enemy posted at the north end of
Lake George, near the outlet to Lake Champlain. While
viewing these troops, a bark canoe, containing nine
Indians and a Frenchman, was observed passing up the
lake. He kept in sight of them until they passed the
point where his boat and men had been left. They
informed him that the party had landed on an island, six
miles south of them, near the middle of the lake. In a
short time they put off from the island, and steered directly
toward their place of concealment. At the distance of
one hundred yards, the party gave them a salute, which
reduced their number to four.* The party then took boat
and pursued them down the lake until they were relieved
by two other canoes, upon which the rangers retreated
toward the camp at Lake George, where they arrived on
the 10th of October.
October 15. Eogers embarked with forty men, in five
boats, with orders to ascertain the force of the enemy's
advanced guard, and if possible to decoy the whole or
part of them into an ambush. The exertions of the party
were indefatigable for several days, but to no purpose,
and on the 19th they returned to camp.
October 21. Rogers embarked for Crown Point, with
four men, in quest of a prisoner ; at night they landed on
* Each marksman hit his man.
ROBEKT ROGERS. 393
the west shore, twenty-five miles from the English camp,
and marching the remainder of the way, on the 26th came
in sight of the fort. In the evening they approached
nearer, and next morning were within three hundred yards
of it. The men lay concealed in a thicket of willows,
while Rogers crept nearer, and concealed himself behind
a large pine log by holding bushes in his hand. Soon
afterward the soldiers came out in such numbers that the
party cOuld not unite without discovery. About 10 o'clock
a man came out alone, and advanced toward the ambush.
Rogers sprang over the log and offered him quarter,
which he refused, making a pass at him with his dirk.
This he avoided, and presented his fusee to his breast ; but
he pressed forward with resolution, which compelled
Rogers to shoot him. This alarmed the enemy, and the
party retreated to the mountain. They returned, October
30th, in safety to camp.
November 4. Rogers embarked for the enemy's advanced
guard, with thirty men in four batteaux, each mounting
two wall-pieces, and next morning arrived within half a
mile of their position, where the party landed, and con-
cealed their boats. Four spies were sent out, who returned
next evening, reporting that the enemy had no works
around them, but lay entirely open to assault. ]!^otice was
immediately sent to the general, requesting a sufficient
force to attack them ; but, notwithstanding his earnestness
and activity, the force did not arrive until the party were
compelled to retreat. On their retreat they met the rein-
forcement, and turned again toward the French. Two
men, sent out next evening to see if their sentinels were
on the alert, were fired upon, and so hotly pursued that
the whole party was discovered. They obtained the first
notice of this from two large canoes, containing thirty
men, which were supposed to have come out at the same
time with another party by land, to place the English
between two fires. To prevent this Rogers embarked
with Lieutenant McCurdy and fourteen men, in two boats,
leaving the remainder of the party on shore, under the
26
394 MEMOIK OF
command of Captain Putnam.* To decoy the Frencli
within reach of the wall-pieces, they steered as if intend-
ing to pass them, which answered the purpose meditated.
The enemy boldly headed them, and when within one
hundred yards the guns were discharged, which killed sev-
eral men, and put the boats to flight. They were pursued,
and driven so near to the land party that they were again
galled by the wall-pieces. Several of the enemy were
thrown overboard, and their canoes rendered very leaky.
At this time Eogers discovered their land party, and
notified his men on shore, who immediately embarked
without receiving much injury from the sharp fire which
the French for some time kept up in their rear. The
enemy were pursued upon the water with diligence, and
the wall-pieces again discharged. They were followed to
their landing, where they were received, and covered by
two hundred men, whom a discharge from the wall-pieces
compelled to retire. They were greatly superior in num-
bers, and it was deemed most prudent to return to camp,
which was reached on the 8th of November.
November 12. Rogers proceeded, with twelve men, to
ascertain the enemy's strength and condition at Ticonde-
roga, and on the 14th came in sight of that fort. The
enemy had erected three new barracks, and four store-
houses in the fort, between which and the water, they had
eighty batteaux liauled up on the beach. They had fifty
tents near the fort, and appeared busily employed in
strengthening their works. Their object being attained,
the party returned to camp on the 19th of !N"ovember.
December 19. After a month's repose, Rogers embarked,
with two men, once more to reconnoitre the French at
Ticonderoga. On the way a fire was observed on an
island near the fort, which was supposed to have been
kindled by the enemy. This obliged the party to lay by
and act like fishermen, to deceive the enemy, until night
came on, when they gained the west shore, fifteen miles
north of the English camp. Concealing the boat, the
* Afterward General Putnam.
KOBEET KOGEKS. 395
march was pursued by land on the 20th, and at noon on
the 21st the party reached the fort. The enemy were
still engaged in their works, and had mounted four pieces
of cannon on the south-east bastion ; two on the north-
west, toward the woods; and two on the south bastion.
They mustered about five hundred men. Several attempts
were made to take a prisoner by waylaying their paths,
but they passed along in too large parties. At night the
scout approached near the fort, but were driven, by the
severity of the cold, to seek shelter in one of the enemy's
evacuated huts. Before day-break, a light snow fell,
which obliged the rangers to hasten homeward with all
speed, lest the enemy, discovering their tracks, should
pursue. They reached their canoe in safety, although
almost overcome with cold, hunger and fatigue. They
had the good fortune to kill a deer, with which being-
refreshed, on the. 24th they returned to Fort William
Henry, which during the year had been erected at the
south end of Lake George.
About this time General Sir William Johnson pro-
ceeded to Albany to meet the commissioners from the sev-
eral governments whose troops he had commanded, (New-
Hampshire excepted.) These persons were empowered,
with the consent of a council of war, to garrison Forts
William Henry and Edward, for the winter, with the
troops then in seryice. A regiment was therefore organ-
ized, to which Massachusetts furnished a colonel, Connec-
ticut a lieutenant colonel, and New- York a major. The
general and the commissioners judged it most prudent to
leave one company of rangers under the command of
Captain Rogers, to make excursions to the enemy's forts
during the winter.
January 14, 1756. Rogers marched, with sixteen men,
toward the French forts. They proceeded down the lake
on skates until they halted, for refreshments, near the falls
between Lakes George and Champlain. At night the
march was renewed, and at day-break on the 16th an
ambush was formed on the east shore of Lake Cham-
396 MEMOIR OF
plain, within gunshot of the path by which the enemy-
passed from one fort to the other. At sunrise two sledges,
laden with fresh beef, were intercepted, with their drivers.
Their loading was destroyed ; and on the 17th, with their
prisoners, the party returned to Fort "William Henry.
January 26. Colonel Glasier ordered Eogers, with a
party of fifty men, to discover the strength of the enemy
at Crown Point. On the 2d of February they arrived
within a mile of the fortress, and ascended a steep moun-
tain, the summit of which afforded a full prospect, and an
opportunity for taking a plan of the works. In the eve-
ning they retired to a small village, half a mile south of
the fort, and formed an ambush on each side of the road
from that to the village. [JText morning a Frenchman fell
into their hands, and soon after two more men appeared,
but took alarm before they could be seized, and fled to the
fort. Finding themselves discovered by this accident,
they set fire to the houses and barns of the village, con-
taining large quantities of grain, and killed fifty head of
cattle. They then retired, leaving the whole village in
flames, and with their prisoner reached head quarters on
the 6th of February.
February 29. By order of Colonel Glasier, Rogers
marched, with fifty-six men, down the west side of Lake
George, proceeding northward until the 5th of March,
when he steered east to Lake Champlain, about six miles
north of Crown Point, where, from intelligence received
from the Indians, he expected to find inhabited villages.
There he attempted to cross the lake, but the ice was too
weak. On the 7th he returned, and passing round the
bay west of Crown Point, at night entered the cleared
land, among the houses and barns of the French. Here
the party lay in ambush, expecting laborers to attend the
cattle, and clean the grain with which the barns were filled.
They remained there all night, and the next day until
dark, when they set fire to the village and retired. Return-
ing, they reconnoitred Ticonderoga, and the advanced
guard on Lake George, approaching so near to the fort as
EGBERT ROGERS. 397
to see the sentinels on the ramparts ; and, after obtaining
all the information desired of their works, strength and
situation, on the 14th of March they returned to camp.
The next day Captain Rogers received a letter from
Mr. William Alexander,* secretary of Governor Shirley,
who last year commanded at Oswego, and who, upon the
decease of General Braddock, had succeeded to the chief
command of his majesty's forces in North America, stating
that, upon General Johnson's recommendation, he was
invited to wait upon the governor at Boston, where he
was preparing for the next campaign. Thither he repaired,
leaving his company in command of Ensign Noah Johnson.
On the 23d the general gave Captain Rogers a friendly
reception, and a commission to recruit an independent
corps of rangers. It was ordered that it should consist of
sixty privates, at 3 5. (York currency) per day; an ensign,
at 55. ; a lieutenant, at 7 s.; and a captain, at 10 5. Each
man was to be allowed ten Spanish dollars toward pro-
viding clothing, arms and blankets. The company was to
be raised immediately. None were to be enlisted but
such men as were accustomed to travelling and hunting,
and in whose courage and fidelity the most implicit confi-
dence could be placed. They were moreover to be sub-
ject to military discipline and the articles of war. The
rendezvous was appointed at Albany, whence to proceed
to Lake George, and "from time to time to use their best
endeavors to distress the French and their allies by sack-
ing, burning and destroying their houses, barns, bar-
racks, canoes, batteaux, &c., and by killing their cattle of
every kind ; and at all times to endeavor to waylay, attack
and destroy their convoys of provisions by land and water,
in any part of the country where they could be found."
"With these instructions, he received letters to the com-
manding officers of Forts William Henry and Edward,
directing them to forward the service with which he was
charged.
* William Alexander was afterward known as Lord Stirling, and a
major general in the United States revolutionary army.
398 MEMOIR OF
When the company was completed, a part of it marched,
under the orders of Lieutenant Richard Rogers, to Albany.
With the remainder Captain Rogers passed through the
woods to ]N"umber Four, a frontier tow^n greatly exposed.
There he received orders to proceed to Crown Point, for
which, on the 28th of April, his course was directed,
through vast forests and over lofty mountains. On the
second day of the march Mr. John Stark, his second
lieutenant, became ill, and w^as obliged to return with a
guard of six men.
May 5. Captain Rogers reached Lake Champlain, four
miles from Crown Point, w^ith nine men. They concealed
their packs, and entered a village on the east side, two
miles from the fort, but found no inhabitants. They
waited the whole day following, opposite the Point, for
some party to cross the lake. J^othing however appeared,
excepting five bunded men, in batteaux, coming up the
lake from St. Johns. They kept their stations until ten
o'clock next day ; but finding no opportunity to trepan
the enemy, they killed twenty-three head of cattle, whose
tongues were of great service on the march. They now
discovered eleven canoes, manned by French and Indians,
crossing the lake directly toward them. It was then
judged most prudent to disperse, each man taking a dif-
ferent route, and looking out for himself. This course put
their pursuers at fault ; and the party, assembling at the
place w^here their packs had been left, made a raft, and
crossed to the western shore. They obtained a view of
the old Indian carrying-place, near Ticonderoga, and
reached Fort William Henry on the 14tli of May. Mr.
Stark and his party reached Fort Edward three days
before, having, on their way, discovered and eluded a scout
of four hundred Indians. Lieutenant Rogers had arrived
some days before, and was then on a scout.
May 20. Rogers was ordered, with eleven men, to recon-
noitre the French advanced guard. When viewed next
day from the summit of a mountain, their numbers
appeared about three hundred, who were busy in fortify-
ROBEKT ROGERS. 399
ing their position with palisades. From the other side of
the mountain the party obtained a fine prospect of Ticon-
deroga and the French camp, which, from the ground
occupied, was judged to contain one thousand men. This
night was passed upon the mountain, and early next morn-
ing the party proceeded to the Indian carrying-path, where
an ambuscade was formed between the advanced guard
and the fort. About 6 o'clock one hundred and eighteen
Frenchmen passed along the path without observing them ;
in a few minutes twenty-two others came along the same
way. Upon this party they fired, killed six, and took one
prisoner. The first party returning at the report of the
guns, obliged them to retire in great haste.
On the twenty-third they reached Fort William Henry in
safety with the prisoner, who reported that two hundred
and twenty French and Indians were preparing to sur-
prise the out parties at Fort Edward. This information
occasioned Rogers a march, with seventy-eight men, to
join a detachment of^Colonel Bayley's regiment, and scour
the woods as far as South bay, to intercept the enemy ; but
they could not be found.
June 12. According to orders, in the evening Rogers
embarked, with twenty-six men, to visit the French
advanced guard. A severe thunder storm compelled the
party to land ten miles from their own fort, and spend the
night. At sunrise they heard the discharge of about
twenty small arms, on the opposite shore, which was sup-
posed to proceed from the enemy cleaning their guns after
the rain. The party embarked in the evening, and early
on the morning of the 16th drew up their batteaux four
miles from the advanced guard, and lay in ambush, by a
path leading to the mountain, to surprise the enemy who
went there daily in parties to vicAv the lake. They soon
afterward discovered that the advanced parties had evacu-
ated their position, and demolished their works. They
then approached very near Ticonderoga, and viewed their
works from an eminence, judging the garrison to consist
of three thousand men. The party returned to their fort
400 MEMOIR OF
on the 18th, excepting one man who strayed away and did
not return until the 23d, then almost famished for want of
food. About this time the general increased the force of
the ranger company to seventy men, and sent them six
whale-boats from Albany, with orders to proceed to Lake
Champlain, to cut off the supplies and flying parties of
the enemy.
June 28. Eogers, wdth fifty men, embarked in five
whale-boats, and proceeded to an island in Lake George.
The next day they passed over to the main land, and
carried their boats six miles over a mountain to South
bay, where they arrived on the 3d of July. The evening
following they embarked, and proceeded down the bay
till they came within six miles of the French fort. There
the boats were concealed. The next evening they em-
barked again, and passed the fort undiscovered, although
so near as to hear the sentinel's watchword. They judged,
from the number of fires, that the enemy had two thou-
sand men in his camp. Five miles farther down they lay
by all day, concealing their boats. Here several batteaux
were seen passing by up and down the lake. At night
they put off with the design of passing Crown Point, but
afterward, considering it imprudent, on account of the
clearness of the night, they lay concealed through the
next day, during w^hich a hundred boats passed by them.
Seven boats came near their place of concealment, and
would have landed there, but the ofiicer insisted, in their
hearing, that he would go a hundred and fifty yards
farther, where they landed, and dined in the rangers' sight,
without discovering them. At nine o'clock at night the
latter reembarked, passed the fort, and concealed their
boats ten miles north of it.
July 7. Thirty boats and a schooner of forty tons burthen
passed by toward Canada. In the evening they proceeded
fifteen miles farther down, and dispatched a scout, who
soon brought intelligence that a schooner lay at anchor
one mile distant. The rangers lightened their packs, and
prepared to board her ; but were prevented by two lighters
ROBERT ROGERS. 401
coming up the lake, whose crews intended to land where
they were posted. These were fired upon, hailed, and
offered quarter, if they would come on shore ; but they
pushed for the other side, whither they were pursued and
intercepted. Their crews consisted of twelve men, three
of whom were killed by the fire, and two wounded ; one
in such a manner that he soon died. Both vessels were
sunk, and the cargoes, consisting of wheat and flour, wine
and brandy, were destroyed, except a few casks of the
latter, which were carefully concealed.* The prisoners
stated that they were a portion of five hundred men, the
remainder of whom were not far behind on their passage.
This report hastened the return of the scout ; which, on
the 16th of July, returned to the garrison with their pris-
oners. The latter reported '' that a large force of regulars
and militia were assembling at Chamblee, destined for
Carillon,t and that large quantities of provisions were on
the way ; that a new general, with two veteran regiments,
had arrived from France ; that there was no design against
the English forts on this side, but that a party of three
hundred French and twenty Indians had already set out,
to intercept the provision convoys between Albany and
Lake George ; that sixty livres was the reward for an
English scalp, and prisoners were sold in Canada at fifty
crowns each ; that the prospect of a harvest was very
encouraging, but that the small-pox had made dreadful
havoc among the inhabitants."
Upon his return from this expedition. Captain Rogers
learned that General Shirley had been superseded in com-
mand by Major General Abercrombie, who arrived at
Albany, June 25th, with two regiments of regular troops
from England. He forwarded to him the report of the
last scout, and recommended the augmentation of the
corps of rangers. Soon afterward he waited upon him
* A good thought for a soldier.
f Of this fortress, Ticonderoga was the Indian name, and Carillon the
French name ; each signifying "the meeting of waters."
402 MEMOIR OF
at head quarters, and received orders to raise a new com-
pany, the command of which was given to his brother,
Richard Rogers. Of this company 'Nosih Johnson was
appointed first lieutenant, Nathaniel Abbot second, and
Caleb Page ensign. Of his own company John Stark was
appointed first lieutenant, John McCurdy second, and
Jonathan Burbank ensign.
August 2. Captain Robert Rogers, by order of General
Abercrombie, embarked, with twenty-five men in a lighter,
from Fort William Henry, to reconnoitre Ticonderoga
and Crown Point. Captain Learned, with sixty provin-
cials, was ordered by General Winslow to proceed as far
as the French advanced guard, but not being acquainted
with the country, he placed himself under, Rogers' com-
mand. The latter landed about fifteen miles down Lake
George, and on the 4th encamped one mile from the
advanced guard. On the morning of the 5th the whole
party mustered, and gained the summit of a hill west of
the enemy, from which they discovered two advanced
posts ; one on the west side, half a mile south of Lake
Champlain ; and the other on the east side, opposite the
former, at the old Indian carrying-place. They supposed
four hundred men were on the east, and two hundred on
the west side.
After deliberating upon the situation of the enemy, it
was deemed imprudent to remain there any longer. Cap-
tain Learned returned to camp, while the rangers went
down toward Ticonderoga. They passed that post, and
proceeded toward Crown Point, on the west side of the
lake, where they discovered several batteaux, with troops
bound for Carillon. They then proceeded to the place
where they had burned the village, as before stated,
where they observed a party of the enemy sally out, dri-
ving horses and cattle to feed.
August 7. They ambushed the road to intercept those
who should come to drive in the cattle ; but no one
appearing, they approached within half a mile of the fort,
and were discovered by two Frenchmen before they were
ROBERT ROGERS. 403
in their power. This caused a retreat, during which they
killed forty head of cattle. August 10th they reached
head quarters.
A company of Stockbridge Indians was this year em-
ployed in his majesty's service, officered by Indians com-
missioned by General Shirley. General Abercrombie was
at a loss how to dispose of them ; but Sir William John-
son advised him to employ thirty privates* and a lieu-
tenant as scouts, to scour the woods, under the direction
of ranger officers. This party Lieutenant Stark had
strengthened with some of his own men, and sent on a
scout, with particular directions,t the day before the jjarty
above named returned.
About this time the Earl of Loudoun had arrived at
Albany, and assumed the command in chief. Eogers sent
him an account of the Indian scout before mentioned,
requesting permission to penetrate into Canada with these
Indians, and distress the inhabitants, by burning their
harvest (now nearly ripe), and destroying their cattle.
Accordingly, August 16, a party embarked, in whale-
boats, in two detachments — one commanded by Lieutenant
Stark, and the other by Captain Eobert Eogers. The
next morning the detachments fell in with eight Mohawks,
who had left Fort William Henry the day previous. The
w^hole party then proceeded to the place where the boats
had been left, July 7, twenty miles north of Crown Point,
on the west shore of the lake, arriving there on the 24th.
Embarking again at night, they steered down the lake
toward St. John's, and the next day proceeded twenty
miles. At midnight a schooner was seen standing up the
lake, with a fair wind, toward Crown Point. She passed
so swiftly that they could not board her, as was intended.
On the 26th they landed, and the Mohawks departed to
* The remainder of the Stockbridge Indians were sent to Saratoga, to
serve under Colonel Burton,
f Captain Jacobs, with his Indians, returned a few days after, with four
French scalps, taken on the east shore of the lake, nearly opposite Ticon-
deroga.
404 MEMOIR OF
join a party of their brethren, then on a scout. On the
27th the rangers ambushed a point of land to intercept
the enemy's batteaux, which might pass up and down ;
but not finding any, they returned up the lake, and
landed on the east shore, eight miles north of Crown
Point. On the morning of the 29th they entered a French
village, east of the fort, and made prisoners of a man, his
wife, and daughter, a girl of fourteen, and returned to the
garrison September 22.
The Frenchman stated that he was a native of Yaisac,
in the province of Guienne, France. He had been in
Canada fifteen years ; in the colony's service six years ;
and two years at Crown Point ; which fort was garrisoned
by only three hundred men, and those mostly inhabitants
of the adjacent villages ; that four thousand men occupied
Ticonderoga, fifteen hundred of them being regular troops,
who had plenty of stores and provisions ; that he was
never at Carillon or the advanced guard, but had heard
there were only fifteen men at the latter place ; that six
hundred Indians were at Carillon, and six hundred more
expected ; that twelve hundred men had reached Quebec,
on their way to Carillon ; that the last eighteen hundred
were commanded by Monsieur Scipio de la Masure ; that
Ticonderoga was well supplied with cannon, mortars,
shells, shot, &c. ; that the garrison expected a reinforce-
ment in two or three days, having sent boats to Montreal
to bring the troops ; that he had heard, by letter, that
Oswego had fallen into the hands of the French, but it
was not yet confirmed ; that it was understood the English
intended to invest Carillon, but did not know what course
the French intended to take, should they neglect that
step ; that they kept a hundred and fifty batteaux on the
lake, thirty-five of which plied between Montreal and
Carillon ; that Monsieur Montcalm commanded at Fron-
tenac, with ^ve thousand men, but he did not know
whether they were regulars or militia ; that a great many
vessels had arrived at Quebec, with provisions and military
stores ; that he had heard the English had several ships in
ROBERT ROGERS. 405
the St. Lawrence ; that Monsieur le Compte Levi com-
manded Carillon, and came last year from France ; that,
since the capture of the two last lighters (before men-
tioned), the number of men on board the large schooner
had been increased from twelve to thirty men.
On his return Rogers was ordered by Lord Loudoun to
wait upon Colonel Burton, at Saratoga, by whose direc-
tion he marched, with his company, from Fort William
Henry to South bay ; thence east to Wood creek, cross-
ing the creek southerly, opposite Saratoga, and made
report to Colonel Burton. During this tour he appre-
hended four deserters from Otway's regiment, going over
to the enemy, who were sent back to Fort Edward in
charge of Lieutenant Stark.
At Saratoga the party met Captain Richard Rogers from
the Mohawk, with the Stockbridge Indians in company,
and all returned to Fort Edward, where an encampment
was formed. Part of the Indians were sent out on the
east side of Lake Champlain, to alarm the enemy at
Ticonderoga ; while Captain Robert Rogers, with a detach-
ment of his own company, and that of Richard Rogers,
proceeded down Lake George in whale-boats, leaving the
remainder of the corps to serve as flankers to the parties
conveying provisions to Fort William Henry.
September 7. Captain Robert Rogers embarked on Lake
George, with fourteen men, in a whale-boat, which they
concealed the evening following on the east side, four
miles south of the French advanced guard. There he
left seven men in charge of Mr. Chalmer, a volunteer
(sent by Sir John St. Clair), with directions, upon discover-
ing the enemy's boats proceeding up the lake, to convey
the news, with all possible speed, to Fort William Henry.
With the other seven, he arrived, on the 9th, within half
a mile of Ticonderoga. The enemy were engaged in
raising the walls of the fort, and had erected a large
block-house near the south-east corner of the fortress,
with ports for cannon. East of the fort was a battery
commanding the lake. Five houses were discovered close
406 MEMOIE OF
to the water side, south of the works, one hundred and
sixty tents on the south-west side, and twenty-seven bat-
teaux hauled up on the beach. I^ext morning, with one
private, he took a view of the falls between the two lakes,
where several discharges of muskets had been heard the
evening before. Mr. Henry had been sent to learn the
cause, and soon joined Rogers, reporting that the French
were building a small fort at the head of the falls, on the
east shore ; also, that he had discovered their advanced
guard on the west side ; and estimated both parties at five
hundred men. The French were also found engaged in
building a saw-mill, at the lower part of the falls. The
party returned to their boats and provisions, which Mr.
Chalmers had left. He, having executed his orders, had
returned to camp, whither the party followed his track,
and arrived on the 11th instant.
September 24. General Abercrombie ordered three com-
missioned officers of the rangers, with twenty privates
each, to reconnoitre Wood creek. South bay, and Ticon-
deroga, who alternately kept up a continual scout for
some time.
October 22. The greater portion of the army now lay
at Fort Edward, under General Abercrombie ; and Lord
Loudoun arriving at this time, it was supposed that, not-
withstanding the season was so far advanced, an attempt
would be made upon the French forts. But his lordship,
supposing the lakes would freeze, as they generally do in
December, and that no communication could be kept up
with Fort William Henry, contented himself with keeping
the field until Monsieur Montcalm retired to winter
quarters.
October 22. Rogers embarked, with twenty men, being
ordered to bring a prisoner from Ticonderoga. He had
passed the narrows, twenty miles from the place of em-
barkation, when his boat was hailed by Captain Shephard,
who had been taken prisoner in August last. He knew
his voice, and took him on board, with three men, one of
whom was taken with him. He left Canada fifteen days
ROBEET ROGERS. 407
before. Continuing his course, Rogers landed, on the
night of the 17th, on the west shore, concealed his boats,
and travelled by land until within a mile of the fort. The
next day two videttes of the French picket guard were
discovered, one of whom was posted on the road leading
to the woods. Rogers, with five men, marched directly
down the road in the middle of the day, until challenged
by the sentry. He answered in French, "Friends." The
sentinel was thereby deceived, until the party came close
to him, when, perceiving his mistake, in great surprfse
he cried out, "Qui etes-vous?" The captain answered,
"Rogers," led him from his post in great haste, and, with
his party, reached Fort William Henry on the 31st of
October. The prisoner reported that he belonged to the
regiment of Languedoc, and left Brest last April, twelve
month ; had since served at Lake Champlain, Crown
Point, and Carillon ; was with General Dieskau last year
at Lake George ; that the French lost in that engagement
a great number of troops ; that Ticonderoga at this time
mounted thirty-six pieces of cannon, namely, twelve eight-
eens, fifteen twelves, and nine eight-pounders ; that Crown
Point was defended by eighteen pieces of cannon, the
largest of which were eighteens ; that Monsieur Mont-
calm's forces this year at Carillon were three thousand
regulars, and two thousand Canadians and Indians ; that
General Montcalm was away with one battalion ; that the
force at Carillon consisted of five battalions and eight
hundred Canadians ; that the Indians had all gone home,
but two hundred of them talked of returning to spend
the winter at Carillon ; that the advanced guard on the
west side, above the falls, were all drawn in, and that
on the east consisted of six hundred men, who were to
decamp on the 1st of IS'ovember ; that ^ve battalions of
infantry of the line and sixty Canadian militia lay en-
camped half a league from Carillon ; that the remainder
of the army were in the fort ; that the barracks were
sufiicient for five hundred men, whom he understood were
to quarter there ; that the French had one schooner and
408 MEMOIR OF
two hundred batteaux on Lake Champlain, and but five
or six on Lake George ; that the Chevalier Levi com-
manded in General Montcalm's absence, and that the
Canadians were under the orders of Messieurs Corne and
Columbie ; that, when the general went away, he said
" he had done enough this year, and would take Fort
William Henry in the spring ;" that the French had taken
four of Rogers' whale-boats on Lake Champlain ; that,
when taken, he was within a gunshot and a half of the
foi*t ; and that their camp was healthy. From this time
the rangers were constantly employed in patrolling the
woods about Fort Edward, until E"ovember 19, 1756,
when they made an excursion down the lake. Captain
Abercrombie, nephew of the general, had the curiosity to
accompany the expedition ; and, although nothing was
effected, save obtaining a view of the French garrison, he
was delighted with the novelties of a scout, and the noble
scenery through which he was conducted. The party
returned, on the 25th, at evening. About this time his
lordship drew off the main body of his troops, to be quar-
tered at Albany and IsTew-York. Both armies now retired
to winter quarters. The rangers were stationed at Forts
William Henry and Edward, and were augmented by two
new companies from Halifax (N, S.), under Captains
Hobbs and Spikeman. These two companies were posted
at Fort William Henry, and the other two at Fort Edward.
Captain Eichard Rogers was sent to JN'ew-England for
recruits. He waited upon the Boston government to
obtain pay for the rangers' services in the winter of 1755 ;
but could obtain none, although Lord Loudoun generously
supported the claim.
January 15, 1757. Capt. Robert Rogers marched with
Lieutenant Stark, Ensign Page, of Richard Rogers' com-
pany, and fifty privates, to Fort William Henry, where
they were employed in providing provisions, snow-shoes,
&c., until the 17th, when being joined by Captain Spike-
man, with Lieutenant Kennedy, Ensign Brewer, and four-
teen men of his corps, together with Ensign James Rogers,
JiOBERT KOGERS. 409
with twenty men of Hobb's company, and Mr. Baker, a
volunteer of the 44th regiment of the line, the whole
party proceeded down Lake George on the ice, and at
night encamped on the east side of the first narrows, l^ext
morning a portion of the party, who had become lame in
consequence of yesterday's exertions, were sent back,
which reduced the force remaining to seventy-four, officers
included. On the 18th they encamped twelve miles down
the lake, on the west side. On the 19th they marched
three miles down the lake, and then took to the land with
their snow-shoes ; and having travelled eight miles north-
west, encamped three miles from the lake. On the 20th
they marched east all day, and encamped on the west
side, three miles from Lake Champlain.
January 21. The party marched eastward until they
came to the lake half way between Crown Point and
Ticonderoga, where they discovered a sled passing from
the latter to the former. Lieutenant Stark, with twenty
men, was directed to head the sled, while Rogers, with
^YQ of the party, cut off its retreat, leaving Captain Spike-
man w^ith the centre. Ten other sleds were discovered
following down the lake. Rogers endeavored to give Mr.
Stark notice before he shew himself on the lake, but could
not. He sallied out, and they hastily turned back toward
Ticonderoga. The rangers pursued and captured seven
prisoners, three sleds and six horses ; the remainder
escaped. The captives were separately examined, and
reported that two hundred Canadians and forty-five Indi-
ans had just arrived at Ticonderoga, and were to be rein-
forced that evening by fifty Indians from Crown Point ;
that six hundred regular troops were in that fortress, and
three hundred and fifty at Ticonderoga, where they
expected a large army which, in the spring, was to besiege
the English forts ; that they had large magazines of pro-
visions ; that the troops were well equipped, and in condi-
tion to march at a moment's warning, and intended to
waylay and distress the convoys between the English forts.
In consequence of this information, and knowing that
27
410 MEMOIR OF .
those who escaped would give immediate notice of the
party, orders were given them to march with all expedi-
tion to the fires which had been kindled the nisrht before,
and prepare for battle, if offered, by drying their guns, as
the day was rainy. This was effected, and the party
marched in single file — Captain Kogers and Lieutenant
Kennedy in front. Lieutenant Stark in the rear, and
Captain Spikeman in the centre ; Ensign Page and Rogers
between the front and centre, and Mr. Brewer between
the centre and rear — Sergeant Walker having command of
a rear guard.
In this manner the party advanced half a mile over bro-
ken ground, and passed a valley fifteen rods in breadth,
when the front, having gained the summit of the opposite
hill, on the west side, fell in with the enemy drawn up in
the form of a crescent to surround the party, and were
immediately saluted with a volley of two hundred shot, at
a distance of ^ve yards from the nearest, and thirty from
the rear of the party. This fire took place about 2 o'clock
P. M., and proved fatal to Lieutenant Kennedy and
Mr. Gardner, a volunteer, beside wounding several, and
Captain Rogers in the head. Rogers ordered his men to
retire to the opposite hill, where Lieutenant Stark and Mr.
Brewer had made a stand, with forty men, to cover the
retreat. They were closely pursued, Captain Spikeman
and others killed, and several made prisoners. Lieutenant
Stark repulsed them, by a brisk fire from the hill, killing
a number, and affording those retreating an opportunity
to post themselves to advantage. Mr. Stark then took a
position in the centre, with Ensign Rogers, Sergeants
Walker and Phillips acting as reserves to protect the flanks
and watch the enemy's motions. Soon after the party had
thus formed for battle, the enemy attempted to outflank
them, but were bravely attacked by the reserve, who gave
the first fire, which stopped several from returning to the
main body. The rangers were then pushed closely in
front, but having the advantage of the ground, and being
sheltered by large trees, they maintained a constant fire,
KOBEKT ROGERS. 411
which killed a number, and compelled the others to retire
upon their main force. The enemy attempted to outflank
them once more, but were again gallantly repulsed by the
reserve. In this affair, Mr. Baker was killed.
A constant fire was kept up till sunset, when a shot
through his wrist disabled Captain Rogers from loading
his gun. The action continued until darkness prevented
the parties from seeing each other. The rangers gallantly
maintained their position till the fire of the enemy ceased,
and he retired.
During this action, the Indians practiced several strata-
gems to induce the rangers to submit : sometimes assur-
ing them that reinforcements were at hand, who would
cut them to pieces without mercy ; that it was a pity so
many brave men should be lost ; that, in case of surrender,
they should be treated with compassion. Calling Rogers
by name, they assured him of their friendship and esteem ;
but he, and the brave men who fought by his side, were
neither to be dismayed by their threats, nor flattered by
their professions. They were resolved to conquer, or die
with arms in their hands.
After the action, a considerable number were so severely
wounded that they could not travel without assistance ;
but as the French garrison was so near, it was thought
best to take advantage of the night and retreat. The
spirits of the wounded were kept up as well as possible,
and the party reached Lake George, six miles south of the
French advanced guard, next morning. The wounded
men were now exhausted, and could march no farther.
Lieutenant Stark volunteered, with Thomas Burnside and
another, to proceed to Fort William Henry and procure
sleighs for the wounded. They reached the fort at 8
o'clock that night, and next morning sleighs arrived,
though the distance was forty miles. Lieutenant Bulkley,
of Hobbs' company, came out with fifteen men as far as
the first narrows of Lake George ; and the survivors of
the expedition, consisting of forty-eight effective and six
412 MEMOIE OF
wounded men, arrived with their prisoners on the same
evening (Jan. 23, 1757), at Fort William Henry.
Before the sleighs came to their relief, the men, looking
back upon the lake, observed a dark object following at a
distance on the ice. Supposing it might be one of their
wounded stragglers, a sleigh was sent back for him. He
proved to be Joshua Martin. His hip had been shattered
by a ball which passed through his body, and he had been
left for dead on the field of battle ; but recovering himself,
had followed his comrades' tracks to the lake, and there
came in sight of them. He was so exhausted that he
sank down the moment the sleigh reached him. He
recovered of his wound, became a .lieutenant, served
through the war, and died at Gofistown at an advanced
age.
The number of the enemy in this action was two hun-
dred and fifty French and Indians. Accounts received
afterward reported their loss on the spot, and those who
died of their wounds, to be one hundred and sixteen — the
whole force of the rangers being but seventy-four, ofiicers
included. The officers and men who survived the first
onset, behaved with the most undaunted bravery, and vied
with each other in their respective stations.*
* In regard to this fight, the late Mr. John Shute observed that Kogers
did not on this occasion obey his own rules, written out for the guidance of
the corps. After taking the sleds, a council of war advised to return by
another route than that by which the}^ came, which was their usual prac-
tice, and would have saved them the loss incurred by this conflict. The
first notice the party had of the enemy was the noise made in cocking
their guns, which Shute supposed was occasioned by some rangers prepar-
ing to fire at game. He was struck senseless by a ball which ploughed the
top of his head. On coming to himself, he observed a man cutting off the
ribbon of Rogers' queue, to bind up his wrist, through which a ball had
passed. On the night retreat the rangers made a circuit to avoid a large
fire in the woods, supposing the enemy were there. This caused them to
lose time, so that Joshua Martin, who had kindled the fire by a large dry
pine tree to warm himself, was enabled to follow and come in sight of
them on the lake; otherwise he must have perished. Stilson Eastman,
and the late Colonel Webster, of Plymouth, corroborated the statement of
Mr. Shute that the conduct and courage of John Stark saved the party,
and that to his activity, enterprise, and example, the corps of rangers were
indebted for much of their celebrity during the '' seven years war."
KOBEKT ROGEKS. • 413
RETUR^r OF KILLED, WOUNDED AND MISSING, IN THE ACTION OF JAN-
UARY 21, NEAR TICONDEROGA.
CAPTAIN EGBERT RGGERS' CGMPANY.
KILLED. WOUNDED. MISSING.
Mr. Gardner, volunteer, Captain Rogers, William Morris,
Mr. Baker, volunteer, Joshua Martin, Sergeant Henry,
Thomas Henson. Thomas Burnside. John Morrison.
Total — 3 killed, 3 wounded, 3 missing.
CAPTAIN RICHARD ROGERS' COMPANY.
KILLED. WOUNDED. MISSING.
John Stevens, David Page. Benjamin Goodall,
Ensign Caleb Page. David Kimball.
Total — Killed 2, wounded 1, missing 2.
CAPTAIN HOBBS' COMPANY.
KILLED.
Sergeant Jonathan Howard,
Phinehas Kemp,
John Edmunds,
Thomas Farmer,
Edmund Lapartaquer.
Total— Killed 5.
CAPTAIN SPIKEMAN'S COMPANY.
KILLED. WOUNDED. MISSING.
Captain Spikeman, Sergeant Moore, Thomas Brown.
Lieutenant Kennedy, John Kahall.
Robert Avery,
Samuel Fisk.
Total — Killed 4, wounded 2, missing 1.
Total of the four companies — Killed 14, wounded 6,
missing 6.*
Captain Rogers forwarded this report to Major Sparks,
at Fort Edward, and wrote to Capt. Abercrombie, recom-
mending such officers as were deserving to fill the vacan-
cies occasioned by the late action, as follows :
* The missing men were prisoners.
414 MEMOIK OF
Lieutenant Stark to be captain of Spikeman's corps,
Sergeant Joshua Martin to be ensign of Richard Rogers'
company, to which he received the following answer :
Albany, February 6, 1757.
Dear Sir — The general received your report by Major
Sparks. He returns you and your men thanks for your
good behaviour, and has recommended to my Lord Lou-
doun that they have pay for their prisoners.
On receiving an account of your skirmish, we sent an
express to Boston recommending your brother James for
lieutenant of Spikeman's company.
Please send the names of the officers you recommend
for your own company, and your recommendation shall
be duly regarded.
You can not imagine how all ranks of people are pleased
with your men's behaviour. I was so pleased with their
appearance when I was out w^ith them, that I took it for
granted they would behave well whenever they met the
enemy. I am happy to learn that my expectations are
answered. I am sorry for Spikeman and Kennedy, as
well as for the men you have lost, but it is impossible to
play at bowls without meeting rubs. We must try to
revenge them. Few persons will believe it, but upon
honor I should have been glad to have been with you,
that I might have learned the manner of fighting in this
country. The chance of being shot is all stuff, and King
William's principle is the best for the soldier, '' that every
bullet has its billet," and that it is allotted how every man
shall die ; so that I am certain every one will agree that
it is better to die with the reputation of a brave man,
fighting for his country in a good cause, than by shame-
fully running away to preserve one's life, or by lingering
out an old age to die in one's bed without having done
his country or king any service.
The histories of this country, particularly, are full of
the unheard of cruelties committed by the French, and
the Indians, at their instigation ; wherefore I think every
ROBEKT liOGERS. 415
brave man ought to do his utmost to humble that haughty
nation, and reduce her bounds of conquest in this country
to narrower limits.
When General Abercrombie receives his lordship's
instructions respecting the rangers, I shall send you notice
of it. In the mean time, I hope you'll get the better of
your wound. As long as you and your men continue to
behave so well, you may command
Your most humble servant,
JAMES ABERCROMBIE, Aid-de-Camjy.
To Captain Robert Rogers.
The wound of Captain Rogers becoming w^orse, he
repaired to Albany for medical aid, and there received
from General Abercrombie the following instructions :
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CAPTAIN ROBERT ROGERS.
His Excellency, the Earl of Loudoun, having given
authority to me to augment the companies of rangers
under your command to one hundred men each : viz., one
captain, two lieutenants, one ensign, upon English pay ;
four sergeants at 45. each, New- York currency ; and one
hundred privates at 25., 6d. each, do. per day.
And whereas, certain privates are serving at present in
your companies on higher pay than the above, you are at
liberty to discharge them, in case they refuse to serve
under the new establishment, as soon as you have men to
replace them. If they remain and serve, you may assure
them that they will be noticed, and be the first provided
for. Each man is to be allowed ten dollars bounty money,
to find his own clothing, arms, and blankets, and sign a
paper subjecting himself to the articles of war, and to
serve during the war. You are to enlist no vagrants, but
such men as you and your officers are acquainted with,
and who are every' way qualified for the duty of rangers.
Complete the companies as soon as possible, and proceed
to Fort Edward.
JAMES ABERCROMBIE, Major General.
416 MEMOIR OF
At this time Eogers wrote to Lord Loudoun, asking his
aid in obtaining the amount due to himself and men for
services in the winter of 1755. He replied that, as these
services were antecedent to his command, it was not in
his power to reward them. General Amherst afterward
gave a similar answer. His men afterward sued and
recovered judgments against him for X828, 3^., 3c?., beside
costs. For this, and for his own services during that
severe season, he never received any consideration.
Captain Hobbs dying about this time. Lieutenant Bulk-
ley succeeded him as captain. From March 5th to April
15th Rogers was confined with the small-pox at Fort Ed-
ward, during which time his officers were employed in
recruiting, according to the foregoing instructions. Soon
after his recovery, he received the following letter :
New-York, April 23, 1757.
Sir — As another company of rangers has been sent to
Albany, with orders to proceed to our forts, you will
inform Colonel Gage that it is Lord Loudoun's order
that the two companies at Fort William Henry, and your
own at Fort Edward, proceed immediately to Albany, and
embark for this place. Show this letter to Colonel Gage,
that he may inform Colonel Munro of his lordship's
orders, and that quarters may be provided for your com-
panies at Albany. See that your companies are well
equipped, and are good men ; if they are found insuffi-
cient, the blame will rest on you. If the officers of the
new/ company are ignorant of the woods about Fort
"William Henry, your brother must send some officers and
men to inform them of the different scouting grounds.
I am, sir, your humble servant,
JAMES ABERCROMBIE,
Aid-(k- Camp,
To Captain Robert Rogers, Albany.
KOBEKT ROGEKS. 417
Kichard Eogers, with his own and Bergen's new com-
pany of rangers from l^ew- Jersey, being left at Fort
William Henry, Stark's* and Bulkley's from the same
fort, and Robert Rogers' company from Fort Edward, pro-
ceeded to Albany, and thence to ^ew-York, where Shep-
hard's new company, from New-Hampshire, joined them.
There they embarked on board a transport, and left Sandy
Hook June 10th, with a fleet of one hundred sail, for
Halifax ; where they soon arrived, and encamped on the
Dartmouth side of the harbor, while the main army lay
on the Halifax side.
July 3. Rogers went to Lawrencetown, where a portion
of his men were employed in making hay for the horses
to be employed on the Louisburg expedition. Part of
them covered the hay-makers, w^hile others went on scouts,
one of which brought in two deserters from the 45th
regiment. Toward the end of July, forty rangers were
sent across the isthmus of [N'ova Scotia to the settlements
on the Bay of Fundy, and a party down the north-west
arm, to scour the woods for deserters, w^ho brought in
several, both of the army and navy. At this time Admiral
Holbourn arrived with a fleet from England, having on
board several regiments of troops, which w^ere landed and
encamped at Halifax. All the scouts were now called in,
but certain intelligence having been received that a French
fleet of superior force had arrived at Louisburg, the
intended expedition was abandoned, and the rangers
remanded to the western frontiers. During the summer
numbers of the rangers were carried oft' by the small-pox,
and several oflicers were sent on the recruitins: service.
The rangers embarked for j^ew-York, and proceeded in
small vessels up the Hudson to Albany, where the recruits
soon after arrived. They then proceeded to Fort Edward,
which was now the only cover to the northern frontiers
of ]^ew-York, and the more eastern provinces. Fort
* At New- York Captain Stark was taken with the small-pox, and did
not accompany the expedition.
418 MEMOIK OF
"William Henry * having been taken in August previous
by the French.
General Webb, now commanding Fort Edward, kept
the rangers constantly employed patroling the woods
between that post and Ticonderoga. Lord Howe accom-
panied one of these scouts, being desirous of learning
their method of marching, ambushing, and retreating;
and, on their return, expressed his good opinion of them
very generously.
Lord Loudoun now added to the corps a number of vol-
unteers from the regulars, to be trained to wood service
under Captain Rogers' inspection, to be hereafter employed
as light infantry. Several of them belonged to the 42d
regiment of highlanders.f
* Captain Richard Rogers died of small-pox a few days before the siege
of this fort; but the enemy, after its surrender, dug him up and scalped
him. In conseqiience of the articles of capitulation, the two companies of
rangers were disbanded and dismissed. After the surrender, Samuel
Blodget, the ranger sutler, was found concealed under a batteau. He was
allowed to go free, after being plundered of every thing but his scalp. He
was afterward a sutler in the revolutionary army ; became a considerable
merchant, a judge, and was the projector of the first canal at Amoskeag
falls, on Merrimack river. He lived to a great age, and died at Man-
chester, respected as an enterprising and public individual.
During Lord Loudoun's absence at Halifax, Fort William Henry was
taken, after a siege of nine days, by the Marquis de Montcalm, while
General Webb lay at Fort Edward, fifteen miles distant, with more than
four thousand regular troops, and made no effort for its relief. The garri-
son capitulated on condition of quarter, which was shamefully broken by
the enemy, and many of the prisoners massacred or carried away captive
by the savages. Previous to the expedition against this fortress, ten
sachems were sent by the French general as messengers to the north-
western tribes, to invite them to become the allies of France. In conse-
quence of this summons, among others, a party of a tribe called "Cold
Country Indians," appeared at the siege. They were cannibals, and many
prisoners were by them roasted and eaten. The journal of a French otficer,
who was in 3Iontcalm's army, and afterward taken in the West-Indies,
states "that the Indians roasted several of their English captives, and
compelled the survivors to partake of the horrid banquet." — Hutch. Hist.
Two savages seized a lad named Copp, and were leading him away by
his shirt sleeves, when a ranger, named Benjamin Richards, a bold, ath-
letic man, hearing his cries, broke from the ranks and rushed after them.
He snatched away the boy, leaving the shirt sleeves in their hands, and
regained his place in the ranks.
f This celebrated regiment in after times repulsed the French on the
shores of Aboukir, and covered the landing of Sir Ralph Abercrombie's
army in Egypt.
KOBEKT KOGEKS. 419
These volunteers formed a separate company under
Roofers' immediate orders. For their instruction, he
reduced to writing several rules, and a course of disci-
pline, of which experience had taught him the necessity.
December 1, 1757. Lord Loudoun visited Fort Edward,
and after giving directions for quartering the army, and
leaving a strong garrison under the command of Colonel
Haviland, he returned to Albany. The rangers and then*
volunteers were quartered in huts on an island in the
Hudson, near Fort Edward, and w^ere employed in various
scouts, which the health of Rogers did not permit him to
accompany, until December 17th ; when, by order of Col-
onel Haviland, he marched with one hundred and fifty
men to reconnoitre Ticonderoga, and if jiossible take a
prisoner. He advanced six miles in a snow storm, and
encamped, the snow being then three inches deep, and
before morning it fell to the depth of fifteen. He how-
ever pursued his route. . .
December 18. Eight of the party being fatigued and
unwell, returned to camp. The remainder proceeded nine
miles to the east side of Lake George, near the' place
where Mons. Montcalm landed his troops when he besieged
Fort William Henry. There they discovered a large
quantity of cannon balls and shells, which had on that
occasion been concealed by the French, and made such
marks at the place, as would enable them to find the arti-
cles again. This was their first visit to the ruins since
their return from Halifax.
December 19. The march continued on the north-west
side of the lake, nine miles, to the head of i^orth-west bay.
December 21. So many of the men became tired, and
returned, as to reduce the force to one hundred and twenty
three, ofiicers included, who marched ten miles farther,
and encamped for the night. Here each man was ordered
to leave one day's provisions.
December 22. They marched ten miles, and encamped
near the great brook running into Lake George, eight
miles from the French advanced guard.
420 MEMOIR OF
December 23. They proceeded eight miles — the next
day six more, and halted six hundred yards from Ticon-
deroga. i^ear the mills five Indians' tracks were discov-
ered, supposed to have been made the day before by a
hunting party. On the march this day, between the
advanced guard and the fort, three places of rendezvous
were appointed in case they should be broken in action.
Rogers informed the officers and men that he should rally
the party at the post nearest the fort ; and if broken there,
retreat to the second; and at the third make a stand, until
night should afford an opportunity of retiring in safety.
The road from the fort to the woods w^as then ambushed
by an advanced guard of twenty men, and a rear guard
of fifteen. At 11 o'clock a sergeant of marines came
from the fort up the road toward the advanced party, who
suffered him to pass to the main body, which secured him.
He reported the garrison at three hundred and fifty regu-
lars, fifty artificers, and five Indians ; that they had plenty
of provisions, and that twelve masons were employed
blowing rocks in the intrenchment, assisted by a number
of soldiers ; that Crow^n Point was garrisoned by one hun-
dred and fifty regulars and fourteen Indians; that the
Marquis de Montcalm was at Montreal ; that five hundred
Attawawa Indians wintered in Canada ; that ^\q hundred
rangers had been raised in Canada, and were commanded
by an experienced officer, well acquainted with the coun-
try ; he did not know that the French intended an attack
on the English fort this winter, but expected a large force
of Indians, as soon as the ice would bear, to go down to
that post ; and all the bakers in Carillon were employed
in making biscuit for these scouts.
About noon a Frenchman came near the rangers on his
return from hunting. A party was ordered to pursue to
the edge of the clearing, take him prisoner, fire a gun or
two, and retreat to the main body, and thus by stratagem
entice the enemy from their fort. The orders were
promptly obeyed, but no one ventured out. The last pris-
oner gave the same information as the first, and also, that
KOBEKT KOGEES. 421
he had heard the English intended to attack Ticonderoga
as soon as the lake was frozen hard enough to hear them.
Finding that the enemy would not come out, the party
killed seventeen head of cattle, and set fire to the wood
collected for the garrison. Five large piles were con-
sumed. The French discharged cannon at those who
kindled the fires, but did them no injury. At 8 o'clock
in the evening the party commenced their march, and on
the 27th, with their prisoners, reached Fort Edward. On
their return, they found at the north end of lake George
the boats the French had taken at Fort William Henry,
and a great number of cannon balls concealed. As the
boats were under water, they could not destroy them.
On his return from this scout. Captain Rogers was
ordered to ]^ew-York to confer with Lord Loudoun in
respect to the augmentation of the corps of rangers. His
lordship gave him a friendly reception, and the following
instructions :
JBy His Excellency, John, Earl of Loudoun, Lord Mackline, and Tair-
eensen, &c., &c. ; one of the sixteen Peers of Scotland, Captain Gen-
eral of Virginia, and Vice Admiral of the same ; Colonel of the 13th
regiment of foot, Colonel-in-chief of the Eoyal American regiment.
Major General and Commander-in-chief of all His Majesty's forces
raised or to be raised in North America.''^
Whereas, I have thought proper to augment the rangers
with five additional companies : viz., four from Is'ew-Eng-
land, and one Indian company, to be forthwith raised and
employed in his majesty's service ; and having entire
confidence in your knowledge of the men fit for that ser-
vice, I therefore, by these presents, empower you to raise
such a number of non-commissioned oflicers and privates
as will complete the companies upon the following estab-
lishment : viz., each company to consist of one captain,
two lieutenants, one ensign, four sergeants and one hun-
dred privates.
The ofiicers are to receive British pay, that is, the same
as ofiicers of the same rank in the line ; the sergeants 45.,
*His lordship's list of titles remind one of the Spanish traveller, for
whose catalogue of names the landlord could not find room in his house.
422 MEMOIR OF
ISTew-York currency, and the privates 25., 6d. per day. One
month's pay for each of said companies shall be advanced,
on condition that it is to be deducted from the first warrants
which shall be issued hereafter for the subsistence of said
companies. The men are to provide themselves with good
blankets and w^arm clothing ; the same to be uniform in
each company. They will supply their own arms, which
must bear inspection.
The Indians are to be dressed in their own costume, and
all are to be subject to the articles of war.
You will dispatch the ofticers, appointed to these com-
panies, immediately upon the recruiting service, with direc-
tions to enlist none for a less term than one year, nor any
other than able bodied men, accustomed to the woods,
good hunters, and every way qualified for rangers. They
are all required to be at Fort Edward on or before the 15th
of March next, and are to be mustered by the ofiicer com-
manding that garrison.
Given under my hand, at IS'ew-York, the 11th day of
January, 1758.
By His Excellency's command-
To Captain Robert Eogers.
LOUDOUK
J. Appy, Sec'y.
In pursuance of these instructions, ofiicers were dis-
patched to the JN'ew-England colonies, and the levies were
completed on the 4th of March. Four of them were sent
to join General Amherst, at Louisburg, and the others
remained under the order of Captain Rogers. lie was at
the whole expense of raising these companies, for wdiich
he received no allowance ; and by the death of one cap-
tain, to wdiom he had delivered one thousand dollars as
advanced pay, as by his instructions he had a right to do,
he was obliged to account to government for the same,
for which he never received a farthing.
February 28. Colonel Ilaviland ordered a scout from
Fort Edward, under Captain Putnam, who commanded a
EGBERT EOGERS. 423
company of Connecticut provincials, together with a party
of the rangers, giving out publicly that upon Putnam's
return Kogers would be sent to the French forts with four
hundred rangers. This was known to officers and soldiers
at the time of Putnam's departure. While this party was
out, a servant of Mr. Best, the sutler, was taken by a
flying party from Ticonderoga, and one of Putnam's men
deserted to the enemy. Captain Putnam returned, report-
ing that six hundred Indians lay not far from the enemy's
quarters.
March 10. Colonel Haviland ordered Rogers to the
vicinity of Ticonderoga, not with four hundred men as
had been given out, but with one hundred and eighty,
officers included. He had with him one captain, one
lieutenant, and one ensign of the line, as volunteers : viz.,
Messrs. Creed, Kent and Wrightson ; also, one sergeant
and a private, all of the 27th regiment ; a detachment
from the four companies of rangers, quartered on the
island near Fort Edward : viz.. Captain Bulkley, Lieuten-
ants Phillips, Moore, Campbell, Crafton and Pottinger ;
Ensigns Poss, Waite, McDonald and White, with one
hundred and sixty-two privates.
Captain Pogers engaged in this enterprise, with so
small a detachment of brave men, with much uneasiness.
He had every reason to believe that the prisoner and
deserter had informed the enemy of the movement
intended, and the force to be employed. Yet Colonel
Haviland, knowing all this, sent him out with hat one
hundred and eighty men. He probably had his reasons,
and could perhaps justify his conduct ; but that affords no
consolation to the friends of the brave men who were
thus rashly thrown in the way of an enemy of three times
their force, and of whom one hundred and eight never
returned.
The detachment first marched to Half-way brook, in
the road leading to Lake George, and there encamped for
the night. On the 11th they proceeded as far as the first
narrows on Lake George, and encamped that evening on
424 MEMOIROF
the east shore. After dark a scout was sent three miles
down, to ascertain if the enemy were coming toward our
fort, who returned without discovering them. The troops
w^ere, however, on their guard, and parties were kept
out walking upon the lake all night, while sentries were
posted at all necessary places on shore.
March 12. The rangers left their camp at sunrise, and,
having advanced about three miles, perceived a dog run-
ning across the lake. A party was therefore sent to
reconnoitre an island where it was supposed the Indians
were in ambush ; but, as none were found there, it was
thought expedient to take to the shore, and thus prevent
being discovered from the surrounding hills. They halted
at a place called Sabbath-day Point, on the west shore,
and sent out scouts to look down the lake with perspective
glasses. At dark the party proceeded down the lake.
Lieutenant Phillips, with fifteen men, several of whom
preceded him on skates, acted as an advanced guard,
while Ensign Ross flanked them on the left under the
west shore, near which the main body was kept marching
as closely as possible to prevent separation, the night
being extremely dark. In this manner they came within
eight miles of the French advanced guard, when Mr.
Phillips sent back a man on skates to desire the detach-
ment to halt. Upon this the men were ordered to sit
down upon the ice. Mr. Phillips soon after appeared,
reporting that he had discovered what he supposed to be
a fire* on the east shore, but was uncertain. He and Mr.
White were sent to ascertain the fact. They returned in
an hour, fully persuaded that a party of the enemy were
encamped at the place. The advanced guard was called
in, and the whole force marched to the west shore, where
in a thicket they concealed their sleighsf and packs.
* It was afterward learned that a scout of French had a fire there at
the time, but, on discovering the advanced party, put it out, and carried
the news to the fort.
t These Indian sleighs were pieces of split wood shaved thin, about
sixteen inches wide and six feet long, turned up in front, so as to slide
easily over the snow, with two arms and a cross-piece, by which they were
drawn. Thus an old ranger described them.
EGBERT ROGERS. 425
Leaving a small guard with the baggage, the party marched
*to attack the enemy's encampment, if it could be found.
On reaching the place where the supposed fire had been
seen, and finding no enemy, they concluded Mr. Phillips
had mistaken patches of snow or rotten wood for fire,
(which in the night and at a distance resemble it.) They
then returned to their packs, and passed the night without
fire. On the morning of the 13th a council of officers
determined that the best course w^as to proceed by land
upon snow^-shoes, lest the enemy should discover the party
on the lake. Accordingly the march was continued on
the west shore, along the back of the mountains, which
overlooked the French advanced guard, and the party
halted two miles west of them, where they refreshed
themselves until three o'clock. This halt and rest was to
afford the day scout from the fort time to return home,
before they advanced to ambush some of the roads leading
to the fortress that night, in order to trepan the enemy in
the morning.
The detachment now advanced in two divisions, one
headed by Captain Bulkley, and the other by Captain
Rogers. Ensigns White and Waite led the rear guard,
while the other officers were properly posted with their
respective divisions. On their left they were flanked by
a rivulet, and by a steep mountain on their right. The
main body kept close under the mountain, that the ad-
vanced guard might better observe the brook, on the ice
of which they might travel, as the snow was now four feet
deep, w^hich made travelling difficult even with snow--
shoes. In this manner they proceeded a mile and a half,
when the advance reported the enemy in sight, and soon
afterward, that his force w^as about ninety-six, chiefly
Indians. The party immediately threw down their knap-
sacks, and prepared for action, supposing the enemy's
w^hole force were approaching our left upon the ice of the
rivulet. Ensign McDonald w^as ordered to take command
of the advanced guard, which, as the rangers faced to the
left, became a flanking party to their right. They marched
28
426 MEMOIR OF
within a few yards of the bank, which was higher than
the ground they occupied, and, as the ground gradually*
descended from the rivulet to the foot of the mountain,
the line was extended along the bank so far as to cover
the enemy's whole front at once. When their front was
nearly opposite his left wing. Captain Rogers fired his
gun as the signal for a general discharge. The first fire
was given by the rangers, which killed more than forty,
and put the remainder to flight, in which one-half of the
rangers pursued and cut down several more with their
hatchets.
Imagining the enemy totally defeated. Ensign McDonald
was ordered to head their flying remains, so that none
should escape. He soon ascertained that the party already
routed was only the advanced guard of six hundred Cana-
dians and Indians, who were now coming up to attack
the rangers. The latter now retreated to their own ground,
which was gained at the expense of fifty men killed.
There tbey were drawn up in good order, and fought with
such intrepidity, keeping up such a constant and well-
directed fire, as caused the enemy, though seven to one
in number, to retreat a second time. The rangers being
in no condition to pursue, the enemy rallied, and made a
desperate attack upon their front and wings. They were
so warmly received that their flanking parties soon re-
treated to their main body with great loss. This threw
the whole into confusion, and caused a third retreat. The
rangers' numbers were now too far reduced to take ad-
vantage of their disorder, and, having rallied, the enemy
attacked them a fourth time.
Two hundred Indians were now discovered ascending
the mountain on the right, in order to fall upon our rear.
Captain Rogers ordered Lieutenant Phillips, with eighteen
men, to gain the heights before them, and drive the In-
dians back. He succeeded in gaining the summit, and
repulsed them by a well-directed fire. Captain Rogers
now became alarmed lest the enemy should go round on
the left, smd take post on the other part of the hill, and
EGBERT ROGERS. 427
directed Lieutenant Craffcon, with fifteen men, to antici-
pate them. Soon afterward he sent two gentlemen, who
were volunteers, with a few men to support him, which
they did with great hravery.*
The enemy- now pressed so closely upon the English
front, that the parties were often intermixed, and in gen-
eral not more than twenty yards asunder. A constant
fire continued from the commencement of the attack, one
hour and a half, during which time the rangers lost eight
ofiicers and one hundred privates killed on the spot. After
doing all that hrave men could do, they were compelled
to break, and each man to look out for himself. Rogers
ran up the hill, followed by twenty men, toward Phillips
and Grafton, where they stopped, and gave the Indians
who were pursuing in great numbers another fire, which
killed several and wounded others. Lieutenant Phillips
was at this time about capitulating for himself and party,
being surrounded by three hundred Indians. Pogers came
so near that Phillips spoke to him, and said if the enemy
would give good quarter, he thought it best to surrender ;
otherwise, he would fight while a man was left to fire a gun.
Captain Pogers now retreated, with the remainder of
his party, in the best manner possible. Several men, who
were w^ounded and fatigued, w^ere taken by the savages
who pursued his retreat. He reached Lake George in the
evening, where he was joined by several wounded men,
who were assisted to the place where the sleighs had been
left. From this place an express was dispatched to Gol-
onel Haviland, for assistance to bring in the wounded.
The party passed the night without fire or blankets, which
* These gentlemen were both officers of the line, and went out as volun-
teers, desirous of witnessing the novelty of an Indian fight. Rogers
previously requested them to retire, and offered a sergeant to conduct them.
They at first accepted the offer ; but, being unused to snow-shoes, unac-
quainted with the woods, and seeing the rangers hardly pressed by the
Indians, painted most hideously, and causing the mountains to echo with
their horrid yells, like gallant men, came back to their aid. After the
fight they escaped, and wandered in the forest and mountains for seven
days, enduring great hardships, until tlifi morning of the 20th, when they
reached Ticonderoga, and surrendered to a party of French officers, who,
observing them, ran out and prevented their capture by a party of Indians.
The French treated them in a kind and hospitable manner, and in due
time they were exchanged.
428 MEMOIR OF
were lost with their knapsacks. The night was extremely
cold, and the wounded suffered much pain, but behaved
in a manner consistent with their conduct in the action.
In the morning the party proceeded up the lake, and at
Hoop island met Captain John Stark bringing to their
relief provisions, blankets and sleighs. They encamped
on the island, and passed the night with good fires. On
the evening of March 15, they arrived at Fort Edward.
Regarding this unfortunate enterprise, Eogers says :
'^ The number of the enemy who attacked us was seven
hundred, of which six hundred were Indians. From the
best accounts, we afterward learned that we killed one
hundred and fifty of them, and wounded as many more,
most of whom died. I will not pretend to say what would
have been the result of this unfortunate expedition, had
our number been four hundred strong, as was' contem-
plated ; but it is due to those brave officers who accom-
panied me, most of whom are now no more, to declare that
every man in his respective station behaved with uncom-
mon resolution and coolness. IN'or do I recollect an
instance, during the action, in which the prudence or
good conduct of one of them could be questioned."
The only person whose conduct appears censurable was
Colonel Haviland, for sending out so small a force, when
he had every reason to believe that the enemy was
apprised of his intentions, and would without doubt have
a superior force in readiness, to compel the rangers to an
engagement under every disadvantage.
RETURN OF KILLED AND WOUNDED,
IN THE ACTION OF MARCH 13, 1758.
The captain and lieutenant of the regular troops, acting as volunteers,
were made prisoners. The ensign, a sergeant and one private, all vol-
unteers from the same regiment, were killed.
Captain Robert Rogers' Company —
Lieutenant Moore, Sergeant Parnell, and thirty-six privates, killed.
Captain Shephard's Company —
Two sergeants and sixteen privates killed.
ROBERT ROGERS. 429
Captain James Rogers' Company —
Ensign McDonald killed.
Captain John Stark's Company —
Two sergeants and fourteen privates killed.
Captain Bulkley's Company —
Captain Bulkley, Lieutenant Pottenger, and Ensign Waite killed ;
17 privates killed and missing.
Captain William Stark's Company—
Ensign Ross killed.
Captain Brewer's Company —
Lieutenant Campbell killed.
After the return of Captain Tlogers from this scout, he
was ordered to Albany to recruit his company, where he
met with a friendly reception from Lord Howe, who
advanced money to recruit men, and gave him leave to
wait upon General Abercrombie, at ^ew-York. That
general had now succeeded to the command-in-chief, in
place of Lord Loudoun, who was about to embark for
England. At this time, he received the following com-
mission :
By His Excellency, James Abercrombie, Esquire, Colonel of His Majesty's
44tli regiment of foot, Colonel-in-chief of the 60th royal Americans,
Major General and Commander-in-chief of all His Majesty's forces
raised or to be raised in North America.
Whereas, it may be of great use to his majesty's service
in America to have a number of men employed in obtain-
ing intelligence of the strength, situation and motions of
the enemy, and other services, for which rangers are qual-
ified : Having, therefore, the greatest confidence in your
loyalty, courage and skill, I do hereby constitute you
major of the rangers in his majesty's service, and captain
of a company of the same. You are therefore to take the
said rangers as major, and the said company as captain,
into your care, and duly exercise and instruct as well the
officers as the soldiers ; who are hereby commanded to
obey you as their major and captain, respectively. And
you are to observe such orders as from time to time jou
shall receive from his majesty, myself, or any other supe-
rior officer, according to the rules and discipline of war.
430 MEMOIR OF
Given at New- York, this 6th day of April, 1758, in the
31st year of our sovereign lord, the king of Great Britain,
France and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c.
JAMES ABERCROMBIE.
By His Excellency's command — ■
J. Appy, Sec y.
To Major Robert Rogers.
On the 12th of April Major Rogers reported himself to
Lord Howe, at Albany, with whom he conversed respect-
ing the difterent modes of distressing the enemy, and
prosecuting the war with vigor the ensuing campaign.
He then proceeded to Fort Edward to take orders from
Colonel Grant, then commanding that post. Captain
Stark was dispatched to Ticonderoga, on the west side of
Lake George ; Captain Jacobs (Indian), on the east side ;
Captain Shephard between the lakes, with orders to take
prisoners from Ticonderoga. At the same time. Major
Rogers marched, with eighteen men, to Crown Point.
Captain Burbank was also detached in quest of prisoners.
These scouts were kept constantly out to reconnoitre the
enemy from time to time.
April 29. Major Rogers marched, with eighteen men,
towards Fort William Henry, four miles, and encamped
at Schoon creek, the weather being rainy.
April 30. He proceeded north-east, and encamped by
South bay.
Ma}/ 1. He encamped near the narrows north of South
bay.
May 2. He made a raft, crossed the lake, and encamped
four miles from it, on the east side.
May 3. He steered north, and encamped three miles
from Ticonderoga.
May 4. He marched north-east all day, and encamped
three miles from Crown Point.
31ay 5. He killed a Frenchman, and took three pris-
oners. With them he reached camp on the 9th instant.
KOBEKT KOGEKS. 431
One of the prisoners reported that " he was a native of
Lorraine ; that he had been eight years in Canada — of
which time he had passed two years at Quebec, one at
Montreal, and five at Crown Point; that at the latter
plate were two hundred soldiers, under Mons. Jonang ;
that Ticonderoga contained four hundred of the queen's
regiment, one hundred and fifty marines, two hundred
Canadians and seven hundred Indians, three hundred
more being expected ; that the French did not intend to
attack the English fort, but were preparing to receive
them at Ticonderoga; they had heard that Rogers was
killed in the conflict of last March, but from prisoners
taken by the Indians, at Dutch Hoosac, they learned that
he was alive, and had sworn to revenge the barbarities with
which his men had been treated, particularly Lieutenant
Phillips * and his party, who had been butchered in cold
blood, after they had been promised quarter. This was
talked of among the Indians, who blamed the French for
encouraging them to do so."
*A note in the History of Manchester, page 321, refers to this circum-
stance as follows :
''It is stated in a note, in Kogers' journal, that Lieut. Phillips was
killed in this battle ; he and his party being tied to trees, and hewn to
pieces in the most barbarous manner. This is a mistake. Lieut. Phillips
escaped, lived to a good old age, and died in Northfield, IST. H., somewhere
about the year 1819. The writer of this has often heard Lieut. Phillips
relate this and other of his escapes in the ' seven years war.' "
In regard to Phillips, Judge Potter states that "^"his christian name was
William. He was known as ' Bill Phillips.' He was a noted hunter, and
lived in the vicinity of Concord, supporting himself principally by hunt-
ing. His father was aPrenchman, and his mother an Indian. "He partly
learned the trade of a blacksmith, but preferred to swing a hatchet or
knife to making either; and had rather by far steal a hatchet, axe, or
knife, than labor in their manufacture, or to purchase them, provided he
had money. In a word, he was an excellent hunter and warrior ; but,
with these characteristics, he had some of the bad habits of both the
French and the Indian. He was appointed a lieutenant by Lord Loudoun.
He was not killed, as reported by Kogers, in the action of March loth,
1758, but lived in the Merrimack valley until his death, in 1819. He
married Eleanor Eastman, of Kumford (now Concord), daughter of Ebe-
nezer Eastman. He supported himself by hunting and occasional black-
smith work. He became a drunkard, neglected his business, and would
steal. His wife, in consequence, left him, and joined the Shakers at
Canterbury. He lived to a great age, and was supported for a time by the
town of Concord. At length, he joined the settlement at Northfield.
That town supported him till his death."
432 MEMOIR OF
Captains Stark and Jacobs returned on the 8tli instant.
The former brought in six prisoners, four of whom he
recaptured near Ticonderoga; they, having escaped from
[N'ew-York and Albany, were on their flight to the French
forts. The latter, who had with him but one white nflian
and eighteen Indians, took ten prisoners and seven scalps
from a party of French. About the middle of May a flag
of truce was sent to Ticonderoga on Colonel Schuyler's
account, which' put a stop to all oflensive scouts till its
return.
May 28. Orders w^ere issued by Eogers to all officers
and men of the rangers, and the two Indian compani-es on
furlough, to join their respective corps before the 10th of
June. These orders were obeyed, and parties kept on
scouts until June 8th, when Lord Howe arrived at Fort
Edward w^ith one half of the army.
His lordship ordered Rogers, with fifty men, and his
whale-boats, which were conveyed in wagons to Lake
George, to proceed to Ticonderoga, to obtain at all events
an accurate plan of the north end; also, of the ground
from the landing-place to the fort; also, of Lake Cham-
plain for three miles beyond it, and discover the enemy's
force in that quarter.
With these orders, he marched on the morning of the
12th, and at night encamped on the site of Fort William
Henry.
June 30. He proceeded down the lake in five whale-
boats, to the first narrows, and to the west end of the lake,
where he took the plans required. Part of his men pro-
ceeding to reconnoitre the fort, discovered an extensive
Indian encampment and a large number of Indians.
While Rogers was at a distance from his men, engaged
with two or three others taking plans of the fort and
camp, the rangers were attacked by a superior number of
the enemy who had come between them. Captain Jacobs,
with his Mohegans, ran off at the first onset, calling to the
rangers to do the same; but they stood their ground, dis-
charged their pieces several times, and at last broke
KOBEKT KOGEKS. 433
through the enemy, who surrounded them on all sides
except their rear, which was covered by a river. They
killed three of the enemy, but lost eight rangers in the
skirmish. The party rallied at the boats, where Rogers
joined them, and, having collected all but the slain,
returned homeward.
On tli^ 20th, at Half-way brook, they met Lord Howe
with three thousand men, to whom Rogers gave an account
of his scout, and the plans he had requested. From him
he obtained leave to wait upon General Abercrombie at
Fort Edward. He ordered him to join Lord Howe next
day with all the rangers, amounting to six hundred, and
proceed with him to the lake.
On the 22d his lordship encamped near the site of Fort
William Henry. The rangers advanced four hundred
yards farther, and encamped on the west side. From this
position three small parties were detached, one to the nar-
rows of South bay, one along the west shore of Lake
George, and a third to Ticonderoga, all proceeding by
land. Another party of two lieutenants and seventeen
men were sent down the lake in five whale-boats, on the
look out, and were all taken prisoners by two hundred
French and Lidians.
On the 28th of June General Abercrombie arrived at
the lake with the remainder of his troops; and on the
morning of July 5th the whole army, of nearly sixteen
thousand men, embarked in batteaux for Ticonderoga.
The order of march afforded a brilliant spectacle. The
regular troops occupied the centre, and the provincials
formed the wings. For the advanced guard, the light
infantry flanked the right, and the rangers the left of Col-
onel Bradstreet's batteau men.
In this order the army advanced, until dark, down the
lake to Sabbath-day Point, when it halted to refresh. At
ten o'clock at night the force moved onward. Lord Howe
proceeding in front with his whale-boat, attended by
Colonel Bradstreet, Major Rogers, and Lieutenant Holmes
in other boats. Holmes was detached in advance to view
434 MEMOIR OF
the landing-place, and ascertain if the enemy were posted
there. He returned at daybreak, and met the army four
miles from the landing-place, near the Blue mountains.
He reported that he had discovered, by their fires, that
a party of the enemy were posted at the landing-place.
At daylight his lordship, Colonel Bradstreet, and Major
Kogers proceeded within a quarter of a mile of the landing-
place, and perceived a small party in possession of it. His
lordship thereupon returned to assist in landing the army,
intending to march by land to Ticonderoga. At twelve
o'clock the landing was effected, and the rangers posted
on the left wing. Major Rogers was ordered to gain the
summit of a mountain, which bore north one mile from
the landing-place ; thence to proceed to the river which
enters the falls between the landing-place and the saw-
mills, and take possession of a rising ground on the side
of the enemy ; there to await farther orders. After a
toilsome march of one hour, he gained the position, and
posted his men, to the best advantage, within a quarter of
a mile of the post occupied by the Marquis de Montcalm,
with fifteen hundred men, as the scouts ascertained. At
twelve o'clock Colonels Lyman and Fitch, of the provin-
cials, took post in their rear. While Rogers was informing
them of the enemy's position, a sharp fire commenced in
the rear of Lyman's regiment, who immediately formed
his front, and desired Rogers to fall upon the left flank,
which he did. Rogers ordered Captain Burbank, with
one hundred and fifty men, to retain their present position,
and watch the motions of the French at the saw-mills.
With his remaining force he fell upon the enemy's left,
the river covering their right, and killed many of them.
By this time Lord Howe, with a detachment from his
front, had broken the enemy, and hemmed them in on
each side ; but, while advancing himself with too great
intrepidity and zeal, he was unfortunately struck by a
shot, and died instantly.*
* This intrepid and accomplished nobleman was beloved by both officers
and soldiers, and his fall produced a general consternation.
ROBEET ROGERS. 435
At six o'clock, July 7tli, Rogers was ordered to the
river, where he had been stationed the day before, there
to halt on the west side, with four hundred and fifty men,
while Captain Stark, with the remainder of the rangers,
advanced with Captain Abercrombie, and Mr. Clerk, the
engineer, to reconnoitre the place. They returned the
same evening, and the whole army passed the night under
arms. At sunrise, July 8th, Sir William Johnson arrived
with four hundred and forty Indians. At seven o'clock
the rangers were ordered to march. A lieutenant of
Captain Stark led the advanced guard, which, when within
three hundred yards of the intrenchments, was ambushed
and fired upon by two hundred French. Rogers formed a
front to support them, and they maintained their ground
until the enemy retreated. Soon after this the batteau
men formed on Rogers' left, and the light infantry on his
right. The enemy's fire did not kill a man of the rangers.
Two provincial regiments now formed in Rogers' rear, at
two hundred yards' distance. While the army was thus
forming, a scattering fire was kept up between the English
flying parties and those of the enemy, without the breast-
work. At half past ten, the army being drawn up, a
sharp fire commenced on the left wing, where Colonel De
Lancy's ^ew York men and the batteau men were posted.
Upon this Rogers, with the rangers, was ordered to drive
the enemy within their works, and then to fall dow^n, that
the pickets and grenadiers might march through. The
enemy soon retired v/ithin their works, and Major Proby,
with his pickets, marched within a few yards of the works,
where he unfortunately fell. The enemy keeping up a
steady. fire, the soldiers were drawing back, when Colonel
Haldiman came up with the grenadiers to support them,
followed by the battalions of the line. The colonel ad-
vanced very near the breastwork, which was eight feet
high. Some provincials and Mohawks also came up. The
troops toiled, with repeated attacks, for four hours, being
much embarrassed by trees felled by the enemy without
their breastwork, when the general ordered a retreat,
436 MEMOIK OF
directing the rangers to bring up the rear, which they did
in the dusk of the evening. On the 9th, at dark, the army
reached the south end of Lake George, where the general
bestowed upon them his thanks for their good behavior,
and ordered them to intrench.. The wounded were sent
to Fort Edward and Albany. The loss of the English
was sixteen hundred and eight regulars, and three hun-
dred and thirty-four provincials killed and wounded,
while that of the French was five hundred killed and
wounded, and many prisoners.
Soon after this Rogers went on a scout to South bay,
and returned July 16th, having discovered one thousand
of the enemy on the east side. This party fell upon
Colonel Mchols' regiment, at Half-way brook,* and killed
three captains and twenty men.
July 27. Another party of the enemy attacked a convoy
of wagons between Fort Edward and Half-way brook, and
killed one hundred and sixteen men, sixteen of whom
were rangers. Major Kogers attempted to intercept this
party with seven hundred men, but they escaped. On his
return an express met him with orders to march to South
and East bays, and return. On this march nothing mate-
rial occurred until August 8th. Early in the morning the
march commenced from the site of Fort Ann ; Major
Putnam, with a party of provincials, marching in front,
the rangers in the rear, and Captain Daly ell, with the reg-
ulars in the centre, the whole force amounting to five
hundred and thirty, exclusive of officers. After marching
one-third of a mile, five hundred of the enemy attacked
the front. The men were immediately brought into line.
Captain Dalyellf commanding the centre, with the rangers
* From these and other slaughters this brook is sometimes called " Bloody
brook."
f Captain James Dalyell was appointed a lieutenant in the 60th, or
Royal Americans, January 15, 1756, and obtained a company in the 2d
battalion of Koyals, or 1st regiment of foot, on the 13th of September,
1760. On the 31st of July, 1763, he led a detachment against Pontiac,
then encamped beyond the bridge on the creek called "Bloody run,"
near Detroit. The British party was obliged to retreat ; but Dalyell,
seeing a wounded sergeant of the 55th lying on the ground, gazing in
despair after his retiring comrades, ran back to rescue the wounded man,
when he was struck by a shot, and fell dead.
EGBERT EOGERS. 437
and light infantry on the right, and Captain Giddings,
with his Boston troops, on the left. Major Putnam being
in front of his men when the fire began, the enemy rushed
in and took him, one lieutenant, and two privates pris-
oners, and threw his whole party into confusion. They
afterward rallied, and performed good service, particularly
Lieutenant Durkee,* who, notwithstanding a wound in
the thigh and one in his wrist, bravely maintained his
ground, and encouraged his men throughout the action.
Captain Dalyell, with Gage's light infantry, and Lieu-
tenant Eyers of the 44th regiment, behaved with great
gallantry. They occupied the centre, where at first the
fire was most severe. It afterward fell upon the right,
where the enemy made four difterent attacks upon the
rangers. The ofiicers and men behaved with so much
courage, that in an hour the enemy broke and retreated ;
but with so much caution, and in such small squads, as to
aftbrd no opportunities to harrass them by pursuit. The
English kept the field, and buried the dead. They missed
fifty-four men, twenty-one of whom came in afterward,
they having been separated from the rangers during the
action. The enemy lost one hundred and ninety-nine
killed, several of whom were Indians. The party was
met, at some distance from Fort Edward, by three hundred
men with refreshments, sent by Colonel Provost, and with
them they arrived, on the 9th of August, at Fort Edward.
July 11. Colonel Provost, who now ranked as brigadier,
ordered Rogers to pursue the track of a large body of
Indians, which he heard had passed down the Hudson.
The report proving groundless, he returned on the 14th,
and proceeded to the camp at Lake George. August 29th,
he reconnoitred Ticonderoga, and from that time until
the army retired to winter quarters, was employed in
various excursions to the French forts, and in pursuit of
their flying parties.
* Lieutenant Robert Durkee. This brave and skillful partisan
served with distinction in the French war, and afterward removed to the
settlement in the valley of Wyoming, Penn., and rendered valuable
services in the revolutionary contest. He was slain at the battle of
Wyoming, July 3, \Tt^.— Wilson's Orderly Book.
238 ME MO IE OF
Although little was eiFected by the expedition to Ticon-
deroga, the British arms were not every where unsuccess-
ful. Colonel Bradstreet, with two thousand men, reduced
Fort Frontenac* at Cataraqua ; and General Amherst, who
had captured Louisburg, now assumed the chief command
of his majest3''s forces, and established his head quarters at
New- York.
Major Rogei's proceeded to Albany to settle his accounts
with the paymaster, and while there addressed the follow-
ing letter to Colonel Townshend, deputy adjutant gen-
eral to his excellency. General Amherst :
Albany^ January 28, 1759.
Sir — I herewith send you a return of the present condi-
tion of his majesty's rangers at Fort Edward, with a list
of officers now recruiting in diiferent parts of Kew-
England, who report nearly four hundred men enlisted,
who are now w^anted to protect our convoys between
Albany and Fort Edward.
In order to urge the recruiting service, I would propose
a visit to Kew-England, and wait upon the general at
iJ^ew-York on my way, to represent the necessity of aug-
menting the rangers, and the desire of the Stockbridge
Indians to reenter the service. The rangers' arms are in
the hands of Mr. Cunningham at ]N^ew-York, and are very
much needed at Fort Edward. Will you be good enough
to have them forwarded ?
Respectfully, your obedient servant,
E. ROGEES.
To Colonel Townshend.
P. S. General Stanwix informs me that a subaltern
and twenty rangers are to be stationed at Number Four.
I would recommend Lieutenant Stevens, who is well ac-
quainted with the country in that quarter.
* This fort was square-faced, with four stone bastions, and nearly three
quarters of a mile in circumference. Its situation was pleasant, the
"banks of the river presenting an agreeable landscape, with a fair view of
Lake Ontario, distant one league, interspersed with many beautiful woody
islands. It was erected to prevent the Indians from trading with the
English, and became a place of great trade.
ROBERT RpGERS. 439
[Answer.]
s February 5, 1759.
^ir — I received your letter with the inclosed return.
The general commands me to inform you that he can hy
no means approve of your leaving Fort Edward. Your
recruiting officers are ordered to send their recruits to
Fort Edward, hy an advertisement in the newspapers
containing the general's orders, as you did not furnish
their names and places of duty. The proposals for the
Indians must he 'sent immediately to the general. The
arms shall be sent forthwith. Lieutenant Stevens has
been notified of the general's intention of leaving him at
Number Four. It is a season of the year when you may
expect the enemy's scouting parties, and you must see the
necessity of remaining at Fort Edward. Your officers
will join you as soon as possible. At another time the
general would grant your request.
Your humble servant,
K TOWNSHEND, B. A. G.
To Major Kogers.
E-ogers proposed to the colonel an addition of two new
corps of rangers, on the same footing as those already in
service, and that three Indian companies should be raised
for the next campaign. To secure them before they went
out on hunting parties, he wrote to three of their chiefs :
one, to King Uncas of the Mohegans, was as follows :
Brother Uncas — As it is for the advantage of King
George to have a large body of rangers raised for the next
campaign, and being well convinced of your attachment,
I wish, in pursuance of General Amherst's orders, to
engage your assistance early in the spring. Should you
choose to come out as captain-, you shall have a commis-
sion ; if not, I shall expect Doquipe and I^unipad. You
shall choose the ensign and sergeants. The company
shall consist of fifty men or more. If the deserters from
440 MEMOIR OF
Brewer's corps will join you, the general will pardon
them. You maj^ employ a clerk, who shall be allowed
the usual pay. I wish you success in raising the men,
and shall be glad to be joined by you as soon as possible.
Your humble servant,
R. ROGERS.
With letters to Indians, a belt of Avampum is sent. The
bearer reads the letter, and delivers that and the belt to
the sachem, to w^hom they are directed.
Toward the last of February Sir William Johnson sent
Captain Lotridge, with fifty Mohawks, to join Rogers in
a scout to Ticonderoga.
On the 3d of March Colonel Haldiman ordered Rogers
to reconnoitre the enemy's forts. He marched, with three
hundred and fifty-eight men, to Half-way brook, and
there encamped. One Indian, being hurt, returned. On
the 4th he marched within a mile and a half of Lake
George, and halted till evening, that he might pass the
enemy undiscovered, should any of them be on the hill.
He then marched on until two o'clock in the morning,
and halted at the first narrows, whence several frost-bitten
men were sent back in charge of a careful sergeant. At
eleven, on the night of the 5th, the party reached Sabbath-
day Point, almost overcome with cold. At two o'clock
the march was resumed, and the landing-place reached at
eight o'clock in the forenoon. Here a scout was sent out,
who reported two working parties on the east side, but
none on the west. This being a suitable opportunity for
the engineer to make his observations, Rogers left Captain
Williams in command of the regulars and thirty rangers,
and proceeded with the engineer and forty-nine rangers,
Captain Lotridge and forty-five Indians, to the isthmus
which overlooks the fort, where the engineer made his
observations. They then returned, leaving five Indians
and one ranger to observe what numbers crossed the lake
from the east side in the evening, that the party might
know how to attack them in the morning. At dark the
ROBEKT ROGERS. 441
engineer went again to the intrenchments with Lieutenant
Tute and a guard of ten men. He returned without
molestation at midnight, having completed his survey.
Upon his return Captain "Williams and the regulars were
ordered back to Sabbath-day Point ; they, being distressed
with cold, and having no snow-shoes, it appeared impru-
dent to march them farther. Lieutenant Tute and thirty
rangers w^ere sent with them to kindle fires at the point.
At three o'clock Rogers marched with forty rangers,
one regular, and Lotridge's Lidians to attack the w^orking
parties when they crossed the lake early in the morning.
He crossed South bay eight miles south of the fort, and
at six o'clock bore down opposite to it, within half a mile
of the French parties who were cutting wood. A scout
of two Indians and two rangers reported that they were
forty in number, and at work close upon the lake shore,
nearly opposite the fort. Throwing oiF their blankets,
the rangers ran down upon the choppers, took several
prisoners, and destroyed most of the party in their retreat.
Being discovered by the garrison, the party w^as pursued
by eighty Canadians and Lidians, supported by one hun-
dred and fifty regulars, who, in a mile's march, commenced
a fire upon their rear. The rangers, halting upon a rising
ground, repulsed the enemy before their w^hole party
came up, and resumed their line of march abreast. After
proceeding half a mile, their rear w^as again assailed ; but,
having gained an advantageous position upon a long
ridge, they made a stand on the side opposite to the
enemy. The Canadians and Lidians came very near, but,
receiving a w^arm fire from the rangers and Mohawks,
they broke immediately, were pursued, and entirely routed
before their regulars could come up. The party now
marched without interruption. In these skirmishes one
regular and two rangers were killed, and one Indian
wounded. Thirty of the enemy w^ere left dead. At twelve
o'clock at night the party reached Sabbath-day Point,*
* Considering that three skirmishes took place in the course of it, this
must be considered an extraordinary march on snow-shoes.
29
442 MEMOIR OF
fifty miles from the place they left in the morning. Cap-
tain Williams was up, and received them with good fires,
than which nothing could have been more acceptable, as
many of the men had their feet frozen, the weather being
intensely cold, and the snow four feet deep. Kext morn-
ing the whole party marched to Long island, on Lake
George, and encamped for the night. Daring the march
several rangers and Lidians had leave to hunt on the lake
shore, and brought in plenty of venison. Fearing that a
party of Indians, who had gone up South bay, might do
some mischief before his return, Major Kogers dispatched
Lieutenant Tute with the following letter to Colonel Hal-
diman :
Camp at Sabbath-day Point j 8 o'clocl^ A. M.
Sir — I w^ould inform you that sixty Indians, in two
parties, have gone toward Fort Edward and Saratoga,
and I fear they will strike a blow before this reaches you.
Mr. Brheme, the engineer, has completed his business
agreeably to his orders ; since which I have taken and
destroyed several of the enemy near Ticonderoga, as the
bearer will inform. The Mohawks behaved well, and
ventured within pistol shot of the fort. The weather is
extremely severe, and w^e are compelled to carry some of
our men whose feet are frozen.
Yours, &c.,
R. ROGERS.
N. B. Two-thirds of my detachment have frozen their
feet.
[Answer.]
Fort Edward, March 20, 1759.
Dear Sir — ^I congratulate you on your success, and send
twenty-two sleighs to transport your sick. You will also
bring as many boards * as you can conveniently. My
compliments to Captain Williams and the gentlemen.
Your most obed't serv't,
FRED. HALDIMAJS".
* Boards left at south end of Lake George, and wanted at B'ort Edward.
ROBERT ROGERS. 443
P. S. The signal guns * have been fired to give notice
to the difi:erent posts to be on their guard. Nothing has
yet appeared.
At Lake George the party met the sleighs and a detach-
ment of one hundred men, and all returned in safety to
Fort Edward, where Rogers received the following letter :
New- York, February 26, 1759.
Sir — ^Your letter by Mr. Stark was yesterday received.
The general approves of raising the Indians, but does not
agree to raise any more companies of rangers until the
present ones are completed. Your arms have been proved
by the artillery, and answer well. They will be sent you
as fast as possible. We have chosen one hundred men
from each regiment, and selected officers, to act this year
as light infantry. They are equipped as lightly as possible,
and are much wanted in our service. Brigadier Gage
recommends you highly to the general. With him merit
will not pass unrewarded, nor will he favor recommenda-
tions unless the person deserves promotion. Please return
your companies when complete.
Your humble servant,
R. TOWKSHEKD.
New- York, February 13, 1759.
Sir — This will be delivered by Captain Jacob Nanna-
Avapateonks, who during the last campaign commanded
the Stockbridge Indians, who, upon hearing that you had
written concerning him, came to offer his services for
the ensuing campaign. As you have not mentioned any
terms, I refer him to you to receive his proposals. Report
them to me, and inform me whether his service is ade-
quate to them. After which I will give an answer.
Your most obed't serv't,
JEFF. AMHERST.
To Major Rogers.
* A party of Indians near Fort Miller, eight miles below, heard these
guns, and, supposing they were discovered, retreated.
444 MEMOIR OF
Before receiving this letter, Rogers had waited on the
general at Albany, by whom he was well received, and
assured of the rank of major in the line of the array from
the date of his commission under General Abercrombie.
Returning to Fort Edward, May 15th, he received the
melancholy news of the death of Captain Burbank,* who,
during his absence, had been cut ofl* with thirty men
while on a scout. He was a good officer, and the scout
upon which he was sent was needless and ill-advised.
Preparations for the campaign were now hastened in
every quarter. Levies from the provinces arrived, the
ranger companies were completed, and in June a portion
of the army under General Gage advanced to the lake.
Rogers was ordered to send Captain Stark, with three
companies, to join him. With the other three, Rogers
remained under the orders of the general-in-chief, who
directed several scouts to be made to the enemy's forts.
June 20. The second division of the army proceeded
to the lake, the rangers forming the advanced guard.
Here the general fulfilled his promise to Rogers, by
declaring publicly, in general orders, his rank as major in
the army from the date of his commission as major of
rangers. The army lay here collecting its strength, and
procuring information of the enemy, until July 21st, when
it was again embarked for Ticonderoga, in little more
than a year from the time of the memorable repulse
before the lines of that fortress.
June 22. The rangers were in front, on the right wing,
and were the first troops landed at the north end of Lake
George. They were followed by the grenadiers and light
infantry, under Colonel Haviland. The rangers marched
across the mountains in the isthmus, thence, through a
by-path in the woods, to the bridge at the saw-mills ;
where, finding the bridge uninjured, they crossed to the
* An Indian scalped Captain Burbank, and held up the trophy with
great exultation, thinking it to be that of Major Rogers, The prisoners
informed him of the mistake, and the Indians appeared to be sorry,
saying he was a good man. He had some time previously shown some of
them kindness, which Indians never forget.
EGBERT ROGERS. 445
other side, and took possession of a rising ground. From
this they drove a party of the enemy, killed several, took
a number of prisoners, and routed the whole party before
Colonel Haviland's corps had crossed the bridge. The
army took possession of the heights near the saw-mills,
where it remained during the night. The enemy kept
out a scout of Canadians and Indians, w^ho killed several
men, and galled the army severely.
July 23. At an early hour the general put the troops
in motion. The rangers were ordered to the front, with
directions to proceed across Chestnut plain, the nearest
route to Lake Champlain, and endeavor to strike the lake
near the edge of the cleared ground, between that and
the breastwork ; there to await farther orders. The
general had by this time prepared a detachment to attack
the main breastwork on the hill, which they carried ;
w^hile two hundred rangers carried a small intrenchment
near Lake Champlain, without much loss. From the
time when the army came in sight, the enemy kept up
a constant fire of cannon from their w^alls and batteries.
The general employed several provincial regiments in
transporting cannon and stores across the carrying-place,
which service they performed with great expedition.
July 24. This day engineers were employed in raising
batteries, wdth the assistance of a large portion of the
troops, the remainder being employed in preparing fas-
cines, until the 26th,* at night. Scouts of rangers w^ere
during this interval kept out in the vicinity of Crown
Point, by whose means the general received hourly infor-
mation from that post. Orders were now given to cut
* The brave Colonel Townshend was killed this day by a cannon ball.
He was deeply lamented by the general, to whom he acted as deputj
adjutant general.
Roger Townshend, fourth son of Charles, Viscount Townshend, was
commissioned lieutenant colonel February 1, 1758, and served as adjutant
general in the expedition against Louisburg, and deputy adjutant general
in the campaign of 1759, with the rank of'colonel. He was killed in the
trenches at Ticonderoga, by a cannon ball, July 26, 1759. His remains
were conveyed to Albany for interment. His spirit and military knowledge
entitled him to the esteem of every soldier, and his loss was universally
lamented. — Wilson's Orderly Book.
446 ' MEMOIKOF
away a boom, which the French had thrown across the
lake opposite the fort, which prevented the English from
passing in boats to cut off the French retreat. To effect
this object, two whale-boats and one English flat-boat
were conveyed across the land from Lake George to Lake
Champlain. In these, after dark, Rogers embarked with
sixty rangers, and passed over to the other shore, opposite
the enemy's camp ; from thence intending to steer along
the east shore, and silently saw off the boom, which was
composed of large timber logs, fastened together with
strong chains. At nine o'clock the party had nearly
reached their destination, when the French, who had
previously undermined the fortress, sprung their mines,
which blew up the fort with a tremendous explosion, and
the garrison commenced a retreat in their boats. E-ogers
and his party availed themselves of this favorable oppor-
tunity of attacking them, and drove several boats on
shore ; so that in the morning ten boats were taken on
the east shore, containing a large quantity of baggage,
fifty casks of powder, and a quantity of shot and shells ;
which Rogers reported to the general at ten o'clock next
morning.
On the 27th Rogers was ordered with a party to the
saw-mills, to waylay flying parties of the enemy who
were expected to return that way. There he remained
until August 11th, when he received the following order :
You are this night to send a captain, with a suitable
proportion of subalterns, and two hundred men, to Crown
Point, where they will post themselves in such a manner
as not to be surprised ; and, if attacked, they are not to
retreat, but to maintain their ground until reinforced.
JEFF. AMHERST.
Captain Brewer was detached with this party, and the
general, following next morning with the whole army,
took possession of Crown Point the same day. Captain
Brewer had executed his orders in a most satisfactory
manner.
ROBERT ROGERS. 447
August 12. This evening the encampment was arranged,
the rangers' station being in front of the army. The next
day the general directed the ground to be cleared, and
employed a large portion of the troops in erecting a
new fort. Captain Stark, with two hundred rangers,
was employed in cutting a road from Crown Point through
the wilderness to j^umber Four.* While the army lay at
Crown Point, several scouts were sent out, who brought
prisoners from St. John's, and penetrated far into the
enemy's back country.
On the 12th of September, the general, being exas-
perated at the treatment of Captain Kennedy by the St.
Francis Indians, to whom he had been sent with a flag of
truce and proposals of peace, bift who, with his party, had
been made prisoners by the Indians, resolved to inflict upon
them a signal chastisement, and gave orders as follows :
You are this night to join the detachment of two liun-
dred men which was yesterday ordered out, and proceed
to Missisqui bay. From thence you will proceed to attack
the enemy's settlements on the south side of the St. Law-
rence, in such a manner as shall most eflectually disgrace
and injure the enemy, and redound to the honor and
success of his majesty's arms. Remember the barbarities
committed by the enemy's f Indian scoundrels on every
occasion where they have had opportunities of showing
their infamous cruelties toward his majesty's subjects.
Take your revenge, but remember that, although the
villains have promiscuously murdered women and children
of all ages, it is my order that no women or children
should be killed or hurt. When you have performed this
service, you will again join the army wherever it may be.
Yours, &c., JEFF. AMHERST.
Camp at Crown Point, September 13, 1759.
To Major Rogers.
* Charlestown, N. H.
f The plan for this expedition was formed on the day previous ; but,
that all due caution might be observed, it was announced, in public orders,
that Rogers would proceed another way, while he had secret orders to
proceed to St. Francis.
448 MEMOIK OF
The accouut of this expedition is contained in Rogers'
official dispatch, and is in substance as follows :
On the evening of the twenty-second day after our
departure from Crown Point, we came in sight of the
Indian town of St. Francis, which we discovered by
climbing a tree at three miles' distance. Here my party,
consisting of one hundred and forty-two,* officers included,
were ordered to refresh themselves. At eight o'clock
Lieutenant Turner, Ensign Avery, and myself reconnoi-
tred the town. We found the Indians engaged in a high
frolic, t and saw them execute several dances with great
spirit and activity. We returned to our camp at two
o'clock A. M., and at three advanced with the whole
party within three hundred yards of the village, where
the men were lightened of their packs, and formed for
action.
Half an hour before sunrise we surprised the village,
approaching it in three divisions, on the right, left, and
centre ; which was eiFected with so much caution and
promptitude on the part of the officers and men that the
enemy had no time to recover themselves, or to take arms
in their own defence, until they were mostly destroyed.
Some few fled to the water ; but my people pursued, sunk
their canoes, and shot those who attempted to escape by
swimming. We then set fire to all the houses except
three, reserved for the use of our party.
The fire consumed many Indians w^ho had concealed
themselves in their cellars and house-lofts, and would not
come out. At seven o'clock in the morning the affair
was completely over. We had by that time killed two
hundred Indians, and taken twenty women and children
prisoners. Fifteen of the latter I suffered to go their ow^n
way, and brought home with me two Indian boys and
* Captain Williams of the royal troops, on the fifth day out, accident-
ally burnt himself with powder, and was obliged to return, taking with
him forty men sick or hurt.
f The prisoners afterward informed me that the Indians celebrated a
wedding the night before the destruction of their town.
KOBEKT KOGEKS. 449
three girls.* Five English captives were also found, and
taken into our care.
When the detachment paraded, Captain Ogden was
found to be badly wounded, being shot through the body,
but still able to perform his duty. Six privates were
wounded, and one Stockbridge Indian killed. I ordered
the party to take corn out of the reserved houses, for their
subsistence home, which was the only provision to be
found. t While they were loading themselves, I examined
the captives, who reported that a party of three hundred
French and Indians were down the river, four miles below
us, and that our boats were waylaid. I believed this to
be true, as they told the exact number of the boats, and
the place where they had been left. They also stated
that two hundred French had three days before gone up
the river to Wigwam Martinique, supposing that I
intended to attack that place. A council of war now con-
cluded that no other course remained for us than to return
by Connecticut river to N'umber Four. The detachment
accordingly marched in a body eight days upon that course,
and, when provisions became scarce, near Memphremagog
lake, it was divided into companies, with proper guides to
each, and directed to assemble at the mouthof Ammonoosuc
river, as I expected to find provisions there for our relief.
Two days after our separation. Ensign Avery, of Fitch's
regiment, with his pai'ty, fell upon my track, and followed
in my rear. The enemy fell upon them, and took seven
prisoners, two of whom escaped, and joined me the next
morning. Avery and his men soon afterward came up
with us, and we proceeded to the Coos intervales, where I
left them under the orders of Lieutenant Grant. I then
* These prisoners, when brought to Number Four, claimed Mrs. Johnson
as an old acquaintance, she having been with their tribe as a prisoner
some time before. One of them was called Sebattis. The bell of the
Catholic chapel was also brought away, and a quantity of silver brooches
taken from the savages who were slain.
f One ranger, instead of more important plunder, placed in his knapsack
a large lump of tallow, which supported him on his way home, while
many, who had secured more valuable plunder, perished with hunger.
450 MEMOIK OF
proceeded with Captain Ogden, and one private, upon a
raft, and arrived at this place yesterday. Provisions were
in half an hour after dispatched up the river to Mr.
Grant, which will reach him this night. Two other
canoes, with provisions, have been sent to the mouth of
Amnion oosuc river. I shall go up the river to-morrow,
to look after my men, and return as soon as possible to
Crown Point. Captain Ogden can inform you of other
particulars respecting this scout, as he was with me through
the whole of the expedition, and behaved nobly.
Your most obedient servant,
E. EOGERS.
]N'umber Four, November 5, 1759.
To General Amherst.
The following additional particulars, stated by Major
Rogers, exhibit the daring and hazardous character of
this enterprise, and the hardships endured, dangers en-
countered, and difficulties surmounted, by the brave men
by whom it was accomplished. He says :
" I cannot forbear making some remarks upon the diffi-
culties and distresses w^hich^att ended the expedition, under
my command, against St. Francis, situated within three
miles of the river St. Lawrence, in the heart of Canada,
half way between Montreal and Quebec. While we kept
the water, it was found extremely difficult to pass undiscov-
ered by the enemy, who were cruising in great numbers
upon the lake, and had prepared certain vessels to decoy
English parties on board, to destroy them ; but we escaped
their designs, and landed at Missisqui bay in ten days.
Here I left my boats, and provisions sufficient to carry us
back to Crown Point, under the charge of two trusty
Indians, who were to remain there until we returned,
unless the enemy should discover the boats ; in which case
they were to follow my track, and bring the intelligence.
On the second day after this, they joined me at night,
informing me that four hundred French had found my
ROBERT ROGERS. 451
boats, and two hundred were following my track. This
report caused us much uneasiness. Should the enemy
overtake us, and we obtain an advantage in the encounter,
they would be immediately reinforced, while we could
expect no assistance, being so far advanced beyond our
military posts. Our boats and provisions also being taken,
cut off all hope of retreat by the route we came ; but,
after due deliberation, it was resolved to accomplish our
object, and return by Connecticut river.
Lieutenant McMullen was dispatched by land to Crown
Point, to desire General Amherst to relieve us with provi-
sions at Ammonoosuc river, at the extremity of the Coos
intervales, that being the route by which we should return,
if ever. We now determined to outmarch our pursuers,
and destroy St. Francis before we were overtaken. We
marched nine days through a spruce bog, where the ground
was wet and low, a great portion of it being covered with
water a foot deep. When we encamped at night, boughs
were cut from the trees, and wuth them a rude kind of
hammock constructed to secure us from the water. We
uniformly began our march at a little before day-break,
and continued it until after dark at night. The tenth day
after leaving the bay, brought us to a river, fifteen miles
north of St. Francis, which we were compelled to ford
against a swift current. The tallest men were put up
stream, and holding by each other, the party passed over,
with a loss of several guns, which were recovered by
diving to the bottom.
We had now good marching ground, and proceeded to
destroy the town, as before related, which would probably
have been effected, with no other loss than that of the
Indian killed in the action, had not our boats been discov-
ered and our retreat that way cut off. This tribe of
Indians was notoriously attached to the French, and had
for a century past harassed the frontiers of ^ew-England,
murdering people of all ages and sexes, and in times of
peace, when they had no reason to suspect hostile inten-
tions. They had, within my own knowledge, during six
452 MEMOIK OF
years past, killed and carried away more than six hundred
persons. We found six hundred scalps hanging upon
poles over the doors of their wigwams.
It is impossible to describe the dejected and miserable
condition of the party on arriving at the Coos intervales.
After so long a march, over rocky, barren mountains, and
through deep swamps,* worn down with hunger and
fatigue, we expected to be relieved at the intervales, and
assisted in our return.
The officer dispatched to the general reached Crown
Point in nine days, and faithfully discharged his commis-
sion ; upon which the general ordered an officer to ISTum-
ber Four, to proceed from thence, with provisions, up the
river to the place I had designated, and there to wait as
long as there were any hopes of my return. The officer f
remained but two days, and returned, carrying with him
all the provisions, about two hours before our arrival.
We found a fresh fire burning in his camp, and fired guns
to bring him back, which he heard, but would not return,
supposing we were an enemy.
In this emergency, I resolved to make the best of my
way to ISTumber Four, leaving the remainder of the party,
now unable to proceed farther, to obtain such wretched
subsistence as the wilderness afforded | until I could
relieve them, which I promised to do in ten days.
. Captain Ogden, myself, and a captive Indian boy, em-
barked on a raft of dry pine trees. The current carried
us down the stream, in the middle of w^hich w^e kept our
miserable vessel with such paddles as could be split and
hewn with small hatchets. On the second day we reached
White Eiver falls, and narrowly escaped running over
them. The raft w^ent over and was lost ; but our remain-
* In one of these swamps a party was led about for three days by a
squaw, and finally brought back to their tracks. This she did to afford the
Indians an opportunity to overtake them.
I This gentleman was censured for his conduct ; but that reproach
afforded no consolation to the brave men to whom his negligence caused
such distress and anguish ; and of whom many actually died of hunger.
X Ground-nuts and lily-roots, boiled, will support life.
ROBERT ROGERS. 453
ing strength enabled us to land, and pass hj the falls, at
the foot of which Captain Ogden and the ranger killed
several red squirrels and a partridge, while I attempted to
construct a new raft. Not being able to cut the trees, I
burned them down, and burned them off at proper lengths.
This was our third day's work after leaving our compan-
ions. The next day we floated to Wattoquichie falls, which
are about fifty yards in length. Here we landed, and
Captain Ogden held the raft by a withe of hazle-bushes,
while I went below to swim in, board the raft, and paddle
it ashore. This was our only hope of life '; for we had not
strength to make another raft, should this be lost. I
succeeded in securing it, and next morning we floated
down to within a short distance of ISTumber Four. Here
we found several men cutting timber, who relieved and
assisted us to the fort. A canoe was immediately sent up
the river with provisions, which reached the men at Coos
in four days, being the tenth day after my departure.
Two days afterward I went up the river with two canoes,
to relieve others of my party who might be coming that way.
I met several parties: viz.. Lieutenants Cargill, Camp-
bell and Farrington ; also Sergeant Evans, with their
respective parties ; and proceeding farther, fell in with sev-
eral who had escaped of Turner's and Dunbar's parties,
which, twenty in number, had been overtaken and mostly
taken or killed by the enemy. Expresses were sent to
Suncook * and Pennacook, f upon Merrimack river, direct-
ing that any who should stray that way should be assisted.
At Number Four, the following letter was received from
the general.
Crown Point, Nov. 8, 1759.
Sir — Captain Ogden has delivered your letter of the 5th,
which I have read with great satisfaction. Every step
you have taken was well judged, and deserves my appro-
bation. I am sorry Lieutenant * * * * conducted
so ill in coming away with the provisions, from the place
where I ordered him to wait for you.
* Pembroke, N. H. f Concord, N. H.
454 MEMOIK OF
An Indian came in last night, who left some of your
men at Otter river. I sent for them, and they have come in.
This afternoon came in four Indians, two rangers, a Ger-
man woman, and three other prisoners. They left four
of your party some days since, and supposed they had
arrived. I hope the residue may get in safe. The only
risk will be in meeting the enemy's hunting parties.
I am, sir, your ohed't serv't,
JEFF. AMHERST.
After the party had recruited their strength, such as
were able to march started for Crown Point, where they
arrived December 1, 1759.
Since leaving the ruins of St. Francis the party had lost
three of&cers : Lieutenant Dunbar of Gage's light infantry,
Lieutenant Turner of the rangers, and Lieutenant Jenkins
of the provincials, with forty-six sergeants and privates.
The rangers at Crown Point were all dismissed before
Roger's return, excepting two companies, commanded by
Captains Johnson and Tute. The general had left him
orders to continue in that garrison during the winter, with
leave to proceed down the country, and wait upon him at
l^ew-York. After reporting to the general at that city
what intelligence he had obtained respecting the enemy,
he was desired, at his leisure, to draw a plan of the march
to St. Francis. He returned by way of Albany, which
place he left February 6, 1760, with thirteen recruits. On
the 13th, while on the way between Ticonderoga and
Crown Point, he was attacked by sixty Indians, who killed
five of his men, and took four prisoners. With the remain-
ing four he escaped to Crown point, and would have pur-
sued the party ; but Colonel Haviland* thought the step
* This officer was the same who sent him out in March, 1758, with a small
force, when he knew a superior one lay in wait for him. He was one of
those sort of men who manage to escape public censure, let them do what
they will. He ought to have been cashiered for his conduct on that occa-
sion. He was one of the many British officers who were meanly jealous of
the daring achievements of their brave American comrades, but for whose
intrepidity and arduous services, all the British armies, sent to America
during the seven years' war, would have effected little toward the conquest
of Canada.
EGBERT ROGERS. 455
would be imprudent, as the garrison was very sickly. His
sleigh was taken, containing £1,196, York currency, beside
stores and necessaries. Of the money, X800 belonged to
the crown, which was allowed him. The remainder, £396,
being his own, was lost.
March 31. Captain Tute, with two regular officers and
six men, went on a scout, and were all taken prisoners.
The sickness of the garrison prevented pursuit. The fol-
lowing letter was received from the general.
New- York, March 1, 1760.
Sir — The command of his majesty, to pursue the war
in this country, has determined me to complete the com-
panies of rangers which were on foot last campaign.
Captain Waite yesterday informed me that his company
could easily be filled up in Massachusetts and Connecticut,
and I have given him a warrant for $800, and beating
orders.
I have also written to Captain John Stark, in i^ew-
Hampshire, and Captain David Brewer, in Massachu-
setts, inclosing to each beating orders for their respective
provinces. I send you a copy of their instructions, which
are to send their men to Albany as fast as recruited.
Your humble servant,
JEFF. AMHERST.
To Major Rogers.
[Answer.]
Crown Point, March 15, 1760.
Sir — Since the receipt of yours, I have dispatched
Lieutenant McCormick, of Captain William Stark's corps,
and Lieutenants Fletcher and Holmes to recruit for my
own and Captain Johnson's companies. I have no doubt
they will bring in good men to replace those who have
been frost bitten, who may be discharged or sent to the
hospital. The smallness of our force has prevented any
incursions to the French settlements in quest of a prisoner,
which may be obtained at any time.
Yours respectfully, R. ROGERS.
456 MEMOIKOF
March 9. The general wrote to Major Rogers that he
had given a company of rangers to Captain Ogden, and
to desire some one to be sent to Stockbridge to engage
Lieutenant Solomon (Indian) to raise a company of Indians
for the ensuing campaign. Mr. Stuart, adjutant of the
rangers, was accordingly sent to explain to Solomon the
conditions of the service. The Indians agreed to enter
the service, but, as many of them were out hunting, they
could not be collected at Albany until the 10th of May.
In the mean time, the ranger companies at Crown Point
were completed.
May 4. Sergeant Beverly, having escaped from Mon-
treal, arrived at Crown Point after seven days' journey.
He had lived in the house of Governor Yaudreuil, and
reported that, on the tenth of April, the enemy withdrew
their troops from Isle aux ISToix, excepting a garrison of
three hundred, under Monsieur Bonville ; that they had
already brought away half the cannon and ammunition ;
that two French frigates, of thirty-six and twenty guns, and
several smaller vessels, lay all winter in the St. Lawrence ;
that all the French troops in Canada had concentrated at
Jecorte on the 20th of April, excepting slender garrisons
in their forts ; all the militia who could be spared from the
country, leaving one male to every two females to sow the
grain, were also collected at the same place, under General
Levi, who intended to retake Quebec ; * that ninety-nine
men were drowned in their passage to Jecorte ; that he
saw a private, belonging to our troops, at Quebec, who
was taken prisoner April 15th. He stated that the garri-
son was healthy ; that Brigadier General Murray had four
thousand troops fit for duty in the city, and an advanced
guard of three hundred men at Point Levi, which place
tbe enemy attempted to occupy in February last with a
considerable force, and began to fortify a stone church
near the point ; but that General Murray sent over a
detachment of one thousand men, which drove the enemy
from their position, with the loss of a captain and thirty
* Quebec had been taken by General Wolfe, in 1759.
EGBERT EOGERS. 457
French soldiers ; that General Murray had another mili-
tary post, of three hundred men, on the north side of the
river, at Laurette, a short distance from the town ; that
all alono: the land-ward side of the town was a line of
block-houses, under cover of the cannon ; that a breast-
work of fraziers extended from one to the other of the
block-houses ; that General Murray had heard that the
enemy intended to beat up his quarters, but was not
alarmed ; that a party from Quebec surprised two of the
enemy's guards at Point Trimble, who were all killed
or taken, one guard being composed entirely of French
grenadiers ; that two more English frigates had passed up
the river, and two other men-of-war lay near the Isle of
Orleans ; that the French told him that a fleet of ten sail
of men-of-war had been seen at Gaspee bay, and had
again put to sea on account of the ice, but did not know
whether they were French or English ; that the French
intended, on the 1st of May, to draw off two thousand
men to Isle aux Koix, and as many more to Oswegatchie,
and did not intend to attack Quebec unless the French
fleet entered the river before the English ; that, on the
5th of May, one hundred Indians departed for our forts —
the remainder had gone to Jecorte ; that the Attawawa
and Cold Country Indians would join General Levi in
June, ten sachems having been dispatched last fall to
solicit aid of those natives from the far north-west ; that
many deserters from the corps of Eoyal Americans are
at Quebec, in the French service ; that they were to be
sent, under the charge of Monsieur Boarbier, up the Atta-
wawa river to the colony between the lakes and the
Mississippi ; that most of the enemy's Indians intend
going there ; that many of the French who have money
intend to secure it by going to ]S"ew-Orleans ; that he saw
at Montreal Eeynolds and Hill, who were last fall reported
to Colonel Haviland as deserters — they were taken near
Eiver-head block-house while in quest of cattle ; two
more rangers will be here in two days with fresh tidings
from Montreal, if they can escape ; that Lougee, the
30
458 MEMOIE OF
famous partisan, was drowned in the St. Lawrence a
few days after his return with the party which surprised
Captain Tute ; that the Indians keep a sharp look-out
upon the N'umber Four roads, where they intercept plenty
of sheep and cattle on their way to Crown Point. General
Murray had hanged several Canadians, who were detected
conveying ammunition from Quebec to the enemy; that
the two Indian captains, Jacob, are still in Canada ; one is
with Captain Kennedy on board a vessel, in irons ; the
other ran away last fall, but returned, having frozen his
feet ; he is at Montreal."
Soon after this Major Rogers went down Lake Cham-
plain to reconnoitre the Isle aux ^oix, the landing-places,
&c. He then proceeded to Albany, and gave the general
all the information he possessed in regard to the passage
into Canada by the Isle aux JSToix ; as, also, by 'Oswego
and la Gallette.
The general, having learned by express that Quebec
w^as besieged by the French, formed the design of sending
Major Rogers, with a force, into Canada, with directions,
if the siege continued, to lay waste the country, and, by
marching from place to place, to endeavor to draw off the
enemy's troops, and protract the siege, until the English
vessels should ascend the river. He was to be governed
entirely by the motions of the French army. If the siege
was raised, he was to retreat ; if not, to harass the country^
even at the expense of his party. The orders were as
follows :
You are to proceed with a detachment of three hundred
men : viz., two hundred and seventy-five rangers, with
their officers, a subaltern, two sergeants, and twenty-five
m-en from the light infantry regiments, down the lake,
under convoy of the brig, and lay up your boats in a safe
place upon one of the islands while executing the follow-
ing orders :
You will send two hundred and fifty men on the west
side, in such a manner as to reach St. John's without
being discovered by the enemy at Isle aux Noix. You
EGBERT ROGERS. 459
will endeavor to surprise the fort at St. John's, and
destroy the vessels, boats, provisions, or whatever else
may be there for the use of the troops at Isle aux l^oix.
You will then proceed to Chamblee, and destroy every
magazine 3'ou can find in that quarter.
These proceedings will soon be known at Isle aux ISToix,
and the enemy Avill endeavor to cut oft* your retreat ;
therefore, your safest course will be to cross the river, and
return on the east side of the Isle aux ^oix. Upon land-
ing on the west side, you will send an ofiicer, with fifty
rangers, to Wigwam Martinique, to destroy what he may
there find on both sides of the river, and then retreat.
You will take such provisions as are necessary, and direct
Captain Grant, with his vessels, to wait for your return
at such places as you may direct.
Your men should be as lightly equipped as possible.
They should be strictly cautioned respecting their conduct,
and obedience to their ofiacers. There should be no firing,
no unnecessary alarms, and no retreating without order.
The men are to stand by each other, and nothing can
injure them. Let every man who has a proper musket be
furnished with a bayonet. You are not to sufter the
Indians* to destroy women or children, nor your men to
load themselves with plunder. They shall be rewarded
on their return as they deserve.
JEFF. AMHERST.
With these instructions the general delivered him a
letter, directed to General Murray at Quebec, with orders
to have it conveyed to him as soon as possible. He then
returned to Crown Point, and about the 1st of June
embarked from thence in four vessels, taking on board
their boats and provisions, that the enemy might have no
opportunity of discovering their design.
June 3. Lieutenant Holmes, with fifty men, landed at
Missisqui bay, with orders to proceed to Wigwam Marti-
nique. A . sloop was directed to cruise for him, and on
*The Stockbridge Indians had not arrived, but orders were left for
tbem to follow the track of Rogers.
460 MEMOIR OF
his return to take him and his party on board, upon his
making certain signals. From this place Rogers dis-
patched Sergeant Beverly, with the general's letter to
General Murray, with these instructions :
You will take under your command John Shute, Lux-
ford Goodwin, and Joseph Eastman, and proceed, under
the convoy of Lieutenant Holmes, to Missisqui bay, and
land in the night ; otherwise, you may be discovered by a
party from Isle aux I^oix. You will then steer a north-
easterly course, and proceed with all possible dispatch to
Quebec, or to the English army at or near that city, and
deliver the letter intrusted to your care to Brigadier
Murray, or the officer commanding his majesty's forces in
and upon the river St. Lawrence.
You have herewith a plan of the country, that you may
know the considerable rivers between Missisqui bay and
Quebec. The distances are marked in the plan, as is the
road I travelled last fall to St. Francis, which road you
will cross several times. The rivers you will know by
their descriptions, when you come to them.
The river St. Francis, about midway of your journey,
is very still water, and may be easily rafted where you
will cross it ; lower down it is so rapid that its passage
must not be attempted.
The Chaudiere river is rapid for some miles above its
mouth, and should be well examined before you cross it.
After passing this river, lay your course east, leaving
Point Levi on the left, and strike the St. Lawrence near
the low^er end of the Isle of Orleans, as General Murray
may possibly be encamped on that or the Isle of Quadoa.
You are directed to look out for the English fleet, and
may venture on board the first line-of-battle ship you see,
whose commander will convey you to the general, who
will pay you fifty pounds, and give farther orders as soon
as you have rested from your march.
- Major Rogers, with his party, now crossed Lake Cham-
plain to the west shore, and, embarking in boats, on the
KOBEKT ROGERS. 461
4tli landed two hundred men twelve miles south of Isle
aux N'oix. Captain Grant, with his sloops, was directed to
cruise down the lake near the fort, to attract the notice of
the enemy until Rogers could get into the country. In
consequence of the rain, and the risk of spoiling their
provisions, he lay with his party, during the whole day of
the 5th, concealed in bushes.
In the afternoon of that day several French boats
appeared on the lake, continuing as near to our vessels
as they could with safety, until after dark. Concluding
these boats would watch the vessels all night, Eogers went
on board after dark, in a small boat, and ordered them to
retire to the Isle of Motte. The enemy, who were out all
night, discovered his landing, and sent a force from the
island to cut off the party. The scouts counted their
number as they crossed from the fort in boats, making it
three hundred and fifty men. At eleven o'clock the left
of the rangers was briskjy attacked. Their right was
protected by a bog, which the enemy did not venture
over ; through which, however, by the edge of the lake,
seventy rangers, under Lieutenant Farrington, passed,
and fell upon their rear. At the same time they were
attacked in front, and immediately broke. They were
pursued a mile, where they separated into small parties,
and took refuge in a thick cedar swamp. The rain now
came on again, and the party was recalled to the boats,
where they found that Ensign Wood, of the 17th regiment,
had been killed, and Captain Johnson shot through the
body, the left arm, and wounded in the head. Of the
rangers sixteen were killed and eight wounded ; two light
infantry men were wounded. . Forty of the French fell ;
their commander, Monsieur la Force was wounded (mor-
tally), with several of his men. Fifty muskets were taken.
After the action the party embarked with their killed
and wounded, and returned to the Isle of Motte, near
which the brig lay. One of the vessels, having on board
the corpse of Mr. Wood, and that of Captain Johnson
(who died on the passage thither), was dispatched to Crown
462 MEM OIK OF
Point, with orders to return with provisions. The dead
were buried upon a small island, and the party prepared
for a second landing.
Being now joined by the Stockb ridge Indians, Rogers
determined to execute his orders, and, to conceal his
motions, left the following orders for Captain Grant : ^
You will immediately fall down the lake, with your
vessels, to Wind-mill Point, and there cruise two or three
days, to attract the attention of the enemy from my
motions. "When I suppose you are near the point, my
party will land on the west side, opposite the north end of
the Isle of Motte, near the river which enters the bay at
that place.
If we are not attacked, we shall return on the east side,
and endeavor to join you near Wind-mill Point, or some-
where between that and the Isle of Motte. Our signal
will be a smoke, and three guns discharged in succession,
at a minute's interval, the signal to be repeated in half
an hour.
But, should we be attacked before reaching our destina-
tion, in case we have the worst of it, you may expect us
to make the above ^signals on the west side, between the
Isle of Motte and the place of our action, on the 6th
instant. As the time of our return is uncertain, I advise
your not coming south of the Isle of Motte, as a contrary
wind may prevent your getting in to my relief Sergeant
Hacket and ten rangers will remain with you during my
absence. I advise you not to send parties to the island to
take prisoners until the fifth day after my landing, as the
loss of a man may be a serious misfortune at this time,
and discover our intentions to the enemy. Mr. Holmes
will probably return between the 11th and 16th days from
his departure from the Missisqui bay ; one of the sloops
may cruise for him off the bay.
On the 9th of June, at midnight, Eogers landed, with
two hundred men, on the west shore, opposite la Motte,
and marched with all dispatch for St. John's. On the
EOBEKT ROGEKS. 463
evening of tlie 15th they came to the road leading from
that place to Montreal. At eleven at night they advanced
within four hundred yards of the fort. The enemy was
stronger than was expected, with seventeen sentinels so
well posted as to render a surprise impossible.
The scout was discovered, and alarm guns fired ; upon
which the party retired at two o'clock, and proceeded
down river to St. d'Etrees. This place was reconnoitred
at daybreak. The fort was a stockade, proof against
small arms, and containing two large store-houses. The
enemy were carting hay into the fort, and the rangers,
watching their opportunity, wdien a cart w^as entering
the gateway, rushed forward from their concealment, and
captured the place before the gate could be closed. In
the meantime other parties proceeded to the houses near
the garrison (fifteen), which w^ere all surprised without
firing a gun. In the fort were tw^enty-four soldiers, and
in the houses seventy-eight prisoners — men, women, and
children. Several young men escaped to Chamblee.
Ascertaining, from an examination of the prisoners,
that Chamblee could not be attacked with success, they
burned the fort and village, with a large magazine of hay
and provision. They killed all the cattle and horses ; and
every batteau, canoe, wagon, and every thing which could
be of service to the enemy, was destroyed. To the women
and children Eogers gave a pass to Montreal, directed to
all ofiicers of the several detachments under his command.
After this the party continued their march to the east
side of Lake Champlain. While passing Missisqui bay,
opposite the Isle aux ^oix, their advanced guard engaged
with that of a detachment of eight hundred French, who
w^ere in quest of them ; but, as the enemy's main body
was a mile behind, their advanced party retreated. The
party continued their march to the lake, where a party
had been sent forward to repeat the signals, and found the
boats waiting, in which they all embarked, thus escaping
the enemy, who appeared in full force a few minutes after.
Mr. Grant had performed his duty like an able and faithful
464 MEMOIK OF
officer, patiently waiting with his vessels, and securing
the retreat of the party.
Several of the prisoners had been at the siege of Quebec,
and reported that the French lost five hundred men, and,
after bombarding the place twelve days, had retired to
"Jack's quarters," where General Levi had left five
hundred regulars and four hundred Canadians ; that the
remainder of his troops were quartered by threes and twos
upon the inhabitants from that place to St. John's ; that
in Montreal one hundred troops were stationed, the inhab-
itants themselves performing duty ; that Chamblee fort
contained one hundred and fifty men, workmen included ;
that the remnant of the Queen's regiment were in the
village ; that St. John's fort had twelve cannon and three
hundred men, including workmen, who were obliged to
take up arms at a moment's notice ; that three hundred
men and one hundred pieces of cannon were stationed at
the Isle aux Koix.
On the 21st the twenty-six prisoners, under a guard of
fifty men, were dispatched in a vessel to Crown Point, the
others of the party remaining to cover Mr. Holmes' retreat.
He joined them the same evening, having failed in his
enterprise by mistaking a river which falls into the Sorelle
for that called Wigwam Martinique, which falls into the
St. Lawrence near St. Francis. On the 23d the party
reached Crown Point, and encamped on Chimney Point,
directly opposite.
The general wrote to Eogers, from Canajoharie, soon
after his return, expressing his satisfaction of his conduct
in this enterprise. Preparations were made for the army
to advance into Canada, and, on the 16th of August, the
embarkation was effected in the order following : Six
hundred rangers and seventy Indians, in whale-boats,
formed the advanced guard, at the distance of half a mile
from the main body. ISText followed the light infantry
and grenadiers in two columns, under Colonel Darby.
The right wing was composed of provincials, commanded
by Brigadier Ruggles (of Boston), who was second in
EGBERT ROGERS. 465
command. The left was made up of E'ew-Hampshire and
Boston troops, under Colonel Thomas. The 17th and
27th regiments formed the centre column under Major
Campbell. Colonel Ilaviland was posted in front of these,
between the light infantry and grenadiers. The royal
artillery, under Colonel Orde, followed in four rideaux.
In this order the troops moved down the lake forty miles
the first day, and encamped on the west side. On the
18th, embarking with a fresh south wind, thej proceeded
within ten miles of the Isle of Motte. The roughness of
the water split one of the rangers' boats, by which acci-
dent ten were downed.
On the 9th the army encamped on the Isle of Motte.
On the 20th they proceeded twenty-two miles farther, and
came in sight of the French fort. At ten o'clock A. M.
Colonel Darby landed his infantry and grenadiers, the
rangers following without opposition, and occupied the
ground over against the fort. Batteries were raised the
next day, and shells thrown into the place.
On the 25th Colonel Darby proposed to capture the
enemy's rideaux and vessels lying at anchor. Two com-
panies of regulars, four of rangers, and the Indians, were
selected for the service, under Colonel Darby. Two light
howitzers and a six-pounder were silently conveyed through
the trees, and brought to bear upon the vessels before the
enemy were aware of the design. The first shot from the
six-pounder cut the cable of the great rideau, and the
wind blew her to the east shore, where the English party
were stationed. The other vessels weighed anchor, aad
steered for St. John's, but grounded in turning a point
two miles from the fort. Rogers then led a party down
the east shore, and, crossing a river thirty yards wide,
arrived opposite the vessels. From thence a portion of
his men kept up a fire, while others, armed with toma-
hawks, swam ofl:' and boarded one of them. In the mean-
time Colonel Darby captured the rideau, had her manned,
and secured the other two. Colonel Ilaviland sent down
466 MEMOIK OF
men to work the vessels, and ordered the party to join the
army that night.
At midnight the French evacuated the island, and
reached the main land, leaving their sick behind. iS'ext
morning Colonel Haviland took possession of the fort.
On the second day after Monsieur Bonville's retreat,
Colonel Haviland ordered the rangers to pursue him as
far as St. John's, about twenty miles down the lake, and
await the arrival of the army, but by no means to approach
nearer to Montreal.
At daylight they reached St. John's in boats. The place
was on fire, and the enemy had retreated. Two prisoners
informed that Monsieur Bonville was that night to encamp
half way on the road to Montreal ; that he left St. John's
at nine o'clock the night before ; that many of his troops
were sick, and they thought some of them would not
reach the place of encampment until late in the afternoon.
It was now seven o'clock in the morning, and a portion
of the men were directed to fortify the houses standing
near the lake shore, while the remainder should pursue
Monsieur Bonville. At eight o'clock Rogers left the boats,
under the protection of two hundred rangers, while, with
four hundred others and the two Indian companies, he
pursued the track of the French arm}^ now consisting of
fifteen hundred French and one hundred Indians. Rogers
followed with such diligence as to overtake their rear
guard of two hundred men two miles before they reached
their ground of encampment. They were immediately
attacked, broken, and pursued to the main body.* The
rangers pursued in good order, expecting General Bon-
ville would make a stand. But, instead of this, he pushed
forward to the river, where he intended to encamp ; which
he crossed, and broke down the bridge, thus putting a
stop to the pursuit. The enemy encamped within a good
breast-work, which had been prepared for their reception.
In the pursuit the rangers lessened their numbers, and
^ In this attack the rangers fired the \as,t hostile guns for the conquest of
Canada. This was the finishing skirmish.
EGBERT ROGERS. 467
returned in safety. In the evening Colonel Haviland's
detachment arrived at St. John's, and next day proceeded
down the Sorelle as far as St. d'Estrees, and fortified their
camp.
From this place Rogers proceeded, with his rangers,
down the Sorelle, to bring the inhabitants under subjec-
tion to his Britannic majesty. They entered the settled
parts of the country by night, collected all the priests and
militia officers, and directed them to assemble all the
inhabitants who were willing to surrender their arms,
take the oath of allegiance, and keep their possessions.
After this he joined Colonel Darby, at Chamblee, where
he had brought several pieces of light artillery to reduce
the fort ; but, as the garrison consisted of but fifty men,
they soon after surrendered at discretion..
September 2. The army having nothing farther to per-
form, and favorable intelligence having been received
from Generals Amherst and Murray, Major Rogers, wdth
the rangers, was detached to join the latter, and on the
6th reached Longueville, four miles below Montreal, and
next morning reported himself to General Murray, whose
camp was directly opposite. General Amherst had at this
time arrived, and landed his army within about two miles
of the city. Early in the morning General Yaudreuil, the
commander-in-chief of all the Canadas, proposed to Gen-
eral Amherst a capitulation. The articles of surrender
were signed on the 8th, and on the same evening the
English troops took possession of the gates of Montreal.
]^ext morning the light infantry and grenadiers of the
whole army, under Colonel Haldiman, with two pieces of
cannon and several howitzers, entered the city. Among
the trophies here recovered w^ere the colors of Pepperell's
and Shirley's regiments, which had been captured at
Oswego. Thus, at the end of five campaigns, the whole
Canadian territory became subject to the king of Great
Britain.
On the 12th of September General Amherst issued the
following orders :
468 MEMOIR OF
By His Excellency, Jeffrey Amlierst, Esquire, Major General and Com-
mander-in-chief of His Majesty's Forces in North-America, &c.
To Major Rogers, of His Majesty's Independent Companies
of Rangers :
You will, upon receipt of this, proceed with Waite's
and Hazen's companies of rangers to Fort William Augus-
tus, taking with you one Joseph Poupao, alias la Fleur,
an inhabitant of Detroit, and Lieutenant Brheme, assist-
ant engineer.
From that fort you will continue your voyage by the
north shore to I^iagara, thence transporting your boats
over the carrying-place to Lake Erie. Major Walters,
commanding at ^N'iagara, will render you any assistance
you may require, and deliver up Monsieur Gamelin, who
was made prisoner at the taking of that fortress, to be
conducted, with said la Fleur, to their habitations at
Detroit ; where, upon taking the oath of allegiance to his
majesty, whose subjects they have become by the capitula-
tion of the 8th, they are to be protected in the peaceable
enjoyment of their jDroperty.
You will next proceed to Presque Isle,* and make
known your orders to the commander of that post. You
will there leave your whale-boats and most of your detach-
ment, proceeding with the remainder to join General
Monckton, wherever he may be. Deliver him your dis-
patches, and obey such orders as he may give you for
relieving the garrisons of Detroit, Michilimackinac, and
their dependencies ; for collecting the arms of the inhabit-
ants, and administering the oath of allegiance. This you
will see administered to the said Poupao.
You are to bring away the French troops and arms to
such place as General Monckton shall direct. After com-
pleting this service, you will march your detachment back
to Presque Isle or Niagara, according to the orders you
receive from General Monckton, and, leaving your boats
in charge of the officer at one of those posts, march your
*Erie, Pennsylvania.
EGBERT ROGERS. 469
detachment by land to Albany, or wherever I may be, to
receive farther orders.
Given under my hand, at head quarters, in the camp at
Montreal, 12th September, 1760.
JEFF. AMHERST.
By His Excellency's command —
J. Appy, Sec'y.
An additional order was given him, to be shown only
to commanders of the diiferent posts he might touch at.
The objects of the expedition were to be kept secret, lest
the Indians, through w^hose country he must pass, should
impede his march. The order was as follows :
Major "Walters, or the commander at Niagara, will
judge whether there is sufficient provision at Presque Isle,
and Major Kogers will accordingly take provisions from
E"iagara or not, as the case may be. The route from
Montreal to Fort William Augustus w^ill require eight
days' provisions ; from that post he will take a sufficient
quantity to proceed to ]N'iagara. Major Rogers know^s
whither he is going, and w^hat provisions he will want.
A quantity should also be in store at Presque Isle, for the
party General Monckton will send.
JEFF. AMHERST.
Montreal, 12th September, 1760.
September 13, 1760. In pursuance of these orders. Major
Rogers and his party embarked at Montreal, in fifteen
whale-boats. The detachments consisted of Captains
Brewer and Waite, Lieutenant Brheme, of the engineers,
Lieutenant Davis, of the royal artillery, and two hundred
rangers. At night they encamped at La Chien. Kext
morning they reached Isle de Prairies, and surveyed the
Indian settlements at Ca3^awaga and Canasedaga.
16th. They reached an island in lake St. Francis, and
the next night encamped on the western shore, at the foot
of the upper rifts. Fext day they ascended the rifts, and
470 MEMOIR OF
passed the night on the north shore, opposite a number of
islands.
19th. At evening they reached the Isle de Galettes,
and spent the next day in repairing the boats which had
been damaged in passing the rapids. Ten sick rangers
were sent to Colonel Fitch, at Oswego, to proceed thence
to Albany.
21st. At twelve o'clock they left the island, but the
wind being unfavorable, they passed Oswegatchie, and
encamped three miles above, on the north shore.
22d. The course was continued up the river, and the
party halted in the evening, at the narrow passes near the
islands. The wind abating, at midnight they embarked,
rowed the remainder of the night and the next day, until
they reached the ruins of old Fort Frontenac, where a
party of Indian hunters from Oswegatchie were encamped.
The next day proving stormy, with snow and rain squalls,
the engineer took a plan of the old fort, situated at the
bottom of a fine safe harbor. Five hundred acres had
been cleared around the fort ; a few pine trees were still
standing, and the situation was pleasant. The soil, though
covered with clover, appeared rocky and barren. The
Indians were highly pleased with the news of the surren-
der of Canada, and supplied plenty of venison and wild
fowl.
25th. They steered S. two miles, then W. six miles, to
the mouth of a river thirty feet wide ; thence S. four
miles, where the party halted to refresh. In the afternoon
they steered for a mountain, bearing S. W., which was
reached in the night, and proved to be a steep rock, one
hundred feet high. They rowed all night, and break-
fasted on shore at eight next morning. They then pro-
ceeded, and at eight in the evening were one hundred
miles from Frontenac.
27th. This day being windy, the party hunted and
killed many deer. The land was poor and rocky, as is
generally the case on the north shore of Lake Ontario.
The timber is chiefly hemlock and pine.
KOBEET KOGEKS. ' 471
28th. They steered S. W., leaving on the right a large
bay, twenty miles wide, the western side of which termi-
nates in a point, and a small island. Proceeding fifteen
miles W. by S., they entered the mouth of a river, called
by the Indians the " Grace of Man ; " there they encamped,
and found fifty Mississaqua Indians fishing for salmon.
Upon the first appearance of the boats, the whole party
ran down to the shore to testify their joy at the sight of
English colors, and fired their muskets until the party
landed. They presented the major with a deer, just killed,
and split in halves, with the skin on, which is a significant
token of their great respect. They pretended to be well
pleased with the success of the English.
In the evening they invited the men to fish with them.
They went out, and in half an hour filled a bark canoe
with salmon. They returned, much pleased with the
sport, and the attentions of their tawny companions. Their
mode of taking the fish was a curious one : one person
held a pine torch, while another struck the fish with a spear.
The soil near the river was good, and the country level.
The timber was chiefly oak and maple, or the sugar tree.
29th. The party proceeded fifteen miles farther on a
W. S. W. course, and came to a river called " the Life of
Man." Here twenty Mississaquas were hunting, and paid
them compliments similar to those of their brethren.
They presented Major Rogers with a young bear, split in
halves. The rangers here caught plenty of salmon. The
land was level, the soil rich, and of a dark color. The
shore of the lake was quite low.
30th. The wind was fair, and, by the aid of sails, they
reached Toronto in the evening, having run seventy miles.
Many long points, extending into the lake, caused fre-
quent alterations of their course. They passed a bank
twenty miles long, behind which was a heavy growth of
oak, hickory, maple, poplar, and white wood. The soil
was principally clay. A tract of three hundred acres,
cleared, surrounded the remains of the old fort of
Toronto. Deer were plenty.
472 MEMOIE OF
A party of Indians, at the month of the river, fled to
the woods, but returned next morning, expressing great
joy at the news of the success over the French. They
said that the party could reach Detroit in eight days ;
that, when the French resided here, the Indians brought
furs from Michilimackinac down the river Toronto ; that
the portage was only twenty miles from that to a river
falling into Lake Huron, which was broken by several
falls, but none of any consequence ; and that there was a
carrying-place of fifteen miles, from some westerly part of
Lake Erie to a river running through several Indian towns,
without any falls, into Lake St. Clair. Toronto appeared
an eligible place for a factory, from which the British
government might easily settle the north side of Lake Erie.
October 1. They steered south, across the west end of
Lake Ontario, and reached the shore four miles from Fort
Magara, where they passed the night, and repaired the
boats.
October 2. The party embarked with orders for the
boats to be in line ; and, if the wind should rise, a red
flag was to be hoisted, upon which signal the boats were
to close, so as to be enabled to assist each other in case of
leaks. By this measure Lieutenant McCormick's boat's
crew was saved, with no other loss than the men's knap-
sacks. They halted next day at Magara, and were supplied
with blankets, coats, shoes, shirts, moccasins, &c. They
also received eighty barrels of beef, and exchanged two
whale-boats for as many batteaux, which proved leaky.
October 3. In the evening a party proceeded up the
Magara river seven miles, to the falls, with provisions.
Next morning they were followed by the whole detach-
ment, who immediately commenced the portage of the
baggage and provisions. While they were thus occupied,
Messrs. Brheme and Davis took a survey of the great
cataract of Magara, the roaring of which had been heard
at several miles distance.
Modern travellers who yearly visit this, one of the
grandest creations of nature, can imagine the arduous
KOBEKT ROGEKS. 473
labors of these hardy rangers in transporting their boats
and baggage up the bank of this river, frona the foot of
the cataract, which is one hundred and fifty feet in height,
to ascend which, even at the present time, without a load,
by aid of steps and stairs, is a laborious undertaking.
The rangers were more than one day engaged in convey-
ing their boats and baggage round the falls. On the fifth
of October Rogers, with Lieutenants Brheme, Holmes and
eight rangers embarked, in a birch-bark canoe, for Presque
Isle, leaving Captain Brewer in command, with orders to
follow to the same post. Rogers encamped that night
eight miles up the Magara river, and at noon next day
entered the waters of Lake Erie. Leaving a small bay*
or creek upon his left, he reached the south shore at
sunset, and, thence proceeding west until eight o'clock,
drew up his canoe on a sandy beach, forty miles from the
last night's encampment.
October 7. The wind being fresh, he made but twenty-
eight miles in a south-west course.
October 8. Pursuing a southerly course, he reached
Presque Isle in the afternoon. Here the party remained
until three o'clock, when the eight rangers were sent
back to meet and assist Captain Brewer ; while, with three
men, in a bark canoe furnished by Colonel Bouquet,
commander of the post, Rogers, with Messrs. Bhreme
and Holmes, proceeded to French creek, and that night
encamped half way on the road to Fort du Boeuf, which
they reached at ten o'clock next day. After three hours'
rest they passed on to the lower crossings. The land on
both sides appeared rich, and covered with large and
valuable timber. They ^passed the night of the 11th at
the Mingo Cabins, and on the 12th lodged at Yenango.
Thence they proceeded down the Alleghany river, and, on
the 17th delivered their dispatches to General Monckton,
at Pittsburg. The general promised to forward his instruc-
tions by Mr. Croghan, and to dispatch Captain Campbell,
with a company of Royal Americans, to his support. On
* Now Buffalo harbor.
31
474 MEMOIR OF
the 20th Rogers started on his return to Presque Isle,
which he reached October 30th. Mr. Brewer had arrived
there three days before, having lost several boats and part
of the provisions. Captain Campbell arrived next day.
The boats were now repaired, and Rogers, having learned
that a vessel expected from Niagara, with provisions, had
been lost in a gale on the lake, dispatched Captain Brewer,
with a drove of forty cattle supplied by Colonel Bouquet, to
proceed by land to Detroit. Mr. Waite was sent back to
Magara for more provisions, and directed to cruise along
the north shore of Lake Erie, and wait for farther orders
about twenty miles east of the strait, between Lake St.
Clair and Lake Erie. Captain Brewer was furnished with
a bateau to ferry his party over the creeks, two horses,
and Captain Monter, with twenty Indians of the Six
ligations, Delawares, and Shawanese, to protect him from
the hostile tribes of the west. The following order of
miarch was adopted on the reembarkment of the party
from Presque Isle : " The boats are to row two deep —
Major Rogers' and Captain Croghan's boats in front ;
next Captain Campbell's corps, followed by the rangers —
Lieutenant Holmes commanding the rear guard with his
own boat ; and that of Mr. Waite will hold himself in
readiness to assist any boat in distress. Should the wind
blow so hard that the boats can not preserve their order, a
red flag will be hoisted 'in the major's boat. The other
boats will then steer for the flag, and make their landing
as well as may be. Ofiicers and men w^ere advised to pay
no attention to the waves of the lake, but, when the surf
was high, to ply their oars, and the men at the helms to
keep the boats quartering, in which case no injury can
happen. Ten of the best steersmen of the rangers will
attend Captain Campbell's party. The ofiicers of the
boats will hearken to the steersmen in all cases in a storm.
If thought best to proceed in the night, a blue flag will
be hoisted in the major's boat, which is the signal for the
boats to dress. Mr. Brheme is to pay no regard to this
order of march, but to steer as is most convenient for
ROBERT ROGERS. 475
making his observations. On landing, the regulars are
to encamp in the centre; Lieutenant Holmes and Mr.
Croghan, with their men, on the left wing; and Mr. Joquipe
with his Mohegans, will constitute a picket, and encamp
in front. The generale shall be beat, when ordered by the
major, as the signal for embarking. No guns are to be
fired unless by permission, or in case of distress. No man
must leave the lines unless by order. Captain Campbell
will parade and review his men as often as he thinks
proper. Mr. Croghan will regularly report to the major
the intelligence received from the Indians during the day.
November 4. The detachment left Presque Isle, and,
proceeding slowly, w^ith bad weather, reached Chogagee
river on the 7th, where they met a party of Attawawas
returning from Detroit. They w^ere informed of the
reduction of the Canadas, and that this party w^ere on their
way to Detroit to bring away the French garrison. Rogers
offered them a belt, and proposed to them to go with him
and witness the result. They retired to hold a council,
promising an answer next day. In the evening the
calumet or pipe of peace was smoked, all the officers
and Indians smoking in turn from the same pipe. The
peace being thus concluded, the party went to rest ; but,
as the sincerity of the Indians was doubted, a strict guard
was kept. In the morning the Indians said their young
warriors would go, w^hile the old ones would stay and
hunt for their families. Rogers gave them a string of
wampum, and charged them to send some of their chiefs
with the party who drove the cattle on shore, to spread
the news of his arrival, and prevent any annoyance from
their hunters. Bad weather detained the English party
here until the 12th, during w^hich time the Indians held a
plentiful market of venison and wild turkeys in their
camp. After passing the mouths of several small streams,
the party reached a small river a few miles beyond San-
dusky, and encamped. From this place a letter was
dispatched to the commandant of Detroit, as follows :
476 MEMOIR OF
Sir — That you may not be alarmed at the approach of
English troops, I send this in advance, by Lieutenant
Bhreme, to inform you that I have General Amherst's
orders to take possession of Detroit and its dependencies,
which, according to a capitulation signed on the 8th of
September last by the Marquis de Yaudreuil and General
Amherst, now belong to his Britannic majesty. I have
with me letters from the Marquis de Yaudreuil to you
directed, which I will deliver on arriving at or near your
fort. I have also a copy of the capitulation.
I am, sir, your obed't serv't,
R. ROGERS.
To Captain Beleter.
The land on the south shore of Lake Erie has a fine
appearance. The country is mostly level, and heavily
timbered with oak, hickory, maple, beach, and locust;
and for plenty and variety of game was at this time not
surpassed by any country in the world.
On the 20th of IsTovember Rogers followed Mr. Bhreme,
proceeding nine miles to a river three hundred feet wide.
Here several Huron sachems gave information that four
hundred Indian warriors were assembled at the mouth
of the strait to oppose his passage, and that Monsieur
Beleter had incited them to defend their country ; and
that themselves were messengers to demand his business,
and whether the person sent forward told the truth
that all Canada was surrendered to the English. Rogers
confirmed the account. He told them that Detroit was
to be given up to him, gave them a large belt, and spoke
as follows: "Brothers, with this belt I take you by the
hand. Go to your people at the strait, and tell them to
go home to their towns until I arrive at the fort. There
I will send for you, after Monsieur Beleter is sent away,
which will be in two days after my arrival. You shall
live happily in your own country. Tell your warriors to
mind their French fathers no more, for they are all
prisoners to the English, who have left them their houses
ROBERT ROGERS. 477
and goods upon their swearing by the Great One, who
made the world, to become as Englishmen. They are your
brothers, and you must not abuse them. "When we meet
at Detroit I will convince you that what I say is true."
November 22. The party encamped upon a river twenty
yards wide, where fuel was procured with difficulty, the
western shore of Lake Erie abounding in swamps. IN'ext
day they rowed ten miles to Cedar point. Here several
Indians they had seen the day before came to them.
They said their warriors had gone up to Monsieur Beleter,
who was a strong man, and intended to fight. On the
24th the party proceeded twenty-four miles, and encamped
upon a long point. 'Jhat night sixty Indians came with
congratalations, and offered to escort them to Detroit.
They reported that Mr. Bhreme and his party were
confined, and that Monsieur Beleter had set up a high
flag-stafi', with a wooden effigy of a man's head at the
top of it, and upon that a crow ; that the crow meant
himself, and the head meant Rogers, whose brains he
should pick out. This, they said, had no effect on them,
for they told him the reverse would be the true sign. At
the mouth of the strait the sachems desired Rogers to
call together his officers. He did so, and the 26th was
spent in conciliating their savage dispositions to peace
and friendship. On the 27th Monsieur Babec brought the
following letter :
Sir — I have read your letter, but, having no interpreter,
can not fully understand it. Your officer informs me
that he was sent to give notice of your arrival to take
possession of this post, according to the capitulation of
Canada. I beg you will halt at the mouth of the river,
and send me Monsieur Yaudreuil's letter, that I may
conform to his instructions. I am surprised that no
French officer accompanies you, as is usual in such cases.
I have the honor, &c.,
De beleter.
To Major Rogers.
478 MEMOIK OF
Soon after this Captain Barrenger, with a French party,
beat a parley on the western shore. Mr. McCormick went
over to him, and returned with an officer, bearing the
following letter :
Sir — I have already, by Mr. Barrenger, informed you
the reasons why I could not answer particularly your
letter delivered by your officer on the 22d. I am unac-
quainted with his reasons for not returning to you. I
have sent my Huron interpreter to that nation to stop
them, should they be on the road, not knowing whether
they are disposed in your favor or my own ; and to direct
them to behave peaceably ; to inform them that I knew
my duty to my general, and should *conform to his orders.
Be not surprised, sir, if you find the inhabitants of this
coast upon their guard. They were told you had several
Indian nations with you, and had promised them the
plunder of the place. I have, therefore, directed the
inhabitants to take up arms, which may be for your safety
as well as ours ; for, should these Indians become insolent,
you may not be able to subdue them alone.
I flatter myself, sir, that when this comes to hand,
you will send some of your gentlemen with Monsieur
Vaudreuil's letter and the capitulation.
I have the honor to be, &c.,
PIGIST. BELETER.
To Major Rogers.
November 28. The detachment encamped ^ve miles up
the river, having rowed against the w^ind. On the 29th
Captain Campbell, with Messieurs Barrenger and Babec,
were dispatched with this letter :
Sir — I acknowledge the receipt of your two letters yes-
terday. Mr. Bhreme has not yet returned. The inclosed
letter from Monsieur Yaudreuil will inform you of the
surrender of Canada ; of the indulgence granted the
inhabitants, and the terms allowed to the troops of his
most christian majesty. Captain Campbell will show
ROBERT ROGERS. 479
you the capitulation. I beg you will not detain him, as
I have General Amherst's orders immediately to relieve
the place. My troops will halt without the town till
four o'clock, when I shall expect your answer. Your
inhabitants being under arms will not surprise me, as I
have as yet seen no others in that condition, excepting
savages awaiting my orders. The inhabitants of Detroit
shall not be molested, they and you complying with the
capitulation. They shall be protected in their estates,
and shall not be pillaged by my Indians, nor yours who
have joined me.
Yours, &c.,
R. EOGERS.
To Captain De Beleter, Commander of Detroit.
The detachment landed half a mile below the fort, and
drew up in front of it in a field of grass. Here Captain
Campbell joined them, with a French officer, who, with
Captain Beleter's compliments, informed Major Rogers that
the garrison was at his command. Lieutenants McCormick
and Leslie, with thirty-six Royal Americans, immediately
took possession of the fort. The troops of the garrison
piled their arms ; the French flag was hauled down, and
that of the English run up in its place. Upon this about
leeven hundred Indians, who were looking on at a little dis-
tance, gave a shout, exulting in the verification of their
prophecy that the crow represented the English instead of
the French. The}^ appeared astonished at the submissive
salutations of the inhabitants, and expressed great satis-
faction at the generosity of the English in not putting
them all to death. They declared that in future they
would fight for a nation thus favored by the Great Spirit.
The commander delivered Major Rogers a plan of the
fort, with an inventory of the stores and armament, and
before noon of December 1st the militia had been collected,
disarmed, and taken the oath of allegiance. Monsieur
Beleter and his troops were ordered to Philadelphia,
480 MEMOIR OF
under the charge of Lieutenant Holmes and thirty rangers.
Captain Campbell, with the Royal Americans, was ordered
to garrison the fort. Captain Waite and Lieutenant Butler
were detached, with twenty men, to bring the French
garrisons from Forts Miami and Gatanois. A party was
directed to remain there, if possible, through the winter,
to watch the enemy's motions in Illinois. Mr. McKee,
with a French officer, was sent to Shawanese Town, on
the Ohio, to bring off the French troops. As provisions
grew scarce at Detroit, Captain Brewer, with most of
the rangers, was ordered to ]N"iagara, leaving Lieutenant
McCormick, with thirty-seven privates, to accompany
Major Rogers to Michilimackinac. Rogers concluded a
treaty wuth the several tribes living in the vicinity of
Detroit, and departed for Lake Huron.
December 10. He encamped at the-north end of Lake St.
Clair, and the next evening at the entrance of a considerable
river, where a large body of Indians were hunting.
December 12. He came to the entrance of Lake Huron,
and met many Indians hunting on both sides of the outlet.
He coasted along the west shore for three days, making
one hundred miles, when the ice cakes obstructed his
farther passage. He consulted the Indians as to the
practicability of a journey to Michilimackinac by land.
They declared it an impossibility at this season without
snow-shoes. Rogers was therefore obliged to return.
He was so impeded by the ice, that he did not reach
Detroit until the 21st of December.
December 23. Rogers left the command of Detroit to
Captain Campbell, and departed for Pittsburg. He marched
along the lake shore, and reached Sandusky January 2,
1761. The soil from Detroit is excellent, being well
timbered with black and white oak, hickory, locust,
maple, sassafras, and white wood. Several immense black
walnuts* are also found on the south shore of Lake Erie.
* One of these trees stood, in 1824, near Cataraugus creek, N. Y., which
was thirty feet in circumference. The trunk was hollow, and used for a
refreshment shop for travellers passing along the road. A section of it
was afterward carried down the New-York canal to place in a bar-room
at New- York.
• ROBERT ROGERS. 481
Along the west end of Lake Erie Rogers reports that
plenty of wild apples were found. He passed through
many rich savannahs (or prairies), of many miles' extent,
without a tree, and clothed with long jointed grass, nearly
six feet high, which, decaying every year, adds fertility to
the soil. Sandusky bay is fifteen miles long, and about
six miles wide. Here Rogers halted to refresh at a village
of Wyandots. The next day he passed through a meadow,
saw several wigwams, and halted at a small village of ten
wigwams. Here he saw a spring issuing from the side of
a small hill, with such force as to rise three feet. He
judged that it discharged ten hogsheads in a minute. He
continued his march through the prairies, killing plenty
of deer and wild turkeys, and encamped in the woods.
January 4. He crossed a river twenty-five yards wide,
where were two wigwams. A few yards onward, in a
south-east course, he came to another wigwam of Wyan-
dots who were hunting there. From this he proceeded
south, and crossed the same river he passed in the morn-
ing. Several deer were killed during the day's march.
January 5. He encamped on Muskingum creek, there
eight yards wide.
January 6. He travelled fourteen miles farther, and
encamped by a fine spring.
January 7. After travelling six miles he came to Mus-
kingum creek, there twenty yards wide ; and an Indian
town, called the Mingo Cabins, lies about twenty yards
from the creek on the east side. Only three Indians were
at home, the remainder being out on a hunting party.
They had plenty of cows, horses, hogs, &c.
January 8. This day was passed with the Indians,
repairing moccasins and preparing provisions.
January 9. The party travelled twelve miles south-east,
and encamped on a long meadow, where the Indians were
hunting.
January 10. They made eleven miles, and on their
march killed three bears and two elks.
482 MEMOIK OF •
January 11. They fell in with a party of Wyandot and
Six I^ations Indians hunting together.
January 12. They travelled six miles, and in the even-
ing killed several beavers.
January 13. The party travelled six miles north-east,
and came to Beaver Town, a village of the Delawares.
The town covers a good tract of land, on the west side of
the Muskingum, which is joined by a river opposite the
town. The latter is thirty yards wide, and the former
forty. Their junction forms a fine stream, which flows
with a swift current toward the south-west. The Indians
have here three thousand acres of land cleared. The
warriors number one hundred and eighty. The country
from Sandusky to this place is low and rich. I^o pine
timber was noticed, but plenty of white, black, and yellow
oak, black and white walnut, cypress, chestnut, and locust.
The party rested here until the 16th, and obtained a supply
of corn from the Indians.
January 16. They marched nine miles to a small river.
January 19. After passing several creeks, they came to
a small river where the Delawares were hunting.
January 20. They reached Beaver creek in sight of the
Ohio. Three Indian wigwams were seen on the west side.
January 21. They travelled south-east twenty miles, and
encamped with the Indians.
January 25. They reached the Ohio, opposite Fort Pitt.
From this post Lieutenant McCormick was ordered to
cross the country to Albany, with the rangers, while
Major Eogers proceeded by the common road over the
mountains to Philadelphia, and thence to iTew-York,
where he reported his proceedings to General Amherst
February 14, 1761.
EGBERT ROGERS. 483
EXTRACTS FROM GENERAL ORDERS IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1759.
June 12, 1759. '' It is the generaFs orders that no scout-
ing parties or others in the army under his command shall,
whatsoever opportunity they have, scalp any women or
children belonging to the enemy. They may bring them
away if they can ; hut, if not, they are to leave them
unhurted ; and he is determined that, if they should
raurther or scalp any Avomen or children who are subjects
of the king of England, he will revenge it by the death
of two men of the enemy, whenever he has occasion, for
every man, woman, or child murthered by. the enemy."
Jane 22, 1759. " Commanding officers may send their
men for greens ; but they must go only a short distance
from the fort, and never without a covering party. 1^0
soldier, except with a party, is to go beyond the outposts
of the camp."
June 24. " Effects of late Lieutenant Watts, of late
Forbes' regiment, to be sold at auction at the head of the
colors of said regiment."
The following extract from general orders regards a
field of green peas, in the vicinity of Crown Point, August
5, 1759 :
"As there is a field of pease found, they shall be divided
amongst the army ; and the corps are to send to-morrow
two men per company with arms, a sergeant per regiment,
and an officer per brigade ; each corps and the artillery
taking two batteaux, and assembling in the front of the
fort at five in the morning. Gage's light infantry sends
a captain, two subalterns, and a partie of men in the
English boat, with the three-pounder, to cover the batteaux;
Lieutenant Willamoze to shew where the pease are ; and
major of brigade, Skeene, will proportion out the quantity
each regiment is to take, taking care that they pluck
them properly, and to take none but what is fit to be
gathered, and that they do not spoil them in gathering
them. They are then to return altogether to camp ; and
the pease muste be equallie divided amongst the messes."
484 MEMOIR OF
Similar parties were frequently sent out to obtain spruce
for brewing beer for the army. Extract from general
orders, August 6, 1759 :
"An officer and fifty rangers to assemble at Gage's
light infantry at Rve o'clock to-morrow morning. They
will take six batteaux, and proceed two miles down the
lake, where they will cut spruce. The officer will take
the French prisoner who is on the general's guard, who
will shew him where the spruce is ; and a man who can
talk German to the interpreter.. A party of Gage's light
infantry will go in the English boat to guard the batteaux.
The officer will deliver the spruce under the care of the
sergeant's guard at the fort."*
EXTRACTS FROM GENERAL ORDERS TO MAJOR ROGERS.
June 9. " Major Rogers will furnish forty men for a
covering party."
June 17. "Major Rogers will take care the ground in
front is clear;" meaning the ground where the provincials
who were not marksmen were to fire five rounds each for
practice, officers of their several regiments attending to
see that the men leveled well.
June 20. " Major Rogers, with the rangers, and Major
Gladwin, with Gage's light infantry, will form the advanced
guard, and are to take great precautions in keeping out
flanking parties to the left, as well as to the right."
Ju7ie 22. "Major Rogers is on all detachments to take
rank as major, according to the date of his commission as
such, next after majors who have the king's commission,
or one from his majesty's commander-in-chief."
June 25. " The three eldest companies of light infantry
under Major Holmes, two hundred rangers and Indians
under Major Rogers, the whole under the command of
Colonel Haviland, to be ready to march when dark."
♦Opposition writers for the British press, commenting upon the slow
progress of General Amherst, insinuated "that if, instead of wasting so
much time in gathering peas and brewing spruce beer, at Crown Point,
he had advanced into Canada to cooperate with the expedition of the dar-
ing and heroic Wolfe, the campaign of 1759 would have terminated with
the capitulation of Canada the same season which witnessed the surrender
of Quebec.
ROBERT ROGERS. 485
July 16, 1759. "■ Eight of the provincial regiments are
to give thirteen men each, and two of the provincial regi-
ments fourteen men, for the ranging service ; the men to
be told they will be paid for it the difference between the
provincial pay and that of the rangers. Commanding
officers of those battalions to turn out all volunteers will-
ing to serve in the rangers to-morrow morning at ten
o'clock. Major Eogers will attend, and choose the number
each regiment is to turn out of such volunteers."
July 18. " The men that have chose to serve with the
rangers to join them this afternoon at five o'clock, and follow
such orders as they shall receive from Major Kogers."
Ticonderoga, 25 July, 1759. " Sixty of Major Rogers'
rangers will march with the commanding officer to the
trenches this night, and will be employed at a proper time
to alarm the enemy, by firing into their covered way, and
keeping their attention from the workmen.
July 27. Major Rogers will send a company of rangers
to-morrow morning, with all the boats, to the fort. The
companies posted on the lake side from Colonel Haviland's
corps will join their corps at reveille beating ; after which
Major Rogers will put trees across the foot path that has
been made by the lake side. Major 'Rogers will receive
his orders from the general. * * * Major Ord will
send this night for the two twelve-pounders that are at
Major Rogers' camp."
July 28. " The rangers will be posted beyond the saw-
mills, on the right, as ordered by Major Rogers."
August 4. "Major Rogers is to send a sufficient party
of men, with an officer, to take three batteaux to-morrow *^
morning, very early, to Ticonderoga to apply to Ser-
jeant Airy, who will load them with spruce beer, which
they are immediately to bring to camp here."
July 5. " The camp not be alarmed by Major Rogers
firing on the other side of the lake."
August 6. " Major Rogers to send a party of men, with
an officer, to take two batteaux immediately to Ticon-
deroga, to apply to Serjeant Airy for spruce beer, which
486 ^ KOBEKT KOGEES.
they are to load and bring to camp here without the loss
of time." * * *
"Major Rogers will send one captain, two subalterns,
and sixty men as a covering party, with some Indians, and
an officer with them, to shew the commanding officer of
the working party the best wood on the other side of the
lake. The covering party must not fire any dropping
shots at game."
"A captain and sixty rangers to set out to-morrow
morning, at 5 o'clock, with six batteaux; Gage's light
infantry will send at the same time the English boat to
cover the batteaux, and the English boat to stay out till
towards evening. The captain of the rangers will take out
the French deserter from the general's guard, and must go
to the place that the deserter will shew him: at which place
the French have supplied themselves with spruce, and they
must bring as much spruce to camp as they can."
August 10. ''A detachment of two hundred rangers,
and one hundred of Gage's light infantry, and one company
of light infantry, and one of grenadiers, to assemble to-mor-
row, in their whale-boats, as soon as reveille is beat in the
front of the fort. Gage's light infantry will be commanded
by a captain and three subalterns, and are to take the two
boats, with the three-pounders, and one boat, with a two-
pounder. The whole must take one day's provision with
them. Major Rogers will command the rangers; and the
whole detachment is to be commanded by Lieut. Col.
Darby, who will receive his orders from the general."
PUNISHMENTS INFLICTED DURING THE CAMPAIGN OF 1759.
Shot or hanged. Whipped.
May 29 3 0
June 14 1 5
" 28 0 1
July 13 1 0
" 19 :.o 7
August 2 2 3
'' 8 0 1
" 14 0 2
October 4 1 1
8 20
Commissary Wilson' a Orderly Book.
THOMAS BURNSIDE.
Thomas Burnside was one of the celebrated corps of
rangers whose exploits contributed a very important por-
tion of materials for the history of the "seven years
war" in America. If his majesty, Frederic of Prussia,
acted during that war, in Europe, the part of general, as
he may be considered, for his cousin and ally, George of
England, humbler individuals in America were striving to
attain the same object — that of humbling the power of
France.
Among those individuals was Mr. Burnside. Although
reported as wounded in the bloody skirmish near Ticon-
deroga, January 21, 1757, he volunteered, as an attendant
of Lieutenant Stark, to convey the account of it to Fort
William Henry, a distance of forty miles, and request
sleighs to bring in the wounded.
After the peace of 1763, he settled at Stratford, in Coos
county, ]^. H., and soon afterward that township contained
two inhabitants — Mr. Burnside and his neighbor .
The former, desirous of becoming one of his majesty's jus-
tices of the peace, inquired of the facetious Colonel Barr,
of Londonderry, how he should proceed to obtain his
commission. He advised him to procure a firkin of butter,
and a piece of Londonderry linen, both of Scotch L'ish
manufacture, as presents to Governor "Wentworth, and pro-
ceed to Portsmouth and make his application in person.
Accordingly, with his presents, he called upon Governor
Wentworth, at his seat (Little Harbor), and preferred his
request. The latter inquired how many inhabitants the
township contained. Burnside replied, " Oh, only me and
488 THOMAS BUKNSIDE.
my neighbor, and we can not live any longer without a
justice of the peace."
Amused by this most singular application, the governor
inquired who was the most suitable person to be appointed.
•' Myself," was the reply ;." for my neighbor is no more
fit for it than the devil is." The commission was granted,
and the new justice immediately qualified.
Observing, upon the side-board, several well filled
decanters and glasses, Burnside said : " Suppose, when I
get home, mj neighbor should ask me what your excel-
lency oflfered me to drink, what shall I tell him? " " Help
yourself, Mr. Justice," replied the latter.
After refreshing himself with a glass of brandy and
water, Burnside returned to his "White mountain"
region, much gratified with his easily acquired ofiS.cial dig-
nity, and with his first visit to the provincial capitol.
The foregoing is one instance of the system of bribery
countenanced by and made a source of profit to the royal
governors in their appointments and charters. In the
grants of townships, the grantees invariably set ofiT a liberal
allowance of farm lots, for the governor, his secretary and
treasurer, ''to them and their heirs forever." The Amer-
ican revolution, however, a convulsion unanticipated and
unprecedented in the history of the world, " indefinitely
postponed" all these admirable schemes for future family
wealth and power. Confiscation settled the account of
most of these so easily obtained grants of land.
APPENDIX
COLONEL PHILIP SKENE,
General Burgoyne could not have selected from his whole army an
individual so capable of advising Colonels Baum and Breyman in their
" Secret Expedition," as this bravo and intelligent Scottish officer. The
following notice of him is copied from a note in Commissary Wilson's
orderly book :
Philip Skene was the grandson of John Skene, of Halyards, in Fife-
shire, Scotland, and a descendant of the famous Sir William Wallace.
He entered the army in 1739, in which year he served at Porto Bello,*
and in 1740, at the reduction of Carthagena, on the Spanish Main.
He fought at the celebrated battle of Fontenoy, in 1745; in that of
CuUoden, in the year following, and was present at the battle of LafFeldt,
under the Duke of Cumberland.
He came to America in 1756, and on the second of February, 1757, was
promoted to a company in the 27th, or Inniskillen regiment of foot, which
formed part of the force under Lord Loudoun's command that year. He
was next engaged, under the command of Lord Howe, in the unfortunate
attack on Ticonderoga, in 1758, on which occasion he was wounded ; and on
the 31st of July, 1759, appointed Major of Brigade by General Amherst.
In October following he was left in charge of Crown Point, the works
of which he had orders to strengthen. His position at that fortress made
him familiar with the surrounding country, and, encouraged by General
Amherst, he projected a settlement at Wood Creek and South Bay, at the
head of Lake Champlain, and in the prosecution of that design settled
about thirty families there.
In 1762 he was ordered on the expedition against Martinico and Havana,
and was one of the first to enter the breach at the storming of the Moro
Castle. On his return to New- York, in 1763, he renewed his efforts to
complete his settlement at Wood Creek. He went to England, and
obtained a royal order for a considerable tract of land at that place, for
which a patent was granted, in March, 1765, which was formed into a
township under the name of Skenesborough. His regiment having been
ordered to Ireland, Major Skene exchanged into the 10th Foot, in May,
1768, so as to remain in America. He did not continue long in the army,
for he sold out in December of the following year, and in 1770 established
his residence at Skenesborough, now White Hall, Washington county,
New- York.
There he established forges for smelting iron, mills for sawing lumber,
and opened a road to Salem and Bennington, which was afterward known
as " Skene's road."
* Porto Bel lo was captured by the English fleet, commanded by Admiral Vernon.
Lawrence Washington, elder brother of General Waehington. served on this occasion,
as a midshipman of the British Navy. The family estate having descended to him, he
called it " Mont- Vernon," in honor of his former commander.
32
490 APPENDIX.
His plans were interrupted by the Kevolution. In June, 1775, he was
arrested at Philadelphia, and brought to New-York. Thence he was
taken to Hartford. He was allowed to reside on parole at Middletown,
Conn., but in May, of the following year, on refusing to renew his parole,
was committed to prison. He was finally exchanged in October, _ 1776,
when he was conveyed to the city of New- York, whence he sailed, in the
beginning of 1777, for England. He volunteered to accompany Burgoyne
the same year, and in August was ordered to attend Lieutenant Colonel
Baum in his "Secret Expedition," which met with a disastrous defeat at
the hands of General Stark, on the 16th of that month.
In this campaign Colonel Skene had his horse twice shot under him,*
and was afterward made prisoner with Burgoyne's army. In 1779 he was
attainted by the legislature of New- York.
After the war it was said Colonel Skene came over to this country dur-
ino- Governor Clinton's administration, and tried to recover his property ;
but, not succeeding, went back to England, where he lived in retirement,
and died on the 9th of October, 1810, at an advanced age, at Addersey
Lodge, near Stoke, Berks. In the obituary notice he is styled, "formerly
Lieut. Governor of Crown Point and Ticonderoga, and Surveyor of His
Majesty's woods and forests bordering on Lake Champlain."
MAJOE BENJAMIN WHITCOMB,
EXTRACT FROM AUNBURY'S LETTERS.
"I am most agreeably interrupted in my serious reflections, by a visit
from our friend S., who is just arrived from New- York. He was taken
prisoner last summer by a notorious fellow of the name of Whitcomb, the
same who shot Brigadier General Gordon, the particulars of which I will
inform you in my next.
Montreal, June 12, 1777.
My Dear Friend — In my last I mentioned to you the name of one
"Whitcomb, a native of Connecticut, and a great partisan of the Ameri-
cans, who, after the defeat upon the lakes, olFered his services to venture
through the woods and bring in prisoner an English oflBcer, for which
purpose he stationed himself among the thickest copses that are between
La Prairie and St. Johns. The first officer who happened to pass him
was Brigadier General Gordon. He was mounted on a spirited horse, and
"Whitcomb, thinking there was little probability of seizing him, fired at
and wounded him in the shoulder. The General rode as fast as he could
to camp, which he had but just reached, when, with loss of blood and
fatigue, he fell from his horse. Some soldiers took him up and carried
him to the hospital, where, after his wound was dressed, he related the
circumstances, which were immediately made known to General Carleton.
* He narrowly escaped being captured at Bennington. A soldier of the New-Hamp-
shire line stated that, observing a mounted officer actively engaged in cheering on the
troops of Colonel Breyman, he fired at him twice, but only killed his horse ; that he
then cut the traces of an artillery horse, mounted, and rode off at full speed. He
learned afterward that the officer was Colonel Skene.
APPENDIX, 491
A party of Indians were sent out to scour the woods and search for Whit-
comb, but in vain, as he hastened back to Ticonderoga. General Carleton,
however, imagining he might be lurking in the woods, or secreted in the
house of some disaflected Canadian, issued a proclamation among the
inhabitants, offering a reward of fifty guineas to any one that would bring
in Whitcomb, dead or alive, to the camp. A few days after this General
Gordon died of his wound, in whose death we sincerely lamented the loss
of a brave and experienced officer.
When Whitcomb returned to Ticonderoga and informed the General
who commanded there, that, although he could not take an officer, he
believed he had mortally wounded one, the General expressed his disap-
probation in the highest terms, and was so displeased at the transaction
that Whitcomb, in order to effect a reconciliation, offered his service to go
again, professing that he would forfeit his life if he did not return with a
prisoner.
.He accordingly, with two other men, proceeded down Lake Champlain
in a canoe to a small creek, where they secreted it, and repaired to the
woods, to the same spot where Whitcomb had stationed himself before.
The two men lay concealed in the wood, while he skulked about the
borders of it.
The regiment of which our friend S is Quarter Master, having occa-
sion for some stores from Montreal, he was going from the camp at St.
Johns to procure them. He was advised not to go this road, but by way
of Chamblee, on account of the late accident ; but you know him to be a
man of great bravery and personal courage, joined with uncommon
strength, and he resolved not to go so many miles out of his way for any
Whitcomb whatever. He jocosely remarked that he should be very glad
to meet him, as he was sure he should get the reward.
In this, however, he was greatly mistaken, his reward being no other
than that of being taken prisoner himself.
Previous to his setting out he took every precaution, having not only
loaded his fusee, but charged a brace of pistols. When he came near to
the woods I have already described, he was very cautious ; but in an
instant Whitcomb and the two men he had with him sprang from behind
a thick bush, and seized him before he could make the least resistance.
They then took from him his fusee and pistols, tied his hands behind him
with ropes, and blind-folded him.
It was three days before they reached the canoe that had been concealed,
during which time they had but very scanty fare. A few hard biscuits
served to allay hunger, while the fruits of the woods were a luxury. W^hen
Whitcomb had marched him to such a distance as he thought he could not
make his escape, were he at liberty, through fear of losing himself, for the
greater ease on his own part, and to facilitate their march, they untied his
hands and took the cloth from his eyes. Only picture to yourself what
must have been his feelings, at seeing himself in the midst of a thick
wood, surrounded by three desperate fellows, and uncertain as to their
intentions !
At night, when they had partaken of their scanty pittance, two of them
used to sleep, while the other kept watch. The first night ho slept, through
fatigue. On the second, as you may naturally suppose, from his great
anxiety of mind, he could not close his eyes ; in the middle of which an
opportunity occurred whereby he could have effected his escape, for the
man whose watch it was fell fast asleep.
He has since told me that his mind wavered for a length of time, what
measures to pursue. He could not bear the idea of putting them to death,
though justified by the rules of war. If he escaped from them, they
might, in all probability, retake and ill treat him.
The greatest hazard of all, which determined him to abide by his fate,
was, that being so many miles in a tract of wood where he could not tell
492 APPENDIX.
what direction to take, having been blind-folded when he entered it. He might
possibly wander up and down until he perished with hunger. In this restless
state he remained till day-break, when they resumed their march; and in the
evening came to the creek where the canoe was concealed. They then secured
him again, put him into the canoe, and proceeded up the lake to Ticonderoga,
where they arrived early the next morning.
When they landed he was again blind-folded, that he might not see their
works, and thus conducted to the General, whose only motive for endeavoring to
get an officer was, either by threats or entreaties, to gain information relative to
our army. In this, however, he was greatly disappointed, as he could not obtain
the least intelligence from our friend."
In regard to the case of General Gordon, Wilkinson states, pp. 67, 68, 69, 70 :
" In this place the reader may not be dissatisfied with a particular narrative
of an adventure. ******! shall now give the de-
tails from my own knowledge, and the information of the partisan.
Lieut. Whitcomb, of Warner's regiment, an unlettered child of the woods from
the frontier of the Hampshire Grants, with all the little strategy of au Indian,
and a dauntless heart, had been selected for the service, and sent into Canada
before Gen. Gates' arrival, to take a prisoner for the purpose of intelligence.
Being well acquainted with his business, he cliose one man only for the compan-
ion of his enterprise, who, he informed me, either deserted himj or got lost before
he reached the ultimate point of his march.
Proceeding down the west si'le of Lake Champlain, Whitcomb turned St.
Johns on his right, and, approaching Chamblee late in the night, unintentionally
crept within the chain of sentinels of a newly formed encampment. He was
hailed, and found himself surrounded before he discovered his situation. The
ground had not been cleared, and the surface was thickly covered with the
sprouts of the scrubby oak, or black jack, little more than knee high. Encircled
and closely pressed by the soldiery in quest of him, who, in the dark, were scat-
tered in every direction, his immediate escape became impracticable. In this ex-
tremity he prostrated himself among the bushes, and distinctly heard the ob-
servations and inquiries of his pursuers respecting him. Turning on his back,
with his knife, he cut detached twigs, which he found within his reach, and
sticking them carelessly in the ground around him, before day, his person was
concealed; and in this position he continued motionless until the following night,
when he made his escape by crawling on the earth.
He informed me that in the course of the day the soldiery passed and repassed
within six feet of him, and an otFicer very nearly rode over him ; but the great-
est danger of his being discovered arose from the clearing of the ground, which
was pushed within twenty feet of him, the next day, when the retreat called off
th3 fatigue.
Having regained the forest, Whitcomb concealed himself a few days until the
alarm htThad occasioned subsided. He then ambuscaded the road leading from
Chamblee to St. Johns, at a point from whence his eye commanded an extensive
view up and down. Here he expected to intercept some unsuspicious passenger.
The hard fortune of Brigadier-General Gordon, of the British army, led him
the same morning to tike a solitary ride, and his approach was discovered by
Whitcomb soon after he had taken his stand. The General was in full uniform;
his epaulets rich ; he might have a gold watch and money about him, and he ap-
peared to be a great chief
The time for our partisan's return was at hand, and it was uncertain whether
he could make a prisoner; and if he did, it would be difficult to conduct him in.
This reasoning was too powerful for Whitcomb's sense of morals and humanity.
He determined to disobev his orders and marked his victim.
The road brought Gordon within thirty feet of Whitcomb's ambuscade. He
presented, took aim, and covered his object, and kept his sight on him until he
got a side view of his back. He then fired, and the ball took effect under the
right shoulder blade; but the woimd, though mortal, did not produce sudden
death, and the General's horse carried him into St. Johns, where he soon after
expired. I'hus the assassin missed his sj)oil ! ! !
That Whitcomb believed he was performing a meritorious act, is clearly
evinced by his reporting it with exultation; for it would otherwise have been
impossible ever to have convicted him of it. In speaking of the adventure, he
gave me the preceding detail, and added that hrf ''lost his object by shooting a lit-
tle too high, owing to the accidental intervention of a fluttering leaf, in the instant he
pulled trigger."
This abominable outrage on the customs of war and the laws of humanity,
produced a sensation of strong disgust in the army, and men of sensibility and
APPENDIX. 493
honor did not conceal their abhorrence of its perpetrator. Yet it was impossible,
in the temper of the times, to bring him to punishment, without disaffecting the
fighting men on that whole frontier.* But if he could not be punished consist-
ently with sound policy, his promotion to a Majority the ensuing winter not only
sanctioned the murder but rewarded the murderer. Such are the demoralizing
effects of war, and more particularly of a civil war. — Wilk., vol. 1, p. 67.
Wilkinson himself, afterward, thus speaks of this partisan : " Whitcomb re-
turned from Split Rock last night, and confutes the intelligence transmitted you
by General . He says there is only a schooner in that quarter of the Lake,
and she lies off Otter Creek. — Wilk., vol. 1, p. 171.
In regard to this matter, Major Caleb Stark, from whom Grcneral Wilkinson
received much information for his memoirs, stated that he was present at Head-
quarters, being then adjutant of a regiment at Mount Independence, when Whit-
comb returned and gave an account of his scout. He said that Whitcomb
reported the circumstances partly as they are published by Wilkinson ; and said
that he knew it was a field officer he had fired at, because he had two epaulets ;
and that two officers rode in his rear, who dismounted and gave him chase.
The American General inquired if he killed the man at whom he fired. He said
"his gun never had deceived him when aimed at a deer; but as a leaf came in
the way of his sight as he fired, he could not be positive; but was sure he struck
him, as he saw him quiver about the shoulders."
A flag of truce soon afterward came from the enemy, demanding the delivery
up of Whitcomb. But the American General answered, in substance, that if the
British employed Indians to waylay, murder, and scalp Americans, they might
reasonably expect retaliation. Major W^hitcomb was one of the most active and
efficient partisans who served under the orders of General Stark, where, in 1778,
he commanded the Northern Department, and is mentioned in several of his let-
ters.
General Wilkinson terms him an " unlettered child of the woods." The copy
of a letter from Whitcomb, which follows this notice, (the original written in'a
veiy plain, legible hand,) indicates that his acquirements were far above those
we might expect to find in " an unlettered child of the woods."
We know nothing of his birth or place of residence, or any particulars respect-
ing Major Whitcomb, other than those contained in the above statements.
TO BRIGADIER GENERAL STARK.
Bennington, Sept. 14, 1778.
Dear General: — 1 forwarded the ammunition from Albany, agreeably to
your orders. It has arrived thus far, but by what means I shall be able to trans-
port it to Rutland, I know not, as the Quarter-Master at this place utterly
refuses to receipt for said ammunition to him who has charge of the same. I
am, therefore, under the disagreeable necessity of delaying my time here, until
I can see it forwarded in person.
If such conduct is allowed to pass unnoticed, I see but a poor prospect of pros-
ecuting your orders, on the duty of my office. The tools which I am in imme-
diate want of. for the service of the fort, are still at the shore in this place, and
there they must lie, until I receive farther assistance from the Quarter-Master's
Department than I now have.
The General's orders for my conduct in this situation will greatly oblige him
who is
Your very obedient and very humble servant,
Benjamin Whitcomb.
* General W. here insinuates that the object of the American partisan was plunder.
We have no reason to beheve that such was the case, except from General W.'s
declaration.
EEY. THOMAS ALLEN^.
Thomas Allen was born at Northampton, Mass., Jan. 7, 1743, and graduated
at Harvard College in 1762, being ranked among the first classical scholars of
that time. He studied theology under the direction of Mr. Hooker, of North-
ampton, and was ordained, April 18, 1764, the first minister of Pittsfield, Berk-
shire County, Massachusetts, which was named in honor of William Pitt, and
was then a frontier town, in which a garrison had been kept during the French
War. The Indian name was Pontoosuc. At the time of Mr. Allen's settlement,
Pittsfield contained but six houses not built of logs. He lived to see it become
a wealthy and beautiful town, containing nearly three thousand inhabitants.
He espoused the cause of his country in the Revolution with ardent zeal, and
twice went out as a volunteer chaplain. From October 3 until January 23,
1776, be was with the army at White Plains, and in June and July, 1777, at
Ticonderoga. After the retreat of the northern army from that post he returned
home.
Upon the approach of the enemy under Col. Baum to the vicinity of Benning-
ton, who threatened to desolate the country, he marched with the Pittsfield vol-
unteers to repel the invasion. Prior to the assault of the intrenchments occu-
pied by the refugees, he advanced, and in a voice which they distinctly heard,
called upon them to surrender, promising good treatment; but, being fired upon,
he rejoined the militia, and was among the foremost who entered the' breast-
work. His exertions and example contributed to the triumph of August 16,
which checked the enemy's progress, and led the way to the capture of Bur-
goyne.
After the action he secured the horse of a Hessian surgeon, which carried a
pair of panniers filled with bottles of wine. The wine he administered to the
wounded and weary; but two large, square, glass case bottles he carried home, as
trophies of his campaign of four days.
During Shay's Rebellion, Mr. Allen supported the State authorities, and the
insurgents, at one period, threatened to seize and convey him as a hostage into
the State of New- York. His intrepidity was, however, not to be shaken, nor
was he deterred from the performance of his duty to his country. He slept with
arms in his bed room, ready to defend himself against the violence of lawless
men.
In the political controversy which followed the adoption of the federal consti-
tution, Mr. Allen's principles attached him to the Democratic, or Republican
party. Among his parishioners were several who had been tories in the Revolu-
tionary War, who remembered, with no good will, the active zeal of their whig
minister. Others were furious politicians, deeply imbued with the malevolent
spirit of the times, and intent upon the accomplishment of their object, even by
using the weapons of obloquy and outrage.
" During the Presidency of Mr. Jeff'erson," says the History of Berkshire,
" that spirit of political rancor that aff"ected every class of citizens in this coun-
try, arraying fathers, brothers, sons and neighbors against each other, entered
even the sanctuary of the church, A number of Mr. Allen's church and congre-
gation withdrew, and were incorporated, by the legislature, into a separate parish,
in 1808, thus presenting to the world the ridiculous spectacle of a church divided
on party politics, and known by the party names of the day."
This division was, however, healed in a few years, though not until after the
death of him whose last days were thus embittered, as well as by domestic afliic-
tions, in the loss of his eldest son and daughter.
After the death of his brother Moses, in 1779, he performed a journey to Savan-
nah, on horse back, to remove his widow and infant son from the South, where the
war then raged, to the happy security, for the time, of his own home. To bring
home to his family an infant child of his daughter, who died in London, in 1799,
he encountered the dangers of a voyage across the Atlantic.
He sailed in the ship Argo, Captain Rich. On the voyage, fears were awakened
by a vessel of force, which pursued the Argo, and was supposed to be a French
ship of war. The idea of a French prison was by no means welcome. In
expectation of a fight, Mr. Allen obtained the captain's consent to offer a prayer
APPENDIX. 495
with the men, and to make an encouraging speech to them before the action.
The stranger proved to be a British frigate, and the deliverance was acknowl-
edged in a thanksgiving prayer.
On his arrival in London he was received with great kindness by his friends,
Mr. Robert Cowie and Mr. Robert Steele, and was made acquainted with several
of the distinguished evangelical ministers of England : with Newton and
Hawies, Rowland Hill, Bogue and others, from whom he caught a pious zeal
for the promotion of foreign missions, which, on his return, he diffused around
him. It appears, from his journal, that he was absent from Pittsfield from July
3d to December 30, 1799.
Among other objects of curiosity which attracted his attention in London, he
saw the king, as he passed from St. James to the Parliament house, in a coach
drawn by six cream-colored horses, and on this sight recorded the following
reflections: " This is he who desolated my country; who ravaged the American
coasts; annihilated our trade; burned our towns; plundered our cities; sent
forth his Indian allies to scalp our wives and children; starved our youth in his
prison ships, and caused the expenditure of a hundred millions of money, and
a hundred thousand of precious lives. Instead of being the father of his people,
he has been their destroyer. May God forgive him so great guilt. And yet, he
is the idol of the people, who think they cannot live witbiout him."
The late gallant Major General E. W. Ripley married a daughter of Mr. Allen,
who died, September 11, 1820, at the Bay of St. Louis. Mr. Allen died Sabbath
morning, February 11, 1810, in the 68th year of his age and the 47th of his min-
istry.
This notice has been obtained principally from President Allen's Biographical
Dictionary, which contains many interesting particulars respecting this exem-
plary clergyman, and ever to be honored patriot of the Revolution.
GENEEAL MOSES NICHOLS.
[Copied from Farmer's History of Amherst.]
" May 23, 1790. General Moses Nichols died at Amherst. He was a native of
Reading, Mass. He had served his townsmen in the capacity of delegate to the
Convention, which assembled in 1778, for forming a permanent plan or system of
government, on certain established principles, and a representative to the Gen-
eral Court three years. Ardently attached to the cause of Liberty, he took a
conspicuous part in the Revolution which established our independence.
He was appointed Colonel of the Sixth Regiment of Militia, December 6, 1776,
and commanded a regiment under General Stark, in the engagement at Benning-
ton. Beside his military services, he was useful as a physician in this place
(Amherst;, where he practiced several years.
He was Register of Deeds for the county from 1766 until his death. His duties
in this office, as well as in many others of trust and responsibility, it is believed
he discharged with fidelity.
General Nichols left nine children : Hannah, Moses, Elizabeth, Eaton, Perkins,*
Mary, Pearson, and Charity. Moses is a physician, and resides in Sherbrooke,
Lower Canada."
*Some forty-five years ago Perkins Nichols was a well known, enterprisinff citizen of
Boston ; also in New-York, in 1826.
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