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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT

Edited by F, Ll. GRIFFITH

SIXTEENTH MEMOIR

THE EOCK TOMBS

EL AMAENA

PAHT IV -THE TOMBS OF FENTHU. MAHU, AND OTHEllS

N. Di^ G. DAYIES

FORTY-FIVE PLATES

LONDON

SOLD AT

The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLOKATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, WX,

AND FiKUcE BmLumG, CoFLtT SqUAHE, Boston, lik&s., ILS.A,

iKD lY KEGAN PAUL. TKEKCH, TR€bNER & CO., Dbydek Housjs, 43, G^&uarb Street, Soho, W.

B, QUARITCH. 15. Piccadilly, W, ; ASHER &, CO., 13, Bedford Strekt, Covrmt Garden. W,C.

/LND HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E*C.

1906

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT

Edited by F. LL GRIFFITH

.SIXTEEXTH MEMOIR

THE ROCK TOMBS

EL AMARNA

PAET IV.-TOMBS OF PENTHU, MAHU, AND OTHERS

N. DE G. DAVIES

FORTY-FIVE PLATES

• * • -
• . 1 • •

LONDON

SOLD AT

The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Great Russell Street, W.C.

AND Pierce Building, Copley Square, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.

AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNBR k CO., Dry den Hoivse, 4n, Gerrard Street, Soiio, W.

B. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly, W. ; ASHBR A Co., 13, Bedford Street, Oovent Garden, W.C.

AND HENRT FROWDE, Amen Cornsr, E.G.

1906

633

1 :u^i 'j;{

LONDON :

PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON LTD.,

ST. JOHN'S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, R.C.

>. •• • •.•« ••••

• '• • • ••! I •••• •

.. . .

••• •.:

EGYPT EXPLOEATION FUND

piceibcnt
F. G. HILTON PRICE, Esq., Dir.S.A.

lDice»|>re0ident0
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Cromer, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I. (Egypt)

Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.,

F.R.S., F.S.A.
Sir E. Maunde-Thompson, K.C.B., D.C.L.,

LL.D.
The Rev. Prop. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D.
Prof. \V. W. Goodwin (U.S.A.)

The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.)
Prof. T. Day Seymour (U.S.A.)
Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany)
Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France)
JosiAH Mullens, Esq. (Australia)

H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A. Edward R. Warren, Esq. (U.S.A.)

f)on. Secretan?
J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A.

Aembera ot Committee

T. H. Baylis, Esq., M.A., K.C., V.D.

C. F. MoBERLY Bell, Esq.

The Hon. J. R. Carter (U.S.A.)

Somers Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.

Newton Crane, Esq. (U.S.A.)

W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A.

Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (U.S.A.)

Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., D. Litt.,

F.R.S.
Prop. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A.
F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
F. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., D.Litt.

Prof. Alexander Macalister, M.D.

Mrs. McClure.

The Rev. W. MacGregor, M.A.

Robert Mond, Esq., F.R.S.E.

The Marquess of Northampton.

Francis Wm. Percival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.

Sir Herbert Thompson, Bart.

Mrs. Tirard.

Emanuel M. Undbrdown, Esq., K.C.

John Ward, Esq., F.S.A.

T. Herbert Warren, Esq., M.A.

E. TowRY Whyte, Esq., M.A., F.S.A,

CONTENTS

PAGE

List of Plates vii

Chapter I. The Tomb of Penthu.

A. Architectural Features.

The exterior I

The wall-thicknesses . 1

The interior . 1

The condition of the tomb 2

B. The Sculptured Scenes.

North WaU— Upper Part 2

„ „ Lower Part 3

South Wall— Lower Part 5

>j >j Upper Part 6

Titles of Penthu 6

Chapter IL The Site of the Southern Tombs.

Situation 7

Number 7

Previous records 7

Change of Necropolis 8

Architecture 8

Tomb-forms 9

Sequence 9

Methods of construction 9

Later burials 10

Roads 11

Chapter IIL The Tomb of Mahu.

A. Site and condition 12

B. Architectural Features 12

C. Scenes and inscriptions.

The wall-thicknesses 13

The rewards of Mahu 14

An inspection of the defences 15

Policing the capital 16

▼i CONTENTS.

PAGE

Chapter IV. The Tomb of Apy 19

Chapter V. The Tomb of Rames 21

Chapteu VI. The Tomb of Nefeb-kubpeuu-her-sekhepek ..... 23

Chaptkr VII. The ToMii of Suti 2^

Chapter VIII. Thk Religious Texts.

A. Their character 26

B. Longer prayers 27

C. Shorter prayers 30

D. Burial petitions 30

x\ppendix. Decorative Technique at El Amarna 32

Index 34

LIST OF PLATES

WITH REPEKENCES TO THE PAGES ON WHICH THEY ARE DESCRIBED.

PLATE

II.

III.

IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.

XXVII.

XXVIII.

XXIX.

Tomb of Penthu.

Plan and Sections

Facade .

N. thickness .

S. thickness

N. wall : Upper Scene.

N. and S

walls.

A visit to the Temple
The Temple Court
The Lesser Sanctuary
Lower scenes
„ Fragments .

S. wall. The King and Queen at meat .
Tombs of Penthu and Rames. Photographs
Tombs of Penthu and Mahu. Photographs
Southern tombs. General Plan

Tomb of Mahu.

Plans and Sections

N. thickness. The Royal Family
N. end wall. The Stela ....
Back wall : N. side. Mahu and his train
„ „ Mahu visits the Temple
„ „ (continuation)
Back wall : S. side. The Royal Chariot
S. end wall : Left side
Back wall : S. side. Passing the sentries
S. end wall. The false door
Front wall. Mahu exercising office
S. end wall. Right side .
Front wall. Mahu brings prisonei's
Back wall. Doorway
Exterior. Door-jambs .
Fragments

PAGE

]

I, 2, 6,

29,

30
2

2,3

3, 4, 5

4,5

5, 6

22,

,3,

16,

17,

•

-11

12,

13,

V2,

13,

28
14
15
16

•

15,

16
16
16

12,

13,

16,

17,

13,

30,

13,

14,

28,

XXX. Tombs 10 (Apy), 9a, 9c.

Smaller Tombs.
Plans

11, 19

Vlll

LIST OP PLATES.

PLATE

XXXI. TombofApy. Entrance

XXXII. Hymn to the Aten. Collation of texts

XXXIII. {The same continued.)

XXXIV. Tombs 7a, 7b, 9b, 11 (Rames). Plans
XXXV. Tomb of Rames. Entrance

XXX VI. Tomb 13, Plan and section
XXXVII. „ Sections and inscription .

XXXVIII. Tomb of Suti. Plan and sections
XXXIX. Tombs of Suti and Apy. Inscriptions

Photographic Plates.
XL. Tomb of Mahu. Entrance

The sentries

XLL Mahu and the city officials

The Royal Family driving out .
XLII. Mahu's Chariot. (IvJc design) .

Mahu. Nefertiti ....
XLIII. Tomb 13. Exterior. Interior
Tomb of Apy. Hymn to Aten
X LIV. „ „ Votive pieces .

„ „ The Royal Family .

X LV. Rames at prayer ....

Rames and his wife ....

FAOB

. 19, 20

20, 26—29, 31

. 28, 29

11,21

22, 30

. 23, 24

23, 24, 31

19, 25, 31

13, 14, 28

17,32

15, 16

13, 15,22

23,24

19,20

22,30

ExTEitroK. (Plates i., ii.)— This tomb is hewn
in the cliff, (*0 yards or thereabouts to the
South of Xo. 4 (Meryra). The rock here forms
an overhanging face about 30 ft. high, and by
cutting back the foot-slope on the left hand
a vertical wall 70 ft. long and 15 ft. high was
gained for a fac;ade with but little labour.
Perhaps because by chance the rock above
took the exact shape of the usual roll and
cornice, though in gigantic dimensions^ the
portal was furnished with no other. The ex-
cavation left a protected court on the North
side of the door^ and dwellers in the desert
at a later period formed this into a snug abode
by adding thick walls of piled stone.

The framing of the doorway stands out in
slight relief from the wall, and i^ decorated in
the usual way (Plate ii,). The lintel has the
usual device of royal and divine cartouches,
flanked on each side by the figure of the
deceased and his prayer. It is the exact
counterpart of that of Alimes (III, xxvii.)*^

^ No. 5. (No. 2 of Lepaius and L'Hote.)
' A coniplete drawing of the doorway was lost in
transit, in England, and had to be replaced by a less
careful record. The figures on the lintel are only
approximately cor reel.

The jambs (much broken and time-worn) con-
tain t/y hetep sefen prayei's in four columns each.
(Translations on p. 30.)

The WALL-TtucKNEssEs.^ — Here the usual
figures and prayers of the deceased are again
found, facini^^ outward. They have suffered
gi'eat injury, but the texts can be restored
from pandlels in the tomb of Huya* The hiero-
glyphs were carefully formed^ but retain shape
find cohiur only on the upper part of the walls.
Several Greek graffiti arc scratched over the
figure on Phite iii., one of which reads
Ep/xam^,^ Penthu wears the long gown, waist-
sash and sandals, and has the shaven head of
the priest. Translations of the prayers will be
found on p. 29.

IxTEKTOii,— The tomb is in nearly every
respect similar to that of Ahmes (IIL xxvi.),
being T-shuped, with the cross- corridor at the
farther end fi'oin the door. The inner room
served as the burial-chamber, the actual place
of interment being provided by a shaft, which
is protected by a parapet of rock and goes down
nearly 4*> ft. 1 descended this and found a
regularly-formed chamber, 17 ft. long, opening
out of it on the South side. It was partially

» Cf. Part III., pp. 35, 36,

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

filled with loose stones^ and had evidently been
thoroughly ransacked.

Beyond the cross-corridor was the Shrine.
It had contained a statue or the block out
of which one was to be hewn, but this has been
entirely removed. The roof of the outer

corridor is vaulted. For the trench in the floor,
see Part II,, p, 2.

Condition of the Tomb, — The tomb had, no
doubt, been used as a dwelling-place, and to
this are due two rounded niches in the South
wall and a square niche in the North wall,
which have removed a large part of the scenes.
In order to give more light to the back room,
an attempt was made to break away the whole
of the framing of the inner doorway, but it was
only partially carried out The wall-surface of
the long hall is in a deplorable condition* The
further half on both sides is almost entirely
destroyed, owing, apparently, to the poor
nature of the rock ; and the parts which ha\'e not
so suffered are almost equally unsightly. The
whole tomb was decorated in a peculiar way,
each figure or group being moulded in an inset
of plaster. This adhered so indifferently that it
has nearly all fallen away, and has left simply
the roughly-shaped mould which it occupied.
(Pis. xi., xii.) The plates therefore give, for
the most part, merely the depression which the
figure was to occupy. As this sometimes closely
resembles, sometimes only roughly approximates
to the final picture, a suggested restoration of
the outline has generally been added within.^

Despite present appearances and the aspect
of the plates, the few fragments of plaster that
remain in place show that the reliefs were
executed with the greatest care and delicacy.
The decoration of the tomb, however, remained
incomplete. The lower scene on the South wall
finished abruptly lialf way along, and of the
upper design only fragments of the preliminary
coloured sketch remain.

* A more detailed description of the methods followed
by the sculptors is giveu m an uppendix, p. 32.

B. The Sculptured Scenes.
1,^ — A Royal A'isrr to the Sanctuahy.

North Wall. Upper Part. Plates v., vi., vii., xi-, xii.

Though this subject as a wliole has no
counterpart in other tombs, it has resemblances.
As a representation of the Smaller Sanctuary
it is most akin to that in TIL xxx., and to two
pictures in the Royal Torab.^ But in each of
those scenes, the visit of the King, which is its
ostensible motive, is very differently pourtrayed ;
while here there is added as a second motive,
with a second appearance of the Royal party,
the bestowal of rewards on Penthu. It has
already been explained (Vol III., p. 29) in
dealing with a similar picture of the temple,
that the first double-gated pylon represents the
outer gate of the Temple of the Aten ; the
furniture which is seen behind it indicates the
intervening courts or sanctuary ; and the second
pylon, with the building attached to it, is the
Sjualler Sanctuary*

The Itoyal party stand outside the temple,
the King holdinj]: up his haods in a reverential
attitude. The Princesses Mcrytaten, Jleket^
aten and another, with the usual attendants,
accompany their parents.^ Five chariots, one
of them with royal plumes, wait outside.

The furniture, by which the intervening places
of offering are symbolized, corresponds most
closely to that of the last courts of tbe larger
temple or to that of the dependent building at the
rear of the smaller. It is ooly in the latter that
the tables with curved legs, which crowd the
space here, occur again (I, xi., xxxiii,). This
picture of the temple, however, finds its closest
parallel in the IJoyal Tomb, wbere the rays
strike through the building in the same way,

* MoUn du Culte d'Atmioii, I. i.

^ Lepsius took away with hira a piece of falling plaster,
slmwing two heads of female fan-hearera. (Lkpsius,
IK Text, ii., p. 133,) They iinist be from this group
(Ph xi.). Dr. Schaefer kindly sent me an excellent
drawing of the fragment (No. 521 in the Berlin Museum)
wiiich is reproduced on Plate ii.

THE TOMB OF PENTHU.

and the joints of meat stacked on tables and in
shrines are a simiLar feature ; but where the
Smaller Sanctuary^ like the Greater, is indicated
only by furniture and gates. ^

Penthu and one or two fellow-priests meet
the King at the gates, and the picture suggests
that the King presently took the opportunity to
show his favour to this worthy by substantial
rewards. I'ossibly the similar scene below
(PI. viii,) records the reward of Penthu*s in-
dustry as Chancellor, that on the South wall
the honour done him as Chief Physician, or Privy
Councillor, and this his recompense for true
discharge of his duties as Chief Servitor of Aten,
the scene of his exertions being in each case
chosen as the scene of his reward. The occasion

is described as '' Rewarding ^ the

Intimate of the King, the Chief Servitor of

Aten '* Over Penthu's head is the

stereotyped acknowledgment by the lucky
courtier — ^" Abounding in wealth and knowing
who bestows it " ^ A longer inscrip-
tion, which, no doubts gave the reason for the
ceremony, has fallen from its setting.

The faces of the royal pair, too, have perished,
with the exception of the chin and neck of the
Queen, a fragment which, being moulded with
extreme care, makes us regret the loss ofthere-
mainden The mannerism of the earliest period
is indeed not entirely kept under. The chin,
however, isunexaggerated, and the neck, though
lean, is such as llossetti might have drawn.
The muscles are strongly indicated ; the cheeks
are hollow, giving prominence to the cheek-
bones, and suggest a hard, masculine aspect.
It thuB conveys a different impression from
the painted profile on the opposite wall (PI, x.),

^ The inference would be that this part of the Royal
Tomb was decorated at the pcrioil of the change from
the South to the North necropolis. But this seems ira-
possihle unless the one wall of the room which represents
mourning for Meketaten were decorated later*

* Emending to ^^^ ^ -

' Cf* I., viii. ; III,, p, 13, where the rendering is incorrect*

and from other portraits of the Queen (cf. Pis.
xv», xxxi.) and is not convincing. The iignre
does not extend below the collar-bones ; for, by
some inexplicable slovenliness, the cutting out
of the matrix for the figure had gone no further,
and the modeller in plaster, finding his basis
fail, had to round otF his work as best he
could (PL xii. d).

Behind the Royal party is seen the familiar
columned pylon, the entrance gate to the
Smaller Sanctuary. The appearance of this
building has already been described from
better representations (III pp. 21-25). The
walls screening the entrance inside are shown,
but the only furniture of the interior now
visible consists of numerous shrines stacked
with bread and meat."* The sun's rays
penetrate the building, and the sky extends
overhead till it reaches the supporting moun-
tains.

2.^TiTB Reward of Penthu.

North Wall, Lower Part. Plates viii., ix.

Sufficient remains of this greatly injured
design to show that it was the fellow and
perhaps the original of one in the tomb of
Meryra, which it resembles in all essentials
(I. xxix.-xxxi,). It has been suggested already
that the same subject once had a place in the
hall of Panehesy (IL p, 21))/ and this warns
us forcibly how little there may be in these
pictures that is personal to the owner of the
tomb. As the selection of verses on the grave-

* Possihly at the time of these early designs the great
temple of the Aten was, in fact, little more than a series
of courts entered by pylons, and the furniture still of the
simplest. Cf. PL xx. The sun s rays entering the
builchng everywhere would then he even more noticeable
than at later periods.

* Panehesy, as Superintendent of the Granaries and
Cattle of Aten, would seem to have the beat claicp to the
desigo, and possibly it originated with him ; for his tomb
might be contemporary with Penthu's, Whether his
fellow-oflicials adopted it with equal justice, or any
justice, we caunot determine.

THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.

stones of an English churchyard are determined
much more by the limited reperfoire of the
local sculptor than by any aj>plicability to the
deceased, originality being extremely rare; so
also was it in Akhetaten. 80 small was the
number of stock designs that tlieir connection
^\ith the personal history of the deceased might
be very remote. The personality of these
officials of Akhenaten becomes very attenuated
when we observe tliat the tombs of Ahmes,
I^enthu, Panehesy and Meryra are illustrated
with much the same subjects, whether the
owner is a High Triest, a Chief l*hysician, or a
Superintendent of the Court-house* The prayers
and biographical statements put into the mouth
of the deceased are also largely professional
compositions; and even the short legends and
dockets, in which we might hope to find a
personal note, generally at El A mania show^
signs of being stereotyped, too. There is, how-
ever, a certain degree of liberty. There are,
nearly always, differences of treatment and ex-
pression ; the artist then, as now, despised the
ignoble role of a mere copyist, and it is in these
variations that we shall find, if anywhere, signs
of indi\idual fortune and character.

The inscription accompanying the picture of
Meryra sets forth that lie was rewarded for
filling the temple with all kinds of provisions iVir
offerings. The fragments of the corresponding
but shorter notice here make it probable that
its tenour, and even its w^ording, w^ere very
similar. But the reference to l*entliu is lost.
Apparently similar services and rewards were
claimed in both eases.

As in the later picture/ the opening scene
shows the freight ships drawm up side by side at
the river bank, with their prows moored to the
shore. There are nineteen single-masted vessels.
Fragments of plaster with detail (mooring-stakes,
landing planks, cartouche-headed steering

paddles, figures standing by piles of produce,
&c,) show that the copy of Meiyra followed this
closely. The cattle-yards, however, are not in
this tomb placed on the river-bank, but at the
end of the picture, and in their place we have
here a glimpse of the gardens and villas which
lay along the quay. Between these and the
ships is a broad band, Avhich may represent
either the qu iy or the river. It is impossible
to see whether the two strips of garden are
simply such or contain colonnades.- There is
a stiip of sky over each, indicating perhaps
that they lie side by side, not one beyond the
other. The rest of the line of buildings and
gardens is lost, except for a small fragment
(on a larger scfile in ix. a.) The rest of the
wall-space up to the store-yard was occupied
apparently by numerous chariots and their
attendants.

The enclosing wall of the store-yard is shown
running round on all sides. In its outer court
the King and Queen, accompanied by three
princesses, their nm^ses (recognizable by their
I bending attitude, PL ix, e.), and a numerous
suite, receive Penthu, He, on his side, has witli
him a considerable company of shade-bearei*s,
scribes, officials and attendant priests ; for it
is presumably in his capacity of Chief Servitoi'
of Aten that he has earned the distinction of
the golden insignia.^ Tlie response of Penthu to
the Kind's crenerositv is on a strictlv official
model " Give health to Pharaoh (life, prosperity
and health to him ! ), thy fair child, Aten,
Grant that he may complete [thy duration ;
grant it for ever.] "

Behind the royal party is the granary, filled
with heaps of grain (cf. L xxxi,) From here
onward the wall-surface is destroyed, partly by

' The lull description given in Part P,pp. 33-30, allows
1X36 to be more brief here.

- Cf. the picture of the river bank in the tomb of Maj
(V. v.), Mo7i, (hi Cuite (rAtonou, L xxxv.

^ See Plate ix c. Also L*H6te, Letlres Scrites, p. 61,
Enough details of this group and its text remain to
justify their restoration on the exact lines of the
replica in L xxx.

THE TOMB OF PEKTHU.

natural decay, partly by loss of a great patching
block which had been fitted in with pUtster,
Probably a picture of the treiisury occupied the
space, but all that now remains is a fragraent
showing the cattle-house. The stalls are seen at
the top of the picture, and between them and the
front wall (below) are eight (?) groups of cattle,
each tended by a cow-keeper (PI. ix. i>., Cf. L
xxix.^).

3.^ — Pekthu honoured in the Palace,

South Wall. Lower Part. Plate viil.

Tliis scene seems to be similar to that on the
lower part of the West wall of Ahmes (IIL
xxxiii,, xxxiv,), and, so far as wc can gather
from the fragmentary state of both pictures,
represents the reward of the Court official.
Hence the ceremony takes place in the palace
itself; the opportunity thus given for architec-
tural display being perhaps one reason for the
introduction of the scene.

The King here sits in the great reception room
of the palace, and from IIL xxxiv. w^e should
infer that the Queen was shown seated behind
him.^ Consistently with other representations
of this hall, a row of four columns is shown, ^
The picture of the interior of the palace on the
right is different in arrangement from those
hitherto met with, and as it more nearly
resembles the picture in the Southern tombs, a
closer study of it may be deferred.

Penthu is standing before the King in grateful
acknowledgment of the royal gifts which two
attendants are fastening upon him* On the left
the front wall of the palace is seen, with its
facade represented above in elevation. The
gateway and side-door below must represent the

A . ^^

' T ought probably to have placed two animals only in
the upper f^roups also.

■ The suggested figure of the Queen iu front is to be
deleted. More likely fan -bearers stCMi^d here*

3 The fourth is bebiud the Iving, passing through a
group of jars.

entrance to the court of the palace from the
street : if out of place in regard to the whole it

is in true relation to the facade, and more cannot
be expected from an Egyptian draughtsman.
Nor is unity of time considered essential. The
figure of Penthu is found again outside the
gates, where he receives the congratulations of
his friends, and, as his name and titles are seen
above another group, he may have appeared
there also in some other role or at another stage
in the proceedings. His chariot awaits him *
and a military escort is in attendance. To judge
by a half-effaced inscription on the left, Penthu
was accompanied by a crowd of his subordinates
in office.^

The gate on the extreme left (on which the
last strokes of the sculptor seem to have been
spent) appears to be a repetition of the entrance
gates (cf, II. xiv.).

i — Thk King and Queen at Meat,

South Wall Upper Part. Plate x.

Only a few fragments of painting remain here,
Imt it has been found possible to build up a
picture on them. Though the scene is familiar/
its execution is most interesting. The deft
brush of the Egyptian draughtsman never
showed to better advantage in the outlines
secured ; for the suggestion of restful ease and
lanefuid movement is admirable* The hands also
show that the artist was better able to depict
flexibility and softness than the sculptor to carry
it out, and the fragments of the profile convey
his impression of the royal lineaments more
accurately than most of the finished portraits.
The shape of the cup (?) which the Queen
holds is noteworthy. The painting is in red

* The suggested royal plumes have no justification.
^ ** The people of the store-bouse and the subordinates

of this house (reading ^ ^r^ P 1^ "^ ^ I )*

(Plate ix. B.)
" IIL iv,, vi., xxxiv*

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

outline with the flesh in solid red, but blue is
also used on the collar : the cup is left white.

This group lies about six feet from the right
end of the wall. It shows the King and Queen
(with a princess beside her ?) seated on chairs,
each before a pile of viands. A hand on the left
suggests that a figure of equal size and impor-
tance sat facing the King, and the picture in
Huya's tomb leads us to ask if it can be Tyi.
Conceivably, however, it might be the hand of
Penthu or some other official in attendance.^

5. — Titles of Penthu.

Penthu is entitled (Plates iii. and iv.) : —
Royal Scribe.
Intimate of the King.

* The hand is at its true level in the Plate, but it should
be some distance further to the left, as if it were helping
itself from the same table.

Chief Servitor of Aten in the temple of Aten
in Akhetaten.

Chief Physician.

Privy Councillor {ami khent).

The following epithets are also applied to
him (Plate ii.) : — ^

Royal Chancellor.

Sole Companion.

Attendant on the feet of the King.

Favourite of the Good God.

Beloved of his lord.

He who approaches the person of the God.

Chief of Chiefs.

Companion, chief of the Companions.

Though we know little of the special duties
which these varied offices and honours entailed,
it is plain that Penthu's rank was high and
brought him into close relations with the Court.

' All these are borrowed by or from Ahmes (III. xxvii.),
along with the device on the lintel, showing that they
were honorary titles only, applicable to any high official.

CHAPTER II.

THE SITE OF THE SOUTHERN TOMBS,

I, SiTiiATiON.^ — It is curious that the bold
cliffs themselves were not selected as a site for
the earliest tombs at AkhetateDj but a low bank
which marks the rise from the level of the plain
to that of the great wady runnitig southward
through the mountains. The rock is of the
worst possible nature ; the site was limited in
area and lay an hour's ride south-east of the
city. Hence after a few years it was abandoned
for the northern cliffs. These unattractive hills
are bounded on the East and West by two Khor^
(drainage valleys) and are cut into three parts
by dry water-courses, descending from the level
of the wady.

2p NUMBER. — ^Of the tornbs excavated here^
nineteen are usually open and have been num*
bered ; ^ but there are others in a greater or less
state of completion, of which eight appear on the
accompanying map (Plate xiii.). Ml the tombs
are liable to become sanded-up, so that many of
the numbered tombs had to be excavated in order
to secure plans. The eight lettered tombs were
completely hidden and were cleared of sand by
me. Most of them had been unearthed before by
JVBL Bouriant and Barsaiiti, but no records or
plans seem to have been made. The tombs arc
betrayed at once by the piles of stone fragments
tlirown out ; so that it is almost impossible that
any large chfimber remains undiscovered, though
there might be many of the type 9b. , 9c. There
are also many small cuttings where a tomb was

* 7 to 25 in conlinuation of fcho oortherD tombs. They
arc often called the Tombs of Hagg Qaudil after the
nearest village on the river- bauk.

planned or whence stone was taken for inset
(patchings, cornices, etc*), and these no doubt
have caused disappointment to others besides
myself. Of the tombs which I opened only 7c
was of any size, and none showed any traces of
inscription except 25a.'

3, Prp:vious RECora>s. — The buried state
of these tombs, consequent on their low posi-
tion, kept them unknown or uncopied long
after their first discovery. They seem to have
been unvisited by Wilkinson, as Hay, who shared
with him the knowledge of the tombs of Et Til,
refers to the conspicuous tomb of Ay as '* the
tomb opened by me/' ^ Tomb 13 also was
opened by him and his companion Laver in 1830,
as he records on its ceiling ; and tombs 7 and 8
were entered, and such copying and planning
done as were possible under the cin^umstances.
L'HuTE did very little work here. The great
advance which Lepsiu.s made on Hav was more in
the publication than in the extent of his copies ;
for though the entrances of most of the other
tombs were plain to him, he made no attempt to
penetrate into them. The work done by Fi^ench
Egyptologists on the site between iH83 and 1U02
has already been noted (Part L, p. 5). The
result of their combined labours, long delayed
owing to the illness and death of M, Bouriant,

- The evident excitement under which M. Bouriant
worked can alone account for the statement that the
Sontb group contains more than hffcy tomhs, and that all
the valleys are full of tbem. Deux jours tie fuuilleSt
pp. 1, 15.

•' Hay, MSS, 29847, fol. 65.

THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.

has now appeared, so far as the south group is
concerned.^

4. Change of Necropolis. — The transference
of the Necropolis to the northern hills presents
us with an unsolved problem : for the material
changes that coincided with it suggest that it
had real significance. The new and stricter
name of the Aten comes into use ; the form of
tombs undergoes considerable alteration; the
Queen's sister disappears ; detailed pictures of
the temple are shown and those of the palace
are altered ; the figure of the deceased takes the
place of the King in the doorways. None of
these changes is startling; none perhaps was
sudden; yet, taken together, they show that
the 8th or Dtli year of the reign marked a
turning-point. Probably it exhibited in some
definite way the success of the revolution : only
a very partial and short-lived success, no doubt ;
yet not to be a failure was already much.

It may well be supposed that up to this point
all had been in doubt. Now (surely by a com-
promise) civil peace was assured. The city had
been solidly founded ; the temple and the palace
erected ; - the boundaries of the sacred district
solemnly confirmed ; the Queen's sister married

^ Momunents paur scrvir a Vetiule du Cidtc d'Atonoic en
Egyjptc, Tome I. Les Tovibes de Khouitatonou, Par
MM. U. BouBiANT, G. Legrain et G. J^quieb. 1905.
The previous publications of texts, <fcc., by M. Bouriant I
{Beux jours defouillcs a Tell el Amama) and M. Daressy |
{Recucilf XV., p. 36) being superseded by and referred to |
in that work, I shall not cite them in addition. |

As far as possible I have worked on the site with
previous copies before me ; so that where I dififer from my
predecessors I must be understood to have fully con-
vinced myself that they were in error. I may add that, |
except for deliberate mutilations, and inscriptions in ink
on the fa9ade or in the entrance of tombs, the records,
with rare exceptions, do not appear to have deteriorated
since the days of Hay.

' Perhaps temporarily the court had settled further to
the south (in the mansion with the smaller painted
pavement ? ), but now moved northward to the newly-
built quarter of the city ; the necropolis, naturally, !
shifting with it. •

off, in a way, perhaps, that had political results^ ;
a new influx from Thebes was changing some-
what the first fashions in which the King's
influence and local mannerisms had been un-
challenged. All this is hypothetical ; but some
such change, important yet not radical, seems
indicated.

5. Abchitecture. — The originality so marked
at this epoch in other directions is not less pro-
minent in tomb architecture. There was a com-
plete break from the traditions of Theban tombs
both in form and in mode of decoration. The
ordinary T-shaped chamber is unknown at El
Amama, and so also is decoration in colour on
plaster. Papyrus columns everywhere replace
the square pillar of rock where support is needed
for the roof. If Akhenaten fails to win our ad-
miration away from the bright colour and rich de-
tail of the Theban tomb, his architecture at least
is in the highest degree imposing, especially in the
Southern Group, where the larger tombs almost
reach the dignity of rock-temples. There is no
other necropolis like this in Egypt. Beside the
solid masonry of Saqqareh, the magnificent
simplicity of Beni-Hasan, the rich colouring of
Thebes, must be set the graceful architecture of
the tombs of Hagg-Qandil. The row of complex
columns finishing at the wall in pilasters
with cavetto-comice, and carrying either a
simple or a corniced architrave, is an architect-
ural element which, by its harmonious blending
of straight lines with curves and of the plain
with the broken surface, may bear comparison
with features of classical architecture that have
become imperishable models. The breaking
of the plain wall-surface by double corniced
portals, or by the door and lattice, also shows
admirable decorative taste, and we can only
regret that no free-standing building remains in
Akhetaten. Unfortunately the period was so
short and the work so hurried that we have to

3 But not, it would seem, to Horemheb, the future King
of Egypt. See Sethe, A .Z. 1905, p. 134.

THK SITE OF TBE SOOTHEKN TOMBS.

"complete the tombs in imap:ination. One and
all they remcain sketches wliich show the restless
genius of the artist; and if there seems no great
variety of type, no more indeed than indicates
that the type was variable, we must remember
that the tombs of the group appear to be the
product of two or three years at most*

B. ToMB-rORMS.— The most uatunil impulse in
tomb-(]Uarrying is to gain wnll-space with least
labour. To this the corridor answers best. It
might He athwart the entrance or in line with
it, and though the latter arrangement had the
advantage of taking small frontage space, the
cross corridor was geuurally adopted, as it
secured room for expansion, Jn the South group
only tombs IS, 19 and 23 adopted the direct
corridor. It was imitated in tombs *^ and o, but
there the cross-corridor (with false doors) was
added at the fuHher end, thus forming an
exact T.

The smallest tombs are all of the cross-corridor
typCj with a false door (shrine) at each end and
another opposite the entrance (tombs 7, 11, 17).
If time and means permitted, the breadth of the
corridor was doubled, the back wall becoming a
row of columns doA\m the centre (commenced in
Nos, 10, 12, 20: nearly completed in 7c, 13),
Or it might be trebled or quadrupled by having
two rows of columns (Nos. S, 14, 16) or three
(No, 2i}). Two false doors to right and left on
entering still bore >vitness to the embryo-form,
though these might be repeated in the new
cross-aisle (Nos, S, 16). Not that the develop-
ment actually took place in successive strips.
After the cross-corridor was Hnished the central
aisle might be run out to its limit, and the
excavation begun to right and left(Nos. 21, 22).

The simple cross-corridor tomb was, however,
not really complete. It had no place for burial
(only a shaft in the chamber in tomb 11), and it
was intended tliat the door in the back wall
should lead to a further room, in which or
through which the burial place should be I
reached. In the tomb of Mahu (No. 9) this ,

I room was left quite simple and small. In Nos. 8
and 1 5 this inner room was meant to become a
many-columned chamber, ^ Where the cross-cur-
ridor had become a columned hall, it w^as felt ad-
visable to begin the burial place at once, placing
it at the end of a flight of steps leading down from
the floor (in the left-hand back corner, Nos. 8,
13j 14, 16, 25). If the sttiirway was extensive,
it was made to turn on itself so as to keep within
the area of the tomb. The stairway, when in
the second chamber, was on the right (Nos. 6,9,

ir.).=

7. Sequence, — It is difficult to determine

the order of succession of the tombs in this

i group. The Princesses are always three in

number, except in tombs D and 1 1 where Mery-

taten alone appears. Reasons will be given for

i doubting if these two tombs can really date as

! early as Akhenaten's fifth or sixth year. All the

I tombs therefore seem to be practically of one

period, nnd I am unable to suggest with confi-

' dence any sequence among them. Tombs 8 and

I 23 show examples of the later form of the name

I of the A ten, and tomb 9 uses no other. These,

then, we should expect to be latest in date.

i 8. Metuods of Construction. — As will be

seen in dealing with separate tombs, they are all

, more or less unfinished, and the decoration uf

all is seriously incomplete. Evidently the work

I w\as done in the utmost haste. The shrewd king

seems to have seen that the best way to bind his

courtiers to Akhetaten and to his enterprise there

was to let them sec their future halls of burial

already planned on an elaborate male and actually

begun* A tomb was invariably quarried (nnn

* It is from this type that the larger tombs of the North
group arc developed, but with considerable changes of
dimensions and arrangement. The two false doors are
still seen in the first chamber of Meryra (No. 4) aod of
Panehesy (No* 6). In Ihe latter they are transferred to
Lhe back wall.

* When the inner rooiii was added in No* G, tbe
provisional burial place in the outer hall was abandoned
for a more elaborate one iu its true place, the second
chamber.

THE ROCK T0MB8 OF EL AMARNA.

the roof downwards, and to the last the ceiling
remained the mo?;t iinislied and caccuratc portion;
so that tlie modern snrveyor is obliged to adopt
the laborious and inverted method of takin<2: the
ceilin;^ as the basis of his plans. The reason for
this is not far to seek. When one tomb was be-
gun before its neighbour had been completed, it
was advisable that the latter shoukl have marked
out its claim to frontage by excavating the wliole
breadth within. This is in fact always found
to have been done, even il' the tomb was
left unfinished in the rear (cf. Nos. 14, 22,
25, etc,),

A farther pecuharity of these tombs is tliat
they were evidently hnished piecemeal as the
work went on ; the last smoothness aud detail
were given to the ceilings, architraves, cornices
of doors, and capitals of eohirans, while the
other half of the tomb, the colunm, the doorway,
was still a mass of rock. The explanation,
however, is not that, owing to a childish
impatience to reach pleasing results or in order
to avoid the use of scaffolding, the tomb was
completed in sections: this feature is the
direct result of the conditions under which the
work was done. 8o hasty was it, so insecure
the supply of labour, so remote the chance of
completion, that the most expeditious method
was the only method. Quarriers, finishei-s^
plasterers and decorators were employed upon
the tomb simultaneously, one following upon
the other's heels ; and when, as was feared, the
ipiarriers were called away from the half-exca-
vated tomb, tlie finishers employed the interval
that must elapse before new work was prepared
for them in completing the chamber to the limit
that their forerunners had set them. The plas-
terers moulded and whitewashed the capitals
of columns regardless of the fact that the shaft
was still unformed and that their work would
be seriously impaired^ if not destroyed, should
the excavation ever be proceeded with. The
decorators and sculptors, who found a properly
smoothed wall, sketched out, sculptured and

painted their scenes, though half the chamber,
or all save the doorway, was still vii^giu rock.
This procedure lias been justified. But for this
unmcthodicol haste there could have been no
architectural beauty and no texts or scenes in
the necropolis ; for not a single tomb reached
completion, and only in two cases are even
the interiors perfectly ready for decoration.
This must be remembered in appreciating
architectural features, and not less in drawing
conclusions from the scenes. No evidence
can be gathered from the absence of certain
representations, for the subjects which would
have occupied the remaining waUs are un*
kuown to us. As a matter of fact all the
pictures we have in this group, with the ex-
ception of those in the tomb of Mahu and
one in the tomb of Jlay, are three separate
versions of the same design, showing the reward
of the official from the window of the palace
(Tombs 7, 8, 25).

The tombs and their sculptures lie open also
to the charge of being ^'jerry-built" ; for the
material in which they are excavated is quite
unsuited to theii' ambitious designs. The ad-
mirable lines of cornice and column and the fine
detail of sculpture are all executed in plaster.
The stone basis for both is often of the roughest
description. Many of the columns, owing to
faults and fissures in the rock, are largely made
up of plaster. No doubt a great deal of bad
work, due to ha^te, has also been covered up
in this way. But the Egyptian work in plaster
was so excellent, and the insecure basis for this
rock-architecture is so Httle to be suspected
even now, that the passing centuries must be
considered to have sufficiently vindicated the
ancient architect,

9, Later Burials. — Most, if not all, of the
tombs have been re -used for later burials, bones
and great mounds of sherds outside the principal
tombs witnessing eloquently to the fact. Large
numbers of coffins were, I believe, found by the
first excavators^ many being burnt and others

THE SITE OP THE SOUTHERN TOMBS.

removed to Cairo. No notes of this Depart-
mental undertaking have been published.^

10. Roads. — As in the North group, broad
tracks, swept clear of stones, lead from the
vicinity of the ancient town to many of the chief
tombs. They are marked on Plate xiii. for a
certain distance, but after three or four hundred
yards from the tombs they visibly swerve
from the straight line and often bend con-
siderably, perhaps because several ran into one.^
Their full mapping remains to be done.

* I hope to be able later to obtain a little evidence
on the subject from the heaps of debris and from the
fellahin who did the work.

* For their further course, consult Petrie, T.A., pi. xxxv.
Their number and direction is given in Lepbius, D. Text,
ii. p. 148.

The following notes on this subject may be
added : —

From Tomb 25. — Two roads; one leaving at
319°, one at 322°, and seeming to strike the
river bank at points 317° 30' and 333° 30'
from the tomb. Twenty and twenty-two feet
broad.

From Tomb 23. — Thirty-four feet broad.

From Tomb 22. — Very straight. Twenty-
five feet broad.

From Tomb 8. — Appears to strike the bank
303° from the door of the tomb. Twenty-nine
feet broad.

The uninscribed tombs, of which some plans
are given on Plates xxx., xxxiv., will be noticed
in Part V.

CHAPTEH III,

THE TOMB OF MAHU

A. SlTK AND CnM>lTI()N hF THE ToMU.

This tuinb wus (ipeiiec] l)y M, Buuriaiit in
1KK3^' fur the first tinier

Malm, Chief of I'olice, was better aware than
any odq of the risk, or rather the certainty, that
his tomb would be jjltindered after his death*
Instead, therefore, of hewing his chambers
couspicuously in the face of the hills overlookiup:
tlie plain, he chose a retired spot where the
ground was almost flat. Driving a narrow
stairway to a sufficient depth he formed his
'* eternal home" cellar-wise there, where the
whirling sands would (juickly conceal it.
Though his aim was not permanently secured,
tlie ruse was partially successful. The little
tomb remained immune, not only duriu"^ the
religious reaction that soon occurred, but from
the assaults of modern thieves. If his little
chamber is now the most attractive of the
Southern tombs, it is owing not only to the
peculiar interest of the scenes but also to the
unsullied whiteness of a large part of the walls,

B. AHcnrrECTiiKAL Features.

The tomb is of the simple cross-corridor type,
with a second chamber in the axis of entrance

' Tomb d. The name is spelt (or misspelt) in four
other ways in the tomb by the slovenly Bcribc. By error
a b (?) precedes the name on the right jamb outside
(Plato xxviii.). Can it he this hlmuler that has induced
the editors of the French pubhcatiori to transliterate the
name by Mabhou? It was correctly given in the first
mstaaco by M. Bou riant,

* BouRiANT, fkii^ jours (le foiiitlcs, p. IG, Aa might
be expected from this title, the excavation seems to have
been of the most summar}' sort. The tomb was published
Iftst year in Mon. dti CuUe iVAionou^ I,, cb, xv.

through which the place of burial is reached.
This inner chamber is roufrhly hewn and askew,
and the shrine at the l)ack oF it remains an un-
finished doorway. From this chamber a wintling
stairway of 47 steps leads down to the burial-
place, making more than a complete turn berorc
the owner was satisfied. Two flights bring one
to a small chamber, and from the floor of this
two fl lights mure descend to a room at double
the depth of the first. This contains a burial-
pit with a rough chamber at one end for the
actual interment. The pit had been filled up
with round boulders and loose stones. A niche
in the wall at the foot of the first flight of steps
may be a later locuhan for buriaL

The intermediate chamber seems to reflect the
uncertainty of life and fortune in Kgypt. Had
Mahu died or fallen from favour just then,
this provisional chamber must have formed his
place of sepulture. The prospect of sudden
arrestj or of possible elaboration of the work,
seems to have often aftected the [>lans of the
Egyptian architect, as it not infrequently does .
those of his modem successoi^. Sometimes,
perhaps J the stoppage was deliberate, the coveted
achievement being so far beyond the immediate
resources of the official that it was impossible to
execute the whole plan at one outlay.

The inscribed chamber in all finished tombs
of this group has a doorway at each end. In
this tomb, however, this feature is replaced at
the North end by a round-topped stela; while
the other^ though of the usual fonn, has its inner
part inscril)ed, thus obviating the possibility of
hewing a chamber or statue-shrine there* These
door ways, plainly, have been interpreted as door-

THE TOMB OF MAHU.

shaped stelae and decoratively tref\ted n9, >;uch ;
the North stela being just a repetition uf the
inner design of its fellow, omitting the door-
framing. A single step leads up to the latter :
two steps to the former. The sculpture in each
case shows acts of worship by the royal family.
The profile of the Queen is repeated in line on
Plate xxix,, and in photograph on Plate xlii.

The facade of the tomb occupies only tlie
breadth of the nan^ow stairway, and hardl}'
admits even of the door- framing. The com ice
and the scene on the lintel are almost weathered
away. The inscriptions on the jambs, as well
as those on the corresponding doorway to the
inner chamber, are translated on pp. 3< ^ 31 ,

The walls of the outer hall were to have been
fully occupied by scenes in two series, an upper
and a lower ; but, as is invariably the case in
these tombs, the work is unfinii^hed. As a con-
sequence the walls afford a most interesting
exhibition of the technical methods employed ;
for they remain in almost every stage from the
ink sketch to the finished relief. In most cases
the paint seerns not yet to have been applied*
The scene on Plate xv., however^ has received
part, if not all, of its colouring, and the
hieroglyphs on the door-jambs, instead of being
as elsewhere in simple l>lue, are in varied colours.
Attention is called to the technique hiter on
(p. 32).

C. The Scexks and Inscriptions.

I. — The Wall-thicknesses.
Plates XV., xxix., xl

The sides of the short entrance-passage to the
tomb (representing the thicknesses of the wall)
are ornamented in the way almost universal in
the Southern tombs. On the left, namely, the
Royal family are shown sacrificing at the altar of
the Aten {Plates xv.,xl.)j and, in a lower panel,
the figure and liturgy of the deceased (PL xxix.).
On the other side the latter subject occupies the

whole widL' The prnyer, which is a duplicate of
that on the opposite wall with one or two
variants in spellings occurs four times in this
tomb alone,* as well as in those of Apy, Any,
Tutu, and of Meryra in the North Group, (A
collation of these texts will be found on Plates
xxxii,, xxxiii,, and a translation on p. 28.)

The texts in this tuinb contain the most
extraordinary en'ors and are often unreadable as
they stand, the decorator being plainly incapable
of reading a word of that which he copied and
having besides a corrupt or illegible exemplar.

The portraits of Mahu which so often recur in
the tomb agree fairly well with one another :
but as they also differ little^ if at all, from the
typical Egyptian official, they cannot be taken
as a serious attempt at portraiture.

The faces of the royal pnir in the tomb arc
well preserved and confirm the most pleasing
and least bizarre exaniplos elsewhere. The
King's profile in Phitc xv,, where the work is on
the largest scale and most carefully executed,
strikingly resembles the plaster head found by
Professor Petrie in the ruined town,* The pro-
portions of the figures are bad^ erring above
all in the excessive size of the head and
shortness of the thighs. Yet they do not
show the anatomical enormities which, though
rarely perpetrated in tomb -sculpture, are
often considered characteristic of the period,*
and arc even supposed to reproduce similar
physical peculiarities of the unhappy pair.

The scene in Ph xv,, in which the King pours
incense or oil* on the flaming bowls, while the

* Tlie figure is shown on Plate xxix. ; the whole in
Mon. dit Oulte d'Atonou, I., p. 97 (with some inaccura-
cies and omissions).

"' For variants In the foiu^ texts of this tomh consult
Part l,r PP* 50| 51, where the text of Plate xxix. — Malm
a, that of PI, xvi. = Mahu b, that of the S. thickness —
Mahu c, and that of Plate xxiii, — Mabu d,

^ Petuik, T. a,. Frontispiece.

♦ Characteristic perhaps of work of the first few years
of the reign, (boundaiy stelae, stelae in the palace, trial
pieces, etc.).

^ Cf. II. zxj^ii. for the shape of the vasseh

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

Queen offers the Rceptre and a lamp (?) such as
nlready burns on the sacrifice, calls for little
comment. Ribbons secure the uraei to the
Queen's lieadnrear or coiffure,^ The Kings
sporran (in faint red ink) seems to have been
sewn with ornaments of inlaid enamel and
fringed with glaze pGndants,

Here and elsewhere in the tomb only the first-
bom daughter, :\Ierytaten, is shown;- but
against the inference that the work belongs to
the earliest years of the reign is to be set the
fact that in this tomb the cartouches of the Aten
take their later form.^

It scarcely seems possible that the tomb should
have been decorated before tlie birth of Jfeket-
atcn. For we find the hymn to tlie Aten already
composed^ plagiarized ami corrupted ; the town
guarded by forts; its police and government
organized ; the peculiar artistic style and
methods of decoration fully developed. It
seems more likely that the artist bad no place
in the pictures except for the heiress, who was
now old enough to appear with her parents in
public.

2.— The Rewards of Mahu.

Front Wall, N. half. Back Wall, N, half. Plates xvii.,
xviii.» xix,, xxix., xlii.

The scenes in the hall itself have two subjects,
the duties and the rewards of I\Iahu* The
former subject occupies the South, the latter the
North half of the chamber. In every case the
scenes on each side of the stelae on the end
walls form a part of the larger picture on the
adjacent walL

The design on the North half ofthe front wall
is gone, but a fragment in ink which survives
(PI, xxix.) shows that on the upper part Mahu
was seen receiving the customary honours at

* Of. STEtNDORFF, BlHeztit, pp. 156, 157.

* One alao in the tomb of Kames (PL xxxv.) ; two oo
most stelae; not less than thnee elsewhere.

* As in the tomb of Any anil once in that of Tutu.

the hands of the King from the window of the
palace.

On the North half of the back wall we have
as the upper picture the ink fragment shown in
W xvii. ; the parts on the extreme left (end
wall) ami on the extreme right are completely
eflaced. The former probably contained addi-
tional attendants and soldiery ; the latter
evidently sliowed the loggia of the palace from
which the collars were being handed to Maho by
the King. What is left shows us the waiting
chariots, the crowd, the close attendants of
Malm, and a second figure of that official,
^* Mahu, commandant of the Mazau of Akhet-
aten."* By virtue of his office he appears to
have been entitled to have a standard carried be*
fore him* Unfortunately the design on the panel
cannot any longer be deciphered with certainty ;
it appears to present the execution of an enemy
by the King. Mahu's men arc ranged behind
him unarmed. He himself is lifting his hands
in excited salutation and says, '^Thou makest
great by troops and troops ; thou, the ruler of
Aten (?), thou shalt live for ever/'*

The lower scenes (Pis. xviii.j xix.) differ little
from the last, except that the temple is substi-
tuted for the oalace, indicatinsf another occasion
and place for the reward of this important
public official. The completion of the palace
and temple would be great public events in
Akhetatcn, and Mahu might well receive tokens
of court favour on both occasions. Or perhaps
the artist in decorating the tomb rather had it
in mind to indicate Mahu's responsibilities : the
temple and the palace which he had to protect,
and the system of defences round the city which
he had to maintain. In all this, of course, Mahu
did excellently and reaped generous recognition.

The whole of this picture, being also merely

* The Mazau formed the police force in important
centres, being recruited principally from a Nubian tribe
of that name. Their Commandant was responsible to
the Vizier or Governor.

6 Cf. IIL xii.

THE TOMB OF MAHU.

sketched out in black ink,' not only affords
an example of the skill and method of the
ancient draughtsman and of the basis which was
given to the sculptor for his subsequent work ;
but, owing to its provisional character and to
the manual dexterity which it betrays, it brings
the day of its execution singularly near to us.
Tlie man whose brush traced these clever
sketches seems to have but left his task for
a moment and to be still in our midst. We can
see the sculptor, too, who had looked forward
to this task, when pressure of work elsewhere
called him away from the tomb, deferring his
departure for half-an-liour while his deft tool
modelled a head of Mahu, which was to remain
for all time tlie onlv advance on the ink desiim
(Photograph, Pi xlii.) Or perhaps Mahu him-
self, intensely chagrined at the stoppage of the
work, would not release the craftsman until he
had at least seen his own portrait elaborated.

Mahu, wearing the festal cap, and witli his
neck laden with collars, kneels in prayer or
homage before the great gate of the temple.
The whole scene is the familiar one of the
reward of tlie faithful official by the King, and
the inscriptions confirm it The Ring, however,
is not present, unless the scene on the other
side of the door (PL xxii.) is to be brought into
connection with it. Otherwise we must suppose
that Mahu, after being honoured as shown in
the scene above, presented a thankoffering at
the gate of the temple, an<l this prayer for his
royal master, "Health to [r*hiiraoh] ! Life,
prosperity and health to him ! Aten^ vouch-
safe him forever, (namely) Ua-en-ra, who forms
by (his) Kar

Mahu is followed by fifteen of his men, ** the
Mazau of Akhetaten/* led by their officer and a
standard-bearer, who all praise their God or
their King with upraised arms and cry, ^' The
good ruler (?) who makes monuments to the

* Facsimiled here from tracings.

Father ! He does it again and again, for ever
and even The good master ! "

In the row above, Mahu is seen again at tlic
head of liis force. It is led as before, but is
now ranged in six ranks of five.* A formal
review of the police of Akhetaten may have pre-
ceded the honour shown to their Commandant *
or it represents the orderly march to the temple.
Above thein is AVTittcn, " the police of Akhet-
aten sing and shout the refrain^ (lit, "^so as to
say/) ' He promotes [in masses, in masses. So
long as Aten dawns] he will endure eternally/ ** *

Mahu's charioteer and saises outside the crowd
join in a similar cry, " He promotes by (?) num-
berless masses. He shall live eternally like Aten/'
Women and children (of Mahu's harem ?) join in
the general jubilation. (Photograph, PL xlii.)

3.^ — A Royal Inspection of the Defences.

Back Wall. Southend. Plates xii,, xx., xxi,, xxii., xL

This picture has such evident reference to
Mahu's calling that it must have been designed
for this tomb. Nothing similar occurs else-
where, though the chariot and the occupants
were reproduced by Ahmes (IIL xxxii.,
xxxii. a). In PL xx. the royal chariot is seen
leaving the temple. This building is repre-
sentedj as in PL xviii,, simply by the front
elevation, a mode which is not elsewhere em-
ployed. A peculiarity is the terrace, reacliod

* III both cases those with the pointed flaps to their
tunics are to those with a sqaarely-enchng cloth as two to
one ; whether as iadicating a ditlerencc of race or function,
or merely for diversity's sake, is not clear. Five men
seem to form a unit.

be meant. This scribe is capable of any en-or.

Cf. I. viii, ; IH. lii., xvi.,

xvn.

THE ROOK TOMBS OF BL AMARNA.

by an ascent, on which it is set: an explana-
tion of this has been previously suggested.^

The Queen and Princess are in the King's
chariot, instead of each driving her own, as in
later representations. The Queen, regardless
of the situation, seems to pester the King with
talk, though his whole thought is given to the
management of his steeds. These are not the
more easily controlled because little Merytaten
is playfully poking their haunches with a stick !
(PI. xii. r.) It will be noticed how exceptionally
human and unrestrained the pictures are in this
tomb, and in consideration of this we may well
pardon Mahu and his artist their illiterate texts.

The officials have an even more difficult task
than the King. Not only Mahu and his fifteen
police (PL xxi.), but also the plump vizier and
his deputy, feel obliged to run before the
chariot. The gait of these two is suggestively
constrained in comparison with that of the
active policemen. The objective of the ex-
cursion is the little blockhouse shown on PI. xxi.
above the door.* It is merely a windowless
tower entered by a door on the ground floor,
with provision for defence from the roof by
means of crenellated and overhanging ramparts.
A protection is afforded against night attack by
a quadruple line of posts round it, connected
by rails or ropes. Probably they are rather
in the nature of entanglements, set a short
height from the ground, and may easily have
been arranged so as to give an alarm within
when displaced.^

' Part III., p. 24. For the facade with masts see I. xii.,
xxvii., II. xviii. In Plate xviii. here the terrace is
emphasized, and there are shown to right and left of the
columns those pilasters in which each row of columns
terminates, and which are such a feature of the local
tomb-architecture See also Jfon. du Cultc d^Atonou, I. i.

■ For the arrangement of this wall see the Key on
Plate xxvii i.

• This device is shown again in PI. xxii., where truly
one would have expected the posts to have appeared in
elevation rather than in plan. It is a little more easy to
cqplain if the obstruction was set low down. It may be
flided that the sentries in Pi. xxviii. are not holding the
:mm or rail, as has been stated.

Lower Scenes (Pis. xii., xxi., xxii., xii.). —
The round of inspection seems still to be the
subject. The King is on the point of setting
out again, and is turning in his chariot to
take leave of the deputy-mayor (PI. xii.). The
artist represents Mahu's activity and ubiquity in
a striking way. He is there behind the vizier
of Akhetaten to raise a loyal cry in farewell —
" Ua-en-ra, thou livest for ever ; thou who
hast built Akhetaten, acting as Ra himself (?)."
He is seen again at the head of the police
that remain behind, yet kneels in front of the
detachment that prepares to run behind the
chariot; none the less, when the chariot ap-
proaches its destination, he is foremost in
greeting it.

The chariot, as it passes from the guard-
house to the city (?), takes a road flanked with
sentry-houses to right and left. These, too,
like the block-house, are linked together by
post and rail, for better defence against surprise
(PL xl.). Each sentry has his prescribed beat,
and as the royal chariot passes each inclines in
respectful salute, or lifts his hands in acclaim,
according as he perceives his master act. The
unarmed escort of police seems to witness still
more powerfully to the popularity of the King
and the law-abiding character of the city.

4. — Policing the Capital.

Front Wall. South end. Plates xxiv., xxv., xxvi., xii.

Upper Scenes. — No written clue being
given, the scenes upon this wall are a dumb
show which might admit of more than one
interpretation. The picture has been thought
to represent the taking of octroi dues at the
outposts from caravans or peasants coming into
the city with produce. It must be remembered,
however, that almost the whole of the supplies
of Akhetaten would be likely to reach it by
river, cultivable land on the east bank being
scanty and the roads to North and to South
mountainous. We have already seen the im-

THE TOMB OF MAHU.

posts wliieh wore laid iipoii the suiTounding
country for the support of the temple arriving
in this way.^ Probably, too, the scribe who is
ever to the fore on such occasions, would be
more noticeable.

I would ratiier rtu«i^est that the scenes show
Malm superintending the periodical revictual-
ling of the guard -houses. Above the door
in 1*1. XXV* Malm, with a detachment of ten
men, is seen coming, as I assume, to take what
is requisite from the Government stores in the
city, where wine, furniture^ vessels, cloth,
sacks, &e., are to be liad. An employe
there seems to be foi*bidding him to take any-
thing without a signed warrant. On the right
therefore (PL xxiv,) we see Mahu having a
colloquy with the vizier of Akhetaten - and a

lesser official, ^* of the Lord of the

Two Lands, praised by him, Heqanefer.''

They are gathered roundabrnzier of burning
coal or logs, which is always welcome early
in the day during the Egyptian winter. The
result is satisfactory, and when Mahu^ returns
to the store with his authorization he meets
with a very different reception from the
authority in charge. Everything and every-
body is now at his disposal.

Mahu draws his supply of weapons, etc., from
the stores, but the daily tale of fi^esh provisions
is brought by the villagers to the guard-house.
This scene is shown in the lower division of
Plato xxiv. There, women and children are
seen bringing fish, bread, water-jars, and even
flowere, on asses, or on their shoulders. They
are received at the guard -house, and when the
quota is complete the scribe i^eports to Mahu^
wlio, attended by bis dog, inspects the array of
food (l*I:»te XXV,), The block-house is similar

' PI, viii., and I. xxix.

^ His title is searcely legibie, but his dress is dis-
tinctive.

'^ The hieroglyphs overhead only gave liis name and
rank once naore.

to that akeady seen, but here the inner arrange-
ment is shown. It is apparently three-storied,
the ground-floor being used for storage of food ;
the room above as a guard-room, for here a
fully armed sentry keeps his watch ; while the
topmost storey forms an annoury (PI, xxiv.).

Lower SrKNiEs. — The meaning of the picture
below is somewliat more obvious. In the early
morning JLihu is called out of his house to hear
a report of his subordinates.* A brazier of
burninir embers is brous^ht outside and blown
or stirred into a bright blaze by a house-servant
(Pis. xii., xxvi.). There Mahu, leaning on bis
staff, listens to the news. The whereabouts
of some malefactors has been discovered. At
ouce everv one is alert and brisk. The
chariot already awaits its master, and a posse of
six men is iimning at the summons, armed
Avith batons, curious forked sticks, and a
javelin (?). Mahu, escorted by four of his men,
drives off, and the capture is effected. It is
his duty to bring offenders before the vizier
for judgment, and this final episode is also
represented, Tlie vizier stands outside the
porch of a gateway, attended by ''the chief
princes of Pharaoh (Life, Prosperity and Health
to him ! ) and the commandei*s of soldiery who
stand in the presence of His Majesty'' (PI. xli.).
Malm dismounts and brings forward his
prisoners with the words, *' Examine ye,
princes, (these) men whom the foreigners have
instigated " (r). The tliree Iiand-cufted wretches,
who seem to be spies or assassins, are of
difterent nationalities ; one may be an Egyptian,
the others perhaps Bedawin. The exclamation
of the vizier, *' As the Aten endureth ! As the
ruler endureth ! " probably evinces his admira-
tion at the importance of the capture/^

It is a scene which, in reference to a smaller

* What remains of the ink-sketch of hia Irome is shown
on PL XXV. Note especially the figure of the servant
warming his hands over the iire.

^ I am iiidelited to Mr. Gritlith for the precise
signiticaace of the final scene a^ given above.

THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.

matter, might be enacted in any Egyptian
village to-day.^ As to the jars, etc., which

* Curiously enough, while engaged upon the scenes, I
had a striking proof that life in Egypt is little more mut-
able than the art which represents it. Being called out of
the tomb one day by the sound of voices, I found that the
police of the excise had lain in wait in the early dawn and
had captured two miserable salt-diggers, whom they were
driving off to the village, bent double as in the picture ;

appear above the chariots, it is hard to say
whether they connect this scene with that
above, merely fill up space, or represent stolen
property recovered by the activity of the
Mazau.

no doubt to go through a similar examination from the
village dignitaries in the midst of the ruins of Akhetaten.
And yet the world moves ! This contemptible salt-mono-
poly was abolished a few months later.

CHAPTER IV.

THE TOMB OF APY

(^inW-'

A. ARCHiTRCTnuAL Featubeh.

Plate XXX.

This tomb us it stands is sinallj simple, and
rude, Only the door and entnince-wav are
completed and decorated. The passage to it
through the rock slope has not yet been cut
down to the floor-level, so that one destiends by
rough steps into the tomb. The framing of the
doorway had the customary form and decoration,
l>ut only the inscription in coloured hieroglyphs
on the right jamb is now worth reproduction (PI,
xxxix. Translation on p. 31), That on the
left-hand had similar cartouches and apparently
the same text, but the pei^onal name had not
been cut. The lintel showed the familiar design
of the King, Queen and three princesses wor-
shipping the sun, but it is almost erased. The
tomb was prubaldy sanded-up when the religious
reaction took place, and did not suffer outrage.
Hence the two sides of the entrance provide us
on the one hand with the best-pi-eservcfl |>ortraits
of the King and Queen, an*l on the other witli
the best-preserved text of the shorter hymn to
the Aten,

The interior is very rough. The narrow
cross-corridor was to be enlarged into a liall,
with a row of four columns and two pilasters
down the centre. These features, however^
are only roughly bh>cked out, a slanting lissure
in the rock which travei'ses the chamber
having discouraged the quarriers.

' Toiub 10. Published in Mofu du Cnfic d'Atonon, I,
pp. H7-92. Pis. xxxviii., xxxix. » xl.

B. The St exks and iNscRirrioNS.

The panel which represents the royal fiuailvat
woi'ship is executed in the best style of the
period and is still excellently preserved (Plates
XXX i,, xliv.). The scene was painted, and the
blue of the sky, the hieroglyphs and the helmets
is still of startling brightness. The zeal with
which the artists of Akhetaten sought anatom-
ical correctness, generally with the most unhaiJ()y
results, is seen in the modelling of the collar-
bone and the neck-muscles. The figures are but
little exaggerated. The King's profile, which is
perfectly [ireserved, shows a considerable varia-
tion from that in tlie tomb of Mahu (PL xv,),
the lips being more sharply cut and the angle of
the nose different. This of Apv strikes one as
more conventional, but the impossible angle
given to the skull, and especially to the occiput,
in the heads of the period throws out the whole
fjice.

The only other feature of interest in the con-
ventional scone is the offering made bv the
King and Queen, votive pieces, namely, of happy
device^ wherein in the one case the Queen, in
the other two of her daughters, sujiport the car-
touches of the Aten, The King otters for his
family^ the Queen lor herself;- and it seems
to be a visible pledge that the members of
the Royal family are one in loyalty to Aten and
deserve the royal epithet '' upholding the name
of Aten/'

=• So also in Petrie, TA,^ pi, xii., and Steindorff,

Blidezeii, p, 155. In the former the Queen wears four
feiithers, aa the princesses here wear three, perhaps in
impersonation of Maat.

^ THE BOCK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA.

As elsewhere,* the name of the Queen is I trance will be found on Plates xxxii., xxxiii.,
caressed with prettj^ phrases ; she is " the hered- in collation with others, and a translation on
itary princess, great in favour, lady of grace, p. 28. The text, like those in a corresponding
dowered with gladness ; the Aten rises to shed situation in the tombs of Mahu, Rames, Tutu
favour on her and sets to multiply her love ; the and Ay, does not occupy the whole of the wall-
great and beloved wife of the King, Mistress of space. A kneeling figure would have been
South and North, Lady of the Two Lands, added below, and the space to the right, here
Nefertiti, w^ho lives always and for ever.'* and elsewhere, is left blank, in order that the

She is followed by her three daughters with text might be read when the door was throAvn

sistra. back against this wall. Perhaps the space was

The space below this was filled with a figure (r) sometimes coloured in horizontal bands to re-

of Apy and his prayer, but only in ink.* The present this plank-door, as in the tomb of

figure has completely disappeared and the text Ahmes (IIL xxviii.).

nearly so. The latter was only another and The ceiling of the entrance- way was mu'ked

abbreviated copy of the hymn on the opposite off into two panels for colouring by three

wall. It added, however, at the end the perso- columns of hieroglyphs. Of the latter only

nal note, which is wanting in the oilier, " for that on the left (East) side is cut (Plate xxxii. :

the ka of the Royal Scribe and Steward, Apy, translation on p. 31). Traces of ink show

who lives again." that the right column also began with the same

The text on the right hand side of the en- formula. Apy is given no other titles than those
- — - of Royal Scribe and Steward. TVe are not in-

3l>^"''*/^!i"*\?^*^;^i u 1'. T rv. o, i f<>™^ed what household it was which he con-

' Pteproduced in Jdon. du CuUe d Atcrioii, I., pp. 90, 91, i „ ,

but the figure appears to be fictitious. It is plain that ! tro'l^J* ^o t'^^'^t l^e may have been past active
the reading of the text was already very uncertain. ! ser\*ice.

CHAPTER V.

TOMB OF RAMES (©

A. Architectural Features,

Plate xxxiv.

This tomb is a small one, and of the simplest
cross-corridor type. There wiis indeed little
encouragement to anything anibitioun, for a
broad vein of gravel inter.seets the chamber.
The hope of enlarging or fully decorating the
chamber was abandoned j and the walls were not
even smoothed,

A door, however, was fashioned in the back
wall, and its entrance formed into a niche, '

Avhere seated statues of the deceased and of '

I
his wife (?) were hewn. These figures were .

finished off in plaster, as the coarse nature of

the rock demanded, and hence they have suffered

considerably. They were evidently thoroughly

pleasing and carefully worked,

the ^vigs receiving elaborate

treatment. The woman sits on

the right side of the man and

embraces him with her arm.

Her name, which does not occur

elsewhere, has been written on

her lap. Apparently it is Nebt-

ant^ a known name of the

period. Tlie inscriptions on the door-fraraing

are in faded ink, and are practically illegible.

On the lintel there was a single set of the five

cartouches, with a figure (?) and a short prayer

at each end. The jambs appear to have con-

' The name is spelt ® jfl %^ o^ ^lie o^ter lintel

The tomb (No. 11) is published in Man. fin Vtitte
d'Atoitou, Lf xxxvii. and pp. H3-b5.

,,=?

I'fl 1^

* K

JNBCRtPTlON OS
STATUE.

tained texts of the usual form, and a repe-
tition of the titles given to liames elsewhere.

The inscriptions on the framing of the outer
door are in much the same state* The lintel
showed figures of Rames adoring cartouches.
The columns on the jambs began witli a J//-
Itdfip-seff'if formula; proceeded with requests
for such favours as ** the loaves which are set
out in the Presence, bread, beer, birds,'' &c. ;
and ended, '' for the ka of the Uoyal Scribe,
Commandant of the soldiery of the Lord of the
Two Lands, Rames, niaakheruy

There is a pit in the East corner of the
chamber; but I did not re-excavate it. The
cfiambcr now contains part of a stone door-
jamb (?) of Rames, which is said to have been
found near the tomb by M. Barsanti ; '^ but
which, as a matter of fact, was found in the
town-ruins by Professor Petrie and conveyed
there. The identity of name is, however, small
proof of identity of person in the case of so
common a name. While there is no place
in a tomb for such a stone, its inscription
would well suit the door-jamb of a house ; for
it reads, '' provisions {zefajt) within the house
of entertainment every day^ (lus) belly having

joy may his name (?) not be lost (nea

uehij \j\en.f)^ the scribe Karnes, born of the
house-mistress, Huy/'^ It thus appears that
the inscriptions on the doors of the tomb may
be such as were also written on the doorposts
of the living, mutatis mutandis. It need hardly

• Mon. du Culte d^Atonott^ 1., p. H5. The copy there
has two or three ina^ccuracics.

* ** For the ka of* U omitted, he it ooled.

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

be said that there is still less ground to identify
this Rames with that namesiikc whose great
tomb at Abd-el-Gurneh shows the transfor-
mation of Amenhetep IV. into Akhenaten. He
would hardly have narrowed his ambitions to
so poor a burial-place as this, and his offices as
well as the name of his Avife ('' sister ") are
different. The title, " Steward of the House
of Neb-maat-ra " given to Rames on Plate
XXXV. seems indeed to show that Rames had
held that important office under the late king,
but it might possibly refer to some present
appointment.

B. ScBKas AND Inscbiptions.

Entrance. Plates xi., xxxv., xl.
The scene on the left hand iu the entrance

presents a very different aspect from that in the
tomb of Apy.^ It is much more simple in
design, and the plaster in which it is moulded
is rapidly crambling away. The King offers
incense, the Queen a cruse of ointment (?). As
in the tomb of Mahu, Merytaten alone of the
daughters is present. The cartouches of A ten
are illegible, and their form therefore is nut
known ; one would expect them to be the same
as in the neighbouring tomb of Apy.

The figure and face of Rames on the opposite
wall are well preserved and pleasing. A
translation of the prayer is given on p. 30.

' This picture has been drawn for me by Mr. Harold
Jones.

CHAPTER VI.

TOMB OF NEFERKHEPERU-HER-SEKHEPER

(Plates xxxvi., xxxvii,, xliii.)

The tomb of this official, who iti his zeal uiit-did
Kings in taking an epi/jjram for a uame^^ was
openec! by il. Bouriant in IKKS^* and cleared
completely by M, Daressy in 1893,* but not for
the first time ; for they found written on the
ceiling in smoke, '* R. Hay opened this tomb
1H30/* and '* C. Laver 1H30 measured this
tomb/'^

Tomb 13 is interesting only for its architect-
ural features. Not that these differ from those
employed elsewhere in this necropolis ; for there
are several tombs where the same forms have
been used on a larger scale, and carried nearer
to completion* Yet owing to its admirable
proportions, to its spotless whiteness and good
preservation, this tomb, even in its half-finished
state, is one of the most pleasing examples of
rock-architecture in Egypt, It is the only
instance here wliere the cross-chambei", sup-
ported on a single row of columns, has been
carried so far towards completion as to convey
any idea of the ultimate effect; and no one can
see it without being struck by the fatal loss of
beauty in larger tombs, such as Nos. 16 or 25,
where the columns are crowded together,

' Three times out of four the name is written without
the strokes of tho plural. The tomb (No. 13) has a
chaptur devoted to it in Man. du Cultc d\ltomti, I., p. 79.
The sketch-plan and the description, however, will be
found on p. ti5, assigned to a 12-columned tomh.

' ** ' Beautiful of formg ' (a name for die King) fosters/'

'' Deux jours tie f on i lies j p. 9.

* Eecueil^ xv., p. 38, where the inscriptiou on the jamb
is given.

* Laver*s plaus are given iu Hay, MSS. 29,847, foL 43.

imitually blotting one another out, mid forming
mazes rather than buildings.

The chamber h divided down the centre by a
row of* six columns. The two central ones are
set wider apart to afford an aisle in the axis of
entrance, and, in eunformity with this, their
ahaci carry architraves parallel with the axis as
well as tlic ends of tlic longitudinal architraves.
The latter rest, or are feigiied to rest, at both
ends on pihusters, which, according to custom,
are furnished with a rolI*moulditig at the corners,
and are surmounted by a cavetto-cornice and
abacus. The columns (Fl. xxxvii,) are of the
H-steramed type already described in Part ii.,
p. 33 ; butj like all those in this necropolis, they
have much more graceful proportions than their
successors in the Northern group. As they
stand, they are without bases and spring from
the rough Hoor, They are purO white, for
the columns of this group do not seem to have
been meant to receive colour.

A portal is set in the back wall, which might
have led to a second chamber or shrine, had
the enterprise been carried to a finish. The
chamber i-ctains traces of its embryo form, the
narrow cross-corridor tomb, in the portals in
which tlie front half of the chamber terminates
to right and to left. These are double in form,
showing a doorway within a doorway, a hand-
some decorative feature which we shall meet
with frequently in these tombs. The chamber
is not well laid out, being askew with tlie axis,
and the transverse architraves are still more
seriously out of the square. The heightening
of the room to^vards the back, however, may

THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.

be an architectural means of increasing its
apparent size.

As is plain from the plates, the chamber is
only half finished, and this in a curious manner,
the upper part being in a final state down to
the last detail, save inscription and colour, while
the lower part is untouched ; so that the slim
columns seem to be emerging slowly and
without injury from a subsiding bank of rock.
This feature, though very marked in this tomb,
is noticeable in nearly every other, and has
already been commented upon (p. 10).

Burial-place. — It is evident that there was
no longer any hope of completing the tomb
when the burial was made. As soon as the
central aisle was finished to the foot of the
columns and the whole area was cleared well
down below the capitals, the quarriers con-
fined their labours to the North-East corner,
where the stairway to the sepulchre was
usually placed. Disengaging the columns first,
they then sunk a well at the spot without
staying to remove the intervening rock, and,
forming a stairway in it, burrowed into the
Eastern wall without paying any heed to the
original plan of the tomb. The stairway was
carried little further than was absolutely

necessary, and from the level landing at the
foot a rough and slightly descending gallery
was driven at right angles to it, of size sufficient
to receive a coffin. The two galleries to
right and left immediately on entering the
stairway may, or may not, be contemporary
in date.

Exterior. — The entrance to the tomb was
neatly finished, but no traces of any designs are
now apparent. The jambs and lintel outside
were similarly prepared, and here a hasty
attempt was made to commemorate the de-
ceased, and to secure for him some measure of
preternatural grace. Inscriptions were, no
doubt, duly sketched out on both jambs. All
that is now visible is, on the right, the lower
half of a column cut in the plaster, and, on the
left, the lower third of all four columns similai'ly
cut, and fragments of the upper part decipher-
able through the mordant power of the ink on
the surface (Plate xxxvii. : translation on
p. 31). The abandonment of the work was
so unforeseen that the royal i^renomen on
the right jamb has not received its cartouche.
We here learn that the owner was '' Governor
of Akhetaten," and by holding this responsible
post took rank as " head of the notables."

CHAPTER VII.

THE TOMB OF SUTI fl ^ ^ ^)-'

(Plates xxxviii., xxxix.)

This tomb (No. 15) is of the cross-corridor
type, but with the addition behind of a large
columnar hall, or at least the rough commence-
ment of one. The exterior door-framing, the
entrance, and the corridor are executed with
care and well-finished ; but no part has received
decoration, except the facade. Here the
prayers on the jamb are still extant, though
much weather-worn (PI. xxxix. : translation
on p. 31). j

A beginning has been made of excavating
the interior of the portals at each end of
the corridor, no doubt with the intention of
forming shrines containing statues, as in the
larger tombs. These portals are of the double
form met with in the last tomb. The chamber '

* Published in Mon, du Cultc d'Atoiwu, I., pp. 67-69.
Daresst, Recueily xv., p. 42.

behind was to have been square in shape, and
divided into three aisles by two rows of four
columns each. On the left, only the capitals
of three columns have been separated from the
mass. On the right, a little more has been
achieved, less in the hope of completing the
tomb than in order to secure a makeshift
resting-place for the dead. A well (which I did
not empty) and a little gallery to the South
were hewn out for this purpose.

Suti was standard-bearer of " the guild of
Nefer-kheperu-ra." We have already met with
guilds such as these, which were wont to take
some royal epithet as a designation, Huya, the
steward of Tyi, having become at a later date
the marshal, or perhaps even the standard-
bearer of one such.*

Part III., PI. \\\. and p. 8.

CHAPTEK VIII.

THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS

A. Theik Chakactek.

The liymiis to the A ten with whicli every
grave at El Amarna is provided show manifest
Bignn of addition and subtraction, mid are {>ut
together with so little literary skill that tliey
often scarcely make sense, the pronouns^ clmnging
from one person to another in a single sentence.
They exhibit no instinct for true composition,
nor even for the faithful repruduetion of well-
known liturgies. A multitude of short phrases
culled from the Royal ilymn or echoing its
thoughts, or else lingering in the memory from
some ** teaching of the King/' seems to have
formed the Htock-in-trade of the professional
scribe. His longer texts were made up of
a number of these liturgical expressions, strung
together with little regard for literary furiiL If
tediously alike in sentiment and phraseology,
most of the hymns are, in a sense, original com-
positions, and afford us some insight into the
mind of the ordinary Egyptian and his compre-
hension of the new faith. It is somewhat
surprising that there should be even so much
originality^ if, as it appeal's, most of tlic tombs
were made to the order of the Kino; ; but the
orthodoxy of the pious phrases and the long
adulations of Akhenaten miglit counterbalance
this latitude in his eyes. Yet this proi:>ensity
to compihition was not everywhere apparent.
Huya, who perhaps was a Theban and less
instructed in the new piety, simply went to the
tombs of Ahmes and Penthu, and borrowed
word for word the four longest prayers whicli he

* I must again twjknowledgc sobstaofcial help from
Ihc Editor in matters of translation.

needed, Karlier^ this poverty of feeling was
still more marked. The worthy Mahn, who
could otily repeat for the fifth and sixth time
the little official j>rayer which had been written
down for him, nuiy have been specially dull.
But Apy's more capalde scribe can do nothing
better with his second wall -space than repeat
the same composition ; while the Royal Hymn,
though incomparably superioj*, was plagiarizetl
and mutilated, but never recopied. I'erhaps
this Royal Hymn and that feeble echo of it,
which, in distinction, I have called the Shorter
Hymn to the Ateu, were the only two com-
positions that were committed to writing, and
of these the shorter and less poetic compilation
seems speedily to have gained popular favour.

It might luive been thought that liere, where
we have a freshly-composed and local hymn,
containing the creed of a new and victorious
propaganda, with the King himself as author
and preacher, we should have a stereo-
typed text free from all the corruption and
variance that years and repeated transmission
bring, Nothing is farther from the truth,
Tlie great hymn is only known in one copy, and
that not exempt from suspicion. As to this
Shorter Hymn, no one reading it in its com-
plete version can feel that it represents an
original composition ; for it contains no pro-
gression of thought and no unity. It separates,
indeed,on considei-ation, into two distinct hymns*
The first ends, perhaps, with the sentence,
** thy son is pure, doing what is well-pleasing to
thee, living Aten, whenever he appears'' ; and
the second begins" with the words, " The son of
the Sun/* What lies between the two seems an

TUK RELIGIODS TEXTS.

interpolatiuUj perhaps itself tukeii bodily from
some third sooi'ce. The fidditioii raay have heeu
due to a niisiuiderstaiuliii;^ of the jihrase, '' when-
ever he appears," wlii*-h ^vas thought to i^efer to
the rising of the Ateii, and tu need expansion.

The first hymn, which roughly corresponds to
the text in Meryra/ has unity and development,
Kulogizing first the appearance of the visible
god, it goes on to notice Ins creative and life-
giving power, and then his ability to bestow
happiness. With the day comes joy^ and this
finds its fit expression in tlie temple worship.
This leads to mention iA the King as chief
celebrant in the Aten worship, and so to a con-
cluding word in Iiis praise. The interpolated
passage repeats the picture of all creation, the
King, and the god rejoicing in unison ; its
grammatical disconnection and the variant
texts, however, suggest an alien origin. Tlie
second hymn is a laudation of the Aten by the
King. The words '* he says " have been dropped
out J or are represented by a sentence '* hy the
King, &c./' which is often added near the outset
in the complete text. This second part also has
a certain unity. Beginning with nn expression
of the King's loyalty to the Aten> it goes on to
show how the Aten passes from his lonely
eternity to he a creator and a sustainer of a
grateful creation frovu the plants ui>ward.
Perhaps we have not the end of it, for tinish is
lacking. It borrows its thought wholly, and
often its very words, frf>m the Royal Hymn.

Which of the texts collated on Pis. xxxii.,
xxxiii», then, is to be relied upon? Study soon
shows us that we are far from the original,
though we have apparently all the tonib- copies,
through which corruption and alteration might
have crept in. The texts plainly fall into two
groups : Any and Meryra on the one side ; on the
other Apy and Tutu^ with Maho (too corrupt to
be considered in detail). The differences be-
tween the two groups are largely in \ ocabulary ;

if anything, the former is further from tlie
original Capricious alterations seem the chief
ground of varianccj and in Tutu these have gone
to a great length and not with advantage or
insight.

Meryra seems plainly to have curtailed
from Any ; or perhaps from his source, since
he omits an error of Any's, though elsewhere
verbally alike. His lung omission, too, though
apparently due to lack of space, is precisely
that passage which seems interpolated. He
seems, therefore, to ))e aware of the original
' elements of the hymn. He even adds to it,
j '' Meryra saith it,'' as if he were himself the
composer. An<l, as tlie hymn smacks a little of
the priest, this may possibly have l)een the case ;
but only if we suppose that his scribe was using
the extended version, and that to fill up space,
or to secure the phrase '^ without ceasing '* as a
fitting conclusion, he borrowed some incongruous
passages from the supplement. It had also the
advantage of adding a shr)rt laudation of tiie
King to the very curt reference of the originaL-
Apart altogether from the intrinsic merit of
the hymn, the appearance of variants of this
character and number when the pecidiar cir-
cumstances ought to have elimiTiated all the
causes of variation, presents a problem, the
study of which may have much value for
textual criticism. I hope others Avill reach a
clearer perception of the process by which the
original hymn has taken the forms before us.
At present it is plain that both oral antl written
transmission phtyed a \mri here, but it is not
clear what tlieir mutual relations were.

Hv LoNGKii PaAYi:i:.s,
1. Thk SnoKTER Hymn to thi!: Aten.

Tomb oC Apy. Both entmnce- walls (Plate xliii,).
Tomb of Any. Left entrance-walL

^ I. XXX vii. ; ti*aQslatiou ib., p. 50.

' This probably was the reason for the otherwistj
invariable addition of the geooad part.

THE HOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.

Tomb of Mahu. Four texts (Plates xvi., xxiii., xxix.,

xl.).'

Tomb of Tutu. Loft entrance-wall.

Tomb of Mcryra. Rigfit inner ontrranee-wall (L,
xxxvii.).

A collation of all the texts on Plates xxxii,, xxxiii*'

Pt'evious copies or publicatiouB are : —

Man. dii VuUe (VAtonou, I.» plate xxxviii. ; pp. 88-91
(Apy) : plate xxviii.; p. 52 (Any): plates xlii., xlviii, ;
pp. %, 07, 98» 102 (Mahu): plate liv. ; p. 112 (Tutu).
Daressy, Jiccucil, XV. p. 43 (Any). Piehl, lnscri2)tionSt i.
pis. cxcL, cxcii. (Apy). Lkpsius, I/., iii. iOiJb, (Tutu).
Hay, MSS. 29314/fol. 36 (Meryra): 29,847, foL 15
(Tutu). L*H6te, Papiers, xi. 27 (Meryra).

*' An adoiution of f the living Hawk of the two horizons.

who exults on the horizon

nder his name of * The

Light which is in the Sun-disc ' \ who give^ life for ever

and over, by the Kinr/ who liccs in Truth, Lord of the
Two Lands, Ncfer-khepent'ra^Ua'Cnra, the Son 0/ the
SuHf who lives in Truth, Lord of Diadems, AkhenatcUt
{jreal in hia d it ration, who fjives life for ever and ever,^

'*Thy rising is beautiful, *0 living Aten, Lord of
Eternity!* Thou art radiant» fair and ^ strong:^ thy
love is great and large: thy rays * strike (?) upon all
mankind.^ '* Thy surface gleams, giving life to heai*ts/

' The text given in the collation is that on the left
en trance -wall (Plate xxix.). For the others see Part L,
pp. 50, 51.

• I rely on my own copies entirely, except iu the fol-
lowing cases:— (1) The text on the left entrance-wall of
Apy (Apy a), very iiorcliable in the days of Bouriant, is
DOW nearly invisible. (2) The text in the tomb of Any,
also in ink, has detcriomted. and Bouriant *s copy some-
times adds a sign or two to the top and bottom of the
columns, (3) A great part of the text of Tutu is now-
destroyed, and I use in these places the texts of Hay,
Lepsius, and Bouriant, the last-named having preference.

^ This sentence in italics has probably been added, in
order to justify the use of the first person singular in the
second part, or when the text was accompanied by a
picture of the King at worship {Apy a, Tutu, Mahu
a, b,d). To judge from the prayers, «n (** by *') only im-
plies recital, hut zedef (**he saith *') implies or feigns
composition. Apy a {Mon, du Cuitc d'Atonou, p. 90) may
have used the latter form, but I cannot verify this,

* Tutu roads, '' O divine and sovereign father, the Aten,
whose life is ever fresh ! *'

» Any and Meryra have, ** gleaming *' (or *' white *').

" Any and Meryra have, ** Shall ('/) make eyes for all
that thou hast created."

" Tutu has perhaps ** thy surface (lit. ** coloui* " ; spelt
as in L, P., iii. 107a, coL 2) gleams (or •* is white ") with
love."

and thou fillest the Two Lands with thy love. ^O
reverend god^^ who himself formed himself, who made
every land, and created what is on it ; both mankind and
all herds and tlocks, and the trees which grow on the
ground. They live when ^ thou daw nest on fchem." Thou
art mother and '" father ^" for " those whose eyes thou hast
made. When thou dawnest they see by means of thee."
*-Thy rays illumine the entire land. Every heart exults**
at seeing thee (when) thou risest as their lord.

*' (But when) thou sebtest on the western horizon of
heaven, they lie down after the manner of those who
die. Their heads are wrapped up, their nostrils are
stopped ; until thou dawnest in the morning on the
Eastern horizon of heaven.

** (Then) their arms are (outstretched) in praise to thy
hi. Thou givest life to hearts by thy beauty, and there
is life.

" (When) thou sendest thy rays every land is in
festival;^* the singers, musicians, and criers (?) are
joyful in the Court of the House of the Ben ben (and in)
'* every temple in Akhetaten,"* that '^perfect place ^^ with
which thou art well pleased, and in which food and fat
things are offered,

** Thy son is pure, doing what is well pleeising "^ to thee,
living Aten,^" in his festal appearances.*'

'• '* All that thou hast made leaps before thee ; thy
revered son exults,'* his heart is in joy. ^^ living Aten,
rejoicing in heaven every day ! *'

^ Meryra has, ** O good ruler/*

^ Tutu has, " when thy rays shine '*

^" Tutu seems to omit ** father,**

^' Meryra has, *' all that thou hast made. As for their
t!yes, when thou dawnest they see by means of thee."
The texts of Mahu break off here without regard to
the sense.

" Any has, ** when thy rays give light the entire land
has joy, =ind every heart exults." {Ab neb has been
omitted by me after rcshiU in the Plate). This seems an
error. Tutu omits the whole passage.

*^ Tutu adds, '*(thou) feedest and illuminest it." A
bad reading.

** Tutu has, " thy (?) temple,'' and Meryra, ** everj' shade
of Ba on the horizon " (ale, perhaps for) '* in Akhetateu."

'* Any and Meryra have *' every shrine."

^* Tutu has **to the living Aten."

'' I regard what follows (from arij-ek to mc^y-cf at
least) as an interpolation in the original, owing to khaij-
c/ being taken to refer to the dawning of Aten (hence
Tutu's more graaimatical anj-ef), Khaif-ef would then
belong to the original, though not occurring in Meryra,
perhaps for lack of space.

" Tutu has '' all that he has made leaps before him,
Thy son exults."

^'^ Tutu has '* The Aten is born iu heaven every day. '

THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS.

*' He hath given birth to ^ his revered son Da-en-ra»*
like unto him witliout ceasing,- The Son of the Sim»
upholding his heauty, Nefer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra [says]
' I am thy son, serviceable to thee, upholding thy name.
Thy might and power are firmly ' fixed ' in my heai't.
Then art the living Aton, and eternifc}^ is thy portion.
*Thou hast made the far-off heaven that thou mightest
da^vn therein, that thou raightest see all that tliou hast
made. Thou art alone,^ hut infinite vitalities are in thee
to give them life, ^ It is a breath of life to (their) nostrils
to see thy rays.^

*' * All flowers blow (?) ; that which grows on the soil (?)
thrives at thy dawning; they drink draughts before thy
face.*^ All cattle leap" upon their feet. The birds that
were in the nest fly with joy ; their wings that were
closed move quickly with praise to the living Aten,
fl>ing(?) to do ■"»

2. Penthu. North thickness (Plate iii.). •
A previous copy is L*H6te, Papiers, iii, 294."

,' Tutu has **his son who hath come forth from his
body.** I consider that a second hymn in which the
King speaks is here appended to the first. If the word
•• says," supplied after the King's name, occurred in the
original t^xt, it probably implied autliorsbip, as what
follows Is largely derived from the Royal Hymn,

- Meryra adds ** for ever/' and ends. Apy A ends
with *' his beauty.*'

^ Any has ** rooted.'*

+ Word for word from the Royal Hymn,

'^ Tutu has *' Bi*eath enters (their) nostrils when tbou
givest thyself to them,"

^ The text of Any may well have continued above the
figure of Any, but all is now completely effaced.

* The text of Apy ends here, for lack of room
apparently,

« Cf. the Royal Hymn, '»The birds flutter in their
nests; their wings are (outstretched) in praise to thy ka.
The cattle are leaping on their feet.'* The space above
the figure of Tutu admits of very few more signs, if any ;
perhaps €n ka en. The text of Tutu in the last column
of the plate should be emended (from Hay) as follows : —

(K IB);
(L 20).

^'^^^ (1, 19);

TTH I I

* From this the text has been restored in the Plate.
Asterisks indicate a shght change in the hieroglyph, the

true reading being obvious. In the first column T

should be starred, as L'lldte reads H ^^^^ ■ The initial

sign is probably ^, not (j. ,\ parallel text (bracketed

here) occurs in the toujb of Huyu {III. ii.), Cf. also
IL vii. for the opening phrases.

** An adoration of Horakhti-Aten '^ [who gives life for
I ever] and ever. Homage to thee» [dav^ning] in the sky
i and shining early on the horizon of heaven, coming in
peace, the Lord of Peace! The entire land assembles at
thy rising ; [their] hands (are outstretched) in praise at
thy dawning. They prostrate themselves on the ground
when thou shinest on them. They about to the height
I of heaven ; they receive joy and gladness ; [they] exult
(when) they see Thy ^lajesty. Thou sendest thy rays
on all men. They go forth when thou attainest heaven,
when thou takest the goodly road. Tbou settest me
eternally in a place of favour » in my [mansion] of bliss.
My spirit goes forth to see thy rays, to feed on its offer-
ings. I am called by my name, and one cometh at the
summons. 1 enjoy the tbingi which are offered. I
consume shens. and bat and peiien bread and fles beer, hot
roast meat and cold water, wine and milk, that are
offered in the sanctuary of the A ten in Akhetaten.

** The royal scribe, the Intimate of the King, the Chief
Servitor of Aten in the sanctuary of Aten in Akhetaten,
the Chief Physician Penthu, maakhcru, says (this),"

3. Penthu. Bouth thickness (Plate iv,).
A previous copy is L'Hote, Papiers, iii, 293."
•* An ascription of praise to ^' Horakhti-Aten who gives
life for ever and ever, coming [each day eternally].'*
Praise to thee, Ra. Lord of the horizon ! When thou
traversest heaven al! mankind (depends?) on thee '* with-
out ceasing in night as in daytime. Thou dawnest on
the Eastern horizon and settest '^ on the Western horizon.
Thou settest in life and gladness, every eye ""' rejoices ;
(hot) they are in darkness after thou settest. When
thou arrlvest from (?) the sky,^' eye sees not its fellow^ ; ''

^^ I use this and ** Ra-Aten *' as abbreviations of the
two forms of the names of Aten.

*' The text of the Plate is restored from this. A
duplicate text, badly preseiTed, exists in the tomb of
Huya (111, xxxvii.),and from this the additions in square
brackets are taken. A good copy of this text (with a
few errors) will be found in il/on, du Culte tVAtonou, I.,
p. 00, ascribed to Tomb 21 of the 8outh group I

*- Iluya has, *' Thy setting is beautiful,"

^' Huya has |i Vy <?) Kz^ Zl

** i ^^ _^ ffom Huya, and L xli. Something

seems to have been lost, and the latter text supports
this view by giving '* all men welcome "

'*^ Clearly in L'Hote and Huya.

have expected •* in Duat,'* but mention of the Undei-world
seems purposely avoided.

Reading 1 1

So Huva,

THE ROCK TOMBS OP EL AMARNA.

all manner of reptiles are on the face of the earth.
(Men) lie down * and are hlind (?) until thou shinest.'
They awake to see thy beauties. (When thou risest?)
they see and discern by means of them (?). ^ Thou
sendest thy rays upon them.*

*' Thou causest me to rest in my eternal seat. I reach
the eternal pit.* I leave and enter my mansion. My
soul is not shut off from that which it desires ; I walk as
I will in the grove that I have made on earth. I
drink water at the edge of my tank every day, without
ceasing." '*'

4. Rames. Right thickness (Plate xxxv.).'
"Thou comest who livest in Truth, Lord of the Two
Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, the living Sun for all mankind,
by whose beauty there is health. The sight of thee

There is no poverty for him who hath set

thee in his heart.® He hath not said, * Oh ! that I had I *
He continues on the blessed road until he reaches the
guerdon of the loyal. I give praises to thee, millions of

times I am a prince, of those whom

the Ruler has made. He gives to me fair burial and
interment in the necropolis of the favoured, with daily
rations as one whom Ua-en-ra, Light of every man,
has made. O living Aten, grant to him hundreds

of thousands of serf-festivals daily upon

earth (?), beauteous in possession of eternity, as is thy

nature his fear (?) is in their hearts, as

the dutiful son of him that bare him (?)

according to thy command of that which

thy ha (?) gives. Thou givest (?) to the poor

to me interment ; he gives (?) to me within

Akhetaten (?).

** For the ha of the royal Scribe, Superintendent of the
soldiery of the Lord of the Two Lands, Steward of the
house of Neb-maat-ra (Amenhetep III.), Rames." '•*

> Reading ^ ^ ""^ H ^ J^ ^^^ (Huya).

' A passage borrowed from recollections of the Royal
Hymn, "Men lie down in their chambers (shesepii)

.... eye beholds not its fellow the reptiles

bite." The expression, " They are blind " (sJiesej)) is,
perhaps, due to a misunderstanding of that line.

I I I

appears to be the reading.

^ -.^ I I I 1^ Huya.

•' i.e. the burial shaft.

« Iluya adds another sentence, in which " seeing thy
rays " occurs. The titles of Penthu which follow repeat
those given above, with the addition of Ami klicnt,
"Privy Councilloi." They are recorded by Lrprius,
/;., iii. 01 </, and 7>. Text, ii., p. 132.

7 Mon. (ht Citltc (VAtonoHf pi. xxxvii.

** Cf. L XXXV.

y houriant reads ] which is probable. The

n il n I ^

wall has probably deteriorated since his day.

C. Shorter Praykrs.

1. Penthu. Lintel : Left End (Plate ii.) '°

** An ascription of praise to the living Aten, and an
act of homage to the good god by the Royal Chancellor,
*the Sole Companion, the follower of the feet of the Lord
of the Two Lands, the favourite of the good god, whom
his lord loves every day,* the Royal Scribe, the Intimate
of the King, Chief Servitor of the Aten in the sanctuary
of the Aten in Akhetaten, the Chief Physician and Privy
Councillor, Penthu, vmakheni.**

2. Penthu. Lintel. Right End (Plate ii.).

The same, replacing the starred passage by, "he who
has approach to the person of the god, the Chief of

Chiefs, knowing of the Two Lands, First of

the Companions."

D. Burial Petitions.

1. Penthu. Jambs (Plate ii.).

"A dy lietep set^n of Horakhti-Aten. May he give

(a) (Right jamb) " j;5r/-A;/i^n/ offerings and libations of
wine and milk.

(b) '' pert-kheru . . . .

(e) (Left Jamb). ** [A reception] of loaves . . . ."

(f, g) Lost.

{h) " . . . . without ceasing. My name abides on
earth."

" For the ha of the Royal Scribe (or ' Intimate of the
King/ or * Chief Physician '), Penthu, viaahheru.**

2. Mahu. Outer jambs (Plate xxviii.)."

The first columns (a, d) salute Ra-Aten, the King, and
the Queen.

" [A salutation of] the living Aten

(b) "and an obeisance to Ua-en-ra, the god who
establishes men, and gives life to the Two Lands. Do
thou give me fair burial after old age."

" [Praise to thee] O living Aten !

(e) " Thou risest to give life to that which thou hast
created : they live at the sight of thy rays. Thou givest
thy duration in years to the King of South and North,
who lives in Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-
kheperu-ra, who gives life for ever.

(/) " a god noble and beloved,^- who created and bare
himself. [Thou] hast given South and North to thy
Son, who went forth from thy body ; the Son of the Sun

"' For this and the following prayer cf. Ill xxvii.
" Moil, du Culte dWtonou, I., pp. 94. 95.
'■- See No. 7 (Plate xxxii.).

THE RELIGI008 TEXTS,

who lives on Truth, Lord of Diadems, Aklienaten, great
in his duration. For the ka of the Cotnmfinclant of the*
police of Akhetaten, ^lahu/' '

3. Mahiu Inner Jaoihs (Plate xxvii.).*

The first columns {a, t*) contaia saint at ions of Ru-
Aten ('* Long life to the divine and sovereign Father *')^
the King, and the Queen*

*' Praise to thy ka!''

(b) (Right side). ** Thy rising is beautiful, O living
Aten, Lord of Eternity. Do thou give to me fair burial
after old age/'

{c) Repeats 2 c,

(d) '* O [Ua-en-ra, the King (?)] who lives on Truth,
Lord of the Two Lands, Nefer-kheperu-ra, who gives
life. !May he give favours [every] day {?).

(/) ** O living Aten, Lord of Rays, thou whoillumineat
the Two Lands with thy rays, for all the land (sic).
When thou settest on theWesteni hori^con, they He down.

(§f) *'..,.... , Nofer-kheperu-ra, the god who hears

the of the King. He does what is well-

pleasing to his father, the Aten.

(h) *' Lord of Rays 1 (?) When thou risest on the Eastern
horizon of heaven their hands are (outstretched) in praise
to thy ka. Hearts live at (sic).^

** For the ka of the Commandant of the police of
Akhetaten, Mahu, vutakh^ru/'

4. Apy. Right Jamb {PI. xxxix).*

(a) Salutation of the three Powers (the Aten, the
King» and the Queen).

(b) ** Bestow (thy) duration as Aten in

heaven on the King of South and North (etc). May he
gi'ant a good name in Akhetaten/*

(e) ** They (thy rays ?) embrace thy ^on, the Son of the
Sua (etc.). May he grant a reception of loiives in the
temple of Aten/*

(d) " . . . . Grant to her eternity as her life, to the
great wife of t!ie King (etc.). May [she] grant a sight
of Aten in the necropolis (?) of Akhetaten/'

** For the ka (of) the Steward Apy/'

5. Nefer • kbeperu - her - sekheper. Left jamb (PI
xxxvii.).'*

^ The sign of the deceased man is followed by the
papyms-flower and buds, which at a later period was in
frequent use after names of deceased women in place
of ''nuiatkheru/' It rarely occurs after men's names.
Its use here is probably one more solecism of this
ignorant scribe.

- Mojt. du Cuite tVAtonoH, L, li.

^ All these petitions of Muhu consist of snatches,
often incoojplete and bungled, from the byum which
already occurs four times in the tomb. The hieroglyphs,
strictly follow ed, would often make nonsense.

^ Moii, du Ctilfe d'Aioiiou, pi xxxviii.

- Ib„ p, 79.

(a) Salutation of the three Powers.

{b) " . . . . beloved of the Lord of the Two Lauds for
his talent, possessor of favour before the Lord of the
Two Lands, the Governor of Akhutaten, N., maakhem,'*

(c) ** . . . . Akbenaten, groitt in his duration. May he
grant . . . the way of Truth for him. He was called
at the head of the notaijles, Governor of Akhetaten, N,,
ma<ikhcrn.'*

(d) *•.... the great wife of the King, beloved of him»
Lady of the Two Lands, Nefertiti, living for ever and
ever. May [she] give (?)..,. entering the Presence
in the reserved part of the Palace, the Governor of
Akhetaten, N., niaakbcrn.'*

C. Suti. Jambs (PI. xxxix.).'^

The first columns (a, e) contain salutations of the
three Powers.

'* A dy ketep seten of the living Aten,*"

(h) (RIghtr jamb) **.... May he grant .... that
which is otTered in the Presence/*

(e) ♦',... [like?] the Light, lord of food, gi'eat in
Niles, by food of whose giving the land liveth. May he
send the pleasant breezes of the north wind.'*

(d) ** . . . . of lofty plumes, gleaming with the
diadem (?), beloved (?) of the Lord of the Two Lands.
Mayest thou (fern. ?) grant a sight of Aien , . , .
May he grant . . . /'

(/) '^ . . . who illumines all the land by his ka.
May ho give a fair burial after .... old age, and my
rest in the necropolis (?) of Akhetaten (?), a fitting ^eat.*'

{ij) •* who illumines (?) all the land by bis rising. May
he gi^ant the bounty of the good god, the daily offering in

the Presence, that which is set out on the

a reception of that which he giveth and hts food (?),"

(A) »*,... Do thou grant departure in the morning
from the Underworld to see Aten as he rises daily without
ceasing/*

** For the ka of the standard-bearer of the guild of
Nefer-kheperu-ra, Suti, maakherUt possessor of the ^ood
guerdon/*

7. Apy* Ceiling (PI. xxxii.)."

** A dy fwtep seU'tL of the living Hawk of the two
horizons (Horakhti),* a god noble and beloved, living in
Truth every day. May he grant the smell of incense, the
reception of ointment, a draught of water at the swirl
of the stream,^ and that my soul be not debarred from
that which it desires."

« Ik, p. 68. 7 j^.^ p. 92.

^ This occurrence, without qualification, of the name
of the ancient deity whom Akbenaten grailually trans-
formed into the Aten is unparalleled, but not surprising.
It was this tendency to revert to old ideas that caused
the King about this time to abandon the use of the name
entirely.

^ ** Banks of the pool,'* in the parallel passage, Plat^ iv.

APPENDIX.

DECORATIVE TECHNIQUE AT EL AMARNA.^

The first process after the rock-walls of tbf* chamher had
been dresjied with the chisel as smoothly as the nature
of the atone allowed* was to cover the w4iole \Yith a
coating of hard plaster, This was done in order that
by fillincr up the holes and fissures with which the local
rock abounds, a perfectly plane surface rai^ht be secured,
rather than with the idea of being able to work in a
softer medium ; for where the wall was already plane
the plaster becomes a mere ^mear, little thicker than
paper.

On this dry plaster the design was sketched out in ink
\u all detail, often in greater detail than was likely to he
reproduced by the chisel. The ink might be yellow, red,
or black ; if the design needed corrections thej' were made
in red or in black. This picture was generally in some-
what thick outhne (Plates xvii., xviii,, xix. ; III. xxx,,
xxxii.), hut occasionally in solid colour (PI. x.)»

The pictures ware always executed In sunk relief for
the sake of the protection afforded to the figure^i by the
surrounding surface. The depth to which they were cut
varied greatly, large figures being cut very deep, while
small work w^as sometimes only faintly impressed on the
plaster (I. xi., xii* ; III. x., xi., xiv.}.'^ The sculptor,
working on the ink outlines, sank them to the required
extent, leaving the figures in rounded relief within* If
the plaster happened to be thick, the smaller work might
be entirely within it; but if it were a mere wash, even
the small inscriptions would be cut into the stotie below.
The larger figures, owing to their deep cutting, were
always mainly formed in stone. Generally speakiug,
even where all the piaster has fallen aw^ay; the main
outhnes of the picture and much of the detail can still
be recovered from the stone alone.

At this stage the small work had reproduced the ink-
design in all or most of its detail, and was complete,
except for a lack of finish and precision of line. It
needed no more than a wash of fine plaster to make the

» See also Part L, p. IB.

a In these cases the work gives the impression of
having been done with a bluut modelling tool while the
plaster was soft, as it is so slightly depressed that it
scarcely has a definite outline, and often fades into the
general surface. Possibly, however, the final coating or
wash has given it this smooth appearance, and nearly
blotted out the indistinct outline.

surface smooth, and to enable the fine detail to be
elaborated.^ But in large work, where the stone had
been deeply cut into, and the relief stood out lx)ldly, the
figures were often rough, and the greater part of the
detail had been lost with the surface ; so that it was
necessary to build them up more or less afresh w*ith new
plaster of a fine quality. No doubt at this stage the
fresh plaster might be modelled while still soft. Whether
the sculptor used memory and judgment in adding the
outlines which the chisel bad removed, or had a copy of
the design for reference, is not determinable ; hut the
latter is not probable.

The procedure in the tombs of Penthu and Ahnies was
somewhat different, owing to the soft and crumbling
nature of the stone. There the sculptor set to work on
his figures either by cutting the wall-surface within the
outlines down to the same depth all over, as if for inlay,
or gave them only the roughest hlocking-out in relief within
the mould so formed. By so doing he loft nearly al! the
work to be done afresh ; for lie bad already removed
even the outline of his figures. Nothing of the original
design was preserved except a depression roughly
corresponding to the original outline, and sometimes
rough work in relief within it indicating inner detail
(see PI. xi.).

The result was that the modeller was provided only
with a rough mould to guide him and had to build up the
required figure within this in fresh plaster. The medium,
in short, is largely or entirely plaster inlaid in stone, and
the results, if con^espondingly delicate, w^ero also corres-
pondingly frail. The new plaster made a poor join with
the old (see the helmets of Uie King and Queen in PL xi,) ;
the monld was cut out so roughly that its w^alls were more
plaster than stone; the inserted figure proved a dead
weight of plaster, without the grip upon the wall which
it had when it was a thin overlay on a stone matrix. In
addition, the stone itself was f liable. It is no wonder then
that practically the whole of the decoration in the tomb
of Penthu has fallen away, and that the inscriptions

^ Cf. Plate xlii.p where the head of Mahu is finely
chiselled in plast r. Imt without smoothness. Also
PI. xli., where only the head of the vizier is perfectly
tinished off. Those of the elders there need further
working up, and the faces and figm-es of the pnsoners
are very ronghly cut.

APPENDIX.

which were cut in inlaid tablets of plaster have been lost.
In the entrance the rock was of better quality, and the
figures and texts on both sides, being cut in stone in the
old way, were fairly well preserved till recent years.

This method of inlay was partially adopted also in the
tomb of Ahmes ; probably in imitation, for the stone here
aippears to be good. Some of the figures (altars, slaugh-
tered oxen, etc.) have been cut out bodily in the plaster
and merely form moulds to be filled in afterwards
(III. XXX.). In general, however, the work was on the
old lines, and, thanks to this, the representation of the
soldiery there has not only withstood the lapse of time,
but even the process of casting.

The general technique of the later tombs of Meryra II.
and Huya is poorer, the figures in the smaller work being
often but slightly sunk and without distinctness of
outline.

The final process was that of painting, which was for

the most part in flat primary colours. In the Southern
tombs this stage has rarely advanced far. Alike the
sculptures and the architecture remain in general a pure
white. The painted ceiling of Ay, the coloured inscriptions
on the beams and columns, the bright cornice of Any,
and the fully-coloured scene in tomb 7,* show that this
was not deliberate, but that with greater leisure a full
scheme of colour would have been carried out. The wall-
surfaces of the entrance passages, which were the first
parts to be completed, are generally coloured.^ A great
deal of fine detail was added or restored in the process of
painting, and sometimes the smaller work was re-outlined
in red (especially on the North Wall of the tomb of
Meryra).

* See Frontispiece, Part V.

^ This is applicable also to the tombs of Ahmes and
Penthu, which are so closely allied to the S. group.

INDEX.

Ahmes, tomb of .1, 4, 5, 6, 9,

Akhenaten depicted 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13,

policy of

prayers to
Akhetatbn

„ ruins of

Amenhetep III
Ami khent
Anatomy .
Any, tomb of .... 13,
Apy, tomb of . . 13, 19, 20, 22,
Architecture, tomb- 1, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13,

,, „ styles compared
Armoury .

Art, quality of .

Artists

„ methods of

Asses

Aten, names of
„ temple of
„ hymns to

Authorship of hymns

Ay, tomb of

Barsanti, M.

Benben, House of the

Bouriant, M.

Brazier

Buildings depicted

Bunals

Burial -chamber

Burial-shaft

Cartouches

Cattle

Ceilings

" Chancellor," .

Chariots .

" Chief of Chiefs "

** Chief of Companions '

** Chief Physician " .

3, 5, 10,
.5,

8, 9, 14,

2, 3, 8,

13,

16, 20, 26, 32, 33
14. 16, 19, 22, 28
. 9, 26, 31
30, 31
4, 7, 8, 16
11, 13, 18, 21
22, 30
6,30
3, 5, 13, 19

14, 27, 28, 29, 33
26, 27, 28, 29, 31
16, 19, 21, 23, 33

. 8
. 17

15, 19, 23, 31, 33

. 3, 4, 15

10, 14, 16, 32, 33

. 17

19, 22, 29, 30, 31

14, 15, 17, 28, 29

14, 19, 20, 26-31

.27,28,29

. 7,20,33

7, 21

. 28
7, 12, 23, 28, 30

. 17
4, 5, 14, 15, 16, 17

9, 10
. 1, 9, 12, 22, 24
. 1, 9, 21, 25, 30

1, 4, 14, 19, 21, 22, 24

3,4,5

2, 10, 20, 31, 33

. 3,6,30

2, 4, 5, 15, 16, 17, 18

6,30

. 3, 4, 6, 29, 30

" Chief Servitor of Aten "
Chronology, data for
Clothing .
Coffins

Collars, golden
Colour
Columns .

** Commandant of Police "
'* Commandant of Soldiery
" Companion " .
Conventions, artistic
Cornices . . . .
Corridor, cross-
„ direct

. 3, 4, 6, 29, 30

3, 8, 9, 14, 22. 31

1, 14, 15, 17. 19

10, 24

. 4, 5, 14, 15

1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 13, 19, 20, 23, 32, 33

4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 19, 23, 24, 25, 33

14,31

17, 21, 30

6,30

. 4,5,16

1, 7, 8, 10, 13, 23, 33

2, 9, 12, 19, 21, 23, 25

Cow-keeper 5

Creation, hymns of 27, 28, 29

Cup 5, 6

Daressy, M 8, 23

Decoration of tombs 2, 8, 10, 13, 15, 19, 24, 25, 32, 33

Defences of city 14, 16

Deputy-mayor 16

Deterioration of records . . .8, 20, 22, 28, 30, 32
Door-framings inscribed . . 1, 12, 19, 21, 24, 25

Door with lattice 8

„ plank- 20

„ double 8, 23, 25

Dog 17

Dy Jietep seten prayers . 1, 21, 30, 31

Editor, assistance by 17, 26

Egypt, ancient and modem 18

Enamel 14

Entanglements, military 16

False-doors 9, 13

Fashions, changes in ... 8, 13, 16, 22, 31
** Favourite of the good God " . 6, 30

Feathers as head-dress 19

Figures of deceased . 1, 8, 13, 20, 21

Fish ... 17

INDEX.

Flowers 17

" Follower of the feet of the King " . 6, 30

Food 3, 4, 6, 17, 28, 29, 30, 31

Foreigners 17

Forts 14, 16, 17

Furniture 2, 3

Galleries for burial 24, 25

Gardens depicted 4

" Governor of Akhetaten "... 14, 24, 31

Graffiti 1

Granary 4

Guilds 25 i Mutilation of tombs .

Maat 19

Mabhou 12

Mahu 9, 10, 12-18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32

Mannerisms in art 3, 5, 8, 13, 14

Masts 16

May 4,10

Meketatbn 2, 3, 14

Mebyba, tomb of . . 3, 4, 9, 13, 27, 28, 29, 33

Mebytatbn 2, 9, 14, 16, 22

Methods of craftsmen . . . . 10, 15, 24
Motives estimated . 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16

Mazau. See also ** Police ") . . 14, 16

1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 19, 28

Hagg Qandil, village of 7, 8 i Neb-maat-ba .

Handcuffs 17 j Nebt-ant ....

Haste apparent in work . . 3, 8, 9, 10, 15, 24, 25 ' Necropolis, Northern

Hay, Robert 7, 8, 23, 28, 29 „ Southern

Head-dress 14, 15, 19 >f change of

Historical veracity of scenes 4 i Nefeb-khepebu-hbb-sekhbpbb

Horakhti 31 I Nefebtiti (see ** Queen ").

. 22,30
. 21
3, 7, 9, 11
3, 5, 7-11, 12, 13, 29, 33
. 3,7,8
. 23, 31

Horemheb 8

Horses (see also ** Chariots ") . ..... 16

Human touches in scenes 16,17

HuY . . . 21

HuYA, tomb of . . . . 1, 6, 25, 26, 29, 30, 33

Nurses 4

Octroi 16

Offerings 2, 13, 14, 19, 22

Ointment 22, 31

Hymn to Aten 14, 26, 27, 29, 30 Originality

,, Shorter

13, 19, 20, 26-29, 31 i Ornaments, personal

4, 26
4, 6, 14, 15, 19

imteracy 12, 13, 15, 16, 26, 31 j Palace 5, 8, 10, 14

Incense 13, 22 Panehbsy, tomb of 3, 4, 9

Ink, records in . . 8, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 32 • Papyrus-flower sign 31

Inlay, plaster 2, 32, 33 ' Patching-stones 5, 7

Inspection of stores 17

Interpolated texts 26, 27, 28

'* Intimate of the King" 3, 29, 30

Jars 5, 17, 18

Jecquier, M 8

Jones, Mr. Harold 22

King (see ** Koyal," '* Akhenaten," ** Amenhetep ").
,, smiting enemy 14

leaver, C 7^ 23

Lamp •••...... 14

Legrain, M. ....... 3

Lepsius, Eichard 1, 2, 7, 11, 28

L*H6te, Nestor 1 4 7 29

Lintel, scenes on 1, 13, 19, 21

Literary quality of hymns . . 26, 31
Loggia of palace 5^ 14

Penthu .
„ titles of
,, tomb of

Petrie, Professor

Pharaoh .

2-6, 29, 30

. 3, 4, 5, 29, 30

1-6, 9, 26, 32, 33

11, 13, 21

. . 4, 17

Pilasters 8, 16, 19, 23

Plagiarism 3, 4, 14, 26

Plaster, use of . . 2, 3, 5, 10, 21, 22, 24, 32, 33
Portals 8, 23, 25

Portraiture ....

Priests

Princesses (see " Koyal Family ").

Princes

Police

Prisoners

" Privy Councillor " .

3, 5, 13, 19, 22, 32
1, 3, 4, 27

. 17

14, 15, 16, 17, 18

17, 18, 32

3, 30

Quality of art . . . 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 19, 23, 32, 33
Quay shown 4

3«

INDEX.

Queen depioted . . . 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 19, 22

,, laudation of 20, 31

,, prayers to 30, 31

„ sister of 8

Rames 14, 20, 21, 22, 30

„ of Abd-el-Qumeh 22

Records of tombs, previous 7, 8, 11, 23, 28

Rewards of officials . 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 14

Roads to tombs 11

Rock, nature of . . 1, 2, 7, 10, 19, 21, 32, 33

Rossetti 3

** Royal Chancellor " 6, 30

'* Royal Scribe " .... 6, 20, 21, 29, 30
Royal family . . 2, 3, 4, 6, 13, 14, 16, 19, 22

„ hymn 14, 26, 27, 29, 30

„ tomb 2, 3

Sanctuary, Smaller 2, 3

Sceptre 14

Schaefer, Dr 2

Screens . . 3

Scribes . . 4, 6, 17, 20, 21, 26, 29, 30, 31

Sentries . . . . . 16, 17

Sentry-houses 17

Shipping 4

Shrines 2, 9, 12, 21, 23, 25

" Sister " as wife 21,22

Sistra 20

" Sole Companion " 6, 30

Soldiery 5, 14, 33 !

** Standard-bearer " 25 i Weapons

Stairs

"Steward"

" Steward of the honse of Nebmaatra "
Stores, Government ....
SUTI

9, 12, 13, 24

. 20

22, 30

4,17

25, 31

Technique 2, 10, 13, 15, 32, 33

Temple represented 2, 3, 8, 14, 15

Terrace, raised 15,16

Texts, corruption of 26

Textual criticism 26, 27

Theban fashions 8, 26

Titles ... 6, 17, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 30, 31

Tombs, late occupation of . . 1, 2, 10

„ uninscribed .... 7, 9, 10, 11, 29

Trench in floor 2

Tutu, tomb of . . . 13, 14, 20, 27, 28, 29
Tyi 6,25

Ua-en-ra 15, 16, 29, 30, 31

Underworld 29, 31

Unfinished designs 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 21,

24, 32, 33
tombs . . 2, 9, 10, 12, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25

Variants in hymns 26, 27

Vessels 5, 6, 13, 17, 22

Victualling guard-houses 17

Vizier 14, 16, 17, 32

Standards, military 14, 15

Whitewashed tombs

Statues 1, 21, 25 Wigs

. 17

10, 12, 23, 33

. 21

Stela in tomb .
,, boundary

12,13
8, 13, 14

Women 15, 17, 21, 31

Worship, scenes of . . . . 1, 2, 13, 15, 19, 22

PBINTID BY GILBERT AND RIVINOTON LIMITED, ST. J0HN*8 HOUSE, CLERKENWILL, B.C.

PLATES.

NOTE.

An index to the passages in the text which are explanatory of the several plates

will be found on pages vii., viii.

El Amarna IV.

TOMB OF PENTU-PLANS AND SECTIONS.

Plate I.

Burial Vault

.*...

SECTION ON A.B.

immum ^ T

>calo

IOI>»t»*7«<

imi I I I I I I 1 rn I I I I I iPttT

MATCS MM

n.N.

t!A>Mk^^%^V«MvM»1..^

PLAN.

SECTION ON CD.

^w*"Tt / \ vm

! c . 59 ft i3m|>

1h«»eb

Scale I

El Amarna IV.

Stale \

PLASTER FRAGMENT.

{Now in BaHin..}

RIGHT JAMB.

SciUe^

LEFT JAMB.

RIGHT END OF LINTEL.

El Amarna IV.

PENTU-NORTH THICKNESS,

Plate III.

S<M,l

El Amarna )V.

PENTU-SOUTH THICKNESS.

Sealt^

Plate IV.

El Amarna IV.

PENTU-NORTH V

Scmlti

THE ROYAL FAMILY

V^ALL. UPPER SCENE.

Plate V.

s Jyk ^

... ...,.JiJ

y ENTERING THE TEMPLE.

El Amarna IV.

PENTU-NOR7

THE COUF

Scale \

LL. UPPER SCENE.

Plate VI.

THE TEMPLE.

El Amaana IV.

PEWTU-NORTI

IN^

PENTU DECORATED.

PPER SCEHE.

Plate VII.

! Hi li ! i| il i!

'■','■ \\ 'I I ' !' '• !

j IN Hi H M' i!

THE LESSER SANCTUARY.

El Amarna IV.

PENTU. FRAGMENTS.

Plate IX.

J^'

Scole^

B (5ee Plat* VIII)

^jM...tofcfrl

A (See Plate VIII)

Ll AmaHN^ W

V '

III >':

In ^

^ /■'

El Amarna IV.

TOMB OF MAHU.

Plate XIV.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION, LOOKING WEST.

LONQITUDINAL SECTJON, LOOKING WEST.

p;f \\

El Amarn*- W.

MAHU-NORTH THICKNESS.

Plate XV.

Scale ^

THE ROYAL FAMILY WORSHIPPING ATEN.

El AmaRna IV.

Seals I

El AmarnA \V.

MAHU-BACK WALL, N. SIDE.

Plate XVII.

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El Amarna IV.

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Plate XX.

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LEAVING THE TEMPLE.

El AmaRna IV.

MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.

Plate XXI.

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El Amarna IV.

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Plate XXIII.

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El Amarna IV.

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MAHU EXEF

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Plate XXIV.

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El AM^RNA IV.

MAHU-SOUTH END WALL.

Plate XXV.

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El. Amarna IV.

MAHU-FRON

MAHU BRINGS PRISOr

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VALL. S. SIDE.

Plate XXVI.

fS TO THE VIZIER.

DOORWAY TO INNER ROOM.

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El Amarna IV.

TOMB OF RAMES-ENTRANCE.

Plate XXXV.

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TOMB 13.

Plate XXXVI.

El Amarna IV.

TOMB 13. SECTIONS. Etc.

Plate XXXVII.

LONGITUDINAL SECTION
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EXTERIOR. LEFT JAMB.

El Amarna IV.

TOMB OF SUTI-PLAN AND SECTIONS.

Plate XXXVIII.

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SECTION ON CD.

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El Amarna IV

Seah i

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