2 ee eee Ln en en Se Va SS
vu LHE WAsP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
SPINOLA, 1839
(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)
By Wojciech J. Pulawski
pa
ro)
Pa
\
Published by
The California Academy of Sciences
1995
y
Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences Number 18
The Wasp Genus Gastrosericus Spinola, 1839
(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
The Wasp Genus Gastrosericus Spinola, 1839
(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
By
Wojciech J. Pulawski
California Academy of Sciences
Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118
Published by
the California Academy of Sciences
Natural History
Museum
& Aquarium
San Francisco
October 23, 1995
Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences Number 18
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE:
Alan E. Leviton, Editor
Thomas Daniel
Wojciech Pulawski
Gary Williams
Robert Drewes
Michael Ghiselin
Katie Martin, Managing editor
© 1995 by the California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-71265
ISBN 0-940228-36-X
Cover Illustration: —Gastrosericus attenuatus, Turner, 1912, head of a male specimen (x 34.4). The hooked mandibles are unique
for Hymenoptera. Illustration by Mary Ann Tenorio.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT/ RESUME 1
INTRODUCTION 1
General 1
Technical Terms 1
Geographic Names and Locality Records 2
Origin of Material 3
Collectors’ Names 4
4
4
4
Relationships to Other Genera
Character Polarities
Phylogenetic Analysis...
Infrageneric Classification.
Life History
Geographic Distribution
Historical Analysis...
Unsolved Problems
KEY TO SPECIES
ID ESCRIPTIONSH ORT SPECIES Merete aes eee cece Np I IR IN RI I RS hc SE a eh tat rene
SATVLITIOGHOTES SPs Wisse crcet acne teach eg a
. ASilivorus Pulawski, 1986 occ
. attenuatus Turner, 1912000000.
MAZVXESDs Ns
. bambara sp. n........
TeX Te) 61216) (61) KE) © as 0
braunsi Arnold, 1922.
capensis Brauns, 1906
chalcithorax Arnold, 1922........
© ACMLALUS SP Te occ neeee eee
. drewseni Dahlbom, 1845
electus Nurse, 1903.....
. CFEMICUS SP. De
CUPYDUS’SD. Wore,
. fluviatilis Arnold, 1951.
. fulani sp. n..........
funereus Gussakovski, 1931.
guigliae de Beaumont, 1956
EV EFO\SDs Mh So
hombori sp. n...
SLPICISUS SDs We. e so
. karooensis Brauns, 1906
lamellatus Turner, 1912...
lepidus sp. N.......
. lucidus sp. N.......
madecassus (Kohl, 1907)
. marginalis Gussakovskij, 1931
) PULQDILLS: Spe Mises attest
. modestus Arnold, 1922
. mongolicus Gussakovskij, 1931
moricei E. Saunders, 1910...
TIQING. SPs Ts cteceescsesescseem
neavei Turner, 1913...
© PNEPNHELOS SP. Ve oocescceoe
5) 9) OKT) 0 ae 0 ae
. pratensis Arnold, 1929
AADADAAAAAADAARAAAAAAAAADAAAAAARAAANAAHD
PO ULLC EA LUCAS NSTI OM DO cs a a a i kee Dare 109
; BUNCLALUS: Spy Me ee, 12
. rothneyi Cameron, 1889...
© SADULOSUS SP De ecsscsecvsseceeveeseeeee
. sanctus Pulawski, 1973
. senegalensis Arnold, 1951
. shestakovi Gussakovski, 1931
. Slamensis Tsuneki, 1974...
. simplex Arnold, 1922...
© SODPINUS SP. De ciccccccceeceeeenee
. swalei Turner, 1916
SVNANAEY SP. De cece
. temporalis de Beaumont, 1955.
TROUSER
tissa Pulawski, 1986
. (rUNCALUS SP. N...........
. tuberculatus sp. n
. Curmeri Arnold, 1922 ce cccesenesscssnetnnseneene
. unicolor Arnold, 1929, new status
vedda Pulawski, 1986
. waltlii Spinola, 1839...
. wroughtoni Cameron, 1889
. xanthophilus sp. n.......
. zoyphion sp. N............
ZPXSDs Wid seceaseseses
DADAAAAARAAARHAAAARAADAARAARDAO
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
HIB ig O12 MOS 4 con GO <) > [RN ea ee ane eO c O NEN O CCAS O NaarS OT Pom ONDE GLE RON ee error ne
DUES CO NAIM a cca aa edu tnsucb gauss ncgme sch eae an ove Rae ro
Asstract: The entire genus Gastrosericus is revised for the first time, and 61 species are recognized. The revision includes redescription of the
genus, a summary of known behavior as well as original observations, differential diagnoses and descriptions of all species, illustrations, geographic
records, distribution maps, identification keys, and an analysis of phylogenetic relationships among the species. Numerous previously unnoticed
characters are used in keys, diagnoses, species descriptions, and analyses. Twenty-seven species are new: ammochares (Mali), azyx (Sri Lanka),
bambara (Senegal to Burkina Faso), baobabicus (Senegal to Burkina Faso), dentatus (Senegal to Togo), eremicus (Mali, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan,
India), eurypus (South Africa), fulani (Senegal to Togo), herero (Namibia), hombori (Mauritania, Mali), incisus (southern India, Sri Lanka), lepidus
(Senegal, Mali), /ucidus (Senegal to Burkina Faso), mirabilis (Namibia), nama (Namibia), pnepheros (Egypt, Sudan), praos (Congo), punctatus
(Senegal to Ivory Coast and Togo), sabulosus (Mauritania, Senegal, Pakistan), sobrinus (Senegal to Congo Basin), synander (Senegal, Mali, Ivory
Coast, Togo), thoth (Egypt, Sinai), truncatus (Senegal to Niger), tuberculatus (Namibia), xanthophilus (Namibia, South Africa), zoyphion (Mada-
gascar), and zyx (Zambia). Gastrosericus braunsi var. unicolor Arnold, 1929, is raised to full species status, and the following are new synonyms
(valid names listed last): Gastrosericus laticeps Arnold, 1922 = braunsi Arnold, 1922; flavicornis Gussakovskij, 1931 = electus Nurse, 1903; eremorum
de Beaumont, 1955 = funereus Gussakovskij, 1931; silverlocki Turner, 1912, and bidentatus Arnold, 1922 = lamellatus Turner, 1912; oraniensis
Brauns, 1906, and divergens Arnold, 1922 = karooensis Brauns, 1906; neavei reversus Arnold, 1951 = neavei Turner, 1913; menoni Sudheendrakumar
and Narendran, 1985 = siamensis Tsuneki, 1974; decipiens Arnold, 1955 = simplex Arnold, 1922; aiunensis Giner Mari, 1945 and Dinetus niger
Dufour, 1853 = waltlii Spinola, 1839.
Received March 24, 1992. Accepted January 13, 1993.
ResuME: Le genre Gastrosericus est revise au niveau mondial. Les charactéristiques du genre et celles des 61 espéces qu’il comprend désormais
sont donnees, avec des diagnoses differentielles et tables de determination originales, et une analyse des relations phylétiques entre especes. Cette
revision, en partie basée sur des caractéres morphologiques inédits, est completée par des illustrations et des cartes de distribution geographique.
Le comportement des espéces, en particulier celui associé a la sélection des proies et a la nidification, est discute avec apport d’observations originales.
Ving sept especes nouvelles sont décrites: ammochares (Mali), azyx (Sri Lanka), bambara (du Senégal au Bourkina Faso), baobabicus (du Senegal
au Bourkina Faso), dentatus (du Senegal au Togo), eremicus (Mali, Arabie, Pakistan, Inde), eurypus (Afrique du Sud), fulani (du Senegal au Togo),
herero (Namibie), hombori (Mauritanie, Mali), incisus (Inde meéridionale et Sri Lanka), /epidus (Senegal et Mali), /ucidus (du Senegal au Bourkina
Faso), mirabilis (Namibie), nama (Namibie), pnepheros (Egypte et Soudan), praos (Congo), punctatus (du Sénégal a la Cote d'Ivoire et au Togo),
sabulosus (Mauritanie, Senegal, Pakistan), sobrinus (du Senegal au bassin du Congo), synander (Senegal, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire et Togo), thoth (Egypte
et Sinai), truncatus (du Sénégal au Niger), tuberculatus (Namibie), xanthophilus (Afrique du Sud, Namibie), zoyphion (Madagascar) et zyx (Zambie).
Le Gastrosericus braunsi var. unicolor Arnold, 1929, est elevé au rang d’espece. Les synonymies suivantes sont etablies, le nom valide etant enumere
le dernier: Gastrosericus laticeps Arnold, 1922 = braunsi Arnold, 1922; flavicornis Gussakovskij, 1931 = electus Nurse, 1903; eremorum de Beaumont,
1955 = funereus Gussakovskij, 1931; silverlocki Turner, 1912, et bidentatus Arnold, 1922 = lamellatus Turner, 1912; oraniensis Brauns, 1906, et
divergens Arnold, 1922 = karooensis Brauns, 1906; neavei reversus Arnold, 1951 = neavei Turner, 1913; menoni Sudheendrakumar et Narendran,
1985 = siamensis Tsuneki, 1974; decipiens Arnold, 1955 = simplex Arnold, 1922; aiunensis Giner Mari, 1945, et Dinetus niger Dufour, 1853 =
waltlii Spinola, 1839.
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL. — Gastrosericus, an Old World genus of sphecid
wasps, has received little attention in spite of intriguing mor-
phological and biological diversity of its species. Past revisions
were only regional: Arnold (1922) studied the Afrotropical spe-
cies, Gussakovskij (1931) the Transcaspian taxa, and Krombein
and Pulawski (1986) the Sri Lankan species. The overall knowl-
edge of the genus, however, was still quite poor. Some species
could not be recognized because of inadequate original descrip-
tions and lack of subsequent studies, and many others were
undescribed or known from one sex only. Excellent diagnostic
characters were ignored, life histories unknown for the vast
majority of species, geographic ranges of species known only
approximately, and the species relationships unclear. Some spe-
cies received several names because of sexual dimorphism, al-
lometric growth, or extensive geographic ranges, resulting in
considerable new synonymy. This study is the first revision of
the entire genus. Sixty-one species are recognized, 27 of which
are new. Although 12 names are new synonyms, the new species
account for the net increase over the 42 species listed by Bohart
and Menke (1976).
This study was submitted for publication in 1992, but new
data were added through June 1995.
TECHNICAL TERMS.—I use Bohart and Menke’s (1976) mor-
phological terms for most structures, although a few terms not
included in their book are defined below and a few others are
(1)
redefined for clarity or convenience. I follow Michener and Fra-
ser (1978) in their mandibular terminology with some modifi-
cations (Pulawski, 1991, 1992): new terms have been added to
describe structures not found in the bees and thus not considered
by these authors. A glossary including all mandibular and some
other terms is provided below:
Clypeus (Fig. 1): the clypeus has a middle section and two lateral
sections. The projecting anterior (or ventral) part of the mid-
dle section is referred to as the lobe (the lobe is subdivided
in some species, e.g., it has a mesal projection flanked by two
emarginations). An impunctate lip is found along the free
margin of the lobe in some species.
Disk: central part of a sclerite, e.g., clypeal disk, scutal disk.
Humeral plate: a sclerotized plate located basad of the origin
of the costal and subcostal veins of the forewing and partly
covered by the tegula.
Interstitial: the recurrent veins are interstitial when they meet
at one point on a longitudinal vein.
Mandible (Fig. 2):
— abductor ridge: this newly coined term designates a small ridge
extending from the abductor swelling to the angular apex of
the condylar ridge;
— abductor swelling: small bulge on the outer side of the man-
dibular base, next to condyle; insertion of the abductor mus-
cle;
— acetabulum: mandibular articulation next to clypeus;
lateral
section
middle section
arcuate
ee
concave
The Se subdivided So fe
se
s ; ae
\
\ pointed /
\/
FiGure |. Clypeus of Gastrosericus
adductor interspace: an area on the inner mandibular face,
between the adductor ridge and the inner margin;
adductor ridge: extends distad from the mandibular base on
its inner side, adjacent to oral fossa and, in most sphecids,
gradually becomes visible from the outside, constituting the
distal part of the mandibular posterior margin. This ridge is
often differentiated into a lower basal portion and a higher
distal portion; when so, the two portions meet at an angle, or
slightly overlap, or are separated by a gap; in species with
notched mandibles, the distal portion delimits the notch from
its distal side;
basal width: distance between acetabular and condylar ridges
measured next to acetabulum and condyle;
cleft: in most Larrinae, the inner margin has a narrow incision,
or cleft; in most genera, the cleft separates two expansions,
the proximal and distal teeth;
condylar ridge: arises from the condyle, extends distad, and
forms the basal portion of the posterior mandibular margin;
it is angulate distally in many Larrinae (including most Gas-
trosericus),;
condyle: mandibular articulation on the occipital side of the
head capsule;
inner margin: starts near acetabulum and is the cutting edge
of the mandible; called upper edge by Michener and Fraser
(1978);
notch: an emargination on the posterior margin, delimited
basally by the condylar mdge and distally by the expanded
portion of the adductor ridge;
posterior margin: extends between the condyle and mandib-
ular apex; called externoventral margin by Bohart and Menke
(1976) and lower margin by Michener and Fraser (1978); it
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
acetabulum
abductor
swelling
adductor
ridge
abductor
condylar ridge
ridge
condyle
subbasal
tooth
| cleft
inner
margin
condylar
ridge
FiGure 2. Mandible of Gasfrosericus: a, outer view, b, anterior view.
actually consists of two components: the condylar ridge ba-
sally and the adductor ridge distally; the term posterior is
preferred because the head is hypognathous and this edge is
thus oriented posterad (Pulawski, 1991); Eickwort (1969) ob-
viously accepted the same orientation when he spoke of the
mandibular anterior edge (he did not discuss the posterior
edge).
— preapical tooth: is placed on inner mandibular margin; nor-
mally absent in Larrinae, but present in females of some
Gastrosericus, the name pollex (= thumb), proposed by Mich-
ener and Fraser (1978) for this structure, is not used here
because of its etymological inadequacy.
Postspiracular carina: arcuate carina on anterodorsal part of
mesopleuron, posterior to pronotal lobe, and delimiting the
anterior end of subalar fossa.
Pronotum:
— collar: the transversely elevated posterior part of pronotum,
adjacent to scutum;
— precollar: the area situated between the collar and the anterior
pronotal margin.
Scutal flange (Menke, 1988): the reflexed upward, impunctate
and glabrous portion of the scutal lateral margin, extending
between the tegula foremargin and the scutellum foremargin.
In Gastrosericus, the flange is either evenly curved (Fig. 3a)
or expanding over the tegula and contrastingly concave be-
tween expansion and the scutal hindcorner (Fig. 3b).
Scutum: shortened term for mesothoracic scutum.
Simple: without any specialized structure, e.g., coxa simple
(without carinae, teeth, or concavities), gena simple (without
teeth).
Sternum, tergum: shortened terms for gastral sternum, gastral
tergum.
GEOGRAPHIC NAMES AND LOCALITY RECORDS.—I have tried
to use current official names of countries, provinces, and local-
ities. The only exception is the informal name Transcaspia (fre-
quently found in older entomological literature), used here to
designate collectively the republics of Kyrghyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The territory was known as
Russian Turkestan prior to the 1920s, and then as Soviet Middle
Asia until 1991.
The country and locality names currently in use are often
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 3.
different from the names given in the literature or on specimen
labels. A comparative list is given below for convenience:
Albertville, Zaire: now Kalemié
Deesa, India: present alternative spelling is Disa
Djerba, Tunisia: alternative spelling is Jerba
Fort Dauphin, Madagascar: now Taolanaro
Gold Coast: now Ghana
Hara Hoto, China: now Hei-Ch’eng
Katamia, Egypt: alternative spellings are Katania, Katana, or
Qattania
Kom Osheim, Egypt: alternative spellings are Kom Oshim,
Kom Awshim or Kom Ouchim
Lourencgo Marques, Mozambique: now Maputo
Lyallpur, Pakistan: now Faisalabad
Macina, French Sudan: now Massina, Mali
Majunga, Madagascar: now Mahajanga
Matopos, Zimbabwe: now Matobo
Mocamedes, Angola: now Namibe
Nemours, Algeria: now Ghazaouet
Nyasaland: now Malawi
Phetchaburi, Thailand: alternative spelling is Phet Buri
Pontéba, Algeria: now Oumm ed Drou
Poona, India: now spelled Pune
Salisbury, Zimbabwe: now Harare
Sanyati River, Zimbabwe: now Umniati
Southern Rhodesia: now Zimbabwe
South-West Africa: now Namibia
Tanjore, India: now Thanjavur
Tenasserim, Burma: now Taninthari
Tuléar, Madagascar: now Toliara
Upper Volta or Haute Volta: now Burkina Faso
Wankie, Zimbabwe: now Hwange
Watagouna, Mali (label spelling): Ouatagouna
All locality names listed under Records have been checked
against available maps and gazetteers and then used to produce
Lateral portion of scutum and tegula: a, Gastrosericus rothneyi, male (* 156) and b, Gastrosericus truncatus, male (* 215).
the distribution maps. Numbers of specimens studied and their
depositories are generally indicated for each locality, but cu-
mulative data are given in some cases for wa/tlii because of the
large number of specimens.
ORIGIN OF MATERIAL.—This revision is based on a study of
6516 specimens, of which I collected about 1860 in Egypt (1958,
1993), Ghana (1991), India (1989), Ivory Coast (1991), Mad-
agascar (1994), Mali (1991), Mauritania (1993), Namibia (1990),
Pakistan (1989), Senegal (1991), South Africa (1990), Thailand
(1988, 1989), Togo (1991), Turkmenistan (1964), Zambia (1995),
and Zimbabwe (1995). The others were sent by institutions and
individuals. The following is a list of 58 collections from which
material was borrowed or where type material is preserved (the
abbreviations preceding the names are used in the text to des-
ignate these sources):
AAM: Alberto and Alessandro Mochi, Rome, Italy (personal collection).
AEI: American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, Florida (late Henry
K. Townes).
AMG: Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa (Friedrich W. Gess).
AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York (Je-
rome G. Rozen, Jr., Marjorie Favreau).
ANSP: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania (Donald Azuma, Daniel Otte).
BMNH: British Museum (Natural History), current nonstatutory name: The
Natural History Museum, London, Great Britain (Colin R. Vardy,
Laraine Ficken).
CALICUT: University of Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India (T. C. Narendran).
CAS: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California (Wojciech
J. Pulawski).
CGR: C. Giles Roche, London, Great Britain (personal collection).
CNC: Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nema-
todes, Biosystematic Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
(Gary A. Gibson).
CU: Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Ithaca, New York
(E. Richard Hoebeke).
FB: Franco Borgato, Nouakchott, Mauritania (personal collection).
FSAG: Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Belgium (Jean
Leclercq).
LEM:
MCZ:
MHNG:
MNHN:
MRAC:
MS:
MT:
MZL:
NCIP:
NMC:
NHMW:
NHMZ:
OXFORD:
PMA:
PORTICI:
QA:
RMNH:
SAM:
SDNH:
SMNW
TMP:
TORINO
UCD
USNM
VLK
Wi
WS
ZIN
ZMA
ZMHU
ZMK
Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida (Lionel
A. Stange, James R. Wiley).
George R. Ferguson, Corvallis, Oregon (personal collection).
Hermann Dollfuss, St. Pélten, Austria (personal collection).
Instituto Espanol de Entomologia, Madrid, Spain (Elvira Mingo
Perez).
Joseph Gusenleitner, Linz, Austria (personal collection).
Kenneth M. Guichard, London, Great Bnitain (personal collection).
Kobe University, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe, Japan (Tikahiko
Naito).
Konrad Schmidt, Zoologisches Institut der Universitat, Karlsruhe,
Germany (personal collection).
The University of Kansas, Snow Entomological Museum, Law-
rence, Kansas (Robert W. Brooks).
Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Department of Entomology,
Wageningen, the Netherlands (K. W. Robert Zwart).
Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory, Mac-
donald College, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec,
Canada (P. Michael Sanborne, Cha-Chi Hsiung).
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts (James M. Carpenter).
Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Genéve, Switzerland (Claude Be-
suchet),
Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (Janine Ca-
sewitz-Weulersse).
Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium (Eliane De
Coninck).
Maximilian Schwarz, Ansfelden bei Linz, Austria (personal collec-
lion).
Marc Tussac, Castel Maurou, France (personal collection).
Musée Zoologique, Lausanne, Switzerland (Michel Sartori).
National Collection of Insects, Plant Protection Research Institute,
Pretoria, South Africa (Connal D. Eardley).
National Museum, Colombo, Sn Lanka (via Karl V. Krombein).
Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria (Maximilian Fischer).
Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe (Rudo
Sithole)
Oxford University Museum, Hope Department of Entomology, Ox-
ford, Great Britain.
Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Albert
T. Finnamore).
Istituto di Entomologia Agraria dell’Universita di Napoli, Portici,
Italy (Ermenegildo Tremblay).
Quabir Argaman, Yavne, Israel (personal collection),
Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, the Netherlands,
including P. M. F. Verhoeff and Raimond V. Hensen collections
(Kees van Achterberg).
South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa; including G.
Arnold collection, which was previously housed in Bulawayo, Zim-
babwe (Vincent B. Whitehead).
Natural History Museum, San Diego, California (David K. Faulk-
ner).
State Museum of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia (John Irish, Eugene
Marais).
Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa (Robert B. Toms).
Istituto e Museo di Zoologia dell’Universita di Torino, Italy.
University of California, Davis (Richard M. Bohart, late Robert O.
Schuster, Lynn S. Kimsey).
United States National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C. (Karl V. Krombein, Arnold S. Menke).
Vladimir L. Kazenas, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan
Walter Linsenmaier, Ebikon, Switzerland (personal collection).
Wolfgang Schlaeffle, Magden, Switzerland (personal collection).
Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg,
Russia (Vladimir I. Tobias)
Instituut voor Taxonomische Zodlogie (Zodlogisch Museum),
Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R. Ter-
ko Simon Thomas, Willem Hogenes)
Zoologisches Museum an der Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Ger-
many (Frank Koch)
Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark (Ole Lomholdt).
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ZMMU: Zoological Museum, Moscow University, Moscow, Russia (Lena
V. Zimina, Alexander V. Antropov).
ZSBS: Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Miinchen, Ger-
many (Erich Diller).
COLLECTORS’ NAMES.—For brevity’s sake, collectors of spec-
imens in type series of new species are abbreviated as follows:
AM: Alessandro Mochi
AP: Alain Pauly
GC: G. Couturier
JG: — Joseph Gusenleitner
KVK: Karl V. Krombein
MS: Maximilian Schwarz
WJP: Wojciech J. Pulawski
Collector names mentioned once or a few times are not ab-
breviated.
GENUS GASTROSERICUS
Gastrosericus Spinola, 1839:480. Type species: Gastrosericus waltlii Spinola, 1839,
by monotypy.—As Gasterosericus (unjustified emendation or misspelling):
Dahlbom, 1845:467; Brauns, 1906:49, 51, 52.
Eparmatostethus Kohl, 1907:167. Type species: Eparmatostethus madecassus Kohl,
1907, by monotypy. Synonymized with Gastrosericus by Arnold, 1927:116.—
As Eparmostethus (misspelling): Pate, 1937:26, Bohart and Menke, 1976:43.
Paralellopsis Maidl, 1914:147. Type species: Paralellopsis africana Maidl, 1914
[= Gastrosericus neavei Turner, 1913], by original designation and monotypy.
Synonymized with Gastrosericus by Arnold, 1922:114.—As Parallelopsis (mis-
spelling): Turner, 1916:258; Pate, 1937:47
Dinetomorpha Pate, 1937:22, Article 13a (ii) (as Dinetomorpha Gussakovskij,
1931, a subgenus of Gastrosericus). Type species: Gastrosericus flavicornis Gus-
sakovskij, 1931 [= Gastrosericus electus Nurse, 1903), designated by Pate, 1937:
22. Synonymized with Gastrosericus by Bohart and Menke, 1976:43.—Dine-
tomorpha Gussakovskij, 1931:451, unavailable name: type species not desig-
nated (Article 13b).
Gastrargyron Pate, 1937:28, Article 13a (ii) (as Gastrargyron Gussakovskij, 1931,
a subgenus of Gastrosericus). Type species: Gastrosericus marginalis Gussa-
kovskij, 1931, designated by Pate, 1937:22. Synonymized with Gastrosericus
by Bohart and Menke, 1976:43.—Gastrargyron Gussakovskij, 1931:451, un-
available name: type species not designated (Article 1 3b).
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus is a member of Larrini, as defined
by Bohart and Menke (1976:226). Thus, the hindocellus is mod-
ified to a flat, elongate scar; a part of each scar is bordered by
a narrow, translucent band, the only remnant ofa lens (the band
is broadly interrupted on the scar’s outer, posterolateral, or lat-
eral side, depending on its orientation). Unlike other genera of
the tribe, Gastrosericus has two rather than three submarginal
cells, an autapomorphy.
Bohart and Menke (1976:254) gave two other diagnostic fea-
tures of Gastrosericus: an incomplete episternal sulcus and unique
hindocellar scars (long, narrow, diverging at a flat angle of 130°
145°). In reality, an incomplete sulcus does not allow recognition
since it is also found in Holotachysphex, Tachytella, many Par-
apiagetia, most Tachysphex, and in Kohliella anula Pulawski.
The hindocellar character is also problematic. First, the angle
of divergence is about 125° in the male of G. simplex (Fig. 110g),
less than the 130° of some Tachysphex. Second, the shape is
almost identical in an undescribed species of Tachytella, and
the angle of divergence is about 130° in the female and about
145° in the male (more than the 120° shown in Bohart and
Menke’s Figure 61E for 7. aureopilosa Brauns).
DESCRIPTION. — The genus was described in detail by Bohart
and Menke (1976) who studied 18 species. I redescribe it here
taking into account 60 species examined (I have not seen on-
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
golicus) and several features not known to these authors. Bohart
and Menke stated that the “‘malar space [is] developed in some
males’’, but except for a narrow one in /amellatus this feature
is absent in Gastrosericus. Contrary to their description, the
episternal sulcus varies in length, not always “ending just as it
reaches venter of pleuron”’. In some species (e.g., /amellatus and
siamensis) it extends onto the ventral surface. The major struc-
tural characters of Gastrosericus are the following:
Posterior mandibular margin variable: notched, stepped, or
entire. Frons without oblong, glabrous tubercle above antennal
socket, with no unusual swellings near midocellus or along orbit.
Clypeus with mesal lobe, but lobe reduced in marginalis. Hin-
docellar scars long, narrow, diverging anterolaterad at a very
flat angle (125°-145°), shorter than distance that separates each
scar from midocellus. Inner orbits convergent above in most
species, parallel in some, and divergent above in rothneyi. Oc-
cipital carina, in most species, effaced before joining hypostomal
carina, but joining hypostomal carina in attenuatus, lamellatus,
praos, siamensis, and simplex. Episternal sulcus originating near
middle of subalar fossa in some species and next to postspira-
cular carina in others (with many intermediates), ending (at
varying distance) before reaching anteroventral margin of pleu-
ron. Propodeal dorsum setose. No sclerites (““propodeal ster-
num” of Menke) between the mctasternal apex and propodeum
(behind hindcoxa). Marginal cell of forewing long to markedly
shortened (costal margin 0.8-6.0 x apical truncation); two sub-
marginal cells present; jugal lobe of hindwing extending beyond
crossvein cu-a in most species, but ending at level of cu-a in
several, and ending before cu-a in some (e.g, braunsi, herero,
pulchellus), in the latter case, the anal and jugal excisions are
far apart, as in Tachytella. Forecoxa mostly without apical pro-
cess (apical process present in female of uwnicolor and males of
attenuatus and /amellatus). Hindtibia not ridged. Hindtarso-
mere II long (0.7-0.8 = hindtarsomere I). Female foretarsus
with rake; foretarsomere I without ventral spines; apicoventral
margin of hindtarsomere V straight or nearly so in most species,
but arcuate in hombori and vedda (markedly so in hombor').
Claws not dentate. Tergum I with well-defined lateral carina,
without short, oblique ridge extending from each anterolateral
corner (ridge present in Liris, for example). Tergum II without
lateral carina. Female: tergum VI not flattened, angle between
lateral margin of tergum and lateral margin of pygidial plate, in
side view, about 30°—-40°; pygidial plate well defined except lat-
eral carina evanescent in mirabilis, without preapical row of
punctures; sting including sheaths slightly flattened dorsoven-
trally in cross section. Male: tergum VII without apical depres-
sion; male sterna with setose patches in some species, but patch-
es absent in most; sternum VIII variable: apical margin round
to emarginate; gonostyle setose ventrally; head of penis valve
without teeth (Figs. 88d; 108f; 112b).
Additional characters that vary in related genera but which
are uniform in Gastrosericus are: labrum flat (free margin entire
or emarginate); foretibia setose throughout, outer face not spi-
nose or occasionally with one spine near midlength; venter of
female tarsomere V with straight apical margin, male tergum
VII with pygidial plate delimited by lateral carinae.
RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER GENERA.—Bohart and Menke’s
(1976) dendrogram of larrin genera indicated that Gastrosericus
was the sister group of Holotachysphex + Kohliella + Parapi-
agetia + Prosopigastra + Tachysphex. Apparently the dendro-
gram was generated using the 5O larrin characters listed on page
224, but individual branches were not supported by specific
character states, and plesiomorphies may have been used as well
to support certain groupings. Cladistic relationships between
genera have not been analyzed so far. Pulawski (1979), however,
recognized additional apomorphies within the tribe and (1991)
demonstrated that one apomorphy of Gastrosericus, the loss of
the oblique basal carina on tergum I, is shared with Holotach-
ysphex, Kohliella, Parapiagetia, and Tachysphex. This carina is
also absent in many Tachytes and in Larropsis chilopsidis (Cock-
erell and Fox), apparently a parallelism. It is present in the other
Larrinae, including Prosopigastra, and in most other Sphecidae
(obvious exceptions are Sphecinae and most Pemphredoninae,
in which the gastral base is petiolate). One synapomorphy of
Holotachysphex, Kohliella, Parapiagetia, and Tachysphex, a gla-
brous swelling above each antennal socket, is not found in Gas-
trosericus. The genus thus appears to be the sister group of the
other four.
CHARACTER POLARITIES.—Since Gastrosericus appears to be
the sister group of Holotachysphex + Kohliella + Parapiagetia
+ Tachysphex, these four genera have been used as the outgroup
in establishing polarities of the transformation series. Because
exact phylogenetic relationships among these genera are still
unknown, the outgroup algorithm of Maddison, Donoghue, and
Maddison (1984) was not used. Other Larrini, and in some cases
other Sphecidae, were also considered. Behavioral data, avail-
able for only twelve species and mostly incomplete, were not
used in the analysis. Character states that occur in both Gas-
trosericus and the outgroup are considered plesiomorphic. Char-
acter states that occur only in some Gastrosericus but not in the
outgroup are considered apomorphic. Character states that are
found in Gastrosericus and some members of the outgroup were
not polarized, unless there is enough evidence that they were
acquired independently. The character state coding is: 0: an-
cestral, 1 and 2: derived. The following characters have been
considered:
A. SYNAPOMORPHIES
1. Length of mandible: 0, mandible not elongate (distance
between acetabulum and apex at most 3.5 x basal width); 1,
mandible elongate (distance between acetabulum and apex at
least 4.5 = basal width). The mandibles are moderately long in
the outgroup and the other Larrinae, but elongate in Gastroser-
icus attenuatus and lamellatus (Figs. 12c; 13a, b; 60d, e; 61a,
d; 62a, d), as well as the female of baobabicus (Fig. 20c). The
elongate male mandible of Dalara mandibularis (Williams) is
an obvious convergence.
2. Mandibular notch (Fig. 4): 0, notch present; 1, notch ab-
sent. The correct interpretation of the mandibular notch as e1-
ther ancestral or derived is crucial for classification of Larrinae.
Bohart and Menke (1976:225) thought that the nonemarginate
posterior margin of some Liris is derived because it is correlated
with the presence of a pygidial plate in the male, an advanced
character. Lomholdt (1985) commented equivocally that “in a
very few larrine genera absence of this emargination is primary.”
Menke (1988) hypothesized that the emarginate mandible is
plesiomorphic in Larrinae (including Crabroninae) as this in-
terpretation required fewer reversals. Pulawski’s (1992) analysis
of various mandibular structures confirmed Menke’s opinion.
Clearly, the ancestral condition of Sphecidae is the entire man-
dible, with the condylar ridge not angulate distally, and the
proximal portion of the adductor ridge not differentiated from
the distal portion (this type, found in many relatively unspe-
cialized Sphecidae such as Chalybion and Sphex, is shared with
Pompilidae and bees). The mandible of most Larrini is obvi-
ously derived as compared with that of Sphex, having a notched
posterior margin; the notch is delimited, on the basal side, by
the angulate apex of the condylar ridge and, on the distal side,
by the broadened distal portion of the adductor ridge. Within
Larrini, however, the mandible is entire in Dalara, Gastrosericus
marginalis and mongolicus, two Holotachysphex, some Liris
(the aurulentus and melanius species groups), most Paraliris, in
Tachysphex nefarius Pulawski, Tachytes chrysopyga (Spinola),
and Tachytes dichrous F. Smith. These cases are obvious sec-
ondary simplification (I was unable to reexamine the holotype
and the only known specimen of Tachysphex nefarius). In Tach-
yles chrysopyga, for example, the notch is obscured because the
broad distal portion of the adductor ridge extends under the
condylar ridge (which is still angulate distally); yet the proximal
and the distal portion of the ridge are clearly differentiated. In
Liris aurulentus (Fabricius) and its relatives, the condylar ridge
is almost not angulate distally, but it comes into direct contact
with the adductor ridge, a unique and obviously derived situ-
ation, and the adductor ridge is clearly differentiated. In Hol-
otachysphex, the condylar ridge is either angulate (notch present)
or not angulate apically (notch absent), but the adductor ridge
is differentiated (the two portions differ in height and overlap
slightly). In Gastrosericus marginalis, the condylar ridge is not
angulate apically, but the adductor ridge is differentiated (basal
portion evanescent, distal portion well-defined). I conclude that
the notched mandible of Larrinae is the ancestral state for Gas-
trosericus and the entire mandible of marginalis is derived.
3. Condylar ridge: 0, straight or slightly concave; 1, convex
(Fig. 69e). The convex ridge, found only in females of G. ma-
decassus and zoyphion, is obviously derived.
4. Apex of condylar ridge: 0, acutely angulate; 1, obtusely
angulate (Figs. 69e; 116e). The condylar ridge of most Larrini
is acutely angulate apically (although the angle is frequently
rounded). The other cases are reversals, as discussed under No.
2 above. Therefore, the obtusely angulate apex of Gastrosericus
madecassus, swalei, and zoyphion is also derived.
5. Subbasal mandibular tooth of female: 0, present; 1, absent.
Within the sister group of Gastrosericus, the tooth is absent in
Parapiagetia, Tachysphex nefarius Pulawski, and Tachysphex
ramses. Since the two latter species are members of specialized
lineages, and since Parapiagetia, as a whole, appears to be more
derived than Tachysphex, I accept the absence of the tooth in
many Gastrosericus as an independently acquired specialization.
The tooth may be well developed in most individuals ofa species
(e.g., in Gastrosericus fulani), but occasionally reduced in others,
a fact that seems to corroborate the interpretation here accepted.
6. Mandibular cleft of female: 0, narrow, acutely angulate; 1,
rectangular, rounded, or absent (these three states, which appear
to belong to a single transformation series, are difficult to delimit
and are therefore regarded as one). The cleft is present and
narrow in most Larrini (exceptions include Dalara, Paraliris,
and Tachytella), and many other Larrinae, e.g., in Palarini, less
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
specialized Miscophini, and less specialized Trypoxylini such
as Pison. Within the sister group of Gastrosericus, the cleft is
absent in Holotachysphex (perhaps a reduction due to the twig-
nesting habits), in Parapiagetia genicularis (F. Morawitz), Tach-
ysphex nefarius, and Tachysphex ramses (the latter two species
are members of specialized lineages). In spite of these excep-
tions, I regard the rectangular, rounded, or absent cleft as apo-
morphic for Gastrosericus.
7. Preapical tooth of inner mandibular margin in female: 0,
tooth absent; 1, tooth present. The presence ofa preapical tooth
on the mandibular inner margin is an ancestral feature of Sphe-
cidae (shared with Pompilidae), but the tooth is absent in Larrini
as well as other Larrinae. The preapical mandibular tooth of
Gastrosericus waltlii and some other species must therefore be
a secondary specialization. An obtusely angulate preapical ex-
pansion in some fu/ani does not appear to be homologous.
8. Abductor ridge: 0, absent; 1, present. This ridge is absent
in the outgroup and most other Larrinae, so its presence in some
Gastrosericus is considered apomorphic. It is also present in
some other specialized Larrini (e.g., Prosopigastra punctatissima
A. Costa), some specialized Trypoxylini (Pisonopsis), and some
Crabroninae (e.g., in Entomognathus), but these are considered
to be independent derivations.
9. Labrum: 0, free margin straight or minimally concave; 1,
free margin conspicuously emarginate. The free margin of the
labrum varies in the outgroup: it is straight or minimally con-
cave in Kohliella, unspecialized Tachysphex such as pompili-
formis (Panzer), and many Parapiagetia such as genicularis (F.
Morawitz). It is emarginate in Holotachysphex, many Parapi-
agetia, and many Tachysphex, and I regard all these cases as
independent specializations. In Holotachysphex and Parapiage-
tia, the emarginate labrum is correlated with a specialized clyp-
eus, and in Tachysphex it occurs only in specialized lineages
such as the obscuripennis and erythropus species groups.
10. Occipital carina: 0, joining hypostomal carina; 1, effaced
before reaching hypostomal carina. The occipital carina reaches
the hypostomal carina in all outgroup taxa examined, so this
state is inferred to be plesiomorphic for Gastrosericus (occipital
and hypostomal carinae not separated in attenuatus, lamellatus,
praos, siamensis, simplex, and zyx).
11. Genal tooth of female: 0, absent; 1, present. The gena is
simple in the outgroup and other Larrini, but dentate in females
of some Gastrosericus. The position of the tooth on the head
varies slightly from species to species, but they all appear to be
homologous. The additional (upper) teeth in Gastrosericus pul-
chellus and rothneyi differ markedly in their relative positions
on the head and may not be homologous. Because their inter-
pretation is uncertain, these additional teeth were excluded from
the analysis.
12. Clypeal lobe of female: 0, present; 1, absent. The female
of Gastrosericus marginalis (probably also that of mongolicus)
is unique within the genus and the outgroup in lacking the
clypeal lobe. The state | is thus clearly an apomorphy.
13. Clypeal lobe of female (corners): 0, corner well-defined;
1, corner ill-defined or reduced. The corners, found in the vast
majority of Larrini, are absent in some specialized Parapiagetia
such as richteri de Beaumont and some specialized Tachytes
such as cameronianus Morice. Because none of these species are
likely to share a unique common ancestor with Gastrosericus,
the absence of corners is inferred to be apomorphic in the genus.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS 7
Ficure 4. Mandible: a, Tachypompilus unicolor (Banks), outer side (x 46.0); b, same, anterior side (* 52.0); c, same inner side (* 52.0); d, Gastrosericus rothneyi,
inner side (x 97); e, same central portion of inner side (= 271).
The corners are well-defined in most Gastrosericus, but ill-de- 8a, b; 35a, b; 120a, b). The latter type occurs only in Gastro-
fined or totally reduced in some, e.g., capensis, lepidus, sabu- Sericus ammochares, eremicus, and temporalis, but not in the
losus, unicolor, and waltlii. outgroup and clearly is an apomorphy.
14. Free margin of female clypeus: 0, without lateral emar- 15. Free margin of female clypeus: 0, lobe not subdivided
ginations and median projection; 1, witha pair ofemarginations into three arcuate portions; |, lobe subdivided into three arcuate
that delimit a median, essentially rectangular projection (Figs. | portions, of which the median is the largest and the lateral is
not angulate laterally (Figs. 65a, b; 100a, b; 135a). The latter
type is found only in Gastrosericus lepidus, sabulosus, and uni-
color.
16. Discal tubercles, discal teeth, or discal transverse carinae
of female clypeus: 0, absent; 1, present. These structures are
absent in most members of the outgroup, but present in Para-
piagetia subpetiolata (Bréthes) and several members of the Par-
apiagetia erythropoda (Cameron) species group. These species
are clearly specialized, and I therefore regard a simple clypeal
disk as plesiomorphic. I tentatively accept that various discal
structures in Gastrosericus are homologous, but I could not
subdivide them into smaller categories because of intermediates.
A disk with a median shiny swelling is regarded as unspecialized
(e.g., Gastrosericus chalcithorax and pulchellus).
17. Clypeal disk of male: 0, simple; 1, carinate or expanded
into a lamella. The male of Gastrosericus attenuatus is unique
among Larrini in having a carinate clypeal disk, and the male
of /amellatus in having the clypeal disk expanded. The two
structures appear to be homologous.
18. Inclination of inner orbits: 0, orbits converging above; 1,
orbits parallel or diverging above (the orbits are converging
above if they are closer to the hindocellar scar than to the socket,
and parallel if they are equidistant from the antennal socket and
the scar). The orbits converge toward the vertex in most mem-
bers of the outgroup and in all other Larrini. They are parallel
in some Parapiagetia and parallel or divergent toward the vertex
in some Gastrosericus, apparently a reversal. I accept that, in
Gastrosericus, the orbits converging above are plesiomorphic.
19. Length of antenna: 0, antenna not elongate; 1, antenna
elongate (as in Gastrosericus attenuatus and lamellatus). The
scape and flagellum vary in length throughout the Larrini (in-
cluding the outgroup), although they are moderately long in most
species. Consequently, the outgroup comparison alone does not
suffice to establish the polarity of the two states. I tentatively
hypothesize, however, that the elongate antennae of atftenuatus
and /amellatus are derived because the two species deviate from
the remaining Gastrosericus in sharing other unique structures
that are clearly derived.
20. Pronotal precollar of female: 0, ecarinate; 1, carinate lat-
erally. The pronotal precollar is ecarinate in all outgroup taxa,
so this state is inferred to be plesiomorphic for Gastrosericus.
21. Sulcate pronotal side of female: 0, sulcus absent or in-
conspicuous; |, sulcus deep, conspicuous. The pronotal side is
not sulcate in the outgroup except shallowly, inconspicuously
sulcate in several Tachysphex. The deep, conspicuous sulcus of
some Gastrosericus, unique within Larrini, is clearly derived.
22. Propleural preapical prominence: 0, absent; 1, present.
The propleuron has no particular structures in the outgroup and
most other Larrini. It has a glabrous, triangular elevation near
hindmargin in several Gastrosericus, e.g. waltlii and fulani (el-
evation pointing posterad). A somewhat similar elevation, found
in punctatus, is punctate and thus not homologous.
23. Propleural lateral expansion of female: 0, absent; 1, pres-
ent but relatively short in Gastrosericus synander (Fig. 119); 2,
prominent in madecassus, swalei, and zoyphion (Figs. 69g; 70a;
| 16h, 1). These three states are treated as additive in the analysis.
Except for these three species, the propleuron is not expanded
laterally in Larrini. The states 1 and 2 are thus clearly apo-
morphic
24. Lateral margin of scutum: 0, flange present, evenly curved
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
throughout (Fig. 3a); 1, flange contrastingly concave near scutal
hindcorner (Fig. 3b); 2, margin flat, not upturned into a flange;
3, expansion largely covering tegula in Gastrosericus eremicus
(Fig. 36b-d). The three states are treated as additive in the
analysis. The lateral scutal margin is upturned into a uniformly
curved flange in the outgroup and other Larrinae.
25. Scutum: 0, simple; 1, swollen adjacent to tegula and with
longitudinal depression next to swelling (Fig. 36b—d). The scu-
tum is simple in all Larrini except swollen laterally and de-
pressed next to swelling in Gastrosericus eremicus and tempor-
alis (only slightly so in the latter species), clearly an apomorphy.
26. Setae of female pygidial plate: 0, present; 1, absent. Py-
gidial setae in females of Larrini vary from thin to thick, dense
to sparse, and appressed to partly erect (see Bohart and Menke
1976, Figs. 66 and 74, for examples). Bohart and Menke (1976:
224) regarded an asetose plate as the ancestral state in Larrinae,
but they apparently meant a plate with sparse, inconspicuous
setae. In fact, at least sparse, inconspicuous setae are present in
Larrini (some setae are present even in members of the Tach-
ysphex albocinctus or Tachysphex julliani species groups whose
pygidial plate appears to be glabrous unless examined carefully).
The only exception is the fully asetose plate found in some
Gastrosericus, e.g. lamellatus. Other states of the pygidial plate
(such as stout or fine setae) were not used in the analysis because
of the intermediates.
27. Pygidial plate of male: 0, densely punctate; 1, sparsely
punctate. The pygidial plate of males is densely punctate in most
Larrini (including the sister group). It is sparsely punctate in
some specialized and unrelated Tachysphex (e.g., gagates Ar-
nold and vu/neratus, individually variable in bruneiceps, fugax,
and pentheri), none of which appear to share a unique common
ancestor with Gastrosericus. The plate is sparsely punctate in
Gastrosericus attenuatus, lamellatus, and siamensis. | regard as
sparsely punctate the plate of praos, in which several punctures
are close to each other but the setae are sparse.
28. Male sterna: 0, setose throughout or nearly so; |, largely
glabrous. The sterna of male Gastrosericus are setose throughout
or nearly so except largely glabrous in attenuatus and lamellatus.
Both states occur in the outgroup: the sterna are setose through-
out Holotachysphex and in most Tachysphex but largely gla-
brous in some specialized lineages such as the a/bocinctus and
julliani species groups; sterna I-III are glabrous in Kohliella;
and mostly setose in Parapiagetia except partly glabrous in some
species such as kaszabi Tsuneki. Since Gastrosericus attenuatus
and /amellatus are unlikely to share a unique common ancestor
with either Kohlie/la or Parapiagetia, | accept that their glabrous
sterna are apomorphic.
29. Fimbriate sternal depressions of male: 0, absent; 1, pres-
ent. Generally in Larrini the sterna are flat although shallowly
depressed along their hindmargins. Sterna III and IV are mesally
depressed and densely fimbriate in males of some Gastrosericus
(e.g., nama, sanctus, waltlii, and wroughtoni). Males of Holo-
tachysphex have sterna II-IV depressed mesally and covered
with velvety vestiture. These modifications do not appear to be
homologous with those in Gastrosericus.
30. Setae of male sterna III and IV: 0, about as dense as setae
on sternum II, not forming apical flanges; 1, conspicuously dens-
er than those of sternum II basally, concealing integument at
least mesally but not forming well-defined apical fringes; 2, con-
cealing integument and forming well-defined apical fringes. The
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
three states are treated as additive in the analysis. States | and
2, found only in some Gastrosericus (e.g., moricei and waltlii,
are clearly derived.
31. Length of marginal cell: 0, cell long; 1, cell short. The
marginal cell is long in most Larrini, with the costal margin
markedly longer than the apical truncation. The cell is somewhat
shortened in Kohliella, Parapiagetia kaszabi, Parapiagetia tri-
dentata Tsuneki, and Prosopigastra creon, but markedly short-
ened in Gastrosericus marginalis and shestakovi, in which the
costal margin is about equal to the apical truncation or shorter.
32. Female forecoxal venter: 0, slightly convex; 1, concave;
2, concavity delimited laterally by triangular prominence. In
most Larrini, the ventral surface is slightly, evenly convex and
setose. It is concave anteriorly along inner margin in Parapi-
agetia erythropoda, a member ofa derived lineage, and the shape
of its forecoxa, within the genus, must be a specialization and
not a plesiomorphic condition. The forecoxal venter in Gastro-
sericus is either slightly, evenly convex or concave. The concave
areas vary from species to species but they all appear to be
homologous.
33. Male forecoxa: 0, simple; 1, with apical process. Male
forecoxa is simple except expanded into a small apical process
in Gastrosericus lamellatus and into a large apical process in
attenuatus (both are apparently homologous).
34. Male foretrochanter: 0, entire; 1, emarginate. The male
trochanter is entire in the outgroup and most other Larrini
(emarginate basally in Ancistromma, Larropsis, and many Tach-
ytes, none of which 1s likely to share a unique common ancestor
with Gastrosericus). The entire trochanter of Gastrosericus at-
tenuatus, drewseni, marginalis, and waltlii is thus hypothesized
to be plesiomorphic, and the emarginate trochanter of most
Gastrosericus to be apomorphic.
35. Ventral spines of female tarsomere V: 0, absent; 1, pres-
ent. These spines are absent in the outgroup except present in
some specialized Tachysphex, e.g., erythropus and obscuripennis
(Schenck). The spinose foretarsus of some Gastrosericus is thus
an independently acquired specialization.
36. Male claws (symmetry): 0, both claws equal in size; 1,
outer claw larger than inner claw. The claws are equal in size
in most Larrinae, but the outer claw of the mid- and hindtarsi
is markedly longer than the inner claw in males of the Para-
piagetia erythropoda species group (a derived lineage) and also
in males of some Gastrosericus, e.g., neavei and rothneyi.
37. Volsella: 0, no apical process, dorsal margin smooth; 1,
with apical process, dorsal margin serrate; 2, apical process curved
upwards, dorsal margin serrate (these states were coded as ad-
ditive). In most members of the outgroup, the volsella is grad-
ually narrowed toward the apex, and its dorsal margin is smooth.
It is differentiated into an apical process in many members of
the Parapiagetia erythropoda species group, a derived lineage
unlikely to share a unique common ancestor with Gastrosericus,
and the dorsal margin is serrate in Holotachysphex and some
Tachysphex related to julliani Kohl (another lineage not closely
related to Gastrosericus). In Gastrosericus, the volsella is either
not differentiated apically and the dorsal margin is smooth (e.g.,
lamellatus and waltlii), or the apical process is present, straight,
and the dorsal margin is serrate (e.g., eremicus), or the process
is curved upwards and the dorsal margin is serrate (most spe-
cles).
38. Scapal setae: 0, short, appressed; 1, long, erect. Scapal
setae are usually short, straight, and appressed in the outgroup.
They are long, sinuous, and erect in some specialized species
such as Kohliella stevensoni Arnold, Tachysphex idiotrichus Pu-
lawski and priesneri de Beaumont, and most members of the
Tachysphex albocinctus species group. They are also long and
erect in a few Gastrosericus such as waltlii and its relatives.
39. Genal setae: 0, short; 1, long (at least 0.6 x basal man-
dibular width). Genal setae are short adjacent to the oral fossa
in most members of the outgroup, but they are long in Kohliella
stevensoni Arnold and some Tachysphex such as albocinctus
(Lucas) and micans (Radoszkowski). These species are clearly
not closely related to Gastrosericus and I therefore regard the
short setae as plesiomorphic for the genus. Setae are short in
most Gastrosericus, but long and sinuous in some, e.g., capensis
and waltlii.
40. Hindfemoral setae: 0, appressed, short; 1, suberect, long.
The hindfemoral setae are short, appressed (mostly not exceed-
ing the midocellar diameter) in most members in the outgroup.
They are conspicuously long on the ventral face in some spe-
cialized Tachysphex: bruneiceps, priesneri, and vitiensis F. Wil-
liams. Hindfemoral setae are short in most Gastrosericus, but
suberect and long on the hindfemoral venter in some (e.g., den-
tatus and waltlii).
41. Yellow clypeal markings: 0, absent; 1, present. The clyp-
eus is black or partly red in the vast majority of the outgroup
species. Exceptions are some specialized Tachysphex (such as
cheops de Beaumont) that live in extremely hot, dry habitats.
The clypeus is also yellow in many Gastrosericus.
42. Yellow gastral markings: 0, absent; 1, present. The gaster
of most Larrini is black or partly or all red, but yellow markings
are found in some Gastrosericus (e.g., braunsi, marginalis, and
mirabilis).
B. AUTAPOMORPHIES
43. Mandibular apex of male: 0, straight; 1, hooked. The male
of Gastrosericus attenuatus is unique within the Sphecidae in
having an apically hooked mandible, with concave posterior
margin.
44. Hypostomal carina of male: 0, straight; 1, expanded. Sim-
ple in Larrini except expanded in the male of Gastrosericus
guigliae.
45. Additional genal carina of female: 0, absent; 1, present.
A carina between the genal tooth and the hypostomal carina is
present in the female of Gastrosericus braunsi. This carina is
not found in any other member of the genus nor in the outgroup,
so it is inferred to be apomorphic.
46. Free margin of male clypeus: 0, without deep, lateral
emargination; 1, with a deep, lateral emargination (that extends
almost to the frontoclypeal sulcus). Unique to Gastrosericus
lamellatus.
47. Clypeal bevel of female: 0, absent; 1, present and delim-
ited by carina. The bevel is absent or present in the outgroup
and most Gastrosericus. A margined bevel of the female of
Gastrosericus madecassus 1s thus apomorphic.
48. Postspiracular carina: 0, simple; 1, expanded. The post-
spiracular carina is simple in Larrini except expanded and partly
covering the subalar fossa in Gastrosericus vedda, an obvious
apomorphy.
49. Mesopleural ridge of female: 0, absent; 1, present. The
mesopleural midge in the female of Gastrosericus pratensis is
unique within Larrini.
50. Mesopleural expansion of male: 0, absent: 1, present. The
mesopleuron is expanded ventrolaterally in the male of Gastro-
sericus attenuatus. Although remotely similar to the expansions
in the male of Prosopigastra creon (Nurse), this structure is
unique in Larrinae.
51. Lateral carina of female pygidial plate: 0, present; 1, ev-
anescent. In most Larrini, including the sister group, the pygidial
plate is present and margined by a carina on each side. The
absence of a plate in Holotachysphex, clearly a derived condi-
tion, is probably related to its twig-nesting habits (several dis-
tantly related lineages that are twig nesters also lack a pygidial
plate). The lateral carinae are evanescent in Gastrosericus mi-
rabilis, Tachysphex erythropus (Spinola), Tachysphex mendoz-
anus (Bréthes), and absent in Tachysphex nefarius Pulawski.
The three Tachysphex are members of specialized lineages, and
the reduction of lateral carinae is clearly derived. I therefore
regard a laterally carinate pygidial plate as plesiomorphic for
Gastrosericus, and the vestigial carinae of Gastrosericus mirab-
ilis as apomorphic.
52. Female forecoxal pit: 0, absent; 1, present. The forecoxal
pit of Gastrosericus punctatus is unique within Larrini and thus
an apomorphy.
53. Anterior forecoxal margin: 0, simple; 1, expanded into
triangular prominence. The anterior prominence (Fig. 151d),
found in the female of Gastrosericus zoyphion and nowhere else
in Larrinae, is obviously derived.
54. Female forecoxal apex: 0, simple; 1, with projection. The
apex is simple in most Larrini (including the outgroup), but it
is expanded into a spine-like projection in Prosopigastra and in
females of Tachysphex bohartorum Pulawski, Tachysphex hopi
Pulawski, and Gastrosericus pratensis. | regard all these cases
as apomorphies (the projections may be synapomorphic in the
two Tachysphex).
55. Dorsal spines or setae of female mid- and hindbasitarsi:
0, moderately long; |, markedly elongate. These setae are sparse,
moderately long in most Larrinae, but dense, unusually long in
Gastrosericus mirabilis.
56. Male claws (length): 0, not shortened, conspicuously lon-
ger than arolium; 1, shortened, about as long as arolium. The
claws are not shortened, moderately long or elongate in the
outgroup and other Larrini, but shortened in praos.
57. Volsellae: 0, separate; 1, fused. The volsellae are separate
in the vast majority of Larrini, but fused in Gastrosericus at-
tenuatus, Kohliella anula Pulawski, and Tachytes fucatus Ar-
nold. These are clearly independent specializations.
58. Penis valve: 0, about as thick basally as apically or with
an apically thickened apical portion; 1, markedly thicker basally
than apically. The penis valve is not thickened basally in most
Larrinae, but markedly thickened in Tachysphex testaceipes
Bingham, a member of a specialized lineage, and in Gastroser-
1CUuS Praos.
C. UNPOLARIZED CHARACTERS
! was unable to polarize the following six transformation series
(59-64) and have excluded them from the analysis:
59. Clypeal lobe of male: a, delimited (angulate) laterally; b,
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
not delimited laterally. The clypeal lobe in male Larrini is either
angulate laterally (thus clearly delimited), rounded, or pointed
(in the last two cases, the free margin of the lobe forms a single
curved line with rest of clypeal margin). Both types occur in
Gastrosericus, the outgroup, and most other Larrini (e.g., Liris
and Tachytes), but the lobe is only angulate in Ancistromma
and only rounded in Larropsis.
60. Origin of episternal sulcus: The sulcus originates at the
subalar fossa and extends ventrad a variable distance. The place
of origin in the subalar fossa varies, and the extreme situations
are: a, near middle of subalar fossa (e.g., Gastrosericus lamellatus
and praos), b, near anterior end of subalar fossa, contiguous
with postspiracular carina except dorsally (e.g., Gastrosericus
bambara and brauns!). State a is plesiomorphic (it occurs in the
outgroup except in Parapiagetia), and state b is apomorphic
(those Gastrosericus with state b are not likely to have a unique
common ancestor with Parapiagetia). There is, however, an
array of intermediates. Two examples are: sulcus originating
slightly before middle of the subalar fossa (e.g., Gastrosericus
siamensis), and sulcus meeting ventral end of the postspiracular
carina (e.g., Gastrosericus fluviatilis and turnert). Because of these
intermediates, recognition of discrete states is not possible, and
I have not used this character in my analysis.
61. Sternum VIII of male: a, rounded apically; b, emarginate
apically. Male sternum VIII may be apically rounded (as in
Parapiagetia) or emarginate (as in Holotachysphex and Tach-
ysphex), and both states occur in Gastrosericus, Kohliella, and
some other Larrini such as Larra and Liris. Bohart and Menke
.(1976) thought that the apically rounded or truncate sternum
VIII is ancestral in Larrini, but reversals have probably oc-
curred. For example, Tachytes fucatus has two character states
unique within the genus: volsellae fused and sternum VIII
rounded. Since the first is unquestionably derived, the second
may be derived as well (i.e., a reversal).
62. Sculpture: a, fine; b, coarse. Various types of body sculp-
ture are found in Larrinae and other Sphecidae. Sculpture is fine
in most Gastrosericus, but coarse on the head and thorax in
neavel.
63. Vertex setae: a, appressed; b, erect. In most Sphecidae,
including the outgroup, the vertex setae vary from appressed to
erect, straight to sinuous, and short to long. Gastrosericus neavei
and ‘urneri are the only species of the genus in which the vertex
setae are erect (the genal setae are short, markedly shorter than
in waltlit).
64. Mesopleural setae: a, straight; b, sinuous. Both forms
occur throughout the tribe. Straight in most Gastrosericus but
sinuous in a few (e.g., pnepheros and waltlii).
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS.— Distribution of the 58 polarized
characters discussed above is listed in Table 1. The first forty-
two are synapomorphies; the remaining 16 are autapomorphies
and thus uninformative in establishing species relationships.
Most characters are binary, but four have three states (28. the
propleural lateral expansion, 39. setae of male sterna III and
IV, 41. female forecoxal venter, and 51. volsella) and one has
four (29. the scutal margin). All of these multistate characters
were treated as additive. I assume that mongolicus, of which I
have seen no specimens, is identical to marginalis except for
the characters given in the Key and Descriptions.
Hennig86, a microcomputer parsimony program by James S.
Farris, was used for constructing cladograms (autapomorphies
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS 11
Taste 1. Character state matrix for Gastrosericus.
Number: 1 2 3 4 5
1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 1234567890 12345678
ancestor 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 00000000
ammochares 0000110011 1011007101 100200777? 0277077000 000007000? 0000077?
asilivorus 0000010111 1000017001 100000777? 0177077000 100007000? 0000077?
attenuatus 1000010000 0000011010 0001011100 0010000000 0010000001 00000010
azyx 0007777001 7727707070? 7071070000 0701702000 0007700070 27777000
baobabicus 1000010011 0000000000 0000000000 0001002000 1000000000 00000000
bambara 0000010111 1000000001 1000000000 0101002000 0000000000 00000000
braunsi 0000010111 1000000001 1000000000 0101012000 1100100000 00000000
capensis 0000111011 0010000000 0100000012 0001000010 1000000000 00000000
chalcithorax 0000000011 0000000000 0000000000 0001002000 0000000000 00000000
dentatus 0000111011 0000007000 010000777? 0077077011 000007000? 0000077?
drewseni 0000111011 0010000000 0101000012 0000000111 0000000000 00000000
electus 0000000011 0000000000 0000000000 0001002000 1000000000 00000000
eremicus 0000110011 1011000101 1003100000 0201001000 1000000000 00000000
eurypus 0000000001 0000000000 0000000000 0001002000 0000000000 00000000
fluviatilis 0000010111 1000000000 1000000000 0101012000 0000000000 00000000
fulani 0000110011 0000000000 0100000012 0001000010 1000000000 00000000
funereus 0000010011 1000010001 1001000000 0101002000 0000000000 00000000
guigliae 0000110011 0000000000 0100000012 0001000010 1001000000 00000000
herero 0000010011 1000000101 1000000000 0101002000 1000000000 00000000
hombori 0000000011 0000000000 0000000000 0001102000 1100000000 00000000
IncIsUus 0000000011 0000000000 0000000001 0001101000 1000000000 00000000
karooensis 0000000011 0000000000 0000000000 0001002000 0000000000 00000000
lamellatus 1000010000 0000001010 0000011100 0011000000 0000010000 00000000
lepidus 0000010111 1010100001 1000000000 0101002000 1000000000 00000000
lucidus 0000010011 0000000000 0000000000 0101002000 1100000000 00000000
madecassus 0011110011 1000000001 1021000000 0101002000 1000001000 00000000
mirabilis 0000110011 1000007100 000000777? 0077077000 110007000? 10001777
modestus 0000110011 0000000100 0000000000 0001001000 0000000000 00000000
mongolicus 0100110011 0100000100 0000000000 1000100000 1100000000 00000000
moricei 0000000011 0000000000 0000000001 0001101000 1000000000 00000000
nama 0000111011 0000000000 0100000012 0001000010 1000000000 00000000
neavel 0000010111 1000000100 1000000000 0101012000 0000000000 00000000
pnepheros 0000111011 0000000000 0100000012 0001100111 1000000000 00000000
praos 0007777010 777777070? 7070071100 0700707000 0000777070 77777101
pratensis 0000010011 1000010000 0000000000 0001002000 1000000010 00010000
pulchellus 0000010111 1000000001 1000000000 0101012000 0000000000 00000000
punctatus 0000000011 0000010100 0000000000 0001002000 0000000000 01000000
rothneyi 0000010111 1000000100 1000000000 0101012000 0000000000 00000000
sabulosus 0000010011 1010100101 1000000000 0101102000 0000000000 00000000
Sanctus 0000000011 0000000000 0000000011 0001101000 1000000000 00000000
senegalensis 0000000011 0000000000 0000000000 0001002000 0000000000 00000000
shestakovi 0077777011 727707070? 7171070012 1701700111 1007707070 27077000
siamensis 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0001001000 0000000000 00000000
simplex 0000000000 0000000000 0001001000 0001000000 0000000000 00000000
sobrinus 0000000011 0000000000 0001000000 0001001000 0000000000 00000000
swalei 0001110011 1000010001 1021000000 0001002000 0000000000 00000000
synander 0000010011 1000000001 1011000000 0001002000 0000000000 00000000
temporalis 0000110011 1011000101 1002100000 0201001000 1000000000 00000000
thoth 0000010011 1000000001 1000000001 0101102000 1000000000 00000000
tissa 0000000001 0000000000 0001000000 0001002000 0000000000 00000000
truncatus 0000110011 1000000101 1001000000 0101001000 1000000000 00000000
tuberculatus 0000010011 1000010001 1000000000 0101002000 0000000000 00000000
turneri 0000010111 1000000001 1000000000 0101012000 0000000000 00000000
unicolor 0000010011 1010100101 1000000000 0101012000 1000000000 00000000
vedda 0000010011 0000000101 1001000000 0001102000 1000000100 00000000
waltlii 0000111011 0010000000 0101000012 0000000111 0000000000 00000000
wroughtoni 0000010011 0000000000 0000000012 0001100000 1000000000 00000000
xanthopilus 0000110011 1000000001 1000000000 0101002000 1100000000 00000000
zoyphion 0011110011 0000000001 1021000000 0201002000 1000000000 00100000
zyx 0000777010 7777770007 7071070000 0701701000 0000707070 77777000
were excluded from the analyses). The implicit enumeration (ie) — pleted in 240 hours on a 80486 microprocessor, 66 megahertz,
command, which generates trees guaranteed to be of minimum ___ personal computer. As the best approximation, the m* com-
length, was attempted first. It proved to be prohibitively slow, | mand followed by bb* was subsequently chosen (m* constructs
and even the ie- option, which finds only one tree, was not com- several trees, each by a single pass, adding terminals in several
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
J OL | seis Woody SUONBUWIOJsURI SaleoIpUT Z IduOsqns puke *() O1 | AIS WO [eSIOAAL B SaIeoIpUT (Q IduDsqns “| avis 01 Q IRIs Woy
SUONPLWIOJSUR O} Jajad IdLOSqNs OU YIM SJOQUINN “satse[dowoy areotpul SJaquUNU JaY20 dy} “SJdIIeIBYD PIauap anbiun areotpur adeypjog ut ssaqunyy “(pantwo usaq dary soyouesg [eutWa) SuTOddns s1919e1eY9)
00-00 saded uo passnosip siajoeseYo s1ydsowode oO} 1ajas SIAQUINN “BIEP BuISsILL YIM Satdads BuIpnjout ‘snruasoujsMH JO saidads Buowe sdiysuonejas SNauaZo[Ayd Burmoys aan snsuasuod IOUS Vv ‘eg auNOLy
Ze PE
OL
Le
LY
<4 e es
42
LL
ce
13
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
"eg “BIJ UI SB SUONUDAUOD [TY “BIE BuIssTUL YIIM Satdads g BuUIPN[OXa ‘snIasO4ISDH JO satsads suowe sdrysuonejas snouasojAyd BuLMOYs 391] SNsUasUOd JOLS WY “qc ANNI
ve
Ze
ze Ob
different sequences, applies branch-swapping to each of the ini-
tial trees, and retains one tree for each initial one; bb* applies
extended branch-swapping to the trees in the current file and
produces a new tree file that fills the available space if necessary).
All characters were weighted (by repeating the xs w; m* com-
mand before the bb* command until the consistency and the
retention indices reached maximum value and stabilized).
Weighting characters more than doubled the tree length because
the algorithm assigned values of 0 to 10 to each character, de-
pending on its consistency and retention index. Finally, strict
consensus trees were generated.
Two analyses were conducted under the above premises: one
with all species, including those with missing data, the other
excluding the 8 species for which data were missing. The first
analysis generated an unknown number of equally parsimonious
phylogenetic trees, of which 810 were retained, filling the entire
memory. Each has a length of 363, the consistency index of 78,
and the retention index of 94. In the second analysis, the num-
ber of equally parsimonious trees was also unknown, the 1758
retained trees filling the memory. Each tree has length of 366,
the consistency index of 81, and the retention index of 94.
The two strict consensus trees resulting from the above anal-
ysis, processed using the Clados program of Kevin C. Nixon
and subsequently modified, are shown in Fig. 5a and b. I feel
that the trichotomy drewseni + shestakovi + waltlii, unresolved
in consensus tree 5a, should actually be expressed as shestakovi
+ (drewseni + waltlii), because I regard the entire male fore-
trochanters (character 34,) of the latter two species as a syna-
pomorphic reversal.
Other than the number of species considered, the two trees
are largely identical. They differ in the internal branching and
in the position of braunsi, pulchellus, and turneri, treated as a
monophyletic lineage by the second but not by the first tree.
The lack of resolution for several species is not surprising, given
the low number of synapomorphies (fewer than the number of
species) and their incongruence. Gastrosericus siamensis and
simplex are recognized as the least specialized members of the
genus, each with only one derived character (sparsely punctate
male pygidium and serrate volsellar margin, respectively).
Both trees recognize the following lineages:
(1) The simplex + (praos + (attenuatus + lamellatus)) lineage,
characterized by the sparsely punctate male pygidium, is the
sister group of all other Gastrosericus (whose synapomorphy is
a serrate dorsal volsellar margin). I suspect, however, that the
sparsely punctate pygidium may have been acquired indepen-
dently by simplex, by praos, and the common ancestor of ar-
tenuatus and lamellatus (as it was in many Tachysphex). If so,
the lineage is not monophyletic. Gastrosericus attenuatus and
lamellatus are sister species sharing four unique synapomor-
phies (antennae unusually long, female pygidial plate asetose,
male clypeus with a lamella, and male forecoxa with apical
process).
(2) Gastrosericus siamensis and then zyx (in which the occip-
ital carina joins the hypostomal carina, as it does in the simplex-
lamellatus lineage) are the sister species of all the remaining
species (in which the two carinae are separated). Because of its
unusual way of nest excavating, however, siamensis may be
more specialized than indicated by the morphological characters
alone (see Life History below).
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Among the remaining species, the following well-supported
monophyletic lineages can be recognized:
(3)(a) the ful/ani-waltlii lineage of 9 species with long genal
setae and a conical, glabrous propleural prominence. Another
synapomorphy of this lineage, mesally depressed male sterna
III and IV, is shared with sanctus and wroughtoni (the absence
of depressions in some Egyptian males of waltlii must be a
reversal, as this species is one of the three terminal taxa of the
lineage).
(b) the vedda-temporalis lineage of 25 species, whose females
have a sulcate propodeal side and a lateral pronotal carina (the
pronotal carinae are secondarily lost in fluviatilis, neavei, and
rothneyi).
(c) the synander + (swalet + (madecassus + zoyphion)) lin-
eage, a subset of 3b above, characterized mainly by the laterally
expanded female prosternum; the other supporting synapo-
morphies are homoplasies.
(d) the /epidus-sabulosus-unicolor lineage is also a subset of
3b. The clypeal lobe, in the female, is subdivided into three
arcuate portions.
(e) the truncatus + (ammochares + (eremicus + temporalis))
lineage, another subset of 3b, in which the lateral scutal margin
is not upturned into a flange; the other supporting synapomor-
phies are all homoplasies. The sublineage ammochares + (er-
emicus + temporalis) has a uniquely derived female clypeus,
with a secondary middle lobe.
The two trees also include multiple convergences and rever-
sals. Five noteworthy reversals are: (1) absence of lateral, lon-
gitudinal carina on the pronotum in fluviatilis, neavei, and roth-
neyl;, (2) a nonemarginate male trochanter of drewseni, margin-
alis, and waltlii (the nonemarginate trochanter of attenuatus and
praos, however, may be either primitive or derived); (3) a vol-
sella with a straight apical process in the truncatus-temporalis
lineage and also in modestus, incisus, and moricel; (4) a volsella
with a smooth dorsal margin and no apical process in the fi/ani-
waltlii lineage and in marginalis, and (5) a black clypeus of
several species, including the fluviatilis-rothneyi lineage and also
dentatus, drewseni, and waltlii.
INFRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION. — Gastrosericus 18 so diverse
morphologically that some kind of infrageneric classification
seems logical at first, as pointed out by Bohart and Menke (1976),
but attempts at subdividing the genus were not successful. Gus-
sakovskij (1931) assigned the six Transcaspian and Mongolian
species to three subgenera: Gastrosericus sensu stricto, Dineto-
morpha, and Gastrargyron (these names are correctly attribut-
able to Pate, see p. 4). His system breaks down, however, when
forms from other areas are considered. Bohart and Menke (1976)
recognized the wa/tlii and the marginalis species groups, but left
the majority of species unassigned (their first group roughly
corresponds to Gastrosericus sensu stricto of Gussakovsky, the
second is identical to Gastrargyron). My cladograms support
Bohart and Menke’s opinion (1976:254) that “there is no prac-
tical way to divide Gastrosericus because of transitional forms’’,
an opinion also expressed by Arnold (1922:114, 1927:116). This
is especially true because large parts of the cladograms here
proposed are still unresolved and some basic lineages are es-
tablished on weak or questionable synapomorphies or homo-
plasies.
Lire History.—Brauns (1911) reported ground nesting for
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
capensis, chalcithorax, and karooensis, and Arnold (1922) for
braunsiand lamellatus. Prey were recorded for simplex (Arnold,
1922), waltlii (Honoré, 1942), and madecassus (Arnold, 1945).
Iwata and Yoshikawa (1974) studied the life history of siamen-
sis, and Krombein (Krombein and Pulawski, 1986) described
the life histories of asilivorus, rothneyi, and tissa. New obser-
vations on chalcithorax, electus, hombori, karooensis, senega-
lensis, siamensis, tuberculatus, and waltlii are reported under
these species below. Available information can be summarized
as follows:
(1) The nest is established in the ground (ground nesting is
postulated for all members of the genus inasmuch as the females
have a foretarsal rake and a pygidial plate).
(2) The wasps tend to nest on horizontal ground (nesting on
slopes or on vertical banks was not observed).
(3) When digging the nest, females of e/ectus and hombori
remove soil with the foretarsal rake. In asi/ivorus, the female
walks backwards holding a load of sand between her head and
forecoxae, then drops the load. Digging process is similar in
chalcithorax and karooensis, but the excavated material is kept
in the mandibles. The female of s/amensis flies backwards car-
rying a lump of sand between her head and forecoxae, throws
the lump behind her while in flight, and returns to the nest; but
she uses the foretarsal rake for closing and opening the nest.
(4) The material excavated is scattered by chalcithorax, elec-
tus, karooensis and siamensis, but deposited in a low, crescentic
tumulus by asi/ivorus, in a round tumulus by Hombori, and in
a circular tumulus around the nest entrance by rothneyi.
(5) The nest burrow is perpendicular or strongly inclined (60°
90°), although it may start at a lesser angle (20°-30°).
(6) Nests are multicellular in asi/ivorus, but either uni- or
multicellular in rothneyi and siamensis.
(7) The nest is permanently open in asilivorus, chalcithorax,
electus, and rothneyi (asilivorus makes a plug of loose soil a short
distance below the surface). It is temporarily closed by siamensis
when the female is away during the provisioning period.
(8) Females of chalcithorax and electus drop their prey at the
open nest entrance, go inside, turn around, and drag the prey
in; females of siamensis drop their prey at the closed nest en-
trance before opening and entering, whereas asilivorus and roth-
neyi go directly inside without dropping the prey.
(9) The prey spectrum for Gastrosericus is broader than in
other sphecid genera (except for scavengers such as Microbem-
bex). Prey consists of small acridid nymphs (e/ectus, karooensis,
rothneyi, senegalensis, tissa, tuberculatus), nymphal and adult
tridactylid crickets (siamensis, simplex), adult cicadellids (chal-
cithorax), and teneral adult asilids of the genus Yenomyza
(asilivorus). | have observed females of senegalensis collecting
both grasshoppers and fulgoroid homopterans. Honore (1942)
reported that wa/tlii preys upon nymphal gryllids, and I collected
a female of this species carrying an oxyopid spider. Acrididae
and flatid Homoptera are probable prey of madecassus. Bohart
and Menke (1976) thought that the latter was an unlikely prey
record, but my observations on senegalensis and waltlii suggest
that their skepticism was unwarranted (see madecassus for de-
tails). Gryllids are probably the ancestral prey, as they are used
by the two least specialized Gastrosericus: siamensis and sim-
plex.
One possible explanation for the broad variety of prey is
15
scarcity of suitable prey in extremely hot habitats in which most
Gastrosericus occur. Under such harsh conditions, these wasps
may not be able to use one kind of prey, but take whatever is
available.
(10) The prey is transported on the ground and in short flights
by electus and karooensis, in flight by asi/ivorus and siamensis.
The acridid prey of e/ectus is held dorsum up, but the tridactylid
prey of siamensis is carried venter up. The acridid prey of tub-
erculatus is held by its hindleg with the wasp’s mandibles while
she walks backwards. Carrying prey while walking backwards
is a method common in Pompilidae and some lower Sphecidae
(such as Dolichurus) but unknown elsewhere in Larrinae.
(11) The number of prey per cell is as many as six in rothneyi,
two to ten in asilivorus, and unknown in other species.
(12) The egg is attached to the body of the asilid prey in
asilivorus, but placed on the cell ceiling in rothneyi (the only
known case in the Sphecidae), presumably before the first prey
is brought in.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 6).— Species of Gastrosericus
are found in warm, dry areas of the Old World, in habitats that
are fully exposed to the sun. The genus occurs throughout Africa,
in the Arabian Peninsula north to southern Turkey, from Ar-
menia to India and Sri Lanka, east to Vietnam, and north to
Kazakhstan and Mongolia. No species have been observed in
Europe, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, most of China,
and the Australian Zoogeographic Region (Gastrosericus errans
R. Turner, 1936, described from Western Australia and assigned
to this genus because of its wing venation, actually is an aberrant
member of Lyroda, as demonstrated by Menke, 1977). The
highest species diversity is in West Africa, the second highest
in Namibia and South Africa (Fig. 7). The relatively low num-
bers of species in many areas are certainly due to inadequate
collecting, but Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam) is unlikely
to have many more than the three species currently known from
there (moricei, rothneyi, siamensis).
Known ranges of individual species vary greatly in extent.
Some are limited to one (ammochares, mirabilis, mongolicus,
zoyphion) or two localities, while others spread over two con-
tinents and three zoogeographic regions. The following | | major
distribution types can be recognized:
(1) Afro-Mongolian. Gastrosericus waltlii is the most widely
distributed of all species, ranging from Namibia to Mongolia
and Sri Lanka (Fig. 144). It is the only representative of the
genus that reaches the Mediterranean islands (Cyprus, Rhodes).
(2) Afrotropical (extending over most of the African continent
but unknown from North Africa). This type includes neavei,
sanctus, swalei (extends to Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan),
sobrinus, turneri, and unicolor. Gastrosericus praos, known only
from the type locality in Congo, may belong here.
(3) Southern African. Represented by braunsi, capensis (only
Namibia and Cape Province of South Africa), chalcithorax (only
Namibia and western South Africa), ewrypus (only western South
Africa), herero (only Namibia), /amellatus (extends north to
Kenya), karooensis, mirabilis (only one locality in Namibia),
modestus, nama (only Namibia), pratensis, pulchellus, simplex,
tuberculatus, xanthophilus (only Namibia and western South
Africa), and zyx (only eastern Zambia).
(4) West African. Represented by ammochares, attenuatus
(extends south to Congo River basin), bambara, baobabicus,
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
ow?
FiGure 7
dentatus, fluviatilis (extends to Sudan), fulani, hombori, lepidus,
lucidus, punctatus, senegalensis, synander, temporalis, and trun-
catus.
(5) Northeast African. Of the four species placed here, drew-
seni and guigliae occur essentially along the Mediterranean coast,
whereas pnepheros is found essentially along the Nile River
valley, and thoth has been found near Cairo area, Egypt and in
the Sinai Peninsula.
(6) Madagascan. Gastrosericus madecassus and zoyphion are
endemics of Madagascar and the only members of the genus
found there.
(7) Egypto-Transcaspian. Represented only by marginalis.
Number of species of Gastrosericus in squares of 15 degrees of latitude and longitude
Gastrosericus shestakovi, known only from Turkmenistan, Uz-
bekistan, and Pakistan, may belong here.
(8) Indo-Saharan. Included species: electus, eremicus, funereus
(ranges more to the north than the remaining members of this
type), moricei, sabulosus, and vedda.
(9) Indo-Sri Lankan. Gastrosericus asilivorus and azyx are
known only from Sri Lanka, incisus and tissa occur in both Sri
Lanka and adjacent India, and wroughtoni extends from Paki-
stan to Sri Lanka.
(10) Indo-Vietnamese. Represented by rothneyi and siamen-
SIS.
(11) Mongolo-Chinese. Gastrosericus mongolicus is known
18
only from the type locality in the Mongolian Autonomous Re-
gion of China (perhaps a synonym of marginalis).
These distribution types coincide with the distribution of hab-
itats rather than the currently recognized zoogeographic regions.
For example, only six African species (one region) are found
both north and south of the equator, and the same number of
species are shared by India, Pakistan, and western Africa (three
regions). This is probably because the dry, hot areas with sandy
soils (favored by Gastrosericus) extend from West Africa to
India, but not from West to southern Africa.
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS.—Only two pairs of sister species es-
tablished by the cladistic analysis occur in allopatric situations,
thus providing a meager basis for historical analysis. They are
attenuatus and /amellatus as well as madecassus and swalei. The
two pairs are not closely related to each other, and their possible
history is discussed below.
One could think that the common ancestor of madecassus
(Madagascar) and swa/ei (Africa) inhabited both areas prior to
their separation in early Cretaceous and that it differentiated
into two species following the split. This scenario, however, is
not supported by available fossil evidence. Modern sphecids are
unknown from early Cretaceous, and numerous sphecid-like
fossils of that age that I examined all belong to extinct genera
(property of the Paleontological Museum, Moscow, Russia). I
therefore hypothesize that the common ancestor of madecassus
and swa/ei migrated from one area into the other over water at
some later time, and subsequently differentiated.
The origin of the African species attenuatus and lamellatus
may be linked to the large Tertiary lake that covered the Congo
Basin and drained itself into the Atlantic Ocean some 15,000
years ago (Bridges, 1990). The originally continuous range of
their common ancestor was probably divided by the rising wa-
ters, and each of the two populations differentiated into a sep-
arate species, one to the north, the other south of the lake. Two
other species, similis and sobrinus, have a similar distribution
and perhaps the same origin. Very close morphologically, they
may be sister species as well, although this has not been dem-
onstrated.
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS. — The following are still unsolved prob-
lems:
(1) Insufficient material. Some species are known from one
(mirabilis, mongolicus, praos) or two specimens (asilivorus, den-
tatus, incisus, and zyx), and nine are known from one sex only
(ammochares, asilivorus, azyx, dentatus, mirabilis, mongolicus,
praos, Shestakovi, and zyx). I have seen no specimens of mon-
golicus (the only known individual has been lost). Since 1989,
I collected previously unknown Gastrosericus on each expedi-
tion, and future fieldwork will almost certainly yield additional
species. The geographic ranges of many species are known only
approximately (in Mali, for example, most records are along the
Bamako-Gao road, mainly as a result of my 1991 visit to that
country). Tropical Africa, the Middle East, India, and Indochina
appear to be the least explored areas.
(2) Inadequate knowledge of life histories. Some biological
information is available for only 16 of the 61 currently recog-
nized species. This is grossly inadequate, especially because Gas-
(rosericus are so diverse in their nest building methods and prey
selection.
(3) No information is available for preimaginal stages.
(4) The phylogenetic tree here produced is largely unresolved
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
and should be improved based on new synapomorphies. Be-
havioral and larval characters, not used here because of insuf-
ficient data, are obvious sources for these.
KEY TO SPECIES
The characters used in the keys require fresh material with
well-preserved pilosity. Specimens may be misdetermined if the
suberect setae become appressed owing to moisture, and iden-
tifications should be carefully checked with species diagnoses
and descriptions in order to avoid errors.
Three species known from one sex are included in the key to
the opposite sex based on characters that are not sexually di-
morphic (the indication “‘~presumed” is used in all cases).
ie)
The unknown females of praos and zyx are not included.
1. Setal length, adjacent to oral fossa, at least 0.6 x basal
width of mandible, setae in many specimens sinuous (Fig.
143a); propleuron, near hindmargin, with glabrous, tri-
angular elevation that points posterad (Fig. 143b). 2
— Setal length, adjacent to oral fossa, no more than 0.3 x
basal width of mandible, setae straight; propleuron with-
out triangular elevation (except elevation present in punc-
tatus), with conical elevation in some species. .......... 10
2. Marginal cell (Fig. 105b): length of costal margin 1.1- 1.2
x apical truncation; Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbeki-
stan. shestakovi Gussakovski (presumed), p. 124
— Marginal cell: length of costal margin 1.5-2.8 x apical
truncation. 3
3. Free margin of clypeal lobe with five teeth (Fig. 30a):
Senegal to Ghana. dentatus sp. n., p. 44
— Free margin of clypeal lobe not dentate. oe A
4. Scape and hindfemur with appressed setae. 000... 5
— Scapal and hindfemoral venters with semierect setae. .. 8
5. Free margin of clypeal lobe obtusely pointed (Fig. 49a);
Egypt, Libya. guigliae de Beaumont, p. 63
— Free margin of clypeal lobe arcuate (Figs. 25a; 43a; 80a);
western and southern Africa.
6. Free margin of clypeal lobe not angulate laterally, convex
portion of free margin narrow (Fig. 25a); upper front with
semierect setae; inner mandibular margin with large
preapical tooth (Fig. 25b). capensis Brauns, p. 37
— Free margin of clypeal lobe angulate laterally, convex
portion of free margin broad (Figs. 43a, 80a); frontal setae
appressed; inner mandibular margin with small preapical
tooth or without preapical tooth : 7
7. Free margin of clypeal lobe weakly angulate laterally (Fig.
80a); setae straight on thorax and adjacent to oral fossa;
inner mandibular margin with small preapical tooth (Fig.
80b). nama sp. n., p. 97
— Free margin of clypeal lobe markedly angulate laterally
(Fig. 43a); most thoracic setae sinuous, as are setae ad-
jacent to oral fossa; inner mandibular margin without
preapical tooth (Fig. 43b). fulani sp. n., p. 58
8. Clypeus yellow, clypeal lobe shorter (Fig. 86a); apical
tarsomere of all legs with two or three conspicuous ba-
soventral spines (Fig. 86c). pnepheros sp. n., p. 101
— Clypeus all black or red or yellowish anteromesally,
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
13%
. Egypt to Transcaspia.
clypeal lobe longer (Figs. 3la—d; 142a, b); apical tar-
somere basoventrally at most with small, inconspicuous
spines. ts 9
: Lateral margins “of clypeal lobe convergent anterad,
front margin truncate or subtruncate (Fig. 142a, b);
gaster all black or red basally and black apically; Africa
to Sri Lanka, Transcaspia, and Mongolia...
waltlii Spinola, } p. - 160
Clypeal lobe obtusely pointed (Fig. 3la-d); gaster in
most specimens all red; Jordan to Libya
drewseni Dahlbom, p. 44
; Marginal cell: costal margin shorter than apical trun-
cation (Fig. 72d); posterior mandibular margin entire
(BIS /2G) sete =
Marginal cell: costal margin longer than apical trun-
cation; posterior mandibular margin notched or
stepped. : 12
marginalis Gussakovskij, p. 88
Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China.
mongolicus Gussakovski, p. 91
; Mandible elongate (Figs. 12c; 60d) and gaster all black
(shortest distance between mandibular acetabulum and
apex 4.8-5.8 x basal width); length of flagellomere I
2.2-3.0 x apical width; distance between hindocellar
scar and orbit about equal to midocellar diameter; py-
gidial plate asetose; Afrotropical. 13
Mandible not elongate (shortest distance between ac-
etabulum and apex about 3.6 x basal mandibular
width) except elongate in baobabicus (Fig. 20c), in which
the gaster is all or largely red; length of flagellomere I
no more than 2.0 x apical width (2.2 in baobabicus),
distance between hindocellar scar and orbit in most
species markedly longer than midocellar diameter; py-
gidial plate in most species setose (at least apically). 14
Free margin of clypeal lobe weakly arcuate, almost
straight (Fig. 12a, b); inner mandibular margin with
subbasal cleft (Fig. 12c); pygidial plate sparsely punc-
tate; Ghana to Niger to Congo.
attenuatus Turner, p. 26
Free margin of clypeal lobe sinuate (Fig. 60a—c); inner
mandibular margin without cleft (Fig. 60d); pygidial
plate impunctate; Kenya to Namibia and Natal.
lamellatus Turner, p. 74
. Pygidial plate uniformly covered with stout, conspic-
uous setae and gaster at least partly red; apical tarso-
meres at least with one basoventral spine (spines lack-
ing in occasional sanctus). 15
Pygidial plate all or partly asetose or with setae that
are inconspicuous, sparse anteriorly and dense, stout
posteriorly; and/or gaster black; apical tarsomeres with
or (most species) without basoventral spines. 19
. Clypeal lip emarginate mesally (Fig. 56a, b); southern
India, Sri Lanka. incisus sp. n., p. 68
Clypeal lip not emarginate. ee ls)
. Clypeal lobe markedly prominent mesally and mark-
edly concave near corner (Fig. 123a); gena obtusely
angulate (Fig. 123c); hindfemur and all tibiae without
yellow markings; pronotal side sulcate (as in Fig. 36a).
thoth sp. n., p. 137
Clypeal lobe almost evenly arcuate or slightly sinuate;
hits
18.
io)
to
gena simple; hindfemur and tibiae with yellow mark-
ings; pronotal side not sulcate (exceptions in some
sanctus). .. iW
Apical depressions of terga I-V yellow; pygidial setae sparse,
not concealing integument (Fig. 54d).
hombori sp. n., p. 67
Apical depression of terga LV translucent, not yellow;
pygidial setae dense, entirely concealing integument. ... 18
Free margin of clypeal lobe arcuate (Fig. 78a, b), not
thickened laterally, without lateral tubercles; venter of
tarsomere V with one to four basomedian spines (Fig.
78a, b) in addition to spines on lateral margins).
moricei E. Saunders, p. 92
Free margin of clypeal lobe in most specimens slightly
sinuate (Figs. 102a, b; 103a, b), slightly thickened lat-
erally (Fig. 103b); venter of tarsomere V with one or
occasionally no or two basomedian spines (in addition
to spines on lateral margins). sanctus Pulawski, p. 119
Pronotal side sulcate (as in Fig. 36a), only weakly so
in some fluviatilis which has distinctive clypeus (Fig.
41a, b). 20
Pronotal side not sulcate. : 44
Propleuron expanded posterolaterally into conspicuous
process (Figs. 69g, 116h, i; 119); clypeal disk without
tooth. ae 2
Propleuron rounded except expanded posterolaterally i in
some fiunereus in which the clypeal disk has transverse
carina or pair of teeth (Fig. 45a-f). - 24
Propleural process short, rounded (Ele. 119), about equal
to0.5 x basal mandibular width; mandible: inner margin
with tooth (Fig. 118e), apex of condylar ridge stepped.
synander sp. n., p. 136
Propleural process wing-like, in most specimens longer
than basal mandibular width (Figs. 69g; 70a; 116h, 1);
mandible: inner margin without tooth (Figs. 69d; 116d),
apex of condylar ridge rounded (Figs. 69e, 1 16e). ae
Posterior mandibular margin slightly concave between
base and notch; middle clypeal section with two oblique
teeth on disk, with inconspicuous lateral corner (Fig.
116a, b); genal tooth placed some distance above man-
dible base (Fig. 116f, g); forecoxa simple; gaster black;
continental Africa. swalei Turner, p. 132
Posterior mandibular margin convex between base and
notch (Fig. 69e); middle clypeal section with no teeth;
genal tooth, if present, placed next to mandible base;
forecoxal foremargin expanded into tooth; gaster red;
Madagascar. 23
Middle clypeal section with sharply delimited, triangular
bevel (Fig. 69a-c); gena with prominent tubercle adjacent
to mandibular base (Fig. 69f); forecoxa without preapical
tooth. madecassus (Kohl), p. 85
Middle clypeal section without bevel (Fig. 151a, b); gena
simple; forecoxa with preapical tooth (Fig. 151d).
zoyphion sp. n., p. 169
Tarsomeres V with basoventral spines (Figs. 10la;
140c, d). 25
Tarsomeres V without such spines. 26
. Gena simple; free margin of clypeal lobe sinuate, angulate
laterally (Fig. 138a, b, d), with lateral tooth in some
specimens (Fig. 138c, e); postspiracular carina of many
20
30.
31.
specimens expanded into rounded, yellow lamella that
partly covers anterior part of subalar fossa (Fig. 140a,
b); length 4.5-5.5 mm; Ghana, Arabian Peninsula, Pa-
kistan to Sri Lanka. vedda Pulawski, p. 154
Gena dentate (Fig. 100d); free margin of clypeal lobe
divided into three arcuate portions, corner ill-defined;
postspiracular carina not expanded; length 7.0-8.0 mm.
sabulosus sp. n., p. 116
Pronotal precollar without lateral, longitudinal carina;
propodeal side and hindface with well-defined punctures
that are larger than punctures on gena adjacent to orbit
(genal and propodeal integument not concealed by ves-
titure); clypeal lobe with narrow median process, broadly
emarginate on each side of process (Fig. 41a, b; 83a, b;
97a, b); pygidial plate densely setose (except at the very
base). ; 27
Pronotal precollar with lateral, longitudinal carina (as in
Fig. 36a); propodeum without well-defined punctures, or
punctures microscopic, similar in size to genal punctures
adjacent to orbit (genal and/or propodeal punctures con-
cealed by vestiture); clypeus not as above; pygidial plate
sparsely setose at least on basal half. 29
Setae erect on vertex and scutum (setal length on vertex
about 0.5 = basal width of mandible); frons and thorax
coarsely sculptured; clypeal lobe with single lateral point
(Fig. 83a, b). neavel Turner, p. 97
Setae appressed on vertex and scutum; frons and thorax
finely sculptured; clypeal lobe with two lateral points
(Fig. 41a, b; 97a, b). 28
Gena with two teeth (Fig. 97d); free margin of clypeal
lobe markedly concave between median projection and
corner (Fig. 97a, b); Oriental. . rothneyi Cameron, p. 114
Gena with one tooth (Fig. 41d); free margin of clypeal
lobe barely concave between median projection and cor-
ner (Fig. 41a, b); western Africa to Sudan.
fluviatilis Arnold, p. 57
Clypeal disk with a pair of teeth or transverse carina that
can be straight or V-shaped, entire or interrupted mesally
(Fig. 45a-f); clypeus black. ... funereus Gussakovskij, p. 60
Clypeal disk without teeth or transverse carina (with gla-
brous swelling in /epidus in which the clypeus is yellow).
30
Scutum laterally by tegula gradually rising but not sharply
upturned into flange, margin straight or expanded over
tegula and contrastingly concave near scutal hindcorner
(Figs. 3b, 36b—d), although slightly so in some specimens;
inner mandibular margin with no subbasal tooth (Figs.
8d; 35c; 120c; 128c). 31
Scutum laterally with sharply upturned flange (as in Fig.
3a), margin evenly curved between tegular foremargin and
scutal hindcorner; inner mandibular margin with well de-
veloped subbasal tooth (e.g., Figs. 10d; 148e). 34
Clypeus projecting mesally into narrow prominence whose
sides converge anterad (Fig. 35a, b); scutum swollen ad-
jacent to tegula, longitudinally concave next to swelling
(Fig. 36b-d). eremicus sp. n., p. 49
Clypeus projecting mesally into essentially rectangular
prominence (Figs. 8a, b; 120a, b; 128a, b); scutum lat-
erally not or minimally swollen, longitudinal concavity
absent or rudimentary. 32
33;
34.
39:
36.
40.
41.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Clypeal median projection large (projection corners ap-
proximately as far from orbits as from each other), flanked
by deep impression that extends almost to frontoclypeal
suture (Fig. 120a, b) temporalis de Beaumont, p. 137
Clypeal median projection smaller (projection corners
markedly closer to each other than to orbit), free margin
not emarginate or emargination shorter. 33
Clypeal median projection flanked by shallow concavity
(Fig. 128a, b); forecoxa not concave along inner margin.
. truncatus sp. n., p. 144
Clypeal median projection flanked by well-defined emar-
gination (Fig. 8a, b); forecoxa concave along inner mar-
gin, concavity asetose, sharply margined laterally, thus
contrasting with remaining integument. :
ammochares sp. n., p. 25
Clypeal disk with median tubercle (Fig. 131la-e); free
margin of clypeal lobe almost straight in many specimens
(Fig. 131a, b); Namibia. tuberculatus sp. n., p. 146
Clypeal disk without median tubercle (with a pair of teeth
in asilivorus), free margin of clypeal lobe markedly prom-
inent mesally, arcuate, sinuate, or emarginate mesally
and/or laterally. 3)
Free margin of clypeal lobe evenly arcuate (Fig. 67a: b),
lobe corner not projecting; gena simple; gaster with yel-
low markings. lucidus sp. n., p. 81
Free margin of clypeal lobe different; gena with one or
two teeth; gaster with or without yellow markings. 36
Corner of clypeal lobe at least as prominent as median
part (Fig. 148a—d); pygidial plate yellow; length 5.4—
7.3 mm. xanthophilus sp. n., p. 166
Corner of clypeal lobe absent or less prominent than
median part; pygidial plate yellow, red, or black; length
6.5-11.0 mm. 37
Vertex setae erect (Fig. 133d). turnert Arnold, p. 150
Vertex setae appressed. an . 38
Clypeus (Fig. 10a, b): free margin with a pair of con-
spicuous emarginations that subdivide lobe into narrow
median and two lateral portions; disk of median portion
with two teeth; Sri Lanka. asilivorus Pulawski, p. 25
Clypeal free margin not subdivided or, if subdivided, the
median portion is the largest, disk without teeth; Afro-
tropical. ; 39
Free margin of clypeal lobe subdivided into ‘ieee arcuate
portions (median portion largest), truncate in some spec-
imens; rounded laterally (Figs. 65a, b; 135a). .......... 40
Free margin of clypeal lobe sinuate, angulate laterally
(e.g., Figs. 23a, b; 52a, b). 41
Clypeal disk raised and glabrous along midline (Fig. 135a)
except basally; forecoxa concave anteromesally, fore-
margin raised near middle; gaster largely black, apex with
yellow markings in many specimens.
unicolor Arnold, p. 151
Clypeal disk with transverse or Y-shaped, glabrous swell-
ing (Fig. 65b); forecoxa flat; gaster red, without yellow
markings. lepidus sp. n., p. 81
Free margin of clypeal lobe weakly convex (Fig. 52a, b);
pygidial plate asetose except for a few fine setae at apex.
herero sp. n., p. 64
Free margin of clypeal lobe markedly convex (Figs. 18a,
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
b; 23a, b; 92a, b); pygidial plate with numerous setae, at
least apically. re,
Clypeal lobe longer (Figs. 23a, b); gena with carina that
connects genal tooth to hypostomal carina; tergum V of
most specimens with yellow fascia.
: _braunsi ‘Arnold p. 35
Clypeal lobe shorter; gena without carina between tooth
and hypostomal carina; gaster without yellow. —..... 43
Free margin of clypeal lobe with expansion midway from
tip to lateral corner (Fig. 18a, b); gena with one tooth
(Fig. 18d); Senegal to Burkina Faso.
bambara s sp. N., p. 3
Free margin of clypeal lobe evenly sinuate (Fig. 92a, b);
gena with two teeth (Fig. 92d). pulchellus Arnold, p. 109
Clypeal disk with a transverse carina (Fig. 95a, b); me-
sothoracic punctures mostly more than one diameter apart,
interspaces shiny; forecoxa with round pit anteromesally
(Fig. 96a). 2 : punctatus sp. n., p. 112
Clypeus without transverse carina; mesothoracic punc-
tures no more than one diameter apart, interspaces in
most species dull; forecoxa without pit. 0. 45
Clypeal disk with a pair of minute tubercles (Fig. 89a,
b); gena with tooth (Fig. 89d); mesopleuron anteriorly
with subvertical ridge (Fig. 89e) that is evanescent in
small specimens; hindcoxa with apical spine (Fig. 89g,
h); Namibia, Zimbabwe. pratensis Arnold, p. 106
Clypeal disk without tubercles; gena without tooth;
mesopleuron simple; hindcoxa without apical spine. .. 46
Clypeal lobe unusually broad (Fig. 20a, b): shortest dis-
tance between corners 7.3-7.5 x distance between corner
and orbit; mandible elongate (Fig. 20c): distance between
acetabulum and mandibular apex 4.7 = basal mandib-
ular width; hindfemur largely red, hindtarsus in many
specimens contrastingly dark. baobabicus sp. n., p. 33
Clypeal lobe narrower; mandible not elongate: shortest
distance between acetabulum and mandibular apex no
more than 3.6 x basal mandibular width; hindtarsus not
darker than hindfemur. fae 47
Clypeal lobe truncate (Fig. 740, ‘b): pyeidial plate with
evanescent lateral carina; mid- and hindtarsomeres with
numerous dorsal setae that are about twice as long as
tarsomere diameter (Fig. 74e); Namib Desert.
mirabilis sp. n., p. 89
Clypeal lobe arcuate; pygidial plate with well-defined lat-
eral carinae; mid- and hindtarsomeres with two to four
dorsal spines that are 1.0-1.5 =< diameter of tarsomere
long. . ee ec reeer eer 48
Clypeal 10be subdivided into median projection ‘and lat-
eral, angulate expansion (Fig. 75a, b); distance between
projection corners 1.4 x distance between corner and
orbit; distance between hindocellar scar and orbit 1.9-
2.0 x scar length; South Africa to Namibia and Zim-
babwe. modestus Arnold, p. 90
Clypeal lobe not subdivided: distance between hindo-
cellar scar and orbit 0.6-1.1 = scar length. 49
Clypeal lobe narrower (Fig. 145a): distance between cor-
ners 1.6 x distance between corner and orbit; inner man-
dibular margin: only proximal subbasal tooth present,
cleft broadly rounded (Fig. 145b); pygidial plate with
many preapical setae (Fig. 145d); venter of apical tar-
50.
Si
54.
55.
56.
57:
58.
somere with two or three spines on midline (Fig. 145c);
Pakistan to Sri Lanka. ... wroughtoni Cameron, p. 163
Clypeal lobe broader: distance between corners at least
1.9 x distance between corner and orbit; mandibular
inner margin with one or two subbasal teeth, cleft acutely
angulate; pygidial plate at most with a few preapical setae;
apical tarsomere without spines on ventral midline. .... 50
Clypeal lobe narrower: distance between corners |.9-2.0
x distance between corner and orbit (Fig. 38a); length
of hindtarsomere III 1.3-1.4 = apical width (Fig. 39a);
Cape Province of South Africa. eurypus sp. n., p. 53
x distance berweenc corner and orbit; length of hindtar-
somere III 1.5-1.8 = apical width. .... . a5
Clypeus (except basally) narrowly raised and glabrous
along midline (Fig. 27a); gaster red basally; femora con-
spicuously yellow apically; Namibia, South Africa.
chalcithorax Arnold, p. 40
Clypeal disk not raised along midline, entirely setose or
with glabrous apicomedian area; in the latter case, gaster
black and femora black or narrowly yellow apically. ... 52
. Scapal venter yellow. a 53
Scapal venter black except translucent apically, neEroWly
yellow basally in some specimens. ... 54
. Gaster all red; at least hindfemur red or reddish (yellow
apically); Sahel, Arabian Peninsula to Uzbekistan and
northern India. electus Nurse, p. 46
Gastral apex black; femora black (yellow apically); Sri
Lanka. . . AaZyX sp. n., p. OO (presumed)
Asia. S22 59
Africa. ; 56
Gaster all black; scutal flange evenly curved throughout
(as in Fig. 3a); India to Thailand.
siamensis Tsuneki, p. 126
Gaster red basally; scutal flange slightly expanded near
tegular midlength, concave between expansion and scutal
hindcorner (as in Fig. 3b); southern India, Sri Lanka.
tissa Pulawski, p. 139
Foretarsomeres II and III slightly expanded apicolater-
ally (Fig. 115a), length of foretarsomere III about equal
to width. sobrinus sp. n., p. 130
Foretarsomeres II and III not expanded or minimally
expanded apicolaterally; length of foretarsomere III 1.2-
1.3 x apical width. 57
Head longer in frontal (Fig. 1 10a), thicker in dorsal view
(Fig. 110d); scutal flange slightly expanded near tegular
midlength, contrastingly concave between expansion and
scutal hindcorner (as in Fig. 3b); mesopleuron with min-
ute but-well-defined punctures, vestiture not obscuring
integument; South Africa to Namibia and Zimbabwe.
simplex Arnold, p. 128
Head shorter in frontal, thinner in dorsal view; scutal
flange evenly concave throughout (as in Fig. 3a); meso-
pleuron uniformly microsculptured, vestiture obscuring
integument. 58
Outer apical spine of foretarsomere IV equal to about
0.5 of apical width of tarsomere; gaster varying from all
black to all red; Africa south of equator.
karooensis Brauns, p. 71
Outer apical spine of foretarsomere IV equal to apical
width of tarsomere or longer; gaster all red; West Africa.
senegalensis Arnold, p. 122
3d
Unknown in this sex and not included: ammochares, asili-
vorus, dentatus, mirabilis.
Ll;
10.
Setal length, adjacent to oral fossa, at least 0.6 = basal
width of mandible, setae in most specimens sinuous (Fig.
143); propleuron, near hindmargin, with glabrous, tri-
angular elevation that points posterad (Fig. 143b). 2
Setal length, adjacent to oral fossa, no more than 0.3 x
basal width of mandible, setae straight; propleuron with-
out triangular elevation (except elevation present in punc-
tatus), with conical elevation in some species. 10
Hindfemoral setae appressed. . : 3 3
Hindfemoral setae semierect at least on outer side. 6
. Hypostomal carina expanded near mandibular base (Fig.
50a); Egypt, Libya. guigliae de Beaumont, p. 63
Hypostomal carina not expanded. 4
Free margin of clypeal lobe acutely angulate (Fig. 25c);
most setae of upper frons semierect; Namibia, South Af-
rica. capensis Brauns, p. 37
Free margin of clypeal lobe arcuate or obtusely angulate
(Fig. 43c; 80c); frontal setae appressed. 5
. Mesopleural setae straight; sterna V and VI: setae that
delimit apical depressions markedly longer than remain-
ing setae; Namibia. nama sp. n., p. 97
Mesopleural setae sinuous; all setae of sterna V and VI
of equal length; Senegal to Togo. fulani sp. n., p. 58
Scapal venter with appressed setae.
dentatus sp. n. (presumed), p. 44
Scapal venter with semierect setae. 7
Clypeus yellow; free margin of lobe obtusely pointed;
foretrochanter notched basoventrally (Fig. 107). 8
Clypeus all black or ferruginous apically; free margin of
lobe acutely angulate; foretrochanter not notched (but
slightly constricted near base). 9
. Marginal cell (106b): length of costal margin about |.1-
1.2 x apical truncation; Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uz-
bekistan. shestakovi Gussakovskij, p. 124
Marginal cell: length of costal margin 2.4-3.0 x apical
truncation; Egypt, Sudan. pnepheros sp. n., p. 101
. Gastral segment VII black (gaster black or three or four
basal segments red); tibiae black to red except light brown
ventrally; Africa to Sri Lanka, Transcaspia, and Mon-
golhia.
Gastral segment VII red (gaster all red or red basally and
black preapically); tibiae all red or brown on venter; Jor-
dan to Libya. drewseni Dahlbom, p. 44
Marginal cell: costal margin shorter than apical trunca-
tion (Fig. 72d); posterior mandibular margin entire; gas-
ter with pale yellow markings.
Marginal cell: costal margin longer than apical trunca-
tion; posterior mandibular margin notched or stepped;
gaster in most species without yellow markings. 12
11
Flagellomere I and following ones slightly longer than
wide; Egypt to Transcaspia.
marginalis Gussakovskij, p. 88
— Flagellomere I and following ones markedly longer than
waltlii Spinola, p. 1607
20.
. Clypeus and gaster black.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
wide (after Gussakovskij, 1931); Inner Mongolian Au-
tonomous Region of China. SEP ra
mongolicus Gussakovskij, p. 91
. Dorsal length of flagellomere I 2.2-3.0 x apical width;
forecoxa modified (see couplet 13 for details); sterna II-
VI largely glabrous; pygidial plate sparsely punctate; Af-
rotropical. . ; ES
Dorsal length of flagellomere I less than 2.0 x apical
width; forecoxa simple; sterna setose (except in praos);
pygidial plate in most species densely punctate... 14
. Clypeus (Fig. 13a-c): free margin not emarginate later-
ally, middle section with swollen carina in form of in-
verted V; mandibular notch close to mandibular base;
mandibular apex more or less hooked apically (Fig. 13a,
b); pronotum simple; mesopleuron strongly expanded into
wing-like process (Fig. 14); foretrochanteral venter entire;
forecoxa: venter simple, apex with long process (Fig. 14);
Burkina Faso to Niger and Congo. z
attenuatus Turner, p. 26
Clypeus (Figs. 61; 62; 63a, b): free margin deeply emar-
ginate laterally, emargination attaining frontoclypeal su-
ture in frontal view, outer side of emargination expanded
into long, narrow process, middle section in most spec-
imens with lamella; mandibular notch at mandibular
midlength; mandibular apex simple; pronotal precollar
transversely carinate; mesopleuron simple; foretrochan-
teral venter notched; forecoxa: venter with process of
varying size (Fig. 63d, e), apex not expanded; Kenya to
Namibia and Natal. lamellatus Turner, p. 74
. Clypeal lobe emarginate mesally (Fig. 56d, e); southern
India, Sri Lanka. INCISUS Sp. N., Pp. 68
Clypeal lobe not emarginate. Sed
. Vertex setae erect. 16
Vertex setae appressed. 17
. Frons, vertex, and thorax coarsely sculptured; vertex se-
tae about twice as long as midocellar diameter; scutal
setae erect. neavei Arnold, p. 97
Head and thorax finely sculptured; vertex setae about as
long as midocellar diameter (about as in Fig. 133d); scutal
setae appressed. turneri Arnold, p. 150
. Setae of sterna III and IV visibly longer than those of
sternum II. 18
Setae of sterna III and IV no longer or insignificantly
longer than those on sternum II (sterna largely glabrous
in praos). 25
19
Clypeus all or partly yellow and/or gaster all or partly
red. 20
. Volsella: Fig. 116(1); Senegal to Transvaal.
swale: R. Turner, p. 132
Volsella: Fig. 118h; Senegal, Mali.
synander sp. n., p. 136
Setae of sterna III and IV about as long as midocellar
diameter, not concealing integument; scutal flange evenly
curved or slightly expanded along tegula and contrast-
ingly concave near scutal hindcorner (as in Fig. 3b); Mad-
agascar. PH
Setae of sterna III and IV several times the length of
midocellar diameter, concealing integument; scutal flange
evenly curved throughout (as in Fig. 3a). 22
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
2s
22.
23
24.
26.
27.
PASE,
Clypeal lobe obtusely tridentate (Fig. 691).
: madecassus (Kohl), 5 p. 85
Clypeal lobe Somewuat jrregularly rounded but not tri-
dentate (Fig. 15le). 0000000... zoyphion sp. n., p. 169
Clypeal lobe without angulate corners, free margin form-
ing single curved line with rest of clypeal margin (Figs.
78f-h; 123d); sterna III and IV not depressed, with fim-
briae that extend along entire sternal width (but long
fimbriae absent laterally in some moricei from Oman).
——— 225
Clypeal lobe with Sale defined comers (Figs. 102d: 1450):
sterna III and IV shallowly depressed mesally, depres-
sions fimbriate (as in Fig. 143c). . . wun 24
Hindfemur and all tibiae with yellow markings: “cly-
peal lobe obtusely pointed (Fig. 78f, g) in most speci-
mens, but sharply so in some (Fig. 78h).
moricel E. Saunders, | p. 92
Hindfemur and all tibiae without yellow markings; clyp-
eal lobe acutely pointed (Fig. 123d). .. thoth sp. n., p. 137
Clypeus black laterally, lobe narrower (distance between
lobe corners 1.6 x distance between corner and orbit),
lobe corners less prominent (Fig. 145e); postocellar im-
pression deep; inner mandibular margin with prominent
tooth; sterna III and IV each with subapical, nearly erect
fringe; length 7.0-9.0 mm; Sri Lanka to western Pakistan
(Sind, Punjab). wroughtoni Cameron, p. 163
Clypeus all yellow, lobe wider (distance between lobe
corners 2.0 x distance between corner and orbit), lobe
corners more prominent (Fig. 102d); postocellar impres-
sion shallow; inner mandibular margin with no tooth;
sternal setae nearly appressed; length 5.5-6.0 mm; Bur-
kina Faso to Kenya and Namibia, Arabian Peninsula
north to Israel, and Pakistan (Baluchistan).
_ sanctus Pulawski, p. 119
; Gaster red basally ‘and with yellow markings, at least
apically. 26
Gaster without yellow markings except markings present
in many unicolor in which gaster is all or largely black.
Free margin of clypeal lobe evenly arcuate (Fig. 54e).
hombori sp. n., p. 67
Free margin n of clypeal lobe at least with small, median
point... DT
Free margin of. clypeal lobe roundly ‘arcuate except
for small, apical projection that is poorly defined in
some specimens (Fig. 67d, e); West Africa.
lucidus sp. n., p. 81
Free margin of clypeal lobe sharply pointed (Figs. 23g,
h; 148h-j); southern Africa. 28
. Forecoxal venter flat or insignificantly convex; inner claws
of mid- and hindtarsus slightly smaller than outer claws;
flagellum black. braunsi Arnold, p. 35
Forecoxal venter very shallowly concave except slightly
swollen along foremargin; inner claws of all tarsi as large
as outer claws; flagellum in most specimens partly yellow
to yellowish brown. xanthophilus sp. n., p. 166
Clypeal lobe pointed mesally, not angulate laterally, its
free margin forming single curved line with sides of clyp-
eal margin (e.g., Fig. 35f).
Clypeal lobe either angulate laterally or, if not, with
30
30.
Bill,
37.
. Middle clypeal section all or partly yellow.
roundly arcuate free margin (e.g, Figs. 16a; 20d, e; 32c,
95d, e). 43
Lateral scutal margin not “upturned into “flange along
tegula, expanded adjacent to tegula and contrastingly
concave between expansion and hindcorner (Figs. 3b;
36b, d). ; 31
Lateral scutal margin upturned ir into > flange (Fig. 3a), even-
ly curved throughout. . 33
Lateral scutal portion conspicuously ‘swollen and largely
expanding over tegula, longitudinally depressed along
swelling (Fig. 36b-—d). eremicus sp. n., p. 49
Scutum not or minimally swollen laterally, slightly to
moderately expanding over tegula, not or minimally de-
pressed laterally. 32
. Scutum only slightly expanding 0 over or tegula (Fig. 3b); bot-
tom of foretrochanteral notch not broadened distally (Fig.
129a, b). truncatus sp. n., p. 144
Scutum moderately expanding over tegula; bottom of
foretrochanteral notch broadened distally (Fig. 12 1a, b).
temporalis de Beaumont, p. 137
34
Middle clypeal section black. : 37
. Gaster all red or apex brown; Namibia.
herero sp. n., p. 64
Gaster all black or with narrow red areas, with yellow
markings in many unicolor. 35
. Inner claws of mid- and hindtarsi slightly smaller than
outer claws and tergum I black basally; length 4.6-6.5 mm.
unicolor Arnold, p. 151
Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws, slightly
smaller in largest pratensis (8 mm long) in which tergum
I is red basally. 36
. Clypeus black basally; femora red and black, without
yellow; bottom of foretrochanteral notch glabrous; Na-
mibia, Zimbabwe. pratensis Arnold, p. 106
Clypeus all yellow; femora with yellow apical spots, bot-
tom of foretrochanteral notch with microscopic setae;
Senegal, Mali. _lepidus sp. n., p. 81
Setae erect adjacent to oral fossa, about one midocellar
diameter long; propodeal hindface shiny, with well-de-
fined punctures (which are markedly larger than those on
gena adjacent to orbit); Oriental.
rothneyi Cameron, p. 114
Setae nearly appressed adjacent to oral fossa, shorter than
midocellar diameter; propodeal hindface dull, without
well-defined punctures (except laterally in fluviatilis). .. 38
. Sterna II-VI with preapical rows of conspicuously erect
setae (Fig. 75f); South Africa to Namibia and Zimbabwe.
modestus Arnold, p. 90
Erect sternal setae inconspicuous. 39
. Sternum VIII deeply emarginate apically (Fig. 132a); Na-
tuberculatus sp. n., p. 146
40
mibia.
Sternum VIII rounded to shallowly emarginate.
. Sides of propodeal dorsum and of propodeal hindface
shiny, with well-defined punctures, which are markedly
larger than genal punctures adjacent to orbit.
fluviatilis Arnold, p. 57
Propodeum dull, without well-defined punctures or with
punctures similar in size to those on gena adjacent to
orbit. 41
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
49.
. Gaster red basally; Senegal to Burkina Faso.
bambara sp.n., p. 31
Gaster all black. 42
. Inner claws of mid- and hindtarsi slightly smaller than
outer claws; mandible with evanescent abductor mndge;
southern Africa. pulchellus Arnold, p. 109
Claws of each pair equal in size; mandible without ab-
ductor ridge; West Africa to Pakistan.
sabulosus sp. n., p. 116
Many mesothoracic punctures more than one diameter
apart, interspaces shiny; forebasitarsus without rake
spines; punctures of sterna III and IV several to many
diameters apart mesally but nearly contiguous laterally;
West Africa. punctatus sp. n., p. 112
Mesothoracic punctures no more than one diameter apart,
interspaces dull; forebasitarsus with rake spines except
in some funereus and some swa/ei, in which all sterna are
uniformly, densely punctate (punctures almost contigu-
ous). 44
Free margin of clypeal lobe evenly arcuate to obtusely
pointed, not angulate laterally, its free margin forming
single curved line with rest of clypeal margin (Figs. 16a;
20d, e). 45
Free margin of clypeal lobe angulate laterally (e.g., Figs.
38c; 88a, b; 139a, b), with median tooth in some species
(Figs. 1O08c; 126d). 51
Face broader in front view and hoe lobe unusually
short (Fig. 20d, e): antennal sockets separated by about
1.8 x socket diameter, clypeal midlength about 1.2 x
distance between sockets; gaster largely red, mid- and
hindtarsal dorsum dark brown; Mah, Senegal.
baobabicus sp. n., p. 33
Face narrower and clypeal lobe longer: antennal sockets
separated by 1.0-1.4 x socket diameter, clypeal mid-
length 1.4-2.0 x distance between sockets: coloration
different except in some karooensis (which occurs south
of the equator). 46
Scapal venter all or largely yellow; tarsi yellow. 47
Scapal venter black, translucent apically. 49
Clypeal lobe broadly arcuate (Fig. 16a); scutal flange min-
imally expanded opposite tegular midlength and concave
between expansion and hindcorner; bottom of foretro-
chanteral notch setose (Fig. 17a, b); femora black (yellow
apically); Sm Lanka. azyx sp. n., p. 29
Clypeal lobe roundly pointed (Fig. 32c); scutal flange
evenly curved; bottom of foretrochanteral notch setose
or glabrous; at least hindfemur red (yellow apically); West
Africa to Uzbekistan and northern India. 48
Flagellum yellow at least ventrally, all yellow in many
specimens; rake spines of forebasitarsus no longer than
basitarsus width; West Africa to Uzbekistan and north-
west India. electus Nurse, p. 46
Flagellum black, dark brown ventrally; longest rake spine
of forebasitarsus 1.2-1.7 =< apical width of basitarsus;
Senegal and Mali. senegalensis Arnold, p. 122
Rake spines of forebasitarsus either absent or shorter than
basitarsus width; scape and gaster black; Morocco to In-
dia. funereus Gussakovskij, p. 60
Rake spines of forebasitarsus longer than basitarsus width.
50
51.
54.
56.
a7.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
. Clypeal lobe more pointed (Fig. 27d); trochanteral notch
with row of erect microsetae (Fig. 28a, b); gaster red
basally. chalcithorax Arnold, p. 40
Clypeal lobe more rounded (Fig. 57c); foretrochanteral
notch in most specimens without row of erect setae (Fig.
58a, b); gaster black to red. karooensis Brauns, p. 71
Clypeus all or largely yellow, lobe corner prominent (Fig.
139a, b); postspiracular carina in most specimens ex-
panded into rounded lamella that partly covers subalar
fossa (as in Fig. 140a, b); length 4.0-4.5 mm; Mali and
Ghana to Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
vedda Pulawski, p. 154
Clypeus black; lobe corner not prominent; postspiracular
carina not expanded; body in many specimens longer
than 4.5 mm. 52
. Foretrochanter not emarginate; clypeal lobe character-
istically truncate (Fig. 88a, b); Congo. ee
praos sp. n., p. 104
Foretrochanter emarginate; clypeus different. .93
. Free margin of clypeal lobe evenly arcuate mesally or
nearly so, without median projection (Figs. 38c; 110e, fi
114d, e); Afrotropical. : . 54
Clypeal lobe with median projection: free margin c convex
mesally and concave laterally (Figs. 108c; 126d); Ori-
0 | | ee ee akan aerta nS S7
Scutal flange evenly curved throughout (as in Fig. 3a);
foretrochanteral notch with row of conspicuous, semi-
erect microsetae (Fig. 39d, e); length of hindtarsomere
III about 1.3 x apical width (Fig. 39b, c); gaster in many
specimens red basally. eurypus sp. n., p. 53
Scutal flange slightly expanded near tegular midlength and
concave between expansion and scutal hindcorner (as in
Fig. 3b); foretrochanteral notch without such row of setae;
length of hindtarsomere III about 1.8 = apical width; gaster
black. 55
. Clypeal lobe: distance between corners slightly more (1.1-
1.2 x) than distance between corner and orbit (Fig. 1 1 0f);
foretrochanteral notch shallow, not clearly delimited dis-
tally (Fig. 111a); mesopleural punctures well-defined, in
most specimens not obscured by vestiture; South Africa
north to Namibia and Zimbabwe. ah toe
simplex Arnold, p. 128
Clypeal lobe: distance between corners markedly (1.6-
2.1 x) more than distance between corner and orbit;
foretrochanter notch deep, sharply delimited apically (Fig.
115b); mesopleural punctures ill-defined, largely ob-
scured by vestiture. _ 56
Free margin of clypeal lobe sinuate, , distance between
corners about 1.6 = distance between corner and orbit
(Fig. 152a); tarsi black; occipital carina joining hypos-
tomal carina. Zambia. zyx sp. n., p. 170
Free margin of clypeal lobe arcuate, distance between
corners 2.0-2.1 x distance between corner and orbit (Fig.
1 14e); tarsi yellow; occipital carina effaced before joining
hypostomal carina; Senegal to Central African Republic
and Gabon. sobrinus sp. n., p. 130
Scutal flange evenly curved throughout (as in Fig. 3a);
midbasitarsus straight; sterna with impunctate, shiny ap1-
cal depressions; gaster black; India to Thailand.
siamensis Tsuneki, p. 126
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
— Scutal flange slightly convex along tegula and contrast-
ingly concave near to scutal hindcorner (as in Fig. 3b);
midbasitarsus bent (Fig. 126e); sterna uniformly punctate
throughout; gaster red basally; southern India, Sri Lanka.
tissa Pulawski, p. 139
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES
The species are arranged alphabetically.
Gastrosericus ammochares sp. n.
(Figures 8, 9)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Ammochares is derived from two
Greek words: ammos, sand, and khairo, to enjoy, a sand lover,
a noun in apposition to the generic name; with reference to the
habitat in which specimens were collected.
DIAGNOsIS. — The female of ammochares (male unknown) can
be recognized by its unique clypeal lobe: the central portion is
produced into a secondary lobe, an essentially rectangular plate
whose corners are markedly closer to each other than to orbit
and which is separated from the lobe corner by a small but well-
defined emargination (Fig. 8a, b). In addition, the anteromedian
portion of the forecoxa is concave and glabrous, delimited lat-
erally by a triangular prominence; and the posterior mandibular
margin is concave between the condyle and the apex of the
condylar ridge (Fig. 8e). Like eremicus, temporalis, and trun-
catus, ammochares has a characteristic scutum whose lateral
margin, gradually rising but not upturned into a flange, is ex-
panded over the tegula (markedly so in eremicus, slightly in the
other three) and contrastingly concave near the hindcorner (as
in Fig. 3b). Other recognition features in the females are: gena
conspicuously dentate, pronotal side sulcate, inner mandibular
margin without basal tooth or cleft, and vertex broad (distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit 2.0 x or more scar length).
DESCRIPTION (based on female only). — Mandible with notched
posterior margin, abductor ridge absent (Fig. 8e). Labrum: free
margin broadly, shallowly emarginate. Orbit closer to antennal
socket than to hindocellus. Propleuron simple. Thoracic punc-
tation fine, scutal punctures barely discernible. Lateral scutal
Margin not upturned into flange, somewhat expanded over teg-
ula, contrastingly concave between expansion and hindcorner.
Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.3 x apical truncation.
Recurrent veins interstitial above or confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including propodeal setae and those ad-
jacent to oral fossa; obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head black, but mandible (except apex) yellow, scapal venter
reddish, flagellum brown or reddish (largely so in some speci-
mens); clypeus varying from all yellow to largely black, red
mesally in some specimens. Thorax red or largely black (only
prothorax, mesothoracic venter and metapleuron red); pronotal
lobe, tegula, and humeral plate pale yellow. Gaster red. Femora
red, pale yellow apically (yellow spots longer ventrally than
dorsally, largest on forefemur). Tibiae pale yellow, red ventrally
except all yellow basally and distally. Tarsi pale yellow. Wings
hyaline.
°.— Mandible (Fig. 8d, e): inner margin with no basal tooth,
cleft, or preapical tooth; posterior margin concave between con-
dyle and apex of condylar ridge; distal portion of adductor ridge
not expanded, thus posterior margin stepped rather than notched.
Clypeus (Fig. 8a, b): disk without teeth or carinae; lobe emar-
25
ginate adjacent to corner (which is well defined), mesally ex-
panded into rectangular plate whose distal margin is emarginate;
plate corner angulate (distance between plate corners about 0.5
x distance between corner and orbit); lobe corners separated
by a distance that is about 0.9 x distance between corner and
orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 2.0 x
scar length. Gena conspicuously dentate at level of mandibular
base (Fig. 8c). Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.7 = apical width.
Pronotum: precollar carinate laterally, side sulcate. Forecoxa
conspicuously concave along admedian margin (except apical-
ly); concavity glabrous, widening anterad (anterior width about
0.3 x coxal foremargin), delimited laterally by tnangular, lon-
gitudinal expansion. Forebasitarsus with 5-7 rake spines; length
of apical spine about 2.0 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretar-
somere IV: length of inner apical spine about 0.5-O7 x apical
width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomeres V with no preapical
spines. Sternum II setose throughout, without apicomesal, gla-
brous area. Pygidial plate with thin, inconspicuous setae except
for several stout apical setae. Length 4.5-5.0 mm.
é.— Unknown.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 9).—Gao area of Mali.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, MALI: Gao, 14 Aug 1991, WJP (CAS). Paratypes:
MALI: 10 km N Gao, 15 Aug 1991, MS (2 2, CAS, MS) and WJP (2 2, CAS);
30 km W Gao, 15 Aug 1991, MS (1 2, MS); 180 km SW Gao, 13 Aug 1991, MS
(2 2, MS).
Gastrosericus asilivorus Pulawski
(Figures 10, 11)
Gastrosericus asilivorus Pulawski in Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:17, °. Holo-
type: 2, Sri Lanka: Trincomalee District: Trincomalee, China Bay Ridge Bun-
galow (USNM), examined. —Krombein in Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:5 (life
history).
DIAGNOsIS. — The female of asi/ivorus (male unknown) can be
recognized by the particular shape of the clypeus (Fig. 10a, b)
and also by the golden frontal vestiture.
DESCRIPTION (based on female only).— Mandible: posterior
margin notched, abductor ridge vestigial. Labrum: free margin
broadly, conspicuously emarginate. Orbit closer to hindocellar
scar than to antennal socket. Propleuron simple. Thorax and
vertex micropunctate. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout.
Marginal cell: length of costal margin 4.0-4.6 x apical trun-
cation. Recurrent veins separate.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa,
nearly appressed at propodeal hindcorners; nearly obscuring
mesopleural integument.
Head black, including scape; clypeal middle section largely
yellow in one specimen examined. Mandible yellow, black api-
cally. Thorax black, pronotal lobe yellow posteriorly. Gaster
black. Femora black, narrowly yellow apically, fore- and mid-
femora yellow apicoventrally on about a quarter to a third of
femoral length. Foretibia brown, yellow on outer side; mid- and
hindtibia yellow dorsally. Tarsi brown. Wings slightly infumate.
Frontal vestiture golden.
?.— Mandible (Fig. 10d): inner margin with one subbasal tooth,
without cleft or preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 10a, b): disk with
a pair of preapical teeth (Fig. 10c); free margin emarginate on
each side of median portion (whose free margin is arcuate),
corner well-defined. Gena with prominent tooth at level of man-
dibular base (Fig. 1 0e). Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.6 = apical
width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side deeply
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FIGURE 8
head laterally (* 60)
sulcate. Forecoxa concave admesally. Forebasitarsus with 6 rake
spines; length of apical spine equal to apical width of basitarsus.
Foretarsomere IV: inner apical spine about equal to apical width
of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines.
Sternum II pubescent throughout. Setae of pygidial plate thin,
inconspicuous anteriorly, stout on apical half (Fig. 10f). Length
8.5-9.0 mm.
é.—Unknown.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 11).—Sri Lanka.
Recorps.—SRI LANKA: Monaragala District: Mau Aru 10 mi E Uda Walawe
(1 9, CAS). Trincomalee District: Trincomalee, China Bay Ridge Bungalow (1 2,
USNM)
Gastrosericus attenuatus Turner
(Figures 12-15)
Gastrosericus attenuatus Turner, 1912:423, 9. Holotype: 2, Ghana: Volta River
(BMNH), examined.—Amold, 1922:123 (original description copied), 1930:2
(listed), , Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed)
DiAGNOsIs.— The female of attenuatus shares with /amellatus
the following unique combination of characters: mandible, scape,
Gastrosericus ammochares, female: a, head frontally (* 48), b, clypeus (* 83); c, mandible, front view (= 87), d, same, outer side (= 87); e, female
and flagellomere I unusually long; vertex narrow; pygidial plate
fully asetose; and gaster black (distance between acetabulum
and mandibular apex 4.8 x basal mandibular width, distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit equal to midocellar diameter,
latus, attenuatus has a broadly arcuate clypeal lobe (Fig. 12a),
a cleft on the inner mandibular margin (Fig. 12c), and the py-
gidial plate is sparsely punctate (in /amellatus, the clypeal lobe
is sinuate, the mandible has no cleft, and the pygidial plate is
impunctate). The presence, in some attenuatus, of an inverted
V-shaped carina on the clypeal disk (Fig. 12b) is also diagnostic.
The male of attenuatus is unique in having a grotesque, api-
cally more or less hooked mandible (Fig. 13a, b), a clypeus with
a reverted V-shaped swelling (Fig. | 3a—c), a laterally expanded
mesopleuron (Fig. 14), and the forecoxa with a conspicuous
apical process (Fig. 14). The shiny, sparsely punctate pygidial
plate and largely glabrous sterna II-VI are shared only with the
male of /amellatus, and the non-notched trochanteral venter is
another subsidiary recognition feature.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible elongate, distance between acetab-
ulum and apex 4.8-5.0 = basal width; posterior margin notched,
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
15° °° 15°
L ve , 7
: \
:
oO ie
e@
@ ammochares
QG
@ bambara
oes @ braunsi
| | | | | |
15° 0° 15° 30 45° 60
Ficure 9. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus ammochares, bambara, and braunsi
abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin minimally concave
in female, notched in male. Orbit closer to hindocellar scar than
to antennal socket. Propleuron simple. Scutal punctures fine but
well-defined. Scutal flange slightly expanded adjacent to tegula,
contrastingly concave between expansion and hindcorner. Mar-
ginal cell: length of costal margin 3.44.2 x apical truncation.
Recurrent veins separate or interstitial above.
Setae appressed adjacent to oral fossa and on thorax (nearly
appressed between propodeal side and hindface), totally ob-
scuring mesopleural integument; vertex setae appressed except,
in female, a few setae erect, about as long as midocellar diameter.
Head black, including scape, but mandible brownish yellow,
dark apically. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe posteriorly, teg-
ula, and humeral plate pale yellow. Gaster black. Femora black,
pale yellow apically. Tibiae black (brown in female from Niger),
pale yellow dorsally or (foretibia) on outer side. Tarsi brown,
mid- and hindbasitarsus yellow in most specimens. Wings weak-
ly infumate.
?.—Mandible: unusually long (Fig. 12c); inner margin with
basal tooth and cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
12a, b): disk in most specimens with obtuse carina in form of
reversed V (carinae concealed by vestiture); free margin weakly,
irregularly arcuate, almost straight, corner well-defined; distance
between corners 5.2—5.5 x distance between corner and orbit.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
e
Ficure 10
30), f, pygidial plate (* 86)
Head wide, distance between antennal sockets about 2.0 * sock-
et diameter. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
0.5 x scar length and about equal to midocellar diameter. Gena
Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Fore-
coxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 rake spines (6 in some spec-
imens); length of apical spine 1.1-1.3 = apical width of basi-
tarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine about 1 .5—
1.8 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without
preapical spines. Sternum II largely glabrous (setose basally and
laterally). Pygidial plate asetose, sparsely punctate. Length 7.5-
9.0 mm.
6.—Mandible (Fig. 13a, b): unusually long, markedly bent
near base, with hooked apex (slightly so in small specimens);
inner margin with subbasal tooth, posterior margin near base
nearly straight to markedly convex. Clypeus (Fig. 13a—c) with
narrow, glabrous area along free margin (except setose near mid-
line); area concave, sharply delimited; lobe ill-defined, but mid-
dle section with conspicuous, thick carina in form of reverted
Vv. concave between two branches of carina. Head wide, distance
Gastrosericus asilivorus, female: a, head frontally (* 27), b, clypeus (= 43), c, clypeal tooth laterally (* 118); d, mandible (= 43); e, head laterally (x
between antennal sockets about 2.0—2.2 = socket diameter. Dis-
tance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.8 * scar length.
racic venter concave, with raised longitudinal carina, expanded
laterally into large, wing-like process (Fig. 14). Forecoxa with
conspicuous apical process (Fig. 14). Foretrochanter not notched.
Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines; longest spine 1.4-1.5 x
apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus
with two preapical spines each. Inner claws of all tarsi as large
as outer claws. Pygidial plate shiny, sparsely punctate. Sterna
without mesal depressions, sterna III—-V (except laterally) with
punctures that are several to many diameters apart; sterna II-
VI largely glabrous. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella:
Fig. 13a, b). Length 7.0-7.5 mm.
HasitatT.—In Togo, I collected specimens in a drying river
bed. A female and a male were resting motionless on damp
sand, while another female and male were searching between
cracks of a clay crust that overlaid the sandy substrate.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 15).—Equatorial and sub-
equatorial West Africa.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
PAN a
Sse yp
ite a
) 4
l 2
\
)
| \
Z «
o @)
{ eX: 4 \
i aa \
“
Ah rol
a a | ‘
les iN
\} dZ
NG oS:
\ 7 Ss
\ .
\ aN
/ A)
\ 4 2\
Ver ‘\
\ 4 a
(2 }
\
|
¢ \
(
\ i i
| ;
\ e
\ .
; @ asilivorus
Se 40 km @ azyx
Ficure 11. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus asilivorus and azyx
Recorps.— BURKINA FASO: Gourma Kompienga 20 km S Pama (5 2, 4 4,
CAS; 12 9, 6 6, LEM).
CAMEROON: Djafga at Lagone shore, 10°37’N, 15°09’E (1 6, FSAG).
CONGO: Djoué 17 km W Brazzaville (2 2, | 6, AAM; 2 2, CAS).
GHANA: Volta River (1 2, BMNH, holotype of attenuatus).
NIGER: Niamey (1 2, KMG).
NIGERIA: southern Nigeria: no specific locality (1 9, BMNH).
TOGO: Sokodé (1 ¢, CAS; 1 2, FSAG), 12 km N Sokodé (2 9, 2 4, CAS).
Gastrosericus azyx sp. n.
(Figures 11, 16, 17)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Azyx is a Greek word meaning un-
yoked, unwedded, solitary (the female of this species is un-
known).
D1AGNosIs.—The male of azyx has appressed vestiture, the
free margin of the clypeal lobe is markedly, roundly arcuate and
not angulate laterally (Fig. 16a), the foretrochanteral notch is
deep, and sternal pubescence is short, uniform. Other species
are similar (chalcithorax, electus, funereus, karooensis, senega-
lensis), but azyx has a unique color combination: the scape is
partly yellow and the hindfemur nearly all black (narrowly yel-
low apically). Additional recognition features are: scutal flange
29
Cc
Ficure 12. Gastrosericus attenuatus, female: a, noncarinate clypeus (* 44);
b, carinate clypeus (= 44); c, mandible (= 41).
somewhat expanded over tegula and contrastingly concave be-
tween expansion and scutal hindcorner, longest spine of fore-
basitarsus about 1.3 x apical width of basitarsus, and gaster
red basally.
RELATIONSHIP TO GASTROSERICUS TISSA.—Gastrosericus AZyX,
known only from the male, is similar morphologically to tissa
except in the sexually dimorphic characters. Both species occur
in Sri Lanka. However, azyx is not likely to be the male of tissa
because of its partly yellow scape and yellow tarsi. In both sexes
of tissa, the scape is black and the tarsi are dark brown.
DESCRIPTION (based on male only).— Mandible with notched
posterior margin, abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin
minimally concave, almost straight. Orbit slightly closer to hin-
docellar scar than to antennal socket. Propleuron simple. Thorax
finely sculptured, scutal punctures ill-defined. Scutal flange
slightly expanded adjacent to tegula, contrastingly concave be-
tween expansion and hindcorner. Marginal cell: length of costal
margin 4.0-4.6 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins interstitial
above or confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa;
nearly appressed between propodeal side and hindface; obscur-
ing mesopleural integument.
Head and thorax mostly black, but the following are pale
yellow: mandible (except apically), scapal venter (all or distal
half) and scapal apex, pronotal lobe posteriorly, tegula, and
humeral plate anteriorly. Flagellum black to yellow brown ven-
trally. Gastral segments I and II as well as sternum III red,
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
30
04);
5
), c, clypeus (* 49); d, volsella laterally (=
32
6); b, head of a small specimen ( =
4
Gastrosericus attenuatus, male: a, head of a large specimen ( x
dorsally (*
FiGure 13
olsella
04)
>
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
remainder dark brown. Femora black, pale yellow apically. Tib-
iae pale yellow, red to dark brown ventrally. Tarsi pale yellow,
mid- and hindtarsal apex yellowish brown. Wings hyaline.
°.—Unknown.
é.— Mandible: inner margin without basal tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
16a): free margin of lobe arcuate, not angulate laterally, forming
single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Dorsal length of
flagellomere I 1.1-1.2 x apical width. Distance between hin-
docellar scar and orbit about equal to scar length. Foretrochan-
teral notch not clearly delimited distally, about as long as dis-
tance that separates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 17a), its
bottom evenly setose (Fig. 17b). Forebasitarsus with 3 or 4 rake
spines; longest spine 1.3 x apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum
of midbasitarsus with one or no preapical spine, dorsum of
hindbasitarsus without such spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as
large as outer claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna without mesal
depressions, minutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae
short, uniform. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig.
16b. Length 4.4-5.5 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 11).—Sri Lanka.
Recorps.— Holotype: ¢, SRI LANKA: Mannar District: Ma Villu, 17-21 Feb
1979, KVK, T. Wiesinhe, S. Sinwardane, T. Gunawardane (USNM). Paratypes:
SRI LANKA: Colombo District: Pamunugama, 16 Mar 1981, KVK, T. Wijesinhe,
L. Weeratunge (1 ¢, CAS). Mannar District: Marichchukkaddi, 25 Jan 1978,
collector’s name not indicated, but the handwriting is that of P. B. Karunaratne
(2 6, CAS, NMC).
Gastrosericus bambara sp. n.
(Figures 9, 18, 19)
DERIVATION OF NAME. — Bambara, the largest ethnic group of
Mali; a noun in apposition to the generic name.
D1AGnosis. — The female of bambara has a distinctive clypeus
(Fig. 18a, b): the lobe free margin is essentially sinuate (i.e.,
convex mesally and concave laterally) except angulate midway
from the midpoint to corner. Other recognition features are:
gena with a tooth (Fig. 18d), pronotal side deeply sulcate, and
forecoxa concave anteromesally.
In the male, the setae are appressed between the mandibular
base and occipital carina and on the vertex, the clypeus is all
black with an acutely pointed lobe, and the gaster is red basally.
Males of modestus and most tuberculatus are similar, but in
bambara the erect sternal setae are inconspicuous and sternum
VIII is rounded apically (conspicuous rows of erect sternal setae
present in modestus, Fig. 75f, sternum VIII deeply emarginate
in tuberculatus, Fig. 132a).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge present (obtuse or evanescent in male). Labrum: free
margin acutely emarginate. Orbit closer to hindocellar scar than
to antennal socket in female, equidistant in male. Propleuron
simple. Thorax finely sculptured, but individual punctures dis-
cernible on scutum. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout.
Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.2-5.0 x apical trun-
cation. Recurrent veins separate.
Setae appressed on head and thorax including those adjacent
to oral fossa, but semierect between propodeal side and hind-
face; obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head black but mandible pale yellow (except apically); scape
yellow apically, venter black in female, all or largely yellow in
male. Thorax black except pronotal lobe posteriorly, tegula, and
31
Ficure 14.
venter (x 47)
Gastrosericus attenuatus, male: base of forelegs and mesothoracic
humeral plate pale yellow. Gastral segments I and II red (only
I in some males), remainder black. Femora black (female hind-
femur largely red), each with pale yellow apical spot that is longer
ventrally than dorsally. Tibiae pale yellow, reddish brown ven-
trally or (foretibia) on inner side. Tarsi yellow or brown. Wings
hyaline.
°.—Mandible (Fig. 18c): inner margin with subbasal tooth
and broadly arcuate cleft, but without preapical tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 18a, b): disk without teeth or median carinae but raised
along midline; free margin of lobe markedly sinuate except an-
gulate midway from midpoint to corner, which is well-defined;
distance between corners 2.4 x distance between corner and
orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.0 x
scar length. Gena with large tooth at the level of mandibular
base and adjacent to occipital carina (Fig. 18d). Flagellomere I:
dorsal length 1.4 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar carinate
laterally, side deeply sulcate. Forecoxa concave anteromesally,
foremargin expanded into a transverse tooth. Forebasitarsus
with 4 or 5 rake spines; length of apical spine 1.0 x apical width
of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine
0.2-0.3 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V
without preapical spines. Sternum II pubescent throughout. Py-
gidial plate punctate, with inconspicuous setae except setae stout
on apical quarter or so (Fig. 18e). Length 7.5-8.8 mm.
é.—Mandible: inner margin obtusely angulate but without
tooth. Clypeus: free margin of lobe sharply pointed, not angulate
laterally, forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
w
i)
30°—
©@ attenuatus
®@ lameliatus
FiGure 15.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.4 x scar
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.2 < apical width. Fore-
trochanteral notch shorter than distance that separates it from
trochanteral apex (Fig. 19), notch bottom uniformly covered
with appressed setae. Forebasitarsus with 3 rake spines; longest
spine about equal to apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid-
and hindbasitarsus without preapical spines. Inner claws of all
tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate.
Sterna without median depressions, minutely, closely punctate
throughout; sternal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII rounded
apically. Volsella: Fig. 18f. Length 4.8-6.0 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 9).— Senegal to Burkina Faso.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
30° 45° 60°
— 30°
30° 45° 60°
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus attenuatus and lamellatus
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, MALI: 30 km NE San, 6 Aug 1991, WJP (CAS). Para-
types: BURKINA FASO: Bobo Dioulasso, 6 Oct 1967, J. Hamon (1 4, MNHN)
and 29 Sep 1979, AP (1 4, FSAG, head and prothorax missing); Boboville near
Bobo Dioulasso, 3 May 1968, J. Hamon (1 2, MNHN); 5 km E Boromo at Volta
Noire, 18 Oct 1979, AP (1 4, FSAG); Gourma Kompienga 20 km S Pama, 1-16
Jun 1988, Sanborne, Landry, and Tou (2 2, CAS, LEM).
MALI: Mourdiah, 25-31 Aug and 25 Aug-5 Sep 1986, M. Matthews (2 2,
BMNH); 5 km S San, 3 Aug 1991, MS (1 2, 1 6, MS) and WJP (1 6, CAS); same
locality but 22 Aug 1991, WJP (4 4, CAS), 30 km S San, 5 Aug 1991, MS (2 8, 1
3, MS) and WJP (1 4, CAS); 50 km S San, 4 Aug 1991, MS (1 2, MS), 100 km
NE San, 21 Aug 1991, WJP (1 4, CAS); 40 km W Ségou, 31 Jul 1991, WJP (1 2,
CAS).
SENEGAL: Kopgoyane in Forét de Bandia, circa 20 km S Thiés, 16 Sep 1969,
J. Hamon (1 4, MNHN); 7 km SW Thiés, 8 Jul 1991, WJP (2 4, CAS).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
Ficure 16. Gastrosericus azyx, male: a, clypeus (= 94), b, volsella (* 233)
Gastrosericus baobabicus sp. n.
(Figures 20-22)
DERIVATION OF NAME. — Baobabicus, a newly coined Neolatin
masculine adjective derived from baobab, an African tree. These
trees were present near the collecting sites.
33
D1AGNosis.—The female of baobabicus is unique in having
an unusually long mandible (Fig. 20c) combined with a largely
red gaster (distance between acetabulum and mandibular apex
4.7 x basal mandibular width). The antennae are further apart
than in any other Gastrosericus, the antennal sockets being sep-
arated by a distance equal to about 2.5 x socket diameter (Fig.
20a, b), although attenuatus, madecassus and zoyphion ap-
proach this condition (ratio about 2:1). In many specimens, the
hindleg coloration is also diagnostic: femur red but tarsus con-
trastingly dark.
In the male, the genal and thoracic vestiture is short, ap-
pressed; the free margin of the clypeal lobe broadly arcuate and
not angulate laterally (Fig. 20d); the sternal setae are short,
uniform; and the gaster is red. Several other Gastrosericus share
these characters (azyx, chalcithorax, electus, funereus, karooen-
sis, and senegalensis), but the head of baobabicus is slightly wider
(Fig. 20d, e) and the clypeal lobe less prominent: the antennal
sockets are separated by about 1.8 socket diameter, and the
clypeal midlength is about 1.2 x the distance between sockets
(rather than 1.4-1.5 and 1.4—1.7, respectively). The dark brown
dorsum of the mid- and hindtarsi are a subsidiary diagnostic
feature in combination with a red gaster.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin shallowly emarginate.
Orbit closer to hindocellus than to antennal socket. Propleuron
simple. Thorax finely sculptured, individual punctures barely
discernible. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal
cell: length of costal margin 3.2-4.1 x apical truncation. Re-
current veins interstitial above or forming a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa and
those between propodeal side and hindface; mesopleural setae
largely obscuring integument.
Head black (scapal venter translucent apically, partly yellow
in some specimens), mandible yellow (except apically), clypeus
yellow at least anteromesally (yellow color concealed by vesti-
ture). Thorax black, but pronotal lobe, most of tegula, and hu-
meral plate yellow. Gaster red, but tergum IV darkened in many
females and terga IV and V darkened in most males. Legs: see
below. Wings slightly infumate.
Ficure 17.
Gastrosericus azy*,
male: a, foretrochanter (* 207); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* 620)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Ficure 18. Gastrosericus bambara: a, female head (* 35), b, female clypeus (* 58); c, female mandible (56); d, female head laterally (« 42); e, pygidial plate of
female (* 84): f, volsella (x 270)
2.—Mandible (Fig. 20c): elongate, distance between acetab-
ulum and apex 4.7 x basal width; inner margin with obtuse
basal tooth and obtuse cleft, but no preapical tooth. Head trans-
verse in frontal view (Fig. 20a), distance between antennal sock-
ets about 2.5 x socket diameter. Clypeus (Fig. 20b): disk without
teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe almost straight; distance
between corners 7.3-7.5 x distance between corner and orbit.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.8 x scar
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 2.2 = apical
width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side not sul-
cate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 3-5 rake spines; length
of apical spine about 1.3 < apical width of basitarsus. Foretar-
somere IV: length of inner apical spine about 0.5 x apical width
of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines.
Sternum II apicomesally with glabrous, triangular area. Pygidial
plate with thin, inconspicuous setae but one or two apical setae
stout. Length 5.7-6.5 mm.
Femora red, brown basally, forefemur largely brown. Tibiae
red, hindtibial dorsum yellow. Foretarsus red, mid- and hind-
tarsi dark brown in specimens from Mali and Senegal; all tarsi
red in single female from Burkina Faso.
$.— Mandible: inner margin with subbasal tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
20d, e): free margin of lobe broadly arcuate, corners rounded;
distance between corners about 2.6 x distance between corner
and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
equal to scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.3 x apical
width. Foretrochanteral notch longer than distance that sepa-
rates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 21a), bottom glabrous, mar-
gined by row of erect setae on each side (Fig. 21b). Forebasitarsus
with 3 or 4 rake spines; longest spine 1.2 = apical width of
basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with one or two preapical
spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus with one or two such spines.
Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate
densely setose. Sterna without depressions, microscopically,
closely punctate, shortly, evenly setose. Sternum VIII rounded
apically. Volsella: Fig. 20f. Length 4.5-5.6 mm.
Forefemur black or largely red, yellow apically; midfemur red
except black basally or dorsum and posterior side black; hind-
femur red, black basally or black dorsally and ventrally; tibiae
red, pale yellow dorsally (foretibia yellow on outer side); fore-
tarsus yellow, midtarsus light brown, hindtarsus light brown
ventrally and dark brown dorsally.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 22).—Burkina Faso, Mali
and Senegal.
Recorps.— Holotype: °, SENEGAL: 3 km W Samba Dia (= 70 air km W
Kaolack), 9 Jul 1991, WJP (CAS). Paratypes: BURKINA FASO: Gourma Kom-
pienga 20 km S Pama, 1-16 Jun 1988, Sanborne, Landry, and Tou (1 °, LEM).
MALI: 10 km E Hombon, 18 Aug 1991, WJP (1 2, CAS); 40 km SE Ségou, 2
Aug 1991, WJP (1 4, CAS).
SENEGAL: 5 km SE Diourbel, 23-24 Jul 1991, AM (3 2, 6 6, AAM), WJP (6
2, 17 6, CAS); 16 km N Fatick, 25 Jul 1991, WJP (2 2, 1 8, CAS); 3 km W Samba
Dia, 9 Jul 1991, WJP (3 2, 1 6, CAS); same locality, 17 Jul 1991, AM (1 6, AAM),
WJP (2 2, CAS); same locality, 24 Jul 1991, AM (1 2, AAM).
Gastrosericus braunsi Arnold
(Figures 9, 23, 24)
Gastrosericus Braunsi Arnold, 1922:124, 2, 6, incorrect original capitalization.
Holotype: °, Zimbabwe: Victoria Falls (SAM), examined. — Arnold, 1930:2 (list-
ed); Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
Gastrosericus laticeps Arnold, 1922:127, 6. Holotype: 4, Zimbabwe: Victoria Falls
(SAM), examined. New synonym.—Arnold, 1930:2 (listed); Bohart and Menke,
1976:256 (listed).
D1AGnosis.—The female of braunsi has a distinctive carina
that joins the hypostomal carina anteriorly and expands into
the genal tooth posteriorly (Fig. 23e), and the clypeal lobe is
sinuate, longer mesally than in other species (Fig. 23a, b). In
addition, most females have a yellow fascia on tergum V, a
subsidiary recognition feature.
The male can be recognized by the unique combination of
35
197)
Gastrosericus bambara: male foretrochanter (*
FiGureE 19.
the acutely pointed clypeus (Fig. 23g, h), apical terga marked
with yellow, and the inner claws of mid- and hindtarsi slightly
smaller than the outer claws.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge present (evanescent in some specimens). Labrum: free
margin acutely emarginate. Orbit equidistant from antennal
socket and hindocellar scar in female, but slightly closer to an-
tennal socket than to hindocellar scar in male. Propleuron sim-
ple. Thorax microsculptured, without well-defined punctures.
Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of
costal margin 4.0-5.7 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins in-
terstitial above or confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, except setae between propodeal side and
hindface semierect, about as long as midocellar diameter; largely
to completely obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head and thorax black, but the following are pale yellow:
clypeus (except black basally or basomedially in female, also
subapically in some females), mandible (except apically), scapal
venter (only basally and apically or only apically in female),
pronotal lobe, tegula, humeral plate. Gastral segment I, or I and
II, or I-III largely red, remaining segments largely brown or
black; apical depression all or partly yellow on tergum V in most
females (on terga III-V in some) and on male terga IV—VI,; male
tergum VII brown or yellow. Wings hyaline.
.— Mandible (Fig. 23d): inner margin with one subbasal tooth
but without cleft or preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 23a, b): disk
without teeth or carinae, convex basomedially and shallowly
concave apicomesally (Fig. 23c); free margin markedly sinuate
(conspicuously prominent mesally), corner well-defined; dis-
tance between corners 3.0-3.5 x distance between corner and
orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit 1.2-1.3 x
scar length. Lower gena with additional carina that joins hy-
postomal carinae anteriorly and is expanded posteriorly into
rounded or obtusely angulate genal tooth (Fig. 23e). Flagello-
mere I: dorsal length 1.7-1.8 = apical width. Pronotum: pre-
collar carinate laterally, side deeply sulcate. Forecoxa concave
along inner margin, outer side of concavity expanded into ob-
long, prominent tooth (Fig. 23f). Forebasitarsus with 5 rake
spines; length of apical spine 1.3-1.5 apical width of basi-
36
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 20
f, volsella (* 300)
tarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine about 0.5
x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without
preapical spines. Sternum II evenly pubescent throughout. Py-
gidial plate with thin, inconspicuous setae except 2-6 apical
setae stout. Length 8.0-9.5 mm.
Femora black to dark brown basally, ferruginous distally
(hindfemur nearly all black in some individuals). Tibiae fer-
ruginous, pale yellow dorsally or (foretibia) on outer side. Tarsi
brown or ferruginous.
é6.— Mandible: inner margin with no subbasal tooth. Clypeus
Gastrosericus baobabicus: a, female head (* 37), b, female clypeus (* 56); c, female mandible (* 63); d, male head (* 48); e, male clypeus (* 63);
(Fig. 23g, h): lobe sharply pointed, not angulate laterally, its free
margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.5 = scar
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.1-1.2 = apical width.
Foretrochanteral notch slightly shorter than distance that sep-
arates 1t from trochanteral apex (Fig. 24a); notch bottom with
row of erect setae (Fig. 24b). Forebasitarsus with 3 rake spines;
longest spine equal to apical width of basitarsus or slightly short-
er. Dorsum of midbasitarsus and of hindbasitarsus without
preapical spines. Inner claws of mid- and hindtarsus slightly
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
37
Ficure 21.
smaller than outer claws. Pygidial plate densely setose. Sterna
without mesal depressions, uniformly and closely punctate
throughout; setae of sterna III-VI slightly longer than basal setae
of sternum IT. Sternum VIII rounded to inconspicuously emar-
ginate apically. Volsella: Fig. 231. Length 5.1-6.9 mm.
Femora black, with yellow apical spot that is longer ventrally
than dorsally. Tibiae dark brown to brown red except pale yellow
on outer side (foretibia) or on dorsum (mid- and hindtibiae).
Foretarsus yellow, midtarsus yellow basally and red apically,
hindtarsus red except basitarsus yellow.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 9).—Southern Africa.
Recorps.— BOTSWANA: Serowe (1 9, ZMK).
MOZAMBIQUE: Delagoa Bay (1 ¢, ZMHU).
NAMIBIA: Gobabis District: 8 mi W Gobabis (1 °, BMNH), 40 km W Witvlei
(1 6, CAS). Grootfontein District: 30 km NE Grootfontein (1 2, CAS), 90 km NE
Grootfontein (2 2, 1 6, CAS; 1 2, JG; 1 9, 1 6, MS). Kavango Gebied: Rundu (3 4,
CAS; | 2, 2 4, JG; 3 2, 2 6, MS), 30 km E Rundu (1 2, MS), 40 km E Rundu (1
2, MS), 100 km SW Rundu (1 °, JG; 3 2, 1 6, MS), 125 km SW Rundu (1 2, CAS)
Okahandja District: Okahandja (1 6, BMNH). Outjo: Etosha National Park at
18°46'S, 14°44’E (1 2°, SMNW). Rehoboth District: 23 km N Rehoboth (2 2, CAS).
SOUTH AFRICA: Natal: Cape Vidal 20 mi N St. Lucia (1 é, UCD); Zululand:
20 mi S Ndumu Game Reserve Camp (1 2, UCD). Transvaal: D’Nyala Nature
Reserve, 23°45'S, 27°27'E (1 6, NCIP), Ellisras (3 2, 1 6, AMG; | 2, CAS), Mooketsi
(1 2, CAS; 3 °, USNM)
ZIMBABWE: Igusi (1 2, AMG), Lupane (1 2, USNM), Matetsi in Hwange
District (2 °¢, UCD, USNM), 11 km NE Nyamandhlovu at 19°48'S, 28°16'E (3 9,
CAS), Sawmills (1 °, AMG; 1 °, BMNH; | 4, SAM; | 4, ZMA; | 2, ZMHU),
Victoria Falls (15 ¢, 3 6, CAS; 1 2, CU; 1 9, FSAG; 1 9, IEE; 4 9, 1 6, NHMZ,; 2
2, 2 6, SAM, including holotypes of braunsi and /aticeps; 2 2, USNM; | 2, ZMA)
Gastrosericus capensis Brauns
(Figures 22, 25, 26)
Gasterosericus [sic] capensis Brauns, 1906:49, 4, °. Lectotype: 4, South Africa:
Cape Province: Willowmore (TMP), present designation, examined. —Brauns,
1911:239 (nesting in sand); Arnold, 1922:117 (redescription), 1930:2 (listed);
Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed); Dollfuss, 1989:9 (paratype in NHMW)
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus capensis has a shiny, triangular
elevation on the propleuron (as in Fig. 143b) and long setae
adjacent to the oral fossa (setal length 0.6-0.7 * basal width of
mandible). Also, scapal and hindfemoral setae are appressed but
Gastrosericus baobabicus: a, male foretrochanter (= 316); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (= 567)
many frontal setae are semierect. Many guig/iae are similar, but
the female clypeus of capensis is distinctive: the arcuate (me-
dian) portion of the free margin is unusually narrow (Fig. 25a).
Unlike guigliae, the male of capensis has a simple hypostomal
carina (carina expanded in guigliae). Additional recognition fea-
tures are: clypeus yellow, inner margin of female mandible with
large preapical tooth (Fig. 25b), free margin of clypeal lobe
acutely angulate in male (Fig. 25c).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin roundly emarginate. Orbit
closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket. Propleuron
near hindmargin with shiny, triangular elevation that is slightly
rising posterad. Scutum and mesopleuron with well-defined
punctures, mesopleural punctures up to one diameter apart (in-
terspaces shiny). Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Mar-
ginal cell: length of costal margin 2.4-2.8 = apical truncation.
Recurrent veins interstitial above.
Setal length 0.6-0.7 x basal width of mandible on frons and
adjacent to oral fossa, on thorax (including propodeum), and
fore- and midfemoral venter. Setae straight or sinuous adjacent
to oral fossa, almost straight on mesopleuron and mesothoracic
venter, and setae intermediate or of both types on remaining
thorax; partly obscuring mesopleural integument; appressed on
scape and hindfemur; many setae semierect on upper frons.
Head black, but the following are yellow: mandible (except
apex), scape (except dorsally or dorsobasally) and clypeus; fla-
gellum black to brown. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe, tegula,
and humeral plate yellow. Gaster red. Femora all black (except
yellow apically) or hindfemur red; tibiae reddish, yellow dorsally
or (foretibia) on outer side. Tarsi reddish. Wings almost hyaline.
9. — Mandible (Fig. 25b): inner margin without subbasal tooth,
with round, shallow cleft, and preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
25a): disk without teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe arcuate
except concave laterally near corner (which is evanescent, ill-
defined); distance between corners 1.25 distance between
corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit
about 0.8 x scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal
length 1.9 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate
38
30°—
@ baobabicus
®@ capensis
30° —
| | |
15° 0° 15°
FiGure 22
laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with
6 or 7 rake spines; length of apical spine 2.0 x apical width of
basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine about
1.0 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without
preapical spines. Sternum II apicomesally with glabrous, tri-
angular area. Pygidial plate covered with stout setae. Length
7.5-8.0 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin with no subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 25c): lobe acutely pointed, not angulate laterally, its free
margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.8 = scar
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.75 x apical width. For-
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
30° 45° 60°
—30°
—30°
| | |
30° 45° 60°
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus baobabicus and capensis
etrochanteral notch shorter than distance that separates it from
trochanteral apex (Fig. 26a), its bottom with irregular row of
setae, with irregular, scale-like integument adjacent to setae (Fig.
26b). Forebasitarsus with 3 or 4 rake spines; longest spine 2.0
< apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitar-
sus each with two preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as
large as outer claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna HI and IV
depressed (except laterally), depressions fimbriate, fimbniae de-
pressed basally and fully concealing integument, curving ventrad
apically; sterna V and VI with usual, long setae delimiting apical
depression, and also with markedly shorter, erect setae. Sternum
VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 25d. Length 6.5-—7.4 mm.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS 39
ryt!
yy liht An
WN")
th es
d
FiGure 23. Gastrosericus braunst: a, female head frontally (x 27); b, female clypeus frontally (* 50); c, female clypeus obliquely from the side (x 55); d, female
mandible (x 47); e, head laterally (« 34); f, female forecoxa (* 63); g, male head frontally (x 39), h, male clypeus (* 84); 1, volsella (* 270).
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 22).—South Africa (Cape (2 2, BMNH; 2 8, 6 6, CAS; 3 2, 10 6, MS). Maltahohe District: Sesriem Farm (4
Province) and Namibia. 8, BMNH). Okahandja District: Okahandja (2 6, BMNH). Rehoboth District:
7km N Rehoboth (1 @, | 46, CAS; | 4, MS), 23 km N Rehoboth (1 4, CAS).
Recorps.— NAMIBIA: Damaraland: Uis (1 2, NCIP). Karibib District: 15 km | Swakopmund District: Goanikontes 21 mi E Swakopmund (1 6, BMNH), Gobabeb
W Karibib (1 3, MS), 65 km SW Usakos (2 2, CAS, MS). Liideritz District: Aus (1 2, 2 6, UCD), Gobabeb at Kuiseb River bed (3 2, 6 6, CAS; 13 2, 24 6, NCIP;
40
FiGure 24.
1 2, PMA; 2 4, UCD; 3 2, 8 4, ZMK), 6 km SW Gobabeb (1 ¢, ZMK)), Sossusvlei
(3 6, BMNH), Swakopmund (1 8, 2 6, CAS; 1 2, 9 4, JG; 1 2, 2 6, MS), mouth of
Swakop River (3 6, UCD); Swakop River 10 km E Swakopmund (2 2, 16 6, CAS;
8 2, 30 6, MS), 15 km E Swakopmund (1 6, JG; 1 °, 4 6, MS), mouth of Ugab
River (1 9, 1 6, CAS; 4 4, UCD, 1 2, 2 4, ZMK), Upper Ostrich Gorge, 22°29'S,
14°59'E (2 4, SMNW), Vogelfederberg, circa 55 km N Gobabeb (1 6, CAS, 1 6,
FSCA; | 8, | 46, SDNH), 30 km E Walvis Bay (1 4, FSCA). Walvis Bay Territory:
Rooibank (3 6, AMG; | 4, ZMK), Walvis Bay (3 3, CAS; | 3, MS).
SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province: 20 km N Pofadder (1 2, 2.4, FSCA), Reitbron
(1 2, 1 6, AMG), Vioolsdrift (1 4, AMG), Willowmore (2 2, | 4, AMG; | 6, ANSP;
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
MV FEI Lo
. CaN \\ | 1
SOA
AN BAN
Gastrosericus braunsi, male: a, foretrochanter (= 83), b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* 226).
1 2, 1 6, BMNH, paralectotypes; 1 2, CAS, paralectotype; | 9, 1 4, CU; 3 2, 1 4,
NHMW, paralectotypes; 1 ¢, TMP, lectotype; 1 2, 1 6, UCD).
Gastrosericus chalcithorax Arnold
(Figures 27-29)
Gastrosericus chalcithorax Arnold, 1922:116, 2, 6 (as Brauns’ MS name). Lecto-
type: 4, South Afmca: Willowmore (TMP), present designation, examined. —
Brauns, 1911:239 (nesting in sand, nomen nudum); Arnold, 1930:2 (listed);
Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed), 260 (illustration of female mandible).
FiGure 25
Gastrosericus capensis: a, female clypeus (* 65), b, female mandible (* 70); c, male clypeus (= 70); d, volsella (* 195)
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
41
FiGurRE 26.
LECTOTYPE SELECTION. — Arnold (1922) described both female
and male of this species and designated a type, but did not
indicate the type’s sex. The specimen I have received for study
is a male labeled as a type by him. I have designated it as the
lectotype of Gastrosericus chalcithorax.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus chalcithorax has appressed genal
FiGure 27
Gastrosericus chalcithorax: a, female clypeus frontally (* 66), b, female clypeus obliquely from the side showing median swelling ( »
mandible (x 69); d, male clypeus (* 82); e, volsella (* 314)
Gastrosericus capensis, male: a, foretrochanter (x 158); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* 395)
and propodeal setae and a simple pronotum (precollar not car-
inate, side not sulcate). The female has a distinctive clypeus
(Fig. 27a): the free margin of the lobe is arcuate or shallowly
sinuate, and the disk is glabrous and swollen along the midline
(swelling obitusely angulate in profile, Fig. 27b). Subsidiary rec-
ognition features are: gena simple (not dentate), pygidial plate
99). c, female
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 28.
inconspicuously setose (only a few apical setae are stout), gaster
red (at least basally), femora yellow apically, and the apical rake
spine of foretarsomere I equal to 1.9-2.0 tarsomere width.
In the male, the vestiture is appressed; the free margin of the
clypeal lobe is markedly, roundly arcuate and not angulate lat-
erally (Fig. 27d); the foretrochanteral notch is deep; sternal setae
are short, uniform; the scape is black (translucent apically); the
gaster is red basally; and the hindfemur is black (yellow apically).
The males of funereus and karooensis are similar, but chalci-
thorax has a distinctive foretrochanteral notch: the bottom has
a row of erect microsetae (Fig. 28a, b). Exceptional karooensis
also have a row of setae in the trochanteral notch, but the clypeal
lobe of chalcithorax is more pointed (compare Figs. 27d and
57c). Other features of chalcithorax are: scutal flange evenly
curved, clypeal disk of many specimens raised and glabrous
along midline.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin biarcuate or shallowly,
broadly emarginate. Orbit slightly closer to hindocellar scar than
to antennal socket in the female, equidistant in male. Propleuron
simple. Thorax finely microsculptured, but individual punctures
discernible on scutum. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout.
Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.0-4.0 x apical trun-
cation. Recurrent veins interstitial above or confluent in a short
petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae between propodeal side
and hindface; mesopleural setae largely concealing integument.
Head black, mandible yellowish reddish (except apically), fla-
gellum brownish or yellowish ventrally in males and many fe-
males. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe, tegula, and humeral
plate pale yellow. Gaster all red or segment III and following
black. Femora black, with pale yellow apical spot (black replaced
by reddish brown on hindfemur in some females); yellow spots
equal in size, or largest on forefemur and smallest on hindfemur.
Tibiae ferruginous, pale yellow dorsally or (foretibia) on outer
side. Tarsi ferruginous in female, yellowish in male. Wings hy-
aline.
2.— Mandible (Fig. 27c): inner margin with one subbasal tooth
and cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 27a): disk
Gastrosericus chaleithorax, male: a, foretrochanter (* 284); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* 546).
without teeth or carinae, narrowly raised and glabrous along
midline (except basally), markedly convex (almost angulate) in
profile (Fig. 27b); free margin of lobe arcuate or sinuate, corner
well-defined; distance between corners 2.3-2.5 x distance be-
tween corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and
orbit about equal to scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I:
dorsal length 1.4 < apical width. Pronotum: precollar not car-
inate laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus
with 4 or 5 rake spines; length of apical spine 1.9-2.0 x apical
width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical
spine 1.0-1.5 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere
V without preapical spines. Sternum II asetose apicomesally.
Pygidial plate with thin, inconspicuous setae except one to four
apical setae stout (mostly two). Length 6.0-6.5 mm.
é.— Mandible: inner margin with no subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 27d): free margin of lobe arcuate to obtusely pointed, not
angulate laterally, its free margin forming single curved line with
rest of clypeal margin; clypeal surface of many specimens raised
and glabrous along midline (except basally). Distance between
hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.3 x scar length. Flagellomere
I: dorsal length 0.8-1.0 x apical width. Foretrochanteral notch
longer than distance that separates it from trochanteral apex
(Fig. 28a), compressed to a setose crest (Fig. 28b). Forebasitarsus
with 3 rake spines; longest spine 1.3-1.6 = apical width of
basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with no to two preapical
spines, hindbasitarsus with one or two such spines. Inner claws
ofall tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate
and setose. Sterna without mesal depressions, uniformly, closely
punctate throughout; sternal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII
rounded apically (most specimens) or emarginate (lectotype).
Volsella: Fig. 27e. Length 4.3-5.0 mm.
Lire History.—In Namibia, chalcithorax occurs almost ex-
clusively on alluvial sands, such as dry river beds. I observed
a colony in a dry river 49 km S Rehoboth, Namibia, on 9 Feb-
ruary 1990. The site was a barren area of sand mixed with fine
gravel. A female began to dig her nest at 10:18. She used her
mandibles to carry pebbles (some as large as her head). She
walked backwards away from the nest, dropped the pebbles,
and started walking toward the nest while raking the area. As a
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
30°—
@ chalcithorax
@ dentatus
@ drewseni
FiGure 29.
result, no tumulus accumulated. Initially she reappeared from
the gallery every 10-20 seconds, but later the intervals were as
long as 50-130 seconds. She started the orientation flight at
11:47 and went hunting at 11:48. The orientation flight was a
series of irregular loops, first near the nest entrance, then further
and further away. She brought in the first prey at 11:51 and left
the nest at 11:54. The wasp was collected at 11:56, as she was
bringing her second prey. Prey consisted of small Homopterans
(Cicadellidae, Paralimnini; determination by Michael D. Webb).
They were dropped at the nest entrance (permanently open dur-
ing the provisioning period) and then dragged in. The nest struc-
ture was not examined.
43
30° 45° 60°
—30°
— 30°
30° 45° 60°
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus chalcithorax, dentatus, and drewseni
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 29).—South Africa and Na-
mibia.
ReEcorps.— NAMIBIA: Damaraland: Khorixas (1 9, MS), Ugab River (3 4,
UCD). Gobabis District: Gobabis (1 2, AMG). Karibib District: Ameib Farm
19 mi NW Kanbib (1 2, BMNH), 43 km E Karibib (2 °, CAS; | 2°, 2.4, MS), 23 km
N Karibib (5 2, 8 6, CAS; 15 6, MS), 15 km W Kanribib (2 6, CAS), 17 km W
Usakos (1 6, CAS). Keetmanshoop District: Aroab (3 2, AMG), Seeheim (1 °,
BMNH,; | 2, ZMK), no specific locality (1 2, 2 ¢, UCD). Mariental District: 65 km
S Manental (1 2, CAS). Okahandja District: Okahandja (15 2, 33 6, BMNH; 4 2,
5 4, CAS; 3 2, 2 6, MS; 2 6, SAM, one headless; 3 6, USNM), 27 km S Okahandja
(1 4, CAS), 17 km W Okahandja (6 2, CAS; 6 2, 1 6, MS). Omaruru District: 25 km
NE Omaruru (1 2, ZMK). Otjiwarongo District: 80 km S Otjiwarongo (1 9, | é,
CAS; 3 2, MS). Outjo District: 31 km SE Kamanjab (1 ¢, CAS). Rehoboth District
44
b
Gastrosericus dentatus, female: a, clypeus (* 67), b, mandible (*
FiGure 30
77)
15 km N Kalkrand (2 4, CAS; 3 ¢, MS), 27 km N Kalkrand (1 2, | 4, CAS), 7 km
N Rehoboth (6 6, CAS; 2 6, MS), 9 km § Rehoboth (21 9, 15 4, CAS; 23 9, 48 2,
MS), 49 km S Rehoboth (16 2, CAS; 13 2, MS). Swakopmund District: Kuiseb
Canyon 23°18'S, 15°45'E (1 4, BMNH). Windhoek District: Kos, 23°16'S, 16°08’'E
(1 2, SMNW), Seeis (1 2, CAS), Wasservallei, 22°55'S, 16°22’E (1 2°, SMNW),
37 km N Windhoek (2 4, CAS; 1 2, 3.4, MS), ). Also: Namal [probably Namaland]
(1 2, UCD).
SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province: Olifantshoek (1 2°, CAS), Willowmore (1 4,
TMP, lectotype of chalcithorax, 1 2, UCD)
Gastrosericus dentatus sp. n.
(Figures 29, 30)
DERIVATION OF NAME. — Dentatus is a Latin masculine adjec-
tive meaning toothed; with reference to the shape of the female
clypeus.
D1aGnosis.—The female of denfatus is unique in having the
clypeal free margin with five teeth (Fig. 30a). Also unique is the
combination of appressed scapal setae and semierect hindfe-
moral setae. The unknown male presumably has the same setal
characteristics.
DESCRIPTION (based on female only).— Mandible: posterior
margin notched, abductor ridge absent. Orbit closer to hindo-
cellar scar than to antennal socket. Propleuron near hindmargin
with shiny, triangular elevation that is slightly rising posterad.
Vertex punctures microscopic but well-defined, less than one
diameter apart. Scutal and mesopleural punctures well-defined,
almost contiguous on mesopleuron, averaging less than one di-
ameter apart on scutum; scutal interspaces shiny. Scutal flange
evenly curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin
1.9 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate.
Setae sinuous on head and thorax, partly obscuring meso-
pleural integument; 0.7 = basal width of mandible or slightly
longer on propodeum and adjacent to oral fossa; appressed on
scape and hindfemoral venter, but semierect on outer side of
hindfemur.
2°.— Mandible (Fig. 30b): inner margin with subbasal cleft that
separates two rounded expansions, with preapical tooth. La-
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
brum: free margin roundly emarginate. Clypeus (Fig. 30a): disk
without teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe with five teeth,
corner well-defined; distance between corners about 1.5-1.6 x
distance between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar
scar and orbit about 0.7 = scar length. Gena simple. Flagello-
mere I: dorsal length 1.6-1.75 = apical width. Pronotum: pre-
collar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple.
Forebasitarsus with 7 rake spines; length of apical spine 2.0-
2.2 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of
inner apical spine about 1.25 = apical width of tarsomere. Ven-
ter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II api-
comesally with glabrous, triangular area. Pygidial plate covered
with stout setae. Length 6.7-7.2 mm.
Head, thorax (including pronotal lobe), gaster, and femora
black, except the following: mandible pale yellow (except black
apically), middle clypeal section yellowish anteriorly (free mar-
gin reddish), femoral apex yellowish or reddish. Tibiae varying:
all red except yellow dorsally in holotype; in paratype, foretibia
yellowish brown, brown laterally and ventrally except at base
and apex, mid- and hindtibiae black, pale yellow basally and
brown apically. Tarsi red (holotype) or brown (paratype). Wings
hyaline.
é.— Unknown.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 29).—Senegal to Ghana.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, GHANA: Kawampe, 8°30’N, 1°35'W, 45 km N Kin-
tampo, 21 Feb 1991, WJP (CAS). Paratype: SENEGAL: Koumpentoum, Mar
1976, G. Couturier (1 2, UCD).
Gastrosericus drewseni Dahlbom
(Figures 29, 31)
Gasterosericus [sic] Drewseni Dahlbom, 1845:467, 2, incorrect orginal capitali-
zation. Lectotype: 2, Egypt: no specific locality. (Stockholm, coll. Hedenborg),
designated by de Beaumont, 1960b:245, not examined.— Kohl, 1885:409 (as
synonym of walt/i/); Dalla Torre, 1897:695 (as synonym of waltlii), de Beau-
mont, 1956:204 (comparison with guigliae), 1960b:245 (study of holotype),
1966:212 (Egypt); de Beaumont, Bytinski-Salz, and Pulawski, 1973:16 (Israel);
Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
As Gastrosericus moricet: Giner Mari, 1945:376, Fig. 7b, present correction.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus drewseni has a shiny, triangular
elevation on the propleuron (as in Fig. 143b), and long, sinuous
setae on the head and thorax, including the scapal and hind-
femoral venters (setal length, adjacent to oral fossa, about equal
to basal width of mandible). In the female, the clypeal lobe is
obtusely pointed (Fig. 31a—d) and the gaster is all red in most
specimens (but all black in some). The female of wal¢/ii is sim-
ilar, but the clypeus is obtusely truncate (Fig. 142a, b) and the
gaster is all black or red basally and black apically. The female
of shestakovi is unknown, but the marginal cell is unusually
short in that species (costal margin 1.1-1.2 = apical truncation,
while 2.0—2.2 in drewseni).
The males that I assign to drewseni were collected together
with females of this species, e.g., in Agami and Wadi Digla,
Egypt, and in Beersheba, Israel (the specimens from Beersheba
were determined as drewseni by de Beaumont). They are mor-
phologically identical to wa/t/ii and can be distinguished from
that species only tentatively by the following color details: tibiae
all red or brown ventrally (yellowish basally), and gaster all red
or black preapically (segments II-VI, or IV and V, or V and
VI black, but segment VII red). Males of wa/tlii vary in color:
the darkest ones have black tibiae and gaster; in the lightest
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 31.
male clypeus (x 70)
ones (some Egyptian and Israeli specimens), the tibiae are red
and the gaster is red basally but black apically. Perhaps such
lightly colored males occur in both species (see also the following
paragraph).
RELATIONSHIP TO GASTROSERICUS WALTLII.—Gastrosericus
drewseni and waltlii are very similar, including identical vol-
sellae. They differ primarily in the shape of the female clypeus,
although the gastral color helps in recognition. Most females
can be easily assigned to one or the other species, but the clypeus
is somewhat intermediate in three specimens that I regard as
drewseni (Fig. 31b-d); two of them also have a black gastral
apex (gaster all red in other females of drewseni). These speci-
mens suggest a full intergradation in both characters. Possibly
drewseni is but an extreme form of waltlii. So far, however, I
have not observed full intergradation in localities where the two
occur together (walt/ii is widely distributed in Africa and Asia,
but drewseni is found between Jordan and Libya).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin acutely emarginate. Orbit
closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket. Propleuron
near hindmargin with shiny, triangular elevation that is slightly
raised posterad. Scutum and mesopleuron with well-defined,
almost contiguous punctures. Scutal flange slightly expanded
adjacent to tegula, contrastingly concave between expansion and
hindcorner. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 2.0-2.2 x
apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate or interstitial above.
Setae sinuous on thorax and also adjacent to oral fossa, where
they are equal to basal width of mandible or slightly longer,
totally obscuring mesopleural integument; sinuous, semierect
on scape and hindfemoral venter (semierect setae inconspicuous
in a female from Beersheba, CAS).
Head black, mandible pale yellow (dark apically), clypeus
partly red apicomesally. Thorax black except pronotal lobe nar-
rowly pale yellow posteriorly. Gaster all red in most females
45
Gastrosericus drewsent: a, female clypeus (* 62); b-d, outlines of female clypeus showing individual variation (* 62); e, female mandible (« 74); f,
and many males, but darkened in some specimens from Agami,
Egypt, and segments III—VI largely black in a female from Wadi
el Tih and all black in a female from Ghiza Pyramids; gaster
black preapically in many males (e.g., segments III-VI, or IV
and V, or V and VI, but segment VII red or reddish). Femora
black, except reddish or yellowish apically. Tibia and tarsi red.
Wings hyaline.
9.— Mandible (Fig. 31e): inner margin without subbasal teeth
or cleft but with preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 3la—d): disk
without teeth or carinae; lobe roundly prominent, not angulate
laterally, its free margin forming single curved line with rest of
clypeal margin. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit
about 0.8 x scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal
length 2.0 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate
laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with
of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine
0.9-1.0 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V
without preapical spines. Sternum II apicomesally with gla-
brous, triangular area. Pygidial plate covered with stout setae.
Length 7.5-9.0 mm.
Tibiae red, pale yellow dorsobasally.
é.— Mandible: inner margin with no subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 31f): lobe acutely pointed, not angulate laterally, its free
margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about equal to scar
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.75-2.0 x apical width.
Foretrochanter not notched but slightly constricted near base.
Forebasitarsus with 4-6 rake spines; longest spine 2.0-2.5 x
apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus
each with two or three preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi
as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna III and IV
(except laterally) with fimbriate depressions, fimbriae appressed
basally and fully concealing integument, curving downward api-
46
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 32
321),
cally; sterna V and VI with straight setae that delimit apical
depression, and also with shorter, dense, erect setae. Sternum
VIII rounded apically. Length 6-7 mm. Volsella as in Egyptian
specimens of walt/ti (see Fig. 142g).
Tibiae all red or brown ventrally.
MISIDENTIFIED SPECIMENS. —Giner Mari (1945) compared his
new species aiunensis with moricei and illustrated the female
clypeus of the latter. The figure indicates an insect that is very
different from the real moricei. I studied three specimens upon
which Giner Mari most probably based his interpretation: one
female and two males from Cairo area, Egypt (IEE). The female
and one male are labeled “Gastrosericus”, and the other male
“Gastrosericus moricei”’. The female’s clypeus agrees well with
Giner Mari’s illustration and was probably the original model.
All three specimens are drewseni.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 29).—Libya, Egypt, Israel,
Jordan.
Recorps.—EGY PT: Al Bahr al Ahmar: 35-45 km E Qattania = 18-25 km NE
Ain Sukhna on Ain Sukhna-Maadi road (1 2, 2 6, AAM), Wadi Hagul 30 km SW
Suez (2 29, 4, AAM, | 4, CAS). Al Iskandariyah (= Alexandna): Agami, 31°09'N,
29°47'E (3 2, 2 6, AAM; 2 2, CAS), near Alexandria (2 6, MZL), Amrye (de
Beaumont, 1966), [kingi Mariout circa 30 km W Alexandria (2 2, 7 6, AAM). Al
Gastrosericus electus: a, female clypeus (* 77), b, female mandible (* 71); c, male clypeus (*
116); d, male midbasitarsus (= 133); e, volsella (*
Jizah (= Ghiza): Ghiza Pyramids (1 2, 1 4, CAS; 1 2, 4 6, NHMW). Al Qahirah
(= Cairo): Wadi Digla (7 6, AAM; 1 2, 4 6, CAS; 3 4, CGR; 1 9, MS; 4 2, 5 4,
NHMW), Wadi el Tih (1 2, CAS; 3 2, NHMW), “W. Garaui, Cairo” (1 8, 2 4,
IEE), “Wadi Garaui”, A. Alfieri collector (1 ¢, MZL), Wadi Hof (2 2, CAS, 5 9,
NHMW). As Sahra al Gharbiyah: Marsa Matruh (3 4, CAS). Bani Suwayf (=
Beni Suef): 30-40 km SE El Wasta on road to Ras Zafarana (2 2, | 6, AAM; 1 9,
CAS).
ISRAEL: Beersheba (1 6, BMNH; 2 2, 2 6, CAS; 3 9, 3 6, GRF; 4 2, 4 6, MZL;
2 2, 3 6, RMNH), also Beeri, Revivim, and Yeroham (de Beaumont, Bytinski-
Salz, and Pulawski, 1973).
JORDAN: Kasr Amra, 31°47'N, 36°35’E (1 3, AAM).
LIBYA: Cyrenaica: Baltet er Ramla S Mechili (2 6, BMNH, MZL), Tmimi (2
9, 26, BMNH; | 2, MZL).
Gastrosericus electus Nurse
(Figures 32-34)
Gastrosericus electus Nurse, 1903:7, 2. Lectotype: 2, India: Gujarat: Deesa (BMNH),
present designation, examined.—Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
Gastrosericus flavicornis Gussakovskij, 1931:454, 2, 6. Lectotype: 6, Uzbekistan:
Khiva (ZIN), present designation, examined. New synonym, — Bohart and Menke,
1976:256 (listed); Kazenas, 1978:137.
D1AGnosis. — The female of e/ectus has an evenly arcuate clyp-
eal lobe and the clypeal disk with no teeth or carinae (Fig. 32a),
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
47
Ficure 33
the gaster is all red, the pygidial plate is either asetose or has a
few, stout setae apically, and the femora are red or brown red
with large pale yellow spots apically. Gastrosericus chalcithorax,
senegalensis and some karooensis are similar. In electus, how-
ever, the clypeal disk is uniformly sculptured (with a glabrous,
longitudinal swelling in chalcithorax), and the scapal venter is
yellow (scapal venter black in chalcithorax, karooensis, and
senegalensis).
In the male, the vestiture 1s appressed; the free margin of the
clypeal lobe is prominent, obtusely arcuate and not angulate
laterally (Fig. 32c); the foretrochanteral notch is deep, and ster-
nal setae are short, uniform; the scape is yellow; and the gaster
all or largely red, without yellow markings. Unlike other species
with these characteristics, the flagellum of e/ectus is yellow ven-
trally rather than black or dark brown (flagellum all yellow in
most specimens); unlike senegalensis, the longest spine of the
forebasitarsus is no longer than the basitarsus width (rather than
1.2-1.7 x width). The glabrous, shiny bottom of the trochan-
teral notch is a subsidiary recognition feature (Fig. 33a). The
notch is setose or glabrous in senegalensis and setose in most
other species.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin shallowly, broadly emar-
ginate. Orbit slightly closer to postocellar scars than to antennal
socket in female, equidistant in male. Propleuron simple. Tho-
rax microsculptured, without well-defined punctures. Scutal
flange evenly straight or minimally expanded adjacent to tegula,
concave between expansion and hindcorner. Marginal cell: length
of costal margin 2.5-5.0 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins
interstitial above or confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture short, appressed, including setae adjacent to oral
fossa (a few setae erect between propodeal side and hindface);
almost totally obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head black, but mandible pale yellow (dark apically); scape
pale yellow (only ventrally in many females); color of clypeus
and flagellum varying sexually (see below). Thorax black, but
pronotal lobe, tegula and humeral plate pale yellow. Gaster
ferruginous in females and most males, some males with all
Gastrosericus electus, male: a, foretrochanter (* 254), b. midbasitarsus (* 224)
sterna or segments IV—VII black. Femora and tibiae mostly red,
femora with pale yellow apical spots (which are longer ventrally),
but in some specimens red replaced by brown (on midfemur in
single female from Pusa, India, on fore- and midfemora in some
African males); tarsi yellow or yellowish reddish. Wings hyaline.
2?.— Mandible (Fig. 32b): inner margin with obtuse subbasal
tooth and cleft, but without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 32a):
disk without teeth or carinae; free margin arcuate, corner well-
defined; distance between corners 2.2—2.5 x distance between
corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit
about one scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length
2.0 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally,
side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6
rake spines; length of apical spine 1.7—2.0 apical width of
basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine 1.3-
1.5 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without
preapical spines. Sternum II apicomesally with glabrous, tri-
angular area. Pygidial plate asetose or with thin, inconspicuous
setae and also with two stout, appressed, preapical setae (see
Variation below for details). Length 4.8—7.0 mm.
Clypeal lobe pale yellow or reddish anteriorly, all black in
some African specimens. Flagellum black or dark brown dor-
sally, yellow brown ventrally.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 32c): lobe obtusely rounded, not angulate laterally, its free
margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.2
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.1 apical width. Fore-
trochanteral notch slightly longer than distance that separates
it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 33a), its bottom glabrous, smooth,
shiny. Forebasitarsus with 2-4 rake spines; longest spine equal
to apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with one
or no preapical spine (Figs. 32d; 33b), dorsum of hindbasitarsus
without such spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer
claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna without mesal depressions,
closely, microscopically punctate throughout; sternal setae short,
uniform. Sternum VIII evenly rounded apically
32e. Length 5.0-5.5 mm.
scar
Volsella: Fig.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
48
Of —
ose
SNSIOUT PUB SNJIIJI SNIMISOAISDL) JO SATIT[BIO] sunda]jo)
snsioul @
snoae ©
SOL 006 oSL 209 oP
“pe ANNI
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
Clypeus pale yellow to largely black. Flagellum all yellow in
many specimens, brown basodorsally in some, yellow ventrally
and dark brown dorsally in one male from Deesa, India.
VARIATION. — The pygidial plate of the female is completely
asetose in specimens from India, Transcaspia, and most spec-
imens from Pakistan. However, the pygidial plate has several
evanescent setae and also two stout, preapical setae in two fe-
males from Kirthar National Park, Pakistan (out of the total of
33 females collected there). This case indicates that presence or
absence of setae is not a species specific character in e/ectus. In
the African populations, the plate also has thin, inconspicuous
setae as well as two appressed, preapical setae.
Lire History.—I observed nesting habits of e/ectus at Kirthar
National Park, Pakistan, on 9 July 1989. A female digging in a
bare area of fine sand adjacent to a corn field was noticed at 11:
30. She was standing on her mid- and hindlegs and using the
foretarsal rake in the typical larrine manner, projecting sand
under her body. From time to time she dragged small pebbles
or lumps of soil in her mandibles. Occasionally she leveled the
accumulated material with her forelegs, always facing the nest
entrance. Asa result, there was no tumulus. At 11:59 she stopped
digging, walked around the nest, and performed a few orien-
tation flights. She began hunting at the nest’s proximity at 12:01,
leaving the nest open. The first prey was caught and paralyzed
some 30 cm away from the nest at 12:07, the second prey about
one meter from the nest at 12:13; the third prey was brought
in at 13:03. The female was collected at this time. All prey were
first instar nymphs of a geophilous grasshopper, Yerohippus sp.
(Acrididae, Acridinae, det. N. D. Jago), carried on the ground
or in short flights, dorsum up and headfirst under the wasp’s
body. The wasp dropped them at the nest entrance and subse-
quently dragged them in using her mandibles.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 34).—Gastrosericus electus
has been found in Sahel (Mali, Niger, Senegal) and in southern
and southwestern Asia (Arabian Peninsula, Transcaspia, Paki-
stan, and northern India). The gap between the African and
Asian localities is almost certainly due to inadequate collecting.
Recorps.—COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES: Turkmen-
istan: Askhabad (3 4, ZIN, including 2 4 paralectotypes of flavicornis), Chardzhow
(Gussakovskij, 1931), Krasnovodsk (1 2, ZIN). Tajikistan: Aral on Vakhsh River
(1 4, ZIN), Dushanbe (1 9, 1 ¢, USNM; | 2, ZIN), Garauty on Vakhsh River,
Kolkhozabad District (4 2, 10 4, CAS; 5 9, 12 6, VLK), Yangiabad on Vakhsh
River (1 6, CAS; 1 2, VLK). Uzbekistan: Kasan (1 °, CAS), Khiva (1 9, 13 4,
including lectotype ¢ and 1 2, 7 4 paralectotypes of flavicornis, ZIN; 1 é, USNM).
INDIA: Bihar: Pusa (1 2, BMNH). Gujarat: Deesa (2 2, including lectotype °
of electus, BMNH; 4 2, 3 46, CAS).
MALI: 30 km W Gao (2 2, CAS), Hombori (2 2, CAS; 1 2, 7 4, MS), 25 km E
Hombori (2 2, 4 6, CAS), 30 km E Hombori (1 2, 1 4, MS), 10 km S Mopti (6 2,
2 3, CAS; 6 2, 4.4, MS), 45 km W Mopti (3 2, CAS; | 4, MS), 60 km NE San (2
2, MS), 100 km NE San (1 2, CAS).
NIGER: Abalak, 15°28’N, 6°16'E (1 6, FSAG), Al Mota, 15°47'N, 6°45’E (1 8,
CAS; 1 2, 1 6, FSAG).
OMAN: Rostagq (1 6, CAS; 2 2, 3 6, KMG).
PAKISTAN: Punjab: Bahawalpur (4 4, CAS), Lal Suhandra National Park
34 km SE Bahawalpur (6 2, CAS). Sind: Karachi (2 9, AMNH, BMNH), Kirthar
National Park 150 km NE Karachi, 25°10’~26°05'N, 67°10'-67°55’E (33 9, 9 4,
CAS).
QATAR: Al Shahanieh (1 4, CAS; 1 2, 26, KMG), Al Sinnah (2 ¢, CAS, KMG).
SAUDI ARABIA: Haddat Ash Shim, 21°47'N, 39°39'E (2 2, 1 6, BMNH), Hofuf
(1 8, KMG).
SENEGAL: 25-35 km § Richard Toll (2 2, CAS, LUW; 5 2, 1 6, ZMA).
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Khor Fakkan (1 ¢, KMG).
49
Gastrosericus eremicus sp. n.
(Figures 35-37)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Eremicus 1s a Latinized masculine
form of the Greek adjective eremicos, which is derived from
eremia, a desert, solitude.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus eremicus has a unique scutum (Fig.
36b, c): swollen next to the tegula and longitudinally depressed
adjacent to the swelling (minimally so in temporalis, but not in
other species); the scutal margin is markedly expanded over the
tegula and not upturned into a flange (Fig. 36d). The female has
a distinctive clypeus: the free margin is expanded mesally into
a narrow prominence whose sides are convergent anterad, and
the apex is truncate (Fig. 35a, b).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin acutely emarginate. Orbit
closer to antennal socket than to hindocellar scar. Propleuron
raised posteromesally (raised area setose). Thorax finely sculp-
tured, scutal punctures indiscernible. Scutum swollen adjacent
to tegula and longitudinally depressed along swelling (Fig. 36b—
d); lateral scutal margin not upturned into flange, markedly
expanded over tegula and contrastingly concave between ex-
pansion and hindcorner. Marginal cell: length of foremargin 3.2—
3.5 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins interstitial above or
confluent in a short petiole.
Setae appressed, including those adjacent to oral fossa and on
propodeum; obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head black, but clypeus all or partly yellow or reddish yel-
lowish (yellow area limited to apex of clypeal projection in
darkest specimen); mandible yellow (except apically); scape
mainly black to largely yellowish and reddish. Thorax black in
most specimens, but partly red in Arabian females (only scutum
and scutellum black in female from Hofuf, also postscutellum
and mesopleuron in female from Al Ain); and the following are
yellow: pronotal lobe, tegula, humeral plate, and scutal swelling
adjacent to tegula. Gaster red. Femora red basally and yellow
apically in most specimens, but red replaced by dark brown on
fore- and midfemur in some females and single male from Pa-
kistan; yellow area longer ventrally than dorsally. Tibiae red-
dish, yellow dorsally or (foretibia) on outer side. Tarsi yellow.
Wings hyaline.
.— Mandible (Fig. 35c): inner margin with widely obtuse sub-
basal tooth (which is evanescent in smallest specimens), without
cleft or preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 35a, b): disk without teeth
or carinae; free margin practically straight between corner and
orbit, with prominent median projection, emarginate between
projection and corner (which is ill-defined, roundly angulate to
evanescent); median projection narrowing anterad, truncate or
shallowly emarginate apically. Distance between hindocellar scar
and orbit equal to about two scar lengths. Gena with prominent
tooth at level of mandibular base (Fig. 35d), tooth extending
dorsad into carina that is prominent apically. Flagellomere I:
dorsal length 1.1-1.3 x apical width. Pronotum (Fig. 36a): pre-
collar laterally with inconspicuous, longitudinal carina; side
deeply sulcate. Forecoxa deeply concave admesally (except near
hindmargin); concavity setose, slightly widening anterad (equal
to about 0.2 x of coxal foremargin anteriorly), delimited lat-
erally by longitudinal, triangular expansion (Fig. 35e) which is
inconspicuous in smallest specimens. Forebasitarsus with 5 rake
50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
My jh
y)}
sil Wi
MM Wil
HAAN AR
Hs Yip) /)!
Wy!
"WZ CGS fh My)
WIM
Y, 7, 3 thf ff
yo Meh
FiGure 35. Gastrosericus eremicus: a, female head frontally (* 37); b, female clypeus (* 68), c, female mandible (= 65); d, female head laterally (« 48); e, female
forecoxa (x 125), f, male clypeus (= 129); g, volsella (= 356)
spines; length of apical spine 1.5 = apical width of basitarsus. _ eral apical setae stout. Sternum II uniformly pubescent through-
Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine about 0.5 x out. Length 4.0-5.9 mm.
apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preap-
é6.—Mandible: inner margin widely angulate near base but
ical spines. Pygidial plate with inconspicuous setae except sev-
without subbasal tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 35f): free margin of lobe
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS 51
=
—S—S—S
————
\ i
FiGure 36. Gastrosericus eremicus: a, female pronotum laterally (x 101); b, female scutum dorsally (* 67): c, female scutum obliquely (= 45); d, female tegula
and adjacent scutum obliquely (* 91); e, male foretrochanter (* 372)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Ficure 37. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus eremicus.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
/
\\s if
ans, lity
Hay) ; Hy i
117, Wy Yj
"AAA LY
AUN UM,
=~
=~
~~
=
=
=
=
=
—— a
——
<
FiGure 38.
obtusely pointed, not angulate laterally, forming single curved
line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance between hindocellar
scar and orbit about 1.8 x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal
length about equal to apical width. Foretrochanteral notch
markedly longer than distance that separates it from trochan-
teral apex (Fig. 36e), its bottom covered with erect setae (which
are not arranged in rows or any other noticeable pattern). Fore-
basitarsus with 3 or 4 rake spines; longest spine 1.1—1.5 = apical
width of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with one or two
preapical spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus with one or no such
spine. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial
plate setose. Sterna without mesal depressions, microscopically,
closely punctate throughout; sternal setae short, even. Sternum
VIII roundly truncate apically. Volsella: Fig. 35g. Length 3.3-
4.0 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 37).-Senegal, Mali, Arabian
Peninsula to northwestern India.
Recorps.—(MAK: Muhammed Aleem Khan, WAK: Waseem Ahmad Khan):
Holotype: 2?, PAKISTAN: Sind: Kirthar National Park (headquarters) 150 km NE
Karachi, 25°10’-26°05'N, 67°10°-67°55’E, 26-27 June 1989, MAK, WAK, and
WJP (CAS). Paratypes: INDIA: Gujarat: Deesa, Aug 1901, C. G. Nurse (1 9°,
BMNH).
MALI: Hombori, 11 Aug 1991, MS (1 2, MS), WJP (1 6, CAS); 10 km E Mopti,
10 Aug 1991, MS, WJP (2 2, CAS, MS).
PAKISTAN: Punjab: Bahawalpur, 14 Jul 1989, WAK and WJP (3 2, CAS);
Chenab River bank 27 km SW Multan, 18 Jul 1989, WAK and WJP (1 2, CAS);
Faisalabad, 16 Jul 1989, WAK and WJP (1 2, CAS). Sind: same data as holotype
(4 2, 1 4, CAS); same data except 9 Jul 1989 (1 2, CAS).
53
/,
Al
: I
Y |
(Oot fF {|
GOA HH \
Wile pip MI Li | |
AUG Uy ul
Wy |
y 4)
Gastrosericus eurypus: a, female clypeus (x 66); b, female mandible (= 72); c, male clypeus (= 76); d, volsella (= 228)
SAUDI ARABIA: Hofuf, 21-26 Jun 1980, K. M. Guichard (1 2°, KMG).
SENEGAL: 25-35 km Richard Toll, 26 Aug 1989, H. van der Valk (1 6, ZMA).
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES; Al Ain, 10 Jun 1988, L. Hamer (1 8, KMG).
Gastrosericus eurypus sp. n.
(Figures 38-40)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Eurypus is derived from the Greek
words eurys (broad, wide), and pous, podos (a foot), with ref-
erence to the broad tarsomeres of this species. A noun in ap-
position to the generic name.
DIAGNosis.—In the female of eurypus, the clypeal lobe is well
defined, with an arcuate free margin and no teeth or carinae
(Fig. 38a), and the pygidial plate has inconspicuous, sparse setae.
Females of other species are similar (chalcithorax, electus, ka-
rooensis, Siamensis, simplex, sobrinus, and tissa), but in eurypus
the clypeal lobe is longer, narrower (Fig. 38a), and the hindtar-
somere III is broader (Fig. 39a): distance between lobe corners
about 1.5 x length of clypeal midlength, or 1.9-2.0 = distance
between corner and orbit; length of hindtarsomere III about
1.3-1.4 x apical width. In the other species, these ratios are:
clypeal midlength = 2.0-2.2 (e/ectus), 2.3-2.5 (most species) or
2.6-2.7 (simplex, sobrinus); and hindtarsomere III = 1.5 (ka-
rooensis), 1.6 (chalcithorax, tissa), or 1.7—1.8 (most species).
In the male, the clypeal lobe has well-defined corners and an
arcuate free margin (Fig. 38c). The clypeus is similar in simplex,
but in eurypus the foretrochanteral notch is deep, not extending
54
a, female hindtarsomeres II-V (
489)
FiGuRE 39, Gastrosericus eurypus
foretrochanter (* 210); e, same, notch bottom (=
to the trochanteral apex (Fig. 39d), with a conspicuous row of
semierect cilia (Fig. 39e), and the hindtarsomere III is broad:
length about 1.3 apical width (Fig. 39b, c). In simplex, the
trochanteral notch 1s shallow, not clearly delimited distally (Fig.
Illa, b), without a row of cilia, and the hindtarsomere III is
narrow (length about 1.8 = apical width).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin arcuate or with a rudiment
of median notch. Orbit closer to hindocellar scar than to an-
tennal socket (insignificantly so in male). Propleuron simple.
Thoracic punctures fine, but well-defined on scutum and meso-
pleuron. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal cell:
length of costal margin 3.3-4.0
veins interstitial above or confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa;
apical truncation. Recurrent
85), b,
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
YX
Ars,
male hindtarsomeres II-V (* 99), c, male hindtarsomere III (* 474); d, male
propodeal setae nearly appressed between side and hindface;
mesopleural setae partly obscuring integument.
Head black, mandible yellowish red except black apically,
clypeus reddish along free margin of lobe. Thorax all black or
pronotal lobe yellow and tegula yellowish red. Gaster all black
or two or three basal segments red. Femora black except yellow
apically. Tibiae all reddish, or all brown, or foretibia reddish,
with yellow outer side, and mid- and hindtibiae reddish, with
yellow dorsum. Tarsi reddish or brown. Wings slightly infumate.
2?.— Mandible (Fig. 38b): inner margin with two subbasal teeth
and well-defined cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
38a): disk without teeth or carinae; middle section slightly, even-
ly convex, uniformly punctate except for impunctate lip; free
margin of lobe evenly arcuate, corner well-defined; distance
between lobe corners about 2.0 x distance between corner and
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
@ eurypus
@ fluviatilis
® fulani
30°—
55
30° 45° 60°
— 30°
30° 45° 60°
Ficure 40. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus eurypus, fluviatilis, and fulant. The combined symbols indicate that two species occur in one locality
orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.9 x
scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.2-1.3
x apical width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side
not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 rake spines;
length of apical spine 1.2 = apical width of basitarsus. Length
of hindtarsomere III 1.3 x apical width. Foretarsomere IV:
length of inner apical spine 0.5—0.6 = apical width of tarsomere.
Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II
pubescent throughout or narrowly glabrous apicomesally. Py-
gidial plate with sparse, inconspicuous setae. Length 6.2-6.8 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin with well-defined subbasal tooth.
Clypeus (Fig. 39c): lobe well-defined, its free margin arcuate,
distance between corners 1.3 x distance between corner and
orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.75
x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length about 1.25 x apical
width. Foretrochanteral notch deep, about as long as distance
that separates it from trochanteral apex, with surface com-
pressed to sharp crest that is covered with conspicuous setae
(Fig. 39d); setae oriented toward trochanteral base (Fig. 39e).
Forebasitarsus with 3 or 4 rake spines; longest spine about equal
to apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with one
or two preapical spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus with one such
spine or without spines. Length of hindtarsomere III 1.3 ~
apical width. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws.
56
FiGure 41. Gastrosericus fluviatilis: a, female head ( 27), b, female clypeus ( x
plate (* 75); f, male head (= 29); g, male clypeus (* 73): h, volsella (x 216).
Pygidial plate densely setose. Sterna without mesal depressions,
finely, almost uniformly punctate (punctures somewhat sparser
on apical depressions in some specimens): sternal setae short,
uniform. Sternum VIII emarginate apically (scarcely so in some
individuals). Volsella: Fig. 38d. Length 6.1-6.4 mm.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
51), c, female mandible (= 50); d, female head laterally (* 40); e, female pygidial
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 40).— Western Cape Prov-
ince of South Africa.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province: Cedarberg 15-30 km
SE Clanwilliam, 24 Oct 1982, T.L. and R.L. Griswold (USU) Paratypes: SOUTH
AFRICA: Cape Province: Cedarberg 15-30 km SE Clanwilliam, date and collec-
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
tors as in holotype (3 9, 2 6, CAS; 2 2, 2 8, USU), 12 Dec 1973, P. M. F. Verhoeff
(2 2, CAS, RMNH), Pakhuis Pass, 24 Oct 1982, T. L. and R. L. Griswold (1 8,
USU); 13.5 mi SSW Springbok, 7 Sep 1972, M. E. and B. J. Irwin (1 6, UCD);
Wellington, Rooshoek, 17-30 Nov 1973, P. M. F. Verhoeff (1 2, RMNH).
Gastrosericus fluviatilis Arnold
(Figures 40-42)
Gastrosericus fluviatilis Arnold, 1951:157, 2, 6. Lectotype: 2, Mali: Tillembeya on
Niger River (BMNH), present designation, examined.—Bohart and Menke,
1976:256 (listed).
DIAGNosIs. — Gastrosericus fluviatilis ranges from western Af-
rica to Sudan. The female has a distinctive clypeus (Fig. 41a,
b): the lobe includes a median projection and two lateral points,
and the free margin is almost straight between the projection
and the points. In addition, the gena has a tooth or at least a
sharp tubercle (Fig. 41d). The Oriental rothneyi is similar, but
differs in having two genal teeth (Fig. 97d) and the free margin
of the clypeal lobe markedly concave between the projection
and the points (Fig. 97a, b). The shape of the pronotum is a
subsidiary diagnostic feature shared with neavei, rothneyi and
some vedda: the side is sulcate, but the precollar has no lateral,
longitudinal carina.
The male has a sharply pointed clypeal lobe (Fig. 41f, g),
appressed vertex setae, a weakly developed abductor mandib-
ular ridge, black clypeus and gaster, and the inner claws of the
mid- and hindtarsi are at least slightly smaller than the outer
claws. Males of pul/chellus (southern African) and rothneyi (Ori-
ental) are similar, but in fluviatilis the side of the propodeal
dorsum and of the hindface are shiny, with well-defined punc-
tures (which are markedly larger than genal punctures adjacent
to the orbits); and the setae, adjacent to the oral fossa, are nearly
appressed, shorter than the midocellar diameter. In pulchellus,
the propodeum is finely, uniformly sculptured, and in rothneyi
the setae, adjacent to the oral fossa, are erect and about one
midocellar diameter long. Gastrosericus modestus is also similar,
but it has rows of conspicuous sternal setae (Fig. 75f) which are
lacking in fluviatilis.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge evanescent. Labrum: free margin conspicuously emar-
ginate. Orbit equidistant from antennal socket and hindocellar
scar. Propleuron simple. Thorax finely punctured, but individ-
ual punctures visible on scutum. Scutal flange evenly curved
throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 4.0-4.5
apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate (male from Tam-
bacounda), interstitial above, or confluent in a short petiole.
Setae nearly appressed adjacent to oral fossa, about 0.2 x
basal mandibular width; appressed on vertex; semierect between
propodeal side and hindface; not obscuring mesopleural integ-
ument.
Head and thorax black, but the following are pale yellow:
mandible (brown apically), scapal apex, pronotal lobe posteri-
orly, tegula, and humeral plate. Gaster black. Femora black,
with pale yellow apical spot (spot longer ventrally than dorsally).
Foretibia pale yellow, brown or light ferruginous on inner side;
mid- and hindtibiae pale yellow, dark brown ventrally (dark
zone not reaching apex in specimens from Mali). Foretarsus all
pale yellow or ferruginous apically; midtarsus pale yellow ba-
sally, brown or ferruginous apically; hindtarsus all dark brown
or pale yellow basally; all tarsi brown in the male from Senegal.
Wings slightly infumate.
2.— Mandible (Fig. 41c): inner margin with two subbasal teeth
57
FiGure 42
Gastrosericus fluviatilis: male foretrochanter (* 234).
separated by cleft, without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 41a,
b): disk without teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe mesally
with narrow, almost parallel-sided projection and with lateral
incisions, corner well-defined; distance between corners 2.6
distance between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar
scar and orbit about 1.0 x scar length. Gena, behind mandibular
base, with tooth adjacent to occipital carina (Fig. 41d), but tooth
reduced to sharp tubercle in smallest specimens. Flagellomere
I: dorsal length 1.6 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar not
carinate laterally, side sulcate. Forecoxa concave anteromesally,
foremargin raised, swollen. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines;
length of apical spine equal to apical width of basitarsus. Fore-
tarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine 0.2—0.4 x apical width
of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines.
Sternum II setose throughout. Pygidial plate densely punctate
and setose except impunctate and asetose basomedially (Fig.
4le). Length 5.5-8.5 mm.
6.—Mandible: inner margin obtusely angulate subbasally.
Clypeus (Fig. 41f, g): free margin of lobe pointed, not angulate
laterally, forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.6 scar
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.3 = apical width. Fore-
trochanteral notch deep, slightly longer than distance that sep-
arates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 42); notch bottom uni-
formly setose. Forebasitarsus with 2 or 3 rake spines; longest
spine 0.5 x apical width of basitarsus. Mid- and hindbasitarsus
without dorsal preapical spines. Inner claws of mid- and hind-
tarsi minimally smaller to markedly smaller than outer claws.
Pygidial plate densely punctate and setose. Sterna without mesal
depressions, minutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae
short, uniform. Sternum VIII rounded or shallowly emarginate
apically. Volsella: Fig. 41h. Length 5.5-6.5 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 40).—Senegal, Mali, and
Burkina Faso to Sudan.
Recorps.— BURKINA FASO: Gourma Kompienga 20 km S Pama (1 8, 1 4,
CAS; 3 9, 2 6, LEM).
MALI: 25 km N Bamako (2 2, CAS), 30 km N Bamako (5 2,
6, MS), Tillembeya on Niger River, approximately 14°N, 4°W (4 8, 1
lectotype 2 and paralectotypes).
1 6, CAS; 4 2, 1
6, BMNH,
FiGure 43
SENEGAL: 70 km E Kolda (2 °, AAM; | °, CAS), Tambacounda (1 4, FSAG).
SUDAN: Tonga (1 2, BMNH).
Gastrosericus fulani sp. n.
(Figures 40, 43, 44)
DERIVATION OF NAME. — Fud/ani, a western African ethnic group
also known as Peul or Fula, a noun in apposition to the generic
name.
DIAGNOsIS. — Gastrosericus fulani is characterized by the fol-
FiGure 44
Gastrosericus fulant: male foretrochanter (* 147)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Gastrosericus fulant: a, female clypeus (* 59); b, female mandible (= 73); ¢, male clypeus (* 61); d. volsella (x 193)
lowing: propleuron with shiny, triangular elevation near hind-
margin (as in Fig. 143b), setae conspicuous adjacent to the oral
fossa (setal length 0.6-0.7 = basal width of mandible), and
appressed on frons, scape, and hindfemur. Gastrosericus nama
and many guig/iae are similar, but in fu/ani the mesopleural
setae are sinuous (straight in nama); in the female, the free
margin of the clypeal lobe is arcuate, angulate laterally (Fig.
43a), whereas differently shaped in the other two (see Figs. 49a
and 80a); and the inner mandibular margin has no preapical
tooth (tooth present in nama); in the male, the free margin of
the clypeal lobe is roundly pointed (Fig. 43c), but obtusely point-
ed in nama and acutely angulate in guig/iae, and setae of sterna
V and VI are uniformly long (in the other species, setae are short
except the long, stiff setae that delimit apical depressions).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin roundly emarginate. Orbit
closer to hindocellus than to antennal socket. Propleuron near
hindmargin with shiny, triangular elevation that is slightly rising
posterad. Scutal punctures well-defined, conspicuous; meso-
pleuron punctatorugose. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout
or minimally expanded adjacent to tegula and contrastingly con-
cave between expansion and hindcorner. Marginal cell: length
of costal margin 2.0-2.4 = apical truncation. Recurrent veins
interstitial above or confluent in a short petiole.
Setal length 0.6-0.7 = basal width of mandible adjacent to
oral fossa and partly on thorax (including propodeum); setae
appressed on frons, scape, and hindfemur; mesopleural setae
sinuous, partly obscuring integument.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
oy
FiGure 45.
59
Gastrosericus funereus, female: a, head frontally (* 36); b, clypeus (= 65); c, central portion of clypeus with a transverse carina (= 65); d, clypeus of
an aberrant specimen from Oman (x 51); e, clypeus of an aberrant specimen from United Arab Emirates (= 49), f, clypeus of an aberrant specimen from Turkey ( *
46); g, female head laterally (= 40); h, mandible (= 86).
Head and thorax black, but scapal apex and venter pale yel-
low; clypeus yellow (specimens from Senegal) or brown (Togo);
mandible (except apically), tegula, and humeral plate pale yellow
(Senegal) or brownish yellow (Togo). Gaster red. Femora black
(except apically) to red. Tibiae red, yellow dorsally or (foretibia)
on outer side. Tarsi red. Wings almost hyaline.
°.—Mandible (Fig. 43b): inner margin with two subbasal,
convex expansions separated by shallow concavity, without
preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 43a): disk without teeth or carinae;
free margin of lobe arcuate except concave laterally; corners
well-defined, separated by distance that is about 1.7 x distance
between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar
and orbit about 0.75 = scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere
I: dorsal length 2.2 =< apical width. Pronotum: precollar not
carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasi-
tarsus with 7 rake spines; length of apical spine 2.6 x apical
width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical
spine about 1.5 = apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarso-
mere V without preapical spines. Sternum II apicomesally with
glabrous, triangular area. Pygidial plate covered with dense,
stout setae. Length 7.5-8.5 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 43c): free margin of lobe obtusely pointed mesally, not
angulate laterally, forming single curved line with rest of clypeal
60
FiGure 46. Gastrosericus funereus, male: a, head frontally (= 43); b, clypeus
(* 81); c, volsella (x 241).
margin. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.8
x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.7-1.8 x apical
width. Foretrochanteral notch asetose, about as long as distance
that separates it from trochanteral apex. Forebasitarsus with 2—
5 rake spines; longest spine 1.6—1.7 x apical width of basitarsus.
Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus with two preapical spines
each. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial
plate densely punctate and setose. Sterna III and IV with fim-
briate depressions (except laterally), fimbriae appressed basally
and fully concealing integument, curving downward apically;
setae of sterna V and VI dense, long (those setae that delimit
apical depression no longer than remaining ones). Sternum VIII
rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 43d. Length 7.0-8.0 mm.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 40).—Senegal to Togo.
Recorps. — Holotype: ¢, SENEGAL: Bayakh 45 km E Dakar, 7 Jul 1991, WJP
(CAS). Paratypes: GHANA: Kawampe, 8°30'N, 1°35'W, 45 km N Kintampo, 2
Feb 1991, WJP (4 4, CAS).
MALI: Sévaré, 8 Mar 1981, J.W. Everts (1 2, 1 6, CAS; 1 2, 2 6, LUW; 1 9, 1
3, ZMA).
TOGO: Sokode, Dec 1982, AP (1 2, CAS; 2 9, 1 8, FSAG).
SENEGAL: Bayakh 45 km E Dakar, 7 Jul 1991, WJP (1 4, CAS); Kaolack, 18
Jul 1988, AM (AAM); Koumpentoum, Mar 1976, GC (1 6, CAS; 2 4, UCD);
Toubacouta, 12°42'N, 15°49'W, 16 Feb 1988, AM (1 6, AAM); Vélingara, 15 May
1983, J. W. Everts (1 4, LUW; 1 9, ZMA).
Gastrosericus funereus Gussakovskiy
(Figures 45-48)
Gastrosericus funereus Gussakovski, 1931:455, 6. Holotype: 4, Turkmenistan:
Anau near Askhabad (ZIN), examined. —Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed);
Kazenas, 1978:137 (in key); Pulawski, 1982:363 (synonymy).
Gastrosericus eremorum de Beaumont, 1955:194, °. Holotype: 2, Morocco: Ti-
nerhir (MZL), examined. New synonym.—Bohart and Menke, 1956:256 (listed).
Gastrosericus apostoli de Beaumont, 1967:322, 2, 6. Holotype: 2, Turkey: Mersin
Province: Tarsus (J. Gusenleitner coll., Linz), examined. Synonymized with
Gastrosericus funereus by Pulawski, 1982:363.—de Beaumont, Bytinski-Salz,
and Pulawski, 1973:16 (Israel).
D1aGnosis.—In the female of fimereus, the clypeal disk has a
transverse or broadly V-shaped carina that is continuous, in-
terrupted mesally, or reduced to a pair of teeth (Fig. 45a-f).
Other features are: pronotal side sulcate, gena in most specimens
dentate (Fig. 45g).
In the male, the vestiture is appressed, the free margin of the
clypeal lobe is broadly arcuate and not angulate laterally (Fig.
46a, b), the foretrochanteral notch is deep, and sternal setae are
short, even. The males of azyx, chalcithorax, electus, karooensis,
and senegalensis are similar, but in funereus the preapical rake
spines of the forebasitarsus are absent or shorter than the ba-
sitarsus width (spines as long as the basitarsus width or longer
in the other species). Subsidiary recognition features are: anten-
na black (scape translucent apically), femora nearly black (yellow
only at the very apex), and scutal flange slightly expanded over
the tegula and contrastingly concave between expansion and
scutal hindcorner.
DESCRIPTION (see also Variation below).— Mandible: poste-
rior margin notched, abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free mar-
gin broadly, shallowly emarginate, biarcuate in some females.
Orbit slightly further from antennal socket than from hindo-
cellar scar in female, almost equidistant in male. Propleuron
simple. Thorax finely sculptured, but individual punctures dis-
cernible on scutum. Scutal flange minimally expanded adjacent
to tegula, contrastingly concave between expansion and hind-
corner. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.0-5.0 x apical
truncation. Recurrent veins interstitial above (Moroccan and
Turkmen specimens, male from Oman) or confluent in a short
petiole.
Vestiture short, appressed, including setae adjacent to oral
fossa, nearly appressed between propodeal side and hindface;
partly obscuring mesopleural integument in female, not ob-
scuring in male.
Head black including clypeus and scape (scape translucent
apically), mandible yellow or yellowish brown mesally. Thorax
black except pronotal lobe, tegula, and humeral plate externally
pale yellow. Femora black (brown reddish in some females),
narrowly yellow apically; tibiae black or (most specimens) outer
side of foretibia and mid- and hindtibial dorsum pale yellow
(see also Variation below); tarsi all brown or pale yellow basally.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 47.
Gaster black or segments I-III red. Wings hyaline or slightly
infumate.
?.— Mandible (Fig. 45h): inner margin with one subbasal tooth,
no cleft, and with obtusely angulate preapical expansion (which
is lacking in worn specimens). Clypeus (Fig. 45a—c): disk in most
specimens with obtuse carina that is continuous or mesally in-
terrupted, straight or broadly V-shaped; in some specimens ca-
rina reduced to a pair of transverse teeth; free margin truncate
or very shallowly concave, corner well-defined; distance be-
tween corners 2.4-2.8 x distance between corner and orbit;
corners slightly prominent in some individuals. Distance be-
tween hindocellar scar and orbit about equal to scar length. Gena
with tooth below midheight (Fig. 45g), but tooth evanescent in
small specimens. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.5-1.8 = apical
width. Pronotum: precollar with lateral, longitudinal carina (ca-
rina absent in one specimen from Tarsus), side sulcate. Forecoxa
shallowly concave near midlength adjacent to inner margin.
Forebasitarsus with 4 (some specimens) or 5 rake spines, length
of apical spine 1.1-1.5 x basitarsus width. Foretarsomere IV:
length of inner apical spine 0.3—-0.4 x apical width of tarsomere.
Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II
setose throughout (holotype of apostoli) or with glabrous, tri-
angular area apicomesally. Setae of pygidial plate thin, incon-
spicuous except stout on about apical third. Length 5.8-6.5 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 46a, b): free margin of lobe arcuate, not angulate laterally,
its free margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal
margin. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.2
x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.I-l.2 x apical
width. Foretrochanteral notch about as long as distance that
separates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 47a), notch bottom
covered with appressed setae (Fig. 48b). Forebasitarsus with 0-
3 rake spines (near base, at midlength, and at apex); spine length
less than apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hind-
basitarsus without preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as
large as outer claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna without mesal
depressions, closely, microscopically punctate throughout; ster-
nal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII with shallowly concave
apical margin (slightly pointed apicolaterally). Volsella: Fig. 46c.
Length 5.0-5.5 mm.
Gastrosericus funereus, male: a, foretrochanter (= 258); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (
1363)
VARIATION.—The only Moroccan female seen differs from
other specimens in the tibial coloration: the foretibia is brown
except a small yellow spot basally, the midtibial dorsum has a
yellow spot basally and a narrow yellow strip on the apical half,
and the hindtibial dorsum has a yellow strip that does not extend
to the tibial apex.
Four Middle East females are so distinct from average fu-
nereus that they warrant a separate discussion. They are char-
acterized by their large size, exuberance of certain structures,
inner mandibular margin with obtuse cleft, mesopleural vesti-
ture totally concealing integument, mandible yellow or reddish
except dark brown apically, and gaster and hindfemur all or
largely red (other characters are as in the Description above). I
assign them to funereus because they appear to form a contin-
uous transformation series with typical specimens of the species.
(1) A female from Mahdah, Oman. Transverse clypeal carina
evanescent except laterally, thus forming a pair of prominent
teeth (Fig. 45d); lobe broad, distance between corners 3.7
distance between corner and orbit. Flagellomere I: dorsal length
about 2.0 x apical width. Genal tooth larger than in Fig. 45g.
Forebasitarsus with 5 rake spines on one leg and 6 on other.
Gaster red except terga IV and V largely darkened; femora min-
imally yellow apically, hindfemur somewhat darkened dorsally;
black replaced by red on tibia; tarsi brown red. Length 8.1 mm.
(2) Two females from Abut and Shweib/Madain, United Arab
Emirates. Transverse clypeal carina prominent, obtusely
V-shaped; lobe unusually broad, distance between corners 4.1
x distance between corner and orbit; free margin of lobe con-
spicuously, roundly, prominent mesally, straight between prom-
inence and corner (Fig. 45e). Distance between hindocellar scar
and orbit about 1.25 x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length
about 2.0 x apical width. Propleuron with toothlike projection
emerging near middle of its hindmargin and with expanded
posterolateral corner; expansion about as large as in synander
(see Fig. 119), but irregularly triangular (longest anteriorly) rath-
er than rounded in dorsal view. Forebasitarsus with 5-7 rake
spines. Gaster all red; fore- and midfemora largely red, yellow
apically; hindfemur all red except for yellow apical spot; black
replaced by red on tibiae; tarsi red, yellow basally. Length 6.5-
7.0 mm.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
SNIIUNJ SNIMASOASDLH JO SANRIO] BUNZAJOD “gp aMNDIy
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
63
FiGure 49.
(3) A female from Zerikey area, Turkey. Clypeal free margin
conspicuously, roundly prominent mesally, markedly concave
between prominence and orbit (Fig. 45f); lobe corners reduced.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 2.2 x apical width. Propleuron
expanded posterolaterally into large, irregularly shaped projec-
tion which, unlike madecassus or swalei, is oriented ventrad and
not laterad. Forebasitarsus with 5 spines on one leg and 6 on
other. Gaster red; femora minimally yellow apically, hindfemur
largely reddish; tarsi red. Length 7.9 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 48). — Gastrosericus funereus
is known from two widely separated areas. One is Morocco (only
one specimen found to date), the other includes northwestern
Egypt, Israel, southern Turkey, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Turk-
menistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, and India.
Recorps.—COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES: Tajikistan:
foothills of Mt. Aktau in Dushanbe area (1 2, VLK); Garauty on Vakhsh River
in Kolkhozabad district (2 ¢, VLK). Turkmenistan: Anau, 10 km E Askhabad
(holotype ¢ of funereus, ZIN), Kerki (1 4, ZIN).
EGYPT: 18-25 km W Suez (1 46, USNM).
INDIA: Uttar Pradesh: Kotdwara in Garhwal District (1 °, ZMK).
IRAN: Fars: Dania Namak, 27 km E Shiraz (1 2, 1 6, CAS).
ISRAEL: Wadi Raman (de Beaumont, Bytinski-Salz, and Pulawski, 1973).
MOROCCO: Tinerhir (1 2, holotype of eremoruwm, MZL).
OMAN: Mahdah (1 2, KMG), Rostag (1 6, KMG), Wadi Khabb (1 2, KMG).
PAKISTAN: Baluchistan: Hazarganji Chiltan National Park 20 km SW Quetta
(3 2, CAS). Punjab: Bahawalpur (2 2, 2 6, CAS), Faisalabad (1 2, UCD).
TURKEY: Diyarbakir: between Bitlis and Zerikey, circa 37°55'N, 41°17’E (1
Gastrosericus guigliae: a, female clypeus (= 60); b, female mandible (= 57); c, male clypeus (= 55); d, volsella (x 228)
2, KMG). Mersin: Mut (1 2, MS), Tarsus (1 2, JG, holotype of apostoli, paratypes
of apostoli: 2 8, CAS, JG; 1 2, 2 6, MZL).
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Abu Dhabi International Airport, 24°26'N,
54°38’E (1 2, KMG), Shweib/Madain (1 2, CAS), Wadi Bih (1 2, CAS).
Gastrosericus guigliae de Beaumont
(Figures 49-51)
Gastrosericus guigliae de Beaumont, 1956:203, 2. Holotype: 2, Libya: Tnpolitania:
Garian (BMNH), examined.—not Pulawski, 1964:111 (actually Gastrosericus
pnepheros), Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus guigliae has a shiny, triangular el-
evation on the propleuron (as in Fig. 143b), setae are long ad-
jacent to the oral fossa (setal length about equal to basal width
of mandible), and appressed on the scape and hindfemur. The
female has a distinctive clypeus: free margin obtusely pointed
mesally and angulate between the middle and lateral sections
(Fig. 49a); and the inner mandibular margin without a preapical
tooth (Fig. 49b) is a subsidiary recognition feature. The male is
unique in the genus in having the hypostomal carina expanded
adjacent to mandibular base (Fig. 50a), and the yellow, sharply
pointed clypeus (shared with capensis) helps in identification.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin shallowly emarginate in
female but rounded in male. Clypeal surface similar as in pne-
pheros, more convex mesally than in drewseni, capensis, and
64
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 50
waltlii. Orbit closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket.
Propleuron near hindmargin with shiny, triangular elevation
that is slightly msing posterad. Scutum and mesopleuron with
well-defined punctures or mesopleural punctures compressed
against each other, ill-defined. Scutal flange evenly curved
apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate or interstitial above.
Setae sinuous on thorax and also adjacent to oral fossa, where
they are 0.7-0.8 =< basal width of mandible; almost entirely
obscuring mesopleural integument; appressed on scapal and
hindfemoral venters; frontal setae appressed or some setae semi-
erect on midline above antennal sockets.
Head and thorax black except the following are pale yellow:
mandible (except apically), clypeus, scape (except dorsally in
female), tegula, and humeral plate. Gaster red. Fore- and mid-
femora dark brown except yellow apically, hindfemur red except
narrowly yellow apically. Tibiae red, pale yellow dorsally or
(forefemur) on outer side. Tarsi red. Wings hyaline.
2.— Mandible (Fig. 49b): inner margin without subbasal teeth,
cleft, or preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 49a): disk without teeth
or carinae; free margin of lobe arcuate, corner well-defined,
distance between corners 2.0 distance between corner and
orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about equal
to scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.7
x apical width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side
not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 7 rake spines;
length of apical spine 2.4 apical width of basitarsus. Fore-
tarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine 0.8-1.2 = apical width
of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines.
Sternum II apicomesally with glabrous, tnangular area. Pygidial
plate covered with stout setae. Length 7.3 mm.
é.-Mandible: inner margin with no subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 49c): lobe sharply pointed, not angulate laterally, forming
single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Hypostomal ca-
rina expanded adjacent to mandibular base (Fig. 50a), expansion
round or angulate. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit
about 1.1 scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.6-1.7
apical width. Foretrochanteral notch not sharply delimited
distally, but longer than distance that separates it from tro-
chanteral apex (Fig. 50b); bottom with no particular structure.
Gastrosericus guigliae, male: a, postenor surface of head with arrow showing expanded hypostomal carina (= 56); b, foretrochanter (« 194).
Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines; longest spine 2.0 = apical
width of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus and of hindbas-
itarsus each with two preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi
as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely setose. Sterna III
and IV (except laterally) with fimbriate depressions, fimbriae
appressed basally and fully concealing integument, curving
downward apically; sterna V and VI with usual, straight setae
that delimit apical depression, and with shorter, dense, erect
setae. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 49d. Length
8.7-9.0 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 51).—Egypt, Libya.
Recorps.—EGYPT: Al Jizah (= Ghiza): Dahshour (1 6, USNM). Al Qahirah
(= Cairo): Wadi Digla (1 2, NHMW), Wadi el Tih (4 9, 1 6, CAS; 1 2, MZL,
paratype; 11 2, 1 6, NHMW). Al Qanal: Fayed (1 2, JG)
LIBYA: Tripolitania: Garian (1 2, BMNH, holotype of guig/iae).
Gastrosericus herero sp. n.
(Figures 51-53)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Named after the Herero people of
Namibia; a noun in apposition to the generic name.
DIAGNOsIS.— Gastrosericus herero is known only from Na-
mibia. The female has a sinuate clypeal lobe with a well-defined
corner (Fig. 52a, b), a conspicuous genal tooth (Fig. 52d), and
a deeply sulcate pronotal side. Several species are similar (bam-
bara, braunsi, pulchellus, and unicolor), but in herero the median
portion of the clypeal free margin is wider and less strongly
arcuate (Fig. 52a, b), the adductor interspace on inner mandib-
ular face is conspicuously concave basally, the pygidial plate
has only a few setae at the apex (plate with numerous setae in
the other species except braunsi), and the forecoxal venter has
a long expansion anteriorly (Fig. 52e); the expansion is short or
absent except in braunsi. An all red gaster 1s a subsidiary rec-
ognition feature. Unlike braunsi, the female of herero has no
additional carina between the genal tooth and hypostomal ca-
rina.
The male has appressed setae on the head; an all yellow clyp-
eus with an acutely pointed lobe; the scutal flange is present,
evenly curved throughout; and the terga have no yellow mark-
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
30°—
@ guigliae
65
30° 45° 60°
—15°
@ herero
30°— . ;
® hombori 30
| |
15° O° 15° 30° 45° 60°
FiGure 51. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus guigliae, herero, and hombori
ings. These features are also found in /epidus and many unicolor,
but Aerero differs in having a largely red rather than black gaster.
The apically emarginate sternum VIII is an additional recog-
nition feature.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin roundly emarginate. Orbit
equidistant from antennal socket and hindocellar scar in female,
slightly further from hindocellar scar than from antennal socket
in male. Propleuron simple. Thorax finely sculptured, but in-
dividual punctures discernible on scutum. Scutal flange evenly
curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.4—
3.8 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins mostly confluent above
in a short petiole, interstitial in some specimens.
Setae appressed on head and thorax including those adjacent
to oral fossa (except semierect between propodeal side and hind-
face), obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head black but clypeus yellow; scapal venter yellow (only
apically so in female). Mandible yellow, black apically. Thorax
black, but pronotal lobe, tegula, and humeral plate pale yellow.
Gaster red, brown apically in most males. Femora: see below.
Tibiae ferruginous ventrally and yellow dorsally; foretibia yel-
low on outer side. Tarsi reddish in female, red or yellow in male.
Wings almost hyaline.
9.—Mandible (Fig. 52c): inner margin with basal tooth but
without cleft or preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 52a, b): disk with
obtuse, median carina that is absent basally and apically; free
margin markedly convex mesally and markedly concave later-
ally (convex portion larger than concave one), corner well-de-
66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
1 V
a
ance
C
e
FiGure 52. Gastrosericus herero: a, female head (= 33); b, female clypeus (= 56), c, female mandible (* 55); d, female head laterally (= 43); e, left forecoxa of
female, lateral view, dorsal side up (* 69); f, volsella (* 210).
fined; distance between corners 2.1—2.3 x distance between cor-
ner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
1.4 = scar length. Gena with tooth at level of mandibular base
(Fig. 52d); tooth adjacent to occipital carina. Flagellomere I:
dorsal length 1.6-1.7 =< apical width. Pronotum: precollar car-
inate laterally, side deeply sulcate. Forecoxa concave near inner
margin, expanded into prominent, oblong tooth near anterior
margin (Fig. 52e). Forebasitarsus with 5 five rake spines; length
of apical spine 1.2 = apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere
IV: length of inner apical spine 0.25-0.4 x apical width of
tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Ster-
num II asetose apicomesally. Pygidial plate sparsely punctate,
with microscopic, sparse setae and in most specimens with a
few stout setae at apex. Length 7.0-8.0 mm.
Forefemur black basally, yellow apically; midfemur largely
red but black basally and yellow apically; hindfemur red, yellow
apically (yellow portions of all femora longer ventrally than
dorsally).
é.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus:
free margin of lobe sharply pointed, not angulate laterally, form-
ing single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance be-
tween hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.5 = scar length. Fla-
gellomere I: dorsal length 0.8 < apical width. Foretrochanteral
notch about as long as distance that separates it from trochan-
teral apex (Fig. 53a); notch bottom uniformly covered with sub-
erect setae (Fig. 53b). Forebasitarsus with 3 rake spines; longest
spine equal to apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and
hindbasitarsus without preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi
as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate and
setose. Sterna without mesal depressions, microscopically, closely
punctate throughout; sternal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII
markedly emarginate apically. Volsella: Fig. 52f. Length 4.8-
5.8 mm.
Femora black, with yellow apical spot that is longer ventrally
than dorsally.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 51).— Namibia.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 53.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, NAMIBIA: Karibib District: 62 km E Karibib, 20 Feb
1990, WJP (CAS). Paratypes: NAMIBIA: Karibib District: same data as holotype
(3 2, CAS), MS (1 2, MS); 43 km E Kanibib, 20 Feb 1990, MS (2 2, 2 6, MS), WJP
(2 8, 46, CAS); 15 km W Karibib, 26 Feb 1990, MS (4 8, | 6, MS), WJP (1 9, 4
6, CAS); same locality, 28 Feb 1990, MS (1 4, MS), WJP (2 2, 2 4, CAS); 20 km
N Karibib, 10 Feb 1993, JG (1 2, 2 4, CAS; 3 9, 15 6, JG), MS (5 6, CAS; 1 9, 15
6, MS); 23 km N Karibib, 27 Feb 1990, WJP (2 2, CAS); 17 km W Usakos, 21
Feb 1990, WJP (2 2, 3 6, CAS). Okahandja District: Okahandja, 24 Feb 1972,
Southern African Expedition (5 2, BMNH); Okahandja, 19-27 Dec 1927, R.E.
Turner (1 6, BMNH); 17 km W Okahandja, 19 Feb 1990, MS (1 2, 2.4, MS), WJP.
(1 2, CAS). Outjo District: Etosha National Park at 19°04’S, 14°43’E (1 2, SMNW,
type number T-867). Otjiwarongo District: 20 km NE Otjiwarongo, 13 Feb 1990,
MS (1 4, MS). Rehoboth District: 15 km N Kalkrand, 14 Feb 1990, MS (1 9, 3 4,
MS); 27 km N Kalkrand, 14 Feb 1990, WJP (1 4, CAS); 7 km N Rehoboth, 7 Feb
1990, WJP (1 6, CAS); 23 km N Rehoboth, 15 and 17 Feb 1990, MS (2 9, MS),
WJP (1 6, BMNH; 2 2, 8 ¢, CAS). Windhoek District: 36 km E Windhoek, 16 Feb
1990, WJP (2 2, CAS).
Gastrosericus hombori sp. n.
(Figures 51, 54, 55)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Hombori, a locality in Mali where
the holotype was collected. The name means “‘it is nice weather
today” in the Songhai language and is used here as a noun in
apposition to the generic name.
DIAGNosIs.— The female of hombori has a unique combina-
tion of stout but relatively sparse pygidial setae (Fig. 54d) and
yellow apical depressions of terga I-V, and the spinose venter
of the apical tarsomeres (Fig. 55a, b) 1s a subsidiary recognition
feature. In the male, the apical depressions of terga I-V are also
yellow. The males of /ucidus and xanthophilus are similar but
in hombori the free margin of the clypeal lobe is arcuate (Fig.
54e), whereas it is pointed in the other two (Figs. 67d; 148h-}).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible with notched posterior margin, ab-
ductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin emarginate. Orbit
closer to hindocellus than to antennal socket. Posterior margin
of head more arcuate than in most other species (Fig. 44c).
Propleuron simple. Thorax finely sculptured, individual punc-
tures barely discernible on scutum. Scutal flange evenly curved
throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 1.9-2.0 x
apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate or interstitial above.
Gastrosericus herero, male: a, foretrochanter (= 284); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* 790).
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa and
those between propodeal setae and hindface; obscuring meso-
pleural integument.
Head black, but mandible (except apically), clypeus, and scape
(except dorsally) pale yellow. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe,
tegula and humeral plate pale yellow. Gaster red, apical de-
pressions of terga I-V (I-VI in male) pale yellow; red replaced
by dark brown on male terga I[V—VI. Male coxae partly yellow.
Femora red (red partly or entirely replaced by black on fore-
and midfemora), with yellow apical spot that is markedly longer
ventrally than dorsally. Tibiae red, yellow dorsally (outer side
yellow on foretibia); all yellow basally and apically in male.
Tarsi: female foretarsus yellow, slightly darker apically, mid-
and hindtarsi reddish except yellow basally; male tarsi pale yel-
low. Wings hyaline.
.— Mandible (Fig. 54b): inner margin with obtuse basal tooth,
without cleft or preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 54a): disk without
teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe arcuate or slightly sinuate;
distance between corners about 4.8 x distance between corner
and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
0.8 x scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length
1.7 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally,
side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 6 rake
spines (5 on one leg in some specimens); length of apical spine
2.0-2.1 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length
of inner apical spine 0.7—0.9 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter
of each tarsomere V spinose (Fig. 55a, b), many spines placed
along lateral margin and visible in dorsal view. Sternum II ap-
icomesally with glabrous, triangular area. Pygidial plate covered
with stout, sparse setae (Fig. 54d). Length 5.5-6.5 mm.
6.—Clypeus (Fig. 54e): free margin of lobe arcuate, not an-
gulate laterally, forming single curved line with rest of clypeal
margin. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.1
x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.1-1.2 x apical
width. Foretrochanteral notch longer than distance that sepa-
rates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 55c); notch bottom covered
with appressed setae (Fig. 55d). Forebasitarsus with 3 or 4 rake
spines; longest spine 1.7 x apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum
68
FiGure 54
e, male clypeus (* 99); f, volsella (= 286)
of midbasitarsus with one to three preapical spines (mostly two),
dorsum of hindbasitarsus with no to two such spines. Inner
claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely
punctate and setose. Sterna without depressions, shortly, evenly
pubescent. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 54d.
Length 4.3-4.8 mm.
Lire History.—I noticed a female digging her nest at the
outskirts of Gao at 11:56, on 14 August 1991. The nest site was
in sand, several meters away from the nearest plant. The female
acted rapidly, using her forelegs and mandibles to remove sand
and small pebbles (some larger than her head). She reappeared
at the surface every 2—3 seconds, but sometimes remained inside
up to 30 seconds. A round mound of extracted material, about
3.cm in diameter, accumulated in front of the entrance. Peri-
odically the female leveled the mound using her forelegs. She
started digging at several places near the nest entrance at 12:15,
as if to start additional galleries (each one was actually no more
than a shallow concavity). She entered the nest at 12:20 and
closed the entrance from the inside, as if to spend the rest of
the day there. This behavior was not caused by inclement weath-
er, as the day was hot and cloudless (although it had rained
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Gastrosericus hombort: a, female clypeus (* 78); b, female mandible (* 87), c, female head, dorsal view (= 48); d, pygidial plate of female (= 108);
heavily the previous night and the soil was still wet just under
the surface). I dug out the female at 12:30.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 51).— Mauritania and Mali.
Recorps. — Holotype: MALI: Hombon, 11 Aug 1991, WJP (CAS). Paratypes:
MALI (all specimens collected in 1991): Gao, 14 Aug, MS (2 2, 6 6, MS) and WJP
(1 2, 1 46, CAS); 10 km N Gao, 15 Aug, MS (1 2, 1 6, MS) and WJP (3 2, CAS);
30 km W Gao, 15 Aug, MS (15 9, 8 6, MS) and WJP (5 2, CAS); 158 km W Gao,
13 Aug, WJP (1 2, AAM; 3 2, 5 4, CAS); 180 km NW Gao, 13 Aug, MS (8 9, 2
3, MS); Hombori, 11 Aug, MS (1 &, 1 6, MS) and WJP (1 2, CAS); 10km E
Hombori, 13 Aug, MS (2 2, 3 6, MS); 25 km E Homboni, 13 and 18 Aug, WJP
(2 9, 4 8, CAS).
MAURITANIA (all specimens collected by WJP in 1993): 20 km NE Akjoujt,
25 Oct (1 2, CAS); 20 km NE Aleg, 3 Nov (1 2, CAS); 25 km SW Moujena (1 2,
CAS), Tamouret Naaj circa 30 air km NE Moujeria (1 2°, CAS).
Gastrosericus incisus sp. n.
(Figures 34, 56)
DERIVATION OF NAME. —/ncisus, a Latin masculine adjective,
meaning incised or notched; with reference to the clypeus shape.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus incisus iS unique in having a
mesally notched clypeus (Fig. 56a, d). Like hombori, moricei,
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 55
trochanteral notch (x 798)
Gastrosericus hombort. a, female hindtarsomere V ventrally (*
and sanctus, the female pygidial plate is covered throughout
with stout setae and the apical tarsomeres are spinose basoven-
trally. The relatively shallow foretrochanteral notch of the male
(Fig. 56f) is a subsidiary recognition feature.
RELATIONSHIP TO GASTROSERICUS MORICEI.—Except for the
shape of the clypeus, incisus is almost identical to moricei. Pos-
sibly incisus is an extreme variant of the latter, but I prefer to
regard it as a separate species because I have seen no inter-
mediates. The fact that the male and female (each from a dif-
ferent area) have basically the same clypeal shape suggests that
incisus is a valid species. Also, the volsellae are quite different
in the two species (compare Figs. 56g and 781).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible with notched posterior margin, ab-
ductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin triangularly emargin-
ate. Orbit closer to hindocellus than to antennal socket (only
69
237); b, same (= 474); c, foretrochanteral notch of male (= 356), d, bottom of
insignificantly so in male). Propleuron simple. Thorax micro-
sculptured, without well-defined punctures. Scutal flange evenly
curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 2.2
x apical truncation. Recurrent veins narrowly separate.
Vestiture appressed, including setae on vertex and adjacent
to oral fossa, almost totally obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head black, but mandible (except apically), clypeus, and sca-
pal venter pale yellow. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe, tegula,
and humeral plate pale yellow. Gaster red. Femora black, yellow
apically (narrowly so in female, broadly in male). Tibiae and
tarsi: see below. Wings hyaline.
?.—Mandible (Fig. 56c): inner margin with basal tooth and
cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 56a, b): disk
without teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe arcuate, emarginate
mesally, corner well-defined; distance between corners 3.5
70
FiGure 56
foretrochanter (x 228); g, volsella (= 238).
distance between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar
scar and orbit about 0.6 = scar length. Gena simple. Flagello-
mere I: dorsal length 1.8 =< apical width. Pronotum: precollar
not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Fore-
basitarsus with 5 rake spines; length of apical spine 2.5 x apical
width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Gastrosericus incisus: a, female head (* 32); b, female clypeus (= 62); c, female mandible (= 79); d, male head ( 36); e, male clypeus (* 88); f, male
spine about 1.0 x apical width of tarsomere. Tarsomeres V each
with one basoventral spine. Sternum II glabrous apicomesally.
Pygidial plate covered with stout setae which largely conceal
integument. Length 7.0 mm.
Foretibia light brown, pale yellow on outer side; mid- and
hindtibiae light brown, pale yellow basally. Tarsi brown.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
71
FiGure 57. Gastrosericus karooensis: a, female clypeus (* 86); b,
é.— Mandible: inner margin with subbasal tooth, emarginate
distad of tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 56d, e): free margin of lobe arcuate,
emarginate mesally, with vestigial corner; distance between cor-
ners about 2.0 x distance between corner and orbit. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.7 x scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.2 x apical width. Foretrochan-
teral notch longer than distance that separates it from trochan-
teral apex, its bottom with several rows of erect setae (Fig. 56f).
Forebasitarsus with 3 rake spines; longest spine 1.1 x apical
width of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with one preapical
spine, dorsum of left hindbasitarsus (in the single male studied)
without such spines, dorsum of right hindbasitarsus with one
rudimentary spine. Inner claws ofall tarsi as large as outer claws.
Pygidial plate densely setose. Sterna without mesal depressions,
microscopically, closely punctate throughout; sterna III and IV
with conspicuous, appressed setae which are markedly longer
than those on sternum II. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Vol-
sella: Fig. 56g. Length 5.6 mm.
Tibiae pale yellow, brown red ventrally (foretibia brown red
on inner side). Foretarsus yellow, mid- and hindtarsi yellow
brown.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 34).—Southern India, Sri
Lanka.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Tranquebar, Aug 1948, P.S.
Nathan (USNM). Paratype: SRI LANKA: Mannar District: Ma Villu, 16-19 Sep
1980, KVK, P. B. Karunaratne, T, Wijesinhe, L. Jayawickrema, V. Gunawardane
(1 6, USNM).
female mandible (= 88), c, male clypeus (* 102); d, volsella (* 244)
Gastrosericus karooensis Brauns
(Figures 57-59)
Gasterosericus [sic] karooensis Brauns, 1906:52, 2. Holotype: 2, South Africa:
Willowmore (TMP), examined.—Brauns, 1911:239 (nesting in sand); Arnold,
1922:116 (redescription, as karrooensis), 1930:2 (listed); Bohart and Menke,
1976:256 (listed).
Gasterosericus [sic] oraniensis Brauns, 1906:51, 2. Holotype: 2, South Africa: Both-
aville (TMP), examined. New synonym.—Brauns, 1911:239 (nesting in sand);
Arnold, 1922:115 (redescription), 1930:2 (listed); Bohart and Menke, 1976:256
(listed).
Gastrosericus divergens Arnold, 1922:119, 2 (as Brauns’s MS name). Holotype: °,
Zimbabwe: Sawmills (TMP), examined. New synonym.—Armold, 1930:2 (list-
ed); Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed), 279 (male sternum VIII illustrated).
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus karooensis 1s difficult to define be-
cause of color variation and lack of prominent morphological
features. In the female, the clypeal disk has no teeth or carinae,
the free margin of the lobe is broadly arcuate (Fig. 57), the scutal
flange is evenly curved throughout or nearly so, the pygidial
setae are inconspicuous (at most, two to four apical setae are
stout), and the scape is all black or translucent apicoventrally
(no yellow markings). Several other species are similar, but ka-
rooensis differs as follows: clypeal lobe broad, distance between
corners 2.3-2.5 x length of clypeal midlength (about 1.5 in
eurypus), head low, distance between edge of antennal socket
and edge of midocellus 1.1-1.2 = least interocular distance (1.4
in siamensis); pygidial plate of most specimens with two to four
stout setae at apex (with no stout setae in siamensis); and ster-
num II setose throughout or narrowly glabrous apically (gla-
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 58
brous zone up to two midocellar diameters long, while markedly
longer in siamensis and tissa). Unlike sobrinus, the foretarso-
meres I and II are not expanded apicolaterally, and the length
of foretarsomere III is about 1.3 * apical width (rather than
equal to width). Some Namibian females resemble e/ectus and
senegalensis in having a red gaster and red, apically yellow fem-
ora. Such individuals differ by their short inner apical spine of
foretarsomere IV (length equal to 0.4-0.5 of tarsomere’s apical
width rather than 1.2-1.5); also, the scape of e/ectus is yellow
ventrally.
In the male, the vestiture is appressed, the free margin of the
clypeal lobe is broadly arcuate and not angulate laterally (Fig.
57c), the scape has no yellow marking (all black or translucent
apicoventrally), and sterna are covered with short, even pubes-
cence; the forecoxa of many specimens is angulate posterola-
terally. The males of baobabicus, chalcithorax, and fiunereus are
similar, but in Aarooensis the clypeal lobe is slightly more round-
ed mesally (compare Figs. 20d, e; 27d; 46a, b; and 57c). In
addition, the antenna of karooensis is black or dark brown, the
antennal sockets are separated by a distance equal to about 1.4
socket diameter, the longest spine of the forebasitarsus is equal
to basitarsal width or slightly longer, the gaster of many spec-
imens ts black, and the foretrochanteral notch of nearly all spec-
imens has no erect setae (Fig. 58a). In baobabicus, the antennal
sockets are separated by a distance equal to about 1.7 socket
diameter, and the gaster is red; in chalcithorax, the gaster is red
basally, and the foretrochanteral notch has a row of erect mi-
crosetae (Fig. 28a); in funereus, the forebasitarsus either has no
preapical rake spines or the spines are shorter than the basitarsal
width.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin biarcuate or shallowly,
broadly emarginate. Orbit closer to hindocellar scar than to
antennal socket (slightly so in male). Propleuron simple. Thorax
finely sculptured, but individual punctures discernible on scu-
tum. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal cell: length
of costal margin 2.7-4.6 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins
narrowly separate, interstitial above, or (most specimens) con-
fluent in a short petiole.
Gastrosericus karooensis, male: a, foretrochanter (= 346); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* 1038).
Vestiture short, appressed, including setae adjacent to oral
fossa; also setae between propodeal side and hindface practically
appressed; mesopleural setae partly obscuring integument.
Head black, including scape. Mandible yellow or reddish yel-
low except black or dark red apically (also black basally in some
specimens). Thorax black, pronotal lobe yellow posteriorly in
many specimens; tegula and humeral plate brown or yellow
anteriorly. Gaster and legs: see Variation below. Wings almost
hyaline.
?.— Mandible (Fig. 57b): inner margin with two subbasal teeth
separated by well-defined cleft (distal tooth ill-defined in some
specimens), without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 57a): disk
without teeth or carinae, evenly sculptured or with subapical,
glabrous area (see Variation below for details ); free margin
weakly, evenly arcuate, corner well-defined; distance between
corners 2.3-2.5 x distance between corner and orbit. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about one scar length. Gena
simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.5-1.6 < apical width.
Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Fore-
coxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 rake spines; length of apical
spine 1.4-1.8 = apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV:
length of inner apical spine 0.4-0.5 = apical width of tarsomere.
Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II
pubescent throughout or with a glabrous zone along hindmargin
(length of glabrous zone about one midocellar diameter). Py-
gidial plate with thin, inconspicuous setae except two to four
apical setae stout in most specimens (no stout setae in one female
from Sawmills, Zimbabwe). Length 5.5-6.4 mm.
é.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 57c): free margin of lobe arcuate, not angulate laterally,
forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin; disk in
many specimens with poorly delimited, glabrous swelling along
midline. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about equal
to scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.4-1.5 x apical
width. Foretrochanteral notch, in most specimens, longer than
distance that separates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 58a), and
bottom covered with appressed, stout, setae that are oriented
toward trochanter’s base (Fig. 58b); in some (but not all) spec-
imens from Karibib District, however, the notch is shallower,
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
30°—
karooensis
@ color form 1
color form 2
© color form 3
@ lepidus
73
— 30)
Ficure 59. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus karooensis and lepidus. The combined symbols indicate that two or three forms occur in one locality
shorter than the distance that separates it from the trochanteral
apex, and with a row of erect setae. Forebasitarsus with 3 or 4
rake spines (5 spines present on one leg in one specimen ex-
amined); longest spine equal to apical width of basitarsus or
slightly longer. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with one or two preap-
ical spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus with no or one such spine.
Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate
densely punctate, setose (but setae not concealing integument).
Sterna not depressed mesally, closely, minutely punctate
throughout; sternal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII rounded,
narrowly truncate, or scarcely to deeply emarginate apically.
Volsella: Fig. 57d. Length 4.2-6.0 mm.
VARIATION. — Gastrosericus karooensis varies considerably in
color and also in some morphological characters, as described
below. Three main color forms can be recognized:
(1) In most specimens, the gaster and the femora are black
(except femora narrowly yellow apically); tibiae black or dark
brown, partly yellow (but only hindtibia with yellow markings
in some females): foretibia yellow on outer side (black apically
in some specimens), mid- and hindtibia yellow dorsally (yellow
color not extending to apex in female). In the female, the clypeal
disk is flat, setose throughout (as in the holotype of divergens)
or with a subapical, glabrous area (as in the holotype of ka-
rooensis) that can be round, elongate or triangular, about equal
74
to midocellus in size or markedly larger; in specimens with a
glabrous clypeal area, the propodeal side along the metapleural
suture is somewhat shinier, with a few well-defined punctures.
Both clypeal states can occur within a single population (e.g.,
in Rundu, Namibia, and Pafuri, South Africa), and I regard
them as individual variants of one species.
(2) In some specimens (including the holotype of oraniensis),
the gaster is red basally, and the femora and tibiae are black
(except for yellow tibial markings), as in form 1; the female tarsi
are dark brown. In the female, the clypeal disk is all flat and
setose. The amount of red on the gaster varies as follows: a.
tergum I red basally and apicolaterally, remainder black, b.
tergum I red except for a black apicolateral spot on each side,
c. tergum I all red, d. tergum I red, tergum II black except
narrowly red basally, e. tergum I red, tergum II red, with black
lateral spot, f. terga I and II all red, g. terga I-III red. This
variation suggests a full intergradation to form 1. Both forms 1
and 2 have been found together in several localities in Namibia,
e.g., 20 km NE Otjiwarongo, 23 km N Rehoboth, and in Rundu.
(3) In some Namibian specimens the red areas are even more
extensive than in form 2, and most of them also have more
extensive yellow areas on the legs; the black is replaced by red
on the tibiae. This category is rather heterogeneous and difficult
to characterize simply. Typically in the female, the gaster is all
red or terga II-VI are dark brown; the forefemur is black, with
yellow apical spot; midfemur black basally, red apicodorsally,
and yellow apicoventrally; hindfemur largely red, black basally,
yellow apicoventrally; tarsi red; clypeal disk all flat and setose.
One female (9 km S of Rehoboth) has an all red gaster, but no
yellow on femora (yellow replaced by red). One of the four
females collected 65 km SW of Usakos has an all red gaster,
and the femora all black (only the very tip yellow). Male tergum
I to terga I-III are red, as well as sternum II (all sterna red in
several specimens); femora black basally, yellow apically (in
some specimens, black partly replaced by red on midfemur and
largely replaced by red on hindfemur); foretarsomeres I and II
yellow, III-V contrastingly black; midtarsomeres I and II yellow,
III-V brown; hindtarsomeres I and II reddish, remainder brown.
The foretarsus is all yellow in two males collected 23 km S
Rehoboth, the midtarsus yellow in one and brown in the other
specimen, and the hindtarsus brown.
Lire History.—I briefly observed a female digging her nest
in a coarse sand near the lake shore at Kariba, Zimbabwe, on
13 February 1995. She walked into an open burrow that she
had already started and reappeared tail first a few seconds later
with a sand grain in her mandibles. She then walked briskly
backwards for 2-3 cm, dropped her load, and walked toward
the burrow again. This sequence was repeated many times before
I captured the specimen.
I collected a female walking with her prey 11 km NE Ny-
amandhlovu, Zimbabwe, on 24 February 1995. The prey, an
acridid nymph 12.5 mm long, was determined as Platypternodes
sp. (Gomphocerinae) by Dr. H. Kriegbaum.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 59).—Africa south of the
equator.
RECORDS. —(no number: color form /; 2 and 3 refer to respective color forms):
ANGOLA: Porto Alexandre (3: 2 2, BMNH).
BOTSWANA: Moremi Reserve, 19°23’S, 23°33’E (1 2, BMNH), Serowe (2 2,
CAS; 2 ¢, NCIP; 2 9, USNM; 8 2, 3 6, ZMK)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
CONGO: 30 km N Brazzaville on road 2 (2 2, 3 6, AAM; | 2, 2 4, CAS), Djoué,
Brazzaville (2 6, AAM).
LESOTO: Mamathes (3 9, 4 6, AMG; | 2, 2 6, CAS).
MALAWI: Chitipa (1 2, USU).
MOZAMBIQUE: Maputo: Rikatla (1 2°, ZMA).
NAMIBIA: Damaraland: Khorixas (3: | °, MS). Grootfontein District: 30 km
NE Grootfontein (10 2, 9 4, CAS; 7 2, 1 6, MS), 40 km NE Grootfontein (1 2, JG),
80 km NE Grootfontein (3 2, 3 4, CAS; 4 2, 4 6, MS), 90 km NE Grootfontein (1
2, 1 6, MS), Meteonte (1 2, 1 6, MS). Karibib District: Ameib Farm 19 mi NW
Karibib (3: 2 2, BMNH); 62 km E Karibib (1 2, MS; 3: 1 °¢, CAS), 43 km E Karibib
(2 2, MS; 3: 1 2, 2.6, CAS; 2 9, 1 6, MS), 15 km W Karibib (3: 2 2, CAS; 1 2, 1 8,
MS), 17 km W Usakos: (3: 1 2, MS), 50 km SW Usakos (3: 2 2, CAS), 65 km SW
Usakos (3: 4 2, 4 6, CAS; 2 9, 5 6, MS). Kavango Gebied: Rundu (5 2, 3 4, CAS;
1 2°, JG; 9 2, 3 6, MS; 2: 10 2, CAS; 2 ¢, JG; 8 2, 1 6, MS), 25 km E Rundu (1 9,
MS), 30 km E Rundu (1 2, GS), 40 km E Rundu (3 2, MS), 60 km E Rundu (1 2,
JG; 1 2, 1 6, MS), 100 km SW Rundu (1 2, CAS; 1 9, JG; 2 2, 1 6, MS). Okahandja
District: Okahandja (3 2, 2, BMNH; | 8, 2 6, CAS; 2 6, MS), 27 km S Okahandja
(2 2, 1 6, CAS; 3: 1 3, CAS), 17 km W Okahandja (1 2, CAS; | 6, MS). Otjiwarongo
District: 15-20 km NW Otjiwarongo (1 2, CAS; 2: 26, MS), 20 km NE Otjiwarongo
(2 9, CAS; 2: 2 2, 1 6, CAS). Rehoboth District: 15 km N Kalkrand (3: 1 2, 1 4,
CAS; 2 2, MS), 9 km S Rehoboth (3: 1 2, CAS; 2 2, MS), 23 km N Rehoboth (2
2, CAS; 2: 1 2, CAS; 3: 1 2, 3.4, CAS; 3 2, MS). Tsumeb District: 30 km E Namutoni
(1g, 2 6, CAS), Onguma Farm 55 mi NW Tsumeb (1 2, BMNH), 10 km SE
Tsumeb (7 6, CAS; 1 9, 1 4, MS), 25 km SE Tsumeb (2 2, JG; 2 2, MS). Windhoek
District: Bismarck River 30 km E Windhoek (2 ¢, CAS, MS), 9 km ESE Seeis (1
2, AMNH), 29 km ESE Seeis (2: 1 2, AMNH), 37 km N Windhoek (3 2, CAS; 3
2, MS), 8 km S Windhoek (1 2, 2 6, FSCA), 28 km S Windhoek (1 ¢, CAS).
SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province: Aliwal North (2 2, 1 6, BMNH), Queenstown
(1 2, BMNH), Willowmore (1 2, TMP, holotype of karooensis). Natal: Mkuzi in
Zululand (1 4, NCIP), Ndumu Game Reserve (1 2, 3 6, UCD), Witsand Farm near
Roaring Sands at 28°32'S, 22°30’E (2: | 2, PMA). Orange Free State: Bothaville
(2: 1 2, TMP, holotype of oraniensis). Transvaal: Buffelspoort Dam (1 °¢, AMG),
Ellisras (2 4, AMG), Forest Hill in Johannesburg (1 2, RMNH), Mogol Nature
Reserve, 23°58'S, 27°45'E (2 2, NCIP), Mooketsi (1 2, USNM), 10 km S Nylstrom
(1 9, FSCA), Pafuri in Kruger National Park, 22°26’S, 31°12’E (1 2, CAS; 3 2,
NCIP), Phalaborwa (2 2, FSCA), Rust de Winter (1 2°, AMG), Sabie River Bun-
galows (1 °, AMG), 5 mi N Warmbad (1 2°, USNM).
TANZANIA: Bahari about 25 km N Dar es Salam (1 2, AAM), Tarangiri Na-
tional Park (2 2, CAS).
ZAMBIA: 20 km SE Chipata (1 2, USU), 6-18 km SW Mfuwe at 13°07’S 31°45’E
(1 2, CAS).
ZIMBABWE: Bembesi River (1 2, USNM), Bulawayo (1 6, AMG; | ?, CAS; 1
3, CU; 1 4, FSAG; 1 9, NCIP; 4 9, 4.4, SAM; | 6, USNM; 2 2, ZMHU), Bulawayo:
Hillside (1 2, USNM), Charara 20 km ESE Kariba at 16°33'S, 28°58’E (1 2°, CAS),
Hwange (1 2, 1 6, SAM), Kariba at 16°32’S, 28°49’E (1 2, CAS), Khami Ruins (2
2, CAS, CU), Lupane (1 2, FSAG), Matetsi in Hwange District (2 2, BMNH,; 4 9,
3, 6, SAM), Mount Selinda (1 2, SAM), 11 km NE Nyamandhlovu at 19°48’S,
28°16'E (12 2, 1 4, CAS; 4 2, NHMZ), Sawmills (1 2, AMG; 1 ?, AMNH; 1 2,
NCIP; 1 2, NHMW, 2 8, 1 46, SAM including holotype of divergens, 1 ¢, USNM;
1 @, 1 6, ZMA), Umniati Valley (3 2, SAM), Victoria Falls (12 2, 4 6, CAS; 2 2,
NHMZ; 2 2, SAM; 1 6, USNM), no specific locality (1 ¢, IEE).
Gastrosericus lamellatus Turner
(Figures 15, 60-64)
Gastrosericus lamellatus Turner, 1912:421, *e”’, actually 4. Lectotype: 6, Zambia:
Pakasa on Zambezi River (BMNH), present designation, examined.— Arnold
1922:121 (redescription), 1930:2 (listed); Bohart and Menke, 1976:253 (male
head illustrated), 256 (listed).
Gastrosericus silverlockt Turner, 1912:422, 2. Lectotype: 2, Zambia: Pakasa on
Zambezi River (BMNH), present designation, examined. New synonym.—Ar-
nold, 1922:123 (orginal description copied), 1930:2 (listed); Bohart and Menke,
1976:256 (listed).
(SAM), examined. New synonym. — Arnold, 1930:2 (listed); Bohart and Menke,
1976:256 (listed).
D1aGnosis.— The female of /ame//atus has an unusually long
mandible, scape, and flagellomere I (distance between acetab-
ulum and mandibular apex 5.0 * basal mandibular width, length
of flagellomere I 2.8—3.0 = apical width). In addition, the gaster
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
d
75
SS
Ficure 60. Gastrosericus lamellatus: a, female head (= 25); b, clypeus of a female from South Afnca (x 36); c, clypeus of a female from Kenya (* 40); d, female
mandible, front view (= 30); e, female mandible, outer side (x 27); f, female vertex (* 37).
is all black. Gastrosericus attenuatus 1s similar, but in lamellatus
the free margin of the clypeal lobe is sinuate (Fig. 60a, b), the
inner margin has no cleft (Fig. 60d), the pygidial plate is im-
punctate, and the flagellomere I of most specimens is longer
than the least interocular distance (the latter two states are unique
within the genus). In attenuatus, the lobe margin is weakly ar-
cuate, the inner margin has a cleft (Fig. 12c), the pygidial plate
is sparsely punctate, and flagellomere I is shorter than the least
interocular distance. The mandible is also unusually long in
baobabicus, but in that species the gaster is largely red and the
clypeal lobe unusually broad (see Fig. 20a, b).
The male has several unique structures: apex of condylar ridge
placed near mandibular midlength; clypeus deeply notched ad-
jacent to median lobe, the notch almost reaching frontoclypeal
suture in frontal view (Figs. 6la—f; 62a—f; 63a, b); clypeal free
margin with long, narrow process on outer side of notch; clypeal
disk with a lamella that is largely reduced in small individuals
(the lamella can be easily mistaken for the clypeal disk when
the mandibles are closed); pronotal precollar with a pair of
concavities, longitudinally carinate on each side; forecoxa with
a lamellar process (which is low in small specimens). The barely
setose pygidial plate and largely glabrous sterna II-VI are shared
with attenuatus. Like that species, the mandible of many males
is irregularly curved (Figs. 61a, d; 62a, d) and reaches the op-
posite orbit when closed, a condition not found elsewhere in
the genus.
SyNonyMy.—Turner (1912) considered the syntypes of /a-
mellatus to be females, but his description of the clypeus clearly
refers to the male and my study of his specimens confirmed
this. Arnold (1922) made the same mistake in his interpretation
of the species. Both authors were perhaps misled by the shiny
pygidial plate of the male, and neither recognized that /amellatus
and si/verlocki actually were the male and female of one species.
Arnold (1922) did not realize that his new species bidentatus
was but a small /amellatus, and that differences between the two
were due to allometric growth.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible elongate, distance between acetab-
ulum and apex 5.0-5.8 x basal width; posterior margin shal-
lowly notched, abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin ar-
cuate or truncate. Orbit much closer to hindocellar scar than to
antennal socket in female, insignificantly so in male. Propleuron
near hindmargin with transverse carina that is obtuse in female
76
1mm
\ an
SY
Ficure 61.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
1mm
re 7,
Nf
2 Uy
Gastrosericus lamellatus, male: a, head of a large specimen (= 23); b, clypeal process, same specimen (= 40); c, clypeus obliquely, same specimen (
30), d, head of a medium size specimen (* 28), e, clypeal process, same specimen (= 59); f, clypeus obliquely, same specimen (= 44)
and small males but sharp in large males. Thorax finely sculp-
tured, punctures well-defined on scutum and contiguous, some-
what ill-defined on mesopleuron. Scutal flange evenly curved
throughout. Propodeal dorsum microreticulate, with longitu-
dinal carina at least on basal half. Marginal cell: length of costal
margin 3.9-6.0 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate
or interstitial above.
Setae appressed except semierect between propodeal side and
hindface and adjacent to oral fossa (length of latter setae 0.1-
0.3 =x basal width of mandible); also many setae on female
vertex erect (about one midocellar diameter long). Mesopleural
sculpture largely obscured.
Head, thorax and gaster black, except pronotal lobe posteri-
orly, tegula and humeral plate pale yellow; female mandible
largely brown, yellow basally; male mandible yellow, brown
apically. Femora black (pale yellow apically in most specimens);
tibiae black, pale yellow on dorsum or (foretibia) outer side;
tarsi reddish apically, dark brown or (many males) yellow ba-
sally. Wings slightly infumate. Forecoxal process yellow apically
in many males, and midclypeal process yellow subapically in
single male from Mogol Nature Reserve, South Africa (NCIP).
2.— Mandible unusually long (Fig. 60d, e), inner margin with
one subbasal tooth but without cleft or preapical tooth (Fig.
60d). Clypeus (Fig. 60a—c): disk without teeth or carinae; free
Margin sinuate, asymmetrical in some individuals from South
Africa and Zimbabwe, corner somewhat ill-defined; distance
between corners 3.0-5.0 = distance between corner and orbit.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.5 x scar
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
——
FiGuRE 62.
77
Gastrosericus lamellatus, male: a, head of a specimen from Kenya (x 23); b, clypeal process, same specimen (* 39); c, clypeus obliquely, same specimen
(* 29), d, head of a small specimen (* 31); e, clypeal process, same specimen (™* 62); f, clypeus obliquely, same specimen (x 46).
length, or about one midocellar diameter (Fig. 60f). Gena sim-
ple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 2.8-3.0 x apical width. Pro-
notum: precollar not carinate, side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple.
Forebasitarsus with 5—7 rake spines; length of apical spine 1|.6—
1.8 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of
inner apical spine 1.5-1.8 < apical width of tarsomere. Venter
of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II with gla-
brous, median zone that extends from base to apex (glabrous
area broad apically). Pygidial plate asetose. Length 6.0-8.7 mm.
é.— Mandible: inner margin with obtuse subbasal tooth. Man-
dible unusually long, apex of condylar ridge located near man-
dibular midlength; condyle removed from orbit by about one
to three midocellar diameters. Clypeus (Figs. 6 1a—f; 62a—f; 63a,
b): free margin deeply notched adjacent to antenna, notch nearly
reaching frontoclypeal suture in front view, with long, narrow
process on outer side; median portion acutely angulate and with
median projection of clypeal base (projection varying, greatly
reduced in smallest individuals, see Variation below for details).
Head wide, distance between antennal sockets about 1.9-2.0 x
socket diameter. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit
1.8-2.0 x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 2.2—3.0 x
apical width. Pronotum: precollar obtusely longitudinally car-
inate on each side, concave between and below the carinae;
collar transversely carinate anteriorly, and also with longitudinal
carina on each side (longitudinal carinae evanescent in smallest
specimen). Forecoxa with flattened process of varying size (Fig.
63d, e), also with flat, inconspicuous process apically. Foretro-
chanteral notch longer than distance that separates it from tro-
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
78
I
i
mM
Ah
hit ni
Ulf
(la
FIGURE 63
96), d, forecoxa of a large specimen (* 55); e, forecoxa of a small specimen (= 74); f, volsella laterally (= 203); g, volsella dorsally (= 203).
Gastrosericus lamellatus, male: a, clypeal process of a specimen from Kenya (* 49); b, clypeus obliquely, same specimen (* 49); c, pygidial plate (=
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
79
FiGurRE 64.
Gastrosericus lamellatus, male: a, foretrochanter ( *
chanteral apex (Fig. 64a), notch bottom with row of erect setae
(Fig. 64b, c). Forebasitarsus with 5 rake spines; longest spine
1.4-1.6 x apical width of basitarsus. Inner claws of all tarsi as
large as outer claws. Pygidial plate largely glabrous, with incon-
spicuous setae. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with two or three
preapical spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus with one or two such
spines. Sterna without mesal depressions, lateral punctures of
sterna II-VI minute, close to each other laterally and markedly
larger and sparse mesally; sternal setae short, sparse. Sternum
VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 63f, g. Length 6.0-8.0 mm.
VARIATION.— The male of /amellatus varies considerably in
the shape of the clypeus, mandibles, and forecoxal process. De-
tails are given below.
In Kenyan males, the clypeal process is roughly rectangular
(Figs. 62a—c; 63a, b), its dorsal surface is either evenly convex,
with the apical margin narrowly emarginate, or roof-like, with
142): b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch ( x
356); c, setae of foretrochanteral notch (= 1335)
the apical margin angulate. The latter condition is also found
in the single male from Kaokoland, Namibia. In males from
South Africa, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (Fig. 61), the pro-
cess narrows anterad, or narrows anterad basally and broadens
apically; its free margin is widely emarginate.
In the smallest males (Fig. 62d-f), the mandible is almost
evenly curved and does not reach the opposite orbit, the middle
clypeal process (in specimens from Kenya, Zimbabwe and South
Africa) is reduced to a roughly transverse crest that is interrupted
mesally, the lateral process is relatively short, and the forecoxal
expansion 1s markedly shorter than wide. The largest males have
an irregularly curved mandible that reaches the opposite orbit
when closed (Figs. 61a; 62a), the clypeal middle process in Zim-
babwean and South African specimens is markedly elongate (it
extends over the clypeal free margin), the lateral process is rel-
atively long, and the forecoxal expansion is markedly longer
80
SN\ NSS
——~
FiGure 65
plate (* 52); f, volsella (x 220)
than wide (Fig. 63d). There is full intergradation between these
two extreme forms.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 15).—Africa south of equa-
tor, entering the northern hemisphere in Kenya.
RecorpDs.— KENYA: Archer’s Post on Ewaso Ng’iro River (6 2, 2 6, CAS), Kora
National Reserve near River Tana (1 6, BMNH), mouth of Sabaki River, 10 km
N Malindi (2 6, ZMK).
MALAWI: Livingstone Falls (1 2, ZMA), 15 km SE Monkey Bay, 14°S, 35°10°
E (1 2, RMNH).
MOZAMBIQUE: Maputo (1 2, AMG), locality label illegible (1 °, USNM).
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Gastrosericus lepidus: a, female head (* 32); b, female clypeus (* 42); c, female mandible (* 54), d, female head laterally (= 38); e, female pygidial
NAMIBIA: Kaokoland: Ondorusu Falls, SE 1713 Bd [= between 17°15’and
17°30'S and 13°45° and 14°00’ E] (1 9, 1 4, SMNW). Ovambo: Ruacana Falls (1
2, SMNW).
SOUTH AFRICA: Natal: Mkuzi in Zululand (1 2, NCIP), St. Lucia (2 2, 2 4,
ZMA), St. Lucia Estuary (2 2, USNM), St. Michaels (3 2, AMG). Transvaal: Afguns
(4 2, AMG; 1 8, CAS), Ellisras (5 2, 3 6, AMG, 2 2, RMNH), Mogol Nature
Reserve, 23°58'S, 27°45’E (2 9, 1 6, NCIP)
ZAIRE: Kalemieé (2 2, MCZ; 1 4, CU).
ZAMBIA: Pakasa on Zambezi River (4 °, lectotype and paralectotypes of si/-
verlocki, 6 8, lectotype and paralectotypes of /amellatus, BMNH; 1 2, 1 4, USNM),
upper Luangwa River (1 2, BMNH, paralectotype of si/verlocki), Nyamadzi River
(3 2, paralectotypes of silverlocki, 1 6, BMNH).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
ZIMBABWE: Umniati Valley (1 2, SAM), Sawmills (1 6, AMG; 1 °, BMNH;
19, 16, CU; 1 9, 1 6, FSAG; 1 9, 1 6, IEE; 1 6, MRAC; 1 2, 1 6, MHNG; 1 9,
NHMW; 4 2, SAM, including holotype of bidentatus; 1 4, UCD; 1 6, USNM; 1
9, 1 6, ZMA; 1 2, ZMHU).
Gastrosericus lepidus sp. n.
(Figures 59, 65, 66)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Lepidus is a Latin masculine adjec-
tive meaning pleasant, agreeable, neat, witty.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus lepidus is a West African species.
The female has a distinctive clypeus (Fig. 65a, b) which is all
yellow and whose disk has a glabrous, transverse or Y-shaped,
impunctate swelling; the lobe free margin is not angulate lat-
erally, subdivided into three arcuate portions, of which the me-
dian is the largest. In addition, the gaster is all red and the
forecoxal venter is basically flat, not swollen anterolaterally.
The male is characterized by: setae appressed on head; clypeus
yellow, with acutely pointed lobe; scutal flange evenly curved
throughout; and terga without yellow markings. Males of herero,
pratensis, and some unicolor are similar, but in /epidus the clyp-
eus is uniformly yellow (partly black in pratensis), the femora
have yellow, apical spots (no such spots in pratensis), the gaster
is black (red basally in Herero), and the inner and outer claws
of each pair are equal in size (inner claws smaller in wnicolor).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin conspicuously emargin-
ate. Orbit equidistant from hindocellar scar and antennal socket
or nearly so in female, minimally closer to antennal socket in
male. Propleuron near hindmargin with obtusely conical, setose
tubercle. Thorax finely punctate, but individual punctures dis-
cernible on scutum. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout.
Marginal cell: length of costal margin 4.0-4.8 = apical trun-
cation. Recurrent veins separate or interstitial above.
Setae appressed on head and thorax including those adjacent
to oral fossa, nearly appressed between propodeal side and hind-
face; obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head black, but clypeus, mandible (except dark brown apex),
and scapal venter pale yellow. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe,
tegula, and humeral plate yellow. Gaster red in female, largely
black in male (apical depressions of segments translucent). Fem-
ora red (female) or black (male), yellow apically (yellow spot
longer ventrally than dorsally, nearly reaching femoral base on
forefemoral venter). Tibiae largely yellow, but reddish ventrally
(foretibia reddish on inner side). Tarsi yellow or reddish. Wings
hyaline.
°.—Mandible (Fig. 65c): inner margin with subbasal tooth,
but without preapical tooth; cleft almost rectangular. Clypeus
(Fig. 65a, b): disk without teeth or carinae, but with transverse
or-Y-shaped, glabrous, impunctate swelling; free margin of lobe
not angulate laterally (corner ill-defined, round), subdivided into
three arcuate portions (median portion larger than lateral ones).
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.3 = scar
length. Gena with small tooth behind mandibular base next to
occipital carina (Fig. 65d). Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.8 x
apical width. Pronotum: precollar carinate laterally, side deeply
sulcate. Forecoxa flattened, not raised anterolaterally. Forebas-
itarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines; length of apical spine 1.4
apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner
apical spine about 0.4 = apical width of tarsomere. Venter of
tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II pubescent
81
FIGURE 66.
Gastrosericus lepidus: male foretrochanter (* 208)
throughout. Pygidial plate with stout, sparse setae (Fig. 65e)
except setae dense apically. Length 8.5-11.6 mm.
é.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus:
lobe sharply pointed, free margin not angulate laterally, forming
single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance between
hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.5 = scar length. Flagellomere
I: dorsal length 1.1 x apical width. Foretrochanteral notch about
as long as distance that separates it from trochanteral apex (Fig.
66), its bottom uniformly covered with appressed setae. Fore-
basitarsus with 3 or 4 rake spines; longest spine about 1.0
apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus
without preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer
claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate and setose. Sterna without
mesal depressions, closely, minutely punctate throughout; ster-
nal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII rounded, truncate, or
minimally concave apically. Volsella: Fig. 65f. Length 5.3-
7.6 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 59).—Senegal, Mali.
Recorps.— Holotype: ?, SENEGAL: Ndangane 45 air km SE Mbour, 10 Jul
1991, WJP (CAS). Paratypes: MALI: Ouatagouna, 15°11'N, 0°43’E, Jul 1978 and
17 Jul 1978, G. Popov (1 2, CAS; 4 2, 1 6, KMG).
SENEGAL: Diourbel, 21 Jul 1991, AM (1 4, AAM); 40 km ESE Louga, 21 Jul
1991, AM (29, 1 6, AAM), WJP (1 8, CAS); Ndangane 45 air km SE Mbour, 10
Jul 1991, WJP (5 4, CAS); same data but 26 Jul (1 4, CAS); same locality, 11 Jul
1991, AM (2 2, AAM); 3 km NW Samba Dia (= 70 air km W Kaolack), 17 Jul
1991, AM (2 6, AAM), 9 Jul 1991, WJP (1 2, 17 6, CAS)
Gastrosericus lucidus sp. n.
(Figures 67, 68)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Lucidus, Latin masculine adjective
meaning full of light, bright, shiny.
D1aGnosis.— The female of /ucidus has yellow preapical fas-
ciae on terga I-V and a yellow pygidial plate, and the clypeal
lobe is broad, evenly arcuate, with a nonprominent corner (Fig.
67a, b). Gastrosericus hombori is similar, but unlike that species
the propodeal side of /ucidus is sulcate, most setae of the pygidial
plate are inconspicuous, and apical tarsomeres have no ventral
spines.
The male has a distinctive clypeus: the lobe free margin is
FiGuRE 67
essentially roundly arcuate (or obtusely pointed), but with an
additional, obtuse projection apically that, however, is poorly
defined in some specimens (Fig. 67d, e). Subsidiary recognition
features are: clypeus yellow and terga with pale yellow, preapical
fasciae.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible with notched posterior margin, ab-
ductor ridge absent. Labrum conspicuously emarginate. Orbit
equidistant from antennal socket and hindocellus in female,
insignificantly closer to antennal socket than to hindocellus in
male. Propleuron simple. Thorax finely sculptured, scutum and
Gastrosericus lucidus: a, female head (* 29), b, female clypeus (*
foretrochanter (* 234); g. volsella (* 72)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
57), c, female mandible (= 64); d, male head (x 43); e, male clypeus (= 82); f,
mesopleuron with ill-defined punctures. Scutal flange evenly
curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.6—
4.3 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate or interstitial
above.
Setae appressed (including those adjacent to oral fossa and
between propodeal side and hindface); obscuring mesopleural
integument.
Head and thorax black, but the following are pale yellow:
mandible (except brown apically), clypeus, scapal venter, pron-
otal lobe, tegula, and humeral plate. Integumental coloring of
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
@ lucidus
mirabilis
@ modestus
30° —=
| | |
15° 0° 15°
FiGuRE 68.
gaster red, but terga with pale yellow, preapical fascia; fasciae
emarginate laterally on terga I and II in female and II-VI in
male, with red, lateral spot on terga HI-V in female; pygidial
plate yellow in female. Femora red, pale yellow apically (yellow
spot nearly reaching base on forefemur; red partly replaced by
black in some males). Tibiae yellow, reddish brown ventrally.
Tarsi yellow, apical tarsomeres of mid- and hindtarsi reddish
in female. Wings hyaline.
9.—Mandible (Fig. 67c): inner margin with basal tooth and
obtuse cleft, without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 67a, b): disk
without teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe arcuate; distance
between corners 2.4 x distance between corner and orbit. Dis-
tance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.5 = scar length.
83
30° 45° 60°
—307
—30°
| | |
30° 45° 60°
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus lucidus, mirabilis, and modestus
Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.5-1.6 x apical
width. Pronotum: precollar carinate laterally, side sulcate. Fore-
coxa shallowly concave, anterior margin carinate. Forebasitar-
sus with 5 rake spines; length of apical spine 1.4 x apical width
of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine
about 0.4 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V
without preapical spines. Sternum II apicomesally with gla-
brous, triangular area. Most setae of pygidial plate inconspic-
uous, but several apical setae stout. Length 5.9-7.8 mm.
$.—Mandible: inner margin obtusely angulate near base.
Clypeus (Fig. 67d, e): free margin of lobe markedly arcuate (or
obtusely pointed) and with an additional, small projection
mesally (which is poorly defined in some specimens), not an-
84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Jel)
h
FIGURE 69. Gastrosericus madecassus: a, female head frontally (* 33); b, female clypeus (* 49): c, clypeal lobe of female, side oblique view (* 55); d, female
mandible, front side (* 65); e, same, outer side (* 80); f, female head laterally (x 44); g, night propleuron, ventral view (= 68), h, male head frontally (= 33); i, male
clypeus (= 71); }, volsella (x 230)
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
85
Gastrosericus madecassus: a,
FiGure 70.
foretrochanter (* 221); c, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* 592)
gulate laterally (forming single curved line with rest of clypeal
margin). Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.5
x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 0.85-1.1 = apical
width. Foretrochanteral notch longer than distance that sepa-
rates it from trochanteral apex; notch bottom glabrous, setae on
its inner margin erect (Fig. 67f). Forebasitarsus with 2 or 3 rake
spines which are shorter than apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum
of mid- and hindbasitarsus with no preapical spines. Inner claws
of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate
and setose. Sterna without mesal depressions, minutely closely
punctate throughout, shortly, evenly pubescent. Sternum VIII
truncate or very shallowly concave apically. Volsella: Fig. 67g.
Length 4.6-5.6 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 68).—Senegal to Burkina
Faso.
Recorps.— Holotype: 4, SENEGAL: Ferlo, Feté-olé, Jul 1976, GC (UCD). Para-
types: BURKINA FASO: Gourma Kompienga 20 km S Pama, 1-16 Jun 1988,
Sanborne, Landry, and Tou (3 2, | 8, CAS; 5 2, 1 4, LEM).
SENEGAL: same data as holotype (5 4, UCD); same data except 26 Jul (1 4,
UCD), same data except day not indicated (7 6, CAS; 6 6, UCD); same data but
6 and 19 Oct (4 6, UCD); 70 km E Kolda, 14 Jul 1991, AM (1 2, CAS).
female head and part of thorax in dorsal view showing propleural processes, uncoated specimen ( *
30); b, male
Gastrosericus madecassus (Kohl)
(Figures 69-71)
Eparmatostethus madecassus Kohl, 1907:169, 2. Holotype: 2, Madagascar: Tao-
lanaro (ZIN), examined.—Pate, 1937:26 (misspelled as Eparmostethus).—In
Gastrosericus: Arnold, 1927:116 (Eparmatostethus synonymized with Gastro-
sericus), 1945:92 (8), Leclercq, 1960:96 (Madagascar: Behara); Bohart and Menke,
1976:256 (listed); Leclercq, 1990:115 (Madagascar: Bekily).
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus madecassus and zoyphion are the
only two species of the genus that occur in Madagascar. The
female of madecassus has a unique clypeus: the clypeal lobe has
a small but sharply delimited bevel, and the lobe corner is more
prominent than median part (Fig. 69a—c). Like zoyphion and
unlike other species, the mandibular posterior margin is arcuate
basally (Fig. 69e). The propleuron expanded into a large, wing-
like projection (Figs. 69g; 70a) is shared only with swa/ei and
zoyphion (a similar but much smaller process is found in syn-
ander and occasional funereus).
The male of madecassus is very similar to that of zoyphion
Both have setae on sterna III-VI that are markedly longer than
on sternum II but no longer than the midocellar diameter and
86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
15 O° 15 30° 45° 60°
| | | | |
f
30° i oke —30°
~
ee
15 —15°
oO —o°
15 — 15°
” &,
madecassus We
@ swalei .
30 synander =
| | | | | |
15 0° nS. 30° 45° 60°
Ficure 71. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus madecassus, swale, and synander. The combined symbol indicates that two species occur in one locality.
not concealing the integument. In most other species, the setae
of sternum II and the following ones are of equal length, mark-
edly shorter than the midocellar diameter; in several other spe-
cies, €.g, moricei or waltlii, these setae are markedly longer than
the midocellar diameter and conceal the integument. The sternal
setae are similar in swalei and synander, but unlike these species
the clypeus of madecassus and zoyphion is partly yellow (rather
than black) and the gaster is red at least basally (rather than all
black). Also, punctures of sterna II-VI in madecassus and zoy-
phion are larger than on sternum II, a condition unique within
the genus, although difficult to see in the smallest specimens.
The two species can be distinguished only with difficulty: in
madecassus, the clypeal free margin is obtusely tridentate (Fig.
69h, 1), whereas somewhat irregularly rounded in zoyphion (Fig.
15le).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin stepped in fe-
male, notched in male, abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free
margin broadly, shallowly emarginate. Orbit closer to hindo-
cellar scar than to antennal socket (only slightly so in male).
Propleuron not raised near hindmargin but with minute, conical
tubercle. Thoracic sculpture fine, scutal punctures inconspicu-
ous. Scutal flange evenly curved except more concave near hind-
corner. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 4.0-4.75 x apical
truncation. Recurrent veins confluent in a petiole anteriorly.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
// tl
TURAL
i ie
/
87
HM,
‘A NN
ee ee Wee
FiGure 72.
cell (x 127); e, male clypeus (= 133); f, volsella (* 335)
Vestiture short, appressed (also adjacent to oral fossa and on
propodeum), obscuring mesopleural integument.
Thorax black, pronotal lobe pale yellow. Femora black, except
pale yellow apically (narrowly so in female). Wings almost hy-
aline.
?.—Mandible: inner margin without subbasal or preapical
teeth, with broad, shallow concavity probably derived from cleft
(Fig. 69d); condylar ridge roundly arcuate near base, obtusely
angulate apically (Fig. 69e). Clypeus (Fig. 69a—c): disk without
teeth or carinae but with short, shallowly concave bevel that is
unsculptured, sharply delimited, and almost perpendicular to
remaining surface; lobe corners more prominent than middle
section, distance between corners more than 4.0 x distance
between corner and orbit; free margin of lobe concave laterally.
Head wide, distance between antennal sockets about 2.0 = sock-
et diameter. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
0.9 x scar length. Gena with prominent tubercle adjacent to
mandibular base (Fig. 69f). Flagellomere I: dorsal length 2.0-
Gastrosericus marginalis: a, female clypeus (* 92); b, female mandible, front view (* 92); c, female mandible, outer side (* 92); d, female marginal
2.25 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar with lateral, longi-
tudinal carina; side deeply sulcate; collar angulate laterally. Pro-
pleuron with long, large apicolateral projection (Figs. 69g; 70a).
Forecoxa shallowly concave anteriorly, foremargin carinate both
inside and outside of concavity, outer carina expanded into
triangular tooth. Forebasitarsus with 4 or 5 rake spines; length
of apical spine 1.1-1.2 = apical width of basitarsus. Foretar-
somere IV: length of inner apical spine about 0.4 x apical width
of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines.
Sternum II apicomesally with glabrous, triangular (but not de-
pressed) area. Most setae of pygidial plate inconspicuous, but
two or three apical setae stout. Length 5.5—7.0 mm.
Head black, but mandible (except apically) and clypeus an-
teriorly yellowish red (yellowish band on clypeus interrupted
adjacent to lobe in some specimens). Gaster red. Tibiae yellow-
ish brown, darkened ventrally. Tarsi ferruginous.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 69h, 1): lobe obtusely tridentate, median tooth more prom-
FiGure 73
Gastrosericus marginalis: male foretrochanter (= 419)
inent than lateral corners; corners as far from each other as from
orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit 0.9-1.0 x
scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.3-1.4 < apical width.
Foretrochanteral notch shallow, slightly shorter than distance
that separates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 70b), margined
anteriorly by row of erect setae (Fig. 70c). Forebasitarsus with
2-4 rake spines (longest spine about equal to basitarsus width),
but spines absent in the only male from Behara. Mid- and hind-
basitarsus without preapical spines dorsally or laterally. Inner
claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate setose.
Sterna not depressed mesally; sterna IIJ-VI: punctures larger
and setae longer than those of sternum II (setae not concealing
integument). Sternum VIII emarginate apically. Volsella: Fig.
69). Length 4.0-6.0 mm.
Head black, but the following are pale yellow: clypeus (except
basally), mandible (except apically), and scapal venter. Gaster
all red in some specimens, but mostly segments I and II, or I-
III, red and remainder dark brown. Tibiae pale yellow except
ventrally and laterally; the ventral and lateral area (that does
not extend to base nor apex) 1s ferruginous on foretibia, ferru-
ginous or black on midtibia, and black on hindtibia. Foretarsus
ferruginous, mid- and hindtibia brown (except pale yellow bas-
itarsl).
LiFe History.—This species collects both young grasshoppers
and homopterans, as suggested by two females in MNHN, each
with one associated prey. The homopteran, regarded as a cer-
copid by Arnold (1945), actually is a flatid according to N. D.
Penny.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 71).—Southern and western
Madagascar.
Recorps.—MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa: Isalo National Park at 22°46’S,
45°10'E (3 2, 4 6, CAS) and Piscine Naturelle, at 22°34’S, 45°22’E (2 2, AAM),
Ranohira (1 4, CAS). Mahajanga: Amborovy 8 km NE Mahajanga (19 2, 11 4,
CAS; 1 9, 1 46, USNM), Mahajanga (1 2, BMNH). Toliara: 22 km E Ampanihy (1
2, AAM), Behara (1 9, FSAG; | 2, 1 6, MRAC), Bekily (1 2, | 6, BMNH; 12 2, 6
6, MNHN), Berenty Reserve (1 2, BMNH; 5 9, CAS), Betioky (1 2°, BMNH), Beza
Mahafaly Reserve, 23°44'S, 44°42’E (6 2, 26, CAS; 13 2, 24, KU), Ifaty at 23°08’S,
43°37'E (1 6, AAM), Manombo (1 2, BMNH), Taolanaro (1 2, CAS; 1 9, ZIN,
holotype of madecassus), 5 km N Toliara (5 2, 7 6, CAS), 10 km NE Toliara (3
AAM; 8 2, 2 6, CAS), 12 km SE Toliara (1 2, AAM)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Gastrosericus marginalis Gussakovskij
(Figures 72, 73, 79)
Gastrosericus marginalis Gussakovskij, 1931:456, 2, 6. Lectotype: 6, Turkmen-
istan: Krasnovodsk (ZIN), present designation, examined.—Pulawski, 1964:
112; Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed), 260 (illustration of male mandible);
Kazenas, 1978:137 (in key).
Diacnosis. — Unlike all other Gastrosericus except mongoli-
cus, marginalis has an unusually short marginal cell, with costal
margin shorter than the apical truncation (Fig. 72d), a non-
emarginate posterior mandibular margin, and in the female the
free clypeal margin is arcuate orbit to orbit (not concave lat-
erally). The yellow gastral markings constitute a subsidiary rec-
ognition feature. Gastrosericus mongolicus is similar according
to Gussakovski (1931), but the only known specimen of that
species (a male) has been lost. The male flagellomeres I and
following are scarcely longer than wide in marginalis, and mark-
edly longer than wide in mongolicus according to Gussakovskij.
DESCRIPTION. — Ventral margin of malar space less concave
between mandibular acetabulum and abductor swelling than in
other species. Mandible: posterior margin entire, shallowly con-
cave (Fig. 72c), abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin
broadly, shallowly emarginate. Orbit insignificantly closer to
hindocellar scar than to antennal socket in female, insignifi-
cantly closer to antennal socket than to hindocellar scar in male.
Propleuron simple. Thorax microsculptured, without well-de-
fined punctures. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Mar-
ginal cell: length of costal margin about 0.8-0.9 x apical trun-
cation (Fig. 72d). Recurrent veins separate.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa as
well as between propodeal side and hindface; largely concealing
mesopleural integument, conspicuous on all terga and sterna I-
IV.
Head black, but mandible (except apically), clypeus, scape
and pedicel pale yellow; flagellum light brown ventrally, brown
dorsally. Thorax black, with pale yellow pronotal lobe, tegula,
and humeral plate. Gaster ferruginous, terga I-V (I-VI in male)
with pale yellow, apical fasciae (fasciae broadened laterally).
Fore- and midfemur light brown, pale yellow at least apically
(all dorsum yellow in some specimens); hindfemur varying from
all brown to mainly yellow but brown ventrally. Tibiae and tarsi
pale yellow. Wings hyaline.
°.— Mandible (Fig. 72b): inner margin with no subbasal and
preapical teeth or cleft. Labrum: free margin broadly, shallowly
emarginate. Clypeus (Fig. 72a): disk without teeth or carinae;
lobe not differentiated, free margin arcuate orbit to orbit. Dis-
tance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.2 = scar length.
Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.2-1.3 x apical
width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side not sul-
cate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines;
length of apical spine 2.0-2.5 = basitarsus width. Foretarsomere
IV: length of inner apical spine about 1.3 x apical width of
tarsomere. Tarsomere V with a few, inconspicuous spines ba-
soventrally. Sterna pubescent throughout, setae largely con-
cealing integument on sterna II-IV. Pygidial plate covered with
fine, appressed setae that totally obscure integument. Length
4.5-5.6 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 72e): free margin of lobe rounded, not angulate laterally,
forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
89
a
\ “a
— ZB
c VA \
d e
TR
Ficure 74. Gastrosericus mirabilis, female: a, head frontally (= 33); b, clypeus (* 67); c, mandible, frontal view (= 75); d, mandible, outer face (= 65); e,
midtarsomeres I and II (= 65).
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.2-1.3 = scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.1-1.3 = apical width. Foretro-
chanter not notched (Fig. 73). Forebasitarsus with 2 or 3 rake
spines; longest spine 2.0-2.5 x apical width of basitarsus. Dor-
sum of midbasitarsus with no to two preapical spines, dorsum
of hindbasitarsus with no or one such spine. Inner claws of all
tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna II-IV
with conspicuous, subapressed, straight setae that are markedly
longer than tergal setae but not entirely conceal integument;
sternal surface minutely, uniformly punctate. Sternum VIII
emarginate apically. Volsella: Fig. 72f. Length 3.5-5.0 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 79). — Egypt (including Sinai)
and Transcaspia.
Recorps.—COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES: Tajikistan:
15 km SW Dushti, which is 37°20’N, 68°40’E (1 2, ZIN). Turkmenistan: Askhabad
(1 4, CAS), Krasnovodsk (1 8, ZIN, lectotype of marginalis). Uzbekistan: Khiva
(1 2, 1 4, ZIN, paralectotypes of marginalls).
EGYPT: Al Fayyum: Karanis (5 2, 5 4, CAS), Kom Osheim on Cairo-Fayum
road (2 2, CAS; 1 9, 1 6, CGR; 1 6, USNM). Al Jizah (= Ghiza): Abu Rawash (1
2 ex coll. Alfieri, USNM), Ghiza Pyramids (2 2, CAS, NHMW). Al Qahirah (=
Cairo): Wadi Digla (2 4, AAM, CAS), Wadi el Tih (1 2, 1 6, NHMW). Qena:
85 km ENE Qena on road to Safaga (2 °, 2 6, CAS). Sina (= Sinai): Wadi Gharandal
30 km NW Abu Zenima (1 2, CAS).
Gastrosericus mirabilis sp. n.
(Figures 68, 74)
DERIVATION OF NAME. — Mirabilis is a Latin adjective mean-
ing wonderful, which well suits this pretty species. Also an al-
lusion to Welwitschia mirabilis, an unusual gymnosperm that
occurs, like the wasp, in the Namib desert.
D1aGcnosis. — The female of mirabilis has several unique char-
acters: the clypeal lobe is truncate (Fig. 74), with prominent
corners and shallowly concave free margin (the clypeal lobe is
also truncate in femporalis and truncatus, but its overall shape
is different and unlike mirabilis the gena is tuberculate); the
head surface is sloping posterad immediately behind the hin-
docelli; the pygidial plate is ill-defined; and the mid- and hind-
tarsomeres have numerous dorsal setae (Fig. 74e) whose length
is about twice the tarsomere diameter (two to four spines present
in other Gastrosericus, their length being 1.0-1.5 x the tarso-
mere diameter).
DESCRIPTION (based on holotype only).— Mandible: posterior
margin notched, notch unusually long (Fig. 74d), abductor ridge
absent. Labrum: free margin acutely angulate. Orbit equidistant
from antennal socket and hindocellar scar. Propleuron simple.
Thorax finely sculptured, scutal punctures ill-defined. Scutal
flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal
margin 2.6 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate.
Vestiture mainly appressed, but a few setae erect adjacent to
oral fossa (setal length about 0.2 x mandibular basal width),
setae erect, shorter than midocellar diameter on scape and ver-
tex; not entirely appressed between propodeal side and hindface;
totally obscuring mesopleural integument; sparse, very short on
mesothoracic venter.
Head black, but the following are yellow: clypeus, mandible
(except apically), and antenna (except scape basodorsally and
90
basolaterally). Thorax black, pronotal lobe, tegula and humeral
plate yellow. Gaster red, tergum VI yellow. Fore- and midfemur
black basally, yellow on apical half (black area longer dorsally
than ventrally); hindfemur reddish dorsally and apically, black
ventrally (black area extending to about two-thirds of femoral
length). Tibiae yellow (mid- and hindtibiae reddish ventrally).
Tarsi yellow. Wings hyaline.
°.—Mandible (Fig. 74c): inner margin without subbasal or
preapical teeth or cleft. Clypeus (Fig. 74a, b): disk flat, without
teeth or carinae; lobe expanded mesally into mesal projection
(whose free margin is slightly concave); free margin concave
between projection and corner, which is ill-defined; distance
between corners about 2.5 x distance between corner and orbit.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.5 scar
length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length equal to apical
width. Head surface sloping posterad immediately behind hin-
docellar scars. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side
not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 rake spines;
length of apical spine 2.2 x apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum
of mid- and hindbasitarsi with numerous setae, setal length
about twice basitarsal diameter (Fig. 74e). Foretarsomere IV:
length of inner apical spine 1.2 = apical width of tarsomere.
Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II
largely glabrous. Pygidial plate ill-defined (lateral carina eva-
nescent), most of its setae thin but apical setae stout. Length
6.2 mm.
6.— Unknown.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 68).— Namibia.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2?, NAMIBIA: Swakopmund District: 9 km S Gobabeb,
12 Feb 1978, dunes, O. Lomholdt (ZMK)
Gastrosericus modestus Arnold
(Figures 68, 75, 76)
Gastrosericus modestus Amold, 1922:126, 2. Holotype: °, Zimbabwe: Sawmills
(SAM), examined. — Arnold, 1930:2 (listed), 1940:122 (description of 4); Bohart
and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
D1AGNosis.—Like many other species, modestus is small
(length 4.5-5.8 mm) and has an almost completely appressed
vestiture. The female has a distinctive clypeus whose lobe is
subdivided into a relatively narrow median projection and a
small, lateral, angulate expansion on each side (Fig. 75a, b); the
distance between projection corners is about 0.7 x distance
between corner and orbit. Subsidiary recognition features are:
inner margin simple, without cleft or teeth (Fig. 75c), gena not
dentate, oculo-ocellar distance large (distance between hindo-
cellar scar and orbit 1.9-2.0 x scar length).
The male has an all black, acutely pointed clypeus (Fig. 75d,
e) and the setae are appressed on the vertex and between the
mandibular base and occipital carina. Other species are similar
(bambara, fluviatilis, pulchellus, truncatus, and unicolor), but
modestus is unique in having, on sterna II-VI, conspicuous rows
of erect, sparse setae that emerge from the apical depression’s
base (Fig. 75f). These setae are inconspicuous or absent in the
other species. The head shape of both sexes (Fig. 75a, d) is also
a good recognition feature, although difficult to describe or to
quantify: the frons is wide, the inner orbits almost parallel, and
the vertex basically flat.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin acutely emarginate. Orbit
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
closer to antennal socket than to hindocellar scar. Propleuron
simple. Thorax finely sculptured, scutum with minute, barely
distinguishable punctures. Scutal flange evenly curved through-
out. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.5-5.0 = apical
truncation. Recurrent veins confluent above in a petiole.
Setae appressed on head and thorax except inclined between
propodeal side and hindface; almost completely obscuring me-
sopleural integument.
Head black, mandible yellow except reddish apically; scapal
venter all brown or yellowish basally and apically; female clyp-
eus reddish apicomesally. Thorax black except pronotal lobe,
tegula anteriorly, and humeral plate yellow; pronotal dorsum
red in females from Mooketsi. Tibiae red except yellow on dor-
sum or (foretibia) on outer face. Wings almost hyaline, front
wing slightly infumate beyond cells.
2.— Mandible (Fig. 75c): inner margin without cleft and sub-
basal or preapical teeth. Clypeus (Fig. 75a, b): disk without teeth
or carinae; lobe with median projection (whose free margin is
obtusely pointed), free margin concave between projection and
corner, which is well-defined; distance between corners 1.2 x
distance between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar
scar and orbit 1.9-2.0 x scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere
I: dorsal length 1.2 = apical width. Pronotum: precollar not
carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasi-
tarsus with 5 rake spines; length of apical spine 1.3-1.5 = apical
width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical
spine about 0.5 = apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarso-
mere V without preapical spines. Sternum II uniformly pubes-
cent throughout. Setae of pygidial plate inconspicuous except a
few apical setae somewhat thickened. Length 4.5-5.8 mm.
Gastral segment I, or segments I and II, or II and III, or H-
VI, largely reddish; remainder black (apical depressions trans-
lucent). Femora red brown, darker basally and lighter apically.
Tarsi red.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 75d, e): lobe acutely pointed mesally, not angulate laterally,
its free margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal
margin. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 2.2
x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.1 * apical width.
Foretrochanteral notch longer than distance that separates it
from trochanteral apex (Fig. 76). Forebasitarsus with 2 rake
spines; longer spine about equal to apical width of basitarsus.
Midbasitarsus with one preapical spine on dorsum, hindbasi-
tarsus without such spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as
outer claws. Pygidial plate densely setose. Sterna without mesal
depressions, minutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae
short, uniform; sterna II-VI, at the base of apical depression,
with a row of conspicuous, erect, sparse setae. Sternum VIII
rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 75g. Length 4.5 mm.
Tergum I red, remaining terga black with translucent apical
depressions, tergum II with red preapical zone. Femora dark
brown basally, brown red apically (forefemur yellowish api-
cally). Foretarsus yellow, midtarsus yellow basally and red api-
cally, hindtarsus red.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 68).—South Africa to Na-
mibia and Zimbabwe.
Recorps.— NAMIBIA: Grootfontein: 30 km NE Grootfontein (2 ¢, CAS), 80 km
NE Grootfontein (1 2, MS). Kavango Gebied: Rundu (1 2, CAS).
SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal: Mooketsi (2 2, USNM), Pretoma (1 2, CU).
ZIMBABWE: Khami (1 ¢, SAM), Sawmills (2 2, SAM, holotype and paratype).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
aS
FiGure 75.
clypeus (x 94): f, male gaster laterally (* 33): g, volsella (x 354).
Gastrosericus mongolicus Gussakovskij
(Figure 77)
Gastrosericus mongolicus Gussakovskij, 1931:457:, 6. Holotype: 6, China: Inner
Mongolian Autonomous Region: Hara Hoto, now Hei-Ch’eng (ZIN, now lost),
not examined.—Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed); Kazenas, 1978:137.
DIAGNOSIS. —See marginalis.
DESCRIPTION. — The holotype and the only known specimen
of mongolicus is apparently lost, as I was not able to find it
during my many visits to the Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg,
91
A 7 yf iil
WGN yy
rth i
4 Af
yy
ML IYlY |
Lo gd bbiyl th
Gif Pd A
e
Gastrosericus modestus: a, female head frontally (= 43), b, female clypeus (= 84); c, female mandible (= 98); d, male head frontally (= 48); e, male
in the 1960s and 1970s. According to the original description,
mongolicus shares all basic structures with marginalis (including
the nonemarginate mandible, short marginal cell, and yellow
gastral markings) but differs from the latter in having a longer
antenna. Length 4.5 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 77).—Known only from In-
ner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China.
Recorps. —CHINA: Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region: Hei-Ch’eng (= Hara
Hoto), 41°45’N, 101°24’E (Gussakovskij, 1931).
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 76
Gastrosericus moricei E. Saunders
(Figures 77-79)
Gastrosericus moricei E. Saunders, 1910:529, 6. Holotype: é, Algeria: Biskra (OX-
FORD, F. D. Morice coll.), examined by de Beaumont, 1960b:246.— Morice,
1911:106 (Algeria); von Schulthess, 1926:215 (Libya), Guigha, 1934:301 (Libya);
Honore, 1942:53 (Egypt); not Giner Mari, 1945:376 (actually Gastrosericus
drewsenty, de Beaumont, 1955:192 (description of 2), 1960b:246 (study of ho-
lotype); Pulawski, 1964:112 (Egypt); de Beaumont, Bytinski-Salz, and Pulawski,
1973:16 (Israel); Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed), Pulawski, 1982:364 (syn-
onymy); Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:11 (redescription)
Gastrosericus fimbriatus Kazenas, 1980:1104, 4, °. Holotype: 4, Tajikistan: Kol-
khozabad District: 7 km E Garauty near Yangiabad (ZIN), paratypes examined.
Synonymized with Gastrosericus moricei by Pulawski, 1982:363
DIAGNOsIs.—The females of moricei and sanctus have the
entire pygidial plate covered with dense, stout setae; appressed
genal and propodeal pubescence; and the apical tarsomeres with
one or more basoventral spines (spine lacking in some sanctus).
Females of hombori, marginalis, and mongolicus are similar,
but they have yellow apical bands on terga I-V that are lacking
in moricei and sanctus. In addition, the pygidial setae of hombori
are sparse, not concealing the integument (dense, concealing
integument in moricei and sanctus), and the marginal cell of
marginalis and mongolicus is unusually short (Fig. 72d). The
females of moricei and sanctus can be distinguished only with
difficulty by details of the clypeus and tarsomere spine struc-
tures, none of which is well-defined. First, the free margin of
the clypeal lobe is essentially arcuate in moricei (Fig. 78a, b),
and somewhat sinuate in most sanctus (Figs. 102a, b; 103a, b),
a difference analogous to that in males, although less prominent.
Second, the lobe free margin and the lip are simple in moricei
while in sanctus the margin 1s minutely projecting next to each
corner (Figs. 102a, b; 103a, b) and the lip has a lateral tubercle
in some specimens (Fig. 102b). Third, the apical tarsomeres of
moricel have one (occasional specimens) to four ventral baso-
median spines (Fig. 79a, b), not counting the spines on lateral
margins; in sanctus, there 1s One or occasionally no or two such
spines.
The males of moricei and sanctus have appressed genal and
propodeal pubescence, and the setae of sterna III and IV are
Gastrosericus modestus, male: a, foretrochanter ( *
269); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* about 553).
conspicuously long (Fig. 79e, f); the apical setae extend slightly
beyond the sternal hindmargins. The male of marginalis is sim-
ilar but has yellow tergal fasciae that are lacking in the other
two species, the marginal cell is unusually short (Fig. 72d), and
the posterior mandibular margin is not notched. The males of
moricei and sanctus are easily recognized: in moricei, the clypeal
lobe is obtusely pointed (Fig. 78f-h) and in most specimens
sterna II] and IV are fimbriate side to side, not depressed mesally
(Fig. 79e, f); only in some specimens from Oman fimbriae do
not cover the lateral sternal area; in sanctus the clypeal lobe is
broad, with an arcuate or sinuate free margin and well-defined
corners (Fig. 102d), and sterna III and IV are shallowly de-
pressed under fimbriae, which are absent laterally.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin broadly emarginate. Orbit
closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket (slightly so in
male). Propleuron in most specimens with small, obtuse tubercle
near hindmargin (tubercle setose like remaining propleuron).
Thorax microsculptured, without well-defined punctures. Scutal
flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal
margin |.8—2.2 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate
or interstitial above.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa,
almost totally obscuring mesopleural integument; in some spec-
imens not totally appressed between propodeal side and hind-
face.
Head and thorax black (thorax red except darkened dorsally
in single female from Chenab River bank, Pakistan), and the
following are pale yellow: mandible (except apex), clypeus (black
laterally in some Sri Lankan females), scapal venter, pronotal
lobe (only posteriorly in some Sri Lankan specimens), humeral
plate, and tegula. Gaster mainly ferruginous, but segments IV-
VII brown in Somalian males; gaster basally brown with seg-
ments reddish apically and laterally in specimens from Salalah
Island, Oman; terga black with reddish apical depressions in
Thai specimens. Color of leg varying (see Geographic Variation
below).
2?.—Mandible variable (Fig. 78c-e): inner margin with cleft
93
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
i lauOW @®
snoyobucw
syeulbsew @&
ah —
of —
sv—
“AqedO] BuO UT INDO Satdads OMI IY] ABdIPUT S[OQUIAS PaUIQUIOD ay] TIVOU PUR ‘sNI/OSUOU ‘SIDUISADUL SNITASOAISVH) JO SANYRIO] BuNIAJO “LL FANOLY
SL 09 sb
st
+501 .06 ie foo
—,.0e
—se
94
AN
A
MINT
SMM!
—— e
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 78. Gastrosericus moricet: a, female head (* 34); b, female clypeus (= 70); c, mandible of a female from Tunisia ( 76); d, mandible of a female from
Egypt (= 79), e, mandible of a female from Sn Lanka (= 61); f, male head frontally (= 41); g. male clypeus (= 65); h, outline of male clypeus, specimen from Somali
(* 65); 1, volsella (x 341).
and sharp, subbasal tooth, or cleft and subbasal tooth-ill-de-
fined, or (Sri Lanka) subbasal tooth rounded; preapical tooth
absent. Clypeus (Fig. 78a, b): disk without teeth or carinae; free
margin weakly, evenly arcuate, depressed mesally in some spec-
imens, minutely, shallowly emarginate in some specimens; cor-
ner well-defined, distance between corners 2.7-3.3 x distance
between corner and orbit. Gena simple. Distance between hin-
docellar scar and orbit about 0.7 x scar length. Flagellomere I:
dorsal length 1.75-2.0 * apical width. Pronotum: precollar not
carinate laterally except finely carinate in Somalian females, side
—
FiGure 79. Gastrosericus moricet: a, venter of female hindtarsomere V, specimen from Egypt (= 296); b, venter of female hindtarsomere V, specimen from Sn
Lanka (* 356). c, male foretrochanter (* 295), d, bottom of male foretrochanteral notch (* 553), e, male sterna ventrally (~ 53); f, male sterna obliquely (* 79)
96
not sulcate. Forecoxa simple in most specimens, but shallowly
concave and weakly marginate anteriorly in Somalian and some
Egyptian females as well as in single female from United Arab
Emirates. Forebasitarsus with 6 or 7 rake spines; length of apical
spine 2.0 = apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length
of inner apical spine 0.6-0.7 x apical width of tarsomere. Tar-
someres V mainly with two basoventral spines, one placed
obliquely behind the other, but with one, three, or four such
spines in some specimens; in most specimens also with two
spines at each lateral margin (Fig. 79a, b); foretarsus may have
fewer spines than remaining tarsi. Sternum II glabrous apico-
mesally (only narrowly so in female from Bahrain), but setose
throughout in female from Zagado, Niger. Pygidial plate covered
with stout setae that largely obscure integument. Length 6.5—
7.5 mm in most specimens, but up to 8.0 mm in females from
Somalia.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 78f-h): lobe obtusely pointed (sharply pointed in Somalian
males), not angulate laterally, its free margin forming single
curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance between hin-
docellar scar and orbit about 0.8 = scar length. Flagellomere I:
dorsal length 1.2-1.3 = apical width. Foretrochanteral notch
slightly shorter to slightly longer than distance that separates it
from trochanteral apex (Fig. 79c), its bottom with ill-defined
row of appressed setae (Fig. 79d). Forebasitarsus with 3-5 rake
spines; longest spine 1.3—1.5 < apical width of basitarsus. Dor-
sum of midbasitarsus with no to three preapical spines, dorsum
of hindbasitarsus with one or two such spines. Inner claws of
all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna
without median depressions, minutely, closely punctate
throughout except sterna III and IV impunctate apically; sterna
II] and IV (except basally) conspicuously fimbriate, fimbriae
fully concealing integument, slightly curving ventrad apically
(Fig. 79e, f). Sternum VIII rounded apically or scarcely emar-
ginate. Volsella: Fig. 781. Length 5-6 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION. — Various populations of moricei dif-
fer in color of femora and tibiae, as discussed below.
North and West Africa, Arabian Peninsula. Female femora
reddish, pale yellow apically (forefemur red in single female
from Lawdar, Yemen; red replaced by black on fore- and part
of midfemora in many females from Mali, Niger, and Senegal,
largely so on all femora in females from Togo, single female
from United Arab Emirates, and single female from Asir, Saudi
Arabia); tibiae reddish ventrally, pale yellow dorsally. Male fem-
ora reddish, pale yellow apically and apicoventrally or red re-
placed by black on fore- and midfemora; tibiae reddish, pale
yellow dorsally (foretibia pale yellow on outer side).
Oman, Salalah Island. Female femora black, pale yellow api-
cally. Male femora black, yellow apically. As indicated under
Description above, these specimens have the gaster predomi-
nantly brown, and the fimbriate area of male sterna III and IV
does not extend to lateral margin (in this regard, the males from
Salalah Island resemble sanctus, but the clypeus and volsella
are as in other orice).
Somalia. Female femora black, pale yellow apically; tibiae
reddish ventrally, pale yellow dorsally. Male femora black, pale
yellow apically and apicoventrally; tibiae reddish, pale yellow
dorsally. Unlike specimens from other areas, pronotal collar
finely carinate laterally in female, and clypeal lobe sharply point-
ed in male.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Pakistan. Female femora light brown to red, pale yellow api-
cally; tibiae reddish ventrally, pale yellow dorsally. Male femora
reddish, pale yellow apically and apicoventrally; tibiae reddish,
pale yellow dorsally.
Tajikistan. In both sexes femora black, pale yellow apically
and apicoventrally, and tibiae reddish ventrally and pale yellow
dorsally.
India. Femora varying from red to black. Tibiae yellow dor-
sally and reddish ventrally (outer face yellow on the foretibia)
in lightest specimens, largely black except yellow basodorsally
in the darkest ones.
Sri Lanka. Female legs all black or femora pale yellow apically.
Male femora reddish brown, pale yellow apically and ventrally;
tibiae reddish brown, foretibia yellow dorsally, hindtibia with
varying amount of yellow markings dorsally.
Thailand. Female legs all black except tibiae minimally yellow
at base. Male femora black except yellow apically; tibiae red
but yellow dorsally (foretibia yellow on outer face); foretarsus
yellowish, mid- and hindtarsi brown.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 77).—Africa from Mediter-
ranean Coast to Togo, Sudan, and Somalia; Arabian Peninsula,
Israel to Tajikistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Recorps.—ALGERIA: Ain Salah (1 2, KMG), Biskra (1 2°, MZL).
BAHRAIN: Bahrain Island (1 2°, BMNH).
BURKINA FASO: Gourma Kompienga 20 km S Pama (1 2, LEM).
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES: Tajikistan: Aral on
Vakhsh River (2 2, 1 4; ZIN). Kolkhozabad District: 7 km E Garauty, E shore of
Vakhsh River, near Yangiabad (Kazenas, 1980), 10 km NE Garauty (1 2, VLK;
46, VLK, paratypes of fimbriatus).
EGYPT: Al Fayyum: Kom Osheim on Cairo-Fayum road (2 6, CAS; | 6, CGR).
Al Jizah (= Ghiza): Abu Rawash (2 9, 6 6, CAS; 1 2, 1 6, CGR), Ghiza Pyramids
(1g, 10 6, CAS; 3 ¢, CGR; 1 2, 2 6, GRF; 1 6, UCD; | 4, ZIN), Dahshur (2 4,
CAS), Hawamdieh (Honore, 1942:53), Kerdasa (1 6, CGR). Al Qahirah (= Cairo):
Gebel Asfar (1 6, AAM), Maadi (2 8, CAS; 2 9, 1 6, NHMW), Wadi el Tih (2 2,
1 6, NHMW),. Al Qanal: Ismailiya (1 ¢, FSCA). Al Sahra al Janubiah: Dakhla
Oasis: Al Quasr (1 2, 1 6, CGR). Aswan: Aswan (5 8, 8 4, CAS), near Kom Ombo
temple (5 6, CAS). Asyut: Asyut (1 6, KMG). As Sahra al Gharbiyah: Bir Hooker
(1 3, CAS) and Deir Abu Magar (2 ¢, CGR) in Wadi Natrun, 35 km E Wadi Natrun
(2 2, CGR). Luxor: 3 km W Luxor (1 2, CAS). Sina (= Sinai): between Dahab
(28°29’'N, 34°32’E) and St. Catherine Monastery (1 2, 6 6, AAM), Wadi Khreza,
circa 45 km N Sharm el Sheikh (2 ¢, AAM).
GAMBIA: Banjul (1 2, 1 6, KMG).
INDIA: Gujarat: Deesa (1 2, 3 4, CAS). Rajasthan: Jaisamand Wildlife Sanc-
tuary, 45 km SSE Udaipur (2 2, CAS).
ISRAEL: En Gedi (de Beaumont, Bytinski-Salz, and Pulawski, 1973).
LIBYA: Cyrenaica: Benghasi (von Schulthess, 1926). Tripolitania: Tripoli (2 2,
BMNH; | 2, MZL).
MALI: 30 km S Ansongo (1 4, KMG), Douentza (1 4, CAS; 1 2, 1 ¢, MS), 40 km
W Douentza (1 4, CAS), Gao (1 4, MS), 10 km N Gao (1 2, CAS), 30 km W Gao
(2 2, 28, CAS; 1 9, 1 6, MS), 158 km SW Gao (1 2, 1 6, CAS), 180 km SW Gao
(2 2, 36, MS), 10 km E Hombori (1 ¢, 4 4, MS), 25 km E Hombori (1 2, 3 4, CAS),
30 km NE Homboni (2 2, 11 4, MS), 45 km W Mopti (2 6, CAS).
MAURITANIA: 20 km NE Akjoujt (1 2, CAS), 20 km NE Aleg (2 2, CAS),
25 km SW Moujeria (4 2, 1 6, CAS), Nouakchott (2 2, AAM; 1 2, 1 6, CAS), 16 km
NE Nouakchott (5 2, CAS), 153 km NE Nouakchott (12 9, 2 6, CAS), 30 km S
Nouakchott (5 2, CAS), 22 km SE Nouakchott, 70 km SE Nouakchott (2 , 2 2,
CAS), Oued Segellit 25 km S Atar (1 2, CAS), Oued Tayart 30 air km NW Atar
(1 2, CAS), Tayart 7 km W Atar (1 9, CAS), Rachid 40 km NW Tidjikja (1 2,
CAS).
MOROCCO: Marrakech (1 2, MZL).
NIGER: Air Massif: Zagado wadi, 18°48'N, 9°10’E (1 8, 1 6, BMNH); Gazaoua,
13°33'N, 7°54’E (1 2, CAS; 1 2, 1 6, FSAG).
OMAN: Dhofar: Salalah Island (1 4, CAS; 1 2, | 6, KMG). Muscat: Al Khuwayr
at 23°36'N, 58°26'E (1 2, PMA), Qurum (1 9, KMG), Ruwi (1 2°, KMG). Oman:
Masirah Island (1 °, KMG).
PAKISTAN: Punjab: Chenab River bank, 27 km SW Multan (1 2, CAS), Fais-
alabad (1 2, CAS), Lal Suhandra National Park, 34 km SE Bahawalpur (1 °, CAS).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
Sind: Karachi (2 2, | 6, BMNH) including Clifton Beach (4 2 1 4, CAS), Manora
Island (42 2, 24 4, CAS; 1 9, ZMK), and Sandspit Beach (6 2 9 4, CAS; 1 6, ZMK);
Kirthar National Park 150 km NE Karachi, 25°10’-26°05'N, 67°10’-67°55’E (2 8,
CAS); Malir River bed, 5 km ESE Karachi International Airport (2 2, 11 6, CAS).
SAUDI ARABIA: Asir, Wadi Lasaba (1 2, BMNH), Bahra, Jeddah (1 °, KMG),
El Riyadh (1 6, WL), Haddat Ash Shim, 21°47’N, 39°39’E (1 2°, BMNH).
SENEGAL: Dagana (1 6, AAM; 2 2, 8 6, CAS), 5 km SE Diourbel (3 6, CAS),
16 km N Fatick (1 6, CAS), Linguére (1 ¢, CAS), 15 km W Linguére (1 2, 1 4,
CAS), 40 km ESE Louga (1 2, 7 4, AAM; 1 2, 10 6, CAS), 40 km NE St. Louis (1
3, CAS), Ndangane 45 air km SE Mbour (1 2, 2 6, CAS), 3 km NW Samba Dia
= 70 air km W Kaolack (1 2, 3 6, AAM; 3 2, 46, CAS), 25-35 km S Richard Toll
(2 2, CAS; 13 2, LUW; 18 9, 2 6, ZMA), Tiougoune (1 2, CAS; 2 2, FSAG).
SOMALI: Berbera (2 2, 2 6, BMNH; 1 2, 1 6, CAS).
SRI LANKA (USNM unless indicated otherwise): Anuradhapura District: Hu-
nuwilagama (2 2), Padaviya (1 2, 1 4). Colombo District: Pamunugama (2 °¢ CAS;
3 2), Uswetakeiyawa (2 4, CAS; 4 2, 2 6). Hambantota District: Bundala Sanctuary,
Circuit Bungalow (6 2, CAS; 12 9, 5 4), Palatupana Tank (1 2), Palatupana WLNPS
Bungalow (3 2, 3 4, CAS; 10 8, 7 4), Yala, Palatupana (1 46, CAS; 1 2, 3 6). Mannar
District: 0.5 mi NE Kokmotte in Wilpattu National Park (1 2, 3 6, CAS; 6 2, 6
8), Marichchukkaddi (1 2), Ma Villu (2 2, 5 6, CAS; 6 2, 7 3), Pesalai Beach (2 2).
Monaragala District: Mau Aru 10 mi E Uda Walawe (1 2), Nilgala (1 2, CNC).
Puttalam District: Wilpattu National Park, Kali Villu (1 °, CAS). Trincomalee
District: Tennamaravadi (1 4), Trincomalee, China Bay Ridge Bungalow (2 4,
CAS; 2 2, 5 4), 7 mi W Trincomalee (1 ¢, CAS; 1 9, 2 4). Vavuniya District:
Parayanalankulam Irrigation Canal 25 mi NW Medawachchiya (1 2, CAS; | 9, 2
3).
SUDAN: Ed Damer Hudeiba (1 4, CAS).
THAILAND: Phetchaburi: Cha-am (1 2, 2 4, CAS).
TOGO: 5 km W Sokodeé (2 2, CAS).
TUNISIA: Djerba Island (1 2, CAS; 2 2 1 6, KMG), Tabarka (1 9, CAS; | 8,
KMG), Tozeur (1 2, JG; 1 6, MS).
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Dubai: Awir (1 2, CAS), Nakhali (1 2 CAS),
YEMEN: Aden: Khormaksar (1 2, BMNH), Mohur (a beach circa 15 km from
center of Aden) (1 2, 1 4, AAM; | 6, CAS), Lawdar (spelled Lodar, 1 2, BMNH).
Gastrosericus nama sp. n.
(Figures 80-82)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Named after the Nama people, a
Hottentot tribe who immigrated from South Africa into the
central Namib; a noun in apposition to the generic name.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus nama 1s unique 1n combining long,
suberect setae between the mandible and occipital carina (setal
length about 0.7 = basal width of mandible) with straight, ap-
pressed setae on the frons, scape, mesopleuron, and hindfemur.
The arcuate free margin of the clypeal lobe (Fig. 80a, c) is a
subsidiary recognition feature for both female and male.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin broadly emarginate. Orbit
slightly closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket. Pro-
pleuron near hindmargin with shiny, triangular elevation that
is slightly raised posterad. Scutum and mesopleuron with well-
defined punctures. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Mar-
Recurrent veins separate.
Setae straight, appressed on scape, femora and thorax but
nearly erect adjacent to oral fossa and between propodeal side
and hindface, hiding mesopleural integument; those adjacent to
oral fossa about 0.7 x basal width of mandible.
Head black but flagellum brown (yellowish brown ventrally)
and the following are pale yellow: mandible (except dark brown
apically), clypeus, and scape (except light brown dorsally). Tho-
rax black but pronotal lobe, tegula, and humeral plate pale yel-
low. Gaster red. Femora black, yellow apically (black largely
replaced by red in some specimens). Tibiae light red, yellow
97
dorsally or (foretibia) on outer side. Tarsi light red. Wings hy-
aline.
9.— Mandible (Fig. 80b): inner margin with low, arcuate ex-
pansion in place of basal tooth, cleft vestigial, preapical tooth
present. Clypeus (Fig. 80a): disk without teeth or carinae; free
margin of lobe arcuate, corner well-defined; distance between
corners 2.3 x distance between corner and orbit. Distance be-
tween hindocellar scar and orbit about equal to scar length. Gena
simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.75 apical width. Pro-
notum: precollar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Fore-
coxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 6 rake spines; length of apical
spine 2.0 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length
of inner apical spine 0.8 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter
of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II apicome-
sally with glabrous, triangular area. Pygidial plate covered with
stout setae. Length 6.5-7.0 mm.
6.—Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 80c): free margin of lobe arcuate, not angulate laterally,
forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.9 x scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.5-1.8 * apical width. Foretro-
chanteral notch about as long as distance that separates it from
trochanteral apex (Fig. 81), its bottom simple. Forebasitarsus
with 4 rake spines; longest spine 1.7 x apical width of basitarsus.
Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus each with two preapical
spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial
plate densely punctate and setose. Sterna III and IV (except
laterally) with fimbriate depressions, fimbriae appressed basally
and fully concealing integument, curved ventrad apically; sterna
V and VI with straight setae that delimit apical depression and
with numerous shorter setae. Sternum VIII rounded apically.
Volsella: Fig. 80d. Length 7.0-7.8 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 82). — Namibia and adjacent
part of South Africa.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, NAMIBIA: Swakopmund District: Gobabeb at Kuiseb
River bed, 25 Jan 1987, O. Lomholdt (ZMK). Paratypes: NAMIBIA: Kaokoland:
Marienfluss, 4-8 km N Otjinungwa, collector unknown (1 4, SMNW); Otjinungwa,
17-22 Nov 1970, collector unknown (1 6, CAS). Keetmanshoop District: Noach-
abeb, 7-12 Jan 1972, collector unknown (1 6, CAS). Swakopmund District: Gob-
abeb, same data as holotype (1 6, ZMK); Lower Ostrich Gorge, 22°30'S, 14°58'E,
23 Oct-20 Nov 1984, J. Irish and H. Liessner (1 2, SMNW).
SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, 20 km N Pofadder, 25 Nov 1990, R. Miller
and L. Stange (1 2, CAS; 1 2, 1 6, FSCA).
Gastrosericus neavei Turner
(Figures 83-85)
Gastrosericus neavei Turner, 1913:754, 2. Holotype: 2, Kenya: upper Kuja River
(BMNH), examined.—Turner, 1916:258 (in Parallelopsis, misspelled Paralel-
lopsis), Arnold, 1922:125 (redescription), 1930:2 (listed); Schouteden, 1930:91
(Zaire); Bohart and Menke, 1976:255 (forewing illustrated), 256 (listed), 279
(male sternum VIII illustrated), 280 (male genitalia illustrated),
Parallelopsis africana Maidl, 1914:147, 6. Holotype: é: Senegal: Thiés (PORTICD,
examined. Synonymized with Gastrosericus neavei by Arnold, 1922:125
Gastrosericus neavei reversa Arnold, 1951:157, 2, 4, incorrect termination for rev-
ersus. Lectotype: °, Mali: Tillembeya on Niger River (BMNH), present desig-
nation, examined. New synonym.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus neavei differs from its congeners
in having straight, erect setae on the vertex and thorax (setae
markedly longer on the vertex than between the mandible and
occipital carina), and the punctures are coarse on the frons,
vertex, and thorax (several times larger than genal punctures
98
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FIGURE 80
adjacent to orbit). The metapleural flange is slightly broader
than in the other species. The shape of the female pronotum is
shared with fluviatilis, rothneyi and some vedda (precollar simple
but side sulcate), and the female clypeus is similar as in fluvia-
tilis, and rothneyi (Fig. 83a, b).
Gastrosericus nama: male foretrochanter (* 217)
FiGure 81
Gastrosericus nama: a, female clypeus (* 71), b, female mandible (* 86), c, male clypeus (* 71); d, volsella (* 251)
Synonymy. — Arnold (1951) claimed that Gastrosericus neay-
ei reversus iS unique among Afrotropical Sphecidae in having
the setae of the propodeal dorsum directed cephalad. In reality,
this orientation is found in all Gastrosericus (at least mesally)
and in many other Larrinae, e.g., in most Tachysphex. The
syntypes of reversus and other West African individuals differ
slightly from equatorial and southern African specimens in the
propodeal pilosity (see Variation below), but these various forms
are connected by intermediates. Because of the intermediates I
do not recognize subspecies and, consequently, I regard reversus
as a synonym of neavel.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge present (inconspicuous in some specimens). Labrum:
free margin acutely emarginate. Orbit closer to antennal socket
than to hindocellar scar. Propleuron simple. Frons, vertex and
thorax coarsely punctured, punctures markedly larger than those
on gena adjacent to orbit; less than one diameter apart on meso-
pleuron. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Metapleural
flange broader than in other Gastrosericus. Marginal cell: length
of costal margin 4.2-5.4 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins
interstitial above or confluent in a petiole.
Setae erect on vertex, adjacent to oral fossa, and on thorax,
not obscuring mesothoracic integument; setal length (expressed
as fraction of basal width of mandible): 0.5 on vertex and 0.3
adjacent to oral fossa.
Head, thorax and gaster black except tegula pale yellow an-
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
@ nama
@ pnepheros
30° —
| | |
15° °° 15°
FiGure 82.
teriorly in many specimens (also humeral plate mesally in some).
Femora black, with pale yellow apical spot in some females and
most males (spot largest on forefemur, smallest on hindfemur).
Tibiae: see below. Tarsi black, apical article in many specimens
reddish or yellowish. Wings markedly infumate except mod-
erately so in Kenyan specimens and in males from Transvaal.
2.—Mandible (Fig. 83c): inner margin with subbasal tooth;
cleft obtusely angulate; preapical tooth absent. Clypeus (Fig.
83a, b): disk without teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe con-
cave laterally, mesally with almost rectangular prominence that
is roundly truncate to obtusely tridentate at apex, corner well-
99
30° 45° moe
== 30:
30° 45° B08
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus nama and pnepheros
defined; distance between lobe corners about 2.5 x distance
between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar
and orbit about 2.5 x scar length. Gena with tooth below mid-
height near occipital carina (Fig. 83d). Flagellomere I: dorsal
length 1.6-1.75 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar not cari-
nate laterally, side sulcate. Forecoxa shallowly concave near
inner margin, foremargin expanded into low tooth admesally
(Fig. 83e). Forebasitarsus with 4—6 rake spines; length of apical
spine about equal to apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere
IV: length of inner apical spine 0.6-0.7 x apical width of tar-
somere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Ster-
100
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FIGURE 83
Gastrosericus neavel: a, female head frontally (* 27); b, female clypeus (= 44); c, female mandible (* 70); d, female head laterally (= 36); e, female
forecoxa obliquely from the side (= 78): f, male head frontally (* 30); g, male clypeus (= 67); h, volsella (* 200)
num II apicomesally with glabrous, apicomesal area. Pygidial
plate (except basally) covered with stout setae that largely con-
ceal integument. Length 7.5-8.0 mm.
Fore- and midtibiae all black or pale yellow dorsally (except
on apex); hindtibia black, with pale yellow dorsum.
é.— Mandible: inner margin with obtuse subbasal tooth. Clyp-
eus (Fig. 83f, g): lobe pointed, not angulate laterally, its free
margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.75 x apical width. Distance
between orbit and hindocellar scar about 2.0 = scar length.
Foretrochanteral notch shallow, longer than distance that sep-
arates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 84), its bottom glabrous,
delimited anteriorly by erect setae. Forebasitarsus with 0-5 rake
spines; longest spine about equal to apical width of basitarsus.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus in most specimens without
preapical spines (but midbasitarsus with a rudimentary spine
in a male from Kamanjab area, Namibia). Inner claws of mid-
and hindtarsi insignificantly smaller than outer ones. Pygidial
plate setose. Sterna without mesal depressions, minutely, closely
punctate throughout; sternal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII
rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 83h. Length 5.8-8.5 mm.
Foretibia all black or with pale yellow outer side, mid- and
hindtibiae black with pale yellow dorsum.
VARIATION.— The postspiracular carina is expanded at the
ventral end in specimens from Senegal and Mali, even the small-
est ones. The carina is the usual form (not expanded) in examples
from other areas.
Individuals from Gambia, Guinea, and Senegal as well as
some from Mali differ from other specimens in having the me-
dian setae of the propodeal dorsum slightly denser and more
appressed; these setae thus contrast with the remaining pro-
podeal vestiture (median setae not contrasting in many other
specimens studied). However, the setae look alike in some spec-
imens from Mali (a paralectotype of reversus) and some from
Zimbabwe.
LirE History.—Unlike other Gastrosericus, specimens of
neavei that I collected were flying around or walking on some
broadleaf plants, (about 0.5-1.5 m tall) rather than on the
ground. Wasps were also active in light rains, e.g., at the begin-
ning of a storm, and often reappeared when the sky was still
covered with clouds. Possibly, the unusually long setae of neavei
correlate with this ability to fly during a rain and protect the
body from water drops.
A female from Lingadzi, Malawi, is pinned with prey, anymph
of a geophilous grasshopper, Acroty/us sp. (Acrididae, Oedi-
podinae, det. N. D. Jago).
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 85).—South Africa north to
Senegal, Mali, Niger, and Kenya.
Recorps.— ANGOLA: Bruco (2 ¢, BMNH), 10 mi NE Cacula (1 °, BMNH)
BOTSWANA: Nata (1 8, AEI), Serowe (2 9, 1 4, CAS; 1 9, NCIP; 5 9, 1 4,
USNM,; 2 8, 4 3, ZMK).
BURKINA FASO: Gourma Kompienga 20 km S Pama (4 2, 3 6, LEM).
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Kembe, 4°29'N, 21°53’E (1 2, 1 6, HD)
CHAD: N’Djamena (1 2, ZMA).
GAMBIA: Keneba (3 2, 1 ¢, BMNH).
GUINEA: Kouruoussa (1 ¢, MNHN)
IVORY COAST: Katiola (1 2, 1 6, ZMA).
KENYA: Archer’s Post on Ewaso Ng’iro River (4 2, 2 6, CAS), Diani Beach
near Mombasa (2 2, MCZ, UCD), upper Kuja River (1 2°, BMNH, holotype of
neavet), Tiwi Beaches, 4°14'S, 39°36’E (1 4, ZMK).
MALAWI: Chintheche (1 ¢, MRAC), Lingadzi (1 2, BMNH).
MALT: 25 and 30 km N Bamako (12 2, 2 6, CAS; 20 2, 5 6, MS), 10 km E Mopti
(3 2, CAS; 1 6, MS), 45 km W Mopti (3 6, CAS; 2 6, MS), 5 km S San (1 2, MS),
30 km NE San (1 9, 2 6, MS), 30 km S San (5 2, 1 6, CAS; 3 2, 1 4, MS), Diafarabe
(1 2, BMNH, determined as reversa by Arnold, possibly a syntype), Tillembeya
on Niger River, approximately 14°00'N, 4°00'W (2 2, 3 6, BMNH, lectotype and
paralectotypes of reversus).
MOZAMBIQUE: Moamba (1 4, ZMA),.
NAMIBIA: Kavango Gebied: Rundu (1 2, CAS), 20, 25, and 40 km E Rundu
(1 2, JG; 3 2, MS). Karibib District: Ameib Farm 19 mi NW Kanibib (1 6, BMNH).
Okahandja District: Okahandja (1 2, AMG). Outjo District: 31 km SE Kamanjab
(1 4, CAS; 2 6, MS), Ugab River 11 km SE Outjo (1 8, 1 , CAS ). Tsumeb District:
10 km SE Tsumeb (1 2, MS). Windhoek District: Bismarck River 30 km E Wind-
hoek (1 4, CAS), Windhoek area (1 °¢, UCD).
NIGER: Madoua, 14°04’N, 5°57’E (1 °, FSAG), Niamey (1 9, JH; 1 ¢, KMG;
1 6, LUW).
SENEGAL: Dakar (1 2, MNHN); Kédougou (1 4, CAS; 2 6, FSAG), Mbour (1
é, MNHN), Ndangane 45 air km SE Mbour (1 ¢, AAM), Tambacounda (2 4, CAS;
101
Ficure 84.
158)
Gastrosericus neavet: foretrochanter ( *
1 2, 6 8, FSAG), Thiés (1 6, PORTICI, holotype of africanus), 5 km SW Thies (2
é, CAS), Zinguinchor (1 2, 1 6, FSAG).
SOUTH AFRICA: Natal: Hluhluwe Game Reserve (1 6, AEI), Jozini (2 4, CAS,
UCD), Muden (1 9, 1 4, AEI), New Hanover (1 ¢, BMNH), Weenen (1 2, 1 4,
BMNH). Transvaal: Afguns (1 2, AMG), Bloemhof(1 ¢, AMG), Buffelspoort Dam
(1 2, 2 6, AMG; 1 2, CAS), Constantia Ranch 5 km S Kaapmuiden (1 2, CAS),
Duiwelskloof, 23°42’S, 30°06’E (1 °, NCIP), Ellisras (1 2, AMG), Klerksdorp (2
é, AMG; | 6, CAS), Loskopdam Nature Reserve, 25°25'S, 29°20’E (1 4, NCIP),
Messina (3 2, 1 6, AMG), Modjadji Nature Reserve, 23°38'S, 30°20'E (1 6, NCIP),
Mogol Nature Reserve, 23°58'S, 27°45'E (4 2, 4.8, NCIP), Mooketsi (2 °, USNM),
Nylsvlei Nature Reserve, 24°39’'S, 28°42’E (1 9, 1 6, NCIP), Funda Milia (1 4,
ZMA) and Pafuri in Kruger National Park, 22°26’S, 31°12’E (3 6, NCIP), Pretona
(1 2, CU), Pretoria: Faerie Glen at 25°46’S 28°17’'E (1 2, CAS), 43 km N Pretona
(1 2, MS), Rustenburg (2 2, AMG, RMNH), Rustenburg Nature Reserve, 25°40’S,
27°12’E (3 6, NCIP), Sabie River Bungalows (1 2, AMG), Silverton (1 2, AMG),
Soutpan in Pretoria District, 25°24'S, 28°06’E (1 6, CAS; 1 2, 1 4, NCIP), 5 mi W
Warmbad (2 2, 2 6, USNM), Zebediela in Mogoto Nature Reserve (24°15’S, 29°13'E
(2 8, NCIP).
TANZANIA: Dar Es Salam: Bahari Beach (1 2, CAS; 12 9, 26, ZMA), Manyara
Lake (1 6, USU), Namawala in Kilombero District (1 2, 1 6, LUW)
ZAIRE: Kasai Occidental: Tshikapa (1 2, MRAC). Shaba: Kalemié (1 2, CU),
Kamina (1 2, MRAC; possibly a locality of the same name in Kasai Oriental)
Zaire Central: Boma, circa 6°00'S, 13°00’E (1 2°, MRAC)
FSAG), a locality not listed in available gazetteers
ZAMBIA: Chilanga 15 km S Lusaka at 15°34’S 28°16'E (1 2, 1 8, CAS), 9 km
SW Kalomo at 17°04'S, 26°25'E (1 2, 1 6, CAS), 25 km E Lusaka at 15°21'S,
28°30’E(1 2, CAS), 6-18 km SW Mfuwe at 13°07’S, 31°45'E (1 2, 1 6, CAS), 32 km
E Petauke at 14°17’S, 31°37’E (1 ¢, CAS)
ZIMBABWE: Bulawayo (2 6, CAS; 1 2°, CU: 1 9, UCD), Chishawasha near
Harare (6 2, 12 4, BMNH,; 3 6, CAS), Hwange (1 2, CAS), Khami Ruins at 20°09’S,
28°26’E (1 2, AMG; 1 8, CAS), Matobo (1 2, USNM), 11 km NE Nyamandhlovu
at 19°48’S, 28°16’E (1 4, CAS; 1 2, 1 6, NHMZ), Sawmills (1 2, MRAC; 1 6, UCD;
4 2, 1 6, USNM), Trelawney Research Station (1 2, | 6, AMG), Victoria Falls (1
8, CAS)
Also: Masosa (1 3,
Gastrosericus pnepheros sp. n.
(Figures 82, 86, 87)
As Gastrosericus guigliae: Pulawski, 1964:111 (description of 4)
Gastrosericus pnepheros Pulawski: Dollfuss, 1989:9 (nomen nudum; paratype in
NHMW)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Puepheros was a local god of the
ancient Egyptians in Karanis, where the holotype was collected.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus pnepheros has a shiny, triangular
elevation on the propleuron (as in Fig. 143b), the setae are
sinuous on the head and thorax (setal length, adjacent to oral
102
| | |
15 0° 15°
Ficure 85.
fossa, about equal to basal mandibular width), and semierect
on the upper frons as well as scapal and hindfemoral venters.
In addition, the clypeus is yellow, with the free margin of the
lobe arcuate in the female (Fig. 86a) and roundly pointed in the
male (Fig. 86d). The female is unique among species with long
genal pilosity in having two or three conspicuous basoventral
spines on each apical tarsomere (Fig. 86c). The male of shes-
takovi is similar (female unknown), but in pnepheros the mar-
ginal cell is longer (length of costal margin 2.4-3.0 x apical
truncation instead of 1.1-1.2).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin roundly emarginate. Orbit
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
30° 45° 60°
— 30°
—30°
30° 45° 60°
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus neavel
closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket. Propleuron
near hindmargin with shiny, triangular elevation that is slightly
raised posterad. Scutum and mesopleuron with well-defined
punctures. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal
cell: length of costal margin 2.4-3.0 = apical truncation. Re-
current veins separate.
Setae sinuous on head and thorax, obscuring mesopleural
integument; those adjacent to oral fossa about equal to basal
width of mandible: semierect to erect on upper frons and scapal
venter, semierect on hindfemoral venter.
Head and thorax black, but the following are pale yellow:
clypeus, mandible (except apically), scapal venter, pronotal lobe
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 86.
volsella laterally (= 154); f, volsella dorsally (* 154)
(black in some specimens), tegula anteriorly, and humeral plate.
Femora black; tibiae yellow dorsally, red brown ventrally. Tarsi
all brown or yellow basally and brown apically. Wings hyaline.
?.— Mandible (Fig. 86b): inner margin subbasally with broad,
shallow concavity that separates two low, rounded expansions,
with preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 86a): disk without teeth or
carinae; free margin of lobe obtusely angulate (almost arcuate),
concave on each side; corners rounded, ill-defined, placed al-
most at level of margin of lateral lobe; distance between corners
1.8 x distance between corner and orbit. Distance between
hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.7 x scar length. Gena simple.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.8 = apical width. Pronotum:
precollar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa sim-
ple. Forebasitarsus with 7 or 8 rake spines; length of apical spine
1.8 = apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of
inner apical spine about 1.3 = apical width of tarsomere. Venter
103
Gastrosericus pnepheros: a, female clypeus (* 49); b, female mandible (= 53); c, apical hindtarsomere of female (* 56), d, male clypeus (* 66); e,
of tarsomere V with two or three conspicuous basomedian spines
(Fig. 86c). Sternum II with glabrous, triangular area apicome-
sally. Pygidial plate covered with stout setae that largely obscure
integument. Length 11.0-11.5 mm.
Gaster red or segments IV and V brown.
$.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 86d) obtusely pointed, not angulate laterally, its free margin
forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.7 x scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.6-1.9 x apical width. Foretro-
chanteral notch shallow, about as long as distance that separates
it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 87), glabrous and with no spe-
cially modified setae or unusual sculpture on bottom. Forebas-
itarsus with 4-6 rake spines; longest spine 1.5—1.8 x apical width
of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with two to four preap-
ical spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus with two or three such
104
FiGure 87. Gastrosericus pnepheros: foretrochanter (* 158)
spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial
plate setose. Sterna III and IV (except laterally) with fimbriate
depressions, fimbriae appressed basally and fully concealing in-
tegument, curving ventrad apically; sterna V and VI with sparse,
stout setae that delimit apical depression and with numerous
FiGure 88
Gastrosericus praos, male: a, head frontally (* 55); b, clypeus (*
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
markedly shorter, subappressed setae. Sternum VIII rounded.
Volsella: Fig. 86e, f. Length 6.5-7.5 mm.
Gaster varying from mostly black (apical depressions trans-
lucent) to largely red (only segments ITI-V black).
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 82).—Egypt, Sudan.
Recorps.— Holotype: ¢, EGYPT: Al Fayyum Province: Karanis, 25 May 1993,
WJP (CAS). Paratypes: EGYPT: Al Fayyum: same data as holotype but 24 May
(1°, CAS), E Fayum, 30 May 1991, AM (1 2, CAS); Kom Osheim, 9 May 1958,
WIJP (2 4, CAS); same data but 4 May (1 4, MZL); same locality, 25 May 1965,
KVK (2 6, CAS; 4 4, USNM); same locality, 6 June 1991, AM (1 4, AAM); same
locality, 25 May 1993, WJP (1 2, CAS). Al Jizah (= Ghiza): Abu Rawash, 27
June 1937, AM (1 9, AAM), Saqqara, 31 May 1935 and Aug 1935, collector
unknown (2 6 ex coll. Mochi via A. Alfien, USNM). As Sahra al Gharbiyah:
Bahariya Oasis: El Aguz, 8 Jul 1983, C. G. Roche (1 4, CGR), Bahariya Oasis, 2-
5 May 1986, C. G. Roche (1 6, CAS), Baharein in Siwa oasis, 13 June 1935, J.
Omer-Cooper (1 2, BMNH, determined as wa/t/i by J. de Beaumont). As Sahra
al Janubiyah: Kharga oasis, C. G. Roche, 7-8 June 1986 (2 4, CAS), 23 Jul 1988
(2 6, CGR), 31 Oct 1987 (1 8, CAS).
SUDAN: Khartum, 1858, Natterer (1 4, determined as waltlii by F. F. Kohl,
NHMW) (the label has three printed words, **Natt. 1858 Egypt’, each on a separate
line, with a handwritten “Chart.” added to it); Nubian Desert, Nabardi [= Bir
Um-Nabardi, 160 km SE Wadi Halfa], O. Swale, 27 May 1906 and no date (2 4,
BMNH), May 1907 and 28 May 1907 (2 2, 2 6, BMNH).
Gastrosericus praos sp. n.
(Figures 88, 91)
DERIVATION OF NAME. —Praos, Greek for mild, meek, gentle,
tame.
—s
104); c, head dorsally (* 61); d, penis valve (* 133).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
105
»
‘9 3 4
a D
Za
a
FicureE 89. Gastrosericus pratensis: a, female head frontally (* 23), b, female clypeus (* 37), c, female mandible (* 33); d, female head laterally (~ 24); e, female
mesopleuron (* 36); f, pygidial plate (« 65); g, female forecoxa, large specimen (* 56); h, same, small specimen (* 65); 1, volsella (*
DIAGNOsIS. — The male of praos has a unique, broadly truncate
clypeal lobe (Fig. 88a, b). The nonemarginate foretrochanter
and largely glabrous sterna are also distinctive.
DESCRIPTION (based on holotype only).—Mandible with
notched posterior margin, abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free
191)
margin broadly emarginate. Orbit insignificantly closer to an-
tennal socket than to hindocellus. Head occipital margin mark-
edly curved in dorsal view (Fig. 88c). Propleuron simple. Thorax
finely sculptured, but individual punctures discernible on scu-
tum. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal cell: length
106
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Ficure 90
of costal margin 3.0 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins con-
fluent above in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa
(setae semierect between propodeal side and hindface), obscur-
ing mesopleural integument.
Head, thorax, and gaster black, but the following are pale
yellow: mandible (except apically), pronotal lobe, tegula, hu-
meral plate, costal and subcostal veins; flagellum yellowish brown
ventrally. Femora black, yellow apically. Tibiae pale yellow, red
brown ventrally. Tarsi yellow, red brown apically. Wings hya-
line.
2.—Unknown
6.— Mandible: inner margin with subbasal tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
88a, b): free margin of lobe truncate, obtusely angulate laterally;
distance between corners about 1.6 = distance between corner
and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
1.7 x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length about 1.2 x
apical width. Foretrochanter without notch. Forebasitarsus with
5 rake spines; longest spine slightly more than apical width of
basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with one preapical spine,
dorsum of hindbasitarsus without such spines. Claws shorter
than in other species, only slightly exceeding arolium; inner
claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate irregularly
punctate (most punctures sparse, some close to each other),
sparsely setose. Sterna without depression, largely glabrous.
Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella damaged in the only
specimen studied, not reproduced here, penis valve unusual
shape, markedly thickened basally (Fig. 88d). Length 4.7 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 91).—Known only from the
type locality in Congo.
Recorps.— Holotype: 6, CONGO; Djoue 17 km W Brazzaville, 17 Mar 1974,
AM (CAS)
Gastrosericus pratensis Arnold
(Figures 89-91)
Gastrosericus pratensis Arnold, 1929:382, 2. Holotype: ¢, Zimbabwe: Bulawayo
(SAM), examined.— Arnold, 1930:2 (listed); Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (list-
ed)
Gastrosericus pratensis: a, male: foretrochanteral notch (= 316); b, same, bottom of notch (= 632)
DiaGnosis.— The female of pratensis has a partly yellow, un-
usually broad clypeal lobe (distance between corners about three
times clypeal midlength), with a pair of minute tubercles near
the center (Fig. 89a, b). The mesopleural ridge (Fig. 89e) and
apically spinose forecoxa (Fig. 89g, h) are also distinctive, al-
though the ridge is vestigial in small specimens.
In the male, the middle clypeal section is partly yellow (black
at least basally), the lobe free margin is acutely pointed, the setae
are appressed on the vertex as well as between the mandibular
base and occipital carina, the femora are black or reddish brown
but without yellow markings, and the gaster is largely black.
Eastern African and southern African males of uwnico/or are sim-
ilar and the two species can be distinguished only with difficulty.
In most pratensis, tergum I is red basally (black in wnicolor) and
the inner and outer claws of each pair are equal in size. The
inner claws are somewhat smaller than the outer ones in wnicolor
(specimens are 4.6-6.5 mm long), but also in the largest pratensis
(about 8 mm long). Unlike modestus, pratensis lacks rows of
erect sternal setae and the head is narrower in frontal view than
in that species (see Fig. 75d, f)
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin obtusely emarginate. Or-
bit insignificantly closer to antennal socket than to hindocellar
scar. Propleuron simple. Thorax finely sculptured, mesopleuron
and scutum minutely punctate. Scutal flange evenly curved
throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.6-3.8
apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate, interstitial above,
or confluent in a short petiole.
Setae appressed on vertex and adjacent to oral fossa; ap-
pressed, slightly obscuring integument on mesopleuron; nearly
erect between propodeal side and hindface.
Head black; clypeus black basally, brown (female) or black
apically, with a yellow band that is divided into spots in many
males (one median and one on each side, or two median and
one on each side, or only two median spots), mandible yellow
except black apically; scapal venter brown red. Thorax black
but pronotal lobe apically and tegula anteriorly pale yellow.
Wings almost hyaline but forewing infumate apically (only
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
30°—
@ praos
@ pratensis
30°
| | |
15° 0° 15°
FiGure 91
slightly so in many males). Gaster largely black, segments with
reddish preapical areas (also tergum I red basally in some spec-
imens). Femora all red (some females) or partly black, hindfe-
mur all black in some males; tibiae and tarsi red, hindtibia and
in some males midtibia with pale yellow dorsum. Tarsi red or
mid- and hindtarsi almost black.
?.— Mandible (Fig. 89c): inner margin with one rounded sub-
basal tooth and broad, shallow cleft but without preapical tooth.
Clypeus (Fig. 89a, b): disk with two minute tubercles at or above
center; lobe unusually wide (distance between corners 2.8-3.4
x clypeal midlength, and 3.1-3.8 = distance between corner
and orbit), its free margin weakly arcuate, corner well-defined.
107
30° 45° coe
30°
30°
| |
30° 45° 60°
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus praos and pratensis
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit 1.9-2.2 x scar
length. Gena with tooth at level of mandibular base (Fig. 89d),
tooth absent in smallest specimen studied. Flagellomere I: dorsal
length 1.5-1.8 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate
laterally, side not sulcate. Mesopleuron anteriorly with sub-
vertical, slightly angulate ridge (Fig. 89e), but ridge evanescent
in smallest specimen examined. Forecoxa simple except apex
expanded into spine (Fig. 89g, h) that is rudimentary in smallest
specimen studied. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines; length
of apical spine 1.5 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere
IV: length of inner apical spine 0.4-0.5 x apical width of tar-
somere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Ster-
108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
WAZA INN
Wig AMARA
if fr! b
ee
c
FiGure 92. Gastrosericus pulchellus: a, female head frontally (* 35); b, female clypeus (* 50); c, female mandible (« 55); d, female head laterally (= 34); e, female
pygidium (* 65), f, male head frontally (* 37); g, male clypeus (* 65); h, volsella (* 270).
num IT pubescent throughout or asetose apicomesally. Pygidial | margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
plate densely punctate (except basally), setae stout on apical Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.8 x scar
third (Fig. 89f). Length 8.0-10.7 mm. length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.0-1.3 x apical width.
3.—Mandible: inner margin obtusely angulate near base. Foretrochanteral notch about as long as distance that separates
Clypeus: lobe sharply pointed, not angulate laterally, its free it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 90a), its bottom almost glabrous
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
109
FiGure 93.
(Fig. 90b). Forebasitarsus with 3 or 4 rake spines; longest spine
1.2 x apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with
no or one preapical spine, dorsum of hindbasitarsus without
such spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws except
inner claws slightly smaller in the largest specimens. Pygidial
plate densely setose. Sterna without mesal depressions, mi-
nutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae short, uniform.
Sternum VIII notched apically (notch small to conspicuous).
Volsella: Fig. 891. Length 6.7-8.2 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 91).—Namibia, Zimbabwe.
Recorps.— NAMIBIA: Grootfontein District: 40 km NE Grootfontein (1 2, JG;
1 6, MS). Kavango Gebied: Rundu (2 2, CAS; 3 2, | 4, JG; 2 2, 1 6, MS). Karibib
District: 62 km E Kamnibib (5 2, | 4, CAS; 2 2, MS), 43 km E Karibib (1 2, | 4,
MS). Okahandja District: 27 km S Okahandja (1 ¢, CAS). Omaruru District
Ovyikoko-Sud 61 2116Ad [= between 21°15’ and 21°30’S and 16°15’and 16°30'E]
(1 6, SMNW). Otjiwarongo District: 3 km NE Kalkfeld (1 2, 5 6, CAS), 20 km NE
Otjiwarongo (2 6, CAS). Outjo District: 31 km SE Kamanjab (2 4, CAS; | 9, 3 2,
MS). Rehoboth District: 23 km N Rehoboth (1 2, | ¢, CAS; 3 2, MS). Tsumeb
District: Namutoni (1 2, AMG), 10 km SE Tsumeb (3 8, CAS; 1 6, MS), 25 km
SE Tsumeb (1 2, MS). Windhoek District: 25 km N Windhoek (1 4, CAS; | 4, JG;
2, 1 8, MS), 28 km S Windhoek (1 4, CAS).
ZAMBIA: 6-18 km SW Mfue at 13°07'S, 31°45’E (2 6, CAS, NHMZ)
ZIMBABWE: Bembesi (1 ¢, SAM), Bulawayo (3 2, 2 4, SAM, including holotype
and paratype females of pratensis), Gwanda (1 2, SAM), Khami Ruins at 20°09’S,
28°26’E (1 4, CAS), Redbank at Khami River, 20°00'S, 28°22’E (2 6, CAS)
Gastrosericus pulchellus Arnold
(Figures 92-94)
Gastrosericus pulchellus Arnold, 1929:383, 2. Holotype: 2, Zimbabwe: Rhodesdale
(SAM), examined.—Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
DiaGnosis.—The female of pulchellus has two genal teeth
(Fig. 92d), of which the dorsal one is lower. Subsidiary recog-
nition features are: clypeal lobe markedly sinuate, its free margin
roundly prominent mesally and concave laterally (Fig. 92d);
pronotal side deeply sulcate; and gaster black.
The male has an all black, acutely pointed clypeus (Fig. 92f,
g), an all black gaster (with reddish zones in some specimens),
and the setae are appressed between the mandibular base and
the occipital carina and on the vertex. Also, the inner claws of
mid- and hindtarsus are slightly smaller than outer claws and
Gastrosericus pulchellus: a, male foretrochanter (x 194); b, same: bottom of notch (= 387)
the mandible has at least an evanescent abductor ridge. This
combination is shared with fluviatilis (West Africa), but in pul-
chellus (southern Africa) the propodeum is finely, uniformly
sculptured; in fluviatilis, the sides of the propodeal dorsum and
hindface have well-defined punctures with shiny interspaces. In
addition, rows of erect sternal setae are inconspicuous in pul-
chellus while well developed in modestus (Fig. 75f), and sternum
VIII is rounded to shallowly emarginate apically, while deeply
emarginate in tuberculatus (Fig. 132a).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge present but evanescent in many specimens. Labrum:
free margin broadly emarginate. Orbit slightly closer to hin-
docellar scar than to antennal socket in female, equidistant in
male. Propleuron simple. Scutal punctures fine, inconspicuous.
Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Mesopleuron and pro-
podeum uniformly microsculptured. Marginal cell: length of
costal margin 3.2-4.2 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins sep-
arate.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa,
obscuring mesopleural integument; propodeal setae semierect
between side and hindface.
Head black; mandible yellow basally, black apically; clypeus
either all black or reddish anteriorly (two females from Oka-
handja) or with small pale yellow spot mesally (one female from
Okahandja). Thorax black except the following pale yellow:
pronotal lobe apically, tegula, and humeral plate. Gaster either
black, with translucent apical depressions of segments, or with
small reddish area in front of depressions. Femora black (hind-
femur reddish in two females from Okahandja), with large pale
yellow spots apically (spots longer ventrally than dorsally). Tib-
iae yellow, pale ferruginous ventrally (mid- and hindlegs) or on
inner face (foreleg). Tarsi ferruginous in female, largely pale
yellow in male. Wings almost hyaline.
.— Mandible (Fig. 92c): inner margin with one subbasal tooth,
broad, almost rectangular cleft, and no preapical tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 92a, b): disk without teeth or carinae but sloping on each
side of midline, with median, glabrous carina on apical half or
more; clypeal midline in profile straight basally, shallowly con-
cave apically; free margin of lobe rounded mesally and concave
110
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
30° 45° 60°
e
. ee e
ee e e 7
© e@
®@ pulchellus we
@ punctatus
30) , 30°
| | | | |
15 0° 15° 30° 45° 60°
Ficure 94. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus pulchellus and punctatus
laterally, corner well-defined; distance between corners about
2.3 x distance between corner and orbit. Distance between
hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.9-1.1 = scar length. Gena
with two teeth; ventral (larger) tooth located at level of man-
dibular base (Fig. 92d). Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.4-1.6 x
apical width. Pronotum: precollar with lateral, longitudinal ca-
rina, side deeply sulcate. Forecoxa concave along inner margin,
somewhat prominent (and carinate) near foremargin anterolat-
erally. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines; length of apical
spine about 1.1 = apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV:
length of inner apical spine 0.3-0.4 = apical width of tarsomere.
Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II
setose throughout. Setae of pygidial plate inconspicuous except
stout on apical third to quarter (Fig. 92e). Length 6.5-8.5 mm.
6.—Mandible: inner margin obtusely dentate. Clypeus (Fig.
92f, g): lobe acutely pointed, not angulate laterally, its free mar-
gin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Dis-
tance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.1 = scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length equal to apical width. Foretro-
chanteral notch shorter than distance that separates it from
trochanteral apex (Fig. 93a), its bottom setose (Fig. 93b). Fore-
basitarsus with 3 or 4 rake spines; longest spine equal to apical
width of basitarsus. Mid- and hindbasitarsus without preapical
spines. Inner claws of mid- and hindlegs smaller than outer
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 95. Gastrosericus punctatus: a, female head (* 29): b, female clypeus (
volsella (x 211).
claws. Pygidial plate sparsely setose. Sterna without depressions,
minutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae short, uni-
form. Sternum VIII rounded or shallowly emarginate apically.
Volsella: Fig. 92h. Length 5.0-6.5 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 94).— Africa between 10° and
26°S: Namibia to Mozambique, Zimbabwe to Transvaal.
Recorps.—BOTSWANA: Serowe (19 2, 14 6, CAS; 1 2, CNC; 1 ¢, NHMW:
36 2, 4 6, USNM; 28 9, 33 6, ZMK).
51); c, female mandible (= 69); d, male head (~ 35); e, male clypeus (x 70): f,
MOZAMBIQUE: Save River in Massangena District (1 2, SAM).
NAMIBIA: Grootfontein District: 30 km NE Grootfontein (2 2, CAS, MS),
40 km NE Grootfontein (2 °, MS). Karibib District: Ameib Farm 19 mi NW
Karibib (1 6, BMNH), 15 km E Karibib (1 °, MS), 62 km E Karibib (2 2, MS).
Kavango Gebied: 19 km E Omega, 18°01'S, 22°26'E (1 2, SMNW), Rundu (2 9,
JG. Okahandja District: Okahandja (2 9, AMG: | 9°. | 2, BMNH), 17 km W
Okahandja (4 3, CAS). Outjo District: 31 km SE Kamanjab (1 9, 1 4, CAS; 2 4,
MS). Tsumeb District: 10 km SE Tsumeb (1 @, CAS). Windhoek District: 36 km
E Windhoek (1 ¢, CAS).
SOUTH AFRICA: Transyaal: D’Nyala Nature Reserve, 23°45'S, 27°27’E (1 9,
FIGURE 96
trochanter (* 213)
Gastrosericus punctatus: a, female forecoxa (= 133), b, male fore-
1 4, NCIP), Guernsey Farm 15 km E Klaserie (1 2°, PAM), 10 km SW Naboom-
spruit (1 6, FSCA), Pafun in Kruger National Park, 22°26'S, 31°12’E (3 8, 2 2,
NCIP), Phalaboarwa (1 9, FSCA), Skukuza in Kruger National Park, 24°59’S,
31°35’E (1 8, 2 6, NCIP), Thebazimbi in Ben Albert Nature Reserve, 24°37'S,
27°23’E (1 2, NCIP)
TANZANIA: Namawala in Kilombero District (1 2, LUW)
ZIMBABWE: Charara 20 km ESE Kariba at 16°33'S, 28°58’E(1 2, CAS), Kariba
at 16°32'S, 28°49’E (2 2, 1 6, CAS; 1 29, NHMZ), Khami Ruins (1 2, SAM), 10 km
E Mbalabala (1 6, CAS), Redbank at Khami River, 20°00’S, 28°22’E (2 4, CAS,
NHMZ), Rhodesdale (1 2, SAM, holotype of pulchellus)
Gastrosericus punctatus sp. n.
(Figures 94-96)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Punctatus, Latin masculine adjec-
tive, with reference to the thoracic sculpture.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus punctatus 1S unusual in having
short, nearly appressed body vestiture combined with a pointed
tubercle-like elevation on the propleuron (unlike wa/t/ii and its
relatives, the elevation is entirely punctate). The combination
of short vestiture and well-defined mesothoracic punctures (many
are more than one diameter apart) is also unique, although other
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
species (e.g., wroughtoni) approach this condition. In the female,
the forecoxal pit (Fig. 96a) is diagnostic, and a transverse carina
on the clypeal disk (Fig. 95a, b) is similar to that of funereus
(unlike funereus, the pronotal side is not sulcate in punctatus).
In the male, the sternal punctation is distinctive: mesal punc-
tures of sterna III and IV are several to many diameters apart,
whereas the lateral punctures are nearly contiguous. The absence
of the rake spines on the male forebasitarsus is shared only with
some funereus and some swalei, and the presence of a well-
defined subbasal tooth on the inner mandibular margin is an-
other subsidiary recognition feature.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible with notched posterior margin, ab-
ductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin shallowly, broadly
concave. Orbit equidistant from antennal socket and hindocel-
lus in female, in male slightly closer to antennal socket than to
hindocellus. Propleuron near hindmargin with tubercle-like el-
evation that is slightly rising posterad. Genal, mesothoracic, and
propodeal punctures well-defined, interspaces shiny. Scutal flange
evenly curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin
or (most specimens) confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture short, nearly appressed, including setae adjacent to
oral fossa; propodeal setae suberect between side and hindface;
mesopleural setae not obscuring integument.
Head black, but mandible brown red (except apically); scapal
venter translucent apically in female, yellow in male. Thorax
black except the following are pale yellow: pronotal lobe, tegula
anteriorly, and humeral plate anteriorly. Femora black, with
pale yellow apical spot which is longer ventrally than dorsally
(spot short on hindfemur). Gaster, tibiae, and tarsi sexually
dimorphic (see below for details). Wings slightly infumate.
?.—Mandible (Fig. 95c): inner margin with subbasal tooth
and cleft but without preapical tooth (subbasal tooth reduced
on right mandible in single female from Accra). Clypeus (Fig.
95a, b): disk of middle section with transverse, mesally inter-
rupted carina; free margin of lobe weakly sinuous, corner well-
defined; distance between corners 2.2 x distance between corner
and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
equal to scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length
1.8 =< apical width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally,
side not sulcate. Forecoxa with well-defined pit (Fig. 96a). Fore-
basitarsus with 5 rake spines; length of apical spine 1.2 x apical
width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical
spine 0.5—0.7 apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarso-
mere V without preapical spines. Sternum II apicomesally with
glabrous, triangular area. Setae of pygidial plate thin, incon-
spicuous except stout on apical third. Length 6.5-7.1 mm.
Gastral segments I-III red, remainder black. Tibiae black,
yellow dorsally (except at apex), foretibia yellow on outer side.
Tarsi dark brown.
6.— Mandible: inner margin with subbasal tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
95d, e): free margin of lobe weakly arcuate, corner rounded;
distance between corners 0.8 x distance between corner and
orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.2 x
scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length equal to apical width.
Foretrochanteral notch about as long as distance that separates
it from trochanteral apex; its bottom glabrous (Fig. 96b). Fore-
basitarsus with no rake spines. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with-
out preapical spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus at most with one
such spine. Inner and outer claws of all tarsi equal in size.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
113
FiGure 97.
head frontally (« 31); f, male clypeus (* 63); volsella (x 232).
Pygidial plate setose. Sterna without mesal depressions, with
fine but well-defined punctures (lateral punctures of sterna III
and IV subcontiguous, mesal punctures several to many di-
ameters apart); sternal setae short, evenly spaced (sparser than
average in other species). Sternum VIII rounded apically. Vol-
sella: Fig. 95f. Length 5.5-6.0 mm.
Gaster all black (Senegal) or tergum I, or terga I and II, red;
sterna varying from all black to almost red. Tibiae yellow, red-
Gastrosericus rothneyt: a, female head frontally (* 26); b, female clypeus (« 44); c, female mandible (= 60); d, female head laterally (* 31); e, male
dish brown ventrally (foretibia reddish on inner side). Tarsi
yellow.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 94).— Senegal to Ivory Coast
and Togo.
Recorps, — Holotype: WORY COAST: 56 km N Niakaramandougou, !1 Jan
1991, WJP (1 2, CAS). Paratypes: GHANA: Accra, 27 Jan 1991, WJP (1 2, CAS)
SENEGAL: Ferlo, Feté-olé, 6 Oct 1976, GC (1 6, UCD)
TOGO: 5 km W Sokodé, 17 and 20 Feb 1991, WJP (3 2, 5 4, CAS).
114
‘)
\\
FiGure 98. Gastrosericus rothneyi: a, male foretrochanter ( *
Gastrosericus rothneyi Cameron
(Figures 97-99)
Gastrosericus Rothneyi Cameron, 1889:147, 2, incorrect onginal capitalization
Lectotype: 2, India: West Bengal: Barrackpore (OXFORD), designated by Pu-
lawski in Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:15, examined.— Bingham, 1897:216
(redescnption); Dalla Torre, 1897:695 (listed); Rothney, 1903:104 (Bengal), 113
(habitat), Pulawski, 1975:318 (synonymy); Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed);
Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:4 (life history), 15 (redescmption)
Gastrosericus Bingham Cameron, 1897:22, 4, incorrect onginal capitalization
Holotype: 4, India: West Bengal: Barrackpore (OXFORD), examined. Synon-
ymized with Gastrosericus rothneyi by Pulawski, 1975:318.—Rothney, 1903
104 (Bengal), 113 (habitat); not Tsuneki, 1963:3 and Iwata and Yoshikawa,
1964:389 (actually Gastrosericus siamensis)
2, Thailand: Sara
Bun (Tadashi Tano coll., Fukui), examined. Synonymized with Gastrosericus
Gastrosericus thailanditus Tsuneki, 1974:622, 2, 6. Holotype
rothneyi by Pulawski in Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:15.—Bohart and Menke,
1976:629 (listed)
DIAGNOsIS.— The female of rothneyi has a unique combina-
tion of two genal teeth (Fig. 97d) and a pygidial plate covered
ith stout setae (except basally). The clypeal lobe 1s similar as
luviatilis: broadly emarginate on each side, with narrow mes-
199). b, claws of female hindtarsomere V (x
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
167), c, claws of male hindtarsomere V (= 210)
al process (Fig. 97a, b); and the pronotal precollar has no lateral,
longitudinal carina, although the side is sulcate (same in fluvia-
tilis, neavei, and some vedda), The propodeal punctures are well-
defined, another subsidiary recognition feature.
In the male, the setae are appressed on the vertex but erect
adjacent to oral fossa (setal length about one midocellar di-
ameter), and subsidiary recognition characters are: clypeal lobe
acutely pointed, clypeus and gaster black, and propodeal hind-
face shiny, with well-defined punctures. The West African /lu-
viatilis is similar, but in that species the setae, between the
mandible and occipital carina, are nearly appressed and shorter
than the midocellar diameter and the propodeal hindface 1s dull,
punctatorugose.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge present (evanescent in some specimens). Labrum: free
margin narrowly, conspicuously emarginate. Orbit in female
about equidistant from antennal socket and hindocellar scar, in
male slightly closer to antennal socket than to hindocellar scar.
Propleuron simple. Mesothoracic and propodeal punctures well-
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
@ rothneyi
@ sabulosus
FiGure 99. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus rothneyi and sabulosus.
115
116
defined. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal cell:
length of costal margin 4.0-6.0 x apical truncation. Recurrent
veins interstitial above or confluent in a short petiole.
Setae short, appressed on scape, frons, vertex and thorax (ex-
cluding propodeum); erect adjacent to oral fossa (about 0.3 x
basal width of mandible); partly concealing mesopleural sculp-
ture; longest propodeal setae semierect, equal to two midocellar
diameters.
Head, thorax and gaster black, but the following are yellow:
mandible (all black in some females), tegula anteriorly, pronotal
lobe posteriorly, and male scape apically. Legs black and yellow
(see below). Wings infumate.
2.— Mandible (Fig. 97c): inner margin with two small subbasal
teeth separated by cleft, but without preapical tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 97a, b): disk without teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe
markedly concave laterally, mesally with narrow, almost par-
allel-sided projection (that is straight or emarginate apically),
with small, sharp projection next to corner, the latter also tooth-
like (tooth and projection separated by narrow, angulate inci-
sion); distance between lobe corners about 2.5 = distance be-
tween orbit and corner. Distance between hindocellar scar and
orbit about 1.6-1.7 x scar length. Gena with two teeth: behind
mandibular base and at midheight near occipital carina (Fig.
97d). Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.6 x apical width. Prono-
tum: precollar not carinate laterally, side deeply sulcate. Fore-
coxa concave near midlength of inner margin, inner anterior
corner obtusely prominent. Forebasitarsus with 6 or 7 rake spines;
length of apical spine equal to apical width of basitarsus. Fore-
tarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine about 0.3 = apical
width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical
spines. Sternum II pubescent throughout. Pygidial plate covered
with stout setae that largely obscure integument (except basally).
Length 7-8 mm.
Legs black, but the following are yellow: fore- and midfemora
apically (up to half length of forefemur), foretibia externally,
and mid- and hindtibiae dorsally (but apex of all tibiae black);
foretibia brown on inner side.
é6.— Mandible: inner margin obtusely angulate. Clypeus (Fig.
97e, f): lobe sharply pointed, not angulate laterally, its free mar-
gin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Dis-
tance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.7 = scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.4-1.6 = apical width. Foretro-
chanteral notch shallow, inconspicuous (Fig. 98a). Forebasitar-
sus with 3 or 4 rake spines; longest spine equal to apical width
of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus without
preapical spines. Claws variable (see below). Pygidial plate se-
tose. Sterna without mesal depressions, minutely, closely punc-
tate throughout; sternal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII evenly
rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 97g. Length 4.2-6.5 mm.
Legs black, but the following are yellow: fore- and midfemora
apicoventrally (up to 2/3 length of forefemur), hindfemoral apex,
foretibia (except black venter and brown inner face), mid- and
hindtibiae except venter largely black mesally.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION.—Specimens from various geo-
graphic areas vary in the size of claws and in color of mandibles
and the male tarsi, as described below.
India, Nepal, Sri Lanka. Female: inner claw of mid- and hind-
tarsus shghtly smaller than outer claw (Fig. 98a); mandible black
basally, reddish mesally, and brown apically. Male: inner claws
of mid- and hindtarsi markedly smaller than outer claws (Fig.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
98c); mandible black basally, then yellow, reddish, and brown
apically; tarsomeres I and II yellow.
Thailand, Vietnam. Female: inner and outer claws equal in
most specimens but inner claw smaller than outer claw in a
female from Wang Saphung; mandible black basally, then yel-
low, reddish, and brown apically (all black in a female from
Wang Saphung and single female from Hanoi). Male: inner claws
of mid- and hindtarsus insignificantly smaller than outer claws
(most specimens), but noticeably smaller in a specimen from
Ko Samet Island and two males from Hanoi; mandible yellow
basally and reddish apically in Thai specimens, yellow mesally
in Vietnamese specimens; tarsi all black or dark brown.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 99).—India, Nepal, Sri Lan-
ka, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam. Probably widely distributed in
Indochina, as suggested by specimens collected in Loei and
Wang Saphung on the Mae Nam Lo River banks, an affluent
of Mekong.
Recorps.—BURMA: Taninthan (1 29, ZMHU).
INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore (1 2, CAS; | 6 GRF), Nedungadu in Thanjavur
(= Tanjore) District (2 4, MCZ, UCD). West Bengal: Barrackpore (2 2, 1 4,
OXFORD, lectotype and paralectotype of rothneyi, holotype of binghami), Chapra
(6 °, BMNH).
NEPAL: Adhabhar near Simra, 600 feet (1 2, CAS; 2 2, CNC).
SRI LANKA (USNM unless indicated otherwise): Anuradhapura District: Hu-
nuwilagama (24 9, 5 4; 6 2, 3 6, CAS; 1 2, NHMW; 3 8, UCD), Padaviya (10 2, 1
4), Colombo District: Labugama Reservoir Jungle (7 2, 2 4). Jaffna District: Kil-
inochchi (2 2). Mannar District: Kondachchi, Ma Villu (4 9, 8 4); 0.5 mi NE
Kokmotte in Wilpattu National Park (1 2), Pali Aru 20 mi NE Mannar (1 2, Zool.
Mus. Lund). Kandy District: Hasalaka (1 2), 5 mi NW Mahiyangana (1 4). Mon-
aragala District: Angunakolapelessa (1 4), Tanamalwila (1 2). Polonnaruwa Dis-
trict: Pimburettawa 13 mi S Mannampitiya (1 2). Trincomalee District: Amari-
vayal (1 °), Trincomalee, China Bay Ridge Bungalow (1 9, 3 4). Ratnapura District:
Gilimale, Induruwa Jungle (1 2). Vavuniya District: Parayanalankulam Irrigation
Canal 25 mi NW Medawachchiya (1 2, | 3, CAS; 4 9, 2 8).
THAILAND): Kanchanaburi: Kanchanaburi (1 é, CAS), Lam Ta Pen River bank
5 km NW Lat Ya (1 2, CAS). Loei: Loei (3 2, 8 6, CAS), Wang Saphung (21 9, 25
6, CAS; 1 6, RVH). Rayong: Ban Phe (1 6, CAS), Ko Samet Island (2 9, 7 6, CAS).
Sara Buri: Sara Buri (1 2, | 4, Tadashi Tano coll.; | 6, USNM, holotype and
paratypes of thailanditus).
VIETNAM: Hanoi (1 2, 2 6, ZMMU).
Gastrosericus sabulosus sp. n.
(Figures 99-101)
DERIVATION OF NAME. — Sabulosus, Latin masculine adjective
meaning sandy or living on sand; with reference to this species’
habitats.
DIAGNOsIS. — Females of sabulosus, lepidus, and unicolor have
a similar clypeus (Figs. 100a, b): lobe free margin not angulate
or scarcely angulate laterally, subdivided into three arcuate por-
tions, of which the median one is the largest; and subsidiary
recognition characters are: gena dentate (Fig. 100d), pronotal
side sulcate. Unlike the other two species, the female of sabu-
/osus has a row of basoventral spines on the apical tarsomeres
(Fig. 101a). In addition, the middle clypeal section is black, and
the gaster is either all black or red basally and black apically.
The middle clypeal section is yellow in /epidus and most uni-
color, and the gaster is all red in /epidus and has red or yellow
markings in most wnicolor.
In the male, the setae are appressed on the vertex and adjacent
to the oral fossa; the clypeus (except laterally) and the gaster are
all black; the clypeal lobe is pointed mesally (Fig. 100f); the
mandible has no abductor ridge, and the inner and outer claws
of each pair are equal in size. Unlike fluviatilis and rothneyi,
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
Ficure 100.
of female (* 117); f, male clypeus (* 86); g, volsella (x 249).
Gastrosericus sabulosus: a, female head (= 29); b, female clypeus (* 49); c, female mandible (* 63); d, female head laterally (* 47); e, pygidial plate
the propodeum is dull, impunctate, uniformly microsculptured; ductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin broadly emarginate.
unlike modestus, the sternal setae are appressed; and unlike Orbit equidistant from antennal socket and hindocellus in fe-
truncates sternum VIII is not emarginate. male, slightly closer to antennal socket than to hindocellus in
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible with notched posterior margin, ab- male. Propleuron simple. Thorax finely sculptured, punctures
17
118
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 101
(= 474)
indiscernible. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal
cell: length of costal margin 3.5-4.5 x apical truncation. Re-
current veins separate or interstitial above.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa and
those between propodeal side and hindface; obscuring meso-
pleural integument.
Head black, but mandible pale yellow (except apically), also
clypeus next to orbit in a female from Senegal and single male
from Pakistan. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe, tegula, and
humeral plate pale yellow. Gaster black in most specimens but
segment I red in a female from Nouakchott area, Mauritania,
and segments I and II red in a female from Oued Tayart, Mau-
ritania, and one from Richard Toll area, Senegal. Femora black,
yellow apically (yellow spot largest on forefemur). Tibiae reddish
brown, pale yellow dorsally (laterally on foretibia). Tarsi yellow,
somewhat darkened distally in female. Wings hyaline.
Gastrosericus Sabulosus: a, apical hindtarsomere of female, ventral view (* 280); b, male foretrochanter (* 237); c, bottom of foretrochanteral notch
2.— Mandible (Fig. 100c): inner margin with basal tooth and
widely rounded cleft, but with no preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
100a, b): disk raised and glabrous along midline (except on basal
half); free margin of lobe with ill-defined lateral corner, subdi-
vided into three arcuate portions, of which the middle is the
largest; distance between corners 2.8 = distance between corner
and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
1.3 x scar length. Gena with tooth between mandibular base
and occipital carina (Fig. 100d). Flagellomere I: dorsal length
1.3 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar carinate laterally, side
sulcate. Forecoxa concave anteriorly on inner half, foremargin
raised on outer half. Forebasitarsus with 4 or 5 rake spines;
length of apical spine 1.2 = apical width of basitarsus. Fore-
tarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine 0.4—-0.5 = apical width
of tarsomere. Tarsomeres V with basoventral spines (Fig. 10 1a).
Sternum II setose throughout, without glabrous, apical area.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
/}
/
Cc
Ficure 102.
(< 76); e, volsella (x 209).
Gastrosericus sanctus: a, Clypeus of a female from Kenya (* 66); b,
Pygidial plate asetose except with few stout setae apically (Fig.
100e). Length 6.2-8.0 mm.
6.—Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 100f): free margin of lobe pointed mesally, not angulate
laterally, forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin;
middle section carinate anteriorly along midline, but carina ev-
anescent in some specimens. Distance between hindocellar scar
and orbit about 1.6 x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length
1.1-1.2 x apical width. Foretrochanteral notch shallow, about
as long as distance that separates it from trochanteral apex (Fig.
101b); notch bottom nearly all setose (Fig. 10 1c). Forebasitarsus
with 1-3 rake spines; longest spine 0.7 < apical width of ba-
sitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus without preapical
spines. Inner claws as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely
punctate and setose. Sterna without mesal depressions, mi-
nutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae short, uniform.
Sternum VIII roundly truncate or emarginate apically. Volsella:
Fig. 100g. Length 5.2-6.6 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 99).—Known from two
widely distant areas: Mauritania and Senegal, and also Pakistan.
Recorps.— Holotype: ?, SENEGAL: 16 km N Fatick, 25 Jul 1991, WJP (CAS).
Paratypes: MAURITANIA: 16 km NE Nouakchott, 3 Nov 1993, WJP (1 2, CAS);
same locality, November 1993, F. Borgato (1 4, FB), 70 km SE Nouakchott, 28
Oct 1993, WJP (1 8, CAS); Oued Tayart 30 air km NW Atar, 25 Oct 1993, WJP
(1 2, CAS).
119
SS
SSS
SSS
Pe
clypeus of a female from Israel (x 61); c, female mandible (* 62); d, male clypeus
PAKISTAN: Punjab: Faisalabad (as Lyallpur), 29 June 1929, collector unknown
(1 6, BMNH). Sind: Kirthar National Park (headquarters) 150 km NE Karachi,
25°10°-26°05'N, 67°10°-67°55’E, 27-28 June 1989, WJP, Waseem Ahmad Khan,
and Muhammed Aleem Khan (1 °, CAS).
SENEGAL: same data as holotype (1 2, CAS); same data but AM (2 2, AAM),
25-35 km S Richard Toll, 10 Jul 1989, H. van der Valk (2 4, CAS), same data
but 19 Jul (1 4, LUW), 8 Aug (1 2, CAS; 1 2, 1 6, ZMA), 11 Aug (1 2, 1 6, ZMA),
13 Sep (1 6, LUW), and 20 Sep (1 4); Vélingara, 15 May 1983, J. W. Everts (1 4,
LUW).
Gastrosericus sanctus Pulawski
(Figures 102-104)
Gastrosericus sanctus Pulawski in de Beaumont, Bytinski-Salz, and Pulawski,
1973:16, 2, 6. Holotype: 2, Israel: Jericho (H. Bytinski-Salz coll., Tel Aviv),
examined.—Bohart and Menke, 1975:256 (listed).
DIAGNOsIS.— The female of sanctus is similar to moricel (see
that species, p. 92). The male has a unique clypeus (Fig. 102d):
lobe prominent, broad, with a sinuate or arcuate free margin
and well-defined corners that are closer to orbit than to each
other. The combination of short genal setae and fimbriate im-
pressions on sterna III and IV is shared only with wroughtoni,
but unlike the latter species the setae are appressed adjacent to
the oral fossa.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin biarcuate or broadly,
shallowly concave. Orbit closer to hindocellar scar than to an-
120
Co
\
\ ‘i
FiGure 103
tennal socket. Propleuron near hindmargin with pubescent tu-
bercle (tubercle evanescent in many males). Thorax microsculp-
tured, without well-defined punctures. Scutal flange evenly curved
throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 2.0-3.5
apical truncation. Recurrent veins interstitial above or confluent
in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed (including setae adjacent to oral fossa),
almost totally concealing mesopleural sculpture.
Head and thorax black but the following are pale yellow:
mandible (black apically), clypeus (black basomedially in some
specimens), scape or at least scapal venter (also pedicel ventrally
in most males), pronotal lobe posteriorly, tegula, and humeral
plate. Gaster and legs: see below. Wings hyaline.
2.— Mandible (Fig. 102c): inner margin with subbasal tooth
and cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Figs. 102a, b;
103a, b): free margin of lobe arcuate or slightly sinuate, corner
well-defined; distance between corners 2.6-3.2 x distance be-
tween corner and orbit; lip in many specimens slightly depressed
apicomesally and/or free margin thickened laterally (Fig. 103a,
b), with lateral tubercle in some specimens (see Variation be-
low). Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit 0.5-0.6 x
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Gastrosericus sanctus: a, female clypeus (* 79), b, portion of female clypeus shown as box in Fig. 103a (= 395); c, male foretrochanter (x 198)
scar length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.5-1.75
x apical width. Pronotum: precollar carinate or not carinate
laterally (see Variation), side indistinctly sulcate in some spec-
imens. Forecoxa flat or scarcely concave anteromesally. Fore-
basitarsus with 6 rake spines, length of apical spine 1.8-2.0 x
apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner
apical spine 0.5-0.6 = apical width of tarsomere. Venter of
tarsomere V with one or occasionally no or two basomedian
spines and in most specimens with one spine on each lateral
margin subbasally. Sternum II apicomesally with glabrous, tri-
angular area. Pygidial plate covered with stout setae that conceal
integument. Length 6.5-7.5 mm.
Gaster red basally and dark apically in most specimens but
largely black in female from Abd al Kuri Island and all black
in female from Watamu Malindi, Kenya. Femora black or partly
ferruginous, with yellow apicoventral spot (spot largest on fore-
leg), but spots almost totally reduced in female from Ein Gedi,
Israel. Foretibia ferruginous, yellow on outer side (except all
ferruginous in Israeli female); mid- and hindtibia ferruginous,
yellow dorsally (all brown in Israeli female). Tarsi ferruginous
(mid- and hindtarsi brown in Israeli female).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
30°—
30° —
15° 0° 15°
Ficure 104.
4.—Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 102d): free margin of lobe arcuate or sinuate, with well-
defined corners; distance between corners 2.0 x distance be-
tween corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and
orbit about 0.6-0.8 x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length
1.1-1.25 x apical width. Foretrochanteral notch slightly shorter
to longer than distance that separates it from trochanteral apex
(Fig. 103c). Forebasitarsus with 3 or 4 rake spines; apical spine
equal to 1.2-1.4 apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid-
basitarsus with two or three preapical spines, dorsum of hind-
basitarsus with one or two such spines. Inner claws of all tarsi
as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna I-IV mi-
30° 45° 60°
— 30°
| | |
30° 45° 60"
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus sanctus
nutely, closely punctate except sterna III and IV glabrous api-
cally; sterna V and VI setose throughout or largely glabrous;
sterna II] and IV mesally depressed (as in Fig. 143b), depressions
conspicuously fimbriate, fimbriae appressed, fully concealing
integument, curving ventrad apically. Sternum III and IV de-
pressed (except laterally), depressions densely fimbriate, fim-
briae concealing integument. Volsella: Fig. 102e. Length 5.5-
6.0 mm.
Gaster all red in some specimens (those from Burkina Faso,
Ghana, Oman, Togo, and some from Mali, Pakistan, and Sen-
egal), dark apically in most, largely to all black in those from
Socotra; only part of segments I and II red in Israeli and some
122
Kenyan males. Femora black or ferruginous, with large yellow,
apicoventral spot, but spot almost totally reduced on mid- and
hindfemora in Israeli and Socotran males. Foretibia light brown
or ferruginous, yellow on outer side; mid- and hindtibiae brown
or ferruginous, yellow on dorsum, but hindtibia all brown in
Israeli specimen. Foretarsus yellow or ferruginous, mid- and
hindtarsi ferruginous (basitarsus yellow in some specimens),
brown in Israeli specimen.
VARIATION. — Clypeal lip of female simple in most specimens,
but with tubercle near each corner (Fig. 102b) in specimens
from Israel, Yemen, and Socotra, and some from Burkina Faso.
The pronotal precollar is carinate laterally in most females, but
not carinate in specimens from Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal
as well as the single specimens studied from Ghana, Tanzania,
and Togo.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 104).—Senegal and Ivory
Coast to Tanzania, Kenya, Namibia (one record) and South
Africa (one record); also Arabian Peninsula, Israel, and Pakistan.
Recorps.— BURKINA FASO: Bobo Dioulasso (1 2, JH), Gourma Kompienga
20 km S Pama (3 2, CAS; 7 2, 3 6, LEM).
GHANA: Kawampe, 8°30'N, 1°35'W, 45 km N Kintampo (1 2, 9 6, CAS).
ISRAEL: En Gedi (1 2, | 6, paratypes, CAS), Jericho (de Beaumont, Bytinski-
Salz, and Pulawski, 1973)
IVORY COAST: 40 km S Toumodi (1 9, CAS).
KENYA: Archer’s Post on Evaso Ng’iro River (1 2, CAS), Lake Baringo (1 4,
USU), Mombasa (1 2, 2 6, CAS; 1 2, 2 4, USU), Tsavo National Park 16 mi SE
Kilaguni Lodge (1 6, CAS), Watamu (Marine Park) circa 1-15 km S Malindi (1
2,6 6, AAM; 1 2, 2 4, CAS).
MALI: 25 km N Bamako (1 2°, CAS), 40 km W Douentza (1 4, CAS), Gao (2
3, KMG), 158 km SW Gao (1 2, CAS), 45 km W Mopti (3 2, 3 6, CAS), Mourdiah
(1 6, BMNH), 30 km NE San (1 é, CAS), 100 km NE San (3 6, CAS), 5-7 km S
San (1 2, 26, CAS), 20 km SW San (1 2, 1 6, CAS), 30 km S San (1 2, CAS), 40 km
SE Ségou (1 2, CAS), 40 km W Ségou (1 2, 2 4, CAS).
MAURITANIA: Oued Tayart 30 air km NW Atar (1 4, CAS).
NAMIBIA: Grootfontein District: 30 km NE Grootfontein (1 2, CAS; 1 2, 1 4,
MS).
NIGER: Namey (1 6, LUW), Takieta, 13°43'N, 8°31’E (1 2, FSAG).
OMAN: Dhofar: S-N road K 48 (1 6, KMG). Oman: Masirhah Island (2 2,
KMG).
PAKISTAN: Baluchistan: Hazarganji Chiltan National Park 20 km SW Quetta
(1 ¢, 5 8, CAS).
SAUDI ARABIA: Abu Arish (1 ¢, KMG), El Riad (2 6, CAS, WL).
SENEGAL: Bayakh 45 km W Dakar (1 4, CAS), Dakar (2 2, FB), 5 km SE
Diourbel (2 2, 4 6, AAM; 4 4, CAS), 16 km N Fatick (6 4, AAM; 3 2, 16 4, CAS),
Kaffrine (1 2, CAS), Louga (1 ¢, ZMA), Ndangane 45 air km SE Mbour (1 2, 10
6, CAS; 1 2, FB), Richard Toll (1 2, CAS), 3 km NW Samba Dia = 70 air km W
Kaolack (2 2, 5 é, AAM; 8 2, 13 4, CAS), Tambacounda (3 2, 1 6, AAM; 4 9, 2 4,
CAS), 5 km SW Thiés (1 2, 1 6, AAM; 1 9, 9 4, CAS).
SOMALIA: Mogadishu (1 6, AM).
SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province: Witsand Farm near Roaring Sands at 28°32’S,
22°30'E (1 2, PMA)
TANZANIA: Bahan circa 25 km N Dar es Salam (1 2, 5 6, AAM; | 6, CAS)
TOGO: 8 km N Sotoboua (1 4, CAS), 12 km S Sokodeé (2 6, CAS), 5 km W
Sokode (1 4, CAS), 10 km N Wahala (1 9, CAS)
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Khor Fakkan (1 6, CAS; | 9, 1 6, KMG).
YEMEN: Abd al Kuri Island (1 2, BMNH), Hays (circa 50 km S Hudaydah
harbor) (1 °, 3.4, AAM; | 6, CAS), Socotra: Hadibo Plain (5 6, BMNH,; 1 6, CAS),
Wadi Rima near Sanaa (1 6, CAS).
Gastrosericus senegalensis Arnold
(Figure 105)
Gastrosericus senegalensis Arnold, 1951:158, °. Holotype: °, Senegal: Dakar
(BMNH), examined.—Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed)
D1AGNosIs.—The female of senegalensis is characterized by
the following: clypeal lobe well-defined, with an evenly arcuate
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
free margin and no discal tooth or carinae (as in Fig. 32a); scutal
flange almost evenly curved throughout: gaster all red and hind-
femur largely red. Some other species share these characteristics,
but in senegalensis the clypeal disk has no glabrous, longitudinal
swelling (swelling present in chalcithorax), the scapal venter is
all black or narrowly yellow basally and translucent apically (all
yellow in e/ectus), and the outer apical spine of foretarsomere
IV is equal to or longer than the apical width of the tarsomere
(about 0.5 of apical width in karooensis).
In the male, the vestiture is appressed, the free margin of the
clypeal lobe is roundly, obtusely arcuate and not angulate lat-
erally (as in Fig. 32c), the foretrochanteral notch is deep (as in
Fig. 33a), sternal setae are short, uniform, the scape and the
tarsi are yellow, and the gaster is red, with no yellow markings.
This combination is shared with other species, but senegalensis
differs in having: flagellum black, dark brown ventrally (yellow
at least ventrally in e/ectus); hindfemur red and yellow (black
and yellow in azyx); and foretarsal rake long: longest spine of
forebasitarsus |.2-1.7 x apical width of basitarsus (no longer
than apical width in e/ectus).
STATUS OF THE SPECIES.—Gastrosericus senegalensis differs
only minimally from e/ectus and could be regarded as a variant
of the latter. I consider it to be a full species because I have
observed no intergradation, even in mixed populations (e.g.,
10 km E Mopti, Mali).
DeEscriIPTION. — Mandible with notched posterior margin, ab-
ductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin emarginate. Orbit
closer to hindocellus than to antennal socket in female, equi-
distant in male. Propleuron simple. Thorax finely sculptured,
scutal punctures barely discernible. Scutal flange almost evenly
curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 4.2-
5.5 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins interstitial above or
confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed including setae on propodeum and ad-
jacent to oral fossa; mesopleural setae concealing integument.
Mandible yellow, black apically; clypeus all black or reddish
anteromesally, with anteromedian yellow spot of varying size
in some males; flagellum black, dark brown ventrally. Thorax
black except pronotal lobe, tegula, and humeral plate pale yel-
low. Gaster red. Wings slightly infumate. Color of scapes and
legs sexually dimorphic (see below).
°.—Mandible: inner margin with basal tooth and cleft, but
without preapical tooth. Clypeus (as in Fig. 32a): disk without
teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe arcuate; distance between
corners 2.5—2.6 = distance between corner and orbit. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.1 = scarlength. Gena
simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length about 2.0 = apical width.
Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Fore-
coxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 (mostly) or 6 rake spines;
length of apical spine 1.8—2.0 = apical width of basitarsus. Fore-
tarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine 1.0-1.5 < apical width
of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines.
Sternum II apicomesally with glabrous, triangular area. Pygidial
plate with no to three appressed, preapical setae (mostly two),
disk asetose or with a few inconspicuous, minute setae. Length
5.2-6.3 mm.
Scape black except translucent apicoventrally, narrowly yel-
low basally in many specimens. Forefemur black, apically with
large, yellow spot; midfemur black basally, red mesally, yellow
123
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
‘SISUILUDIS PUB 'SISUIJDSIUAS “IMOYDISAYS SNIVISOAISV JO SAEIO] BUNIIOD ‘“SO| TANI]
06 sk 009 sp Of st
SISUBWEIS ©
IAOYEISBYS @
sisuajeBaues
< KN SF y; y y
xz yi
GAM
YYyfyppyyl H
y, /\/ Hil
/
a
teh
Wo
=
———..
_—_——
————
= QA
——=
=
=
——
a"
—
Ficure 106. Gastrosericus shestakovi, male: a, clypeus (* 75); b, marginal cell
of forewing (* 77), c, volsella (* 224)
apically; hindfemur all red or black basally, with small yellow
spot apically. Tibiae yellow, red ventrally (foretibia red on inner
side). Tarsi red or forebasitarsus yellow.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(as in Fig. 32c): obtusely pointed, not angulate laterally, forming
single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance between
hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.1 * scar length. Flagellomere
I: dorsal length 1.0-1.3 = apical width. Foretrochanteral notch
longer than distance that separates it from trochanteral apex,
its bottom varying from setose to glabrous. Forebasitarsus with
2-5 (mostly 3) rake spines; longest spine 1.2—1.7 < apical width
of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with no, one, or two
preapical spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus with no or one such
spine. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial
plate densely setose. Sterna without depression, shortly, evenly
pubescent. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella as in e/ectus
(see Fig. 32e). Length 4.1-5.2 mm.
Scape and pedicel yellow. Femora red or fore- and midfemora
black basally, all femora yellow apically (yellow may extend
ventrally nearly to femoral base). Foretibia yellow, reddish on
inner side, mid- and hindtibiae all yellow or reddish ventrally
(reddish zone not reaching base or apex). Tarsi yellow.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 107.
Gastrosericus shestakovi: male foretrochanter (* 175).
Lire History.—I collected two females 10 km E Mopti, on
7 August 1991, that were carrying a young acridid nymph each.
One nymph was determined as Acroty/us glaucopsis Walker, the
other as Acrotylus sp. (Cantatopinae), by N. D. Jago. A female
collected 20 km SW San, on 22 August 1991, was carrying a
homopteran, a member of Dictyopharidae, Fulgoroidea (det.
Lois B. O’Brien). Thus, senegalensis uses representatives of at
least two insect orders as prey.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 105).—Senegal, Mali, and
Burkina Faso.
Recorps.— BURKINA FASO: Bobo Dioulasso (2 2, MNHN), Gourma Kom-
pienga 20 km S Pama (1 2, LEM)
MALI: Douentza (11 9, 6 6, CAS; 22 2, 20 4, MS), Gao (1 2, 3 6, CAS; 1 2,
KMG; 4 2, 2 6, MS), 10 km N Gao (1 2, 2 8, MS), 30 km W Gao (2 2, MS), 158 km
W Gao (1 2, CAS), Homboni (22 2, 20 4, CAS; 47 2, 50 6, MS), 5 km E Hombori
(1 2, MS), 10 km E Homboni (3 2, 2 6, CAS; 9 2, 2 6, MS), 25 km E Homboni (8
2, 4 6, CAS), 30 km NE Hombori (2 9, 20 ¢, MS), 10 km E Mopti (16 2, 23 4,
CAS, 3 2, 15 8, MS), 45 km W Mopti (4 4, CAS; 11 2, 7 6, MS), 130 km NE Mopti
(1 4, MS), 5 km S San (2 2, CAS; | 6, MS), 60 km NE San (4 8, CAS; 1 2, MS),
100 km NE San (3 2, 2 46, CAS; | 2, MS), 20 km SW San (4 2, CAS; 8 6 MS),
40 km SW Segou (6 4, CAS; 5 2, 6 4, MS), 70 km SE Ségou (1 4, CAS).
SENEGAL: Dakar (1 2, BMNH, holotype of senegalensis), 5 km SE Diourbel
(6 3, CAS), 40 km ESE Louga (1 °, CAS), Ndangane 45 air km SE Mbour (2 2, 7
6, CAS), 25-35 km Richard Toll (1 2, ZMA), 3km W Samba Dia = 70 km W
Kaolack (1 2, AAM)
Gastrosericus shestakovi Gussakovskij
(Figures 105-107)
Gastrosericus shestakovi Gussakovskij, 1931:454, 6. Holotype: 4, Turkmenistan
Uch-Adzhi (ZIN), examined.—Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed); Kazenas,
1978:137
D1AGnosis.—A short marginal cell (Fig. 105b) whose costal
margin is about 1.1-1.2 x apical truncation, combined with
sinuous thoracic setae (propodeal setae as long as basal man-
dibular width or longer), is unique to Gastrosericus shestakovi.
DESCRIPTION (based on male only).—Mandible: posterior
margin notched, abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin
deeply, roundly emarginate. Orbit closer to hindocellar scar than
to antennal socket. Pronotum simple. Propleuron near hind-
margin with shiny, triangular elevation that is slightly msing
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 108.
f, penis valve (= 154).
posterad. Scutum and mesopleuron with well-defined, almost
contiguous punctures. Scutal flange slightly expanded adjacent
to tegula, contrastingly concave between expansion and hind-
corner. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 1.1-1.2 x apical
truncation. Recurrent veins separate.
Setae sinuous on thorax and also adjacent to oral fossa, where
they are equal to basal width of mandible or slightly longer;
almost totally hiding mesopleural sculpture; sinuous, semierect
on scapal venter and hindfemoral venter.
Head black, but mandible (except apically), clypeus and scape
(except mesodorsally) pale yellow. Thorax black except pronotal
lobe yellowish posteriorly. Wings hyaline. Gaster and legs vary-
ing in color. In Turkmen and Uzbek specimens, the gaster is
ferruginous, the fore- and midfemora are black (except apically),
the hindfemur is ferruginous; tibiae ferruginous, fore- and mid-
tibiae pale yellow on outer side, hindtibia pale yellow dorsally;
Gastrosericus siamensis: a, female clypeus (* 60); b, female mandible (* 62); c, male clypeus (< 88), d, male pygidium (* 146); e, volsella (* 308);
foretarsus yellowish, mid- and hindtarsi ferruginous. In the Ka-
rachi specimen, the gaster is black, with apical depressions of
segments translucent; all femora black except pale yellow api-
cally; tibiae brown, pale yellow dorsally; tarsi yellowish.
°.—Unknown.
6.— Mandible: inner margin not dentate. Clypeus (Fig. 106a):
lobe obtusely angulate mesally but not angulate laterally, its free
margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.9 scar
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.75-2.0 x apical width.
Foretrochanteral notch about as long as distance that separates
it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 107), its bottom covered with
appressed setae (except glabrous basally). Forebasitarsus with 4
or 5 rake spines; longest spine 2.0 x apical width of basitarsus.
Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate
setose. Sterna III and IV (except laterally) with fimbriate de-
126
FiGure 109
Gastrosericus Siamensis: male foretrochanter (= 234)
pressions, fimbriae appressed basally and fully concealing in-
tegument, curving ventrad apically; sterna V and VI with usual,
straight setae that delimit apical depression, and with shorter,
dense, erect setae. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig.
105c. Length 5.2-6.5 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 105).— Pakistan, Turkmen-
istan, Uzbekistan.
Recorps.—~COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES: Turkmen-
istan: Uch-Adzhi (2 4, including holotype of shestakovi, ZIN). Uzbekistan: Ak-
Tyube on lower course of Surkhan River (1 4, CAS).
PAKISTAN: Karachi (1 46, BMNH)
Gastrosericus siamensis Tsuneki
(Figures 105, 108, 109)
As Gastrosericus binghami: Tsuneki, 1963:3, and Iwata and Yoshikawa, 1964
389-390 (both citations corrected to stamensis by Tsuneki, 1974:626).
Gastrosericus Siamensis Tsuneki, 1974:626, 46. Holotype: 6, Thailand: Ayuttaya
(Tadashi Tano coll., Fukui), examined.—Bohart and Menke, 1976:629 (listed);
Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:5 (revision)
Gastrosericus menont Sudheendrakumar and Narendran, 1985:50, °. Holotype:
2, India: Kerala: Nilambur (CALICUT), examined. New synonym
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus siamensis 1s an Oriental species.
The female has an evenly arcuate clypeal lobe, with no discal
tooth or carina (Fig. 108a); the pygidial plate is asetose or has
inconspicuous setae (no stout setae); and the gaster and femora
are black (extreme apex of femora yellow). Several African spe-
cies are similar, but siamensis differs as follows: scutal flange
evenly curved throughout (as in Fig. 3a) whereas unevenly curved
in simplex and sobrinus (as in Fig. 3b); foretarsomeres IT and
III slightly expanded apicolaterally (as in Fig. 115a), length of
foretarsomere III equal to apical width (foretarsomeres not ex-
panded in eurypus, karooensis, and simplex, length of foretar-
somere III 1.2-1.3 width). See these species for additional
differences.
The male of siamensis has a well-defined clypeal lobe, with
prominent corners and a rounded median projection (Fig. 108c),
a black gaster and a straight midbasitarsus. The clypeus is sim-
ilar in the male of tissa, in which the gaster is red basally and
the midbasitarsus is characteristically bent (Fig. 126e). Addi-
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
tional recognition features of male siamensis are: pygidial plate
sparsely punctate (Fig. 108d) in many specimens and sterna II-
V asetose apically.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin arcuate. Orbit closer to
hindocellar scar than to antennal socket in female, but equidis-
tant or slightly closer to socket than to scar in male. Propleuron
simple. Thorax finely punctured, scutal punctures well-defined,
less than one diameter apart, interspaces shiny; mesopleural and
propodeal punctures almost contiguous. Scutal flange evenly
curved throughout. Propodeal dorsum of many specimens with
median longitudinal carina. Marginal cell: length of costal mar-
gin 3.8-4.2 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins narrowly sep-
arate, interstitial above, or confluent in a very short petiole.
Vestiture appressed (setae semierect between propodeal side
and hindface, about one midocellar diameter long), partly ob-
scuring mesopleural integument; setae adjacent to oral fossa
appressed in female, semierect in male (about half length of
midocellar diameter).
Head black, mandible pale yellow except dark on apical third.
Thorax black, pronotal lobe pale yellow. Gaster black. Femora
black, except pale yellow apically. Tibiae pale yellow except
foretibia brown on inner side and mid- and hindtibiae brown
ventrally. Tarsi brown. Wings slightly infumate.
2.— Head elongate, distance between dorsal edge of antennal
socket and ventral edge of midocellus 1.4 x least interocular
distance. Mandible (Fig. 108b): inner margin with subbasal tooth
and cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 108a): disk
without teeth or carinae, punctate to base of lip or with minute
glabrous area apicomesally; free margin of lobe broadly arcuate,
minimally convex mesally and concave laterally in many spec-
imens, corner well-defined; distance between lobe corners 2.5
x distance between corner and orbit. Distance between hin-
docellar scar and orbit about 1.1 x scar length. Gena simple.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.7—2.0 = apical width. Pronotum:
precollar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa sim-
ple. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines; length of apical spine
1.0-1.1 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length
of inner apical spine about 1.2 = apical width of tarsomere.
Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II with
glabrous area apically. Pygidial plate with a few punctures, as-
etose or with inconspicuous setae (with no stout setae apically).
Length 4.5-8.0 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin with conspicuous subbasal tooth.
Clypeus (Fig. 108c): lobe well-defined, with free margin obtusely
pointed mesally and corner prominent; distance between cor-
ners 0.8-1.2 = distance between corner and orbit. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.1 x scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length about 1.25 = apical width; setae
of flagellar venter slightly longer than in other species. Foretro-
chanteral notch shallow, shorter than distance that separates it
from trochanteral apex (Fig. 109), its bottom with a few sparse,
appressed setae. Forebasitarsus with 3-5 rake spines; longest
spine equal to apical width of basitarsus. Inner claws of all tarsi
as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate punctate, setose, punc-
tation variable, punctures averaging less than to more than one
diameter apart (Fig. 108d). Sterna without mesal depressions,
sterna I-V minutely, closely punctate except apical depressions
impunctate; sterna VI and VII sparsely punctate; sterna I-V
uniformly setose except apical depressions glabrous; setae of
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
e
gl
\
; aN
aay
IN i) ; Why
3h \N WARY ||
gr i!] nH
Ficure 110.
Gastrosericus simplex: a, female head frontally (* 42); b, female clypeus (* 73); c, female mandible (* 72); d, female head from above (* 44), €
male head frontally (= 41); f, male clypeus (* 82); g, male head from above (= 43); h, male tergum VII (* 68)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Ficure 111
sterna III-V slightly longer than basal setae of sternum II. Ster-
num VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 108e. Penis valve with
a broadened apical portion: Fig. 108f. Length 4.5-6.0 mm.
Lire History.—Iwata and Yoshikawa (1964) studied the
nesting behavior of siamensis in Thailand. I confirmed their
observations of digging behavior and prey in April 1989 (Cha-
am, Lat Ya area, and Chiangmai), and I also noted the use of
the foretarsal rake. When closing the nest, the female faces away
from the nest, breaks the ground with her mandibles and the
foretarsi, and projects the sand grains into the burrow with her
foretarsal rake. The mandibles and foretarsal rake are also used
for opening the nest when the female comes back with prey.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 105).—South India to Nepal,
Burma, and Thailand.
Recorps.—BURMaA: Taninthari: Yunzalin Valley (1 46, BMNH)
INDIA: Kerala: Nilambur (holotype 2? of menoni, CALICUT, paratype 2 of
menont, CAS). Tamil Nadu: Karikal (3 °¢, CAS, FSAG, GRF)
NEPAL: Adhabhar near Simra (1 ¢, CNC)
THAILAND: Ayutthaya: Ayutthaya (1 ¢, Tadashi Tano coll., Fukui, holotype
Ficure 112. Gastrosericus simplex: a, male foretrochanter (* 173), b, same,
notch bottom (* 432)
Gastrosericus simplex: a, volsella (* 271), b, penis valve (x 213).
of siamensis). Chiangmai: Chiangmai (1 2, | 6, BMNH; 7 2, 16 6, CAS; 3 2, KOBE).
Kanchanaburi: Lam Ta Pen River bank, 5km NW Lat Ya (39 9, 11 4, CAS).
Phetchaburi: Cha-am (3 2, CAS). Rayong: Koh Samet Island (1 9, CAS),
Gastrosericus simplex Arnold
(Figures 110-113)
Gastrosericus simplex Arnold, 1922:119, 2, 6. Lectotype: 2, Zimbabwe: Inyanga
District: Wittington Estate (SAM), present designation, examined. —Bohart and
Menke, 1976:256 (listed),
Gastrosericus decipiens Amold, 1955:759, 2, 4. Holotype: 2, Lesotho: Leribe (SAM),
examined. New synonym. —Bohart and Menke, 1956:256 (listed)
LECTOTYPE SELECTION. — Arnold mentioned a single type, with
no further details, in his description of simplex, but he labeled
a male (now headless) and a female, pinned on the same piece
of cardboard, as types. I have selected the female as the lectotype
of simplex.
D1aGnosis. — The females of simip/ex and sobrinus have a well-
defined clypeal lobe, with a broadly arcuate free margin and no
discal teeth or carinae (Fig. 1 10a, b); the scutal flange is slightly
convex along the tegula but contrastingly concave next to the
scutal hindcorner (as in Fig. 3b); the setae of the pygidial plate
are all inconspicuous or absent; and the gaster and femora are
black (extreme apex of femora reddish). In simplex, however,
the mesopleural punctures are well-defined and not concealed
by vestiture (somewhat ill-defined, largely concealed in sobri-
nus), the foretarsomeres I and II are not expanded apicolaterally
(somewhat expanded, Fig. 1 15a); length of foretarsomere III is
about 1.3 = apical width (equal to apical width); and sternum
III is densely punctate except with a few sparse punctures ba-
somedially (sparsely punctate except laterally).
In the male, the free margin of the clypeal lobe is arcuate,
angulate laterally (Fig. 1 10a, b), the gaster is black, and the scutal
flange is as in the female (see Fig. 3b). Gastrosericus eurypus 1s
similar, but in simplex the foretrochanteral notch is shallow,
not clearly delimited apically (Fig. 11 1a), without a row of dense
setae (Fig. 111b), and hindtarsomere III is narrow (length 1.8
x apical width). In eurypus, the forefemoral notch is deep, with
a row of erect cilia, not extending to the trochanteral apex (Fig.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
30°—
@ simplex
30° 45° Ge
30°
sobrinus
30' 30°
Is f ] | l
15 0 15° 30° 45° 60°
FiGure 113. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus simplex and sobrinus
39d, e), and hindtarsomere III is broad (length 1.3 = apical
width). The sparsely setose pygidial plate of simplex (Fig. 110h)
is a subsidiary diagnostic character.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin arcuate or (male) insig-
nificantly emarginate. Orbit closer to hindocellar scar than to
antennal socket. Gena thick in dorsal view (Fig. 110d, g). Pro-
pleuron simple. Thorax with well-defined punctures on scutum,
mesopleuron, mesothoracic venter, and propodeal side. Scutal
flange somewhat expanded along tegula and contrastingly con-
cave between expansion and scutal hindcorner (as in Fig. 3b).
Propodeal dorsum with longitudinal carina. Marginal cell: length
of costal margin 4.0-5.1 = apical truncation. Recurrent veins
separate, interstitial above, or confluent in short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa; not
obscuring mesopleural integument in female and most males,
but partly obscuring in some males from Zimbabwe; propodeal
setae almost appressed between side and hindface.
Head, thorax, gaster, and femora black, but mandible (except
apically) and pronotal lobe of most specimens pale yellow, fe-
male flagellum all black or brown ventrally; male flagellum red-
dish brown or yellowish brown ventrally. Foretibia all yellow
to ferruginous, or brown to ferruginous on inner side and yel-
lowish on outer side; mid- and hindtibiae brown to ferruginous,
130
with yellow dorsum (midtibia all brown except narrowly yellow
basally in female from Pretoria). Foretarsus yellow or ferrugi-
nous, mid- and hindtarsi brown or ferruginous. Wings nearly
hyaline.
2.— Head elongate (Fig. 110a), distance between dorsal edge
of antennal socket and ventral edge of midocellus 1.4-1.6 x
least interocular distance. Mandible (Fig. 110c): inner margin
with one subbasal tooth and cleft but no preapical tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 110a, b): disk without teeth or carinae, shiny and im-
punctate along free margin of lobe; shiny area broadened mesal-
ly, attaining frontoclypeal suture in some specimens; free margin
of lobe arcuate, corner well-defined; distance between corners
2.6-2.7 x distance between corner and orbit. Distance between
hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.6-0.7 x scar length. Gena
simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.5-1.6 = apical width.
Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Fore-
coxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines; length of
apical spine 1.2—1.3 = apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere
IV: length of inner apical spine about 1.25 = apical width of
tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Ster-
num II narrowly glabrous apicomesally. Pygidial plate with fine,
inconspicuous setae (apical setae not thickened). Length 5.0-
6.0 mm.
é.— Mandible: inner margin with conspicuous subbasal tooth.
Clypeus (Fig. 110e, f): lobe well-defined, with arcuate free mar-
gin and sharply delimited corner; distance between corners |.2—
1.3. x distance between corner and orbit. Distance between
hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.9 = scar length. Flagellomere
I: dorsal length about 1.2 * apical width. Foretrochanteral notch
broad, shallow, not clearly delimited distally (Fig. 11 la), its
surface with moderately sparse setae (Fig. 11 1b). Forebasitarsus
with 4 or 5 rake spines; longest spine 1.0-1.3 = apical width of
basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus without preap-
ical spines. Inner claws ofall tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial
plate sparsely punctate and setose, at least mesally (Fig. 11 1h).
Sterna without mesal depressions, minutely, closely punctate
throughout; sternal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII rounded
apically. Volsella: Fig. 1 12a, penis valve thickened apically (Fig.
112b). Length 4.0-6.1 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 1 13).—Southern Africa north
to Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe.
Recorps.— BOTSWANA: Serowe (1 2, ZMK).
LESOTHO: Leribe (1 2, SAM, holotype of decipiens), Mamathes (5 2, 11 2,
AMG; | 2, 2 6, CAS; 1 46, SAM, allotype of decipiens).
NAMIBIA: Okahandja District: Okahandja (1 2, BMNH). Tsumeb District:
Onguma Farm 55 mi NW Tsumeb (2 4, BMNH)
SOUTH AFRICA: Orange Free State: Harrismith (1 2°, BMNH). Transvaal:
Barberton (1 ¢, NCIP), Discovery near Johannesburg (1 6, AMG), Ellisras (1 9, 1
é, AMG), Mogol Nature Reserve, 23°58'S, 27°45'E (1 6, CAS; | 2, 2 6, NCIP),
Mooketsi(1 &, | 4, USNM), D’Nyala Nature Reserve, 23°45'S, 27°27’'E(1 4, NCIP),
Pretoria (1 2, CU), 5 mi N Warmbad (1 ¢ CAS; 3 6, USNM).
ZIMBABWE: Chipinga District: no specific locality (1 4, UCD), Clarke’s Farm
on Khami River (1 2, | 4, FSAG). Inyanga District: Wittington Estate (1 9, 3
headless 6, SAM, lectotype and paralectotypes of simplex), Khami (Arnold, 1922),
Umeuza River (1 4, SAM)
Gastrosericus sobrinus sp. n.
(Figures 113-115)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Sobrinus is a Latin word meaning
cousin on the mother’s side; a noun in apposition to the generic
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
name, referring to the probable close relationship between this
species, siamensis, and simplex.
D1aGnosis.— The female of sobrinus (an African species) has
a well-defined clypeal lobe, with a broadly arcuate free margin
and no discal teeth or carinae (Fig. 110a, b); the scutal flange is
slightly convex along the tegula but contrastingly concave next
to the scutai hindcorner (as in Fig. 3b); the setae of the pygidial
plate are all inconspicuous or absent; and the gaster and femora
are black (extreme apex of femora reddish). Unlike other such
species, the foretarsomeres I and I are slightly expanded api-
colaterally (Fig. 115a), and length of foretarsomere III equals
its apical width. Gastrosericus siamensis (an Oriental species)
has a similar foretarsus, but the scutal flange is evenly curved.
The male of sobrinus has a well-defined clypeal lobe whose
free margin is arcuate, angulate laterally (Fig. 114d, e), and the
gaster is black. Gastrosericus eurypus and simplex are similar,
but in sobrinus the mesopleural punctures are ill-defined, con-
cealed by vestiture; the scutal flange is slightly expanded near
the tegular midlength and concave between the expansion and
scutal hindcorner (as in Fig. 3b); the foretrochanteral notch is
deep and unusually wide (Fig. 115b, c); and the length of hind-
tarsomere III is about 2.0 = its apical width. In contrast, simplex
has the mesopleural punctures well-defined and not concealed
by setae and the foretrochanteral notch is flat, almost reaching
the trochanter’s apex (Fig. 111). In eurypus, the scutal flange is
evenly curved throughout; the trochanteral notch 1s compressed
and the length of hindtarsomere III is about 1.3 its apical
width.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin broadly, shallowly emar-
ginate. Orbit closer to hindocellus than to antennal socket. Pro-
pleuron simple. Thorax finely sculptured, but punctures well-
defined on scutum. Scutal flange slightly expanded along tegula
and contrastingly concave between expansion and scutal hind-
margin. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.5—4.5 x apical
truncation. Recurrent veins separate, interstitial above, or con-
fluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa;
propodeal setae nearly appressed between side and hindface;
mesopleural setae almost completely obscuring integument.
Head and thorax black, but the following are pale yellow:
mandible (except apically), scapal venter all or partly in males
from Senegal and Mali, pronotal lobe, tegula, and humeral plate.
Gaster black. Femora, tibiae, and tarsi: see below. Wings some-
what infumate in female, almost hyaline in male.
2.—Head elongate (Fig. 1 14a), distance between dorsal edge
of antennal socket and ventral edge of midocellus 1.4-1.5 x
least interocular distance. Mandible (Fig. 114c): inner margin
with basal tooth and cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 1 14a, b): disk without teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe
weakly, evenly arcuate, corner well-defined; distance between
corners 2.6-2.8 x distance between corner and orbit; small,
apicomedian area glabrous in many specimens from Namibia.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.7 = scar
length. Gena simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.9-2.0 x
apical width. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side not
sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines;
length of apical spine 0.8-1.0 = apical width of basitarsus; fore-
tarsomeres I and I] somewhat expanded apicolaterally (Fig. 1 15a),
length of foretarsomere III about equal to apical width. Foretar-
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
ine
Wi
/
YP]
Ficure 114.
volsella (* 215).
somere IV: length of inner apical spine 0.9-1.0 x apical width
of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines.
Sternum II setose throughout, but setae finer and sparser on
apical depression than on remaining surface. Pygidial plate as-
etose or with sparse, inconspicuous setae (setae absent apically).
Length 5.5-6.8 mm.
Femora black except forefemoral apex narrowly yellow; also
midfemoral apex minimally yellow in some specimens. Fore-
tibia reddish, pale yellow on outer side; mid- and hindtibiae
black (midtibia red in some specimens), with pale yellow dorsal
Gastrosericus sobrinus: a, female head (= 38); b, female clypeus (= 67); c, female mandible (= 68); d, male head (= 43); e, male clypeus (* 82); f,
strip that in most specimens does not reach tibial apex. Fore-
tarsus brown, mid- and hindtarsi black.
6.— Mandible: inner margin with subbasal tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
114d, e): lobe well-defined, with arcuate free margin and sharply
delimited corner; distance between corners 2.0-2.1 x distance
between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar
and orbit about 1.1-1.2 x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal
length 1.0-1.2 x apical width. Foretrochanteral notch deep,
longer than distance that separates it from trochanteral apex
(Fig. 115b), its bottom unusually wide (Fig. 11 5c). Forebasitar-
132
Figure 115. Gastrosericus sobrinus
trochanteral notch of male in profile (*
a, female foretarsomere II (= 331); b,
261), ¢, same, notch bottom ( *
390)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
sus with 2-4 rake spines; longest spine 0.6-1.0 = apical width
of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus without
preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws.
Pygidial plate densely punctate or punctures sparse mesally (up
to two diameters apart), finely setose. Sterna without mesal
depressions, minutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae
short, uniform. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig.
114f. Length 4.5-6.2 mm.
Forefemur black or brown dorsally, venter all yellow or black
up to basal half; midfemur black except venter yellow (at least
on apical half or third); hindfemur black except narrowly yellow
at apex. Foretibia reddish, pale yellow on outer side; mid- and
hindtibiae black, pale yellow dorsally and apically (black re-
placed with red on midtibia in most specimens). Tarsi yellow.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 113).—Senegal and Mali to
Ghana, Gabon and Central African Republic to northern border
of Namibia.
Recorps.— Holotype: °, SENEGAL: Ndangane, 45 air km SE Mbour, 26 Jul
1991, WJP (CAS). Paratypes: BURKINA FASO: Bobo Dioulasso, 26 and 27 Sep
1979, AP (2 8, 1 4, CAS; 1 2, 2 6, FSAG); Gourma Kompienga 20 km § Pama,
1-16 Jun 1988, Sanborne, Landry, and Tou (4 2, CAS; 9 2, LEM); Volta Noire
5 km E Boromo, 18 Oct 1979, AP (1 2, FSAG); Volta Rouge 15 km W Kokholigo,
22 Oct 1979, AP (1 2, FSAG).
CAMEROON: Victoria: Muyuka, 4°17'N, 9°25’E, 24-29 June 1949, B. Malkin
(1 2, CAS).
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Kembe, 4°29'N, 21°53’E, 15 Jul 1985, H.
Dollfuss (1 2, CAS).
GABON: Bissobinam, 0°42'N, 9°39’E, 3 Nov 1985, AP (1 2, FSAG); Owendo,
coastal dunes, 8 Dec 1985, AP (3 8, CAS, 1 9, 5 4, FSAG); Nzogbour, 17 Feb
1985, AP (22, CAS, FSAG), Tchibanga in Nyanga Province, 28 and 29 Mar 1986,
AP (1 9, 1 6, CAS; 1 9, 1 6, FSAG)
GHANA: Accra, Dec 1940, K. M. Guichard (1 ¢, BMNH).
IVORY COAST: Katiola, 8 May 1981, J. W. Everts (1 2, LUW).
LIBERIA: Kolobanu (2 6, MRAC, determined as Gastrosericus simplex by G.
Arnold).
MALI: 25 km NW Bamako, 23 Aug 1991, MS (2 2, MS) and WJP (1 2, CAS);
5 km S San, 3 Aug 1991, MS (1 4, MS); 30 km S San, 5 Aug 1991, WJP (1 2, 1
6, CAS); 50 km S San, 4 Aug 1991, MS (1 2, MS) and WJP (1 4, CAS).
NAMIBIA: Kavango Gebied: Rundu, 1993: MS, 23 Jan (2 2, MS), 31 Jan (2 8,
CAS, MS); JG, 18 Jan (1 2, JG), 20 Jan (1 4, CAS), 31 Jan (2 °, CAS; 2 2, JG).
NIGERIA: Ibadan, 9 Nov 1913, W. A. Lamborn (1 2, BMNH), Ile-Ife, 7°28’N,
4°34'E, May 1973, J. T. Medler (1 2, AEI).
SENEGAL: Ndangane, 45 air km SE Mbour, 11 Jul 1991, AM (1 2, AAM);
same locality, 26 Jul 1991, WJP (2 2, 1 6, CAS); 3 km SW Samba Dia = 70 air
km W Kaolack, 9 Jul 1991, AM (1 9, 1 6, AAM), WJP (2 2, 12 4, CAS); same
locality, 10 Jul 1991, AM (1 é, AAM),; same locality, 17 Jul 1991, AM (5 6, AAM),
WIP (4 2, 3 6, CAS).
TOGO: Sokodeé, Dec 1982, AP (2 2, CAS, FSAG).
Gastrosericus swalei Turner
(Figures 71, 116, 117)
Gastrosericus swalei Turner, 1916:258, 2. Holotype: 2, Zimbabwe: Lonely Mine
(BMNH), examined.—Arnold, 1922:123 (omginal description copied), Bohart
and Menke, 1976:256 (listed), 260 (illustration of female mandible).
DiaGnosis.—The female of swa/ei has a unique clypeus and
mandible: the clypeal lobe is unusually broad, with corner close
to orbit (distance between corners some 11-13 x distance be-
tween corner and orbit), the clypeal disk has a pair of shiny,
obtuse teeth (Fig. 116a—c), and the inner mandibular margin is
not dentate but deeply emarginate subbasally (Fig. 116d). In
addition, the condylar ridge is obtusely angulate apically (Fig.
116e), and the propleuron is expanded into a winglike, prom-
inent process (Fig. 116h, 1), two characters shared only with
madecassus and zoyphion (a similar but much smaller process
is found in synander and occasional funereus).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
133
f “9g
Ficure 116. Gastrosericus swale: a, clypeus of female from Tanzania (*
(x 88); d, female mandible, frontal view (x
tooth (= 40); h, propleuron, ventral view (
216).
The male of swa/ei has a narrow, indistinctly tridentate clypeal
lobe (Fig. 116k) whose corners are rounded, closer to each other
than to orbit; the scutal flange is straight or slightly convex along
the tegula but contrastingly concave near the scutal hindcorner;
the clypeus and gaster are all black; and the setae are long on
sterna III-V (markedly longer than those on sternum II). In
madecassus, the clypeus and scutal margin as well as the sternal
54); b, clypeus of female from Botswana (
62), e, female mandible, outer surface (x
61); i, propleural process, frontal view (*
45), c, clypeus of Tanzanian female in profile
x 39.0); g. outline of gena showing reduced genal
81); ), female pygidial plate (x 109); k, male clypeus (x 78); 1, volsella (x
61); £ female head laterally (
setae are similar, but the clypeus is yellow and the gaster is red
basally. Males of swalei and synander are identical externally
and differ only in the shape of the volsella (compare Figs. 1 1 6(1)
and 118h). The two species are largely allopatric: swa/ei ranges
from Senegal to Transvaal, whereas synander is known only
from Senegal and Mali. Both have been found in Tambacounda,
Senegal, although at different times.
134
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 117
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched in male,
stepped in female in which apex of condylar ridge is obtusely
angulate (Fig. 1 16e); abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin
biarcuate or emarginate except evenly arcuate in females from
Mali. Orbit closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket
in female, equidistant in male. Thorax finely sculptured, punc-
tures well-defined on scutum, somewhat ill-defined on meso-
pleuron. Propleuron without tubercles or conical elevations near
hindmargin, modified in female (see below). Scutal flange evenly
arcuate or minimally expanded along tegula, contrastingly con-
cave between expansion and scutal hindcorner. Marginal cell:
length of costal margin 3.2-4.3 x apical truncation. Recurrent
veins narrowly separate, interstitial above, or confluent in a
short petiole.
Vestiture short, appressed (including setae adjacent to oral
fossa); nearly appressed between propodeal side and hindface;
partly obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head and thorax black, but mandible (except apex and in
some specimens also base) yellowish red and the following
are pale yellow: pronotal lobe (at least posteriorly), tegula an-
teriorly, and humeral plate (also scapal apex in many speci-
mens). Gaster black, terga I-V translucent apically (also tergum
VI in male). Femora black, pale yellow apically (yellow spots
longer ventrally than dorsally). Tibiae brown or ferruginous,
pale yellow on outer side (foretibia) or dorsum (mid- and hind-
ubiae). Tarsi brown or ferruginous, or yellow basally, or all
yellow. Wings almost hyaline.
2.—Mandible (Fig. 116d, e): inner margin without teeth,
broadly emarginate subbasally. Clypeus (Fig. 1 16a—c): disk with
a pair of shiny, obtuse teeth that are inconspicuous In the female
from Bulawayo; free margin of lobe variously shaped (see Vari-
ation below); corner angulate, close to orbit. Distance between
hindocellar scar and orbit about equal to scar length. Gena with
tooth adjacent to occipital area, about one-third height from
mandible to occiput (Fig. 116f, g), but tooth inconspicuous in
some individuals. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.5-1.7 x apical
width. Pronotum: precollar with longitudinal carina on each
side; side sulcate, sinking posterad externally to longitudinal
Gastrosericus swale:: a, male foretrochanter (
237); b, same: bottom of notch (* 476).
carina; collar obtusely angulate anterolaterally except in smallest
specimens. Propleuron with large, flat expansion posterolater-
ally (Fig. 1 16h, 1); expansion curved anterad, as long as 0.3-0.5
x least interorbital distance. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus
with 4-6 rake spines; length of apical spine 1.3-1.6 apical
width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical
spine 0.4—-0.5 = apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere
V without preapical spines. Sternum II punctate throughout or
with glabrous apical area on each side of midline. Setae of py-
gidial plate inconspicuous except stout on apical fourth (Fig.
116j). Length 4.8-7.0 mm.
é6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 116k): lobe obtusely tridentate (median tooth larger than
lateral teeth), indistinctly angulate laterally; distance between
corners 1.0-1.1 < distance between corner and orbit; disk with
two minute tubercles in specimen from Sawmills. Distance be-
tween orbit and hindocellar scar about equal to scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.25 = apical width. Foretrochan-
teral notch about as long as distance that separates it from
trochanteral apex (Fig. 117a), its bottom glabrous (Fig. 117b).
Forebasitarsus with 0-4 rake spines; longest spine equal to apical
width of basitarsus or shorter; dorsum of mid- and hindbasi-
tarsus without preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large
as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate and setose. Sterna
without median depressions, minutely, closely punctate
throughout; setae longer on sterna III-V than on sternum II but
not concealing integument. Apex of sternum VIII roundly trun-
cate or emarginate. Volsella: Fig. 116(1). Length 4.2-6.5 mm.
VARIATION. — Females vary markedly in the structure of the
clypeus, and the variation seems to be partly individual and
partly geographic. In specimens from Botswana and Transvaal,
the clypeal surface is almost flat, with the two carinae markedly
divergent dorsad, and the free margin of the lobe is almost
straight. In females from Kenya (Archer’s Post), Tanzania, and
in some from Zimbabwe, the clypeal surface is markedly raised
mesally, the two carinae are almost parallel, and the free margin
of the clypeal lobe is roundly projecting mesally. The single
female from Tsavo, Kenya, is similar, but the free margin is
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
135
FiGure 118. Gastrosericus synander: a, female head (* 38); b, female clypeus (* 70); c, outline of female clypeus, specimen from Mali (* 65); d, female clypeus
obliquely from the side, specimen from Mali (= 98); e, female mandible (x 82); f, male head (= 49); g, male clypeus (= 81); h, volsella (* 263)
straight. In the specimen from Lonely Mine, Zimbabwe (the
holotype), the clypeal surface is convex, the carinae are diver-
gent, and the free margin is slightly emarginate mesally. Finally,
in the females from Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal,
the clypeal disk is convex, the carinae are diverging, and the
free margin is nearly straight to roundly projecting mesally,
entire or narrowly emarginate.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 71).—Tropical Africa be-
tween Senegal and Transvaal.
Recorps.— BOTSWANA: Serowe (2 2, CAS, ZMK).
BURKINA FASO: Boromo (1 2, 1 4, CAS), 5 km E Boromo at Volta Noire
shore (1 4, FSAG).
CAMEROON: 10 km W Maroua, 10°31'N, 14°14’E (1 2, FSAG).
KENYA: Archer’s Post on Evaso Ng‘iro River (1 2, 1 6, CAS), Tsavo National
Park, point 43 (about midway between Tanzanian border S of Park and Kilaguni
Lodge) (1 2, 1 6, AAM; 1 4, CAS).
MALI: 25 km N Bamako (3 2, 9 6, CAS; 2 6, MS), 30 km N Bamako (6 2, 3 4,
CAS; | 9, MS), 130 km NE Mopti (1 4, MS), 30 km NE San (2 4, CAS), 60 km
NE San (1 6, MS), 100 km NE San (2 4, CAS), 5 km S San (2 4, CAS; 2 9, 3 4,
MS), 20 km W San (1 9, CAS), 70 km SE Ségou (2 2, CAS; 1 6, MS), 40 km SW
Ségou (1 2, 2 4, CAS; 4 2, 1 4, MS).
SENEGAL: Tambacounda (1 2, FSAG).
SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal: D’Nyala Nature Reserve, 23°45'S, 27°27'E (1 4,
NCIP), Mogol Nature Reserve, 23°58’S, 27°45’ E (1 2, CAS; | 6, NCIP), Pafur
in Kruger National Park, 22°26’S, 31°12’E (2 2, NCIP).
TANZANIA: Tarangin National Park (1 2, CAS).
ZIMBABWE: Bulawayo (1 2, 1 6, BMNH; | 2, UCD), Lonely Mine (1 2, BMNH,
136
Gastrosericus synander: female propleura and forecoxae, ventral
Ficure 119.
view (x 71)
holotype of swale), Khami River 7 km WSW Nyamandhlovu at 19°53’S, 28°13'E
(2 @, 1 6, CAS), 10 km E Mbalabala (1 2, CAS), 11 km NE Nyamandhlovu at
19°48’S, 28°16'E (2 2, CAS; 2 2, NHMZ), Sawmills (1 2, BMNH; 2 6, CAS, SAM).
Gastrosericus synander sp. n.
(Figures 71, 118, 119)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Synander is newly coined from two
Greek words: syn-, with, together; and ander, man, male. An
allusion to the male sex of this species, which is externally
indiscernible from that of swale.
DiaGnosis.-The female of synander has a distinctive pro-
pleuron that is roundly expanded posterolaterally (Fig. 119),
and the expansion is markedly smaller than in madecassus,
swalei, or zoyphion (compare Figs. 69g; 70a). Some funereus
also have a posterolaterally expanded propleuron, but such spec-
imens have a red gaster, whereas the gaster 1s all black in syn-
ander.
The males of synander and swalei are identical externally but
can be identified by their volsellae (compare Figs. 116(1) and
118h). See swa/ei (p. 132) for additional information.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible with notched posterior margin, ab-
ductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin emarginate mesally.
Orbit closer to hindocellus than to antennal socket in female,
equidistant in male. Propleuron without tubercles or conical
elevations near hindmargin, modified in female (see below).
Thorax finely punctate, but individual punctures well-defined
on scutum. Scutal flange evenly curved or slightly expanded
along tegula and contrastingly concave between expansion and
scutal hindcorner. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 4.0-—
4.5 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins interstitial above or
confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa;
nearly so between propodeal side and hindface; partly obscuring
mesopleural integument.
Head black, but base of mandible and also apical third to half
of male scape pale yellow. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe,
tegula, and humeral plate pale yellow. Gaster black. Femora
black, minimally yellow at apex in female, with conspicuous
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
pale yellow spots apically in male (spots longer ventrally than
dorsally, largest on forefemur). Tibiae and tarsi: see below. Wings
slightly infumate.
?.— Mandible (Fig. 1 18e): inner margin with basal tooth and
cleft (which varies from narrowly to obtusely angulate), but with
no preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 1 18a—d): disk without teeth or
carinae in specimens from Senegal and most from Burkina Faso,
but with anteromedian swelling (round or longitudinal) that is
glabrous in some individuals; swelling replaced by centrally po-
sitioned, narrow, apically emarginate platform in females from
Mah, Togo, Ivory Coast, and some from Burkina Faso (Fig.
118c, d); free margin of lobe almost straight; distance between
corners about 2.8 * distance between corner and orbit. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.2 scar length. Gena
with low, longitudinal tooth adjacent to occipital carina, about
one-third height from mandible to occiput (as in Fig. 116g).
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.5-1.6 = apical width. Pronotum:
precollar delimited laterally by longitudinal carina, side sulcate.
Propleuron expanded apicolaterally into round conspicuous
process (Fig. 119) whose length is about 0.25-0.5 x basal man-
dibular width. Forecoxa almost flat, minimally concave anter-
omesally, more acute anterolaterally (Fig. 119) than in other
species. Forebasitarsus with 4 or 5 rake spines; length of apical
spine about 1.5 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV:
length of inner apical spine about 0.25 x apical width of tar-
somere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Ster-
num II setose throughout. Pygidial plate sparsely punctate, setae
inconspicuous except stout apically. Length 6.0-6.6 mm.
Foretibia pale yellow dorsally, red on inner side, black ven-
trally; midtibia pale yellow dorsally, black or (some specimens)
red ventrally; hindtibia pale yellow dorsally, black ventrally.
Tarsi all black or reddish apically, foretarsus reddish in some
specimens.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 118f, g): lobe obtusely tridentate (median tooth larger than
lateral ones), indistinctly angulate laterally; distance between
corners 0.9-1.0 x distance between corner and orbit. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.25 x scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.0-1.1 = apical width. Foretro-
chanteral notch about as long as distance that separates it from
trochanteral apex. Forebasitarsus with 2 or 3 rake spines; longest
spine 0.2—0.3 = apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and
hindbasitarsi without preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi
as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely setose. Sterna
without depressions, setae of sterna III and IV, or III-V, mark-
edly longer than those on sternum II but not concealing integ-
ument. Sternum VIII rounded or narrowly truncate apically.
Volsella: Fig. 118h. Length 4.2-4.9 mm.
Tibiae pale yellow, reddish on inner side (foretibia) or ven-
trally (mid- and hindtibiae). Tarsi pale yellow basally, light brown
apically.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 71).—Senegal and Mali to
Ivory Coast and Togo.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, SENEGAL: Ndangane 45 air km SE Mbour, 26 Jul
1991, WJP (CAS). Paratypes: BURKINA FASO: Gourma Kompienga 20 km S
Pama, 18-31 May 1988, Sanborne, Landry, and Tou (1 2, LEM); same data but
30 May-15 June 1988 (1 2, LEM); same data but 1-16 Jun 1988 (3 2, | 6, CAS;
3 2, 1 6, LEM)
IVORY COAST: 30-35 km Korhogo, 17 Apr 1980, J. W. Everts (1 2, ZMA).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
MALI: “Soudan Francais, Dogo (Macina)”, Jul 1950, G. Remaudiére (1 9,
FSAG). I interpret the locality as Massina, Mali.
SENEGAL: 10 km S Binona, 12 Jul 1991, WJP (1 4, CAS); Diattakounda 71 km
E Zinguinchor, 13 Jul 1991, WJP (1 4, CAS); 16 km N Fatick, 25 Jul 1991, AM
(1 6, AAM), WJP (3 4, CAS); 70 km E Kolda, 14 Jul 1991, AM (2 2, AAM), WJP
(2 2, CAS); Ndangane 45 air km SE Mbour, 26 Jul 1991, WJP (4 2, 5 4, CAS);
Tambacounda, 15 Jul 1991, AM (3 8, AAM), WJP (6 8, 3 2, CAS).
TOGO: Mo Aval [= lower course of Mo, which is 8°45'N, 0°11’E], 29 Mar and
5 Jun 1984, collector unknown (1 2, CAS; | ¢, ZMA); 2 km N Sagbadai [= 17 km
NW Sokodé], 22 May 1986, P. E. T. Douben (1 2, LUW).
Gastrosericus temporalis de Beaumont
(Figures 120-122)
Gastrosericus temporalis de Beaumont, 1955:193, 2. Holotype: 2, Morocco: Mar-
rakech (MZL), examined.—Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
D1AGNosIs.— The female of teporalis has a distinctive clyp-
eus (Fig. 120a, b): the median, essentially rectangular projection
is delimited on each side by a deep impression that extends
almost to the frontoclypeal suture. Subsidiary diagnostic char-
acters are: gena with prominent tooth (Fig. 120d), pronotal side
sulcate, inner mandibular margin without basal tooth or cleft
(Fig. 120c), forecoxa with prominent, triangular expansion (Fig.
120f), and lateral scutal margin gradually rising but not upturned
into flange along tegula.
The male is characterized by the following: clypeus all yellow,
with a pointed lobe (Fig. 120g, h); lateral scutal margin some-
what expanded and not upturned into flange over tegula, con-
cave between expansion and hindcorner; and gaster all or largely
red. The male of eremicus is similar, but in temporalis the lateral
portion of the scutum is barely concave and the foretrochanteral
notch is markedly broadened distally (Fig. 121b). In eremicus,
the scutum has a longitudinal concavity on each side (Fig. 36b—
d), and the foretrochanteral notch is not broadened distally.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge evanescent. Labrum: free margin roundly emarginate.
Orbit slightly closer to antennal socket than to hindocellar scar.
Propleuron simple. Thorax finely microsculptured, scutal punc-
tures barely discernible. Lateral scutal margin slightly expanded
and not upturned into flange along tegula, contrastingly concave
between expansion and hindcorner. Marginal cell: length of cos-
tal margin about 3.4—3.75 = apical truncation. Recurrent veins
interstitial above or confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa and
on propodeum; mesopleural setae obscuring integument.
Head black, but mandible (except apically), clypeus, and sca-
pal venter yellow or reddish. Thorax all black in most specimens,
but red except scutum and scutellum in a female from Gao area;
pronotal lobe, tegula, and humeral plate pale yellow. Gaster red
(tergum IV or V dark brown in male). Femora red, yellow api-
cally (yellow spots longer ventrally than dorsally, largest on
forefemur, smallest on hindfemur), red replaced by black in male
(at least on fore- and midfemora); tibiae red, pale yellow on
dorsum or (foretibia) outer side; tarsi yellow or (Moroccan spec-
imens) reddish. Wings almost hyaline.
°.— Mandible (Fig. 120c): inner margin with rudimentary sub-
basal tooth, without cleft or preapical tooth; distal portion of
abductor ridge only minimally expanded, thus posterior margin
stepped rather than notched. Clypeus (Fig. | 20a, b): disk without
teeth or carinae; lobe with nearly parallel-sided median projec-
tion; projection flanked by deep impression that extends to fron-
137
toclypeal suture; apical margin of projection evenly arcuate or
slightly concave mesally; lobe corner ill-defined, located on out-
er side of impression; distance between corners 1.3-1.4 x dis-
tance between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar
scar and orbit about 2.0 x scar length. Gena with tooth behind
mandibular base (Fig. 120d). Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.25—
1.5 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar carinate laterally, side
deeply sulcate. Forecoxa deeply concave along inner margin
(except apically); concavity setose, markedly widening anterad,
about as wide anteriorly as 0.5 = forecoxal margin, delimited
laterally by conspicuous, triangular expansion (Fig. 1 20f). Fore-
basitarsus with 5 rake spines (4 on one leg in one specimen
examined); length of apical spine 1.7 x apical width of basi-
tarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine about 0.25
x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without
preapical spines. Sternum II finely setose throughout. Pygidial
plate mostly with inconspicuous setae, but setae thickened on
about apical third (Fig. 120f). Length 4.5-6.0 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 120g, h): free margin of lobe obtusely pointed, not angulate
laterally, forming a curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.7 x scar
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length about equal to apical width.
Foretrochanteral notch markedly longer than distance separat-
ing it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 121a); bottom glabrous,
markedly broadened distally (Fig. 121b). Forebasitarsus with 3
rake spines; longest spine about 1.25 x apical width of basi-
tarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with one or two preapical spines,
dorsum of hindbasitarsus with no or one such spine. Inner claws
of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna
without mesal depressions, microscopically and closely punctate
throughout; sternal setae short, even. Sternum VIII roundly
truncate apically. Volsella: Fig. 121h. Length 3.7 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 122).—Morocco to Senegal,
Burkina Faso, and Niger.
Recorps.— BURKINA FASO: Gourma Kompienga 20 km S Pama (1 2, LEM).
MALI: 30 km W Gao (1 2, CAS), 180 km SW Gao (5 2, MS), 25 km E Hombori
(3 2, 1 6, CAS), 20 km SW San (1 2, CAS; 1 6, MS); 40 km SE Segou (3 9, CAS).
MAURITANIA: Tayart 7 km W Atar (2 8, CAS).
MOROCCO: Marrakech (2 2, MZL, holotype and paratype).
NIGER: vicinity of Al Mota, 15°47'N, 6°45’E (1 2, FSAG).
SENEGAL: 16 km N Fatick (1 2, CAS), 40 km ESE Louga (1 ¢, CAS), Tam-
bacounda (1 2, AAM).
Gastrosericus thoth sp. n.
(Figures 123-125)
DERIVATION OF NAME.— Thoth, a god of ancient Egyptians,
with reference to the country of origin; a noun in apposition to
the generic name (traditionally spelled Thot in some other lan-
guages, e.g., French).
DIAGNOsIS.— One recognition feature of thoth is a combina-
tion of an all red gaster and absence of yellow markings on the
hindfemur and the tibiae. The female can also be recognized by
the following combination: pronotal side deeply sulcate; pygidial
plate setose throughout (all setae stout); gena angulate in lateral
view (Fig. 123c); forecoxa shallowly concave, margined ante-
riorly; and apical tarsomeres with at least one basomedian spine
ventrally. The male resembles most moricei in having conspic-
uously fimbriate but not mesally depressed sterna III and IV
(as in Fig. 78e, f) in addition to the all red gaster. Unlike moricei,
138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 120. Gastrosericus temporalis: a, female head (= 33); b, female clypeus (* 61), c, female mandible (= 73); d, female head laterally (* 46); e, pygidial
plate of female (* 112), f, forecoxa in profile (= 119), g, male head (= 46), h, male clypeus (= 89); 1, volsella (x 286).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 121
thoth lacks yellow markings on the hindfemur and the tibiae,
as indicated above, and the sharply pointed clypeal lobe helps
in identification (Fig. 123d); the clypeal lobe is obtusely pointed
in most moricei, but sharply pointed in some.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible with notched posterior margin, ab-
ductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin broadly emarginate.
Orbit closer to antennal socket than to hindocellus. Propleuron
simple. Thorax finely sculptured, but individual punctures dis-
cernible on scutum. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout.
Marginal cell: length of costal margin 2.6 x apical truncation
in females, but only 2.0 x in single male examined. Recurrent
veins separate.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa
(setae subappressed between propodeal side and hindface), ob-
scuring mesopleural integument.
Head and thorax black, but the following are pale yellow:
mandible, clypeus, scapal venter, pronotal lobe, tegula, and hu-
meral plate. Gaster red. Femora black or hindfemur (one female)
red; fore- and midfemora yellowish at extreme apex. Tibiae and
tarsi red, without yellow markings. Wings hyaline.
9.— Mandible (Fig. 123b): inner margin with basal tooth and
broad, poorly defined cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 123a): disk without teeth or carinae; lobe prominent mesal-
ly, its free margin arcuate mesally but concave near corner;
distance between corners about 1.9 x distance between corner
and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
0.6 x scar length. Gena with obtuse tooth behind mandibular
base, angulate in profile (Fig. 123c). Flagellomere I: dorsal length
2.4 x apical width. Pronotum: precollar carinate laterally, side
sulcate. Forecoxa shallowly concave, marginate anteriorly.
Forebasitarsus with 6 rake spines; length of apical spine about
1.9 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of
inner apical spine about 0.7 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter
of tarsomere V with one or two basomedian spines and with
one spine near midlength of each lateral margin. Sternum II
apicomesally with glabrous, triangular area. Pygidial plate all
covered with stout setae. Length 8.8-9.0 mm.
$6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 123d): free margin of lobe pointed, not angulate laterally,
Gastrosericus temporalis: a, male foretrochanter (* 356); b, bottom of trochanteral notch (* 545)
forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.8 x scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.5 * apical width. Foretrochan-
teral notch shorter than distance that separates it from tro-
chanteral apex (Fig. 124a), its bottom setose (Fig. 124b). For-
ebasitarsus with 3 rake spines; longest spine about 1.5 x apical
width of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with two preapical
spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus with one such spine. Inner
claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely
punctate and setose. Sterna without depressions, sterna III and
IV conspicuously fimbriate margin to margin, fimbriae ap-
pressed, fully concealing integument, slightly curving ventrad
apically. Sternum VIII emarginate apically. Volsella: Fig. 123e.
Length 5.7 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 125).—Known only from
Cairo area in Egypt and from Sinai Peninsula.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, EGYPT: Wadi Hof near Cairo, 26 June 1936, H
Priesner (NHMW). Paratypes: EGYPT Al Qahira (= Cairo): same locality as
holotype, 6 June 1937, AM (1 2, CAS). Sina (= Sinai): between Dahab (28°29'N
34°32’E) and St. Catherine monastery, 10 June 1991, AM (1 4, CAS)
Gastrosericus tissa Pulawski
(Figures 122, 126, 127)
Gastrosericus tissa Pulawski in Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:9, 2, 6. Holotype
6, Sri Lanka: Trincomalee District: Tennamaravadi (USNM), examined.—
Krombein in Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:4 (life history)
D1AGNosIs.— The female of tissa has a well-defined clypeal
lobe, with an evenly arcuate free margin and no discal teeth or
carinae (Fig. 126a), the setae of the pygidial plate are incon-
spicuous (one or two apical setae are stout in some specimens),
and the gaster is red basally. Females of chalcithorax, electus,
some eurypus, and some karooensis are similar, but in fissa the
clypeal disk is almost flat, uniformly punctate or with a shiny,
glabrous midline (chalcithorax has a glabrous, longitudinal
swelling), the distance between corners is twice the clypeal mid-
length (1.5 x midlength in eurypus), the antenna is black and
the femora are almost entirely black (flagellum of electus yellow
brown or reddish brown ventrally, femora with large yellow
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
140
DSS1] PUL SIPVAOAUI] SNILASOAISDH JO SANRIO] BUNIAIJOD “TZ[ AMNOLY
SOL 206 SL 209 “oP oO ost 20 ost
ess] &
sesodwa} @
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS 141
Figure 123. Gastrosericus thoth: a. female clypeus (* 46); b, female mandible (= 65); c, female head laterally (= 29), d, male clypeus (* 77); e, volsella (~ 157)
spots). Most karooensis differ in having an all black gaster, and apicomedian area that is several midocellar diameters long,
some with a basally red gaster also have red femora with apical whereas in karooensis the glabrous area is absent or no longer
yellow spots; a less conspicuous but more general difference is | than two midocellar diameters.
in the vestiture of sternum IT: in ¢issa, sternum II has a glabrous In the male, the clypeal lobe has a well-defined corner and a
Ficure 124. Gastrosericus thoth: a, male foretrochanter (x 198), b, bottom of trochanteral notch (* 474)
142
30°—
@ toth
@ tuberculatus
30° —
| | |
15° 0° 15°
FiGure 125.
median tooth (Fig. 126d), the gaster is red basally, and the
midbasitarsus is bent (Fig. 126e). The clypeus is similar in the
male of siamensis, but in that species the gaster is black and the
midbasitarsus is straight.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin arcuate. Orbit closer to
hindocellar scar than to antennal socket in female, equidistant
in male. Propleuron simple. Thorax microsculptured, vertex
and scutum with inconspicuous, microscopic punctures. Scutal
flange minimally expanded adjacent to tegula, contrastingly con-
cave between expansion and hindcorner. Marginal cell: length
of costal margin 3.0-4.0 x apical truncation. Recurrent veins
interstitial above or confluent in a short petiole.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
30° 45° SG"
—30°
—30°
| | |
30° 45° 60°
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus thoth and tuberculatus
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa,
partly obscuring mesopleural integument; nearly appressed be-
tween propodeal side and hindface.
Head black, including clypeus and scape, mandible yellowish
(except apex black). Thorax black, pronotal lobe pale yellow.
Gastral segments I, II or I-III red, remainder black (all sterna
red in the single male examined). Femora black except narrowly
pale yellow at apex. Tibiae dark brown, with pale yellow outer
side (foretibia) or dorsum (mid- and hindtibiae). Tarsi dark
brown. Wings hyaline.
?.—Mandible (Fig. 126b): inner margin with rounded sub-
basal tooth and cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
126a): disk without teeth or carinae, in many specimens with
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 126.
(« 110); f, volsella (x 211).
shiny, impunctate midline; free margin of lobe arcuate, corner
well-defined; distance between corners about 2.5 x distance
between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar
and orbit about 0.7-0.8 x scar length. Gena simple. Flagello-
mere I: dorsal length 1.5-1.7 = apical width. Pronotum: pre-
collar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Forecoxa simple.
Forebasitarsus with 5 rake spines; length of apical spine about
1.8 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of
inner apical spine 1.0-1.2 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter
of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II apicome-
sally with glabrous, triangular area that is several midocellar
diameters long. Pygidial plate with a few microscopic setae, in
some specimens also with one or two stout setae at apex (Fig.
126c). Length 5.5-6.2 mm.
é.— Mandible: inner margin obtusely angulate, almost straight.
Clypeus (Fig. 126d): lobe with well-defined corners and median
tooth (free margin concave between tooth and corner); distance
between corners about 1.5 x distance between corner and orbit.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about equal to scar
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length about equal to apical width.
143
y
Gastrosericus ussa: a, female clypeus (* 66); b, female mandible (= 66); c, female pygidium (* 112), d, male clypeus (= 84); e, male midbasitarsus
Foretrochanteral notch longer than distance that separates it
from trochanteral apex (Fig. 127a), bottom margin with row of
suberect setae (Fig. 127b). Forebasitarsus with 3 rake spines;
longest spine equal to apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of
mid- and hindbasitarsus with one preapical spine each; mid-
basitarsus curved (Fig. 126e). Inner claws of all tarsi as large as
outer claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate but asetose (possibly
an artifact). Sterna without mesal depressions, minutely, closely
punctate throughout; sternal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII
rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 126f. Length 5.0 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 122).—Southern India, Sri
Lanka.
Recorps.—INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Tutticorin (2 2, BMNH, CAS).
SRI LANKA: Amparai District: Panama, Radella Tank (1 2, CAS; 1 2, USNM).
Colombo District: Pamunugama (1 2, CAS; 2 2, USNM). Hambantota District:
Bundala Sanctuary, Circuit Bungalow (1 2, USNM), Palatupana WLNPS Bungalow
(6 2, BMNH; 1 ¢, CAS; 1 2, NMC; 2 2, USNM), Palatupana Tank (1 °¢, USNM),
Yala, Palatupana Tank (1 2°, USNM). Mannar District: 0.5 mi NE Kokmotte in
Wilpattu National Park (1 2, CAS; 1 2, USNM), Kondachchi, Maha (1 2, NMC),
Kondachchi, Ma Villu (2 ¢, USNM), Marichchukkadi (1 2, CAS; 2 9, NMC; 1 ¢
144
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Ficure 127.
USNM), Silavathurai (1 2, USNM), Silavathurai, Kondachchi (3 °, CAS; 3 8,
NMC; | 2°, USNM). Trincomalee District: Tennamaravadi (1 3, holotype, USNM)
Gastrosericus truncatus sp. n.
(Figures 128-130)
DERIVATION OF NAME. — 7runcatus, a Latin masculine adjec-
tive, meaning truncate; with reference to the shape of the female
clypeus.
D1aGnosis.—Like ammochares, eremicus, and temporalis,
truncatus has a characteristic scutum whose lateral margin, grad-
ually rising but not upturned into a flange, is expanded over the
tegula (markedly so in eremicus, slightly so in the other three)
and contrastingly concave near the hindcorner (Fig. 3b). Sub-
sidiary recognition features of the females are: gena conspicu-
ously dentate (Fig. 128d), pronotal side sulcate, inner mandib-
ular margin without basal tooth or cleft (Fig. 128c), and vertex
broad (Fig. 128a), distance between hindocellar scar and orbit
2.0 x or more scar length. The female of truncatus has a unique
clypeus: the middle lobe is projecting mesally into a secondary
lobe, an essentially rectangular prominence (Fig. 1 28a, b) whose
corners are markedly closer to each other than to orbit; the free
margin is concave but not emarginate between the prominence
corner and the lobe corner. Unlike the other three species, the
forecoxa of the female truncatus is not concave along the inner
margin.
The male of truncatus has an all or largely black clypeus with
a pointed lobe (Fig. 128e, f), the lateral scutal margin as de-
scribed above, and the gaster is all or largely red. Males of
eremicus and temporalis are similar, but the scutal flange of
truncatus is less expanded than in these species (see Fig. 36b—
d), the scutum is not swollen laterally (swollen in eremicus), the
clypeus is all or largely black (yellow in temporalis and most
eremicus), and the bottom of the trochanteral notch is not broad-
ened distally (Fig. 129), while broadened in temporalis (Fig.
121a, b).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin broadly, shallowly con-
cave. Orbit slightly closer to antennal socket than to hindocellus.
Gastrosericus tissa: a, male foretrochanteral notch (= 395); b, bottom of trochanteral notch (x 790).
Propleuron simple. Thorax finely sculptured, scutal punctures
ill-defined. Lateral scutal margin somewhat expanded adjacent
to tegula, contrastingly concave between expansion and hind-
corner (Fig. 3b). Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.6-5.2
x apical truncation. Recurrent veins interstitial above or con-
fluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa, but
propodeal setae semierect between dorsum and side; mesopleur-
al setae obscuring integument.
Head black, but clypeal lobe red brown anteriorly in females
and many males; lateral section in most specimens with yellow
spot anterolaterally, near mandibular articulation (spot largely
concealed by vestiture); mandible, scapal venter (except some
females), and scapal apex yellow; flagellum all black or yellowish
brown ventrally. Thorax black except pronotal lobe, tegula, and
humeral plate pale yellow. Gaster red, apical segments dark
brown in most males. Femora red or black basally, pale yellow
apically (yellow spots longer ventrally than dorsally). Tibiae
largely yellow, but foretibia reddish on inner side and mid- and
hindtibiae reddish ventrally. Tarsi yellow. Wings hyaline.
2?.— Mandible (Fig. 128c): inner margin with no basal tooth,
cleft, or preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 128a, b): disk without
teeth or carinae; central portion of lobe expanded into truncate
projection; free margin concave between projection and well-
defined corner; distance between corners 1.5 * distance between
corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit
about 1.7 = scar length. Gena, above mandibular base, with
longitudinal carina that is expanded into tooth at dorsal end
(Fig. 128d) and also at ventral end in large specimens. Flagel-
lomere I: dorsal length about 1.3 =< apical width. Pronotum:
precollar carinate laterally except not carinate in the smallest
specimens; side deeply sulcate. Forecoxa concave anteromesal-
ly, foremargin carinate, expanded into tooth admesally. Fore-
basitarsus with 5 rake spines; length of apical spine about 1.7
x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner
apical spine about 0.25 = apical width of tarsomere. Venter of
tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II apicomesally
punctate and setose throughout. Pygidial plate with fine, incon-
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS 145
Fo ae
og (eo)
a
e
FiGure 128. Gastrosericus truncatus: a, female head (= 41); b, female clypeus (x 85); c, female mandible (* 81); d, female head laterally (* 55); e, male head
(« 56); f, male clypeus (* 97); g, volsella (x 306).
spicuous setae except setae stout on apical third or fourth. Length
4.0-6.2 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 128e, f): free margin of lobe pointed, not angulate laterally,
forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin. Distance
between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.6 x scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length about 1.2 = apical width. Fore-
trochanteral notch markedly longer than distance that separates
it from trochanteral apex; notch bottom setose, setae erect (Fig.
129a, b). Forebasitarsus with 3 or 4 rake spines; longest spine
1.5 x apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with
one preapical spine, dorsum of hindbasitarsus without such
spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial
plate densely punctate and setose. Sterna without median de-
146
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FiGure 129
pressions, minutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae
short, uniform. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig.
128g. Length 3.5—4.3 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 130).—Senegal to Niger.
Recorps. — Holotype: 2, MALI: Homboni, 11 Aug 1991, WJP (CAS). Paratypes
MALI (all specimens collected in 1991): Douentza, 19 Aug, MS (3 2, 2 6, MS),
WJP (1 2, CAS); Gao, 14 Aug, WJP (1 6, CAS), 10 km N Gao, 15 Aug, MS (2 2,
MS), 30 km W Gao, 15 Aug, MS (5 @, MS), 158 km SW Gao, 13 Aug, MS (5 2,
MS), WJP (2 2, CAS), Hombori, 11 Aug, MS (9 4, MS), WJP (3 2, CAS), same
locality, 12 Aug, MS (2 2, 2 6, MS); 10 km E Homboni, 13 Aug, MS (4 8, 4 4,
MS), 18 Aug (1 ¢, MS); 25 km E Hombori, 13 Aug, WJP (112, CAS); same locality,
18 Aug, WJP (3 2, CAS), 30 km NE Hombon, 18 Aug, MS (5 2, 1 é, MS); 10 km
E Mopti, 8 and 10 Aug, MS (5 2, MS), 7 Aug, MS (1 4, MS), WJP (7 2, 1 4, CAS);
same locality, 10 Aug, WJP (2 2, 4 6, CAS); same locality, 20 Aug, WJP (2 8,
CAS), 40 km W Mopti, 9 Aug, MS (2 2, MS), 7 km S San, 22 Aug, WJP (1 2,
CAS), 60 km NE San, 6 Aug, WJP (1 4, CAS); 100 km NE San, 21 Aug, WJP (1
2, CAS); 20 km SW San, 22 Aug, MS (2 4, MS); 40 and 70 km NE Ségou, 2 Aug
MS (2 2, MS)
NIGER: Abalak, 15°28'N, 6°16’E, 14 Aug 1987, AP (1 9, 1 4, FSAG; 1 2, CAS);
Gazaoua, 13°33'N, 7°54’E, 11 Aug 1987, AP (1 2, FSAG)
SENEGAL: Ndangane 45 air km SE Mbour, 26 Jul 1991, WJP (1 2,CAS)
Gastrosericus tuberculatus sp. n.
(Figures 125, 131, 132)
DERIVATION OF NAME. — 7ubercu/atus, a Latin masculine ad-
jective derived from tuberculus, a little tubercle; with reference
to the tuberculate clypeus of the female.
D1AGNosIs. — The female of tuberculatus has a distinctive me-
dian tubercle on the clypeal disk (Fig. 131a-e). Some pratensis
are similar, but unlike that species the forecoxa of tuberculatus
has no apical process, and the mesopleuron has no oblique ridge.
In the male, the clypeus 1s all black, with a sharply pointed
lobe (Fig. 131), k), the setae are appressed on the vertex and
adjacent to the oral fossa, and inner and outer claws of each
pair are equal in size. Other species are similar (bambara, mo-
destus, sabulosus, truncatus), but tuberculatus differs in having
sternum VIII conspicuously emarginate apically (Fig. 1 32a) rather
than rounded, truncate, or shallowly emarginate.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge present. Labrum: free margin acutely emarginate. Orbit
Gastrosericus truncatus: a, male foretrochanter ( *
316); b, bottom of trochanteral notch (= 553)
closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket. Propleuron
simple. Thorax finely punctate, but individual punctures dis-
cernible on scutum. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout.
Marginal cell: length of costal margin 3.2 = apical truncation.
Recurrent veins interstitial above or confluent in a short petiole.
Setae appressed on head and thorax (including those adjacent
to oral fossa) but semierect between propodeal side and hind-
face; obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head black, including clypeus and scape; male flagellum yel-
lowish brown ventrally; mandible yellowish reddish basally, black
apically. Thorax black, pronotal lobe yellow posteriorly; tegula
brown, with small yellow spot (female) or yellow, brown pos-
teriorly (male); humeral plate brown (female) or yellow, brown
basally (male). Gaster all black or segments I and II red. Wings
infumate (slightly so in male).
2.— Mandible (Fig. 131f): inner margin with basal tooth and
widely open cleft but without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
131a-e): disk with median tubercle; free margin of lobe van-
ously shaped (see Local Variation below), corner well-defined;
distance between corners 2.3 = distance between corner and
orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.4 x
scar length. Gena with tooth or tubercle adjacent to occipital
carina, slightly below mandibular base (Fig. 131g, h). Flagel-
lomere I: dorsal length 1.8 < apical width. Pronotum: precollar
carinate laterally, side deeply sulcate. Forecoxa shallowly con-
cave anteromesally, foremargin carinate. Forebasitarsus with 5
or 6 rake spines; length of apical spine 1.3 = apical width of
basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine about
0.4 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without
preapical spines. Sternum II setose throughout. Pygidial plate
sparsely setose in anterior half, densely setose in posterior half
(Fig. 131f). Length 7.9-13.0 mm.
Femora black, narrowly red apically. Tibiae red except hind-
tibia narrowly yellow basodorsally. Tarsi reddish brown.
é.— Mandible: inner margin obtusely angulate. Clypeus: lobe
sharply pointed, free margin forming single curved line with rest
of clypeal margin (Fig. 131), k). Distance between hindocellar
scar and orbit about 1.2 = scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
E |
Se
@ truncatus
@ turneri
30°—
147
Ficure 130. Collecting localities of Gastrosericus truncatus and turnert
length 1.0-1.3 x apical width. Foretrochanteral notch longer
than distance that separates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 132b);
notch bottom covered with subappressed setae that are oriented
toward coxa (Fig. 132c). Forebasitarsus with 4 rake spines; lon-
gest spine equal to apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid-
basitarsus and of hindbasitarsus with no preapical spines. Inner
claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely
punctate and setose. Sterna without mesal depressions, mi-
nutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae short, uniform.
Sternum VIII emarginate apically (Fig. 132a). Volsella: Fig.
131(1). Length 5.6-8.8 mm.
Femora black, yellow apically (narrowly so on mid- and
hindlegs). Foretibia yellow, brown on inner side; mid- and hind-
tibiae black or brown, yellow dorsally. Tarsi brown.
LOCAL VARIATION.-Specimens from Khorixas area in Da-
maraland differ markedly from other specimens in proportions,
size, and color, as described below.
Windhoek and Karibib Districts: Female: free margin of clyp-
eal lobe almost straight, without emarginations (Fig. 131b); clyp-
eal tubercle closer to free margin than to frontoclypeal suture
(Fig. 131d); genal tooth moderately prominent (Fig. 131g), not
connected to mandibular condyle by a carina. Male: clypeal lobe
148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ith AW
“fh \ ANN
shh VOU Ht
p> aan f, / ial a) >> , |
Wi A jy}, Wh
Hh)
Wy, Ye ZINN
} |)
TU hi Hila al! AUN!
Wp, j
b
f
Ficure 131. Gastrosericus tuberculatus: a, female head frontally (« 25), b, female clypeus (* 39), c, outline of female clypeus showing individual variation (*
27): d, female clypeus obliquely (* 110); e, outline of a female clypeus obliquely showing individual variation (* 55), f, female mandible (* 54), g, female head
laterally (* 29) h, genal tooth of female showing individual variation (* 23); 1, female pygidial plate (* 49); ), male clypeus (* 54); k, outline of male clypeal lobe
showing individual variation (* 48); 1, volsella (* 207)
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 132
Gastrosericus tuberculatus: a, male sternum VIII, ventral view (x
moderately elongate (Fig. 131j). Gastral segment I red, also
segment II red in females and some males, remainder black;
body length 7.9-9.8 mm in female, 5.6-6.8 mm in male.
Khorixas area: Female: free margin of clypeal lobe essentially
arcuate, sinuate or emarginate on each side, thus subdivided
into three portions, middle portion arcuate (Fig. 131c); clypeal
tubercle closer to frontoclypeal suture than to free margin (Fig.
131e); genal tooth markedly prominent (Fig. 131h), connected
to mandibular condyle by obtuse carina. Male: clypeal lobe
markedly elongate (Fig. 131k). Gaster in both sexes black; body
length 10.0-13.0 mm in female, 8.8 mm in male.
Lire History.—My friend and traveling companion in Na-
mibia, Herr Maximilian Schwarz, collected three females of
tuberculatus with prey 38 km W Khorixas on 4 March 1990.
He watched one female dragging the prey backwards, holding
31): b, male foretrochanter (= 103); c, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* 205)
it by a hindleg with her mandibles. All prey were phytophilous
acridids (det. N. D. Jago): a nymph of Pseudothericles com-
pressifrons (Stal), a female of Thericles conspersus (Karny), and
a nymph of Acanthacris ruficornis ruficornis (Fabricius). The
first two are members of Thericleidae (Eumastacoidea), an Af-
rican family in which the adults are flightless and hence even
the adults look nymph-like; the third belongs to Cyrtacanthac-
ridinae (Acrididae).
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 125).—Namibia.
Recorps.— Holotype: ?, NAMIBIA: Karibib District: 50 km SW Usakos, 21
Feb 1990, WJP (CAS). Paratypes: NAMIBIA: Damaraland: 38 km W Khonixas,
4 Mar 1990, MS (2 8, CAS; 7 2, MS), WJP (3 2, 1 6, CAS). Karibib District: 17 km
W Usakos, 21 Feb 1990, WJP (2 8, CAS); same data as holotype (1 9, 2 6, CAS),
MS (1 2, 1 4, MS); 55 km SW Usakos, 25 Feb and | Mar 1990, MS (1 9, CAS; 4
2, 1 6, MS), WJP (1 2, 2 6, CAS); 65 km SW Usakos, 24 Feb 1990, MS (1 2, 4 4,
150
Cc
Ficure 133. Gastrosericus turnert: a, female clypeus (* 59), b, female mandible ( *
plate of female (= 89): f, male clypeus (= 77); g. volsella (* 267)
MS), WJP (2 4, CAS). Windhoek District: 2217Ca [= between 22°30" and 22°45’S
and 17°00" and 17°15'E], 4-8 Nov 1973, collector unknown (1 °?, SMNW).
Gastrosericus turneri Arnold
(Figures 130, 133, 134)
Gastrosericus turnert Arnold, 1922:120, °. Holotype: °, Zimbabwe: Bulawayo
(SAM), examined, — Arnold, 1929:382 (4); Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
D1aGnosis.— The female of turneri has a distinctive clypeus:
lobe free margin with a markedly prominent middle portion
which is flanked by two lateral teeth on each side, clypeus middle
section with a U-shaped, V-shaped or Y-shaped carina (Fig.
133a). Erect vertex setae (Fig. 133d) help recognition.
In the male, the head and thorax are finely punctate and have
straight setae, the clypeal lobe is acutely pointed (Fig. 133f), and
the vertex setae are erect (Fig. 133d): setal length about 0.3-0.4
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
mil
Ay
rir
A
oa ii
j sei l' Sit
My If
| |
oO d
fhe ih es
58), c, female head laterally (* 44); d, vertex setae of female (* 59); e, pygidial
x basal width of mandible. Gastrosericus neavei is similar, but
unlike that species the face, vertex, and thorax are finely punctate
in turnert, and the setae are no longer on vertex than between
the mandibular base and occipital carina. According to Arnold
(1929), flagellomere I is thickened in the male of turneri, but I
found this modification only in the single specimen he studied
and not in other individuals.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge present. Labrum: free margin acutely emarginate. Orbit
insignificantly closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket
in female, but closer to antennal socket than to hindocellar scar
in male. Propleuron simple. Thoracic sculpture fine, scutum and
mesopleuron with well-defined punctures. Scutal flange evenly
curved throughout. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 4.0-
5.4 = apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate, almost in-
terstitial above in female from Serowe.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
FiGure 134.
Setae erect adjacent to oral fossa, equal to 0.3-0.4 = basal
mandibular width; nearly erect on vertex (Fig. 133d), of same
length as those adjacent to oral fossa; inclined, not obscuring
integument on mesopleuron; semierect between propodeal side
and hindface.
Head black, including scape. Mandible pale yellow, black
apically. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe, tegula, and humeral
plate pale yellow. Gaster in most specimens black except for
reddish pygidial plate in many females and tergum VII of many
males, but segment I reddish in the female from Tanzania.
Femora black except forefemur (or fore- and midfemora) yellow
apically; also hindfemur of many specimens narrowly yellow at
apex. Foretibia ferruginous, yellow on outer side; mid- and hind-
tibiae dark brown to reddish brown, yellow dorsally. Tarsi dark
brown to ferruginous. Wings weakly infumate, almost hyaline.
?.—Mandible (Fig. 133b): inner margin with cleft and two
subbasal teeth (distal tooth evanescent in some specimens) but
without preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 133a): disk with glabrous,
obtuse carina mesally (carina U-shaped, V-shaped or Y-shaped);
free margin of lobe with angulate projection next to well-defined
corner, broadly, roundly expanded mesally, shallowly concave
between corner and lateral projection and deeply, broadly so
between lateral and median expansion; distance between corners
2.6-3.1 x distance between corner and orbit. Distance between
hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.2 = scar length. Gena with
tooth about one quarter of distance from mandible to occiput
(Fig. 133c). Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.4—1.8 * apical width.
Pronotum: precollar with obtuse lateral, longitudinal carina;
side deeply sulcate. Forecoxa shallowly concave along inner
margin, foremargin carinate and, in most specimens, obtusely
prominent near midlength. Forebasitarsus with 5 rake spines;
length of apical spine 1.4 = apical width of basitarsus. Fore-
tarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine about 0.8 * apical
width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical
spines. Outer claw slightly larger than inner one. Sternum II
finely pubescent throughout. Pygidial plate punctate (most punc-
tures more than one diameter apart), setae stout on apical half
or so (Fig. 133e). Length 6.6-7.3 mm.
a
‘ We
AAT Rea |)
Gastrosericus turnert: a, male foretrochanter (* 208); b, bottom of trochanteral notch (= 948)
8.— Mandible: inner margin obtusely angulate, nearly straight.
Clypeus (Fig. 133f): lobe sharply pointed, not angulate laterally,
its free margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal
margin. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 1.8
x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.2-1.4 = apical
width. Foretrochanteral notch shorter than distance that sepa-
rates it from trochanteral apex (Fig. 134a), its bottom with ap-
pressed, scale-like setae (Fig. 134b). Forebasitarsus with 2-4
rake spines; longest spine 0.8—1.0 x apical width of basitarsus.
Dorsum of midbasitarsus with no or (some specimens) one
preapical spine, dorsum of hindbasitarsus without such spines.
Inner claws of mid- and hindtarsi smaller than outer claws.
Pygidial plate densely setose. Sterna without mesal depressions,
minutely, closely punctate throughout; setae of sterna III-V (ex-
cept basally) dense, concealing integument, markedly longer than
setae of sternum II basally. Sternum VIII rounded apically.
Volsella: Fig. 133g. Length 4.5-—6.5 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 130).—Africa south of the
equator.
Recorps.— BOTSWANA: Serowe (1 9, 4 4, CAS; 1 ¢, USNM; | 8, 3 6, ZMK)
NAMIBIA: Karibib District: 15 km W Kanbib (1 2, CAS)
SOUTH AFRICA: Natal: Zululand: 20 mi S Ndumu Game Reserve Camp (2
8, CAS, UCD). Transvaal: Ellisras (2 2, AMG), Guernsey Farm 15 km E Klasene
(1 6, PAM), Loskopdam Nature Reserve, 25°25'S, 29°20’E (1 2, 2. 6, NCIP), Mod-
jadji Nature Reserve, 23°38’S, 30°20’E (1 6, NCIP), Mogol Nature Reserve, 23°58'S,
27°45’ E(1 6, NCIP), Mooketsi (1 2, CAS; 3 29, USNM), Pafuri in Kruger National
Park, 22°26’S, 31°12’E(1 4, NCIP), Rustenburg Nature Reserve, 25°40’S, 27°12'E
(2 6, NCIP), 5 mi W Warmbad (1 2, USNM)
TANZANIA: Same (1 °, ZSBS)
ZIMBABWE: Bembesi (2 2, SAM), Bulawayo (6 2 including lectotype of turneri,
1 6 described by Arnold, 1929, SAM), Insiza River (1 2, SAM), Victoria Falls (1
2, BMNH).
Gastrosericus unicolor Arnold, new status
(Figures 135-137)
Gastrosericus Braunsi Arnold var. unicolor Arnold, 1929:382, 2. Holotype: 2,
Zimbabwe: Sawmills (SAM), examined.— Arnold, 1930:2 (listed). —As Gastro-
sericus braunsi unicolor: Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (raised to subspecies,
listed)
ly
rr yi) ! }
lh ten
“UVe> yy
WZATT TAA
ZZ hplNnt MN
VY)
MIS
LL”
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Figure 135. Gastrosericus unicolor: a, female clypeus (* 51); b, female mandible (* 50), c, female head laterally (= 35), d, female pygidium (= 78); e, male
clypeus (= 69): f, volsella (* 188)
DiAGNosIs. — Females of wnicolor, lepidus, and sabulosus have
a similar clypeus (Fig. 135a): the lobe has no lateral corner and
its free margin is subdivided into three arcuate portions (the
median is the largest); and the clypeal disk has no tubercle.
Subsidiary recognition features common to all three species are:
gena with tooth (Fig. 135d), which is small in some individuals,
and pronotal side deeply sulcate. Unlike sabulosus, the apical
tarsomeres of uwnicolor have no basoventral spines and the clyp-
eus of most specimens is yellow (at least partly) rather than
black. Unlike /epidus, the clypeal disk is raised and glabrous
Figure 136. Gastrosericus unicolor: a, male foretrochanter (* 237); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (x 474)
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
=o
ian
30)
|
15° 0° 15°
FiGure 137.
along the midline (except basally), the forecoxa is concave an-
teromesally and raised near the foremargin midlength, and the
gaster of most specimens is largely black with yellow or red
markings (at least the apical depression of tergum V). In /epidus,
the clypeus has a transverse or Y-shaped swelling, the forecoxa
is flat, and the gaster is red. The female of Herero is also similar,
but has several distinctive characters listed under that species
(p. 64).
Males of wnicolor are difficult to characterize. Their basic
features are: setae appressed adjacent to oral fossa and on vertex,
clypeus all yellow (most specimens) or black basally, clypeal
lobe acutely pointed (Fig. 135e), gaster largely black (including
tergum I basally); and length 4.6-6.5 mm. They differ from
153
[)
of
(Z
|
30° 45° 60°
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus unicolor
herero, lepidus, and most pratensis in having the inner claws of
the mid- and hindtarsi smaller than the outer claws, but this
condition is also found in the largest pratensis (about 8.0 mm
long). Specimens from Senegal have distinctive pale yellow api-
cal depressions on terga V and VI and large, yellow spots on
femora. Specimens from eastern and southern Africa resemble
pratensis in lacking yellow gastral and femoral markings but
differ in having tergum I black basally (red basally in most
pratensis). Unlike modestus, sterna of unicolor lack rows of erect
setae and the head is narrower in frontal view than in that species
(see Figs. 75d, f).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin broadly emarginate. Orbit
154
equidistant from antennal socket and hindocellar scar. Pro-
pleuron simple. Thoracic punctation fine, scutal punctures min-
ute, barely discernible. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout.
Marginal cell: length of costal margin 4.4-5.0 x apical trun-
cation. Recurrent veins separate or interstitial above.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa;
propodeal setae semierect between side and hindface; meso-
pleural setae not obscuring integument in most specimens, but
obscuring it in specimens from Senegal.
Color varying geographically (see Geographic Variation be-
low). Head black, mandible yellow except black apically, clypeus
and scape variable; thorax black but pronotal lobe, tegula, and
humeral plate yellow; gaster black, with red or yellow areas on
apical half. Wings hyaline.
2.— Mandible (Fig. 135b): inner margin with subbasal tooth
and obtusely angulate cleft but no preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
135a): disk without teeth or carinae, but with longitudinal im-
punctate and glabrous swelling (except basally); lobe corner ill-
defined, lobe free margin subdivided into three arcuate portions
(median portion the largest). Distance between hindocellar scar
and orbit about 1.6 x scar length. Gena with tooth just above
level of mandibular base (Fig. 135c); tooth small in some in-
dividuals. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.3-1.4 = apical width.
Pronotum: precollar with lateral, longitudinal carina; side sul-
cate. Forecoxa concave anteromesally, with obtuse process near
foremargin. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake spines; length of
apical spine |.3-1.4 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere
IV: length of inner apical spine 0.2-0.4 = apical width of tar-
somere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Ster-
num II pubescent throughout. Setae of pygidial plate stout ex-
cept on basal half or so (Fig. 135d). Length 7.0-9.0 mm.
é6.— Mandible: inner margin with no subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 135e): lobe sharply pointed, not angulate laterally, its free
margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.15 = apical width. Distance
between orbit and hindocellar scar about 1.3 = scar length.
Foretrochanteral notch longer than distance that separates it
from trochanteral apex (Fig. 136a), with microscopic, erect setae
along bottom, which is glabrous (Fig. 136b). Forebasitarsus with
2—4 rake spines; longest spine about 0.75-1.0 = apical width of
basitarsus. Inner claws of mid- and hindtarsi smaller than outer
claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate and setose except several
punctures at center more than one diameter apart. Sterna with-
out median depressions, minutely, closely punctate throughout;
setae somewhat denser on sterna III-V than on sternum II,
concealing integument from several angles. Sternum VIII round-
ed or narrowly truncate apically. Volsella: Fig. 135f. Length 4.6-
6.5 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION.—Specimens from various areas dif-
fer in the mesopleural vestiture and coloration of various body
parts, as described below:
Clypeus. Pale yellow in Senegalese specimens and some in-
dividuals from other areas; pale yellow to black in specimens
from Burkina Faso; narrowly black basally (also apically in male)
in most specimens from eastern and southern Africa.
Antenna. The scapal venter is either all yellow or black in
basal half in specimens from Senegal, black or brown red in
specimens from Burkina Faso, all red in females from Tiwi
Beaches, Kenya, and in specimens from southern Africa brown-
red in female and largely brown in male. The flagellum is black
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
in most specimens, but largely red in females from Tiwi Beaches,
Kenya.
Mesopleuron. The mesopleural vestiture conceals the integ-
ument in the specimens from Senegal, but not in those from
eastern and southern Africa.
Gaster. In most Senegalese specimens, the following are pale
yellow: female tergum V except a pair of basal black spots,
tergum IV partly in some specimens, and the pygidial plate (all
or on basal half); apical depressions of male terga V and VI as
well as part of pygidial plate. In a female from Tambacounda,
Senegal, the gaster is black except segments V and VI are red.
In specimens from Burkina Faso, the female gaster is all black
or the apical depression of tergum V and the pygidial plate are
yellowish reddish. In specimens from eastern and south Africa,
female terga I-IV have large brown-red zones preapically, and
segments V and VI are all red; the apical depressions of male
terga are translucent and tergum VII is reddish.
Femora. In most Senegalese specimens, the femora are black,
with large apical pale yellow spots that are longer ventrally than
dorsally; the black is replaced by red in a female from Tam-
bacounda. In specimens from Burkina Faso, the femora are
either red or black, and the apical yellow spots are absent on
the hindfemora. In specimens from other areas, the femora are
red, without yellow spots, except the hindfemur is largely brown
in a female from Serowe, Botswana.
Tibiae. In all but one Senegalese specimens, the tibiae are
yellow, reddish ventrally (all yellow basally and apically) except
the foretibia is reddish on outer side. In the other specimens
(including the female from Tambacounda, Senegal), the tibiae
are red, the foretibia is yellow on the outer side and the re-
maining tibiae are yellow dorsally; the red is replaced by black
on all tibiae in some females from Burkina Faso and on the
hindtibia in the female from Serowe, Botswana.
Tarsi. Yellow (somewhat darkened apically) in Senegalese
specimens, black in some from Burkina Faso, red in the other
ones.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 137).—Senegal and Burkina
Faso to Kenya, south to Transvaal and Namibia.
Recorps.— BOTSWANA: Serowe (1 2, | 4, ZMK).
BURKINA FASO: Gourma Kompienga 20 km S Pama (2 8, 1 4, CAS; 4 2, 1
6, LEM).
KENYA: Tiwi Beaches, 04°14'S, 39°36’E (2 ¢, CAS, ZMK).
NAMIBIA: Okahandja District: Okahandja (1 2, 1 6, BMNH).
SENEGAL: Kaffrine (1 2, CAS), Ndangane (2 2, 1 6, AAM; 1 2, CAS), 3 km W
Samba Dia or 70 air km W Kaolack (3 ¢, AAM; 3 2, 19 6, CAS), 25-35 km S
Richard Toll (2 2, LUW, 3 ¢, ZMA), Tambacounda (1 2, AAM), Ziguinchor (1 4,
ZMA).
SOUTH AFRICA: Transvaal: Pafuri in Kruger National Park, 22°26'S, 31°12’E
(1 6, NCIP), Nylsvlei Nature Reserve, 24°39’S, 28°42’E (1 6, CAS).
ZIMBABWE: Bulawayo (2 2, | ¢ SAM), Sawmills (1 °, SAM, holotype of
unicolor).
Gastrosericus vedda Pulawski
(Figures 138-141)
Gastrosericus vedda Pulawski in Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:13, 2, 4. Holotype:
2, Sn Lanka: Amparai District: Panama, Radella Tank (USNM), examined.
DIAGNOosIS.—The female of vedda can be recognized by a
sulcate pronotal side combined with a nondentate gena and
basoventrally spinose apical tarsomeres (Fig. 140c, d). The sin-
uous, laterally incised free margin of the clypeal lobe is also
distinctive (Fig. 138a-—d).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS 155
g
Ficure 138. Gastrosericus vedda: a, female head, Saudi Arabia (= 53); b, female clypeus, Saudi Arabia (* 93); c, same obliquely (* 107); d, female clypeus, Sn
Lanka (x 90); e, female clypeus obliquely, Pakistan (* 146); f, female mandible, Saudi Arabia (* 140), g, same, Sri Lanka (* 98); h, pygidial plate of female (*
124).
J
FAM
p
/
|
t 1 Aph h airtel Waly
ly
FiGure 139,
clypeus showing individual variation (=
Gastrosericus vedda: a, male clypeus (* 102); b, outline of male
112); c, volsella (* 312)
The male has an all or largely yellow clypeus with character-
istically prominent, round lobe corners that are markedly closer
to orbits than to each other (Fig. 139a, b), and subsidiary rec-
ognition features are: gaster without yellow fasciae and sternal
setae short, appressed.
Two unique structures are found in many but not all vedda.
One is the postspiracular carina expanded into a rounded la-
mella that partly covers the anterior part of the subalar fossa
(Fig. 140a, b). The other is an anterolateral tooth on the middle
section of the female clypeus (Fig. 138c, d).
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin arcuate or (most females)
shallowly emarginate. Orbit equidistant from antennal socket
and hindocellar scar. Propleuron simple. Thorax finely punctate,
but individual punctures discernible on scutum. Scutal flange
evenly curved throughout or slightly expanded adjacent to tegula
and contrastingly concave between expansion and hindcorner.
Postspiracular carina of many specimens expanded into round-
ed lamella that partly covers anterior part of subalar fossa (Fig.
140a, b), but expansion inconspicuous in many African speci-
mens. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 2.3-3.3 x apical
truncation. Recurrent veins separate or interstitial above.
Vestiture appressed, including setae adjacent to oral fossa and
on propodeum, largely obscuring mesopleural integument.
Head black, but mandible (except apex), clypeus all or largely
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
(including lateral section), and scapal venter yellow or yellowish
reddish; flagellum yellowish brown ventrally except all black in
some males. Thorax black, but pronotal lobe posteriorly and
also laminar expansion beneath subalar fossa in most specimens
are pale yellow. Gaster black, red basally in Indian and Sri
Lankan females. Tibiae ferruginous, pale yellow dorsally (fore-
tibia yellow on outer side); ferruginous only ventrally in African
specimens. Tarsi ferruginous, yellow in Ghanaian and Malian
females. Wings hyaline.
.— Mandible (Fig. 138f, g): inner margin with subbasal tooth
but without cleft or preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 138a-e): disk
with or without teeth (see Variation below); free margin of lobe
sinuate, shallowly emarginate mesally in single female from
Chenab River bank, Pakistan; incised next to corner; corner
well-defined (both corner and incision may be difficult to see
because of vestiture); distance between corners 2.4 = distance
between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar
and orbit about 1.2-1.3 x scar length. Gena simple. Flagello-
mere I: dorsal length 1.0-1.2 = apical width. Pronotum: pre-
collar not carinate or weakly carinate laterally, side shallowly
sulcate. Forecoxa somewhat flattened to slightly concave.
Forebasitarsus with 4 or 5 rake spines; length of apical spine
0.8-1.1 * apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length
of inner apical spine about 0.25 x apical width of tarsomere.
Tarsomere V with several basoventral spines and also with spines
on each lateral margin (Fig. 140c, d). Sternum II apicomesally
glabrous or sparsely setose. Most setae of pygidial plate thin,
inconspicuous except setae stout apically (Fig. 138h). Length
4.0-5.5 mm.
é.— Mandible: inner margin obtusely angulate. Clypeus (Fig.
139a, b): lobe short, scarcely more prominent than lateral sec-
tions, its free margin sinuate, corner prominent (concealed by
setae); distance between corners 1.5 x distance between corner
and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about
1.2 x scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length about 0.8 x
apical width. Foretrochanteral notch not clearly delimited dis-
tally but longer than distance that separates it from trochanteral
apex; notch bottom with a row of suberect setae (Fig. 140e, f).
Forebasitarsus with 2—4 rake spines; longest spine about 0.6 x
basitarsus apical width. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus
without preapical spines. Inner claws ofall tarsi as large as outer
claws. Pygidial plate setose. Sterna without median depressions,
minutely, closely punctate throughout; sternal setae short, uni-
form. Sternum VIII rounded or truncate apically. Volsella: Fig.
139c. Length 3.0-4.5 mm.
VARIATION. — The clypeal disk has a pair of conspicuous discal
teeth in most females from Mali and the single females from
Ghana and Saudi Arabia (Fig. 138b,c). The teeth are small (Fig.
138a, e) or reduced to small, longitudinal tubercles in some
specimens from Mali and the single specimen from Pakistan,
and absent in females from Sri Lanka and the only female from
Bombay area, India. They are asymmetrical in size in some
individuals.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 141).—Gastrosericus vedda
is known from two widely separated areas: one is West Africa,
the other includes Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka.
The gap is apparently due to insufficient collecting rather than
a disjunct range.
Recorps.—GHANA: Kawampe, 8°30'N, 1°35’'W, 45 km N Kintampo (1 2,
CAS).
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
N. gx, if ,
Ld ba a RaW }
“fy (ih AS
#, f/ | ~~
PACAP
I Ij lA
Uy
157
Ficure 140. Gastrosericus vedda: a, upper mesopleuron of female (* 165); b, postspiracular carina and subalar fossa (* 375); c, apical hindtarsomere of female
dorsally (x 405); d, same, ventrally (x 540); e, male foretrochanter (* 263); f, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (x 525)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
158
“DPPIA SNIMAISOAISDL) JO SINYRIO] BuUNIAJOD “|p| IMNOLZ
o— —,0
ssk— —.st
sof — —,08
se —s
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
159
FiGure 142.
Gastrosericus waltlit: a, female head (= 28); b, female clypeus (x 64); c, female mandible (* 68); d, male head (x 29); e, male clypeus (* 61);
f, volsella, Moroccan specimen ( 234); g, volsella, Egyptian specimen (* 226); h, volsella, Iranian specimen (* 219); i, volsella, specimen from Uzbekistan (= 226).
INDIA: Gujarat: Deesa (1 ¢, CAS). Maharashtra: Krishnagiri Upavan National
Park 12 air km NNW Bombay International Airport (1 2, CAS).
MALI: 40 km W Douentza (1 2, CAS), 158 km SW Gao (1 2, CAS), 180 km
SW Gao (2 2, 1 6, MS), Hombori (2 4, CAS; 2 6, MS), 10 km E Hombori (2 8,
MS), 25 km E Homboni (4 4, CAS), 30 km E Homboni (2 ¢, MS), 10 km S Mopti
(34 2, 10 6, CAS; 24 2, 19 6, MS), 45 km W Mopti (2 2, CAS; 3 °, MS), 5km S
San (15 2, 18 6, CAS; 20 2, 13 6, MS), 5 km E San (3 9, 1 6, CAS), 20 km S San
(1 8, MS), 30 km NE San (1 2, CAS; 1 °, MS), 60 km NE San (4 2, 2 4, CAS; 3 9,
MS), 100 km NE San (4 2, CAS; 3 9, 2 4, MS), 20 km SW San (2 2, 2 6, CAS; 6
2, 19 6, MS), 40 km SW Ségou (2 2, CAS; 8 2, 3 6, MS), 70 km SE Ségou (2 8,
CAS), 40 km SW Ségou (11 2, 4 6, CAS), 80 km SW Ségou (1 4, MS).
PAKISTAN: Punjab: Chenab River bank 27 km SW Multan (1 9°, CAS)
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
SAUDI ARABIA: Haddad As Sham (1 °, BMNH).
SRI LANKA: Amparai District: Panama, Radella Tank (1 °, BMNH; | 8, 1 4,
CAS; | 2, NMC; 4 2 including holotype, | ¢, USNM). Hambantota District:
Palatupana Tank (1 ° CAS; 2 9, USNM). Monaragala District: Angunakolapelessa
(1 8, 1 6, USNM). Trincomalee District: Tennamaravadi (1 °, USNM), Amarivayal
(1 2, USNM).
Gastrosericus waltlii Spinola
(Figures 142-144)
Gastrosericus Waltli Spinola, 1839:481, 3, incorrect original capitalization. Lec-
totype: 4, Egypt (TORINO), designated by de Beaumont, 1952:49, not exam-
ined.—Dahlbom, 1845:467 (as Gasterosericus), Kohl, 1885:409 (redescription),
411 (listed); André, 1888:223 (redescription), Dalla Torre, 1897:695 (listed);
Mantero, 1915:327 (Libya); Kruger, 1929:21 (Libya); Nadig, 1933:78 (Mo-
rocco), Honoré, 1942:53 (Egypt); Giner Mari, 1945:362 (Western Sahara); Guig-
hia, 1932:478 (Libya), 1934:301 (listed, as walthii), 1940:293 (Libya), 1942:233
(Libya); de Beaumont, 1950:20 (Egypt), 1955:191; Bytinski-Salz, 1956:226 (Tur-
key); de Beaumont, 1956:203 (Libya), 1958:62 (Algeria), 1960a:20 (Rhodes),
1960b:245 (Libya); Pulawski, 1964:111 (Egypt); Myartseva, 1965:80 (Turk-
menistan); Pulawski, 1965:574 (synonymy), de Beaumont, 1967:331 (Turkey),
1969:90 (Turkey); Osborn and Krombein, 1969:16 (Sudan); Kazenas, 1972:
165, Myartseva, 1972:80; de Beaumont, Bytinski-Salz, and Pulawski, 1973:16
(Israel), Krombein, 1974:452 (Egypt); Bohart and Menke, 1976:231 (vertex
illustrated), 253 (male head illustrated), 255 (wings illustrated), 256 (listed), 260
(female mandible illustrated); Kazenas, 1978:137 (in key); Pulawski, 1982:364
(synonymy); Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:18 (in revision of Sri Lankan spe-
cles).
Dinetus niger Dufour, 1853:378, 6. Holotype: 4, Algeria: Pontéba, now Oumm ed
Drou (MNHN), examined. New synonym.—In Gastrosericus: Kohl, 1885:409
(as probable synonym of waitli/), 411 (listed); Dalla Torre, 1897:695 (listed);
de Gaulle, 1908:121 (in catalog of French Hymenoptera); Bohart and Menke,
1976:256 (listed).
Gastrosericus Maracandicus Radoszkowski, 1877:23, %, incorrect original capi-
talization. Holotype: 2, Uzbekistan: Samarkand (ZMMU), examined. Synony-
mized with Gastrosericus waltlii by Pulawski, 1965:574.—Kohl, 1885:410 (orig-
inal description copied), 411 (listed); André, 1888:225 (tentatively synonymized
with waltli1), Dalla Torre, 1897:695 (listed); Gussakovskij, 1931:452; de Beau-
mont, 1947:396,; Pittioni, 1950:25; Bytinski-Salz, 1956:226; Georghiou, 1977:
190.—As Tachytes maracandica: Magretti, 1884:588 (Sudan).
Gastrosericus rufiventris F. Morawitz, 1889:135, 2. Holotype: 2, China: Inner Mon-
gohan Autonomous Region: Tsagan Buryuk (ZIN), examined. Synonymized
with Gastrosericus maracandicus by Gussakovskij, 1931:452.—Dalla Torre,
1897:695 (listed).—As waltli rufiventris: Tsuneki, 1972:408 (new status).
Gastrosericus rufitarsis Cameron, 1902:286, “2”, actually 6. Holotype: 4, India:
Gujarat: Deesa (BMNH), examined. Synonymized with Gastrosericus waltlii by
Pulawski, 1982:364.-Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
Gastrosericus lanuginosus Arnold, 1922:117, 4. Lectotype: 2, Zimbabwe: Sawmills
(SAM), present designation, examined. Synonymized with Gastrosericus waltlti
by Pulawski, 1982:364.—Arnold, 1929:383 (2), 1930:2 (listed); Bohart and Menke,
1976:256 (listed).
Gastrosericus maracandicus dubius Gussakovskij, 1931:453, 4. Lectotype: 6: Turk-
menistan: Komarovskiy near Askhabad (ZIN), designated and synonymized
with Gastrosericus waltli by Pulawski in Krombein and Pulawski, 1986:18,
examined, —As Gastrosericus waltlii dubius: Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (list-
ed); Kazenas, 1978:137 (in key).
Gastrosericus aiunensis Giner Mari, 1945:375, 2. Holotype: °, Morocco: Western
Sahara: La’youn (IEE), examined. New synonym.—Giner Mari, 1945:362 (West-
ern Sahara), Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
LECTOTYPE SELECTION. — Arnold (1922) spoke of a single type
of /anuginosus (with no further details), but he actually labeled
a female and a male as types. The female is here selected as the
lectotype of /anuginosus.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus waltlii has a shiny, triangular el-
evation on the propleuron (Fig. 143b), and long, sinuous setae
—
Ficure 143. Gastrosericus waltli: a, genal setae (* 48); b, propleuron, oblique
lateral view (* 51): c, male sterna III and IV (* 55)
161
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
1]]]/DM SNIUASOAISDL) JO SANRIO] BuNDITOD pp] JWNOLZ
162
on the head (Fig. 143a), thorax, scapal venter, and hindfemoral
venter: setal length, adjacent to the oral fossa, is about equal to
the basal mandibular width. The clypeus is all black or ferru-
ginous apicomesally and the marginal cell is long (length of costal
margin 1.5—2.6 x apical truncation, while-1.1-1.2 x in shes-
takovi). The female has a distinctive clypeus (Fig. 142a, b): the
lateral margins of the lobe converge anterad and the foremargin
is essentially truncate or nearly so; the gaster is all black or red
basally and black apically (all red in most drewseni, black in
some). The males of wa/t/ii and drewseni have a nonemarginate
foretrochanter and a sharply pointed clypeal lobe (Fig. 142d).
They can be separated only tentatively by color details (see
drewseni, p. 00). Their ranges are different: wa/tlii is widely
distributed in Africa and Asia, whereas drewseni occurs between
Libya and Jordan.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin acutely emarginate. Orbit
closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket. Vertex punc-
tures larger than in capensis or guigliae. Propleuron near hind-
margin with shiny, triangular elevation that is slightly raised
posterad (Fig. 143a). Thorax densely punctate, punctures con-
tiguous on mesopleuron. Scutal flange minimally expanded ad-
jacent to tegula, contrastingly concave between expansion and
hindcorner. Marginal cell: length of costal margin 1.5-2.6 x
apical truncation. Recurrent veins separate or interstitial above.
Setae sinuous on thorax and adjacent to oral fossa where they
are equal to basal width of mandible or longer; partly obscuring
mesopleural integument; sinuous, semierect on scapal venter
and hindfemoral venter.
Head and thorax black, mandible (except apex) pale yellow,
propodeal dorsum reddish in a female from Ayvaj, Tajikistan.
Wings hyaline.
2.— Mandible (Fig. 142c): inner margin with no subbasal teeth
or cleft but with preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig. 142a, b): disk
without teeth or carinae; lateral margins of lobe convergent
anterad, foremargin truncate or nearly so, roundly angulate lat-
erally and with small, median projection that is absent in some
specimens (the angles apparently do not correspond to lobe
corners, which seem to be reduced); distance between corners
about 0.5 x distance between corner and orbit. Distance be-
tween hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.9 x scar length. Gena
simple. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 2.1-2.2 = apical width.
Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side not sulcate. Fore-
coxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 7 or 8 rake spines; length of
apical spine 2.0—2.2 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere
IV: length of inner apical spine 1.0-1.1 = apical width of tar-
somere. Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Ster-
num II apicomesally with glabrous, triangular area. Pygidial
plate covered with stout setae that almost totally obscure sculp-
ture. Length 9-12 mm.
Gaster partly red (segments I and II or I-III) in most speci-
mens, but all black in females from the Ivory Coast and Ghana,
in some females from Egypt (all 11 from Aswan, 58 from Cairo
area, one from Fayed, all four from Luxor area, one from Sids,
all six from Sinai Peninsula), and one each from Israel (Bnei
Braq), Libya (Garian), Kenya (Archer’s Post), Namibia (Rooi-
poort Farm), Senegal (Koumpentoum), and Tunisia (Djerba).
Femora mostly black, but red in one specimen from Tunisia
and one from Adzhigarm, Tajikistan. Tibiae and tarsi red in
most specimens, but black in Sn Lankan individuals.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
é6.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 142d): lobe acutely pointed, not angulate laterally, its free
margin forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.9 x scar
length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.6-2.1 = apical width.
Foretrochanter not notched, but slightly constricted near base.
Forebasitarsus with 4-6 rake spines; longest spine 1.5-1.8 x
apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of midbasitarsus with three
preapical spines, dorsum of hindbasitarsus with two such spines.
Inner claws of all tarsi as large as outer claws. Pygidial plate
setose. Sterna III and IV: see Variation below; sterna V and VI
with usual, straight setae that delimit apical depression, and
with shorter, dense, erect setae. Sternum VIII rounded or round-
ly truncate apically. Volsella variable (Fig. 142f-i), and this
variation not correlated with any external character. Length 6.2-
9.0 mm.
Gaster black, or basally red. Femora black. Tibiae varying:
all black except narrowly yellow basally, brown red (Kenya,
Zimbabwe), red except brown ventrally, or all red (Angola, some
Egyptian males). Tarsi all red or darkened basally.
VARIATION. —In the vast majority of males, sterna III] and IV
each have a mesal depression that is covered with very dense
fimbriae; the fimbriae are appressed basally (fully concealing
integument), curved ventrad apically, and contrast markedly
with remaining sternal pilosity (Fig. 143c). These sterna have
no depressions and are evenly setose throughout in all 32 males
from Aswan, in the single male from Kom Ombo, and in one
of the three males from Luxor area, that I collected in 1993.
This striking difference, with no intermediates observed, seems
to indicate that two species are involved. I could not, however,
find any other morphological difference in support of this hy-
pothesis, and the 11 females taken together with the males in
Aswan do not differ from walt/ii in any noticeable way. I there-
fore conclude that the absence of sternal depressions and fim-
briae in the male is a characteristic of Upper Egyptian popu-
lations of waltlii.
Lire History.—Gastrosericus waltlii was common in several
places along the west bank of the Nile in Aswan in April 1993.
On 24 April, I collected a female sitting on a grass blade and
holding, under her body, a paralyzed spider that Charles E.
Griswold identified as Oxyopes sp. (Oxyopidae). This unusual
prey contrasts with Honoreé’s (1942) record of wa/tlii preying on
gryllids.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 144).—Africa south to Na-
mibia and Zimbabwe (unknown from Congo River basin), Asia
north to Turkey and adjacent Mediterranean islands, Armenia,
and Kazakhstan, east to Mongolia and Sri Lanka.
Recorbs. —(b: gaster all black, r: gaster red basally): ALGERIA: Biskra (3 4 b,
MZL), Iherir in Tassili des Ajjer (de Beaumont, 1958), Ghazaouet (1 ¢ b, MZL),
Oumm ed Drou (1 4, holotype of Dinetus niger)
ANGOLA: R. Giraul 10 mi NE Namibe (2 4 b, BMNH).
CHAD: Enner Kudi (1 °, BMNH).
CHINA: Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region: Tsagan Buryuk near Tsagan
Tohoi, 41°00'N, 100°00’E (1 2, holotype of rufivencris, ZIN).
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES: Armenia: Yerevan (1 4
b, ZMMU). Kazakhstan: Chili (as Dzhulek, | ?, ZIN), 50 km N Furmanovka in
Dzhambul Oblast (1 4 r, CAS), Ili N Alma Ata (Kazenas, 1972), Kapchagay N
Alma Ata (1 2, 1 6b, USNM), Panfilov (1 ¢r, CAS), Mangyshlak Peninsula: Koylus
(1 ¢ r, CAS), urochishche Buzdak (1 4 r, CAS). Tajikistan (2 2, CAS; 10 2, 23 4,
ZIN,; 102,54, ZMMU, b, r): Adzhirgam (upper Amu Darya), Ayvaj, Baumanabad
(= Saraykamar) on Pyandzh River, Dushanbe, Dzhilikul, Koy-pyaz-tau, Kurgan
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
Tyube. Turkmenistan (23 2, 54 4, ZII; 1 2, 1 6, ZMMU; b, r): Askhabad, Bayram-
Ali (Myartseva, 1965), Gassan Kuli, 15 km S Iskander, Kara Kala, Khodzha
(12 km from Ghyaurs), Khodzha Kala (western Kopet Dagh), Komarovskiy near
Askhabad, Krasnovodsk, Murgab, Repetek, Shassenem, Syunt Mountain (western
Kopet Dagh), Tersakan near Kara Kala, Yarty Kala on Chandyr River (western
Kopet Dagh). Uzbekistan (1 2, 2 6, CAS; 3 2, 7 4, ZIN; 1 2, 5 6, ZMMU, b, r):
Bag Abzal, 50 km N Bukhara, Changhir, Karshi area, Kassan, Khiva-Nurlabay,
Kuyu-Mazar, Nishan, Samarkand, Saraylaylik.
CYPRUS (9 2, 71 4, b, r; BMNH, CAS, GRF, MZL, RMNH, USNM, ZIN):
Akrotiri Bay, Cherkes, Famagusta, Kalohorio, Limassol, Moni, Yermasoyia, Zak-
aki.
EGYPT (180 2, 401 4, b, r, AAM, BMNH, CAS, CGR, FSCA, JG, MS, MZL,
NHMW, RMNH, UCD, USNM, ZMHU): Al Bahr al Ahmar: 25 km § Ain
Sokhna. Al Fayyum: Karanis, Kom Osheim on Cairo-Fayum road, Lake Karun,
Wadi Rayan (circa 40-80 km E Fayum cultivated area). Al Jizah (= Ghiza): Abu
Rawash, Ghiza Pyramids, Dahshur, Kerdasa, Maadi, Saqqara. Al Qahirah (=
Cairo); Cairo, 11 km NW Cairo, Gebel Asfar, Ezbet en Nakhl (spelled Ezb-Nahl),
Helwan, Kafr Hakim, Katamia area 20 km E Maadi, Suez Road, Wadi Digla,
Wadi Hof, Wadi el Tih. Al Bahr al Ahmar: Fayed, Wadi Hagul 30 km SW Suez.
Aswan: Aswan (west bank), Kom Ombo. As Sahra al Janubiah: Dakhla Oasis:
Budhkula, 5-10 km E Tineida. As Sahra al Gharbiyah: Bahariya Oasis, Wadi an
Natrun, Siwa oasis (the female from Baharein cited by de Beaumont 1950b actually
is pnepheros). Bani Suwayf (= Beni Suef): 30-40 km SE El! Wasta on road to Ras
Zafarana, Sids. Girga: 4 km W Abydos. Luxor: 3 km W Luxor near Medinet Habu
temple. Qena: 85 km ENE Qena on road to Safaga. Sina (= Sinai): 10 km E El
Arish, Nakhl, St. Catherine Monastery, Wadi Khreza circa 45 km N Sharm el
Sheikh, Wadi Feiran, Wadi Gharandal 30 km NW Abu Zenima, Wadi Malhaq
50 air km N Sharm el Sheikh, Wadi Sudr 50 air km SE Suez, Wadi Tayiba N
Abu Zenima.
GHANA: Legon, 12 km NNE Accra (8 2, 12 b 6, CAS), Kawampe, 8°30'N,
1°35'W, 45 km N Kintampo (1 2 b, CAS).
GREECE: Rhodes Island (b): Isambika (1 8, KMG), Ixia (1 9, 1 6, UCD; 5 2,
2 4, RMNH), Kremasti (1 4, BMNH; 1 9, | 4, GRF; 1 2, MZL; 1 6, RMNH),
Moni (1 2, GRF).
INDIA: Gujarat: Deesa (15 4 r, BMNH, including holotype of rufitarsis). Kar-
nataka: Bangalore (4 2, | 4, CAS). Maharashtra: Matheran (2 2, | 4, BMNH).
Rajasthan: Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary 45 km SSE Udaipur (1 2, CAS). Tamil
Nadu: Coimbatore (2 6, GRF, CAS, b), Tranquebar (1 2°, GRF).
IRAK: Bayi (1 4 b, ZSBS).
IRAN: Azarbaijan: Ungyut Mugan: Altan (2 ¢ b, paralectotypes of dubius, ZIN).
Fars: Daria Namak 27 km E Shiraz (1 ¢ b, CAS). Khuzestan: Haft Tapeh, 300 km
N Abadan (3 é r, CAS), Meshregeh (1 ¢ b, UCD). Teheran: 30 km S Teheran (3
8, b, CAS).
ISRAEL (de Beaumont, Bytinski-Salz, and Pulawski, 1973 unless indicated
otherwise): Arad (1 4b, KMG), Bne Braq (1 2, MZL), En Avdat, En Gedi (1 2, 2
2b, WS), En Quilt, Herzlyia, Jericho (1 2, 1 6 b, MZL; 1 6 b KMG), Mezada (1
2, 4 6b, r, WS), Mikhmoret (2 ¢ b, QA), Nuseirat (1 2, 3 6 b, QA), Ramat Gan
(1 ¢b, RMNH), Sichron Yaaqov, Tel Aviv (2 6 b, RMNH), Tiberias (1 6b, MZL),
Wadi Ruth near Nizzana.
IVORY COAST: 40 km S Toumodi (3 2, 5 ¢ b, AAM; 8 2, 24 6 b, CAS).
JORDAN: Dhot Ras, 31°00'N, 35°46’E(1 6b, RMNH), 5 km S El Azraq, which
is 31°50'N, 36°47’E (1 6 b, RMNH), Wadi Walla (1 ¢ b, AAM).
KENYA: Archer's Post on Ewaso Ng’iri River (2 2, CAS), 10 mi N Laisamis
(1 2, 1 4r, CAS), Rift Valley, Olorgasailie (1 ¢ b, CAS), Tana River (1 2, BMNH),
Tsavo National Park: Kitani Lodge (1 ¢ b, CAS).
LIBYA: Cyrenaica: Gialo (Guiglia, 1932), Giarabub = Jaghbub (Kruger, 1929).
Tripolitania: Bungeim (Mantero, 1915), El-Hag (Guiglia, 1940), Garian (1 2, MZL),
Gargaresc = Qarqarish (1 4 b, MZL), Leptis Magna = Labdah (1 2°, BMNH),
Tauorga = Tawurgha (de Beaumont, 1960b), Tagiura = Tajura (2 ¢, BMNH).
MALAWI: Grand Beach, 13°43’S, 34°38’E (1 6, SAM).
MALI: Anevis = Anefis (1 2, 1 6, KMG), 30 km S Ansongo (1 ¢ b, KMG).
MONGOLIA: Bayanhongor Aymag: oasis Ehingol (Tsuneki, 1972). Tov Aymag:
Dzuunmod (1 2, ZIN).
MOROCCO: Agadir (3 2, 5 6 b, MZL), Ait Saoun, 30°45'N, 6°37'W (4 9, 22 6
b, WS), Asni (2 ¢ b, BMNH, MZL), Boumaine (1 2, MS), Ketama (1 ¢ b, MT),
Ksar es Souk (1 ¢ b, MZL), La’youn in Western Sahara (as El Aiun, | 2, 3 4 b,
IEE, including holotype of aiunensis), Marrakech (1 2, CAS; 2 2, 5 éb, MZL; 1 4
b, RMNH), Midelt (1 8 b, JG), 20 km NW Midelt (1 ¢ b, CAS; 2 6 b, MS), Rabat
(3 6, UCD), 34 km SE Safi (1 6 b, MS), Tiznit: Oued Massa (1 2, CAS; 1 ¢, KMG,;
1 2,9 6b, MZL); Taroudannt, Oued Souss (1 2, KMG).
NAMIBIA: Damaraland: Rooipoort Farm at Ugab River (1 °, ZMK). Groot-
fontein District: 60 km SW Otavi (1 4, MS). Mariental District: Mariental (5 4 b,
AMG), 5 km N Mariental (1 6b, CAS). Omaruru District: Omaruru (1 2°, SMNW).
163
Rehoboth District: 9 km S Rehoboth (1 2, 3 6 b, CAS; 1 6 b, MS). Outjo District:
31 km SE Kamanjab (1 4, CAS).
OMAN: Behla (1 °¢, KMG), Rostaq (1 ¢ b, KMG), Salalah (1 6 b, BMNH),
Wattayah, 23°36'N, 58°30’E (1 2, PMA).
PAKISTAN: Baluchistan: Quetta (4 °, 2 6 r, BMNH; | ¢, USNM), Kharan (1
3b, KMG). Punjab: Faisalabad (1 °, Washington State University). Sind: Malir
River bed 5 km ESE Karachi International Airport (3 4 b, CAS).
QATAR: Al Sinnah (1 6, KMG).
SAUDI ARABIA: Abu Arish (1 éb, KMG), Ad Diriyah (1 2, KMB), El Riyadh
(1 8,34 b, r, CAS; 2 9, 2 6, WL), Jeddah (3 6 b, BMNH).
SENEGAL: Bayakh 48 km E Dakar ((1 2, CAS), Dagana (1 ?, AAM), Koum-
pentoum (1 2, UCD), Ndangane 45 km SE Mbour (1 4 b, FB), 25-35 km S Richard
Toll (1 9, 1 6 b, ZMA), 3 km NWE Samba Dia = 70 air km W Kaolack (1 6 b,
CAS).
SRI LANKA: Mannar District: Ma Villu (1 6, b, USNM), 0.5 mi NE Kokmotte
in Wilpattu National Park (1 2, 1 6 b, CAS; 4 2, 28 6 b, USNM). Trincomalee
District: Tennamaravadi (2 ¢ b, USNM).
SUDAN: Karkur Murr in Gebel ’Uweinat at juncture of Sudan, Egypt and Libya
(1 2b, CAS; 2 2, 2 6 b, USNM), Khartum (2 6 b, KMG, ZMA).
SYRIA: Mezzé near Damascus (1 4, b, MZL).
TANZANIA: Manyara (1 2°, AAM).
TUNISIA: Carthage (1 6 b, MT), Djerba Island (1 2, MZL), Gafsa (1 6 b, MT),
Haffouz (1 6b, MT), Kalaa Shrira 35°49'N, 10°34’E (1 4 b, MT), Saidane in Kebili
area (2 9, KMG), Tozeur (1 2, JG), Tunis (1 4 b, MT).
TURKEY: Hakkari: S Beytiissebab (KS). Mersin: Mut (1 2, | 6, MS). Urfa:
Hakfeti (1 ¢ b, MS), Urfa (1 4 b, MS). Also: Tuz Gli (Bytinski-Salz, 1956).
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Dubai (1 ¢ b, UCD), Sir Abu Nu’air, 25°10'N,
54°15'E (2 6 b, BMNH; 1 ?, USNM).
YEMEN: Aden: Khormaksar (2 ?, BMNH), Aden: Mohur (1 ¢, AAM); Hays
circa 50 km S Hodeidah (3 ¢ b, AAM; | 6 b CAS), Hodeidah (1 2, KMG).
ZIMBABWE (b): Khami (1 2, SAM), Umniati Valley (1 6, SAMC), Sawmills
(2 8, AMG; 2 8, BMNH; | 6, FSAG; | 6 b, MRAC; 1 6, NHMW; | ° lectotype,
2 4 paralectotypes, SAM; | 6, ZMHU).
Gastrosericus wroughtoni Cameron
(Figures 145-147)
Gastrosericus Wroughtoni Cameron, 1889:147, sex not indicated, incorrect orig-
inal capitalization. Holotype: °, India: Maharashtra: Pune (BMNH), exam-
ined. — Bingham, 1897:217 (redescription), Dalla Torre, 1897:696 (listed); Cam-
eron, 1902:287 (in key); Bohart and Menke, 1976:256 (listed).
D1AGnosis.— The female of wroughtoni can be recognized by
the shape of the mandible, with its unusually broad cleft (Fig.
145b); a deep postocellar impression; and also by the following
combination of characters: pygidial plate with stout setae on
apical portion (Fig. 145d), clypeus with well-defined and un-
divided lobe and without teeth or carinae on surface (Fig. 145a),
venter of apical tarsomeres basally with two or three spines on
the midline (Fig. 145c). The large body size (8.5-10.5 mm) is a
subsidiary recognition feature.
The male shares with sanctus the combination of short genal
setae (markedly shorter than basal mandibular width) and fim-
briate impressions on sterna III and IV. Unlike sanctus, wrough-
toni has a deep postocellar impression, the clypeus is black
laterally, the clypeal lobe is narrower, with less prominent cor-
ners (Fig. 145e), the sternal fimbriae are dark, and the body
length is 6.8-9.0 mm. In sanctus, the postocellar impression is
shallow, the clypeus is all yellow, the clypeal lobe is wider, with
more prominent corners (Fig. 102d), the sternal fimbriae are
pale, and the body length is 5.5-6.0 mm.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible: posterior margin notched, abduc-
tor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin broadly emarginate. Orbit
closer to hindocellar scar than to antennal socket. Propleuron
near hindmargin with transverse carina that is evanescent lat-
erally and raised admedially. Mesothorax with well-defined
punctures. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Marginal
164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Ficure 145. Gastrosericus wroughtont a, female clypeus (* 34), b, female mandible (= 55); c, female hindtarsomere V, ventral view (* 195), d, pygidial plate
of female (= 78); e, male clypeus (* ); f, volsella (x 172)
cell: length of costal margin 2.9-3.8 x apical truncation. Re-
current veins separate in most specimens, interstitial above in
some.
Setae suberect to nearly appressed adjacent to oral fossa, 0.2—
0.3. x basal mandibular width; scutal setae appressed; meso-
pleural setae partly concealing integument; propodeal setae sub-
erect to subappressed between side and hindface.
Head black; mandible yellow basally and black apically, large-
ly reddish in some specimens; clypeal middle section yellow in
most specimens; scapal venter yellow in many specimens. Tho-
rax black, pronotal lobe narrowly yellow posteriorly. Gastral
segments I, or I and II, red, remainder black. Femora black.
Tibiae black except yellow dorsally (yellow present only baso-
dorsally in most specimens, vestigial in some, but extending to
tibial apex in others); foretibia largely reddish. Tarsi all black
or reddish apically. Wings slightly infumate.
?.-Mandible (Fig. 145b): inner margin with large subbasal
tooth but without preapical tooth; cleft expanded into deep,
FiGuRe 146. Gastrosericus wroughtont: male foretrochanter (* 129) broad emargination. Clypeus (Fig. 145a): disk without teeth or
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
45° 60° ade
Cpa,
45°—
30°—
45° 60 75
FiGure 147.
carinae; free margin of lobe sinuate, corner well-defined; dis-
tance between corners 1.6-2.0 x distance between corner and
orbit. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.7—2.0 = apical width. Dis-
tance between hindocellar scar and orbit about 0.6 = scar length.
Gena simple. Pronotum: precollar not carinate laterally, side
not sulcate. Forecoxa simple. Forebasitarsus with 5 or 6 rake
spines; length of preapical spine 2.0 = apical width of basitarsus.
Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine about 0.8 x
apical width of tarsomere (Fig. 145c). Venter of tarsomere V
with two or three spines on midline of basal half. Sternum II
apicomesally with glabrous, triangular area. Setae of pygidial
plate inconspicuous anteriorly but stout on apical third or so,
almost totally concealing integument (Fig. 145d). Length 8.5—
10.5 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin with conspicuous subbasal tooth.
165
30° 105°
90 105
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus wroughtont
Clypeus (Fig. 145e): free margin of lobe sinuate (arcuate in some
specimens), angulate laterally; distance between corners | .0-1.3
x distance between corner and orbit. Distance between hind-
ocellar scar and orbit about 0.6 x scar length. Flagellomere I:
dorsal length 1.4—1.5 = apical width. Foretrochanteral notch
shorter than distance that separates it from trochanteral apex
(Fig. 146); its bottom broad, with longitudinal row of setae.
Forebasitarsus with 2-4 rake spines; longest spine 1.6-1.8
apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbasitarsus
with one or two preapical spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large
as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate and setose. Sterna
III, IV (except laterally) with fimbriate depressions, fimbriae
appressed basally and fully concealing integument, curved ven-
trad apically. Sternum VIII rounded apically. Volsella: Fig. 145f.
Length 7.8-9.8 mm.
166
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Ficure 148. Gastrosericus xanthophilus: a, female head frontally (= 30); b, female clypeus (= 54); c and d, outlines of female clypeus showing individual variation
(* 56 and 53, respectively); e, female mandible (= 60); f, female head laterally (x 35); g, outline of female head showing individual variation in the tooth size
(x 37), h, male head (* 43); 1, male clypeus (x 85); j, outline of male clypeus showing individual variation (= 88); k, volsella (x 255).
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 147).— Pakistan to Sri Lan-
ka.
Recorps.—INDIA: Maharashtra: Krishnagin Upavan National Park 12 air
km NNW Bombay International Airport (2 6, BMNH,; 9 2, 44 4, CAS; | 6, RVH),
Pune (1 2, BMNH, holotype). Rajasthan: Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary, 45 km
SSE Udaipur (16 6, CAS), Mount Abu (4 4, CAS), Udaipur (3 6, CAS). Tamil
Nadu: Thanjavur (1 6, USNM)
PAKISTAN: Punjab: Multan (1 4, CAS). Sind: 40-45 km E Karachi on Karachi-
Tatta road (1 6, CAS), Kirthar National Park 150 km NE Karachi, 25°10’-26°05'N,
67°10°-67°55’E (5 8, CAS).
SRI LANKA: Mannar District: Ma Villu (1 2, USNM).
Gastrosericus xanthophilus sp. n.
(Figures 148-150)
DERIVATION OF NAME. — Yanthophilus derives from two Greek
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
167
FiGure 149.
words, xanthos, yellow, and philos, a friend; with reference to
the yellow markings in this species.
D1AGNosIs.—The female of xanthophilus can be recognized
by the yellow pygidial plate combined with a prominent corner
of the clypeal lobe (Fig. 148a—d). Subsidiary recognition features
are: gena with one or two teeth (Fig. 148f, g), pronotal side
sulcate, mesopleural integument hidden by vestiture, and fo-
recoxal venter concave.
In the male, the clypeus is all yellow, with an acutely to
obtusely pointed lobe (Fig. 148h-j), and gastral terga have yellow
markings. Gastrosericus braunsi is similar, but in xanthophilus
the forecoxal venter is very shallowly concave (except slightly
swollen along the foremargin) and the flagellum of most spec-
imens is partly yellow or yellow brown. In braunsi, the forecoxal
venter is flat or minimally convex, and the flagellum is black.
DESCRIPTION. — Mandible with notched posterior margin, ab-
ductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin with triangular emar-
gination. Orbit insignificantly closer to hindocellus than to an-
tennal socket in female, reverse in male. Propleuron simple.
Thorax finely sculptured, scutum and mesopleuron with ill-
defined punctures. Scutal flange evenly curved throughout. Mar-
ginal cell: length of costal margin 3.0-5.5 = apical truncation.
Recurrent veins separate, interstitial above (most specimens) or
confluent in a short petiole.
Vestiture appressed on head and thorax, including setae ad-
jacent to oral fossa and those between propodeal side and hind-
face; mesopleural setae largely or entirely obscuring integument.
Head and thorax black but the following are pale yellow:
mandible (except apically), clypeus, part of antenna (see below),
pronotal lobe, tegula, and humeral plate. Wings hyaline.
°.— Mandible (Fig. 148e): inner margin with basal tooth and
broad, shallow cleft, but with no preapical tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
148a-d): disk of most specimens raised along midline, all flat
in small specimens, raised area in largest specimens expanded
mesally into laterally compressed tooth; free margin of lobe
varying: shallowly emarginate mesally, or nearly straight, or
with obtuse, median projection; corner conspicuously project-
ing; distance between corners about 1.5 x distance between
Gastrosericus xanthophilus: a, male foretrochanter (= 257); b, bottom of foretrochanteral notch (* 514).
corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit
about 1.3 = scar length. Gena, above mandibular base, with
subvertical carina which is expanded into a tooth toward dorsal
end, also toward ventral end in many specimens (Fig. 148f, g);
ventral tooth smaller. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.4 x apical
width. Pronotum: precollar carinate laterally (carina vestigial in
some specimens), side sulcate. Entire forecoxal venter concave,
foremargin carinate, conspicuously expanded in some individ-
uals. Forebasitarsus with 4-6 rake spines; length of apical spine
about 1.1-1.4 x apical width of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV:
length of inner apical spine 0.4-0.5 = apical width of tarsomere.
Venter of tarsomere V without preapical spines. Sternum II
asetose apicomesally. Pygidial plate with large punctures and
microscopic, sparse setae and also a few stout setae apically.
Length 5.4-7.3 mm.
Scape pale yellow except black basodorsally, flagellum dark
brown dorsally, yellowish brown ventrally. Femora black ba-
sally, reddish mesally, with yellow spot apically (spot longer
ventrally than dorsally). Tibiae reddish, yellow dorsally, tarsi
reddish. Gaster red, terga with pale yellow preapical fasciae
(terga I-V fasciate in some specimens, only tergum V in others,
and intermediates occur); pygidial plate yellow.
¢.— Mandible: inner margin without subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 148h-j): free margin of lobe pointed mesally in most spec-
imens (roundly pointed in one male collected 50 km SW of
Usakos), forming single curved line with rest of clypeal margin.
Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit 1.5 = scar length.
Flagellomere I: dorsal length 0.8-1.0 = apical width. Forecoxal
venter somewhat swollen along foremargin, remaining surface
very shallowly concave. Foretrochanteral notch variable, about
as long as distance that separates it from trochanteral apex or
markedly longer (Fig. 149a); its bottom with a row of erect setae
(Fig. 149a, b). Forebasitarsus with 2 or 3 rake spines; longest
spine not exceeding apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid-
basitarsus at most with one preapical spine, dorsum of hind-
basitarsus without such spines. Inner claws of all tarsi as large
as outer claws. Pygidial plate densely punctate and setose. Sterna
without median depressions, minutely, closely punctate through-
168
30°—
15°—
i
6—
@ xanthophilus
@ zoyphion
30° — zyx
| | |
15° o° a
FiGure 150
out; sternal setae short, uniform. Apex of sternum VIII roundly
truncate or insignificantly emarginate. Volsella: Fig. 148k. Length
3.8-5.5 mm.
Antenna: scape pale yellow except black basodorsally; flagel-
lum in most specimens yellow except darkened dorsally, but all
black in a male from Okahandja area. Femora largely yellow,
darkened basally (largely black in Okahandja specimen). Tibiae
and tarsi yellow. Gaster red or terga III-VII and all sterna dark-
ened, terga with pale yellow preapical band which may be broad
or narrow (bands narrow, inconspicuous, in a male from Oka-
handja District); terga VI and VII all yellow in some specimens.
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
—30°
30° 45° 60°
Collecting localities of Gastrosericus xanthophilus, zoyphion, and zyx
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 150).— Namibia and western
South Africa.
Recorps.— Holotype: 2, NAMIBIA: Karibib District: 65 km SW Usakos, 24
Feb 1990, WJP (CAS). Paratypes: NAMIBIA: Damaraland: Okombahe area 33 km
W Uis Mine, 6 Feb 1974, M. E. Irwin (1 4, UCD). Karibib District: Karibib, 7
Feb 1993, MS (3 4, MS); 20 km N Karibib, 10 Feb 1993, MS (1 2, MS); 15 km
W Karibib, 26 Feb 1990, MS (4 2°, MS), WJP (4 2, 2 6, CAS); 17 km W Usakos,
21 Feb 1990, MS (3 9, 3 4, MS), WJP (2 2, CAS), 50 km SW Usakos, 21 Feb
1990, 2 2, 36, MS), WJP (1 8, 4 6,CAS); 55 km SW Usakos, 25 Feb 1990, MS (9
2, MS), WJP (2 2, 1 6, CAS); 65 km SW Usakos, 24 Feb 1990, MS (14 9, 11 4,
MS), WJP (9 2, 7 6, CAS), 1 Mar 1990, MS (3 2, 3 4, CAS; 27 9, 15 8, MS), WJP
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
169
FiGure 151.
female forecoxa in profile (= 47); e, male clypeus (* 81)
(1 2, 1 6, BMNH; 10 2, 5 6, CAS). Okahandja District: 27 km S Okahandja, WJP
(1 2, 4 6, CAS).
SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province: Nuweputs Farm 13.5 mi SSW Springbok, 7
Sep 1972, M. E. and B. J. Irwin, (1 2, UCD); 16 km S Vioolsdrif, 29 Nov and 2
Dec 1974, J. G. and B. L. Rozen (3 4, AMNH; | 4, CAS).
Gastrosericus zoyphion sp. n.
(Figures 150, 151).
DERIVATION OF NAME. — Zoyphion, Greek diminutive of zoon,
animal.
DIAGNOSIS. — Gastrosericus zoyphion and madecassus are the
only two members of the genus found in Madagascar. Unlike
other Gastrosericus, females of the two species have a basally
arcuate posterior mandibular margin (Fig. 69e). The female of
zoyphion, however, is unique in having a rounded median clyp-
eal prominence (Fig. 151la) and two forecoxal teeth (Fig. 151d).
A conspicuous, winged-like propleural projection (as in Fig. 70a)
is shared with females of madecassus and swalei (a similar but
shorter process is also present in synander and occasional fu-
nereus).
The male of zoyphion is very similar to that on madecassus
and shares all its basic structures (see madecassus, p. 85). They
differ only in the shape of the clypeal lobe, which is somewhat
irregularly rounded in zoyphion (Fig. 151e) while obtusely tri-
dentate in madecassus (Fig. 691).
DEscRIPTION.— Mandible: posterior margin stepped in fe-
male, notched in male, abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free
margin broadly, shallowly emarginate. Orbit markedly closer to
hindocellar scar than to antennal socket in female, slightly so
Gastrosericus zoyphion: a, female clypeus (* 47); b, outline of clypeal free margin in an aberrant specimen (* 47); c, female mandible (x 49); d,
to equidistant in male. Propleuron with conical tubercle near
hindmargin (tubercle evanescent in male). Thoracic sculpture
fine, scutal punctures inconspicuous. Scutal flange evenly ar-
cuate except contrastingly concave near scutal hindcorner. Mar-
ginal cell: length of foremargin 4.3—6.0 x apical truncation.
Recurrent veins interstitial or confluent into short petiole.
Vestiture short, appressed (including those adjacent to oral
fossa and on propodeum).
Head and thorax black but the following are pale yellow:
mandible (except apically), clypeus along free margin, pronotal
lobe, tegula (except basally), and humeral plate. Gaster red.
Fore- and midfemora black, hindfemur largely red in female,
black in male. Foretibia brown on inner surface, pale yellow on
outer surface, black on posterior surface; mid- and hindtibiae
black or red, pale yellow dorsally. Tarsi brown, male basitarsi
pale yellow. Wings almost hyaline.
?.—Mandible (Fig. 151c): inner margin without subbasal or
preapical teeth, with broad, shallow concavity probably derived
from cleft; condylar ridge roundly arcuate near base, obtusely
angulate apically (as in Fig. 69e). Clypeus (Fig. 150a): disk with-
out teeth or carinae; free margin of lobe produced mesally into
around projection (deeply emarginate on each side of projection
in one specimen studied); distance between corners 4.8-5.0 x
distance between corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar
scar and orbit about 0.8 = scar length. Gena simple. Flagello-
mere I: dorsal length 2.1-2.3 = apical width. Pronotum: pre-
collar carinate laterally, side sulcate. Propleuron with long, large
apicolateral projection (as in Figs. 69g; 70a). Forecoxa shallowly
concave along admedian margin (except apically), delimited an-
170
Figure 152. Gastrosericus zyx: a, male clypeus (* 36); b: volsella (= 81), ¢,
penis valve (= 59)
teriorly by a prominent, triangular expansion, and by a similar
although smaller expansion laterally (Fig. 151c). Forebasitarsus
with 5 rake spines; length of apical spine 1.4-1.6 * apical width
of basitarsus. Foretarsomere IV: length of inner apical spine
0.3-0.5 x apical width of tarsomere. Venter of tarsomere V
without preapical spines. Sternum II apicomesally with gla-
brous, triangular area. Pygidial plate sparsely punctate, asetose
except for two stout, apical setae. Length 6.5-7.0 mm.
6.— Mandible: inner margin with no subbasal tooth. Clypeus
(Fig. 151d): free margin of lobe forming single curved line with
rest of clypeal margin. Distance between hindocellar scar and
orbit about 0.8 = scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length 1.3-
1.5 = apical width. Foretrochanteral notch shallow, slightly
shorter than distance that separates it from trochanteral apex,
margined anteriorly by row of erect setae (see Fig. 70c). Fore-
basitarsus with 3 rake spines; longest spine minimally longer
than apical width of basitarsus. Dorsum of mid- and hindbas-
itarsus with | or 2 preapical spines each. Inner claws of all tarsi
as large as outer claws or minimally smaller. Pygidial plate
setose. Sterna not depressed mesally; sterna II-VI: punctures
larger and setae longer than those of sternum II (setae not con-
cealing integument). Sternum VIII emergent apically. Volsella
as is madecassus (see Fig. 69}). Length 5.0-5.5 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 150).— Known only from the
type locality in Madagascar.
Recorps. — Holotype: ?, MADAGASCAR: 5 km N Taller, 22-23 Mar 1994,
WJP (CAS). Paratypes: same locality as holotype (10 2, 2 4, CAS)
Gastrosericus zyx sp. n.
(Figures 150, 152)
DERIVATION OF NAME.—Zyx, an arbitrary combination of
letters.
DIAGNOosIS.— The male of zyx has a unique clypeus (Fig. 152a):
the lobe free margin is broadly sinuate, and the corners are
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
prominent. Subsidiary recognition features are: scape and tarsi
black, and occipital carina joining hypostomal carina. The fe-
male is unknown.
DESCRIPTION (based on male only).— Mandible with notched
posterior margin, abductor ridge absent. Labrum: free margin
broadly emarginate. Orbit slightly closer to postocellar scar than
to antennal socket. Propleuron simple. Thorax finely sculptured,
but individual punctures discernible on scutum. Scutal flange
slightly expanded adjacent to tegula, contrastingly concave be-
tween expansion and hindcorner. Marginal cell: length of costal
margin 4.0—4.6 = apical truncation. Recurrent veins interstitial
above.
Setae appressed on vertex and adjacent to oral fossa; ap-
pressed, largely obscuring mesopleural integument; suberect be-
tween propodeal side and hindface.
Head, thorax, gaster, and femora black, but the following are
pale yellow: basal half of mandible, pronotal lobe, and tegula
anteriorly. Tibiae pale yellow dorsally. Tarsi black.
°.—Unknown.
é.— Mandible: inner margin with subbasal tooth. Clypeus (Fig.
152a): free margin of lobe sinuate, conspicuously angulate lat-
erally; distance between corners about 1.6 = distance between
corner and orbit. Distance between hindocellar scar and orbit
about 1.2 * scar length. Flagellomere I: dorsal length about 1.1
apical width. Foretrochanteral notch longer than distance that
separates it from trochanteral apex, its bottom glabrous. Fore-
basitarsus with 4 rake spines; longest spine equal to apical width
of basitarsus. Mid- and hindbasitarsus dorsally with no preap-
ical spines. Pygidial plate densely punctate and setose. Sterna
without mesal depressions, minutely, closely punctate through-
out; sternal setae short, uniform. Sternum VIII rounded apically.
Volsella: Fig. 152b. Length 5.1-5.4 mm.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. — Known from two localities in
eastern Zambia.
Recorps.— Holotype: ¢, ZAMBIA: 42 km SW Petauke, 14°30’S, 31°02’E, 16
Mar 1995 WJP(CAS). Paratype: ZAMBIA: 6-18 km SW Mfuwe, 1 3°07’S, 31°45’E,
20-22 Mar 1995 WJP (1 4, CAS).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The project was supported by the National Science Foun-
dation (Grant BSR-8722030; Grant DEB-93068 12 for fieldwork
in Madagascar, Zambia, and Zimbabwe). I greatly appreciate
the help received during my travel to Pakistan (Professor Man-
zoor Ahmad, University of Karachi; Mr. Mohammed Farook
Ahmad, Director, Zoological Survey of Pakistan; and Mr. Wa-
seem Ahmad Khan, then Zoological Survey of Pakistan). Many
people provided help during my fieldwork in Mauritania, es-
pecially Mr. Franco Borgato (Délégation de la Commission des
Communauteés Européennes) and Mr. Sidiba Ould Mohammed
(Directeur de Matériel et de l’Entretien Routier, Ministére de
l’Equipement et du Transport). Mrs. Rudo Sithole (Acting Di-
rector, National History Museum of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo) ef-
ficiently helped organize my fieldwork in that country; and Mr.
Philip Mhlanga guided me to several collecting sites and par-
ticipated in collecting specimens. I sincerely thank my travel
companions for their friendship, assistance, and collecting ad-
ditional material: Maximilian Schwarz (Linz, Austria), with
whom we visited Namibia and Mali; Alessandro Mochi* (Rome,
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
Italy), who shared the expeditions to the Ivory Coast, Senegal,
Egypt, Mauritania, Madagascar, and Zambia; Alain Pauly (Ma-
havelona, Madagascar) and Marius S. Wasbauer (Brookings,
Oregon), with whom I explored Madagascar. I thank the persons
who identified the prey of Gastrosericus: Charles E. Griswold
(Oxyopidae, Arachnida), Nicholas D. Jago (Acrididae, Eumas-
tacidae), Helmut Kriegbaum (Acrididae), Lois B. O’Brien (Dic-
tyopharidae), Norman D. Penny (Flatidae), and Michael D. Webb
(Cicadellidae). Charles Griswold also helped with cladistic anal-
ysis. I am greatly indebted to all individuals who sent material
for study. Upon my request, Byron A. Alexander, Arnold S.
Menke, and Alessandro Mochi reviewed the manuscript, made
important suggestions, and eliminated many errors. Vincent F.
Lee checked the manuscript for spelling and consistency. The
official reviewers, Friedrich Gess, David H. Kavanaugh, and
Karl V. Krombein, also contributed significantly to the manu-
script. Frank F. Kurczewski commented on the Life History
section. Mary Ann Tenorio made the vast majority of the draw-
ings, took most of the Scanning Electron Microscope pictures,
and generated blank distribution maps. Several of the SEM
photographs were generated by Lisa A. Borok and Darrell Ubick,
and a few illustrations were made by Colleen D. Sudekum, Susan
M. Gutrie van Dollen, and Ellen J. Del Valle (Fig. 152). Colleen
also entered the dots on the distribution maps and assembled
and lettered the illustrations.
*I record with deep sorrow the passing of Alessandro Mochi, a dedicated wasp
collector, charming person, and dear friend, who died 6 April 1995 at the age of
75 in a Lusaka hospital, toward the end of our expedition to Zambia.
LITERATURE CITED
When two dates are given, the first is the actual publication
date, the second (in parentheses) is the erroneous date given on
the title page.
Anpré, Ep. 1886-1889. Species des Hyménoptéres d'Europe et d’Algerie, 3.
Chez l’auteur, Beaune (Céte d’Or), 340 + 30* pp., XV pl. (fasc. 24-26:1-104,
1886; fasc. 27:105-168, pl.I-IV, VI, VII, 1888; fasc. 30:169-248, 1888; fasc.
33:249-320, 1889; fasc. 38:25*-30*, explanations for plates XI-XV).
ARNOLD, G. 1922. The Sphegidae of South Africa. Part I. Ann. Transvaal Mus.
9:101-138.
1927. The Sphegidae of South Africa. Part VIM. Ann. Transvaal Mus.
12:55-131.
1929. The Sphegidae of South Africa. Part XIV. Ann. Transvaal Mus.
13:381-418, pl. VI, VII.
1930. A check-list of the Sphegidae of the Ethiopian Region. University
Press, Cambridge, England. 21 pp.
1940. New species of African Hymenoptera. No. 4. Ann. Transvaal
Mus. 20:101-143, pl. V.
. 1945(1944). The Sphecidae of Madagascar, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 193 pp.
1951. Sphecidae and Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) collected by Mr. K. M.
Guichard in West Africa and Ethiopia. Bull. Bnt. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol.
2:95-183.
1955. New species of African Hymenoptera. No. 11. Occas. Pap. Natl.
Mus. South. Rhodesia. No. 20:733-762.
BinGHAM, C. T. 1897. Hymenoptera.— Vol. I. Wasps and Bees, Taylor and Fran-
cis, London, XXIX + 579 pp. in Fauna of Bnitish India, including Ceylon and
Burma.
Bouart, R. M. AND A. S. MENKE. 1976. Sphecid wasps of the world. A generic
revision. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, | color
plate, IX + 695 pp.
Brauns, H. 1906. Zur Kenntnis der siidafrikanischen Hymenopteren. Verh.
Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 56:43-59.
1910-1911. Biologisches iiber siidafrikanische Hymenopteren. Zeitschr.
Wiss. Insektenbiol. 6:384—387, 445-447 (1910); 7:16-19, 90-92, 117-120, 238-
240 (1911).
Bripces, E. M. 1990. World geomorphology. Cambridge University Press. 260 pp.
Bytinski-Saz, H. 1956. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera from a journey through
Asia Minor. Rev. Fac. Sci. Univ. Istanbul. Ser. B, 21:211-229.
CAMERON, P. 1889. Hymenoptera Orientalis [sic]; or contributions to a knowl-
edge of the Hymenoptera of the Oriental Zoological Region. Mem. Proc. Man-
chester Lit. Phil. Soc. (4) 2:91-152.
1897. Hymenoptera Orientalia, or contributions to a knowledge of the
Hymenoptera of the Oriental Zoological Region. Part IV. Mem. Proc. Man-
chester Lit. Phil. Soc. 41, No. 13:1-28, pl. 16.
1902. Descriptions of new genera and species of Hymenoptera collected
by Major C. S. Nurse at Deesa, Simla and Ferozepore, Part. I. J. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc. 14:267-293.
DaHLBom, A. G. 1843-1845. Hymenoptera Europaea praecipue borealia. To-
mus: Sphex in sensu Linneano, Officina Lundbergiana, Lund, xiv + 528 pp.
(fase. 1:1-172, 1843; fasc. 2:173-352, 1844; fasc. 3:353-528, i-xiv, tables, 1845).
Dating after Menke, 1974.
DALLA Torre, C.G. De. 1897. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descrip-
torum systematicus et synonymicus, Volumen VIII: Fossores (Sphegidae), Gui-
lelmi Engelmann, Lipsiae, 749 pp.
DE BEAUMONT, J. 1947. Sphecidae (Hym.) de Vile de Chypre. Mitt. Schweiz.
Entomol. Ges. 20:381-402.
1950. Résultats de l’expédition de l’ Armstrong College a |’oasis de Siwa
(Désert libyque), 1935, sous la direction du professeur J. Omer-Cooper. Sphe-
cidae (Hymenoptera). Bull. Soc. Fouad ler. Entomol. 34:1-21.
1952. Sphécides paléarctiques décrits par M. Spinola (Hym.). Boll. Ist.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Torino. 3 (1951-1952):39-51.
1955 (1954). Hyménoptéres récoltés par une mission suisse au Maroc
(1947). Sphecidae 3. Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Phys. Maroc. 34:169-197.
1956. Sphecidae (Hym.) récoltés en Libye et au Tibesti par M. Kenneth
M. Guichard. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 4:165-215.
1958. Hyménoptéres Sphécides de la mission du Tassili des Ajjer (1949).
Trav. Inst. Rech. Sahar. 3:55-71.
1960a. Sphecidae de l’ile Rhodes (Hym.). Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges.
33:1-26.
1960b. Sphecidae (Hym.) récoltés en Tripolitaine et en Cyrenaique par
M. Kenneth M. Guichard. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 9:219-251.
1966 (1965). Quelques Sphecidae de la faune d’Egypte. Mitt. Schweiz.
Entomol. Ges. 38:203-212.
1967. Hymenoptera from Turkey. Sphecidae, I. With Appendix. Sphex
Linné, Subgenus Pa/modes Kohl par P. Rotu. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)
Entomol. 19:251-382.
1969. Sphecidae de Turquie (Hym.). Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 42:
79-95,
DE BEAUMONT, J., H. BYTINSKI-SALZ, AND W. PuLAwsKI. 1973. The Sphecidae
(Hym.) of Erez Israel. III. Subfamilies: Astatinae, Larrinae, Trypoxyloninae,
Pemphredoninae, Crabroninae, Oxybelinae. Israel J. Entomol. 8:1-26.
DE GAULLE, J. 1908. Catalogue systématique et biologique des Hymenoptéres
de France (suite). Feuille Jeunes Nat. 38:102-104, 120-122.
Do.tFuss, H. 1989. Verzeichnis der Grabwespentypen am Naturhistorischen
Museum in Wien (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Kataloge der wissenschaftlichen
Sammlungen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Entomologie 7 (4):1-
26.
Durour, L. 1853. Signalements de quelques espéces nouvelles ou peu connus
d’Hyménoptéres algériens. Ann. Soc. Entomol. France. (3)l:375-382.
Erckwort, G. C. 1969. A comparative morphological study and generic revision
of the augochlorine bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.
48:325-524.
GeEorGHIOU, G. P.
347 pp.
Grner Mari, J. 1945 (1944). Resultados cientificos de un viaje entomologico al
Sahara espanol y zona oriental del Marruecos espanol. Eos. 20:351-385.
Guicua, D. 1932. Spedizione scientifica all’oasi di Cufra (marzo-luglio 1931).
Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova. 55:466—-486.
1934. Sphegidae, p. 290-307 in E. Zavattari, Prodromo della fauna della
Libia, Pavia, 1234 pp.
1940. Note sopra alcuni Imenottera Aculeati della Libia (Scoliidae,
Sphecidae). Ann. Mus. Libico St. Nat. 2:277-293.
1942 (1941). Gli Imenotteri della Libia (Sphecidae, Pompilidae, Sco-
liidae, Vespidae, Apidae). Ann. Mus. Libico St. Nat. 3:227-249.
Gussakovsku, V. V. 1931 (1930). Contribution a la connaissance des espéces
1977. Ta entoma kai akarea tes Kyprou, Kefissia, Athenai,
172
palearctiques orientales du genre Gastrosericus Spin. (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae).
Annu. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. URSS 31:449-457.
Honore, A.M. 1942. Introduction a l'étude des Sphegides en Egypte (Hyme-
noptera: Aculeata). Bull. Soc. Fouad. It Entomol. 26:25-80.
Iwata, K. AND K. YOSHIKAWA 1964. Biological records on two Saltatoria-hunters
of the genera Dicranorhina and Gastrosericus in Thailand (Hymenoptera, Sphe-
cidae, Larrinae). Nat. Life Southeast Asia 3:385-390.
Kazenas, V. L. 1972. Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) of the South-East Kazakhstan.
Trudy Vsesoyuzn. Entomol. Obshch. 55:93-186.
1978. Royushchiye osy Kazakhstana i Sredniey Azii. Opredelitel— The
digger wasps of Kazakhstan and Middle Asia (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). The
determinant, Nauka of Kazakh SSR, Alma Ata, 172 pp.
1980. A new species of the genus Gastrosericus (Hymenoptera, Sphe-
cidae) from South Tadjikistan. Zool. Zhurn. 59:1103-1105.
KOHL, F. F. 1885 (1884). Die gattungen und arten der larriden Autorum. Verh.
Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 34:171-267, pL. VIII, IX, 327-454, pv. XI, XII.
Kou., F. F. 1907. Eparmatostethus novum genus Larridarum (Hymen.). Verh.
Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 57:167-169.
KromseIn, K. V. 1974. Supplement to a List of the Wasps of Gebel ‘Uweinat,
Libyan Desert (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Rev. Zool. Afmcaine 88:450-452.
KROMBEIN, K. V. AND W. J, PULAWSKI. 1986. Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese
Wasps, XVI: A revision of Gastrosericus Spinola (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea:
Larndae). Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 436:1-20.
KruGer, G.G. 1929. 3°. Contributo alla conoscenza della Fauna Marmarica.
Nouzianio Economico della Cirenaica 2:19-24.
Lecterca, J. 1960. Hyménoptéres Sphécides de Madagascar. Bull. Ann. Soc.
Roy. Entomol. Belgique 96:96-100.
1990. Hymenoptéres Sphécides de Madagascar. Bull. Ann. Soc. Roy.
Belge Entomol. 116:113-121.
LoMHOLDT, O. 1985. A reclassification of the larrine tribes with a revision of
the Miscophini of southern Africa and Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae).
Entomol. Scandinav. Suppl. 24: 1-183.
Mapopison, W. P., M. J. DoNoGHUE, AND D. R. MADDISON.
analysis and parsimony. Syst. Zool. 33:83-103.
Maarettl, P. 1884. Risultati di raccolte imenotterologiche nell’Africa orientale.
Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova 21:523-636, pl. I.
Malp_, F. 1914. Neue Sphegiden aus Westafrika. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agric.
Scuola Sup. Agric. Portici 9:147-150.
ManTero, G. 1915. Contributo allo studio della fauna Libica. Materiali raccolti
nelle zone di Misurata e Homs (1912-13) dal Dott. Alfredo Andreini, Capitano
Medico. Imenotten. Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova 44:305-331.
Menke, A. S. 1974. The dates of publications of A. G. Dahlbom’s Hymenoptera
Europaea, vol. 1. Polskie Pismo Entomol. 44:325-317.
1977. Aha, a new genus of Australian Sphecidae and revised key to the
world genera of the tnbe Miscophini (Hymenoptera, Larrinae). Polskie Pismo
Entomol. 47:671-681.
1988. Pison in the New World: a revision (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae:
Trypoxylini). Contnb. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 24 (3):iv + 171 pp.
MicuHener, C.D. AND A. FRASER. 1978. A comparative anatomical study of
mandibular structures in bees. Univ. Kansas Sci, Bull. 51:463-482.
Morawitz, F. 1889. Insecta, a Cl. G.N. Potanin in China et in Mongolia
novissime lecta. 1V. Hymenoptera Aculeata. Horae Soc. Entomol. Ross. 23:
112-168
Morice, F. D. 1911. Hymenoptera aculeata collected in Algena. The Sphegidae.
(Being Part V of the work commenced by the late Edward Saunders, F. R. S.,
in Trans. Ent. Soc., 1901, p. 515). Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 191 1:62-80.
Myartseva, S.N. 1965. Royushchiye osy (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) nizoviy
Murgaba, p. 74-99 in G.S. Mepvepev and A. N. Luppova (Editors), Nase-
komyie nizoviy Murgaba, Turkmenskoye Izdatelstvo, Askhabad, 147 pp.
1972. Fauna sfetsid yuzhnoy Turkmenii, p. 75-100 in T. Tokgayev and
S. N. Myartseva (Editors), Nasekomyie yuzhnoy Turkmenii, Askhabad, 154
[+2] pp
1984. Outgroup
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Napic, A. 1933. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Hymenopterenfauna von Marokko
und Westalgerien. Erster Teil: Apidae, Sphegidae, Vespidae. Jahresber. Natur-
forsch. Ges. Graubinden, 71:37-107.
Nurse, C. G. 1903. New species of Indian Hymenoptera. J. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc. 15:1-18.
Osporn, D.G. AND K. V. KRoMBEIN. 1969, Flora, mammals, and wasps of
Gebel ‘Uweinat, Libyan Desert. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 11:1-18.
Pate, V.S.L. 1937. The generic names of the Sphecoid wasps and their type
species (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Mem. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 9:1-103.
Pitt1ont, B. 1950. On the insect fauna of Cyprus. Results of the Expedition of
1938 by Harald, Hakan and P. H. Lindberg. V. Hymenoptera aculeata. I. Di-
ploptera, Fossores und Apoidea der Insel Cypern. Comment. Biol. 10, No. 12:
1-94.
PuLaAwsk1, W. J. 1964. Etudes sur les Sphecidae (Hym.) d’Egypte. Polskie Pismo
Entomol. 34:63-155.
1965. Sur la synonymie de certains Sphecidae (Hym.) paléarctiques.
Polskie Pismo Entomol. 35:563-578.
1975 (1974). Synonymical notes on Larrinae and Astatinae (Hymenop-
tera: Sphecidae). J. Washington Acad. Sci. 64:308-323.
1982 (1981). New synonyms in Old World Sphecidae (Hymenoptera).
Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 54:363-366.
1991. A revision of the wasp genus Kohiliella (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae).
Proc. California Acad. Sci. 47:289-302.
1992. World species of the wasp genus Holotachysphex de Beaumont.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 94:223-242.
Raposzkowskl, O, 1877. Sphegidae in Voyage au Turkestan d’A.P. Fedtchenko,
fasc. 14, tome 2, partie 5, section 7c. Bull. Soc. Impér. Amis Sci. Nat. 26:1-87,
pl-I-VIII.
Rotuney, A. J. 1903. The Aculeate Hymenoptera of Barrackpore, Bengal. Trans.
Entomol. Soc. London 1903:93-116.
SAUNDERS, E. 1910. Hymenoptera Aculeata collected in Algeria by the Rev.
Alfred Edwin Eaton, M. A., F. E. S., and the Rev. Francis David Morice, M. A.,
F. E. S., Part IV. Descriptions of new Sphegidae. Trans. Entomol. Soc. London
1910:517-531.
SCHOUTEDEN, H. 1930. Les genres congolais de Sphegides. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afric.
20:90-96.
SPINoLA, M. 1839 (1838). Compte-rendu des Hyménoptéres recueillis par M.
Fischer pendant son voyage en Egypte, et Communiqués par M. le Docteur Walt
a Maximilien Spinola. Ann. Soc. Entomol. France 7:437-546. Dating after
Menke and Bohart, 1979, Sphecid wasps of the worlds: errors and omissions
(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington 81:11 1-124.
SUDHEENDRAKUMAR, V. V., AND T. C. NARENDRAN. 1985. Alpha taxonomy of
three new species of Sphecidae (Hymenoptera) from the Malabar region (India).
J. Entomol. Res. 9:50-53
TsuNEKI, K. 1963. Chrysididae and Sphecidae from Thailand (Hymenoptera).
Etizenia 4:1-SO.
1972. Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in
der Mongolei. 284. Sphecidae (Hymenoptera). VI. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hungar.
18:381-416.
1974. A contribution to the knowledge of Sphecidae occurnng in South-
east Asia (Hym.). Polskie Pismo Entomol. 44:585-660.
Turner, R.E. 1912. Notes on fossorial Hymenoptera.— VIII. On some new
species from Africa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 9:410-423.
1913. On new species of fossonal Hymenoptera from Africa, mostly
Elidinae. Trans. Entomol. Soc. London 1912:720-754.
1916. Notes on fossonal Hymenoptera.— XX. On some Larrinae in the
British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 17:248-259,
Von SCHULTHESS, A. 1926. Contribution a la connaissance de la faune des
Hymenopteres de l'Afrique du nord, deuxiéme partiec Fossores (en collabora-
tion avec P. Rorn). Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique Nord 17:206-220.
PULAWSKI: WASP GENUS GASTROSERICUS
INDEX OF NAMES
africanus (Maidl, 1914)...
aiunensis Giner Mari, 1945 __
ammochares sp. n. :
apostoli de Beaumont, 1967 -
asilivorus Pulawski, 1986
attenuatus Turner, 1912 0000.
azyXx sp. n.
bambara sp. n.
baobabicus sp. n. Se ee
bidentatus Arnold, 1922 _..
binghami Cameron, 1897
braunsi Arnold, 1922
capensis Brauns, 1906
chalcithorax Amold, 1922
dentatus sp. n. .
decipiens Arnold, 1955
drewseni Dahlbom, 1845
divergens Arnold, 1922
dubius Gussakovskij, 1931
electus Nurse, 1903
eremicus sp. n. So
eremorum de Beaumont, 1955 _.
eurypus sp. n.
fimbriatus Kazenas, 1980
flavicornis Gussakovskij, 1931
fluviatilis Arnold, 1951
fulani sp. n.
funereus Gussakovskij, 1931
guigliae de Beaumont, 1956
herero sp. n.
hombori sp. n.
inciSUs Sp. N.
karooensis Brauns, 1906
lamellatus Turner, 1912
lanuginosus Arnold, 1922
laticeps Arnold, 1922
lepidus sp. n.
lucidus sp. n. ee
madecassus (Kohl, 1907)
maracandicus Radoszkowski, 1877
marginalis Gussakovskij, 1931
97
160
BS
60
25
26
29
31
33
74
114
35
37
40
44
128
44
71
160
46
49
60
53
92
46
57
58
60
63
64
67
68
71
74
160
35
81
81
85
160
88
menoni Sudheendrakumar and Narendran, 1985
mirabilis sp. n.
modestus Arold, 1922
mongolicus Gussakovskij, 1931
moricel E. Saunders, 1910
nama sp. n.
neavel Turner, 1913
niger (Dufour, 1853)
oraniensis Brauns, 1906
pnepheros sp. n.
praos sp. n.
pratensis Arnold, 1929
pulchellus Arnold, 1929
punctatus sp. n.
reversus Arnold, 1951
rothneyi Cameron, 1889
rufiventris F. Morawitz, 1889
rufitarsis Cameron, 1902
sabulosus sp. n.
sanctus Pulawski, 1973
senegalensis Arnold, 1951
shestakovi Gussakovskij, 1931
siamensis Tsuneki, 1974
silverlocki Turner, 1912
simplex Arnold, 1922
sobrinus sp. n.
synander sp. n.
swalet Turner, 1916
temporalis de Beaumont, 1955
thailanditus Tsuneki, 1974
thoth sp. n.
tissa Pulawski, 1986
truncatus sp. n.
tuberculatus sp. n.
turnert Arnold, 1922
unicolor Arnold, 1929
vedda Pulawski, 1986
waltlii Spinola, 1839
wroughtoni Cameron, 1889
xanthophilus sp. n.
zoyphion sp. n.
zyx sp. n.
173
Hi
3 9088
ISBN 0-940228-36-X
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11