Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History

SAN)
6. (.-44

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

Revision of the

balanomorph barnacles;

including a catalog

of the species

MU8. COMP. ZOOL...
r-IBRARY

NOV 221977

HARVARD
UNIVKRSiTY

William A. Newman
and Arnold Ross

MEMOIR 9

San Diego Society of Natural History

1976

Revision of the

balanomorph barnacles;

including a catalog

of the species

William A. Newman
and Arnold Ross

Scripps Institution

of Oceanography

and San Diego

Natural History Museum

MEMOIR 9

San Diego Society of Natural History

1976

SAN DIEGO SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY MEMOIRS

MEMOIR 9, pages 1 - 108

Issued March 31, 1976

Frontispiece. Chionelasmus darwini (Pilsbry)*, one of the most generalized or primitive living balanomorphans, is known from
two isolated insular situations where it inhabits relatively deep water (approx. 450m|. The first specimens were taken near the
turn of the century by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer Albatross off Kauai Island, Hawaii, and then a couple of decades later by a
cable ship off Rodriguez Island, southwestern Indian Ocean. While additional specimens have been taken near the original
locaUties, there are no reports of any having been found between these two extremes. Chionelasmus therefore qualifies as a
refugial form, but not a usual one since it is both insular and in relatively deep water, well out of the mainstream of balanomorph
evolution.

♦(RA^ Te Vega Sta. 23-95, Sept. 4, 1971, S. of Molokai I., Hawaii - specimens courtesy of Dr. D. P. Abbott, Hopkins Marine
Station, Stanford University.)

PUBLISHED WITH FINANCIAL AID

FROM THE

W. W. WHITNEY PUBLICATIONS ENDOWMENT

CONTENTS

Introduction 9

How to use this work 9

Acknowledgments 10

Historical 10

Origin of the Balanomorpha 14

Monophyletic 14

Polyphyletic 15

Evolution and diversification 17

Chthamaloidea 17

Balanomorphoidea 20

Balanoidea 22

Morphology 24

Composition and definitions of suprageneric taxa 36

Order Balanomorpha 36

Superfamily Chthamaloidea 36

Family Catophragmidae 36

Family Chthamalidae 36

Superfamily Balanomorphoidea 36

Family Coronulidae 37

Family Bathylasmatidae 37

Family Tetraclitidae 37

Superfamily Balanoidea 38

Family Archaeobalanidae 38

Family Pyrgomatidae 38

Family Balanidae 39

Catalog of species 40

Superfamily Chthamaloidea 40

Family Catophragmidae 40

Family Chthamahdae 40

Subfamily Pachylasminae 40

Subfamily Euraphiinae 40

Subfamily Chthamalinae 41

Superfamily Balanomorphoidea 43

Family Coronuhdae 43

Subfamily Chelonibiinae 43

Subfamily Emersoniinae 44

Subfamily Platylepadinae 44

Subfamily Coronulinae 44

Family Bathylasmatidae 45

Subfamily Bathylasmatinae 45

Subfamily Hexelasminae 46

Family TetracUtidae 46

Subfamily Austrobalaninae 46

Subfamily TetracHtellinae 46

Subfamily TetracUtinae 47

Superfamily Balanoidea 49

Family Archaeobalanidae 49

Subfamily Archaeobalaninae 49

Subfamily Semibalaninae 55

Family PjTgomatidae 56

Subfamily Pyrgomatinae 56

Subfamily Ceratoconchinae 58

Subfamily Bosciinae 59

Family Balanidae 59

Incertae sedis 69

Literature Cited 71

Bibliographic Supplement 100

Index 103

INTRODUCTION

The Cirripedia constitutes a diverse and
abundant subclass of crustaceans, and repre-
sentatives are found in virtually all marine
environments. There are four orders, the Asco-
thoracica, Rhizocephala, Acrothoracica and
Thoracica. The Thoracica contains the true
barnacles and these are distributed between
three living suborders; the stalked barnacles or
Lepadomorpha, the asymmetrical sessile bar-
nacles or Verrucomorpha, and the sessile acorn
barnacles or Balanomorpha. These appear in the
Silurian, the middle Cretaceous, and the late
Cretaceous, respectively. The Balanomorpha en-
compasses the greatest diversity of free-living
and symbiotic forms, and as Darwin (1851a:5)
noted, the present epoch may go down in the
fossil record as the "Age of Barnacles" (Fig. 17).

The basic classification of the Thoracica
was formulated by Darwin (1854b), and his
system was expanded and somewhat revised by
Pilsbry (1907a;1916). Pilsbry's classification
formed the basis for that in the Treatise on
Invertebrate Paleontology (Newman et al, 1969).
Although the Treatise provides diagnoses of taxa
to the generic level, it does not enumerate
the species contained in each genus, nor does it
provide a guide to the hterature concerning
them. The present study fills these needs for the
Balanomorpha. It also constitutes the first major
revision of higher taxa in more than half a century.

The Balanomorpha may not be an entirely
natural assemblage, but rather a grouping of
phylogenetically parallel lineages not readily
derivable from one another nor from a common
balanomorph ancestor. The possibility of at least
a diphyletic origin was suggested by Withers
(1924:2). Thus, in preparing this revision we
were alert to the possibility that the Balano-
morpha might be separable into two or three
suborders. However, in the final analysis it be-
came clear that such a proposal was indefens-
ible or premature. Therefore, the Balanomorpha
in the broad sense has been retained. Yet three
major lineages can be recognized, and we con-
sider them to constitute superfamilies: Chthama-
loidea, Balanomorphoidea and Balanoidea. In
addition, one new family and numerous sub-
families are also proposed here, and many of
the 65 genera contained in the Balanomorpha
are redistributed within this modified systematic
framework (Fig. 1).

Much of what has been done here might be
interpreted by the casual observer as simply
"splitting" and "rank-raising." Indeed, Hyman

(1959:697) voiced concern over systematic prac-
tices in recent years: "Any acute observer can-
not fail to notice the disease prevalent in
zoological systematics today of raising rank of
groups and of assigning high ranks to groups
that differ only in minor characters." Neverthe-
less, in the present study new lines of evidence
indicate previously unrecognized affinities, and it
seems to us that the classification must be altered
and expanded to accommodate them.

Initially, classification of thoracicans de-
pended on surficial morphology of the shell,
and it is only in recent years that thin sec-
tions have revealed remarkable internal struc-
tures that have drastically altered our under-
standing of the affinities among the
Balanomorpha. Likewise, comparative studies of
trophi and chaetotaxis, or of such structures as
the base of the intromittant organ, have greatly
improved and broadened our understanding of
interrelationships between higher and lower
taxa. In addition, numerous collections by both
individuals and expeditions, from the deep sea,
from coastal waters, and especially from tropical
seas where the greatest diversity is found, have
provided new materials that have compelled us
to alter our concepts and rearrange existing
groupings in order to continue to develop a
natural system. If our system is accepted, the
practical inconvenience and annoyance will really
be quite temporary.

HOW TO USE THIS WORK

The specialist will probably have httle dif-
ficulty in using this work, but some explana-
tions seem appropriate. It is divided into three
parts: evolution, systematics and catalog of
species. We have attempted to arrange the
genera and higher taxa phylogenetically. How-
ever, for simplicity, ease, and (or) lack of
knowledge, species are listed alphabetically under
their respective genera or species groups in the
catalog. The index is the entree to species.
The first page number given after each species
leads to that species in the catalog. For genera
and higher categories, and for some species, the
index leads into the systematic and evolutionary
sections as well. Species names in the index are
given without generic indication unless they
have been used in more than one genus. In
such cases the generic names used in this work
are given.

10

Diagnoses of suprageneric taxa, and for a
single new genus (Notobalanus), are provided
in the systematic section. Diagnoses for estab-
lished genera can be found in the Treatise on
Invertebrate Paleontology (1969); original sources
for subsequently described genera are cited
herein.

The general arrangement of the catalog fol-
lows that of the preceding evolutionary and
systematic sections. The original author, date
and page are cited for each species and, where
appropriate, a citation of the most compre-
hensive synonomy, which may not necessarily
be the most recent. This is followed by a
relatively complete list of references through
1973, but including many through 1975; many
of the non-systematic papers are briefly anno-
tated. Finally, general distributional and some-
times bathymetric and stratigraphic data are
included, but needless to say, distribution of the
majority of the species is very poorly known.
Following the body of the catalog there is a list
of species incertae sedis.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The primary data base for this work was,
quite naturally, the hterature, and we have
cited virtually all that was available to us.
Much of the contemporary literature was made
available as reprints by authors and others,
and we thank them for their generosity. A
large portion, however, came from various
university and museum libraries, over many
years, through direct borrowing and interhbrary
loans. Librarians involved are too numerous to
mention individually, but we thank them, known
and unknown to us, for their services.

As with many data bases, sources extend
well beyond pubhshed works, and we are much
indebted to numerous cirripedologists for vol-
uminous oral and written communications. There
have been so many we hesitate to mention
them by name, for fear of not including all.
But we must acknowledge Huzio Utinomi of the
Seto Marine Biological Laboratory; Alan J.
Southward of The Laboratory, Plymouth; EUza-
beth C. Pope of the Australian Museum; and
Victor A. ZuUo, University of North Carolina
at Wilmington.

Data were also extracted from the vast
collections of the Scripps Institution of Oceanog-
raphy and the San Diego Natural History
Museum, and from materials made available on
loan by curators of collections in other insti-
tutions. In particular, we would Uke to thank
Thomas E. Bowman of the National Museum

of Natural History; Torben Wolff of the Zoologi-
cal Museum, Copenhagen; Jan Stock of the
Zoological Museum, Amsterdam; L. B. Holthuis
of the Rijkmuseum, Leiden; J. P. Harding of
the British Museum (Natural History); WiUiam
K. Emerson of the American Museum of Natural
History; and J. Wyatt Durham of the Paleon-
tology Department, University of California,
Berkeley. We have also garnered knowledge and
experience from innumerable specimens sent to
our laboratories for identification by ecologists
from all over the world.

Development of the catalog has passed
through the hands of several assistants. It be-
gan many years ago as a compilation of
references to species of immediate interest in
contemporary literature, and was subsequently
expanded to include all primary hterature on
all species by Mrs. Carol Platt-Kourtz, who
carried it forward for five years as a sideline
to her regular work. Mrs. Cecelia Ross spent
nearly a year of intensive work on it, and
finally Ms. Gayle Kidder aided substantially in
bringing it to its present state. We thank
these young ladies for their concerted efforts
and ask their forgiveness for the moments
when attention to detail became excessively
tedious.

This revision is for the most part a by-
product of our work on the systematics of the
Cirripedia. Support, in part, was provided by
several grants from the National Science Foun-
dation (to W.A.N. : GB-4973X through BMS575-
17149), and these are gratefully acknowledged.

HISTORICAL

Classification of the thoracican Cirripedia,
beginning in good part with the work of Leach
(1817, 1818, 1825) and Gray (1825), was placed
on a firm foundation by Darwin (1851-1854).
Darwin's three basic divisions, the Lepadidae,
Verrucidae and Balanidae, are the principal
ones recognized today (Pilsbry, 1907a, 1916;
Kriiger, 1940; Withers, 1953; Newman et al,
1969). Progress in the classification of the
Thoracica, from Leach (1817-1825) to that being
proposed, is given in Figure 1. Gruvel's (1903b)
classification is omitted. Suprageneric taxa are
indicated only under the Balanomorpha.

The Lepadomorpha (= Lepadidae sensu
Darwin) contains the most primitive Thoracica,
members of which are inferred to have arisen
from a free-hving stem near the Ascothoracica
(see Newman et al, 1969; Newman, 1974:437).
While the unity of the Lepadomorpha has never
been questioned, the relationships of the scalpeUi-

11

Leach 1825

Ord Campylosomata^
Ord Acamptosomala

Fam Clisiadae

Fam. Balamdae ■^^-- —
Fam, Coronuladae

Gray 1825

-Fam Analifidae

"^Fam PolUcipedidae

- Fam Balamdae

- Fam Pyrgomatidae

- Fam Coronubdae

Darwin 1854

Ord Thoracica y

Fam Lepadidae''^^
Fam Verrucidae ^
Fam Balamdae -^

Subfam Chlhamalm.

Subfam Balanmaf

Present

Subor Lepadomorpha
Subor Brachy lepadomorpha
rSubor Verrucomorpha

///

Pilsbry 1907-16 /X/sybor Balannmorpha

Subor Lepadomorpha //
Subor Verrucomorpha y'v"^
Subor Batanomorpha
Fam Chthamahdae
Balamdae
bfam Chelonibiinae
Subfam Coronu
Subfam Balanmae

/Fam I
Fam

Fam Chthamahdae
Subfam Catophragminae
Subfam. Pachylasmmae
Subfam Chthamahnae

Fam Bathylasmatid

Fam Tetrachtidae

Fam Balamdae
Subfam Chelonibi
Subfam CoronuUn
Subfam Fmersoniinae-
Subfam Balaninai
Subfam- f'yrgomatinae

Proposed for Balanomorpha

Subor Balanomorpha Pilsbry 1916
Superfam Chthamaloidea Darwin 1854
Fam CaLopfiragmidae Utinomi 1968
Fam Chthamahdae s s

Subfam Pachylasmtnae Utinomi 1968

Subfam Euraptumae nov.

Subfam. Chthamahnae s s

Superfam Balanomorphoidea nov

Fam Coronubdae Leach 1817

Subfam Chelombunae Pilsbry 1916

Subfam Emersonimae Ross 1967

Subfam Platylepadinae nov.

Subfam Coronuhnae s s
Fam Bathylasmatidae Newman & Ross 1971

Subfam Bathylasmatmae s.s

Subfam Hexelasminae nov.
F"am Tetrachtidae Gruvel 1903

Subfam Austrobalamriae nov

Subfam TetracUtethnae nov

Subfam Tetracbtmae s s.

Superfam Balanoidea Leach 1817

Fam Archaeobalanidae nov

.Subfam Archaeobalaninae s s

Subfam Semibalaninae nov
Fam Pyrgomatidae Gray 1825

Subfam Pyrgomatinae s.s.

Subfam Ceratoconchinae nov.

Subfam Bosciinae nov.
Fam. Balamdae s.s.

Figure 1. History of the classification leading to that proposed for the Balanomorpha.

form and lepadiform groups remain obscure.
However, problems that arise in this regard
have no direct bearing when considering the
origins of the Balanomorpha, because it is
generally agreed that one looks to the scalpelli-
form or pollicipoid barnacles for the antecedents
of the sessile barnacles (Darwin, 1854b; Withers,
1953; Broch, 1924; Newman et al, 1969; Newman
and Ross, 1971).

Darwin's (1854b) classification of the
Thoracica reflects the view that the sessile
barnacles (Verrucidae and Balanidae) evolved
from the Lepadomorpha as independent lineages.
The Verrucomorpha was recognized by Darwin
(1854b:495) as sharing a number of character-
istics with the Lepadomorpha and the Chtha-
mahdae among the Balanomorpha. However, the
sum of the characters he enumerated favor a
lepadomorph rather than a balanomorph an-
cestry for them. Withers (1914:945) considered
Prouerruca from the upper Cretaceous to "con-
stitute, in fact, the 'missing link' between the
pedunculate Cirripedes of the family Polhcipedi-
dae [= Scalpellidae] and the sessile asymmetri-
cal Cirripedes of the family Verrucidae." The
two lateral plates of one side seen in Prouerruca,
and Eouerruca but missing in Verruca, are
homologous with those of the presumed an-
cestor of the Balanomorpha as well as the
Verrucomorpha. Thus, what these early verrucids
indicate is that the lepadomorph ancestors of
both suborders were comparable (Fig. 2).

The next sessile suborder, the extinct
Brachylepadomorpha, was unknown to Darwin.
It was instituted by Withers (1923:37) to ac-

commodate Brachylepas, which Woodward (1901:
150) previously considered a pedunculate bar-
nacle. Withers (1953) subsequently discovered
that Pycnolepas Withers (1914) was not only
a sessile barnacle, but also that it was inter-
mediate in structure between stalked barnacles
and Brachylepas (Fig. 2). He stated that,
while the Brachylepadomorpha "includes the
commonest and most widespread of the Cre-
taceous symmetrical sessile cirripedes. . . ."
they "do not appear to be in the direct line
of descent of the Balanomorpha, as already
pointed out by Pilsbry. They apparently repre-
sent an independently developed sessile type,
which, except for the reduced number of capitu-
lar valves, probably resembled the ancestor of
the Recent primitive Balanomorpha (Catophrag-
mus)" (Withers, 1953:344; see Fig. 2).

Gruvel's (1903b) classification of the Balano-
morpha departed radically from Darwin's scheme,
but it was rejected by Pilsbry (1907a, 1916)
and subsequent workers as in good part un-
natural. Pilsbry (1907a, 1916) elevated Darwin's
famihes to suborders, primarily to allow for an
expanded classification at subfamihal levels.
Darwin's Balanidae thus became the Balano-
morpha, containing two families, the Chthamah-
dae and Balanidae. He further divided the
Balanidae into the Balaninae, Chelonibiinae, and
Coronuhnae, all primarily on the basis of shell
characters.

Numerous subgenera, in good part based
on characters Darwin (1854b) used in formu-
lating sections, have been proposed, particularly
by Pilsbry (1916) and Hoek (1907), especially

12

Ir i Ic

PoUicipoid Lepadomorpha

Figure 2. Monophyletic origin of the Balanomorpha and inferred relationships: The principal divisions (superfamilies) of the
Balanomorpha are directly related to and stem from a pedunculate stock allied but distinct from that which gave rise to the
Verrucomorpha and Brachylepadomorpha. Radiations and relationships of the superfamilies are illustrated in figures 4, 5 and 6.
(see text for discussion.)

13

in the Balaninae. Yet, in the years since Pilsbry
(1916), few alterations have been made in the
basic classification of the Balanomorpha. Nilsson-
Cantell (1921) resurrected GruveFs (1903b) Tetra-
clitinae (in part) as a subfamily of the Balani-
dae, and fostered the Stellatus- and HembeU-
groups of Chthamalus, suggested by Pilsbry
(1916). Ross (1968) subsequently elevated the
Tetraclitinae to familial level; Utinomi (1968)
divided the Chthamalidae into three subfamilies;
Ross (in Ross and Newman, 1967) created the
subfamily Emersoniinae for an extinct form allied
to the turtle barnacles; Newman and Ross (1971)
proposed the family Bathylasmatidae for a group
of relatively primitive deep water balanoids;
and Ross and Newman (1973) resurrected Gray's
(1825) Pyrgomatidae (in part), a name available
for a group of coral barnacles designated
Creusiinae by Baluk and Radwanski (1967b:
468). Despite these advances the broad aspects
of the classification have remained the same. As
it stands, it fails to portray many actual or
inferential relationships and this has necessitated
the present revision.

Although appUcation of the biological species
concept spread in systematic studies of other
groups, the Darwinian tradition of numerous
varieties (subspecies) in the cirripeds has con-
tinued to prevail, especially in the Stellatus-
group of Chthamalus, Tetraclita s.s., the Balanus
amphitrite group, the subgenus Megabalanus,
and the coral barnacles.

Students of the balanomorphs will find some
unfamiliar features in what we propose and
these may be quite disconcerting without back-
ground information. Darwin's work on the Cirri-
pedia had a profound two-fold effect. On one
hand, he established the basic classification and
brought order to a chaotic and wide spread
literature. On the other hand, he arranged the
higher taxa in such a manner as to bias
virtually all subsequent phylogenetic studies.
While Hoek (1913) and Pilsbry (1916) expanded

upon the basic framework, they retained the
Darwinian order in their monographs in which
the morphologically primitive forms, the chtha-
malids and coronuhnids, appeared at the end
and the more highly evolved forms such as
Megabalanus, appeared at the beginning. The
first break in tradition came with Gruvel
(1905a), and in a more acceptable manner, with
the work of Nilsson-Cantell (1921), Kriiger (1940),
and Withers (1953), where the various groups
were, with the exception of the turtle and whale
barnacles, placed in a more or less acceptable
phylogenetic sequence.

The present study is a further attempt to
order the balanomorphs as naturally as possible,
down to and including the subgeneric level. In
doing so, some marked departures from pre-
vious classifications have been made. This may
not prove upsetting to new students of the
Balanomorpha, but the "old Hne" may find it
difficult to accept the turtle and whale barnacles
as groups having relatively primitive origins,
and to find the tetraclitids closer to them than
to the balanids.

It may also prove disconcerting to find
that most free-living acorn barnacles cannot be
readily assigned to either Chthamalus, Balanus
or Tetraclita. But it must hkewise have been
upsetting to earUer students of the group when
certain workers decided that most barnacles
were not Lepas as Linneaus had established.
The changes proposed herein reflect a sharpen-
ing of resolving power over the past decade or
so, a sharpening made possible through the
efforts of many students of this remarkable
and fascinating group of animals.

Beginning on page 25 we illustrate various
features and relationships of the shells and ap-
pendages of the balanomorphs. These were orig-
inally prepared to aid us in our understanding
of the diversity of morphologies involved, and it
is hoped that they will be useful to the reader.

14

ORIGIN OF THE BALANOMORPHA

MONOPHYLETIC

Until recently the Balanomorpha consisted
of the Balanidae and Chthamalidae. Darwin
(1854a:152, 176) and subsequent authors, con-
sidered the Chthamahdae the more primitive
and directly derivable from scalpelliform bar-
nacles. The criteria for this judgment cover both
homologies of hard parts and morphology of
appendages, especially in the most primitive or
generalized chthamalid, Catophragmus (Catomer-
us). The fossil record supports this interpreta-
tion, because Catophragmus appears in the late
Cretaceous. Representatives of the Balanidae do
not appear until the early Eocene.

In the chthamalid Pachylasma, while the
body and appendages are wholly chthamaloid,
the shell wall and to some extend the opercu-
lum are in certain respects balanoid in appear-
ance. Darwin (1854b:475) stated that when he
first examined the shell of Pachylasma he "did
not doubt that it was . . . Balanus." But when
he examined the animal's body, he found the
characteristics preeminently chthamaloid, and
concluded that (1854b:477) "Pachylasma would
be the point of contact [of the Chthamalidae]
with the Balaninae, . . . [for] when the shell
alone ... is examined, it is hardly possible to
separate this genus [Pachylasma] from Balanus. "
Unfortunately, the fossil record does not lend
support to this view because Pachylasma first
appears in the Miocene, well after the appear-
ance of Balanus. Nonetheless, the implication
exists; the Balanidae may have come from the
Chthamahdae via Pachylasma.

Subsequent work on the origin of the Balani-
dae seemed to make a chthamahd ancestry
more plausible. Hoek (1883, 1913) described a
number of deep-water species that appeared by
shell characters to belong to Balanus, but the
nature of the soft parts, particularly the structure
of the labrum and the third cirrus, was atypical,
and while he considered them balanids, he pro-
posed the genus Hexelasma for them. Pilsbry
(1916) reviewed the status of this genus and
concluded that the species in Hexelasma be-
longed instead to the Chthamalidae, close to
Pachylasma, and this assignment was followed
by Kruger (1940), Withers (1953), Zullo (1963a),
and Utinomi (1968). Zullo (1963c:190) oversimpli-
fied this picture with his sweeping statement
that "the Balanidae . . . differ materially from
the Pachylasma group [including Hexelasma]
only in the structure of the labrum . . . and

that they were derived from the Pachylasma
group stock." Despite this oversimphfication it
would seem at this point that there would be
relatively little difficulty in deriving balanids
from chthamahds, for the shell of Pachylasma
and soft parts of Hexelasma would appear,
superficially, to bridge the gap.

Taking this simplistic view at face value, a
model for a monophyletic diversification of the
Balanomorpha would be as follows (Fig. 2). The
Chthamalidae, containing the most primitive
members of the suborder, gave rise to the re-
mainder of the Balanomorpha. Fundamentally,
chthamahd hard parts consist of deeply articu-
lated opercular valves, a wall of eight solid
plates (three pairs of laterals overlapping the
unpaired carina and rostrum), and several whorls
of small imbricate plates, comparable to the
peduncular plates of certain scalpeUids, surround
the region where the wall contacts the sub-
stratum. The basis is membranous. A large
bullate, lepadomorphan-Uke labrum surrounding
the mouth parts has mandibular palps situated
on its lateral margins. The scalpellid-Uke man-
dible, composed of several incisor-hke teeth and a
spinous rather than molariform inferior angle,
is simple. The first and second cirri are modified
to assist in the transfer of food captured by
the posterior four pairs to the mouth parts; that
is they have been modified to serve as maxiUi-
peds. The cirri, armed with simple setae and lack-
ing speciaUzed spines are hke those of the Le-
padomorpha. The penis, originating between the
last pair of cirri below the anus and flanked by
a pair of multiarticulate caudal rami or appen-
dages (the furca), lacks a basidorsal point. All
these features are found in the most generaUzed
members of the extant Chthamaloidea, Catophrag-
mus sensu lato, fossil forms of which are the old-
est balanomorphs known (late Cretaceous).

Diversification of the chthamahds included
the appearance of a number of Uneages in all
of which the whorls of imbricate plates were
lost, the number of wall plates was reduced from
eight to six, and in some cases four, and the
caudal appendages inevitably disappeared
(Fig. 4). The reduction of wall plates from eight
to six was accomphshed in two different ways —
most commonly the carinolaterals drop out,
thereby retaining the arrangement where the
rostrum as well as the carina remain over-
lapped; and less commonly, the rostrolaterals
fuse with the rostrum forming a compound plate
that overlaps the adjacent laterals. The latter

15

arrangement is the same as that seen in higher
non-chthamalid Balanomorpha and is presumed
to herald them. The chthamalid bullate labrum,
inherited from the Lepadomorpha, gave way to
the thick but non-bullate condition, with concomi-
tant changes in the nature of the mandibles
to the more advanced balanid type. The third
cirri became intermediate in structure between
the second and fourth rather than more closely
resembling the fourth, and the opercular valves
became complexly but not deeply articulated;
all features seen in Hexelasma and related genera
(Bathylasmatidae).

Further advances included a flattened labrum
that became cleft, aiding in the removal of food
from the cirri. Concomitant with this, the third
pair of cirri completed the transformation to
maxiUipeds. Apparently at this point the sohd-
waUed Balanidae and Tetraclitidae appeared and
diverged from the ancestral Bathylasmatidae
(Figs. 2, 4 and 5). Both went on to develop
distinctly different complex wall tj^es, variously
armed cirri, and in the balanids, a penis with
a basidorsal point.

POLYPHYLETIC

As palatable as the monophyletic scheme
may be, Zullo (1963c:190) noted that there were
conflicting views regarding affinities within the
Balanomorpha and that it is possible that the
balanomorphs are polyphyletic. Withers (1924:2)
stated that he was "not at all convinced that
the Chthamalidae and Balanidae . . . are so
nearly related as is supposed," but he did not
pursue the subject in subsequent writings
(through 1953). Recently, Utinomi (1968:33),
expressed a similar view, suggesting that the two
families were independently derived from lepado-
morph ancestors, but unfortunately he did not
elaborate further on the matter. We became
involved in the problem of the unity of the
Balanomorpha when working on a revision of
Hexelasma (Newman and Ross, 1971). In this re-
gard, Bage (1938:10) had already pointed out
that, "from the examination of the soft parts
of the animal it is apparent that the reference
of the genus [Hexelasma] to the Balanidae or

Sessile Cirripedia
Pedunculate Cirripedia

Figure 3. Polyphyletic origin of sessile cirripeds: It is weU documented that extinct Brachylepadomorpha and the Verruco-
morpha (Jurassic to middle Miocene, and middle Cretaceous to Holocene, respectively) evolved from pedunculate ancestors be-
fore the appearance of the Balanomorpha (Cretaceous to Holocene). The Balanomorpha also descended from pedunculates rather
than from earlier sessile groups (see fig. 2 for fundamental structural differences). Thus, sessiUty evolved three times. However,
there have been suggestions in the literature that two or more of the principal divisions of the Balanomorpha also may have had
separate pedunculate ancestors, as illustrated here. If this were so, sessihty within the Thoracic would have evolved four or five
times (see text for discussion).

16

Chthamalidae, discussed by Hoek (1913) and
Pilsbry (1916), remains unsettled." In our study
(Newman and Ross, 1971:143) it became clear
that Hexelasma and its allies stand distinctly
apart from the chthamaloids and balanoids and
that it was impossible to supply facts supporting
the long standing view that it is from the
chthamaloids, through Pachylasma and Hexe-
lasma, that the balanoid barnacles have descend-
ed. Therefore, we instituted the Bathylasmatidae,
to accommodate several genera, including
Hexelasma, because the group could not be
properly assigned to either the Chthamalidae or
the Balanidae, and suggested that antecedents of
the bathylasmatids may well be found among the
scalpellid Lepadomorpha rather than the
Balanomorpha.

However, in the aforegoing, the balanoid
rather than chthamaloid affinities of the Bathy-
lasmatidae were emphasized, and while the Tetra-
clitidae was recognized as a distinct family,
it was placed rather closer to the Balanidae
than the Chthamalidae, with the "elminoids"
standing in a somewhat intermediate and ques-
tionable position (Newman and Ross, 1971:143).
Ross (1970:9) provided the solution to the last
problem by demonstrating that at least two
species referred to Elminius by previous authors
were in fact tetraclitids rather than balanids.
Hence the difficulties posed by the elminoids

evaporated and the four famiUes of the Balano-
morpha became more sharply defined.

The gulf between chthamaloids and balanoids
is particularly great. The tetrachtids and bathy-
lasmatids are envisaged here as more closely
related to one another than to either the
chthamaloids or the balanoids. Although the
tetraclitids and bathylasmatids are separable,
there is presently no reason to believe that the
former have not evolved from the latter, and it
is to this complex rather than the balanoids
that we infer the coronulines and chelonibiines
are most closely related. Thus, it remains pos-
sible that the Balanomorpha is triphyletic; an
artificial assemblage of three independently
evolved sessile types (Fig. 3). If this were the
case, sessility was achieved five times in the
Thoracica: once in the Verrucomorpha, once in
the Brachylepadomorpha, and three times in the
Balanomorpha — all from comparable, but lepado-
morph ancestors. Nonetheless, for the aforemen-
tioned reasons, the Balanomorpha is retained
here, even though it may not be a natural
grouping. As a partial solution to this problem
we propose that the families recognized here be
distributed between three superfamiUes, the
Chthamaloidea, the Balanomorphoidea, and the
Balanoidea. Should polyphyly be documented in
the future, one or more of these would of neces-
sity become suborders.

17

EVOLUTION AND DIVERSIFICATION

CHTHAMALOIDEA

Darwin (1854b:486) commented that
"... Catophragmus forms, in a very remark-
able manner, the transitional link [between the
Chthamalidae and the Lepadidae], for it is
impossible not to be struck with the resemblance
of its shell with the capitulum of Pollicipes.
In Pollicipes, at least in certain species, the
scuta and terga are articulated together — the
carina, rostrum, and three pairs of latera, mak-
ing altogether eight inner valves, are consider-
ably larger than those in the outer whorls —
the arrangement of the latter, their manner of
growth and union, — all are as in Catophrag-
mus. If we, in imagination, unite some of the
characters found in the different species of
Pollicipes, and then make the peduncle so short
(and it sometimes is very short in P. mitella)
that the valves of the capitulum should touch
the surface of attachment, it would be impos-
sible to point out a single external character
by which the two genera . . . could be dis-
tinguished." As Withers (1928b) noted, Pilsbry
(1916) suggested an even nearer hkeness with
the more speciaUzed Sciliaelepas, and this model
was adopted by Newman et al (1969:R269, fig. 90).

Darwin further noted that the trophi of
chthamaloids are similar to those of lepado-
morphs. The labrum is thick and bullate, and
this is basically a lepadomorphan character.
The tridentoid mandibles and the multiarticulate
caudal appendages of the primitive chthamaloids
are typical of the pollicipoid lepadomorphans,
and it is the sum of these arthropodal struc-
tures that separate the chthamaloids from other
Balanomorpha. The first and second cirri are
modified for cleaning the posterior net-forming
pairs of particulate matter and transferring it
to the mouth. In lepadomorphs, generally but
one pair of cirri is so modified, but pollicipoids
have modifications of the second and even the
third pairs (Darwin, 1851b:313). Finally, the base
of the penis is simple, without basidorsal point,
as in all thoracicans except the Balanoidea. In
general, the trophi and chaetotaxis are most con-
servative throughout the lower chthamaloids and
readily distinguish the entire stock from the re-
mainder of the Balanomorpha. The facies simi-
larity with pollicipoids is indeed most striking.

Virtually nothing more could be asked for in
a generalized ancestor for the higher Chthamaloi-
dea than Catophragmus and Catomerus — all
the essential parts are there. All that needs

to be done is to modify the form, by loss or
fusion of shell parts and loss or specialization
of appendages and trophic structures, in or-
der to produce the diversity of taxa presently
observed within the superfamily (Fig. 4).

Relationships between genera have been noted
by various authors. Pilsbry (1916:291) took a
somewhat Gruvellian approach, and arrayed
them in phylogenetic order, primarily according
to number of wall plates. He also divided the
most species-rich genus, Chthamalus, into two
groups based on the nature of the mandible.
These were refined and named informally by
Nilsson-Cantell (1921) as the quadridentoid
Stellatus-group and the tridentoid Hembeh-group.

Zullo (1963c) observed that the more gen-
eralized tridentoid mandible of the Hembeli-
group was the type common to more primitive
chthamaloids and, coupled with differences in
mode of shell reduction, proposed that the
Chthamalidae be divided into three groups:
the quadridentoid Chthamalus, Chamaesipho,
and Octomeris, and tridentoid Catophragmus,
Chionelasmus, and Euraphia, and the tridentoid
Pachylasma. The Pachylasma-group included
Hexelasma (Zullo, 1963a). This is essentially
Pilsbry's (1916:291) classification. Pope (1965),
in a most scholarly review, pointed out some
problems with the tri- and quadridentoid aspects
of the division and this will be returned to
shortly.

Although Utinomi (1968:36) avoided dealing
with the problems that arise when using the
mandibles as a key taxonomic character, he
formally designated subfamilial divisions for
what were essentially the Pilsbry-ZuUo group-
ings: the Catophragminae (Catophragmus, Cato-
merus, and Chionelasmus), the Chthamahnae
(Chthamalus, Chamaesipho, and Octomeris), and
the Pachylasminae (Pachylasma, Hexelasma,
and Tessarelasma). To the Catophragminae one
must add the late Cretaceous Pachydiadema
Withers (1935); to the Chthamahnae, the Recent
Tetrachthamalus Newman (1967) and Jehlius
Ross (1971); and from the Pachylasminae, or
rather from the Chthamaloidea in general, re-
move Hexelasma and Tessarelasma (see Newman
and Ross, 1971:142). We are otherwise in ac-
cord with Utinomi 's groupings, but not as
coordinate taxa (Fig. 4).

The Catophragmidae comprises an ancient
and generalized stock; there is a significant
gap between it and the remaining subfamihes.
The differences, aside from the supplementary

18

Catophragmidae
CHTHAMALOIDEA

Figure 4. Radiation of the Chthamaloidea: It seems unlikely that Chionelasmus and Pachytasma (the only deep-sea members of
the superfamily) evolved from intertidal catophragmids {Catophragmus and Catomeris) whose trophi and anterior cirri are much
more specialized. By default then, the extinct Pachydiadema becomes a more hkely candidate. It also seems unlikely, for the
same reasons, that Octomeris gave rise to Pachytasma, or vice versa since the opercular valves of Pachylasma are already
advanced. Finally, while it seems unlikely that Chionelasmus gave rise to six-plated euraphiines, the possibility cannot presently
be ruled out.

If higher balanomorphans arose from chthamaloids, workers since and including Darwin (1854b) consider that it would have
been via a pachylasmine ancestor (see text for further discussion).

19

whorls of plates in the Catophragmidae, are
the extremely primitive nature of the primary
wall plates and the opercular valves. Even in
Chionelasmus. where the supplementary plates
have been reduced to but a single whorl,
and the primary wall plates from eight to six,
the primitive pollicipoid facies is retained.

The jump from Catophragmidae to Chtha-
malidae is wholly in "modernization" of the
wall, the arthropodal structures remain essen-
tially the same in the primitive Euraphiinae
and Pachylasminae, as do the number of pri-
mary wall plates. Whether catophragmines gave
rise to these two subfamilies independently,
or the apparently more generalized shallow water
euraphian Octomeris gave rise to the deep-water
Pachylasminae, cannot be resolved at this time.

Although the arthropodal structures seem to
be similar, it is evident by shell characteristics
that the euraphiines and pachylasmines are not
closely related. Zullo (1963c:190) emphasized
that further advances in shell arrangement differ
in the two groups. Consequently, it is clear that
the pachylasmines attained a six-plated condi-
tion by development of a compound rostrum,
and the euraphiines by loss of the carino-
laterals.

The transition from Euraphiinae to Chthama-
linae is clearly by way of Euraphia, and con-
sists primarily of the first and only significant
change in the trophic apparatus. This change,
the development of the so-called quadridentoid
mandible of Pilsbry and others, is probably an
adaptation, along with the specialized setae
(grapples or cards) on the anterior cirri, to life
in the high intertidal, as suggested by Pope
(1965:965).

The important feature of the quadridentoid
mandible is probably not so much that there
are four teeth, or that the second and third
teeth are commonly bifid, but that the inferior
portion rather than forming an angle support-
ing a group or tuft of spines, is drawn out
into a relatively long straight comb. Neverthe-
less, Pope (1965:27) questioned the taxonomic
value of this character. For example, she stated
that the finding of "large individuals of certain
AustraUan species (Chthamalus antennatus: 49)
in which normally 4-toothed species have devel-
oped only 3 teeth, or conversely, of 3-toothed
species [Euraphia withersi: 43) with 4 teeth,
is going to make the drawing of distinctions
between Zullo's generic groups somewhat
difficult."

While there are difficulties in placing a few
species in one or the other of these two groups,
they are minor, and Pope herself explains most
of them away. There is some variation in the

number of teeth in E. withersi, and Pope
(1965:43) pointed out that the majority of
specimens will be found to have three teeth,
and under any circumstance, the inferior angle is
pectinated, not combed. Thus there would appear
to be no real difficulty here. And with regard
to C. attennatus, Pope (1965:49) stated, "Some-
times mandibles of the right and left sides
may vary and while the left one may have a
s^e//af US-pattern for its lower tip, the right
may have a "hembeli" one. However, in indi-
viduals with somewhat hembeli-\\\ie jaws, the
small, fourth double tooth can be seen, thus
enabhng the real affinities of C. antennatus
with Chthamalus to be recognized."

Pope (1965:58) goes on and provides further
evidence that alleviates her own objection to
the recognition of Euraphia as separate from
Chthamalus. In C. malayensis "juveniles, or
during regeneration in certain individuals, the
lower tip of the mandible is reminiscent of the
Hembeli pattern." She then (1965:59) notes that
mandibles regenerating after having been dam-
aged take on a euraphian form, and further-
more, that it seems as though juveniles and
regenerating C. antennatus have to pass through
a euraphian stage during the development of
their much toothed and highly complex man-
dibles. The juvenile situation is clearly onto-
genetic; it is indeed an ancestral euraphian
reminiscence, as suggested by Pope, and that
a regenerating Umb would have to repeat the
process is not surprising. Therefore, the dis-
tinction between mandibles in the two groups
recognized by Pilsbry and used informally by
Nilsson-Cantell seem not only to be useful
taxonomically, but they aid in elucidating the
evolution of higher chthamaHds. A combed
stellatoid mandible is seen elsewhere only in
some Tetraclitidae, which also develop specialized
cirral setae and occur high in the intertidal
(Ross, 1970).

Despite the great age of the Chthamaloidea,
the group has been relatively conservative,
undergoing little diversification with regard to
both structure and habitat. None (with the pos-
sible exception of certain Pachylasma on crinoids)
has formed an obligate symbiotic association.
The catophragmoid facies, first appearing in rocks
of late Cretaceous age, was apparently an adapta-
tion to high energy conditions along the shore
and must have been abundant and widely distrib-
uted in the past. Extant species have restricted
distributions in the austral region and the tropi-
cal Americas.

The most advanced catophragmid, Chionelas-
mus, and the relatively generalized chthamalid
Pachylasma are presently the only deep-water

20

members of the entire superfamily — all others
are intertidal. Where Euraphia and Chthamalus
occur together the former and more generalized
occupies the higher reaches of the intertidal,
the highest of all balanomorphs (Pope, 1965;
Southward, 1964b). Littoral and shallow water
habitats that would otherwise appear suitable
for chthamaloids are occupied, presumably
through competitive exclusion and other bio-
logical interactions, by higher balanomorphoids
and by balanoids.

BALANOMORPHOIDEA

The Balanomorphoidea, proposed here, en-
compasses the Coronulidae, Bathylasmatidae and
Tetraclitidae (Figs. 1 and 5). Taken together
one finds a suite of fundamentally primitive
or generalized characters, including 8 wall plates,
membranous basis, generalized opercular plates,
no basidorsal point on the penis, and a labrum
and cirrus III of intermediate form.

Until recently the Tetraclitidae occupied an
uncomfortable position as a subfamily of the
Balanidae (Ross, 1968, 1970), whereas certain
species of the Bathylasmatidae had been placed
at one time in the Balanidae and at another
in the Chthamalidae before being recognized as
constituting a distinct family (Newman and Ross,
1971). The suite of characters that unites the
Tetraclitidae and Bathylasmatidae under the
Balanomorphoidea is the same as that which
prevents their being satisfactorily assigned
to either the Chthamalidae or Balanidae. The
same holds true for the coronulid Chelonibia.
But in addition it has 8 wall plates, a con-
dition that previously complicated understanding
the evolution of Balanidae. Our proposed re-
assignment of the coronulids to this super-
family not only removes this difficulty, but
also allows for further insights into the funda-
mental organization and evolution of the
balanomorphoids.

The intermediate position of Hexelasma s.l.
and related genera between Chthamalidae and
Balanidae, appeared ideal in arguments for
derivation of the latter (ZuUo, 1963c: 190). How-
ever, it was shown (Bage, 1938; Newman and
Ross, 1971:148) that the nature of the soft
parts are not altogether intermediate, but rather
possess many unique characteristics. Also, argu-
ments requiring bathylasmatids as intermediate
between chthamaloids and balanoids neglected
the apparent eight rather than six-plated origin
of the latter. Such arguments side-stepped what
was considered a living representative of an
early balanid, Chelonibia. At the same time.

the bathylasmatids could not be considered
directly derivable from chthamalids, and be-
cause of Chelonibia they did not appear to be
appropriate ancestors for the balanids. The
obvious conclusion was that they must have had
a separate origin, and probably then from a
comparable pollicipoid lepadomorphan stock
(Newman and Ross, 1971).

The preparation of this revision afforded
us the opportunity to take a fresh look at the
matter. We found that the apparent, obstacle
raised by Chelonibia was actually not a problem
at all. As stated previously, and as will be
given diagnostic documentation in the system-
atic account to follow, Chelonibia and its aUies
have hitherto been incorrectly placed among the
Balanidae, and this has stifled our thinking
on the matter. Once freed of this constraint
the whole picture becomes simplified and emi-
nently clearer. Chelonibia and other coronuhds
appropriately fall in the Balanomorphoidea.

Because of their extreme specialization as
obligatory commensals of marine reptiles and
mammals (Ross and Newman, 1967), what is
known of the Coronuhdae, beyond Chelonibia,
tells us nothing about the evolution of the
higher Balanomorphoidea. It is the Bathylas-
matidae that provides us with the data base
from which further inferences can be drawn.

The Bathylasmatidae form a natural group
and we propose that it be divided into the
subfamilies Bathylasmatinae and Hexelasminae
(Fig. 5). Opercular valves are generalized in
the former, and form a vertically oriented cone.
In the latter, the opercular valves are more
balanoid, and the plane of the scuta lies almost
horizontal, across the orifice of the shell. Within
the family, Hexelasma stands in an intermediate
position between Bathylasma and Aaptolasma.
However, it is more closely related to the latter
and together they form the Hexelasminae.

Many features in Aaptolasma herald the
Tetraclitidae. The comparable form of the man-
dible and labrum, the tendency for the third
cirri to be antenniform, comparable opercular
valves, and the peculiarity of the wall plates in
being permeated by longitudinal chitin-filled
tubes, are all characteristics that draw them
together.

In the original diagnosis of Aaptolasma,
only a small number of differences could be
assembled to distinguish the genus from Tetra-
clita s. 1., but at that time no six-plated
tetraclitids were known. However, it subse-
quently became clear that Balanus (Austro-
balanus) imperator Darwin was not just closer to
Tetraclita than to Balanus, as Darwin (1854b:290)
had recognized, but that it was a tetraclitid

21

BALANOMORPHOIDEA

Figure 5. Radiation of the Balanomorphoidea: The CoronuUdae are specialized obligate commensals of large crustaceans, some
fish, sea turtles and snakes, and marine mammals. The Tetraclitidae are, on the other hand, specialized for an intertidal
existence. These two families apparently did not give rise to higher forms. If the Balanoidea arose from the Balanomorphoidea,
as proposed here, it probably would have been via the hexelasmines, species of which are presently confined to the shelf (see
text for further discussion).

22

(Ross, 1971:266). Thus a distinction based on
the number of wall plates, between Hexelas-
minae and Tetraclitidae, fails. What remains
is that the tetraclitids have radii (at least
fundamentally), cirri II and III commonly are
armed with bipectinate and other complex setae,
and the labrum is wholly non-bullate; all ad-
vances above the more generalized bathylasma-
tid plan.

In Aaptolasma, the solid wall is permeated
by strips of chitin in much the same manner as
in certain tetraclitids (e.g. Epopella). All other
tetraclitids have tubiferous walls whose charac-
teristics provide the distinguishing features of
the subfamilies.

There is a marked correlation between ad-
vances in specialization of appendages, shell
wall, and bathymetry. The most generalized
forms in the Bathylasmatidae occur at the great-
est depths; in fact Tetrachaelasma, a close
relative of Bathylasma, is the deepest known
balanomorphan (2,300 m). Members of the
Hexelasminae occur on the shelf between ap-
proximately 100 and 1,000 m. All members
of the Tetrachtidae on the other hand, hke
most Chthamaloidea, are intertidal or restricted
to very shallow water. The hiatus between the
low intertidal and 100 m or so is exploited
by the Balanoidea. The Balanomorphoidea (ex-
cept Tesseropora sp. on Heliopora, and the
coronulids), hke the Chthamaloidea, do not form
obligate commensal relationships as do many
members or groups of the Balanoidea.

BALANOIDEA

It has been tacitly assumed that the Bal-
anidae s. I. had an eight-plated ancestry, as
did the chthamalids (cf. Newman et al, 1969).
Darwin (1854b) pointed out the tripartite ros-
trum of the chthamahd Pachylasma, and of the
presumed balanid Chelonibia. Runnstrom (1925)
reported that the rostrum in Balanus balanoides
formed ontogenetically by fusion of the rostro-
laterals, and this has been interpreted as a re-
duction in the tripartite origin of the balanid
rostrum. However, subsequent workers have
failed to confirm this finding in this or any
other balanid, much less a balanomorph.

Direct evidence of a tripartite rostrum is
found in Pachylasma and in Chelonibia, but
as already discussed, these genera fall near
the stem of the Chthamaloidea and Balano-
morphoidea, respectively, and are not directly
involved in the origin of the Balanoidea. It
follows then, that there is no evidence for a
tripartite rostrum (eight-platedness) in the stem

of the Balanoidea. Nonetheless, it is appropriate
that we review arguments to the contrary.

Zullo (1963c: 190), following Darwin and Pils-
bry suggested that the balanoids stemmed from
the "Pachylasma-group." While not specifying
which genera the group contained, he included
Bathylasma ( = Hexelasma, in part), and pos-
sibly Bathybalanus, as did Pilsbry (1916:291,
328). At the time, inclusion of these two genera
previously unknown to Darwin, made acceptance
of the group as the stem from which the
balanoids could have arisen more palatable,
for not only did they have the proper type
of rostrum but also the appendages were con-
sidered to range from somewhat chthamaloid
in Bathylasma to somewhat more balanoid in
Bathybalanus. The labrum in Bathylasma, while
not bullate as in chthamaloids, is relatively
thick and lacks a deep median incision. Also, the
third cirri are somewhat intermediate between
the second and fourth pairs. The situation in
Bathybalanus was thought to be comparable,
although more balanoid. However, we have
shown that Bathybalanus is in all respects
a true balanid and that Bathylasma, while
not a balanoid, is not a chthamaloid either
(Newman and Ross, 1971:142). Furthermore, the
Pachylasma-Bathylasma-Bathybalanus-Balanus
s.l. transition from the chthamaloids to the
balanoids by-passed Chelonibia, previously con-
sidered the only eight-plated balanoid. The
problem of Chelonibia was removed in the pre-
ceding section of this paper, where it was
shown that Chelonibia and its alhes were
primitive balanomorphoids rather than balanoids.
We are left then with the prospect that the
principal balanoid groups descended from balano-
morphoidans rather than chthamaloids.

Early balanoids had a solid wall, as borne
out by both fossil and ontogenetic evidence.
The evolution of higher balanoids has in good
part centered around the development of a com-
plex wall, an evolutionary advance not achieved
to any comparable degree in the chthamaloids
(Darwin, 1854b), but paralleled in many re-
spects in the higher balanomorphoids. At this
point it is not difficult to envisage the Bal-
anoidea as having descended from hexelasmine-
Uke balanomorphoid ancestors, since the trends
are already beginning there: comparably con-
structed wall of six plates, labrum thin and
broadly notched, third cirri somewhat modified
as maxillipeds, and balanoid opercular parts.

We include three families in the Balanoidea.
The solid-walled forms, those included in
Semibalanus, and those having irregular wall
tubes of the non-balaninae type, such as found
in Archaeobalanus, differ so markedly in wall

23

Archaeobalanidae
BALANOIDEA

Figure 6. Radiation of the Balanoidea: A few of the more generalized balanoids, such as Bathybaianus. are found in deep water.
But most free-living forms occur in relatively shallow water, and in the intertidal (Semibalaninae and Balanidae) where upper
limits tend to set the lower limits of the chthamahd zone. Archaeobalanines, on the other hand, are usually subtidal and many
have formed obligate commensual relationships (i.e. Conopea on gorgonians, Acasta on sponges, Hexacreusia, etc, on scleractiniansl.
It is from the archaeobalanines that the Pyrgomatidae, occurring on scleractinians (one exception, on sponges), are inferred to
have been derived, Hkely polyphyleticaUy (see text for discussion).

24

structure from the Balanidae s.s., that we
relegated them to two separate families —
the Archaeobalanidae (including the Archaeo-
balaninae and Semibalaninae) and the Pyrgo-
matidae (including the Pyrgomatinae s.s.,
Bosciinae and Ceratoconchinae). Thus arranged,
the archaeobalanids, which first appear in the
Eocene, are envisaged as having stemmed from
six-plated hexelasmine bathylasmatids or bal-
anomorphoids.

The Archaeobalanidae fall into two subfam-
ilies, the more diverse Archaeobalaninae and the
strictly intertidal Semibalaninae. The Archaeo-
balanus-like forms with tubiferous walls have
undergone the most marked diversification of
any of the balanomorphs. They are well repre-
sented in the intertidal even though the higher
reaches have been left to the tetraclitid balano-
morphoids and most chthamaloids. The semi-
balanines which may have an Actinobalanus
ancestry, apparently did not give rise to any
higher taxa.

Two families stem from the Archaeobala-
ninae. They are fundamentally the solid-walled
Pyrgomatidae and the tubiferous-walled Balani-
dae. The Pyrgomatidae encompasses the coral
barnacles and, while the monophyletic origin of
the group is in question (Withers, 1929a; Ross
and Newman, 1973; Newman and Ladd, 1974),
the consensus is that some, particularly those
contained in the principal subfamily, the Pyrgo-
matinae, and possibly the Bosciinae, have
descended from Armatobalanus (Zullo, 1969b,
1967:127; Ross and Newman, 1973). The Cerato-
conchinae apparently had a different and ap-
parently non-armatobalanid origin (Newman and
Ladd, 1974).

The Balanidae, as envisaged here, may have
stemmed from an irregularly tubiferous-walled
ancestor having a calcareous basis such as
Archaeobalanus. In the Balanidae the principal
evolutionary advance was the establishment of a
regular tubiferous wall in conjunction with an in-
tricate dovetailing between the marginal portion
of the internal ribs of the wall and the margins

of the basis, thereby enabling an individual to
continue to grow diametrically while maintaining
a strong mechanical interlock with the sub-
stratum (Newman et al, 1967). Perfection of this
system, including delayed apphcation of an
inner lamina to the internal ribs of the wall,
produced the unique tubiferous structure dis-
tinguishing balanids from all other Balano-
morpha. Tubiferous walls occur in other Bal-
anomorpha (Pyrgomatidae, Semibalaninae, and
Archaeobalaninae among the Balanoidea, and
the Coronulidae and Tetraclitidae among the
Balanomorphoidea (Darwin, 1854b; Newman et
al, 1967; Ross and Newman, 1967; Ross and
Newman, 1973), but differences in ontogeny
and the nature of the resultant structures
indicate separate origins.

The Balanidae is the most diverse family,
and Pilsbry (1916:78 et seq.) began to group
species of Balanus s.s., informally, into eight
"series." However, he did not follow through
with the matter in his monograph, and today
only the "Series of B. amphitrite" is commonly
referred to in the literature. We have at-
tempted to follow Pilsbry s lead, and have ar-
ranged the species of Balanus in six more or
less natural groups. While some of these are
readily recognizable by a number of characters,
others have been assigned on the basis of un-
defined facies similarities. Thus, while some of
the groups may eventually become genera or
subgenera, such a proposal at the present would
be premature. Those species that we could not
readily assign to one group or another are
placed incertae sedis, at the end of the catalogue.

A considerable part of the diversification
of the Balanoidea has come about through
establishment of obhgate symbiotic relationships
verging on, but in only one case becoming
wholly parasitic (Hoekia on the coral Hydno-
phora, Ross and Newman, 1969). If the present
epoch goes down in the fossil record as
the "Age of Barnacles," as suggested by Darwin
(1851a:5), it will in good part be due to the
remains of symbiotic as well as free-living forms.

MORPHOLOGY

The figures appearing on the following ten pages illustrate various features of the shell and
appendages of balanomorphans. The figures are arranged sequentially, beginning with the shell and
ending with the appendages. In those figures where comparisons are made, the arrangement is
essentially phylogenetic.

1

25

Thoracic
limbs

Tergum

Lateral

Carinolateral

Anterior cirri

Posterior cirri

Carina

Penis

Anus

Tergal depressor muscles

Branchia (right)

Mantle cavity-

Oral cone

Scutum

Lateral

Scutoral adductor muscle

Rostral sinus

Rostrum

Prosoma

Aperture to maxillary gland

Female genital aperture

Oviduct

Rostral depressor muscles

Ovaries / Lateral depressor muscles \ Ovaries

Mantle cavity lining Membranous basis

A.

B.

C.

Posterior net-forming cirri
Anterior cirri (maxillipeds;

Tergum

Scutum

Tergoscatal flaps

Opercular aperture

Orifice of shell wall

Carina Carinolateral Lateral

Figure 7. Model of Semibalanus balanoides (L.): A and B, viewed from left side; C, viewed from rostral end (frontal aspect).
In A, the left carinolateral and lateral wall plates as well as the left tergum and scutum have been removed revealing the in-
terior of the mantle cavity containing the body of the animal as it resides when withdrawn. B, as A, but with the missing
parts replaced and the cirri extended. The posterior three pairs of cirri (in Balanoidea and some Balanomorphoidea) form the
cirral net while the anterior three pairs act primarily as maxillipeds. In C, it can be observed how the cirral net is formed
and how the anterior cirri are positioned to aid in transferring food from it to the oral cone. Photographs courtesy of the
American Museum of Natural History.

26

max'

Figure 8. Principal anatomical relationships:

A. A balanomorph montage*, viewed from the right side, with right cirri extended from aperture formed between the
occludent margins of the opercular valves, primarily the scuta. The six cirri are always biramous. The posterior three form
the right half of the plankton-capturing cirral net, while the anterior three are reduced and otherwise modified, primarily
as "maxiUipeds," for removal of food from the cirral net (cf. Figs. 14-161. Cirri are extended by circulatory hydrostatic pres-
sure and withdrawn by retractor muscles.

B. The tentorial operculum, composed of paried terga and scuta, attaches along its basal margin to the lower margin of
the sheath and is operated by three principal pairs of longitudinal depressor muscles, a transverse adductor between the
scuta, and circulatory hydrostatic pressure.

C. and D. Exploded operculum illustrating scuta and terga respectively, (am, insertion of adductor muscle; rd, insertion of
rostral depressor; Id, of lateral depressor; td, of tergal lateral depressor).

E. Body torn free from its attachment in the operculum and surrounding mantle (carapace), exposing the adductor muscle
(a), the oral cone or labrum surrounding mouthparts (6), the pedicles and proximal portions of the right cirri, the penis (c)
originating between the sixth cirri and resting for the most part between the pedicles of the adjacent pairs, and the right
caudal appendage or ramus of the caudal furca (d).

F. Oral cone enlarged, illustrating arrangement of trophi, from left to right: Labrum (/) with mandibular palps (p) attached
to each side, followed by mandibles (m) and first and second maxillae (max', max").

G. Basal region of a balanid penis illustrating gross form of the pedicel (a) and basidorsal point or horn (6).

*A fully bullate labrum and caudal appendages are characteristics of lower chthamalids. while much reduced third cirri and a penis with a
basidorsal point are characteristics of balanitis (see subsequent illustrations). A pair of outgrowths of the interior mantle lining extends into
the mantle cavity in which the body of the barnacle resides. These, termed branchiae, are variable in structure between taxa, but their
taxonomic value is yet to be determined. They have been little used in systematic studies and consideration of them has not been included here.

27

Figure 9. The balanomorph wall; modifications of basic plan and nature of the basis:

A. Wall of six solid plates; basis on left (not indicated) membranous, on right calcareous. In the latter, the basal margin
of the wall may form some minor denticles, the older portions of which may appear as riblets on the interior of the wall, but
the denticles form neither complex interdigitation with the basis nor anything other than very simple interlaminate figures
in cross-sections of the wall (cf. Fig. 12A, B).

B. As above, but with a "false basis" which may not, as in Euraphia intertexta, include the central portion of the
membranous basis.

C. Longitudinal sections of wall. Left, false basis, formed by successive layers of secondary calcification, in which fusion
to the wall precludes further growth. Right, true basis indicating suture where marginal growth increments can occur. Var-
iously thickened apical portions of wall (sheath) support the opercular valves. The sheath is ordinarily solid and its basal
margin may become dependent (right). When a dependent sheath contacts ribs on the interior of the wall a type of tubiferous
wall if formed, but the sheath does not constitute a true inner lamina (some coronulids and pyrgomatids).

D. Tubiferous wall, in this case accompanied by a tubiferous basis. Well developed, uniformly deployed basal denticles form
complex interdigitation with the basis which in turn is firmly cemented to the substratum. When, with growth, the inner por-
tions of the denticles become secondarily fused, forming an inner lamina, the type of tubiferous wall seen here appears
(Balanidae). If the denticles are simple, the interlaminate figures will be simple; if they have subsidiary lateral cusps, the
interlaminate figures will be complex (cf. Fig. 12H, I).

E. Longitudinal sections of wall. Left, a form with solid wall and basis where growth has been precluded by secondary
calcification (false basis, as in some species of Euraphia). Right, a situation where transverse septa have developed in the
tubiferous wall and basis, and where the cavity formed by the dependent sheath has become secondarily filled and/or cancellated.
Aforegoing structural developments can occur in various combinations.

28

•^^^

Figure 10. The balanomorph wall; modifications of the basic plan. Fundamentally balanomorphs grow diametrically, increasing
in height and basal width by depositing new shell around the basal parietal margins, and the size of the aperture is increased
by additions to the lateral parietal margins to varying degrees (Darwin. 1854b). When lateral increments are negligible or ab-
sent, the aperture is often enlarged by corrosion, as in Tetraclita. Other variations in the fundamental plan are illustrated
here.
A-C. Alterations in growth in gregarious species due to crowding.

A. Pattern in forms such as Semibatanus balanoides and Balanus glandula (without or with carcareous bases respectively)
where normally conical forms become columnar through elongation of the parietes.

B. Alternative response to crowding, as seen in species of Megabalanus and members of the concavus group of Balanus.
where elongation is primarily accompHshed by the formation of a cup-shaped basis. The basis may be permeated by one or
numerous rows of tubes.

C. Situation in some species producing a cup-shaped basis, such as some species of the concavus group and in Balanus
laevis (illustrated), where the extensive cavity formed by elongation of the basis becomes secondarily transversely septate
(cancellate or cystose).

D. Growth in symbiotic forms, such as Acasta imbedded in sponges and Conopea (illustrated) occurring on gorgonians,
in which a cup-shaped basis is formed. In the former it apparently assists in maintaining the apertural end of the barnacle at
the surface of the growing sponge and (or) in enlarging the body chamber without forcing the wall above the surface of the
sponge. In the latter, it elevates the barnacle well above the general surface of the gorgonian, the "keel" of its boat-shaped
basis attaching firmly to the gorgonian axial skeleton.

E-G. Coral barnacles keep pace with the surface of the coral, generally by elongation of the basis.

E. As seen in species of Armatobalanus and Boscia, where elongation of the basis is not extensive and growth of the wall
elevates the barnacle above the surface of the coral.

F and G, where elongation is extensive and the wall plates grow so as to remain more or less flush with the coral surface,
as in Eoceratoconcha and most members of Ceratoconchinae and Pyrgomatinae. In Eoceratoconcha and an early species of
Ceratoconcha, the chamber formed by the basis is canceUate (F). while in most members of the Pyrgomatidae it is open (G).

29

radius

Figure 11. The balanomorph wall; parts and relationships of plates (schematic):

A. Exploded eight-plated wall viewed from the right side. The plates are named, from left to right, the rostrum (R),
paired rostrolaterals, laterals and carinolaterals (RL, L and CL respectively! and the carina (C). The central triangular portion
of each plate is termed the paries (pi. parietes). The basal margin (blackened portion) contacts the substratum. Contacting
surfaces between adjacent plates are stippled, and the portion seen from the exterior is termed the ala (pi. alae). The parietal
margin overlapping an ala may develop a lateral portion which fills the space between it and the adjacent paries. This
structure is termed a radius (pi. radii). Parietes can be sohd or permeated by longitudinal tubes; radii (except in Megabalanus
and some Tetraclitidae) and alae are always solid. It can be observed that the rostrum and carina have alae, the rostro-
laterals have radii on both margins while the laterals and carinolaterals have alae on their rostral and radii on their carinal
margins.

B. An articulated eight-plated wall (as in lower Catophragmidae and Chthamalidae).

C. Eight-plated wall in which the rostrolaterals have become inseparably but discernibly fused to the rostrum forming a
"compound rostrum" (as in some species of Pachylasma and in Chelonibia). A true rostrum has alae and is overlapped by
adjacent plates, while a compound rostrum has radii and overlaps adjacent plates.

D. Compound rostrum where fusion demarcations are no longer discernible. May consist of fused rostrolaterals and
rostrum, or fused rostrolaterals alone (see text for discussion of divergent views).

30

I \ ^-'^ t, yl^

Conopea galeata

B

Solidobalanus hesperius laevidomus

Semibalanus cariosus

Balanus glandula

Megabalanus californicus

Megabalanus californicus
Figure 12. Wall structure in some Balanoidea. See caption on page 35.

31

D Octomeris sulcata

A Catomerus polymerus B Chionelasmus danvini C Pachylasma scutistriatum

E Euraphia hembeli F Euraphia aestuarii

G Chthamalus fragilis H Bathylasma corolliforme I Aaptolasma americanum

J Austrobalanus imperator K Tetraclitella divisa L Tetraclita rufotincta

M Armatobalanus nefrens

N Balanus niveus

O Megabalanus psittacus P Nobia grandis

Figure 13. Opercular plates of the Balanomorpha. See caption on page 35.

32

A Chionelasmus darwini

'"'X^.^J^

B Euraphia intertexta

C Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus

D Chionelasmus darwini

E Euraphia intertexta

F Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus

Figure 14. Trophi and cirri of the Chthamaloidea. See caption on page 35.

33

A Chelonibia patula

B Bathylasma corolliforme

C Aaptolasma leptoderma

D Epopella breviscutum

E Chelonibia patula

\y ^11 iiix-'v VI

F Bathylasma corolliforme /

G Aaptolasma leptoderma

H Epopella breviscutum

III

I Tesseropora pacifica

Figure 15. Trophi and cirri of Balanomorphoidea. See caption on page 35.

34

A Solidobalanus pentacrini

B Balanus amphitrite

C Balanus laevis

D Hoekia monticulariae

G Megabalanus
psittacus

Armatobalanus terebratus / J Armatobalanus allium

Figure 16. Trophi and cirri of Balanoidea. See caption on page 35.

K Balanus
nubilus

35

Figure 12. Wall structure in some Balanoidea. AH, transverse thin sections: I, photograph of basal margin. Increments
resulting in vertical growth of the shell are due to deposition of new sheU along the basal margin of the plates. In primitive
forms lacking a calcareous basis (most Chthamaloidea and the lower Balanomorphoidea and Balanoidea) transverse sections
reveal little complexity in gross structure. With the advent of a calcareous basis there is an opportunity for a complex suture
to form, interlocking the wall to the substratum through the basis. In solid wall forms the interlocking is generally accomplished
by a regular array of simple denticles, the development of which is that of planar mineraUzed entities along centers of calcifi-
cation, and these are visible as simple interlaminate figures in the older portion of the shell (A and B). If subsidiary
denticles are produced perpendicular to the main denticle (as in I), the interlaminate figures wiU be arborescent (in solid walled
forms as in C: in tubiferous walled forms as in E, G and HI. Some species without calcareous bases have tubiferous walls, and
transverse sections commonly appear as in D. Some basically tubiferous walled species with calcareous bases have given up
denticle formation and have all but completely filled irregularly formed tubes (F).

Figure 13. Opercular plates of the Balanomorpha: A-G, Chthamaloidea; H-L, Balanomorphoidea; M-P, Balanoidea (all right
terga and scuta, viewed from within). In the chthamaloids, terga tend to be triangular in outline (without spur, except in
higher forms hke Chthamalus fragilis |G| where a rudimentary spur is developed), scuta never develop a strong adductor
ridge, and the terga and scuta of each side tend to be deeply articulated especially in shallow-water forms (A and D-G).

The situation in the balanomorphoids is somewhat intermediate between that seen in the chthamaloids and lower balanoids;
a tergal spur is variously developed, an adductor ridge becomes prominent in higher forms (J-L) and the plates of shallow water
forms are less deeply articulated. (In the first two superfamilies the tergum is never beaked and a spur furrow, where developed,
is always open.)

Lower balanoids tend to resemble higher balanomorphoids except that the adductor ridge is not particularly strong and
the insertions of the scutal depressor muscles are simple. Closiu-e of the spur furrow (a result of the shaft of the spur becoming
virtually internal), occasionally accompanied by production of a beak (O). apparently develops independently in various lines
(within Semibalaninae, members of the Balanus concavus group, and Megabatanus). Partial or complete fusion of terga and
scuta of each side occurs in all three superfamilies, but marked alterations in general form occur primarily in the coral sym-
bionts (Pyrgomatinae, P). The whale-turtle symbionts (coronuUds) have reduced the opercular plates, and in Xenobalanus
they have been lost completely.

Figure 14. Trophi and cirri of the Chthamaloidea: A and D, Chionelasmus darwini; B and E, Euraphia intertexta: C and F,
Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus. Trophi of lower chthamaloids are similar to those polUcipoid scalpellids — labra are buUate with
crests variously concave but without a median notch (A and B); the mandibular teeth may have spinous superior margins (B);
and the cutting edges of the first maxillae are usually stepwise or notched. In Chthamalinae (C) the mandibular teeth are
never spinose, the second and third teeth are frequently bifid, a fourth bifid tooth is developed and the inferior portion is
drawn out into a straight comb with the inferior angle supporting but a few sptnules, and the cutting edge of the first maxillae
tends to be straight and slightly notched.

The third cirri in general tend to resemble the fourth more than the second (E and F) but in Chionelasmus (D) even the
second are more similar to the posterior ones. SpeciaHzed setae, ranging from bipectinate (E) to pinnate (F) are generally
found on the second cirri. Posterior rami of the third cirri may be antenniform (F). apparently seasonally in intertidal forms.
The caudal appendages or furca, a pair of uniramous appendages attached near the bases of the sixth cirri, and commonly
found in lepadomorphans, are known in a few chthamaloids (D).

Figure 15. Trophi and cirri of Balanomorphoidea; A and E, Chelonibia patula; B and F, Bathylasma corolliforme: C and G,
Aaptotasma leptoderma: D and H, Epopella breviscutum; I, Tesseropora pacifica. Labra of balanomorphoids are similar to
those of chthamaloids in being thick (although not bullate) and with variously concave crests (although there is a tendency to
form a shallow notch). In Chelonibia (A) the labrum is distinctly notched and multidenticulate, in a manner reminiscent of
Balanus amphitrite (Fig. 16 B). Mandibles of lower forms (A-C), in generally having four major teeth and pectinate inferior
angles, are similar to lower balanoids (Fig. 16, A|. In higher tetrachtines (D) the inferior portion becomes combUke, much as
in higher chthamaloids (Fig. 14, C), apparently an adaptation to life in the high intertidal. The first maxillae are essentially
balanoid. The third cirri resemble the fourth more than the second (E-G), as in chthamaloids, or one or both rami are antenniform
or bear specialized serrate setae (F, H and I).

Figure 16. Trophi and cirri of Balanoidea. A and E, Solidobalanus (Bathybalanus) pentacrini; B, Balanus amphitrite amphi-
trite; C and F, Balanus laevis; D, Hoekia monticulariae; G, Megabalanus psittacus; H, Balanus amphitrite inexpectatus;
I, Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) terebratus. Acasta conica and Acasta nitida respectively; J, Armatobakmus allium, K, Balanus
nubilus. Labra of balanoids are generally thin and deeply incised; mandibles tend to have molariform rather than pectinated
or combed inferior portions; first maxillae are undistinguished (B and C). In primitive species (A), the labrum has but a shallow
notch and the mandible, in having an incisiform inferior portion, resembles that of the lower balanomorphoids. Marked de-
partures from this facies are seen in commensal forms such as the wholly parasitic coral barnacle, Hoekia (D).

The third cirrus always more closely resembles the second than the fourth, even in primitive species (E), and its rami
are never antenniform. Rather, it is the anterior ramus of the first cirrus that takes on antenniform characteristics in
some higher forms (F and K). Anterior cirri become variously thickened and in species without markedly speciahzed setae or
spines, the anterior margin of the articles may become markedly protuberant (G). Complex setae, as seen in many chthamaloids
and higher balanomorphoids, are not found in balanoids. Conversely, the so-called furcate (H) and multifurcate types
found in certain species of the group of Balanus amphitrite (Henry, 1973) have not been observed in the first two
superfamilies. On the other hand, compUcated arrays of spines commonly develop in balanoids (I and J), in free living forms,
but especially in commensals of sponges and corals where they may be used to clear the aperture and prevent overgrowth by
the host.

36

COMPOSITION AND DEFINITIONS OF SUPRAGENERIC TAXA

An abbreviated definition is given for all
suprageneric taxa. Where appropriate, the type
genus and related genera are indicated. For each
genus, the author, date and page, and the number
of fossil and extant species included are given.

BALANOMORPHA Pilsbry (1916: 14)

Thoracic cirripeds lacking peduncle; bilater-
ally symmetrical shell composed of carina,
rostrum, and one to three pairs of lateral com-
partmental plates that may be variously fused
or totally concrescent; opercular valves paired
when present, with members of each pair
separate, articulated or concrescent; hermaphro-
ditic (a few species of Archaeobalaninae have
complemental males).

CHTHAMALOIDEA Darwin (1854b: 446)
n. status

Wall composed of rostrum and one to three
pairs of laterals; rarely supplemented with one
or more whorls of imbricating plates around
basal margin; rostrum rarely compound; parietes
solid; radii solid; internally wall lacks uniform
ribs; articulation of opercular valves generally
deep, articulating pairs occasionally secondarily
cemented or calcified together; basis commonly
membranous, when calcareous, solid, and not
forming complex interdigitations with wall;
labrum bullate; crest nearly straight or shallowly
concave, but without medial incision; mandible
tri- or quadridentoid, with teeth usually simple;
inferior angle finely pectinate or coarsely serrate;
cirrus III resembling IV more than II; cirrus II
frequently with specialized terminal setae; cirri
lacking specialized hooks and spines; anterior
ramus of cirrus III occasionally antenniform;
penis without basidorsal point; caudal
appendages when present multiarticulate.

CHTHAMALIDAE Darwin (1854b: 446)

Wall of 8, 6, or 4 plates; lacking basal whorl
of supplementary plates; mandible tridentoid or
quadridentoid.

PACHYLASMINAE Utinomi (1968a: 36)

Wall of 8, 6, or 4 plates; wall sutures finely
denticulate; rostrum compound or with weakly
developed alae; scutum higher than wide: basis
commonly calcareous; mandible tridentoid;
commonly with caudal appendages.

Genus: Pachylasma Darwin (1854b: 475), type

genus, 9 spp.

EURAPHIINAE n. subfam.

(Group of C. hembeli.
Nilsson-Cantell, 1921: 275)

Wall of 8 or 6 plates; sutures often coarsely

serrate; rostrum with well developed alae;

scutum higher than wide; basis commonly

calcareous; mandible tridentoid; generally lacking

caudal appendages.

Genera: Euraphia Conrad (1837: 261), type

genus, 10 spp.; Octomeris Sowerby (1825: 326),

3 spp.

CHTHAMALINAE Darwin (1854b: 446)

(Group of C. stellatus,

Nilsson-Cantell. 1921: 275)

Wall of 6 or 4 plates; sutures usually finely

denticulate; rostrum with well developed alae or

rarely compound; scutum wider than high; basis

membranous; mandible quadridentoid; teeth two

through four commonly with subsidiary cusps;

generally lacking caudal appendages.

Genera: Chthamalus Ranzani (1817: 276), type

genus, 24 spp.; Jehlius Ross (1971b: 269),

1 sp.; Tetrachthamalus Newman (1967a: 425),

1 sp.; Chamaesipho Darwin (1854b: 470), 3 spp.

CATOPHRAGMIDAE Utinomi (1968a: 36)
n. status

Wall of 8 or 6 plates; having one or more
basal whorls of supplementary plates; mandible
tridentoid.
Genera: Catophragmus Sowerby (1826: 328),
type genus, 1 sp.; Catomerus Pilsbry (1916:
335), 1 sp.; Pachydiadema Withers (1935: 389),
1 sp.; Chionelasmus Pilsbry (1911: 82), 1 sp.

BALANOMORPHOIDEA n. superfam.

Wall composed of rostrum, carina, and one
to two pairs of laterals; rostrum compound;
parietes solid or tubiferous; when tubiferous
often secondarily filled with chitinous and(or)
calcareous material; radii solid or tubiferous;
internal surface of compartments generally with-
out uniform ribs; articulations between pairs of
opercular valves generally shallow, valves never
calcified together secondarily; basis commonly

37

membranous, when calcareous solid and not
forming complex interdigitations with wall;
labrum thick, weakly bullate; crest nearly
straight or shallowly concave, frequently with
median depression, rarely with medial incision;
mandible quadridentoid; teeth simple or teeth
two through four with subsidiary cusps; inferior
angle finely pectinate or coarsely serrate; cirrus
III resembling II more than IV or more or less
intermediate between II and IV; cirri without
speciahzed spines or hooks, but cirri II and III
may be armed with specialized setae; rami of
cirrus III normal, or inner, outer or both rami
antenniform; penis lacking basidorsal point;
caudal appendages lacking.

CORONULIDAE Leach (1817: 68)

Wall of 8 (rostrum discernibly tripartite) or
6 plates; plates of six-plated forms with or with-
out a median longitudinal sulcus; parietes tubifer-
ous; tubes formed between inner and outer lam-
ina, between internal buttresses, or between ex-
ternal ribs; interlaminate figures simple, dendritic
or anastamosing; radii solid; basis membranous;
opercular plates when present, reduced, not
articulated and not occluding aperture.

CHELONIBIINAE Pilsbry (1916: 262)

Wall of 8 or 6 plates, each lacking a median
longitudinal sulcus; opercular plates weakly
articulated; terga well developed; borders of
mantle not forming a hood over the cirri; one
row of confluent wall tubes formed between irmer
and outer lamina.

Genera: Chelonibia Leach (1817: 68), type

genus, 12 spp.

EMERSONIINAE Ross (1967: 7)

Wall presumably of 6 plates, each lacking a
median longitudinal sulcus; several rows of
vertically discontinuous wall tubes between
inner and outer lamina.

Genus: Emersonius Ross (in Ross and Newman,

1967: 7), type genus, 1 sp.

CORONULINAE Leach (1817: 68)

Wall of 6 plates, each lacking a median
longitudinal sulcus; terga vestigial; opercular
plates lacking in Xenobalanus; borders of mantle
forming a hood over the cirri; single row of wall

tubes formed by infoldings of outer lamina

against the sheath.
Genera: Coronula Lamarck (1802: 464), type
genus, 8 spp.; Cetopirus Ranzani (1817: 276),
1 sp.; Cetolepas Zullo (1969a: 17), 1 sp.;
Cryptolepas Dail (1872: 300), 2 sp.; Tubicinella
Lamarck (1802: 461), 1 sp.; Xenobalanus
Steenstrup (1851: pi. 3), 1 sp.

BATHYLASMATIDAE Newman and Ross
(1971: 138)

Wall of 6 or 4 plates; parietes solid and lack-
ing regular internal ribs, or with chitin-filled
longitudinal tubes arranged in a single row;
plates lacking radii; inferior margin of mandible
commonly pointed, bearing a few small spines;
all cirri lacking specialized setae; one or both
rami of cirrus III and occasionally cirrus II may
be antenniform.

BATHYLASMATINAE n. status

Wall of 6 or 4 plates; wall not permeated by
tubes; basis membranous, but inner shelf may
form by secondary calcification; scuta oriented
essentially perpendicular to basis; tergum lack-
ing distinct spur; cirrus II resembhng III more
than I.
Genera: Bathylasma Newman and Ross (1971:
143), type genus, 3 spp.; Tessarelasma Withers
(1936: 591), 1 sp.; Tetrachaelasma Newman
and Ross (1971: 152), 1 sp.

HEXELASMINAE n. subfam.

Wall of 6 plates; permeated by chitin-filled

tubes; basis calcareous; scuta oriented essentially

parallel to basis; tergum with distinct spur;

cirrus II resembling I more than III.

Genera: Hexelasma Hoek (1913: 224), type

genus, 3 spp.; Aaptolasma Newman and Ross

(1971: 158), 5 spp.

TETRACLITIDAE Gruvel (1903b: 160)

Wall of 6 or 4 plates; parietes solid, or per-
meated by chitin, or having one or more rows of
tubes containing living tissue or secondarily
filled with calcareous and chitinous material;
radii well developed or obsolete, basis commonly
membranous; inferior margin of mandible pecti-
nate or coarsely serrate; cirrus II and III com-
monly armed with specialized setae; inner or
outer or both rami of cirrus III either normal or
antenniform.

38

AUSTROBALANINAE n. subfam.

Wall solid, or permeated by chitinous rods
or lamellae; radii solid, narrow or obsolete.
Genera: Austrobalanus Pilsbry (1916: 218 in
part, ref. to B. imperator only),' type genus,
1 sp.; Epopella Ross (1970: 3), 3 spp.

TETRACLITELLINAE n. subfam.

Wall tubiferous; tubes never filled: radii
tubiferous or solid, broad, well developed.
Genera: Tetraclitella Hiro (1939e: 273), type
genus, 10 spp.; Newmanella Ross (1969: 242),
1 sp.

TETRACLITINAE Gruvel (1903: 160)

Wall tubiferous; tubes commonly partly filled

with chitinous and calcareous material; radii

solid, narrow or obsolete:

Genera: Tetraclita Schumacher (1817: 91),

type genus, 18 spp.; Tesseropora Pilsbry (1916:

259), 5 spp.; Tesseroplax Ross (1969: 241), 1 sp.

BALANOIDEA Leach (1817: 68) n. status

Wall composed of rostrum, carina, and one
to two pairs of lateral compartments, or wholly
concrescent; parietes solid or tubiferous. when
tubiferous rarely secondarily filled; radii solid or
tubiferous; when basis calcareous internal sur-
faces of compartments commonly with uniform
ribs; basis commonly calcareous, solid or per-
meated by tubes, rarely membranous; when
calcareous commonly forming complex inter-
digitations with wall; opercular valves occlude
aperture; articulations between pairs generally
shallow, or fused; labrum thin, never bullate;
crest with pronounced medial incision; mandible
quadri- or quinquidentate; second and following
teeth with one or more subsidiary cusps; fifth
tooth often vestigial; inferior angle commonly
molariform; cirrus III resembUng II more than

'Darwin (1854b: 290) noted, on the basis of several shell
characters and the nature of the third cirrus, that Balanus
imperator was closer to Tetraclita than to Balanus. but he
nonetheless assigned it to Balanus. Pilsbry (1916: 2181 pro-
posed the subgenus Austrobalanus, with Balanus imperator
as the type species. However. Ross (1971: 266) noted that
imperator was not a Balanus. but a six-plated tetracUtid,
and subsequent studies on arthropodal structures confirms
this affinity; Austrobalanus imperator is assigned to the
Tetraclitidae herein. This change necessitates erecting a
new genus for the remaining three taxa originally assigned
to Austrobalanus by Pilsbry. We propose Notobalfinus Ross,
herein (Gr. notos. southern, and Balanus). with Balanus flos-
culus Darwin, 1854b, as the type species, and assign this
genus to the Archaeobalanidae herein. The species assigned
to Notobalanus may be characterized as follows: shell small,
non-tubiferous: inner basal surface bears irregular ridges;
radii narrow; basis calcareous, and non-tubiferous; scutum
with crests for insertion of lateral depressor muscle.

IV; cirri usually without specialized setae, but not
infrequently armed with specialized hooks and
spines; rami of cirrus II or III never antenni-
form; rami of cirrus I subequal or grossly
unequal; lacking caudal apendages; penis with
basi-dorsal point (rudiment thereof in Semibala-
ninae).

ARCHAEOBALANIDAE n. fam.

Wall of 6 or 4 plates; parietes solid, rarely
tubiferous; tubes uniformly or irregularly ar-
ranged and formed between inner and outer
laminae; when regularly arranged interlaminate
fingers simple, hnear; radii solid; basis commonly
calcareous, rarely tubiferous.

ARCHAEOBALANINAE n. subfam.

Wall of 6 or 4 plates; parietes solid or
tubiferous; when tubiferous, tubes uniformly
arranged in single row; interlaminate figures
simple; basis calcareous or membranous, when
membranous wall sohd.
Genera: Archaeobalanus Menesini (1971: 9)
type genus, 1 sp.; Actinobalanus Moroni (1967:
923), 7 spp.; Kathpalmeria Ross (1965a: 61),
2 spp.; Armatobalanus s. s. Hoek (1913: 159),
15 spp.; Armatobalanus (Hexecreusia) Zullo
(1961b: 72), 2 spp.; Chirona s. s. Gray (1835:
37), 6 spp.; Chirona (Striatobalanus) Hoek
(1913: 159), 8 spp.; Solidobalanus s. s. Hoek
(1913: 159), 15 spp.; Solidobalanus (Hesperi-
balanus) Pilsbry (1916: 192), 15 spp.; Solido-
balanus (Bathybalanus) Hoek (1913: 230), 1 sp.;
Notobalanus n. gen., 3 spp.'; Elminius Leach
(1825: 210), 3 spp.; Membranobalanus Hoek
(1913: 159), 7 spp.: Acasta Leach (1817: 69),
54 spp.; Conopea Say (1822: 323), 16 spp.;
Pseudoacasta Nilsson-Cantell (1930b: 11),
1 sp.; Eoceratoconcha Newman and Ladd
(1974: 387), 2 spp.

SEMIBALANINAE n. subfam.

Wall of 6 plates; parietes tubiferous; basally
tubes irregularly spaced, not in discrete rows;
interlaminate figures lacking; basis membranous.

Genus: Semibalanus Pilsbry (1916: 182), type

genus, 5 spp.

PYRGOMATIDAE Gray (1825: 104)

Wall of 4 plates or wholly concrescent;
parietes solid or tubiferous; when tubiferous
tubes occur between outer lamina and sheath, or
between external ribs of wall; interlaminate
figures complex, essentially arborescent; radii
solid; basis calcareous, rarely tubiferous, mem-
branous in Pyrgopsella.

39

PYRGOMATINAE Gray (1825: 102)

Wall of 4 plates or wholly concrescent; oper-
cular valves normal or modified; when normal,
tergum with weakly developed lateral depressor
muscle crests, or crests lacking; when shell con-
crescent, sheath lacking paired sulci.

Genera: Pyrgoma Leach (1817: 68), type genus,

1 sp.; Cantellius Ross and Newman (1973:

150), 17 spp.; Creusia Leach (1817: 68), 3 spp.;

Hiroa Ross and Newman (1973: 153), 1 sp.;

Hoekia Ross and Newman (1973: 161), 1 sp.;

Nobia Sowerby (1823: no pagination), 6 spp.;

Savignium Leach (1825: 210), 4 spp.; Pyrgop-

sella Zullo (1967a: 123), 2 spp.

CERATOCONCHINAE n. subfam.

Wall of 4 plates; opercular valves normal;
tergum with a single large crest for lateral
depressor muscle.

Genus: Ceratoconcha Kramberger-Gorjanovic

(1889: 50), type genus, 21 spp.

BOSCIINAE n. subfam.

Wall wholly concrescent; opercular valves
normal; tergum with feebly developed lateral
depressor muscle crests, or crests lacking; sheath
with paired sulci.

Genus: Boscia Ferussac (1822: 145), type

genus, 4 spp.

BALANIDAE Leach (1817: 68)

Wall of 6 or 4 plates; parietes tubiferous;
tubes basically in single uniform row formed
between inner and outer laminate although
supplementary tubes may form basally; inter-
laminate figures complex, arborescent; radii
either solid or tubiferous; basis calcareous,
commonly tubiferous.

Genera: Balanus DaCosta (1778: 248), type
genus, 131 spp.; Megabalanus Hoek (1913:
158), 49 spp.; Tetrabalanus Cornwall (1941:
227), 1 sp.

40

CATALOG OF SPECIES

Superfamily Chthamaloidea Darwin, 1854, n. status
Family Catophragmidae Utinomi, 1968

Genus Catophragmus Sowerby. 1826

Catophragmus imbricatus Sowerby, 1827, figs. 1-6

Synonymy DiAC.NOsis: Henry. 1958: 217.

References: Broch, 1922:298 (as Catophragmus pilsbryi
n. sp.); Darwin, 1854b:490: Gruvel, 1905a:196; Pilsbry,
1916:335, VerriU, 1901:22; Weltner. 1897:274.

Distribution: Atlantic: Antigua, Bermuda; Pacific:
Panama, Costa Rica.

Genus Pachydiadema Withers, 1935

Pachydiadema cretaceum Withers, 1935:390
Distribution: Upper Senonian (Cretaceous), Ifo, Sweden
(Withers 1953:103).

Genus Catomerus Pilsbry, 1916

Catomerus polymerus (Darwin), 1854b:487

Synonymy diagnosis: Pope. 1965:16.

References; Barnes & Klepal, 1971:79 (pedicel of penis);
Broch, 1922:299, 301; 1927a:.506; Bennett & Pope, 1953:
105; 1960:182; Dakin et al, 1948:176; Endean et al,
1956:88; Gruvel, 1903b:lll; 1905a:195; Guiler, 1952:20;
NUsson-CanteU, 1926:8; Pilsbry. 1916:336; Pope, 1945:356;
Weltner, 1897:274; Wisely & BUck, 1964:162 (first stage
naupUi); Womersley & Edmonds, 1958:217.

Distribution: Southeast Australia.

Genus Chionelasmus Pilsbry, 1911

Chionelasmus darwini (Pilsbry), 1907c:188.
Synonymydiagnosis: Nilsson-Cantell, 1928b:446.
Reference.s: Gordon, 1970:105; Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:14;

Pilsbry, 1911:82; 1916:335; Pope, 1965:10.
Distribution: Hawau; Rodriguez Is., Western Indian

Ocean; 450-460m.

Family Chthamalidae Darwin, 1854
Subfamily Pachylasminae Utinomi, 1968

Genus Pachylasma Darwin, 1854

Pachylasma aurantiacum Darwin. 1854b:480

Synonymy diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:480.

References: Gruvel, 1905a:199; Weltner, 1897:273.

Distribution: New South Wales, Australia.
Pachylasma chinense Pilsbry, 1912:293

Synonymydiagnosis: Pilsbry, 1912:293.

Reference: Pilsbry, 1916:329.

Distribution: East China Sea; 400m.
Pachylasma crinoidophilum Pilsbry, 1911:81

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1968a:24.

Diaunosls: Pilsbry, 1911:81; Utinomi, 1968a;24.

References: Kruger, 1911b:460; Nilsson-Cantell, 1932a;
14; Utinomi, 1958a:307.

Distribution: Tokyo Bay to Kyusyu, Japan; 300-400m.
Pachylasma daru'inianum Pilsbry, 1912:293

Reference: Pilsbry, 1916:329."

Distribution: Sulu Arch.; 150m.
Pachylasma ecaudatum Hiro, 1939b:52

Synonymydiagnosis: Utinomi, 1968a:31 (as Hexelasma
ecaudatum).

Distribution: Ogaswara I.; 200m.
Pachylasma giganteum (Philippi), 1836:250

Synony.my DiAGNOSLS: Darwin, 1854b:477.

References: Gruvel, 1905a:198; Kolosvary, 1942c;143;

1943a:77; 1951c:412; Pilsbry, 1916:329; Rehni, 1969:169;

Stubbings, 1967:263; Weltner. 1897:273; Withers, 1953:

60,61.

Di.stribution: Mediterranean (Sicily); West coast of
Africa. Tertiary: Messina, Sicily.
Pachylasma integrirostrum Broch, 1931:50

Distribution: Kei Is.; 140m.
Pachylasma japonicum Hiro, 1933:65

Synonymy diagnosis: Utinomi, 1958a:22.

Reference: Hiro, 1937c:430.

Distribution: Southwest coast of Japan; 55-364m.
Pachylasma scutistriata Broch, 1922:301

Synonymy diagnosis: Utinomi, 1968a:26.

Reference: Nilsson-Cantell, 1927a:781.

DisTKiBurioN: Southern Japan, South China Sea to S.
Australia; 132-2050m.

Subfamily Euraphiinae n. subfam.

Genus Octomeris Sowerby, 1825

Octomeris angulosa Sowerby, 1825:244

Synonymy: Barnard, 1924:98.

DiAONOSl.s: Darwin, 1854b:483.

References: Barnes & Barnes, 1965a:391 (variation in
egg size); Barnes & Klepal, 1971:79 (pedicel of penis);
Gray, 1825:104 (as O. stuchburii n. sp); Gruvel, 1903b:
109; 1905a:197; Hiro, 1932b:478; Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b;
12; Pilsbry, 1916:334; Ritz & Foster, 1968:545 (tempera-
ture responses); Sandison, 1954:69 (nauplii); Stebbings,
1910:575, Weltner, 1897:274.

Distribution: South Africa.
Octomeris brunnea Darwin, 1854b:484

Synonymy/diagnosis: Pope, 1965:20.

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:79 (pedicel of penis);
Gruvel, 1903b:110; 1905a;197; Hiro, 1932b:471; 1939e:
252 (includes discussion of O. intermedia): Nilsson-
Cantell, 1921:303 (as Octomeris intermedia n. sp.); 1925:
1; 1930b:10; 1931a:108; 1932a:13; 1938b:33 (as O. inter-
media): Utinomi, 1949a:25; 1954:22; 1958a:307; Weltner,
1897:274; Withers, 1932:123 (as O. crassa n. sp.).

Distribiition: Southern Japan: Philippines; Indonesia;
New Hebrides; Australia; Mergui Arch.
Octomeris sulcata Nilsson-Cantell, 1932a:8

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1970:345.

Diagnosis: Hiro, 1939e:254.

References: Hiro, 1932b:471; 1939d:242; 1939f:207;
Ooishi, 1964:195; Rosell, 1973b:75; Utinomi, 1949a:21;
1970:345; Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:5.

Distribution: Southern Japan to Formosa.

Genus Euraphia Conrad, 1837

Euraphia aestuarii (Stubbings), 1963b:7

Synonymy: Stubbings, 1967:257.

Diagnosis: Stubbings, 1963b:7.

References: Gauld, 1957:10 (as Chthamalus stellatus
depressus): Kolosvary, 1941b:70 (as Chthamalus cirratus):
1943a:75 (as Chthamalus cirratus): Longhurst, 1958:32,
59 (as Chthamalus rhizophorae and C. withersi): Nilsson-
Cantell, 1938a:177 (as C s. depressus): Sandison, 1967:
166 (naupliar stages); Utinomi, 1968b: 169.

Distribution: West Africa.
Euraphia apelloefi (NUsson-CanteU), 1921:292

Synonymy diagnosis: Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:292.

References: Hiro, 1936d:229; Kolosvary, 1941b:70; Nilsson-

41

CanteU, 1926:1.

DisTHiiunioN: Java.
Euraphia calcareobasis (Henry), 1957:30

Rkkkrenik: Newman. 1961:148.

Distribution: Tuamoto Is.
Euraphia caudata (Pilsbry), 1916:315

Sv.NONV.MV DIAGNOSIS Pilsbry. 1916:315: Pope, 1965:35.

Refekencks: Endean et al, "l956:88: Foster, 1974:42; Hire.
1937b:51; Kolosvary, 1941b:70; NUsson-CanteU, 1921:278.
296: 1930b:8: 1932d:3; Rosell, 1972:184; Stephenson et al,
1958:268; Zevina & Tarasov, 1963:84.

Distribution: Australia; Philippines; Palau Is.; Indonesia.
Euraphia depressa (Poli). 1791:27

Synonymy: Southward. 1964b:241.

Diagnosis: Utinomi, 1959a:392.

References: Barnes, 1956c:309 (biometry); Barnes &
Barnes, 1964a:19 (exposure to air); 1964b:3 (distribution
and ecology); 1968a: 146 (variations in egg production);
Barnes & Klepal, 1971:77 (pedicel of penis); Carli, 1966a:
277 (mandible deformities); 1966b:115 (morphology and
ecology); Darwin, 1854b:456; Gauld, 1957:10; Gruvel,
1905a:"211; Hammen, 1972:435 (lactate oxidation); Have &
Have. 1954:330 (zonation); Kolosvary. 1939c:169; 1941b:
68; 1943:74; Monterosso. 1933:17 (morphology and biol-
ogy); Nilsson-CanteU. 1938a:177; Pilsbry, 1916:17 (mor-
phology and biology); Nilsson-Cantell. 1938a:177; Pilsbry,
1916:304; Ranzani, 1818:83 (as Chthamalus glaber n. sp.);
ReUni, 1964:402; 1969:170; Riedl, 1963:2.56; Stubbings,
1963a:7; TenerelU, 1952:92 (biology); Utinomi. 1959a:382
(as Chthamalus stellatus maxima): Weltner. 1897:273.

Distribution: Mediterranean: Gibraltar to Israel, Adriatic
and Black Seas.
Euraphia hembeli Conrad. 1837:261

Synonymy: Henry. 1957:29.

Diagnosis: Pilsbry. 1916:324; Newman, 1961:145.

References: Darwin, 1854b:465; Gruvel. 1905a:205
Gordon. 1970:107; Kolosvary, 1941b:70; Kruger, 1911a:4
1911b:460; Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:278, 290; Pilsbry, 1928
310; Weltner. 1897:272.

Distribution: Hawaiian. Caroline, and Sunda Is.; Ceylon.
Euraphia intertexta (Darwin) 1854b:467

Synonymy/diagnosis: Pope, 1965:29.

References: Foster, 1974:39; Gordon. 1970:110; Gruvel,
1905a:206; 1912a:349; Hiro. 1936d:227; 1939e:251; Hoek.
1913:269; Kolosvarv. 1941b:70; Newman. 1961:143;
Nilsson-CanteU. 1921:278; Pilsbry. 1916:324; 1928:310;
Tokioka. 1953:123; Utinomi. 1949:21; 1954:22: 1968:169.

Distribution: Indonesia north to Ryukyu and Tokara Is.,
eastward to Hawaii and Fitcairn I.
Euraphia pilsbryi (Hiro), 1936d:227

Synonymy/diagnosis: Hiro, 1936d:227.

References: Hiro, 1937c:429; 1938c:1687 (resistance to
exposure); Kolosvary, 1941b:70, 76 (forma typica and
neuseelandicus): 1943a:77; Ooishi. 1964:195; Utinomi,
1949a:21; 1954:21; 1958b:51; 1969b:51; 1970:345; Utinomi
& Kikuchi. 1966:5.

Distribution: Southern Japan.
Euraphia rhizophorae (de Oliveira), 1940b:379
Synonymy/diagnosis: de Ohveira, 1941:26.
References: Lacombe & Monteiro. 1974:633; Pope. 1965:

40; Stubbings. 1963b:ll.
Distribution: Bahamas; Panama; Brazil.
Euraphia withersi (Pilsbry). 1916:312
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pope. 1965:39.
References: Barnes & Klepal. 1971:77 (pedicel of penis);

Broch. 1931; 131; Hiro. 1937b:49: Karande. 1967:1245

(fouUng); Karande & Palekar. 1963b: 130 (breeding);

1966:148; Kolosvary. 1941b:70; Longhurst. 1958:59. 85

(C. aestuarii): Morton. 1973:491; Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:

295; 1930b:8: 1931a:107: 1938b:31; RoseU. 1972:182;

1973b:74; Stubbings. 1963b;ll: 1967:259; Utinomi.

1968b: 168; Zevina & Tarasov. 1963:83.
Distribution: Mergui Arch.; Australia; Philippines; India;

Madagascar.

Subfamily Chthamalinae Darwin. 1854

Genus Chthamalus Ranzani, 1817

Chthamalus angustitergum Pilsbry. 1916:305

Synonymy/diagnosis: Ross. 1968:2; Southward. 1975:20.

References: Barnes & Klepal. 1971:77 (pedicel of penis);
Henry. 1954:444; Kolosvary. 1939c:161; 1941b:68; Mar-
shall. 1953:435 (as C stellatus): Newell et al. 1959:209:
Nilsson-Cantell. 1933:506; 1939a:3; Pilsbry. 1927:37;
Smith et al. 1950:134; Stephensen & Stephensen. 1950:
389 (as C stellatus): 1954:80 (as C stellatus): Voss &
Voss. 1960:102 (as C stellatus): WeUs. 1966:92 (as C.
stellatus): Werner. 1967:70 (as C. stellatus).

Distribution: Caribbean.
Chthamalus anisopoma Pilsbry. 1916:317

Synonymy: Ross. 1962:8.

Diagnosis: Pilsbry. 1916:317.

References: Barnes & Barnes, 1965b:392 (variation in
egg size); Henry, 1942:127; 1943:372; 1960:144; Kolosvarv.
1941b:70; Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:276.

Distribution: Gulf of Cahfornia.
Chthamalus antennatus Darwin. 1854:460

Synonymy diagnosis: Pope, 1965:45.

References: Anderson, 1969:183 (embryology and
phylogeny); Barnes & Klepal. 1971:77 (structure of the
penis); Bennett & Pope. 1953:105; 1960:182; Broch.
1916:14; 1922:305; Dakin et al. 1948:176; Endean et al.
1956:88; Gruvel. 1903b:113; 1905a:203; 1911:292. 1912a:
349; 1920:52; Guiler. 1952:20: Kolosvary. 1941b:70;
Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:277. 285; 1926:10; 1927a:781; Pils-
bry. 1916:296 (footnote); Pope. 1945:3.56; Rosell. 1972:
174; 1973b:74; Utinomi. 1968b:170; Weltner. 1897:271;
1900:308; Wisely & Blick. 1964:163 (nauplii): Womersley
& Edmonds. 1958:214 (ecology).

Disthibution: Australia; Tasmania.
Chthamalus antiquus PhiHppi. 1887:224

Synony.MY: Ortmann, 1902:250 (? = Balanus varians
Sowerby).

Distribution: Miocene, Chile.
Chthamalus belyaevi Zevina & Kurshakova. 1973:187

Distribution; Easter Is.; southeast Pacific.
Chthamalus challengeri Hoek. 1883:165

Synonymy: Hiro. 1932a:546.

Diagnosis: Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:279.

References: Barnes & Klepal. 1971:77 (pedicel of penis);
Bhatt & Bal. 1960:439; Broch. 1927d:136; 1931:53 (as C
challengeri forma krakatauensis nov.); 1947:5; Gruvel.
1903b:113; 1905a:203; Hiro. 1932b:469; 1935c:215. 227;
1937c:429; 1938c:1687 (resistance to salinity and insola-
tion); 1939a:128; 1939f:207; Kolosvary. 194ib:70; 1943a:
75; Kruger. 1911a:46; 1911b:460; Luckens. 1968:75
(breeding and settlement); 1969:251 (breeding and settle-
ment): 1970a:35 (predation and zonation); 1970b: 161
(seasonal distribution); Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:279; 1925:
23; 1927a: 781; 1932b:8; 1932e:2; 1938b:31; Pilsbry.
1916:307; Pope. 1965:52; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:256;
Utinomi. 1949a:21; 1954:25; 1958b:51; 1962:215; 1969b:
51; 1970:345; Utinomi & Kikuchi 1966:5; Weltner. 1897:
272, Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:174; Zevina & Tarasov,
1963:79.

Distribution: Japan; Bonin Is.; Philippines; Indonesia;
Indian Ocean; Red Sea.
Chthamalus challengeri krakatauensis Broch. 1931:53

Synonymy: Hiro, 1939e:249 (= C. mora Pilsbry); Karande
& Palekar, 1963a:231 (= C. malayensis).
Chthamalus challengeri nipponensis Pilsbry, 1916:309

Synonymy: Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:279 (= C. c. challengeri).
Chthamalus cirratus Darwin, 1854b:461

Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:321.

References: Gruvel, 1903"b:113; 1905a:202; 1912a:349:
Kolosvarv, 1941b:70; 1943a:75; Nilsson-CanteU, 1921
277; 1957:16; Pilsbry, 1909:71; Weltner. 1897:272:
1898b:6; 1900:305; Zevina & Kurshakova. 1973:183.

Distribution: Chile; Peru; Ecuador.

42

Chthamalus dalli Pilsbry. 1916:316

Synonymy; Cornwall. 1955b:23.

Diagnosis: Pilsbry. 1916:316: Henry. 1940a:17.

Rkfkkencks: Barnes & Barnes. 1965a:392 Ivariation in
egg size): Barnes & Conor. 1958:194 (neurosecretory
cells): Barnes & Klepal. 1971:77 (pedicel of penis): Corn-
wall. 1925:472: 1937:232: 19.50:318; 1953:76 (nervous
system): 1955a:36: Dayton. 1971:351 (community organ-
ization): Henry. 1942:121; Hiro, 1932b:469: 1935c:215;
Kolosvary, 1941b:70: 1943a:76: Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:
277; Rice. 1930:249 (distribution in communities): South-
ward & Southward. 1967:8 (biology); Stallcup. 1953:143;
Tarasov & Zevina. 1957:256; Utinomi. 1970:345.

DlsiKdUTiiiN: Unalaska to central California; northern
Japan.
Chthamalus dentatus Krauss. 1848:135

Synony.my DI.AC.Ndsis: Stubbings. 1967:252.

Rkkkkencks: Barnard. 1924:97: Barnes & Barnes. 1965a;
392 (variation in egg size): Barnes & Klepal, 1971:77
(structure of the penis); Broch. 1924b:202; Darwin,
1854b:463: Day & Morgans. 1956:303: Gauld, 1957:10:
Gruvel. 1903b;il3: 1905a:204; 1912a:345; Hoek. 1883:164;
1913:xvii; Kolosvary. 1941b:68; Millard. 1950:270; Mil-
lard & Broekhuysen, 1970:298; Nilsson-CanteU. 1921:277,
282; 1931a:107; 1938a:176; Ritz & Foster. 1968:553
(temperature response): Sandison. 1954:94; Stebbing,
1910:574: Stubbings. 1961b:19; 1961c:183: 1963b:13
1964b:333; 1965:885; Utinomi. 1968b;169; Weltner.
1897:272.

Di.sTRlBUTlON: West coast of Africa as far north as Cape
Verde Is., southeastern coast of Africa north to
Madagascar and Mauritius.
Chthamalus fissus Darwin, 1854b:462

Synon"! .\iy; Ross. 1962:36.

Diagnosis: Henry. 1942:121.

Refkrenck.s: Augenfeld. 1967:92 (metaboUsm): Barnes &
Barnes, 1958a:550: 1959h:516 (metabolism); 1965a:392
(variation in egg size); Barnes & Klepal, 1971:77 (struc-
ture of the penis); Broch. 1922:308; ConneU. 1970:49
(predation); Gruvel. 1903b:113: 190.5a:202: Henry. 1943:
368; 1960:144; Kolosvary. 1941b;71: 1943a:75; 1947e:
361: 1951b:292; Nilsson-CanteU. 1921:276; Pilsbry. 1916
317. Weltner. 1897:273.

DisrujiH I'Ion: San Francisco, south into Gulf of Cahfornia.
Chthamalus fragilis Darwin. 1854b:456

Syn<inymy diagnosis: Pilsbry. 1916:297: Stubbings. 1967:
262; Southward. 1975:19.

Rekkkences: Barnes & Klepal. 1971:77 (pedicel of penis);
Bousfield, 1954:123: Broch, 1927c:19; Crisp & South-
ward, 1961c:271 (cirral activity); Gordon. 1969:139 (in-
fluence of salinity); Gruvel. 19d3b;113; Henry. 1954:444;
Johnson. 1958:205 (fungal parasite in ova): Kolosvary,
1941b:68: 1943a:74: McDougall. 1943:351; Nilsson-
Cantell. 1921:277; 1928a:30: 1933:505; 1939a:3: Pilsbry,
1927:37; Visscher, 1928a:327 (attachment); Visscher &
Luce, 1928:336 (cyprid reaction to light); Wells, 1966:88;
Weltner, 1897:273: Zullo. 1963b:8.

DisrHiHurioN: Cape Cod. Massachusetts south to West
Indies: West Africa.
Chthamalus imperatrix Pilsbry. 1916:320

Synonymy uiAiiNosis: Pilsbry. 1916:320.

Reeerences: Kolosvary. 1941b:70; Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:
276.

Distriuution: Panama.
Chthamalus ligusticus deAlessandri. 1895:306

SvNONY.MY diagnosis: deAlessandri, 1906:283; Withers,
1953:61.

DisrHiHLi'noN: Pliocene, Italy.
Chthamalus malayensis Pilsbry. 1916:310

Synonymy: Utinomi. 1954:18; Karande & Palekar, 1963a:
231; Pope. 1965:51.

Diagnosis: Pope. 1965:51.

Reeekeni'Es: Barnes & Klepal. 1971:77 (structure of the
penis); Broch, 1916:14 (as C. antennatus); 1922:307 (as

C. mora}; 1931:53 (as C. challengeri forma krakatauensis),
55. 56 (as C moro): Daniel. 1955c:34 (as C stellatus
slellatus); Darwin. 1854b:455 (as C. stellatus): Endean et
al. 1956:88 (ecology and distribution): 1956:317 (ecology
and distribution); Foster. 1974:42; Gruvel. 1912a:345 (as
C. antennatus): Hiro. 1937b:49 (as C mora): 1939e:249
(as C mora). 250; Hoek. 1913:267 (as C. stellatus):
Karande. 1966:148; 1967:1245 (fouUng); Karande &
Palekar. 1963a:231; 1963b:130 (breeding activity);
Kolosvary. 1941b:70: 1943a;76; Kruger. 1914:435 (as C.
stellatus var. communis): Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:277 (as
C. mora): 279 (C. challengeri in part); 1934b:50 (C. mom):
1938b:30 (as C. stellatus stellatus), 31: Pilsbry. 1916:
304 (as C. stellatus stellatus): 311 (f. mora): Stephenson
et al. 1958:268 (insular ecology); Southward. 1964b:252;
Stubbings. 1936:49 (as C stellatus): 1961a:171; 1963a:
328; Rosell. 1972:178 (questions synonymy of C. mora
with C malavensis): Utinomi. i949a:2.5; 1968b: 169;
1969:82: Zevina and Tarasov. 1963:80.

Distribl'TIon; From Persian Gulf. India. Pakistan. Malay
and South China Seas to Formosa; also Indonesia.
Philippines, Palau Is.
Chthamalus microtretus Cornwall. 1937:232

Synonymy diagnosis: Cornwall. 1951:319: Newman, 1976:
269 (= C fissus).

Rkeerence: Henry. 1942:127 (distribution hst).
Chthamalus panamensis Pilsbry. 1916:319

Synony.my dia(_;nosis: Pilsbry. 1916:319.

References: Nilsson-Canteli. 1921:277; Kolosvary. 1941b:
70.

Distribution: Quarantine I.. Panama.
Chthamalus permitini Zevini & Litvinova. 1970:178

Disiribu I'ION: Red Sea (possibly C. malayensis).
Chthamalus scabrosus Darwin. 1854b:468.

Synonymy: Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:278.

Diagnoses: Pilsbry. 1916:323.

Refehences: Gruvel. 1903b:113; 190.5a:205; 1912a;349:
Kolosvary, 1941b:70; 1943a:76; Nilsson-Cantell, 1957:6;
Pilsbry. 1909:72; Weltner. 1895:291; 1897:272; 1898b:6:
1900:305; Zevina & Kurshakova. 1973:183.

DiMKiBi.1 I'Ion: Peru to Tierra del Fuego; Patagonia;
Falkland Is.
Chthamalus stellatus (Poll). 1791:29

S^NON'l^n: Southward. 1964b:241.

DiAcAosis: Southward. 1964b:247; Utinomi. 1959a:392.

Refkkenges: Annandale. 1906:149; Barnes. 1956b:355
(growth rate): 1956c:309 (biometry); Barnes & Barnes,
1958a;550 (self-fertilization): 1959h:515 (metabohsm);
1964b:l (distribution and ecology); 1965a:391 (variation
in egg size); 1966a:83 (ecological and zoogeographical
observations); 1966b:247 (recovery from severe winter);
1968a:135 (egg number and variation): 1969b:36 (seasonal
changes in o.\ygen consumption); 1974:197 (embryonic
development & salinity): Barnes & Crisp 1956d:631 (self-
fertilization); Barnes et al. 1963f;233 (dessication/anaerobic
conditions); 1970:70 (resistance to impaction); 1971:173
(spermatozoa); 1972:89 (body weight and biochemical
composition); Barnes & Klepal. 1971:77 (structure of the
penis); Bassindale. 1936:57 (developmental stages); 1958;
381; 1961:485; 1964:36; Bhatnagar & Crisp, 1965:419
(salinity tolerance of larvae): Bocquet-Vedrine, 1956:2159
(tidal rhythym and growth); 1957:1545 (parasite of)
1958a:484 (parasite of): 1958b:2440 (parasite of); 1961
549 (parasite of): 1963:1350 (structure of the shell)
1965a:469 (parasite of); Bocquet & Ovechko, 1959:106
(salivary glands); Borradaile. 1916:135; Broch. 1924b
203; 1927e:19; 1927d:136; Carh. 1966b:115; Caziot. 1921
54; Connell, 1957:1 (competition); 1961b;710 (competition)
Crisp, 1950:311 (breeding and distribution): 1964a:208
(effect of severe winter); Crisp & Patel, 1958:1078 (breed-
ing and ecdysis); Crisp & Southward, 1961:271 (cirral
activity): Daniel. 1955a:97 (gregariousness); 1955c:34;
1957a:305 (effect of illumination); 1957b:866 (tidal in-
fluence); Darwin, 1854b;455; de Alessandri, 1895:304;

43

1906:283: Fischer, 1872:434: Fischer-Piette, 1955:37
(distribution): Fischer-Piette & Prenant, 1956:18: Fishel-
son, 1971:126: Foster, 1970:377 (response to sahnity):
1971a:12 (dessication): Groom, 1894:119 (early develop-
ment); Gruvel, 1905a:201: 1907d:5: 1912a:345; 1920:52:
Hatton & Fischer-Piette. 1932:1 (settlement and growth):
Hoek, 1875:58; 1909:272; 1913:267: Kitching, 19.50:820:
Klepal & Barnes. 1975:269 (ecology): Knight-Jones.
1953:583 (gregariousness); 1955:266 (gregariousness);
Kolosvary. 1939a:178: 1941a:41: 1941b:68: 1943a:73:
1947a:31; Kruger. 1911a:45. 1911b:460: 1914:435: 1927a:
13: 1927b:4; LeReste. 1965:53 (larvae): Monod. 1933:7;
Monterosso, 1927-1932:(see bibliography): Moore. 1936:
701 (biology): Moore & Kitchmg. 1939:521 (biology);
Moyse. 1960:120 (rearing larvae); Moyse & Nelson-Smith.
1963:15 (zonation); Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:277, 281;
1931a:107; 1938b:30; 1939c:92; O'Riordan. 1967:291;
Patel & Crisp. 1960a:667 (influence of of temperature):
1960b:104 (rate of embrvonic development): Petriconi.
1969:539 (mouth parts); Pilsbry, 1916:302; Pope. 1965:
24; Powell. 1954:688: Prenant & Teissier. 1923:172;
Rehni. 1964:397: Riedl. 1963:256; Rosell. 1972:172;
1973b:73; Southward, 1950:408; 1951:410: 1955b:403
(behavior); 195.5c:423 (behavior); 1957:323 (behavior);
1962:162 (behavior); 1964a:391 (cirral activity and
temperature); 1965:441 (metabolism and survival);
Southward & Crisp. 1952:416 (distribution); 1954a:163
(distribution); 19.56:211 (distribution): 1963:38 (fouUng
organisms); Stubbings. 19.36:49; 1961b:18; 1963b:6;
1964a:107; 1965:885: 1967:251; Summer. 1909:373: 1911:
128: Tarasov & Zevina. 1957:253: Tenerelli. 1952:122;
1958:263; 1959a:l (fertilization); 1959b:14 (female sex
apparatus); Utinomi. 1959a:381: Visscher. 1928b:193
(survival in freshwater): Wellner. 1895:291: 1897:272;
1898a:443; 1898b:9; Williams. 1950:311; Zevina, 1963:73.

Distribution: British Isles: coasts of France, Portugal and
Spain; Mediterranean and Black Seas; western coast of
Africa to Cape Verde. Scattered records from Indo-
Pacific need verification.
Chthamalus stellatus hisinuatus Pilsbry, 1916:306

S'lNDN'iMV iiiACNdsis: Pilsbrv. 1916:306: de Uliveira. 1941;
24; Southward. 1975:28.

References Kolosvary, 1941b:68; Lacombe & Monteiro,
1974:633; Nilsson-Cantell, 1931a:107; Stubbings, 1961b:
19: 1967:252; Wells, 1966:88.

DiSTRiHirrios: Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina Is..
Brazil; Lagos. Nigeria; St. Andrews Bay. Florida.
Chthamalus stellatus cornutus Nilsson-Cantell. 1925:25

Disi'iiiBUTlDN: St. Vincent. Brazil; Isla de Flores. Uruguay.
Chthamalus stellatus thompsoni Henry, 1958:220

DisiKiBUTiON: Bermuda.

Genus Jehlius Ross, 1971

Jehlius gilmorei Ross, 1971:271

Disi kibuikin: Islas San Ambrosio and San Felix. Chile
(Zevina & Kurshakova. 1973:184).

Genus Tetrachthamalus Newman. 1967

Tetrachthamalus oblitteratus Newman. 1967:425
References: Achituv. 1972:126 (zonation); Fishelson.
1971:113 (ecology): Morton. 1973:491; Southward. 1967:
437 (ecology and cirral activity): Taylor. 1968:146
(ecology): Zevina & Litvinova. 1970:174.
Distribution: Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez: Seychelles;
Mauritius; Aldabra.

Genus Chamaesipho Darwin, 1854

Chamaesipho brunnea Moore, 1944:320

Synonymy diagnosis: Moore, 1944:320.

References: Foster. 1967a:85; 1967b:33 (early stages);
Luckens. 1970c:497 (breeding and settlement); Pope,
1965:63: Ritz and Foster, 1968:545 (comparative tem-
perature responses).

Distribution: New Zealand.
Chamaesipho columna (Spengler). 1790:192

Synonymy uiAONosis: Moore. 1944:316.

Rkfehences; Anderson. 1969:183 (embryology); Barnes &
Klepal, 1971:79 (structure of the penis): Broch, 1922:308
Bennett & Pope 1953:105: 1960:182; Dakin et al, 1948
176; Darwin. 1954b:470: Endean et al. 1956:88; Filhol
1885:489; Foster, 1967a:84; 1967b:33 (early stages)
Gruvel, 1903b:159; 190.5a:282; Guiler, 1952:20: Hutton
1879:329; Jennings, 1918:63; Linzey, 1942a:280: Luckens,
1970c;497 (breeding and settlement); Moore, 1944:316
Nilsson-CanteU, 1926:11; Pope, 1945:357; Ritz and Foster,
1968:545 (comparative temperature responses): Weltner,
1897:273; 1899a:445; 1900:308; Wisely and Bhck, 1964:
162 (abundance of first stage nauplii); Womersley &
Edmonds, 1958:232 (ecology).

Distrihuiton: Australia: New Zealand.
Chamaesipho scutelliformis Darwin, 1854b:472

Synonymy uiAONosi.s: Darwin, 1854b:472; Zevina &
Tarasov, 1963:85.

References: Gruvel. 1903b:159; 1905a:283; Hoek. 1883:36;
Kruger. 19Ua:4; 1911b:461; Pope, 1965:64; Weltner,
1897:273.

Distribution: South China Sea.

Superfamily Balanomorphoidea n. superfam.

Family Coronulidae Leach, 1825

Subfamily Chelonibiinae Pilsbry, 1916

Genus Chelonibia Leach. 1817

Chelonibia capellini de Alessandri. 1895:300

Disiribution: Mio-Pliocene. Italy.
Chelonibia caretta (Spengler). 1790:185

Synonymy: Pilsbry. 1916:267.

Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:394.

References: Barnard, 1924:93; Borradaile, 1903:443;
Broch, 1924a: 16; Daniel, 195,5c:32; Dawydoff, 1952:129;
Gruvel, 1905a:269; Hinks, 1840:333 (as Balanus
cheltrypetes): Hiro, 1937b:69; Hoek, 1913:xvii
Kolosvarv, 1943a:99; Korschelt. 1933:13: Morch, 1852
67; Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b;14; Stubbings, 1967:297
Utinomi, 1969a:92: Wells, 1966:68; Weltner, 1897:254
Withers, 1928a:391; ZuUo. 1963b:13.

DisTKiBLi'iTos: Tropical Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific;
Miocene. Zanzibar.
Chelonibia depressa Seguenza. 1876:411

DisTRiBUi ion: Pliocene. Sicily.
Chelonibia hemisphaerica Rothpletz & Simonelli, 1890:724

Distribution: Pliocene, Grand Canary I.
Chelonibia manati Gruvel. 1903b:116

Synony.my diagnosis: Stubbings. 1965:894.

References: Broch. 1924b:203; Gruvel, 1905a:267; Hiro,
1936a:61 (commensahsm); Korschelt, 1933:17; Pilsbry,
1916:265; Stubbings, 1967:297: Utinomi. 1950:62.

Distribution: West Africa: on skin of manatees.
Chelonibia manati crenatibasis Pilsbry. 1916:266

Dlstribution: Unknown; probably from loggerhead turtle.
Chelonibia manati lobatobasis Pilsbry. 1916:266

References: Henry, 1954:444; Kolosvarv, 1942c:146:
WeUs. 1966:86.

Distribution: Florida; on turtles.
Chelonibia patula (Ranzani), 1818:86

Synonymy.'DIAGnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:268: Stubbings, 1967:
297.

References: Broch, 1924b:203; 1927d:136; 1935:2; 1947:7;
Crisp & Costlow. 1963:22 (sahnity tolerance); Daniel,
1955:32; Darwin, 1854b:396: Dawydoff, 1952:129: Ed-
mondson, 1933:231; Gauld, 1957:10; Gordon, 1970:90:
Gruvel, 1905a:268; 1907d:8; 1912a:346: Henry, 1954:444;
Hiro, 1936a:60 (commensalism); Hoek, 1913:xvii;
Kolosvary, 1943a:98; Korschelt, 1933:17; Kruger, 1911a:

44

4; 1911b:461; McDougall, 1943:343; NUsson-Cantell
1934b:61: 1938b:77; Pearse. 1947:327: 1952:7; Relini
1969:169; Ross, 1963b:225; Ross & Jackson, 1972:203
Ross and Newman, 1967:18; Sandeen & Costlow, 1961
192 (pigment activators); Southward & Crisp, 1963:26
Stubbings, 1961b:38; Utinomi. 1950:62; 1958a:309; WeUs,
1966:86; Weltner, 1897:254; Williams & Porter. 1964
150; Withers, 1929b:569; Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:174
ZuUo, 1963b:14.

Distribution: Tropical Atlantic to Indo-West Pacific.
Miocene, Paris Basin.
Ckelonibia patula dentata Henry, 1943:370

Reference: Henry, 1960:147.

Distribution: Sonora, Mexico; on crab.
Chelonibia ramosa Korschelt, 1933:2

Reference: Hiro, 1936a:61 (commensaUsm).
Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus), 1757:668

Synonymy: Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:369.

Diagnosis Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:369; Daniel, 1955c:31.

References: Annandale, 1906:138; Barnard, 1924:92
Borradaile, 1903:443; Broch, 1916:14; 1924b:202; 1931
122; 1947:7; Caziot. 1921:51; Darwin, 1854b:392
Dawydoff, 1952:129; de Alessandri, 1895:391; 1906:314
Edmondson & Ingram, 1939:258; Fischer. 1884:355
Gauld, 1957:10; Gordon, 1970:94; Gruvel, 1903b:115
1905a:267; 1907d:8; Henry. 1941:105; 1943:371; 1954
444; 1960:147; Hiro. 1936a:61 (commensaUsm); 1937b
69; 1937c:470; 1939f:214; Hoek, 1913:xvii; Kolosvary
1942c:149; 1943a:99; 1951c:411; 1967b:392; Korschelt
1933:16; Kriiger, 1911a:57; 1911b:461; Lanchester, 1902
371; Linnaeus, 1767:1108; MacDonald, 1929:537; Morch
1852:67; Newman et al, 1969:R289; Nilsson-Cantell
1930b:19; 1931a:116; 1932d:258; 1938b:77; 1939a:5:
1957:7; Pillai, 1958:126 (larval stages); Pilsbry, 1916:264
1928:316; Relini, 1969:169; Riedl, 1963:258; Ross, 1963b:
227; Ross and Newman, 1967:18; Stubbings, 1965:893
1967:296; Utinomi. 1949a:24; 1958a:309; 1969a:92
1969b:53; 1970:359; Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:8; Weltner,
1895:298; 1897:254; 1899a:443; 1910:528; WeUs, 1966
86;ZuUo, 1963b:14.

Distribution: All temperate and tropical seas, attached
to turtles. Miocene, Cuba; Pliocene. Italy; Pleistocene,
Florida.
Chelonibia testudinaria solida Withers, 1929b:568

Synonymy: Ross, 1963b:230.

References: Ross & Newman, 1967:19.

Distribution: Mio- Pliocene, France; Pleistocene, Florida.

Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius), 1798:35

Synonymy: Pilsbry. 1916:285.

Diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:285; Hiro, 1937c:472 (mouthparts)

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:89 (pedicel of penis)
Broch, 1924a: 18; 1924b:203; 1927c:30; Daniel, 1955c:33
Darwin, 1854b:428 (as P. bissexlobata): Fischer, 1884
359; Gruvel, 1903b:151; 1905a:276; Henry, 1954:444
Hiro, 1936a:62 (commensaUsm); 1936e:319; Kolosvary
1943a:101; 1951c:412; Korschelt, 1933:22; Kriiger, 1912:
13; ReUni, 1969:169; Richards, 1930:143; Schwartz
1960:116; Stubbings, 1965:899; 1967:300; Utinomi, 1950:
62; 1959a:384; Weltner, 1897:253; ZuUo. 1963b:15.

Distribution: All tropical and sub-tropical seas; on turtles,
manatees, dugongs.
Platylepas hexastylos ichthyophila Pilsbry, 1916:287

Reference: Ryder. 1879:453 (as P. decomta).

Distribution: On garfish; Florida.
Platylepas indicus Daniel, 1958b:755

Distribution: Madras, India; on sea snakes.
Platylepas krugeri (Kriiger), 1912:12

Synonymy: Ross, 1963a:153.

Distribution: Thailand.
Platylepas midtidecorata Daniel, 1962b:641

Distribution: Little Andaman I.; on green turtle.
Platylepas ophiophilus Lanchester, 1902:371

Synonymy/diagnosis: Utinomi, 1970:360.

References: Broch, 1931:122; Darwin, 1854b:430; Gruvel,
1905a:277; Hiro, 1936a:61 (commensaUsm); 1936e:319;
Korschelt, 1933:22; Kruger, 1912:12; Nilsson-CanteU.
1921:376; 1938b:77; Pilsbry, 1916:285; (renames Cry-
ptolepas ophiophlus Kruger as Platylepas krugeri).

Distribution: Sea of Japan; Indonesia; western AustraUa;
India; Arabian Sea; on sea snakes.
Platylepas wilsoni Ross, 1963a:153

Distribution: Pleistocene. Florida.

Genus Stomatolepas Pilsbry, 1910

Stomatolepas elegans (Costa), 1838:17

Synonymy: Hiro. 1937c:473.

Diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:289; Hiro. 1936e:314 (includes S.
praegustator Pilsbry 1916:289 and questionably S.
transversa Nilsson-CanteU. 1930a:2).

References: Henry, 1954:444; Hiro, 1936a:61 (com-
mensaUsm); Holthuis, 1969:44; Nilsson-CanteU, 1930b:
20; Pilsbry, 1910:304; ReUni, 1968a:223; 1969:169; Stub-
bings, 1965:902; 1967:300; Utinomi. 1970:363: WeUs,
1966:87; ZuUo & Bleakney, 1966:162.

Distribution: CosmopoUtan; soft skin and throat of sea
turtles.

Subfamily Emersoniinae Ross, 1967

Genus Emersonius Ross, 1967

Emersonius cybosyrinx Ross, in Ross & Newman, 1967c:8
Reference: Newman et al, 1969:R290.
Distribution: Upper Eocene, Florida.

Subfamily Platylepadinae n. subfam.

Genus Platylepas Gray, 1825

Platylepas decorata Darwin, 1854b:429
Synonymy/diagnosis: Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:376.
References Gruvel, 1905a:276; 1912a:350; Hiro, 1936a:61

(commensaUsm); 1936e:319; 1937b:70; Korschelt, 1933:22;

NUsson-CanteU, 1921:376; Utinomi, 1970:363; Weltner,

1897:253.
Distribution: Galapagos, through Pacific Oceania to

western coast of AustraUa; on turtles and sea snakes.

Genus Cylindrolepas Pilsbry, 1916

Cylindrolepas darwiniana Pilsbry, 1916:288
Reference: Hiro, 1936e:319.
Distribution: West Indies; in skin of sea turtle.

Genus Stephanolepas Fischer, 1886

Stephanolepas muricata Fischer, 1886:193
Synonymy/diagnosis Nilsson-CanteU, 1932d:258.
References Broch, 1947:7; Dawydoff, 1952:128; Gruvel,

1903b:151; 1905a:280; Hiro, 1936a:61 (commensaUsm);

1936e:318; Hoek, 1913:xvii; Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:14;

Weltner, 1897:253.
Distribution: South China Sea; Ceylon; in skin of turtle.

Subfamily Coronulinae Leach, 1817

Genus Coronula Lamarck, 1802
Coronula aotea Fleming, 1959:243

45

Synonymy/diagnosis Beu, 1971:899.

Distribution: Pliocene. New Zealand.
Coronula barbara Darwin, 1854a:38

Synonymy/diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:421.

References Beu, 1971:900: Darwin, 1854a:38; de Ales-
sandri, 1895:303; 1906:317; Menesini, 1968a:395; Weis-
bord, 1971:91; Withers. 153:63; ZuUo, 1969a:21.

Distribution: Pliocene and early Pleistocene of Europe;
Pliocene, Southern California.
Coronula bifida Bronn, 1831:126

Synonymy/diagnosis: Darwin. 1854b:423.

References: de Alessandri. 1895:302; 1906:315; Menesini,
1968a:390; 1968b:584; Seguenza, 1876:324; Weisbord,
1971:94; Withers, 1953:63.

Distribution: Tertiary, Italy.
Coronula diadema (Linnaeus). 1767:1108

Synonymy: Pilsbry, 1916:273 (contains pre-Darwinian
references).

Diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:273: Cornwall, 1924a:421.

References: Barnard, 1924:94; Barnes & Klepal, 1971:88
(pedicel of penis); Bassindale, 1964:43; Beu, 1971:902
(Pleistocene, New Zealand); Borradaile, 1916:135; Broch,
1924a:91; Cornwall, 1927a:504; 1953:83 (nervous system);
1955a:51; 1955b:40; Crisp & Stubbings, 1957:179 (orien-
tation to water currents); Darwin, 1854b:417; Filhol,
1885:489; Fischer, 1872:433; Fleming, 1959:246 (fossil);
Gruvel, 1903b:152; 1905a:273; 1905b:308 (anatomy);
Guiler, 1956:3; Hatai, 1938:98; 1939a:262; Hayasaka,
1933:49; 1935:1; Henry. 1943:368; Hiro, 1935c:226;
1936e:318; 1937c:471; 1939f:214; Hoek, 1883:163; 1909:
271; Hutton, 1879:329; Jennings, 1918:62; Kolosvary,
1942a:138; 1942c:149; 1943a:99; 1967b:393; Korschelt,
1933:18; Mbrch, 1852:66; Newman & Ross, 1971:179;
Newman et al. 1969:R289; Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:371;
1930c:256; 1930d:212; 1931a:116; 1938b:14; 1939b:237;
1957:7; O'Riordan, 1967:294; PUsbry. 1916:273 (= Lepas
balaenaris Muller; Balanus bataena Da Costa; Diadema
vulgaris Schumacher; Diadema candidum Ranzani;
Polylepas kleinii Gray; Coronula biscayensis Van Beneden;
Diadema japonica Van Beneden; D. califomica Van
Beneden); Pilsbry & Olson, 1951:203 (= Diadema anti-
quum Philippi 1887:226); Scheffer, 1939:67; Stebbings,
1910:571; Stephensen, 1938:6; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957
241; Weisbord, 1971:94; Weltner, 1895:290; 1897:254
1898b:8; 1899b:102; 1900:302; 1922:86; Wolff, 1960:8:
ZuUo, 1963b:14.

Distribution: Cosmopolitan, on Humpback, Fin, Blue
and Sperm whales. Pliocene to Recent.
Coronula dormitor Pilsbry & Olson, 1951:202

Distribution: Pliocene, Ecuador.
Coronula ficarazzensis Gregorio, 1895:5

Distribution: Pleistocene, Italy.
Coronula macsotayi Weisbord, 1971:91

Distribution: Pliocene, Venezuela.
Coronula reginae Darwin, 1854b:419

Synonymy: Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:244.

Diagnosis: Cornwall, 1955b:43.

References: Barnard, 1924:94; Barnes & Klepal, 1971:88
(structure of the penis); Broch, 1924a:93; Cornwall,
1927a:507; 1955a:54; Gruvel, 1903b:152; 1905a:272;
Hiro, 1936e:318; Kolosvary. 1942a:140; 1942c:141;
1943a:99; 1967b:393; Kruger. 1927a:15; 1927b:5; New-
man & Ross, 1971:178; Nilsson-Cantell, 1926:15; 1939b:
238; 1957:8; Petriconi, 1969:539 (comparison of mouth
parts); Pilsbry, 1916:275; Stephensen, 1938:7; Weltner.
1897:254; 1898b:ll; Wolff, 1960:8; ZuUo, 1963b:14.

Distribution: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; on Humpback
Whales.

Genus Cetopirus Ranzani, 1817

Cetopirus complanatus (Mbrch), 1852:67
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:276.
References: Barnard, 1924:95; Broch, 1924b:204; Corn-
wall, 1953:83 (nervous system); Darwin, 1854b:415 (as

Coronula balaenaris); Gruvel, 1903b:152; 1905a:271
Guiler, 1956:3; Hiro, 1936e:318; Kolosvary, 1942a:141
1943a:100; Murray, 1895:449; Newman et al, 1969:R289:
Nilsson-Cantell, 1931a:116; 1938b:14; Stebbing, 1910:572
(as Coronula darwini); Stubbings, 1967:300; Tarasov &
Zevina, 1957:245; Weisbord, 1971:94; Weltner, 1897:
254; 1898b:8; 1900:307; ZuUo, 1961a:13.
Distribution: ChUe: Cape of Good Hope; AustraUa;
Tasmania; Kerguelen I., coast of Norway; Kei Is.

Genus Cetolepas ZuUo, 1969

Cetolepas hertleini ZuUo, 1969a: 17
Distribution: PUocene, San Diego.

Genus Cryptolepas DaU, 1872

Cryptolepas murata ZuUo, 1961a:14

Distribution: Pleistocene, San Quintin Bay, Baja
CaUfornia.
Cryptolepas rhachianecti DaU, 1872:300

Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:279.

References: Briggs & Morejohn, 1972:287; ComwaU,
1955a:49 (soft parts); 1955b:44; Gruvel, 1903b:153;
1905a:274; Hiro, 1935c:227; 1936a:62 (commensaUsm);
1936e:318; Hoek, 1883:7; Kasuya & Rice, 1970:42 (orien-
tation on whales); Kolosvary, 1943a:101; Korschelt,
1933:21; Scammon, 1874:22; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:
246; Weltner, 1897:278; ZuUo, 1961a:13.

Distribution: Bering Sea to Lower CaUfornia; Korea;
Hawaiian Is.; on Grey whales.

Genus Tubicinella Lamarck, 1802

Tubicinella major Lamarck, 1802:463

Synonymy: Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:373 (includes pre-
Darwinian authors).

Diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:431.

References: Barnard, 1924:95 (as Tubicinella striata
Lamarck); Gruvel, 1903b:148 (as T. trachealis Darwin);
1905a:278; 1909a:225: Hiro, 1936a:62 (commensaUsm);
1936e:318; Hutton, 1879:330 (as T. trachealis): Kolosvary,
1943a: 100; Marloth. 1902:1 (mode of growth); Mbrch,
1852:66; Nilsson-CanteU, 1931a:116; 1957:8; Pilsbry,
1916:281; Stebbing, 1902:62 (as T. trachealis); 1910:573
(as T. striata); Weltner, 1897:253 (as T. trachealis);
1898b:7; 1900:307; ZuUo. 1963b:15.

Distribution: Southern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; on
Southern Right Whales.

Genus Xeno6a/anus Steenstrup, 1851

Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup, 1851:pl. 3, figs. 11-15;
1852:64

Synonymy/diagnosis: CornwaU, 1927a:510; Stubbings,
1965:902 (mouthparts).

References: Barnard, 1924:96; Barnes & Klepal, 1971:88
(pedicel of penis); Bassindale, 1964:43; Broch, 1924a:95;
Caiman, 1920:165; ComwaU, 1955a:56; 1955b:46; Darwin,
1854b:440; DoUfus, 1968:55; Gruvel, 1903b:159; 1905a:
280; 1920:55; Heldt, 1950:25; Hiro, 1936a:62 (com-
mensaUsm); 1936e:318: Hoek, 1909:271; Kolosvary,
1943a:100; Kruger, 1911a:59; Newman & Ross, 1971:
180; Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:375; 1930c:258; PiUerai, 1970:
248; Pilsbry, 1916:283; Pope, 1958:159; Richard, 1936:
55; Richard & NeuviUe, 1897:108; Stebbing, 1923:12 (as
X. natalensis); Stubbings, 1967:301; Tarasov & Zevina,
1957:250; Weltner, 1897:253; 1898b:ll; ZuUo, 1963b:15.

Distribution: World-wide; on porpoise, dolphin, and
Black Fish.

Family Bathylasmatidae Newman and Ross, 1971
Subfamily Bathylasmatinae n. status

Genus Bathylasma Newman and Ross, 1971

Bathylasma aucklandicum (Hector), 1887:440
Synonymy/diagnosis: Newman & Ross, 1971:151.
References: Benham, 1903:111; Clarke, 1905:419; Park,
1910:113; Utinomi, 1965:11; Withers, 1913:841; 1924:18;

46

1953:357.

Distribution: Miocene, New Zealand.
Batkylasma corolliforme (Hoek), 1883:155

Synonymy/diagnosis Newman & Ross, 1971:143.

References Bage, 1938:1; Borradaile, 1916:132 (as
Hexelasma antarcticum n. sp.|; Gruvel, 1903b:143;
1905a:255: Hoek, 1913:245; Kruger, 1911a:55 (see
Aaptolasma callistoderma); 1911b:460; Murray, 1895:421,
456; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930c:252; Pilsbry, 1916:330; South-
ward & Southward, 1958:635; Speden. 1962:746; Weis-
bord, 1965:1015 (in part); 1967:51 (in part); Weltner,
1897:271; 1900:305; Withers, 1924:22; Utinomi, 1965:13;
Zevina, 1968:93.

Distribution: Circum-Antarctic; to 1464m. Pleistocene,
to 70m above sea level.
Batkylasma hirsutum (Hoek). 1883:158

Synonymy/diagnosis: Newman & Ross, 1971:149.

References Crisp & Southward, 1961:271 (cirral activity);
Gruvel, 1903b:143; 1905a:256; 1920:55; Hoek, 1912:408;
1913:245; Jeffreys, 1878:414; Murray, 1895:456; NUsson-
Cantell, 1930c:252 (footnote 1); Pilsbry, 1916:330; South-
ward, 1957:323 (cirral activity); Southward & Southward,
1958:635; Utinomi, 1965:11; Weltner, 1897:271; 1898b:12.

Distribution: Northeast AtlEintic from Faeroe Is. south
to Azores; 944-1829m.

Genus Tessarelasma Withers, 1936

Tessarelasma pilsbryi Withers, 1936:591
Reference: Newman & Ross, 1971:155.
Distribution: Miocene, Pakistan.

Genus Tetrachaetasma Newman and Ross, 1971

Tetrachaetasma southwardi Newman & Ross, 1971:152
Synonymy/diagnosis: Newman & Ross, 1971:152.
References Borradaile, 1916:132 (in part); Weisbord,

1965:1015 (in parti; 1967:51 (in part).
Distribution: Antarctic Basin and off S. America; 1190-

2328m.

Subfamily Hexelasminae n. subfam.

Genus Hexelasma Hoek, 1913

Hexelasma arafurae Hoek, 1913:251
Synonymy/diagnosis Hoek, 1913:251.
References: Newman & Ross, 1971:155; Utinomi, 1965:

11.
Distribution: Arafura Sea; 560m.
Hexelasma fosteri Newman & Ross, 1971:155

Distribution: New Zealand; 538-676m.
Hexelasma velutinum Hoek, 1913:246
Synonymy: Utinomi, 1968a:30.
Diagnosis Hoek, 1913:246.
References Broch, 1931:53 {see Aaptolasma leptoderma);

Hiro, 1933:70; Newman & Ross, 1971:155; Withers,

1913:847.
Distribution: Japan; Phihppines to South China Sea;

204-390m.

Genus Aaptolasma Newman and Ross, 1971

Aaptolasma americanum (Pilsbry), 1916:330

Synonymy/diagnosis Newman & Ross, 1971:161.

Reference: Utinomi, 1965:12.

Distribution: Blake plateau, off Florida; 734-770m.
Aaptolasma brintoni Newman & Ross, 1971:162

Synonymy/diagnosis Newman & Ross, 1971:162.

Distribution: Off DaNang, Vietnam; 110-198m.
Aaptolasma callistoderma (Pilsbry), 1911:78

Synonymy/diagnosis Newman & Ross, 1971:159.

References Hoek, 1913:245; Kruger, 1911a:55 (as Balanus
coralliformis): 1911b:460; Pilsbry, 1916:332; Utinomi,
1958a:307; 1965:12.

Distribution: Japan; 115-141m.
Aaptolasma leptoderma Newman & Ross, 1971:165

Synonymy/diagnosis Newman & Ross, 1971:165.
References Broch, 1931:53 (as Hexelasma velutinum, in

part).
Distribution: Kei Is.; 290m.
Aaptolasma triderma Newman & Ross, 1971:164
Synonymy diagnosis Newman & Ross, 1971:164.
Distribution: Japan; 549m.

Family Tetraclitidae Gruvel, 1903
Subfamily Austrobalaninae n. subfam.

Genus Austrobalanus Pilsbry, 1916

Austrobalanus imperator (Darwin), 1854b:288
Synonymy/diagnosis Pope, 1945:364; Ross, 1971b:266 (as

Balanus (Austrobalanus) imperator).
References Barnes & Klepal, 1971:86 (pedicel of penis);
Dakin et al, 1948:176; Davadie, 1963:78; Endean et al,
1956:88 (ecology and distribution); Gruvel, 1905a:246;
Kolosvary, 1942c:140; 1943a:92; Kruger, 1940:466; Pils-
bry, 1916:219; Pope, 1959:117; Weltner, 1897:271;
Wisely & BUck, 1964:163 (nauphi).
Distribution: Australia.

Genus Epopella Ross 1970

Epopella breviscutum (Broch). 1922:337

Synonymy/diagnosis Ross, 1970:3.

Reference: Hiro, 1939e:275.

Distribution: Auckland Is.
Epopella plicatus (Gray), 1843:269

Synonymy/diagnosis Moore, 1944:326 (includes Elminius
rugosus Hutton 1879:328); Ross, 1970:9 (ex Elminius).

References Barnes & Klepal, 1971:87 (pedicel of penis);
Broch, 1922:341; Darwin, 1854b:351; Filhol, 1885:489;
Foster, 1967b:35 (larval stages); Gruvel, 1903b:163;
1905a:296, 297; 1906a:270; 1907d:l; 1909b:26; Jennings,
1918:62; Kolosvary, 1942c:140; Kruger, 1940:470;
Luckens, 1970c:497 (breeding and growth); Nilsson-
CanteU, 1930d:211; Pilsbry, 1916:261; Ritz & Foster,
1968:552 (temperature); Weltner, 1897:256; 1899a:443;
1900:307.

Distribution: Australia; New Zealand; Chatham, Snares
and Auckland Is.
Epopella simplex (Darwin), 1854b:353

Synonymy/diagnosis Pope, 1945:370; Ross, 1970:9 (ex
Elminius).

References Barnes & Klepal, 1971c:87 (structure of the
penis); Broch, 1922:342; Dakin et al, 1948:176; Gruvel,
1903b:163; 1905a:297; 1912a:350; 1909b:6; Guiler, 1952:
20; Kolosvary, 1942c:140; Kruger, 1914:429; 1940:470;
Linzey, 1942a:280; Moore. 1944:333; Nilsson-Cantell,
1938b:13; Pope, 1966:181; Weltner, 1897:256; 1900:307.

Distribution: Australia; Tasmania; Kermadec Is.

Subfamily Tetraclitellinae n. subfam.
Genus Tetraclitella Hiro, 1939

Tetraclitella chinensis (Nilsson-Cantell), 1921:359
Synonymy: Utinomi, 1970:347.
Diagnosis Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:359.

References Hiro, 1931:155 (as Tetraclita purpurascens
nipponensis n. subsp.); 1932b:473; 1937c:469; 1939e:273;
Ross, 1971a:217, 223; Utinomi, 1949a:36; 1954:23; Uti-
nomi and Kikuchi, 1966:8; Zevina & Tarasov, 1963:97.
Distribution: Southern Japan; China; Formosa.
Tetraclitella costata (Darwin), 1854b:339
Synonymy/diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:339; Nilsson-Cantell,

1930b:19.
References Gordon, 1970:98; Gruvel, 1905a:287; Hiro,
1916:259; 1928:316; Ross, 1971a:217, 233; Weltner,
1898:257.
Distribution: Phihppines; Indonesia.
Tetraclitella costata digita Resell, 1975:97
Distribution: Phihppines.

47

Tetraclitella darwini (Pilsbry), 1928:314
Synonymy: Utinomi. 1970:348.
Diagnosis Pilsbry. 1928:314.

References Hiro, 1937c:469: 1939e:277; 1939f:214; Kolo-
svary, 1943a:98; Nilsson-Cantell, 1931a:115; Ross. 1971a:
217. 223; Utinomi, 1949a:24; 1958a:304; 1962:237; 1969b:
53; Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:8.
Distribution: Japan; Formosa.
Tetraclitella divisa (Nilsson-Cantell), 1921:362
Synonymy: Ross. 1968:13.
Diagnosis Stubbings. 1967:291.

References Bassindale, 1961:485; Edmondson. 1933:231
(as T. purpurascens); Foster, 1974:45; Hiro, 1939e:275;
Pilsbry. 1928:316; Ross. 1961:210; 1968:13. (as T. d. sub-
quadrata n. subsp.); 1971a:217, 223; Utinomi. 1949a:25;
Zevina & Tarasov. 1963:96.
Distribution: Caribbean; West Africa; Sumatra; Formosa;
South China Sea; Pacific Oceania to Hawaii and Pitcaim.
Tetraclitella hyastina Rosell, 1974:7

Distribution: Mindanao. Philippines.
Tetraclitella karandei Ross, 1971a:217
References Ross, 1972:307; Karande, 1974a:249 (larvae).
Distribution: Bombay coast, India; Taiwan
Tetraclitella multicostata (Nilsson-Cantell), 1930a:2.
Synonymy/diagnosis Utinomi. 1962:231.
References Foster. 1974:46; Nilsson-Cantell, 1930b:18-

Ross, 1971a:217. 223.
Distribution: New Guinea; Fiji; Japan.
Tetraclitella pilsbryi (Utinomi), 1962:234
Synonymy/diagnosis Utinomi, 1962:234.
References Ross, 1971a:217, 223. Utinomi & Kikuchi

1966:8; 1970:348.
Distribution: Southern Japan.
Tetraclitella purpurascens (Wood). 1815:55
Synonymy: Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:358.
Diagnosis Pope. 1945:367.

References Anderson, 1969:183 (embryology and phyto-
geny); Barnes & Klepal. 1971:87 (pedicel of penis); Bhatt
and Bal. 1960:440; Broch. 1931:117; Dakin et al, 1948:176
Daniel. 1955c:30; Darwin, l854b:337; Dawydoff. 1952
128; Endean et al, 1956:88 (ecology and distribution)
Filhol, 1885:488; Foster, 1967a:83; 1967b:35 (larvae):
Gauld, 1957:10; Gordon, 1970:101; Gruvel. 1905a:285
Guiler. 1952:20; Button, 1879:328; Jennings, 1918:61
Karande. 1967:1245; 1966:147; Kolosvary. 1941a:42 (as
Tetraclita squamosa depressa); 1942c:140 (as Tetraclita
purpurascens darwini): 1943a:97 (var. darwini); 1941e:ll
(as Tetraclita radiata wagneri); Kruger. 1911a:4; Linzey.
1942a:279; Luckens. 1970c:497 (distribution and growth)!
Moore, 1944:333; NUsson-CanteU, 1931a:115; 1938b:13
Ritz & Foster, 1968:552 (temperature response); Ross
1971a:217. 223; Stubbings. 1967:293; Weltner, 1897:258
1899a:443; 1900:307; Wisely & BUck. 1964:163 (naupUi)
Distribution: Australia; New Zealand; Indonesia; India
Madagascar; East Africa.

Genus Newmanella Ross, 1969

Newmanella radiata (Bruguiere), 1789:168

Synonymy/diagnosis Ross, 1969:242

References de Blainville, 1824:378; 1825:598; 1827:plate
85; Bruguiere, 1791:plate 164; Chemnitz, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1785:343; Darwin, 1854b:343; Deshayes, 1831
357; Gmelin. 1791:3213; Gruvel, 1903b:161; 1905a:291
Hoek. 1913:xvi; Jay, 1839:7; Kolosvary. 1943a:97:
Lamarck. 1818:393; Lamy & Andre, 1932:218; NUsson-
CanteU, 1931a:115; 1939a:5; PUsbry, 1916:259; 1927:38;
1953:27; Pope, 1945:368; Ranzani, 1818:75; 1820:39;
Ross. 1968:18; Southward. 1962:163 (behavior of cirrus
IV); Southward. 1975:17; Sowerby. 1823: (no pagination);
Spengler, 1790:172; Weltner. 1897:258.

Distribution: Florida through Caribbean to Venezuela.

Subfamily Tetraclitinae Gruvel, 1903

Genus Tesseropora Pilsbry. 1916
Tesseropora isseli (de Alessandri). 1895:296

Distribution: Oligocene. Italy (Withers. 1953:59).
Tesseropora pacifica (Pilsbry), 1928:312
Synonymy/diagnosis Pilsbry. 1928:312 (as T wireni

pacifica); Henry, 1957:33.
References Foster. 1974:44; Gordon. 1970:103; Hiro,
1936a:59 (commensalism); Kolosvary. 1962cl93- 1967b'
393; Ross. 1969:239.
Distribution: Insular. Indo-West Pacific (Fiji to Hawaii).
Tesseropora rosea (Krauss), 1848:136
Synonymy: Pilsbry, 1916:260.
Diagnosis Pope, 1945:366.

References Anderson. 1969:183 (embryology/phylogenv)-
Barnard. 1924:92; Dakin et al, 1948:176; Darwin 1854b'
335; Endean et al. 1956:88 (ecology and distribution)-
Gruvel. 1903b:161; 1905a:286; Hoek, 1883:161; Kolosvary
1943a:98; Linzey. 1942a:280; Moore, 1944:333; Nilsson-
CanteU, 1927a:786; 1938b:14; Stubbing, 1910-571- Wisely
& Blick, 1964:163 (nauplii); Weltner, 1897:258.
Distribution: Australia; Kermadec I.; South Africa.
Tesseropora wireni (Nilsson-Cantell), 1921:366
Synonymy/diagnosis Hiro, 1937b:68.
Reference: Hiro, 1936a:59 (commensahsm).
Distribution: Sumatra; Palau Is.
Tesseropora wireni africana (Nilsson-Cantell), 1932b:14
Synonymy/diagnosis Nilsson-Cantell. 1932b:14
References NUsson-CanteU. 1938b:14; Smith, 1971103
Distribution: Dar-es-Salaam and Diego Garcia, Indian
Ocean.

Genus Tesseroplax Ross, 1969

Tesseroplax unisemita (Zullo). 1968d:272
Reference: Ross. 1969:237.

Distribution: PUocene, Isla Angel de la Guardia, Gulf of
California.

Genus Tetraclita Schumacher, 1817
Tetraclita alba Nilsson-Cantell, 1932b: 11
Reference: Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:13.
Distribution: Dar-es-Salaam.
Tetraclita coerulescens (Spengler), 1790:191
Synonymy: Nilsson-Cantell. 1938b:77.
Diagnosis Broch. 1931:116.

References Darwin, 1854b:342; Endean et al, 1956-88-
Gruvel, 1905a:290; Hiro, 1936b:635; 1937b:67- 1939c'
586; Hoek, 1883:161; 1913:257; PUsbry, 1916:259; Rosell,
1972:211; Stephenson et al, 1958 (insular ecology)'
Weltner, 1897:257.
Distribution: Philippines; Palau Is.; Sulu Arch.; Indo-
nesia; Bay of Bengal; Mergui Arch.; Australia.
Tetraclita dumortieri Fischer. 1865:434
Reference: de Alessandri. 1907:290.
Distribution: Miocene. France.
Tetraclita hentscheli Kolosvary, 1942c:141
Reference: Kolosvdry, 1943a:98.
Distribution: Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.
Tetraclita serrata Darwin, 1854b:334
Synonymy: Barnard, 1924:91.
Diagnosis Darwin. 1854b:334.

References: Annandale, 1906:144; Barnes & Barnes.
1965a:392 (variation in size); Day & Morgans. 1956-27d
(ecology); Gruvel, 1903b:161; 1905a:289; Hoek. 1913-254-
Millard, 1950:270; NUsson-Cantell. 1938b:13; Pichon,
1972:381; Ritz & Foster. 1968:545 (temperature re^
spouses); RoseU. 1972:208; Sandison, 1954:96 (nauplii)-
Stebbing, 1910:570; Weltner, 1897:258. '

Distribution: South Africa; Madagascar; Ceylon; Philip-
pines.

48

Tetraclita squamosa squamosa (Brugui^re), 1789:170

Synonymy: Henry. 1957:33.

Diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:251; Kniger. 1911a:61.

References Barnard, 1924:90: Borradaile, 1900:799;
Broch. 1916:14: 1922:337; 1924b:204: 1931:116; 1947:7;
Crisp & Southward, 1961:272 (cirral activity); Darwin,
1854b:329 (as Tetraclita porosa var. viridis): Dawydoff,
1952:128; de Oliveira, 1941:6 (probably T. stalactifera);
Endean et al, 1956:88 (mainland ecology and distribu-
tion); 1956:317 (insular ecology and distribution); Foster,
1974:45 (as T. squamosa viridis): Gruvel. 1896a:43
(branchiae): 1896b:205 (anatomy); 1896e:186 (review);
1905a:288; 1909a:216, 225: 1909b:25; Hire, 1936b:635;
1937b:66; 1937c:467; 1939c:586; 1939e:271; Hoek, 1913:
254; Kolosvary. 1943a:96; 1951c:412; Kruger. 1911b:461;
1914:441; 1940:472; Moore. 1944:333; Morton. 1973:491;
Nilsson-CanteU. 1921:364; 1930b:17; 1931a:115; 1934a:
71; 1934b:61; 1938b:76; Nomura. 1938:87; Ooishi. 1964:
195; Pilsbry, 1916:249; Rosell, 1972:205; 1973b:94; Speng-
ler, 1790:192 (? Lepas mitra); Stebbing. 1910:570 [porosa
Gmelin. 1790 = squamosa Brugiere. 1789); Stephenson
et al. 1958 (insular ecology); Stubbings. 1967:284; Utinomi,
1942:10; 1949a:25; 1954:23; 1958a:304; 1968b:178; 1969b:
53; Weltner. 1895:289 (probably T. stalactifera): 1897:257;
1910:528; Zevina & Litvinova. 1970:174; Zevina &
Tarasov, 1963:95.

Distribution: Japan; Formosa; Philippines; Palau Is.;
Indonesia; Australia; Mergui Arch.; Andamans; Great
Nicobar I.; Red Sea; Rio de Janeiro; Cape Palmas,
W. Africa. Pliocene: Ryukyu I.
Tetraclita squamosa formosana Hire, 1939e:271

Synonymy/diagnosis Hiro, 1939e:271.

References Ooishi, 1964:195; Utinomi, 1949a:23; 1954:23;
1969b:53.

Distribution: Southern Japan; Formosa.
Tetraclita squamosa japonica Pilsbry. 1916:252

Synonymy: Hiro. 1932a:551; 1937c:469.

Diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:252.

References Hiro, 1932b:473; 1938c:1687 (resistance to
exposure); 19391:213; Ikenouye, 1968:99 (spatial distribu-
tion); Kolosvary, 1943a:96; Kruger, 1911a:61 (as Tetraclita
porosa var. nigrescens): 1940:472; Mori, 1958:23 (rhyth-
mic activity); 1961:373 (rhythmic activity); Nilsson-
CanteU, 1927a:786; 1931a:115: 1932a:27; Pilsbry, 1911:
81 (as T porosa): Suzuki & Mori, 1963:1 (water content);
Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:236: Utinomi, 1949a:23; 1958a:
304; 1958b:51; 1969b:53; 1970:347; Utinomi & Kikuchi,
1966:6; Weltner, 1897:257 (as var. nigrescens): Zevina
& Tarasov. 1963:95.

Distribution: Japan and Korea.
Tetraclita squamosa milleporosa Pilsbry. 1916:257

Synonymy/diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:257

References Hedgpeth, 1969:9 (as Tetraclita stalactifera
milleporosa): Zullo, 1966c:143.

Distribution: Galapagos Is.
Tetraclita squamosa panamensis Pilsbry. 1916:256

Synonymy/diagnosis Pilsbry. 1916:256.

References Hedgpeth. 1969:17; Kolosvary, 1943:97;
Nilsson-CanteU, 1957:10; Pilsbry, 1909:64; Zevina &
Kurshakova, 1973:183.

Distribution: Panama; Ecuador; Peru; Galapagos Is.
Tetraclita squamosa patellaris Darwin, 1854b:330

Synonymy: Pilsbry, 1916:248.

Diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:330.

References Gruvel, 1903b:161; 1905a:288; 1907d:8;
1909b:25; Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:13; Weltner, 1897:258.

Distribution: Andaman Is.
Tetraclita squamosa perfecta Nilsson-CanteU, 1931a:133

Di.stribution: Santuao, China.
Tetraclita squamosa rubescens Darwin, 1854b:329

Synonymy: Ross. 1962:34.

Diagnosis CornwaU, 1951:312.

References Barnes, 1959a:233 (stomach contents);
Barnes & Barnes, 1959h:515 (metaboUsm); 1965a:392

(egg size); Barnes & Klepal, 1971:86 (pedicel of penis);
Broch, 1922:337; Darwin, 1854b:330 (as T. s. rubescens
forma elegans nov.); Emerson. 1956:339; Gruvel, 1903b:
161; 1905a:288; 1909b:25 (including forma elegans):
Henry, 1942:122, 123 (as elegans): 1960:147; Hewatt,
1935:250; 1946:199; Hoek, 1913:254; Kolosvary, 1943a:
96; Kruger, 1940:472; PUsbry, 1916:257, 258 (as elegans):
Rasmussen, in Shelford et al, 1935:307; Shimkin et al,
1951:650 (carcinogenic substances); Weltner, 1897:257,
258 (as T porosa var. 5, elegans): WiUett, 1937:383;
ZuUo, 1966c:141 (as T. squamosa elegans):.

Distribution: Central California to Cape San Lucas, Baja
California. Pleistocene: Los Angeles, CaUfornia and
Punta China, Baja California.
Tetraclita squamosa rufotincta PUsbry, 1916:253

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1968b:180.

Diagnosis Pilsbry. 1916:253.

References Achituv, 1972:73 (zonation); Barnes & Klepal,
1971c:86 (pedicel of penis): Fishelson, 1971:123 (ecology
and distribution in Red Sea); Kolosvary. 1943a:97
Kruger, 1940:472; Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:365; 1928a:35
1938b:13; Utinomi, 1969a:82; Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:
174.

Distribution: Red Sea; East Africa; Arabian coast, west
coast of India, and islands of the western Indian Ocean.
Tetraclita stalactifera (Lamarck), 1818:394

Synonymy/diagnosis Ross, 1968:8.

References Barnes & Klepal, 1971:86 (pedicel of penis);
Bigelow, 1902:180; Chenu, 1843:(no pagination); Cornwall,
in Steinbeck & Ricketts, 1941:430; Darwin, 1854b:329
(as Tetraclita porosa var. 1, communis and var. 2,
nigrescens): de OUveira, 1940a:138; 1941:7; Gruvel
1903b:161; 1905a:287; Henry, 1941:105; 1942:127; 1943:
367; 1954:444; 1958:224; 1960:147; Kolosvary, 1943a:97
Kruger, 1911a:61 (Tetraclita squamosa japonica accord-
ing to Pilsbry); 1911b:461 (T. s. japonica): 1940:472:
Lacombe & Monteiro, 1974:633; Lamy & Andre, 1932
222; Morch, 1852:67; NeweU et al, 1959:209; NUsson-
CanteU, 1933:508; 1939a;5; Pilsbry, 1916:254; 1927:38;
Ross, 1962:32; Smith et al, 1950:134; Stephensen &
Stephensen, 1950:388; 1952:8; Stubbings, 1936:49;
Utinomi, 1968b:179; VerrUl, 1901:22; Voss & Voss, 1960:
102;ZuUo, 1966c:141.

Distribution: Bermuda; S.E. United States; Gulf of
Mexico; West Indies to southern BrazU; Gulf of CaUfor-
nia to Acapulco, Mexico. Other locaUties: Arabian Sea
(reported by Stubbings as Tetraclita porosa var. com-
munis): Cape Province, S. Africa (reported by Utinomi
as Tetraclita squamosa stalactifera). PUo-Pleistocene:
Curacao. Pleistocene: Venezuela.
Tetraclita stalactifera confinis PUsbry, 1916:255

Synonymy: Ross, 1962:34.

Diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:255.

References Barnes & Klepal, 1971:86 (pedicel of penis);
Henry, 1941:105; 1943:369; 1960:143; Hertlein &
Emerson, 1956:167.

Distribution: Gulf of CaUfornia. Pleistocene: Sonera,
Mexico.
Tetraclita stalactifera floridana PUsbry, 1916:255

References Barnes & Klepal, 1971:86 (pedicel of penis).

Distribution: Lake Worth Inlet, Florida.
Tetraclita vitiata Darwin, 1854b:340

Synonymy: Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:76.

Diagnosis Broch, 1922:339

References Endean et al, 1956:88 (mainland ecology and
distribution); 1956:317 (insular ecology and distribution);
Gruvel, 1903b:161; 1905a:289; Hiro, 1936b:635; 1937b:
67; 1939c:586; Hoek, 1913:256; Pilsbry, 1916:259; RoseU,
1972:214; Stephenson, 1968:51; Stephenson et al, 1958:261
(insular ecology); Weltner, 1897:258.

Distribution: Philippines; Sulu Arch.; Indonesia; Great
Barrier Reef, Australia; Nicobar I.

49

Superfamily Balanoidea Leach, 1817 n. status

Family Archaeobalanidae n. fam.

Subfamily Archaeobalaninae n. subfam.

Genus Archaeobatanus Menesini, 1971

Archaeobalanus semicanaliculatus Menesini, 1971:28
Reference: Plaziat & Cavalier, 1973:2875.
Distribution: Eocene and OUgocene, Paris Basin.

Genus Actinobalanus Moroni, 1967

Actinobalanus actinomorphus (Moroni). 1952:73
Synonymy: Moroni, 1967:923.
Diagnosis: Moroni, 1952:73.
Distribution: Pliocene, Italy.
Actinobalanus bisculcatus (Darwin), 1854a:26
Synonymy': Ross & Newman, 1967:6.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:293.
References: Davadie, 1967:74; de Alessandri. 1907b:286;

Moroni, 1967:925; Withers, 1953:58, 62.
Distribution: Coralline Crag, England; Eocene- Pliocene,
Northern Europe.
Actinobalanus bisulcatus plicatus (Darwin), 1854a:26
Synonymy': Ross & Newman, 1967:6.
Reference: Darwin, 1854b:293; Davadie, 1963:74.
Distribution: Coralline Crag, England: Belgium.
Actinobalanus pantanelli (de Alessandri), 1895:293
Actinobalanus dolosus (Darwin), 1954a:28
Synonymy: Moroni, 1967:925.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:295; Davadie, 1963:76; Kolo-

svary, 1967b:391; Lecointre. 1910:138.
Distribution: Miocene, France; Pliocene, England and
Norway.
Actinobalanus inclusus (Darwin), 1854a:31
Synonymy: Moroni, 1967:925; Davadie. 1963:75; Kolo-

svary, 1967b:391.
Diagnosis: Darwin. 1854b:299.

Distribution: Miocene to Pleistocene, Northern Europe.
Distribution: Pliocene, Italy.
Actinobalanus stellaris (Brocchi), 1814:599
Synonymy: de Alessandri, 1906:302 (= B. corrugatus
Darwin, 1854b:254); Davadie, 1963:66 {B. s. var.
miocenicus Seguenza, 1876:453).
Distribution: OUgocene-Pliocene, Italy.

Genus Kathpalmeria Ross, 1965

Kathpalmeria georgiana Ross, in Ross and Newman,
1965a:61
Distribution: Eocene, Georgia.
Kathpalmeria hantkeni (Kolosvary), 1947b:305
Synonymy: Ross, 1965a:62.
Diagnosis: Kolosvary, 1947b:305.
Reference: Plaziat & Cavelier, 1973:2875 (as Balanus

(Austrobalanus) hantkeni).
Distribution: Eocene, Hungary.

Genus Armatobalanus Hoek, 1913

Armato balanus (Armatobalanus) allium (Darwin), 1854b:281

Synonymy: Zullo, 1963d:588.

Diagnosis; Utinomi, 1949a:30.

References: Annandale, 1906:148; 1924:62 (as Balanus
arcuatus); Broch, 1922:325, 333 (as Acasta madreporicola
n. sp.); 1931:78 (as Balanus arcuatus): Gruvel, 1905a:247;
Hiro, 1936a:38 (as Acasta madreporicola); Hoek, 1913:
210 (as Balanus arcuatus n. sp.); Kolosvary, 1951a:
288; Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:337 (as Balanus arcuatus);
1938b:52 (as Balanus arcuatus); PUsbry, 1916:228;
Utinomi, 1949a:32 {Balanus arcuatus and Acasta mad-
reporicola, discussion); 1962:217; Utinomi & Kikuchi,
1966:6; Weltner, 1897:271; ZuUo, 1967b:126.

Distribution: Great Barrier Reef; Indonesia; Southwest
Japan; Ceylon; Bay of Bengal; 9-55m.

Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) allium truncatus (Utinomi),

1949a:32
Synonymy/diagnosis: Utinomi, 1949a:32.
Reference: Zullo, 1963d:588.
Distribution: Tanabe Bay, Japan.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) catvertensis (Ross), 1965:334

Distribution: Miocene, Maryland.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) cepa (Darwin), 1854b:283
Synonymy: Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:52.
Diagnosis: Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:52.
References: Borradaile, 1903:442 (as Walanus terebratus);

Broch. 1931:79; Gruvel. 1905a:251; Hiro, 1936b:625 (as

Balanus fujiyama); Kolosvary, 1943a;93 (as Balanus

fujiyama); 1947e:358 (as Balanus fujiyamaformis n. sp.);

Nilsson-Cantell, 1932c:6; Pilsbry, 1916:228; Utinomi,

1949a:29; ZuUo, 1963d:589.
Distribution: Indonesia; Australia; Mergui Arch.; Mal-
dives; southwest Japan; 50m.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) circe (Kolosvary), 1947e:359
Synonymy/diagnosis: Kolosvary, 1947e:359.
References: Kolosvary, 1951a:288; Ross, 1965b:332;

ZuUo, 1963d:589.
Distribution: West Indies.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) duvergieri (de Alessandri),

1922:223
Diagnosis/references: Withers, 1929a:562; 1953:57; 58;

ZuUo, 1961b:71.
Distribution: Miocene, France; on Porites incrustans.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) filigranus (Broch) 1916:8
Synonymy/diagnosis: Broch, 1916:8.
References: Hiro, 1937b:56; ZuUo, 1963d:(errata).
Distribution: W. Australia; Palau Is.; 4-20m.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) funiculorum (Annandale),

1906:145
Synonymy/diagnosis: Annandale, 1906:145.
References: Kolosvary, 1951b:229; ZuUo, 1963d:589.
Distribution: Gulf of Manaar.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) nefrens (ZuUo), 1963d:590
Synonymy/diagnosis; ZuUo, 1963d:590.
Reference: Ross, 1965b:332.
Distribution: Monterey and Carmel Bays and Channel

Is., CaUfornia.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) oryza Broch, 1931:82
Synonymy/diagnosis; Broch, 1931:82.
Reference: ZuUo, 1963d; 589.
Distribution: Banda Sea; 200m.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) palaoensis Hiro, 1937b:60
Synonymy/diagnosis; Hiro, 1937b:60.
Reference: ZuUo, 1963d:589.
Distribution: Palau Is.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) quadrivittatus Darwin,

1854b:284
Synonymy: ZuUo, 1963d:589.
Diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:213.
References: BorradaUe, 1903:442; Broch, 1947:8; Davadie,

1952:30; Dawydoff, 1952:128; Gruvel, 1903b:141; 1905a:

248; Hoek, 1907:xvi; Kolosvary, 1947d:425; 1951b:292;

Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:339; 1934b:60; 1938b:54; Pilsbry,

1916:229; Utinomi, 1962:217; Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:

6; Weltner, 1897:271.
Distribution: Maldives; Indonesia; Singapore; Viet Nam;

Mergui Arch.; Southwestern Japan; Philippines; 31-51m.

Miocene, Algeria.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) quinquevittatus Hoek,

1913:216
Synonymy/diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:216.
Reference: ZuUo, 1963d:589.
Distribution: Off Ambon; 32m.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) terebratus Darwin,

1854b:285
Synonymy: Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:51.
Diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:207.
References: Annandale, 1906:148; Borradaile, 1903:442;

Broch, 1916:6; Dawydoff, 1952:128; Gruvel, 1905a:249;

50

Hiro, 1935a:l; 1937b:55; Korschelt, 1933:27; Weltner,
1897:271; Zullo, 1963d:590.

Distribution: Palau Is.; Kei Is.; western Australia;
Gulf of Siam; Madras, India; 0-55m.
Armatobalanus (Armatobalanus) terebratus radicifer (Annan-
dale), 1924:63

Synonymy/diagnosis Annandale, 1924:63.

References Hiro, 1937b:55; ZuUo, 1963d:590.

Distribution: Mergui Arch.

Subgenus Hexacreusia ZuUo, 1961

Armatobalanus (Hexacreusia) durhami (Zullo), 1961b:73
Synonymy/diagnosis: Zullo, 1961b:73.
References: Newman & Ladd, 1974:383; Ross, 1962:37;
Ross & Newman, 1973:148; ZuUo, 1967b:126; ZuUo &
Beach. 1973:13; ZuUo et al, 1972:72.
Distribution: Pliocene to Recent: Gulf of CaUfornia, on
Pontes.
Armatobalanus (Hexacreusia) straeleni (ZuUo & Beach),
1973:11
Distribution: Galapagos, on ahermatypic coral; 55-90m.

Genus Chirona Gray, 1835

Chirona (Chirona) bimanicus (Withers), 1923:288

Distribution: Miocene, Burma.
Chirona (Chirona) evermanni (Pilsbry), 1907d:203

Synonymy: Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:230 (includes B. (Meta-
balanus) hoekianus Pilsbry, 1911:77).

Diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:201 (as Balanus hoekianus);
Pilsbry, 1916:210.

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:85 (pedicel of penis);
Henry, 1942:126; Hiro, 1935c:227; Hoek, 1913:151, 246
[as Hexelasma hoekianum); Kruger, 1911b:460; Newman
& Ross, 1971:171; PUsbry, 1911:76 (evermanni). 11 (hoek-
ianus).

Distribution: Gulf of Alaska; Aleutians and Bering Sea;
140-490m.
Chirona (Chirona) hameri (Ascanius), 1767:8

Synonymy: Pilsbry, 1916:205.

Diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:205.

References: Barnes & Barnes, 1965a:391 (variation in egg
size); Barnes & Klepal, 1971:85 (pedicel of penis); Bas-
sindale, 1964:39; Bousfield. 1954:121; Broch, 1924a:88;
Crisp, 1962b: 123 (larval stages); Crisp & Southward,
1961:271 (cirral activity); Darwin, 1854a:24; 1854b:277;
Davadie, 1963:71; Foster, 1970:377 (acclimation to
saUnity); Gruvel, 1903b:141; 1905a:245; Hoek, 1875:60:
1909:270; Kolosvary, 1967b:392; Kruger, 1927a:14
1927b:5; 1940:464; Moore, 1935a:57 (growth rate)
Morch, 1852:68: O'Riordan, 1967:293; Poulsen, 1935:16:
Rzhepishevskii, 1968:36; Southward & Crisp, 1963:32
(fouUng); Stephensen, 1938:6; Tarasov, 1937:52; Walker,
1970:239 (cement apparatus); 1972:429 (cement composi-
tion); 1973b:455 (frontal horns and gland ceUs); Weltner,
1897:270; 1898a:443; 1898b:12; ZuUo, 1963b:13.

Distribution: North Atlantic; Chesapeake Bay; Barents
and North Seas; England; 29-305m. PUo-Pleistocene,
Northern Europe and North America.
Chirona (Chirona) sublaevis (Sowerby), 1840:327

References: Withers, 1923:285.

Distribution: Soomrow, India.
Chirona (Chirona) unguiformis (Sowerby), 1846:pl. 648

Synonymy: Darwin, 1854a:29.

References: Darwin, 1854b:296; Davadie, 1963:73 (thin
sections); de Alessandri, 1907b:288; Plaziat & CavaUer,
1973:2875 (paleo-ecology); Ross & Newman, 1967:4;
Withers, 1953:48 et seq.

Distribution: Eocene-OUgocene, England and Paris Basin.
Eocene, Southeastern U.S.
Chirona (Chirona) varians (Sowerby), 1846:pl. 2

References: Darwin. 1854b:298; 1897:622; Ortmann,
1902:250 (probably includes Chthamalus antiquus
(PhilUppi); Withers, 1953:141.

Distribution: Tertiary, Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.

Subgenus Smafo6a/anus Hoek, 1913

Chirona (Striatobalanus) amaryllis (Darwin), 1854b:279

Synonymy diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:279; Hoek, 1913:179.

References: Annandale, 1906:147: Barnes & Klepal,
1971:85 (pedicel of penis); Broch, 1916:6; 1922:321 (as
forma euamaryllis nov.); 1931:66, 67 (as forma laevis
nov.); 1947:5, 6; Daniel, 1955:25; Darwin, 1854b:279
|var. a (= Balanus roseus Lamarck, 1818); var. b.];
Dawydoff, 1952:128; Endean et al, 1956:88; Gruvel,
1903b:141; 1905a:250 (as var. niveus nov. = var. b.
Darwin, 1854b); Hiro. 1936b:624; 1939d:243; Hoek, 1883:
153; 1912:408; 1913:179: Karande. 1967:1245; Karande
& Palekar, 1966:147; Kruger, 1911a:4; 1911b:460; 1940:
464; Lanchester, 1902:369 (as Balanus amaryllis dis-
similis n. subsp.); Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:329; 1927a:785;
1930b:10; 1931a:114; 1934a:68; 1934b:58; 1938b:46;
Pope, 1945:364; Stubbings, 1936:41; 1961a:174; Utinomi.
1962:216; 1968b:174; 1969a:88: Utinomi & Kikuchi,
1966:6; Weltner, 1897:270.

Distribution: Indo-west Pacific: East Africa to PhiUppines
and Northeast AustraUa: 5-500m., and on ships.
Chirona (Striatobalanus) bimae (Hoek), 1913:182

Synonymy/diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:182.

References: Broch, 1931:70; Nilsson-CanteU, 1934b:58;
1938b:48.

Distribution: Java Sea; 12-35m.
Chirona (Striatobalanus) krugeri (PUsbry), 1916:214

Synonymy/diagnosis: PUsbry, 1916:214.

References: Broch, 1931:71; Hiro, 1933:72; 1937c:440;
1939b:56; Utinomi, 1949b:96: 1958a:308.

Distribution: Japan; Moluccas; 100-250m.
Chirona (Striatobalanus) maculatus (Hoek), 1913:187

Distribution: Java Sea.
Chirona (Striatobalanus) taiwanensis (Hiro), 1939e:264

Distribution: Formosa.
Chirona (Striatobalanus) tenuis (Hoek), 1883:154.

Synonymy: Hiro, 1937c:439.

Diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:185 (as Balanus albus n.sp.).

References: Barnard, 1924:74; Broch, 1931:70: Daniel,
1955:24; Gruvel, 1905a:247; Hoek, 1912:408; Nilsson-
CanteU, 1925:34; 1927a:785; 1938b:46; Pilsbry, 1916:
216; Stubbings, 1936:41 (as albus): 1940:390; Utinomi,
1950:63; 1962:216; 1968b:174; 1969a:88; Utinomi and
Kikuchi, 1966:6; Weltner, 1897:271.

Distribution: Indo-west pacific: South Africa, Persian
Gulf to PhiUppines and Japan: 7-500m.
Chirona (Striatobalanus) tuberculatus (RoseU), 1974:2

Distribution: Mindanao, PhiUppines.
Chirona (Striatobalanus) zealandicus (Withers), 1924:35

Distribution: Miocene, New Zealand (Withers, 1953:78
et seq.).

Genus Solidobalanus Hoek, 1913

Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) astacophilus (Barnard),
1926:128

Synonymy/diagnosis; Barnard, 1926:128.

References: Henry & McLaughMn, 1967:47; ZuUo & New-
man, 1964:368.

Distribution: South Africa; 420m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) auricoma (Hoek), 1913:198

Synonymy: ZuUo & Newman, 1964:368.

Diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:198; Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:49.

References: Broch, 1922:323; 1931:71; Henry &
McLaughlin, 1967:46; Nilsson-CanteU, 1934a:70;
Utinomi, 1969:82.

Distribution: Persian Gulf; Moluccas; southwest
AustraUa; 27-320m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) ciliatus (Hoek), 1913:199.

Synonymy: ZuUo & Newman, 1964:368.

Diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:199; Nilsson-CanteU, 1934a:68.

References; Annandale, 1906:148 (as Balanus maldiven-
sis Borradaile, 1903); Broch, 1931:72; 1947:6; Dawydoff,
1952:128; Henry &. McLaughUn, 1967:47; NUsson-
CanteU, 1925:38; 1934b:59; 1938b;49; Stubbings,
1936:43; Utinomi, 1969a:90.

51

Distribution: Indo-west Pacific: Gulfs of Aden, Persia

and Manaar; Red Sea; India; Indonesia: 13-220m.

Solidobalanus ISolidobalanus) compressus (Hoek), 1913:202

References: Henry & McLaughlin, 1967:47: ZuUo & New-
man, 1964:369.

Distribution: Banda Sea; 75-1 12m.
Solidobalanus ISolidobalanus) echinoplacis (Stubbingsl,
1936:45

References: Henry & McLaughlin, 1967:47; Zullo & New-
man, 1964:369.

Distribution: Zanzibar; 225m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) hawaiensis (Pilsbry), 1916:222

References: Gordon, 1970:81; Henry & McLaughlin,
1967:47 {hawaiiensis |sic)); Utinomi, 1949b:96; Zullo &
Newman, 1964:369.

Distribution: Hawaiian Is.; 21-222m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) maldivensis (Borradaile),
1903:442

Synonymy/diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:195.

References: Annandale, 1906:148; Henry & McLaughlin,
1967:47; Zullo & Newman, 1964:369.

Distribution: Maldives and Flores Sea; 69-390m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) masignotus (Henry &
McLaughlin), 1967:47

Reference: McLaughlin & Henry, 1972:14 (complemental
males).

Distribution: Central Baja Cahfornia; Mazatlan, Mexico;
Costa Rica; Ecuador; subUttoral.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) mylensis (Seguenza), 1876:308

Synonymy: Moroni. 1967:5 {milensis of some authors);
Withers, 1953:61,62.

Distribution: Neogene, Italy.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) nascanus (Zullo, in Zullo &
Newman), 1964:366

References: Henry & McLaughhn, 1967:47; Zevina &
Kurshakova, 1973:183.

Distribution: Eastern Pacific; Nasca Ridge; 228m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) pseudauricoma (Broch),
1931:72

Synonymy/diagnosis: Utinomi, 1949b:97.

References: Henry & McLaughlin, 1967:47; Zullo &
Newman, 1964:369.

Distribution: Celebes; Japan; 70-500m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) socialis (Hoek), 1883:150

Synonymy: Zullo & Newman, 1964:369.

Diagnosis: Hoek, 1883:150; 1913:192.

References: Annandale, 1906:148 (as Balanus aeneas);
Gruvel, 1905a:226,252 (as Balanus aeneas): Henry &
McLaughlin, 1967:46; Hiro, 1932b:473; 1937c:442; Hoek,
1913:150,154 (as Balanus aeneas); Lanchester, 1902:370
(as Balanus aeneas n.sp.); Stubbings, 1963a:334
Utinomi, 1949a:22; 1962:217; 1968b:175; 1969a:89:
1970:359; Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:6; Weltner, 1897
267.

Distribution: Indo-west Pacific: Gulfs of Persia and
Manaar; Bay of Bengal; Indonesia; Southeast coast of
Japan; to 91m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) solidus (Broch), 1931:76

References; Henry & McLaughlin, 1967:47; Zullo &
Newman, 1964:369.

Distribution: Japan; 300m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) tantillus (Pilsbry), 1916:224

References: Henry & McLaughlin, 1967:47; Zullo & New-
man, 1964:369.

Distribution: Sulu Arch.; 100m.
Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) thompsoni (Stubbings),
1936:43

References: Henry & McLaughlin, 1967:47; Nilsson-
CanteU, 1938b:13; ZuUo & Newman, 1964:369.

Distribution: Gulf of Aden; 73-220m.

Subgenus Hesperibalanus Pilsbry, 1916

Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) comwalli (Zullo) 1966a:200
Distribution: Eocene, Washington.

Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) elizabetfiae (Barnard)
1924:72

Synonymy/diagnosis: Millard, 1950:267.

References: Nilsson-Cantell, 1932c:8 (as Balanus emk-
weniensis n.sp.); Henry & McLaughhn, 1967:47.

Distribution: South Africa.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) engbergi (Pilsbry), 1921:113

Synonymy: Cornwall, 1955b:31.

Diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1921:113.

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:84 (pedicel of penis);
Cornwall, 1955a:31; Henry, 1940:33; 1942:107; Henry &
McLaughlin, 1967:47; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:227;
ZuUo, 1969b:351.

Distribution: Alaska to Oregon; 28-80m. Pleistocene,
Oregon.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) fallax (Broch), 1927:26

Synonymy'DIagnosls: Stubbings, 1963b:30.

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:86 (pedicel of Penis);
Bassindale, 1961:485; Henry & McLaughlin, 1967:47;
Nilsson-CanteU, 1939c:93; Stubbings, 1961b:34 (as
Balanus (Solidobalanus) occidentalis n.sp.); 1961c:189
(as occidentalis): 1963:30; 1965:892; 1967:287; Utinomi,
1959b:402.

Distribution: Algeria and West Africa; 7-220m.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius hesperius (Pils-
bry), 1916:193

Synonymy diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:193.

References: Barnes & Barnes, 1959d:237 (naupliar
stages); 1965a:391 (size variation); Barnes & Klepal,
1971:85 (pedicel of penis); Broch, 1922:321; CornwaU,
1955b:35; Henry, 1942:127: Henry & McLaughlin, 1967:
47; Hiro, 1935c:225; 1939f:212; Kolosvary, 1943a:92;
Kriiger, 1940:464; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:228; Utinomi,
1970:359; ZuUo, 1969b:351.

Distribution: North Pacific: Japan; Bering Sea; Alaska;
British Columbia; 60- 180m. Pleistocene, Oregon.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius laevidomiformis
(Kolosvary), 1941e:9

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:85 (pedicel of penis);
Kolosvary, 1943a:92; Henry & McLaughhn, 1967:47 (as
incertae sedis)

Distribution: Panama.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius laevidomus (Pils-
bry), 1916:196

Synonymy/diagnosis: Henry, 1940:31.

References: Barnes & Gonor, 1958:194 (neurosecretory
ceUs); CornwaU, 1955a:34; 1955b:35; Henry, 1942:110;
Henry & McLaughhn, 1967:47; Hiro, 1935c;227; Kolos-
vary, 1943a:92; Newman, 1975:269; Nilsson-Cantell,
1927a:785; Pilsbry, 1921:113; Tarasov & Zevina,
1957:228.

Distribution: Alaska to San Francisco; 8-338m.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) hesperius nipponensis (Pils-
bry), 1916:199

Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:199.

References: Henry & McLaughhn, 1967:47; Tarasov &
Zevina, 1957:228; Utinomi, 1958a:308.

Distribution: Pacific coast of Japan; 50m.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) parahesperius (Menesini),
1971:22

Reference: Plaziat & Caveher, 1973:2875 (paleo-ecology).

Distribution: Eocene and Ohgocene, Paris Basin.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) phineus (Kolosvary),
1956:187

Distribution: Eocene, Hungary.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) proinus (Woodring, in
Woodring & Bramlette), 1950:92

Synonymy: ZuUo, 1969a:16.

Distribution: PUocene, Southern California.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) sookensis (Cornwall),
1927b:400

Distribution: Miocene, Vancouver I., Canada.
Solidobalanus (Hesperibalanus) stenonotus (Pilsbry &
Olson), 1951:201

Distribution: Ohgocene, Ecuador.

52

SoUdobalanus (Hesperibalanus) varians (Sowerby), 1846:pl. 2
References Chapman, 1914:54.67; Darwin. 1854b:298;

Ortmann. 1902:250.
Distribution: Eocene, Patagonia.
SoUdobalanus (Hesperibalanus) uialovi (Kolosvary).
1961c:150
Distribution: Eocene, USSR.

Snhgeims Bathybalanus Hoek, 1913

SoUdobalanus (Bathybalanusj pentacrini (Hoek), 1913:230
Synonymy diagnosis: Hoek. 1913:230.
References: Hiro. 1936a:59; Newman & Ross. 1971:173.
Distribution: Banda Sea; 240-304m.

Genus Notobalanus n.gen

Notobalanus flosculus (Darwin). 1854b:290
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry. 1916:219.
References: Gruvel. 1905a:252; Kolosvary, 1943a:93;

Korschelt. 1933:27; Kriiger. 1940:466; Nilsson-Cantell.

1957:21; Weltner. 1895:291; 1897:271; Zevina & Kur-

shakova. 1973:183.
Distribution: Peru; Chile; Tierra del Fuego.
Notobalanus flosculus var. sordidus (Darwin), 1854b:290
Synonymy/diagnosis: Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:330.
References: Davadie, 1952:30; Fletcher, 1938:115;

Gruvel. 1903b: 141; 1905a:252; 1905b:345; Kolosvary,

1943a:93; Newman & Ross, 1971:169; Nilsson-Cantell,

1957:21; Weltner, 1895:291; 1897:271; 1898b:5; 1900:305.
Distribution: Chile to Tierra del Fuego. Miocene. Algeria.

Late Cenozoic. Kerguelen I.
Notobalanus vestitus (Darwin), 1854:286
Synonymy diagnosis: Newman & Ross, 1971:169.
Refere.wes: Broch. 1922:322; 1931:71; Filhol. 1885:487;

Foster, 1967a:83; 1967b:35; Gruvel, 1905a:248; Hutton,

1879:328; Kriiger, 1940:464.466; Moore. 1944:333;

PUsbry. 1916:219; Weltner. 1897:271; 1899a:445; 1900:

307; Withers, 1924:36; 1953:77,98.
Distribution: Australia; New Zealand; Auckland I.;

0-51m. Lower Ohgocene. Chatham 1.

Genus Elminius Leach, 1825

Elminius cristallinus Gruvel. 1907a: 106

Synonymy/diagnosis: Gruvel, 1909a:216 (probably intro-
duced E. modestus Darwin).

Reference: Kriiger, 1940:470.

Distribution: Azores.
Elminius kingii Gray, 1831:13

Synonymy/diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:348; Nilsson-Cantell,
1921:348.

References: Gruvel. 1903b:163; 1905a:294; 1911:292
Hoek, 1907:4; Kolosvary, 1943a:95; Kriiger. 1940:470:
NUsson-CanteU, 1930c:255; 1957:22; PUsbry, 1916:260
Weltner. 1895:289; 1897:256; 1898b:5; 1900:305.

Distribution: Chile, below 30°S; Cape Horn to Punta
Arenas, Argentina; Falkland Is.
Elminius modestus Darwin, 1854b:350

Synonymy/diagnosis: Moore, 1944:329 (includes E. sinu-
atus Hutton, 1879:328).

References: Austin et al, 1958:497 (chromosome num-
bers); Barnes & Barnes, 1960:137 (recent spread in NW
Europe); 1961a:121 (spread in SW Scotland); 1965b:23
(further European records); 1966a:83 (coasts of western
Europe); 1968a:135 (egg numbers); 1968b:261 (French
Atlantic coast); 1969a:156 (in France); 1974:197 (embry-
onic development and sahnity); Barnes & Klepal. 1971:
87 (pedicel of penis); Barnes, Barnes & Klepal, 1972:187
(French Atlantic coast); Barnes, Klepal & Munn. 1971:
173 (spermatozoa); Barnes & Powell, 1966:107 (at
Arcachon, France); Barnes & Stone, 1972b:309 (western
Scotland); Bassindale, 1947:223; 1958:381; 1964:42;
Beard, 1957:1145; Bhatnagar & Crisp, 1965:419 (salinity
tolerance); Bishop, 1947:501 (first report outside Aus-

traha); 1951:531 (spread in European waters); 1954:1145
(in France); Bishop & Crisp. 1957:482 (in France); 1958:
109 (France); Bishop et al. 1957:1 (on French Atlantic
coast); Bocquet-Vedrine. 1964:5060 (relationship be-
tween growth and molting); 1965b:30 (molting);
Boschma. 1948:403 (Netherlands); Boulton et al. 1971:
487 (fouhng); Broch. 1922:342 (as Elminius sinuatus);
ConneU, 1955:954 (Scotland); Corner et al, 1968:29
(toxicity); Crisp, 1955:569 (cyprid behavior); 1958:483;
1959b:37; 1960a:681 (northern limit); 1961:421 (territor-
ial behavior); 1964a:179 (severe winter); Crisp & Austin,
1960:787 (fouhng); Crisp & Barnes. 1954:142 (orienta-
tion); Crisp & Chipperfield. 1948:64 (British waters);
Crisp & Christie, 1966:59 (toxicity); Crisp & Davies,
1955:357 (breeding); Crisp & Meadows. 1962c:500 (gre-
gariousness); Crisp & Patel, 1958:1078; 1961:105
(growth rates); 1967:612 (contour of substratum); Crisp
& Ritz, 1967b:236 (temperature accUmation); Crisp &
Southward, 1959:429 (spread in British Isles); 1961:271
(cirral activity); Crisp & Stubbings, 1957:179 (orienta-
tion); Den Hartog, 1953:9 (in North Sea); 1956:141 (in
France); Evans, 1968:260; Filhol. 1885:489; Fischer-
Piette. 1963:176 (French/Spanish border); 1964:500
(France); 1965:466 (Fr. Atlantic coast); Fischer-Piette &
Prenant. 1956:7 (NW coast Spain); Foster. 1967a:84;
1967b:33 (early stages); 1969:326 (tolerance of high-
temperatures); 1970:380 (acclimation to salinity);
197 la: 12 (dessication); 1971b:33 (upper limit); Foster &
Nott, 1969:340 (sensory structures); Gruvel, 1903b:163
1905a:295 (as Elminius sinuatus), 296; Guiler, 1952:20
Hutton, 1879:328 (as E. sinuatus): Jennings, 1918:62
Jones, 1961:103 (SE coast of Scotland); Knight-Jones
1948:201 (British harbors); 1953:583 (gregariousness)
1955:266 (gregariousness); Knight-Jones & Crisp, 1953
1109 (gregariousness); Knight-Jones & Morgan, 1966:
267 (hydrostatic pressure); Knight-Jones & Stephenson
1950:281 (gregariousness); Knight-Jones & Waugh
1949:413 (larval development); Kolosvary, 1967b:393
Kriiger, 1940:470; Kuhl, 1963:99 (German coast); 1967
965 (Elbe estuary); Leloup & Lefevre, 1952:1 (Belgian
coast); Meadows, 1969a:273 (fouhng); 1969b:65 (settle-
ment, growth); Moore, 1944:329; Moyse, 1963:175 (food
for larvae); Moyse & Nelson-Smith, 1963:1 (zonation);
Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:351; 1925:42 (as var. laeuis n.var.);
1926:13; 1927a:786; 1930d:212; O'Riordan, 1967:294
(Ireland); Patel & Crisp, 1960a:667 (influence of tem-
perature); 1961:89 (breeding and molting); Pope, 1945:
368; 1966:181; PoweU, 1960:119 (Scotland); Ritz &
Foster, 1968:552 (temperature); Roskell, 1962:263 (on
Littorina shells); Sandison, 1950:79 (S. Africa); Singa-
rajah et al, 1967:144 (phototactic behavior); Skerman,
1958:224 (fouling); 1960:610 (predation); Southward,
1955b:403 (behavior); 1955c:423 (behavior); Southward &
Crisp, 1952:416 (changes in distribution); 1963:24 (foul-
ing); Stubbings, 1950:277; Utinomi. 1968b:178; Walker,
1970:239 (cement apparatus); 1973b:455 (frontal horns
and gland cells); Weltner, 1897:256,257 (as Elminius sin-
uatus); 1900:307; Wisely & BUck, 1964:162 (naupUi);
Zevina, 1963:73 (Black Sea).

Distribution: Austraha, Tasmania, New Zealand; intro-
duced to South Africa, possibly Azores (see E. cristal-
Unus Gruvel), Black Sea and Northern Europe.
Elminius modestus molluscorum Kolosvary. 1942c: 147

Reference: Kolosvary. 1943a:95.

Distribution: Auckland, New Zealand.

Genus Membranobalanus Pilsbry. 1916

Membranobalanus brachialis (RoseU), 1973:184
Distribution: Puerto Galera. Phihppines.

Membranobalanus cuneiformis (Hiro). 1936b:627
Synonymy/diagnosis: Hiro, 1939c:243.
Distribution: Arafura Sea and Japan; 15m.

53

Membranobalanus declivis (Darwin), 1854b:275

Synonvmv/diagnosis: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:86 (pedicel of
penis); Pilsbry, 1916:230.

References Gruvel. 1905a:244; Henry, 1954:443; 1958:
215; Hiro, 1936:631; VerriU, 1901:22 (as Balanus
declivus cuspidatus n.subsp.); Wells, 1966:83: Weltner,
1897:270,

Distribution: Bermuda: Florida; West Indies.
Membranobalanus longirostrum (Hoek), 1913:205

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1968b:176.

Diagnosis Hoek, 1913:205; Utinomi, 1968b:176.

References Broch, 1931:85; 1947:6; Daniel, 1955:26 (as
Balanus longirostrum var. krusadaiensis nov.); Dawyd-
off, 1952:128; Daniel & Prem-Kumar. 1968:147 (as
Balanus (Membranobalanus) roonwali n.sp.); Hiro,
1936b:631; Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:340; 1938b:54;
Suhaimi, 1966:65 (as Balanus (M.) basicupula n.sp.);
Weltner, 1897:270 (as IBalanus declivis).

Distribution: East coast of India to Singapore; 6-36m.
Membranobalanus nebrias (Zullo & Beach), 1973:2

Distribution: Galapagos Is.
Membranobalanus orcutti (Pilsbry), 1907b:361

Synonymy/diagnosis Pilsbry, 1907b:361

References Barnard, 1924:75; Henry, 1942:127; Hiro,
1936b:631; Pilsbry, 1916:233.

Distribution: Monterey to Baja California; South Africa;
Sulu Arch.; to 52m.
Membranobalanus orcuttiformis (Kolosvary), 1941:189

Distribution: Indian Ocean.

Genus Acasta Leach, 1817

Acasta aculeata Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:342

Distribution: Gulf of Siam.
Acasta alba Barnard, 1924:83

Distribution: Off Natal, South Africa; 90-180m.
Acasta alcyonicola Utinomi, 1953:142

Synonymy/diagnosis Utinomi, 1953:142.

Reference: Utinomi, 1959c:313.

Distribution: Tanabe Bay, Japan.
Acasta angusticalcar Broch, 1931:106

Synonymy/diagnosis Broch, 1931:106.

Distribution: Kei Is.; 20m.
Acasta antipathidis Broch, 1916:13

Synonymy/diagnosis Broch, 1916:13.

References: Hiro. 1936a:58; 1937b:53 (possibly a
Conopea).

Distribution: Cape Jaubert, western Australia.
Acasta armata Gravier, 1921a:353

Distribution: Off Djibouti; 20m.
Acasta cancellorum Hiro, 1931:151

Synonymy/diagnosis Hiro, 1937c:459.

References Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:58.

Distribution: Seto, Japan.
Acasta conica Hoek, 1913:235

Synonymy/diagnosis Hoek, 1913:235.

References Broch. 1922:330.

Distribution: Celebes; Sulu Arch.; 40-60m.
Acasta coriobasis Broch, 1947:25

Synonymy/diagnosis Utinomi, 1953:139.

Reference: Dawydoff, 1952:139.

Distribution: Indochina; Hiroshima Bay.
/I casta crassa Broch, 1931:109

Distribution: Saparua Bay, Moluccas; 20-30m.
Acasta ctenodentia Rosell, 1972:200

Distribution: Puerto Galera, Philippines.
Acasta cyathus Darwin, 1854b:312

Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b:312.

Diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:244.

References Annandale, 1906:144; Barnard, 1924:82:
Broch, 1922:330; 1927c:30; 1931:95; Gravier, 1921a:357:
Gruvel, 1903b:121; 1905a:259; Henry, 1954:443; Hoek,
1913:xvi,xix; Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:342; 1938:13; Pilsbry,
1916:244; 1952:27; Stubbings, 1936:48; WeUs, 1966:85;
Weltner, 1897:258; 1910:528; 1922:85; Zevina & Lit-

vinova, 1970:174.
Distribution: Florida; Caribbean; Madeira; Morocco;

East Africa; Red Sea; Gulf of Manaar; Singapore; Kei

Is.; Sulu Arch.; Philippines; western Australia; 15-180m.
Acasta denticulata Hiro, 1931:153
Synonymy;diagnosis Hiro, 1931:153.
Reference: Utinomi, 1958a:309.
Distribution: Sagami Bay, Japan.
Acasta dolfleini Kriiger, 1911a:56
Snonymy: Hiro, 1937d:454.
Diagnosis Broch. 1922:330.
References Broch, 1931:96; Dawydoff, 1952:129; Hiro,

1931:151 (as Acasta aperta n.sp.); Kriiger, 1911b:461;

Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:341; Pilsbry, 1916:247; • Rosell,

1972:198; Utinomi, 1950:64; 1958a:309; 1962:221; 1968b:

178; 1969b:53.
Distribution: Southern Japan; Indonesia; Sulu Arch.;

24-280m.
Acasta echinata Hiro, 1937a:70
Synonymy: Utinomi, 1962:224.
Diagnosis Broch, 1947:6; Utinomi, 1949a:32.
References Dawydoff, 1952:129; Utinomi, 1959c:313.
Distribution: Southern Japan; southeast Asia; 15-20m.
Acasta fenestrata Darwin, 1854b:316
Synonymy: Rosell, 1972:194.
Diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:316.
References Gruvel, 1905a:262; Hiro, 1939d:243; Hoek,

1883:160; 1913:233; Kriiger, 1911a:4; 1911b:461;

Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:57; Weltner, 1897:259; 1922:104.
Distribution: Red Sea; Bay of Bengal; Philippines;

Seto, Japan; to 51m.
Acasta fischeri Locard, 1877:18

Distribution: Miocene, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica.
Acasta flexuosa Nilsson-CanteU, 1931a:130
Synonymy: Hiro, 1937c:457.

Diagnosis: Hiro, 1931:153 (as Acasta amakusana n.sp.).
References Utinomi, 1949a:32.
Distribution: Amakusa and Seto, Japan.
Acasta foraminifera Broch, 1931:98

Distribution: Amboina Bay, Kei Is.; 100-140m.
Acasta formae de Alessandri, 1897:46

Reference: de Alessandri, 1906:312; Withers, 1953:61.
Distribution: Miocene. Italy.
Acasta fossata Barnard, 1924:84

Distribution: Seal I., S. Africa; 24-50m.
Acasta glans Lamarck, 1818:398
Synonymy: Utinomi, 1969a:91.
Diagnosis Hoek, 1913:241.
References Broch, 1931:133; Darwin, 1854b:314: Gruvel,

1903b:121; 1905a:261; Hoek, 1913:233; Kolosvary,

1943a:94; NUsson-CanteU, 1938b:56; Pilsbry, 1916:242;

Weltner, 1897:258.
Distribution: Gulf of Iran; Bay of Bengal; southwest

AustraUa; Indonesia; PhiUppines; 15-55m.
Acasta gregaria Utinomi, 1959c:314
Distribution: Tanabe Bay, Japan.
Acasta hirsuta Broch, 1916:10
Synonymy/diagnosis Broch, 1916:10.
References Broch, 1931:96; Hiro, 1936a:58; Utinomi,

1959c:317.
Distribution: Cape Jaubert, AustraUa; Amboina; Moluc-
cas; 100-140m.
Acasta idiopoma Pilsbry, 1912:294
Reference: Pilsbry, 1916:247.
Distribution: Mindanao, Philippines; 40m.
Acasta japonica Pilsbry, 1911:80
Synonymy: Utinomi, 1962:221.
Diagnosis Pilsbry, 1911:80.
References Broch, 1922:330; 1931:96; 1947:6; Dawydoff,

1952:129; Hiro, 1939f:213; Kruger, 1940:460; NUsson-

CanteU, 1938b: 13; Pilsbry, 1916:243; Utinomi, 1970:359;

ZuUo, 1968a;227.
Distribution: Southern Japan; Taiwan; southeast Asia;

10-800m.

54

Acasta laevigata Gray, 1825:103
Synonymy: Nilsson-Cantell. 1938b:57.
Diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:315; Hiro, 1937b:62.
References Gruvel, 1903b:121; 1905a:261; Hoek, 1913:
233; Resell, 1972:197; Weltner, 1897:259; Zevina &
Litvinova, 1970:174.
Distribution: Red Sea; Zanzibar; Andaman Is., Phil-
ippines; Palau Is.
Acasta membranacea Barnard, 1924:88
Reference: Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:13.
Distribution: South Africa; 28-180m.
Acasta microforamina Rosell, 1970:105

Distribution: Philippines.
Acasta muricata Seguenza, 1876:312

Distribution: Tertiary, Italy (Withers, 1953:62).
Acasta pectinipes Pilsbry, 1912:294
Synonymy: Hiro, 1937c:463.
Diagnosis Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:57.
References Barnard, 1924:87; 1925:1; Broch, 1922:330;
Hiro, 1931:149 (as Acasta komaii n.sp.); Hoek, 1913:237
(as Acasta nitida n.sp.); Kriiger, 1914:438; Pilsbry, 1916:
247; Utinomi, 1949a:23; 1962:221; 1969b:53; ZuUo,
1968a:227.
Distribution: Japan; Philippines; Sulu Arch.; Java Sea;
Andaman Is.; South Africa; 35-170m.
Acasta porata Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:348
Synonymy: Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:56.
Diagnosis Broch, 1931:96.
References Broch, 1947:6; Dawydoff, 1952:129, RoseU,

1972:203.
Distribution: Philippines; Viet Nam; Bay of Bengal;
l-55m.
Acasta purpurata Darwin, 1854b:318
Synonymy/diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:318.
References Gruvel, 1905a:262; Hiro, 1937c:450; Hoek,
1913:234; Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:13; Utinomi, 1959c:
313; Weltner, 1897:259.
Distribution: Sumatra; PhiUppines.
Acasta sarda de Alessandri, 1895:64
References de Alessandri, 1906:311; Withers, 1953:59.
Distribution: Ohgocene, Sicily.
Acasta schdfferi de Alessandri. 1910:124

Distribution: Miocene, Austria (Withers, 1953:70).
Acasta sculptura Broch, 1931:101
Reference: Utinomi, 1959c:313.
Distribution: Java Sea; 49m.
Acasta scuticosta Weltner, 1887:102
Synonymy/diagnosis Weltner, 1887:102.
References Gruvel, 1905a:260; Hiro, 1931:152; Hoek,

1913:233; Weltner, 1897:259.
Distribution: Cartagena, Spain.
Acasta semota Hiro, 1933:73

Distribution: East coast of Japan; 33m.
Acasta serrata Hiro, 1937b:64

Distribution: Palau Is.
Acasta spinitergum Broch, 1931:112
Synonymy/diagnosis Broch, 1931:112.
References Hiro, 1936a:58; Kolosvary, 1943a:95;

Utinomi, 1959c:313.
Distribution: Java Sea; Philippines; 35m.
Acasta spinifera Utinomi, 1967:222

Distribution: Tokyo Bay; 70m.
Acasta spinosa Hiro, 1939e:267

Distribution: Formosa.
Acasta spongites Poll, 1791:25
Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b:308.
Diagnosis Utinomi, 1958a:300.

References Barnard, 1924:80; Bassindale, 1964:42;
Bocquet-Vedrine, 1966a:2733; 1966b:337 (structure and
growth of operculum); 1966c:693; Crisp & Southward
1961:271 (cirral acivity); Dawydoff, 1952:129; de Ales
sandri, 1907b:289; Fischer, 1872:433; Gruvel, 1903b:121
1905a:263; Hiro, 1931:154; 1935c:227; Hoek, 1875:60
1909:271; Kolosvary, 1939a:176; 1941c:156; 1943a:94

1947a:22; Kriiger, 1911a:4; 1911b:459; 1914:439; 1940:
459; LeReste, 1965:65 (larvae); Moroni-Ruggieri, 1952:
77; Moyse, 1960:120 (laboratory rearing); 1961:371
(larval stages); Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:13; Pilsbry, 1916
242; ReUni. 1969:169; Riedl, 1963:258; Stebbings, 1910
570; Utinomi, 1969a:82; Weltner, 1897:259; 1898:11
Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:174.
Distribution: British Isles; France; Portugal; Mediterran-
ean; Red Sea; South Africa; Australia; Japan. Pliocene:
France and Italy.
i4casfa sporittus Darwin, 1854b:319
Synonymy/diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:319.
References Gruvel, 1905a:260; Hiro, 1931:150; Hoek,

1913:233; Weltner, 1897:259,
Distribution: Sulu Arch.
Acasta striata Gruvel, 1901:262
Synonymy DIAGNOSIS Gruvel, 1905a:264.
Reference: Hoek, 1913:233.
Distribution: Off Madeira; 400m.
Acasta sulcata Lamarck, 1818:398
Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b:310; Hiro, 1937c:451.
Diagnosis Stubbings, 1961a:174.

References Borradaile, 1903:442; Broch, 1947:6; Dawyd-
off, 1952:129; Gruvel, 1903b:121; 1905a:263; Kolosvary,
1947e:361; Kriiger, 1911a:56; 1911b:461; Nilsson-CanteU,
1938b:13; Utinomi, 1950:64; 1958a:309; 1969a:82: Welt-
ner, 1897:259; Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:174.
Distribution: Red Sea; Persian Gulf; Maldives; Gulf of
Siam; South China Sea; Viet Nam; Austraha; PhiUp-
pines; Japan; 5-25m.
Acasta sulcata anchoris Barnard, 1924:81

References Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:13; Zevina & Lit-
vinova, 1970:174.
Distribution: Natal, South Africa; 28m.
Acasta sulcata spinosa Daniel, 1955:29

Distribution: Off Madras, Bay of Bengal.
Acasta tenuivalvata Broch, 1947:28
Reference: Dawydoff, 1952:129.
Distribution: Viet Nam; 15m.
Acasta tulipa Hiro, 1933:76

Distribution: Off southern Japan; 126m.
Acasta undulata Darwin, 1854a:34
Distribution: Upper Pliocene, England (Withers,
1953:53).
Acasta umitosaka Utinomi, 1962:224

Distribution: Nomosaki, Japan.
Acasta zuiho Hiro, 1936b:632
Distribution: Off Port Darwin, Australia.

Genus Pseudoacasta Nilsson-Cantell. 1930

Pseudoacasta libera Nilsson-Cantell, 1930a:l
Synonymy/diagnosis Nilsson-Cantell, 1930b:ll.
Distribution: Moluccas.

Genus Conopea Say, 1822

Conopea acuta (Nilsson-Cantell), 1921:334

Distribution: Kyusyu, Japan.
Conopea calceola (Ellis), 1758:853

Synonymy: Hiro, 1937c:443.

Diagnosis McLaughlin & Henry, 1972:24.

References de Alessandri, 1895:281; 1906:299; Broch,
1922:325; 1924b:202; 1927c:29; 1931:85; Daniel, 1955:28;
Darwin, 1854a:15; 1854b:218; Davadie, 1963:35; Gauld,
1957:10; Gruvel, 1903b:130; 1905a:221; 1907b:164;
1909b:25; Hoek, 1913:221; Kolosvary, 1947e:361;
Kriiger, 1911a:4; 1911b:460; 1940:459; Nilsson-Cantell,
1928a:34; 1938a:180; 1938b:55; Pilsbry, 1916:238; Relini,
1969:175; Stebbing, 1910:568; Stubbings, 1963b:36;
1964:343; 1967:290; Utinomi, 1949a:23; 1950:60; 1958a:
296; 1959b:403; 1962:218; 1969a:91; 1969b:53; Utinomi
& Kikuchi, 1966:6; Weltner, 1897:262; Withers, 1953:61.

Distribution: Mediterranean to South Africa; Indian
Ocean; Persian Gulf to western Australia and Japan;

55

18-250m. Miocene to Pleistocene, Italy; Coralline Crag,
England.
Conopea comuta (Hoek), 1913:227

References Broch, 1931:87; Utinomi, 1962:219; Utinomi
& Kikuchi, 1966:6.

Distribution: Banda Sea to Japan; 32-140m.
Conopea cymbiformis (Darwin), 1854b:221

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1962:219.

Diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:221.

References Broch, 1922:326; 1931:85; Daniel, 1955:28;
Dawydoff, 1952:128; Foster, 1974:48; Gruvel, 1905a:222;
Hiro! 1935a:25; Hoek, 1913:228 (as Balanus proripiens
n.sp.), 2G2 {as Pyrgoma jedani n.sp.); Kruger, 1911a:4
1911b:460; 1940A:464; Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:331; Stub-
bings, 1935:48; Utinonii, 1949a:23; 1958a:297; Utinomi
& Kikuchi, 1966:6.

Distribution: Indo-west Pacific: Gulf of Aden; India;
Indonesia; Phihppines; Japan; 27-453m.
Conopea dentifer {Broch). 1922:326

References Broch, 1931:88; Kolosvary, 1967b:392;
Kruger, 1940:464.

Distribution: Tonga I.; Japan; Kei Is., 180m.
Conopea foUiculus Hiro, 1937b:53

Distribution: Marianas Is.; on antipatharian.
Conopea fragilis (Broch), 1931:92

References Kruger, 1940:464.

Distribution: Amboina Bay; 100-140m.
Conopea galeata (Linnaeus), 1771:544

Synonymy: Ross, 1962:31.

Diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:236.

References Caziot, 1921:52; Cornwall, 1951:325; Darwin,
1854b;220; Gomez, 1973:163 (setthng sites); 1975:105
(sex determination); Gomez et al, 1973:813 (effect of
juvenile hormone mimics on metamorphosis); Gravier,
1921b:430; Gruvel, 1903b: 130; 1905a:222; Henry, 1942:
126; 1954:443; Kolosvary, 1943a:93; Kruger, 1940:464;
McDougaU, 1943:343; McLaughlin & Henry, 1972:13
(comparative morphology of complemental males)
Molenock & Gomez, 1972:100 (larval stages); Morch
1852:67; Nilsson-Cantell, 1931a:114; 1939a:3; Patton
1963:522; PUsbry, 1907d:204; 1927:37; 1953:25; Ramen
ofsky, et al, 1974:172 (juvenile hormones and metamor
phosis); Say, 1822:323 (as Conopea elongata); Wells
1966:84; Weltner, 1897:262; Zevina & Kurshakova
1973:183; ZuUo, 1966b:237.

Distribution: North Carolina through West Indies and
Gulf of Mexico to Venezuela; Southern CaUfornia to
Panama and Galapagos Is.; 2-540m.
Conopea granulata (Hiro), 1937c:444

Synonymy/diagnosis: Hiro, 1937c:444.

References Hiro, 1939e:266; Utinomi, 1949a:23; 1950:64;
1958a:307; 1962:220; 1970:359; Utinomi & Kikuchi,
1966:6.

Distribution: Japan; Taiwan; 90-200m.
Conopea investita (Hoek), 1913:244

References Pilsbry, 1916:235.

Distribution: Java and Banda Seas; 73-90m.
Conopea tongibasis Hiro, 1937b:52

Distribution: Palao Is.
Conopea merrilli Zullo, 1966b:237

References McLaughlin & Henry, 1972:13 (comple-
mental males).

Distribution: North Carolina; Gulf coast of Florida;
Puerto Rico; 2-46m.
Conopea mojbergi Borch, 1916:7

Distribution: Cape Jaubert, Australia; on Echinogorgia.
Conopea navicula (Darwin), 1854b:221

Synonymy: Utinonii, 1962:218.

Diagnosis Hoek, 1913:223.

References Dawydoff, 1952:128; Gruvel, 1905b:222;
Kruger, 1940:464; Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:55; Stubbings,
1936:48; Utinonu, 1969a:91; Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:6.

Distribution: Indo-west Pacific: Gulfs of Aden, Persia
and Siam; Indonesia; southern Japan; 45-220m.

Conopea pygmaea (Broch), 1931:88

Distribution: Banda Sea; 85m.
Conopea scandens (Pilsbry), 1916:239

References Barnard, 1924:76; Kriiger, 1940:464;
Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:334; Utinomi, 1958a:308.

Distribution: Japan; South Africa; 110-250m.

Genus Eoceratoconcha Newman and Ladd, 1974

Eoceratoconcha kugleri Newman & Ladd, 1974:387

Distribution: Middle Miocene, Trinidad.
Eoceratoconcha renzi Newman & Ladd, 1974:389

Distribution: Middle Miocene, Trinidad.

Subfamily Semibalaninae n. subfam.

Genus Semibalanus, Pilsbry, 1916

Semibalanus balanoides (Linnaeus), 1767:1108
Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b:267; Pilsbry, 1916:183; Nilsson-

CanteU, 1921:328.
Diagnosis Darwin, 1854b:267; Pilsbry, 1916:183; Stub-
bings, 1975:1.
References Allison & Cole, 1935:34; Arnold, 1970:1045
(response to lowered saUnity); Arvy & Lacombe,
1968:1326; Arvy c& Liguori, 1968:817; Arvy et al,
1968:817; Arvy & Nigrelli, 1969:95 (epizoic peritriches
in branchial cavity); Arvy et al, 1969:351; Aurivillius,
1898b:29; Austin et al, 1958:497 (chromosomes); Barnes,
1950:73 (larvae); 1952-53:104 (rate of growth); 1953b:328
(lowered salinity); 1953d:429 (southern Umits); 1953e:297
(size variations); 1955a:109 (growth rate); 1955b:114
(hatching); 1955c:341 (rugophilic behavior); 1956a:72
(larval population); 1957a: 1 (northern Umits); 1957b:67
(spawning); 1958:139 (southern limits); 1959c:234 (tem-
perature and hfe cycle); 1961a:592 (observations on
southern Umit); 1961b:427 (growth rate); 1962b:462
(anecdysis); 1963a:717 (breeding); 1965:321 (egg bio-
chemistry); Barnes & Barnes, 1958b:160 (opening re-
sponse); 1958c:29 (rate of larval development); 1959a:l
(growth patterns); 1959b:19 (stimulation of nauplii)
1959e:242 (egg mass development); 1959g:581 (growth)
1962:1 (distribution); 1963:93 (egg development); 1965a
391 (variation in egg size); 1966a:83 (observations on
western European mainland); 1967:1 (starvation);
1968a:135 (variation in egg production); 1969b:36 (oxy-
gen consumption); 1969c:136 (Umits in France); 1974:197
(embryonic development and saUnity); Barnes et al,
1963:213 (metaboUsm); 1970:70 (behavior on impaction);
1971:173 (spermatozoa); 1972:189 (on French Atlantic
coast); Barnes & Finlayson, 1963:185 (seasonal changes);
Barnes & Healy, 1965:779 (biometrical studies); Barnes
& Klepal, 1971:85 (Pedicel of penis); Barnes & PoweU,
1950a:175 (development, morphology and elmination);
1966:107 (at Arcachon, France); Barnes & Stone, 1972a:
303 (penis development); 1974:275 (food, temperature,
photoperiod and molting); Bassindale, 1936:57 (develop-
ment); 1958:381 (in England); Belyaev, 1949:901
(osmoregulation); Bhatnagar & Crisp, 1965:419 (salinity
tolerance of larvae); Bishop et al, 1957:3 (in France);
Blom & Nyhohn. 1961:149 (settUng time, Sweden):
Bourget & Crisp, 1975a:231 (shell deposition); 1975b;221
(early changes in sheU form); Bousfield, 1954:118
1955a: 1 (ecology — Miramichi estuary); 1955b:763
Brattstrom, 1957:5; Brocchi, 1814:598; Broch, 1924a:84
1927b:22; Caziot, 1921:52; Chipperfield, 1948:13 (breed
ing and settlement); 1949:17 (environmental conditions)
Ciurea et al, 1933:6; Cole, 1929:599 (temperature and
pedal rhythm); 1932a:611 (stimulation); 1932b:143 (stim-
ulation); Cole & AUison, 1935:25 (stimulation); 1937:405
(electrolytes); ConneU, 1957:1; 1959:226 (recruitment and
mortaUty); Cook et al, 1972:409 (amino acid composi-
tion); Cook & Gabbott, 1970:11 (glycerol level); Cook &

56

Lewis. 1971:26 (cold tolerance); Crisp, 1953:331 (changes
in orientation); 1955:569 (cyprid behavior); 1956:263
(hatching); 1959a:275 (breeding); 1959c:119 (embryo
development); 1960b:95 (growth); 1960c:1208 (mobility);
1961:429 (behavior); 1962a:207 (planktonic stages);
1964a:165 (effect of severe winter); 1964b:33 (racial
differences); 1968a:2633 (difference in N. American and
European populations); 1968b:1161 (distribution of para-
sitic isopod); 1969:1037 (hatching substance); Crisp &
Austin, 1960:787 (fouling): Crisp & Barnes, 1954:142
(orientation); Crisp & Clegg, 1960:265 (induction of
breeding); Crisp & Knight-Jones, 1953:360 (aggregation);
Crisp & Meadows, 1962:500 (chemical basis of gregari-
ousness); 1963:364 (stimulus to settlement); Crisp &
Patel, 1958:1078 (breeding and ecdysis); 1960:31 (molt-
ing); 1967:612 (contour of substratum); 1969:283 (control
of breeding); Crisp & Ritz, 1967a:98 (temperature toler-
ance); 1967b:236 (temperature acclimation); 1974:327
(larval response to light); Crisp & Southward, 1961:271
(cirral activity); Crisp & Spencer, 1958:278 (hatching);
Crisp & Stubbings, 1957:179 (orientation); Crisp et al,
1967:629 (toxic action); Daniel, 1955c:23; Davadie, 1963:
70; Dawson & Barnes, 1966:249 (lipid composition);
Fales, 1928:534 (light receptive organs); Fischer, 1929:10
(distribution in English Channel); Fischer, 1872:433
(southwestern coast of France); Fischer, 1943:65 (distri-
bution — North Sea) Fischer-Piette, 1930:39 (St. Servan);
Fischer- Piette and Prenant, 1956:8 (northern Spain);
Forbes et al, 1971:539 (orientation to hght); Foster,
1969:326 (tolerance of high temperatures); 1970:377
(acchmation to salinity); 1971a;12 (dessication); 1971b:33
(upper limits of intertidal distribution); Gabbott &
Larman, 1971:143 (electrophoretic examination); Gibson
& Nott, 1971:227 (larvae); Gordon, 1969:139 (salinity &
distribution); Grainger & NeweU, 1965:469 (aerial respi-
ration); Groom, 1894b:81; 1895a:l; 1895b:269 (cyprid
stage); Gruvel, 1903b:139; 1905a:241; 1909a:225;
Gutmann, 1960:1 (morphology); 1962:193 (breeding/
molting); Hatai, 1939b:267; Hatton & Fischer-Piette,
1932:1 (settUng and growth); Haven, 1973:97 (ecology);
Henry, 1942:100; Hiro, 1935d:222; Hoek, 1875:37 (Neth-
erlands coast); 1884:519; Kauri, 1962:131 (nauplius eye);
1966:115 (sensory papilla X-organ); Kaye, 1964:580 (as
index of sea level changes); Klepal & Barnes, 1974:205
(penis regeneration); Klugh & Newcombe, 1935:39 (light
control); Knight-Jones, 1953:583 (gregariousness); 1955:
266 (gregariousness); Knight-Jones & Crisp, 1953:1109
(gregariousness-fouhng); Knight-Jones & Morgan, 1964:
29 (barosensitivity); 1966:267 (hydrostatic pressure);
Kolosvary, 1943a:91; 1962d:201; Kruger, 1927a:14;
1927b:5; 1940:464; Kuhl, 1963:99; 1965:113; 1967:965;
1968:1; Lacombe, 1970:164 (cement glands); Meadows,
1969a:273 (fouling communities); 1969b:65; Mohammad,
1962:488; Moore, 1934a:101 (growth rate); 1934b:851
(growth); 1935b:264 (soft parts); 1935c:279 (ecology);
1936:701 (distribution); Moore & Kitching, 1939:521
(comparison with C. stellatus); Moore & Parke, 1935:49
(algal infection); Morch, 1852:68; Moyse, 1960:120 (labo-
ratory rearing); 1963:176 (food for larvae); Muller, 1940:
113 (sensitivity to poisons); Munn & Barnes, 1970a:277
(spermatozoa); 1970b:261 (spermatozoa); Munn, Klepal
& Barnes, 1974:89 (structure and function penis sen-
sory setae); Neu, 1935:169 (growth forms); Newell &
Northcroft, 1965:387 (cirral activity); Norris et al,
1951:444 (larval stages); Nott, 1969:251; Nott & Foster,
1969:115 (antennular attachment organ); O'Riordan,
1967:292; Patel & Crisp, 1960b:104 (embryo develop-
ment); 1961:89 (breeding and molting); Petersen, 1962:1
(distribution); 1966:1 (natural history); Poulsen, 1935:17;
Prenant & Teissier, 1923:172 (Roscoff); Pyefinch, 1948a:
451 (identification of larvae); 1948b:464 (biology); Ritz &
Crisp, 1970:223 (feeding); Rosenberg, 1972a:313 (effect
of chlorinated hydrocarbons); 1972b:ll (salinity toler-
ance); Roskell, 1962:263 (epizoic on Littorina); Runn-

strom. 1925:1 (biology); Rusanova, 1959:568 (two popu-
lations); Rzhepishevskii, 1968:37 (Barents Sea); Schafer,
1938a:304 (boring organisms); 1938b:323 (paleontology);
1938c:564; 1948:74; 1952:240 (settling); Schwarz, 1932:
437 (influence of Ught); Sizer, 1937:327 (stimulation by
acids); Sneh, 1972:3; Southward, 1955b:403 (cirral activ-
ity); Southward & Crisp, 1954a:163 (distribution British
Isles); 1956:211 (fluctuation in distribution); 1963:35;
Stephenson, 1938:5 (Iceland); 1943:20 (E. Greenland);
Tarasov, 1937:53; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:216; Tighe-
Ford, 1967:920 (breeding); 1968:225 (techniques); Tighe-
Ford & Vaile, 1972a: 19 (molting hormone); 1972b:202
(molting hormone); Trusheim, 1932:70 (paleontology);
Visscher, 1928b: 193 (resistance to fresh water); Walley,
1964:314 (metamorphosis); 1965:115 (oviducal gland);
1967:151 (epidermal gland); 1969:237 (larval structure
and metamorphosis); WaUey et al, 1971:489 (sperm);
Walker, 1970:239 (cement apparatus); 1971:205 (larval
cement apparatus); 1973a:305 (early development of
cement apparatus); 1973b:455 (frontal horns and gland
cells); Wells, 1960:578 (southern Umit); Weltner, 1897:
269; 1898a:442; 1898b:8,ll; 1900:302; ZuUo, 1963b:12.
Distribution: Atlantic: boreo-arctic, to northern Spain
and Cape Hatteras; North Pacific from Unalaska to
British Columbia. Miocene, Japan; Pliocene, England;
fossil, Caspian Sea region.
Semibalanus balanoides calcaratus Pilsbry, 1916:188
Synonymy/diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:188.
References Henry, 1942:126; Hiro, 1935c:227.
Distribution: Shelikof Strait and Sitka, Alaska.
Semibalanus cariosus (Pallas), 1788:240
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:189.
References Barnes, 1959a:231 (stomach contents);
Barnes & Barnes, 1959h:515 (metabolism); Barnes &
Klepal, 1971:71 (pedicel of penis); BatzU, 1969:531 (dis-
tribution of biomass); Connell, 1970:49 (predation); Corn-
waU, 1924b:41; 1925:462; 1951:322; 1955a:22; 1955b:26;
Darwin, 1854b:273; Fahrenbach, 1965:234 (photorecep-
tors); Gruvel, 1903b: 140; 1905a:243; GwiUiam, 1965:244
(physiology); Gwilliam & Bradbury, 1971:502; Hatai,
1938:96; Henry, 1940:13; 1942:102; Hiro, 1932b:472;
1935c:223; 1939f:211; Hoek, 1913:154, 155; Kolosvary,
1967b:391; Kruger, 1911a:54; 1911b:459; Millecchia &
Gwilliam. 1972:438 (electrophysiology); Pilsbry, 1911:76;
1921:112; Rice, 1930:249 (peculiarities in distribution);
Southward & Crisp, 1965:161 (activity rhythms); Towler,
1930:225 (communities); Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:211;
Utinomi, 1955a:119; 1969b:51; 1970:358; Weltner,
1897:270; 1898b:ll; 1900:302; Worley, 1939:233 (correla-
tion study); Yamaguchi, 1971:122; ZuUo, 1969b:351.
Distribution: North Pacific; Japan, Korea, Bering Sea;
Unalaska to Central California. Miocene, Japan; Pleisto-
cene, Japan and Oregon.
Semibalanus madrasensis (Daniel), 1958:305
Diagnosis Daniel, 1958:305.
Distribution: Bay of Bengal; on local craft.
Semibalanus sinnurensis (Daniel), 1962a:193
Diagnosis Daniel, 1962a:193.
Distribution: Porto Novo, India; on Murex sp.

Family Pyrgomatidae Gray. 1825
Subfamily Pyrgomatinae Gray. 1825

Genus Cantellius Ross and Newman, 1973

Cantellius acutum (Hiro). 1938d:398

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1962:227. Ross & Newman. 1973:150.

Diagnosis Hiro. 1938d:398.

References Darwin. 1854b:379 (as Creusia spinulosa var.
6. subvar. 2); Foster. 1974:49; Gruvel. 1905a:300; Hiro,
1935a:25; Kolosvary, 1947e:365; Nilsson-Cantell,
1921:352.

Distribution: Philippines; Palau Is.; Japan.

57

Cantellius arcuatum (Hirol, 1938d:395
Synonymy/diagnosis: Hiro, 1938d:395.
References: Kolosvary, 1947d:426; 1947e;364; Ross &

Newman, 1973:150.
Distribution: Palau Is.
Cantellius brevitergum (Hiro), 1938d:397
Synonymy/diagnosis: Hiro, 1938d:397.
Reference: Ross & Newman, 1973:150.
Distribution: Palau Is.
Cantellius euspinulosum (Broch), 1931:118
Synonymy: Utinomi, 1962:226.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:377: Hiro, 1935a:5.
References: Annandale, 1924:64: Barnes & Klepal, 1971
87 (pedicel of penis); Darwin, 1854b:377 (as Creusia
spinulosa var. 1): Foster, 1974:48; Gruvel, 1903b:164:
1905a:299; Hiro, 1937c;465; 1938d: 393; Kolosvary
1947e:365; Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:59; Ross & Newman,
1973:150; Utinomi, 1949a:23.

Distribution: Pacific coast of Japan; Palau Is.; Sulu
Arch.; Indonesia; Singapore; Mergui Arch.; Andamans.
Cantellius gregarius (Sowerby), 1823:no pagination
Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:150.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:378; Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:30.
References: Broch, 1931:118; Darwin, 1854b:378 (as
Creusia spinulosa var. 3); Gruvel, 1905a:299; Hiro.
1935a:25; 1938d:403; Kolosvary, 1947e:362; 1951b:292.
Distribution: Banda Sea; Singapore; Bay of Bengal; to
70m.
Cantellius iwayama (Hiro), 1938d:393
Synonymy/diagnosis: Hiro, 1938d:393.
Reference: Ross & Newman, 1973:150.
Distribution: Palau Is.
Cantellius madreporum (Borradaile), 1903:443
Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:150.
Diagnosis: Borradaile, 1903:443.
References: Dawydoff, 1952:128: Hiro, 1935a:25; Hoek,

1913:xvi; Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:13, 65 (footnote).
Distribution: Gulf of Siam (?); Maldives.
Cantellius octavus Ross & Newman, 1973:152
Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:152.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:380; {as Creusia spinulosa var. 8).
Reference: Gruvel, 1905a:300.
Distribution: Unknown.
Cantellius pallidas (Broch), 1931:118
Synonymy/diagnosis: Hiro, 1935a:6.
References: Kolosvary, 1947d:'i25; 1947e:364; Ross &

Newman. 1973:152.
Distribution: Tanabe Bay, Japan; Singapore; Philippines;
Fiji; Banda Sea.
Cantellius pseudopallidum (Kolosvary), 1947e:362
Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:153.
Diagnosis: Kolosvary, 1947e:362.
Distribution: Pacific area.
Cantellius quintus Ross & Newman, 1973:153
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:379 (as Creusia spinulosa var.

5).
Reference: Gruvel, 1905a:300.
Distribution: Unknown.
Cantellius secundus (Broch), 1931:118
Synonymy: Utinomi, 1962:227; Ross & Newman, 1973:153.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:378 (as Creusia spinulosa var. 2).
References: Fishelson, 1971:122; Gruvel, 1903b:164;
1905a:299; Hiro, 1935a:25; 1938a:397; Kolosvary, 1947d:
425; Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:60; Utinomi & Kikuchi,
1966:7; Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:175.
Distribution: Japan; China; Palau Is.; Kei Is.; Singa-
pore; Andaman Is.; Red Sea; to 20m.
Cantellius septimus (Hiro), 1938d:395
Synonymy: Ross & Newman. 1973:153.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:380 {asCreusia spinulosavar.l).
References: Kolosvary, 1941e:9; 1943a:104; 1947d:426;

1947e:364; Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:354.
Distribution: Philippines; Palau Is.; Indian Ocean.

Cantellius sextus (Hiro), 1938:398

Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:153.

Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:379 (as Creusia spinulosa var.
6. subvar. 3).

Reference: Gruvel. 1905a:300.

Distribution: Philippines; Palau Is.
Cantellius sumbawae (Hoekl. 1913:265

Synonymy: Ross & Newman. 1973:153.

Diagnosis: Hoek. 1913:265.

Distribution: Sunda Is.; to 36m.
Cantellius transversalis (Nilsson-Cantell). 1938a:61

Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:153.

Diagnosis: Nilsson-Cantell. 1938a:61.

References: Darwin. 1854b:379 (as Creusia spinulosa var.
6, subvar. 1); Gruvel, 1903b:164; 1905a:300; Nilsson-
Cantell, 1921:352.

Distribution: Philippines; Andaman Is.
Cantellius tredecimus (Kolosvary), 1947d:426

Synonymy: Ross & Newman. 1973:153.

Diagnosis: Kolosvary. 1947d:426.

Reference: Kolosvary, 1947e:365.

Distribution: Singapore.

Genus Hiroa Ross and Newman. 1973

Hiroa stubbingsi Ross & Newman. 1973:153
Distribution: Truk, Caroline Is.

Genus Savignium Leach. 1825

Savignium crenatum (Sowerby). 1823:no pagination

Snonymy: Ross & Newman. 1973:159.

Diagnosis: Darwin. 1854b:370.

References: Annandale. 1924:66 (as Pyrgoma crenatum
phase tridacophvlliae nov.); Broch. 1931:120; Edmond-
son, 1951:187; Gruvel, 1905a:304; Hiro, 1935a:14; 1937c:
468; 1938d:399; Kolosvary, 1943a:95; 1947d:427; 1947e:
366; 1951a:287 (as Pyrgoma crenatiformis n. sp.);
Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:i3; Pilsbry, 1916:262; Utinomi.
1949a:23; Utinomi & Kikuchi. 1966:7; Weltner. 1897:256.

Distribution: Japan; Philippines; Line Is.; Palau Is.;
Singapore; Mergui Arch.
Savignium dentatum (Darwin). 1854b:369

Synonymy/diagnosis: Hiro. 1935a:12.

References: Dawydoff. 1952:128; Gruvel. 1905a:305;
1912a:350; Hiro. 1931:154; 1937c:467; 1938d:400; Kolos-
vary. 1947e:366; Ross & Newman. 1973:159; Weltner.
1897:256.

Distribution: Red Sea; Gulf of Siam; New Guinea; Palau
Is.; Japan.
Savignium elongatum (Hiro). 1931:154

Synonymy/diagnosis: Hiro. 1931:154.

References: Dawydoff. 1952:128; Hiro. 1935a:19; 1937c:
468; 1938d:400; Ross & Newman. 1973:159.

Distribution: Japan; Palau Is.; Gulf of Siam.
Savignium milliporum (Darwin). 1854b:367

Synonymy: Ross & Newman. 1973:159.

Diagnosis: Darwin. 1854b:367.

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:87 (pedicel of penis)
Broch. 1931:120; Foster. 1974:49; Gruvel, 1905a:306
Hiro, 1935a:25; 1936a:58; 1938d:401; Hoek, 1913:257
Kolosvary, 1950:292 (as Pyrgoma milleporae forma
typica nov.; as Pyrgoma milleporae forma snelliusi nov.);
Nilsson-Cantell. 1921:355; 1938b:70; Weltner. 1897:256.

Distribution: Indo-west Pacific, east to Fiji and Palau Is.

Genus Creusia Leach, 1817

Creusia decima Ross & Newman, 1973:154

Synonymy/diagnosis: Darwin. 1854b:381 (as Creusia
spinulosa var. 10).

Distribution: Unknown.
Creusia indicum (Annandale). 1924:64

Synonymy/diagnosis: Utinomi. 1967:227.

References: Annandale, 1924:65 (as Pyrgoma indicum

58

phase merulinae nov. and phase symphylliae nov.);
Baluk & Radwariski, 1967b:482; Broch, 1931:118 (as C
spinulosa angustiradiata nov.); Darwin, 1854b:381 (as
Creusia spinulosa var. 11): Hiro. 1935a:7: 1937c;466:
1938d:399: Hoek, 1913:265: Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:62,63
(as C s. angustiterga Broch \sic\y, Ross & Newman,
1973:154; Utinomi, 1943:16 (juvenile stages); 1962:227;
Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:7.

Distribution: Japan; Palau Is.; Kei Is.; Singapore;
Mergui Arch.; to 52m.
Creusia spinulosa Leach, 1818:171

Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:154.

Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:380 iasCreusia spinulosa var. 9).

References: Annandale, 1906:143; 1924:64; Gruvel,
1903b:164; 1909b:26: Kolosvary, 1959:197, 198; Ladd,
1959:963 iPaleocreusia devonica — not a barnacle);
Weltner, 1897:255.

Distribution: Recent, unknown. Miocene, Hungary.

Genus Nobia Sowerby, 1839

Nobia conjugatum (Darwin), 1854b:364
Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:155.
Diagnosis; Hiro, 1935a:15.

References: Annandale, 1906:143; Broch, 1922:344;
1947:7; Gruvel, 1905a:306; Hiro, 1931:154; 1937c:468:
Hoek, 1913:264; Kolosvary, 1947d:427; Nilsson-CanteU,
1938b:13: Weltner, 1897:255.
Distribution: Red Sea; Ceylon; Mergui Arch.; Gulf of
Siam; Sulu Arch.; Singapore; Japan.
Nobia grandis Sowerby, 1839:71
Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b:365; Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:68.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:365.

References: Annandale, 1924:66; Borradaile, 1903:443;
Barnes & Klepal, 1971:88 (pedicel of penis); Broch,
1931:120; Darwin, 1854b:365 (? = Balanus duptoconus
Lamarck, 1818 = Duplocona laevigata Schliiter, 1838);
Dawydoff, 1952:128; Gruvel, 1905a:307; Hiro, 1931:154;
1935a:16: 1937c:468; 1938d:401; Hoek, 1913:258; Kolos-
vary, 1947d:427; 1947e:366; Korschelt, 1933:26; Nilsson-
CanteU, 1921:357; Ross & Newman, 1973:155; Weltner,
1897:256.
Distribution: Mergui Arch.; Maldives; Singapore; Indo-
nesia; Kei Is.; Gulf of Siam; Palau Is.; Japan.
Nobia halomitrae (Kolosvary), 1947e:363
Synonymy diagnosis- Kolosvary, 1947e:363.
Reference: Ross & Newman, 1973:155.
Distribution: Unknown.
Nobia kuri (Hoek), 1913:259
Synonymy diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:259.
References Hiro, 1931:155; 1935a:25; Ross & Newman,

1973:155.
Distribution: Kei Is.; Banda Sea; 204m.
Nobia orbicellae (Hiro), 1934:367
Synonymy/diagnosis: Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:73.
References: Hiro, 1935a:17; 1937c:468: 1938d:401: Kolo-
svary, 1943a:96; 1947q:427; Ross & Newman, 1973:155.
Distribution: Japan; Palau Is.; Fiji; Singapore; Mergui
Arch.
Nobia projectum (Nilsson-CanteU), 1938b:70
Synonymy/diagnosis: NUsson-CanteU, 1938b:70.
References: Ross & Newman, 1973:155; Utinomi,

1969a:82.
Distribution: Persian Gulf; 24m.

Genus Pygroma Leach, 1817

Pyrgoma cancellata Leach, 1818:171
Synonymy; Hiro, 1935a:10.
Diagnosis: NUsson-CanteU. 1938b:67.
References: BorradaUe. 1903:443; Darwin, 1854b:362;

Dawydoff, 1952:128; Gruvel, 1905b:303; Hiro, 1937c:467;

1938d;399; Hoek, 1913:257, 264; Kruger, 1911a:4 (var.

japonica); 1911b;461; Ross & Newman, 1973:156;

Utinomi, 1958a:309; 1962:227: Utinomi & Kikuchi,
1966:7; Weltner, 1897:255 (as var. japonica nov.).
Dlstribution: Pacific coast of central to southern Japan:
Philippine Sea; Palau Is.; Gulf of Siam; Mergui Arch.;

Maldives.

Genus Pyrgopsella ZuUo, 1967

Pyrgopsella annandalei (Gruvel), 1906b: 1558

Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:163.

Diagnosis: Gruvel. 1907d:8.

References: ZuUo. 1967a:123 (replacement name for
Pyrgopsis Gruvel).

Distribution: Andaman Is.
Pyrgopsella stellula RoseU. 1973a:5

Distribution: Sulu Arch.

Genus Hoekia Ross and Newman, 1973

Hoekia monticulariae (Gray), 1831:6

Synonymy: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967b:487.

Diagnosis: Ross & Newman, 1969:161.

Reference.s: Annandale, 1924:67; Darwin, 1854b:372:
Gruvel, 1905a:308; Hiro, 1931:155; 1935a:18; 1937c:
468; Hoek, 1913:264; Kolosvary, 1943a:95; 1947d:427
Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:66; Robertson, 1970:44.

Distribution: Mauritius; Bay of Bengal; Singapore
Japan.

Subfamily Ceratoconchinae n. subfam.

Genus Ceratoconcha Kramberger-Gorjanovic, 1889

Ceratoconcha barbadensis (Withers), 1926:2
Reference: Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:63: Ross & Newman,

1973:166.
Distribution: Pleistocene, Barbados, West Indies.
Ceratoconcha conicocystata Newman & Ladd, 1974:391
Distribution: Upper Miocene, Dominican RepubUc: Mid-
dle Miocene, Trinidad.
Ceratoconcha costata (Seguenza), 1876:316
Synonymy: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967b:477; Ross & New-
man, 1973:166.
Diagnosis: Seguenza, 1876:316.

References; Bogsch, 1957:25; de Alessandri, 1895:299
(as Pyrgoma costatum): 1906:322; 1910:115 (as Pyrgoma
cf. anglicum): Duvergier, in de Alessandri, 1922:228;
Kolosvary, 1949:1 (as Creusia spinulosa iorma praespin-
ulosa, nov., fig. 5 only); 1962a:86 (as Creusia spinulosa
forma kojumdgievae nov.) 1967b:393; Moroni, 1967b:17;
Prochazka, 1893:20 (as Creusia moravica n.sp.); Withers,
1953:61, 63.
Distribution: Miocene to Pleistocene of Italy; Miocene
of Bulgaria (?) and Hungary.
Ceratoconcha creusioides Newman & Ladd, 1974:392
Distribution: Lower Miocene, Jamaica; Middle Miocene,
Trinidad.
Ceratoconcha darwiniana (Prochazka), 1893:23
Synonymy/diagnosis: Prochazka, 1893:23.
References: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967b:480; Ross &

Newman, 1973:166.
Distribution: Miocene, Austria,
Ceratoconcha diplocona (Seguenza), 1876:322
Synonymy/diagnosis: Seguenza, 1876:322.
Reference: Ross & Newman, 1973:166; Withers, 1953:61.
Distribution: Phocene, Italy.
Ceratoconcha domingensis (Des MouUns), 1866:307
Synonymy/diagnosis: ZuUo et al, 1972:71.
Reference: Ross & Newman, 1973:166.
Distribution: Haiti; Dry Tortugas; Florida; Bermuda.
Ceratoconcha floridana (PUsbry), 1931:81
Synonymy/diagnosis: PUsbry, 1931:81.
References: Henry, 1954:444; Hiro, 1935a:25; Kolosvdry,

59

1951b:294: Ross & Newman, 1973:166; WeUs. 1966:86.
Distribution: West coast of Florida.
Ceratoconcha jungi Newman & Ladd, 1974:395

Distribution: Lower Miocene, Jamaica.
Ceratoconcha krambergeri (Baluk & Radwanski), 1967a:145
Synonymy/diagnosis: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967a:145.
References: Abel, 1920:fig. 136; 1928:13; 1935:535; Baluk
& Radwanski, 1967b:480; Bogsch, 1957:29; Brooks &
Ross. 1960:362; Dacque, 1921:fig. 91b; Kolosvary,
1949:111; Kramberger-Gorjanovic, 1889a:50 (as Cerato-
concha costata n. sp.); 1889b:231; 1889c:142: Prochazka,
1893:19; Ross & Newman, 1973:166; Stromer, 1912:fig.
232d; Termier, 1953:fig. 19; Withers, 1926:5.
Distribution: Miocene, Yugoslavia.
Ceratoconcha minuta Newman & Ladd, 1974:394

Distribution: Middle Miocene, Trinidad.
Ceratoconcha miocaenica (Prochazka), 1893:22
Synonymy/diagnosis: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967a:138.
References: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967b:479; de Alessan-
dri, 1910:125 (as Pyrgoma cf. anglicum). Ross & New-
man, 1973:167.
Distribution: Miocene, Austria and Yogoslavia.
Ceratoconcha noszkyi {Kolosvary), 1949:114.
References: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967b:476; Kolosvary,
1949:114 (as Andromacheia noszkyi n. sp.); 1951b:295;
Ross & Newman, 1973:167.
Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Ceratoconcha prefloridana (Brooks & Ross), 1960:355
References: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967b:484; Weisbord,

1972:60 (as Creusia neogenica n. sp.).
Distribution: Pliocene, Florida.
Ceratoconcha quadratoradiata Newman & Ladd, 1974:393

Distribution: Middle Miocene, Trinidad.
Ceratoconcha quarta (Kolosvary), 1947d:427
Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:167.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:378(asCreusiaspinu/osa var. 4).
Reference: Utinomi, 1949a:35; 1962:231.
Distribution: West Indies.
Ceratoconcha rangi rangi (Des Moulins), 1866:302
Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:167.
Diagnosis: Des Mouhns, 1866:302.

References: Kolosvary, 1949:111 (as Creusia spinulosa
forma praespinulosa n. f., figs 2, 3 only; and Creusia
spinulosa forma cladangiae n.f., both from Hungarian
Miocene); 1962a:86; 1967b:393; Prochazka, 1893:18 (as
Creusia fuchsi n. sp.); Seguenza, 1873:319 (as Pyrgoma
multicostatum n. sp.); Withers, 1953:57, 58, 68.
Distribution: Miocene, France, Hungary and Bulgaria.
Ceratoconcha rangi latum (Seguenza), 1876:321
Reference: Ross & Newman. 1973:167.
Distribution: Miocene, Italy.
Cera«oconc/iasanctacracens!s(Baluk&Radwanski),1967b:468
Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:167.
Diagnosis/reference: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967b:468 (as

Creusia sanctacrucensis n. sp.).
Distribution: Miocene, Poland.
Ceratoconcha sturi (Prochazka), 1893:15
Reference: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967b:479; Ross & New-
man. 1973:167.
Distribution: Miocene, Czechoslovakia.
Ceratoconcha trolli (Abel), 1927:101
Reference: Abel, 1928:13.
Distribution: Miocene, Austria.

Subfamily Bosciinae n. subfam.

Genus Boscia Ferussac, 1822

Boscia anglica (Sowerby), 1823:no pagination
Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b:360.
Diagnosis: Broch, 1927:30.

References: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967c:693; Barnes &
Klepal, 1971:88 (pedicel of penis); Bassindale, 1964:43;

Crisp & Southward, 1961:271 (cirral activity); Darwin,
1854a:36; de Alessandri, 1895:297; 1906:320; Fischer,
1872:433; Gauld, 1957:10; Gruvel, 1905a:302; Hiro,
1935a:9; 1937c:467; Hoek, 1875:60; 1909:271; 1913:257;
Holdsworth, 1860:7111; Kruger, 1940:460; Le Reste.
1965:66 (larvae); Moyse, 1960:120 (rearing); 1961:371
(larval stages); 1971:125(settlementand growth); Nilsson-
CanteU, 1938b:66; O'Riordan, 1967:294; Pilsbry, 1916:
292; Rees. 1962:411; Relini. 1969:177; Ross c& Newman,
1973:164 (= Pyrgoma stokesii Gray , 1825:103);Seguenza,
1876:314; Stubbings, 1964a:lll; 1967:294; Utinomi,
1958a:309; Weltner, 1897:255; 1898b:ll; Withers, 1953:
39 et seq.

Distribution: England and Ireland; France; Sicily;
Madeira; Cape Verde Is.; West Africa; sublittoral to
450m. Pliocene, England; Plio- Pleistocene. Italy, Malta.
Boscia madreporarae (Bosc), 1812:66

Synonymy: Ross & Newman, 1973:164.

Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:361.

References: Gruvel, 1905a:303; 1912a:350; Hiro, 1935a:
25; Kruger, 1940:382; Pilsbry, 1916:262; Southward
1975:18; Utinomi, 1967:232.

Distribution; West Indies.
Boscia oulastreae (Utinomi), 1962:227

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1967:229.

Diagnosis: Utinomi, 1962:227.

References: Utinomi, 1949a:35 (as Creusia spinulosa
forma quarta): 1967:229 (as Megatrema oulastrea)
Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:8; Ross & Newman, 1973:164;
Sakakura, 1934:578.

Distribution: Tanabe Bay, Japan; Pleistocene, Japan.
Boscia seguemai (Baluk & Radwanski), 1967c:691

Reference: Baluk & Radwanski, 1967c:691 {as Pyrgomina
seguenzai): Ross & Newman, 1973:164.

Distribution: Phocene, Crete.

Family Balanidae Leach, 1817

Genus Balanus Da Costa, 1778
Group ot Balanus balanus

Balanus balanus (Linnaeus), 1758:667
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:149 (= Balanus porca-
tus da Costa, 1778:249; includes pre-Darwinian refer-
ences).
References: Aurivillius, 1898a:30; Ballowitz, 1908:421
(sperm); Barnes, 1953a:141 (orientation and aggregation);
1953c:128 (effect of parasitism); 1955a:114 (hatching);
1959a:232 (stomach contents); 1962a:353 (oxygen uptake
and metabolism); 1963b:587 (seminal plasma); 1965:321
(biochemistry of eggs); Barnes & Barnes, 1954:63 (bio-
logy); 1965a:391 (variation in egg size); 1968a:135 (varia-
tion in egg production); 1969b:36 (seasonal changes in
oxygen consumption); 1974:197 (embryonic development
and salinity); Barnes & Blackstock, 1974:35 (constituents
of body fluids); 1974b:47 (composition of seminal plas-
ma): Barnes & Costlow, 1961:59 (larval stages); Barnes
& Dawson, 1966:263 (lipids); Barnes & Finlayson, 1962:
98 (ascorbic acid in semen); 1963:185 (seasonal changes);
Barnes & Healy. 1969:51 (biometrical studies); Barnes et
al. 1970:70 (effect of impaction); 1971:173 (spermatozoa);
Bassindale. 1964:39; Belyaev, 1949:902; Bertelsen, 1937:
38 (as B. crenatus according to Stephensen, 1943);
Bousfield, 1955b:766; Brattstrom, 1957:12; Brocchi,
1814:598; Broch. 1924a:73; 1927b:21; 1936:3 (as B. b.
artica); Chilton. 1909:670 (as B. porcatus, Auckland Is.
and Australia); 1920:53 (as B. porcatus); Cornwall,
1955a:32; 1955b:25 (= B. b. pugetensis Pilsbry, 1916:
163); Crisp, 1954: 473 (breeding); 1964a: 193 (effect of
severe winter); Crisp & Patel, 1969:284 (control of breed-
ing); Crisp & Southward, 1961:271 (cirral activity); Crisp
& Spencer, 1958:290 (control of hatching); Darwin,
1854a:21; 1854b:256; Davadie, 1963:68; Dawson &
Barnes, 1966:249 (biochemistry of eggs); de Alessandri,

60

1895:290; 1906:304; Filhol, 1885:487; Foster, 1970:390
(accUmation to saUnity); Gruvel. 1903b:137; 1905a:237;
1920:54 (as B. crenatus according to Stephensen, 1943);
Gutman, 1961:171 (colonization); Henry, 1942:101 [as B.
b. pugetensis Pilsbry); Hiro, 1935c:227; Hoek, 1875:60;
1909:271; Hutton, 1879:328; Jennings, 1918:61; Kolos-
vary, 1943a:89; 1967b:391; Korschelt, 1933:23; Kruger,
1911a:3; 1911b:460; 1927a:14; 1927b:5; Linnaeus, 1767:
1107; Menesini, 1966:124; Moore, 1934a:101 (growth
rate); Morch, 1852:68; Munn & Barnes, 1970a:277 (sper-
matozoa); 1970b:261 (spermatozoa); Nilsson-Cantell,
1931a:113; O'Riordan, 1967:293; Patel & Crisp, 1960b:
104 (rate of embryonic development); 1961:89 (breeding
and molting); Pilsbry, 1916:11 (Protobalanus, not a
barnacle); 1916:149; Poulsen, 1936:13; Remy, 1928:231
(as B. crenatus according to Stephensen, 1943); Ruede-
mann, 1918:382 {Eobalanus. not a barnacle); Rzhepishev-
skii, 1968:38; Schafer, 1952:238 (settling); Sommer,
1972a:271 (motor activity); 1972b:177 (periodicity);
1972c:1449 (mechanisms of pressure sensitivity); 1972d:
352 (physiology of pressure perception); Southward,
1957:327 (behavior); 1965:442 (metabolism and survival
at high temperatures); Southward & Crisp, 1963:31 (foul-
ing); Stephensen, 1938:4; 1943:18; Sumner, 1911:128;
Tarasov, 1932:60; 1936:46; 1937:40; Tarasov & Zevina,
1957:194; Visscher, 1928b:193 (fouling); Weltner, 1897:
267; 1898b:12; 1900:303; Zevina & Tarasov, 1964:239;
ZuUo, 1963b:10; 1968:6; 1969b:351.
Distribution: North Atlantic and North Pacific; low water
to 180m. PUocene; England and Italy; Pleistocene: Ore-
gon, Maine, Canada, Sweden, and Iceland.
Batanus crenatus Brugiere, 1789:168

Synonymy/diagnosis Cornwall, 1925:476; Pilsbry, 1916:

165 (includes pre-Darwin references not listed below).
References Abel, 1926:250; Addicott, 1966:04; Aurivil-
lius, 1898b:30; Austin et al, 1958:497 (chromosome num-
ber); Barnard, 1924:70; Barnes, 1950:74 (larvae); 1952-53:
104 (effect of light); 1953b:328 (effect of lowered saUnity);
1953e:297 (variations in cyprids); 1959a:231 (stomach
contents); Barnes & Bagenal, 1951b:369 (on Nephrops
norvegicus): Barnes & Barnes, 1965a:391 (egg/naupUus
size variation); 1974:194 (embryonic development and
salinity); Barnes & Crisp, 1956:631 (self-fertilization);
Barnes & Healy, 1969:51 (biometrical studies); Barnes &
Klepal, 1971:83 (pedicel of penis); Barnes & Powell,
1950a:175 (development, morphology); 1953a:107 (growth
under submersion); Barnes et al, 1951:227 (orientation);
1963:233 (effect of dessication); 1970 (behavior or impac-
tion); 1971:173 (spermatozoa); Bassindale, 1964:38;
Belyaev, 1949:902 (osmoregulation); Bishop etal, 1957:6;
Blom & Nyholm, 1961:153 (settling times); Bocquet-
Vedrine, 1970a:506 (cement glands); 1970b;963 (cement
glands); 1970c:521 (cement glands); Bohart, 1929:353
(attachment of cyprids); Bousfield, 1954:119; 1955a:19;
1955b;764; Brattstrom, 1957:10; Broch, 1922:321; 1924:
78; 1927b:22; 1936:4; Chilton, 1920:53; Ciurea et al,
1933:6; Cornwall, 1925:476; 1951:329; 1955a:25; 1955b:
28; Crisp, 1955:569 (behavior of cyprids); 1964a:181
(effects of severe winter); Crisp & Barnes, 1954:142
(orientation and settlement); Crisp & Patel, 1958:1078
(breeding and ecdysis); 1969:283 (environmental control
of breeding); Crisp & Southward, 1961:271 (cirral activ-
ity); Crisp & Stubbings, 1957:179 (orientation to water
currents); Darwin, 1854a:23; 1854b:261; Davadie, 1963:
63; de Alessandri, 1906:305; 1907b:284; Ellis & Solander,
1786:198 (as Balanus clavatus): Fischer-Piette, 1930:41;
1932:8; Fischer-Piette & Prenant, 1956:12; Foster, 1969:
326 (temperature tolerance); 1970:386 (salinity); 1971a:12
(dessication); Gruvel, 1903b: 139; 1905a;240; 1909b:25;
Henry, 1942:105; 1954:443; Herz. 1933:432 (morphology
of later stages); Hiro, 1935c:219; Hoek. 1875:35; 1884:
517; 1909:270; Jennings, 1918:61; Kauri, 1962:131
(nauplius eye); 1966:115 (X-organ); Knight-Jones,
1955:266; Knight-Jones & Crisp, 1953:1109 (gregarious-

ness); Kolosvary, 1943a:89; 1951c:411; 1956:187; 1959:
197; 1962a:85; 1963a:174; 1967b:392; Kruger, 1911a:52;
1911b:460; 1927:17; 1940:464; Kuhl, 1963:99; 1965:121;
1967:967 (ecology in Elbe estuary); Lecointre, 1910:139;
Meadows, 1969a:278 (fouUng); 1969b:65 (settlement,
growth and competition); Moore, 1934a:101; 1936:703;
Moyse, 1963:175; Muller, 1940:113 (sensitivity to poi-
sons); Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:326 1931a:113; O'Riordan,
1967:291; Patel & Crisp, 1960b:104 (embryo develop-
ment); 1961:89 (relationship between breeding and
moulting); Pilsbry, 1911a:75; 1921:112; Poulsen, 1935:21;
Prenant & Teissier, 1923:176; Pyefinch, 1948a:451;
1948b:464; 1948c:916 (larvae); Schafer, 1938b:323
(paleontology); 1952:242 (settling); Schwarz, 1932:437
(influence of light); Sneli, 1972:3; Southward, 1955b;403
(relation of activities to temperature); 1965:443 (metabo-
lism and survival); Southward & Crisp, 1963:36; 1965:
161 (activity rhythms); Stebbing, 1910:569; Stephensen,
1938:5; 1943:19; Stubbings, 1961b:33; Tarasov, 1936:48;
1937:50; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:205; Trusheim, 1932:70
(paleontology); Utinomi, 1970:358; Walker, 1972:429
(chemical composition of cement); Weltner, 1897:268;
1898a:442; 1898b:ll; 1900:298; Withers, 1953:58, 61, 70;
Zevina & Tarasov, 1964:239; Zullo. 1963b:10; 1969b;315.
Distribution: North Pacific, south to Santa Barbara;
Arctic; North Atlantic south to Florida. Unverified
localities: S. Africa, Australia, West Indies, Peru, south-
ern China; intertidal to 250m. OUgocene to Pliocene,
Mediterranean Basin; Pleistocene, North America.
Balanus crenatus curviscutum Pilsbry, 1916:175
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:175.
References: Henry, 1942:126; Hiro, 1935c:221; Utinomi,

1958a:308.
Distribution: North Pacific; Japan to Northwest America.
Balanus crenatus delicatus Pilsbry, 1916:177
Reference: Henry, 1942:126.
Distribution: Humboldt Bay, California.
Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854b:265
Synonymy: Pilsbry, 1916:178.
Diagnosis: Cornwall, 1925:438.

References: Augenfeld, 1967:92 (respiration); Barnes &
Barnes, 1956a:415 (biology); 1959h:515 (metabolism);
1965a:391 (variation in egg and nauplius size); Barnes &
Conor, 1958:194 (neurosecretory cells); Barnes & Healy,
1969:62 (biometrical studies); Barnes & Klepal, 1971:83
(pedicel of penis); Batzli, 1969:535 (distribution of bio-
mass); Bergen, 1968:229; Broch, 1922:321; ConneU,
1970:49 (predation by Thais): Cornwall, 1951:326; 1955a:
27; 1955b:33; Dayton, 1971:351 (competition); Glynn,
1965:109 {Endocladia-Balanus associations); Gruvel,
1905a:238; Haven, 1973:97; Henry, 1942:108; Johnson
& Miller, 1935:12 (settlement); Kolosvary, 1943a:91;
Newman, 1967:1038 (biology); Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:326;
Pilsbry, 1907d:201; Rice, 1930:249 (distribution in com-
munities); Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:202; Weltner, 1897:
269; 1898b:7; Worley, 1939:233 (correlation between
salinity, size and abundance), Zullo, 1969b:351.
Distribution: Aleutians to Baja California; Rio de Janeiro
(Spivak, in litt.). Pleistocene, Oregon.
Balanus withersi Pilsbry, 1930:429
Distribution: Miocene, New Jersey.

Group of Balanus nubilus

Balanus connelli Cornwall, 1927b:402

Dustrubution: Miocene, British Columbia.
Balanus nubilus Darwin, 1854b:253

Synonymy/diagnosis: Ross, 1962:24; Henry, 1942:112.

References: Abel, 1926:246; Addicott, 1966c:4; Arvy and
Lacombe, 1968:1326 (cement apparatus); Arvy & Ligouri,
1968:817 (muscular cytochrome oxidase activity); Arvy
et al, 1968:817 (alkaline phosphatase activity); Barnes,
1959a:234 (stomach contents); 1959b:607 (note on spel-
ling of nubilus); Barnes & Barnes, 1959b:19 (stimulation

61

of nauplii); 1959c:15 (naupliar stages); 1965a:391 (varia-
tion in egg, nauplius size); Barnes & Conor, 1958:194
(neurosecretory cells); CardereUi, 1968:1 (barnacle ce-
ment); CornwaU, 1925:479; 1927b:408; 1936:471 (as
Balanus altissimus); 1951:334 (as Balanus flos), 335;
1953:78, 80; 1955a:23; 1955b:36; 1958:81; 1959:404;
Emerson & Hertlein, 1960:7; Fitzgerald, 1968:1055 (cal-
cium and pH dependency); Gruvel, 1903b:130; 1905a:226;
Hagiwara & Nakajima, 1966:807 (effects of Ca ion con-
centration); Hagiwara & Takahashi, 1967:583 (surface
density of calcium in muscle fiber); Hagiwara et al,
1968:773 (effects of pH changes); Harnden, 1968:303
(digestive carbohydrates); Hatai, 1938:96; Henry, 1940
29; Hoyle & Smythe, 1963:49 (giant muscle fibers)
Hughes, 1914:213; Kaminer & Kimura, 1972:406 (cal
cium release in muscle); Kolosvary, 1943a:89; 1959:197
Kruger, 1940:464; Lacombe, 1970:164 (cement glands)
Nilsson-Cantell, 1931a:112; Pilsbry, 1907d:201 (as
Balanus flos n. sp.); 1916:131, 135; 1921:112; Shelford
et al, 1935:281; Tait & Emmons, 1925:42 (movement of
operculum); Whitney, 1970:229 (sterol biosynthesis);
ZuUo, 1969a:8; 1969b:351.

Distribution: Southern Alaska to San Quintin, Baja
California. Oligocene, Vancouver Is., B.C.; Miocene,
Japan and Hungary; Plio-Pleistocene, southern and
Baja California; Pleistocene. Oregon.
Balanus rostratus Hoek, 1883:152

Synonymy: Cornwall, 1955b:38.

Diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:138 (as B. r. rostratus), 141 (as
B. rostratus alaskensis n. subsp.), 142 (as B. rostratus
heteropus n. subsp.), 147 (as B. rostratus dalli n. subsp.).

References; Addicott, 1966:C4; Barnes, 1959a:233;
Barnes & Barnes, 1959h:515; Barnes &. Conor, 1958:194
(neurosecretory cells); Barnes & Klepal, 1971:83 (pedicel
of penis); Broch. 1922:320; Cornwall. 1925:484; 1955a:29:
Gruvel, 1905a:239; Hatai, 1938:97; Henry, 1940:21
1942:117, 127 (as apertus and dalli); Hiro, 1932a:550:
1933:71; 1935c:217, 218 (as dalli), 227 (as apertus)
19391:210, 211 (as dalli); Kolosvary, 1943a:89 (as dalli)
1961a:78; 1962b:210; 1962d:202; 1967b:392; Kruger
1911a:52; 1911b:463 (as apertus); 1940:464; Nilsson
Cantell, 1932a:20 (as spiniferus); Pilsbry, 1911a:73, 74
(as B. r. apertus n. subsp.); 1916:144 (as apertus), 147 (as
dalli), 148 (as B. rostratus dalli form suturalis); Tarasov
& Zevina, 1957:199. 200, 201 (as apertus), 202 (as dalli)
Utinomi, 1958a:294, 295 (as apertus); 1969b:51; 1970:357
Weltner, 1897:269; 1900:296; Yamaguchi, 1971:122
ZuUo, 1969b:351 {as B. rostratus apertus).

Distribution: Japan; Siberia; Bering Sea; Alaska and
Puget Sound; 0-128m. Miocene. USSR and Japan;
Pleistocene, Central California, Oregon and Japan.
Balanus tamiamiensis Ross, 1964b:272

Distribution: Miocene, Florida.

Group of Balanus concavus

Balanus aquila Pilsbry, 1907a: 199

Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:127.

References; Baskin et al, 1969:471 (filaments from
myosin); CornwaU, 1951:333; 1960:831; Henry, 1942:100;
ZuUo, 1966c: 141.

Distribution: San Francisco to San Diego, CaUfornia;
intertidal to 18m.
Balanus bloxhamensis Weisbord, 1966:48

Distribution: Miocene, Florida.
Balanus concavus concavus Bronn, 1831:127

Synonymy/diagnosis: Menesini, 1965:110; Utinomi,
1969a:83.

References: Arnold, 1907a:543; 1907b:422; Beal, 1948:64
Darwin, 1854a:17; 1854b:235; Davadie, 1963:52; Davadie
Suaudeau, 1952:17; de Alessandri, 1895:282; 1906:295
1907b:280; DeLong, 1941:243; Emerson & Hertlein
1960:7; Gruvel, 1903b:136; 1905a:232; Kolosvary, 1943a
85; 1955:183; 1959:197; 1960:590; 1961a:78; 1961b:99
1961c:150; 1962b:206; 1962d:202; 1967b:391; Menesini
1963:5; 1966:116; 1967b:219; 1968b:580; 1972:40;NUsson

CanteU, 1939a:6; Nomland. 1917:301; Pilsbry, 1916:100;
Ross, 1962:14; 1964a:489; Sequenza, 1876:296; Utinomi,
1969a:83 (includes Balanus concavus sinensis Broch,
1931:63 and B. c. indicus Nilsson-CanteU. 1932b:2);
Weaver, 1949:104; Weisbord, 1966:32; Weltner, 1897:
264; ZuUo, 1969a:6.
Distribution: China; India; Persian Gulf. OUgocene-
Pleistocene. Mediterranean Basin; Miocene, Eastern
United States and Britain; PUocene, Venezuela.
Balanus concavus alloplax Pilsbry & Olson. 1951:200

Distribution: Oligocene, Ecuador.
Balanus concavus chesapeakensis PUsbry, 1916:103
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:103.
References: Kolosvary, 1943a:85; Martin, 1904:94.
Distribution: Miocene, Maryland.
Balanus concavus coosensis DaU. 1909:138
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:108 (= B. tintinnabu-

lum coosensis DaU).
Distribution: Miocene, Coos Bay, Oregon.
Balanus concavus dallonii Davadie-Suaudeau, 1952:20

Distribution: PUocene. Algeria.
Balanus concavus eseptatus Pilsbry, 1924:1

Distribution: Miocene, Haiti.
Balanus concavus finchii Lea 1833:211
Synonymy: Pilsbry. 1930:432.
Distribution: Miocene. Maryland.
Balanus concavus glyptopoma Pilsbry, 1916:102
Reference: Cones, 1968:61; Kolosvary, 1943a:85. Pilsbry,

1918:185.
Distribution: Miocene, eastern United States. PUocene,
Panama and east Mexico.
Balanus concavus mexicanus Henry, 1941:100
References: Henry, 1942:126; 1960:141.
Distribution: West coast of Baja CaUfornia to Mazatlan,
Mexico.
Balanus concavus oligoseptatus Kolosvary, 1961c:149

Distribution: Upper OUgocene, U.S.S.R.
Balanus concavus proteus Conrad, 1834:134
Synonymy/diagnosis: Ross, 1964a:486.
References: Davadie, 1963:53, Kolosvary, 1943a:86;

PUsbry, 1916:103.
Distribution: Mio- PUocene, eastern United States.
Balanus concavus raphanoides Moroni- Ruggieri, 1952:71

Distribution: PUocene, Italy.
Balanus concavus rariseptatus Pilsbry, 1918:186

Distribution: Miocene, Panama.
Balanus concavus rubescens Seguenza, 1876:450

Distribution: Tertiary, Italy.
Balanus concavus scutorum Seguenza, 1876:74
Synonymy/diagnosis: Moroni-Ruggieri, 1952:67.
Reference: de Alessandri, 1906:292 (as Balanus spongi-

cola).
Distribution: PUocene, Italy.
Balanus concavus sinensis Broch (see B. c. concavus)
Balanus eyerdami Henry, 1960:139
Reference: Ross, 1962:17.
Distribution: Gulf of CaUfornia; 0-85m.
Balanus gregarius (Conrad), 1856:315
Synonymy/references: ZuUo, 1969a:6 (includes Tamio-
soma gregaria, Radiolites gregaria, Balanus estrellanus
and Balanus concavus concavus, Ross, 1962:14).
Distribution: Mio- PUocene, Central and Southern CaUfor-
nia; PUocene, Baja CaUfornia.
Balanus indicus Withers, 1923:291

Distribution: Miocene, Pakistan.
Balanus polyporus PUsbry, 1924:2

Distribution: Miocene, Haiti.
Balanus regalis PUsbry, 1916:108
Synonymy/diagnosis: Ross, 1962:19.
References: CornwaU. in Steinbeck & Ricketts, 1941:430;
CornwaU, 1959:403; Henry, 1942:100; 1943:368; 1960:144
(as subsp. of B. aquila); Kolosvary, 1942c:139; 1943a:85.
Distribution: Southern and Baja CaUfornia.
Balanus talquinensis Weisbord, 1966:37
Distribution: Miocene, Florida.

62

Balanus vadaszi Kolosvary, 1949a:2
Reference: Davadie, 1963:57; Menesini, 1972:42.
Distribution: Miocene, Europe.

Group of Balanus amphitrite

Balanus albicostatus albicostatus Pilsbry, 1916:90
Synonymy/diagnosis Utinomi. 1967:209.
Rerences Gruvel, 1903b:133 (as Balanus violaceus);
1905a:227; Hirano, 1953:1 (rearing); Hirano & Okushi.
1952:639 (attachment and growth rate); Hiro. 1937c:432;
1938a;303; 1938c:1687 (resistance to exposure); 1939a:
128; 1939e:261; 1939f:209; Hudinaga & Kasahara, 1942:
108; Ishida & Yasgui, 1937:1659 (free-swimming stages);
Kawahara. 1961:70 (fouUng); Kawahara & lizima,
1960-584 (fouUng); Kolosvary, 1943a:84; 1951c:411;
1961b:100; 1961c:150; 1962c:202; 1967b:391; Kruger,
1911a:51 (as Balanus amphitrite communis); Mawatan,
1967-99 (fouhng); Mawatari et al. 1962:93; 1963:95
(water conduit fouling); Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:314; Nishi-
kawa, 1960:355 (chromosomes); Ooishi, 1964:195; Pils-
bry 1916:90 (as Balanus amphitrite albicostatus): Stub-
bings, 1967:277; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:183; Utinomi,
1949a:22; 1955b:124 (geology); 1958a:308; 1958b:51;
1962:216; 1969b:52; 1970:356; Utinomi &Kikuchi, 1966:5;
Zevina & Tarasov, 1963:91.
Distribution: Japan; China; Formosa; Korea. Miocene;
Turkistan, U.S.S.R.
Balanus albicostatus formosanus Hiro, 1938a:306
Synonymy/diagnosis: Utinomi, 1967:212.
References: Hiro, 1939e:261; Kolosvary, 1961b:100;

1962:d:199; 1967b:391.
Distribution: Formosa: Miocene, U.S.S.R.
Balanus amphitrite abundantus Kolosvary, 1948:106

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin, 1854b:240
Synonymy: Utinomi, 1967:200; Southward, 1975:6.
Diagnosis: Harding, 1962:274; Stubbings, 1967:271. (In-
cludes communis Darwin, denticulata Broch, hawaiien-
sis Broch, carenatus Gruvel, franciscanus Rodgers,
herzi Rodgers, saltonensis Rodgers).
References: Annandale, 1907:40; 1911:170 (growth rate);
1915:138; BaU, 1937:534; 1950:283; Barnard, 1924:69;
Barnes & Barnes, 1959f:438 (osciUatory respiration);
1965a:392 (variation in egg/nauplius size); 1968a:146
(variation in egg numbers); Barnes et al, 1970:70 (impac-
tion); 1971:173 (spermatozoa); Bassindale, 1964:40; Bhatt
& Bal, 1960:439; Bishop, 1950:409; Bishop et al, 1957:8;
Bookhout & Costlow. 1959:212 (feeding, molting,
growth); Borghouts-Biersteker, 1969:4; Borradaile,
1903:441; Broch, 1916:5; 1922:314; 1924b:203; 1927d:133;
1931:58; 1935:2; CaUame, 1965:413 (effect of light);
Ciurea et al, 1963:6; Costlow & Bookhout, 1956:107
(as B. a. niveus — moulting and shell growth); 1958a:284
(larval development); 1958b:271 (moulting and respira-
tion); Crisp & Costlow, 1963:22 (embryo tolerance to
salinity and temperature); Crisp & Molesworth, 1951:489;
Crisp & Southward, 1961:271; Daniel, 1955c:20; Darwin,
1854b:493 (= B. pic'us Miinster); Davadie, 1963:44;
Davis et al, 1973:310 \interval cycle); Day & Morgans,
1956:303; de Alessandri, 1895:286; 1906:301; 1907b:282;
deOUveira, 1941:17; 1947:733; DePabna, 1963:15; Ed-
mondson & Ingram, 1939:257; Fahrenbach, 1965:233
(photoreceptors); Filhol, 1885:486; Fischer, 1929:10;
Fischer, 1872:432; Fischer-Piette & Prenant, 1956:15;
Fishelson, 1971:128; Foster, 1967a:83; Freiberger &
Cologer, 1966:881 (rearing in laboratory); Gordon, 1970:
69; Graham & Gay, 1945:381 (attachment and growth);
Gruvel, 1903b:137; 1905a:232; 1907d:6; 1912a:346;
Henry. 1958:222; 1959:192; 1960:142; 1973:968; Hirano.
1953:139 (rearing); 1962:77 (rearing); Hirano & Okushi,
1952:639 (seasonal variation in attachment and growth
rate)- Hiro, 1933:71; 1936a:59 (commensalism); 1936b:
624; 1937c:432; 1938a:301; 1938c:1687; 1939c:590;
1939e:263; 1939f:208; Hoek, 1913:172; Hudinaga &

Kasahara, 1942:108 (rearing); Karande, 1967:1245 (foul-
ingl- 1973:56 (larvae); 1974b:229 (larval comparison with
B. uariegatus): Karande & Palekar, 1966:143: Karande &
Thomas, 1971:109 (laboratory rearing); Kawahara, 1961:
67 (fouUng); Kawahara & lizima, 1960:584 (fouling);
Kolosvary 1939b:129; 19411:173 (as B. pictus): 1943a:83;
1943C-129- 1944:33; 1947c:424; 1947d;425; 1951b:292;
1959-197; 1961a;78; 1961b;100; 1961c;150; 1962b:205;
1962d:202; 1963a:173; 1963b:175; 1967b:391; Kruger,
1911a:51; 1911b:460; 1940:464; LaCombe, 1970:164 (ce-
ment glands); LaCombe & Monteiro. 1974:633; Lan-
chester, 1902:369; LeReste, 1965:65; Mawatari, 1970:80
(fouUng); Mawatari et al, 1954a:46 (settlement and
growth); 1954b:48 (settlement and growth); 1962:91
(fouUng); 1963:93 (fouUng); 1968:24 (propagation by
ships)- Mawatari & Kitamura, 1970:67 (fouUng); Mawa-
tari & Kobayashi, 1954a:37 (fouUng); 1954b;l (fouUng);
Menesini, 1965:102; Millard, 1950:266; MiUard & Broek-
huysen, 1970:299; Monod, 1937:15; Moore & Frue,
1959:431; Moore, 1944:333; Moyse, 1960:120; Newman,
1967-1038 (biology); Newman et al, 1967:170; Nilsson-
CanteU, 1921:311; 1930b:10; 1931a;122; 1934b:32; 1938b:
36- 1949:43; Norris et al, 1951:444 (variabiUty in larval
stages); Patel & Crisp, 1960a:667 (influence of tempera-
ture); PiUai, 1958:117 (development); Pilsbry, 1907c:190;
1916:89 (= B. carenatus Gruvel, 1907d;6); 1928:312;
Pope 1945:362; Por. 1972:112; Por & Ferber, 1972:151;
Prenant 1929:212; Prenant & Teissier, 1923:170; ReUni,
1962:3; 1964:408; 1966:179; 1968b:186; 1969:169; ReUm
& Giordano, 1969:251 (vertical distribution); Riedl,
1963-257- Ritz & Foster, 1968:545 (temperature re-
sponses); Rogers, 1949:5; RoseU, 1973b:82 (as B. a.
hawaiensis): Ross, 1962:12; Sandison, 1954:86; Seguenza,
1876:300; Shatoury, 1958:790; Southward, 1957:323
(influence of temperature); 1962:163 (influence of tem-
perature); Southward & Crisp, 1963:27 (fouUng); Steb-
bing 1910:568; Stubbings, 1936:41; 1961a:173; 1961b;22;
1963b-14; 1965:886; Suzuki & Konno, 1970:9 (fouUng);
Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:179; Utinomi, 1949a:22; 1950:63;
1955b- 125; 1958a:308; 1960:43 (synonymy of hawaiensis
and denticulata): 1962:215; 1969a:86; 1969b:52; 1970a:
355- Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966a:5; Visscher. 1928a:327;
1928b:193 (fouUng); Visscher & Luce; 1928:336 (reaction
to Ught); Weiss, 1947a:56 (tolerance to copper and mer-
cury)- 1948:116 (abnormal growth); WeUs, 1966:83;
WeUs et al, 1964:567; Weltner, 1887:102: 1897:264;
1910-528- Wisely & BUck, 1964:163 (seasonal abundance
of larvae); Withers, 1923:290; 1924:32; Yasuda, 1968:27
(fouUng); Zevina, 1963:73; Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:173;
ZuUo, 1963b;8, 9 ( B. amphitrite subsp. n. = B. improvi-
sus Darwin according to Henry, 1973:968).
Distribution: CosmopoUtan. in warm and temperate seas.
Numerous FossUs attributed to this species; OUgocene
to Pleistocene.
Balanus amphitrite acutus Withers. 1924:30
Distribution: Miocene, New Zealand (Withers, 1953:77
et seq.).
Balanus amphitrite aeratus deOUveira. 1941:22

Distribution: Rio de Janeiro.
Balanus amphitrite archi-inexpectatus Kolosvary, 1948:108

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Balanus amphitrite cochinensis Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:43
References: Karande, 1966:144; 1967:1245.
Distribution: Bombay.
Balanus amphitrite columnarius Tarasov & Zevma. 1957:184

Distribution: Vladivostok, on Japanese Fishing boat.
Balanus amphitrite fluminensis deOUveira. 1941:21

Distribution: Rio de Janeiro.
Balanus amphitrite helenae Kolosvary. 1949a:7

Distribution: Miocene. Turkistan.
Balanus amphitrite hungaricus Kolosvary. 1948:108

Distribution: Miocene. Hungary.
Balanus amphitrite inexpectatus Pilsbry. 1916:97
Synonymy/diagnosis: Henry. 1943:368.

63

References Davadie, 1963:44; Henry, 1942:126; 1959:199
1960:142; 1973:983; Kolosvary. 1943a:84; 1947a:20
1951c:411; 1967b:391; Nilsson-CanteU, 1933:506; 1939a:3:
Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:187.
Distribution: Gulf of California; Bonaire; Red, Adriatic,
and Mediterranean Seas, (Kolosvary). Pliocene, Florida.
Balanus amphitrite insignis Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:41
Reference: Karande, 1966:145; 1967:1245.
Distribution: Bombay.
Balanus amphitrite karakumiensis Kolosvary, 1961b:100

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Balanus amphitrite kondakovi Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:191
References: Henry, 1973:991; Rosell, 1973b:88; Zevina &

Tarasov, 1963:94.
Distribution: Mainland coast southeast Asia.
Balanus amphitrite litoralis Kolosvary, 1948:106

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Balanus amphitrite merklini Kolosvary, 1962d:199

Distribution: Miocene, U.S.S.R.
Balanus amphitrite peruvianus Pilsbry, 1909:69
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:97.
References: Henry, 1973:983; Kolosvary, 1943a:84; Nils-
son-Cantell, 1957:10.
Distribution: Costa Rica to Peru; often on mangroves.
Balanus amphitrite poecilosculpta Broch, 1931:59
Synonymy/diagnosis: Nilsson-Cantell, 1934a:61.
References: Broch, 1947:5; Dawydoff, 1952:128; Hiro,

1937c:435; Utinomi, 1958a:294.
Distribution: Indonesia; South China Sea; 33-85m.
Balanus amphitrite rafflesi Nilsson-Cantell, 1934a:64

Distribution: Singapore; on mangroves.
Balanus amphitrite tongaensis Kolosvary, 1962c: 193
References; Kolosvary, 1967b:391.
Distribution: Tonga Is.
Balanus amphitrite vladivostokensis Tarasov & Zevina.
1957:184
Reference: Utinomi, 1967:214 (possibly a synonym of B.

variegatus cirratus).
Distribution: Vladivostok.
Balanus caboblanquensis Weisbord, 1966:26

Distribution: Pliocene, Venezuela.
Balanus caribensis Weisbord, 1966:23

Distribution: Venezuela.
Balanus citerosum Henry, 1973:976
Reference: Southward, 1975:42 (probably equals B.

pallidus)
Distribution: Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catarina.
Balanus dentivarians Henry, 1973:992

Distribution: Southwest Mexico to Ecuador.
Balanus eburneus Gould, 1841:15
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:80.
References: Arvy and LaCombe, 1968:1326 (cement
apparatus); Arvy & Ligouri, 1968:817 (cytochrome oxi-
dase activity); Arvy & Nigrelli, 1969:95 (parasites);
Arvy et al, 1968:817 (alkaline phosphatase activity);
1969:351 (parasites); Bacon, 1971:187 (populations in
relation to salinity); Barnes & Barnes, 1965a:391; (varia-
tion in egg and naupUus size); Barnes & Healy, 1971:83
(biometrical studies); Barnes & Klepal, 1971:81 (pedicel
of penis); Barnes et al, 1970:70 (behavior on impaction);
1971:173 (spermatozoa); 1972:192 (distribution); Bishop,
1951:531; Bishop et al, 1957:7; Bookhout & Costlow,
1959:212 (feeding, molting, growth); Bousfield, 1954:122
(distribution and spawning season); Broch, 1924a: 11 2;
Ciurea et al, 1933:6; Clarke, 1947:73 (poisoning and re-
covery); Cones, 1968:61 (selectivity in fossil preserva-
tion); Costlow, 1963:254 (central nervous system); Cost-
low & Bookhout, 1957a:313 (larval development in
laboratory); Crisp & Costlow, 1963:22 (embryonic toler-
ance to salinity and temperature); Crisp & Southward,
1961:271 (cirral activity); Daniel, 1955c:18; Darwin,
1854b:248; Davadie, 1963:59; deOliveira, 1941:19 (in
part, Henry, 1973:968, 982); DePahna, 1963:15 (fouUng);
Edmondson, 1933:231; Fales, 1928:534 (Ught-receptive

organs); Fischer- Piette & Prenant, 1956:13; Freiberger
& Cologer, 1966:881 (rearing in laboratory); Freiberger
et al, 1969:469 (fouhng and anti-fouhng studies); Gordon,
1969:139 (influence of sahnity on distribution); Gordon
et al, 1970:461 (environmental influence); Grave, 1933:
378 (growth rate); Gregg, 1945:44 (attachment of cy-
prids); 1948:161 (replication of substrate detail); Gruvel,
1903b:137; 1905a:234; Gwilliam, 1963:470; 1965:244
(shadow reflex); Henry, 1954:443 (distribution); 1959:194;
1973:968, 982; Kolosvary, 1943a:81; 1943c:129; 1944:33;
1947a:21; 1965:272; 1967b:392, Kruger, 1940:464; La-
combe, 1970:164 (cement glands); Lacombe & Monteiro,
1974:633; Matsui et al, 1964:141; Mawatari, 1967:99
(harbor fouUng); McDougall, 1943:344; Moore & Frue,
1959:432 (settlement & growth); Neu, 1935b:92 (fouling);
Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:309; 1928a:32; 1931a:109; 1938b:
35; Ostroumoff, 1892:160; Pilsbry, 1918:185; 1924:1;
Pomerate & Reiner, 1942:14 (influence of surface angle
and hght on attachment); ReUni, 1962:3; 1964:406;
1966:179; 1968b:186; 1969:175; Rehni & Giordano, 1969:
250 (vertical distribution and settlement); Riedl, 1963:
258; Sandeen & Costlow, 1961:192 (central nervous sys-
tem); Shaw, 1972:145 (lateral eye); Shimony & Nigrelli,
1971:662 (cement apparatus); 1972:349; Smith, 1946:51
(effects of water currents); Southward, 1962:163 (tem-
perature on cirral activity); Southward & Crisp, 1963:34;
Stubbings, 1967:270; Sumner, 1911:128; Tarasov &
Zevina, 1957:174; Utinomi, 1966:36; Wells, 1966:84;
Weiss, 1947a:56 (tolerance to copper and mercury);
1947b:240 (attachment of cyprids); 1948:116 (abnormal
development); Weltner, 1897:266; 1898b:12; Wharton,
1948:180 (primary attachment); Visscher, 1928b:193
(fouling and resistance to fresh water); Zevina, 1963:73;
Zevina & Goryn, 1971:771; ZuUo, 1963b:ll.
Distribution: Endemic to western Atlantic. Boston to
Rio de Janeiro; introduced to Europe, Mediterranean,
Indian Ocean, Japan, Hawaii and other islands of
Pacific Oceania. Miocene, Haiti; Pleistocene, Panama.
Tertiary, Jugoslavia.

Balanus hophinsi Zullo. 1968:4
Distribution: Plio-Pleistocene. Iceland.

Balanus improvisus Darwin, 1854b:250
Synonymy/diagnosis: Henry, 1959:196.
References: Arbuzova, 1959:462 (permeabihty of basis)
Barnes & Barnes, 1961b:4 (sahnity and biometry); 1962:1
1965a:391 (variations in egg and nauphus size); 1968a
135 (regional variations in egg numbers); Barnes &
Healy, 1969:51 (biometrical studies); Barnes & Klepal,
1971:81 (pedicel of penis); Barnes et al, 1951:227 (orien-
tation); 1970:70 (impaction); 1971:188 (spermatozoa);
Bartha & Henriksson, 1971:7 (anti-fouhng); Bassindale,
1964:39; Belyaev, 1949:901 (osmoregulation); Bishop,
1947:501; 1951:531 (introduction to Australia); Bishop
et al, 1957:4; Blom, 1965:59; Blom & Nyholm, 1961:149
(setthng); Bocquet-Ve'drine, 1962:144; IBocquet-Vedrine
& Parent, 1972:239 (parasitism by Boschmaella): Book-
hout & Costlow, 1959a:212 (feeding, molting, growth);
Borradaile, 1916:132; Bousfield, 1954:120; 1955a:l (eco-
logical control in Miramichi estuary); Brattstrom,
1957:8; Broch, 1924a:81; 1924b:203; 1927c;25; 1935:2;
Bucholz, 1951:49 (larvae); Carlton & Zullo, 1969:1 (early
records on Pacific coast N. America); Ciurea et al,
1933:2; Costlow, 1956:359 (sheU development); 1959:177
(effect of inhibitors); Costlow & Bookhout, 1953:420
(molting and growth); 1957b:224 (body vs. shell growth);
Crisp. 1953:331 (changes in orientation); 1958:483; Crisp
& Southward, 1961:271 (cirral activity); Davadie, 1963:
61; Doochin, 1951:15 (morphology during metamorpho-
sis); Eloffson, 1952:47; Filatowa, 1902:379 (post-embry-
onic development); Fischer, 1872:432; Fischer-Piette &
Prenant, 1956:11; Foster. 1970:388 (acchmation to salin-
ity); Gordon, 1969:139 (influence of sahnity): Gordon et
al, 1970:461 (sodium/manganese content of shell); Gra-
ham & Gay, 1945:381 (attachment and growth); Gruvel,

64

1903b:136; 1905a:231; 1907a:105; 1912a;345; Henry.
1942:110; 1954:443 (distribution); 1973:976,992; Hiro,
1936a:61; Hoek, 1875:60; 1909:271.308; Holmes & Pryor,
1938:795; Jackson & Ross, 1971:188 (on snapping
turtle); Jones & Crisp, 1954:765 (larval stages); Kauri,
1962:131 (frontal filament and nauplius eye); 1966:115
(x-organ); Kawahara, 1961:65 (differences in fouling
communities); 1963b:301 (first record from Japan ■
Pacific side); Kolosvary, 1941a:43; 1942b:204 (as B. i
fossilis); 1943a:82; 1943c:129; 1951c:411; 1959:197
1961a:78; 1962b:206; 1963a:174; 1965a:271 (fouling)
1966b:143; 1967a:388; 1967b:392; Kriiger, 1927a:13
1927b:5; 1940:464; Kuhl, 1965:120; 1967b:965 (in Elbe
estuary); 1968:1 (metamorphosis); Lacombe & Monteiro,
1974:633; Luther, 1950:155; MacDonald, 1951:87; Mak-
simov et al, 1971:1090 (factors influencing population);
Mawatari, 1967:99 (fouling); Mawatari et al, 1968:24
(propagation by ships); McDermott, 1960:199 (preda-
tion); McDougaU, 1943:323; Moore, 1933:969 (orienta-
tion); Moore & Frue, 1959:421 (settlement and growth);
Miiller, 1868:393 ("hybrid", B. armatus); Neu, 1932:143;
1935b:92; Newman, 1967b:1041 (physiology and behav-
ior); Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:310; 1927b;91; 1928a:33;
1931a:110; Norris et al, 1951:444 (variabihty in larval
stages); O'Riordan, 1967:293; Pilsbry, 1916:84(= B.
improvisus var. assimilis Darwin, 1854b:250; = B.
improvisus var. gryphicus Miinter. 1878); Poulsen. 1935
18; Prenant & Teissier, 1923:176; Relini, 1969:173
Schafer, 1952:241 (settling); Schwarz, 1932:437 (influ
ence of Ught); SneU, 1972:1; Southward, 1957:325
Southward & Crisp, 1963:33; Stubbings, 1967:270; Tara
sov & Zevina, 1957:168; Tengstrand, 1931:108 (larvae)
Tornava, 1948:3 (aUmentary canal); Utinomi, 1966:36
van Breeman, 1934:247 (biology); Visscher, 1928a:327
(attachment); 1928b: 193 (fouling); Visscher & Luce,
1928:336 (reaction to Ught); Weiss, 1947a:56 (tolerance
to copper and mercury); 1947b:240 (settlement); 1948:
116 (abnormal development); Wells, 1966:84; Weltner,
1895:289; 1897:266; 1898a:441; 1898b:5; Zevina. 1963:73;
Zevina & Goryn. 1971:771 (Sea of Japan); Zevina & Lit-
vinova, 1970:172; ZuUo, 1963b:12: 1966b:235.

Distribution: East Coast of the Americas, North Atlan-
tic; west coast of Africa to Cape of Good Hope; Mediter-
ranean; Black Sea; Red Sea; Northwestern coast of U.S.
from Washington to San Francisco; Ecuador; Japan;
Austraha; OUgocene. U.S.S.R.
Balanus maroccana Broch, 1927:21

References Beach, 1972:5; Stubbings, 1967:266.

Distribution: North Africa; 40-75m.
Balanus oppidieboraci Ross, 1964a:490

Distribution: Miocene, Virginia.
Balanus pallidas Darwin, 1854b:240

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1967:206.

Diagnosis: Stubbings, 1963b:15.

References: AuriviUius 1898a:31; Barnes & Healy, 1969:
51 (biometrical studies); Barnes & Klepal, 1971:83 (pedi-
cel of penis); Bassindale, 1961:485; Broch, 1924b:202;
1927c:26;' 1931:58; Darwin, 1854b:240 (as B. amphitrite
stutsburii and B. Candidas n. sp.); Davadie, 1963:44;
Gauld, 1957:10; Gruvel, 1903b:137,143 (as B. dybowski);
1905a:233,257; Harding, 1962:278,281; Henry, 1954:443;
1959:192 (= B. subalbidus Henry, 1973); Karande,
1967:1247 (as B. a. insignis); Kruger, 1914:437; 1927b:
13; LaCombe & Monteiro, 1974:633; Menesini, 1965:104
(as B. pallidas stutsburii); Moroni-Ruggieri, 1950:72;
Nilsson-CanteU, 1925:28 (as venustas); 1931a:124;
1938a:179; 1938b:38,41 (as B. a. insignis n. sp.); Sandi-
son, 1962:517 (populations on Guinea coast); 1966:363
(effect of saUnity fluctuations); 1967:161 (naupUar
stages); Sandison & HiU, 1966:235 (distribution in rela-
tion to saUnity); Stubbings, 1959:1282 (abnormal devel-
opment); 1961b:24; 1964b:338; 1965:887; 1967:277; Welt-
nar, 1897:256; 1922:83; Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:173;
ZuUo, 1963b:9.

Distribution: West coast of Africa; Northern Indian

Ocean; Gulf of Siam, southwestern AustraUa; Gulf of
Mexico, Caribbean; Argentina (Patagonia). PUocene,
Italy.
Balanus patellaris (Spengler), 1780:101

Synonymy: Utinomi. 1968b:174.

Diagnosis: NUsson-CanteU, 1929a:4.

References: Annandale, 1907:40; CaiUiaud, 1865:38;
Caziot, 1921:52; Darwin, 1854b:259; Gruvel, 1903b:139;
1905a:238; Hoek, 1913:152,158; NUsson-CanteU, 1921:
328; 1938b:46; Weltner, 1897:268.

Distribution: India to PhiUppines.
Balanus playagrandensis Weisbord, 1966:29

Distribution: PUocene, Venezuela.
Balanas poecilotheca Kruger, 1911a:48

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1958a:294.

Diagnosis: Hiro, 1937c:435.

References: Barnard, 1924:71, Broch, 1931:59 (as B.
amphitrite forma poecilosculpta); Hiro, 1938a:303;
1939e:263; Kruger, 1911b:460; Nilsson-CanteU, 1934a:61;
PUsbry, 1916:110; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:188; Utinomi,
1949a:22; 1962:216.

Distribution: Japan; Formosa; Sulu Arch.; South Africa.
Balanus reticalatus Utinomi, 1967:216

Synonymy/diagnosis: Southward, 1975:11.

References: Broch, 1922:314; 1931:58 (as B. a. com-
munis); Darwin, 1854b:240 (as B. a. communis, in part);
Henry, 1973:968; Hiro, 1938a:301 (as B. a. communis);
Hoek, 1913:168 (as B. a. communis); Kolosvary, 1939b:
129 (as B. a. communis); 1962b:205 (fossU); Mawatari,
1967:99 (as B. a. tesselatus); RoseU, 1973b:79 (as B. a.
amphitrite); Southward & Crisp, 1963:43 (as B. a. amphi-
trite var.); Stubbings, 1961a:173; Utinomi, 1960:44;
1969b:51,52; 1970:356; Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:5 (as
B. variegatus tessalatus nom. nov.).

Distribution: Circumtropical fouUng form.
Balanus salaami NUsson-CanteU, 1932c:5

Distribution: Dar-es-Salaam.
Balanus subalbidus Henry, 1973:968

Distribution: Southeast U.S.; Gulf of Mexico and West
Indies; generaUy in brackish water.
Balanus suturaltus Henry, 1973:983

Distribution: West coast of Central America.
Balanus uliginosis Utinomi, 1967:202

Synonymy/diagnosis: Utinomi, 1957c:202.

References: Hiro. 1938a:305; 1939e:263; Kruger. 1911a:
51 (as Balanus amphitrite niveus); Mawatari, 1967:99
(distribution of fouling organisms); Mawatari et al, 1962:
93; 1968:24 (propagation by ships); RoseU, 1973b:86 (as
B. a. krugeri); Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:190; Utinomi
1949a:22; 1962:216; 1967:202 (new name for B. a. krugeri
NUsson-CanteU, 1932a:24); 1969b:52; 1970:356; Utinomi
& Kikuchi, 1966:5; Zevina & Tarasov, 1963:93.

Distribution: Southern Japan; southern Korea; China;
Formosa.
Balanus variegatus variegatus Darwin, 1854b:241

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1968b:171 (includes Balanus amphi-
trite malayensis Hoek, 1913:172).

Diagnosis: "Harding, 1962:291.

References: Bhatt & Bal, 1960:439; Broch, 1916:5; 1931:
58; Daniel, 1955a:97 (gregariousness); 1955c:19; 1956:21
(influence of color); 1957a:305 (effect of iUumination);
1957b:866 (influence of tide); Darwin, 1854b:241 (as
Balanas amphitrite var. 8, variegatus); Foster, 1974:48
(as B. amphitrite malayensis); Gruvel, 1905a:233;
1907d:6; Hoek, 1913:172; Hutton, 1879:328; Karande,
1967:1245; 1974:229 (larval comparison with B. amphi-
trite); Karande & Palekar, 1966:143; Moore, 1944:333;
NUsson-CanteU, 1934a:60; 1934b:57; 1938b:39; Pope,
1945:362 (as Balanus amphitrite cirratus); Stubbings,
1963a:329; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:183; Weltner, 1897:
266; 1900:305.

Distribution: New Zealand; AustraUa; Indonesia; Viet-
nam; Bay of Bengal.
Balanus variegatus cirratus Darwin, 1854b:241

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1967:214.

65

Diagnosis Harding, 1962:293.

References Darwin, 1854b:241 (as Balanus amphitrite
var. 9 cirratus); Davadie, 1963:44; Gruvel, 1903b:137
1905a:234; Hiro, 1938b;302; 1939e:262; Kolosvary
1961a:78; 1961c:150; 1962d:202; 1967b:392; Mawatari
1967:99 (distribution of fouling organisms); Nilsson
CanteU, 1921:316; 1931a;lll; 1932c:5; 1934a:61; 1934b
56; 1938b:40; Pope, 1945:362; Rosell, 1973:91; Skerman
1960:610; Stubbings, 1963a:331; Tarasov & Zevina
1957:182, 184 (as ? B. amphitrite vladivostokensis); Uti-
nomi, 1949a:22; 1962:216; 1970a:357; Utinonii & Kikuchi,
1966:6; Weltner, 1897:266; Wisely & BUck, 1964:164
(nauplii); Zevina & Tarasov, 1963:89.
Distribution: India, Indonesia, Australia, Philippines
north to Korea. Miocene, U.S.S.R.
Balanus venustus venustus Darwin, 1854b:240
Synonymy/diagnosis Stubbings, 1967:280.
References Annandale, 1906:138; Barnes & Klepal,
1971:81 (pedicel of penis); Broch, 1924b:202 et seq.;
Daniel, 1955c:21; Darwin, 1854b:240 (as B. amphitrite
var. 2, venustus); Gauld, 1957:10; Gruvel, 1903b:137;
1905a:233; 1912a:346; Harding, 1962:283; Henry, 1973:
976; Karande, 1967:1245; Karande & Palekar, 1966:145;
Kolosva'ry, 1967b:392; Nilsson-CanteU, 1925:28; 1931a:
110; 1938b:37; Stubbings, 1961b:29; 1961c:188; 1963b:
21; 1964a:109; 1965:887; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:189;
Utinonii, 1960:46; 1969a:86; 1970:355; Weltner, 1897:265.
Distribution: Mediterranean; west coast of Africa; South
Africa; Persian Gulf; Bay of Bengal; Sea of Japan;
5-60ni.
Balanus venustus modestus Darwin, 1854b:240
Synonymy/diagnosis Harding, 1962:287.
References Darwin, 1854b:240 (as B. amphitrite var. 5,

modestus); Gruvel, 1905a:233; Weltner, 1897:266.
Distribution: West Indies; Gulf Coast from Florida to
Texas.
Balanus venustus niveus Darwin, 1854b:240
Synonymy: Zullo, 1966b:232.
Diagnosis Harding, 1962:286.

References Barnes & Klepal, 1971:81 (pedicel of penis);
Bernard & Lane, 1961:438 (absorption, excretion); 1962:
19 (early settlement and metamorphosis); Bousfield,
1954:122; Costlow & Bookhout, 1956:107; Darwin.
1854b:240 (as B. amphitrite var. 4, niveus); Dawson,
1957:1068 (fouling of shrimp); deOliveira. 1941:19 (= B.
citerosum Henry, 1973, in part); Doochin, 1951:15
(attachment and metamorphosis); Driscoll, 1968:27;
Eldred, 1962:203 (fouling of shrimp); Fowler, 1912:pl. 46;
Gruvel, 1903b:137; 1905a:224 (as Balanus armatus), 233;
1907d:6; 1909b:25; Henry, 1954:443 (distribution); 1959;
193; Hiro, 1939e:263 (see B. utiginosis); Kolosvary,
1943a:84; 1961a:78; 1961c:150; 1962d:202; 1967b:312;
Kruger, 1911a:51; 1911b:460; Lanchester, 1902:369;
Matsui et al, 1964:144; McDougaU, 1943:354; MuUer,
1867:329 (as Balanus armatus); Nilsson-Cantell, 1921:
318; 1925:31; 1928a:33; 1931a:lll; 1938b:39; 1939a:4;
1957:10; Pearse, 1947:326 (on Limulus); PUsbry, 1916:
92; 1953:25; Ross, 1962:14; Smith, 1946:51 (effect of
water currents); Stubbings, 1964b:340; 1967:268; Tara-
sov & Zevina, 1957:168; Utinomi, 1969a:87; Wells, 1966:
85; Weltner, 1895:289 (as Balanus armatus); 1897:265,
267; 1922:83; Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:174; Zullo,
1963b:12.
Distribution: Western Atlantic, Cape Cod to BrazU;
Mediterranean; west and south Africa; Madagascar;
Red Sea; Persian Gulf; to 55m. Miocene, U.S.S.R.; PUo.-
Pleistocene, Florida.
Balanus venustus obscurus Darwin, 1854b:241
Synonymy/diagnosis Harding, 1962:289.
References Barnard, 1924:70; Darwin, 1854b:241 (as B.
amphitrite var. 7, obscurus); Davadie, 1963:44; Gruvel,
1905a:233; Lanchester, 1902:369; Wells, 1966:85; Welt-
ner, 1897:266.
Distribution: Caribbean; South Africa.

Genus Tetrabalanus Cornwall, 1941

Tetrabalanus polygenus Cornwall, 1941:228
Synonymy/diagnosis ZuUo, 1969d:2.
References Henry, 1973:983,992.

Distribution: Ecuador; Costa Rica; prefers estuarine
conditions.

Group of Balanus trigonus

Balanus alatus Hoek, 1913:175
Reference: Pilsbry, 1916:110.
Distribution: Sulu Arch.; 50-564m.
Balanus calidus Pilsbry, 1916:118
Synonymy: Zullo, 1966b:235.
Diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:118.

References Daniel, 1955c:21; Darwin, 1954b:225;
DePalma, 1963:19 (fouling); Henry, 1954:443; HuUngs,
1961:215; Karande, 1966:146; 1967:1245; Kolosvary,
1943a:87; 1962a:85; 1967b:391; Nilsson-Cantell, 1939a:6;
Ross et al, 1964:312; WeUs, 1966:83; WeUs & Richards,
1962:586; WeUs, WeUs & Gray, 1964:561.
Distribution: North CaroUna; Gulf of Mexico; West
Indies; 27-64m. OUgocene, Bulgaria. Pleistocene : north-
ern Columbia and Cape Hatteras. y
Balanus calidus nonstriatus Kolosvdry, 1941a:41

Distribution: Gulf of CaUfornia.
Balanus curvirostratus Menesini, 1968c:619

Distribution: PUocene, Italy.
Balanus darwinii Seguenza 1876:453
References Seguenza, 1876:455 (var. calabrus); Davadie,

1953:99; Davadie-Suaudeau, 1952:29; Withers, 1953:62.
Distribution: Tertiary, Italy.
Balanus kanakoffi ZuUo, 1969a:7

Distribution: PUocene, CaUfornia.
Balanus laevis Brugiere, 1789:164
Synonymy: Nilsson-CanteU, 1921:321.
Diagnosis Pilsbry, 1916:120.

References Barnes & Klepal, 1971:83 (pedicel of penis);
CaiUiaud, 1865:38; Darwin, 1854b:227; Davadie, 1963:36;
Gruvel, 1905a:228; Hoek, 1883:150; 1907:4; Kolosvary,
1941e:l (as B. laevis nonsulcatus n. sp.); 1943a:87; 1955:
184; 1959:198; 1960:590; Miers, 1881:79; Newman &
Ross, 1971:174; NUsson-CanteU, 1930c:254; 1931a:112;
1939b:237; 1957:18; Ortmann, 1902:254 (probably
includes B. apertus PhiUppi 1887:224); Weltner, 1895:
291; 1897:263; 1898b:5; 1900:305; Zevina & Kurshakova,
1973:183.
Distribution: Argentina to Tierra del Fuego; Falkland
Islands to Peru; tidal to 275m. Miocene of Europe and
North Africa; Pleistocene of South America.
Balanus laevis coquimbensis Sowerby {in Darwin), 1846:264
Synonymy/diagnosis PUsbry, 1916:122.
References Darwin, 1854b:227; 1897:623; Newman &

Ross, 1971:175; PhiUipi, 1887:224; Weltner, 1897:263.
Distribution: Straits of MageUan to Coquimbo, Chile.
Pleistocene, Coquimbo.
Balanus laevis fossilis Kolosvary, 1950b:3

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Balanus laevis nitidus Darwin, 1854b:227
Synonymy/diagnosis PUsbry, 1916:122.
References Davadie, 1963:37; Davadie-Suaudeau, 1952
26; Gruvel, 1903b:136; 1905a:228; Kolosvary, 1940a:91
Newman & Ross, 1971:175; NUsson-CanteU, 1957:19
Weltner, 1887:101.
Distribution: Straits of MageUan to CaUao, Peru. Mio-
cene, Algeria.
Balanus laguairensis Weisbord, 1966:18

Distribution: PUocene, Venezuela.
Balanus leonensis Weisbord, 1966:43

Distribution: Miocene, Florida.
Balanus minutus Hoek, 1913:177
Synonymy/diagnosis Hoek, 1913:177.
References Broch, 1922:317; NUsson-CanteU, 1925:31

PUsbry, 1916:78; Utinomi, 1968b:173.
Distribution: Sulu Is.; Benin Is.; Singapore; 28-146in.

66

Balanus ochlockoneensis Weisbord, 1966:46

Distribution: Miocene, Florida.
Balanus parkeri Zullo, 1967c:l

Distribution: Gulf of California; 25-36m.
Balanus poecilus Darwin, 1854b:246
Synonymy/diagnosis: Henry, 1960:142.
References: Gruvel, 1905a:229; Nilsson-Cantell, 1957:3;
Pilsbry. 1916:110; Weltner, 1895:289; 1897:266; 1898b:9.
Distribution: Gulf of California and western coast of
South America.
Balanus provisoricus Kolosv^y, 1961:101

Distribution: Miocene, SSSR.
Balanus spongicola Brown, 1844:121
Synonymy/diagnosis: Stubbings, 1963b:22.
References: Barnard, 1924:69; Broch, 1927c:23 (as Bala-
nus doUfusi n. sp.); Crisp & Southward, 1961:271 (cirral
activity); Darwin, 1854a:16; 1854b:225; Davadie, 196
49; deAlessandri, 1895:275; 1906:290; 1907b:277; Gru>
1903b:136; 1905a:225; 1907b;l64; 1909b:25; 1920..
Hoek. 1875:59; 1909:271; Kolosv^ry, 1943a:87; 1947a:65
1951c:412; KrUger, 1940:464; Menesini, 1965:106; 1966
115; 1967b:220; 1972:40; Nilsson-Cantell, 1927a:784:
1938a:180; 1939c:93; ORiordan, 1967:294; Pilsbry, 1916
115; Relini. 1969:171; Seguenza, 1876:288; Southward &
Crisp, 1963:30; Stabbing, 1910:568; Stubbings. 1961b:
32; 1961c:188; 1964b:327 (as B. dollfusi Broch); Weltner.
1897:263; Withers, 1953:61; ZuUo, 1966b:235.
Distribution: Southwestern England; Portugal; Madeira;
Azores; West and South Africa; Indian Ocean. Oligo-
cene to Pleistocene, Mediterranean Basin; PUocene,
England.
Balanus spongicola pliocenicus Seguenza, 1876:443

Distribution: Tertiary, Italy.
Balanus trigonus Darwin, 1854b:223
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:111 (includes B. arma-

tus MuUer, 1868:393).

References: Barnard, 1924:68; Barnes & Klepal, 1971:83

(pedicel of penis); Broch, 1922:320; 1924b:202; 1931:60;

1935:1; 1947:6; Chilton, 1920:53; Cornwall, 1928:11;

1958:81; Cornwall, in Steinbeck & Ricketts, 1941:431.

433; Davadie, 1963:58; Dawydoff, 1952:128; Day &

Morgans. 1956:303; deOUviera, 1941:15; Foster. 1967a:

82; 1967b:33 (early stages); Freiberger & Cologer. 1966;

881 (laboratory rearing); Gordon, 1970:86; Gruvel,

1903b: 136; 1905a:223; 1907a:105; 1907b;164; 1909b:25;

1912a:345,350; GuUer, 1952:20; Henry, 1941:104; 1942:

127; 1943:369; 1954:443; 1960:139; Hirano, 1953:139

(rearing and metamorphosis); Hirano & Okushi, 1952

639 (attachment and growth rates); Hiro, 1932a:551

1937c:439; 1938b:473 (on Macrocheira kaempfen); 1939e:

263; 1939f:210; Hoek, 1883:149; 1913:152; Hutton. 1879

330; Jennings, 1918:61; Kawahara, 1961:65; 1962:27

1963a:391; 1965:319 (fouling); Kolosvary, 1941d;210

1943a:86; 1947a:65; 1951c:411; 1955:184; 1959:197

1963a:173; 1963b;175; 1967b:392; KrUger, 1911a:49

1911b:460; 1940:468; Lacombe & Monteiro, 1974:633

Luckens, 1970c;510; Matsuda, 1973:41; Mawatari, 1967

99 (distribution of fouhng organisms); Mawatari et al

1962:93 (water conduit fouhng); Millard, 1950:266

Moore & McPherson, 1963:418; Moore, 1944:333

NUsson-CanteU, 1921:319; 1927a:784; 1928a;34; 1931a

111; 1938a:180; 1938b:13; 1939a:5; 1939c:93; 1957:10:

Ortmann, 1902:252; Pilsbry, 1909:70; 1916:111; Pope

1945:361; ReUni. 1962:1; 1964:405; 1966:179; 1968a:219:

1968b:186; 1969:173; Rehni & Giordano, 1969:251 (set

tlement); Resig, 1969:20; Ritz & Foster, 1968:551 (tem

perature responses); Ross, 1962:22; 1964a:490; 1964b

271; Ross et al, 1964:313; Sandison. 1954:81; Skerman

1960:610 (predation of); Stubbings, 1936:41; 1940:390

1961b:31; 1963c:188; 1963b:21; 1964a:109; 1964b;341

1965:890; 1967:267; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:166; UU

nomi, 1949a:22; 1950:63; 1958a:294; 1962:216; 1968b

173; 1969a:88; 1969b:52; 1970:357; Utinomi & Kikuchi

1966:6; Weisbord, 1966:20 (cf. trigonus); WeUs, 1966:83

WeUs et al, 1964:567; Weltner, 1897:262; 1900:307; 1922:
85; Werner, 1967:64 (distribution and ecology); Wisely &
BUck. 1964:164 (larvae); Withers, 1924:33; 1953:74 et
seq.; Zevina & Litvinova, 1970:174; ZuUo, 1963a:122
{B. aethiops Philippi, 1887:224 probably B. trigonus).
Distribution; Cosmopolitan in warm seas; distribution
for the most part natural. Miocene; Europe, Africa and
North America; Pliocene, Italy and Red Sea; Pleistocene
Hawaii.

Group of Balanus perforatus

Balanus hystrix Hoek, 1913:218
Reference: Pilsbry, 1916:78.
Distribution: Sunda I.; 40in.
Balanus obtiquus Ross, 1964a:486
Distributio.n: Miocene, Virginia.
Balanus pacificus Pilsbry, 1916:104 (= Balanus concauus
pacificus)
Synonymy: Ross, 1962:16; 1964a:489.
Diagnosis; Pilsbry, 1916:104.

References: Boolootian, 1964:185 (on Dendraster excen-
tricus): Cornwall, in Steinbeck & Ricketts, 1941:432;
CornwaU, 1951:328; 1956:647; 1958:84; 1959:406; 1962:
625; Darwin, 1854b:235 (in part, figs. 4a-c); Davadie.
1963:52; Giltay, 1934:1 (on Dendraster): Henry, 1942:
104; 1943:367; 1959:200; 1960:146; Hertlein, 1934:61;
Kolosvary, 1955:185; Merrill & Hobson, 1970:595 (on
Dendraster excentricus): NUsson-CanteU, 1957:6; Orcutt,
1921:24; PUsbry, 1907d:199 (as B. concavus - recent,
Point Loma); 1909:67 (as B. concavus - fossU, Peru);
Weltner, 1895:291 and 1897:261 (as Balanus tintinnabu-
lum occator): ZuUo, 1969a: 10.
Distribution: South of San Francisco to ChUe. PUo-
Pleistocene of CaUfomia; Pleistocene of Magdalena Is.;
fossil, Peru.
Balanus pacificus brevicalcar Ross, 1964a:488

Reference: PUsbry. 1916:107,337 (as Balanus concavus

pacificus forma brevicalcar); Ross, 1964a:488.
Distribution: Newport, CaUfornia.
Balanus pacificus prebrevicalcar Ross, 1964a:488

Distribution: Miocene, Virginia.
Balanus perforatus Brugiere, 1789:167
Synonymy/diagnosis: PUsbry, 1916:123.
References: Austin et al, 1958:497 (chromosome num-
bers); Barnes & Barnes, 1965a:391 (variation in egg and
naupUus size); 1966a:83 (ecological and zoogeographical
observations); 1968a:146 (variation in egg production);
1974:197 (embryonic development and saUnity); Barnes
& Crisp, 1956:636 (self-fertiUzation); Barnes & Klepal,
1971:83 (pedicel of penis); Barnes et al, 1970:70 (behav-
ior on impaction); 1971:173 (spermatozoa); 1972:191;
Bassindale. 1964:37; Bishop et al, 1957:9; Bocquet-
Vedrine & Pochon-Masson, 1969:595 (spermiogenesis);
CaiUiaud, 1865:38; Caziot, 1921:52; Ciurea et al, 1933:7,
16; Crisp, 1964a: 181. et seq. (effects of severe winter);
Crisp & Patel, 1958:1078 (relationship between breeding
and ecdysis); Crisp & Southward, 1961:271 (cirral activ-
ity); Daniel, 1955c:22; Darwin, 1954b:231; Davadie,
1963:38; Davadie-Suaudeau. 1952:20; deAlessandri,
1895:279; 1907b:278; Ephrusi, 1922:141 (spermatozoa);
Fischer, 1872:432; Fischer- Piette & Prenant, 1956:16;
Grasse & Tuzet, 1928:1543 (spermatozoa); 1932:9 (sper-
matozoa); Groom, 1894a;119 (early development); 1894b:
81 (hfe history); Groom & Loeb, 1890:160 (nauphar be-
havior); Gruvel, 1905a:230; 1907d:6; 1912a:345; Hoek,
1909:271,283; 1913:158; Knight-Jones, 1953:585 (gregar-
iousness); Kolosvary, 1943a:88; 1944:33; 1947a:14;
1947d:425; 1951b:292; 1951c:411; 1955:184; 1960a:591;
1963a:173,175; 1967b:392; Kruger, 1940:464; LeReste,
1965:64 (larva); Lochhead, 1936:429 (feeding mechanism
of naupUus); Menesini. 1965:95; 1967b:217; Moore, 1936:
703; Moyse, 1960:120; Munn & Barnes, 1970b:261 (fine
structure of spermatozoa); NUsson-CanteU, 1931a:112;
Norris & Crisp, 1953:393 (distribution and planktonic

67

stages); Norris et al, 1951:444 (variability in larval
stages); ORiordan, 1967:292; Patel & Crisp, 1960b:104
(rates of development of embryos); Prenant & Teissier,
1923:173; Pochon-Masson, et al 1969-1970:205; Relini,
1964:404; 1966:179 (fouling); 1968b:185; 1969:171; ReUni
& Giordano, 1969:251 (vertical distribution); Riedl, 1963:
258; Seguenza, 1876:293; Southward, 1955a:1124 (feed-
ing); 1955b:403 (cirral activity and temperature); 1963:
798 (hemoglobin); Southward & Crisp, 1963:29; Stub-
bings, 1963b:30; 1964b:342; 1967:268; Tarasov & Zevina,
1957:193; Taylor, 1970:211 (frontolateral horns and
glands); Weltner, 1898b:12; Withers, 1953:57 et seq.;
Zevina, 1963:72.

Distribution: Great Britain; France; Spain; Mediterra-
nean; Black Sea; northwestern coast of Africa. Oligocene-
Pleistocene, Europe and Africa.
Batanus perforatus altavellensis Seguenza, 1876:446

Distribution: Tertiary, Italy.
Balanus perforatus angustus (Gmehn), 1789

Synonymy: Darwin, 1845b:231.

Diagnosis: Davadie, 1963:39.

References: Broch, 1924b:204; 1927b:22; 1935:2; Gruvel,
1903b:136; 1905a:230; Kolosvary, 1942d:149; Nilsson-
Cantell, 1931a:112; 1938a:180.

Distribution: Great Britain; France; Spain; Mediterra-
coast of Africa; Indian Ocean.
Balanus perforatus chordatus Menesini, 1966:113

Distribution: Miocene, Italy.
Balanus perforatus cranchii (Leach), 1818:pl. 57

Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b:231.

Diagnosis: Davadie, 1963:39.

References: Brown, 1844:121; Gruvel, 1905a:230; Mene-
sini, 1965:101; Pilsbry, 1916:125; Weltner, 1897:264.

Distribution: Pleistocene, Italy.
Balanus perforatus fistulosus (Poli), 1791:22

Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b;231.

Diagnosis: Gruvel, 1905a:230.

References: Broch, 1927c:23; Nilsson-Cantell, 1931a:112;
Vivi, 1938:111 (digestive tract); Weltner, 1897:264.

Distribution: Denmark; Morocco; Canary Is.
Balanus perforatus mirabilis Darwin, 1854b:232

Synonymy/diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:231.

References: Gruvel, 1905a:230; Pilsbry, 1916:125; Welt-
ner, 1897:254.

Distribution: RocheUe, France.

GeTwis Megabalanus Hoek, 1913

Megahalanus ajax (Darwin), 1854b:214

Synonymy/diagnosis: Nilsson-Cantell, 1938b:34.

References: Fischer, 1884:357; Gruvel, 1903b:126; 1905a
214; 1907b:164; 1909b:25; 1912a:350; Hoek, 1913:151
Kolosvary, 1956:189; 1959:197; Kriiger, 1940:464
Pilsbry, 1916:74; Weltner, 1897:262.

Distribution: Indian Ocean; Philippines; Solomon Is.;
New Caledonia; Japan. Miocene, Hungary.
Megabalanus atgicola (Pilsbry), 1916:72

Synonymy: Utinomi, 1968b:170.

Diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:72.

Reference.S: Barnard, 1924:67 (includes var. costatus);
Barnes &. Barnes, 1965a:391 (variation in egg and naup-
hus size); Barnes & Klepal, 1971:81 (pedicel of penis);
Dakin et al, 1948:176; Kolosvary, 1941a:43 (as B. algi-
cola algicola, S. Africa; as B. algicola japonica. n. subsp.
Japan); 1943a:80; 1947c:424 (as fi. algicola forma typica.
Pacific; as B. algicola forma novarae n.f.. Pacific); Krii-
ger, 1940:466; Millard, 1950:266; Nilsson-CanteU, 1939b:
236; Ritz & Foster, 1968:553 (temperature response);
Sandison, 1954:80 (nauplii).

Distribution: South Africa; found elsewhere on ships
(AUen, 1953).
Megabalanus antillensis (Pilsbry), 1916:63

Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:63.

References: DePalma, 1963:15 (fouling); de Oliveira,
1941:14; Kriiger, 1940:471; Lacombe & Monteiro, 1974;

633; Nilsson-Cantel, 1928a:31; 1931a:109; 1939a:3;
Pilsbry, 1927:38; 1953:24; Ross, 1968:18; Weisbord,
1966:13; WeUs, WeUs & Gray, 1964:567.

Distribution: North Carolina to Rio de Janeiro.
Megabalanus azoricus (Pilsbry), 1916:62

Reference: Stubbings, 1967:265.

Distribution: Azores.
Megabalanus califomicus (Pilsbry), 1916:65

Synonymy: Ross, 1962:10.

Diagnosis: Henry. 1942:118.

Reference: Aleem. 1957:51; Barnes & Klepal, 1971:79
(pedicel of penis); Boolootian, 1958:91; Broch, 1922:310:
Bruff, 1946:234; Coe, 1932:63; Coe & AUen, 1937:126;
CornwaU, 1951:324; 1959:405; Graham & Gay. 1945:382;
Henry, 1943:367; 1960:138; Hewatt, 1946:194; Hughes,
1914:212; Johnson & Snook, 1927:264; Kanakoff &
Emerson, 1959:20; Merrill & Hobson, 1970:613; Ras-
mussen in Shelford, 1935:306; WiUett, 1937:383; ZuUo,
1968:1.

Distribution: Monterey Bay to Cape San Lucas, Baja
California; Guaymas, Mexico. Plio-Pleistocene of Cali-
fornia and Baja California.
Megabalanus campbelli (Filhol), 1885:487

Synonymy; Foster. 1967a:82.

Diagnosis: Broch. 1922:310.

References: Chilton, 1909:607; Gruvel, 1903b:128; 1905a:
214; Kruger, 1940:464; Linzey, 1942b:3; Pilsbry, 1916:
54; Weltner, 1897:276; 1900:305; Withers, 1924:27.

Distribution: Campbell I.; Otago Peninsula, New
Zealand.
Megabalanus clippertonensis (Zullo), 1969c:501

Distribution: CUpperton I.
Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin), 1854b:196

Synonymy: Ross, 1962:9.

Diagnosis: Henry, 1942:120.

References: Broch, 1922:310; Davadie, 1963:26; Gruvel,
1903b:126; 1905a:212; Henry, 1941:102; 1973:983:
Jordan & Hertlein, 1926:420; Kolosvary, 1943a:79
Kruger, 1940:472; Lacombe & Monteiro, 1974:633
Nilsson-CanteU, 1931a:109; Pilsbry, 1916:68; Weltner
1897:260.

Distribution: Mazatlan, Mexico to Panama; Rio de Jan-
eiro; Mauritius; China; New Caledonia. Pliocene, Baja
CaUfornia.
Megabalanus concinnus (Darwin), 1854b:196

Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry. 1916:69.

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:81 (pedicel of penis);
Broch, 1931:56; Foster, 1967a:81; Gruvel, 1903b:126;
1905a:213; Hiro. 1936a:60 (commensalism); Jennings,
1918:61: Kolosvary. 1943a:79; Moore. 1944:333; Nilsson-
CanteU. 1957:7; Stubbings, 1967:265; Weltner, 1897:260.

Distribution: West coast of South America.
Megabalanus costatus (Hoek). 1913:165

Distribution: HuU of "Siboga."
Megabalanus crispatus (Schrbter). Darwin, 1854b:195

Synonymy/diagnosis: PUsbry, 1916:60.

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:81 (pedicel of penis);
Gruvel, 1903b:212; Stubbings, 1967:265; Weltner,
1897:261.

Distribution: La RocheUe, Senegal; East Indies; on ships.
Megabalanus cylindricus (Gmehn), 1780:3213

Synonymy: Holthuis & Sivertsen, 1967:44 (includes B.
capensis EUis, 1758 and B. maxillaris Gronovius, 1763.).

Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:209.

References: Barnard, 1924:67; Davadie, 1963:33; Gruvel,
1903b:129; 1905a:218; Kolosvary, 1943a:90; 1943b:121;
Kruger, 1940:466; Nilsson-CanteU, 1925:28; 1930c:254;
1939b:237; 1939c:93; Pilsbry, 1916:77; Ritz & Foster,
1968:533 (temperature response); Sandison, 1954:90
(naupUi); Stebbing, 1910:568; Stubbings, 1967:267;
Weltner, 1887:101; 1897:261.

Distribution: South Africa.
Megabalanus decorus (Darwin), 1854b:212

Synonymy/diagnosis: Newman & Ross, 1971:176.

68

References Barnes & Klepal. 1971:81 (pedicel of penis)
Broch, 1931:57; Chilton, 1909:607; 1911:311; CornwaU
1959:401 (as Balanus concavus paciftcus); 1960:831
FUhol. 1885:486; Foster, 1967a:81; Hutton, 1879:328:
Gruvel, 1903b:126; 1905a:214; Jennings, 1918:60
Kriiger, 1940:464; Linzey, 1942a:279; 1942b:l (append-
ages); Monod & Dollfus. 1932:71; Moore, 1944:333;
Nilsson-Cantell, 1927a:784; Pilsbry, 1916:77; Skerman,
1958:224 (fouling); Weltner, 1897:261; 1899a:443; 1900:
307; Withers, 1924:25.
Distribution: New Zealand, including Kermadec Is.,
Chatham I., Auckland Is.; subHttoral to 51m. Mio-
cene and Pliocene, New Zealand.
Megabatanus dollfusii (de Alessandri), 1907b:275

Distribution: Upper Miocene, France.
Megabatanus dorbignii (Chenu), 1843
Synonymy/diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:196.
References: Gruvel, 1903b:126; 1905a:213; PUsbry, 1916:

71; Weltner, 1897:261.
Distribution: On ship from Java.
Megabatanus gatapaganus (Pilsbry), 1916:70
Reference: Hedgpeth, 1969:11 (as S. tintinnabutum).
Distribution: Galapagos Is.
Megabatanus giganteum (Kolosv^ry), 1949:190

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Megabatanus honti (Kolosvary), 1950b:l

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Megabatanus hungaricus (Kolosvary), 1941:282

Distribution: ]\4iocene, Hungary.
Megabaianus intermedius (Darwin), 1854b:196
Synonymy/diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:196.
References: Gruvel, 1905a:213; Pilsbry, 1916:71; Welt-
ner, 1897:261.
Distribution: ?Peru (Weltner).
Megabatanus isotde (Holthius & Sivertsen), 1967:41

Reference: Nilsson-Cantell, 1939b:237 (as B. maxiltaris).
Distribution: Tristan da Cunha.
Megabatanus javanicus (Withers), 1923:282

Distribution: Miocene, Java.
Megabaianus krakatauensis (Nilsson-Cantell), 1934b:53
Reference: Kriiger, 1940:464.
Distribution: Krakatau, Sunda Strait.
Megabatanus teganyii (Kolosvary), 1950:2

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Megabatanus muttiseptatus (Ross), 1964a:485

Distribution: Miocene, Virginia.
Megabatanus nigrescens (Lamarck), 1818:391
Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b:210.
Diagnosis: Pope, 1945:361.

References: Barnes & Klepal, 1971:84 (pedicel of penis)
CornwaU, 1960:829; Dakin et al, 1948:176; Davadie
1963:32; Endean et al, 1956:88 (ecology and distribu
tion); Gruvel, 1903b:129; 1905a:218; Kolosvary, 1943a
81; KrUger, 1914:429; 1927a:13; 1940:464; Stubbings
1967:266; Weltner, 1897:241; Womersley & Edmonds
1958:232 (ecology).
Distribution: Australia; elsewhere on ships.
Megabaianus occator (Darwin), 1854b:196
Synonymy: Hiro, 1939e:260.
Diagnosis: Kolosvary, 1950a:290.

References: Borradaile, 1900:799; Foster, 1974:46;
Gruvel, 1905a:213; Kolosvary, 1943a:78; Kruger, 1940:
471; NUsson-Cantell, 1938b:34; 1957:6; Nomura, 1938:87;
Pilsbry, 1916:59; Utinomi, 1949a:25; 1954:22; Weltner,
1895:291; 1897:261; Zevina & Tarasov, 1963:88.
Distribution: Indian Ocean; Indonesia; Fiji; Philippines;
Formosa; Bonin Is. Pliocene, Ryukyu Is.
Megabaianus peninsularis (Pilsbry), 1916:66
Synonymy/diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:66.
References: Henry, 1941:102; 1942:127; 1943:367; 1960:
146; Kolosvary, 1943a:78; Nilsson-Cantell, 1927a:783
(= M. volcano).
Distribution: Cape San Lucas, Baja California; Acapulco,
Mexico.

Megabatanus plicatus (Hoek), 1913:165

Distribution: Hull of "Siboga."
Megabatanus psittacus (Molina), 1782

SvNONY.MY.DlAGNOSis: Pilsbry, 1916:75.

References: Bahamonde, 1958:214; Chapman, 1914:53
67; Darwin, 1854b:207; Gruvel, 1903b:129; 1904:103:
1905a:217: 1905b:328; 1906a:270; 1907d:l: Henry, 1960
138; Kolosvary, 1941a:41; 1942c:139; 1943a:80;" 1943b
121; 1955:185; 1967b:393; Lacombe, 1970:164 (cement
glands); Menesini, 1967a:47; Nilsson-Cantell, 1929b:489
(mouthparts); 1931a:109; 1957:7; Ortmann, 1902:249
Phillipi, 1887:223; Pilsbry, 1909:66; Tournouer, 1903
471; Vayssiere, 1905:161; Weltner, 1895:291; 1897:261:
1898b:5; 1900:305; Zevina & Kurshakova, 1973:183.

Distribution: Chile and Peru; Juan Fernandez Is.;
Straits of Magellan; Southern Argentina. Plio-Pleisto-
cene, Chile.
Megabatanus psittacus chilensis (Menesini), 1967:47 [nomen

nudum)
Megabatanus rosa (Pilsbry), 1916:61

Synonymy/diagnosis: Yamaguchi, 1973:130,

References: Broch, 1931:56; Hirano, 1953:139 (rearing
and metamorphosis); Hiro, 1932a:549: 1937c:431; 1939f:
208; Kawahara (marine fouling communities), 1962:27
1963a:395; 1965:319; Kolosviiry, 1943a:79; Kruger, 1940
471; Mawatari, 1967:99 (distribution of fouling organ-
isms); Mawatari et al, 1962:93 (fouling); 1963:101
(growth rate, fouUng); Nilsson-Cantell, 1931a:109
1932b:16; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:164; Utinomi, 1949a
21; 1950:63; 1958a:294; 1962:215; 1969b:51; 1970:349:
Utinomi & Kikuchi, 1966:5; Yamaguchi, 1971:124.

Distribution: Japan, Formosa. Pleistocene, Japan.
Megabaianus seguenzai (de Alessandri), 1895:277

Distribution; PUocene, Italy.
Megabaianus spinosus (Gmelin), 1791:3213

Synonymy: Stubbings, 1967:265.

Diagnosis; Stubbings, 1961c:184.

References: Darwin, 1854b:196; Gruvel, 1903b:126;
1905a:212; Kolosvary, 1943a:78; Lacombe & Monteiro,
1974:633; Nilsson-CanteU, 1931a:109; 1938b:13; Pilsbry,
1916:58; Weltner, 1897:260.

Distribution: Islands in the South Atlantic: St. Helena,
Sao Tome, Principe, Annobon; Rio de Janeiro.
Megabatanus stultus (Darwin), 1854b:216

Synonymy/diagnosis: Ross, 1968:14.

References: Gruvel. 1905a:221; Henry, 1954:443; Kolo-
svary, 1966:69 (as Batanus stultus forma morycowae);
1967b:393; Nilsson-CanteU, 1929a:l; 1939a:3; Pilsbry,
1916:235: 1927:38 (as Tetractita radiata); 1953:25; Welt-
ner, 1897:262.

Distribution: Florida and Caribbean; on Millipora.
Megabatanus tanagrae (Pilsbry), 1928:311

Reference: Gordon, 1971:83.

Distribution: Hawaiian Is.
Megabatanus tintinnabutum (Linneaus), 1758:668

Synonymy: Darwin, 1854b:194 (includes pre-Darwin
references).

Diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:55.

References: Annandale, 1906:147; 1911:1170 (growth
rate); Barnard, 1924:66; Barnes & Klepal, 1971:79 (pedi-
cel of penis); Boolootian, 1958:91 (attached to echinoid);
Borradaile, 1903:441; Brocchi, 1814:597; Broch, 1924b:
203; 1927c;20; 1927d:133; 1931:56; Bruntz, 1902:987
(excretion); CaiUiaud. 1865:36; Caziot, 1921:51; Chilton,
1911:132; Cole & Addison, 1931:72 (stimulation by alco-
hols); Cole, 1932b:143 (sensitivity of cirri); Daniel, 1952:
261 (respiratory mechanism); 1955a:99 (gregarious
attraction); 1955c:17; 1956:21 (influence of color on
settlement); 1957a:305 (effect of illumination on settle-
ment); Daniel, 1957b:866 (influence of stage of tide)
Darwin, 1854a:13; Davadie, 1952:26; 1963:26; Dawydoff,
1952:128; de Alessandri, 1895:270; 1906:285; 1907b;270
de Oliveira, 1941:11; 1947:720; Foster, 1967a:81; Gauld
1957:10; Gruvel, 1893a:405 (sheU growth and structure)

69

1903b:125; 1905a:211; 1909b:25: 1912a:345,350; GwiU-
iam, 1965:244 (photoreceptor response); Hart, 1967:1
(chromosomes); Hiro. 1937b:51; 1939a:128; 1939e:258
Hoek, 1883:147; Karande, 1967:1245; Karande & Pale-
kar, 1966:142; Kolosvary. 1943a:77; 1947a:12; 1947c
424; 1947d:425; 1951b:291; 1951c:411; 1959:197; 1960:
590; 1961c:149; 1967b:393; Kriiger, 1911a:47; 1911b;460
1940:464; Lacombe, 1966:1 (cement glands); 1967:1
1968:1; Lacombe & Ligouri, 1969:170; Lacombe & Mon
teiro, 1974:633; Menesini, 1966:104; Moore, 1944:333
Morch, 1852:67; Nilsson-CanteU, 1931a:119; 1938a:179
1938b:33; 1939c:92; 1957:10; O'Riordan, 1967:291; Rao
& Ganapati, 1969:193; ReUni. 1969:170; Riedl, 1963:258:
Seguenza, 1876:438; Stubbings. 1910:567; Stubbings
1936:40; 1961b:20; 1961c:183; 1963b:13; 1964a:108
1964b:336; 1965:885; 1967:263; Tarasov & Zevina, 1957
163; Visscher, 1928b: 193 (fouhng); Withers, 1924:24
Weltner, 1887:101; 1895:291; 1897:260; 1898b:6; 1900
305; 1910:528; Zevina, 1963:72; Zevina & Tarasov,
1963:87.
Distribution: Localities specifically for Balanus tintin-
nabulum tintinnabulum or Balanus tintinnabulum com-
munis: Western coast of Africa from Mediterranean to
Cape of Good Hope; Eastern Mediterranean; Madagas-
car, Arabian Sea; Bay of Bengal; Thailand; Formosa;
Sagami Bay, Japan; New Zealand; Rio de Janeiro; Peru.
Ohgocene and Miocene of Europe; Pho- Pleistocene,
Venezuela.
Megabalanus transsylvanicus (Kolosvary), 1950:3

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Megabalanus transuersostriatus (Beurlen), 1958:3
References: Brito, 1972:2.
Distribution: Para, Brazil.
Megabalanus tubulatus (Withers), 1924:28

Distribution: Phocene, New Zealand (Withers, 1953:80).
Megabalanus tulipiformis (EUis), 1758:851
Synonymy: Utinomi, 1959a:382.
Diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:204.

References: Crisp & Southward, 1961:271 (cirral activ-
ity); Davadie, 1952:27; 1963:30; de Alessandri, 1895:272
1906:287; Gauld, 1957:10; Gruvel, 1903b:128; 1905a:216
1909b:25; 1912a:350; 1920:53; Hoek, 1875:59; Kolosvary
1943a:81; 1951c:411; Kriiger, 1940:464; Menesini, 1965
92; 1966:107; 1967b:218; NUsson-CanteU, 1921:308:
1931a:108; ReUni, 1969:169; Seguenza, 1876:283; South
ward & Crisp, 1963:28; Stubbings, 1961b:21; 1961c:187
1963b:14; 1964a:108; 1964b:337; 1965:886; Visscher,
1928b:193 (fouhng); Withers, 1953:60,63.
Distribution: Mediterranean; France; Spain; Portugal;
Africa; Madeira, Canary and Cape Verde Is.; 25-250m.
Miocene-Pleistocene, Europe and North Africa.
Megabalanus tulipiformis arenarius (Seguenza), 1876:439
Reference: Davadie, 1963:30.
Distribution: Tertiary, Mediterranean Basin.
Megabalanus tulipiformis etruscus (Menesini), 1966:109

Distribution: Miocene, Italy.
Megabalanus validus (Darwin), 1854b: 195
Synonymy/diagnosis: Hoek, 1913:164,166.
References: Broch, 1931:56; Gruvel, 1903b:126; 1905a:
212; Kriiger, 1914:429; 1940:471; Nilsson-CanteU, 1938b:
12; Weltner, 1897:260.
Distribution: Hull of "Siboga"; southwest Australia;
Taiwan.
Megabalanus venezuelensis (Weisbord), 1966:17

Distribution: Phocene, Venezuela.
Megabalanus vesiculosus (Darwin), 1854b:195

References: Gruvel, 1905a:211; Weltner, 1897:260.
Megabalanus vinaceus (Darwin), 1854b:213
Synonymy/diagnosis: Darwin, 1854b:213.
References: Gruvel. 1905a:215; Kriiger, 1940:466;
NUsson-CanteU, 1957:3; Weltner, 1895:289; 1897:261;
1898b:9.
Distribution: West coast of South America.
Megabalanus volcano (Pilsbry), 1916:60

Synonymy/diagnosis: Yamaguchi, 1973:133.

References: Hiro, 1937c:430; 1938c:1848 (resistance to
saUnity and exposure); 1939:208; Kriiger, 1940:471
Mawatari et al, 1962:93 (fouhng); Nilsson-Cantell, 1927a
783 (as Balanus tintinnabulum peninsularis); 1938b:34
Tarasov & Zevina, 1957:165; Utinomi, 1949a:21; 1958a
293; 1958b:51; 1969b:51; 1970:350; Utinomi & Kikuchi,
1966:5.

Distribution: Southern Japan; Okinawa.
Megabalanus wilsoni (ZuUo), 1969a: 10

Distribution: Phocene, CaHfornia.
Megabalanus zebra (Darwin), 1854b:195

Synonymy: Stubbings, 1967:264.

Diagnosis: Pilsbry, 1916:57.

References: Barnard, 1924:66; Barnes & Klepal, 1971:81
(pedicel of penis); Davadie, 1963:26; Gruvel, 1903b: 126;
1905a:212; 1909a:214; 1912a:350; Hiro. 1939e:259;
Karande, 1967:1245; Karande & Palekar, 1966:143;
Kolosvary, 1943a:78; Menesini, 1966:106; Stubbings,
1961b:21; 1964a:108; Utinomi, 1968b:170; Weltner,
1897:260.

Distribution: West Africa; Cape Verde Is. to Walvis
Bay; Formosa; Phihpines.

Incertae Sedis

Chthamalus revilei Locard, 1878:17

Distribution: Neogene, France

Remarks: Absence of opercular parts, and size of shell
(basal dia. 27mm, height 15mm) precludes assignment
to Chthamalus ss.
Balanus borsodensis Kolosvary. 1952:410

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Balanus chisletianus Sowerby, 1859

Reference: Withers. 1953:39.

Distribution: Eocene(?), England.
Balanus echinicola Hoek, 1912:408

Distribution: Malay Arch.; 216m.

Remarks: Apparently never described, hence nomen
nudum.
Balanus ecuadoricus Pilsbry & Olson, 1951:200

Distribution: Ohgocene of Ecuador.

Remarks: Authors suggest relationship with B. nubilus
but opercular parts appear close to crenatus.
Balanus flosculoidus Kolosvary, 1941e:9

Distribution: Japan.
Balanus gizellae Kolosvary. 1962c:195

Reference: Kolosvary. 1967b:392.

Distribution: Tonga I.
Balanus hohmanni Philippi. 1887:225

Distribution: Tertiary, Chile.
Balanus irregularis Broch, 1931:61

Distribution: Banda Sea; 290m.

Remarks; Mouth parts wrong for B. crenatus; form is
that of Solidobalanus, but Brock placed in his Eubal-
nus (porous wall), which for present precludes its
assignment.
Balanus humilis Conrad, 1846:400

Reference: Ross, 1967:173 (internal cast).

Distribution: Miocene, Florida.
Balanus mirabilis Kriiger, 1912:11

Reference: Pilsbry, 1916:79.

Distribution: Japan.

Remarks: Figures suggest it may belong to the group of
B. amphitrite.
Balanus microstomas Phihppi, 1887:225

Distribution: Tertiary, Chile.
Balanus pannonicus Kolosvdry, 1952:233

Distribution: Miocene, Hungary.
Balanus sauntonensis Parfitt, 1871:210

Distribution: Fossil, North Devon, England.
Balanus shilohensis Pilsbry, 1930:431

Distribution: Miocene, New Jersey.

Remarks: Too incompletely known to be placed in a

70

group. Pilsbry compares it to B. concavus and Semi-
balanus.
Balanus similis Weltner, 1922:83
Distribution: Off South Africa; 638ni.
Remarks Porous wall precludes placing in Solidobatanus;
figure suggests wall of 8 plates.
Balanus tuboperforatus Kolosvary, 1962c:197
Reference: Kolosvary, 1967b:392.
Distribution: Tonga I.
Balanus tumorifer Kolosvdry, 1962c:195
Reference: Kolosvdry, 1967b:392.

Distribution: Tonga I.
Balanus veneticensis Seguenza, 1876:303

Reference: Withers. 1953:62.

Distribution: Tertiary, Italy.
Balanus violaceus Gruvel, 1903b:133

Distribution: Unknown.

Remarks: Author compares with nubilus; appears to us to
be closer to group of B. amphitrite. Lamy and Andre
(1932:218, footnote) proposed specific name of abeli to
replace violaceus which was preoccupied.

71

LITERATURE CITED

Abel, O.
1920. Lehrbuch der Palaozoologie, Gustav Fischer, Jena.
500 pp.

1926. An der kalifornischen Kuste. In, Amerikafahrt,
p. 244-253. Gustav Fischer, Jena.

1927. Paracreusia Trolli n.g. n. sp., eine auf Stockkorallen
schmarotzende Balane aus dem miozanen Medi-
terranmeer. Verh. Zool.Bot. Ges. 77:101-103.

1928. Parasitische Balanen auf Stockkorallen aus dem
mediterranen Miozanmeer. Palaeobiolofrica 1:13-38.

1935. Vorzeithche Lebensspuren. Gustav Fischer, Jena.
644 p.
Achituv, Y.

1972. The zonation of Tetracht hamulus oblitteratus
Newman and Tetraclita squamosa rufotincta
Pilsbry in the Gulf of Elat, Red Sea. J. Exp. Mar.
Biol. Ecol. 8:73-81.
Addicott. W.O.
1966. Late Pleistocene marine paleoecology and zooge-
graphv in central California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof.
Pap. 523-C: C1-C21.
Aleem, A. A.
1957. Succession of marine fouling organisms on test
panels immersed in deep water at La Jolla,
California. Hydrobiologica 11:40-58.
AUen, F. E.

1953. Distribution of marine invertebrates by ships.
Austral. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 4(21:307-316.
Allison, LB. and W.H. Cole

1935. Behaviour of the barnacle, BaJanus balanoides, as
correlated with the planktonic content of the sea
water. Bull. Mt. Desert Island Biol. Lab. 24:34.
Anderson, D.T.

1969. On the embryology of the cirripede crustaceans
Tetraclita rosea IKrauss), Tetraclita purpurascens
(WoodI, Chthamalus antennatus (Darwin) and
Chamaesipho columna (Spengler) and some consid-
erations of crustacean phylogenetic relationships.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, ser. B,
256(806):183-235.

Annandale, N.

1906. Report on the Cirripedia collected by Professor
Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. Rep. Gov't Ceylon
Pearl Oyster Fish. Gulf of Manaar 5(31):137-150.

1907. The fauna of brackish ponds at Port Canning,
Lower Bengal. Rec. Indian. Mus. l(l):35-43.

1911. Note on rate of growth of barnacles in Indian Seas.

J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 20:1170-1172.
1915. Fauna of the Chilka Lake, Cirripedia. Mem. Indian

Mus. 5:137-138.
1924. Cirripedes associated with Indian corals of the

Families Astraeidae and Fungidae. Mem. Indian

Mus. 8(11:61-68.
Arbuzova, K.S.
1959. On the permeability of the shell basis of Balanus

improvisus Darwin. Dokl. Akad. Nauk, SSSR

127(2):462-464.
Arnold, D.C.

1970. A tidal rhythm in the response of the barnacle,
Balanus balanoides, to water of diminished sahn-
ity. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 50:1045-1055.

Arnold, R.

1905. The paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine
Pliocene and Pleistocene of San Pedro, California.
Mem. California Acad. Sci. 3:1-420.

1907a. New and characteristic species of Fossil moUusks
from the oil-bearing Tertiary Formation of south-
ern California. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 32:525-546.

1907b. New and characteristic species of fossU mollusks
from the oil-bearing Tertiary Formations of Santa
Barbara County, California. Smithsonian Misc.
CoU. 50:419-447.
Arvy, L and D. Lacombe

1968. Activities enzymatiques traceuses dans I'appareil
cementaire des Balanidae (Crustacea — Cirripedia).
C.R. Hebd. Seances. Acad. Sci. 267:1326-1328.
Arvy L. and V.R. Ligouri

1968. Studies on the biology of barnacles: Differences in
muscular cytochrome oxidase activity histochemi-
caUy detectable in some Balanidae (Crustacea,
Cirripedia). Am. Zool. 8:817.

Arvy, L., A. Batisse and D. Lacombe

1969. Peritriches epizoiques dans la chambre branchiale
des Balanidae (Crustacea: Cirripedia) Epistylis
nigrelli n. sp., E. horizontalis (Chatton, 1930).
Ann. Parasitol. 44(4):351-374.

Arvy, L., D. Lacombe and T. Shimony

1968. Studies on the biology of barnacles: Alkaline phos-
phatase activity histochemically detectable in the
cement apparatus of the Balanidae (Crustacea,
Cirripedia). Am. Zool. 8:817.

Arvy. L. and R.F. NigreUi

1969. Studies on the biology of barnacles: Parasites of
Balanus ebumeus and B. balanoides from New
York harbor and a review of the parasites and
diseases of other Cirripedia. Zoologica 54(3):95-102.

Ascanius, P.

1767. Icones rerum naturahum, ou figures enlumin^es
d'Histoire Naturelle.
Augenfeld, J.M.
1967. Respiratory metabolism and glycogen storage in
barnacles occupying different levels of the inter-
tidal zone. Physiol. Zool. 40(l):92-96.
Aurivillius, C.W.S.

1898a. Krustaceen aus dem Kamerun-Gebiete. K. Sven.

Vetenskapsakad. Hand. 24(l):3-4, 31.
1898b. Om Hafsevertebraternas utvecklingstider och
periodiciteten i larvformernas upptradanda vid
severiges vestkust. K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad.
Hand. 24(4):29-30.
Austin, A.P., D.J. Crisp and A.M. Patel

1958. The chromosome numbers of certain barnacles in
British waters. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 99(4):497-504.
Bacon, P.R.
1971. The maintenance of a resident population of
Balanus ebumeus (Gould) in relation to salinity
fluctuations in a Trinidad mangrove swamp. J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 6:187-198.
Bage, F.
1938. Cirripedia. In, Australasian Antarctic Exped.
1911-1914, Sci. Repts., Ser. C. Zool., Bot. 2(7):5-13.
Bahamonde, N.

1958. Megabalanus psittacus (MoUna) como epizoo de
Squalus femandinus (Molina). Invest. Zool. Chil.
4:214-219.
Ball, G.H.

1937. The life histories of some gregarines parasitic in
marine Crustacea. Am. Soc. Parasitol. (Abs.
presented June mtg.): 534.
1950. Examination of Hawaiian marine crustaceans for
gregarines. Pacific Sci. 4(3):283.
Ballowitz, E.
1908. Die Kopflosen spermien der cirripedian (Balanus).
Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. Leipzig 91:421-426.
Baluk, W. and A. Radwanski
1967a. Genus Creusia. Leach 1817 (Cirripedia) in the
Croatian Miocene. Geol. Vjesnik Zagreb 20:137-152.

72

1967b. Miocene cirripeds domiciled in corals. Acta.

Palaeontol. Polonica 12(4):457-521.
1967c. Pyrgomina gen. n. an aberrant cirriped and its

Pliocene and Recent representatives. Bull. Acad.

Polonaise Sci., CI. II. ser. sci. biol. 15(ll):691-695.
Barnard, K.H.

1924. Contribution to the crustacean fauna of South
Africa. No. 7. Cirripedia. Ann. South African Mus.
Caoe Town 20:1-103. , „. . ^. , o .u

1925. Report on a collection of Cirnpedia from South
African waters. Kept. Fish. Mar. Biol. Survey IV
(6):l-5

1926 Report on a collection of Crustacea from Portu-
guese East Africa. Trans. R. Soc. South Africa
13:119-129.

Barnes, H. , . r^i j o

1950. A note on the barnacle larvae of the Clyde bea
area as sampled by the Hardy continuous plankton
recorder. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 29(l):73-80.
1952- The effect of Ught on the growth rate of two
1953. barnacles Balanus balanoides and Balanus crenatus
Brug. under conditions of total submergence.
Oikos 4(21:104-112.
1953a Orientation and aggregation in Balanus balanus

(L.) da Costa. J. Anim. Ecol. 22(1):141-148.
1953b. The effect of lowered salinity on some barnacle

nauplii. J. Anim. Ecol. 22:328-330.
1953c. An effect of parasiticism on Balanus balanus

(L.) da Costa. Nature 172(43681:128.
1953d. On the southern limits of the intertidal barnacle

Balanus balanoides. Ecology 34(2):429-430.
1953e. Size variations in the cyprids of some common

barnacles. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 32:297-304.
1955a. The growth rate of Balanus balanoides. Oikos

6:109-113.
1955b. The hatching process of some barnacles. Oikos

6:114-123.
1955c. Further observations on rugophilic behaviour in
Balanus balanoides. Vidensk. Medd. Dan. Naturhist.
Foren. Kbh. 117:341-348.
1956a. Balanus balanoides (L.) in the Firth of Clyde: The
development and annual variation of the larval
population, and the causative factors. J. Anim.
Ecol. 25:72-84.
1956b. The growth rate olChthamalus stellatus (Poli). J.

Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 35:355-361.
1956c. The biometry of the cirripede C. stellatus (PoU|.

Experientia 12:309-310.
1957a. The northern hmits of B. balanoides (L.) Oikos

8:1-14.
1957b. Processes of restoration and synchronization in
marine ecology. The spring diatom increase and
the "spawning" of the common barnacle. Balanus
balanoides (L.) Ann. Biol. 33:67-85.
1958. Regarding the southern limits of Balanus

balanoides L. Oikos 9:139-157.
1959a. Stomach contents and microfeeding of some com-
mon cirripedes. Can. J. Zool. 37:231-236.
1959b. Balanus nubilus Darwin. Can. J. Zool. 37:607-608.
1959c. Temperature and the life cycle of Balanus bal-
anoides (L.| In, Ray, D.L. (ed.). Marine Boring and
Fouling Organisms, Univ. Washington Press,
Seattle, p. 234-245.
1961a. Balanus balanoides: Recent observations on its

southern limit. Ecology 42:592-593.
1961b. Variation of the seasonal growth rate of Balanus
balanoides with special reference to the presence
of endogeneous factors. Intern. Rev. Gesam.
Hydrobiol. 46(31:427-428.
1962a. The oxygen uptake and metabolism of Balanus

balanus spermatozoa. J. Exp. Biol. 39:353-358.
1962b. So-called anecdysis in Balanus balanoides and the
effect of breeding upon the growth of the calcare-
ous shell of some common barnacles. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 7(41:462-473.

1963a. Light, temperature and the breeding of Balanus
balanoides. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 43(3):717-727.

1963b. Organic constituents of the seminal plasma of
Balanus balanus. J. Exp. Biol. 40:587-594.

1965. Studies on the biochemistry of cirripede eggs. I.
Changes in the general biochemical composition
during development of Balanus balanoides. and
Balanus balanus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 45(2):
321-339.

1971. Organic production by Elminius modestus Darwin
in an enclosed basin. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
6:79-82.

1972. The seasonal changes in body weight and bio-
chemical composition of the warm temperate cir-
ripede Chthamalus stellatus (Poli). J. Exp. Mar.
Biol. Ecol. 8(2):89-100.

Barnes. H. and T. B. Bagenal

1951. Observations on Nephrops norvegicus (L.) and on
an epizoic population of Balanus prenatus Brug.
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 30:369-380.
Barnes H. and M. Barnes

1954. The general biology of Balanus balanus da Costa.
Oikos. 5(l):63-76.

1956. The general biology of Balanus glandula Darwin.
Pacific Sci. 10(4):415-421.

1957. Resistance to desiccation in intertidal barnacles.
Science 126:358.

1958a. Further observations on self-fertilization in Chthama-
lus sp. Ecology 39:550

1958b. Note on the opening response of Balanus bal-
noides (L.) in relation to saUnity and certain in-
organic ions. Veroeff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremer-
haven 5:160-164.

1958c. The rate of development of Balanus balanoides
(Linne) larvae. Limnol. Oceanogr. 3(l):29-32.

1959a. A comparison of the annual growth patterns of
Balanus balanoides L. with particular reference to
the effect of food and temperature. Oikos 10:1-18.

1959b. Note on stimulation of cirripede naupUi. Oikos
10(l):19-23.

1959c. The naupliar stages of Balanus nubilis Darwin.
Can. J. Zool. 37(1): 15-23.

1959d. The naupliar stages of Balanus hesperius Pilsbry.
Can. J. Zool. 37(l):237-244.

1959e. The effect of temperature on the oxygen uptake
and rate of development of the egg masses of two
common cirripeds. Balanus balanoides (L.) and
Pollicipes polymerus Sowerby. Kiel. Meeresforsch.
15:242-251.

1959f. Oscillatory respiration in Balanus amphitrite Dar-
win. Experientia 15:438.

1959g. Some parameters of growth in the common inter-
tidal barnacle, Balanus balanoides (L.) J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. U. K. 38:581-587,

1959h. Studies on the metabolism of cirripedes. The
relation between body weight, oxygen uptake, and
species habitat. Veroeff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bre-
merhaven 6:515-523.

1960. Recent spread and present distribution of the
barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin in northwest
Europe. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 135:137-145.

1961a. Recent spread and present distribution of the
barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin in southwest
Scotland. Glasgow Nat. 18:121-129.
1961b. Salinity and the biometry of Balanus improvisus.
Soc. Sci. Fennica Comm. Biol. 24(4):4-7.

1962. The distribution and general ecology of B. bal-
anoides together with some observations on B.
improvisus in the waters around the coast of
Denmark, southern Sweden and northeast Ger-
many. Fysiogra. Sallskapets Handlingar. N. F.
73(8):1-41.

1963. In vitro development of cirripede eggs. Vidensk.
Medd. Dan. Naturhist Foren. 125:93-100.

73

1964a. Some relations between habitat behaviour and
metabolism on exposure to air of the high level
intertidal cirripede Chthamalus depressus (PoU).
Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 10(1-41:19-28.

1964b. Repartition et ecologie generale des cirripedes
Chthamalus depressus (PoU) and C. stellatus (Poli)
le long des cotes mediterraneennes d'Espagne et
France. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco 62(1299):1-19.

1965a. Egg size, nauplius size and their variation with
local, geographical and specific factors in some
common cirripedes. J. Anim. Ecol. 34(21:391-402.

1965b. Elminius modestus Darwin. Further European
records. Prog. Oceanogr. p. 23-30.

1966a. Ecological and zoogeographical observations on
some of the common intertidal cirripedes of the
coasts of the western European mainland in June-
September, 1963. In. Barnes, H. (ed.). Contem-
porary Studies in Marine Science, p. 83-105.
George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London.

1966b. The recovery of Chthamalus stellatus from the
effects of the severe winter of 1962-1963 on the
shores at Pomic, France. Cah. Biol. Mar. 7:247-249.

1967. The effect of starvation and feeding on the time
of production of egg masses in the boreo-arctic
cirrpede Balanus balanoides (L.) J. Exp. Mar.
Biol. Ecol. 1:1-6.

1968a. Egg numbers, metabolic efficiency of egg produc-
tion and fecundity; local and regional variations
in a number of common cirripedes. J. Exp. Mar.
Biol. Ecol. 2:135-153.

1968b. Elminius modestus Darwin: A recent extension of
the distribution and its present status on the
southern part of the French Atlantic coast. Cah.
Biol. Mar. 9:261-268.

1969a. Elminius modestus Darwin: Records of its present
distribution and abundance in the Bale de St.
Malo and in the region of St. Jean-du-Luz. J. Exp.
Mar. Biol. Ecol. 3(21:156-161.

1969b. Seasonal changes in the acutely determined oxygen
consumption and effect of temperature for three
common cirripedes, Balanus balanoides (L.), B.
balanus (L.) and Chthamalus stellatus (Poli). J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 4(l):36-50.

1969c. Balanus balanoides (L.) on the Atlantic coast of
France: Further observations on the small isolated
population at the southern limit of its distribution
at Arcachon. Fiskeridir. Skr. Ser. Havunders.
15(3):136-138.

1974. The responses during development of the embryos
of some common cirripedes to wide changes in
salinity. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 15:197-202.
Barnes, H. and J. Blackstock.

1974a. The separation and estimation of free amino acids,
trimethylamine oxide and betaine in tissues and
body fluids of marine invertebrates. J. Mar. Biol.
Ecol. 16:29-45.

1974b. Biochemical composition of the seminal plasma of
the cirripede Balanus balanus (L.) with particular
respect to free amino acids and proteins. J. Exp.
Mar. Biol. Ecol. 16:47-85.
Barnes, H. and J. D. Costlow

1961. The larval stages of Balanus balanus (L.) da Costa.
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 41:59-68.

Barnes, H. and D. J. Crisp
1956. Evidence of self-fertilization in certain species of
barnacles. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 35:631-639.
Barnes. H. and R. M. C. Dawson

1966. A note on the Upids of Balanus balanus sperm-
atozoa. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 46(2):263-265.
Barnes, H. and D. M. Finlayson

1962. Presence of ascorbic acid in cirriped semen. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 7:98.

1963. The seasonal changes in body weight, biochemical
composition, and oxygen uptake in two common

1969.

1971.

1971.

1972.

1970a.

1970b.

boreo-artic cirripedes, B. balanoides and B. balanus.

J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 43:185-211.
Barnes, H. and J. J. Conor

1958. Neurosecretory cells in some cirripedes. Nature

181:194.
Barnes, H. and M. J. R. Healy

1965. Biometrical studies on some common cirripedes. I.

Balanus balanoides: Measurements of the scuta

and terga of animals from a wide geographical

range. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 45:779-789.

Biometrical studies on some common cirripedes.

II. Discriminant analysis of measurements on the
scuta and terga of Balanus balanus (L.), B. crenatus
Brug., B. improvisus Darwin, B. glandula Darwin,
and B. amphitrite stutsburi Darwin (B. pallidas
stutsburi). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 4(l):51-70.
Biometrical studies on some common cirripedes.

III. Discriminant analysis of measurements on the
scuta and terga of Balanus ebumeus Gould. J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 6:83-90.

Barnes, H. and W. Klepal

The structure of the pedicel of the penis in cir-
ripedes and its relation to other taxonomic
characters. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 7:71-94.
Phototaxis in Stage 1 nauphus larvae of two
cirripedes. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 10(3):267-273.

Barnes, H. and E. A. Munn

The fine structure of the spermatozoa of some
cirripedes. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 4:261-286.
The structure of the axial filament complex of the
spermatozoa of Balanus balanus. Exp. Cell Res.
60:277-284.

Barnes, H. and H. T. PoweU
1950a. The development, general morphology and sub-
sequent elimination of barnacle populations,
Balanus crenatus and Balanus balanoides, after a
heavy initial settlement. J. Anim. Ecol. 19(2):
175-179.

Some observations on the effect of fibrous glass
surfaces upon the settlement of certain sedentary
marine organisms. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K.
29(2):299-302.

The growth of Balanus balanoides (L.) and B.
crenatus Brug. under varying conditions of sub-
mersion. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 32:107-128.
Notes on the occurrence of B. balanoides, Elminius
modestus, Fucus serratus, and Littorina littoralis
at Arcachon. France in 1963 and 1964. In, Barnes,
H. (ed.). Some Contemporary Studies in Marine
Science, p. 107-111. George AUen and Unwin
Ltd., London.

Barnes, H. and R. L. Stone
1972a. Suppression of penis development in Balanus
balanoides (L.) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 9(3):303-309.
New record for Elminius modestus Darwin, 1854,
in western Scotland (Cirripedia, Thoracia). Crus-
taceana 23(3):309-310.

The effect of food, temperature, and light period
(day-length) on moulting frequency in Balanus
balanoides (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 15:
275-284.

Barnes, H., M. Barnes and D. M. Finlayson

1963. The metabolism during starvation of Balanus
balanoides J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 43:213-223.

Barnes, H., M. Barnes and W. Klepal
1972. Some cirripedes of the French Atlantic coast. J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 8(2):187-194.

Barnes, H., D. J. Crisp and H. T. PoweU

Observations on the orientation of some species of
barnacles. J. Anim. Ecol. 20(2):227-241
H., D. M. Finlayson and J. Piatigorsky
The effect of desiccation and anaerobic conditions
on the behaviour, survival and general metabolism
of three common cirripedes. J. Anim. Ecol. 32:
233-252.

1950b.

1953.

1966.

1972b.

1974

1951.

Barnes.
1963.

74

Barnes, H., W. Klepal and E. A. Munn

1971. Observations on the form and changes in the
accessory droplet and motility of the spermatozoa
of some cirripedes. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 7:
173-196.

Barnes. H., R. Reed and J. Topinka

1970. The behaviour on impaction by solids of some
common cirripedes and relation to their normal
habitat. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 5ll):70-87.

Bartha, S. D. and S. Henriksson

1971. The growth of sea organisms and the effect on the
corrosion resistance of stainless steel and titanium.
Cent. Rech. Etudes Oceanogr. Paris Travaux
10(41:7-20.

Baskin, R. J.. W. C. Sanford, P. D. Morse and M. L. Biggs
1969. The formation of filaments from barnacle myosin.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 29U):471-474.
Bassindale, R.

1936. The developmental stages of three English bar-
nacles, Balanus balanoides (Linn.), Chthamalus
stellatus (Poh), and Verruca stroemia (O. F.
MuUer). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1936:57-74.

1947. Zoological notes. Elminius at Blue Anchor and
Cardiff. Proc. Bristol. Nat. Soc. 27:223-224.

1958. The local barnacles. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. 29(4):

381-392.
1961. On the marine fauna of Ghana. Proc. Zool. Soc.

London 137(4):481-510.
1964. British barnacles, with keys and notes for the
identification of the species. Linn. Soc. London
Synopses Brit. Fauna No. 14, 68 pp.
Batzli, G. O.
1969. Distribution of biomass in rocky intertidal com-
munities on the Pacific coast of the United States.
J. Anim. Ecol. 38(3):531-546. 8 figs.
Beach, D. B.

1972. Reassignment of Balanus tintinnabulum maroccana
Broch., Q., J. Florida Acad. Sci. 35(l):5-7

Beal, C.

1948. Reconnaissance of the geology and oil possibilities
of Baja California, Mexico. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem.
31:1-138.

Beard, D. M.

1957. Occurrence of Elminius modestus Darwin in
Ireland. Nature 180:1145.
Belyaev, G. M.

1949. Osmoregulatory capacity in cirripedian crustaceans.
Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. 67(5):901-904.

Benham, W. B.

1903. On some remains of a gigantic fossil cirripede from
the Tertiary rocks on New Zealand. Geol. Mag.
(4) 10(3):110-119.
Bennett, I. and E. C. Pope
1953. Intertidal zonation of the exposed rocky shores of
Victoria, together with a rearrangement of the
biogeographical provinces of temperate Australian
shores. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 4(1): 105- 159.

1960. Intertidal zonation of the exposed rocky shores of
Tasmania and its relationship with the rest of
Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 11(2):
182-221.

Bergen, M.

1968. The salinity tolerance of the adults and early-
stage embryos of Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854
(Cirripedia, Thoracia). Crustaceana 15(3):229-234.

Bernard, F. J. and C. E. Lane

1961. Absorption and excretion of copper ion during
settlement and metamorphosis of the barnacle,
Balanus amphitrite niveus. Biol. Bull. 121:438-448.

1962. Early settlement and metamorphosis of the
barnacle Balanus amphitrite niveus. J. Morphol.
10(1): 19-39.

Berteisen, E.

1937. Contributions to the animal ecology of the fjords

of AngmagssaUk and Kangerdlugssuaq in East
Greenland. (6. og 7. Thule Exped. til Sydstgran-
land 1931-33; Leader: Knud Rasmussen.) Medd.
Grnl. 108(8):l-58.

Beu, A. G.

1971. Further fossil whale barnacles from New Zealand.
New Zealand J. Geol. Geophys. 14(4):898-904.

Beurlen, Karl.
1958. Contribuigao a Paleontologia do estado do Par5.
Bol. Mus. Paraense Emiho Geoldi, N. S. Geologia
6:1-6.

Bhatnagar, K. M. and D. J. Crisp

1965. The sahnity tolerance of nauphus larvae of cir-
ripedes. J. Anim. Ecol. 34:419-428.

Bhatt, Y. M. and D. V. Bal

1960. New records of barnacles from Bombay shores.
Curr. Sci. (Bangalore) 29:439-440.

Bigelow, M. A.

1902. The Cirripedia collected near Porto Rico by the
Fish Hawk Expedition in 1898-1899. BuU. U. S.
Fish. Comm. 20(2): 179-180.
Bishop, M. W. H.
1947. Establishment of an immigrant barnacle in British
coastal waters. Nature 159:501.

1950. Distribution of Balanus amphitrite Darwin var.
denticulata Broch. Nature 165:409.

1951. Distribution of barnacles by ships. Nature 167:531.
1954. Elminius modestus in France. Nature 173:1145.

Bishop, M. W. H. and D. J. Crisp

1957. The Australasian barnacle, Elminius modestus in
France. Nature 179:482-483.

1958. The distribution of the barnacle Elminius modestus
Darwin in France. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 131(1):
109-134.

Bishop, M. W. H., D. J. Crisp, E. Fischer-Piette and M.
Prenant
1957. Sur lecologie des Cirripedes de la cote atlantique
franQaise. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco, 1099:1-12.
Blatchford, J. G.

1970. Possible circulatory mechanism in an operculate
cirripede. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 34:911-915.
Blom, S.

1965. Balanus improvisus Darwin on the west coast of
Sweden. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 37(l):59-76.
Blom, S. and K. Nyholm

1961. Setthng times of Balanus balanoides (L.), Balanus
crenatus Brug. and Balanus improvisus Darwin on
the west coast of Sweden. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 33:
149-155.

Bocquet-Vedrine, J.

1956. Correlation entre le rythme des marees et la mue
dune population de Chthamales. C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris 243:2159-2162

1957. Chthamalphilus delagei nov. gen. nov. sp., Rhizo-
cephale nouveau parasite de Chthamalus stellatus.
C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 244:1545-1548.

1958a. Sur 1 'organisation de Chthamahphilus delagei J.
Bocquet (Crustace Rhizocephale). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris 256:484-486.

1958b. Ecto-parasitisme et absence de migration chez
Chthamahphilus delagei J. Bocquet-Vedrine. Cir-
ripede parasite de Chthamales. C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris 247:2440-2442.

1961. Monographic de Chthamahphilus delagei J.
Bocquet-Vedrine Rhizocephale parasite de
Chthamalus stellatus (Poli). Cah. Biol. Mar. 2(5):
459-600.

1962. Sur Balanus improvisus Darwin dans le canal de
Caen a la mer. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser.
10, 3:144-146, 2 pis.

1963. Structure du test calcaire chez Chthamalus
stellatus (Poli). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 257:1350-1352.

1964. Relation entre la croissance basilaire du test du
cirripede opercule Elminius modestus Darwin et la

75

cycle d'intermue de la masse viscerale. C. R. Acad.

Sci. Paris 258:5060-5062.
1965a. Cycle du Rhizocephale hermaphrodite Chthamalo-

philus delagei parasite externe du cirripede oper-

cule Chthamalus stellatus (PoU). Bull. Mus. Natl.

Hist. Nat., ser. 2, 37(3):469-475.
1965b. Etude du tegument et de la mue chez le cirripede

opercule Elminius modestus Darwin. Arch. Zool.

Exp. Gen. 105:30-76, 2 pis.
1966a. Relation entre le croissance du test calcaire et le

cycle d'intermue de la masse viscerale chez le

cirripede opercule Acasta spongites (PoU). C. R.

Acad. Sci. Paris 262-2733-2735.
1966b. Les soies et les expansions epineuses du test

calcaire chez le cirripede opercule Acasta spongites

(Poll). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 107(21:337-348.
1966c. Structure et croissance du test chez le cirripede

opercule Acasta spongites (Poh). Arch. Zool Exp.

Gen. 107(41:693-702.

1968. Description des stages immatures du Rhizocephale
Boschmaella balani (J. Bocquet-Vedrine) (=Micro-
gaster balani J. Bocquet-Vedrine), parasite de
Balanus improvisus Darwin. Arch. Zool Exp. Gen.
109(2):257-267.

1969. Cytodifferenciation dune vesicule de secretion au
cours de la spermiogenese chez Balanus perforatus
Brug. (Crustace, Cirripede). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen.
110(4):595-616. 4 pis.

1970a. Polyploidie et multiplication amitotique des cellules
glandularies cementaires chez le Crustace Cirripede
Opercule Balanus crenatus Bruguiere. C. R. Acad.
Sci. Paris 270:506-508.

1970b. Structure et formation des troncs cementaires
radiaux chez le Crustace Cirripede Opercule
Balanus crenatus Bruguiere. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris
270:963-965.

1970c. Contribution a I'etude du systeme cementaire chez
Balanus crenatus Brug. (Crustace Cirripede
thoracique). Arch. Zool. Exp. Ge'n. 111:521-557.
Bocquet-Vedrine, J. and J. Parent

1972a. Organogenese secondaire du Crustace Rhizocephale
Boschmaella balani (J. Bocquet-Vedrine), parasite
de Balanus improvisus Darwin. Arch. Zool. Exp.
Gen. 113(1):109-128.

1972b. La parasitisme multiple du Cirripede Opercule
Balanus improvisus Darwin par le Rhizocephale
Boschmaella balani (J. Bocquet-Vedrine). Arch.
Zool. Exp. Gen. 113(2):239-244.
Bocquet-Vedrine, J. and J. Pochon-Masson

1969. Cytodifferenciation dune vesicule de secretion au
cours de la spermiogenese chez Balanus perforatus
Brug. (Crustace, Cirripede). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen.
110(4):595-616.
Bocquet-Vedrine, J. and N. Ovechko

1959. Contribution a I'etude des "glandes sahvaires" de
Chthamalus stellatus (Poll). Bull. Soc. Linn. Nor-
mandie, ser. 9, 10:106-118.
Bogsch, L.

1957. Eine fossUe Synoekie aus dem ungarischen Miozan.
Ann. Univ. Sci. Budap. Rolando Eotvbs Nominatae
Sect. Geol. 1:25-31.

Bohart, R. M.

1929. Observations on the attachment of Balanus
crenatus B. found in the waters of Puget Sound.
Am. Nat. 63:353-361.
Bookhout, C. and J. Costlow

1959. Feeding, molting and growth in barnacles, p. 212-225.
In, Ray, D.L. (ed.). Marine boring and fouhng
organisms, Friday Harbor Symp. Mar. Biol.
Boolootian, R. A.

1958. Notes on an unexpected association between a
common beu'nacle and echinoid. Bull. South Cali-
fornia Acad. Sci. 57(2):91-92.

1964. The occurrence of Balanus concavus on the test of

Dendraster excentricus. Bull. South California

Acad. Sci. 63(4):185-191.
Borghouts-Beirsteker, E.

1969. Balanus amphitrite Darwin in Nederland (Crus-
tacea, Cirripedia). Bijd. Fauna Nederland, I. Zool.

Bijd. II: 4-7.
BorradaUe, L. A.

1900. On some crustaceans from the South Pacific.

Part V. Arthrostracans and barnacles. Proc. Zool.

Soc. London 1900:795-799.
1903. Marine Crustaceans. VII. The barnacles. In,

Gardiner's Fauna and Geography of the Maldive

& Laccadive Archipelagoes, part I, 2(4);440-443.
1916. Crustacea. Part III. Cirripedia. Brit. Antarctic

(Terra Nova) Exped. 1910, Nat. Hist. Rep. Zool.

3:127-136.
Bosc, C.
1812-1817. Observation et description d'une espece de

Balanite que se fixe dans les madrepores. Bull.

Sci. Soc. Philos. Paris, 3(13):66.
Boschma, H.

1948. Elminius modestus in the Netherlands. Nature

161:403.
Boulton, A. P., A. K. Huggins and K. A. Munday

1971. The effects of organometaUic antifouUng agents
on the metaboUsm of the barnacle Elminius
modestus. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 20(4):487-501.

Bourget, E. and D. J. Crisp.
1975a. Factors affecting deposition of the shell in Balanus
balanoides (L.) J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 55:231-249.
1975b. Early changes in shell form of Balanus balanoides
(L.) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 17:221-237.
Bousfield, E. L.
1954. The distribution and spawning seasons of barnacles
on the Atlantic coast of Canada. BuU. Natl. Mus.
Canada 132:112-153.
1955a. Ecological control of the occurrence of barnacles
in the Miramichi Estuary. Bull. Natl. Mus. Cemada
137:1-67.
1955b. The cirriped Crustacea of the Hudson Stiait
Region, Canadian eastern Arctic. J. Fish. Res.
Board Canada 12(5):762-767.
Branson. C. C.

1964. Barnacle burrows in shells of Oklahoma fossils.
Oklahoma Geol. Notes 24:98-99.
Brattstrom, H.
1957. Cirripedia and Ascothoracica from the Sound and
southeastern Kattegat. Lunds Univ. Arsskr. N. F.,
Avd. 2 54(6):l-25.
Briggs, K. T. and G. V. Morejohn.

1972. Barnacle orientation and water flow characteristics
in Cahfornia Grey Whales. J. Zool. London 167:
287-292.

Brito, I. M.

1972. Contribuiqao a paleontologia do Estado do Para.

Sobre um balanomorfo da formagao Pirabas

(Crustacea-Cirripedia). Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio

Geoldi 18:1-4.
Brocchi, G. B.
1814. Conchiologia fossile subapennina con osservazioni

Geologiche sugli apennini e sul suolo adiacente.

Milano. 712 pp.
Broch, H.
1916. Cirripedien. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish

scientific expedition to Austraha 1910-1913, No. 8.

Ko. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 52(8):1-16.
1922. Studies on Pacific cirripeds. Papers from Dr. Th.

Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914-1916, No. X.

Vidensk. Medd. Dan. naturhist. Foren. 73:215-358.
1924a. Cirripedia Thoracica von Norwegen und dem nor-

wegischen Nordmeere. Eine Systematische und

biologisch-tiergeographische Studie. Vidensk.

Skrift. I. Mat.-naturw. Klasse, 1924, 17:1-121.

76

1924b. La faune des cirrhipedes de I'Afrique occidentale

d'apres nos derniers connaissances. Bull. Soc. Sci.

Nat. Maroc. au Rabat 4:202-205.
1927a. Cirripedia. In. Kukenthal und Krumbach, Hand-

buch der Zool. 3(5):503-552. De Gruyter, Berlin.
1927b. Cirripedia. In. The Folden Fiord, Crustacea, IV.

Tromso Mus. Skr. l(5):21-22.
1927c. Studies on Moroccan cirripeds (Atlantic coast).

Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Maroc. au Rabat 7:11-38.
1927d. Report on the Crustacea Cirripedia. Cambridge

Expedition to the Suez Canal, 1924. Trans. Zool.

Soc. London XXII, Part 11(11:133-138.
1931. Indomalayan Cirripedia. Papers from Dr. Th.

Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914-1916, LVI.

Vidensk. Med. Dan. Naturhist. Foren. 91:1-146.

1935. Cirripeds. The fishery grounds near Alexandria,
III. Notes Mem. Fish. Res. Directorate Cairo
10:1-6.

1936. Cirripedia. Norwegian North Polar Expedition
"Maud," 1918-1925. Sci. Res. 5(191:1-5.

1947. Cirripedes from Indo-Chinese shallow waters.
Avh. Utgitt. Nor. Vidensk. — Acad. Oslo Mat.-
naturvidenski. Kl. 1947, 7:1-32.
1953. Cirripedia Thoracica. Danish Ingolf-Exped. Ill
(141:1-17.
Bronn, H.
1831. Italiens Tertiar-Gebilde und deren organische
Einschlusse. Heidelberg, 176 p.
Brooks, H. K. and A. Ross
1960. Pyrgoma prefloridanum. a new species of cirriped
from the Caloosahatchee Marl (Pleistocene) of
Florida. Crustaceana l(4):353-365.
Brown, T.

1827. Illustrations of the Conchology of Grest Britain
and Ireland, with the Description and Locahties of
all the Species, Marine, Land, and Freshwater.
London, 237 p.
1844. Illustrations of the recent conchology of Great
Britain and Ireland, with the description and lo-
cahties of all the species, marine, land, and fresh
water. Smith, Elder and Co., London. 144 pp.
Bruff, S. C.

1946. The paleontology of the Pleistocene molluscan
fauna of the Newport Bay area, Cahfornia. Univ.
California Publ. Geol. 27(6):2 13-240.
Bruguiere, M.

1789-1791. Encyclopedie methodique: Histoire naturelle
des Vers 1(1):158-173.
Bruntz, L.
1902. L'excretion chez les cirripedes. C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris 135:987-988.
Buchholz, H.

1951. Die Larvenformen von Balanus improvisus.
Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Larvenplanktons, I.
Kiel. Meeresforsch. 8:49-57.
Burmeister, H.

1834. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Rankenfusser
(Cirripedia). G. Reimer, Berlin, 60 p.
Cailliaud, F.

1865. Catalogue des Radiaires, des Annelides, des Cir-
rhipedes et des Mollusques, marins, terrestres et
fluviatiles recueillis dans le departement de la
Loire-Inferieure. Soc. Acad. Loire-Inferieure
Nantes, p. 36-43 (Cirripedia).
Callame, B.

1965. Action de la lumiere sur la fixation des larves
cirripedes. Trav. Centre recherches et deludes
Oceanogr., n.s., 6('/i):413-417.
Caiman, W. T.

1909. Crustacea. In. The fauna of Cocos-Keeling AtoU,
collected by F. Wood-Jones. Proc. Roy. Soc.
London, Part 1:159-160.
1920. A whale-barnacle of the genus Xenobalanus from
Antarctic Seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser 9, 6:
165-166.

Carderelli, N. F.

1968. Barnacle cement as a dental restorative adhesive.
Natl. Inst. Dental Res., NIH, Bethesda, Maryland;
1-49.

Carii, A.

1966a. Su alcune deformazioni della mandibola de
Chthamalus depressus (Poll). Natura, Riv. Soc.
Italiana Sci. Nat. e Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Milano,
57(4):277-278.
1966b. Osservazioni sui cirripedi della costa ligure
Chthamalus stellatus (Poh). e Chthamalus depres-
sus (Poh). Boll. Mus. 1st. Biol. Univ. Genova
34(208):115-134.

Carlton, J. T. and V. A. ZuUo

1969. Early records of the barnacle Balanus improvisus
Darwin from the Pacific coast of North America.
Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sci. 75:1-6.

Caziot, E.

1921. Les Cirripedes de la mer de Nice. Bull. Soc. Zool.
France 46:51-54.
Chapman, F.

1914. Description of new and rare fossils obtained by deep
boring in the Mallee, pt. 3. Ostracoda to fishes.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n.s. 27(1):28-71.
Chenu, J. C.

1843. Creusia and Pyrgoma. Illustrations ConchyUolo-
gigues. Paris, vol. 1.
Chilton, C.

1909. The Crustacea of the subantarctic islands of New
Zealand. In. The Subantarctic Islands of New
Zealand, 2(26):601-671.
1911. Scientific results of the New Zealand Government
Trawhng Expedition, 1907, Crustacea. Rec. Can-
terbury Mus. 1(3):285-312.
1920. Note on two northern cirripedes recorded from
New Zealand. New Zealand J, Sci. Technol. 3:53.
Chipperfield, P. N. J.

1948. The breeding and settlement of Balanus bal-
anoides in different localities in Great Britain in
1946-1947. Challenger Soc. London 2(20):13-14.

1949. The effect of environmental conditions upon the
growth of Balanus balanoides. Challenger Soc.
London 3(1):17-18.

Ciurea, J., T. Monod and G. Dinulesco

1933. Presence dun Cirripede opercule sur un poisson
dulcaquicole europeen. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr.
Monaco 615:1-32.
Clarke, E.

1905. The fossils of the Waitemata and Papakura series.
Trans. New Zealand Inst. 38:413-421.
Clarke, G, L.

1947. Poisoning and recovery in barnacles and mussels.
Biol. BuU. 92(1):73-91.
Coe, W. R.

1932. Season of attachment and rate of growth of seden-
tary marine organisms at the Pier of the Scripps
Institution of Oceanography. Bull. Scripps Inst.
Oceanogr. Univ. California, ser. 3:37-74.
Coe, W. R. and W. E. AUen

1937. Growth of sedentary marine organisms on experi-
mental blocks and plates for nine successive years
at the pier of the Scripps Institution of Oceano-
graphy. Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. tech. ser.
4(4):101-136.
Cole, W. H.

1929. The relation between temperature and the pedal
rhythm of Balanus. J. Gen. Physiol. 12(5):599-608.

1932a. Stimulation by the salts of the normal aliphatic
acids in the rock barnacle Balanus balanoides. J.
Gen. Physiol. 15(6):61 1-620.

1932b. The sensitivity of the cirri and the variability of
their movements in the barnacles Balanus tin-
tinnabutum and B. balanoides. J. Exp. Zool. 63(1):
143-153.

77

1935.

1937.

Connell,
1955.

1957.

1959.

1961a.

Cole. W. H. and J. B. Allison Cornwall

1931. Chemical stimulation by alcohols in the barnacle, 1924a.

the frog and planaria. J. Gen. Physiol. 14:71-86.
Stimulation of the barnacle Balanus balanoides by 1924b.

NaCl, Na^SOj, NaNO,, glucose, glycerol and urea.
Mt. Desert Island Biol. Lab. Bull. 24:25-28. 1925.

Responses of the barnacle to some strong electro-
lytes and to urea, glucose, and glycerol. Physiol.
Zool. 10(4):405-411. " 1927a.

Cones, H. N.

1968. Selectivity in fossil preservation as shown by a 1927b.

comparison of fossil and modern barnacle popula-
tions. Chesapeake Sci. 9(l):61-63.
J. 1928.

Elminius modestus Darwin, a northward extension
of range. Nature 175(4465):954. 1936.

An experimental analysis of interspecific competi-
tion in natural populations of intertidal barnacles.
25th Int. Congr. Zool. Sect. Ill, Pap. 1:1-2. 1937.

Studies of some factors affecting the recruitment
and mortality of natural populations of intertidal
barnacles. In, Ray, D. L. (ed.). Marine Boring and 1941.

Fouling Organisms, Univ. Washington Press,
Seattle p. 226-233.

Effects of competition, predation by Thais lapillus, 1951.

and other factors on natural populations of the
barnacle Balanus balanoides. Ecol. Monogr. 31: 1953.

61-104.
1961b. The influence of interspecific competition and other 1955a.

factors on the distribution of the barnacle
Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42(41:710-723.
A predator-prey system in the marine intertidal 1955b.

region. I. Balanus glandula and several predatory
species of Thais. Ecol. Monogr. 40(l):49-78. 1956.

T. A.
Description of new Tertiary fossils from the south- 1958.

ern states. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 1,
7:130-157. 1959.

Descriptions of new marine shells from upper CaU-
fornia, collected by Thomas Nuttal, Esq. J. Acad. 1960.

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 1, 7(2):227-268.

Description of new species of organic remains from 1962.

the upper Eocene Umestone of Tampa Bay. Am. J.
Sci. Arts, ser. 2, 2(6)(37):399-400. Costa, O.

Descriptions of three new genera and twenty three 1838-

species of Middle Tertiary fossils from CaUfornia, 1843.

and one from Texas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- Costlow,
delphia, 8:315. 1956.

Note on a cirripede of the California Miocene, with
remarks on fossil shells. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1959.

Philadelphia 28:273-275.
A. and P. A. Gabbott
Seasonal changes in the free glycerol level in the 1963.

body parts of the adult barnacle. Mar. Biol. 7:11-13.
Seasonal changes in the biochemical composition
of the adult barnacle Balanus balanoides, and the Costlow,
possible relationships between biochemical com- 1953.

position and cold-tolerance. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
U. K. 52(4):805-825. 1956.

A. and AH. Lewis

Acquisition and loss of cold tolerance in adult 1957a.

barnacles (Balanus balanoides) kept under labora-
tory conditions. Mar. Biol. 9(l):26-30. 1957b.

Cook, P. A., P. A. Gabbott and A. Youngson

1972. Seasonal changes in the free amino acid composi- 1958a.

tion of the adult bcu-nacle, Balanus balanoides.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 42(3B):409-421.

CorneUus, P. F. S. 1958b.

1972. Thermal acclimation of some intertidal inverte-
brates. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 9(l):43-53. Crisp, D.

Corner, E., A. J. Southward and E. C. Southward 1950.

1968. Toxicity of oil spiU removers (detergentsi to marine

life: An assessment using the intertidal barnacle 1953.

Elminius modestus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K.
48:29-47.

1954.

1970.

Conrad

1834.

1837.

1846.

1856.

1876.

Cook P.
1970.

1972.

Cook, P
1971.

I.E.

Notes on West American whale barnacles. Proc.
Cahfornia Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 13(261:421-431.
Some littoral barnacles from William Head, British
Columbia. Can. Field Nat. 38(3):41-43.
A review of the Cirripedia of the coast of British
Columbia, with glossary, key to the genera and
species. Contrib. Can. Biol, n.s., 2:459-502.
Some North Pacific whale barnacles. Contrib. Can.
Biol. Fish, n.s., 3:503-517.

Fossil Cirripedia from the Upper OUgocene Sooke
Formation of Vancouver Island, B. C. Univ. Cali-
fornia Publ. Geol. Sci. 16:399-408.
Collecting at Cachalot Whaling Station. Can. Field
Nat. 42:9-12.

On the nervous system of four British Columbian
barnacles (one new species). J. Biol. Board Can.
l(6):469-475.

A new species of barnacle from the coast of Cali-
fornia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. London, (ser. 10),
20:232-235.

A new genus and species of barnacle from Ecuador.
Univ. So. California Publ., A. Hancock Pacific
Exped., 5(5):227-230.

The barnacles of CaUfornia (Cirripedia). Wasmann
J. Biol 9(3):31 1-346.

The central nervous system of barnacles (Cirripedia).
J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 10(2):76-84.
The barnacles of British Columbia. Brit. Columbia
Provincial Mus. Dept. Education, Handbook No. 7,
p. 5-69.

Canadian Pacific Fauna. 10. Arthropoda, lOe,
Cirripedia. Fish. Res. Board Can. p. 1-49.
Identifying fossil and Recent barnacles by the
figures in the shell. J. Paleontol. 30(3):646-651.
Identifying Recent and fossil barnacles. Can. J.
Zool. 36:79-89.

More shell figures and notes on barnacles. Can. J.
Zool. 37:401-406.

Barnacle shell figures and repairs. Can. J. Zool.
38:827-832.

The identification of barnacles, with further figures
and notes. Can. J. Zool. 40:621-629.
G.

Di alcuni Balanidi appartenenti al Regne di Napoli.
Atti. Accad. Sci. Napoli 5(2).
J. D.

Shell development in Balanus improvisus Darwin.
J. Morphol. 99(2):359-415.

Effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on shell
development and growth of Balanus improvisus
Darwin. Physiol. Zool. 32(3):177-184.
Molting and cyclic activity of chromatophorotropins
of the central nervous system of the barnacle,
Balanus eburneus. Biol. Bull. 124(3):254-261.
J. and C. Bookhout

Molting and growth in Balanus improvisus. Biol.
BuU. 105(3):420-433.

Molting and shell growth in Balanus amphitrite
niveus. Biol. BuU. 110(2):107-116.
Larval development of Balanus eburneus in the
laboratory. Biol. BuU. 112(3):313-324.
Body growth vs. sheU growth in Balanus im-
provisus. Biol. BuU. 113(2):224-232.
Larval development of Balanus amphitrite var.
denticulata Broch reared in the laboratory. Biol.
BuU. 114(3):284-295.

Molting and respiration in Balanus amphitrite
denticulata Broch. Physiol. Zool. 31:271-280.
J.

Breeding and distribution of Chthamalus stellatus.
Nature 166(4216):31 1-312.

Changes in the orientation of barnacles of certain
species in relation to water currents. J. Anim.
Ecol. 22:331-343.

Breeding oi Balanus porcatus in the Irish Sea. J.
Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 33(2):473-496.

78

1955.

1956.
1958.
1959a,
1959b

1959c.

1960a.

1960b.

1960c.
1961.

1962a.

1962b.
1964a.
1964b.

1968a
1968b

1969.

Crisp, D.
1960.

Crisp, D.
1954.

Crisp, D.

1948.

Crisp, D.
1966.

Crisp, D.
1960.

Crisp, D
1963.

Crisp, D
1955.

Crisp. D.
1953.

Crisp, D.
1962.

1963.

Crisp, D
1951.

The behaviour of barnacle cyprids in relation to
water movement over a surface. J. Exp. Biol.
32(31:569-590.

A substance promoting hatching and liberation of
young in cirripedes. Nature 178(45271:263.
The spread of Elminius modestus Darwin m north-
west EuTope. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 37.483-520.
Factors influencing the time of breedmg of BaUinus
balanoides. Oikos 10(21:275-289. .

A further extension of Elminius modestus Darynn
on the west coast of France. Beaufortia 7(82):37-39.
The rate of development of Balanus balanoides
(L ) embryos in vitro. J. Anim. Ecol. 28:119-13/.
Northern Umits of Elminius modestus in Britain,
Nature 188-681.

Factors influencing growth rate m Balanus bal-
anoides. J. Anim. Ecol. 29-95-116.
MobiUty of barnacles. Nature 188(4757):1208-1209.
Territorial behaviour in barnacle settlement. J.
Exp. Biol. 38(21:429-446.

The planktonic stages of the Cu-npedia Balanus
balanoides (L.| and Balanus balanus (L.) from
north temperate waters. Crustaceana 3:207-221.
The larval stages of Balanus hamen (Ascamus,
1767). Crustaceana 4(2):123-130.
. The effects of the severe winter of 1962-63 on
marine Ufe in Britain. J. Anim. Ecol. 33:165-210^
Racial differences between North American and
European forms of Balanus balanoides. J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. U.K. 44:33-45.

Differences between North American and European
populations of Balanus balanoides revealed by
transplantation. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25(12):
2633-2641.

Distribution of the parasitic isopod Hemioniscus
balani with special reference to the east coast ot
North America. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25(6):
1161-1167.

Studies of barnacle hatching substance. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol. 30:1037-1048.
J. and A. P. Austin

The action of copper in antifouUng paints. Ann.
Appl. Biol. 48(4):787-799.
J. and H. Barnes

The orientation and distribution of barnacles at
settlement with particular reference to surface
contour. J. Anim. Ecol. 23:142-162.
J. and P. N. Chipperfield

Occurrence of Elminius modestus (Darwin) in
British waters. Nature 161(4080):64.
J. and A. O. Christie

Toxicity of aliphatic amines to barnacle larvae.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 18(l):59-69.
. J. and D. J. Clegg
The induction of the breeding condition ot Balanus
balanoides (L.) Oikos ll(2):265-275.
. J. and J. Costlow
The tolerance of developing cirripede embryos to
salinity and temperature. Oikos 14(l):22-34.
J. and P. A. Davies .

Observation in vivo on the breeding of Elminius
modestus grown on glass slides. J. Mar. Biol.
Assoc. U.K. 34(2):357-380.
and E. W. Knight-Jones

The mechanism of aggregation in barnacle popula-
tions. J. Anim. Ecol. 22(2):360-362.
J. and P. S. Meadows

The chemical basis for gregariousness in Cirripedia.
Proc. R. Soc. London, ser. B, 156:500-520.
Absorbed layers: The stimulus to settlement in
barnacles. Proc. R. Soc. London, ser. B, 158:364-387.
. J. and A. H. N. Molesworth
Habitat ofB. amphitrite vai.denticulata in Britain.
Nature 167:489.

Crisp, D. J. and B. S. Patel . .

1958 Relation between breeding and ecdysis m cimpedes.
Nature 181:1078-1079.

The molting cycle in Balanus balanoides (L.) Biol.
BuU 118(11:31-47.

The interaction between breeding and growth rate
in the barnacle £/mmius modestus Darwin. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 6(2):105-115.

The influence of the contour of the substratrum
on the shapes of barnacles. Symp. Crustacea.
India, p. 612-629.

Environmental control of the breeding of three
boreo-arctic cirripedes. Mar. Biol. 2(3):283-295.
J. and D. A. Ritz

Changes in the temperature tolerance of Balanus
balanoides during its life cycle. Helgolander wiss.

Meeresunt. 15:98-115.
1967b. Temperature accUmation in barnacles. J. Exp.

Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1:236-256.

Responses of cirripede larvae to light. I. Experi-
ments with white Ught. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 23(4):327-

335.

J. and A. J. Southward

The further spread of Elminius modestus in the

British Isles to 1959. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K.

38:429-437. _, ,

Different types of cirral activity of barnacles.

PhUos. Trans. R. Soc. London, ser. B, no. 705,

243:271-308.
Crisp, D. J. and C. P. Spencer

The control of the hatching process in barnacles.

Proc. R. Soc. London, ser. B, 148:278-299.

J. and H. G. Stubbings

The orientation of barnacles to water currents. J.

Anim. Ecol. 26:179-196.

J A. O. Christie and A. F. A. Ghobashy
Narcotic and toxic action of organic compounds
on barnacle larvae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 22:
629-649.

da Costa. E. „ .. ■ fu„

1778. Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanmae. or tfte
British conchology. London. 254 pp.

TglT Vergleichende biologische Formenkunde der fos-
silen niederen Tiere. Berhn. 777 p.

Dahlberg, M. D. , ^. i c„;

1971. Toxicity of acrolein to barnacles. Chesapeake bci.
12(4):282-284.
Dakin, W. J., I. Bennett, and E. C. Pope

1948 A study of certain aspects of the ecology ot the
intertidal zone of the New South Wales coast.
Aust. J. Sci. Res., ser. B, 1, 2:176-230.

DaU, W. H. , ^. fj^

On the parasites of the cetaceans of the N.W.
coast of America, with descriptions of new forms.
Proc. CaUfornia Acad. Sci., 4(5):299-301.
On the true nature of Tamiosoma. Science n.s.,
15:5-7.

Contributions to the Tertiary paleontology of the
Pacific Coast. 1. The Miocene of Astoria and Coos
Bay Oregon. U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper 59:1-142.

1960.
1961.

1967.

1969.

Crisp, D.
1967a.

1974.

Crisp. D.
1959.

1961.

1958.

Crisp, D.
1957.

Crisp, D.
1967.

1872.

1902.

1909.

Daniel,
1952

The respiratory mechanism of Balanus tintin-
nabulum L. J. Madras Univ., ser. B. 22(2):261-267.

1953 Some new cirripedes from the Madras Coast. J.
Madras Univ.. ser. B, 23(3):219-226.

1955a Gregarious attraction as a factor influencing the
settlement of barnacle cyprids. J. Madras Univ.,
ser. B, 25(1).97-107. , , . f

1955b. The primary fihn as a factor of settlement of
marine foulers. J. Madras Univ.. ser. B, 25(/):

1955c The Cirripedia of the Madras coast. BuU. Madras
Gov. Mus. (Nat. Hist. Soc.) n.s., 6(2): 1-40.

79

1956. Colour as a factor influencing the settlement of

barnacles. Current Sci. 25:21-22.
1957a. Illumination and its effect on the settlement of

barnacle cyprids. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 129(3):

305-313.
1957b. Influence of stage of tide on the attachment of

barnacle cyprids. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 54(4):

866-868.
1958a. A new barnacle Sa/anu5 (Semibalanus) madrasensis

n. sp. from fishing craft off Madras. Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist., ser. 13, 1:305.
1958b. On Platylepas indicus n. sp. a new barnacle from

the Madras coast of India. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist..

ser. 13, 1:755-757.
1958c. Settlement of marine foulers and borers in the

Madras Harbour in relation to velocity of water

currents. J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India) 17C(l):18-20.
1962a On a new species of operculate barnacle (Cirripedia:

Crustacea) from the gastropod mollusc, Murej: sp.

from Porto Novo, Madras State. Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., ser. 13, 5:193-197.
1962b. A new species of platylepadid barnacle (Cirripedia:

Crustacea) from the green turtle {Eretmochelys sp.)

from little Andaman Island. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

ser. 13, 5:641-645.

Daniel, A. and V. Prem-Kumar

1968. A new species of operculate barnacle of the sub-
genus Membranobalanus (Cirripedia, Thoracica)
from sponges in the Indian seas. Crustaceana
14(2):147-150.
Darwin, C.

1851a. A Monograph on the subclass Cirripedia, with fig-
ures of all species. The Lepadidae; or, peduncu-
lated cirripedes. Ray Soc, London. 400 pp.

1851b. A monograph of the fossil Lepadidae, or peduncu-
lated cirripedes of Great Britain. Paleontogr. Soc.
London. 99 pp.

1854a. A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidae and Ver-
rucidae of Great Britain. Palaeontogr. Soc. London,
44 p.

1854b. A Monograph on the subclass Cirripedia with
figures of all the species. The Balanidae, the Ver-
rucidae. etc. Ray Soc. London, 684 p.

1897. Geological observations on the Volcanic Islands
and parts of South America visited during the
voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle. D. Appleton and Co.,
New York 3rd ed. 648 p.
Davadie, C.

1963. Etude des Balanes d'Europe et d'Afrique. System-
atique et structure des Balanes fossiles d'Europe
et d'Afrique. Ed. Centre Natl. Rech. Sci. (C.N.R.S.)
Paris, 146 pp.
Davadie-Suaudeau, C.

1952. Contribution a I'etude des Balanides Tertiaires de
I'Algeria. Bull. Serv. Carte Geol. Alger., ser. 1.
Paleontol., no. 14:8-109.
Davis, C. WiUiam, Unni E. H. Fyhn, and H. J. Fyhn.

1973. The intermolt cycle of cirripeds: criteria for its
stages and its duration in Balanus amphitrite.
Biol. Bull. 145:310-322.
Dawson, C. E.

1957. Balanus fouUng of shrimp. Science 126(3282): 1068.
Dawson, R. M. C. and H. Barnes
1966. Studies in the biochemistry of cirripede eggs. II.
Changes in the lipid composition during develop-
ment of Balanus balanoides and B. balanus. J.
Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 46(2):249-261.
Dawydoff, C.
1952. Contribution a I'etude des invertebres de la faune
marine benthique de I'lndochine. BuU. Biol.
France Belgique, Suppl. 37(9):127-131.
Day J. H. and J. F. C. Morgans
1956. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part 7.
The biology of Durban Bay. Ann. Natal Mus.
13(3):259-312.

Dayton, P. K.
1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organ-
ization of space in a rocky intertidal community.
Ecol. Monogr. 41:351-389.
de Alessandri, A.
1910. Die Cirripedier des Miocans von Eggenburg.
Abhandl. d. K. K. Geol. Reichsanstalt. 22(1):115-126.
deAlessandri, G.

1895. Contribuzione alio studio dei Cirripedi fossili

d'ltalia. Soc. Geol. Ital. Boll. 13(3):234-314.
1897. La Pietra da Cantoni di Rosignano e di Vignale.

Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mem. 6(l):l-98.
1906. Studi monografici sui Cirripedi fossili d'ltaha

Palaeontogr. Itahca 12:207-324.
1907a. Observations sur les Cirripedes fossiles de la
France. La Feuille Jeunes nat. Paris 37(441):169-
176;37(442):193-197.
1907b. Osservazioni sopra alcuni Cirripedi fossili deUa

Francia. Atti, Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. 45:251-291.
1908. Cirrhipedes fossiles des faluns de Touraine La

Feuille Jeunes Nat. Paris 38:218-219.
1922. Cirrhipedes du Miocene de I'Aquitaine. Act. Soc.
Linn. Bordeaux 74:203-229.
deBlainville, H. M.
1824. Nematopoda Diet. Sci. Nat. 32 (MoUusques-Morfil).

F. G. Levrault. Strasbourg. 567 p.
1825-1827. Manual de Malacologie et de Conchyhologie.
F. G. Levrault, Paris. 664 p. (vol. 1, text, 1825);
87 pis. (vol. 2, plates, 1827).
DeLong, J. H., Jr.

1941. The paleontology and stratigraphy of the Pleist-
ocene at Signal Hill, Long Beach, Cahfornia.
Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(25):229-252.
DenHartog, C.
1953. Immigration, dissemination and ecology of Elminius
modestus in the North Sea, especially along the
Dutch coast. Misc. Publ. Zool. Mus. Amsterdam
4(33):9-20.
1956. Speculations on the immigration of the barnacle
Elminius modestus in France. Beaufortia 5:141-142.
de Oliveira, L. P. H.
1940a. Contribuic^o ao conhecimento dos crustaces do Rio
de Janeiro: Sub-ordem Balanomorpha (Cirripedia:
Thoracica). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 36(1):137-151.
1940b. Sobre una nova especie de crustaceo Chthamalus
rhizophorae n. sp. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 35(2):
379-380.
1941. Contribuigao ao conhecimento dos crustaceos do
Rio de Janeiro. Sub-ordem "Balanomorpha" (Cir-
ripedia, Thoracia). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz
36(1):1-31.
1947. Distribui(;ao geografica da fauna e flora da Bai'a
de Guanabara. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 45(3):
709-735.
DePabna, J. R.

1963. Marine fouhng and boring organisms off Fort
Lauderdale, Florida. Mar. Sci. Dept., U.S. Naval
Oceanogr. Office. Informal Rep. No. 0-70-62,
pp. 1-28. (Unpubl. Ms.)
1969a. Marine biofouUng in Vieques Sound, Puerto Rico,
an informal report, April. 1964, to February, 1969.
U.S. Naval Oceanogr. Off. Informal Rep. (Unpubl.
Ms.)
1969b. Marine biofouhng at Penobscot Bay, Maine and
Placentia Sound, Newfoundland, 1960 to 1968.
U.S. Naval Oceanogr. Off. Informal Rep. IR No.
69-56. pp. 1-14 (Unpubl. Ms.)
Deshayes. G. P.
1831. CONIE. Conia. Encyclopedie methodique: Histoire
Naturelle des Vers 2(2):257-258.
Des Mouhns. C.
1866. Liste des principaux fossiles recuiUis par les
membres de la societe a Cazeneuve dans le Calcaire
de Bazas pendant I'excursion de la 50e Fete Lin-

80

neenne. Acta Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 26 (ser. 3, vol. 6.);
293-344.

DoUfus, R. P. ^ ,^. . ,.

1968. Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup (Cirnpedia.
Th'oracica) recolte sur Tursiops truncatus (Mont-
agul a proximite de la Cote Nord du Maroc. Inst.
Peches maritimes Maroc. Bull. 16:55-60.

Doochin, H. D. . r. •

1951. The morphology of Balanus improvisus Uarwin
and Balanus amphitnte niveus Darwin during
initial attachment and metamorphosis. Bull. Mar.
Sci. Gulf Caribb. 1(1): 15-39.

DriscoU, E. , . , ^ •

1968. Sublittoral attached epifaunal development m
Buzzards Bay. Mass. Hydrobiologia 32(l/2):27-32.

Edmondson, C. H. r, r,- ,

1933. Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop

Mus. Spec. Publ. 22:1-295.
1951 Some central Pacific crustaceans. Bernice P.
Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 20(13):183-243.
Edmondson. C. H. and W. M. Ingram
1939 Fouling organisms in Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop
Mus. Occas. Pap. 14(14):251-300.
Eldred, B. .

1962. The attachment of the barnacle Balanus amphitnte
niveus Darwin, and other fouUng organisms to
the rock shrimp Sicyonia dorsalis Kingsley. Crust-
aceana 3(3):203-206.
Ellis, J.
1758. An account of several rare species of barnacles.
Philos. Trans. 50(2):845-855. (read 21 Dec. 1758,
publ. 1759).
Ellis, J. and D. Solander
1786. The natural history of many curious and uncom-
mon zoophytes collected from various parts of the
globe. Cirripedia. pp. 197-198, pi. 15. Benjamin
White and Son. London.
Elofsson, O.
1952. Balanus improvisus Darwin. Rev. Ny for Medelspad.
Satr. Svensk. Fauna 2:47-53.
Emerson, W. K.
1956. Pleistocene invertebrates from Punta China. Baja
California, Mexico. With remarks on the composi-
tion of the Pacific coast Quaternary faunas. Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. lll(4):313-342.
Emerson. W. and L. Hertlein
1960. Phocene and Pleistocene invertebrates from Punta
Rosalia, Baja California, Mexico. Am. Mus. Novit.
2004:1-8.
Endean, R., R. Kenny and W. Stephenson
1956. The ecology and distribution of intertidal organ-
isms on the rocky shores of the Queensland main-
land. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 7(1):88-146.
Endean, R., W. Stephenson and R. Kenny
1956. The ecology and distribution of intertidal organ-
isms on certain islands off the Queensland coast.
Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 7(3):317-342.
Ephrusi, B.

1922. Sur la spermatogenese du Balanus perforatus.
C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 176:141-144.
Evans, F.

1968. Isolated populations of Elminius modestus (Crus-
tacea. Cirripedia) in Northumberland. Nature
220(5164):260.
Fabricius, O.

1798. Tillaeg-til ConchyUe-Slaegterne Lepas, Pholas, My a
og Solen. Skriv. Naturhist. Selsk. Kiobenhavn
4(2):34-51.
Fahrenbach, W. H.
1965. The micromorphology of some simple photo-
receptors. Z. ZeUforsch 66:233-254.
Fales. D. E.
1928. The light receptive organs of certain barnacles.
Biol. BuU. 54:534-547.

FeyUng-Hansen. R. W. , neci •

1953. The barnacle Balanus balanoides (Linne, 1766) m
Spitzbergen. Skr. norsk. Polarinst. 98:1-64.

Filatowa, E. . , t

1902. Quelques remarques a propos du developpement
post-embryonnaire et I'anatomie de Balanus im-
provisus (Darwin). Zool. Anz. 25:379-385.

Filhol, H. . . » J o ■

1885. Mission de I'ile Campbell. Cirnpedes. Acad. bci.
Paris 3(2):485-490.

Fischer. E. • • o • »

1929. Le cirripede Balanus amphitnte Darwin a baint-
Servan. Bull. Lab. Maritime St. Servan 4:10-11.

Fischer. P. ^ , ■ - j j

1872. Crustaces Podophthalmaires et Cu-rhipedes du

department de la Gironde et des cotes du Sud-

Ouest de la France. Acta. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux,

ser 3, 28(8):405-407 and 431-437.
1884 Cirrhipedes de I'Archipel de la Nouvelle-Caledonie.

BuU. Soc. Zool. France 9:355-360.
1888. Description d'un nouveau genre de Cirrhipede

(Stephanolepasj parasite des tortues marines. AcU.

Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 40:193-196.

Fischer, P. H. . . j c ,

1943. Observations sur les conditions de vie de Balanus

balanoides dans quelques stations boreals et

arctiques. Bull. Lab. Maritime Dinard 25:65-72.
Fischer-Piette, E.

1930. Sur la croissance de Balanus balanoides a St.

Servan. Bull. Lab. Maritime St. Servan 5:39-41.
1932. Sur I'habitat de Cirripedes Balanus crenatus Brug.

et Verruca stroemia O. Muller. Bull. Lab. Maritime

St. Servan 8:8-11.

1955. Repartition, le long des cotes Septentrionales de
I'Espagne. des principales especes peuplant les
rochers intercotidaux. Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. 31:
37-124.

1963. Elminius modestus a Pornic et a Vigo. Bull. Mus.
Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 2, 35(2):176-178.

1964. Elminius modestus aux Sables d'Olonne. Bull.
Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris 36:500-501.

1965. Suite de I'expansion sur la cote Atlantique
francaise du cirripede austral Elminius modestus
Darwin. BuU. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser 2,
37(3):466-468.

Fischer-Piette, E. and M. Prenant

1956. Distribution des cirripedes intercotidaux
d'Espagne septentrionale. BuU. Cent. Etud. Rech.
Sci. Biarritz 1(1):7-19.

Fishelson, L.

1966. Spirastrella inconstans Dendy (Porifera) as an
ecological niche in the httoral zone of the Dahlak
Archipelago (Eritrea). Rep. Israel South Red Sea
Exped. 1962. no. 20. Sea Fish. Sta. Haifa, BuU.
41:17-25.

1971. Ecology and distribution of the benthic fauna m
the shaUow waters of the Red Sea. Int. J. Life
Oceans Coastal Waters 10(2):1 13-133.
Fitzgerald, R. T.
1968. Calcium and pH dependency in the clotting of the
blood of Balanus nubilus (Darwin, 1854). Comp.
Biochem. Physiol. 24:1055-1059.
Fleming, C. A.
1959. A PUocene whale barnacle from Hawke s Bay,
New Zealand. New Zealand J. Geol. Geophys.
2:242-247.
Fletcher, H. O.
1938. Marine Tertiary fossils and a description of a
Recent Mytilus from Kerguelen Island. B.A.N.Z.
Antarctic Res. Repts., ser. A., 2(Geol.)(6):101-116.
Forbes, L.. M.J.B. Seward and D. J. Crisp

1971 Orientation to light and the shading response in
barnacles. In, Crisp, D. J. (ed.), Proc,, 4th European
Mar. Biol. Symp. p. 539-558. Cambridge University
Press.

81

Foster, B. A.
1967a. A guide to the littoral balanomorph barnacles of

New Zealand. Tuatara 15(2):75-86.
1967b. The early stages of some New Zealand shore bar-
nacles. Tane (Auckland Univ. Field Club Mag.),
13:33-42.

1969. Tolerance of high temperatures by some intertidal
barnacles. Mar. Biol. 4(4):326-332.

1970. Responses and acclimation to salinity in the adults
of some balanomorph barnacles. Philos. Trans. R.
Soc. London 256(810):377-400.

1971a. Desiccation as a factor in the intertidal zonation

of barnacles. Mar. Biol. 8(1): 12-29.
1971b. On the determinants of the upper limit of intertidal

distribution of barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia).

J. Anim. Ecol. 40:33-48.

1974. The barnacles of Fiji with observations on the
ecology of barnacles on tropical shores. Pac. Sci.
28(l):34-56.

Foster, B. A. and J. A. Nott

1969. Sensory structures in the opercula of the barnacle
Elminius modestus. Mar. Biol. 4(4):340-344.
Fowler, H. W.
1912. The Crustacea of New Jersey. Ann. Rep. New
Jersey State Mus. 1911(2):29-650.
Freiberger, A. and C. Cologer

1966. Rearing acorn barnacle cyprids in the laboratory
for marine fouhng studies. Nav. Eng. J. 78:881-890.
Freiberger A, C. P. Cologer, V. Ligouri, R. F. NigreUi
1969. Some new approaches to the study of barnacles.
Ocean Eng. l(4):469-474.
Gabbott, P. A. and V. N. Larman

1971. Electrophoretic examination of partially purified
extracts of Balanus balanoides containing a settle-
ment inducing factor. In, Crisp, D. J, (ed.) Proc.
4th European Mar. Biol. Symp. pp. 143-153. Cam-
bridge Univ. Press.

Gauld, D. T.
1957. An annotated check-list of the Crustacea of the
Gold Coast. I. Cirripedia. J. West African Sci.
Assoc. 3(1):10-11.
Gibson, P. H. and J. A. Nott
1971. Concerning the fourth antennular segment of the
cypris larva oi Balanus balanoides. In, Crisp, D. J.
(ed.) Proc. 4th European Mar. Biol. Symp. pp. 227-
236. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Giltay, L.

1934. Note sur I'association de Balanus concavus paci-
ficus Pilsbry (Ctrripede) et Dendraster excentricus
(Escholtz) (Echinoderme). Mus. Hist. Nat. Belgique
BuU. 10(5):l-7.
Glynn, P. W.

1965. Community composition, structure, and inter-
relationships in the marine intertidal Endocladia
muricata — Balanus glandula association in
Monterey Bay, California. Beaufortia 12(148):1-198.
GmeUn, J. F.
1791. Systema naturae per regna tri naturae . . . editio
decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Leipzig 1(6):3021-
3909 (Vermes).
Gomez, E. D.
1973. Observations on feeding and prey specificity of
Tritonia festiva (Stearns) with comments on other
Tritoniids (MoUusca: Opisthobranchia). Veliger 16(2):
163-165.

1975. Sex determination in Balanus IConopea) galeatus
(L.) (Cirripedia Thoracica). Crustaceana 28(1):105-
107.

Gomez, E. D., D. J. Faulkner, W. A. Newman and C. Ireland
1973. Juvenile hormone mimics: Effect on cirriped
crustacean metamorphosis. Science 179:813-814.
Gordon, C. M.
1969. The apparent influence of salinity on the distribu-
tion of barnacle species in Chesapeake Bay (Cir-
ripedia) Crustaceana 16(2):139-142.

Gordon, C. M., R. A. Carr and R. E. Larson

1970. The influence of environmental factors on the
sodium and manganese content of barnacle shells.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 15(3):461-466.
Gordon, J. A.
1970. An annotated checklist of Hawaiian barnacles
(Class Crustacea; Subclass Cirripedia) with notes
on their nomenclature, habitats and Hawaiian
localities. Hawaii Inst. Mar. Biol. Tech. Rep.
19:1-130.
Gould, A. A.
1841. A report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts,
comprising the Mollusca, Crustacea, Annelida and
Radiata. Cambridge 373 p.
Graham, H. W. and H. Gay
1945. Season of attachment and growth of marine
organisms at Oakland, Cahfornia. Ecology 26:
375-386.
Grainger, F. and G. E. Newell

1965. Aerial respiration in Balanus balanoides. J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. U.K. 45(2):469-479.
Grasse, P. P. and O. Tuzet

1928. Le spermatozoide de la balane, Balanus perforatus
Brug. C. R. Soc. Biol. 99:1543-1545.

1932. Recherches sur la spermatogenese de Balanus
perforatus Brug. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 73:9-21.

Grave, B. H.

1933. Rate of growth, age at sexual maturity and dura-
tion of life of certain sessile organisms at Woods
Hole, Massachusetts. Biol. Bull. 65(3):375-386.

Gravier, C.
1911. Sur quelques animaux parasites au commensaux

des Madreporaires du Genre Calaxea (Oken). C. R.

Acad. Sci. Paris, 132(4):210-212.
1921a. Sur deux especes de Cirripedes du genre Acasta

Leach vivant a la cote fran^aise des Somalis. Bull.

Mus. Paris, pp. 353-357.
1921b. Note sur deux Cirripedes de la cote francaise des

SomaUs. BuU. Mus. Hist. Nat. 27:428-431.'
1922a. Sur larmature buccale du Xenobalanus globicipitis

Steenstrup (Cirripfede opercule). Bull. Mus. Paris,

p. 223-227.
1922b. Sur les relations du crustace et de I'eponge chez

les cirripedes spongicoles. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris,

174:830-832.
Gray, J. E.

1825. A synopsis of the genera of Cirripedes arranged

in natural families, with a description of some new

species. Ann. Philos. n.s., 10(2):97-107.
1831. Description of two new species of Serpula, and an

undescribed coral barnacle discovered by Sammuel

Pearce Pratt, Esq. Zool. Misc., Treuttel, Wurtz &

Co. London. 86 pp.
Gregg, J. H.

1945. Background illumination as a factor in the attach-
ment of barnacle cyprids. Biol. Bull. 88(l):44-49.
1948. Rephcation of substrate detail by barnacles and

some other marine organisms. Biol. BuU. 94(3):

161-168, pis. I-II.
Gregorio, A. de
1895. Note sur un Asteride et un cirripede du post-

Phocene de Sicile des genres Astrogonium et Coro-

nuta. Ann. Geol. Paleo. Palermo 19(17):l-7.
Gronovius, L. T.
1781. Zoophylacii Gronoviani, Iconographia sive Tab-

ularum ExpUcatio, Vol. 5.
Groom, T. T.
1894a. On the early development of Cirripedia. Philos.

Trans. R. Soc. London, 185(l):119-232.
1894b. The life history of the rock barnacle. (Balanus).

Part I. J. Mar. Zool. Microsc. l(4):81-86.
1895a. The Ufe history of the rock barnacle, (Balanus).

Part II. J. Mar. Zool. Microsc. 2(5):l-6.
1895b. On the mouth parts of the cypris stage of Balanus.

Q. J. Microsc. Sci. no. 3, 37:269-276.

82

Groom, T. and J. Loeb

1890. Die Heliotropismus der Nauplier von Balanus
perforatus und die periodischen Tiefenwanderungen
pelagischer Tiere. Biol. Centralblatt 10(5-6):160-178.

Gruvel, J. A.

1893a. De la structure et de I'accroissement du test

calcaire de la Balane IB. tintinnabulum). C. R.

Acad. Sci. Paris, 116:405-408.
1893b. Contributions a I'etude des Cirrhipedes. Arch Zool.

Exp. Gen. (3) 1:401-496, 5 pis. and 497-610, 4 pis.
1896a. Sur la branchie de la Tetraclita porosa. C. R. Acad.

Sci. Paris 122:43-44.
1896b Sur quelques points de I'anatomie de la Tetraclita

porosa. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 122:205-207.
1896c. Etude de la Tetraclita porosa Schumacher. Mem.

Soc. Zool. France 9(11:134-148.
1896d. Gills of Cirripedia. J. R. Microsc. Soc. London, ser.

2:186.

1901. Diagnoses de quelques especes nouvelles de Cirrhi-
pedes. Paris Mus. nat. d'hist. nat., Paris, Bull.
7:256-263.

1902. Cirrhipedes. In, Expeditions scientifiques de
"Travailleu" et du "Talisman," 1880-1883. Paris,
p. 1-178.

1903a. Description of a new species of Balanus from the
collection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ll,ser. 7(63):297.
1903b. Revision des Cirrhipedes appartenant a la collection
du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Opercules). II.
Partie systematique. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris,
Nouv. Arch., ser. 4, 5:95-170.
1904. Revision des Cirrhipedes appartenant a la collection
du Museum (Thoraciques). II. Partie anatomique.
Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Paris, Nouv. Arch., ser. 4,
6:51-224.
1905a. Monographie des Cirrhipedes au Thecostraces.

Masson et cie, Paris 472 p.
1905b. Etudes anatomiques sur quelques Cirrhipedes
Operculaires du Chile. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. 6 (Fauna
ChUensis, III) 2:307-352.
1906a. Cirrhipedes du Discovery. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.

Paris Bull. 12:270-273.
1906b. Sur une forme nouveUe de Cirrhipede opercule
(Pyrgopsis annandalei n.g.. n. sp). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris 142:1558-1559.
1907a. Note preliminaire sur les Cirrhipedes opercules
recueUlis par I'expedition subpolaire allemande du
"Gauss." Soc. Zool. France BuU. 32:104-106.
1907b. Etude des Cirrhipedes du Musee de Cambridge.

Soc. Zool. France BuU. 32:162-165.
1907c. Crustacea. VI. Cirrhipedes. National Antarctic
Exped. 1901-1904. Natural History, Zoology and
Botany. London, vol. 3, Arthropoda VI: 1-4.
1907d. Cirrhipedes opercules de I'lndian Museum de

Calcutta. Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 2<1):1-10.
1909a. Die Cirripedian der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedi-
tion 1901-1903. In, Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition
1901-1903. Berlin, G. Reimer, vol. 11, Zoologie
3(21:193-229.
1909b. Etude des cirrhipfedes de I'ocean Indien. Trans.

Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, 13(11:23-27.
1911. Expedition antarctique francaises du Pourquoi-
Pas? dirigee par M. le Dr. J. B. Charcot (1908-
1910). Liste des Cirrhipedes. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.
Paris BuU. 17(5):292.
1912a. Mission Gruvel sur la cote occidentale d'Afrique
(1909-1910) et coUection du Museum d'Histoire
NatureUe. Les Cirrhipedes. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat.
Paris BuU. 18(6):344-350.
1912b. Note preliminarie sur les Cirrhipedes recueUIis
pendant les campagnes de S.A.S. le Prince de
Monaco. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco BuU. 241:1-7.
1920. Cirrhipedes provenant des campagnes scientifiques
de S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco (1885-1913). Re-

GuUer,
1952.

1956.

1961.

1962.

sultats des campagnes scientifques accomplies sur

son yacht par Albert ler. Prince Souverain de

Monaco. Monaco, no. 53:1-88.

R.

A list of the Crustacea of Tasmania. Rec. Queen

Victoria Mus. 3(3):15-44.

Supplement to a list of the CrusUcea of Tasmania.

Rec. Queen Victoria Mus. n.s., 5:1-8.
Gutmann. W. F.

1960. FunktioneUe morphologic von Balanus balanoides.

Abh. senckenb. naturforsch. Ges. no. 500:1-45.

Die Siedlungsweise der Seepocke Balanus balanus.

Nat. VoU£91(5):171-178.

Beobachtungen zum Formproblem der Seepocken-

Schale. Nat. Mus. 92(5):193-200.
GwUIiam, G. F.

1963. The mechanism of the shadow reflex in Cirripedia.

I. Electrical activity in the supraesophageal gang-
Uon and oceUar nerve. Biol. BuU. 125(3):470-485.

1965. The mechanism of the shadow reflex in Cirripedia.

II. Photoreceptor ceU response, second-order re-
sponses, and motor ceU output. Biol. BuU. 129(2):
244-256.

G William, G. F. and J. C. Bradbury
1971. Activity patterns in the isolated central nervous

system of the barnacle and their relation to

behavior. Biol. BuU. 141(3):502-513.
Hagiwara, S. and S. Nakajima

1966. Effects of the intraceUular Ca ion concentration
upon the excitabiUty of the muscle fiber mem-
brane of a barnacle. J. Gen. Physiol. 49(4):807-818.

Hagiwara, S. and K. Takahaski

1967. Surface density of calcium ions and calcium spikes
in the barnacle muscle fiber membrane. J. Gen.
Physiol. 50(31:583-601.

Hagiwara, S., R. Gruener, H. Hayashi, H. Sakata and A. D.
GrinneU

1968. Effect of external and internal pH changes on K
and CI conductances in the muscle fiber membrane
of a giant barnacle. J. Gen Physiol. 52(5):773-792.

HaU. J. and J. M. Clarke
1888. Natural History of New York. Paleontol. VIII:
1-236.
Hammen, C. S.
1971. Oxygen consumption and lactate oxidation of the
upper-shore barnacle Chthamalus depressus. Am.
Zool. 11(4):662.

Lactate oxidation in the upper-shore barnacle,
Chthamalus depressus (PoU). Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 43(2B):435-442.
Harding, J. P.
1962. Darwin's type specimens of varieties of Balanus
amphitrite. BuU. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 9(7):
273-296.
Harnden, D.

1968. Digestive carbohydrases of Balanus nubilis
(Darwin, 1854). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 25:303-309.
A.

Os cromossomas de Balanus tintinnabulum. Inst.
Pesqui. Mar. (BrasU), 8:1-11.
A.

Note on the presence of an acorn barnacle in Tahiti
(Cirripedia, Balanidae). Crustaceana 19(3):321.
M.

A review of the fossU Cirripedia and shark's teeth
from the region of the northeast Honsyu, Japan.
BuU. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 8(5):95-102.
On the occurrence of Coronula from the Kakegawa
series in Totomi, Japan. BuU. Biogeogr. Soc.
Japan 9(15):261-265.
1939b. An interesting mode of occurrence of a ctrripede
from the Miocene of Tyosen. BuU. Biogeogr. Soc.
Japan 9(16):267-269.
Hatton, H. , t ■

1934. Les petits cirripedes du Uttoral de la Lou-e-
inferieure. BuU. Lab. Maritime St. Servan 8:16-17.

1972.

Hart, E.
1967.

HartUne,
1970.

Hatai, K.
1938.

1939a.

83

Hatton, H. and E. Fischer-Piette

1932. Observations et experiences sur le peuplement des
cotes rocheuses par les Cirripedes. Bull. Inst.
Oceanogr. Monaco. 592:1-15.

Haven, S. B.

1973. Occurrence and identification of Balanus bal-

anoides (Crustacea; Cirripedia) in British Columbia.

Syesis 6:97-99.
Hayasaka. I.

1933. On the occurrence of fossil Coronula. Taiwan
Tigaku Kizi 4(7-9):49-50.

1935. Coronula diadema (L.) in the Tertiary Formation
of Taiwan (Formosa). Taiwan Tigaku Kizi 6(1): 1-3.
Hedgpeth. J. W.

1969. An intertidal reconnaissance of rocky shores of
the Galapagos. Wasmann J. Biol. 27(l):l-24.
Heldt, Jeanne H.

1950. Note au sujet de Xenobalanus globicipitis Steen-
strup sur Bataenoptera borealis Lesson en Medi-
terranee. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Tunisie 3(l):25-28.
Henry, D. P.

1940. The Cirripedia of Puget Sound with a key to the
species. Univ. Washington Publ. Oceanogr. 4(1):
1-48.

1941. Notes on some sessile barnacles from Lower Cali-
fornia and the west coast of Mexico. Proc. New
England Zool. Club. 18:99-106.

1942. Studies on the sessile Cirripedia of the Pacific
Coast of North America. Univ. Washington Publ.
Oceanogr. 4(3):95-134.

1943. Notes on some barnacles from the Gulf of Cali-
fornia. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 93(3166):367-373.

1954. Cirripedia: The barnacles of the Gulf of Mexico.
In, Gulf of Mexico, its Origin, Waters, and Marine
Life, pp. 443-446. Fish. BuU. no 89, U.S. Fish
WildUfe Ser.

1957. Some littoral barnacles from the Tuamotu, Mar-
shall, and Caroline Islands. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.
107(3381):25-38.

1958. Intertidal barnacles of Bermuda. J. Mar. Res.
17:215-234.

1959. The distribution of the amphitrite series of Balanus
in North American waters. In, Ray, D. L. (ed.).
Marine Boring and Fouling Organisms, pp. 190-
203, pis. 1-4. Friday Harbor Symp., Univ. Wash-
ington Press, Seattle.

1960. Thoracic Cirripedia of the Gulf of California. Univ.
Washington Publ. Oceanogr. 4(4):135-158.

1973. Descriptions of four new species of the Balanus
amphitrite complex (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Bull.
Mar. Sci. 23(4):964-1001.
Henry, D. P. and P. McLaughlin

1967. A revision of the subgenus Solidobalanus Hoek
(Cirripedia Thoracica) including a description of a
new species with complemental males. Crustaceana
12(l):43-58.
Hertlien, L. G.

1934. Pleistocene mollusks from the Tres Marias Islands,
Cedros Island and San Ignacio Lagoon, Mexico.
BuU. So. California Acad. Sci. 33(2):59-73,

Hertlein, L. G. and W. K. Emerson
1956. Marine Pleistocene invertebrates from near Puerto
Peiiasco, Sonora, Mexico. Trans. San Diego Soc.
Nat. Hist. 12(8):154-176.

Herz, L. E.

1933. The morphology of the later stages of Balanus
crenatus Bruguiere. Biol. Bull. 64(3):432-442.

Hewatt, W. G.

1935. Ecological succession in the Mytilus califomianus
habitats as observed in Monterey Bay, California.
Ecology 16(2):244-251.

1946. Marine ecological studies on Santa Cruz Island,
California. Ecol. Monogr. 16(3):185-208.
Hincks, W.

1840. Description of a new species of Balanus, from the
cabinet of Samuel Wright, Esq., of Cork. Ann.
Nat. Hist. 5(32):333-334.
Hirano, R.

1953. On the rearings and metamorphoses of four im-
portant barnacles in Japan. J. Oceanogr. Soc.
Japan 8(3-4):139-144.

1962. Mass rearing of barnacle larvae. Bull. Mar. Biol.
Sta. Asamushi, Tohoku Univ., ll(2):77-80.
Hirano, R. and J. Okushi

1952. Studies on sedentary marine organisms. 1. Sea-
sonal variations in the attachment and growth
rates of barnacle cyprids in Aburatsubo Bay, near
Misaki. BuU. Japanese Soc. Sci. Fish. 18(11):
639-644.
Hiro, F.

1931. Notes on some new Cirripedia from Japan. Mem.
CoU. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ. ser. B, 7(3) (6):143-158.

1932a. Report on the biological survey of Mutsu Bay. No.
25: Cirripedia. Sci. Rep., Tohoku Imp. Univ.,
Sendai, Japan, ser. 4 (Biol.), 7:545-552.

1932b. On the Cirripedia coUected in Sado, Miyaki, Itrup
Islands and Hokkaido. Dobutsugaku Zasski, Zool.
Mag., Tokyo, 44(530):467-476.

1933. Report of the Cirripedia coUected by the survey-
ing ships of the Imperial Fisheries Experimental
Station on the continental shelf bordering Japan.
Rec. Oceanogr. Works Japan, 5(l):ll-84.

1934. A new coral inhabiting barnacle, Pyrgoma orbicel-
lae n. sp. Proc. Japan. Acad. Tokyo, 10(6):367-369.

1935a. A study of cirripeds associated with corals occur-
ring in Tanabe Bay. Rec. Oceanogr. Works Japan,

7(l):l-28.
1935b. A Tetraclita associated with the blue coral.

Kagaku (Science) 5:5.
1935c. The fauna of Akkeshi Bay. II. Cirripedia. J. Fac.

Sci. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. Ser. VI (Zool.), 4(4):

213-229.
1935d. On the commensaUsm between the cirripeds and

other animals. Ecol. Rev. Sendai l(4):343-344.
1936a. On the commensaUsm between the cirripeds and

other animals. Ecol. Rev. Sendai 2(l):58-65.
1936b. Report on the Cirripedia coUected in the Malayan

waters by the ship "Zuihomaru." Japan J. Zool.

6(19):621-636.
1936c. Studies on the fouling organisms (cooperation

between biology and chemistry). Zool. Bot. 4:75-88.
1936d. Descriptions of three new species of Cirripedia

from Japan. BuU. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 6(23):

221-230.
1936e. Occurrence of the cirriped Stomatolepas elegans

on a Loggerhead turtle found at Seto. Annot.

Zool. Japon. 15(3):312-320.
1937a. A new barnacle Acasta echinata n. sp. imbedded

in the stalk of an alcyonarian from southern Japan.

Zool. Mag. Tokyo 49(2):70-71.
1937b. Cirripeds of the Palao Islands. Palao Trop. Biol.

Stn. Stud. 1:37-72.
1937c. Studies on cirripedian fauna of Japan. II. Cir-
ripeds found in the vicinity of the Seto Marine

Biological Laboratory. Mem CoU. Sci. Kyoto Imp.

Univ., Ser. B, 12(3) (17):385-478.
1938a. On the Japanese forms of Balanus amphitrite

Darwin. Zool. Mag. Tokyo 50(6):299-313.
1938b. Notes on the animals found on Macrocheira

kaempferi de Haan. I. Cirripeds. II. MoUuscs.

Annot. Zool. Japon. 17(3/4):465-474.
1938c. On the resistance of some Uttoral barnacles to

altered saUnity and sun exposure. Bot. Zool. 6:

1686-1690; 1848-1854.

84

1938d. Studies on animals inhabiting reef corals. II.
Cirripeds of the genera Creusia and Pyrgoma.
Palao Trop. Biol. Stn. Stud. 3:391-416.

1939a. Distribution of littoral barnacles in Formosa. Zool.
Mag. Tokyo 51:128.

1939b. Some barnacles from the Ogasawara Islands.
Annot. Zool. Japon. 18(11:49-57.

1939c. On the barnacle communities at the Madarai Pier
in Kororu Island. Palao. Palao Trop. Biol. Stn.
Stud. 4:585-595.

1939d. Studies on the cirripedian fauna of Japan. III.
Supplementary notes on the cirripeds found in
vicinity of Seto. Mem. CoU. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ.,
ser. B, 15(21:237-244.

1939e. Studies on the cirripedian fauna of Japan. IV.
Cirripeds of Formosa (Taiwan), with some geo-
graphical and ecological remarks on the Uttoral
forms. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., ser. B,
15(2):245-284.

19391. Studies on the cirripedian fauna of Japan. V. Cir-
ripeds of the northern part of Honsyu. Sci. Rep.
Tohoku Imp. Univ., ser. 4 (Biol.), 15(2-3):201-218.
Hoek, P. P. C.

1875. Eerste Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Cirripedien der
Nederlansch Fauna. Tijdschr. Nederl. dierk. Ver.
2:16-61.

1883. Report on the Cirripedia collected by H.M.S.
CHALLENGER during the years 1873-1876. Rep.
Sci. Res. Voyage H.M.S. CHALLENGER, Zool.
8(251:1-169.

1884. Schaaldieren van de Ossterschelde. Tijdschr.
Nederl. dierk. Ver. Suppl., 1:516-545,

1907. Cirripedia. In. Resultats Voyage S.Y. BELGICA,
1897-1899. Rapp. Sci. Zool. Anvers, pp. 3-9.

1909. Die Cirripedien des nordischen Planktons, VIII.
Nord. Plankton 11:265-331.

1912. On the species of the genus Balanus collected in
the Malay Archipelago during the Cruise of the
Dutch man-of-war, SIBOGA. Rep. Brit. Assoc.
Adv. Sci. 81st Meeting, 1911, pp. 407-408.

1913. The Cirripedia of the Siboga Expedition. B. Cir-
ripedia Sessilia. Siboga-Expeditie Monogr. XXXIb,
i-xxv, 129-275.

Holdsworth. E. W. H.
1860. Situation of Pyrgoma anglicum. Zoologist (London)
18:7111.
Holmes, P. F. and M. G. M. Pryor

1938. Barnacles in Horsey Mere. Nature 142:795-796.
Holthuis, L. B.
1969. Enkele interessante Nederlandse Crustacea. Zool.
Bijdr. 2:34-48.
Holthuis, L. B. and G. R. Heerebout

1972. Vonsten van de zeepok Balanus tintinnabulus
(Linnaeus, 1758) in Nederland. Zool. Bijdr. 2(13):
24-31.
Holthuis, L. B. and E. Sivertsen
1967. The Crustacea Decapoda, Mysidacea and Cirripedia
of the Tristan de Cunha Archipelago. Results
Norwegian Sci. Exped. Tristan da Cunha, 1937-
1938, No. 52:1-55.
Hoyle, G. and T. Smith

1963. Giant muscle fibers in a barnacle Balanus nubilis
Darwin. Science 139:49-50.
Hudinaga, M. and H. Kasahara

1942. On the rearing and metamorphosis of Balanus
amphitrite hawaiiensis Broch. Dobutugaku Zassi
(Zool. Mag.) 54(3): 108-1 18.
Hughes, S. P.

1914. Barnacles of Laguna Beach. J. Ent. Zool. Clare-
mont 6:212-214.

Hulings, N. C.
1961. The barnacle and decapod fauna from the near-
shore area of Panama City, Florida. Q. J. Florida
Acad. Sci. 24:215-222.

Hurley. A. C.
1973a. Fecundity of the acorn barnacle Balanus pacificus
Pilsbry: A fugitive species. Limnol. Oceanogr.
18(3):386-393.
1973b. Larval setthng behaviour of the acorn barnacle
iBalanus pacificus Pilsbry) and its relation to
distribution. J. Anim. Ecol. 42:599-609.
Hutton, F. W.
1879. List of the New Zealand Cirripedia in the Otago
Museum. Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 11:328-330.
Huve, P. and H. Huve

1954. Zonation superficielle des cotes recheuses de
I'etang de Berre et comparaison avec celles des
cotes du Golfe de Marseille (de Carry a Sausset).
Vie Milieu 5:330-365.
Hyman. L. H.
1959. The invertebrates: smaller coelomate groups, vol.
V. McGraw-Hill, New York. 783 pp.
Ikenouye, H.
1968. An analysis of the spatial distribution of a bar-
nacle Tetraclita squamosa japonica Pilsbry. J.
Tokyo Univ. Fish. 54(2):99-105.
Ishida, S. and R. Yasgui
1938. "Free-swimming stages of Balanus amphitrite
albicostatus. " Bot. Zool. Tokyo, 5:1659-1666.
Jackson, C. G., Jr. and A. Ross

1971. The occurrence of barnacles on the alligator snap-
ping turtle Macroclemys temminchii (Troost) J.
Herp. 5(3-4):188-189.

1972. Balanomorph barnacles on Chrysemys alabamensis.
Q. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 35(4):173-176.

Janakevich, A. N.

1968. "The finding of representatives of Cirripedia in
the reef formation of Moldavia." Paleontol. Sb.
5(1):139-142.
Jay, J. C.

1839. A catalogue of the shells, arranged according to
the Lamarckian System, together with descrip-
tions of new or rare species, contained in the
collection of John C. Jay, M.D. Wiley and Putnam,
New York. 125 p.
Jeffreys, J. C.

1878. On the Mollusca procured during the "Lightning"
and "Porcupine" expeditions, 1868-1870. Part 1.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London:393-416.
Jennings, L. S.

1918. Revision of the Cirripedia of New Zealand. Trans.
Proc. New Zealand Inst. 50:56-63.
Johnson. T. W., Jr.

1958. A fungus parasite in ova of the barnacle Chtha-
malus fragilis denHculata. Biol. Bull. 114(2):205-215.
Johnson, M. E. and H. J. Snook

1927. Seashore animals of the Pacific coast. MacmUlan
Co., New York 659 p.
Johnson, M. W. and R. C. Miller

1935. The seasonal settlement of shipworms, barnacles
and other wharfpile organisms at Friday Harbour,
Washington. Univ. Washington Publ. Oceanogr.
2(1):1-18.
Jones, D. H.

1961. Elminius modestus on the south-east coast of
Scotland. Nature 190:103-104.
Jones. L. W. G. and D. J. Crisp

1954. The larval stages of the barnacle Balanus impro-
visus Darwin. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 123:765-780.
Jordan. E. K. and L. G. Hertlein

1926. Expedition to the Revillagigedo Islands. Mexico,
in 1925, VII. Contributions to the geology and
paleontology of the Tertiary of Cedros Island and
adjacent parts of Lower Cahfornia. Proc. Califor-
nia Acad. Sci.. ser. 4. 15(14):409-464.
Kaminer. B. and J. Kimura
1972. Deuterium oxide: Inhibition of calcium release in
muscle. Science 176{4033):406-407.

85

Kanakoff, G. P. and W. K. Emerson
1959. Late Pleistocene invertebrates of the Newport
Bay area, California. Los Angeles Co. Mus.
Contrib. Sci. 31:1-47.
Karande, A.
1965. On cirriped crustaceans (barnacles), an important
fouling group in Bombay waters. Symp. Crust,
Mar. Biol Soc. India 4:1245-1250.
1973. Larval development of Balanus amphitrite amphi-
trite D. reared in the laboratory. Proc. Indian
Acad. Sci. Sect. B, 77(2):56-63.
1974a. Larval development of the barnacle Tetraclita
karandei reared in the laboratory. Biol. Bull. 146(2)-
249-257.
1974b. Balanus variegatus, the laboratory reared larvae
compared with B. amphitrite amphitrite. Crusta-
ceans 26:229-235.
Karande, A. and V. Palekar
1963a. On a shore barnacle Chthamalus malayensis
Pilsbry from Bombay (India). Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 13, 6:231-234.
1963b. Observations on the breeding activity of the shore
barnacle Chthamalus malayensis Pilsbry in Bom-
bay Harbor. Defense Sci. J. 13:131-137.
1966. The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) of the Bombay
Coast. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 63(1):139-151.
Karande, A. and M. K. Thomas

1971. Laboratory rearing of Balanus amphitrite com-
munis. Current Sci. 40(5):109-1 10.
Kasuya. T. and D. W. Rice
1970. Notes on baleen plates and on arrangement of
parasitic barnacles of gray whale. Sci. Rep.
Whales Res. Inst. 22:39-43.
Kato. M., K. Hayasaka and T. Matsuda

1960a. Ecological studies on the morphological variation
of a sessile barnacle, Chthamalus challengeri. I.
Changes of the external appearance introduced by
the population density. Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta.
Asamushi, Tohoku Univ. 10(l):l-7.
1960b. Ecological studies on the morphological variation
of a sessile barnacle, Chthamalus challengeri. II.
Constitutional characters of the Chthamalus
population with special reference to the stratifica-
tion of the Chthamalus zone. Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta.
Asamushi, Tohoku Univ. 10(1):9-17.
1960c. Ecological studies on the morphological variation
of a sessile barnacle, Chthamalus challengeri. III.
Variation of the shell shape and of the inner ana-
tomical feature introduced by the population
density. Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi, Tohoku
Univ. 10(l):19-25.
Kauri, T.
1962. On the frontal filaments and nauphus eye in

Balanus. Crustaceana 4(2):131-142.
1966. On the sensory papilla X-organ in cirriped larvae.
Crustaceana 11(2):115-122.
Kawahara, T.

1961. Regional differences in the composition of fouhng
communities in Ago Bay. Rep. Fac. Fish. Pref.
Univ. Mie 4(l):65-80.

1962. Studies on the marine fouUng communities. I.
Development of a fouUng community. Rep. Fac.
Fish. Pref. Univ. Mie 4(2):27-41.

1963a. Studies on the marine fouling communities. II.
Differences in the development of the test block
communities with reference to the chronological
differences of their initiation. Rep. Fac. Fish. Pref.
Univ. Mie4(3):391-418.

1963b. Invasion into Japanese waters by the European
barnacle Balanus improvisus Darwin. Nature
198(4877):301.

1965. Studies on the marine fouling communities. III.
Seasonal changes in the initial development of test
block communities. Rep. Fac. Fish. Pref. Univ
Mie 5(2):3 19-364.

Kawahara, T. and H. lizima
1960. On the constitution of marine fouling communities
at various depths in Ago Bay. Rep. Fac. Fish.
Pref. Univ. Mie 3(3):582-594.
Kaye. C. A.

1964. The upper limit of barnacles as an index of sea-
level changes on the New England Coast during
the past 100 years. J. Geol. 72(5):580-600.
Kitching, J. A.

1950. Distribution of the littoral barnacle Chthamalus
stellatus around the British Isles. Nature 165
(4203):820.
Klepal, W.

1971. Chthamalus stellatus (Poli). and C. depressus
(PoU). in der Adria. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 7(3):
271-294.

Klepal, W. and H. Barnes.

1974. Regeneration of the penis in Balanus balanoides
(L.) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 16:205-211.

1975. Further observations on the ecology of Chthamalus
stellatus (Poli). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 17:269-296.

Klepal, W.. H. Barnes and E. A. Munn

1972. The morphology and histology of the cirripede
penis. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 10(3):243-265.

Klugh, A. B. and C. L. Newcombe
1935. Light as a controlling factor in the growth of
Balanus balanoides. Can. J. Res. Ottawa, sect. D,
13:39-44.
Knight-Jones, E. W.

1948. Elminius modestus: Another imported pest of east
coast oyster beds. Nature 161(4048):201-202.

1953. Laboratory experiments on gregariousness during

setting in Balanus balanoides and other barnacles.

J. Exp. Biol. 30:583-595.

1955. The gregarious setting reaction of barnacles as a

measure of systematic affinity. Nature 175:266.

Knight-Jones, E. W. and D. J. Crisp

1953. Gregariousness in barnacles in relation to the
fouling of ships and to anti-fouling research.
Nature 171(4364):1109-1110.
Knight-Jones, E. W. and E. Morgan

1964. Adaptive aspects of barosensitivity. Rep. Chal-
lenger Soc. 3(16):29.
1966. Responses of marine animals to changes in hydro-
static pressure. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev.
4:267-299.
Knight-Jones, E. W. and J. Moyse

1961. Intraspecific competition in sedentary marine
animals. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. Mechanisms in
Biological Competition. 15:72-95.
Knight-Jones, E. W. and J. P. Stevenson

1950. Gregariousness during settlement in the barnacle
Elminius modestus Darwin J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
U.K. 29(21:281-297.
Knight-Jones, E. W. and G. Waugh

1949. On the larval development of Elminius modestus
Darwin J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 28:413-428.

Kolosvary, G.
1939a. Uber die Variabilitat der Balaniden-Arten Acasta

spongites (Poli). und Chthamalus stellatus stellatus

(PoU). Zool. Anz. 125(7/8):176-180.
1939b. Beitrage zur Variabditat der Cirripedien-Unterart

Balanus amphitrite communis Darwin. Zool. Anz.

126(5/61:129-137.
1939c. Uber die Variabilitat der Cirripedien-Unterart

Chthamalus stellatus stellatus (Poh). Zool. Auz.

127(5/6):159-169.
1940a. Beitrage zur Variabilitat der Cirripedien-Unterart

Balanus laevis nitidus Darwin. Zool. Anz. 130:

91-94.
1940b. Uber Besiedlung von Chthamalen und Balanen an

PateUen und Mytilen in Dalmatien. God. Oceanogr.

Inst. Kralievine Jugoslavije 2:123-127.
1941a. Balaniden-Studien. Zool. Anz. 135(l/2):41-45.

86

1941b. Die Formenkreise der ChthamaUden. Zool. Anz.

133(3y4):67-81.
1941c. Uber die EntwickJung der Naupliuslarve (Stadium

I und II) von Acasta spongites spongites (Poli).

Zool. Anz. 135(7/81:156-166.
1941d. Uber die Variabilitat der Cirripedien-Art Balanus

tngonus Darwin. Zool. Anz. 135(9/10):210-216.
1941e. Tengerbiologiai tanulmany a kacslabiiak puhates-

tuek es korallok tarsulasarol. A. Tenger 31(1-3):

1-16.
1941f. Balanus hungaricus n. sp. Foldtani Kozlbny 71

(7-12):282-284.
1941g. Revisione della collezione de Balanidi del Museo

Zoologico della R. Universita de Firenze. Monit.

Zool. Italiano 52(9-10);183-195.
1941h. Chthamalus stellatus stellatus (Poli). nella Nuova

Guinea. Riv. Biol. Coloniale Roma, 4(l/2):45-46.
19411. Uber die variabilitat von Balanus pictus Miinster.

Zool. Anz. 134:173-179.
1942a. Uber die Variabilitat der Coronula Cirripedien.

Zool. Anz. 138(5/6):138-143.
1942b. Uber tertiare Balaniden Ungarns. II. Palaeontol.

Z, 23(l/2):203-205.
1942c. Studien an Cirripedien. Zool. Anz. 137(7/8):138-150.
1942d. Zur Frage des Feindbewuchses und zur Ernah-

rungsbiologie von Balanus perforatus angustus

Gmelin aus der Adria. Zool. Anz. 139(1/2):149-159.
1943a. Cirripedia Thoracica in der Sammlung des Un-

garischen National-Museums. Ann. Hist. Nat.

Mus. Natl. Hungarici 36:67-120.
1943b. Morphologische Bemerkungen uber Balanus psit-

tacus (Molina) und Balanus maxillaris Gronovius.

Die Verbreitung dieser Arten auf Grund der

neusten Angaben. Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Natl.

Hungarici 36:121-128.
1943c. A "Szeged" Duna-Tenger jaro motoros ha Josza-

kall-Vizgalatanak allattani eredmenye. Ann. Hist.

Nat. Mus. Natl. Hungarici 36:129-131.
1944. Die Balaniden des Golfes von Triest. Redia Gior.

Ent. 30:33-42.
1947a. Die Balaniden der Adria. Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus.

Natl. Hungarici 39(1): 1-88.
1947b. Eine neue Balanidae aus dem Ungarischen Eozan.

Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Natl. Hungarici 40(8):

305-307.
1947c. A study of cirripedes in the collection of the

Hungarian National Museum, Budapest. Proc.

Zool. Soc. London 117(2-3):424.
1947d. A study of cirripedes associated with corals in the

collection of the Hungarian National Museum,

Budapest. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 117(2/3):425-428.
1947e. New data of cirripeds associated with corals.

Annu. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ll)14(113):358-368.
1948. Helveti emeletbeli lij Balanidak Varpalotarol.

Foldtani Kozlbny, 79(1-4):102-112 (New balanids

from the middle Miocene of Varpalota in Hungary)
1949a. Uj Balanidak a hazai harmadkorbol. Foldtani

Kozlbny, 79(1 -4): 1-8
1949b. Nouveautes sur les Balanides tertiaires de la

Hongrie. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 18(9):

190-192.
1950a. On some balanids hving in corals, collected by the

Snellius Expedition in 1930. Zool. Mededel. Leiden

30(191:289-296.
1950b. Negy uj Balanida a magyar harmadkorbol. Fold-
tani Kozlony, 80(7-9): 1-6.
1951a. A new species of barnacle. Acta Biol. Acad. Sci.

Hungaricae 2(l-3):287-289.
1951b. Uber die mit Korallen in synkbse lebenden

Balaniden. Acta. Biol. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae

2(1-31:291-297.
1951c. Les Balanides de la Mediterranee. Acta. Biol.

Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 2(4):41 1-413.
1952a. A stratigraphical study of some Tertiary Balanids

from Hungary. Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Natl.

Hungarici (n. ser.) 2:233-236.
1952b. Uj Hazai Balanus-lelohelyek. Foldtani Kozlony

82(10-12):410-412
1952c. (The effect of artificial sea-water on Chthamahds).

Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Natl. Hungarici (n. ser.)

3:225-230.

1955. Uber stratigraphischer Rolle der fossilen Balaniden.
Acta. Biol. Szeged (n. ser.) 1(1-4):183-188.

1956. Phylogenetische Beitrage zur Gattung Balanus.
Acta. Zool. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae 2(1-3):187-191.

1959. A statistical study of the Miocene balanids from
Hungary. J. Paleontol. 33(1):196-198.

1960. New fossil balanid locahties in Hungary, J.
Palentol. 34(3):590-591.

1961a. Enumeration des Balanides fossiles du Turkestan

et de I'Uzbekistan. Bull. Soc. Linn. Lyon 30(4):78.
1961b. Einige interessante Balanus-Funde aus der Bur-

digahenstufe von Turkmenistan. Acta. Biol.

Szeged (n. ser.) 7(l-2):99-102.
1961c. Further fossil balanids from the USSR Acta. Biol.

Szeged (n. ser.) 7(3-4):149-154.
1962a. Balanids from the Bulgarian Tertiary Age. Ann.

Univ. Sofia 55(2):85-89.
1962b. Kaspi-es Aral-to Kornyeki neogen Balanidak.

Magy. Tud. Akad. Biol. Tud. Osz. Kozl. 5(3-4):

203-216.
1962c. New micro-balanids from Tongatabu. Acta. Biol.

Szeged (n. ser.) 8(1-4):193-197.
1962d. New data to the balanida-fauna of the Burdigalien

of Karakum. Acta. Biol. Szeged (n. ser.) 8(1-4):

199-202.
1963a. Uber das Verhaltnis einiger rezenter und fossiler

Cirripedier zu ihrem Ansiedlungsmilieu im Welt-

meer, enumerativ-statistisch betrachet. Int. Rev.

Ges. Hydrobiol. 48(1):173-174.
1963b. Madreporaria und Balaniden aus rezenten Mittel-

meersedimenten. Internatl. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol.

48(1):175.
1965. Uber Schiffsbewuchs des Donau-Meer-Schiffes

"Hazam". Acta. Biol. Szeged (n. ser.) 11(3-4):

271-276.
1966a. New fossil scalpeUids from the USSR. Acta. Biol.

Szeged (n. ser.) 12(1-2):129-133.
1966b. Konstitutionsstudien uber Balanus improvisus

Darwin. Acta. Biol. Szeged (n. ser.) 12(1-2):143-148.
1966c. Balanus IConopea) stultus morycowae n. ssp.

(Crustacea, Cirripedia). Bull. Soc. Amis Sci. Lett.

Poznan(ser. D) 7:69-71.
1967a. Uber phylogenetische Eigenschaften von Balanus

improvisus Darwin. Proc. Symp. Crustacea India,

1:387-388.
1967b. Neue Angaben zur Weltverbreitung einiger Cir-
ripedier. Proc. Symp. Crustacea India, 1:391-394.
Korschelt, E.

1933. Uber zwei parasitare Cirripedien, Chelonibia und

Dendrogaster. nebst Angaben uber die Bezie-

hungen der Balanomorphen zu ihrer Unterlage.

Zool. Jahrb., 64:1-40.
Koulish, S.

1971. Fine structure at the basal surface of intestinal

epithehum in the midgut region of the Balanidae.

with special reference to "neural-hke" processes.

J. Morphol. 135(1):1-12.
1973. Microtubules and muscle attachment in the integu-
ment of the Balanidae. J. Morphol. 140(1):1-12.
Kramberger-Gorjanovic, D.
1889a. Uber einen Tertiaren Rudisten aus Podsused bei

Agram. Glasnik. Hrvat. naranosl. druztva., 4(1-5):

48-55.
1889b. Berichtigung zu "Uber einen Tertiaren Rudisten

aus Podsused bei Agram." Glasnik. Hrvat. Nara-

vosl. Druztva., 4(l-5):230-231.
1889c. Berichtigung bezughsh Ceratoconcha costata aus

dem Miozan von Podsused. Verb. K. K. Geol. R. A.

6:142.

87

Krauss, F.
1848. Die sudafrikanischen MoUusken. Ein Beitrag zur

Kermtniss der Mollusken des Kap-und Natal-landes

und zur geographischen Verbreitung derselben, mit

Beschreibung und Abbildung der neuen Arten.

Stuttgart.
Kruger, P.
1911a. Beitrage zur Cirripedienfauna Ostasiens. Beitrage

zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens herausgegeben von

F. Doflein. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Munchen, Math,

Phys. Kl., Abhandl.. Supple.-Bd. 2, No. 6. 1-72.
1911b. Zur Cirripedienfauna Ostasiens. Zool. Anz. 38

(20/211:459-464.
1912. Uber einige interressante Vertreter der Cirripedia

Thoracica. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens

herausgegeben von F. Doflein. K. Bayer. Akad.

Wiss. Munchen, Mat. Phys. Kl., Abhandl., SuppL-

Bd. 2(81:9-16.
1914. Cirripedien. In, Michaelsen, W. and E. Hartmeyer,

(eds.). Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens, 4:427-441.

Fisher, Jena.
1927a. Cirripedia Thoracica der Danischen Gewasser.

Vidensk. Medd. Dan Naturhist. Foren. 84:11-16.
1927b. Cirripedia. In. Grimpe G. und E. Wagler (eds.).

Tier welt Nord-und Ostsee, 8(10): 1-40. Leipzig.
1940. Cirripedia. In, Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen

des Tierreichs, Bd. 5, Crustacea Abt. 1, Buch 3,

Teil 111:1-560. Leipzig.

Kuhl, H.
1954.

1963.

1965.

1967.

1968.

Lacombe,
1966.

1967.

1968.

1970.

Lacombe,
1969

Lacombe,
1972.

1974.

Ladd. H
1959.

Uber das Auftreten von Elminius modestus
Darwin in der Elbmiindung. Helgol. Wiss. Meer-
esunters 5:53-56.

Die Verbreitung von Elminius modestus Darwin
(Cirripedia Thoracica) an der deutschen Kuste.
Crustaceana 5(2):99-lll.

Veranderungen des Zooplanktons wahrend einer Tide
in der Elbmiindung bei Cuxhaven. Hot. Gothobur-
gensia III 5th Mar. Biol. Sump. Goteborg 1965:
113-126.

Observations on the ecology of barnacles in the
Elbe estuary. Proc. Symp. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India,
3:965-975.

Die Beetnflussung der Metamorphose von Balanus
improvisus Darwin durch Giftstoffe. 2nd Internat.
Congr. Seawater Corrosion and Fouling. Athens:
1-8.
D.

Glandulas de cimento e seus canais em Balanus
tintinnabulum (Cirripedia-Balanidae). Inst. Pesqui.
Mar. Rio de Janeiro 32:1-39.

Histoquimica e histofotometria das glandulas de
cimento de Balanus tintinnabulum (Balanidae-
Cirripedia). Inst. Pesqui. Mar. Rio de Janeiro:
11:1-29.

Histologia, histoquimica e ultra estrutura das
glandulas de cimento e seus canais em Balanus
tintinnabulum. Inst. Pesqui. Mar. Rio de Janeiro
17:1-22.

A comparative study of the cement glands in
some balanid barnacles (Cirripedia, Balanidae).
Biol. Bull. 139(1):164-179.
, D. and V. Liguori

Comparative histological studies of the cement
apparatus of Lepas anatifera and Balanus tintin-
nabulum. Biol. BuU. 137(1):170-180.
D. and W. Monteiro

Desenvolvimento larvario de balanideos em labora-
torio — Balanus amphitrite (var. amphitrite).
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 70(2):175-206.
Balanideos como indicadores de polui(;ao na Baia
de Guanabara. Rev. BrasU. Biol. 34{4):633-644.
S.

Reexamination of Palaeocreusia devonica Clarke.
J. Paleo. 33(5):963-964.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de
1802. M^moire sur la Tubicinelle. Ann. Mus. Natl. d'Hist.

Nat. 1:461-464.
1818. Histoire naturelle des animaux san vertebres.
Paris, Vol. 5, 612 p.
Lamy, E. and M. Andre
1932. Notes sur les esp^ces Lamarckiennes de Cirri-
pedes. Compt. Rend. Congr. Soc. Sav. Paris
Depart., Sec. Sci. 65:212-228.
Lanchester, W. F.
1902. On the Crustacea collected during the "Skeat
Expedition" to the Malay Peninsula. Proc. Zool.
Soc. London 2(3):363-381.
Lea, I.

1833. Description of six new species of fossil shells
from the Tertieuy of Maryland and New Jersey.
In, Contributions to Geology, 211-220. Carey, Lea
& Blanchard, Philadelphia.
Leach, W. E.
1817. Distribution systematique de la class Cirripedes.
J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 85:67-69.
Lecointre, C. P.
1910. Les formes diverses de la vie dans las ffduns de la
Touraine. Cirrhipedes fossiles des faluns. FeuiUe
Jeunes Nat. Paris, ser. 4, 40(447):137-140.
Leloup, E. and S. Lefevre

1952. Sur la presence dans les eaux de la cote beige du
Cirripede, Elminius modestus Darwin. Bull. Inst.
Sci. Nat. Beige 28(48): 1-6.
L.

Contribution a I'etude des larves de cirripedes
dans le golfe de Marseille. Rec. Trav. Sta. Mar.
Endoume Bull. 38(54):33-121.
Linnaeus, C.
1758. Systema Naturae. Holmiae, Editio Decima. Re-
formata. Vol. 1,824 p.

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae — editio
duodecima, reformata. Holmiae. 1(2):533-1327.
Mantissa Plantarum altera. Holmiae.
Linzey, J. T.

1942a. The balanomorph barnacles of the Kermadec
Islands. Trans. Proc. Soc. New Zealand 71:279-281.
1942b. The body appendages of Balanus decorus. Trans.
Proc. R. Soc. New Zealand 72:1-5.
A.
Description de la faune des terrains tertiaires
moyens de la corse. Cirrhypedes. Paris, F. Savy &
Geneve, H. Georg, pp. 15-19.

Description de la faune de la Mollasse marine et
d'eau douce du Lyonnais du Dauphine. Cirrhy-
pedes. Arch. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Lyon 12:12-18.

Lochhead, J. H.
1936. On the feeding mechanism of the nauplius of B.
perforatus Brug. J. Linn. Soc. London 39:429-
442.
Longhurst, A. R.
1958. An ecological survey of the West African marine
benthos. Colonial Office Fish. Publ. 11:1-102.

P. A.

The breeding and settlement of Chthamalus
challengeri Hoek at Asamushi during 1967. Bull.
Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi, Tohoku Univ. 13(2):
75-82.

The breeding and settlement of Chthamalus
challengeri Hoek at Asamushi during 1968. Bull.
Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi Tohoku Univ. 13(3-4):
251-254.

Predation and tntertidal zonation at Asamushi.
Bull. Mar. Biol. Sta. Asamushi Tohoku Univ.
14(l):33-52.
1970b. Seasonal distributional vtuiation within a limited
shore area at Asamushi. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ.
ser. 4, Biol. 35(2-3):161-170.

LeReste,
1965.

1767.

1771.

Locard,

1877.

1878.

Luckens,
1968.

1969.

1970a.

I

88

1970c. Breeding, settlement and survival of barnacles at
artificially modified shore levels at Leigh, New
Zealand. New Zealand J. Mar. Freshwater Res.
4(4):497-514.
Luther, A.

1950. Om Balanus improvisus i Ostersjon. Fauna Flora,
Uppsala, 4:155-160.

MacDonald, Ranald

1951. The marine fauna, Part III. Arthropoda. Plankton.
In, The Natural History of Lough Foyle, North
Ireland. Proc. R. Irish Acad. 54(B) (6):86-92.

MacDonald, Roderick

1929. A report of some cirripeds collected by the S. S.
ALBATROSS in the eastern Pacific during 1891
and 1904. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 69(15):527-538.
Maksimov, V. N., E. P. Turpaeva and R. G. Simkina
1971. Intensity of the effects produced by a simultan-
eous action of several factors on the population of
the sea barnacle Balanus improvisus Darwin.
Okeanologiya. 11(6):1090-1097.
Marloth, R.
1902. Notes on the mode of growth of Tubicinella
trachaelis, the barnacle of the Southern Right
Whale. Trans. South African Philos. Soc. 11:1-6.
Marshall, N.
1953. The balanoid biome-type of intertidal rocky shores.
Ecology 34(21:434-436.
Martin, G. C.
1904. Systematic paleontology of the Miocene deposits
of Maryland. Malacostraca and Cirripedia. Mary-
land Geol. Surv., Miocene, p. 94-97.
Martini, F. H. W. and J. H. Chemnitz
1785. Neues systematisches ConchyUen-cabinet, vol. 8,
p. 294-347 pis. 96-100.
Matsuda, C.

MS[1973].A shoreline survey of free-living intertidal bar-
nacles (Class Crustacea; Subclass Cirripedia; Order
Thoracica) on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Un-
published Master's Thesis submitted to the
Department of Zoology, University of HawEiii,
60 pp.
Matsui, T., G. Shane and W. A. Newman
1964. On Balanus ebumeus Gould (Cirripedia, Thoracica)
in Hawaii. Crustaceana 7(2):141-145.
Mawatari, S.
1967. Biological studies on fouling in Japanese htirbors,
1. General concept of researches. Misc. Rep. Res.
Inst. Nat. Resources 69:87-114.
1970. Biological study of anti-fouling paints, 2. Bio-
assay tests on the leaching rate of anti-fouling
chemicals. Misc. Rep. Res. Inst. Nat. Resources
74:80-101.
Mawatari, S. and H. Kitamura
1970. Biological study of antifouling paints, 1. Bioassay
on antifouling chemicids. Misc. Rep. Res. Inst.
Nat. Resources, 73:67-102.
Mawattiri, S. and S. Kobayashi

1954a. Seasonal settlement of animal fouling organisms
in Ago Bay, middle part of Japan, I. Misc. Rep.
Res. Inst. Nat. Resources 35:37-47.
1954b. Seasonal settlement of animal fouling organisms
in Ago Bay, middle part of Japan, II. Misc. Rep.
Res. Inst. Nat. Resources 36:1-8.
MawatJiri, S. and T. Miyauchi
1966. Studies for the improvement of pearl oyster shell
cleaning. (1) Antifouling chemical coatings and
their acceleration effect on shell growth. Misc.
Rep. Res. Inst. Nat. Resources 67:54-66.
Mawatari, S., Y. Hirosaki and S. Kobayashi
1954a. Settlement and growth of acorn barnacle Balanus
amphitrite communis Darwin, I. Misc. Rep. Res.
Inst. Nat. Resources 33:46-55.
1954b. Settlement and growth of acorn barnacle, Balanus
amphitrite communis Darwin, II. Misc. Rep. Res.
Inst. Nat. Resources 34:48-57.

Mawatari, S., H. Kitamura and Y. Kawashima
1968. Propagation of invaded bfirnacles by ships. Proc.
Jap. Soc. Syst. Zool., No. 4:24-30.
Mawatari, S., H. Kitamura, M. Inaba and K. Hosaka

1962. Biological approach to the water conduit fouling
in littoral industrial districts along the coast of
Japan, 1. Misc. Rep. Res. Inst. Nat. Resources
58-59:89-115.

1963. Biological approach to the water conduit fouling
in littoral industrial districts along the coast of
Japan, 2. Misc. Rep. Res. Inst. Nat. Resources
60:93-104.

McDermott, J. J.
1960. The predation of oysters and barnacles by crabs
of the family Xanthidae. Proc. Pennsylvania Acad.
Sci. 34:199-211.
McDougall, K. D.
1943. Sessile marine invertebrates of Beaufort, North
Carolina. Ecol. Monogr. 13(3);323-374.
McLaughlin, P. A.
1963. Survey of the benthic invertebrate fauna of the
eastern Bering Sea. U.S. Fish Wildhfe Sp. Sci.
Rep. Fish. 401:1-75.
McLaughlin, P. A. and D. P. Henry
1972. Comparative morphology of complemental males
in four species of Balanus (Cirripedia Thoracica).
Crustaceana 22(l):13-30.
Meadows, P. S.

1969a. SubUttoral fouling communities on northern coasts

of Britain. Hydrobiologia 34(3/4):273-294.
1969b. Settlement, growth and competition in sublittoral
populations of barnacles. Hydrobiologia 33(1):
65-92.
Menesini, E.
1963. Cirripedi miocenici deUe "Arenarie de Ponsano"
(Volterra, provincia de Pisa). Atti. Soc. Toscana.
Sci. Nat., ser. A, 70:1-11.

1965. Caratteri morfologici e strutture microscopica di
alcune specie de Balani neogenici e quaternari.
Palaeont. Italica 59:85-129.

1966. I Balani Miocenici delle "Arenarie de Ponsano"
(Volterra, Provincia de Pisa). Palaeont. Itahca
60:99-129.

1967a. Caratteri morfologici e struttura microscopica di

un balano de Taglia Gigantesca vivente sulle

coste del Cile. Atti. Soc. Toscana. Sci. Nat. Mem.,

ser. B, 74:46-59.
1967b. Osservazioni su alcuni Balani della formazione

Langhiana del Arenarie a scutella di manciano

(Grosseto). Atti. Soc. Toscana. Sci. Nat. Mem.,

ser. A, 74:214-220.
1968a. Osservazioni su Coronula bifida Bronn. Atti. Soc.

Toscana. Sci. Nat. Mem., ser. A, 75(2):387-398.
1968b. Cirripedi, echinidi, elasmobranchi e pesci (s.s.) del

Pliocene di punta ristola (Capo di Leuca — Puglia).

Atti. Soc. Toscana. Sci. Nat. Mem., ser. A, 75(2):

579-596.
1968c. Balanus curvirostratus nuova specie del Pliocene

della Toscana. Atti. Soc. Toscana. Sci. Nat. Mem.,

ser. A, 75(2):617-632.

1971. Nuove specie de Balanus (Cirripedia) dell 'Eocene
de dell 'Oligocene del bacino de parigi. BoU. Soc.
Paleont. Italiana 10(l):19-34.

1972. Balani (Cirripedia) Miocenici dell'Ungheria. Atti.
Soc. Toscana. Nat. Mem., ser. A, 79:36-48.

Merrill, R. J. and E. S. Hobson

1970. Field observations of Dendraster excentricus, a
sand dollar of western North America. Am. Midi.
Nat. 83(2):595-624.
Miers, E. J.
1881. Crustacea. Zoological collections made during the
survey of H.M.S. ALERT in the Straits of Magel-
lan and on the coast of Patagonia. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, pp. 61-79.

89

MUIard, N.
1950. On a collection of sessile barnacles from Knysna
Estuary, South Africa. Trans. R. Soc. South
Africa. 32(3):265-273.
Millard, N. and G. J. Broekhuysen
1970. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part X.
St. Lucia: A second report. Zool. Africana 5(2):
277-307.
Millecchia, R. and G. F. Gwilliam
1972. Photoreception in a barnacle: Electrophysiology of
the shadow reflex pathway in Balanus cariosus.
Science 177:438-441.
Mohammad, M.-B. M.

1962. A new record of Balanus balanoides (L.) Limnol.
Oceanogr. 6(4):488.
Molenock, J. and E. D. Gomez
1972. Larval stages and settlement of the barnacle
Balanus (Conopea) galeatus (L.) (Cirripedia
Thoracica). Crustaceana 23(1):100-108.
Molina, G. I.
1782. Saggio suUa storia naturale del Chile. Bologna.
367 pp.
Monod, T.
1937. Missions A. Gruvel dans le Canal de Suez. I.
Crustaces. Mem. Inst. Egypt. 34:1-19.
Monod, T. and R. P. Dollfus

1932. Sur quelques animaux rapportes par E. Aubert de
LA Rue des iles australes (Kerguelen et St. Paul).
Bull. Soc. Zool. France 57:56-76.

Monterosso, B.
1927a. Su di un particolare strato cellulare esistente at-

torno al mesointestino die Balanidid (Ricerche su

Balanus perforatus Brugiere). Mem. Ace. naz.

Lincei, ser. 6, 2:402-436.
1927b. Studii cirripedologici. L Anidrobiosi, clidotropismo

e allevamento di "Chthamalus stetlatus" Ranzani.

Atti. Accad. Gioenia Catania, ser. 5, Vol. 15:1-20.
1928a. Studii cirripedologici. II. Anabiosi nei Ctamalini.

Atti. Accad. Naz. Lincei Roma, Rend., ser 6, 7:

939-944.
1928b. Studii cirripedologici. III. Persistenze dei fenomeni

respirator! nei Ctamalini mantenuti in ambiente

subaereo. Boll. Soc. Biol. Speriment. 3:1067-1070.
1928c. Studii cirripedologici. IV. Fenomeni che precedono

I'anabiosi nei Ctamalini. Accad. Naz. Lincei Roma,

Rend., ser. 6, 8:91-96.

1929. Studii cirripedologici. V. Anabiosi e reviviscenze
nei Ctamalini. Accad. Naz. Lincei Roma, Rend.,
ser. 6, 9:92-96.

1930. Studii cirripedologici. VI. Sul comportamento de
"Chthamalus stellatus" in diverse condizioni speri-
mentah. Accad. Naz. Lincei Roma, Rend., ser. 6,
11:501-505.

1932a. Studii cirripedologici. VII. Eurialinita e anabiosi
in Chthamalus stellatus. " Accad. Naz. Lincei
Roma, Rend., ser. 6, 15:756-761.

1932b. Studii cirripedologici. VIII. Esperienze e consid-
erazioni suUa sopravivenza de "Chthamalus stel-
latus" in olio de vaselina. Accad. Gioenia Catania,
Atti., ser. 5, 19:1-9.

1932c. Studii cirripedologici. IX. Anaerobiosi in Chtha-
malus stellatus Ranzani. Accad. Naz. Lincei Roma,
Rend., ser. 6, 16:165-169.

1933. L'anabiosi nei Cirripedi e il problema della vita
latente (ipobiosi). Ricerche morfologisch, bio-
logische e sperimentali in Chthamalus stellatus
(Poll), var. depressa Darwin. Arch. Zool. Ital. 19:
17-379.

Moore, H. B.
1933. Change of orientation of a barnacle after meta-
morphosis. Nature 132:969-970.
1934a. The rate of growth of Bafa/ius. Scottish Nat. 1934:
101-109.

1934b. The biology of Balanus balanoides. I. Growth rate

and its relation to size, season and tidal level. J.

Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 19:851-868.
1935a. The growth rate of Balanus hameri (Ascanius). J.

Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 20(l):57-63.
1935b. The biology of Balanus balanoides. III. The soft

parts. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 20(2):264-277.
1935c. The biology of Balanus balanoides. IV. Relation

to environmental factors. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.

U.K. 20(2):279-307.
1936. The biology of Balanus balanoides. V. Distribution

in the Plymouth £u-ea. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K.,

(n.s.), 20(3):701-716.
Moore, H. B. and A. C. Frue

1959. The settlement and growth of Balanus improvisus,
B. ebumeus and B. amphitrite in the Miami area.
Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 9(4):421-440.

Moore, H. B. and F. A. Kitching

1939. The biology of Chthamalus stellatus (Poll). J. Mar.
BioL Assoc. U.K. 23:521-541.
Moore, H. B. and B. F. McPherson
1963. Colonization of the Miami area by the barnacle
Balanus trigonus Darwin and a note on its occur-
rence on the test of an echinoid. Bull. Mar. Sci.
Gulf Caribb. 13(3):418-421.
Moore, H. B. and M. W. Parke

1935. The biology ol Balanus balanoides. II. Algal infec-
tion of the shell. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 20(1):
49-52.
Moore, L. B.
1944. Some intertidal sessUe barnacles of New Zealand.
Trans. Proc. R. Soc. New Zealand 73(4):315-334.
Morch, O. A. L.
1852. CephEdophora Catalogus Conchyliorum:65-68 (Cirri-
pedia).
Mori. S.
1958. Rhythmic activity of the seaside barnacle, Tetra-
clita squamosa japonica Pilsbry. Mem. Coll. Sci.
Univ. Kyoto, ser. B, 25(l):23-30.
1961. Rhythmic activity of the seaside barnacle Tetra-
clita squamosa japonica Pilsbry in winter. Publ.
Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 9(2):373-378.
Moroni, M. A.
1952. Richerchi sui Cirripedi fossili italiana. Nota I.
Gior. Geol., Ann. Mus. Geol. Bologna, ser. 2, 22:
66-81.
1967. Classificazione sottogenerica ed affinita di Balanus
actinomorphus Moroni, 1952. Riv. Ital. Paleontol.
73(31:919-928.
Morton, J.
1973. The intertidal ecology of the British Solomon
Islands I. The zonation patterns of the weather
coasts. Phil Trans. R. Soc. Lond. ser. B, Biol.
265(873):491-542.
Moyse, J.

1960. Mass rearing of barnacle cyprids in the laboratory.
Nature 185(4706):120.

1961. The larval stages of Acasta spongites and Pyr-
goma anglicum (Cirripedia). Proc. Zool. Soc.
London 137(3):371-392.

1963. A comparison of the value of various flagellates

and diatoms as food for barnacle larvae. J. Conseil

Int. Explor. Mer. 28(2):175-187.
1971. Settlement and growth pattern of the parasitic

barnacle Pyrgoma anglicum. In, Crisp, D. J. (ed.),

Proc. 4th European Mar. Biol. Symp., pp. 125-141.

Cambridge Univ. Press.
Moyse, J. and E. W. Knight-Jones
1967. Biology of cirripede larvae. Proc. Symp. Crustacea

Mar. Biol. Assoc, India, 2:595-611.
Moyse, J. and A. Nelson-Smith
1963. Zonation of animals and plants on rocky shores

around Dale, Pembrokeshire. Field Stud. 1(5):1-31.

90

MuUer, F.

1867. Uber Balanus armatus und einen Bastard dieser
Art und des Balanus improvisus var. assimitis D.
Arch. Naturg. 33:329-356.

1868. On Balanus armatus, and a hybrid between this
species and Balanus improvisus, var. assimilis,
Darw. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 1:393-412.

MuUer, F. M.
1940. On the sensitivity of barnacles in different stages

of development towards some poisons. Arch.

Neerlandaises. Zool. 4:113-132.
Munn, E. A. and H. Barnes
1970a. The structure of the axial filament complex of the

of the spermatozoa of Balanus balanus. Exp. Cell

Res. 60:277-284.
1970b. The fine structure of the spermatozoa of some

cirripedes. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 4:261-286.
Munn, E. A., W. Klepal and H. Barnes

1974. The fine structure and possible function of the

sensory setae of the penis of Balanus balanoides.

J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 14(2):89-98.
Mtinster, G.
1840. Uber die Balanen in den jUngeren tertiaren Meer-

wasser-Gebilden Deutschlands. Beitr. Petrefak.

3:27-32.
Murray, J.
1895. A summary of the scientific results obtained at

the sounding, dredging, and trawling stations of

H.M.S. ChaUenger. Kept. H.M.S. ChaUenger (1872-

1876) summary, l(l):l-509.
Neu, W.
1932. Das vorkommen von Balanus improvisus Darwin

auf Helgolander Seetonnen. Zool. Anz. 99(5/6):

143-149.
1935a. Mitteilung einiger Beobachtungen zur Formbil-

dung von Balanus balanoides L. und dessen

Ansiedlung. Zool. Anz. 110:169-179.
1935b. Balanus ebumeus Gould und Balanus improvisus

Darwin als Bewuchs ausgehangter Flatten im

Goldenen Horn von Istanbul. Zool. Anz. 112:92-95.
NeweU, R. C. and H. R. Northcroft
1965. The relationship between cirral activity and O,

uptake in Balanus balanoides. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.

U.K. 45(2);387-403.
Newell, N., J. Imbrie, E. G. Purdy and D. L. Thurber
1959. Organism communities and bottom facies. Great

Bahama Bank. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 117(4):

177-288.
Newman, W. A.
1961. On the nature of the basis in certain species of the

Hembeli section of Chthamalus (Cirripedia, Thor-

acica). Cru'staceana 2(2):142-150.
1967a. A new genus of Chthamalidae (Cirripedia, Bal-

anomorpha) from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.

J. Zool. London 153:423-435.
1967b. On physiology and behaviour of estuarine bar-
nacles. Proc. Symp. Crustacea, Part III. pp. 1038-

1066. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India.

1974. Two new deep-sea cirripedia (Ascothoracica and
Acrothoracica) from the Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol.
Assoc. U. K. 54:437-456.

1975. Cirripedia, In, Smith, R. I. and J. T. Carlton
(eds.). Intertidal invertebrates of the Central
CaUfornia Coast (3rd ed.):259-269. Univ. Cahf.
Press.

Newman, W. A. and Harry S. Ladd
1974. Origin of coral-inhabiting Balanids (Cirripedia,
Thoracica). Verhandl. Naturf. Ges. Basel 84(1):
381-396.
Newman, W. A. and A. Ross
1971. Antarctic Cirripedia. Antarctic Research Series 14:
1-257.
Newman, W. A., V. A. ZuUo and W. A. Wainwright
1967. A critique on recent concepts of growth in

Balanomorpha (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Crustaceana
12(2):167-178.

Newman, W. A., V. A. ZuUo and T. H. Withers
1969. Cirripedia. In, Moore, R. C. (ed.). Treatise on In-
vertebrate Paleontology Part R. Arthropoda 4
(1):R206-R295, Geol. Soc. Am., Univ. Kansas

Nilsson-Cantell, C. A.
1921. Cirripeden-Studien. Zur Kenntnis der Biologie,
Anatomie und Systematik dieser Gruppe. Zool.
Bidrag. 7:75-395.

1925. Nueu und wenig bekannte Cirripeden aus den
Museen zu Stockholm und zu Upsala. Ark. Zool.
18A(3):l-46.

1926. Antarktische und subantarktische Cirripedien.
Ark. Zool. 18A{27):1-16.

1927a. Some barnacles in the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.) Proc. Zool. Soc. London pp. 743-790.

1927b. Om nigra fynd av Balanus improvisus Darwin
fran fartygsbottnar i nordiska farvatten. Fauna
Flora 3:91-94.

1928a. Studies on cirripeds in the British Museum (Nat.
Hist.) Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 2(7):l-39.

1928b. The cirripede Chionelasmus (Pilsbry) and a discus-
sion of its phylogeny. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
10. 2(ll):445-455.

1929a. Two species of Balanus very Uttle known since the
Darwinian Monograph of Cirripedia was issued.
Ark. Zool. 20A(14):l-7.

1929b. Cirripeds from the Juan Fernandez Islands. In,
Skottsberg, C. (ed.). The Natural History of Juan
Fernandez and Easter Island, 3(Zool.) (52): 483-
492. Ahnquist & Wiksells Boktryckeri, A.-B.,
Uppsala.

1930a. Diagnoses of some new cirrif)edes from the Nether-
lands Indies collected by the expedition of His
Royal Highness the Prince Leopold of Belgium in
1929. Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belgique 6(4): 1-2.

1930b. Cirripedes. Resultats Scientifiques du voyage aux
Indes Orientales Neerlandaise de LL. AA. RR. le
Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Mem.
Mus. R. d'Hist. Nat. Belgique 3(3): 1-24.

1930c. Thoracic cirripedes collected in 1925-1927. Dis-
covery Rep. 11:223-260.

1930d. Cirripedien von der Stewart Insel und von
Sudgeorgien. Senckenbergiana 12:210-213.

1931a. Revision der Sammlung recenter Cirripedien des
Naturhistorischen Museums in Basel. Verhandl.
Naturf. GeseU Basel 42:103-137.

1931b. Cirripeds from the Indian Ocean and Malay Arch-
ipelago in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.),
London. Ark. Zool 23A(18):1-12.

1932a. Cirripedien aus Japan. Ark. Zool. 24A(4):l-29.

1932b. Neue Balaniden aus Sud- und Ost-Afrika in dem
BerUner Museum. Ark. Zool. 24A(6):1-18.

1932c. Cirripedes (Additional Part). Resultats Scienti-
fiques du Voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerland-
aises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse
Leopold de Belgique. Mem. Mus. R. Hist. Nat.
Belgique 3(10):3-8.

1932d. The barnacles Stephanolepas and Chelonibia from
the turtle Eretmochelys imbricata. Ceylon J. Sci.
(B) SpoUa Zeylanica 16:257-264.

1932e. Notes on some cirripeds from the voyage of
H.R.H. the Prince Leopold of Belgium to the Far
East in the year 1932. Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat.
Belgique 8(33): 1-2.

1933. Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Bonaire,
Curacao und Aruba im Jahre 1930. Zool. Jahrb.
64(3/5):503-508.

1934a. Indo-Malayan cirripeds in the Raffles Museum,
Singapore. BuU. Raffles Mus. 9:42-73.

1934b. Cirripeds from the Malay Archipelago in the Zoo-
logical Museum of Amsterdam. Zool. Meded. R.
Mus. Nat. Hist. Leiden 17:31-63.

91

1937. On a second collection of Indo-Malayan cirripeds
from the Raffles Museum. Bull. Raffles Mus.
13:93-96.

1938a. Recent cirripeds from the Congo. Rev. Zool. Bot.
Afr. 31(1):1-81.

1938b. Cirripedes from the Indian Ocean in the collection
of the Indian Museum. Calcutta. Mem. Indian
Mus. 13(11:1-81, 28 figs., 3 pis.

1939a. Recent and fossil balanids from the north coast of
South America. Capita Zool. 8(4):3-7.

1939b. Thoracic cirripedes collected in 1925-1936. Dis-
covery Rep. 18:223-238.

1939c. Cirripedia. In, Resultats Scientifiques Croisieres
Navire-Ecole Beige Mercator. Mem. Mus. R. Hist.
Nat. Belgique, ser. 2, 15:91-94.

1949. The Armstrong College Zoological Expedition to
Siwa Oasis (Libyan Desert) 1935. Notes on a
Balanus from the saline lake Birket El-Gessabaia
(Exabaia). Proc. Egyptian Acad. Sci. IV — 43-44.

1955. Cirripedia. Rep. Swedish Deep-Sea Exped.. II
(Zool.l No. 17:215-220.

1957. Thoracic cirripeds from Chile. Lunds Univ. Arsskr.
N.F., ser. 2, 53(9):l-25.
Nishikawa, S.

1963. Chromosomes of Balanus amphitrite albicostatus
Pilsbry. Zool. Mag. Tokyo 69(12):355-356.

Nomland, J. O.
1917. Fauna of the Santa Margarita Beds in the North

Coahnga Region of California. Univ. Cahfornia

Publ. Geol. Sci. 10(18);293-326.
Nomura, S.

1938. A note on some fossils from the Ryukyu Islands.
Biogeographica 3(1):87-91.

Norris, E. and D. J. Crisp
1953. The distribution and planktonic stages of the
cirripede Balanus perforatus Bruguiere. Proc. Zool.
Soc. London 123(2):393-409.
Norris, E., L. W. G. Jones, T. Lovegrove, and D. J. Crisp
1951. Variability in larval stages of cirripedes. Nature
167(42461:444-445.
Nott, J. A.
1969. Settlement of barnacle larvae: Surface structure
of the antennular attachment disc by scanning
electron microscopy. Mar. Biol 2:248-251.
Nott, J. A. and B. A. Foster
1969. On the structure of the antennular attachment
organ of the cypris larva of Balanus balanoides
(L.) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, B, 256(803):
115-134.
Ooishi, S.

1964. Results of the Anami Expedition No. 3. Inverte-
brates. Rep. Fac. Fish. Pref. Univ. Mie. 5(1):
189-215.

Orcutt, C. R.
1921. Pleistocene beds of San Quintin Bay, Lower Cah-
fornia. West Am. Sci. 19(3):23-24.
ORiordan, C. E.
1967. Cirripedes in Ireland. Proc. R. Irish Acad. sect. B.,
65(10);285-296.
Ortmann, A. E.
1900. Synopsis of the collection of invertebrate fossils
made by the Princeton Expedition to Patagonia.
Am. J. Sci. 10:368-381.
1902. Tertiary invertebrates. Repts. Princeton Univ. Ex-
ped. to Patagonia. 1896-1899. 4, Paleontology.
(2):247-255 (Cirripedia).
Ostroumoff, A.

1892. Notes sur la distribution de Balanus ebumeus
Gould. Zool. Anz. 15(389):160.
PaUas. P. S.
1788. Marina varia nova et rariora. Nova Acta Acad. Imp.
Sci., Petropol. 2:229-249.
Parfitt, E.
1871. Description of a new fossil Balanus. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 8:210-212.

Paris, O.

1960. Some quantitative aspects of predation by muricid
snails on mussels in Washington Sound. Vehger,
2(3):41-47.

Park. J.

1910. The geology of New Zealand. Christchurch, New

Zealand. 488 pp.
Patel, B. and D. J. Crisp
1960a. The influence of temperature on breeding and

moulting activities of some warm water species of

operculate barnacles. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K.

39:667-680.
1960b. Rates of development of the embryos of several

species of barnacles. Physiol. Zool. 33(2):104-119.

1961. Relation between the breeding and moulting
cycles in cirripedes. Crustaceana 2:89-107.

Patton, W. K.
1963. Animal associates of the gorgonian coral
Leptogorgia virgulata at Beaufort, N. CaroUna,
U.S.A. Am. Zool. 3(4):522.
Pearse, A. S.
1947. Observations on the occurrence of certain bar-
nacles and isopods at Beaufort, North Carolina.
J. Washington Acad. Sci. 37(9):325-328.
1952. Parasitic Crustacea from the Texas coast. Publ.
Inst. mar. Sci. 2(2):7-42.
Petersen, G. H.

1962. The distribution of B. balanoides and Littorina
saxatilis var. groenlandica Menke in northern
west Greenland. Medd. Gronland 159(9):l-43.

1966. Balanus balanoides (L.) (Cirripedia) life cycle and

growth in Greenland. Medd. Gronland 159(12):

1-114.
Petriconi, V.
1969. Vergleichend anatomische untersuchungen an Ran-

kenfiissern (Crustacea; Cirripedia). Zur funktions-

morphologie der Mundwerkenge der Cirripedia.

Zool. Anz. 33:539-547.
Phihppi, R. A.
1836. Cirripedia. In, Enumeratio Molluscorum Sicilaecum

viventium in tellure tertiaria fossilium quae in

itinere suo observavit. Berolini, 267 pp.
1887. Die Tertiaren und Quartaren Versteinerungen

Chiles. Leipzig, 266 p.
Pichon, M.
1972. The coral reefs of Madagascar. In, Battistine, R.

and G. Richard-Vindard (eds.), Biogeography and

Ecology in Madagascar, p. 367-410. Dr. W. Junk

B. V. Publishers, The Hague.
Pillai. N. K.

1958. Development of Balanus amphitrite, with a note

on the early larvae of Chelonibia testudinaria.

Bull. Centre Res. Inst. Univ. Kerala, ser. C,

6:117-130.
Pilleri, G.
1970. Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup on Delphinus

delphis, Stenella styx and Tursiops truncatus of

the western Mediterranean. In, Pilleri, G. (ed.),

Investigations on Cetacea, II, p. 248-249. Berne,

Switzerland.
Pilsbry, H. A.
1896. On a collection of barnacles. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia 48:208.
1907a. The barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collec-
tions of the U.S. National Museum. Bull. U.S.

Natl. Mus. 60:1-122.
1907b. Notes on some Pacific cirripedes. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia 59:360-362.
1907c. Hawaiian Cirripedia. Bull. Bur. Fish 26:181-190.
1907d. Cirripedia from the Pacific coast of North America.

BuU. Bur. Fish. 26:193-204.
1909. Report on barnacles of Peru, collected by Dr. R. E.

Coker and others. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 37(1700):

63-74.

92

1910. Stomatolepas, a barnacle commensal in the throat
of the Loggerhead turtle. Am. Nat. 44:304-306.

1911. Barnacles of Japan and Bering Sea. Bull. Bur.
Fish. 29:59-84.

1912. Diagnoses of new barnacles from the Philippine
Archipelago and China Sea. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.
42(1902):291-294.

1916. The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the
collections of the U.S. National Museum; including
a monograph of the American species. Bull. U.S.
Natl. Mus. 93:1-366.

1918. Cirripedia from the Panama Canal Zone. Bull. U.S.
Natl. Mus. 103;185-188.

1921. Barnacles of the San Juan Islands, Washington.
Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 59(23621:111-115.

1924. Miocene and Pleistocene Cirripedia from Haiti,
Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 52(25121:1-3.

1927. Cirripedia of Curacao. Bijdr. Dierk. 25:36-37.

1928. Littoral barnacles of the Hawaiian Islands and
Japan. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 79:
305-317.

1930. Cirripedia (Balanus) from the Miocene of New
Jersey. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 82;
429-433.

1931. The cirriped genus Pyrgoma in American waters.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 83:81-83.

1943. Cirripedia. In, Marine Invertebrates of the buried
beaches near Nome, Alaska. J. Paleontol. 17:94-95.
1953. Notes on Floridan barnacles (Cirripedia). Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 105:13-28.
PUsbry, H. A. and A. A. Olsson

1951. Tertiary and Cretaceous Cirripedia from north-
western South America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 103:197-210.
Plaziat, J-C and C. Cavalier
1973. L'apparition des Balanes dans le Bassin de Paris.
C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. D 276:2875-2877.
Pochon-Masson, J., J. Bocquet-V6drine and Y. Turquier
1969- Contribution a I'etude du spermatozoide des
1970. crustaces cirripedes. Comp. Spermatology 137:
205-219.
Poli, G. S.
1791- Testacea Utriusque Siciliae eorumque historia et
1795. anatome tabuUs aeneis Ulustrata. Parma.
Pomerat, C. and E. Reiner
1942. The influence of surface angle and of light on the
attachment of barnacles and other sedentary
organisms. Biol. Bull. 82(l):14-25.
Pope, E.
1945. A simplified key to the sessile barnacles found on
the rocks, boats, wharf piles and other installa-
tions in Port Jackson and adjacent water. Rec.
Australian Mus. 21(6):351-372.

1958. The barnacle, Xenobakmus globicipitis Steenstrup,
in Australian seas. Proc. R. Zool. Soc. New South
Wales 1956-57:159-161.

1959. Some Australian barnacles. Australian Mus. Mag.,
December, 1959:116-119.

1965. A review of Australian and some Indomalayan
Chthamalidae (Crustacea, Cirripedia). Proc. Linn.
Soc. New South Wales 90(l):10-77.

1966. Sessile barnacles (Thoracica, Cirripedia). Port
Phillip Survey, 1957-1963. Mem. Natl. Mus. Mel-
bourne 27:179-182.

Per, F. D.
1972. Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters
of the Sinai Peninsula. Mar. Biol. 14(2):111-119.
Por, F. D. and I. Ferber
1972. The Hebrew University-Smithsonian Institution
collections from the Suez Canal (1967-1972). Israel
J. Zool. 21:149-166.
Poulson, E. M.
1935. De Danske Farvandes Rurer (Balanomorpha og

Verrucomorpha). Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Natur-
hist. Kovenhaven Foren. 99:5-27.
PoweU, H. T.
1954. Occurrence of Chthamalus stellatus (Poli). in Fair

Isle and Shetland. Nature 173:688.
1960. Elminius modestus Darwin on the Isle of Cumbrae
(Firth of Clyde). Nature 185:119-120.
Prenant, M.

1929. Balanus amphitrite Darwin sur les cotes Atlanti-
que francaises. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 54:212-213.
Prenant, M. and G. Teissier
1923. Notes sur les cirripedes opercules de la region de
Roscoff. BuU. Soc. Zool. France 48:170-178.
Prochazka, V. J.
1893. O Zkamenelych Creusiich z Miocaenu Moravshkeho,
Dobiorakouskeho, Styrskeho a Chrovatskeho.
Rozpravy Ceske Akad. Cisare Frantiska Josefa,
ser. 2, 2(l):l-24.
Pyefinch, K. A.
1948a. Methods of idenfication of the larvae of Balanus
balanoides (L.), Balanus crenatus Brug. and
Verruca stroemia O. F. Muller. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
U.K. 27(2):451-463.
1948b. Notes on the biology of cirripedes. J. Mar. Biol.

Assoc. U.K. 27(2):464-503.
1948c. The larval stages of Balanus crenatus Bruguiere.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London 118:916-923.
Pyefinch, K. A. and J. C. Mott
1948. The sensitivity of barnacles and their larvae to
copper and mercury. J. Exp. Biol. 25(3):276-298.
Raj, B. S.

1927. The littoral fauna of Krusadai Island in the Gulf
of Manaar with appendices on the vertebrates and
plants. Cirripedia (Barnacles). BuU. Madras Govt.
Mus., U.S., Nat. Hist. sect. 1(1):111-115.

Ramenofsky, M., D. J. Faulkner and C. Ireland

1974. Effect of juvenile hormone on cirriped metamor-
phosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 60(1):172-178.
Ranzani, C.
1818. Osservaxioni su i Balanidi. Opuscoli Scientifici

2(2):63-93.
1820. Osservazioni su i Balanidi. Mem. Storia Nat., deca

prima, pp. 13-57.
Rao, D. G. V. and P. N. Ganapati
1969. Oxygen consumption in relation to body size in

the barnacle, Balanus tintinnabulum tintinrmbulum

(L.) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28(1):193-198.
Rees, W. J.

1962. The distribution of the coral, Caryophyllia smithii

and the barnacle Pyrgoma anglicum in Britich

waters. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 8(9):403-418.
ReUni, G.
1962. Nota preliminaire sul bentos vivente nel porto di

Genova. Doriana 3(123):l-4.
1964. I cirripedi opercolati del porto di Genova. Ann.

Mus. Civico Storia Nat. Genova 87:397-411.
1966. Ricerchi sul "fouling" nel porto de Genova. Boll.

Zool. 32(1):179.
1968a. Segnalazione di due Cirripedi nouvi per I'Adriatico.

Boll. Soc. Adriatica Sci. Trieste 56(2):218-225.
1968b. Osservasioni preUminari sui Balani della rada di

Vado Ligure (Sv). Boll. Mus. Inst. Biol. Univ.

Genova 36(247):185-190.
1969. La distribuzione dei Cirripedi Toracici nei xaasi

Italiana. Arch. Bot. Biogeogr. Italiano, ser. 4,

45(4):168-186.
ReUni, G. and E. Giordano
1969. Distribuzione verticale ed insediamento delle quat-

tro specie di Balani presenti nel porto de Genova.

Natura 60(4):251-281.
Remy, P.

1928. Materiaux Zoologiques recoltes par le "Pourquoi-

93

Pas?" dans les mers arctiques en 1926. Ann. Sci.
Nat. Paris ser. 10, 11:209-245.
Resig, J. M.

1969. Paleontological investigations of deep borings on
Ewa Plain, Oahu, Hawaii. Hawaii Inst. Geophys.
Rep. HIG-69-2:l-99.

Rice, L.
1930. Peculiarities in the distribution of barnacles in
communities and their probable causes. Publ.
Puget Sound Mar. Biol. Sta. 7:249-257.
Richard, J.
1936. Documents sur les Cetac6s et pinnipedes provenant
des Campagnes du Prince Albert 1^"^ de Monaco.
Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco 94:1-71.
Richard, J. and H. Neuville
1897. Sur quelques cetaces observes pendant les cam-
pagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice. Mem. Soc. Zool.
France 10:100-109.
Richards, H. G.
1930. Notes on barnacles from Cape May County, New
Jersey. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 82:
143-144.
Riedl, R.
1963. Cirripedia. pp. 252-258. In, Fauna und Flora der
Adria. Paul Parey, Hamburg.
Rigg, G. B., and R. C. Miller
1949. Intertidal plant and animal zonation in the vicinity
of Neah Bay, Washington. Proc. California Acad.
Sci., ser. 4, 26(101:323-351.
Ritz, D. A. and B. A. Foster
1968. Comparison of the temperature responses of bar-
nacles from Britain, South Africa and New
Zealand, with special reference to temperature
accUmation in Elminius modestus. J. Mar. Biol.
Assoc. U.K. 48:545-559.
Ritz, D. A. and D. J. Crisp

1970. Seasonal changes in feeding rate in Batanus bal-
anoides. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 50:223-240.

Robertson, R.

1970. Review of the predators and parasites of stony
corals with special reference to symbiotic proso-
branch gastropods. Pac. Sci. 24(l):43-54.
Rogers, F. L.

1949. Three new subspecies ol Balanus amphitrite from
Cahfornia. J. Ent. Zool. Claremont 41(2):23-32.
Rolfe, W. D. I.

1963. Catalogue of type specimens in the invertebrate
paleontological collections of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology. Arthropoda (Trilobita, Arachini-
da and Insecta excluded). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
129(7):385.
RoseU, Neon C.

1970. A gorgoftacean inhabiting barnacle Germs Acasta
from Cebu. Nat. Appl. Sci. BuU. 22:103-111.

1972. Some barnacles (Cirripedia Thoracica) of Puerto
Galera found in the vicinity of the U. P. Marine
Biological Laboratory. Natur. Appl. Sci. Bull. 24(4):
143-285.

1973a. On two less well-known balanids (Cirripedia
Thoracica) from the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines.
U.P. Nat. Sci. Res. Cent. Tech. Rep. 4:1-12.

1973b. Some Thoracic barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia) of
Manila Bay. Kalikasan, Phil. J. Biol. 2:69-95.

1974. Two new species of barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica)
found inhabiting a common eco-niche from Min-
danao, Phihppines. U. P. Nat. Sci. Res. Cent.
Tech. Rep. 13:1-12.

1975. A new Tetraclitella from the Phihppines. Crus-
taceana28(l):96-100.

Rosenberg, R.

1972a. Effects of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons on
larval and juvenile Balanus balanoides (L.) En-
viron. Pollut. 3:313-318.

1972b. Salinity tolerance of larvae oi Balanus balanoides.
(L.)Opheha 10(1):11-15.

Roskell, J.
1962. Barnacles epizoic on Littorina shells. J. Anim.
Ecol. 31(2):263-271.
Ross, A.

1961. A new cirriped from the Hawaiian Islands. Crus-
taceana 2(3):209-212.

1962. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of
Natural History Expedition to western Mexico.
No. 15. The Uttoral balanomorph Cirripedia. Am.
Mus. Novit. 2084:1-44.

1963a. A new Pleistocene Platylepas from Florida. Q. J.

Florida Acad. Sci. 26(2):150-158.
1963b. Chelonibia in the Neogene of Florida. J. Florida

Acad. Sci. 26(3):221-233.
1964a. Cirripedia from the Yorktown Formation (Miocene

of Virginia. J. Paleontol. 38:483-491.
1964b. A new barnacle from the Tamiami Miocene. Q. J.

Florida Acad. Sci. 27(4):27 1-277.
1964c. Type locahty of Platylepas wilsoni Ross. Q. J.

Florida Acad. Sci. 27(4):278.
1965a. A new cirriped from the Eocene of Georgia. Q. J.

Florida Acad. Sci. 28(l):59-67.
1965b. Armatobalanus in the Miocene of Maryland. Q. J.

Florida Acad. Sci. 28(4):332-338.

1967. Notes on Balanus humilis Conrad, 1846. Q. J.
Florida Acad. Sci. 30(3):173-176.

1968. Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey
of Dominica. 8. The intertidal balanomorph Cir-
ripedia. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 125(3665):l-22.

1969. Studies on the Tetrachtidae (Cirripedia: Thoracica):
Revision of Tetraclita. Trans. San Diego Soc.
Nat. His. 15(15):237-251.

1970. Studies on the Tetrachtidae (Cirripedia: Thoracica):
A proposed new genus for the austral species
Tetraclita purpurascens breviscutum. Trans. San
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 16(1):1-12.

1971a. Studies on the Tetrachtidae (Cirripedia: Thoracica):

A new tetrachtellan from India. Trans. San Diego

Soc. Nat. Hist. 16(8):215-224.
1971b. A new genus of Chthamahdae (Cirripedia) from

the southeastern Pacific island of San Ambrosio.

Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 16(ll):265-278.
1972. Studies on the Tetrachtidae (Cirripedia, Thoracica):

On the occurrence of Tetraclitella karandei in

Taiwan. Crustaceana 23(3):307-308.
Ross, A. and C. G. Jackson, Jr.

1972. Barnacle fouhng of the ornate diamondback ter-
rapin, Mataclemys terrapin macrospilota. Crus-
taceana 22(2):203-205.

Ross, A. and W. A. Newman

1967. Eocene Balanidae of Florida, including a new
genus and species with a unique plan of "Turtle
Barnacle" organization. Am. Mus. Novitates 2288:1-21.

1969a. A coral-eating barnacle. Pacific Sci. 23(2):252-256.

1969b. Cirripedia. In, J. W. Hedgpeth (ed.). Distribution of
selected groups of marine invertebrates in waters
South of 35°S Lattitude. Am. Geogr. Soc. Antarc-
tic FoUo Series 11:30-32.

1973. Revision of the coral-inhabiting barnacles (Cir-
ripedia: Balanidae). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat.
Hist. 17(12):137-174.

Ross, A., J. J. Cerame-Vivas, and L. R. McCloskey
1964. New barnacle records for the coast of North
CaroUna. Crustaceana 7(4):312-313.
Rothpletz, A. and V. SimoneUi
1890. Die marinen ablagerungen auf Gran Canaria.
Zeit. Deutschen Geol. Gesell. 42:677-736.
Rowland, R. W.

1972. Paleontology and paleoecology of the San Diego
Formation in northwestern Baja, CaMfomia. Trans.
San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 17(3):25-32.
Ruedemann, R.
1918. The phytogeny of the acorn barnacles. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. 4(12):382-384.

94

Runnstrom, S.

1925. Zur Biologie und Entwicklung von Batanus bat-
anoides (Linne). Bergens Mus. Arbok. 5:1-40.
Rusanova, M. N.
1959. The biological differences between the White Sea
and Barents Sea Balanus batanoides Linne. Dok-
lady Akad. Nauk SSSR, 126(1-61:568-571.
Ryder, J. A.
1879. Strange habitat of a barnacle on a Gar Pike. Am.
Nat. 13:453.
Rzhepishevskii, I. K.
1968. Barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica) in Chesa Bay,
Barents Sea. Trudy Murmansk Morskoi Biol. Inst.
17(211:36-47.
Sakakura, K.
1934. Pleistocene Pyrgoma from Tiba Prefecture. J.
Geol. Soc. Tokyo 41:575-581.
Sandeen, M. I. and J. D. Costlow

1961. The presence of decapod-pigment-activating sub-
stances in the central nervous system of repre-
sentative Cirripedia. Biol. Bull. 120(2):192-205.

Sandison, E.E.

1950. Appearance of Elminius modes tus Darwin in

South Africa. Nature 165(4185):79-80.
1954. The identification of the nauplii of some South

African barnacles with notes on their life histories.

Trans. R. Soc. South Africa 34:69-101.

1962. The populations of Balanus amphitrite var.
stutsburi on the Guinea Coast. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London 138(4):517-542.

1966. The effect of salinity fluctuations on the life cycle
of Balanus pallidas stutsburi Darwin in Lagos
Harbour, Nigeria. J. Anim. Ecol. 35:363-378.

1967. The naupUar stages of Balanus pallidas stutsburi
Darwin and Chthamalus aestuarii Stubbings (Cir-
ripedia, Thoracica). Crustaceana 13(2):161-174.

Sandison, E. and M. Hill

1966. The distribution of Balanus pallidas stutsburi
Darwin, Gryphaea gasar ((Adanson) Dautzenberg),
Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel and Hydroides
uncinata (Philippi) in relation to salinity in Lagos
Harbour and adjacent creeks. J. Anim. Ecol. 35:
235-250.

Saroyan, J. R., E. Lindner and C. A. Dooley

1968. Attachment mechanisms of barnacles. Mare Is-
land Paint Lab., San Francisco, California, Rep.
no. 68-1:1-18.

Say, T.
1822. An account of some marine shells of the United

States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2(2):221-

248, 302-325.
Scaminon, CM.
1874. The marine manunals of the northwestern coast

of North America. John H. Carmany & Co., San

Francisco, 319 p.
Schafer, W.
1938a. Die geologische Bedeutung von Bohr-Organismen

in tierischen Hart-TeUen, aufgezeigt an Balaniden-

Schill der Innenjade. Senckenbergiana 20(5):

304-313.
1938b. Palokologische Beobachtungen an sessilen Tieren

der Nordsee. Senckenbergiana 20(5):323-331.
1938c. Bewuchs-VerteUung von Seepocken (Balaniden) im

Gezeiten-Gurtel. Nat. Volk. 68:564-569.
1948. Wuchsformen von Seepoken (B. balanoides). Nat.

Volk 78(4-6):74-78.
1952. Biologische Bedeutung der Ortswahl bei Balaniden-

Larven. Senckenbergiana 33(4/6):235-246.
Scheffer, V. B.
1939. Organisms collected from whales in the Aleutian

Islands. Murrelet 20:67-69.
Schmalz, C.
1906. Die Ordnung der Cirripedien. Syst. Conchylien-

Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz ll(5):l-82.

Schumacher, C. F.

1817. Essai d'un nouveau systeme des havitations des
vers testaces. Copenhagen. 287 pp.
Schwarz, A.
1932. Der Lichteinfluss auf die Fortbewegung, die
Einregelung und das Wachstum bei niederen
Tieren. Senckenbergiana 14(6);429-454.
Schwartz, F. J.

1960. The barnacle Platylepas hexastylos, encrusting a
green turtle Chelonia mydas mydas from Chinco-
teague Bay, Maryland. Chesapeake Sci. 1(2):
116-117.
Seguenza, G.
1873-1876. Ricerchi Paleontologiche intorno ai Ctrripedi
terziari della provincia de Messina. Con ap-
pendice intorno ai Cirripedi viventi nel Mediter-
raneo e sui fossili terziari dell'Italia Meridonale.
Parte I (1873); Part II (1876). Atti Accad. Pon-
taniana, 10:267-481.
Shatoury, H. H.

1958. A freshwater mutant of Balanus amphitrite.
Nature 181(4611):790-791.
Shaw, S. R.
1972. Decremental conduction of the visual signal in
barnacle lateral eye. J. Physiol. 220:145-175.
Shelford, V. E.
1930. Geographic extent and succession in Pacific North
American intertidal (Balanus) communities. Publ.
Puget Sound Mar. Biol. Sta. 7:217-223.
Shelford, V. E., A. O. Weese, L. A. Rice, D. I. Rasmussen,
A. MacLean, N. M. Wismer and J. H. Swanson
1935. Some marine biotic communities of the Pacific
coast of North America. Ecol. Monogr. 5:249-354.
Shimkin, M. B., B. K. Kee and I. Zechmeister
1951. An instance of the occurrence of carcinogenic
substances in certain barnacles. Science 113(2945):
650-651.
Shimony, T.

MS(1971.) Biochemical and histochemical studies of the
enzyme arylsulphatase in the mantle of the bar-
nacle Balanus ebumeus Gould. Ph.D. Thesis, New
York University, Graduate School of Arts and
Science.
Shimony, T. and R. F. Nigrelli

1971. Phenoloxidase activity in the cement apparatus of
the adult barnacle, Balanus ebumeus Gould, and
its possible function in the hardening process of
the adhesive substances. Am. Zool. ll(4):662-663.

1972. Studies on arylsulphatases in the barnacle Balanus
ebumeus. Mar. Biol. 14(4):349-358.

Singarajah, K. V., J. Moyse and E. W. Knight-Jones
1967. The effect of feeding upon the phototacitc be-
haviour of cirripede nauplii. J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecol. 1:144-153.
Sizer, I. W.

1937. Stimulation of Balanus balanoides and Fundulus
heteroclitus by dicarboxylic acids. Physiol. Zool.
Chicago 10(31:327-341.
Skerman, T. M.
1958. Marine fouling at the Port of Lyttelton. New

Zealand J. Sci. 1:224-257.
1960. Note on Stylochus zamibaricus Laidlaw, (Turbel-
laria, Polycladida) a suspected predator of bar-
nacles in the port of Auckland, New Zealand. New
Zealand J. Sci. 3(4):610-614.
Smith, F. G. W.
1946. Effect of water currents upon the attachment and

growth of barnacles. Biol. Bull. 90(l):51-70.
1948. Surface illumination and barnacle attachment.
Biol. BuU. 94(11:33-39.
Smith, F. G. W., R. H. Williams, and C. C. Davis
1950. An ecological survey of the subtropical inshore
waters adjacent to Miami. Ecology 31(1):119-146.

95

Smith, W. A.

1971. Crustacea: Cirripedes from Diego Garcia. Atoll
Res. BuU. 149:103.

Sneli. J. A.

1972. Distribution of Balanus improvisus along the
Norwegian coast. Rhizocrinus, Occasional Pap.,
Zool. Mus., Oslo l(7):l-6.

Sommer. H. H.

1972a. Exogene Steuerung der Motorischen Aktivitat von
Balanus balanus L. durch Aktiviorung zweier
Adaptations-systeme des Lichtsinns. Verhandl.
Deutschen Zool. GeseU. 65:271-275.

1972b. Endogene und exogene Periodik in der Aktivitat
eines niederen Krebses (Balanus balanus h.} Zool.
vergl. Physiol. 76:177-192.

1972c. Untersuchungen zum Nachweis spezifischer Per-
septions mechanism im Drucksinn sessiler Krebse
(Balanus balanus L. und Balanus improvisus
Darwin). Experientia 28(12):1449-1450.

1972d. Untersuchungen zur Physiologic der Druck-
wahrnehmung an sessilen Krebsen (Balanus
balanus und Balanus improvisus) des Sublitorals
und Eulitorals. Helgolander Wiss. Meeresunters.
23:352-364.
Southward, A. J.

1950. Occurrence of Chthamalus stellatus in the Isle of
Man. Nature 165(4193):408-409.

1951. The distribution of Chthamalus stellatus in the
Irish Sea. Nature 167:410-411.

1955a. Feeding of barnacles. Nature 175(4469):! 124-1 125.

1955b. On the behavior of barnacles. I. The relation of
cirral and other activities to temperature. J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. U.K. 34:403-422.

1955c. On the behaviour of barnacles. 11. The influence
of habitat and tide-level on cirral activity. J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. U.K. 34:423-433.

1957. On the behaviour of barnacles. III. Further
observations on the influence of temperature and
age on cirral activity. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K.
36:323-334.

1960. On changes of sea temperature in the English
Channel. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 39:449-458.

1962. On the behaviour of barnacles. IV. The influence
of temperature on cirral activity and survival of
some warm-water species. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
U.K. 42:163-177.

1964a. The relationship between temperature and rhy-
thmic cirral activity in some cirripedes considered
in connection with their geographical distribution.
Helgoland, wiss. Meeresunters. 10(l-4):391-403.

1964b. On the European species of Chthamalus (Cir-
ripedia). Crustaceana 6(4):241-254.

1965. On the metabolism and survival of cirripedes at
high temperatures. Trav. Centre Rech. Etud.
Oceanogr., n.s., 6(l/4):441-446.

1967. On the ecology and cirral behaviour of a new bar-
nacle from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. J. Zool.
London 153:437-444.

1975. Intertidal and shallow water Cirripedia of the
Caribbean. Stud. Fauna Curasao Caribbean Is.
46(150):l-53.
Southward, A. J. and D. J. Crisp

1952. Changes in the distribution of the intertided bar-
nacles in relation to the environment. Nature 170:
416-417.

1954a. Recent changes in the distribution of the intertidal

barnacles Chthamalus stellatus PoU and Balanus

balanoides L. in the British Isles. J. Anim. Ecol.

23:163-177.
1954b. The distribution of certain intertidal animals

around the Irish coast. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad.

57B(l):l-29.
1956. Fluctuations in the distribution and abundance of

intertidal barnacles. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 35:

211-229.

1963. Barnacles of European waters. In, Catalogue of
Main Marine Fouling Organisms, Volume 1, Bar-
nacles, 46 p. Organisation for Economic Coopera-
tion and Development, Paris.
1965. Activity rhythms of barnacles in relation to
respiration and feeding. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K.
45:161-185.
Southward. A. J. and E. C. Southward
1958. On the occurrence and behaviour of two little-
known barnacles, Hexelasma hirsutum and Verruca
recta, from the Continental Slope. J. Mar. Biol.
Assoc. U.K. 37:633-647.
1967. On the biology of an intertidal chthamalid (Crus-
tacea, Cirripedia) from the Chuckchi Sea. Arctic
20(l):8-20.
Southward, E. C.
1963. Haemoglobin in barnacles. Nature 200(4908):
798-799.
Sowerby, G. B.
1822-1834. The genera of recent and fossil shells, for the
use of students in Conchology and Geology, with
original Plates by James Sowerby (Nos. i-xvii),
continued by J. de C. Sowerby, Nos. xviii-xlii).
1825. On a new genus of Cirripedes. Zool. J. London,
2:244-245.
Sowerby, J. de C.
1846. The Mineral Conchology of Great Britain. London,
pt. 113:57-80, pis. 644-648.
Speden, I. G.
1962. FossiUferous Quaternary marine deposits in the
McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica. New Zealand
J. Geol. Geophys. 5:746-777.
Spengler, L.
1780. Beschreibung zweier neuev Gattung Meereicheln
(Lepades) nebst der Islandischen Kammuschel
(Ostrea islandica) Schr. Berlin Ges. Naturf. Fr.
1:101-111.
1790. Beskrivelse og Oplysing over den hidindtil lidet
udarbeide Slaegt af mangeskallede Konchylier,
som Linnaeus har daldet Lepas, med tUfoiede nye
og ubeskrevne Arter. (Om. Conchylie-Slaegten
Lepas). Skrift. Natur. Selsk. 1(1):158-212.
Srinivasan, K. S.
1947. Observations on some Balanidae from MahabaU-
puram. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 47(1):115-117.
Stallcup, W. B.
1953. Distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus dalli
PUsbry at CabrUlo Point, Monterey Bay, Cali-
fornia. Field Lab. (Contrib. Dept. Sci., Southern
Methodist Univ.) 21(4):143-146.
Stead, O.
1903. Parasites on a whale. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South
Wales 28:944-945.
Stebbing, T. R. R.
1902. Marine investigations in South Africa. South
African Crustacea. Cape of Good Hope Dept.
Agri. 1:62-63.
1910. General catalogue of South African Crustacea.

Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 6(4):563-575.
1923. Cirripedia. Fish. Mar. Surv. S. Africa, Spec.
Rep. 3:12.
Steenstrup, J. J. S.
1852. Om Xenobalanus ghbicipitis, en ny Cirriped-SIaegt
af Coronula familien. Vidensk. Medd. Dan. Naturh.
Foren. 1852:62-64.
Steinbeck, J. and E. F. Rickets

1941. Sea of Cortez. Viking Press, New York. 598 pp.
Stephensen, K.
1938. Cirripedia (incl. Rhizocephala). Zool. Iceland 3(30-

31):1-11.
1943. Zoology of East Greenland. Marine Ostracoda,
parasitic and semi-parasitic Copepoda and Cir-
ripedia. MeddeL Gronland, 121(9):17-24.

96

Stephensen, T. A. and A. Stephensen
1950. Life between tidemarks in North America. I. The

Florida Keys. J. Ecol. 39(2):354-402.
1952. Life between tidemarks in North America. II.
Northern Florida and the Carolinas. J. Ecol.
40(11:1-49.
1954. The Bermuda Islands. Endeavour 13(50):72-80.
Stephenson, W.

1968. The intertidal acorn barnacle Tetraclita vitiata
Darwin at Heron Island. Univ. Queensland Pap.,
Great Barrier Reef Comm. l(3):51-59.
Stephenson, W., R. Endean and I. Bennett

1958. An ecological survey of the marine fauna of Low
Isles, Queensland. Australian J. Mar. Freshwater
Res. 9(21:261-318.

Strachan, A. R.
1970. A white sea urchin-acorn barnacle enigma. Cali-
fornia Fish Game 56(2):134-135.
Stromer V. Reichenbach, E.
1912. Lehrbuch der Palaozoologie, Teil II. Leipzig-Berlin.
325 p.
Stubbings, H. G.
1936. Cirripedia. John Murray Expedition, 1933-1934,

Sci. Rep. 4(11:1-70.
1940. Cirripedia (Additional Part). John Murray Expedi-
tion, 1933-1934, Sci. Rep. 7(3):383-400.
1950. Earlier records of Elminius modestus Darwin in
British waters. Nature 166(4215):277-278.

1959. Abnormal development of the basis in Balanus
amphitrite var. stutsburi Darwin. Nature 183:1282.

1961a. Some Cirripedia from the Persian Gulf. Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist. ser. 13, 4(34):171-176.
1961b. Cirripedia Thoracica from tropical West Africa.

Atlantide Rep. 6:7-41.
1961c. Cirripedia, II. XVII. Campagne de la Calypso

dans le golfe de Guinee et aux iles Principe, Sao

Tome, Annobon (1956). Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. 39:

179-192.
1963a. Cirripedia from South Vietnam. Vidensk. Medd.

Dan. Naturh. Foren. Kbh. 125:327-335.
1963b. Cirripedia of the tropical South Atlantic coast of

Africa. Res. Sci. Exped. Oceanogr. Beige eaux

cotieres Afr. I'Atlantique Sud (1948-1949). Inst.

Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg., Bruxelles. 3(10):l-39.
1964a. Cirripedia, 4. Res. Sci. Campagnes Calypso: lies

du Cap Vert. Ann. Inst. Oceanogr., 6(4):103-112.
1964b. Cirripedia from the Congo Estuary and adjacent

coasts in the Musee Royal de I'Afrique Centrale,

Tervuren, Belgium. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 69(3-4):

327-347.

1965. West African Cirripedia in the collections of the
Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, Dakar, Senegal.
BuU. Inst. Fr. Afr. Noire, ser. A, 27(3):876-907.

1967. The cirriped fauna of tropical West Africa. Bull.
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Zool. 15(6):229-319.
Stubbings, H. G.
1975. Balanus balanoides. Liverpool Marine Biological
Committee Mem. no. 37:1-75.
Suhaimi, A.

1966. A new species of Balanus (Crustacea: Cirripedia)
from Singapore. BuU. Nat. Mus., Singapore 33(9):
65-68.

Sunmer, F. B.
1909. On the occurrence of the littoral barnacle
Chthamalus stellatus (Poll), at Woods Hole, Mass.
Science 30(768):373-374.
1911. A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole
and vicinity. Bull. Bur. Fish. 31(1):128-130.
Suzuki, H. and K. Konno
1970. Basic studies on the antifouling by ultrasonic
waves for ship's bottom fouling organisms. II.
Influences of ultrasonic waves on the larvae of
barnacles, Balanus amphitrite hawaiiensis, and
mussels, Mytilus edulis used together with poison-
ous substances. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 57(1):9-16.

Suzuki, N. and S. Mori

1963. Adaptation phenomena concerning the water
content of the barnacles. Jap. J. Ecol. 13(l):l-9.
Tait, J. and W. F. Emmons

1924-1925. Experiments and observations on Crustacea.
Part VI: The mechanism of massive movement of
the operculum of Balanus nubilis. Proc. Roy. Soc.
Edinburgh 45(1 ):42-47.
Tarasov, N. I.

1932. Regarding the knowledge of the Arctic fauna of
Cirripedia Thoracica. Trans. Arctic Inst. 2:59-62.

1936. On the Arctic fauna of Cirripedia Thoracica. II.
Trans. Arctic Inst. 33:45-49.

1937. Contributions to the fauna Cirripedia Thoracica of
the Arctic Ocean. III. Trans. Arctic Inst. 50:35-59.

Tarasov, N. I. and G. B. Zevina

1957. Cirripedia. Fauna SSSI^. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk,
SSSR,(n.s.) 69:1-268.

Taylor, J. D.

1968. Coral reef and associated invertebrate communities
(mainly molluscan) around Mahe, Seychelles. Phil.,
Trans. Roy. Soc. London, B, 254(793): 129-206.
Taylor, P. B.

1970. Observations on the function of the frontolateral
horns and horn glands of barnacle nauplii (Cir-
ripedia). Biol. Bull. 138(2):21 1-218.
TenereUi, V.

1952. Osservazioni biologiche su alcuni Cirripedi del gen.
Chthamalus Ranz. con particolare reguardo ai
fenomeni d'anabiosi. Atti Acad. Gioenia Sci. Nat.
Catania, ser. 6, 9:92-122.

1958. Ricerche sul perido riproduttivo e suU'accoppia-
mento di Chthamalus stellatus stellatus (Poh).
Boll. Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania, ser. 4,
4(5):263-280.

1959a. Contributo alia conoscenze deU'inseminazione in
Chthamalus stellatus stellatus (Poll). Boll. Accad.
Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania, ser. 4, 5(2):1-14.
1959b. Contributo alia conoscenza dell'apparato sessuale
femminile dei Cirripedi. Ricerche in Chthamalus
stellatus stellatus (Poli). Atti. Ace. Gioenia Sci.
Nat. Catania 12:14-28.
Tengstrand, G.

1931. Balanus improvisus nigot om dess forekomst i
Gota alvs mynning. Fauna och Flora Uppsala 26:
108-112.
Termier, H. and G. Termier

1953. Sous-class des Cirripedes. In, Piveteau, J., Traite
de Paleontologie 3:297-308.

Tighe-Ford. D. J.

1967. Possible mechanism for the endocrine control of
breeding in a cirripede. Nature 216:920-921.

1968. A micro-injection technique for barnacles. Crus-
taceana 15:225-228.

Tighe-Ford, D. J. and D. C. Vaile

1972a. The action of crustecdysone on the cirripede
Balanus balanoides (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
9(l):19-28.
1972b. The action of an arthropod moulting hormone on
barnacles and its apparent natural role in the
control of development and growth. J. Roy. Naval
Sci. Serv. 27(4):202-210.
Tighe-Ford, D. J., M. J. D. Power, and D. C. Vaile

1970. Laboratory rearing of barnacle larvae for anti-
fouling research. Helgolander Wiss. Meeres 20:
393-405.
Tokioka, T.
1953. Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone of the
Tokara Islands. 1. Introductory notes with the
outUne of the shore and the fauna. Publ. Seto
Mar. Biol. Lab. 3(2):123-138.
Tornava, S. R.
1948. The alimentary canal of Balanus improvisus
Darwin. Acta Zool. Fennica 52:1-52.

97

Tournouer, M. A.
1903. Note sur la geologie et la paleontologie de la
Patagonie. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser 4, 3:463-473.
Towler, E. D.

1930. An analysis of the intertidal barnacle communities
of the San Juan Archipelago. Publ. Puget Sound
Mar. Biol. Sta., 7:225-232.
Trusheim, F.

1932. Palaontologisch Bemerkenswertes aus der Okologie
rezenter Nordsee-Balaniden. Senckenbergiana,
14(1/21:70-87.
Utinomi, H.

1942. Distribution of boring molluscs and cirripeds in
the rocky zone of Iwayama Bay. South Sea Sci.
(Kagaku nanyo) Japan Soc. Promotion Sci. Res.
5(1):M4.

1943. The larval stages of Creusia, the barnacle inhabit-
ing reef corals. Annot. Zool. Japon. 22(1): 15-22.

1949a. Studies on the cirripedian fauna of Japan. VI. Cir-
ripeds from Kyusyu and Ryukyu Islands. Publ.
Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. I(2):19-37.

1949b. Further notes on cirripeds from the Ogasawara
Islands. Pacific Sci. 3(l):93-99.

1950. Cirripeds commonly taken by dredging near
Tanabe Bay (Record of collections dredged from
off Minabe, Prov. Kii, IV). Nanki Seibutu 2(2):60-65.

1953. On two interesting species of epizoic barnacle
Acasta from Japan. Mem. Coll. Sci., Univ. Kyoto.
Ser. B., 20(3):139-144.

1954. Invertebrate fauna of the intertidal zone of the
Tokara Islands. IX. Cirripedia. Publ. Seto Mar.
Biol. Lab. IV(l):17-26.

1955a. Studies on the Cirripedia of Japan. II. Geo-
graphical distribution. Bull. Biogeogr. Soc. Japan
16-19:113-123.

1955b. Studies on the Cirripedia of Japan. III. Ecological
evidences. Bull Biogeogr. Soc. Japan 16-19:124-134.

1956a. Cirripedia from Aoga-shima, Izu Island. Misc.
Rep. Res. Inst. Natl. Resour. Tokyo 38:149-150.

1956b. Cirripedia. In, Coloured illustrations of seashore
animals of Japan, pp. 129-133, pis. 64-66. Hoikusha,
Osaka.

1958a. Studies on the cirripedian fauna of Japan. VII.
Cirripeds from Sagami Bay. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol.
Lab. 6(3):281-311.

1958b. A study of the productivity of the Tanabe Bay.
VII. Horizontal distribution of intertidal com-
munities on rocky shores around the Tanabe Bay
(Preliminary Report). Records Oceanogr. Works
Japan, Spec. No. 2:50-56.

1959a. Thoracic cirripeds from the environs of Banyuls.
Vie Miheu 10(4):379-399.

1959b. Cirripedia Thoracica from the western Mediter-
ranean. Vie Miheu 10(4):400-404.

1959c. A new gall-forming beirnacle imbedded in the bark
of a gorgonacean colony (Acasta gregaria n. sp.)
Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 7(3):313-318.

1960. On the world wide dispersal of a Hawaiian barnacle
Balanus amphitrite hawaiiensis Broch. Pacific Sci.
14(l):43-50.

1962. Studies on the cirripedian fauna of Japan. VIII.
Thoracic cirripeds from western Kyusyu. Publ.
Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 10(2):21 1-239.

1965. A giant Antarctic barnacle Hexelasma antarcticum
Borradaile (Cirripedia, Thoracica). JARE 1956-
1962 Sci. Rep. ser. E., 25:1-15.

1966. Recent inunigration of two foreign barnacles into
Japanese waters. Proc. Jap. Soc. Syst. Zool. 2:
36-39.

1967. Comments on some new and already known cir-
ripeds with emended taxa, with special reference
to the parietal structure. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol.
Lab. 15(3):199-237.

1968a. A revision of the deep sea barnacles Pachylasma

and Hexelasma from Japan, with a proposal of

new classification of the ChthamaUdae (Cirripedia,

Thoracica). Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 16(l):21-39.
1968b. Pelagic, shelf and shallow water Cirripedia from

the Indo-West Pacific. Vidensk. Medd. Dansk.

Naturh. Foren. 131:161-186.
1969a. Cirripedia of the Iranian Gulf. Vidensk. Medd.

Dansk Naturh. Foren. 132:79-94.
1969b. Coloured illustrations of seashore animals of Japan.

Cirripedia:49-53. Hoikusha Pub. Osaka.

1970. Studies on the cirripedian fauna of Japan. IX.
Distributional survey of thoracic cirripeds in the
southeastern part of the Japan Sea. Publ. Seto
Mar. Biol. Lab. 17(5):339-372.

Utinomi, H. and T. Kikuchi
1966. Fauna and flora of the sea around the Amakusa
Marine Biological Laboratory. Cirriped Crustacea.
Amakusa Mar. Biol. Lab. (6):1-11.
Van Bree, P. J. H.

1971. The rabbit-eared barnacle, Conchoderma auritum,
on the teeth of the dolphin Stenella frontalis. Z. f.
Saugetierkunde 36(5):316-317.

van Breemen, L.
1934. Zur biologic von Balanus improvisus (Darwin).
Zool. Anz. 105:247-257.
Vayssiere, A.

1905. Description de quelques specimens geants du
Balanus psittacus MoUna appartenant au Musee
d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille. Ann. Fac. Sci.
MarseiUe 15(5):161-170.
Verill, A. E.

1901. Additions to the fauna of the Bermudas from
the Yale Expedition of 1901, with notes on other
species. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts Sci. 11(1):

Visscher, J. P.
1928a. Reaction of the cyprid larvae of barnacles at the

time of attachment. Biol. BuU. 54:327-335.
1928b. Nature and extent of fouhng of ships' bottoms.
BuU. Bur. Fish. 43(2):193-252.
Visscher, J. P. and R. H. Luce

1928. Reactions of the cyprid liirvae of barnacles to Ught
with special reference to spectral colours. Biol.
BuU. 54(4):336-350.
Vivi, O.

1938. Contributo alia conoscenza deU' "Apparato
digerente" di Balanus perforatus Br. var. fistulosa
PoU. BoU. Mus. Lab. Zool., Univ. Genova, ser. 2,
18(106):111-117.
Voss, G. L. and N. A. Voss
1960. An ecological survey of the marine invertebrates
of Bimini, Bahamas, with a consideration of their
zoogeographical relationships. BuU. Mar. Sci. Gulf
Caribbean 10(1):96-116.
WaUcer. G.

1970. The histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure
of the cement apparatus of three adult sessUe
barnacles, Elminius modestus, Balanus balanoides
and Balanus hameri. Mar. Biol. 7(3):239-248.

1971. A study of the cement apparatus of the cypris
larva of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Mar.
Biol. 9(3):205-212.

1972. The biochemical composition of the cement of two
barnacle species, Balanus hameri and Balanus ere-
natus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 52:429-435.

1973a. The early development of the cement apparatus
in the barnacle, Balanus balanoides (L.) (Crustacea:
Cirripedia). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 12:305-314.

1973b. Frontal horns and associated gland ceUs of the

nauplii of the barnacles, Balanus hameri, Balanus

balanoides and Eliminium modestus (Crustacea:

Cirripedia). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 53:455-463.

WaUey, L. J.

1964. Histolysis and phagocytosis in the metamorphosis
oi Balanus balanoides. Nature 201(4916):314-315.

98

1965. The development and function of the oviducal
gland in Balanus balanoides. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
U. K. 45:115-128.

1967. The cirral glands: a new type of epidermal gland
in cirripedes. Crustaceana 12(21:151-158.

1969. Studies on the larval structure and metamorpho-
sis of Balanus balanoides (L.). Phil. Trans. R.
Soc. Lond. Sect. B, 256(807):237-280.
WaUey, L. J., F. White and K. M. Brander.

1971. Sperm activation and fertiUzation in Balanus bala-
noides. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 51:489-494.
Weaver, C. E.

1949. Geology of the coast ranges immediately north of
the San Francisco Bay region, California. Geol.
Soc. Amer. Mem 35:1-242.
Weisbord, Norman E.

1965. Two new localities for the barnacle Hexelasma
antarcticum Borradaile. J. Paleo. 39(5):1015-1016.

1966. Some late Cenozoic cirripeds from Venezuela and
Florida. Bull. Amer. Paleo. 50(2251:5-132.

1967. The barnacle Hexelasma antarcticum Borradaile —
its description, distribution and geologic signifi-
cance. Crustaceana 13(l):51-60.

1971. A new species of Coronula (Cirripedia) from the
lower Phocene of Venezuela. Bull. Amer. Paleo.
60(2651:87-96.

1972. Creusia neogenica, a new species of coral-inhabit-
ing barnacle from Florida. Tulane Stud. Geol.
Paleon. 10(l):59-64.

Weiss, C. M.
1947a. The comparative tolerances of some fouling orga-
nisms to copper and mercury. Biol. Bull. 93(1):

56-63.
1947b. The effect of illumination and stage of tide on the

attachment of barnacle cyprids. Biol. Bull. 93(3):

240-249.
1948. Observations on the abnormal development and

growth of barnacles related to surface toxicity.

Ecol. 29(1):116-119.
WeUs, H. W. and H. G. Richards
1962. Invertebrate fauna of coquina from the Cape

Hatteras region. J. Paleont. 36(3):586-591.
WeUs, H. W., M. J. Wells and I. E. Gray.

1960. On the southern hmit of Balanus balanoides in the

Western Atlantic. Ecology 41(3):578-580.
1964. The calico scallop community in North Carolina.

Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribbean 14(4):561-593.
Weltner, W.
1887. Die von Dr. Sander 1883-1885 gesammelten Cir-

ripedien (Acasta scuticosta sp. n.) Arch. f. Naturg.

53:98-117.
1891. Nachtrage zur Fauna von Helgoland. III. Zur

Cirripedienfauna von Helgoland. Zool. Jahrb.

(Syst.) 14:453-455.
1895. Die Cirripedien von Patagonien, Chile und Juan

Fernandez. Arch. f. Naturg. 61(2):288-292.
1897. Verzeichnis der bisher beschriebene recenten Cir-

rijjedienarten. Mit Angabe der Im berliner Museum

vorhandenen Species und ihrer Fundorte. Arch. f.

Naturg. Jahrg. 63, 1:227-280.
1898a. Beitrage zur Meeresfauna von Helgoland. IX. Die

Cirripedien Helgolands. Wiss. Meeresuntersuch.

2(l):436-447.
1898b. Cirripedien. In, Ergebnisse der Hamburger

Magalhaensischen Sammeb-eise, 1892-1893, Ham-
burg. 4(61:1-15.
1899a. Cirripedien. In, Ergbnisse einer Reise nach dem

Pacific (Schauinsland 1896-1897). Zool. Jahrb.
1899b. (Syst.) 12(4);441-447.

Epidermeswucherungen eines Wales, hervorgerufen

durch Cirripedien (Coronula). Gesell. Naturf.

Freunde BerUn 6:102-103.
1900. Die Cirripedien der Arktis. In, Romer und

Schaudinn, Fauna Arctica 1(2):289-312.

1910. Cirripedien von Ostafrika. In, Voeltzkow, V.A.,
Reise in Ostafrika 2:527-528.

1922. Cirripedia der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Wiss.
Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Exped. auf dem
Dampfer Valdivia 1895-1899, 23(2):59-112.

Werner, W. E.
1967. The distribution and ecology of the barnacle
Balanus trigonus. Bull. Mar. Sci. 17(l):64-84.
Wharton, G. W.

1948. The primary attachment of Balanus ebumeus. J.
Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 64(2):180.
Whitney, J.
1970. Absence of sterol biosynthesis in the blue crab
Callinectes sapidus Rathbun and in the barnacle
Balanus nubilus Darwin. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
4(3):229-237.
Willett, G.
1937. An upper Pleistocene fauna from the Baldwin
Hills, Los Angeles County, Cahfornia. Trans. San
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 8(30):379-406.
Williams, A. B. and H. J. Porter

1964. An unusually large turtle barnacle Chelonibia p.
patula on a blue crab from Delaware Bay. Chesa-
peake Sci. 5(3):150-153.
Williams. G.
1950. Distribution of Chthamalus stellatus on the shores
of northeast Ireland. Nature 166(4216):311.
Wisely, B. and R. A. P. Blick
1964. Seasonal abundance of first stage naupUi in 10
species of barnacles at Sydney. Australian. J.
Mar. Freshwater Res. 15(2):162-171.
Withers, T. H.

1913. Some Miocene cirripedes of the genera Hexelasma
and Scalpellum from New Zealand. Proc. Zool.
Soc. London 1913:840-854.

1914. A remarkable new cirripede from the Chalk of
Surrey and Hertfordshire. Proc. Zool. Soc. London:
945-953.

1923. Revision of some fossil balanomorph barnacles
from India and the East Indian Archipelago. Rec.
Geol. Surv. India 54(3):281-295.

1924. The fossil cirripedes of New Zealand. New Zealand
Dept. Mines, Geol. Sur. Branch, Palaeont. Bull.
10:1-47.

1926. Barnacles of the Creusia-Pyrgoma type from the

Pleistocene of Barbados. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

ser. 9, 17:1-6.
1928a. The cirripede Chelonibia caretta, Spengler, in the

Miocene of Zanzibar Protectorate. Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist. ser. 10, 2(10):390-392.
1928b. Catalogue of fossil Cirripedia in the Department

of Geology. Vol. I, Triassic and Jurassic. Brit.

Mus. (Nat. Hist.) 154 pp.
1929a. The phylogeny of the cirripedes Creusia and

Pyrgoma. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, 4:559-566.
1929b. The cirripede Chelonibia in the Miocene of Gironde,

France and Vienna, Austria. Ann. Mag. Nat.

Hist., ser. 10, 4:566-569.
1932. Barnacles from Magnetic Island, North Queens-
land. Mem. Queensland Mus. 10:122-124.

1935. Catagogue of fossil Cirripedia in the Department
of Geology of the British Museum. Vol. 2,
Cretaceous. London, British Mus. 433 p.

1936. Miocene Cirripedes (Scalpellum and Tessarelasma,
gen. nov.) from India. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
10, 18:589-593.

1953. Catalogue of fossil Cirripedia. Vol. 3, Tertiary.
Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). 396 pp.
Wolff, T.

1960. Rankfodderne Conchoderma og Coronula pa
hvaler. Flora Fauna 66(l):l-8.
Womersley. H. B. S. and S. J. Edmonds
1958. A general account of the intertidal ecology of
South Australian coasts. Aust. J. Mar. Fresh-
water Res. 9(2):217-260.

99

Wood, W.

1815. General conchology; or a description of shells
arranged according to the Linnean system. London.
246 pp.
Woodring, W. P., and M. N. Bramlette

1950. Geology and paleontology of the Santa Maria
District, California. U.S. Geol. Surv, Prof. Paper
222:1-185.
Woodward, H.

1901. On Pyrgoma cretacea, a Cirripede from the Upper
Chalk of Norwich and Margate. Geol. Mag., Lon-
don |4)VIII:145-152, 528.
Worley, L. G.

1939. Correlation between sahnity, size and abundance
of intertidal barnacles. Publ. Puget Sound Mar.
Biol. Sta. 7:233-240.
Yamaguchi, T.

1971. Fossil barnacles from the Pleistocene Miyata
Formation. Sci. Rept. Yokosuka City Mus. 18(9):
122-130.
1973. On Megabalanus (Cirripedia, Thoracica) of Japan.
Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 21(2):115-140.
Yasuda, T.
1968. Studies on the fouhng organisms in Nyuura Bay,
Fukui. III. Observations on the ecology of a
cirriped Balanus amphitrite Darwin. Jap. J. Ecol.
18(l):27-32.
Yokoyama, M.

1910. On the occurrence of Coronula diadema L. in the
Tertiary of Koshiba. J. Geol. Soc. Tokyo 17(200):
227-229.
Zevina, G. B.

1963. Barnacles inhabiting the Black Sea. Acad. Nauk,

SSSR, Trudy Inst. Okeanol. 70:72-75.
1968. New and rare species of barnacles (Cirripedia
Thoracica) from the Antarctic. Acad. Sci. USSR
Biol. Inst. Invest. Fauna Seas, VI (XIV), Res.
Biol. Analyses Soviet Antarctic Expedition 1955-
1958, 4:85-96.
Zevina, G. B. and A. N, Goryn

1971. Invasion of Balanus improvisus and B. eburneus
into the Sea of Japan. Acad. Nauk SSSR 50(5):
771-773.
Zevina, G. B. and T. S. Kurshakova
1973. Supplement to the fauna of the Chthamalids
(Chthamahdae), Cirripedia of the Southeastern
Pacific. In. Collection of articles on complex in-
vestigations of the nature of the ocean. Moscow
State Univ. Publ. (4):183-189.
Zevina, G. B. and N. M. Litvinova

1970. Supplement to the fauna of the barnacles (Cir-
ripedia Thoracica) of the Red Sea. In. Kovalefsky,
A. O. (ed.). Biology of the Sea, pp. 172-181. Inst.
Biol. Southern Seas, Acad. Sci. UKR SSR.
Zevina, G. B. and N. I. Tarasov

1963. On the barnacles (Cirripedia, Thoracica) from the
mainland coast of southeast Asia. Akad. Nauk
SSSR, Trudy Inst. Okeanol. 70:76-100.

1964. The barnacle fauna (Cirripedia, Thoracica) from
the Arctic Ocean. Trudy Arctic Inst. 259:229-239.

ZuUo, V. A.

1961a. A new whale barnacle from Late Pleistocene

deposits at San Quintin Bay, Baja, California.

VeUger 4(1):13-14.
1961b. A new subgenus and species of coral-inhabiting

barnacle from the Gulf of California. Vehger 4(2):

71-75.
1963a. [M.S.] Classification and phytogeny of the Balano-

morpha (Cirripedia). Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Calif.,

Berkeley.

1963b. A preliminary report on systematics and distribu-

1963c

1963d

1964.
1966a.

1966b,
1966c.

1967a.
1967b.
1967c.
1968a.
1968b.

1968c.
1968d.
1969a.
1969b.
1969c.

1969d.

ZuUo, V
1973.

ZuUo, V
1966.

ZuUo, V.
1964.

ZuUo, V.
1972.

tion of barnacles (Cirripedia) of the Cape Cod
region. Systematics-Ecology Program, Mar. Biol.
Lab. Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 33 p.
A classification and phytogeny of the Chthamalidae
(Cirripedia: Thoracica). Proc. XVI Int. Congr.
Zool., John A. Moore (ed.), vol. 1:190. 20-27
August, Washington, D.C.

A review of the subgenus Armatobalanus Hoek
(Cirripedia: Thoracia) with the description of a new
species from the California coast. Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 13, 6:587-594.

Re-evaluation of the late Cenozoic cirriped Tami-
soma Conrad. Biol. BuU. 127(2):360.
A new species of Balanus (Cirripedia: Thoracica)
from the late Eocene Cowlitz Formation of south-
em Washington. U.S.A. Crustaceana ll(2):198-204.
Thoracic Cirripedia from the Continental Shelf off
South Carolina, U.S.A. Crustaceana ll(3):229-244.
Zoogeographic affinities of the Balanomorph (Cir-
ripedia: Thoracica) of the eastern Pacific. In,
Bowman, R. I. (ed.). The Galapagos, pp. 139-144.
Univ. California Press, Berkeley.
Pyrgopsella. new name for Pyrgopsis Gruvel, 1907,
(Cirripedia, Thoracica) non Pyrgopsis de Roche-
brune, 1884. Crustaceana 13(1):123.
On the identity of some specimens assigned by
Darwin, 1854 to Balanus allium Darwin (Cirripedia,
Thoracica). Crustaceana 13(1):126-128.
A description of Balanus parkeri (Cirripedia,
Thoracica), a new species from the Gulf of Cali-
fornia. Notulae Naturae 406:1-5.
Catalog of the Cirripedia named by Henry A.
Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 120(5):
209-235.

Balanus hopkinsi. new species and B. balanus
(Linnaeus, 1758) (Cirripedia, Thoracica) from PUo-
Pleistocene sediments on Tjornes, northern Ice-
land. Occas. Pap. California Acad. Sci. 69:1-11.
Extension of range for Balanus tintinnabulum
califomicus PUsbry, 1916, (Cirripedia, Thoracica).
Occas. Pap. Cahfornia Acad. Sci., 70:1-3.
. Tesseropora Pilsbry (Cirripedia, Thoracica) from
the Phocene of the Gulf of Cahfornia. Crustaceana
15(3):272-274.

Thoracic Cirripedia of the San Diego Formation,
San Diego County, Cahfornia. Contrib. Sci. Los
Angeles Cty. Mus. 159:1-25.
. A late Pleistocene marine invertebrate fauna from
Bandon, Oregon. Proc. Cahfornia Acad. Sci., ser.
4,36(11:347-361.

A new subspecies of Balanus tintinnabulum (Lin-
naeus, 1758) (Cirripedia, Thoracica) from CUpperton
Island, eastern Pacific. Proc. Cahfornia Acad. Sci.,
ser. 4, 36(161:501-510.

Additional records of Tetrabalanus polygenus
CornwaU, 1941 (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Occas. Pap.
Cahfornia Acad. Sci. 74:1-8.
and D. B. Beach

New species of Membranobalanus Hoek and Hex-
acreusia ZuUo (Cirripedia, Balanidae) from the
Galapagos Archipelago. Contrib. Sci. Los Angeles
Co. Nat. Hist. Mus. 249:1-16.
A. and J. S. Bleakney

The cirriped Stomatolepas elegans (Costa) on
leatherback turtles from Nova Scotian waters.
Can. Field Nat. 80(3):162-165.
A. and W. A. Newman

Thoracic Cirripedia from a southeast Pacific guyot.
Pacific Sci. 18(4):355-372.
A., D. B. Beach, and J. T. Carlton
New barnacle records (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Proc.
California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 39(6):65-74.

100

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SUPPLEMENT*

Achituv, Y. and A. Borut

1975. Temperature and water relations in Tetraclita
squamosa rufotincta Pilsbry (Cirripedia) from the
Gulf of Elat (Red Sea). Proc. 9th Europ. Mar.
Biol. Symp.:95-108.

Atobe, S. and Y. Saito

1974. Phytosociological study of the intertidal marine
algae III. Effect of wave action on algal zonation.
Bull Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 24(4):133-138.
(Chthamalus challengeri)

Bagirov, R. M., G. M. Pyatakova, A. D. AUev and
V. M. Gasanov.

1975. Zoobenthos of the Bolshoi Kyzylogachian and
Kislyarian Bays of the Caspian Sea. Gidrobiol. Zh.
ll(l):28-32. (Balanus improvisus)

Beirnes, H. and J. Blackstock
1975a. Studies in the biochemistry of cirripede eggs IV.
The free amino acid pool in the eggs of Balanus
balanoides (L.) and B. balanus (L.) during develop-
ment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 19(l):59-80.
1975b. Seasonal changes in the activity of certain
enzymes in crude tissue extracts of two common
cirripedes, Balanus balanoides (L.) and B, balanus
(L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 19(1):81.
Bittar, E. E., H. Hift, H. Huddart and E. Tong.
1974. The effects of caffeine on sodium transport, mem-
brane potential, mechanical tension and ultra-
structure in barnacle muscle fibres. J. Physio.
(Lond.) 242(11:1-34. (Balanus nubilus, B. aquila)
Blaber, S. J. M., B. J. Hill and A. T. Forbes
1974. Infratidal zonation in a deep South African
estuary. Mar. Biol. 28(41:333-337. (Balanus
amphitrite Darwin)
Borovikov, Y. S., M. Rozanov, I. Y. Barskii, M. S. Shudel
and N. A. Chernogryadskaya

1972. Study into the polarized ultraviolet flourescence
of giant muscle fibers of Balanus rostratus.
Tsitologiya 14(8):953.
Boulton, G. S. and M. Rhodes
1974. Isostatic uplift and glacial history in nothern
Spitsbergen. Geol. Mag. lll(6):481-500. (Balanus
balanus)
Bourget, E.

1974. Environmental and structural control of trace
elements in barnacle shells. Mar. Biol. 28:27-36.
(Balanus balanoides, B. crenatus, B. hameri,
Chthamalus steltatus, Elminius modestus)

Bourget, E. and D. J. Crisp

1975. An analysis of the growth bands and ridges of
barnacle shell plates. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K.
55(21:439-461. (Balanus balanoides, B. hamen, B.
improvisus, Acasta spongites, Bathylasma corolli-
forme, Elminius modestus)

Bourget, E. and G. LaCroix

1972. Colonisation et inhibition de la colonisation des
cirripedes dans I'estuaire du Saint-Laurent. Nat.
Can. (Que.) 99(4):279. (Balanus balanoides, B.
crenatus)

1973. Aspects smssoniers de la fixation de I'epifaune
benthique de I'etage infrahttoral de I'estuaire du
Saint-Laurent. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30(7):867-
880. (Balanus balanoides, B. crenatus)

♦These references were encountered after the Catalog of
Species was in page proof. The species cited in these papers
are indicated either in the title of the paper, or listed in
parenthesis following the reference, and access to them is
via the Index.

Boyd, R. J.

1973. The relation of the plankton to the physical and
biological features of Strangford Lough, Co. Down.
Proc. R. Irish Acad., Sect. B, 73(20):317-353.
(Balanus balanoides)

Brown, H. M. and M. C. Cornwall

1975. Ionic mechanisms of a quasi-stable depolarization

in barnacle photo-receptor following red light. J.

Physiol. (Lond.) 248(3):579-594. (Balanus ebumeus)
Caille, J. P. and J. A. M. Hinke

1974. The volume available to diffusion in the muscle
fiber. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52(4):814-828.
(Balanus nubilus)

Chan, G. L.

1973. Subtidal mussel beds in Baja CaUfornia with a new

record size for Mytilus califomianus. Veliger 16(2):

239-240. (Balanus tintinnabulum)
Chen, S. S.

1975. Effects of local anesthetics and hemicholinium-3
on ''^Ca efflux in barnacle muscle fibers. Can. J.
Physiol. Pharmicol. 53(2):285-292. (Balanus aquila,
B. nubilus)

Chernogryadskaya, N. A., I. Barskii, M. S. Shudel,
Y. M. Rozanov and Y. S. Borovikov

1973. Use of polarized UV fluorescence microscopy to
study giant muscle fibres in Balanus rostratus
Hoek. Dokl. Biol. Sci. 207(l-6):625-628.

Cheung, P. J.

1974. The effect of ecdysterone on cyprids of Balanus
ebumeus Gould. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 15(2):223-
229.

Cheung, P. & R. Nigrelli

1972. Histochemical analysis of the fluid and solid state
of the adhesive materials produced by the pre- and
postmetamorphosed cyprids of Balanus ebumeus
Gould. Zoologica 57(2):79-95.

Chimenz Gusso, C. and E. Taramelli

1973. The biocenoses incrusting Eternit panels immersed
at different depths in the port of Civitavecchia.
BoU. Pesca. Piscic. Idrobiol. 28(1):77-100. (Balanus
amphitrite, B. perforatus, B. ebumeus)

Comer, E. D. S. R. N. Head, C. C. Kilvington and
S. M. MarshaU

1974. On the nutrition and metabohsm of zooplankton.
IX. Studies relating to the nutrition of overwinter-
ing Calanus. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 54(2):319-331

Crisp, D. J. and C. A. Richardson.

1975. Tidally-produced internal bands in the shell of
Elminius modestus. Mar. Biol. 33(2): 155-160.
(Elminius modestus, Balanus balanoides)

Daniel, A.
1972. Marine intertidal barnacles in the Indian Ocean.
Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., Part B, Biol. Sci.
38(3/4):179-189. (Balanus amphitrite cirratus, B. a.
communis, B. a. hawaiiensis, B. a. niveus, B. a.
variegatus, B. amaryllis euamaryllis, B. ajax, B.
longirostrum krusadaiensis, B. madrasensis, B.
patellaris, B. roonwali, B. sinnurensis, B. tintin-
nabulum tintinnabulum, B. t. occator, B. t. validus,
B. t. volcano, Chthamalus challengeri, C dentatus,
C hembeli, C. malayensis, C moro, C. steltatus, C.
withersi, Creusia spinulosus euspinulosa, Octomeris
angulosa, O. intermediia, Pyrgoma conjugatum, P.
gonioporae, P. grande, P. projectum, Tetrachtha-
malus oblitteratus, Tetraclita alba, T. coerulescens,
T. purpurascens, T. rosea, T. squamosa communis,
T. s. patellaris, T. s. rufotincta, T. s. serrata, T. s.
viridis, T. vitiata, T. wireni africana)

101

Davis, C. W. and J. D. Costlow

1974. Evidence for a molt inhibiting hormone in the
barnacle Balanus improvisus (Crustacea, Cirripe-
dia). J. Comp. Physiol. B Metab. Transp. Funct.
93(2);85-92.

Devillez, E. J.

1975. Observations on the proteolytic enzymes in the
digestive fluid of the barnacle Balanus nubilus.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol, A Comp. Physiol. 51(2):
471-474.

Dresdner, G. W., F. Ojeda and H. Hess-Ojeda

1974. Microscopical structure of muscles from the
operculum of the barnacle Balanus psittacus
Molina. Zool. Anz. 192(1/2):15-21.

Fyhn, U. E. H.

1976. Holeuryhalinity and its mechanisms in a cirriped
crustacean, Balanus improvisus. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 53A: 19-30.

Fyhn, U. E. H. and J. D. Costlow

1975. Tissue culture of cirripeds. Biol Bull. 149(21:316-330.
(Balanus amphitrite, B. ebumeus, B. improvisus)

Ganapati, P. N. and D. R. K. Sastry

1974. Record of Athanas indicus (Coutiere) (Decapoda:
Alpheidael associated with Stomopneustes vario-
laris (Lamarckl (Echinodermata: Echinoideal from
Visakhapatnam Coast. Proc. Indian Nat. Sci.
Acad., Part E., Biol. Sci. 38(5/61:367-372. (Balanus
amphitrite amphitrite, B. trigonus)

Gardner, D. and J. P. Riley

1972. Seasonal variations in the component fatty acid
distributions of the Upids of Balanus balanoides.
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 52(41:839-845.

Gorin, A. M. and A. M. Murakhveri

1973. Seasonal dynamics of settling and growth of
Balanus and Mytilus in the Peter the Great Bay.
Ekologiia 4(2):86-89. (Balanus crenatus)

Granier, J.

1973. Le genre Balanus sur les cotes de Camargue et du
Gard. Soc. Linn. Lyon Bull. Mens. 42(8):203-212.
(Balanus amphitrite, B. crenatus, B. ebumeus, B.
perforatus, B. trigonus, Megabalanus tintinnabulum)

Henry, D. P. and P. A. McLaughlin

1975. The barnacles of the Balanus amphitrite complex
(Cirripedia, Thoracica). Zool. Verhandel. 141:1-254.
(Balanus alatus, B. amphitrite albicostatus, B. a.
aeratus, B. a. amphitrite, B. abeli, B. a. cirratus, B.
a. cochinensis, B. a. columnaris, B. a. communis,
B. a. denticulata, B. a. fluminensis, B. a. form-
osanus, B. a. franciscanus, B. a. hawaiiensis, B. a.
herzi, B. a. inexpectatus, B. a. insignis, B. a. kon-
dakovi, B. a. krugeri, B. a. matayensis, B. a.
modestus, B. a. niveus, B. a. obscurus, B. a.
pallidus, B. a. peruvianas, B. a. poecilosculpta, B.
a. poecilotheca, B. a. rafflesi, B. a. stutsburi, B. a.
tesselatus, B. a. variegatus, B. a. venustus, B. a.
vladivostokensis, B. a. saltonensis, B. carenatus,
B. citerosum, B. concavus indicus, B. c. mexicanus,
B. c. pacificus, B. c. p. brevicalcar, B. aquila regalis,
B. c. sinensis, B. democraticus, B. dentivarians, B.
dybowskii, B. ebumeus, B. improvisus. B. i.
assimitis, B. i. gryphicus, B. minutus, B. mirabilis,
B. pacificus, B. pacificus brevicalcar, B. pallidas,
B. pallidus krugeri, B. patellaris, B. patelliformis,
B. aquila, B. reticulatus, B. subalbidus, B. sutural-
tus, B. tintinnabulum maroccana, B. uliginosus, B.
variegatus, B. v. cirratus. B. v. tesselatus, B.
venustus, B. v. modestus, B. v. niveus, B. v.
obscurus, B. violaceus, B. armatus)

HUlaire-Marcel, C, G. Prichonnet and B. De Boutray

1974. Marine Pleistocene facies from the hills at Oka,
Quebec. Nat. Can. (Que.) 101(5):781-802. (Balanus
hameri, B. crenatus)

Hochstein, S., B. Minke and P. Hillman
1973. Antagonistic components of the late receptor

potential in the barnacle photoreceptor arising

from different stages of the pigment process. J.

Gen. Physiol. 62(1):105-128. (B. amphitrite, B.

ebumeus)
Holland, D. L. and P. J. Hannant
1973. Addendum to a micro-analytical scheme of the

biochemical analysis of marine invertebrate larvae.

J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 53(4):833-838. (Balanus

balanoides, B. hameri, Elminius modestus)
Houk, J. L. and J. M. Duffy

1972. Two new sea-urchin-acorn barnacle associations.
Calif. Fish and Game 58(4):321-323. (Balanus
concavus pacificus, B. nubilus)

Hoyle, G.. P. A. McNeill and A. I. Selverston

1973. Ultrastructure of barnacle giant muscle fibers. J.
CeU Biol. 56(1):74-91. (Balanus nubilus)

Hughes, G. R.

1974. The sea turtles of South-east Africa, II. Oceanogr.
Res. Inst. (South Africa), Inves. Rept. 36:1-96.
(Balanus sp. (=trigonusJ )

Hurley. A. C.

1975. The establishment of populations of Balanus
pacificus Pilsbry (Cirripedia) and their elimination
by predatory Turbellaria. J. Anim. Ecol. 44(2):521-
532.

Ireland, M. P.
1974. Variation in the zinc, copper, manganese and lead
content of Balanus balanoides in Cardigan Bay,
Wales, Environ. Pollut. 7(l):65-75.
Jocque, R. and D. Van Damme

1972. Introduction to the ecological study of intertidal
clay and peat banks at Raversijde Belgium.
Biologisch Jaarboek, Belgium 39:157-190. (Balanus
balanoides, B. crenatus, Elminius modestus)

Kasymov, A. G., R. M. Bagirov and G. M. Fihppov
1974. Benthos of the southeastern Caspian Sea coast.
Zool. Zh. 53(3):454-456. (Balanus improvisus)
Kidson, C. and R. Wood

1974. The Pleistocene stratigraphy of Barnstable Bay.
Proc. Geol. Assoc. 85:223-237. (Balanus balanoides)

Krischer, C. C.
1971. The photo-electric efficiency of the median and the
lateral photo receptor of the barnacle Balanus
(Balanus) ebumeus. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 26(12):
1326-1335.

Kuznetsova, I. A.

1973. Assimilation of some food kinds of cirriped crusta-
ceans. Gidrobiol. Zh. 9(4):42-50. (Balanus bala-
noides, B. ebumeus, B. improvisus)

LaCombe, D.

1973. Cria^ao de Balanideos em laboratorio. Trab. V
Congr. Latinoam. Zool. Montevideo, 1:168-174.
(Balanus amphitrite albicostatus, B. a. denticulata,
B. a. hawaiiensis, B. tintinnabulum tintinnabulum,
Chelonibia patula, Chthamalus stellatus)

Larman, V. N. and P. A. Gabbott

1975. Settlement of cyprid larvae of Balanus balanoides
and Elminius modestus induced by extracts of
adult barnacles and other marine animals. J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. U. K. 55:183-190.

Long, E. R.

1974. Marine fouling studies off Oahu, Hawaii, USA.
Vehger 17(l):23-36. (Balanus amphitrite, B. crena-
tus, B. ebumeus, B. tintinnabulum, B. trigonus)

Magre, E. J.

1974a. Population density of Balanus balanoides in rela-
tion to tide pool water level. (Cirripedia Thoracica).
Crustaceana 26(2):139-142.

1974b. Ulva lactuca L. negatively affects Balanus
balanoides (L.) (Cirripedia Thoracica) in tidepools.
Crustaceana 27(3):231-234.
Maurer, D. and L. Watling

1973. Studies on the oyster community in Delaware: the
effects of the estuarine environment on the associ-

102

ated fauna. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol. 58(2|:
161-201. IBalanus ebumeus. B. improvisus)
Meith-Avcin, N.

1974. DDT and the rugophilic response of settling
barnacles Balanus improvisus. J. Fish. Res. Board

Can. 31(121:1960-1963.
Mohammad, M.-B. M.

1975. Competitive relationship between Balanus amphi-
trite amphitrite and Pomatoleios krausii with
special reference to their larval settlement. Hydro-
biologia46(l):l-16.

Moore, H. B., H. B. Albertson and S. M. MiUer

1974. Long-term changes in the settlement of barnacles

in the Miami area. Bull. Mar. Sci. 24(1|:86-100.

IBalanus amphitrite amphitrite. B. ebumeus. B.

improvisus. B. reticulatus. B. trigonus)
Nielsen, R.

1972. A study of the shell-boring marine algae around

the Danish Island Laeso. Botanisk Tiddsskrift

67(31:245-269. (Balanus balanoides)
Paine, R. T.

1974. Intertidal community structure: experimental

studies on the relationship between a dominant

competitor and its principal predator. Oecologia

(Berl.) 15(21:93-120. IBalanus cariosus. B. glandula,

Chthamalus fissusi
Partaly, E. M.

1974. Seasonal changes of epibiotic communities on

Balanus improvisus on overgrowth biocenosis. Zh.

Obshchei Biol. 35(31:454-459.
PiUai, N. K. and Balakrishnan Nair.

1974. Observations on the incidence and seasonal fluc-
tuations of certain crustacean larvae in the plank-
ton of the southwest coast of India. Hydrobiologia
43(3/4):443-461. IBalanus amphitrite communis)

PoUock, L. W.

1975. Observations on marine Heterotardigrada, includ-
ing a new genus from the western Atlantic Ocean.
Cah. Biol. Mar. 16(1):121-132. (Balanus balanoides)

Pratt, D. M.

1974. Attraction to prey and stimulus to attack in the
predatory gastropod Urosalpinx cinerea. Mar. Biol.
27(l):37-45. IBalanus balanoides. B. ebumeus)
Rao, D. G. V. and P. N. Ganapati
1972. Respiration in relation to salinity variation in inter-
tidal barnacles. Proc. Indian Nat. Acad., Part B,
Biol. Sci. 38(5/6):425-429. IBalanus amphitrite
amphitrite. B. tintinnabulum tintinnabulum)
Rogers, F. L.

1948. Description of a new species of barnacle from

Panama. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci. 47(3):
95-99. {Balanus panamensis: a senior synonym of
Balanus eyerdami Henry, according to D. P.
Henry, pers. comm.)

Roth, V. D. and W. L. Brown.
1975. A new genus of Mexican intertidal zone spider
(Desidael with biological and behavioral notes. Am.
Mus. Novit. 2568:1-7. ITetraclita squamosa)

Sergy, G. A. and J. W. Evans

1975. The settlement and distribution of marine organ-
isms fouUng a seawater pipe system. Veliger
18(11:87-92. IBalanus balanoides)

Shikami, T.

1973. MoUuscan assemblages of the basal part of the
Zushi Formation in the Miura Peninsula. Sci. Rep.
Tohuku Univ., Sec. Ser, (Geol.l, Spec. 6:179-204.
IBalanus aff. amphicostatus l=albicostatusl )

Southward, A. J.
MS. A reconsideration of the taxonomic status and
distribution of Chthamalus stellatus (Cirripedial in
the N. E. Atlantic region.

Stickle, W. B.

1973. The reproductive physiology of the intertidal
prosobranch Thais lamellosa (Gmelinl. 1. Seasonal
changes in the rate of oxygen consumption and
body component indexes. Biol. Bull. 144(3):51 1-524.
IBalanus cariosus, B. glandula)

Thomas, M. L. H., D. R. Grant and M. de Grace

1973. A new late Pleistocene marine shell deposit at
Shippegan New Brunswick. Can. J. Earth Sci.
10(81:1329-1332. IBalanus crenatus, B. hameri, B.
improvisus)

Wagh, A. B. and D. V. Bal.

1974. Observations on systematics of sessile barnacles
from the west coast of India: I. J. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc. 71(11:109-123. IBalanus am'aryllis
euamaryllis. B. amphitrite communis. B. a. hawaii-
ensis, B. a. stutsburi. B. a. venustus, B. tintin-
nabulum tintinnabulum. Chelonibia patula, C.
testudinaria, Chthamalus malayensis, C. withersi,
Tetraclita ITetraclitella) purpurascens)

Walker, G., P. S. Rainbow, P. Foster and D. J. Crisp

1975. Barnacles: possible indicators of zinc pollution?
Mar. Biol. 30(11:57-66.

Walker, G., P. S. Rainbow, P. Foster and D. L. HoUand
1975. Zinc phosphate granules in tissue surrounding the
midgut of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Mar.
Biol. 33(21:161-166.

103

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

(Only italicized page numbers lead directly to valid species in the Catalog)

Aaptolasma 46,20-22,31,33

abeli (see violaceus). 70, 101

Abundantus 62

Acasta 53-54,49,23,28,34

Actinobalanus 49,23,24

actinomorphus 49

aculeata 53

acuta, -us, Conopea 54

acuta, -um, Cantellius 56

acutus, Balanus 62

aeneas 51

aeratus 62, 101

aethiops 66

aestuarii 40,41,31

africana 47, 100

ajojc 67,100

alaskensis 61

alatus 65,101

alba, Acasta 53

alba, Tetraclita 47, 100

albus, Chirona 50

albicostatus 62, 101,102

formosanus 62

alcyonicola 53

algicola 67

costatus 67

japonica 67

novarae 67

typica 67

allium 49

truncatus 49

alloplax 61

altissimus 61

altavellensis 67

amakusana 53

americanum 46,31

amaryllis 50

euamaryllis 50,100,102

dissimilis 50

laevis 50

nivea 50

amphitrite 62,64,70,33,34,

100,101,102

abundantus 62

acutus 62

aeratus 62, 101

albicostatus 62,101,102

archi-inexpectatus 62

cirratus 64,65,100,101

cochinensis.- 62, 101

columnarius 62, 101

communis 62,64,100,101.102

fluminensis 62, 101

helenae 62

hungaricus 62

inexpectatus 62-63,34,101

insignis 63,64,101

karakumiensis 63

kondakovi 63, 101

krugeri 64,101

litoralis 63

malayensis 64,101

merklini 63

obscurus 65,101

peruvianas 63, 101

peocilosculpta 63,64,101

rafflesi 63,101

stutsburii 64,101,102

tesselatus 64,101

tongaensis 63

variegatus 64,100,101

venustus 65,101,102

vladivostokensis 63,65,101

amphitrite, group of Balanus 62-

65,69,13,23,24,34

anchoris 54

Andromacheia 59

anglicum, -a 59, 58

angulosa 40, 100

angusticalcar 53

angustiradiata 58

angustiterga, Creusia 58

angustitergum, Chthamalus 41

angustus 67

anisopoma 41

annandalei 58

antarcticum 46

antennatus 4i,42,19

antillensis 67

antipathidis 53

antiqua, -um, Coronula 45

antiquus, Chthamalus 42,50

aotea 44,45

aperta, Acasta 53

apertus, Balanus 61,65

apertus, Balanus rostratus 61

appelloefi 40

aquila 6i, 100,101

arafurae 46

Archaeobalanidae, -inae 49-56,

11,23,24,38

Archaeobalanus 49,22-24

archi-inexpectatus 62

arcuatus, Balanus 49

arcuatum, Cantellius 57,34

arenarius 69

artica 59

armata, Acasta 53

Armatobalanus 49,50,23,24,

28,30,31

A. (Armatobalanus) 49,50,23,34

A. (Hexacreusia) 50,23

armatus, Balanus 64,65,66,101

assimilis 64,101

astacophilus 50

aucklandicum 45-46

aurantiacum 40

auricoma 50

Austrobalaninae 46,11,21,38

Austrobalanus 46,49,21,31

azoricus 67

balaena 45

balaenaris 45

Balanidae 59-69,11-16,23,39

Balanoidea 49-69,9,12,15,

22-24,38,30,31

balanoides 55-56,22,25,28,

100,101,102

calcaratus 56

Balanoidomorphoidea 43,2,20-22,

36,30,31
Balanomorpha 9-24,36,26,27,

28,29,31
Balanus 59-69, 14,23,28,30,

31,33,34

balanus 59-60, 100

pugetensis 59,60

balanus, group of Balanus 59-60,

23

barbadensis .58

barbara 45

basicupula 53

(Bathybalanus) 52,23

Bathybalanus 52,22,23

Bathylasma 45,46,15,20-22,31.33

Bathylasmatidae, -inae 45,46,11

13,21,37

belyaevi 41

bifida 45

bimae 50

bimanicus 50

biscayensis 45

bisexlobata 44

bisinuatus 43

bisulcatus 49

plicatus 49

bloxhamensis 61

borsodensis 69

Boscia 5923,28

Boscinae 59,11,23,24,39

brachialis 52

Brachylepadomorpha 11.12,15,16

brevicalcar 66, 101

breviscutum 46,33

brevitergm 57

brintoni 46

brunnea, Chamaesipho 43

brunnea, Octomeris 40

caboblanquensis 63

calabrus 65

calcaratus 56

calcareobasis 41

calceolus, -a 54

calidus 65

nonstriatus 65

califomica, Diadema 45

califomicus, Megabalanus 67,30

callistoderma 46

calvertensis 49

campbelli 67

cancetlorum 53

cancellata 58

candidum, Coronula 45

candidus, Balanus 64

CanteUius 56-57,23,34

capellini 43

capensis 67

carenatus 62,101

caretta 43

caribensis 63

cariosus 56,30,102

Catomerus 40,14,17,18,31

Catophragmidae 40,11,19,36

Catophragmus 40,14,17,18,29

caudatus, -a 41

cepa 49

Ceratoconcha 58-59,23,24,28

Ceratoconchinae 58,11,23,24,39

Cetolepas 45,21

Cetopirus 45,21

challengeri 4i, 42,100

krakatauensis 41

nipponensis 41

104

Chamaeosipho 43,17,18

Chelonibia 43,20-22,29,33

Chelonibiinae 43,44,11,21,37

cheltrypetes 43

chesapeakensis 61

chilensis 68

chinense, Pachylasma 40

chinensis, Tetraclitella 46

Chionelasmus 40,4,17,18,

19,31,32

Chirona. 50

C. (Chirona) 50,23

C. (Striata balanus) 50,23

chisletianus 69

chordatus 67

Chthamalidae, -inae, -oidea 40,41-

43,11-16,17-20,36,29.30,31

Chthamalus 40,13,17,18,31,32

ciliatus 50

circe 49

cirratus, Chthamalus 4i,40

cirratus. Balanus ... 64-65,63,100,101

citerosum 6?,65,101

cladangiae 59

ctavatus 60

clippertonensis 67

coccopoma 67

cochinensis 62, 101

coerutescens 47, 100

columna 43

columnaris 62, 101

communis, Balanus amphitrite . . . . 62,

100,101,102

communis, Chthamalus stellatus. . . 42

communis, Megabatanus 68

communis, Tetraclita 48,100

complanatus, -a 45

compressus 51

concavus 6i, 66,68,70

alloplax 61

chesapeakensis 61

coosensis 61

dallonii 61

eseptatus 61

finchii 61

glyptopoma 61

indicus 61,101

mexicanus 61, 101

oligoseptatus 61

pacificus 66,68,101

proteus 61

raphanoides 61

rariseptatus 61

rubescens 61

scrutorum 61

sinensis 67, 101

concavus, group of Balanus 61-

62,23,28,31

concinnus 67

confinis 48

conica 5,3,34

conicocystata 58

conjugatum 58, 100

connelli 60

Conopea 54-55,23,28,30

coosensis 61

coquimbensis 65

coriobasis 53

comutus, Chthamalus 43

comutus, -a, Conopea 55

comwalli 51

corolliforme. -is 46,31,33,100

Coronula 44,45,11,21

Coronulidae, -inae 43-45,11,20,

21,24,37

corrugatus 49

costata, -um, Ceratoconcha. 58,59

costata, Tetraclitella 46

digita 46

costatus, Megabalanus 67

cranchii 67

crassa, Acasta 53

crassa, Octomeris 40

crenatibasis 43

crenatiformis 57

crenatum, Savignium 57

crenatus, Balanus 60,59,69,30,

100,101,102

curviscutum 60

delicatus 60

cretaceum 40

Creusia 57-58,56,59,13,23

creusioides 58

crinoidophilum 40

crispatus 67

cristallinus 52

Cryptolepas 45,21

ctenodentia. 53

cuneiformis 52

curvirostratus, Balanus 65

curviscutum 60

cuspidatus 53

cyathus 53

cybosyrinx 44

cylindricus 67

Cylindrolepas 44, 21

cymbiformis 55

dalli, Balanus 61

dalli. Chthamalus 42

dalloni 61

darwini, Balanus (B.) 65

calabrus 65

darwini, Cetopirus 45

darwini, Chionelasmus . . . 40, 4, 31, 32

darwini, Coronula 45

darwini, Tetraclitella 47

darwiniana, Ceratoconcha 58

darwiniana, Cylindrolepas 44

darwinianum, Pachylasma 40

decima 57

declivis 53

decorata 44

decorus 67-68

delicatus 60

democraticus (see ebumeus) 101

dentata, Chelonibia 44

dentatum, Savignium 57

dentatus, Chthamalus 42, 100

denticulata, Acasta 53

denticulata, Balanus 62, 101

dentifer 55

dentivarians 63, 101

depressa, Chelonibia 43

depressa, Tetraclitella 47

depressa, Tetraclita 47, 48

depressus, -a, Euraphia 41, 40

devonica, Paleocreusia 58

Diadema 45

diadema. 45

digita 46

diploconus, -a 58

dissimitis 50

divisa 47, 31

dotfleini 53

dollfusi, Balanus 66

dollfusii, Megabalanus 68

dolosus 49

domingensis 58

dorbignii 68

dormitor 45

dumortieri 47

duploconus 58

durhami 50

duvergieri 49

dybowskii 64, 101

ebumeus 63, 100, 101, 102

ecaudatum 40

echinata 53

echinicola 69

echinoplacis 51

ecuadoricus 69

elegans, Stomatolepas 44

elegans, Tetraclita 48

elizabethae 51

Elminius 52, 46, 16, 23

elongatum 57, 55

Emersonius, -inae ... 44, 11, 13, 21, 37

emkweniensis 51

engbergi 51

Eobalanus 60

Eoceratoconcha 55, 23, 28

Eoverruca 11

Epopella 46, 21, 22, 33

eseptatus 61

estrellanus, Balanus 61

etruscus 69

euamaryllis 50, 100, 102

Eubalanus 69

Euraphia, -inae 40-41, 11, 17-20,

36, 27, 31, 32

euspinulosa, -um 57, 100

evermanni 50

eyerdami 61, 102

fallax 51

fenestrata 53

ficarazzensis 45

filigranus 49

finchii 61

fischeri 53

fissus 42, 102

fistulosus 67

flexuosa 53

floridana. Ceratoconcha 58

floridana, Tetraclita 48

flosculus 52

sordidus 52

flosculoidus 69

flos 61

fluminensis 62, 101

folliculus 55

foraminifera 53

formae 53

formosana, Tetraclita 48

formosanus, Balanus 62, 101

fossata 53

fossilis, Balanus improvisus 64

fossilis, Balanus laevis 65

fosteri 46

fragilis, Chthamalus 42, 31

fragilis, Conopea 55

franciscanus 62, 101

fuchsi 59

funiculorum 49

fujiyama 49

fujiyamaformis 49

galapaganus SS

galeatus, -a. 55, 30

georgiana 49

giganteum, Megabalanus 68

105

giganteum. Pachylasma 40

gilmorei 43

gizellae, Balanus 69

glaber. 41

glandula 60, 28, 30, 102

glans 53

globicipitis 45

glyptopoma 61

gonioporae (see orbicetlae) 100

grandis. -e 5S, 31, 100

granulatus, -a 55

gregarea, -ius, Cantellius 57

gregaria, Acasta 53

gregarius, Radiolites, Tamiosoma . . 61

gregarius, Balanus 61

gryphicus 64, 101

halomitrae 58

hameri 50. 100, 101, 102

hammeri (=hameri) 50

hantkeni 49

hawaiensis, Solidobalanus 51

hawaiiensis. Balanus 62, 100,

101, 102

helenae 62

hembeli 4i, 13, 19, 31, 100

hemisphaerica 43

hentscheli 47

hertleini 45

herzi 62, 101

(Hespenbalanus). 51-52, 23

hesperius 51

laevidomiformis 51

laevidomus 51, 30

nipponensis 51

heteropus 61

hexastytos 44

ichthyophila 44

IHexacreusia) 49, 50, 23

Hexelasma 46, 40, 50, 1 1,

14-17, 20. 21

Hexelasminae 46, 21, 37

Hiroa 57, 23

hirsuta 53

hirsutum 46

Hoekia 58, 23, 24, 34

hoekianus, -um 50

hohmanni 69

honti 68

hopkinsi, Balanus 63

humilis, Balanus 69

hungaricus, (Balanus) 62

hungaricus, Megabalanus 68

hyastina 47

hystrix 66

ichthyophila. 44

idiopoma 53

imbricatus 40

imperator 46, 20, 31

imperatrix 42

improvisus 63, 62, 100, 101, 102

assimilis 64, 101

fossitis 64

gryphicus 64, 101

inclusus 49

indicum, Creusia 57-58

indicum, Pyrgoma 57-58

merulinae 58

symphylliae 58

indicus, Balanus 61, 101

indicus, Platylepas 44

inexpectatus 62-63. 101

insignis 63, 64, 101

integrirostrum 40

intermedia 40, 100

intermedius 68

intertextus, -a 41, 27, 32

investitus, -a 55

irregularis 69

Isolde 68

isseti 47

iwayama 57

japonica, Acasta 53

japonica, Diadema 45

japonica. Megabalanus 67

japonica, Pyrgoma 58

japonica, Tetraclita 48

japonicum, Pachylasma 40

javanicus 68

jedani 55

Jehlius 43,18

jungi 59

kanakoffi 65

karakumiensis 63

karandei 47

Kathpalmeria 49,23

kingii 52

kleinii 45

kojumdgievae 58

komaii 54

kondakovi 63, 101

krakatauensis, Chthamalus 4i,42

krakatauensis, Megabalanus 68

krambergeri 59

krugeri, Balanus 64,101

krugeri, Chirona 50

krugeri, Platylepas 44

krusadaiensis 53,100

kugleri 55

kuri 58

laevidomiformis 51

laevidomus 5i,30

laevigata 54, 58

laevis, Balanus 65,28,34

coquimbensis 65

fossilis 65

nitidus 65

nonsulcatus 65

laevis, Chioma 50

laevis, Eliminius 52

laguairensis 65

latum 59

leganyii 68

leonensis 65

leptoderma 46, 33

libera 54

ligusticus 42

litoralis 63

lobatobasis 43

longibasis 55

longirostrum 53

krusadaiensis 53,100

macsotayi 45

maculatus 50

madrasensis 56, 100

madreporicola, Acasta 49

madreporum, Cantellius 57

madreporarae, Boscia 59

major 45

malayensis, Balanus 64.101

malayensis, Chthamalus 42,41,

100,102

maldivensis 5J, 50

manati 43

crenatibasis 43

lobatobasis 43

maroccana 64, 101

mastignotus 51

maxillaris 67,68

maxima 41

Megabalanus 67-69,13,23,28,

29,30.31,34

Megatrema. 59

membranacea 54

Membranobalanus 52,23

merklini 63

merrilli 55

merulinae 58

Metabalanus 50

mexicanus 61, 101

microforamina 54

microstomus 69

microtretus 42

milensis 51

milleporum, Savignium 57

milleporosa, Tetraclita 48

minuta, Ceratoconcha 59

minutus, Balanus 65, 101

miocaenica, Ceratoconcho 59

miocenicus, Actinobalanus 49

mirabilis, Balanus 69, 101

mirabilis, Balanus perforatus 67

mitra, Tetraclita 48

modestus, Balanus 65, 101

modestus, Elminius 52, 100,101

laevis 52

mojbergi 55

molluscorum 52

monticutariae 58,34

moro 41,42,100

moravica 58

morycowae 68

multicostata, Tetraclitella 47

multicostatum, Pyrgoma 59

multidecorata 44

multiseptatus 68

murata 45

muricata, Acasta 54

muricata, Stephanolepas 44

mylensis 51

nascanus 51

natalensis 45

navicula 55

nebrias 53

nefrens 49.30.31

neogenica 59

neuseelandicus 41

Newmanella 47,21

nigrescens, Megabalanus 68

nigrescens, Tetraclita 48

nipponensis, Chthamalus 41

nipponensis, Solidobalanus 51

nipponensis, Tetraclitella 46

nitida, Acasta 54,34

nitidus, Balanus 65

nivea, Chirona 50

niveus, Balanus.. . 65,64,62,31,100,101

Nobia 58,23,31

nonstriatus 65

nonsulcatus 65

noszkyi 59

Notobalanus 52,10,23

nubilus 60-6;,69,70,34,100,101

nubilus, group of Balanus 60-61,

69,70,23

obscurus 65. 101

obliquus 66

oblitteratus 43,32,100

occator 68,66,100

occidentatis 51

106

ochlockoneensis 66

octavus 57

Octomeris 40,17-19,31

oligoseptatus 61

ophiophilus 44

oppidieboraci 64

orbicellae 58

orcutti 53

orcuttiformis 53

oryza 49

oulastreae 59

Pachydiadema 40,17

Pachylasma, -inae 40,11,14,16-19,

22,29,31

pacified, Tesseropora 47,33

pacificus, Balanus 66,68,101

brevicatcar 66, 101

prebrevicalcar 66, 101

Paleocreusia 58

palaoensis 49

pallidas, Cantellius 57

pallidus, Balanus 64, 101

krugeri (see kondakoui) 101

stutsburii 64

panamensis, Balanus 102

panamensis, Chthamalus 42

panamensis, Tetraclita 48

pannonicus 69

pantanelli 49

parahesperius 51

parkeri 66

patellans, Balanus 64,100,101

patellaris, Tetraclita 48,100

patelliformis (see B. patellaris) . . . . 101

patula 45,44,32,101,102

dentata 44

pectinipes 54

peninsularis 68,69

pentacrini 52,34

perfecta, Tetraclita 48

perforatus, Balanus 66-67,100,101

altavellensis 67

angustus 67

chordatus 67

cranchii 67

fistulosus 67

mirabilis 67

perforatus, group of Balanus 66-

67,23

permitini 42

peruvianas 63,101

phineus 51

pictus 62

pilsbryi, Euraphia 41

typica 41

neuseelandicus 41

pilsbryi, Catophragmus 40

pilsbryi, Tessarelasma 46

pilsbryi, Tetraclitella 47

Platylepas 44,21

Platylepadinae 44-48,49,11,21

playagrandensis 64

plicatus, Actinobalanus 49

plicatus, Epopella 46

plicatus, Megabalanus 68

pliocenicus 66

poecilosculpta 63,64,101

poecilotheca 64, 101

poecilus 66

Pollicipes 17

polygenus 65

Polylepas 45

polymerus 40,31

polyporus 61

porata 54

porcatus 59

porosa 48

communis 48

nigrescens 48

viridis 48

praegustator 44

praespinulosa 58,59

prebrevicalcar 66

prefloridana 59

proinus 51

projectum 58, 100

proteus 61

Protobalanus 60

proripiens 55

Proverruca 11

provisoricus 66

pseudauricoma 51

Pseudoacasta 54,23

pseudopallidum 57

psittacus 68,31,34,101

chilensis 68

pugetensis 59,60

purpurascens 47,46,100,102

darwini 47

nipponensis 46

purpurata 54

Pycnolepas 11

pygmaeus, -a 55

Pyrgoma 58,55,57,59,23

Pyrgomatidae, -inae 58,11,13,23,

24,28,39,31

Pyrgomina 59

Pyrgopsella 58,23

Pyrgopsis 58

quadrivittatus 49

quadratoradiata 59

quarta 59

quinquevittatus 49

quintus 57

radiata 47,68

wagneri 47

radicifer. 50

Radiolites 61

rafflesi 63,101

ramosa 44

rangi 59

latum 59

raphanoides 61

rariseptatus 61

regalis 61, 101

reginae 45

remi 55

reticulatus 64,101,102

revilei 69

rhachianecti 45

rhizophorae 47,40

roonwali 53,100

rosa, Megabalanus 68

rosea, Chirona 50

rosea, Tesseropora 47, 100

rostratus 6i, 100

alaskensis 61

apertus 61

heteropus 61

dalli 61

rubescens, Balanus 61

rubescens, Tetraclita. 48

rufotincta. 48,31,100

rugosus 46

salaami 64

saltonensis 62,101

sanctacrucensis 59

sauntonensis, Balanus 69

sarda 54

Savignium 57,23

scabrosus 42

scandens 55

schafferi 54

Scillaelepas 17

scrutorum 61

sculptura 54

scutelliformis 43

scuticosta 54

scutistriata 40,31

secundus 57

seguenzai, Megabalanus 68

seguenzai, Boscia 59

Semibalanus, -inae 55-56,70,

11,22-24,38,25,28,30

semicanaliculatus 49

semota 54

Septimus 57

serrata, Acasta 54

serrata, Tetraclita 47, 100

sextus 57

shilohensis 69-70

similus 70

simplex 46

sinensis 61, 101

sinnurensis 56, 100

sinuatus 52

snelliusi 57

socialis 51

solida, Chelonibia 44

solidus, Solidobalanus 51

Solidobalanus 50-51,69,70,23,30

S. (Bathybalanus) 52,23,34

S. (Hesperibalanus) 51-52,23

S. (Solidobalanus) 50-51,23

sookensis 51

sordidus 52

southwardi 46, 108

spinifera, Acasta 54

spiniferus, Balanus 61

spinitergum 54

spinosa, Acasta 54

spinosus, Megabalanus 68

spinulosa 58,56,57,59,100

spongicola 66

pliocenicus 66

spongites 54, 100

sporillus 54

squamosa 48,47,102

depressa 48

formosana 48

japonica 48

milleporosa 48

panamensis 48

patellaris 48, 100

perfecta 48

rubescens 48

elegans 48

rufotincta 48, 100

viridis 48, 100

stalactifera 48

con finis 48

floridana 48

milleporosa 48

stellaris 49

miocenicus 49

stellula 58

stellatus. . . 42,40,41,43,13,100,101,102

bisinuatus 43

comutus 43

107

thompsoni 43

stenonotus 51

Stephanolepas 44,21

stokesii 59

Stomatotepas 44,21

straeleni 50

striata, Acasta 54

striata, Tubicinella 45

(Striatobalanus) 50

stubbingsi 57

stuchburii 40

stultus 68

morycowae 68

sturi 59

stutsburii 64,101,102

subalbidus 64,101

sublaevis 50

subquadrata, -us 47

sulcata, Acasta 54

anchoris 54

spinosa 54

sulcata, Octomeris 40.31

sumbawae 57

suturalis 61

suturaltus 64,101

symphylliae 58

taiwanensis 50

talquinensis 61

tamiamiensis 61

Tamiosoma 61

tanagrae 68

tantillus 51

tenuis 50

terebratus 49-50,34

radicifer 50

tenuivalvata 54

Tessaretasma 46,17,21

tesselatus 64,101

Tesseroplax 47,21

Tesseropora 47,21,22,33

testudinaria 44, 102

solida 44

Tetrabalanus 65,23

Tetrachthamalus 43,18,32,100

Tetraclita 46-48,11,13,

20,21.28,29,31
Tetraclitella, -inae. . . 46,47,11,21,38,31

Tetraclitidae. -inae 47,48,11,13

19-21,24,37,38

Tetrachaelasma 46,21.22,108

thompsoni, Chthamalus 43

thompsoni, Solidobalanus 51

tintinnabulum SS-69,61,66

100.101,102

communis 68

coosensis 61

occator 66,100

peninsularis 69

tongaensis 6,3

trachealis 45

transversa 44

transversalis 57

transversostriatus 69

transsylvanicus 69

tredecimus 57

tridacophylliae 57

triderma 46

trigonus 6630,100,101,102

trigonus, group of Balanus. . . 65-66,23

trolli 59

truncatus 49

tuberculatus 50

Tubicinella 45,21

tuboperforatus 70

tubulatus 69

tulipa 54

tulipiformis 69

arenarius 69

etruscus 69

tumorifer 70

typica, Euraphia 41

typica, Megabalanus 67

typica, Pyrgoma 57

uliginosis 64,65,101

umitosaka 54

unguiformis 50

undulata 54

unisemita 47

vadaszi 62

validus 69, 100

variegatus 64, 100,101

cirratus 64-65,63,101

tesselatus 64,101

varians, Balanus 41

varians, Chirona 50

varians, Solidobalanus 52

velutinum 46

veneticensis 70

venezuelensis 69

venustus 65,64.101,102

modestus 65, 101

niveus 65, 101

obscurus 65, 101

Verruca, Verrucomorpha 11,

12,15,16

vesiculosus 69

vestitus 52

vialovi 52

vinaceus 69

violaceus 70,62,101

viridis 48.100

vitiata 48, 100

vladivostokensis 63,65,101

volcano 6968.100

vulgaris 45

wagneri 47

wilsoni, Megabalanus 69

wilsoni, Platylepas 44

withersi, Balanus 60

withersi, Chthamalus 40,100,102

withersi, Euraphia 41, 19,100

wireni 47

africana 47, 100

pacifica 47

Xenobalanus 45,21,31

zealandicus 50

zebra 39

zuiho 54

108

Figure 17. The remains of Tetrachaelasma sp., blanket the sea floor at a depth of nearly
2000m on the flanks of a seamount off Madagascar (26°29'S, 46°07'E). The relatively
primitive balanomorphoid Tetrachaelasma southwardi was first discovered by the R/V
Eltanin in the Antarctic Basin, off southern Chile and off Cape Horn at comparable depths
(Newman and Ross, 1971). It is the only balanomorphan known to occur in the abyss. The
calcareous deposits depicted here, composed of more than 90% calcitic barnacle remains,
including rostra up to 10 cm in length, represent the remains of animals that once Uved on
the seamount and were subsequently concentrated in the valleys and gorges around its
flanks. Other accumulations of comparable barnacle content occur in the fossil record, but
these developed in situ in shallow water. Photo courtesy of Robert L. Fisher, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography.

W!#Wa

*<*r'*

y*l

^ .*^\

If.'

:0-A*

'V '4i

~ 2 -

'**

'^?V

y;

«#„■

-tv-

lX

^f'

^M

•*w •'

v^/

;<

v^'

i-'-

^"^

K-

^W0-^A.

y.

r

•ji5 -

J

'■^.r^:

>V^.:

r-^wL'

9^%5M

t?**^

*'14

.V

V^

rf- II ^.

*i>.

?•' V

J^/^/^.

-..•L*,

Date Due

ACME
BOOKBINDING CO., INC.

NOV 28 1984

100 CAM8r;10G£ STREET
CH^.RLESTOWN, MASS.

3 2044 093 361

145