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1243869

GENEALOGY

COLLECTION

3 1833 01067 5632

[T\e[r\or\a\ • aijd • Bio(§rapt?ieal • }^istory

— ^^OF THE«;^^—

Coast Counties

^OF«

C^eptral « ( ^aliforpia.

IlillUSTl^ATElD . •

Coqtainir\g a History of tl^is Irriportant Sectior] of tl^e Pacific Coast from tine Earliest Period of

its Discovery to the Preser\t Tirrje, together witl] Glinqpses of its Auspicious Future;

lllustratioris aqd Full-Page Portraits of some of its Enqir\eqt Meq,

and Biograpl|ical Mention of ir^aqy of its Pioqeers,

and Prominent Citizens of To-day.

HENRY D, BARROWS, LUTHER A, INGERSOLL,

Editor of the Historical Department. Editor of the Biographical Department.

"A people that take no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be
remembered with pride by remote descendants."— yl/rtra?//fl)'.

CHICRGO:

THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY.

1893.

■^•^

1213869

PREFATORY

THE GENEBAL HISTORY.

N presenting the result of their labors to the readers of this volume, the editors desire

to say that they are fully aware of the truth that the merit of a picture of any past

epoch depends not a little on the manner in which it is presented. The historian, that is,

the picturer of the present or the past, like the painter, should be, though he often, alas! falls

short of being, an artist. He should also be an idealist and a philosopher. It is not enough

for him to give mere dull descriptions of humdrum events, which in themselves alone

^ are often, however faithfully reproduced, but the dry bones of a cadaver. He. must see

something of the significance of the events he describes, the wondrous and often vital rela-

^ ' tions that exist between them, if he would bring an epoch vividly before the living present.

■^ He who spiritualizes and idealizes may indeed write the truest history. When George

^M Eliot gave, in after years, idealized pictures of the scenes and localities of her youth, her

neighbors, though seeing with different eyes, had no difiiculty in recognizing the fidelity of

her descriptions. So, coining nearer home, Mrs. Helen Jackson's idealized pictures in

Ramona of California scenes and characters, — of the hot, dusty, sheep-shearing times so

familiar to old Californians, — are not only faithful pictures, but they are also made all the

more attractive by her idealized artistic mode of presentation.

In telling the story of the central coast section of California, or, perhaps it would be

better to say, in summarizing that story within the briefest limits, we have endeavored

. to give the primary facts with fidelity. But whether we have rightly grasped the signifi-

' cance of the events we have described, — the wondrous and often vital relations which exist

between them, — is a matter, of course, which is left for the reader and the critic to decide.

We must confess that the study of California's early history, and especially of the early
history of Monterey and vicinity,^— which, in manners, customs and language, were but a
section of Spain translated to this then far distant region bordering on the South Seas, — has
greatly interested us. We can only hope that we may be able to awaken in our readers, in
some slight degree, a like interest in the same study.

H. D. Bakkows.

PREFATORY.

THE BIOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENT.

The publishers believe they have materially added to the value of this work by supple-
menting the general historical chapters with a somewhat extensive list of biographical
sketches and personal mention, so called, of citizens of more or less local prominence. With
the incorporation of these sketches, brief as some of them are, a two-fold purpose is served.
First, it secures to the work a class of significant historical facts that cannot so appropri-
ately find a place in any other portion of the history; secondly, to the general interest of
the volume it adds a personal worth to a class of people who would like to see such a work
in print, and leave it to their posterity.

In gathering the facts for these articles, serious difhculties have been encountered.
Some people have shown a reluctance to furnish us the desired data; others have over-
stocked us with material; while still others have declined to furnish us with any informa-
tion at all. The first two embarrassments were, with patience, in a measure, overcome; but
the last mentioned was insurmountable; and thus it is that the biographies of some most
worthy subjects are brief, and others are not here at all. All possible caution has been
taken to record these statements in harmony with the facts, aiming in each case to give a
faithful pen picture of each subject, as the artist would bring out the beauties of a land-
scape picture in colors harmonious and true to JSIature. The ills of life and imperfections
in character are neither pleasant nor profitable to contemplate. Therefore, we have not
aimed to perpetuate them in history.

To insure accuracy, these biographical sketches have been type-written and then sub-
mitted by mail or otherwise to the parties from whom the information was obtained.
Some have been kind enough to return them to us as requested in corrected form, and in a
few cases, where they were not so returned, we are not quite certain of their accuracy, and
do not feel responsible for possible errors.

The writing and final incorporation of these articles in this work have not been made in
all cases contingent upon a subscription for a history. JS'o pioneer has intentionally been
omitted because be could not see his way clear to order one of our books, and the
sketches of many appear who could not afford to pay for the work. It may also be stated
that some have ordered the work who, for reasons purely their own, desired their life's record
not to be included in the list of biographies.

In after years these biographies, called sketches, will have a value, because they are
authoritive records of primary facts in the lives of persons wlio took a more or less active
part in making the history related in this volume; and as years vanisli their significance
will be more apparent and their value increase,

L. A. Ingeksoll.

MONTEREY COUNTY.
Chapter. Page.
I.— Physical Features— Location, Topograpby, Min-
eralogy, etc 9

Coal 13

II. — Indigenous Plants and Animals 14

III. — Historic and Pre-Historic California 16

Early Discoveries 17

Vizcaino's Letters 18

IV. — Commencement of the Mission Era 23

The New World Colonized on a Politico-Re-
ligious Basis 25

Partial Failure of the Mission System .... 26

Pueblos 27

Spanish Governors 27

Mexican Governors 28

v.— Founding of the First Missions 28

VI.— From l!^00 to close of Mission Era 34

VII. — Secularization 37

California Becoming Known to the World. 89

The Episode of 1842 40

VIII.— Premonition of Impending Change 41

Later Views of Castaiiares 41

IX.— The Change from Spanish to Anglo-American . 45

X. — Raising of American flag at Monterey 50

XI.— Discovery of Gold 58

EflTects of the Great Gold Discoveries 59

Radical Economic Changes 59

XII. — Constitutional Convention 61

XIII.— The State Organized 70

Suppression of Disorder 71

XIV.— Monterey under American Rule 73

XV.— Pioneer Reminiscences— The Ord Brothers

in California 74

A Curious Incident 75

Fort Halleck 77

Reminiscences of Mrs. Little 78

Reminiscences of Mrs. Abrego 79

XVI.— Churches, Societies, etc 80

The Junipero Serra Monument 81

XVII.— Municipal 82

Monterey City Schools 83

XVIII.— Whaling at Monterey 84

XIX.— Climate of Monterey— The Dry, Cool Air . . 85
Temperatures 85

XX.— The County 88

Monterey County Public Schools 88

Salinas Valley 90

Lighthouses 91

XXL— Salinas City 92

Newspapers 97

Other Business Establishments 97

Salinas City Schools 98

XXII.— Pacitic Grove 98

Pacific Grove Schools 101

Donations 101

California Conference 102

Mayflower Congregational Church 103

Monterey cypress 104

XXIII.— Other Towns— Castroville 104

Gonzales 105

King City 106

XXIV.— Pacific Improvement Company 106

Hotel del Monte 107

Town of Pacific Grove HI

Carmel Waterworks 113

XXV.— Concerning one of the Earliest American

Settlers in California 113

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

I._Physical Characteristics— Location and Topog-
raphy 118

Geology 118

II.-Mineralogy 121

Quicksilver— New Idria 122

Antimony 124

Coal 124

Petroleum 135

Lime 126

III.— Early History 127

IV. — Decadence of the Missions 132

Mexican Land Grants 133

V — Change of Government 133

1 VI.— American Settlement of San Benito Valley ...134

County division 135

VII.— San Benito County in 1893 136

County Schools 137

VIII.— Resources of San Benito County 139

Hollister hay 139

IX.— Hollister 140

Schools 141

Churches 142

Societies 143

Newspapers 144

Fire Department 145

Grangers' Union 146

Water Works 146

Light and Power Company 147

Banks 147

X. — San Juan and other Settlements 148

Cienega Lime Kilns 150

Priest Valley Hall Association 151

XL— Eucalyptus 161

XII.— Twelve years' railroad traffic 153

XIIL— Vasquez, the bandit 153

XIV.— Panoche Grande 157

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

I. — Natural Features, Location, Topography and

Mineralogy 16i

Mineral resources 165

II.— History 166

III.— Founding of Pueblos 169

IV. — Annals of the Pueblo and Mission from 1800

to 1823 171

v.— Independence of Mexico— 1822 to 1846 176

VI. — Santa Cruz under American Rule 179

VII.— Resources of Santa Cruz County 180

Vineyards 183

VIIL— County Officers and Institutions 182

County Valuations 183

Schools 183

Societies 183

Churches 183

Railways 183

IX.— City of Santa Cruz 184

Santa Cruz Weather 185

X.— Other Towns— Watsonville, etc 186

Along the Shore Line 187

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

I. — Physical Features — Topography, etc 190

Mineralogy 190

II.— Early History 192

Spanish Grants 192

San Mateo under American Rule 193

A Pioneer's Reminiscences 193

Rafting Timber 194

Adventures of other Pioneers 196

III.-The Redwood Forests 197

Ai-cadian life 198

Redwood and its Characteristics 199

IV.— San Mateo of To-day— County Officers 200

Assessments 201

Public Schools 201

Belmont, Oak Grove and St. Matthew's

Schools 202-204

A Telescope 204

v.— Redwood City 205

Schools 305

Newspapers ..206

Tanneries 206

Churches 206

Fraternal Societies 207

Bank of San Mateo County 207

Fire Department 208

VI.— Miscellaneous— San Mateo (Town) 308

A Picturesque County 209

Halfmoon Bay 209

La Honda 210

Lighthouses 311

VII.— Climatic Peculiarities of the Coast ..211

Causes of the Wet and Dry Seasons 212

Topography as Affecting Climate 313

VIIL— Suburban Homes— Possibilities 314

Land and Live-stock 215

IX.— Stanford University 317

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Assembly Hall and Church at Pacific Grove 103

Bolado, Joaquin 345

Castro, J. B 433

Cuartel and Customhouse (old) at Monterey 50

Flint, Thomas 313

Flint, Mrs. Mary A 318

Forest Stream in Santa Cruz County 164

Jacks, David 341

Jacks, Mrs. Mary C 346

Malarin, Juan 393

San Benito County Courthouse, at Hollister 136

San Carlos Mission 28

San Juan Mission, San Benito County 132

BIOGP^APHIGAL SP^EIFGHES.

Abbe, Andrew 353

Alexander, J. K 364

Allen, A. E 378

Allen, George, 877

Anderson, W. A 240

Anthony, E 298

Anzer, P. E. G 437

Archer, S. M 418

Armstrong, J. G 380

Asher, W.C 235

Austin, R. C 287

Ayers, C 343

Bacon, Mrs. E. L 219

Baldwin, T. L 350

Ball, H. L 405

Bardin, Charles 399

Bardin, Henry 240

Bardin, James 403

Bardin, Jesse 403

Bardin, William 303

Barry, ^Michael 409

Bassett, Abner. 347

Bassett, C ' '. 348

Berg, Mrs. F 279

Bernhart, J. P 420

Black, Samuel 251

Black, S.M v. 233

Black, Victor D 339

Blackie, F 278

Blakie, George 291

Blessing, J. A 283

Blohm, Enno 401

Blomquist, A 276

Blosser, W. H 281

Bodfish, G. F 293

Bolado, J 345

Boronda, O 385

Boronda, M. S 388

Bordges, J. S 415

Bowie, Joseph 283

Boyd, A. P 348

Bradford, H. L 333

Bralee, Thomas 324

Bramers, T 340

Brannagan, A 363

Breen, Mrs, E. J 425

Breen, John 425

Breen, Patrick .,. , 426

Briggs, N. C 376

Briggs, H. W 294

Brinson, Daniel 352

Bromfield, D 446

Brown, George 239

Brown, Gustav 331

Brown, Henderson 353

Brown, J. C 421

Bruno, Manuel 360

Bryant, C. P 353

Buck, George H 344

Bundeson, M 401

Burns, Robert 227

Burt, J. J 353

Butterfield, G. M 413

Butterfield, James 444

Butterfield, Thomas 442

Cambridge, 8 410

Canfield, R. W 397

Carpenter, W. L 328

Casey, Patrick 389

Castro, J. B 433

Castro, Stephen 237

Chalmers. G 420

Chambers, Henry 370

Chambre, R. M 423

Churchill, Z. 349

Clark, R. H 415

Clausen, J 363

Collins, Patrick 409

Conkling, T. J 408

Conley, .John 366

Conrad, Peter 417

Cooper, J. B. R 349

Copley, A. J 330

Corey, Hiram 371

Conlan, John 387

Creamer, J. H 360

Crepin, E. A 239

Crow, Marion 289

Crow, W.J 367

Crowe, W. H 267

Cullen, Patrick ... 373

Davis, H. L 310

Day, F. R 286

Decarli, A 38-5

De La Torre, E 330

De La Torre, J 330

Dooling, Daniel 408

Dorn, N. A 357

Doud, Francis 4i3

Doud, Thomas 433

Duckworth, S. J 434

Duncan, W.T 2'J9

Eaton, Alex 274

EtchBTerry, Juan 412

Edwards, T. C 311

Ellis, W.R ■.'.■.'.■.■. 422

Escobar, J. M 381

Espenosa, Josefa ,.370

Few, C. R 334

Field, T.J ;;. 309

Finch, J. M 337

Finch, M. F '.'. 373

Flint, Thomas ' 313

Forster, Allen ." ' 322

Francis, Miss L. E 2C4

Gable, S. A 422

Gallanar, Mrs. A 361

Garber, J. H 294

Garman, William H 231

Garner, A. T 415

Gigling, A 402

Gilbert, S. B 34b

Gomez, F. N 255

Gomez, Joseph 234

Goncalves, M. M 404

Gordon, George W 359

Gordon, S. B 384

Gordon, S. B., Jr 403

Gould, Horace 323

Graves, George 303

Greene, H. A 270

Gregg, J. W 363

Gunzendorfer, F 330

Hall, N. D 296

Hames, John 395

Haney, O, J 386

Hardin, A. M 392

Hardwick, N. G 251

Harney, John 351

Harris.E. F 386

Harl, Patrick 269

Hartnell, U 355

Hatton, William 341

Haver, William 304

Hawkins, J. W 284

Hawkins, T. S 263

Hames, B. F 395

Hebert, Z 382

Hickey.C 410

Hilby, F. M 333

Hill, J W 441

Hitchcock.B 401

Hodges, J. 1 312

Hohnan, R. L 290

Horton, J. A 341

Houghton, D. J... 280

Hubbaril, T. B 233

Hubler, J. N 861

Indart, Juan 413

Ingram, E 380

Irelan, L 413

Iverson, J.B 367

Jacks, David 241

Jacks, P. M 398

Jarvis, G. J 372

Jenkins, L. B. 277

Jensen, C 378

Johnson, C 403

Johnson, J. 288

Jones, J. M 320

Jordan, P 382

Josselyn,E. S 337

Kapman, F 365

Keleher, J. M 385

Kent, H. E 396

Kent, J. H 353

Kerr, J. S 363

King, Philip 375

King, William 375

Lacey, C. F 405

Lacquer, A 396

Lahiff, J. T 833

Lambert, T. G 259

Lathrop, L. B 336

Laughiin, S. N 224

Lawrey, Mrs. M. E 358

Leese, David 381

Leese, J. R 368

Leonard, A 233

Libby, J. S 345

Little, D. S 430

Little, Milton T 337

Little, W. C 400

Lloyd, D. W 329

Long, F. H 389

Lovie, 6. W 277

Luce, Allen L 3o8

Lynn, T. M 383

Macdonald, Philip 384

Malarin, Juan 393

Malarin, M 330

Mankins, G. W 267

Maxfleld, Frank 391

McCarthy, D. M 431

McCollum, A J 274

McCray, Daniel 399

McCrosky, B. B 303

McCrosky, J. A 328

McCune, Alex 276

McDougall, James 306

McDougall, J. H 290

McFadden, Charles 414

Mcllroy, R. H 301

Mclntyre, Charles 368

McKinnon, D 328

McMichaels, E 281

Meek, A. L 823

Melendy, H 323

Menke, J. H 430

Merritt, M. R 265

Messec, I. G 220

Meyer, F. R 416

Miller, J. C 268

Montgomery, E. B 378

Moore, E 223

Moore, M. M 310

Moore, G. A 375

Morrisy, T 395

Morrison, C 336

Munras, C. M. de 335

Mylar, Enoch 226

Mylar, Israel 226

Mylar, Isaac 356

Mylar, J. L 429

Nash, F. 236

Nash, G. S 238

Nash, P.L 234

Nash, Shaw 338

Nash, V. B 425

Nason, F. P 438

Nichols, W. P 371

Northrop, J 297

Norton, A 291

Norton, R. G .....' 344

O'Hara, P 36I

Oliver, William H 334

Oyer, Philip 253

Palmer, F. L 366

Palmer, Samuel 394

Palmtag, William 307

Parker, W. M. R 252

Patton, J. W 279

Pearce, E. F 293

Peck, N. R ;:::; 235

Pomber.Juan 307

Porter, Robert 387

Prewett, J. T " . . 254

Raggio, Luis 4i9

Renison, Thomas 263

Reynolds, John 231

Richardson, J. A 354

Rico, Francisco 410

Riordaa, M 303

Riordan, T. J 487

Roadhouse, G. W 414

Roberts, G. M 275

Roberts, J. L. D 380

Robinson, J. H 292

Robinson, Wm 445

Robson, William 398

Roche, J. H 343

Roderick, David 266

Rodriguez, J 235

Rohrback, W 266

Romie, C. T 382

Root, J. F 356

Roth, Hiram 312

Rowe, J. S 363

Rubell, C. F 272

Rudolph, C 369

Sautos, J.J. 343

Sargent, B. V., Jr 379

Sargent, J. P 387

Schmidt, William 279

Scholefield, J. A 249

Schulte, Joseph 257

Seaside, 280

Selleck, D. M 370

Sexton, John 283

Shaw, R 2S2

Shaw, William 304

Shearer, S. M 319

Shepherd, W. A 340

Sherman, F. D 379

Sherwood, Milton 363

Shields, John 289

Shore, R. E 221

Skelton, Henrietta 297

Slaven. T. H 256

Small, R.H 273

Smith, J. L 332

Smith, E. L. B 283

Smith, S. H 225

Snibley, Jacob 337

Snibley, William 411

Snively, J. B 258

Soberanes, Abel 321

Soberanes, B. A 323

Soberanes, M. G 336

Sorrentini,C 228

Stedman, S. W 259

Steinbeck, J. A 392

Stice, Richmond 289

Stirling, Duncan 262

Stirling, Robert 394

Stirling, William 239

Stone, W. H 419

Swauk, J. S 235

CONTENTS.

T
Taix, A

Vierra,J. F

Villegas, Y. P

W
Wallace, M

.... 439
254

Taylor, Nelson

Templeton, M. B

Thexton, Isaac

Tholcke, J. W

Thompson, James

Tibbetts, William

Tollett, H. C

33<»

23n

227

430

30.5

441

261

Tomas.John

Wallace, Walter

.... 303

Walsh, M. F

Watson, C. H

Watson, D.J

Watson, Hiram

Watson, Jacob

Watson James

Watson, S. F

Watson, Thomas

Webster, David

Westfall, A

Whitcher, C. R

Whitter, C.R

.... 419
.... 366
.... 373
.... 381

366

444

323

256

3.i4

285

489

439

Toothaker, L. S

Torre E de la ...

44fi

380

Torre, Julio de la

Towle,. William J

830

440

Tully, E.C

Turner, E. J

Tuttle, 0. K

Tuttle, Daniel

Tuttle, W.D

Twitchell, J. H

481

440

..... 279

301

337

Wilcox, Sylvester 360

Willey, R. H 418

Williams, Thomas 890

Willson, Dan 400

Wilson, M 407

Wood, James 409

Wood, Job, Jr 300

Wood, L. 8 391

Wright, E. P 284

Wright, John . . 407

Wright, Jonathan 404

Yoacham, J. S 311

Young, David 407

Zabala, P.

MONTEREY (BOUNTY

CHAPTER I.

PHYSICAL FEATUKES LOCATION, TOPOGEAPHY,

MINEEALOGY, ETC.

PHIS county, which derives its name
from the city and bay of Monterey, is
situated in the central part of Califor-
nia, fronting on the Pacific ocean, and is be-
tween 35° 45' and 37° north latitude; and a
meridian line 121° 30' west from Greenwich
would bisect the county into two nearly equal
portions. It is bounded on the north by the
bay of Monterey and Santa Cruz county, on
the northeast and east by San Benito, Fresno
and Tulare counties, on the south by San
Luis Obispo county and the Pacific ocean, and
on the west by the Pacific ocean.

The salient topographical features of this
county are its sea- coast lines: the Monte
Diablo and Gabilan range of mountains on
its eastern border; the extensive valley of the
Salinas river, which debouches into the bay of
Monterey; and the Santa Lucia range on the
west. These mountain ranges traverse the
county nearly its whole length, running par-
allel with the sea- shore.

Monterey county has an arpa of about
3,600 square miles, or something over 2,300,-
000 acres. It is four times as large as the

State of Rhode Island and twice as large as
Delaware, and one-fourth larger than both
those two States combined, which have a
population of over half a million people.
But its products are more varied than are the
products of either of those States; everything
which they can grow, and many more, some
of which are vastly more profitable, can be
grown on the wonderfully fertile soil, and
in the equable, genial climate of Monterey
county.

Although the harbor of Monterey is not
land-locked, like those of San Francisco and
San Diego, yet, as it opens only toward the
northwest, from which direction storms never
come, it is safe for shipping at nearly all sea-
sons of the year.

The Salinas river, the only considerable
stream in the county, has its source in the
Santa Lucia mountains, in San Luis Obispo
county, and, after entering Monterey county,
near San Miguel Mission, runs in a north-
westerly direction about 120 miles, through
the broad, fertile valley of the same name,
emptying into Moijterey bay, near the north-
ern boundary of the county. Its width near
the mouth is about 450 feet.

Like many California streams, the Salinas
sinks in its sandy, gravelly bottom in sum-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

mer; in other words, it to a great extent runs
under ground, except during the time of
winter floods, when it carries a large volume
of water from the extensive system of water-
sheds which it drains. Its principal tribu-
taries are the San Lorenzo, Estrella, San An-
tonio, Arroyo Seco and Nacimiento. The
Carmel river rises in the Santa Lucia moun-
tains, and running through the Carmel valley,
empties into the Carmel bay. The Pajaro
river forms the boundary line between Monte-
rey and Santa Cruz counties, and in the
winter or rainy season often carries a large
amount of water. Elkhorn creek, in the
northern part of the county, runs westerly
into the Salinas river. There are numerous
other small streams in the southern portion
of the county, among which are tlie San Jose,
El Sur and El Snr Cbiquito.

The Gabilan mountains extend from the
Pdjaro river at the northern boundary of the
county, through the entire length of the
county, a distance of some seventy-five miles,
and are from twenty to thirty miles in width.
From the Pajaro southerly, the first eighteen
miles of the range are a system of low mount-
ains, covered almost everywhere with grass
and an abundance of timber. This portion
of the mountains is now mostly occupied by
farmers and horticulturists. The next thirty
miles of the range, going southward, is com-
posed of high, rough mountains, which ex-
tend as far as the San Lorenzo; and from
thence to the southerly boundary of the
county these mountains are low, rolling hills,
forming the foothills of the Coast Range.

In this section are many beautiful little val-
leys, nearly all of which possess a rich soil,
and have a mild, delightful climate, pecu-
liarly adapted to the growth of fruits of both
the temperate and semi-tropical zones. The
Gabilan mountains contain immense deposits
of limestone; and quicksilver, gold and silver
have also been found in small quantities,
causing many people to have faith that they
will eventually be found in large or paying
quantities.

The Santa Lucia mountains extend from
Carmel bay, southeasterly along the coast to
San Luis Obispo, thence running in an east-
erly direction, and merging into the Monte
Diablo range. They have an average breadth
of about eighteen miles, and at several points
reach an elevation of from 4,000 to 5,000
feet above the level of the sea. There are
also many small, fertile valleys in this range,
which are already settled; and semi-tropical
and other fruits do remarkably well wherever
planted, many small orchards having been
put out within the last few years.

The climate of these mountain valleys re-
sembles that of the valleys of the Gabilan
range. Stock-raising is the principal indus-
try, higher up in the mountains; and some
fine dairies have been established along the
sea-coast. Gold, silver, quicksilver, coal and
other minerals are found in the Santa Lucia
mountains, though seldom, as yet, in paying
quantities.

Monterey bay ranks third among the
natural harbors of California; it is over
twenty miles wide at the mouth, and ten

MONTE RET COUNTY.

miles deep inland, and is semi-circnlar in
form; Point Pinos (Point of Pines), on tlie
south, and Point Ano Nuevo (New Year), on
the north, forming its headlands. Carmel
bay is a smaller body of water, partly pro-
tected, being about four miles in length and
two in width, lying some four miles south of
Monterey.

The Salinas valley, lying between the
Gabilan mountains on the northeast, and the
Santa Lucia range on the southwest, is the
largest, and constitutes the most important
portion of Monterey county. It extends
from Monterey bay on the north, nearly 100
miles toward the southeast, with a width of
from six to fifteen miles, and has an area of
about 1,000 square miles, or 640,000 acres.
It is one of the most fertile valleys, as it is
one of the most productive in proportion to
its extent, in the State or iu the United
States.

According to the report of the State Min-
eralogist (1888, p. 402), "The valley is formed
of alluvium derived from the degredation of
the granitic, serpentine, chloritic and sand-
stone formations, of which the mountains on
either side are composed. Above this allu-
vium, and intermingled with its upper layers,
are the modern detritus and fluviatile addi-
tions. How little denudation has taken place
of late years, is evidenced by the remains of
ancient terraces, both upon the valley surface
and the edges of the hills. The lower sixty
miles of the valley is a series of low, flat ter-
races, which extend in a northerly and south-
erly direction." I

"The bed of the Salinas river," continues
the authority quoted, "is a white, micaceous
sandstone, which forms quicksand, rendering
fording dangerous. During the summer sea-
son this river at Soledad is a broad, sluggish
stream. Westward from the Salinas valley,
and south from the city of Monterey, the
country presents a series of hills and mount-
ain ranges almost inaccessible, which have a
width of fifteen to twenty miles. This mount-
ain is called the Santa Lucia. This is not
exactly correct, although the mountain range
appears continuous. In the northern part
the Carmelo makes a long valley; centrally
the Arroyo Seco cuts through to the east,
and in the southern part the San Antonio and
Nacimiento separate, what there appears, as
two distinct chains."

In Professor Whitney's Geological Report
these are classified as "two chains: the Santa
Lucia on the west, and on the east the Point
Pinos or San Antonio range. The Santa
Lucia rises direct from the ocean from Point
Lopez and Point Gordo, south to the limit
of the county, with ocean bluffs 300 or 400
feet in height, and peaks 7,000 feet above the
sea. These mountains have not been fully
explored, but the Burros mines in the south-
west show that they contaiq minerals of
value." Gold has also been found in placers
on the San Antonio and elsewhere in the
county. Other minerals, including silver,
coal, petroleum, etc., are known to exist in
the county, also fine building stone, lime-
stone, and sand suitable for the manufacture
of glass.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Twenty-eight miles below Point Sur (South
Point), or sixty miles southeast of Monterey,
there are inexhaustible supplies of limestone
which have been developed to a considerable
extent by a company whose works include
four patent perpetual kilns, with a capacity
of over one hundred barrels of lime per day.
There is a large forest near by of redwood,
pine, laurel and oak, from which fuel and
material for the manufacture of barrels are
obtainable in abundance. A road three-
fourths of a mile in length has been con-
structed to the sea, where the lime from these
quarries can be shipped.

About fifty miles southeast of Salinas city,
in a deep wooded cailon, in the Santa Lucia
mountains, are the Tasajara Springs, which
have good repute. The beneficial qualities of
their waters, for kidney and other complaints,
have long been known to the Indians and all
old settlers; and many persons make yearly
trips to these springs, despite the fact that
they are almost inaccessible. There are in
all twenty-nine mineral springs, varying in
temperature from cold to boiling heat. There
are other hot springs, as those of the Little
Sur river, the temperature of which ranges
from sixty to one hundred and twenty degrees,
Fahrenheit.

Artesian water has been struck in various
parts of the Salinas valley, and in some cases
gae, as well as water, was developed. A well
was bored in 1890, near the courthouse in
Salinas city, for the express purpose of ob-
taining gas. A record of the strata pierced
shows that the substances extracted were

similar in character to those which form the
Gabilan mountains. The gravel brought to
the surface consisted of small water-worn
pebbles, from one- half to two or three inches
in diameter, many of the coarser stones re-
quiring to be broken in the well. Slight
flows of gas were developed at 85, 120, 497
and 764 feet deep, but not in sufficient or
paying quantities. The fact that gas was
found in the gravel beneath the clay, tends
strongly to substantiate the hypothesis, that
it must exist in large, perhaps inexhaustible,
quantities, beneath some impervious stratum of
rock, which can be reached by the drill. It
was the intention to sink this well much
deeper, which if done would aid in deter-
piining the character of the underlying strata
of the valley, and the relation they bear to
the surrounding mountains. Numerous
other wells have been sunk in the Salinas
valley, but none so deep as the one above
noted. They have all shown thus far that
the valley has the same character of formation.

Some flowing water has been obtained at a
depth of 120 feet; in other wells water was
struck, but it did not flow. In some of these
in which gas was struck, adjoining ones a few
yards distant would show no gas, though
greater depth was reached.

In 1880 a well was bored in Castroville to
a depth of 178 feet, which presented the re-
markable phenomenon of yielding a large
quantity of fresh water, which at high tide
flowed over the top of the casing, but which
at low tide ceased to flow altogether. This
well was near the mouth of the Salinas river,
and the surface of the ground was twenty

MONTEREY COUNTY.

feet above the river. Another well, six miles
south of Salinas city , was sunk to the depth
of 154 feet, the last four feet being in bi-
tuminous shale, in the boring of which there
were encountered water and traces of oil
and gas.

COAL.

Coal is found in numerous localities, as at
Stone Canon, Peach Tree, El Chiquito Rancho,
etc. The character of the first named may
be inferred from the following, which is con-
densed from the report of the State Miner-
alogist; The canon in which the coal meas-
ures are exposed runs east and west, and
may be regarded as a dividing line between
the sandstones, which lie to the west, and an
extensive district of metamorphosed slate and
jasper, which lies to the south. They are
first observed at the southern base of the
mountain, which forms the northern wall of
Stone Canon, and rises to a height of about
three hundred feet above the coal formation.
This mountain is composed of sandstone at
the summit, and is somewhat fossiliferous:
About fifty feet lower down, it is a coarse,
crystalline sandstone, the silicious cementa-
tion and quartz granules being distinctly
marked. Lower down, the sandstone is less
crystalline in appearance, and occasionally
contains tiny pebbles, which is one of the
characteristics of the sandstone overlying the
the head- wall to the coal below. Lower down
and immediately over the head- wall, the tiny
pebbles become more numerous, and the sand-
stone contains fossils. The sandstone form-
ing the head-wall is of a light gray variety.

and streaked with oxide of iron. This head-
wall sandstone appears to be thirty or forty
feet in thickness. The coal itself is about
twelve feet thick, and seems to be a good
quality of lignite. It rests upon a tenacious
clay, much stained with carbonaceous mat-
ter and oxide of iron. To the south of
the foot-wall is a stratum of fine-grained
sandstone, cropping out in peaks upon the
north side of the canon, and widely extend-
ing upon the south side are metamorphic
slates, passing into both white and red jasper.
This mine was discovered about the year
1870. The works consist of four openings
in the above-named canon, two of which are
tunnels, and two are inclines. The tunnels,
an upper and a lower, are the most easterly
workings, and have been run in an easterly
direction along the strike of the vein. The
lower tunnel is about 1,300 feet long, and the
upper about 300 feet.

The vein, which is twelve feet wide, pitches
toward the north, at an angle of about eighty
degrees. The foot-wall is a clay, stained
with iron and carbonaceous matter, and the
hanging -wall is a light-colored sandstone,
streaked with oxide of iron. During a year
about 1,000 tons of coal were taken out.

About a quarter of a mile west of the tun-
nels are two inclines, one being 120 feet, and
the other 160 feet deep; these follow the vein
down, which here pitches at an angle of about
thirty -five degrees, a little to the east of mag-
netic north. A short distance to the north-
west of the tunnels the caiion makes a bend,
crossing the coal measures between the tun-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Dels and the incline. Water and also sulphur-
ous gas have interfered somewhat with the
working of the mines. The coal is hauled by
teams from the mines to San Miguel, a dis-
tance of about twenty miles.

A large body of coal of good quality has
been discovered a few miles east of Peach
Tree, and sixteen miles from the line of the
railroad.

CHAPTER II.

INDIGENOUS PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

^UCH of the mountainous area of
Monterey county is covered with
timber of many varieties, of which
the following is a partial list, as given by a
local authority: The most important for
commercial purposes is the redwood, which
is found below Monterey; the yellow pine;
nut pine; Monterey pine, found growing
wild only around the bay of Monterey, bnt
is extensively cultivated as an ornamental
tree, being hardy, quick in growth, and
dense and handsome in form and foliage;
Coulter's pine, found in the Santa Lucia
mountains; Santa Lucia lir; Western juniper
or cedar; arbor-vitae; live-oak; chestnut-oak;
white-oak; canon live-oak; evergreen oak;
and the Monterey cypress, which is indige-
nous only on Cypress Point. This species is
widely known throughout California, great
numbers of them having been planted for
ornament in most of the towns of the State;
it is a hardy, quick grower, has a dense,
graceful foliage, bears clipping well, and
makes a fine appearance in all stages of its
growth.

Besides the foregoing, there are the Gove
cypress, the California laurel, the madrona,
manzanita, mescal, sycamore, cottonwood,
horse-chestnut or buckeye, willows of vari-
ous kinds, azalea, etc.

Among indigenous plants, the following
may be mentioned: Amole or soap-plant, the
mistletoe, Spanish moss, yerba buena, yerba
santa, yerba del mauso, etc.; and among
small fruits of native growth, are wild grapes
of several varieties, blackberries, gooseberries,
raspberries, whortleberries or blueberries,
salmonberries and strawberries. Of the na-
tive wild flowers which grow so profusely in
springtime throughout nearly every portion
of Monterey county, the varieties are too
numerous to mention here in detail.

The most common, as they are the most
valuable, of the indigenous grasses (forage
plants) of California, are the burr-clover,
alfileria and wild oats.

Of the wild animals found in the region
now known as Monterey county, by the first
European settlers, the following may be
mentioned: The grizzly bear, the king of
beasts of the American continent, which still
may occasionally be found in the region
around Santa Lucia Peak, and between the
headwaters of the Arroyo Seco and the N aci-
miento; the California lion, a species of cou-
gar, which, though larger than the East-
ern panther, is not as dangerous to man,
from whose presence he invariably flees;
but he frequently commits serious havoc
with the young stock of the herdsman; the
coyote and the wildcat, which are not i

M0NTBBE7 OOUNTT.

exterminated, and which are also very de-
structive to the ganado menor, or small
animals of the ranchero.

The rodents or gnawers, which were found,
here (and which are still omnipresent) were
represented by the ground-squirrel, the
gopher, several species of the rabbit, and, in
the redwood regions, the gray squirrel; deer
and antelope were formerly also very abun-
dant, and are still to be found, in the more
remote mountainous sections of the county.

The following interesting account of the
native birds of Monterey county is con-
densed from a learned and apparently ac-
curate writer in a local journal, The Mon-
terey Democrat:

All the principal orders of birds are well
represented here, as well as elsewhere in the
State; but it is a remarkable fact that though
birds are plentiful in numbers, yet in num-
bers of species, the Eastern States being
used for comparison, birds and flowers re-
verse ratios. Whilst the total number of
species of all departments of the vegetable
kingdom is nearly fifty per cent, greater for
the State of California than for all the States
east of the Mississippi put together, out of
nearly 1,000 species of birds in the United
States only a little over 200 are found in
California. The birds of prey are repre-
sented in this county by several species of
owl, the great or Virginia horned owl, the
screech owls and the burrowing or day owls
being the most common; by the turkey-
buzzard, the California condor, which is the
largest rapacious bird of JSIorth America;
two species of eagle, one of thein our national

emblem, the bald eagle; by the osprey or
sea-eagle, and by various species of the hawk
(Gabilan) tribe, including hen-hawks, sparrow-
hawks^ etc. The climbers are confined to the
family of woodpeckers, of which there are
several classes. The Strisores are represented
by the humming-birds, which may be seen
in summer and winter alike. A list of the
various species of flycatchers or martins,
swallows, sparrows, wrens, vireos, wood-
warblerS) etc., would be too long to quote
here. The chaparral cock or " road-runner,"
or "paisano," as he is called in Spanish, is
found on cactus or chaparral hills, his long
tail, which serves as a sort of rudder, giving
him a peculiar appearance as he runs with
the fleetness of a race-horse. In the pine
woods of the southern part of the county the
chattering magpie may be heard. In winter
the note of the robin, so familiar to the ear
of the New Englander, is heard in our foot-
hill canons, whither he has been driven by
cold from the far north; and the Oregon
thrush may sometimes sing among the shade-
trees of our towns. Bullock's oriole and the
Louisiana Tanager, gay both in plumage and
song, lend their dainty presence to rural
scenes; and other melodious warblers of
varied plumage sing to the select few who
will wander to the wilderness to listen to
them. Valley quail and his more stately
cousin, the mountain quail, both beautiful
birds, abound in great numbers in their re-
spective localities. Plover, snipe, doves, wild
pigeons and many varieties of smaller birds
also abound in great numbers in the several
localities which suit their habits.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Eeptiles are rare, says the writer just
quoted. Kattlesnakes are found in sandy
hills or rocky places, but not in great num-
bers. Several other kinds of harmless snakes,
as well as lizards of several varieties, and
horned-toads, are somewhat common in the
interior, but not so near the coast, where the
climate, which is so admirably suited to the
comfort and health of man, is a little too
bracing for snakes and reptiles, which need
plenty of sun. For them the Colorado desert
is a more natural habitat.

Fishes are plentiful in the bay and interior
waters of Monterey. SaliQon come up the
Salinas in spring; trout are found in the
mountain streams; Spanish mackerel, herring,
baracuta, bonita, rock cod, catfish, smelt, etc.,
are caught off the coast.

Insect life is exuberant; but those insects
which are injurious to vegetation have not as
yet become very numerous. Moths and but-
terflies (" mariposas "), of many kinds and of
brilliant hues, are to be seen in great num-
bers in certain seasons of the year.

CHAPTER III.

HISTOKIC AND PKEHISTOBIC CALIFORNIA.

fHERE is a certain glamour attaching to
the history of Monterey and of Cali-
fornia, as it runs back to a different civ-
ilization from our own, and to institutions
which were established, not by Anglo-Saxons
or Anglo-Americans speaking our own Eng-
lish vernacular, but by Spaniards and the de-
scendants of Spaniards speaking only the
Spanish tongue, who made California as thor-

oughly and truly Spanish as it would have
been if it had actually been a part of Spain
ifself. While we know nothing of the his-
tory of California excepting the little we may
learn from its valleys and rock-ribbed mount-
ains prior to its discovery by Cabrillo in
1542, we know but little more of what hap-
pened here during the more than 200 years
subsequent to that discovery. At long inter-
vals, a few daring navigators sailed along this
almost unknown coast, but did not penetrate
into the interior. The placid waters of this
portion of the Pacific ocean were seldom dis-
turbed by vessels of any kind, and populous
tribes of degraded Indians passed their low,
dull existence, on a level, lower and less no-
ble than that of the wild animals by whom
they were surrounded, and who alone, from
year to year and from age to age, had disputed
their sway. Sin razon (without reason), as
these Indians were aptly characterized by the
Spaniard, and almost without the capacity for
reasoning, or for intellectual development of
any kind without aspiration, living in per-
petual want, except so far as Nature supplied
them with roots and reptiles and such wild
animals as they could capture by the simplest
devices; engaging in occasional tribal fights,
their annals, even had they been recorded,
would have possessed but slight interest to
the civilized man. The "Digger Indian" of
California was far below the Aztec of Cen-
tral Mexico in the scale of being; and that
we know nothing, or next to nothing, of his
former history, is no great loss as we assume
that he has done nothing worthy of being re-
membered.

MONT ERE T COUNTY.

EARLY DISCOVERIES.

The permanent occupation of Alta or Up-
per California by Europeans dates from the
founding of San Diego Mission by the Fran-
ciscan Order of Friars, in the year 1769.
This epochal event occurred 277 years after
the immortal dreamer, Christopher Columbus,
had discovered land in the new world, which
he at first supposed was the East Indies, but
which further discoveries demonstrated to
have been on the opposite side of the globe
from the India of the ancients, and which
we now denominate as a part of the West
Indies.

Fifty years after Columbus' discovery,
namely in 154:2, that is to say just 350 years
ago, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, a native of
Portugal, in command of two Spanish explor-
ing vessels, was the first navigator to explore
the coast of California, from San Diego north-
ward. He discovered the bay of Monterey,
November 17 of that year, and sailed as far
north as Cape Mendocino. Cabrillo, who was
a daring and skillful explorer, died January
3, 1543, at a small harbor on the island of
San Miguel, off the coast of California.

In 1602, sixty years after Cabrillo's voy-
age, Sebastian V^izcaino, sailing from Aca-
pnlco north, under orders of Philip III. of
Spain in command of three ships, anchored,
December 16, in Monterey bay, which he
named in honor of the viceroy of Mexico,
Gaspar de Zuniga, Count of Monterey. The
first view obtained of the coast of Monterey
by Vizcaino and his men, was on the 14th
of December, when the fog which hai en-

veloped the coast lifted, and revealed the
high mountain range, which they named Sier-
ra de Santa Lucia. Soon after, they sighted
the river which they called El Rio de Carmelo,
in honor of the Carmelite priests who accom-
panied the fleet. Then they rounded the point
which they called Punta de Pinos, a name it
retains to this day, and entered the bay where
they came to anchor; and on the 17th they
held religious services in a tent under an oak
near the beach but still close by springs of
good water, in a ravine, which may still be
identified. Many of Vizcaino's men were
down with the scurvy, of which some had
died ; and it was decided that one of the ves-
sels should be sent back to Acapulco with the
sick; but nearly all the crew died before they
reached that port. On the 3d of January,
1603, Vizcaino, with the two remaining ves-
sels, sailed north on a further voyage of dis-
covery.

The following very interesting letter, writ-
ten by Sebastian Vizcaino himself from
Monterey during this visit, 290 years ago, is
one of several documents recently discovered
by Mr. Adolph Sutro of San Francisco, in the
India archives of Seville, Spain, and trans-
lated and published, in both Spanish and Eng-
lish, last year (1891), in Los Angeles, by the
Historical Society of Southern California, by
whose permission it is here reproduced. This
letter is addressed to one of the Spanish
princes of the royal family. A later letter,
included among the documents unearthed
by Mr. Sutro, and first translated and pub-
lished by the Southern California Historical
Society, is also appended, as in it Vizcaino,

MONTEREY COUNTY.

after his return to Mexico, gives to the king,
to whom the letter is addressed, a more de-
tailed, though slightly exaggerated, account of
what he saw at Monterey and along the coast
of California during his voyage of discovery
to this terra incognita nearly three centuries
ago:

Vizcaino's letteks.

"Your Highness will have had notice al-
ready of how the Conde Monterey, Viceroy of
New Spain, in conformity with the orders
which he has from His Majesty, charged me
with the exploration of the harbors and bays
of the coast of the South Sea, from the port
of Acapnlco to Cape Mendocino, giving me
for that purpose two ships, a lancha, and a
iarcoluengo, together with seamen and sol-
diers, arms and ammunition, and provisions for
eleven months; that, in accordance with the
orders given to me for that end, I sailed
from Acapulco on the 5th of May of this
year; that I have prosecuted said exploration,
although with great difficulty and labor, be-
cause the navigation was unknown, and head
winds were constant, while the aid of Provi-
dence and the good desire I have ever felt
for serving His Majesty, availed me little.
I have discovered many harbors, bays and
islands, as far as the port of Monterey, a har-
bor which is in thirty-seven degrees of lati-
tude, surveying all, and sounding and noting
the sailing directions, according to the art of
navigation, without neglecting any substantial
thing concerning the same, and noting what
the land and the numerous peoples dwelling
therein seemingly promise. 1 send a copy tj

the said Conde, in order that he may trans-
mit the information to His Majesty and to
Your Highness. As to what this harbor of
Monterey is, in addition to being so well
situated in point of latitude, for that which
His Majesty intends to do for the protection
and security of ships coming from the Phil-
ippines: In it may be repaired the damages
which they may have sustained, for there is
a great extent of pine forest, from which to
obtain masts and yards, even though the ves-
sel be of a thousand tons burthen, live-oaks,
and white-oaks for ship-building, and this
close to the seaside, in great number; and the
harbor is very secure against all winds. The
land is thickly peopled by Indians, and is very
fertile in its climate and the quality of the
soil, resembling Castile; and any seed sown
there will give fruit; and there are extensive
lands fit for pasturage, and many kinds of
animals and birds — ^as is set forth in the re-
port referred to.

"I advise His Majesty concerning the great
extent of this land, and its numerous popula-
tion, and what promise it holds forth, and
what the Indians have given me to under-
stand concerning the people of the interior,
and of how gentle and affable the people are,
so that they will receive readily, as I think,
the holy gospel, and will come into subjec-
tion to the royal crown ; and, since His Ma-
jesty is lord and master of all, let him pro-
vide as may seem best to him. As to what
behooves me to do on my part, I will serve
him till death. With regard to my having
delayed longer than the time which was
thought necessary for this exploration: Be.

MONTERET COUNTY.

cause of the many difficulties of which I
have spoken, the greater part of the pro
visions and ammiiDition v^hich were furnished,
has been expended ; while, owing to the great
labors which my crews have gone through, a
number of men have fallen ill, and some have
died so that for making the exploration at
this time, as well of the region of Cape
Mendocino as of the entire littoral of the Cali-
fornias, as is called for, by my orders, 1 have
met with obstacles to the completion of all
the work, without considerable succor in the
way of provisions, people and ammunition,and
speedy dispatch of these. Let the Admiral
be advised by the said Conde of this, he ask-
ing him for what is necessary, and letting
him know to what place, and at what time he
must dispatch these things to me (sending
to him also the map, report and sailing direc-
tions concerning all I have done in said ex-
ploration to the present time), so that Your
Highness may order that the same be sent to
me. I trust in God that I may do a great
service to His Majesty, and that I shall dis-
cover great realms and riches. Of all that
may be done I shall advise Your Highness as
opportunities for doing this may present
themselves, with truth and faithfully. May
our Lord guard Your Highness, a ward so
necessary to the Christian. 1 am the servant
of Your Highness.

" Harbor of Monterey, Twenty-eighth De-
cember, 1602.

"SEBASTIAN VIZCAINO.

" {A rubriea^''^

LETTER NUMBER 2, BEING NO. 15 OF THE SUTEO
COLLECTION.

Letter to His Majesty from Sebastian Viz-
caino, dated at Mexico, on the 23d of May,
1603, announcing his return from the explor-
ation and demarkation of the coasts of
the Calif ornias, as far as latitude 42° north:

" In the past year of six hundred and two,
(abbreviation of one thousand six hundred
and two), by order of your Viceroy, the
Conde de Monterey, I set out on the discov-
ery of the coast of the South Sea, with two
ships, a lancha, and a harcoluengo, with the
requisite sailors and soldiers, armed and pro-
visioned with everything necessary for a year.
I sailed from the port of Acapulco, as I advised
Your Majesty at the time, on the 5th day of
May, of said year ; and in conformity with the
order and instructions I had, I explored very
diligently the whole coast, not leaving har-
bor, bay, island or bight without sounding
and delineating it in accordance with the
rules of good cosmography, and the art of de-
markation; for, as your Viceroy wrote to Your
Majesty, I was accompanied by a cosmog-
rapher in whom confidence can be reposed,
and cunning in the matter of geographical
computations, in order that he might put
down and note, in the most complete manner
on map and chart, the result of the examina-
tion Your Majesty should order, which the
Viceroy now forwards, together with the de-
lineation and reports concerning the whole.
Among the ports of greater consideration
which I discovered, was one in 37° of lati-
tude, which I called Monterey. As I wrote

MONTEREY COUNT y.

to Your Majesty, from that port on the 28th
of December, of said year, it is all that can
be desired for commodiousness, and as a
station for ships making the voyage to the
Philippines, sailing whence they make a
landfall on this coast. This port is sheltered
from all winds, while on the immediate coast
there are pines, from which masts of any de-
sired size can be obtained, as well as live-oaks
and white-oaks, rosemary, the vine, the rose
of Alexandria, a great variety of game, such
as rabbits, hares, partridges, and other sorts
and species found in Spain, and in greater
abundance than in the Sierra Moreua, and
flying birds of kinds differing from those to
be found there. This land has a genial cli-
mate, its waters are good, and it is very fer-
tile — judging from the varied and luxuriant
growth of trees and plants; for I saw some
of the fruits, particularly chestnuts and
acorns, which are larger than those of Spain.
And it is thickly settled with people whom I
found to be of gentle disposition, peaceable and
docile, and who can be brought readily
within the fold of the holy gospel, and into
subjection to the crown of Your Majesty.
Their food consists of seeds which they have
in abundance and variety, and of the flesh of
game, such as deer (ciervos), which are larger
than cows and bear, and of neat cattle and
bisons, and many other animals. The Indi-
ans are of good stature and fair complexion,
the women being somewhat less in size than
the men, and of pleasing countenance. The
clothing of the people of the coast lands con-
sists of the skins of the sea- wolves abounding
there, which they tan and dress better than

is done in Castile; they possess also, in great
quantity, flax like that of Castile, hemp and
cotton, from which they make fishing-lines,
and nets for rabbits and hares. They have
vessels of pine timber very well made, in
which they go to sea, with fourteen paddle-
men of a side, with great dexterity, even in
very stormy weather. 1 was informed by them,
and by many others I met with in great
numbers along more than eight hundred
leagues of a thickly settled coast, that inland
there were great communities, which they in-
vited me to visit with them. They mani-
fested great friendship for us, and a desire
for intercourse; were well afi"ected toward
the image of our Lady, which I showed to
them, and very attentive to the sacrifice of
the mass. They worship difl'erent idols, for
an account of which I refer to said report of
your viceroy, and they are well acquainted
with silver and gold, and said that these were
found in the interior.

And, as some port or place on this coast is
to be occupied, none is so proper for the pur-
pose as this harbor of Monterey. For the rea-
sons given, this port can be made by ships on
the return voyage from the Philippines ; and if,
after putting to sea, a storm be encountered,
they need not, as formerly, run for Japan,
where so many have been cast away and so
much property lost; and, had this port been
known previously, Your Majesty would not
have been so badly served. The time of the
occurrence of the seasons being known, from
this place the interior can be reached and ex-
plored, such exploration promising rich re-
turns; and proceeding along the coast, the

MONTEREY COUNTY.

remainder of it can be examined, for, although
I went as far as the 42° of latitude, this be-
ing the limit fixed in my instructions, the
coast-line trends onward to near Japan and
the coast of Great China, which are but a
short run away, and the same is the case with
regard to Tartary and the famous city of
Quinsay; and, according to the reports I re-
ceived, there are to be found very numerous
peoples, akin to those I have referred to: so
the door will be opened for the propagation
of the faith and the bringing of so many souls
to a knowledge of God, in order that the seed
of the holy gospel may yield a harvest among
all these heathen.

" Eleven months were spent on the voyage,
during which noteworthy hardships were
sufEered; and, notwithstanding the unhappy
experience of my men, who were all sick, and
of whom forty-two died before our return to
the port of Acapulco, I again offer to serve
Your Majesty in continuing this exploration,
as I did on the voyage to California, and on
many others, of which I have given account
to your Royal Council, in carefully and ex-
actly prepared documents, which I have pre-
sented there; and I refer, furthermore, to
others now forwarded, in which it is shown I
have spent the greater part of my fortune
and of my health. Yet the little of these
remaining to me, as well as my person, is
devoted to your royal service, with the con-
stancy, love, and fidelity of a loyal vassal and
servant of Your Majesty, who, I pray, will
order the necessities of my men to be con-
sidered and that they be rewarded with boons
from those powerful royal hands, and that

the same be ordered to be done for the naval
and military officers who accompanied me,
their persons being recommended to your
viceroy of this New Spain. God guard the
royal and Catholic person of Your Majesty.
" Sebastian Vizcaino.

"Mexico, 23d of May, 1603."

Although Vizcaino was anxious to return
with another expedition for the occupation
of Monterey, which accounts for certain ex-
aggerations in this and other letters, he did
not succeed in persuading the king to au-
thorize the same and thus, as it turned out,
very little was done for the exploration or
settlement of California during the next
160 odd years. Vizcaino himself, returning
from Japan some ten years later, sighted
Cape Mendocino; but be never afterward re-
turned to the coast of California.

However, his discovery of Monterey bay,
and his explorations along the coast, had been
carefully recorded, and had thus become a
distinct and valuable addition to the world's
knowledge of these far distant and pre-
vioLisly almost unknown and undefined shores
of the boundless South Sea. At a later
period, Philip III determined to dispatch
Vizcaino on a second expedition; but the
death of the latter prevented this plan from
being carried out.

Besides Cabrillo and Vizcaino, three other
navigators had sailed along the coast of Up-
per California during the latter part of the
sixteenth century, without adding very much
to what was known by Europeans of this
region, viz.: Drake in the year 1579, de
Gali in 1584, and de Cermenon in 1595 —

MONTEREY COUNTY.

the latter two sailing from the far West, on
their return, respectively from Macao and
the Philippine Islands.

It seems somewhat remarkable that for
over 200 years, from the expedition of Ca-
brillo in 1542, till the founding of the
San Diego and Monterey missions in 1769-
'70, no white people, so far as we know, set-
tled in any portion of Alta California. Ban-
croft (Vol. I, p. 107) mentions a vague
report by the Indians of San Luis Obispo,
made to Father Figuer, in 1776, that about
seventeen years prior to the establishment of
the mission at Carmelo, "Twelve white men,
dressed like Spaniards, landed from a boat
and were subsequently cast away on the coast
and perished."

But we have no record that the mission-
aries encountered any Europeans here when
they first came, in 1769, to take possession
of the country which Cabrillo had discovered
and claimed in the name of their sovereign,
227 years before. During all that long
period, the innumerable fertile valleys of
Alta California, which are now occupied by
an advanced civilization, were given up to
spiritless hordes of Indians and wild beasts;
the useful grains and fruits and domestic
animals, were unknown, for most, or all of
these things were first brought here by the
pioneers of 1769, and subsequent years. It
requires some effort of the imagination to
picture this fair land as wholly given over to
hordes of wild Indians and wild animals,
with no useful domestic animals, or fruits or
grains, except only such as were purely in-
digenous to the country. Yet such undoubt-

edly was its condition at the time of the ad-
vent of the Franciscan Friars, 123 years
ago, and for unnumbered ages prior to that
epoch.

CHAPTER IV.

COMMENCEMENT OF THE MISSION EEA.

N the year 1767 the Jesuits were, by royal
decree, expelled from all the dominions
of Spain, and Baja or Lower California,
where that order had built up extensive es-
tablishments, was turned over to the Fran-
ciscans. Jose de Galvez, Visitador-general,
and afterward Minister-general, a man of
great energy and executive ability, arrived
the following year in Lower California with
orders from the king, Carlos III, of Spain,
to send an expedition, by sea, to re-discover
and settle the ports of San Diego and Mon-
terey. Father Junipero Serra, whose name
became so intimately connected with the sub-
sequent early history of California, and es-
pecially with that of the Mission of San Car-
los, where his ashes now repose, and a friar
of dauntless energy and zeal, entered enthusi-
astically into Galvez' plans; and an expedi-
tion, both by land and by sea, was organized
to go in search of San Diego, and thence to
proceed on to Monterey.

The forethought and practical wisdom of
these two men are evidenced by the com-
prehensive provision they made, for the ma-
terial as well as spiritual welfare of the
missions and presidios, which they were to
establish among the heathen of Alta Cali-
fornia. All manner of seeds and grain and
useful animals, ganado mayor y menor;

MONTEREY COUNTY.

siich farming implements as were obtainable,
etc., were gathered from the varions Mis-
sions of the Peninsular, as well as church or-
naments and vestments; and these latter were
placed on board the vessels. In the archives
of this State is to be found the manifest of
the San Ctirlos, the flag-shfp of this expedi-
dition, which includes a list of the persons
on board, sixty-two in all, and an inventory
of eight months' provisions.

The cattle, about 200 head, horses, 140
head, and forty or fifty mules and asses, were
by direction of Galvez gathered from the
various missions, and after many delays, were
taken to San Diego with the land expedi-
tions, in order that the new country, which
he believed was fertile, might be stocked and
cultivated, so that in future years there
should be no want of something to eat. No
wonder that the new missions, under such wise
managers as these, afterward became prosper-
ous and wealthy.

In Galvez' instructions to Captain Yicente
Villa, of the San Carlos, and to Lieutenant
Pedro Pages, commander of the twenty- five
soldiers which sailed with Captain Villa, he
declared the objects of the expedition to be,
to establish " the Catholic religion among a
numerous heathen people submerged in the
darkness of paganism; to extend the domin-
ion of the king our lord; and to protect this
peninsular from the ambitious designs of
foreign nations," etc.; and that these objects
had been entertained since 1606, when Philip
III ordered Vizcaino to make a second voy-
age to the coast of California, but which was
prevented by the latter's death. Galvez

charges them to spare no labor or fatigue to
accomplish such just and holy aims, and adds
in his own hand-writing the following:

"Note: That to thefort or presidio, which
may be constructed, and to the pueblo (vil-
lage) of the mission, which may be established
at Monterey, there shall be given the glorious
name of San Carlos de Monterey.

" Jose DE Galvez.
" (Rubric.) "

The land expedition under command of
Governor Gaspar de PortaU, accompanied
by Father Junipero Serra, president of the
Missions of Baja California, and Father
Crespi, arrived in San Diego, where they
found the two vessels the San C^^rlos and
the San Antonio at anchor. They immediately
set about founding a mission at that place.
In the meantime, to-wit, on the 14th of July,
1769, Governor Portald and Father Juan
Crespi, with a company of sixty-five persons
in all, and a pack-train of provisions, pushed
on northwardly by land, to re-discover and
occupy Monterey, in pursuance of Galvez'
orders, and of Philip Ill's scheme pi-omiil-
gated 163 years before. In Bancroft's History
of California, Vol. I, pp. 140, et seq., a very
full and interesting account of this expedition
is given, including a description of the route
taken, as described in Friar Crespi's diary
and Lieutenant Pages' narrative. Portala
and his party were gone more than six
months; they were at Monterey, where they
set up a cross without recognizing the place,
which Vizcaino had described as it appeared
in approaching from the sea. This caused
them to keep on their journey, forty leagues

MONTE RET COUNTY.

farther to the northward, where they dis-
covered the bay of San Francisco. Return-
ing, they reached San Diego January 24,
1770, where they found the small band which
they had left there six months before, short
of supplies and very much discouraged; and
PortaU determined to abandon the mission,
if relief did not soon arrive. However, the
San Antonio, which had been dispatched to
San Bias, returned with abundance of pro-
visions on the 19th of March, and also brought
fresh instructions from the viceroy and from
Galvez, which entirely changed the aspect of
affairs.

Fortala and Crespi at once made prepara-
tions in obedience to the new orders, for
another expedition overland to Monterey,
which this time they found; and, together
with Father Junipero, who arrived in the
San Antonio a few days later, to-wit, on the
31st of May, they made ready to take formal
possession, in the name of the king, Carlos
III, which was done after solemn religious
ceremonies, by raising and saluting the royal
flag of Spain, June 3, 1770.

Father Junipero, with pious enthusiasm,
wrote that he found the lovely port of Mon-
tery the same, and unchanged in substance
and circumstance, as the expedition of Se-
bastian Vizcaino left it in 1603; and that
all the oflicers of sea and land, and all their
people assembled in the same glen and un-
der the same oak where tiie Fathers of Viz-
caino's expedition had worshiped; and there
they arranged their altar, hung up and rang
their bells, sang the Veni Creator, blessed the
holy water, and set up and blessed the cross

and the royal standards, concluding the whole
with a Te Deum.

The realization of the long-cherished plans
of the crown of Spain, and of its vice-regal
representatives in Mexico, of the occupation
of the important port of Monterey, and
thereby, by implication of the vast region,
known as Alta California, was the cause of
much rejoicing in the city of Mexico when
the news was received there. The bells of
the cathedral and of all the other churches
were rung; the viceroy and Galvez received
the congratulations of the populace at the
palace; and the news of the auspicious event
was hailed with universal satisfaction by the
people of both New and Old Spain.

Father Junipero removed his mission soon
after from Montery to the Carmelo valley,
where there were good water and land, and
where his neophytes might be away from the
immediate, and not always salutary influence
of the presidio soldiers. Here permanent and
substantial buildings were erected; here, the
venerable founder and president of the mis-
sions of California made his home during the
remainder of his life; from this point he
made excursions to the other missions which
had been established under his direction; and
here, under the altar of the church, which he
had built, his remains lie buried. He died
August 28, 1784. One hundred years later,
in 1884, his death was commemorated by the
restoration of his old church to its former
state, by his admirers, under the leadership of
Honorable Antonio F. Coronel and of the
parish priest of Monterey, Reverend Angel
Casanova.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

There were nine missions established un-
der Father Serra's adiuinistration, namely:

San Diego July 16, 1769

San Carlos de Monterey June 3, 1770

San Antonio de Padua July 14, 1771

San Gabriel, Archangel, September 8, 1778

San Luis, Obispo September 1, 1772

San Francisco, Dolores . . . October 9, 1776

Santa Clara July 18, 1777

San Buenaventura March 31, 1782

San Juan Capistrano November 1, 1776

In order to protect the missions, four mil-
itary posts called presidios were established
during this period of Father Serra's presi-
dency, at the following sea-ports, namely:

San Diego 1769

Monterey 1770

San Francisco 1776

Santa Barbara 1780

After Serra's death the missions continued
to prosper, subjecting large numbers of wild
Indians to their rule; other missions were
founded under the presidency of Serra's suc-
cessors, Palou, Lasuen, Tapis, Senan, Payeras,
etc., till the number amounted in all to
twenty-one. These later-founded missions
were:

Santa Barbara December 4, 1786

La Purisima December 8, 1787

Santa Cruz September 25, 1791

La Soledad October 9, 1791

San Jose June 11, 1797

San Juan Bautista June 24, 1797

San Miguel .July 25, 1797

San Fernando September 8, 1797

San Luis Key June 13, 1798

Santa Ines September 17, 1804

San Rafael December 14, 1817

San Francisco Solano August 25, 1823

As the missions practically controled
most of the land, and as domestic live-stock
increased with astonishing rapidity, and
moreover as the Fathers taught their neo-
phytes that industry was only second to the
creed itself in importance, the mission es-
tablishments all prospered wonderfully in
worldly possessions; so much so, in fact,
that the impression gained currency in Mex-
ico that the Franciscan Fathers in (California
lived in luxury, which was liable to slacken
their zeal and lessen their usefulness and
solemn monitions came back from the
proper authorities, warning the missionaries
against the supposed dangers which threat-
ened them in this direction.

THE NEW WORLD COLONIZED ON A POLITICO-
EELIGIOnS BASIS.

Tho plan adopted by Spain for the occu-
pation and settlement of the Californias,
has often been unjustly criticised, because it
was not understood. The founding of relig-
ious colonies in the New World was not
alone peculiar to Spain or to the Latin races.
Probably the people of Europe generally
were much more devout, one, two and three
centuries ago, than they are to-day. At any
rate, people mixed up their religion with
their politics to a greater extent then than
they do now, or at least in a different fashion.
Most of the Anglo-Saxon colonies of North
America were settled largely on a religious

MONTEREY COUNTY.

basis. Moreover, Spain had been successful
in making good citizens, by the religious
colony system, of the Aztecs and other In-
dians of Mexico, as well as of various tribes
in South America, and in the Islands of the
South Seas.

PARTIAL FAILtTKE OF THE MISSION SYSTEM.

That the experiment partially failed in the
Calif ornias was not so much the fault of the
system as it was of the Indian himself.
Even if the critics of the mission system had
taken him in hand, and had eliminated all
Christian or religious teaching from their
methods, and had only dosed him with social
maxims, or diluted political economy, it is
doubtful if they would have succeeded any
better with him than did the good Francis-
can Friars. The "Digger Indians" of Cali-
fornia did not have within them capabilities
for the making of self-governing, enlight-
ened citizens. The methods also of the mis-
sionaries have often been commented on un-
favorably. But if we compare their methods
with those adopted by even religious wliite
people, in the New England and other colo-
nies, toward the Indians which formerly in-
habited the territory now included in the
United States, we are compelled to admit
that the Franciscans lose nothing by such
comparison. Though, in strict justice, it
must be said, that, if the latter were not
forced into bloody wars of extermination, it
was perhaps mainly, but not altogether, be-
cause the Diggers did not have the spirit —
shall it be said, the warlike spirit? — of the

Peqnots, the Mohawks or of the Semi-
noles. It would seem to be the rule with
Anglo-Saxon colonists that the contact of a
superior with an inferior and non-assimila-
tive race, results, almost invariably, in the
disappearance of the latter. With colonists
of the Latin races, the rule has exceptions,
notably in the case of Mexico, and in Peru
and some other South American States,
where the native races showed a capacity,
both for assimilation and for development;
and where they eventually acquired, purely
through the inherent qualities of their blood,
a prominent, if not a dominant, position in the
State.

It was hoped by Spain that the mission-
aries, who were tired with zeal for the prop-
agation of their faith, would be able to
gather into the missions the Indians of this
new country, and gradually civilize them and
mold them into citizens, so that in a few
years the missions might be converted into
self-governing pueblos or towns, as had been
done in the central portions of New Spain.
And thus the experiment went on from year
to year till Mexico, having declared her in-
dependence, found that the long-tried experi-
ment could never result in success; and so
she took up the matter with vigor, as the
mission Indians had not, neither was there
any likelihood that they ever would, become,
citizens; and the possession or occupation of
the lands for the use of the missions and of
the Indians prevented her real or actual
citizens, as well as foreigners who might de-
sire to become citizens, from settling up the

MONTEREY COUNTY.

country. By a decree of the Mexican Con-
gress of August 18, 1824, very liberal pro-
vision was made for the granting of lands to
actual settlers. Of course the missionary
fathers were averse to what they looked upon
as an encroachment of the secular power on
their rights. The contest between the secular
and ecclesiastical authorities in the province
continued for years, having commenced under
the Spanish regime; and although the Gov-
ernment of Mexico was kindly disposed to-
ward the mission authorities, it could not let
things drift indefinitely. Finally, August 17,
1833, the Mexican Congress passed a law
secularizing the missions, and depriving the
Friars of all control of the mission property,
thus opening the entire territory of Alta
California to settlement by Spanish-Ameri-
can citizens, or to foreigners who should have
become such.

"While the mission system failed to realize
the enlightened views of either the Spanish
or Mexican government in the settlement of
the country, nevertheless its achievements in
other directions were not inconsiderable. The
French traveler and writer, De Mofras, who
visited California in 1841, estimated that the
twenty-one missions of Alta California had,
at the time they were secularized, 30,650 In-
dians under their control; that they owned
424,000 horned cattle; 62,500 horses, mules
and asses, not counting the large number of
these latter which had run wild; 321,500
head of sheep, goats and swine; and that the
corn, wheat and other grains raised by thern
annually amounted to 122,500 bushels.

Thus is apparent that Galvez and Serra had
provided cattle, seeds and grain, etc., for the
new establishment, sixty-five years before, to
soms purpose.

PUEBLOS.

During the mission era, three pueblos, or
secular towns, were established. These were
Los Angeles, San Jose and Branciforte; and
it was thought that through them the bur-
den of supplying the presidios with ra-
tions, recruits, etc., by the Mexican Govern-
ment would be greatly facilitated. The king's
ranch. El Eanoho del Eey, in the Salinas
valley, helped also to furnish supplies for
the presidios.

As Monterey was the capital of Alta Cali-
fornia throughout nearly the entire period
of both the Spanish and Mexican regimes,
and as the governors usually resided at Mon-
terey, where also the custom house was lo-
cated, a list of those officials will not be with-
out interest in a history of Monterey, whose
port, from the settlement of the country, till
1846, was really the most important port in
California.

SPANISH GOVEENOES.

Caspar de Portola 1767 to 1771

Felipe de Barri 1771 " 1774

Felipe de Neve 1774 " 1782

Pedro Fages 1782 " 1790

Jos^ Antonio Komeu .1790 " 1792

Jose J. de Arrillaga (ad int.). 1793 " 1794

Diego de Borica .1794 " 1800

Jose J. de Arrillaga 1800 " 1814

Jose Arguello (ad interim). . ..1814 " 1815

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Pablo Vicente de Sola.

.1815

1822

MEXICAN GOYEENOES.

Pablo V. de Sola Nov. 1822 to 1823

Luis Arguello 1823 to June 1825

Jos^M.deEchandia June 1825 " Jan. 1881
Manuel Victoria. . .Jan. 1831 " Jan. 1832

Pio Pico Jan. 1832 " Jan. 1833

Jose Figueroa Jan. 1833 " Aug. 1835

Jose Castro Aug. 1835 " Jan. 1836

Nicolas Gutierrez Jan. 1836
Mariano Chico. . ..May 1836

Nicolas Guntierrez 1836 '

Juan B. Alavarado 1836

Manuel Micheltorena. Dec. 1842
Pio Pico Feb. 1845

May 1836

Dec. 1842
Feb. 1845
July 1846

CHAPTER V.

FOUNDING OF THE FIEST MISSIONS.

2f T will only be possible, within the limits
H of this work, to note in the briefest man-
^ ner the annals of Monterey during the
mission era.

Soon after the founding of the mission of
San Cdrlos, Governor Portola turned over the
government of the new establishments of
Monterey and San Diego to Captain Pedro
Fages, as military commandant, and returned
to Mexico. Fathers Juuipero and Crespi
entered with zeal on their work. Provision
had been made in Mexico, on receipt of the
news of the occupation of Alta California,
for the founding of six new missions; these
were San Buenaventura, San Gabriel, San
Luis Obispo, San Antonio, Santa Clara and

San Francisco. In July, 1871, Father Juni-
pero, with two other priests, and a small force
of soldiers and neophytes, proceeded south to
the Caiiada de los Robles, where with due
ceremonies they founded the mission of San
Antonio. The Indians were induced to as-
sist in building a church or capilla, and other
necessary houses, for the two priests and
their guard of six soldiers.

In the meantime, work was going on in
the erection, on a larger scale, of mission
buildings in the Carmelo valley, whither
President Serra had determined to remove
the Monterey establishment, and where
he intended, thereafter, to make the head-
quarters of all the missions of California.
At first the buildings were constructed of
timber, which was abundant in the vicinity;
the present stone church, having been erected
at a later period, the date of which is un-
known. It is believed, however, that the
present structure occupies the same spot as
the original wooden structure, under which
four Fathers, Crespi and Serra, Lopez and
Lasuen, were buried. In fact their graves
were formally located by proper excavations,
which Father Casanova, present pastor of
Monterey, caused to be made, in the presence
of many witnesses, on July 3, 1882. How-
ever, the present edifice is much larger than
that which it displaced, being 165 feet in
length, inside measurements, by twenty- nine
feet in width, and sixty-two feet from the
floor to the top of the arched roof; . whereas
the former building, according to the record
of Father Palou, was only thirty varas in

MONTEREY COUNTY.

length, or something over eighty feet. In
the cemetery near by are buried other priests
and two governors, and besides, it is said,
more than 2,700 Indians.

The buildings of most of the missions were
constructed, as nearly as possible, on a gen-
eral, uniform plan, the church being built in
the center, of stone or adobe and roofed with
tile. Near by were the residences of the
priests, the storehouses for the storage of
grain, wine and oil, and shops for the black-
smiths and for the soap-makers, and at some
of the establishments for wine and oil presses,
etc. In the larger missions, like those of San
Gabriel, San Fernando, etc., where eventually
large vineyards and olive orchards were
planted, and where the neophytes were very
numerous, the missions were laid out on an
extensive scale. At night the men and
women were locked up separately; and the
discipline, though at all times was very strict,
was paternal and kind toward those Indians
who were docile and industrious; but senti-
mental considerations were not permitted to
stand in the way of the rigorous treatment of
those who did not behave themselves, or who
were in any wise obstreperous.

A little distance away from the central
buildings were large corrals for the cattle,
horses or sheep; and not far off was the " ran-
cheria," or Indian camp. Also, close by,
there was usually a building provided as quar-
ters for a few soldiers. Most of the missions
had gardens, and small orchards of pear,
peach, iig, pomegranate, and other fruit trees.
Each mission was under the control of a

priest, who was responsible to the resident
president of the Franciscan order in Califor-
nia, who, in turn, was subject to the orders
of the College of San Fernando, in the city
of Mexico. The heads of some of these mis-
sions were not only zealous in spiritual mat-
ters, but they were also wise managers of the
temporalities placed under their charge, and
as a consequence the establishments under
their rule prospered exceedingly.

The presidios, which were generally some
distance away from the missions, consisted of
barracks for the oflScers aud men, warehouses,
and a church or chapel, etc., inclosed by high
adobe walls in an area several yards square.
They were supposed to be garrisoned by
seventy soldiers, but in fact they did not
often reach that number. The military au-
thority of each commandante extended over a
certain section of the territory, and he rep-
resented the viceroy throughout that district;
and he might be, and often was, a sort of
independent despot, in his way. He was re-
quired to protect the missions, but not to
interfere with their internal management.
The treatment of the Indians by the com-
mandantes was not always in accord with that
of the missionaries, the former being some-
times harsh and brutal, whilst the latter was
gentle, as a rule.

The differences between the military and
religious authorities became finally so serious
that President Serra felt impelled to make a
trip to the city of Mexico in 1772 -73, in
order to have those differences composed, and
to obtain a clearer definition of the mutual

MONTEREY COUNTY.

relations between the differing parties. In
this he was successful, and on his return
matters moved on more smoothly. He also
fully reported to the viceroy the condition
and wants of the missions under his juris-
diction.

The commandantes of presidios, under
Spanish laws, were authorized to grant build-
ing lots or solares to soldiers and others, un-
der certain restrictions; and the iirst grant
made was by Rivera y Moncada to Manuel
Bruton, a soldier of the presidio at Monterey,
who had married an Indian neophyte. The
grant contained 140 varas square.

In the spring of 1772, Fages, with Friar
Crespi, and a dozen soldiers, in pursuance of
orders from the viceroy, set out by land on
an exploring expedition to the port of San
Francisco, for the purpose of establishing a
mission and presidio there in order to pre-
vent the occupation of that important harbor
by any foreign power.

In 1773, Fages, while searching for de-
serters in the mountains southeast of the
Salinas valley, saw the Tulare plains. This
year the first annual report of the condition
of the missions was made to the viceroy.
At San Carlos and San Antonio, at the end
of 1773, there had been 165 and 158 bap-
tisms, respectively. At both these missions
the gentile Indians were becoming more
friendly; they could not resist the kindness
of the missionaries, nor the food whicli was
offered them.

The expedition of Fages and Crespi in
1772 to the bay of San Francisco, passed

along the east side of the bay, and, being
unable to cross over to the entrance of the
harbor, returned without selecting a site for
a mission; but, in the latter part of 1774,
anotlier expedition, under Commandante
Rivera y Moncada and Father Palou, set
out from Monterey, and following up the
west side of San Francisco bay they at last
carne in sight of the Golden Gate.

Father Palou found suitable sites on this
expedition for several missions, including
those whereon San Juan Eautista, Santa
Cruz and Dolores were afterward estab-
lished.

Governor Felipe de JNeve, who had been
residing at Lorcto, Baja California, exercis-
ing his functions as governor of both the
Califoruias, was directed by the king in a
royal order, issued in 17.75, to reside at Mon-
terey, which was to be the capital of the
Califoruias, Rivera y Moncada was required
to reside at Loreto, and act as lieutenant-
governor. This change was due to the influ-
ence and sagacity of Jose de Galvez, who was
now Minister of State for the Indies. Gover-
nor Neve, who was an enlightened ruler, soon
after his arrival at Monterey, inaugurated
a movement for the establishment of pueblos,
for the double purpose of encouraging set-
tlers, and furnishing grain and other produce
to the presidios. Under his fostering care,
San Jose and Los Angeles were founded, and
they prospered from the start. President
Serra was not pleased with the policy, and in-
sisted that the missions could have furnished
the presidios with needed supplies. But, as

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Neve said, " This would not people the land
with Spanish subjects."

A new and comprehensive system of mili-
tary government for the Californias was de-
vised by Governor Neve, at the request of
the king, and was duly submitted for royal
approval. This important document was
issued June 1, 1779, without modification, as
recommended by Neve, and was to go into
effect in 1781.

Bancroft gives the details, which he claims
were never before published, of a quarrel
between Governor Neve and President Serra,
in regard to the administration of the i-ite of
confirmation. It was the old fight, in which
the prerogatives of the State were pitted
against the prerogatives of the church.

Governor Neve received an order from the
king in 1777, not to permit Captain Cook,
the commander of two English vessels sailing
in the south seas, to enter any ports of Cali-
fornia. In 1779, the first Spanish galleon
from Manila, the San Jose, Captain Jos^
Imparan, arrived off Monterey, but did not
anchor, although some of her officers came on
shore.

This year neophyte alcaldes and regidores
were elected at San Carlos and San Antonio,
and other missions.

On the 10th of September, 1782, Neve
turned over the ofiice of governor of the
province to Fages, the former having been
promoted to the position of Inspector Gen-
eral of Provincias Internas; and he also had
conferred on him by the king, the Cross of
the Order of San Carlos: while Fages was

appointed by the viceroy successor of Neve
as governor of California. Fages took up
his residence at Monterey, the capital, in the
latter part of this year, and filled the ofiice
till 1790.

In 1785 the social life of Monterey was
enlivened by a quarrel between Fages and
his wife, " la Seflora gobernadora " as she was
known, a lady of gentle birth, and a native of
Catalonia, but who apparently had a will of
her own. After a year's residence she tired
of provincial life, and desired to leave Cali-
fornia. Out of a temporary separation, a
scandal developed, which disturbed not only
the peace of society at the capital, but of both
the military and ecclesiastical authorities.
After a time, however, the bitterness of the
quarrel between the governor and his wife
exhausted itself, and, through the interces-
sion of friends and of the padres at San Car-
los, they became reconciled. As Fages, like
Neve, was a capable as well as a conscientious
servant of the State, and as the president of
of missions, Lasuen, like Serra, was both a
zealous and an able servant of the church, it
is not very strange that the contest of pre-
rogatives engendered between Serra and Neve
should have continued between Lasuen and
Fages. Id fact the contest was perennial, and
never altogether ceased till the final secular-
ization of the missions in 1833.

The distinguished navigator. La Perouse,
in his voyage of scientific discovery around
the world anchored " among the whales " in
Monterey bay for ten days in the month of
September, 1786, and he and his ofiicers and

MONTEREY COUNTY.

scientific corps were very cordially enter-
tained by Governor Fages, and by tbe jiadres
of San Carlos. Necessary supplies were
obtained, for which payment was reluctantly
received. The gallant Frenchman asked leave
to make certain presents to the soldiers and
to the missions; and in his account of his
visit he makes mention of this incident.
" Our gardener gave to the missionaries some
potatoes from Chili, perfectly sound; I be-
lieve this is not one of the least of our gifts,
and that this root will succeed perfectly
around Monterey." He also mentions that a
handmill for grinding grain was presented
to the mission whereby four neophyte women
could do the work of a hundred by their primi-
tive methods. La Perouse's observations
concerning California, or so much of it as he
saw and learned of it, in his brief visit to
Monterey, are wonderfully accurate.

Governor Fages issued an order to Com-
mandante Jose Arguello, of San Francisco, in
May, 1789, warning him to be watchful of
" a ship named Columbia, which they say
belongs to General Washington of the Amer-
ican States," and directing him to secure the
vessel and all the people on board if she
should enter the port of San Francisco, which
she never did, though she was in Facitic
waters.

About fifty men, under a lieutenant and
ensign (alferez), belonged to the presidio of
Monterey at this period. Besides there were
a surgeon and one or more mechanics. A
force of half a dozen soldiers was stationed at
San Cslrlos and San Antonio. The herds,

large and small, mayor y menor, of the pre-
sidio in 1790, amounted to about 4,000 head.
At San Antonio there were over 1,000 neo-
phytes and of large animals upward of 2,200
head, and of small, nearly 2,000.

Governor Fages' resignation was accepted
by the viceroy in May, 1890, and lie was
succeeded by Jose Antonio Romeu, who did
not, however, assume the duties of the office
till April, 1791. A close study of the char-
acters of the early governors of California
will convince any candid student of history
of the truth of Bancroft's dictum that they
were by no means the colorless " nonentities
that modern writers have painted them, and
that among them all there is no more original
and attractive character than the bluff Cata-
lan soldier, Pedro Fages."

During Romeu's term, two missions were
founded, namely: Santa Cruz, September 25,
and La Soledad, October 9, both in the year

1791. In September of this year, Monterey
was visited by another scientific exploring
expedition that sent out by Spain under
Malaspina, which stayed in port some twelve
days. It is said that the first Americau who
ever came to California was a John Groem,
or Graham, of Boston, who had shipped as
gunner of this expedition at Cadiz. He re-
mained here, and was buried at his death at
San Carlos.

On the death of Governor Romeu, April 9,

1792, Captain Jose J. de Arrillaga, command-
ante at Loreto, and lieutenant-governor of the
Calif ornias, became governor a^ interim, serv-
incp till 1794. He arrived at the capita|

MONTEREY COUNTY.

soon after the death of Eomeu, and entered
at once on a task, which had occupied his
predecessor, namely, the adjustment of the
presidial accounts, which had fallen into great
confusion. In the latter part of 1792, Yan-
couver, in command of an English exploring
expedition around the world, and De la
Bodega y Cuadra, Spanish commissioner,
visited Monterey and remained some time, or
till the middle of January, 1793, when the
three Spanish and two English vessels sailed
south simultaneously. As the officers of both
fleets were cordially received by the author-
ities, civil and clerical, on shore, the visit
was a very pleasant one for all parties.
Astronomical observations had been taken on
shore by Vancouver's scientific corps, and
many social courtesies were exchanged, all of
which made the reception, which Yancouver
met on his visit a year later, seem the more
chilling by contrast. Arrillaga, who was at
Loreto at the time of Vancouver's first visit,
feared that the object of the latter was to
make observations concerning the condition
of the country, and having arrived at Mon-
terey he was disposed to facilitate such
observations as little as possible. However,
on a third visit, in 1794, Yancouver was very
cordially received by Alva, and by Arguello,
and later by the new governor, Borica, on his
arrival in November.

Yancoiiver's record of what he saw in
California is historically interesting and
valuable.

Governor de Borica was naturally delighted
with Monterey. In letters to his friends he

wrote: "This is a great country; climate
healthful, between cold and temperate, good
bread, excellent meat, tolerable fish, and hon
humeur which is worth all the rest. Plenty
to eat, but the most astounding is the general
fecundity, both of rationals and irrationals.
The clitnate is so good that all are getting to
look like Englishmen. This is the most
peaceful and quiet country in the world; one
lives better here than in the most cultured
court of Europe." He was not far wrong as
all eclectic people will say, even to this day.
Borica, who served as governor of the pro-
vince till 1800, proved to be an intelligent,
tactful and faithful executive. He lived in
peace with the padres, and general quietness
and prosperity prevailed during his rule. In
the year 1797-'98, five missions and one pue-
blo were founded. The condition of Alta
California in 1800 may be summarized in a
few words: Eighteen missions, four presidios
and three pueblos or towns had been estab-
lished, each one of which was entitled to four
leagues of land for the benefit of its inhabit-
ants, there were also a few persons occupying
public lands engaged in stock-raising.

Estimates from records and reports of the
missions for this period, show that there were
nearly 200,000 head of animals, large and
small; of this number, 150,000 belonged to
the missions; 18,000 to 20,000 to the presi-
dios; and 15,000 or 16,000 to the pueblos.
The king's rancho, near Monterey (located at
or near the present site of Salinas city), with
branches near San Francisco and San Diego,

MONTEREY COUNTY.

furnished most of the meat as well as the
cavalry Iiorsea needed at the presidios.

By means of rnde looms coarse blankets
and other cloths were woven from wool and
hemp, by the neophytes at the missions;
hides were tanned, and shoes, etc., were made
in rough fashion; soap and coarse pottery
were also manufactured.

The beginning of this century found the
venerable Father Lasuen as president of the
missions, with headquarters still at San Cdr-
los, where he died June 26, 1803, universally
respected by all, natives and foreign visitors.

CHAPTER VI.

FEOM 1800 TO CLOSE OF MISSION ERA.

fOSE J. ARRILLAG-A became governor in
1800 and continued to fill the oflBce till
1814, during which period comparatively
few events occurred requiring mention here.
In 1804 the separation of the Californias was
authorized by royal decree to be known there-
after as Antigua (old) and Nueva (new)
California.

The population in 1810 of gente de razon
(others than Indians) of the Monterey juris-
diction amounted, according to Bancroft, to
about 480 souls; or, including Branciforte
and Santa Cruz, 530, with a neopypte popu-
lation of about 5,000.

It is said that bears were so numerous and
bold at this period that they would kill cattle
daily, in sight of the vaqueros; that wolves
would even attack work-horses between Mon-
terey and the mission ; and that in 1805, as
the records showed, about 400 head of stock

were killed in the neighborhood o£ the
" king's ranch " by wild beasts. The neo-
phytes at San Antonio, in 1805, numbered
nearly 1,300, and of Soledad, over 700.
Governor Arrillaga died July 24, 1814, and
was succeeded by Jos6 Arguello, command-
ante of Santa Barbara, as governor ad in-
terim, or till the appointment of Pablo Vi-
cente de Sola, who was the last governor un-
der Spanish rule.

The year 1818 was long remembered as the
year in which Monterey was attacked by the
pirates under Bouchard, a privateer from
South America, with letters of marque, who,
with two armed vessels bombarded, captured,
and held the town for a short time, or three
or four days; when, after setting fire to the
presidio and fort, and the houses of the
governor and commandant and doing con-
siderable other damage he departed down the
coast, where, at various points, he frightened
the people and did more or less damage. He
did not obtain much booty in his California
raid.

The estimated population of California as
collated by Bancroft for the year 1820 of
Spanish and mixed blood or of gente de razon,
was 3,270 souls. The number of persons not
of Spanish or Indian blood was placed at
thirteen; and of neophytes, 20,500.

In 1822, Governor Sola was elected to
represent California in the Mexican cortez or
congress, and he was succeeded by Captain
Luis Arguello, as governor.

In 1823, Fathers Payeras and Senan, pre-
fect and president respectively, died. Both

1213869

MONTEREY COUNTY.

were able and pious prelates and their loss
•was greatly deplored. About this time,
Americans or English speaking persons be-
gan gradually to arrive; amongst those who
arrived this year, were Captain J. B. R.
Cooper, who became a resident of Monterey
for so many years, and Daniel A. Hill and
Thomas M. Eobbins, afterward prominent
citizens of Santa Barbara county.

On the 18th of August, 1824, a general
colonization law was passed by the Mexican
Congress, which in after years had a very
important bearing on the material welfare of
California. David Spence, another of the
very early pioneers of Monterey, came in
1824. California was visited this year by a
Russian scientific expedition, under Otto
von Kotzebue, of the Imperial Navy, who, in
his book describing his voyage, speaks with
enthusiasm and discrimination of this then
unknown land. In the following extract he
uses the language, both of a philosopher and
a prophet: " It has hitherto been the fate of
these regions, like that of modest merit or
humble virtue, to remain unnoticed, but pos-
terity will do them justice; towns and cities
will hereafter flourish where all is now desert;
the waters over which scarcely a solitary boat
is yet seen to glide, will reflect the flags of
all nations, and a happy and pi-osperous peo-
ple, receiving with thankfulness what prodigal
Nature bestows for their use, will disperse her
treasures over every part of the world."

The white population of the Monterey
jurisdiction, including Santa Cruz and Branci-
forte in 1830, is variously estimated at from

1,100 to 1,150, including 120 soldiers at the
presidio and at the missions, etc., and about
fifty foreigners. A supplementary act to the
colonization law of 1824, was passed by the
Mexican Congress, November 21, 1828.
Land grants in California were made under
these laws, Avhich are extant and accessible
in English through translations of H. "W.
Halleck. The Solis revolt of 1829, which
disturbed the peace of Monterey and other
towns, was suppressed in January, 1830.
Dnring the last days of December, 1826,
Captain Beechey's expedition anchored in
Monterey bay for the purpose of obtaining
supplies and spars, etc. After a cruise to
Bering sea, in search of Sir John Franklin,
he returned to Monterey a year later. The
narrative of his voyage, published in London
contained much accurate and valuable infor-
mation about California.

In March, 1827, the French ship, Le Heros,
Duhaut-Cilly, commander, visited Monterey.
It also came again in August, the same year,
and in May, 1828. Having spent consider-
able time at Monterey and other points in
California, and being an acute observer,
Duhaut-Cilly's account of what he saw here
sixty-five years ago, as published in his voy-
age around the world, is exceedingly inter-
esting and valuable; as also are the observa-
tions of Dr. Botta and Lieutenant Le Netrel
who accompanied him. December 17tli,
there was a celebration on the Russian vessels
in Monterey bay of Saint Nicholas' day, and
a fandango in the town. In February, 1829,
on the Boston ship, Brookline, arrived at

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Monterey, Alfred Eobinson, so well and
favorably known to all early Californians,
both native and foreign. He married into
one of the first families of Santa Barbara,
that of Captain de la Guerra y Noriega. His
book, "Life in California," is a standard work.
He is still (1892) living in San Francisco.

Among the first overland immigrants
from the United States were Jedediah S.
Smith and party of fifteen men, on a trap-
ping and exploring expedition, who reached
California in the month of December, 1826.
This company was the advance guard of the
great caravans which came in after years, and
which became so important a factor in the
building up, on this western coast, of several
American commonwealths. The movements
of this party caused some apprehension on
the part of the authorities, and they were re-
quired to report at the capital, which they
did, after various wanderings, in October,
1827. Here Captain Juan B. R. Cooper
signed a bond, making himself responsible
for the good behavior and speedy departure
of Smith and party for Oregon, whither they
went, accompanied by an escort of ten men
as far as San Francisco, Solano, the escort
being furnished by Governor Echeandia.

Manuel Victoria was appointed governor
in 1830, but he did not arrive in Monterey
till January, 1831. He made himself very
unpopular with the Californians, and after
less than a year's troubled rule, filled with
petty quarrels, he was compelled to leave the
country, or at least to vacate his office. Don
Carlos Carrillo, who had been elected to the

Mexican Congress, made the administration
acquainted with the condition of afi'airs in
California, urging the pressing need of an
organic law, and of the establishment of
courts of justice, and of a reform in the ad-
ministration of the finances of the territory.
He pointed out the injustice as well as the
impolicy of promoting Mexicans over native
Californians of experience and proved ca-
pacity; and he recommended the separation of
the political from the military power. Being
himself a native Californian, he took a patri-
otic interest in the welfare of the Province.
His address to Congress was published, and
was a fair presentation of the claims of Cali-
fornia on the central government. The great
distance of California from the Mexican capi-
tal, resulted often in its being poorly gov-
erned, mainly, perhaps, because the state of
affairs here was not well understood.

The territorial deputation at Los Angeles
on the 11th of January, 1832, elected Fio
Pico, as gefe politico, or chief executive officer
ad interim; but as the gefe provisional,
Echeandia, and the ayuntamiento of Los
Angeles declined to recognize him, he only
served twenty days; and there was an inter-
regnum till the appointment of General Jose
Figueroa, during which period one Zam-
orano, of Monterey, and Echeandia, at San
Diego, pretended each to exercise authority,
thus presenting the unseemly spectacle of
a double-headed government. But the peo-
ple generally minded their own private affairs
and paid very little attention to these fac-
tional heroes.

MONTERET COUNTY.

Governor Figueroa arrived at Monterey,
January 14, 1833. He caused a brief notice
of his arrival to be printed at Monterey —
which was the first printing done in Califor-
nia — and circulated with an address to the
people, which he brought with him from
Mexico. The type used in printing his
notice of arrival he also probably brought with
him. They were afterward used by Walter
Colton and Dr. Semple in printing, in En-
glish and Spanish at Monterey, the first
newspaper in the Territory, called The Cali-
fornian. Figueroa was a man of much
tact and considerable ability, and he soon
succeeded in harmonizing all interests. In
December, Juan Bandini was elected deputy
to Congress.

On the first of May, 1834, the Territorial
Assembly, or Diputacion Territoral, as they
called themselves, met at the house of
Governor Figueroa, with that officer as presi-
dent,|and all the members present except Pio
Pico. This body had many sessions during
the year as there was much public business
which required attention.

Some of the more important matters cou-
sidered were the secularization of the mis-
sions, finance, the granting of public lands,
and municipal governments.

In October Jose Antonio Carrillo was
elected member of Congress.

A company of colonists, which had been
recruited in Mexico, arrived this year, on
the two vessels, Natalia and Morelos, from
San Elas. Some of these colonists were
destined for the southern part of the Terri-

tory; the balance arrived at Monterey late in
the year. Among the colonists who after-
ward became prominent in Californian an-
nals, were: Abrego, Covarrubias, the Coro-
nels, Estraba, Olvera, Ocampo, Prudon and
others. It is said that the Natalia, which
was finally driven ashore in a storm at Mon-
terey, was the same vessel in which Napoleon
escaped from the island of Elba in 1815.

CHAPTER VII.

SECDLAEIZATION.

N the meanwhile, i. e., from 1881 to 1834,
the movement which, from the very
exigencies of the case, that is, from
inherent and intrinsic causes, had long been
gathering in force, culminated in the decrees
passed by Congress, August 17, 1833, and
April 16, 1834, ordering the secularization
of all the missions of the republic. I 'ro-
visional regulations for carrying out these
laws were adopted by the Diputacion Terri-
torial in August. Whereupon the mission-
aries abandoned many of their establisha:enti,
and either authorized a general slaughter of
cattle, or so relaxed their authority, that
irresponsible parties engaged in the slaugh-
ter of cattle, till the Diputacion prohibited
the killing of cattle, except in the usual
quantities, and by responsible persons. Dur-
ing 1834 the missions of San Antonio, La
Soledad and San Juan Bautista were secular-
ized. In 1833, Bandini sought to have San
Diego and San Francisco declared by Con-
gress as the only ports for the admission of
foreign vessels; but he was unsuccessful, and

MONTE RET GOUNTT.

Monterey continued, as before, the principal
port of the Territory. Thomas O. Larkin,
who resided so long in Monterey and who
became so prominent at the time of the
change of government, arrived on the New-
castle, in 1832; and on the same vessel,
came Mrs. Rachel Holmes, whom Larkin
married in 1833, and who was the first
American woman to become a permanent
resident.

Governor Figueroa died at Monterey the
29th of September, 1835. Bancroft, while
conceding his faults, thinks he was " the
best Mexican governor ever sent to rule Cali-
fornia," to which, all who intimately study
his character, as illustrated by his public acts,
must assent. He was succeeded by Jose
Castro as civil governor, and by Nicolas
Gntierrez as military commander, the two
departments having been separated by Fi-
gueroa.

Of Governor Chico's brief administration,
in 1836, not much need be said. He was
one of the very worst of the Mexican govern-
ors. He was violent in depcrrtraent, and
soon secured the cordial emnity of the Cali-
fornians. The decent people of Monterey
were scandalized by his undisguised and fla-
grant immoralities. And Gutierrez, who
preceded and succeed him as governor, was
not much better. Juan B. Alvarado headed
an uprising early in November, 1836,
which advanced on Monterey and summarily
deposed Gutierrez. This movement, while
it was ostensibly in the direction of inde-
pendence, practically, was a protest against

dissolute local government, or anarchy, on
the one hand, and against centralism on the
other. The people of the south did not in-
dorse the northern efforts to effect independ-
ence; so the plan was modified. California
determined to govern herself, but still as a
province of Mexico. Alvarado, a native
Calif ornian, was, on the 7th of December,
elected governor by the Diputacion. A
long and profitless quarrel ensued between
Alvarado and Carlos Carrillo and their par-
tisans, which it is unnecessary to detail here.
Alvarado was finally recognized by the
Mexican government, news of his appoint-
ment as governor being received in Septem-
ber, 1839. M. G. Yallejo was, at the same
time, appointed military commander, with
the rank of colonel.

The estimated population of the Monterey
district, in 1840, was about 1,600, 700 of
whom resided at Monterey. This number
does not include the mission Indians. San
Miguel mission was secularized, in 1836, by
Ignacio Coronel; 1. Garcia was administra-
tor. The several ranches and vineyards, in-
cluding the buildings, but excluding church
buildings and contents, were inventoried at
upward of $80,000. The secularization of
San Antonio de Padua took place in 1835;
and Manuel Crespi was the commissioner.
La Soledad was secularized by Commissioner
NicoMs Alviso, in 1835. Ex-Prefect Sarria
died at this mission this year, aged nearly
seventy years, after which everything went
to ruin rapidly. This same year. Commis-
sioner T. Castro secularized San Juan Bau-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

tista, which was then in what later was a
part of Monterey county, but which now is
San Benito county. The estate, aside from
church property, amounting to $46,000, was
inventoried at over $90,000. Much destruc-
tion was wrought by both gentile and Chris-
tianized Indians.

The inventory in detail showed: Buildings,
$36,000; implements, furniture, etc., $7,774;
church building, $35,000; ornaments, vest-
ments, etc., $7,740; library, $461; six bells,
$1,060; choir furniture, $1,643; vineyards,
buildings, etc., outside the mission, $37,365;
ranches: San Justo, $1,300; Todos Santos,
$1,755; San Felipe, $16,052; credits, $1,040;
cash, $222; total, $147,413; less distributed
to neophytes, $8,439, and debits, 1250 ; leaving
a balance of $138,723.

In 1840, California in general, and Monte-
rey in particular, were much disturbed by a
plot, or a suspected plot, of Isaac Graham
and other Americans to overturn the existing
order. A considerable number of men were
arrested, and forty-seven were sent to San
Bias, and thence to Tepic. But eventually
they were all set at liberty.

Governor Alvarado issued, January 17,
1839, a reglamento, or provisional regula-
tions, for the government of the administra-
tors of the missions, under which he ap-
pointed as visitor-general W. E. P. Hartnell,
who was honest and capable, who was well
known and respected, who was a good Span-
ish scholar, and who performed his duties
faithfully. In 1840 Alvarado substituted
mayordomos for administrators, specifying

clearly their duties in a reglamento dated
March 1, concerning which Padre Duran ex-
pressed the opinion that it would "close the
door to fraud and robbery, but also to all im-
provement; that the doctor was prevented
from killing the patient, but had no power to
cure him." In August of this year Captain
Sutter came down from New Helvetia to
Monterey to secure his naturalization papers
as a Mexican citizen, which he obtained by
making the necessary proofs, before David
Spence, as justice of the peace. He also re-
ceived authority to represent the provincial
government at New Helvetia, or as he after-
ward signed himself, "Encargadode justicia,
y representante del gobierno en las fronteras
del Rio del Sacramento."

CALIFORNIA BECOMING KNOWN TO THE WORLD,

In December, 1837, Captain Belcher, whose
" Narrative " was published in London, in
command of the expedition formerly under
Beechey, visited Monterey. In October of
this year the French frigate, Venus, Petit-
Thouars, commander, with a force of upward
of 300 men, arrived at Monterey, and re-
n)ained there nearly a month. His account
of California at this period is interesting and
valuable. The book published by Forbes, in
1839, is a standard work. Laplace, com-
manding the French frigate, Artetnise, of fifty
guns and 450 men, entered Monterey bay in
August, 1839, and remained a week. He
gives an interesting picture of California as
he saw it in his published account of his
voyage. W. D. Phelps and T. J. Farnham

MONTEBBT COUNTY.

visited California in 1840, and afterward
published books describing what they saw.
So that the world was gradually acquiring
information concerning this distant region,
which prior to that time had been a terra

In 1841, the customhouse collections of the
department amounted to $100,000. There
was no meeting of the Territorial Diputacion
this year. The noted visitors of 1841, who
published accounts of what they saw, were
Douglas, de Mofras, Pierce, Wilkes and
Simpson. Numerous overland parties ar-
rived this year, causing the authorities some
apprehension. Alvarado had determined to
send commissions to Mexico to inform the
government thoroughly of the condition of
affairs in California. He, therefore, on the
20th of January, 1842, despatched Manuel
Castafiares and Francisco Rivera from Monte-
rey, on the schooner California, for Acapulco.
The government decided to send troops to
California; Castanares returned with an ap-
pointment as administrator of customs, and
brought a commission for Alvai-ado as colonel.
Manuel Micheltorena had already been ap-
pointed governor and commandante-general,
the two offices being again conferred on one
person.

The Superior Court met in May at Monte-
rey, Juan Malarin presiding. Juan Bandini,
the fiscal or territorial attorney, having
resigned, Castanares was chosen to fill his
place.

THE EPISODE OF 1842.

It was in 1842 that Commodore Thomas

Ap Catesby Jones, in command of the United
States fieet on the Pacific coast, because of
fears of impending war with Mexico, and
that the British fleet might attempt to occupy
California, determined to seize Monterey, the
capital. Accordingly, on the 19th of Octo-
ber, Jones, with two men of war, the United
States and the Cyane, entered the harbor
and demanded of the governor and military
commandante the surrender of Monterey. In
view of " the small force at his disposal,
affording no hope of successful i-esistance
against the powerful force brought against
him," Alvarado signed articles of capitula-
tion. But Commodore Jones, learning from
Larkin and others on shore, on the 20th, that
the rumors of immediate war were unfounded,
as were his suspicions that England had any
present intentions of seizing the country, de-
cided that, to use his own words, "the mo-
tives and only justifiable grounds for a
surrender of the Territory was thus suddenly
removed, or at least rendered so doubtful as to
make it ray duty to restore things as I had
found them, with the least possible delay," —
which determination he at once proceeded to
carry out on the 21st, his forces retiring to
their vessels, which thereupon fired a salute
in honor of the flag of Mexico, which was
again raised over the fort.

The people of Monterey were much an-
noyed by the soldiers which Governor Mich-
eltorena had brought with him from Mexico,
some of whom were pardoned convicts.
They were known as Micheltorena's "cholos,"
and they were a pretty tough lot. The old

MONTEREY OOUNTT.

citizens of the capital and vicinity have no
pleasant remembrances of this villianous
gang.

CHAPTER VIII.

PREMONITION OF IMPENDING CHANGE.

^N July, 1844, news -was again received
P that war with the United States was im-
^ minent, as the annexation of Texas had
been consummated. Micheltorena announced
his intention to establish his headquarters at
San Juan Bautista, whither cannon were re-
moved from Monterey, and where for a time
the soldiers held possession; while many of
the citizens, with their movables, had retired
to the interior, not so much because they
feared an attack by Americans as that the
"cholos" would pillage the town, if an enemy
of any kind should appear, and give them
the slightest pretext for such an exploit.

Manuel Castanares, who represented Cali-
fornia in the National Congress, was working
with zeal in behalf of California. He
warned the government of its danger from
within and without, urging the sending of
additional troops, and the payment without
further delay of those already there. He
declared that the holding of California was
more important to the republic than, to keep
possession of Texas. He compared Califor-
nia to a rough diamond. In his "Exposi-
cion," addressed to the Government, Sep-
tember 1, 1844, he used these eloquent and
prophetic words: "Uncared for and aban-
doned as hitherto, she will be irredeemably
lost. * * A powerful foreign nation will
encamp there; * * then her mines will be

worked, lier ports crowded, her fields culti-
vated; then will a numerous and industrious
people acquire property, to be defended with
their blood; and then, all this, for our coun-
try, will produce the opposite effects. And
when there is no longer a remedy, when
there shall begin to be gathered the bitter
fruits of a lamentable negligence, and an
unpardonable error, then we shall deplore in
vain evils which might have been avoided !"
But the Mexican Government could not be
roused to a realizing sense of the situation,
or would not take Castanares' view, that dis-
tant California was really of more importance
to Mexico than Texas. In the early part of
1845, the central government was again
stirred up by reports, to which Castanares
earnestly called its attention, that California
would share the fate of Texas, and that Gov-
ernor Micheltorena would be driven out of
the country, unless something was promptly
done. The administration proposed to ap-
point Castanares as civil and military "gov-
ernor. But he would only accept on condi-
tions of being adequately supported, not
with promises, but with men and resources
for the accomplishment of the proposed
task. But the war came on, and it was
already too late to do anything to save Cali-
fornia.

LATER VIEWS OF CASTANAEES.

Manuel Castanares, who, by his residence
with his family, for several years at Mon-
terey, and by his able and zealous service of
the province at the national capital, had
become thoroughly conversant with the af-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

fairs of California was in 1857 suramoned
as a witness, in tLe great Limantour claim
to a considerable portion of the land on
which the city of San Francisco is situated.
This claim of the astute Frenchman was
afterward proved to have been based largely
on forged or falsified documents.

So, some thirteen years after Castanares
left Monterey in 1844, to wit, in 1857, he
came to California again, and gave his testi-
mony, which it seems was favorable to
Limantour, before the United States Courts.

It was the good fortune of the writer of
these lines to make the acquaintance of Mr.
Castanares, on his return trip to Acapulco,
traveling on the same steamer, and occupy-
ing the same state-room with him. The
result of many conversations with that gen-
tleman was embodied in a letter to the San
Francisco Bulletin, which, in condensed
form, is of sufhcient general and local inter-
terest to warrant its insertion here. The
letter was dated —

ON BOARD THE STEAMER CALIFORNIA, AT SEA.

September 12, 1857.
u * * * Castanares says that he is now
'■Gefe de Hacienda' of the department of
LaPuebla, i. e., collector of imposts on to-
bacco, lotteries, etc., for that district, where
he resides with his family. In Mexico, the
government has Interior., as well as mari-
time collectors of customs. \We have them
now, in 1892, in the United States, but did
not in 1857.] It is also the business of these
officers to disburse as well as collect public

moneys, which go to the payment of govern-
mental expenses, the support of troops, etc.
He says that he receives and pays out
monthly, $135,000, generally more now, on
account of the confiscated property of the
clergy. He is enthusiastic in his admiration
of Comonfort; says 'he is The Man for
Mexico;' that the rulers of most countries
are ambitious and selfish, but that Comonfort
seemed to have only the liberty and progress
of Mexico in view. Of Santa Ana he said
that although he was his friend personally,
and his father and himself and brothers had
held offices under him, yet he did not want
to see him president again. He (Castanares)
made reply to one of the priests of La Fuebla,
which is worthy of being preserved.

"In executing some of the orders of the
government, one of the principal priests told
him he would not grant him absolution,
'■'■Padre, si Y. no me absuelve, Dios me ab-
solverd/" Father, if you do not absolve me,
God will!

u * * * "Castanares lived four years in
Montery, from 1840 to 1844, where two of
his nine children were born. He knows
most of the old settlers, and captains and
supercargoes of the Boston ships of that
period. These he named over to me. He
was afterward sent to the Mexican Congress
as delegate for California for two years,
1844 and 1845. While there, and in that
capacity, he opposed and prevented the grant-
ing of three hundred leagues of land in the
Californias to the Society of Jesus, who had
asked for that amount of land, through one

MONTEUET COUNTY.

of their priests, Padre McNamara. Castan-
ares, as representative of the Californias, op-
posed the measure with all his energy. He
procured secret sessions of the National
Chambers, for several nights previous to the
final vote, — and noisy sessions they were too,
he says, — but he gained the question by only
three votes. People may now make much
ado about the Limantour claim, which he
also opposed, and doubt his testimony, but
the United States have to thank him that
these three hundred leagues were not granted
away, and which, if done, would have to be
respected. He opposed, knowing well, as
he did, the true interests of California, for
the same general reason, the grants to the
Jesuits, to Limantour and to Capt. Smith, of
Bodega; not that he had any enmity against
these parties, but because he desired that the
lands of California should be granted to
actual settlers.

"He tried also to procure the reversal of the
grant to Limantour for another reason;
Limantour was not, and never had been a
citizen of Mexico, and it was against the law,
then and still in force in the republic, which
prohibits the cession of lands within five
leagues of the coast to foreigners. (Sic.)
Although Limantour had frequently loaned
the Mexican Government money at large
rates of interest, Castanares was in favor of
paying him in some other way, at least ac-
cording to law. He wrotp, he says, sv^ndry
communications on this, as well as various
subjects pertaining to California history at
that time, which were printed, and copies of

which are yet extant, both in Mexico and in
the hands of De la Torre and others in Cali-
fornia. The Mexican Government, ever dil-
atory, neglected his advice, and those grants
were never reversed, and now he says they
are good, sin duda — without doubt. Why,
he says, there is Senor Bocanegra, an old
man seventy-five or eighty years of age, liv-
ing now in Mexico, who was minister at the
time of the grant, and who has been judge
of the Supreme Court of Mexico and foreign
minister, etc., and a man of the highest prob-
ity and honor, and is universally esteemed,
whose correspondence in relation to these
grants to Limantour is preserved in the pub-
lic archives of the republic, and who is ut-
terly incapable of deception and dishonor, he'
(Bocanegra) says the titles are good, and he
lately acknowledged before witnesses his own
communications on the subject as contained
in the archives. * *

" Castanares says that in 1846 he was ap-
pointed governor qf California and he
started to come to the country to assume the
duties of his ofiice, but on his arrival at
Tepic he learned that the American forces
were on this coast, and so it was not thought
advisable to sail, and he has not been in
California since 1844 till the present time.

" In answer to my question as to why he
came now to testify, he said that lie came at
the earnest request of the French minister
in Mexico. In the existing difficulties be-
tween his country and Spain, out of whicli it
was feared war might result, the French
minister had written several notes, favorable

MONTEREV COUNTY.

to Mexico, to the Spanish Government; and
now that the French minister had desired a
Mexican citizen to come to California, and
tell what he knew about a grant that was
made while he was a Kepresencative of Cali-
fornia in the National Congress, the request
in courtesy, not to say in gratitude, could
hardly be denied. Castanares received a tele-
graphic dispatch on the 4th of June last at
La Puebla, from President Comonfort to come
to the city of Mexico, where he immediately
repaired, when the president made known
the wishes of the French minister. He
says he told President Comonfort that he did
not wish to come; that he could not leave
his oflSce, etc. Well, said the president, you
can do as you think best; but the French
minister has pressed me very strongly that
you go, and it would gratify me very much
if you would accede to his wishes, especially
in view of the favors that he has lately done
to the Mexican Government.

"So Castanares could not but consent, and
his evidence is before the court. He says
that he has served his country tliirty years;
his father died when he was twenty years old,
charging him, being the eldest, with the care
of nine brothers and sisters and a mother,
all of whom are still living, and for whom he
had never ceased to care. And now, after
having guarded his reputation as dearer than
aught else, and kept it free from blot or
blemish, to suppose that he would swear to
a falsity — those do not know him who believe
so idle a charge. His good name he desired
to bequeath to his children untarnished that

they could not say: >■ Mi padre ha deshonrad
mi nomhre:^ My father has dishonored my
name.

"All this Seuor Castanares says with
great earnestness and feeling. One cannot
listen to him and not believe that he ' speaks
the words of truth and soberness,' or at least
that he is sincere in his opinions.

"Again: In hearing people talk on the sub-
ject of Limantour's claims, I told him I
had heard many say that if his claims were
good, it was unaccountable that he had not
made them before.

"Castanares replied that Limautour is, and
always had been, a keen speculator, and had
shown himself as such in his dealings with
the Mexican Government. He had even
stood ready to furnish it money or goods, at
big prices, and at high rates of interest.

"He was absent in Europe, Castanares
believes, from 1849 to '52, or '53; and then
he (Limantour) thought it no bad specula-
tion to let things run — the barren sand hills
would not, at least, depreciate in value. This
last is merely a matter of opinion with Cas-
tanares: he never heard the owner say as
much, but that is the way he understood it.

"That Limantour's grant is genuine and
legal,* and should be allowed, he does not
doubt, because he knew the circumstances
under which it was given, and has been
1 •

*This, however, does not agree with Castanares'
concession that a law of the Mexican Republic pro-
hibits the session of lands within five leagues of the
coast to foieigners; and that Limantour was not and
never had been a citizen of Mexico. Therefore, in
any case, the grant was illegal.

MONTE BET COUNTY.

familiar witli the archives in which the
records of it have been preserved.

"Castanares certifies to so many corrobora-
ting circnmstances, and refers to so many
documents, and shows such close acquaint-
ance with California history, and tells all
with the sincere air of a true and honorable
gentleman, that one is constrained to believe
that he must be telling the truth. * * *

"Castanares keeps his room most of the
time, where many of the passengers have
called on him, all of whom he receives with
the courtesy of a Castilian. In an interest-
ing interview with Dr. Gwin (in which the
writer acted as interpreter, as Seiior Cas-
tafiares does not speak English), he spoke
with the intelligence of a statesman and the
fervor of a patriot of his country, its
government, its president, and of the future
of Mexico."

In the meantime Micheltorena had been
overthrown, and his office was declared va-
cant by the Junta and Pio Pico, on the 15th
of February, 1845, was proclaimed the
legal governor, — and he was the last governor
under Mexican rule. Don Pio is still (1892)
alive and vigorous, although in his ninety-
second year. He was born at the Mission
San Gabriel, in 1801. He is believed to be
the only living representative of the Mexican
ex-goveruors of California. His residence is
in Los Angeles.

Bancroft estimates the number of overland
immigrants to California in 1845, at 250
persons, of whom he thinks 100 were women
and children. They caine from Oregon, and

over the Sierra Nevada mountains. Ameri-
can influence now began to grow very rapidly
in California. Thomas O. Larkin was United
States Consul at Monterey. Later he received
an appointment as confidential agent of the
United States Government, and he carefully
kept his government advised of the course of
events here; and being a man of excellent
judgment his views were considered, and
really were very valuable.

Mr. Larkin was born in Charlestown,
Massachusetts, in 1802. He came to Monte-
rey in 1832, on the Newcastle, by way of
Honolulu, and, at first, was employed by his
half-brother. Captain Cooper. Larkin and Dr.
Semple; in 1847 founded the town of Benicia,
and both he and Semple were members of the
Constitutional Convention, in 1849. He after-
ward lived awhile, 1850-'52, with his family
in New York, but returned in May, 1852, to
San Francisco, where he died in 1858. Of
his children, two sons and a daughter, were
living only a few years since. There is an
excellent portrait of Mr. Larkin in the old
Cooper mansion at Monterey.

CHAPTER IX.

THE CHANGE FEOM SPANISH TO ANGLO-
> AMEEICAN.

tLTHOUGH the actual change of gov-
ernment in Alta or Upper California
dates from the raising of the American
flag at Monterey, July 7, 1846, by order of
Commodore Sloat, of the United States frig-
ate, Savannah, the gradual modification of
manners and customs, and modes of life>

MOXTERET COUNTY.

and the slow substitution of the English for
the Spanish language, began some time be-
fore that date, and they have been going on
ever since; indeed, the changes are not yet
altogether complete. American civilization
in California has certainly been sensibly and
probably permanently modified in an infinite
variety of forms, by the adoption of Spanish
nomenclature, Spanish ideas and Spanish
ways of doing things, etc., as Eastern, or
American, agricultural methods, under the
foiir annnal seasons of the East, have been
radically changed here in the West of neces-
sity under onr only tico aunnal seasons, the
wet and the dry.

And a further very important change, far-
reaching in its effects, has been caused by the
new and in the East, practically unknown use
of water for irrigation, in many portions of
this State. It is a fundamental maxim in the
Eastern States and in England, from whom
we derive our theories of water and water-
rights, that the water of running streams
must not be diminished. It is equally a
fundamental maxim in dry countries, where
irrigation is an absolute necessity, that the
volume of flowing water imist be diminished,
or, in other words, it must be absorbed in the
thirsty ground. As a matter of fact, the
Spanish theory of the use of water from
springs and running streams, and evolved by
loncf experience from the actual necessities of
the case, has come in contact and in conflict
here in California with the English or ripa-
rian theory, which is based on entirely differ-
ent uses of such running streams, to wit, for

motive power and navigation. As all our
lawyers and law-makers are educated under
the English law, the change or adaptation of
onr legislation to this new use of water or to
the Spanish theory, is necessarily very slow.
Nevertheless it must, and eventually will be
eflected; though much wrong, and perhaps
violence must be suffered, pending the irre-
pressible conflict between the two theories.

Prior to the year 1846, English-speaking
trappers and traders came hither in consid-
erable numbers by land, where they found
the sweet Spanish idiom was the vernacular;
and a few English-speaking sailors landed
here from the occasional vessels that touched
on this coast; and, as almost without excep-
tion, they liked the country, its climate, and
its people, they married and became fixture,
or permanent settlers. And thus they in
turn, as they increased in numbers, came to
exert not a little influence on the Spanish-
speaking population, and to predispose it fa-
vorably toward American ways, and toward
the American people. That this predisposi-
tion was a very important factor in facilitat-
ing the change of governments, no one can
deny. Of course the marrying, occasionally,
of Englishmen into influential California fami-
lies, as in the case of Don Juan Forster. who
married a Pico, had a tendency to dispose favor-
ably such families toward the English, and -this
fully and very naturally explains why Governor
Pico, when he saw that a change of government
was inevitable, favored the English rather
than the Americans. But of course Amer-
ican alliances with native Californian families

MONTEREY COUNTY.

were mach the more numerous, and their in-
fluence was therefore proportionately greater.
It is only necessary, in order to appreciate
how potently and yet how insensibly this in-
fluence was exerted, to cite the names of such
early pioneers as the Temples, Captain Cooper,
Leese, Robinson, Stearns, Wolfskill, Warner,
Fitch, Howard, Bidwell, and many others
who came later, but prior to the change of
government, all of whom either married into
native families or established intimate rela-
tions with influential Californians.

The story of the exploits of those wlio offi-
cially took part i\\ effectiiicr tlie change Fre-
mont, Sloat, Larkin, Stockton, Kearny, etCi^
and of those who served under them — will
always have an interest for Californians. To
have brought about a, transfer of allegiance of
the people of California from the Mexican to
the United States Government, almost with-
out the shedding of blood, comparatively
speaking, was a feat requiring tact and judg-
ment, especially in view of the long distance
of the actors from the scene of events trans-
piring on the other side of the continent, on
which, to a large extent, their own action must
necessarily depend; and of the long and tedi-
ous methods then required to communicate
information between the Atlantic and Pacific
coasts. Each acted his part according to his
best judgment, though at times lie was com-
pelled to act in the dark.

As Monterey was the capital where events
centered, an account of what happened here
would have both a local and a territorial in-
terest.

Captain John C. Fremont, an officer of the
United States Topographical Engineers, in
charge of some sixty men, reached the eastern
territorial limits of California, via Great Salt
Lake, on his second expedition to this western
coast, in the latter part of 1845, and his party
in two sections camped on Kern and Kings
rivers. Desiring to obtain supplies for his
exliausted men and animals, and give them
rest before proceeding to Oregon, Fremont
deemed it advisable to obtain permission from
the authorities for his company to camp in
the valley of the San Joaquin. He therefore
came to Monterey, where he met the Ameri-
can consul, Thomas O. Larkin, and through
him obtained the desired permission from the
prefect. General Castro; Governor Pio Pico
at Los Angeles was duly advised of Fre-
mont's request, to the granting of which he
interposed no objection.

Of course in the interview between Fre-
mont and Larkin, the former became thor-
oughly informed concerning the pecular sta-
tus of political affairs in California at that
time; and of course the information thus
gained influenced his future action, which
has been sharply criticised by various writers,
and especially by Professor Royce. Fremont
may not always have acted wisely; but his in-
tentions were certainly patriotic. Imbibing
Senator Benton's advanced, but enlightened
views, as to the very great importance of
opening communication with Oregon, and the
far West of our own country,then undeveloped,
and almost nnknovvn; and well knowing that
in case of war with Mexico, which was liable

MONTEREY COUNTY.

to break out at any time, England might at-
tempt to secure the debt due her from Mex-
ico, by seizing California, which our govern-
ment could never permit; it was very nat-
ural that he should take a lively interest in
the course of events in California, and should
desire to do all in his power to further the
views, which he knew were held by the ad-
ministration. Undoubtedly he was stimu-
lated to take steps, at times, which were in-
discreet, by mingling freely with the Amer-
ican settlers (who also ardently desired to see
California become an American territory;) as
for example, in the cases of the " Bear Flag "
and other episodes. The native Californians
had twice initiated movements looking to-
ward independence. If war broke out, of
course, as a mere war measure, California
would be seized by United States naval forces
in Pacific waters. Although Fremont was
engaged in a purely scientific exploring expe-
dition, it was natural and right and patriotic,
that he, being on the ground, should take an
interest in the important events which were
then transpiring here. That his instincts
were right, in assuming as he did, that the
administration at Washington would expect
him, in case of war, to assist the navy and
and such land forces as might be sent here,
in forestalling the English in the seizure of
California, is shown by the fact that orders
to that effect were not long afterward re-
ceived by him.

That Fremont and Sloat, and others some-
times erred in judgment, for reasons already
suggested, is not at all strange.

With this proviso, it is but just to say,
because it is the simple truth, that all those
oflicials who took part in the conquest of
California, aimed to do their duty to the
best of their ability, with the light they pos-
sessed ; and that they deserved and received
therefor the communication of the American
Government and people.

It is vastly easy for the student in his
closet to criticise the daring explorer who,
thousands of miles away from home and
from his base of supplies, must constantly
encounter new and unexpected exigencies,
involving, as they sometimes do, the success
of his expedition, and not infrequently the
very existence of the party under him. Only
a carper and a prig would pretend that an
academician or finnicky doctrinaire, in his
seclusion, is better able to decide what should
be donein a given emergency, full of complica-
tions, in a distant part of the world, than the
man of action who is on the ground, and
knows intimately and practically all the com-
plex circumstances of the situation.

As Fremont's company moved about the
country rather freely. General Castro became
uneasy, and on the 7th of March, 1846, dis-
patched a note to him, reciting that he and
his party, contrary to law, had entered
the settled portions of the Territory, and
notifying him that he must immediately re-
tire beyond the limits thereof, threatening to
expel him if he did not at once obey his
order; On receiving this rather brusque
notice to get out of the country, Fremont
fortified himself on the Gabilan mountain.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

probably in order to save liis party from be-
ing overwhelmed by a force superior in
numbers to his own, which Castro had hastily
gotten together. Fremont, in answer to a note
from Larkin, insisted that he had in no wise
done wrong to the people or the authorities.
He undoubtedly intended, after the receipt
of this note, to move on northwardly, but he
evidently did not propose to be incontinently
driven out, and thus run the risk of being
attacked on the road, where he would be at a
disadvantage; if compelled to protect himself
and party from assault, he would do so in a
position which could be defended. On the
10th of March, Fremont, finding there was
no prospect of immediate attack, withdrew
his company into the San Joaquin valley,
and from there proceeded on his way to
Oregon.

Fremont's own account of this affair is
given briefly in a letter to his wife: "About
the middle of next month, at latest, I will
start for home. The Spaniards were some-
what rude and inhospitable below, and
ordered us out of the country, after having
given me permission to winter there. My
sense of duty did not permit me to fight
them, but we retired slowly and growlingly,
before a force of three or four hundred men,
and three pieces of artillery. Without a
shjfdow of a cause, the governor suddenly
raised the whole country against us, issuing
a false and scandalous proclamation. Of
course I did not dare to compromise the
United States, against which appearances
would have been strong; but though it was

in my power to increase my party by many
Americans, I refrained from committing a
solitary act of hostility or impropriety."

This is certainly coherent and altogether
reasonable, if we take the view, which seems
to be the true one, that Fremont's course
was wholly defensive, and that it was only
adopted after the sudden change of policy of
Castro. In the permission given him to en-
camp and recuperate his party in the country,
there may have been some misunderstanding
as to how much that permission implied.
Perhaps Fremont interpreted it too freely,
and that the subsequent movements of his
party alarmed the Californians, causing Cas-
tro to suddenly change his attitude toward
Fremont, thus giving his acts the appear-
ance of being, as the latter expressed it,
''rude and inhospitable." Being called upon
to defend his party — -that was one of the
imperative functions imposed on him by his
position as the responsible leader of the ex-
pedition from the time he left the Missouri
till his return thither — Fremont promptly
placed his men where they could defend
themselves against all comers, on the summit
of Gabilan peak, where they hastily fortified
themselves, and raised the stars and stripes.
All this was done strictly in the line of self-
defense and self-preservation, and not at all
in the line of aggression, or as indicating in-
tent to raise the standard of revolution,
which would have been absurd. If these acts
implied apparent defiance of the Califor-
nians, it was clearly defiance of the defensive
kind, and not intended to be aggressive in

MONTEREY COUNTY.

any sense of the word, if interpreted in the
light of prior and subsequent events.

In the meantime, changes in the condition
of affairs, both in the East as well as on this
coast, were going on. Lieutenant Gillespie
arrived at Monterey, April 17, on the United
States vessel Cyane, bringing instructions
from Washington to Consul Larkin and
Captain Fremont, which modified their sub-
sequent action, somewhat. Matters here
were rapidly approaching a crisis. Even as
early as March 27, a meeting of leading citi-
zens, with the military junta, was held at Lar-
kin's house, to consider the situation, in which
the several propositions were discussed, of
independence, annexation to the United States,
to England or to France, by Castro, Vallejo,
Prudon, Hartnell, and others. From this
it was evident that the partisans of all these
schemes already believed that a political
change of some kind was certain to come
very soon. This belief, more or less clearly
defined, extended throughout the Territory,
but it was probably more actively discussed
at Monterey than at any other locality. All
through the various phases of events leading

to this change, Consul Larkin acted with
great efficiency and skill.

CHAPTER X.

RAISING OF AMERICAN FLAG AT MONTEREY.

fOMMODORE Sloat, of the Pacific
squadron, on his flag-ship, Savannah,
fifty-four guns, arrived at Monterey,
July 1, 1846, from Mazatlan. There were
in port, on his arrival, the Cayne, Captain Mer-
vine, and the Levant, Captain Page, twenty-
four guns each. Several days passed before
Sloatd ecided to take possession of the town , and
to order Captain Montgomery of the Ports-
mouth, then at San Francisco, or Yerba
Buena, as it was more generally known, to
raise the American flag at that point.

On July 7, however, having completed all
his arrangements for the important step, he
sent Captain Mervine ashore with a force of
250 men, who hoisted the stars and stripes over
the custom house, which was saluted with
three cheers by the marines and spectators,
and by twenty-one guns from each of the
three United States vessels of war in the
harbor.* A proclamation in both Spanish

*Mr. Tliomas Bralee (a sketch of whose life appears
elsewhere), who was one ol the actors in the raising
of the American flag at Monterey , in 1846, gives some
interesting details, not heretofore published, concern-
ing that important event. Mr. Bralee served on the
Savannah, a sixty-four gun, double bank, frigate, the
flag-ship of Commodore Sloat. He says the American
frigate sailed out of Mazatlan several times, and Ad-
miral Seymour of the Collingwood would follow them
to learn in which direction the Savannah would head.
But every time she would return to port, and back
again would come the British admiral. Once, on the oc-
casion of a court martial having tried and found guilty
a young sailor, who had struck an officer, the penalty

of which was death, the Savannah put to sea to carry
out the sentence of hanging at the yard-arm, which
was not permissible in a foreign port, under inter-
national law. The poor boy was pardoned by Com-
modore Sloat. But the incident served as a pretext to
put to sea. The Admiral got tired of following the
movements of the Commodore. Meanwhile, on the
arrival of Gillespie, with later news from Washington
Sloat set sail in earnest for Monterey, where he arrived
July 1, having entirely eluded the Briton, who sup-
posed the sallying forth this time, as before, was only
a feint.

On July 3, some of the men from the Savannah were
allowed to go ashore at Monterey. But on July 4,

jli Government Cuartel, Monterey.

Old Custom House, \Tont9rey,

MONTEREY COUNTY.

and English, addressed "to the inhabitants of
California," was posted in various public
places; the necessary steps for the preservation
of order were taken; and information of what
had been done was sent to Montgomery,
Fremont, Castro, Stearns and others.

At San Francisco Montgomery raised the
American Standard two days later, without
opposition, and on the same day Lieutenant
Kevere performed the same act at Sonoma.
Thus was the change of government in cen-
tral California eifected quietly, as an event
that was expected by all, and gladly welcomed
by many.

On the 15th of July, Commodore R. F.
Stockton arrrived on the Congress from Nor-
folk, via Honolulu. On the 16th, nine days
after the raising of the American flag by
Sloat, Admiral Sir Geo. F. Seymour, on the
English man-of-war, Collingwood, arrived at
Monterey from Mazatlan. Whatever views
Seymour, as commander of the British squad-
ron in the Pacific ocean, may have enter-
tained concerning the desirability or feasibility
of establishing a British protectorate over

Ihey were not allowed ashore, as they were liable to
get too merry on our Nation's birthday, and thereby
make trouble. Neither on the 5th were they allowed
to go ashore, and the men began to grumble. But on
the 6th matters were made clear to them. The dec-
laration of war with Mexico was read and
active arrangements were made to them to go ashore
the next morning. About 400 men, Mr. Bralee thinks
(or one-half the force of the Savannah and the sloops
of war, Cyane, Captain Mervine, and Levant, Captain
Page), disembarked on the morning of July 7, and
marched, under command of Captain Mervine, up to
the custom house in the center of town to demand the
surrender of the place, and detachments of the United
States forces then took possession of the cuartel and
other points in the town. Of course the inhabitants

California; and whatever may have been the
wishes and hopes of resident partisans of any
such scheme, all now saw that the time had
passed in which it was possible of realization.
At any rate, Seymour remained only a week
in port, and then left for the Sandwich Is-
land.

On the 23d of July, Commodore Sloat
turned over the command of the United States
land forces in the conquered Territory to his
successor. Commodore Stockton, who, on the
29th, assumed command of the naval squadron,
and Commodore Sloat sailed for home on the
Levant.

After having appointed Walter Colton,
who had been a navy chaplain, as alcalde,
Stockton, in the Congress, with 360 marines
and seamen, on the 1st of August, set out for
San Pedro, to complete the conquest of the
Territory in the south, the Cyane, with Fre-
mont's battalion having sailed for San Diego
two or three days before. The Savannah,
Captain Mervine, remained at Monterey,
whither Stockton returned in September.

Alcalde Colton and Robert Semple pub-

recognized that they could not successfully defend the
place against the gun United States men of war, and
their well armed, formidable crews, and therefore no
attempt was made to do so. It is customary for a con-
queror, in taking possession of country or port, to go
through the formality of lowering the flag of the con-
quered before raising his own. But the Mexican flag
had been removed, which caused some delay in the
proceedings, while messengers were sent aboard the
frigate to bring a Mexican flag. This was raised to
the top of the flag-staff. Whereupon it was duly
lowered, and the United States flag was elevated in
place of it. Three cheers were given by the seamen
and spectators, and a salute of twenty-one guns was
fired by the men-of-war.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

lished the first Dewspaper in California, at
Monterey, from August 15, 1846, till May
1847, when it was moved to San Francisco.
The old press and Spanish type, which they
used, they found in the government house,
where they had been stored since the time of
Governor Figueroa. As there is no letter w
in the Spanish alphabet, the printers, in set-
ting up matter for the English portion of this
pioneer weekly journal of western civilization,
which was called The Californian, were com-
pelled to use two v's, thus, vv for w.

The following is Colton's own account of
this journalistic enterprise, as recorded in his
diary of Saturday, August 15, 1846: "To-day
the first newspaper ever published in Califor-
nia made its appearance. The honor, if such
it be, of writing its prospectus fell to me. It
is to be issued on every Saturday, and is
published by Semple & Colton. Little did I
think when I relinquished the editorship of
the North American in Philadelphia, that
my next feat in this line would be off
here in California. My partner is an immi-
grant from Kentucky, who stands six feet
eight, in his stockings. He is in a buckskin
dress, a fox-skin cap; is true with his rifle,
ready with his pen, and quick at the type-
case.

"He created the materials of our ofiice, out
of the chaos of a small concern, which had
been used by a Roman Catholic monk in
printing a few sectarian tracts. The press
was old enough to be preserved as a cariosity;
the mice had burrowed in the balls; there
were no rules, no leads, and the types were

rusty and all in pi. It was only by scouring
that the letters could be made to show their
faces. A sheet or two of tin were procured,
and these, with a jack-knife, were cut into
rules and leads. Luckily we found with the
press the greater part of a keg of ink; and
now came the main scratch for paper. None
could be found, except what is used to envelop
the tobacco of the cigar smoked here by the
nations. A coaster (vessel) had a small sup-
ply of this on board, which we procured. It
is in sheets a little larger than the common-
sized foolscap. And this is the size of our
first paper, which we have christened The
California. Though small in dimensions, our
first number is as full of news as a black-
walnut is of meat. "We have received by
couriers during the week intelligence from
all the military posts throughout the Terri-
tory. Very little of this has transpired; it
reaches the public for the first time through
our sheet. We have also the declaration of
war between the United States and Mexico,
with an abstract of the debate in the Senate.
A crowd was waiting when the first sheet
was thrown from the press. It produced
quite a little sensation. Never was a bank
run upon harder; not, however, by people
with paper to get specie, but exactly the re-
verse. One-half of the paper is in English,
the other in Spanish. The subscription for
a year is $5.00; the price of a single sheet is
12^ cents, and is considered cheap at that."
Colton, in his book, "Three Years in Cali-
fornia," gives some detached but exceedingly
graphic pictures of the California of nearly

MONTEREY OOUNTY.

half a century ago, which lose nothing of their
interest by contrast with the California of
to-day. Thus, all old-timers will recognize
the following: " A Californian is most at home
in his saddle; there he has some claims to
originality, if not in character, then in cos-
tume. His hat, with its conical crown and
broad rim, throws back the sun's rays from
its dark, glazed surface. It is fastened on by
a band which passes under his chin, and rests
on a red handkerchief, which turbans his
head, from beneath which his black locks
flow out upon the wind.

" The collar of his linen rolls over that of
his blue spencer, which is open under the
chin, is fitted closely to his waist, and often
ornamented with double rows of buttons and
silk braid. His trousers, which are fastened
around his loins by a red sash, are open to
the knee, to which his buckskin leggins
ascend over his white cotton drawers. His
buckskin shoes are armed with heavy spurs,
which have a shaft some ten inches long, at
the end of which is a roller, which bristles
out into six points, three inches long, against
which steel plates rattle with a quick, sharp
sound.

"His feet rest in stirrups of wood carved
from the solid oak, and extremely strong and
heavy. His saddle rises high, fore and aft,
and is broadly skirted with leather, which is
stamped into figures, through the interstices
of which red and green silk flash out with
gay effect. The reins of his bridle are thick
and narrow, and the headstall is profusely
ornamented with silver plate. His horse.

with his long flowing mane, arching neck,
broad chest, full flanks, and slender legs, is
full of fire. He seldom trots, and will gallop
all day, without seeming to be weary. On his
back is the Californian's home. Leave him
this home, and you may have the rest of the
world."

The main vehicle for transportation in use
by Californians in early times was the ox-cart,
or careta, of solid wooden wheels, already
mentioned. Concerning this unique institu-
tion so serviceable in the primitive pastoral
period, when no other kind of carriage was
attainable, and which has continued in use
on some of the interior ranches, even to the
present day, Oolton thus writes: "On gala
days it is swept out and covered with mats;
a deep body is put on, which is arched with
hoop poles, and over these a pair of sheets are
extended for a covering. Into this the ladies
are tumbled, when three or four yoke of
oxen, with as many Indian drivers and ten
times as many dogs, start ahead. The hal-
looing of the drivers, the barking of the dogs,
and the loud laughter of the girls, make a
a common chorus. The quail takes to the
covert as the roaring establishment comes on,
and even the owl suspends his melancholy
note. What has his sad tone to do amid such
noise and mirth? It is like the piping cry of
an infant amid the revelry and tumult of the
carnival."

" The wild Indians here (says Colton) have
a vague belief in the soul's immortality.
They say, 'As the moon dieth and cometh to
life again, so man, though he die, will again

MONTEREY COUNTY.

live.' But their future state is material; the
wicked are to be bitten by serpents, scorched
by lightning and plunged down cataracts,
while the good are to hunt their game with
bows that never lose their vigor, with arrows
that never miss their aim, and in forests
where the crystal streams roll over golden
sands. Immortal youth is to be the portion
of each, and age and pain and death are to
be known no more." This is more like the
idealized dream of the white man of civiliza-
tion than the creed of the ignorant aborigine
of California.

Under date of September 14, 1846, Oolton
makes this note of the advance guard of
overland immigration: "A letter from the
Sacramento received to-day informs me of
the arrival of 2,000 immigrants from the
United States. They are under the guidance
of experienced men, and have been but a lit-
tle over four months on the way."

The California of the period of which Col-
ton writes was almost exclusively a pastoral
country; and the interior was occupied by
many thousands of Indians, a portion of
whom had been partly Christianized by the
missionaries, who had labored zealously, but
with indifferent success, three-quarters of a
century, in an almost hopeless attempt to
make good Christians and good citizens of
Indians, who, by nature were incapable of
any high degree of moral, intellectual, or so-
cial development. Besides these so-called
mission Indians, which came to be known by
the name of the mission with which they had
been connected, as '< Miguelenos," " Barbar-

enous," " Dieguenos," etc., there were many
wild or "unconverted" or gentile Indians
throughout the interior of California.

But all the Indians, whether quasi-Q\\r\&-
tianized or not, were distinguished from Mex-
icans or from people of European descent, by
being called, not altogether inaptly, hestias
or gente sin razon, i. e., " beasts, or people
without reason;" for their reasoning powers,
or capacity for mental development seemed
to have been extremely limited.

Very probably, the fact that it was an
impossibility to make full-fledged citizens of
the Indians of California, influenced the
Mexican Government to secularize the mis-
sions and grant the lands, which they had
claimed, to gente de razon, — settlers who
were capable of citizenship, and of self-gov-
ern ment. The liberal policy, adopted a dozen
years before the transfer of the Territory to
the United States, of granting land to actual
settlers was a wise one; and under it Cali-
fornia increased in population and prosperity.
As the missionaries had demonstrated, she
was especially adapted to pastoral pursuits.
And, although they showed that her fertile
valleys were also fitted for horticulture and
agriculture, it was better that her territory
should be divided up into many ranches
managed by their owners, even if devoted to
stock-raising, than that it should be under
the sway of a comparatively few friars, who,
though they controlled vast numbers of In-
dian laborers, could never, with such material,
as the result showed, build a State or a real
commonwealth, with all that that term im-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

plied. And, as in a civic sense, the era of
ranches, or of actual settlers on large farmt,
was an advance on the mission regime, so the
later division of the big ranches into small
holdings, and the substitution of diversified
industries for the single occupation of stock-
raising, are another and a longer step in the
process of State evolution.

In 1846, when Colton was appointed al-
calde of Monterey by Commodore Stockton,
California's beautiful and luxuriant valleys
were all unfenced and unoccupied, save by
scattered rancheros and their countless herds
of cattle, horses or sheep; now they are very
generally cultivated in grain or fruit, and not
infrequently fenced; then the roads were
few and the only modes of locomotion were
on hgrseback or on foot, except that caretas,
with solid wooden wheels, hauled by oxen
wrfh yokes strapped to their horns with raw-
hide thongs, were used by the rancheros to
convey their families from ranch to ranch, or
from ranch to town, or to church on Sundays,
ov dias de fiesta. Now the principal valleys
of the State are traversed by railroads and
cities are gridironed by street-car lines. Thus
Commodore Sloat was compelled, in return-
ing to the Atlantic States, to sail around
Cape Horn, a distance of 15,000 miles; and
Lieutenant Gillespie found the quickest and
safest route by which he could bring dis-
patches from Washington to Consul Larkin
and to the military and naval commanders on
this coast, was by way of Vera Cruz and
across Mexico to Mazatlan, and from thence
by a United States sioop-of-war to Monterey;

while Fremont, with an armed mounted force
had been sent out by Government to explore
or find a path across the continent on our
own territory. Now a courier can travel
from ocean to ocean in palace cars by one of
several continental routes in five or six days.
On entering upon his duties as alcade of
Monterey, Colton records that when he went
ashore from the flag-ship, the Congress, he
was hospitably received at the house of Con-
sul Larkin. " This," he adds, " is the more
appreciated from the fact that there is not a
public table or hotel, in all California. High
or low, rich or poor, are thrown together on
the private liberality of the citizens. Though
a quasi war exists, all the amenities and
courtesies of life are preserved; your person,
life and liberty are as sacred at the hearth of
the Californian as they would beat your own

All Americans who lived in California in
the early times will bear witness to the
truthfulness of this picture. He further says:
" My jurisdiction (as alcalde) extends over
an immense extent of territory, and over a
most heterogeneous population. Almost every
nation has, in some emigrant, a representative
here — a representative of its peculiar habits,
virtues and vices. And then he gives a list,
which includes with their characteristics, the
Californian, the Indian, the trapper of the
"West, the Mexican, Spaniard, Englishman,
Frenchman, German, Irishman, Kussian and
Mormon. "All have come here with the
expectation of finding but little work, and
less law. Through this discordant mass, he

MONTEREY COUNTY.

exclaims: " 1 am to maintain order, punish
crime and redress injuries."

He gives a few prices current thus: " Un-
bleached cottons, fifty cents the yard; shirt-
ings, seventy-five; plain knives and forks,
$10 the dozen; the cheapest tea, $3 the pound.
The duty on a cheap straw hat is $3."

Of the bigness of the ranches in those days,
when land was not of much value, he says:
^'It sounds strange to an American, and
much more to an Englishman, to hear Cali-
fornians talk of farms. They never speak of
acres or even miles; they deal only in leagues.
A farm of four or five leagues is considered
quite small. It is not so large, in the con-
ception of this people, as was the one-acre
farm of Horace in the estimation of the Ro-
mans. Captain Sutter's farm in the valley
of the Sacramento is sixty miles long. The
Californians speak in the same way of the
stock on their farms;" a thrifty ranchero
having 2,000 horses, or 15,000 cattle, etc.
Some families had from fourteen to twenty
odd children.

Colton's journal, August 12, 1846, records
the arrival at Monterey, thirty days from
Mazatlan, of the Onited States ship Warren,
bringing the exciting news that war had been
declared between the United States and Mex-
ico, which he says " produced a profound
sensation." " It was an extinguisher on the
hopes of those who had looked to Mexico
for aid, or who had clung to the expecta-
tion that the American Government would
repudiate our possession of California and
order the squadron withdrawn."

October 1, the French man-of-war Brill-
ante arrived, bringing J. A. Morenhout as
French Consul to Monterey. Afterward M.
Morehout became vice-consul at Los Angeles,
where he resided many years and where he
died in July, 1879.

As war between the United States and
Mexico was now being waged vigorously,
Commodore Stockton determined to raise as
large a force as possible, and go south and
take a hand in the fight, on the west coast of
Mexico. But the unsettled state of affairs in
California prevented him from carrying out
his intentions. Although the better class of
Californians as a rule did not countenance
these uprisings, and took no part in them,
the disturbances caused considerable trouble
to the new officials. They were mostly fo-
mented by restless, dissatisfied and irrespon-
sible persons, to whom the new rule was dis-
tasteful.

Fremont, with his headquarters at Mon-
terey, was very active in raising recruits, and
in securing horses for his battalion, which
afterward became somewhat famous. There
are still many old-timers, both in central and
southern California, who remember well the
exploits and marches of Fremont's battalion:
and quite a number of its members are still
living in 1892.

The battalion numbered over 400 men,
mostly frontiersmen and expert marksmen,
and was really a formidable military force.
September 4, 1846, the first jury trial
under the new regime took place, at Mon-
terey. The plaintifi", Isaac Graham, an

MOliTEREY COUNTY.

Englishman, charged Carlos Eoussillon, a
Frenchman, with stealng lumber. One-third
each of the jury were respectively, Ameri-
cans, Mexicans and Californians, and the wit-
nesses represented about all the languages
known in California. Hartnell, the linguist,
acted as an interpreter; there were no law-
yers. The trial lasted all day, the jury de-
liberated an hour, acquitted the defendant
of intentional theft, but ordered him to pay
for the lumber, and decreed that the plaintiff
should pay the costs of court.

On the night of November 15, Consul
Larkin, while on his way from Monterey to
San Francisco, was captured at Gomez'
ranche, by a squad of Castro's men, the object
being, apparently, to hold him as a hostage
to be exchanged for certain Californians who
had broken their parole. Larkin was well
treated, however. Later, he was sent south
and turned over to Flores, at Los Angeles,
where he was finally released, January 9,
'47, just before Stockton's occupation of Los
Angeles; and he arrived back in Monterey
early in the next month. Larkin witnessed,
as a prisoner, the desperate fight between the
Californians and Americans, at Natividad,
where the former were dispersed. On the
17th of November, Fremont with his force
set out from Monterey in search of Castro's
men, but did not find them. At San Juan
he completed the organization of his battalion
for service in the south.

January 22, 184:7, Commodore Shubrick,
on the Independence, arrived at Monterey, to
take command of the United States Naval

forces on the Pacific coast; and a few days
later came Captain Tompkins, with a com-
pany of artillery, on the Lexington ; and Feb-
ruary 8, General Kearny, came up from San
Diego, on the Cyane.

Commodore Stockton, January 16, had
appointed Fremont as Governor, Kussell as
Secretary of State, and a number of citizens
as a Legislative Council; but this latter
body never met, as some of its members de-
clined to serve.

Referrins to the conflict of authority wliich
had arisen, between Stockton and Fremont
on the one hand, and Shubrick and Kearny
on the other, and to the difficulty of obtain-
ing funds in the department for current ex-
penses. Lieutenant Colonel Cook, under date
of March 12, at San Luis Rey, wittily wrote :
" General Kearny is supreme, somewhere up
the coast; Colonel Fremont is supreme at
Pueblo de los Angeles; Commodore Stockton
is commander-in-cliief at San Diego; Com-
modore Shubrick the same at Monterey; and
I at San Luis Rey; and we are all supremely
poor, the Government having no money, and
no credit; and we hold the territory because
Mexico is poorest of all." On February 23,
1847, Colonel R. B. Mason, of the dragoons,
and Lieutenant "Watson, of the navy, arrived
at Monterey, bringing later orders from
"Washington, directing that Kearny, and, in
his absence. Mason, should be recognized as
civil and military governor; and that to the
compaander of the naval forces should be
pommitted the regulation of the import
trade, and of the conditions on which vesr

MONTEREY COUNTY.

sels should be allowed to enter the ports of
the Territory, etc. ; and a Joint notice or cir-
cular was published fixing Monterey as the
capital on the first of March, 1847. A
separate proclamation by General Kearny, as
governor, in English and Spanish, at the
same date, addressed to the people of Cali-
fornia, was published.

On the 31st of May, General Kearny and
escort, and Fremont, with nineteen members
of his original exploring party, and others,
left Montery for the East, overland, arriving
at Fort Leavenworth on the 22d day of Au-
gust. A month or two later. Commodore
Stockton and party also left for the East, ar-
riving at St. Joseph in November, and at
"Washington about December 1st.

Colonel R. B. Mason, on the departure of
Kearny, became his successor as military
governor. January 28, 1847, the United
States vessel Lexington brought to Monterey
Company F of the Third Artillery, and also
guns and military supplies. Among its offi-
cers were names which have since become
famous. Its lieutenants were E. O. C. Ord
and William T. Sherman, and H. W. Hal-
leck, the latter of the engineer corps. Its
captain, fl. S. Burton, was temporarily at-
tached to General Stevenson's regiment, but
on the mustering out of the latter in Califor-
nia, at the close of the war in 1848, he re-
turned to his own command. This company
did garrison duty at Monterey for some time.
Lieutenant (afterward General) Sherman
acted as assistant adjutant-general under
Governor Mason.

There may be yet living citizens who re-
member pleasantly the presence, forty-five
years ago, in Monterey, of this artillery com-
pany, with its genial officers. While they
were stationed here, gold was discovered,
turning things upside down in California,
and electrifying the world.

CHAPTER XI.

DISCOTEET OF GOLD.

IN an address in New York, April 6, 1892,
Senator John Sherman gave extracts from
the following letter from his brother,
Lieutenant W. T. Sherman, which gives an
interesting and characteristic picture of the
Monterey of that period. It is dated — -

" Monterey, August 24, 1848.
"Gold in immense quantities has been dis-
covered. All the town and farms are aban-
doned, and nobody left on the coast but
soldiers, and now that the New York Volun-
teers are disbanded, there remain in service
but two companies. Our men are all desert-
ing, as they can earn, by so doing, in one
day, more than a soldier's pay for a month.
Everything is high in price, beyond our
reach, and not a nigger in California but
what gets more pay than we officers do. Of
coarse, we are running into debt, merely to
live. I have not been so hard up in ray life,
and really see no chance of extricating myself.
All others here in the service of the United
States are as badly off. Even Colonel Mason
himself has been compelled to assist in cook-
ing his own meals. Merchants are making
fortunes, for gold : such as I sent you can be

MONTEUEY VOUNCT.

bought at $8 or $10 an ounce, aud goods
command prices thirty times higher than in
New York. * * * This gold is found
in the beds of streams, in dry quarries, in
fact, mingled with the earth, over a large
extent of country, and the whole cannot be
extracted in centuries. I have not the least
doubt that 15,000,000 or $6,000,000 have al-
ready been extracted, and men are getting
from~ their individual labor from $5,000 to
$8,000 a month!- This is not fiction. It is
the truth. I went with Governor Mason and
saw the evidences of it myself."

EFFECTS OF THE GEEAT GOLD DISOOVEEIES.

Of course the discovery of gold (in Janu-
ary, 1848) disturbed the quiet course of
events at Monterey, as it did in every other
community in California. Bancroft says
(Vol. VI., p. 63), '< At the capital, a letter
from Larkin gave the impulse, and about the
same time, upon the statement of Swan, four
Mormons called at Monterey, en route for
Los Angeles, who were reported to carry 100
pounds avoirdupois of gold gathered in less
than a month at Mormon Island. This was
in June. A fortnight after, the town was
depopulated, 1,000 starting from that vicinity
within a week!"

Governor Mason tried to check desertion
of the military forces under his command,
but practically gave up the attempt. Gen-
eral Sherman, in his memoirs (I., 46) says:
" I of course could not escape the infection,
and at last convinced Colonel Mason that it
was our duty to go up and see with our own

eyes, that we might report the trutli to oui
Government." Mason's official report of
August 17, to the adjutant-general at Wash-
ington, which carried great weight in con-
vincing people in the East, because of its
official character, of the richness of the mines,
was based largely on what he saw during this
trip.

RADICAL ECONOMIC CHANGES.

The radical economic changes wrought
throughout California by the discovery near
by, and the production, in such enormous
volume, of that commodity by which the
value of all other commodities was measured,
could be but imperfectly understood abroad.
The sudden and violent changes in the value
of all property, caused by the sudden abun-
dance and consequent cheapening of gold,
upset, financially, many people, sometimes in
the most unexpected manner. That many,
and often those who were most reckless, were
made rich; aud that many, and not infre-
quently those who were the most careful,
were made poor, were facts of common occur-
rence, which should not cause surprise.

People living in old communities, where
values have acquired stability, often criticise
the judgment of those who, in a new placer-
mining country, are overwhelmed or bank-
rupted, or who have not made the fortunes
they might have made; when these same
smug critics, if placed in similar positions,
would very likely have met a similar fate.
The world's material values are seldom dis-
turbed by the discovery of placer or surface
mines of gold, so enormously rich as those

MONTE RE 7 COUNT T.

found in California and Australia about the
middle of the present century, and which
added to the world's stock of gold in twenty-
five years an amount equal to that already
in the hands of man, or more than three
thousand million dollars.

Consul Larkin sent from Monterey, June
1, 1848, the first ofiicial account of the dis-
coveries of gold in California; and a month
later he and Commodore Jones sent letters
by Lieutenant E. F. Beale, to Secretary of
State Buchanan, giving further information
about the wonderful richness and extent of
the placers; all of which set the people of
the East, and of the world, aflame with ex-
citement, causing a movement from all parts
of the world toward the new El Dorado
equaled only in magnitude by the crusades
of the middle ages.

JMews of the ratification of a treaty of
peace between the United States and Mexico
was received in California, August 8, 1848,
and was duly celebrated by the people on the
11th of the same month.

General Persifer F. Smith arrived at San
Francisco, and suspended or superseded Colo-
nel Mason as military commander of Califor-
nia, February 26, 1849. The latter returned
east, and died the same year at St. Louis,
aged about sixty years.

April 12, Lieutenant-Colonel Bennett Eiley
of the Second United States Infantry, arrived
at Monterey on the Iowa, with his brigade,
numbering about 650 men. He brought
orders from the Secretary of "War to take

charge of the administration of civil affairs
in California.

The situation of California at this time, as
Bancroft well says (VI., 276), was not like
"that of Oregon, which was without laws
until a provisional government was formed;
but was nearly identical with that of Louisi-
ana, whose laws were recognized as valid
until constitutionally repealed." The laws
of Mexico were in force in California at the
time of the conquest by the United States,
and theoretically should remain in force until
abolished or replaced by new ones enacted
under United States authority, — unless, in-
deed, the country should, be governed wholly
by military rule, which would not have long
been tolerated by the people.

Of course after the conquest of California,
and until a new civil government was estab-
lished, there were many irregularities and
anomalies in the administration of the afi'airs
of the conquered Territory. Alcaldes, whether
appointed by the military or naval commander,
or elected by the people, continued, as under
the Mexican system, to be very important
officers, each in their several localities. And
till new laws and new rules were provided
under the new regime, naturally these officers,
even when Americans, continued to perform
their duties according to Mexican customs,
modified at times by common sense and their
own intuitions of natural justice, and in
doubtful cases the right of appeal to the
governor was allowed. Their provisional or
de facto government, partly based on antece-
dent conditions, and partly evolved from the

MONTEREY COUNTY.

necessities of the situation, probably answered
the exigencies of the people nearly as well as
a regularly established territorial or provis-
ional government would have done.

CHAPTER XII.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.

fN the 3d of June, 1849, General Riley,
who succeeded Governor Mason as mili-
tary governor of California, in accord-
ance with instructions from "Washington,
issued his proclamation to the people, calling
on them to elect delegates to a convention to
meet at Monterey, September 1, to formulate
a State Constitution, which was deemed an
urgent necessity, as the provincial govern-
ment, existing since the conquest of Califor-
nia by the United States, was, in the nature
of things, only temporary and transitional in
its character, and by no means adequate to
the needs of so incongruous and rapidly
growing a population as that which now
occupied the Territory. The discovery of the
richest and most extensive placer gold fields
that had hitherto ever been known in any
age or country, had drawn people here from
every part of the civilized world, so that the
population had now become thoroughly cos-
mopolitan. Spanish or Mexican civilization,
which had supplanted to a considerable ex-
tent the savagery or lack of all civilization of
the Indians, was now in turn overrun, not
only by "hordes of Yankees," as Governor
Pio Pico phrased it, but by a flood of immi-
gration from every nation under the sun.
This convention, consisting of forty -eight

members, representing all parts of the Terri-
tory, and including natives of nearly every
State in the Union, assembled at the time
and place designated. As part of the delega-
tion spoke only the Spanish language, it was
found necessary to have a translator, and
"William E. P. Hartnell was appointed to
that position. After six weeks of delibera-
tion, during which the constitutions of New
York and Iowa were taken as models, a con-
stitution was framed, reported and signed,
October 13, 1849. This constitution was sub-
mitted to the people for ratification on the
13th of November following, when 12,064
votes were polled in favor, 811 against it,
and 1,200 were set aside on account of in-
formality.

The following is a list of the names, na-
tivity, residence and age, of the members of
the first constitutional convention of Califor-
nia, signed in triplicate by each member. Of
the three original documents containing these
autographs, one copy went to Dr. Semple, one
to Consul Larkin, and the third to Milton
Little, which his widow still has in her pos-
session:

NAMES. NATIVITY. RESIDENCE. AGE.

John A. Sutter, Switzerland, Sacramento, 47

H. W. Halleck, New York, Monterey, 33

Wm. M. Gwin, Tennessee, San Francisco, 44

Wm. M. Stewart, Maryland, San Francisco, 49

Joseph Hohorn, Maryland, San Francisco, 39

Thos.L.Vermeule, New Jersey, San Joaquin, 35

O. M. Wozencraft, Ohio, San Joaquin, 84

B. F. Moore, Florida, San -Joaquin, 29

Wm. F. Shannon, New York, Sacramento. 27

W. S. Sherwood, New York, Sacramento, 32

Elam Brown, New York, San Jos6, 53

Joseph A-ram, New York, San Jos^, 39

J. D. Hoppe, Maryland, San Jos6, 35

John McDougal, Ohio, Sutter, 32

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Elisha O. Crosby, New York, Vernon, 34

H. K. Dimmick, New York, San Jos«, 34

Julian Hanks, Connecticut, San Jos^, 39

M. M. McCalver, Kentucky, Sacramento, 43

Francis J. Lippitt, Rhode Island, San Francisco, 37

Kodman Price, Massachusetts, Monterey, 47

Thos. O. Larkin, New York, San Francisco, 36

Louis Dent, , Missouri, Monterey, 26

Henry Hill, Virginia, Monterey, 33

Chas. T. Betts, Virginia, Monterey, 40

Myron Norton, Vermont, San Francisco, 37

James M. Jones, Kentucky, San Joaquin, 25

Pedro Sainsevine, Bordeaux, San Jos6, 26

J. M. Covarrubias, France, Santa Barbara, 41

Antonio M. Pico, California, San Jos«, 40

Jacinto Rodriguez, California, Monterey, 86

Stephen C. Foster, Maine, Los Angeles, 28

Henry A. Tefft, New York, San LuisObispo 26

J.M. Hollingsworth, Maryland, San Joaquin, 35

Abel Stearns, Massachusetts, Los Angeles, 51

Hugh Reid, Scotland, San Gabriel, 38

B. S. Lippincott, New York, San Joaquin, 34

Joel P. Walker, Virginia, Sonoma, 52

Jacob R. Snyder, Pennsylvania, Sacramento, 34

L. W. Hastings, Ohio, Sacramento, 30

Pablo de la Guerra, California, Santa Barbara, 30

M. G. Vallejo, California, Sonoma, 43

Jos(; A. Carrillo, California, Los Angeles, 53

M. Dominguez, California, Los Angeles, 46

Robert Semple, Kentucky, Benicia, 43

Paciflcus Ord, Maryland, Monterey, 33

Edward Gilbert, New York, San Francisco, 27

A. J. Ellis, New York, San Francisco, 33

M. de Pedrorena, Spain, San Diego, 41

The occupations of the members of the
convention is given as follows: Fifteen were
rancheros or farmers, fourteen were lawyers,
nine were merchants, two printers, and there
was one engineer of the army, one naval
officer, one physician, etc.

In December, 1849, Peter H. Burnett was
elected governor of California under this
constitution, and application was made in
due form for the admission of California into
the Union, which application, after a long
and stormy debate in Congress, turning
mainly on the provision forever prohibiting

slavery within the State, was finally granted,
on the 9th of September, 1850. The con-
stitution formulated in 1849 served as the
charter of the State for about thirty years.

The house in which this constitutional
convention was held, a large two-story stone
building, called " Colton's Hall," was the
most pretentious and fitting structure for
the purpose in California at that time. It
had been erected by Rev. Walter Colton,
the alcalde of Monterey, with funds raised
by subscription, by fines imposed in his
court, and by prison labor; and it still stands
in a good state of preservation, having been
used for many years as a public schoolhouse
and public hall. It is the property of the
Monterey school district, as is the public
library founded in 1849.

Evidently Chaplain Colton was a very use-
ful citizen at this time, when the services of
intelligent, full-fledged, reliable citizens were
in demand. He was first appointed alcalde
by Stockton, and then, on September 15,
1846, he was duly elected to the office, by
the people. The office of alcalde of Mon-
terey was a very important one. " It in-
volved jurisdiction," says Colton, " over every
breach of the peace, every case of crime,
every business obligation, and every disputed
land title within a circut of 300 miles. To
it there was an appeal from the court of
every other alcalde in this district, but there
was none from it to any higher tribunal.
There was not a judge on any bench in the
United States or England whose power was

MONTEREY COUNTY.

SO absolute as that of the alcalde of Mon-
terey."

The following interesting account of the
convention, and of the experiences of the
delegation from one of the distant dis-
tricts of the Territory, and of the difficulties
they encountered in their j^ourney to the
capital, is here inserted as giving a fair pict-
ure of the Californian of forty-odd years
ago. It was written in 1878, by Stephen 0.
Foster, a graduate of Yale College, class of
1840, who came to California in 1847, \vith
Cook's battalion, as interpreter, was afterward
alcalde and mayor of Los Angeles and a
member of the delegation from that district
to the convention. He is still a resident of
Los Angeles county, being the only surviving
member of the Los Angeles delegation. A
similar sketch of the delegates from all the
other districts to that historic convention, if
obtainable, would be of exceeding inter-
est, not only to citizens of Monterey but also
to all the people of the commonwealth, for
whom they builded so wisely.

Mr. Foster says: "The war with Mexico
had ended with the acquisition of California
and New Mexico, but Congress, instead of
giving them at once a Territorial govern-
ment, entered into a fierce fight on the eternal
slavery question, and the Cabinet took steps
to force Congress to do something to secure a
government for the newly acquired Terri-
tories. How, after a delay of two sessions,
the whole matter was settled by the famous
' Omnibus Bill,' the last work of Henry Clay,
is a matter of history.

" The writer, who had acted as alcalde of
Los Angeles from January, 1848, to May,
1849, had just been relieved by the election
of an ayuntamiento by the people, when the
proclamation (of Governor Riley for the
election of delegates to a cpnstitutional con-
vention) was received, and at the same time
came a private letter from H. W. HalJeck,
captain of engineers, United States Army,
and Secretary of State, urging the paramount
necessity of southern California being fully
represented in the convention, as the parallel
of latitude 36° 30', the Missouri compro-
mise line of 1820, south of which slavery might
be established, ran just below Monterey; and
requesting me to use my influence to have
the people hold the election, and saying that
the United States propeller Edith would be
sent down to bring up the delegates from
San Luis Obispo to San Diego. I acted as
he requested, and saw that due notice was
given to the different precincts, but so little
interest was felt that the only election held
was in Los Angeles, and only forty-eight
votes were polled and there was but one
ticket in the field. The discovery of gold
had deranged everything in California. Va-
queros and others, who had worked for their
$15 per month, were off to the mines. I
knew that everything was at a fabulous price
at the North, and although I knew that one
could travel from one end of California to
the other, and stop at a place among the
Spanish- speaking population as long as he
wished. I knew no one in Monterey, and as
we had no idea where the money was to come

MONTEREY COUNTY.

from to pay our expenses, I was at first dabi •
0U8 about goiug, hardly coasideriag that the
honor to be acquired, by helping the adminis-
tration out of its difficulties, would be a fair
consideration for the money to be paid out of
my own pocket. JN"ot one of us dreamed that
our constitution would stand, but supposed
that it would force Congress to give us a
Territorial goverameut, to save the country
from anarchy. The permanent population of
California did not then exceed 25,000, nearly
all ignorant of our laws and language. There
were between one and two hundred thousand
more, but nine out of every ten had come to
get what gold they could, and then go home.
" I then had a consultation with my old
father-in-law (Don Antonio Maria Lugo) on
the subject. He said: ' So the Mexicans
have sold California to the Americans for
$15,000,000, and thrown us natives into the
bargain. I don't understand how they could
sell what they never had, for since the time
of the king we sent back every governor

they ever sent here. With the last they sent
800 soldiers to keep us in order, but we sent
him with his ragamuffins back too. How-
ever, you Americans have got the country,
and must have a government of your own,
for the laws under which we have lived
will not suit them. You must go, and
you can stop with my sister, Doiia Maria
Antonia, the widow of old Sergeant Yallejo.' "
" But you must give me a letter to her."
" A letter,' was the quick reply; ' I can't
write and she can't read, for we had no
schools in California when we were young.
They tell me the Americans will establish
schools where all can learn. I tell you what
I'll do: I will make Jos6 loan you ' El
Quacheno'\ the name of a notable horse
which had been used by Lugo's sons to lasso
grizzly bears that had attacked their stock
on their San Bernardino ranche, and which
besides the brand had the marks of a griz-
zly's claws.* 'My sister knows the horse,

*Iq 18i2, the cattle-owaers of the district of Los
Angeles began to cotnplain of Don A. M. Lugo, that
he owned more stock than his ranchos, San Antonio
and El Chino could support, and that they were en-
croaching on their lands. As the old Don had already
granted to him all the land the law allowed, he pro-
cured a grant of eight leagues in San Bernardino val-
ley to be made to his sons, and moved on it a portion
of his immense herds. The adjoining mountains then
abounded in grizzly bears, and they at once com-
menced their depredations on the cattle. To guard
against them the vaciiieros were seat out every evening
to drive the stock away from the timber on the creeks
and the foot of the mountains, into the open plains, and
some of them kspt watch all night; during the night
there was often heard the bellow of some unfortunate
bullock followed by the rush of his companions. By
daybreak all haads were in tae saddle, and bruin
gorged with his feast, was overtaken before he could

reach shelter, by some four or five vaqueros, and
would soon be stretched out with a riata around his
neck, and each foot, when one of the riders making
fast his riata to the horn of his saddle, and trusting to
the horse to keep it taut, would dismount and with his
knife dispatch the helpless baar. Three or four were
sometimes the result of one morning's sport, and sev-
eral hundred were killed before they were driven
back into the mountains, and no longer molested the
cattle. This business required skill and coolness on
the part of the rider and horse, as the failure of any
one would lead to fatal accidents.

Among the most dextrous in this dangerous sport
was one of old Lugo's sons, and his favorite horse was
a stout bay, on the brand of Ygnacio Sepulveda,
nicknamed " El Quacheno," who was killedjanuary 8,
1847, charging the American square at the " Paso
de Bartolo," on the San Gabriel river. Besides 'the
brand the horse was marked with the scars of wound s

MONTEREY GOUNTT.

for I rode him to Moaterey three years ago,
and she knows my son would lend that horse
to no man in California except his old father.
" I will tell you how I happend to ride
to Monterey at my time of life: In 1845,
when Don Pio Pico became governor, and es-
tablished the seat of government in Los
Angeles, as the Mexican Government had
directed in 1836; but there was no govern-
ment house, so I made a trade for a house for
$5,000, for which drafts were given on the
custom house in Monterey, and like an old
fool 1 went security for their payment. The
house and lot occupied the ground from
Main to Los Angeles streets, and from Com-
mercial street to the county bank. The
owner was pushing me for the payment; so I
had to go to Monterey to see if that hop eful
grandson of my sister, Governor J. B. Alva-
rado, then^in charge of the custom house
would pay them. I found him and Castro
preparing to come down and deprive Pio
Pico of the governorship, and they had use
for all the money they could get; so I had
my ride of 300 leagues for nothing! Plague
take them all, with their pronunciamentos
and revolutions, using up my horse and eat-
ing up my cattle, while my sons, instead of
taking care of their old father's stock, were
off playing soldier! The Americans have
put a stop to all this, and we will now have
peace and quiet in the land, as in the good old
days of the king. When you get to Mon-

inflicted by a grizzly's claws, caused by the awkward-
ness of one of the vaqueros, but he held his ground
unflinchingly until the monster was secured and dis-
patched.

terey, you go to my sister and tell her for me,
by the memory of our last meeting, to treat
you as I have ever treated her sons and grand-
sons, when they visited me. '

"The next step I took was to go to Don
Louis Vignes, old ' Aliso,' as the people
called him, one of our few moneyed men
and borrow $100. « El Quacheno.' the horse
so-called from * Quacho ' Sepulveda's brand,
was good for my transportation, and my
board and lodging in Monterey, and I was
now in a position to act as an independent
delegate from the district of Los Angeles.

" We had no news of the promised steamer,
the Edith (she was lost off Point Concep-
tion): so, on August 20, 1849, Stearns, Do-
minguez, Carrillo and Foster, natives re-
spectively of Massachusetts, California and
Maine, started from Los Angeles together, on
horseback, for Monterey. Hugo Eeid, a
native of Scotland, was already in Monterey,
and completed the full delegation. The com-
mon mode of making long journeys here
then, was to take four or five horses to each
rider. The loose horses were driven along,
and whenever any horse showed signs of fa-
tigue, a fresh horse was caught, the saddle
was shifted, and the tired horse turned into
the band, and the rate of traveling was sixty
or seventy miles a day. The scarcity of serv-
ants, caused by the gold fever, was the reason
that the two Californians and myself started
each with one horse. Don Abel Stearns, as
"El Rico" (the rich man) of the delegation,
took along a vaquero, with six spare horses;
but since, if he rode California fashion, he

MONTE BET COUNTY.

would have to go aloDe, he concluded to jog
along with the rest. There were no hotels
from San Diego to Monterey then, and each
night we lodged at some private house gratis.
No greater insult could have been offered to
a ranchero than to offer to pay for one's ac-
commodation.

" On the road from Santa Barbara to Santa
Ynez, there accompanied us an old soldier,
named Olvera. He pointed out to us a live-
oak, beneath which they found the body of
Don Jose Dolores Sepulveda, the great-
grandfather of the Misses Lanfranco, of Los
Angeles, who was killed in 1822, when the
Indians of the missions La Purisima and
Santa Ynez revolted. He was coining from
Monterey to Los Angeles, and ignorant of
danger, arrived at Santa Ynez the morning of
the outbreak. He was pursued by some Indian
vaqueros, and he had no arm except a short
sword, a useless weapon against the riata in
the hands of men who could throw it fifty
feet with the accuracy of a rifle, and his only
hope of safety was to reach Santa Barbara,
distant some iifty miles. He succeeded in
crossing the Santa Ynez mountain, and had
ridden some seven leagues when the foremost
vaquero overtook and lassoed him, but before
the riata coald be tightened, he cut it with
his sword. A second vaquero overtook him,
and this time dragged him from his horse;
but he again cut theriaia and remounted his
steed; but the third time his pursuers dragged
him off, and then sharp knives did the rest;
and when the soldiers from Santa Barbara, of
whom Olvera was one, went out to rescue the

little garrison, besieged in the guard-house
of Santa Ynez, they found only his naked
disfigured, corpse.

" The sight of the old Mission of Santa
Ynez recalled to my mind an incident that
occurred there at the time of the outbreak.
When the Indians rose, there were two Span-
ish priests in the mission. One of them fell
into the hands of the Indians, and was put to
death, under circumstances of the most atro-
cious cruelty. The other, a powerful man,
succeeded in breaking away and escaped to
the guard-house, where, as in all missions, a
guard of four soldiers, commanded by a cor-
poral, were always kept as a sort of police
force. The Indians were destitute of fire-
arms, but their overwhelming numbers and
the showers of arrows they directed against
the port-holes had demoralized the garrison,
when the priest took command. It must have
been a singular scene; the burly friar, with
shaven crown and sandaled feet, clad in the
gray gown, girt with the cord of St. Francis,
wielding carnal weapons, now encouraging
the little garrison, now shouting defiance to
the swarming assailants.

" ' Ho! Father,' cried a young Indian aco-
lyte, ' is that the way to say mass? '

" ' Yes! I am saying mass, my son; here
(holding up his cartridge box) is the chalice;
here (holding up his carbine) is the crucifix,
and here goes my benediction to you, you

,' using one of the foulest epithets the

Spanish language could supply, as he leveled
his carbine and laid the scoffer low.

<' There was a large force collected from the

MONTEREY COUNTY.

different towns, the Indian converts were fol-
lowed into the Tulare valley and captured,
the ringleaders shot, and the others brought
back to their missions; and things in Cali-
fornia: were again quiet, when my informant
had occasion to go to Monterey, and on his
way arrived at the Mission of San Luis
Obispo, where he found the hero of Santa
Tnez. 'Welcome, countryman 1' was his
greeting. 'The same to you, Father!' was
the reply, " but father, they tell me you are
in trouble.' ' Yes, my son; the president of
the missions has suspended me from the ex-
ercise of clerical functions for one year, for
the unclerical language I used in that
affair at Santa Ynez. The old fool, he knew
1 was a soldier before I became a priest, and
when those accursed Indians drove me back
to my old trade how could I help using my
old language? ' Then, taking out a couple of
decanters from a cupboard, he continued,
' Here, countryman, help yourself; here is
wine; here is aguardiente. The old fool
thinks he is a punishing me; I have no mass
to say for a year, and I have nothing to do
but to eat, drink and sleep.'

"We stopped over night at the ranch of
Santa Margarita, and from there to the Oji-
tos (small springs), some tiftj miles, there
was not a single residence. On our way that
day we stopped at the San Miguel Mission,
the scene of the massacre of the Eeed family,
eleven in number, in December, 1847, the
first, as it was the most atrocious, of all the
crimes that miri sacra fames, the accursed
thirst for gold, brought upon California. We

entered the once hospitable hall and looked
at the dark-red stains on the floor where the
assassin had piled up their victims, with the
intention of firing the building; and on the
wall was another dark stain, where one of the
fiends had caught up poor Eeed's baby-girl
by the feet and dashed out its brains against
the wall. We visited the churchyard and
stood by the long grave where were buried
the eleven victims, the jovial, hospitable
English sailor, his pretty California wife,
with her infant and unborn child, the old
motherly midwife, Olvera, two grown up
daughters, and all the servants. Not one
escaped to tell the tale, but it was afterward
told by the murderers, who were arrested,
tried and shot in Santa Barbara.

" The second night after, we stopped at the
San Antonio Mission, and from there we
rode to the Soledad. We had got along
peaceably together so far, but that day oc-
curred the only difficulty among us that hap-
pened on the trip. Two of the party got
into an animated discussion as to whether the
world was round or flat. The first main-
tained that it was round, that all the scien-
tific men and books maintained and proved
it to be so. The second insisted that it was
flat, that he had traveled from San Diego to
San Francisco, and saw it was flat; and the
sailors that came from Boston and China
found the ocean always flat, and he would
believe the evidence of his own eyes in pref-
erence to all the books and scientists in the
world. In leaving the question to the third
member of the party, who had traveled all

MONTEREY COUNTY.

the way from Maine to California by an ir-
regular route by land, amountingto over 4,000
miles, was, as far as he coald tell by the size
had all seemed level to him, but he could
•not decide between them. The first one used
such sarcastic language that the second be-
came sullen, and, spurring his horse, rode
ahead of the others in silence. The third
member told the first that that would never
do; that they were delegates from the
oldest and most substantial section of Cali-
fornia, and that their business was to see that
the interests of their section were protected,
and it would never do for them to quarrel
among themselves; that they should have all
those Yankees from San Francisco and the
mining districts to contend with, and that
the matter in dispute between them had
nothing to do with making a constitution.
' You are right,' he said, ' and I will make
it up,' and spurred his horse to overtake
his countryman and make friends with him.
From that time on, we had no further diffi-
culty.

" Our last day's ride was from Soledad Mis-
sion to Monterey, down the west bank of the
Salinas river. About half way, Carrillo
pointed out a large oak tree, where, in 1846,
was found the dead body of his uncle, Don
Jose Ygnacio Lugo, the grandfather of the
Wolfskills of Los Angeles, who are his only
descendants. He was over eighty years of
age, and all his life had been eccentric, and
as old age came on this eccentricity became
more marked until it bordered on insanity.
He owned a few cattle and horses, which he

tended himself, permitting no assistance from
others, and which he kept iinder complete
control. He had been in the habit of travel-
ing from Los Angeles to Monterey and back
again, as the whim took him.

" He always drove his cattle with him, and
wherever he unsaddled to pass the night
they were trained to come up and remain
quiet all night near him, and not leave until
he gave the signal in the morning. He
started for Monterey on his last trip, and a
vaquero, about sunset, returning from his
rounds, found him lying beneath the oak ap-
parently asleep. He was a handsome old
man, with long, snow-white locks. His cat-
tle were lying down near him, chewing their
cud, while the horses were near by, and his
saddled horse stood mutely gazing on his
master. He had evidently stopped to rest at
noon, and the vaquero, after speaking to him
and receiving no answer, dismounted and
found he had died apparently without a strug-
gle or groan. The spirit of the old soldier
had gone to meet his God!

"We arrived at Monterey near sunset, after
a warm, dusty day's ride. Stearns stopped
with Don David Spence, an old resident like
himself. Carrillo and Dorainguez rode on to
the house of Dona Augustias de Jimeno, a
niece of the former. Carrillo pointed out to
me the house of the Senora Vallejo. I
asked him to introduce me to his aunt, but
he shrugged his huge shoulders and said:
' She gave me a good scolding the last time I
met her, and I don't care to face her now.'
I rode on to the house, where I found my

MONTE HEY COUNTY.

hostess seated on the porch. 1 recoj
her at once from her resemblance to her
brother. She was over seventy-five years of
age, and must have been a handsome woman
in her prime. She politely rose to return
my salutation. I gave her her brother's mes-
sage, while she fixed on me her keen black eyes,
from beneath the heavy eyebrows. Two of
her daughters had long been married to
Americans, who had come to California in
early times (Captain Cooper and Mr. Leese),
and she liked the old residents well enough,
but could not bear the newcomer. When
the Bear Flag was raised in Sonoma, by the
newly arrived American immigrants in 1846,
before news of the declaration of war had
reached California, they had imprisoned two
of her sons, and made free use of their cattle
and horses. When I finished she asked me
to dismount, and gave me a warm welcome
for her brother's sake. There were tears in
the eyes of the aged woman, caused by the
memories recalled by my message, and there
were tears in the writer's eyes, as he remem-
bered the warm embrace of the New Eng-
land mother when she parted from her
first born, long years before, far oif on the
rock-bound coast of Maine.

" I did not know until months afterward
that that mother was in her grave, and that
the last news she ever had of her wayward
son was a catalogue issued in 1845 of the
alumni of Yale College of the class of 1840,
where opposite my name, was the entry,
' Last heard from in northern Mexico.
Keported to have been killed by Indians.'

"I will here insert the circumstances of the
' last meeting ' mentioned in the message I
bore. In March, 1846, Dona Maria Antonia
was seated in the porch of her house, which
commanded a full view of the town and the
Southern road, accompanied by one of her
granddaughters. Three horsemen were seen
slowly turning the point where one coming
from the south can first be seen. The old
lady shaded her eyes and gazed long and ex-
claimed, 'There comes my brother!' O,
grandmother, yonder come three horsemen,
but no one can tell who they are at that dis-
tance.' ' But, girl,' she replied, ' my old
eyes are better than yours. That tall man in
the middle is my brother, whom I have not
seen for twenty years. I know him by his
seat in the saddle. No man in California
rides like him. Hurry off, girl; call your
mother and aunts, your brothers, sisters and
cousins, and let us go forth to welcome him.
The horsemen drew near and a little group
of some twenty women and children stood
waiting with grandmother at their head,
her eyes fixed on the tall horseman, an old
white-haired man, who fiung himself from the
saddle, and, mutiially exclaiming ' Brother! '
'Sister!' they were locked in a warm em-
brace.

" We met at the time appointed in Colton
hall and organized.

" We finished our work in the early part of
October, for Governor Kiley's proclamation
calling upon the people to vote on the con-
stitution is dated October 12, 1849. Whether
we did our work well or ill is not for the

MONTE RET COUNTY.

writer to say; but, under that constitution,
California, from a state of anarchy in 1849
has become a prosperous and well-organized
State in 1878.

"In regard to our compensation it was fixed
by ourselves, and paid out of a fund arising
from duties on foreign goods, in virtue of a
tariff established during the war, for Mexican
ports occupied by the United States forces, as
Congress, in its first session after the acquisi-
tion of California, failed to extend the reve-
nue laws over California.

"Another convention is now (March 1878)
to be called, and when the Los Angeles
delegation go up to attend it, they can have
their choice of the steamer or the palace car;
and if compensation is allowed, they have the
treasury of a rich and powerful State; while
the writer, thirty years ago, had to go depend-
ent on old Lugo's bear horse as his means of
transportation and letter of recommendation,
and the old Frenchman for funds to defray
his necessary expenses."

Dr. Robert Semple was made president of
the convention, William G. Marcy, secre-
tary; J. Ross Browne, official reporter; W". E.
F. Hartnell, interpreter, etc. The convention
having finished its work October 13, the new
constitution, together with Governor Riley's
proclamation, and an address to the people,
signed by all the delegates, was printed and
circulated throughout the Territory, with all
dispatch; and preparations were at once made
to hold an election, for the purpose of adopt-
ing the new instrument, and the election of
officers, etc., as provided for in the same.

Governor Riley allowed the members of
the convention, from the money collected
from customs since the conquest, $16 per
day, and $16 for each twenty miles traveled,
counting each way. Ross Browne was paid
$10,000 for 1,000 bound copies in English,
and 250 copies in Spanish of his official report
of the proceedings.

At the election held November 13, 1849,
the Constitution was adopted by a vote of
12,064 for and 811 against. The population
at the time was estimated at a little over
100,000 souls. At the same time Peter H.
Burnett was elected governor: John Mc-
Dougal, lieutenant-governor; Edward Gil-
bert and G. "W. Wright as Congressional
representatives, etc.

CHAPTER XIIL

THE STATE ORGANIZED.

fN December 20, 1849, the governor
elect Burnett was duly installed; Gov-
ernor Riley and his secretary of State,
Halleck, at the same time resigning their re-
spective offices. Governor Riley remained
at Monterey until July of the next year. Be-
fore his return to the Atlantic States, the
city of Monterey voted him a medal of gold,
weighing one pound, as a token of respect,
the same being presented to him in behalf of
the city, at a large banquet given in his
honor, by P. A. Roach. One side of the
medal bore the arms of the city; the other the
legend, "The man who came to do his duty
and who accomplished his purpose."

The first legislature (which consisted of

MONTEREY COUNTY.

sixteen senators and thirty- six assemblymen)
met at San Jose, December 15, 1849, though
a quorum failed to appear on the first and
second days of the session. As there were
yet no county organizations, the members of
the legislature had been elected, as were the
delegates to the constitutional convention,
by districts. The senator from the Monterey
district was Selim E. Woodworth, son of
the author of ''The Old Oaken Bucket;" and
the assemblymen were T. R. Per Lee and J.
S. Gray.

E. K. Chamberlain of the San Diego dis-
trict, was elected president of the Senate pro
tem, and Dr. Thomas J. White of the Sacra-
mento district was elected speaker of the
assembly.

John C. Fremont and William M. Gwin
were elected United States Senators; Richard
Roman, state treasurer; J. S. Houston,
comptroller; E. J. C. Kewen, attorney-gen-
eral; C. A. Whitney, surveyor-general; S. C.
Hastings, chief justice and H. A. Lyons and
Nathaniel Bennett, associate justices of the
Supreme Court, and thus a constitutional
State government was set in motion. The
legislature established nine judicial districts
Monterey being included in the third dis-
trict; the territory of the newly organized
State was divided into twenty-seven counties.
Monterey county including the present
county of San Benito, was one of the original
number.

The act of Congress admitting California
as a State into the Union was signed on
September 9, 1850, after a prolonged and

bitter contest in each House on the question
of the perpetual prohibition of slavery in the
new Territory, in which contest the cause of
freedom triumphed. The news of the ad-
mission caused great joy to Calitbrnians,
when received by them, on October 18. The
9th of September has become a State legal
holiday.

SUPPRESSION OF DISORDER.

The tremendous influx of adventurers into
California after the discovery of gold, from
all parts of the world, of course, resulted in
much disturbance to public order. Many
vicious, lawless characters roamed about the
State, singly and in bands, committing rob-
beries and murders, till citizens were com-
pelled to defend their lives and property by
summary, and sometimes irregular, methods,
inasmuch as the legal machinery of the State
often proved altogether inadequate to meet
the extraordinary emergencies as they arose.

Governor McDougal authorized Selim E.
Woodworth to raise a military company in
1851, to pursue marauders, who were steal-
ing stock in Monterey county. But neither
ordinary nor extraordinary legal methods, nor
even vigilance committees, could entirely ex-
terminate the evil. A conglomerate pop-
ulation, suddenly gathered together from the
four quarters of the world, could hardly be
expected to assume, all at once, the customs
and the decorous appearance of old-established
communities; and a long time elapsed before
these disturbing causes disappeared in Cali-
fornia. " Healthy hangings" of murderers,

MONTERBT OOUNTT.

outlaws, and highway robbers, etc., by vigilance
committees, when legal remedies failed, tended
powerfully to clarify the moral and social
atmosphere. The alternative was forced on
people in many localities in California in
early times, whether cut-throats and murder-
ers should be hung by the people or not at
all; all other remedies failing, the simple
issue was: Shall a murderer be hung by the
people, or shall he go unhung?

When corrupt political gamblers and ballot-
box stuffers, through chicanery and violence
get control of the government, and paralyze
the normal workings of its machinery; when
the dominance of gamblers and blacklegs, and
the presence of the vicious in overwhelming
numbers, aided by shyster lawyers, make the
administration of justice by regular, or by le-
gal methods, impossible, the question may be
fairly asked by philosophical students of
history, — as it has often been asked by Cali-
fornians themselves, when actually confronted
by exigencies which required an immediate
answer. Is it not in fact an evidence of the
highest moral virtue in a community that it
summarily puts a stop to a state of affairs
which have become intolerable, rather than
let it continue indefinitely, with all the ruin-
ous, demoralizing influences which inevitably
attend such indefinite continuance of crime
unchecked 'i

Did not the great vigilance movement of
San Francisco in 1856 rise to the dignity of
a revolution? Was the "sacred right of rev-
olution" ever more justly invoked than on
that occasion? Of course vigilance commit-

tees, great or small, can only be vindicated
by their results and by the justness of their
cause on precisely the same principles as are
revolutions; for they are in fact quasi-rev-
olutions. When people, whether in large or
small bodies, with good and high motives and
for justifiable ends, to save the life of the
State, or their own liberties, go back to first
principles, and take political power into their
own hands, they thereby become responsible
for the proper use of that power. If they
use it wisely, for the best good of all, then
they justfy their acts; if not, not.

Better, sometimes, is aggressive revolution,
if wisely directed, than is imbecile submission
to the murder of liberty; better vigilance
committees than stark anarchy! At least so
think many old-time Californians, who have
so often seen both the necessity and the prac-
tical wisdom of these much-disputed maxims
exemplified.

Many, many times, when the law failed,
have the people themselves suppressed crim-
inals who, but for the uprising of the people,
would not have been suppressed.

The first Mayor of Monterey, under the
State organization, was Philip A. Roach, who
had been judge of the first instance, under
the military rule of Governor Riley. In
1851, Roach was elected to the State Senate
from Monterey. The assemblyman this
year was A. Randall, and for 1852 Isaac
B. Wall. In the legislatures of 1854-55,
Monterey's senator was B. C. Whiting, after-
ward United States district attorney for the
southern district of California, D. R. Ashley

MONTE BET COUNTY.

being the assetnblyuian. In 1856, Ashley
was senator (holding for two years); and R.
L. Matthews was assemblyman for this year,
and E. Castro for the succeeding year; and
Jose Abrego was elected to the assembly in
1858; and Mariano Malarin in 1859-'60; A.
W. Blair in 1861; Juan W. Cot, in 1862;
J. H. Watson was senator in 1860-'61, and
G. K. Forter for Monterey and Santa Cruz,
in 1862-'63; Estevan Castro was assembly-
man in 1863.

CHAPTER XIV.

MONTEEEr UNDER AMERICAN EtJLE.

fHE removal of the capital from Monte-
rey, the residence of the governors else-
where, the superior attractions for
commerce of the harbor of San Francisco,
all tended to lessen the relative social, politi-
cal and commercial importance of the ancient
capital. The changes in the town itself, or in
its outward appearance, during the last forty
years, have been comparatively few. Changes
in its surroundings, and in the county of
Monterey, have occurred. That portion of
the county lying east of the Gabilan range
of mountains was set off in 1874-, forming
the county of San Benito.

Although the old town presents much the
appearance that it did thirty and forty years
ago, and the houses and most of the streets
have changed but little, the building of the
railroad and of the magnificient Hotel del
Monte, and of the adjacent town of Pacific
Grove, have brought bustle a,nA bqsiness to the
town in spite of ifself. The combination of his-

toric associations, running back to a different
civilization, which cluster around the ancient
Spanish and Mexican capital, in close juxta-
position with the luxuries and gayeties of a
modern grand caravansary, like the Hotel
del Monte, and the building up, close by, of
a religious, social and literary sea-side resort,
all make Monterey and its environs a very
attractive center, to which, in recent years,
thousands annually flock, as to a modern
Mecca. There is no other town in the State,
which retains, in the appearance of its houses
and streets, its Mexican characteristics, to any-
thing like the extent that Monterey does,
though improvement and Americanizing
changes have been going on around it. The
old Catholic church, built atid completed in
1794, as is indicated by these figures on its
front, and the rectory near by, still stand;
the old custom house, and " Coiton Hall,"
built under early American rule; and many
of the old adobe or stone residences, still en-
dure; the old "Cuartel" has been entirely
demolished within the last few years. The
venerable oak on which it is supposed Father
Junipero hung a bell (as a large iron spike
has, during the present year, 1892, been cut
out of it), and under which he first said Mass
after landing, is still green as it was 122
years ago. The cross marked "June 3, 1770,"
still stands near this tree, symbolizing the
locality and date of the " landing " of the
heroic Franciscan and his party, which is
appropriately and finely typified by the ideal-
ized monument on the hill hard by. And
the actors of the early years of American

MONTEREY COUNTY.

rule, Sloat, Larkin, Colton, Fremont, the
bright, youthful, but afterward illustrious
Lieutenants Sherman, Halleck and Ord;
Cooper, Spence, Hartnell, Abrego, Little,
Leese, and many others have passed away,
and their places have been taken by their
descendants, or by strangers, who knew them
not. Of the survivors of that era, compara-
tively few remain; and most of them were
children then: of those who were adults at
that time, Mrs. Captain Cooper, Mrs. Little,
Mrs. Abrego, Mr. David Jacks, Mr. Thomas
Bralee, Mr. John A. Swan, of whom mention
is made elsewhere in this work, and perhaps
one or two others, still, in 1892, survive.
During the succeeding era, and until the
coming of the railroad, the annals of Monterey
town were comparatively uneventful. The
United States district court used to hold its
sessions alternately here and at Los Angeles
for a number of years. The southern United
States judicial district of California, under
the first law establishing the southern dis-
trict, included Monterey, and provided that
sessions should be held here as well as at
Los Angeles. The judges were: Mr. Jones,
who died soon after appointment; I. S. K.
Ogier, who served till his death. May 21,
1861; and Fletcher M. Haight, who died
about the year 1866. The attorneys for the
iirst southern district were: Alfred Wheeler,
I. S. K. Ogier, afterward judge; Facifious
Ord, J. Pv. Gitchell, Kimball H. Dimmick,
and B. C. Whiting. The marshals were:
Pablo Noriega, Edward.Hunter, and Henry D.
Barrows; and the clerks were: Alexander S.

Taylor, James C. Pennie, and John O.
Wheeler. Many very impotant land cases
came before both Judge Ogier and Judge
Haight. Among the most important was
that of the Mexican grant of the ranche,
" Panoche Grande," to Yicente Gomez, men-
tioned elsewhere. After the death of Judge
Haight the two districts were consolidated
in one. Under the new Federal law dividing
this State into two districts again, passed in
the '80s, Monterey remains in the northern
district. The only members of the old court
now living, are ex-Clerk Wheeler and ex-
Marshal Barrows, who reside in Los Angeles.

CHAPTER XV.

PIONEEK EEMINISCENCES THE OED BBOTHEES

IK CALIFOKNIA.

fHE following interesting account of the
Ord brothers, who were prominent in
the early annals of California, is de-
rived from one of their number. Dr. James
L. Ord, at present a resident of Santa Bar-
bara.

The brothers, Paciiicus, born in 1816, Ed-
ward O. C, afterward the General, born 1818,
and James L., born in 1823, were sons of
James Ord, of Washington, D. C, a native
of England, who was supposed to have been
a son of George IV, by Mrs. Fitzgerald,
(See Lord North's Life of Mrs. Fitzgerald.)
While an infant he was sent to Spain, and
two years later to the United States, where
he was placed in charge of a man named Ord,
whose name he took, and at the age of ten

MONTEREY COUNTY.

he was placed iu Georgetown College. He
was later in the navy, being two years on the
frigate Congress, during the war of 1812.
After that he resigned and entered the army.
He married Miss Rebecca Cresap, daughter
of Colonel Daniel Cresap, of lievolutiorjary
fame, whose house in Cumberland, Maryland,
was Washington's headquarters when he was
a young surveyor in that country.

Both Lieutenant and Doctor Ord came to
California as members of Company F, Third
Artillery, on the United States ship Lexing-
ton, ari'iving at Monterey, January 26, 1847.
Lieutenant Ord was in command a portion
of the time at Monterey till 1850, when he
returned East, where he was made a captain
and stationed at Boston Harbor. In 1854
he came again to California— served at Fort
Miller, then in Oregon. He was in the fight
with the Nez Ferces; General George Wright,
who commanded, said the battle was saved
by Captain Ord's battery, which he unlitn-
bered on the top of a hill and with it raked
the Indians with canister and grape, killing
large numbers of them. He was also at
Rogue river, where he saved the lives of
Ballard and the settlers, who were sur-
rounded in a log-house by Indians, when he
with his comjiany came to their rescue.

A CURIOUS INCIDENT.

Dr. Ord gives this curious incident in the
life of his brother, in connection with the
precipitation of the Mexican war, and the far-
reaching issues which grew out of it, includ-
.ng the taking of California, etc. At a

meeting of President Polk and his Cabinet, it
was decided to send Lieutenant Ord as a
bearer of dispatches to General Taylor, order-
ing him to cross the Nueces river and occupy
the disputed territory between the Nueces
and Rio Grande.

At a later meeting of the Cabinet the
previous determination was reconsidered and
a courier was sent to countermand the pre-
vious order, but lie was delayed by heavy
rains and bad roads, and failed to overtake
Ord till it was too late, and till after the
battle of Palo Alto had been fought.

While the American fleet on this coast
was lying at Mazatlau, Surgeon Wood, be-
ing in poor health, went East, and he learned
somewhere in Mexico that General Taylor
had crossed the Nueces river, and he sent
back a courier with the news to the American
consul, and through him to Commodore
Sloat, who thereupon set sail for Monterey,
whe)'e he arrived July 1, 1846, and some two
weeks ahead of the English fleet under Ad-
miral Seymour of the Collingwood. The
latter vessel arrived at Monterey on the 16th
of July, one day after the arrival of the
Congress, and anchored right between the
Congress and Savannah, and Sloat supposing
that Seymour had later news fi-om the seat
of war, and also not knowing that the Oregoq.
boundary question had been settled, ordered
his guns double-shotted, with directions to
aim at the water line of the Collingwood.
But whatever sinister appearance Seymour's
act of anchoring between the two American
men-of-war niay have had, no other move-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

ment indicating possible hostilities on the
part of the English admiral was made, and
the subsequent intercourse between the offi-
cers of the two fleets was very friendly till
not long after Seymour sailed away.

Later (in December, 1846) Seymour met
the Lexington, which was on its way to Cal-
ifornia with Company F of the Third Ar-
tillery, at Valparaiso. The British Admiral,
in a friendly interview in Captain Tomp-
kins' cabin on board the Lexington, Captain
Bailey, Lieutenants Sherman, Ord and Hal-
leck being present, said, " The Yankees were
two weeks ahead of us in the taking of Cal-
ifornia."

Lieutenant Ord was stationed at the pre-
sidio of San Francisco, in command of Ord's
battery, at the commencement of the Civil
war, when he received the appointment of
brigadier-general. He was with Grant at
the siege of Vicksburg; and at its capitu-
lation he was second in command. Later in
the war, he relieved General Butler, and be-
came commander of the Army of the James,
and his army made a forced march and
headed off Lee; and he was one of the few
officers present at Lee's surrender at Appo-
mattox; and he afterward purchased the
table of McLain, on which the surrender was
signed. He was afterward placed in com-
mand at Eichmond. Subsequent to the close
of the war, he was military governor of
Arkansas and Missouri; and later in com-
mand of the department of the Lakes, with
headquarters at Detroit. He then came to
California, and relieved General McDowell.

After being successively in command of the
Platte, and in Texas, he was retired as full
major-general, by special act of Congress.

After a visit to Mexico General Ord went
to Havana, where in 1884 he died of the
yellow fever. His remains were brought
home and interred in the National Cemetery
by special resolution of Congress.

Pacificus Ord, the eldest of the three
Calif ornian Ords, after the adoption of the
constitution (he being a member of the con-
stitutional convention), was elected one of
the judges of the Supreme Court.

Afterward he was United States District
Attorney for the southern district of Cali-
fornia.

Judge Ord's first wife, whom he married
in New Orleans, died in Monterey. His
second wife he married in San Francisco.
They went East and to Europe, where she
died. On his return he lived in New York,
where he married his third wife, who also
has since died. He now lives in the city of
Washington, in the seventy-seventh year of
his age. He has a daughter living who mar-
ried a Colonel Preston; and a son, an attor-
ney who lives in New York.

Doctor Ord, after serving a year at Mon-
terey, was ordered to Santa Barbara, where
he was attached to Captain F. J. Lippitt's
company.

In '56, he married Dona Augustias de la
Guerra de Jimeno, widow of Secretary Jim-
eno, under Governor Micheltorena, and Mrs.
Hartnell, and of Judge Pablo de la Guerra-
In '57 or '58 they went to Santa Barbara to

MONTEREY COUNT T.

live. In 1871 he went to the city of Mexico,
where he was made consul-general of the
United States; he also for a time represented
England and France, in that capital.

In '73 he returned to San Francisco, and
again entered the army, and served twelve
years in Arizona, resigning in November,
1891. Doctor Ord has interests in Santa
Barbara, and he makes that his home as
much as any place.

Doctor Ord's further reminiscences of per-
sons and events, in the early times in Mon-
terey, are exceedingly interesting, and no
excuses are needed for inserting them here.
He says his company landed in January,
'47, and was stationed on the hill where the
earthwoi'ks still exist. As they occupied
tents and the weather was quite cold, they
moved down in February to the old custom
house. Lieutenant Sherman and Doctor Ord
occupied the north end of the building, and
the south end was used as a hospital, some
three months. Spence had a store then: so
had Larkin and Green, and also Watson.

Among the old residents were: Amesti,
from Spain, who had married a Yallejo; and
Cooper and Leese and Del Valle, all of whom
had married Vallejos; and Abrego, who mar-
ried an Estrada, etc.

Dr. Ord says that the officers of his com-
pany were received by the people of Monte-
rey, not as enemies, but as friends. Among
the ladies of influential families were Senora
Vallejo (mother of the general) Senoras
Amesti and Abrego, and Mrs. Larkin, who
was the first American woman to come to

Monterey to live. Dr. Ord thinks the Lark-
ins have a son, who is still living; and that
he (the son) has several children. The de-
scendants of the Vallejos, the Coopers, the
Leeses, the Spences, the Abregos, etc., are
quite numerous, and live, some still in Mon-
terey, some in Santa Clara, and some in San
Francisco, or Sonoma, or elsewhere. The
father of the Russ' brothers, who built the
Russ House in San Francisco, was a mason,
and he built, or helped to build Colton Hall.
The newspaper. The Calif ornian, was pub- '
lished while Dr. Ord was in Monterey.

Dr. Ord was in the mines awhile in '49,
and Sherman, and Mason, and Colton, came
to his camp at Jamestown, and stayed over
night.

Dr. Ord relates this curious incident: The
officers of Company F gave a party, or baile,
with supper and champagne, etc., at Mr.
Hartnell's house on the hill, on the 6th of
July, 1847; and, although the Calitbrnians
were very friendly, they got the idea errone-
ously that the ball was purposely given on
the anniversary of the taking of California,
and they would not come. Nevertheless the
officers had a good time: Sherman, Halleck,
Ord, etc., were there; also Mr. Hartnell's
family and a few others.

In The Monterey New Era of July 28,
1892, Dr. Ord furnishes the following cor-
rection of history:

FORT HALLECK.

We were favored with a very pleasant call
yesterday from Dr. James L. Ord, the only

MONTEREY COUNTY.

surviving officer of the company of Third Ar-
tillery (of which he was surgeon) that came
in '47 with tlie expedition of American occu-
pation. From his interesting reminiscences of
early days in Monterey, we learn that the old
fort on the Government reservation is mis-
named in the Southern Pacific maps, being
designated Fort Fremont. It is really Fort
Halleck, so named in honor of Lieutenant
(afterward Major-General) H. W. Halleck, of
the corps of engineers, by whom it was laid
out. The fort was built by Lieutenant E. O.
C. Ord and Lieutenant W. T. Sherman, in
1847, and the earthworks were thrown up by
Colonel J. D. Stevenson's command, the New
York Volunteers and the regulars then sta-
tioned on the hill. How the error of attrib-
uting the erection of the fort to Fremont
came to be made it is hard to determine.

Dr. Ord has retired from active service and
is taking life easy now. He spent the winter
in Santa Barbara, and is now staying for a
time at the El Carmelo Hotel, Pacific Grove,
revisiting, with much pleasure, the scenes of
former days in old Monterey.

EEMINISCENOES OF MES. LITTLE.

Mrs. Milton Little, still living in 1892, in
the enjoyment of excellent health and with a
perfect memory, gives this very rational and
without doubt perfectly true account, based
on her personal knowledge, of the establish-
ment of the first public library in Califor-
nia, at Monterey. She says a joint-stock
company, with forty shares, was formed, for
the purpose of founding a public library, and

her husband took two shares; and each share
was assessed $40 (Mr. Little paid $80, his
assessment on the two shares) ; and $1,500
was thns raised, and sent to Rev. "Walter
Colton, in Philadelphia, or New York, who
selected the books and sent them round the
Horn. When the books arrived, another
assessment of $8 a share was made to pay
the freight and expenses; and she remem-
bers that Mr. L. had to pay this assessment
on his two shares, of $16. The stockholders
were the prominent citizens of Monterey.
Mrs. Little thinks that probably not more
than one-half the original number of books
are now in the collection, as many of the
stockholders, after a while, did not return
them often when they drew them out; and
thus in the course of years many of the
books have disappeared.

This valuable and unique library, or what
remains of it, is now in the possession of the
Monterey City School District. It is kept in
the upper story of the new public-school
building. It still includes full sets of very
valuable and very rare works, as for example,
the proceedings of Congress from the founda-
tion of the Government in 1789, and many
other very scarce volumes. It ought to be
kept in a fire- proof building, as its loss would
be irreparable.

In a catalogue issued by the directors,
dated Monterey, June 1, 1853, those officials
say, among other things: "The Monterey
Library Association was organized at Mon-
terey in the year 1849, and, it is believed, is

MONTE BET COUNTY.

the first established public library in Cali-
fornia."

" The greater part of the library was pur-
chased in New York," " and contains about
1,000 volumes of well-selected American,
English and Spanish books, treating upon the
various subjects of human knowledge," etc.
*' Th6 officers of the association are;

MiLton Little, President.

J. B. Knapp, Vice-President.

Wm. S. Johnsou, Treasurer.

D. R. Ashley, Secretary and Librarian.''''
Mrs. Little, whose reminiscences of early
times and persons in California are invalu-
able, furnishes the following bit of history
concerning a file of The Californian, the
first newspaper published in California, by
Colton & Semple, in 1846. Mr> Little, as a
regular- subscriber of the paper, saved a com-
plete file of the same during the whole time
it was published in Monterey. This file he
preserved with great care, as he naturally
prized it very highly. But some time in the
'50s, Editor McElroy was publishing a paper
in Monterey, and he borrowed this file of
Mr. Little to copy items from, and he never
returned it. Afterward, when asked for it by
Mr. Little in San Francisco, he said he had
donated it to the " Society of California
Pioneers." When asked in whose name he
had done this, he replied, in his own! Mr.
Little was exceedingly angry, although if he
had been accorded the credit of the gift, as
was his just due, he doubtless would have
been entirely satisfied to have had it gone
into the keeping of the historical association,

in whose possession it is now supposed to be.
But it is due to Mr. Little that these facts
should be known, even after the lapse of forty
years, than that they should not be known at
all, by the pioneers and by the world.

KEMINISCENOES OF MES. XbEEGO.

One of the most interesting personages
now (1892) living in Monterey, is Dona
Josefa Estrada de Abrego, widow of Don
Jose Abrego. Although Mrs. Abrego was
born in 1814, in Monterey, and has borne
eighteen children; and although her eye-
sight fails her, so that she is only able to re-
cognize her acquaintances by the sound of
their voices, she is still as fair and youthful
in her appearance as though she were only
fifty-eight or less, instead of seventy-eight;
and she moves about the various rooms of her
spacious home in which she has lived ever
since her marriage, fifty- six years ago, with
the ease and precision of a maiden of twenty.

Her husband, Don Jose Abrego, was born
in the city of Mexico, in 1813, and came to
Monterey in 1835, with the colony, on the
Natalia, a portion of the timbers of which
historic vessel he had built into his house.
Mrs. Abrego's father, Raimundo, and a
brother, Mariano Estrada, were brought from
Mexico when mere boys, by Governor Luis
Arrillaga, who reared and educated them.
Mr. and Mrs. Abrego were married in 1836,
and moved at once into a part of the house
(which he had built, and to which additions
were afterward made), in which she has ever
since lived, and in which all her children were

MONTE BET COUNTY

born. Don Jose died some fifteen years ago.
Of their children, only four sons and one
daughter are still living. One daughter, the
beautiful and accomplished Mrs. Bolado, died
within the present year, 1892.

Mrs. Abrego has in her home one of the
first pianofortes ever brought to California.
A paper on the inside of it, written by Mr.
Abrego, says:

" In 1841, Captain Stephen Smith arrived
with his vessel in Monterey, and I engaged
him to bring me a piano on his next trip to
this country.

" In March, 1843, he returned to this city
in a brigantine; he had three pianos on board.
I bought this one of him for $600. He
then sailed to San Francisco, where General
Vallejo purchased another of the pianos.
The third one was afterward sold by Captain
Smith to E. de Cells at Los Angeles."

The Abrego piano is a six-octave, made by
" Beitkopt & Harrtel," "Leipzig;" "im-
ported by Brauns & Focke, Baltimore."

CHAPTER XVI.

CHTTECHES, SOCIETIES, ETC.

[HERE are three churches in the city of
Monterey, namely: the Roman Catho-
lic, whose venerable place of worship
was erected nearly a century ago; and the
Presbyterian and Episcopalian, with their
modern church edifices.

Episcopal service was held at Monterey, in
the old Washington Hotel Hall, March 14,
1875. The Episcopal Church at Monterey
and Pacific Grove at the present time is

represented by three chapels, named and
located as follows: St. James, at Monterey;
St. Mary's-by-the-Sea, at Pacific Grove; and
St. John's, near the Hotel del Monte. The
St. James Chapel, Monterey, was erected
about the year 1877 or 1878, under the
rectorship of the Rev. James S. McGowan.
It was consecrated by Bishop Kip, July 14,
1878. It cost about |1,500. St. Mary's-by-
the-Sea was organized in 1887, and the erec-
tion of the church edifice was commenced the
27th of August, 1890. The spacious rectory,
located near the church, was built during the
summer of 1891. St. John's Chapel, near
Hotel del Monte, was erected under the
supervision of the Rev. Dr. E. B. Spalding,
rector of St. John's Church, San Francisco,
from funds contributed by guests of the
hotel; and the land upon which the church
is located, containing about one acre, was a
gift of the late Charles Crocker. The church
edifice is a unique structure, of the old Nor-
man style of architecture, built of a combina-
tion of stone and shingles. It was formally
opened for divine service, June 14, 1891, by
the Right Rev. W. F. Nichols, D. D., assist-
ant bishop of California.

Tlie three chapels, comprising one parish,
are under the rectorship of the Rev. C. S.
Fackenthall, under whose able ministration
they are enjoying a period of spiritual and
material growth. The valuation of the prop-
erty of the parish is about $32,000. There
are two ladies' guilds, one each at Monterey
and Pacific Grove; and at the former place
an organization auxiliary to the ladies'

MONTEREY COUNTY.

guilds, viz., St. Agnes' Guild, composed of
the younger ladies of the church. These
guilds have been the most active and eflScient
workers of these church societies, and in fact
the foundation of their growth and pros-
perity. The new and elegant rectory at Pa-
cific Grove is the result of the combined
labors of the two guilds.

The benevolent societies of Monterey are
represented by the Masons, Odd Fellows,
Chosen Friends, Sons of the Golden "West,
Young Men's Institute, United Workmen,
etc. Their stated meetings, etc., are as fol-
lows:

Monterey Lodge, No. 182, I. O. O. F.,
meets every Thursday evening, at 7:30
o'clock. E. B. Rich, N. G.; A. L. Luce,
secretary.

Monterey Parlor, N. S. G. W., No. 75,
meets on second and fourth Wednesdays of
each month. Alex. Underwood, president;
Abe Gunzendorfer, secretary.

Monterey Lodge, No. 217, F. & A. M.,
meets Saturday evening, on or before the full
moon. T. G. Lambert, master; W. Craw-
ford, secretary.

Seaside Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 109,
I. O. O. F., meets second and fourth Tues-
days of each month. Mrs. J. D. Rich, N. G. ;
Miss Clara Arendt, secretary.

Monterey Lodge, No. 98, A. O. U. W.,
meets every Tuesday evening, at Masonic
Hall. Ernest Michaelis, M. W.; W. J. Towle,
secretary.

Monterey Chapter, No. 68, O. E. S., meets

on first and third Wednesdays of each month.
William Sutton, secretary.

Monterey Council, No. 126, Order of
Chosen Friends, meets first and third Friday
evenings of every month, at 8 o'clock. Joseph
Schulte, Jr., C. C; A. L. Luce, secretary.

Del Monte Lodge, No. 357, I. O. G. T.,
meets every Monday evening at 8 o'clock, in
Progress Hall, Pacific Grove. R. G. Mitchell,
L. D.

Court Del Monte, No. 7759, A. O. F. of A.,
meets first and third Wednesdays, in Odd
Fellows' Hall, Monterey. James P. Dwyer,
chief ranger; F. M. Boughton, financial
secretary.

THE JUNfpEEO SEEKA MONUMENT.

In 1891, Mrs. Stanford, wife of Senator
Stanford, caused a granite monument to be
erected on an eminence fronting the bay of
Monterey, and close by that spot where Friar
Junipero Serra first landed and said mass,
June 3, 1770. The monument consists of a
single massive block of gray granite, repre-
senting a life-size statue of Padre Junipero,
in the act of landing, with one foot standing in
the small boat, and the other stepping on the
shelving rocky shore. A large cross, ready
to be erected as soon as the landing is made,
lies in the boat, and lengthwise with same, on
which is inscribed: "June 3, 1770." The
statue represents Father Junipero in full
canonicals, with right hand held up in moni-
tory gesture, and left hand clasping Bible to
left breast, the book marked " Scripta " and
"Serra" in small letters with cross on book;

MONTE BE r COUNTY.

at left side, a rosary and cross with crucified
Christ.

The monument, in plain, durable granite,
is in excellent taste throughout. The simple,
but exceedingly appropriate design; the seri-
ous, noble features; the shaven crown; the
erect form and earnest mein, — all impress the
beholder profoundly. Those who have read
the story of the great pioneer missionary's
life and labors on this coast, will concede that
he has been worthily and appropriately repre-
sented in this granite block. Back of the
monument and on a higher hill, are the old
earthworks and the ruins of the fort, used by
the United States troops in 1846 — and per-
haps by the Californians before that time, as
the hill commands the bay perfectly. The
north (polished) face of the monument bears
the following inscription, cut in capital let-
ters, into the granite:

"Here June 3, 1770, landed Very Rev.
Father Junipero Serra, O. S. F., and founded
the following missions: San Diego, July 16,
1769; San Carlos Monterey, June 3, 1770;
San Antonio de Padua, July 14, 1771; San
Gabriel, September 8, 1771; San Luis Obispo,
September 1, 1772; San Francisco de los
Dolores, October 9, 1776; S. Juan Capi-
strano, November 1, 1776; Santa Clara, Janu-
ary 18, 1777; S. Buenaventura, March 21,
1782; and died August 28, 1784, in S. Car-
los Mission, Carmelo valley.

As the Lord Hveth, even what my God saith will I
speak. — II. Chron. 18th chap., 13th verse.

"This monument erectedby Jane L. Stan-
ford, in the year 1891, in memory of Father
Junipero Serra. A pliilantliropist seeking

the welfare of the humblest. A hero daring
and ready to sacrifice himself for the good of
liis fellow-beings. A faithful servant of his
Master."

CHAPTER XVII.

MUNICIPAL.

pHE following is a list of the n
•■ oflicers of Monterey for 1892:

ipal

iD. Rodrick, Chairman.
M. T. Little, H. Prinz,
T. J. Field.

Clerk and Assessor S. J. Duckworth

Treasurer J. M. Laporte

Recorder A. Westfall

Marshal A. Pinto

Engineer W. C. Little

The Monterey Electric Light and Develop-
ment Company was incorporated March 10,
1891, with the following directors: B. V.
Sargent, S. H. Smith, Frank R. Day, E. M.
Carver, J. "W". Bagley, A. A. Manuel, Chas.
R. Few. Officers: President, B. V. Sargent;
secretary, Charles R. Few; treasurer, E. M.
Carver; attorney, R. H. Willey; manager,
Frank R. Day. Capital stock, $25,000; paid
up, $5,500.

The plant is first class; the company has
just bought ground and erected a new build-
ing in the central part of town, and put in
boiler and equipment for furnishing its own
steam power. The lights are Edison's in-
candescent. It runs about 250 at an average
of 11.25 per light per month.

There are two newspapers published in the
city of Monterey: The New Era, now in its
second volume, published by "William Kay;
and the Monterey Cypress, in its fourth
volume, published by H. L. Bradford.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

MONTEREY CITY SCHOOLS.

Monterey city maintains excellent public
schools. For a considerable number of
years prior to 1892, the classes of the cen-
tral school were taught in the historic build-
ing, " Colton Hall." But when more room
was needed, the proposal to build on a part of
the lot, which would have involved a demo-
lition of that venerable pile, there was a
general protest by the citizens, to their credit
be it said, against the destruction of all or of
any portion of a building around which so
many interesting historical associations cen-
ter; and a fund of |1,800, to which one
citizen contributed $500, and several $200,
and $100 each, was raised, and an eligible
lot in another locality was purchased, on
which a fine two-story, nine-class building
has been erected, at a cost of $17,000. The
new schoolhouse was commenced in Decem-
ber, 1891, and finished in July, 1892. Prof.
James T. Stockdale has been for a number
of years the efiScient principal of the Mon-
terey city schools. He has, since commence-
ment of the present school year, eight
assistant teachers. A small high-school class
has been started. A ten months' school is
maintained. The current income of the dis-
trict is about $7,000 annually. The trustees
contemplate erecting two other schoolhouses, ,
one at Oak Grove and the other at New
Monterey, to accommodate the children of
those respective localities.

The first public library ever established
in California is now in possession of the

Monterey school district; this valuable col-
lection is kept in the new school building,
where it may be freely consulted by the
student of history.

By the school census report there were, in
the district, at the close of the school year,
June 30, 1892, three schoolhouses, eight
classes (three grammar and five primary) and
eight teachers (one male and seven females)
and 569 census children, between five and
seventeen, as follows: White, boys, 272;
girls, 287 — 559; Mongol, boys, 5; girls, 5 — ■
10; total 569; number of children under
five, 156; total under seventeen, all native
born, 725; number of pupils enrolled in
each grade, high, 4; grammar, 118; primary,
280; total 402.

Total receipts from State, county and city,
$26,973.17; total expenditures, salaries, sites,
buildings and furnishings, 123,757.84; bal-
ance June 30, 1892, |3,215.33.

Total value of school property, |27,500;
bonded debt, 120,000; number of volumes,
including first public library in California,
2,000.

The California State Savings Bank, of
Monterey, was organized March 17, 1890,
with capital subscribed, $500,000; paid in,
$25,000. J. B. S. Maltby, president; H.
Prinz, vice-president; E. M. Carver, cashier;
W. W. James, assistant cashier. Directors:
J. B. S. Maltby, E. M. Carver, Felipe Gomez,
H. Prinz, M. Malarin.

The Bank of Monterey: Capital stock,
$100,000. Directors: Jesse D. Carr, presi.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

dent, T. J. Field, vice-president, B. V. Sar-
gent, F. Doud, Sr., M. Malarin.

There are two State banks at Pacific Grove.

CHAFTER XVIII.

WHALING AT MONTEEET.

IHALING was first commenced as a
regular industry in Monterey bay in
the year 1854, by two joint stock
companies of about twenty-one men each,
mostly Portuguese; the captain of one com-
pany was a Portuguese, and of the other was
J. P. Davenport, from Cape God, Massachu-
setts. These companies were successful, and
kept up the business till 1865, when the two
consolidated into one company, and Captain
T. G. Lambert, from Martha's Vineyard, took
charge of the consolidated business. "Within
the first four months the company landed
$31,000 worth of oil and bone on the beach
at Monterey.

The season for catching the California gray
whales usually began about December 1 and
ended April 1; that is, during a portion of
that period, to-wit, from the 1st of December
to the 1st of February, these whales were
passing south to their breeding grounds, in
the warm, protected bays in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia, and off the coast of Mexico; and from
about February 1 till April 1 they were
passing north to their summer feeding
grounds in the Arctic ocean; that is, they
were hunted from the bay of Monterey, both
whilst passing south and on their return
north again.

It is asserted by old whalers, who claim to
know, that the California gray whales take
no food whatever, from the time they leave
the Arctic ocean till they return thither;
during which time, their blubber, or the oil
from their blubber, is exhausted to the full
amount of fifty per cent. This statement ap-
plies only to the California gray. The hump-
back whale partakes of food at all seasons;
and if he cannot find it on the California
coast, he goes to the Alaskan coast, or to
wherever food can be found.

The California grays, whilst on their way
south {i. e., from December 1 to February
1), will average about fifty barrels of oil each;
whilst on their northern passage they will
average only about twenty-five barrels. From
the fact that they were persistently hunted
for many years at their breeding grounds,
this species has become nearly extinct.

During the time the females are nursing
their young in Southern waters, they will de-
fend them with all the ferocity of wild beasts.

An old whaling captain once had foiar boats
smashed in Magdalena bay. Lower Califor-
nia, by a female whale, which was defending
her young; and each time he and his men
had to swim to other boats; but with the fifth
boat he finally got her.

The hump-back whales are to be found in
all the waters of the Pacific coast, from Cape
Horn to Behring straits, and their numbers
are apparently inexhaustible. The yield of
oil of these whales varies greatly, or from,
say, five to one hundred and forty barrels
each. This fact, and the fact that they range

MONTE RE? COUNTY.

over wide fields, or wherever they can find
food, render the business of hunting them
uncertain.

The right whale, which produces the bone
of commerce, is found on the coast of Cali-
fornia, and some of this species have been
captured on the coast, which produced 150
barrels of oil, and 1,500 pounds of bone each.

Whales caught within twenty-five miles of
Monterey were usually towed to that port,
where they were tried out on shore.

Whaling as a regular business at Monterey
which from many causes gradually became
unprofitable, was finally abandoned about the
year 1888. Much of the foregoing informa-
tion is derived from the veteran Captain T.
G. Lambert, who has given over the fascinat-
ing pui'suit of hunting the great monsters of
the deep, and become a permanent and pros-
perous resident of Monterey.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE CLIMATE OF MONTEEEY THE DET,

COOL AIR.

«0 L D, with moisture, leads to pulmo-
nary diseases; heat, with moisture, leads
to malarial fevers; and pulmonary and
malarial affections are two of the main classes
of mortal diseases. From both of these,
Monterey is comparatively free. The deaths
for each one thousand inhabitants in several
cities of the United States are as follows:

COMPARATIVE DEATH RATES.

New Orleans 37

New York 29

Baltimore 27

Philadelphia 25

Chicago 24

San Francisco 21

St. Louis 21

Los Angeles 13

San Diego 13

Monterey 10

The healthfulness of Monterey is simply
unquestionable, and is second to no place in
the world.

MEAN SUMMER AND WINTER TEMPERATURES.

Observations kept by priests and army
ofiicers for more than a century have shown
that in some years the mean of summer and
winter temperatures have ranged from 6° to
13° apart, and many years only 9° and 10°.
The following carefully prepared table pre-
sents the mean temperature of Monterey com-
pared with that of several other health resorts
throughout the world.

PLACE.

JAN.

JULY

DIFP.

LATITDD

degs.

degs. mi

Monterey, California,

33 33

San Francisco, "

37 48

Los Angeles,

34 04

Santa Barbara "

34 24

San Diego "

33 41

Santa Monica "

34 00

Sacramento "

38 34

Stockton

37 56

Vallejo

38 05

Fort Yuma "

33 43

Cincinnati

39 06

New York

40 37

New Orleans

29 57

Naples

40 52

Honolulu

21 16

Funchal

32 38

Mentone

43 71

Genoa

44 24

City of Mexico

19 26

MONTEREY COUNTY.

PLACE JAN. JULY DIPP. LATITDDE

degs degs. degs. de6s. min.
Jacksonville, Florida 58 80 23 30 50

St. Augustine 59 77 18 30 05

It will be seen by this table that the bay
of Monterey has but one rival (Honolulu),
in equability of temperature. It must be
understood, however, that there is a great
deal of hot, disagreeable weather on the Sand-
wich Islands, and a multiplicity of draw-
backs which Monterey does not possess.
There are seldom any high, cold winds at and
around Monterey, and never any hot ones.
There is more or less foggy weather in the
spring months, as there is all along the coast,
and occasionally foggy mornings in the sum-
mer. The latter, however, are really agree-
able, as they infuse new life and freshness
into tree, and shrub, and flower, and are not
detrimental in their influences upon human
beings at that season of the year. The fol-
lowing table shows the winter temperature
for 1884 '-85 '-86:

December, 1884 52°01

January, 1884 49°51

February, 1884 50°60

December, 1885 54°29

January, 1885 49°90

February, 1885 52°46

December, 1886 51°70

January, 1886 52°10

February, 1886 54°70

During the warm season or summer months,
from May to October, the mercury seldom
rises to 65°, as the heat from the valleys and
mountain sides is tempered by cooling winds
from the ocean between meridian and sunset,
and by breezes from the mountain gaps during
the night. During what may be termed the

winter months 50° will mark, on an average,
the mean temperature, and water is seldom
congealed.

What is generally known as the rainy
season commences in November, and lasts
three or four months. Many people who
have never visited California erroneously
imagine that during the " wet season " rain
never ceases to descend. This popular error
is corrected by glancing at weather tables,
which show that during the wet season in
California there is not only less rain, but
more fair and beautiful days than in that por-
tion of the United States between the Missis-
sippi river and the Atlantic ocean during the
same time. The following table represents the
average annual rainfall in inches in Mentone
St. Paul, St. Augustine (Florida), and also in
San Diego, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles and
Monterey ;

San Diego 10 inches

Santa Barbara 15 "

St. Augustine 55 "

St. Paul 30 "

Mentone 23 "

Los Angeles 18 "

Monterey 11 "

Monterey's equable tempeeatuee
theoughodt the teae.

The following carefully prepared table pre-
sents the maximum, minimum and mean tem-
perature of Monterey, from meteorological
observations, taken at Hotel del Monte, from
January, 1882, to December, 1886:

MONTEBEr COUNT r.

MONTHS.

M BAN Tejipeeatdre. Temp

. FOK Month

Kain

1886.

7 A. M.

a P.M.

9 P.M.

Max

Min

Mean.

Pall,

January

44,87

60.30

51.20

30 53.10

3 09

1883.

February

46.70

64.10

53.40

39 54.70

1.14

January

40.33

54.58

45.64

46.75

1.50

March

45.40

00.90

50.00

33 53.10

3.53

February

44.10

54.25

46.71

51.52

3.53

April

51,20

63.20

53.80

42 50.10

3.39

March

51.29

60.48

51.35

54.29

5.64

May

56.50

66.50

56.70

50 59.90

.08

April

53.66

61.33

53.66

57.78

1.57

June

56.70

65.90

57.00

51 59.90

May

57.58

65.74

57.58

60.51

July

57.70

67,00

57.80

55 60.80

June

59.97

68.63

60.73

63.24

August

55.60

67.70

57.00

54 60,13

July

61.96

69.16

63.00

05.38

September

54.00

66.70

56.20

47 58,90

August

60.41

73.41

61.16

63.83

October

47.40

64.60

51.60

38 54.55

September

59.00

66.96

59.33

63.26

.23

November

41.20

63.10

48.30

33 50.90

.78

October

55.41

65.33

55.29

58.64

1.67

December

46.80

59.80

48.50

36 51.70

.60

November

48.90

59.38

49.03

52.58

1.03

December

46.74

61.74

50.93

53.13

The following

table

jresents the maximum,

1883.

minimum

and mean temperature

of Monterey,

January
February

39.67

43.17

59.00

60.75

46.16
49.50

70
83

27
29

48.27
50.80

3.00
3.22

from meteorolog

cal observation

s taken at Ho-

March

51.29

62.58

54.35

56.04

5.68

tel del Monte, from January,

1888, to De-

April
May

54.36
56.80

62.80
66.54

53.33
56.64

46
50

56.83
59.99

1.42
1.32

cember, 1891:

June

59,76

70.06

59.96

03.26

.10

MOISTHS.

Meax Testperature. Temp.

FOB Month.

Rain

July

59.64

69.64

59.80

63.03

7 A.M.

3 P.M.

9 P.M.

Max

Min. Mean.

fall.

August

56.74

67.83

58,70

61.09

1888.

September

57.56

70.36

61.06

62.99

.19

January

43,60

56.50

48.90

30 49.70

3.95

October

49.93

63.54

54.48

55.98

.71

February

50,20

61.60

52.50

43 54.80

1.09

November

44.36

59.60

50.30

51.38

.39

March

50.60

59.80

53.30

43 54.60

3.29

December

43.67

60.67

49.09

50.81

1.16

April

52.70

64.60

55.30

47 57.50

.33

1884.

May

56.20

65.20

58.70

52 60.00

.81

January

41.71

57.29

49.54

49.51

2 60

June

00.90

71.40

63.10

58 64 87

February

43.34

59.48

49.00

50,60

5.34

July

00.30

71.00

63.60

58 02.53

March

49.67

60.29

53.58

54.51

6.08

August

57.80

69.20

62.80

50 63.10

April

53.53

63.46

54.86

56.95

3.75

September

57.90

68.80

60.90

54 62.50

.65

May

55.70

65.35

58.00

59.68

.36

October

5370

67.80

57.00

44 59.50

June

58.16

55.33

59.90

61.13

1.80

November

51.00

64.30

56.50

31 57.30

1.76

July

56.65

67.33

59.16

61.01

December

49.00

62.80

53.70

40 55. CO

3.Tj

August

55.35

68.19

59.77

01.11

.07

1889.

September

52.50

65.00

55,06

57.52

.03

January

40.90

62.40

46.00

29 48.14

.81

October

49.03

61.29

53.80

54.39

1.81

February

44.82

63.18

51-79

33 53.30

.94

November

45.26

61.43

50.00

52.23

.30

March

53.30

65.50

57.30

45 58.70

3.58

December

45.29

60.23

50.51

52.01

5.33

April

56,70

66.60

58.50

52 60.60

1.15

1885.

May

56 00

64.40

.^9.00

50 60.00

1.22

January

43.43

58.74

47.55

49.90

1.23

June

01,80

71.80

63.80

54 65.50

February

45.93

61.29

50.18

53.46

.09

July

64,30

73.50

63.90

60 07.20

March

49.09

64.51

54.22

55.95

.40

August

58,00

74.30

55.30

50 03.50

April

54.73

64.93

55.63

58.43

1.70

September

57.40

70.70

59.60

48 02.00

May

55.48

66.09

56,48

59.35

.30

October

56.70

68.30

59,80

50 01.00

4.28

June

56.37

64.90

57.03

59.40

,03

November

51.00

66.00

56.40

44 57.80

1.63

July

58.65

68.61

60.20

63.50

December

49.30

57.90

51.70

35 53.00

1.54

August

56.39

06.68

58.00

60.31

1890.

September

53.03

6650

57.77

59.10

January

42.60

53.50

46.70

29 47.60

7.67

October

51.71

66.94

55.74

58.13

February

42.10

56.70

47.70

38 48.70

2.67

November

51.37

63.96

55.33

56.53

6.65

March

47.50

60.90

51.70

35 53,40

.83

December

45.55

63.39

53.94

54.29

1.73

April

49.80

62.20

52.10

43 54.70

.34

MONTE BET COUNTY.

May

57.80

68.10

56.10

59.70

.37

June

55.00

68.30

55.30

59.50

July

55.50

69.00

56.00

60.30

August

57.90

70.30

56.30

61.51

September

55.00

86.80

75.59

59.50

.10

October

48.50

69.60

54.60

57.60

November

44.30

68.50

53.40

55.40

1.83

December

45.30

63.30

50.70

53.10

2.66

1891.

January

44.40

59.70

50.50

5150

1.06

February

45.96

60.35

50.83

53.30

3.68

March

51.80

63.00

54.30

56.30

.95

April

53.90

63.30

56.70

65.00

3.36

May

56.50

65.50

61.00

60.10

.09

June

59.10

75.30

63.30

65.50

.08

July

55.30

71.40

57.70

61.40

August

57.70

73.90

58.50

63.40

September

58.40

7390

63.30

65.30

.11

October

53.40

68.10

57.80

59.40

.03

November

46.00

66.70

50.70

54.50

.19

December

38.00

56.00

45.50

48.00

4.73

CHAPTER XX.

THE COUNTY

SONTEREY COUNTY constitutes one
judical district. Hon. N. A. Dorn
is the present superior judge of this
district, to which position he was elected in
1890, for the term of six years. He was pre-
ceded in that office by Hon. John K. Alex-
ander. The following is a list of attorneys of
Monterey county: W. A. Kearney, S. F. Geil,
J. K. Alexander, W. M. R. Parker, C. F.
Lacey, J. J. Cullman, N. G. Wyatt, P. E.
Zabola, B. V. Sargent, W. H. Webb, G. A.
Daugherty, J. A. Wall, W. M. Pense, Chas.
E. Nougues, Fred. Sherwood, G. W. Road-
house, of Salinas city; Thos. Renison. of
Gonzales; and W. H. Willey and Mr. Brad-
ford of Monterey.

The following are the county officers for
1892: Assemblyman, Claude Lacej; sheriff,

J. A. Horton, county clerk, Thos. Riordan;
treasurer, U. Hartnell; auditor, W. T. Dun-
can; recorder, J. R. Robinson; tax col-
lector, A. J. McCnllom; assessor, W. A.
Anderson; district attorney, B. V. Sargent,
Jr.; coroner and public administrator, J.
Parker; superintendent of Schools, Job Wood,
Jr.; surveyor, J. H. Garber. supervisors:
H. Samuels, chairman, of Salinas; J. B. Cas-
tro, Castroville; T. J. Field, Monterey; A.
J. Copley, Kings City; C. T. Romie, Soledad.

The Monterey County Agricultural As-
sociation, District No. 7, of the State, was
organized in 1874. It was reorganized under
the new State law, in 1883. Its annual fairs
are held at Sherwood Park, Salinas city.

The Pacific Coast Live Stock Owners'
Mutual Protective Association was incorpor-
ated as a Monterey county institution, March
12, 1890. It is located at Monterey city.
Its objects are the suppression and preven-
tion of the spread of contagious diseases, etc.
Its officers are: Hon. B. V. Sargent, presi-
dent; E. Ingram, vice-president; W. C.
Little, actuary; R. H. Willey, attorney;
C. R. Few, secretary; M. M. Gragg, busi-
ness manager; F. R. Day, general manager.

MONTEREY COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

There are ninety-three school districts in
Monterey county. Job Wood, Jr., is the
county superintendent. The annual salary
of this office is $1,650. From the superin-
tendent's report for the year commencing
July 1, 1891, and ending June 30, 1892, the
following statistics are extracted. The school

MONTEREY OOUNTT.

census was taken May 15 — 31. The total
number of census children between the ages
of live and seventeen years, in the county,
was 4,986. Of these, 4,921 were white, to
wit, 2,541 boys and 2,380 girls. There were
12 negroes, 3 boys and 9 girls; and two In-
dian boys; and 51 (24 boys and 27 girls) na-
tive born Mongolians or Chinese.

Total census, children under 5 years:
White, 1,909; negro, 6; Mongolian, 14;
total 1,929. Number of children between 5
and 17, who have attended school, 3,956;
number children between 5 and 17 who have
attended only private school, 86; number chil-
dren between 5 and 17 who have not attended
school, 944. Of these latter, two were ne^ro
and fifty-one were Mongolian children.

Nativity of children, native born, 6,797;
foreign .born, 118; total, 6,915.

Number schools or classes employing one
teacher each, 124; number schools of each
grade, high 1; grammar 41; primary, 82;
total, 124.

Number pupils enrolled, boys, 2,169; girls
1,994; total enrolled, 4,163; average number
belonging, 2,813; average daily attendance,
2,628; percentage of attendance on average,
number belonging, 93.

High school, number pupils enrolled, 85;
grammar school, number pupils enrolled,
846; Primary school, number pupils enrolled
8,232; total enrolled, 4,163.

Average number of months schools were
maintained 8.6; number male teachers, 21;
female, 103; total, 124; average monthly
wages of male teachers, $76; average montlily

wages of female teachers, 162.86; number
teachers holding high-school certiticates, 5;
number teachers holding first grade or gram-
mar certificates 61; number teachers iiolding
second grade or primary certificates, 58;
number teachers who attend county institute,
124; average monthly^salary of teachers, $65;
total amount paid teachers' salaries for year,
$68,771.71; total amount paid rent, repairs,
fuel, contingent e.Kpenses, $8,345.53; total
amount paid school libraries, 12,311.73; total
amountpaid school apparatus, $1,582.49 ; total
current expenses, $81,011.46; amount paid
for sites, buildings and school furnishing,
$24,791.80; total expenditures for school
year, $105,803.26.

Receipts: Balance on hand July 1, 1891,
121,437.10; from State, including library
fund, $40,314.73; from county, $36,541.00;
from city or district taxes, $26,609.06; from
subscriptions and miscellaneous sources, $2,-
070.75; total $126,972.64; balance close
school year, June 30, 1892, $21,169.38.

Value school lots, houses and furnishings,
$141,950; value school libraries, $17,970;
value school apparatus, $6,825; total value
school property, $166,745; number school
houses in county, 90; new districts organized,
60; number volumes in school libraries, 18,-
208; amount bonded or other indebtedness of
districts, 139,500.

The annual teachers' institute was held at
Salinas, September 21-25, 1891. Thirty-
five teachers of the county are graduates of
the California State Normal School, and nine

MONTEREY

are graduates of other State normal schools
and eighteen hold life diplomas.

According to the decennial census of 1890,
the population of Monterey county was then
18,637. Of this number there were: "Whites,
16,821; Chinese, 1,653; Indians, 57; Ne-
groes, 105; Japanese, 1.

Present estimated population: Children un-
der 17, 6,915 x3|=24,202.

The vote of Monterey county at the guber-
natorial election of 1890 was as follows;
Martham, 1,956; Pond, 1,834; Bidwell, 113;
total, 3,903.

The courthouse of Monterey county was
erected at a cost for building, grounds and
furnishing of |60,000, in 1878, from pro-
ceeds of bonds voted the same year. In 1888,
bonds were issued to the amount of |150,000
for the purpose of building bridges. Of these
latter, $40,000 have already been paid off.

The county hospital located one and one-
half miles from Salinas, was built in 1886 at
a cost of about $10,000. The land, some
sixty-two acres, cost $5,000. The hospital
has accommodations for seventy-five persons.
The county physician is Dr. S. M. Archer,
who has filled this position some fifteen
years.

The Monterey Agricultural Association for
District No. 7, has its headquarters at Sal-
inas. Jesse D. Carr is president, and J. J.
Keeley is secretary. It has held fairs an-
nually during the last sixteen years.

COUNTY.

COimTY ASSESSMENT.

1891.— Value real estate and impro'ments, $14,285,120

Personal property 3,14!i,415

Railroads 1,384,949

County rate, $1.50. Total . . . $17,712,484

1893.— Value real estate and impro'ments, $14,723,787

Value personal property 3,202,785

Total $16,925,573

Railroads 1,341,923

Total $18,267,494

County rate, $1.25 per $100. State rate, 43.04
1892. — Number acres land assessed in M. Co., 1,109,394
1891.— Number acres land assessed in M. Co., 1,102,084
By the Act of the Legislature of March 11,
1891, the Sixth Congressional District was
constituted as follows: Santa Cruz, Santa
Barbara, Monterey, Ventura, San Luis Obispo,
and Los Angeles counties.

Seventh District. — Stanislaus, Kern, Mer-
ced, Orange, San Benito, San Bernardino, Tu-
lare, Fresno, and San Diego counties.
State Senatorial Districts, forty.
Thirty-third: Monterey and San Benito
counties.

Twenty-ninth: Santa Cruz and San Mateo
counties.

Assembly Districts, eighty.
Fifty-second: San Mateo county.
Fifty-third: Santa Cruz county.
Fifty-ninth: Merced county, San Benito
county (part).

Sixtieth: San Benito county (part).
Sixty-first: Monterey county.

SALINAS VALLEY.

The valleys and foothills of Monterey
county, which in early times had been de-
voted to stock-raising, have been gradually
changed into a grain and fruit growing re-

MONTERBT COUNTY.

gion. The rich and exteusive salinas valley
in particular, has been utilized very profit-
ably for agricultural and horticultural pur-
suits, and latterly also in the culture of the
sugar beet. In 1874 the narrow-gauge rail-
road was built, connecting the town or bay of
Monterey with Salinas city. Later, the South-
ern Pacific Company built its road, connect-
ing various parts of the county with its
general system. Although there are still
many big ranches in Monterey county, yet
gratifying progress has been made in the
building up of homes by industrious and
prosperous settlers. There has been a steady
increase in population and wealth during the
last twenty-five years.

Less than thirty years ago Salinas valley
was mostly an open plain, with hardly a
house, a fence or a corral in sight throughout
its entire area; now numerous settlements,
and occasionally cities, dot its beautiful land-
scape. The writer of these lines well remem-
bers riding in the stage between Natividad
and Monterey in the '60s, and stopping at
the Half-way House, or at Trescony's, where
now stands the Abbott House, in the center
of Salinas city. The county seat remained
at Monterey till 1872. The gradual develop-
ment of other portions of the county changed
the center of population, and a movement
was made to change the county seat to Sali-
nas, which, however, was vigorously opposed.
The matter was finally submitted to a vote of
the people, Novenaber 6, 1872, the day of
the presidential election. The vote resulted :

1,436 in favor of Salinas city, and 488 for
Monterey.

The county seat was transferred to Sali-
nas city, its present location, the following
February.

LIGHTHOUSES POINT PINOS LIGHT.

The Twelfth Lighthouse District of the
United States extends from the southern
boundary of California to the southern bound-
ary of Oregon. Inspector (1891) Thomas
Perry, lieutenant-commander United States
Navy, San Francisco; engineer, William H.
Heur, major of engineers. United States
Army, San Francisco. (See United States
" Official List of Lights and Fog Signals on
the Pacific Coast, corrected to January 1,
1891.")

Point Pinos Lighthouse is one of the
oldest stations on the coast: it was first ex-
hibited February 5, 1855. It is what is
known as a "fixed light," i. e., it does not
revolve and flash.

It is a white light of the third order, of
ninety-candle power, and is visible at a dis-
tance of fifteen and one-fourth nautical miles.

Its location is in latitude N". 36° 37' 55%
and in longitude W. 121° 56' 02"; and on
the south side of entrance to the harbor of
Monterey, height of light from sea level,
ninety-one feet.

The light is supplemented by a whistling
buoy of the first class, andil)le for a distance
of six miles.

The light is surrounded by a catoptric lens
of the third order.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Point Pinos light is a one-keeper show
Btation.

The first keeper was Charles Layton, who
was killed; and his wife applied for and
siicceeded to his position. Her second hus-
band, George C. Harris, was her successor.
The next keeper was Andrew Wasson. Allen
T. Luce was appointed September 21, 1871,
and he has served continuously till the present
time.

POINT SUE LIGHT,

twenty-one miles south of Point Pinos, is a
light of the first order, visible twenty-three
and one-fourth nautical miles. It is a white
light, alternated with red flashes every fifteen
seconds. Altitude above sea level, 272 feet.
This is a four-keeper station, and was estab-
lished in 1889. It has a twelve-inch steam
fog signal, with five-second blasts at inter-
vals of thirty-five seconds.

CHAPTER XXI.

SALINAS CITY.

fALINAS city, situated as it is, in the
midst of a splendid fanning country, is
a prosperous, modern American city.
Its transportation facilities are excellent, its
climate is healthful, making it a very de-
sirable place of residence; its people are
enterprising, and as both the commercial
business of the valley and the political busi-
ness of the county center here, it has really
become one of the most important cities in
the county. According to the census of
1890 its population was 2,339.

From June 1, 1891, to June 1, 1892, there
were shipped from Salinas station between
8,000 and 9,000 tons of wheat, barley and
oats. Owing to short rains in the early part
of 1892, the secretary of the Salinas Board of
Trade estimates that the crop of grain of
1892 will not be much more than one-half of
an average crop. There are five points at
which the products of the valley may be
shipped by water.

The Salinas Milling Company, now con-
solidated with The Sperry Flour Company of
San Francisco, handles an enormous amount
of grain annually, mostly the product of
Monterey county. A brief account of this
great corporation is of sufficient local in-
terest to insert here. Eleven mill com-
panies have combined — not in the form of a
trust at all, they claim, — but by an actual
transfer of ownership, — in one company,
which has incorporated under the name of
"The Sperry Flour Company," with a cap-
ital stock of $10,000,000, which has issued
paid-up stock to the amount of $5,840,000.
Horace Davis, of San Francisco, is president
of this company, and D. B. Moody, secretary.
The total capacity of all the mills of this
huge company is 6,000 barrels of flour daily,
and its markets are the Pacific coasts of
America and Asia, and the islands of the
Pacific ocean. Its mills, each of which has
a local manager, are located as follows: One
mill at Stockton, capacity 1,500 barrels
daily; 1 mill at Salinas, copacity 600 barrels
daily; 1 mill at Hollister, capacity 400 bar-
rels daily; 1 mill at Kings' City, capacity 250

MONT BEET COUNTY.

barrels daily; 1 mill at Paso Robles, capacity
200 barrels daily; 1 mill at Marys ville; 1 mill
at Gridley, Sacramento county; 2 mills at
Sacramento city; 1 mill at San Francisco;
1 mill at San Jose.

V. D. Black is the managing director of
the Salinas mill, which makes a brand of iflour
widely known as" Drifted Snow Flour." Its
market is Monterey county, also the Pacific
coast and islands. This is a full roller mill;
it has twenty-four double sets of rollers. Its
motive power is a 300-horse-power steam
engine, the fuel used being the refuse from
the Santa Cruz sawmills. The mill, which
was erected in 1883, employs about thirty
operatives. As it runs day and night (ex-
cluding Sundays) it requires double sets of
employes. In the year 1891, out of a little
more than 300 working days, it ran 292 days
of twenty-four hours each. Its bill for sacks
(all its flour is sacked) from July 1, 1891, to
July 1, 1892, was $27,000. This mill con-
Bumes annually 25,000 tons of wheat, which
it converts into flour, and about 5,000 tons
of barley, which it rolls for feed purposes. It
requires about $250,000 capital to run this
business, including the amount invested in
the plant. The business done annually by
this oflice amounts to something like |1,000,-
000; and that done by the Consolidated Cen-
tral Company will probably amount to
$1,000,000 per month. Six hundred barrels
of flour, or twenty-four hours' run, require
about eighty tons of wheat. Superintendent
Black sells flour on thirty days' time, but
buys wheat all along the railroad from Gilroy

to its terminus, in San Luis Obispo county,
for spot cash.

The daily price of wheat is made, not by
Mr. Black, nor by the Sperry Flour Company
of San Francisco, but at the great centers of
population in New York and in Europe.
The boards of trade of the latter meet daily
and fix the price for the day, according to
demand and supply, and adjourn before the
boards of New York and other Eastern cities
of the United States meet, owing to the differ-
ence in time. And the latter meet and fix
the price, subject to the rate already estab-
lished in the European markets the same day.
Several hours later the San Francisco Board
meets, and, with full knowledge of the state
of the markets of the East and Europe, fixes
the price for the day in San Francisco. This
price is telegraphed in cypher to Mr. Black,
who is then prepared to buy wheat of the
farmers of Salinas valley intelligently, be-
cause he knows what it is worth • in other
parts of the world, or whether the tendency,
as compared with its price the previous day,
is upward or downward, in the great centers
of consumption, where in reality the price
to a large extent is made. And thus this
branch of the milling business, to wit: the
buying of wheat is done on scientific princi-
ples, just as the conversion of the wheat
into flour, is, in similar fashion, done by
means of the latest-improved scientific ma-
chinery. And all this is better for the farmer
than the haphazard way of buying without
regard to the price in other parts of the world.
And by these methods of doing business, the

MONTEBET COUNTY.

ability of any local operators to bull or bear
the market is confined within very narrow
limitations. The level of Monterey bay is
certainly steadied by its intimate connection
with the universal sea.

It is estimated that Monterey is one of the
largest barley-prod ncing counties in the State.
Mr. Black placed the quantity of barley on
hand in the various warehouses of the Salinas
valley on the first day of October, 1891, at
about 32,000 tons, and the total production
for the year at 50,000 tons; and the produc-
tion of wheat at 60,000 tons. The quantity
of hay raised in the valley, over and above
what is needed for home consumption, is
also very large.

Some portions of the valley are found to
be admirably adapted to the growth of sugar
beets; a narrow-gauge railroad has been run
up the valley, from the Watson ville Sugar
factory, some thirteen miles, thus stimulating
beet farming along its line. A Mr. Graves
has a 200-acre field of sugar beets, not far
from Salinas city, for which, it is reported,
he has been ofi'ered, and has refused, $10,000.
He estimates that his crop will average be-
tween twenty and forty tons of beets per acre.

Fruit is beginning to be raised for profit
in the valley, and without irrigation.

There are two commercial banks in
Salinas city. The Salinas City Bank was or-
ganized in April, 1873. Its directors are:
J. D. Carr, president; A. B. Jackson, acting
president; Elisha Archer, J. H. McDougall,
Thomas Rea; W. S. Johnson, cashier. The
bank has a paid-up capital of $800,000, and

a surplus of $95,000. Its sworn statement
of June 30, 1892, showed:

Assets. — Cash and due from bks $ 53,140.69

Loans 570,451.11

Real estate 25,714.38

Expense 8,080.10

S. F. bk stock 5,000.00

$657,386.23

Liabilities.— Capital stock 1300,000.00

Due depositors... 242,576.29
Profit and Loss. . . 95,000.00
Unpaid dividends. 7,500.00
Int., dis's and rents 12,137.44
se account. . 172.50

$657,386.23

The Monterey County Bank of Salinas city
was incorporated October 17, 1890, with a
subscribed capital stock of $200,000; paid-up
capital, $120,000. Its directors are: Will-
iam Yanderhurst, president; J. B. Iverson,
vice-president; Luther Rodgers, cashier; R.
L. Porter, assistant cashier and secretary; M.
Lynn, J. H. McDougall, C. T. Romie,
Fi-ancis Doud. Its semi-annual statement,
June 30, 1892, showed:

Assets. — Bank premises $ 18,100.00

Loans 204,411.61

Cash and due from bks 23,612.00

Fur. and fixtures 1,900.00

Ex. and taxes 7,237.96

$255,261.57

MONTEREY COUNT T.

LiABiLiTrES. — Capital paid in . . . $120,000.00
Due depositors ... . 117,839.95

Due banks 1,127.46

Interest 14,908.98

Eents and exch 1,385.18

$255,261.57

The officers of the Salinas Board of Trade,
which was organized in 1887, and which has
about fifty members, are as follows: Jesse D.
Carr, president; "William Vanderhurst, vice-
president; W. H. Clark, secretary; Mark
Meyer, treasurer.

The following are the city officers: H. S.
Ball, mayor; J. J. Wyatt, city attorney; G.
S. Miller, treasurer; D. F. Davis, surveyor.
Council: T. S. Mabel, William Tholke, H.
Menke, J. J. Connor, P. Iverson and William
Schmedel.

Salinas is divided into three wards, with
two councilmen representing each ward.
The indebtedness of the city is about $20,-
000. The city tax for 1892 is seventy-five
cents on the $100, including twenty-five
cents for schools.

The post office of Salinas belongs to the
third-class. The annual gross receipts of the
office are |6,000.

The various social and benevolent societies
are well represented in Salinas. There are
two lodges of the Independent Order of Odd
Fellows: Alisal, No. 163, established in
1869, with a present membership of 122;
Fraternal, No. 276, organized in 1878, mem-
bership sixty-five. There is also a Canton
of Patriarchs Militant, and an enampment of

over sixty members. Also a Eebekah Lodge,
No. 42. The Masonic fraternity is repre-
sented by Salinas Lodge, No. 204, organized
in 1869, with a present membership of over
100; and by the Salinas Chapter, No. 59, of
Koyal Arch Masons; and by Eeveille Chap-
ter, NOi 47, of the Order of the Eastern
Star. There are also, Salinas Lodge, No.
131, of I. O. G. T., and a society of the W.
C. T. U., a Council of the Legion of Honor,
and a Parlor of N. S. G. W., etc.

When a young man and a professor in a
college in Italy, Father Sorreutini was
an intimate friend of the illustrious Ital-
ian composer, Verdi, for whose genius
and many noble qualities he has Very
high admiration. To the remark that the
great maestro had been made a senator by
the Italian Government, Father Sorrentini
responded: » Yes, but he takes but little
interest in political matters, being wholly
engrossed in his art." Evidently the close re -
lations between the young professor and the
youthful composer must have been strong
and altogether honorable to both parties,
judging from the enthusiasm and kindly
feeling which the venerable prelate does
not conceal when speaking of his early friend
who also is now an old man. Some of Ver-
di's music is thoroughly churchly in style;
not a little of it, including characteristic
sacred pieces introduced into his grand
operas, have already become classics.

The Methodist Episcopal Church South of
Salinas was organized in 1867. Rev. J. C.
Simmons, D. D., is its present pastor. The

MONTEREY COUNTY.

church building was erected in 1871; its
seating capacity is about 250; the church
membership is about seventy. The trustees
are: John Kalar, John Sexton, Cnrns John-
son, H. V. Moreliouse, Jasper Phares and
K J. Emmerson

In 1861, thirty-one years ago, Kev. Dr.
Simmons, as presiding elder of the San
Francisco District held a camp meeting at
the Blanco schoolhouse, on Salinas river,
about four miles from the site of the present
city of Salinas. Dr. Simmons, who came to
California from Georgia in February, 1852,
was present and took part in the organi-
zation of the Pacific Conference at San Fran-
cisco, April 15, of that new year; and he is
the only person who was present then and
is now a member of the conference, and he
has been a member ever since. Kev. Dr.
Simmons is the author of '* The History of
Southern Methodism on the Pacific Coast,"
pages i54, published in 1886; and of a theo-
logical work, entitled ' The Kingdom and
Comings of Christ," pp. 320, and published
in 1891. Dr. Simmons attended, as a repre-
sentative of his church on the Pacific coast
the Ecumenical Conference of the Methodist
Episcopal Church held at Washington, Dis-
trict of Columbia, in October, 1891.

The Salinas United Presbyterian Congre-
gation was organized by Eev. "W". H. Wilson,
acting under the authority of the Presbytery
of San Francisco, December 7, 1869, and is
the oldest Presbyterian congregation in Mon-
terey connty. Mr. Wilson was succeeded
August 10, 1873, by Kev. George MeCor-

mick, who has been continuously in charge
ever since. The present membership is about
100, and the average attendance about the
same. About 300 names in all have been
enrolled during the present pastorate. Out
of these have been formed congregations in
Castroville, and in Easton, Fresno county,
both of which are flourishing. The present
beautiful church building, seating about 300,
was erected in 1876, at a cost of about $7,000.
It is free of debt. The present members of
session are W. H. Clark and George A.
Daugherty, Esq. The latter is also Sunday-
school superintendent and choir leader. The
present board of trustees are J. A. Wall, Esq.,
Alfred Grant and Thomas Chappell. The
congregation is self-supporting, and for many
years has used the voluntary or envelope sys-
tem of finance.

The Baptist Church of Salinas, was organ-
ized in 1873, and the church edifice was
erected in 1875. It has a seating capacity of
about 200. Kev. E. B. Hatch is the present
pastor. The trustees are Dr. E. K. Abbott,
Judge J. K. Alexander, W. F. Treat, Ira
Tucker, Henry Whisman.

The Methodist Episcopal Church (North),
Kev. C. G. Milnes, pastor, has about sixty
members.

St. Paul's Episcopal Church of Salinas
built its present church edifice in 1875; it
was consecrated by Rt. Kev. W. I. Kip, D.
D., LL. D., July 4, of that year; it has about
120 sittings, and cost $1,200. Its present
rector is Kev. John Acworth. Some of its
former rectors have been: Kevs. J. S. Mc-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Gowan, William Lund, J. Fred Holmes, J.
S. Simonds.

Eev. N. V. Holm is pastor of the Danish
Lutheran Church, which holds regular ser-
vices.

NEWSPAPERS.

The Salinas Weekly Index, established in
1871, W. J. Hill, editor and proprietor, is an
influential local journal. It is the county
oflicial paper, and is Republican politically.
Editor Hill is a practical newspaper man, of
long experience and considerable force of
character. His paper, having been long in
the field, and being well managed and edited'
has come to be a valuable property and a
power in the community.

The Salinas Weekly Democrat is another
long-established and influential paper, Demo-
cratic in politics, as its name implies. It ig
published by Thomas Harris, and is edited
with much ability. It was started at Monte-
rey in 1867, by D. S. Gregory & Co., with
Kasey Bivan as editor. Some time after,
J. W. Lee became editor and proprietor of
the Democrat, and he moved it to Salinas
city about 1874, or just prior to the removal
thither of the county seat. He conducted
the paper until 1885 or 1886, when Thomas
Harris and D. W. Lee bought out J. W. Lee.
In February, 1888, Mr. Harris became sole
proprietor. Mr. Harris is a thoroughgoing
newspaper man; he is practically acquainted
with every department of the newspaper busi-
ness, from printer's "devil" to editor.

The Salinas Daily Journal is published, as

its name indicates, daily, by Harris & Smelt-
zer. It is now in its seventh volume.

ESTABLISHMENTS.

The officers of the Salinas City Gas and
Water Company are: J. B. Iverson, presi-
dent; William Vanderhurst, treasurer; R. L.
Porter, secretary; F.B.Day, superintendent.
Directors — J. B. Iverson, William Vander-
hurst, P. Zabdla, C. Hoffman, J. H. Mc-
Dougall. The gas works were established in

1873, and the water works were built in

1874, and the electric arc-light system was
put up in October, 1888. The Thomson-
Houston arc-light system is used with a
thirty-light dynamo. The Incandescent Na-
tional Electric Company started November 1,
1891. Two thirty-five horse-power Westing-
house, Jr., engines are used. Each dynamo
is run by a separate engine. Capacity of in-
candescent machine, 500 sixteen-candle power
lights. The water works use one No. 10
Knowles pump, and one duplex compound
Worthington; capacity of both, 60,000 gal-
lons per hour. Three 50,000-gallon tanks,
eighty-six and seventy feet above the ground,
are supplied from five artesian wells. Capi-
tal stock, $60,000; but about $75,000 have
been put into the works.

The Salinas brewery, G. H. Meuke, pro-
prietor, was built in 1891-'92, and com-
menced operations in May, 1892, with a
capacity of twenty-five barrels per day. It
consumes 3,000 sacks of barley per annum.
It has the latest and best machinery. The
present plant cost about |20,000. Before

MONTE RET COUNTY.

building his present establishment, Mr.
Menke had been engaged in the same busi-
ness here in a smaller way since 1877.

The annual rainfall of Salinas city, based
on an average of eight years, is about four-
teen inches.

SAilNAS CITY SCHOOLS.

From the last annual report of the county
school superintendent the following facts are
derived concerning the schools of Salinas for
the year ending June 30, 1892:

There were fourteen classes, one high, six
grammar and seven primary classes, taught
in three schoolhouses, by fourteen teachers,
for ten months in the year.

The number of pupils between five and seventeen
in the district were :
Boys, white, 393, negro, 1; girls, white 379,

negro, 1; total 774

Total number of children under five years in

district 165

Total under seventeen, native, 922; foreign, 17. . 939
Grades, number of pupils, high, 79; grammar,

215; primary, 343; total 637

Teachers, male, 2; female, 12 14

Grade teachers' certificate, high, 3; first gram-
mar, 6; second grammar, 5 14

Current expenses:

Teachers' salary $10,652.50

Rent, repairs, etc 2,276.57

Libraries 114.10

Apparatus 75400

C'ites, building, furniture 2534.62

Total $15,731.79

Receipts:

Balance July 1, 1891, $3,087.43

From State 4!870.00

From county 3,922.00

^''''iicity 4647.03

From subscription j 220 75

Total $17,747.21

Balance June 30, 1892 | 2015.42

CHAPTER XXII.

PACIFIC GEOVE. THE GENESIS OF PACIFIC GEOVE

EETEEAT.

N 1873, a Methodist minister by the name
of Eoss, and his wife, both being in feeble
health, and having tried all the remedies
that science could suggest, were advised to
find some place where the temperature varied
but little through the entire year, and where
the fluctuations from heat to cold were merely
nominal. After many months spent in re-
search, it was at last decided that Monterey
was the most likely place to supply those re-
quirements. By the kindness of Mr. David
Jacks, who at that time owned large tracts of
land extending throughout what is now
known as Pacific Grove and all the grounds
acquired by purchase by the Pacific Improve-
ment Company, they were induced to try a
residence amongst the pines as being bene-
ficial and conducive to the restoration of
health.

They accordingly came here and located
on what it now known as Grand avenue, and
near the present site of El Carmelo Hotel.

After a short residence, the effects were so
palpable that Mr. Eoss went back to his for-
mer home and brought with him his brother
and his brother's wife, who were also troubled
with pulmonary complaints. They all lived
out of doors, they slept in hammocks under
the trees, and ignored for the time being all
indoor comfort, living principally on fish and
game. Their recovery seemed almost mirac.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Tilous, for in a very few months they were
perfectly restored to health.

In 1875, Bishop Peck, who was ever on the
alert to do good, conceived the idea, after a
brief visit, that this place so nearly resembled
those health-giving retreats in the East, that
negotiations were soon pending with Mr.
Jacks for the purchase of a site that should
at once form the nucleus around which could
be built a retreat where spiritual and social
comfort could be had without limit, and
where the ever rolling, restless sea would sing
a sweet lullaby to woo the drowsy god and
produce that sweet, refreshing sleep which is
acknowledged by all scientists to be the great
restorer of human nature. Here in this
lovely spot, breathing the pure aroma of the
pines, and inhaling the pure ozone from the
broad Pacific, with no one to trouble them or
make them afraid, these people proved be-
yond all doubt that so far as they were con-
cerned, this was to them the Mecca for which
they had so long and so persistently searched.

TOWN OF PACIFIC GEOVE.

The town of Pacific Grove, one of the most
healthful, equable all-the-year seaside resorts
in the world, was founded in the year 1875,
by David Jacks and representatives of the
Methodist Episcopal Church. The articles of
incorporation of the "Pacific Grove Retreat
Association" are dated 15th of June, 1875.
Among the purposes stated in these arti-
cles, for which the corporation was formed,
were the purchasing or leasing, and improve-
ment of lands in Monterey county, for a sea-

side resort, and for holding camp-meetings,
etc. The original corporators were the follow-
ing named gentlemen: Revs. J. "W. Ross, F.
F. Jewell, Otis Gibson, George Clifford, G.
O.Ashe, H. B. Heacock, E. S. Todd; also
Messrs. J. W. H. Campbell, G. F. Baker, J.
A. Clayton, A. Gallatin.

At first, about 100 acres were laid oflF in
lots, including the present town site; water
was brought in pipes from "Dairy Springs,"
about a mile away; some twelve or fifteen
cottages, and a considerable number of tents
were put up the first year, sufficient to ac-
commodate 350 to 400 people. A camp-meet-
ing was held that year, commencing August
9th, and continuing about three weeks. Some
29,000 or $30,000 were expended in im-
provements during the year 1875. Summer
religious meetings were held annually there-
after. In later years, other features were
added, such as the meeting here of the Chau-
tauquans, the State Sabbath-school conven-
tions, the Women's Christian Temperance
Union, etc.

The annual conference of the Methodist
Episcopal Church of Central California has
met at Pacific Grove the last six years; and
in the summer of 1892 both the California
State University and the Stanford University
established here experimental stations for the
study of marine life. In the early years of
the town's existence, the Monterey and Salinas
narrow-gauge railroad facilitated the coming
hither of people from the interior; excursion
steamers also brought large numbers from
San Francisco. Afterward the Southern

100

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Pacific Railway Company brought, and con-
tinues to bring, thousands from many points,
far and near. And as the temperature of
Pacific Grove in winter differs but little com-
paratively from its temperature in summer,
people from the East and from Europe, who
visit California in winter, find this a delight-
ful winter resort. Northern people who visit
Florida in winter must flee that section in
summer. Here, the climate is bracing and
healthful and charming all the year round.

At a meeting of the Board of Trustees,
June 21, 1883, it was announced that the
land including the site of Pacific Grove had
been sold by Mr. Jacks to the "Pacific Im-
provement Company," subject to the con-
ditions which had been previously agreed
upon between the Board and Mr. Jacks, with
some modifications; and that an understand-
ing with the Pacific Improvement Com-
pany had been reached March 31, 1883,
whereby the latter should retain the financial
management, and the Pacific Grove Associa-
tion should continue to have the moral and
prudential control of the grounds, and that
this control should extend to the distance of
one mile from the geographical center of the
original survey. Later the Pacific Improve-
ment Company put up at the Grove, the
large, fine hotel, " El Carmelo," which has
over 100 rooms.

As indicating the good faith with which
the Pacific Improvement Company has car-
ried out its agreement with Grove Association,
the following incident is related. When the
Hotel del Monte was burned, representatives

of the Pacific Improvement Company pro-
posed to the Grove people that with their
consent they would like to have the privilege
of supplying their guests, transferred from
del Monto to El Carmelo, with wine, etc.
The Grove people did not see how they could
consent to a violation of the conditions on
which the tenure of title to their grounds
depended, and they declined to assent to the
proposition — to which declination the Pa-
cific Improvement Company cheerfully and
in good faith assented.

The population of the town of Pacific
Grove, according to the census of 1890, was
1,336. Probably 10,000 transient visitors
come here every summer. Its location among
the pines and on the shore of the ocean,
its aU-the-year-round equable climate, and
its quiet, wholesome moral atmosphere, com-
bine to make it one of the most desirable
health resorts in the world. The balm of
its pine forests, and the coolness of its sum-
mer sea breezes, are wonderfully invigorating,
as thousands on thousands of its visitors can
testify.

In 1883 or '84 the Pacific Improvement
Company brought water in pipes, at a cost of
several hundred thousand dollars, from a point
some twenty-two miles up the Carmel river,
for the supply of Pacific Grove, Monterey,
and Hotel del Monte and grounds of seventy
acres. The water is brought to two immense
reservoirs, of a capacity of 140,000,000, and
16,000,000 gallons, respectively; one of these
is located on the hill back of Pacific Grove,
whence it is distributed to consumers. The

MONTE RET COUNTY.

supply is abundant and the quality of the
water excellent. The consumption is from
1,000,000 to 1,500,000 gallons daily.

The following is a list of civil officers of
the town of Paciiic Grove:

E. A. Eardley, O. S. Trimmer, C. Johnson,
C. K. Tuttle, and W. Y. Jubb, trustees; E.
C. Smith, clerk; E. P. "Wilbur, treasurer; W.
C. Little, engineer; J. R. Patrick, recorder;
E. B. Kich, marshal; William Quintel, street
superintendent.

The Pacific Grove Review is a weekly
journal, published and edited by Anna A.
Gallanar, a bright newspaper woman, who
makes a paper that is a credit to the com-
munity in which it is published.

The Review was first started under its
present name, but merely as a real-estate
advertising sheet for gratuitous distribution
by B. A. Eardley. It was neatly printed,
took in outside advertisements, and also gave
the local news in condensed form. It was a
four-column, eight-page paper, and was well
conducted.

Afterward G. W. Gallanar took charge of
it, and enlarged it to a seven-column folio,
and published it as a Republican journal, at
a subscription price of |2 per annum.

Latterly the Review has been entirely
under the control of Mrs. Gallanar, who
makes it a worthy local organ of Pacific
Grove.

PACIFIC GEOVE SCHOOLS.

The public schools of Pacific Grove are
divided into four classes, taught by four
teachers. There are about 150 pupils in at-

tendance. There is a high-school class, where
pupils are prepared for the university. The
Chinese colony of 400 or 500, within the dis-
trict, includes some thirty -five native-born
Chinese children, for whose education in En-
glish provision was made by theschool trus-
tees; but the parents of these children seemed
to be averse to sending them to school. A
kindergarten class is also maintained. Prof.
G. W. Gretter is the principal of the Pacific
Grove schools.

The trustees of the school district are: H.
W. Briggs, clerk, A. J. Painter, S. B. Gor-
don.

The district has a fine school building, with
six rooms, and a large hall, capable of being
divided into two more rooms when the occa-
sion requires. The schoolhouse is thor-
oughly furnished with all the modern ap-
pliances for heating, seating and ventilation;
and the plumbing is of the best. The assist-
ant teachers are: Mrs. J. D. Rogers, Mrs. M.
G. Hood, Miss Nettie Waring. Ten months'
school are maintained. Value of schoolhouse
and lot, $14,000.

DONATIONS.

The Pacific Improvement Company has
donated to the University of the Pacific a
fine tract of about six acres, in a desirable
locality, for the purpose of establishing at
the " Grove " a branch of that institution.

Mrs. L. G. Waterhonse, a former resident
but now deceased, donated eight lots in the
town of Pacific Grove, for an " old ladies'
home."

MONTEREY COUNTY.

Dr. Helen W. Webster, a visitor from
Boston, lately bought a tract at the Grove,
on which she intends to erect a " home for
invalids " from Boston and vicinity, who
are seeking a milder climate.

CALIFOENIA CONFERENCE.

The thirty-ninth annual session of the
California Conference of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church was held at Pacific Grove,
September 9 to 15, 1891, Bishop W. F.
Mallalieu, president. Members in full con-
nection, 180; on trial, 28; total, 208; local
preachers, 140; church membership, — in full
connection, 12,855; on probation, 1,673;
total, 14,528; number of churches, 188; value
of same, $1,173,470; number of parsonages,
98; value of same, |141,675; ministerial sup-
port, 1136,360; number of Sunday-schools,
227; number of scholars, 19,587; number of
volumes in libraries, 19,252. The confer-
ence, which includes Sacramento, Napa, San
Francisco and Oakland districts, has met at
Pacific Grove since 1884 (with one ex-
ception).

The fortieth session was held at the Grove
from September 7 to 12, 1892, with
Bishop John H. Vincent of Buffalo, New
York, as president of the conference, and
M. D. Buck, of Modesto, California, as secre-
tary, and Thomas Filben, treasurer. The
trustees of the conference are: "Wesley
Dennett, president; John Coyle, secretary;
J. D. Hammond, treasurer; George Clifford,
H. C. Benson, J. W. Ross, E. R. Dille, H.
B. Heacock, "W. "W. Case. Conference mem-

bers in full connection, 190; on trial, 28;
total, 213. Of these, there are effective, 180;
supernumeraries, 9; superanuated, 24; total,
213. Local preachers, 150. Church mem-
bership, in full connection, 13,893; on pro-
bation, 3,168; total, 17,061. Number of
churches, 191; value of church building,
$1,233,321; number of parsonages, 107;
value of parsonages, $153,200. Ministerial
support: Pastors, presiding elders and bish-
ops, $143,363; conference claimants, 4,889;
number of Sunday-schools, 230; number of
schohrs, 19,919; number of volumes in
libraries, 20.960; money raised for all pur-
poses, $318,189.

The Women's Christian Temperance Union
of the State held its annualj Summer
School of Method for 1892, at Pacific
Grove, from July 14 to 20, and was largely
attended; and a very elaborate and interest-
ing programme was discussed.

The State officers of the Union are: Mrs.
Sturtevant-Peet, president; Mrs. Dorcas J.
Spencer, corresponding secretary; Mrs. H.
E. Brown, recording secretary; Mrs. Emily
Hoppin, treasurer. Instructor, Mrs. Mary
Allen West, of Chicago. Musical conductor,
Mrs. A. M. Hilliker. Official reporter, Mrs.
M. G. C. Edholm.

Pacific Ensign: Editor, Mrs. Ada Van
Pelt; manager, Mrs. D. J. Spencer; secre-
tary, Miss Julia French.

There are three church organizations in
Pacific Grove, namely: Methodist, Congre-
gational and Episcopalian. Assembly Hall,
the place of worship of the Methodists, was

o k;

o >

MONTEREY COUNTr.

built by the Pacific Grove "Retreat Associa-
tion, at a cost of $25,000. Tlje Pacific Im-
provement Company donated $10,000 in
cash, and, besides, eight central lots, upon
which the hall is located. Several individuals
gave large amounts, and the citizens of
Pacific Grove and its property owners,
some of whom lived elsewhere, gave the
balance to make up the above sum total.
These amounts were given with the express
understanding that this edifice was to be
owned by the association and used for the
meeting of all religious and educational as-
semblies which come to the Grove, free of
charge. It is so owned and used, and is an
ornament to the town. It is, however, dedi-
cated as a Methodist Church, and is so used
by the local Methodist Episcopal Church
organization of Pacific Grove. Yet it is the
property of the Pacific Grove Retreat As-
sociation.

It was dedicated as a church by Bishop
Vincent, in 1 888. It was erected in the spring
and summer of that year, by "W". H. Hoyt, as
contractor, and a Mr. Price, of Philadelphia,
as church architect.

Rev. T. H. Sinnex, D. D., first pastor;
Rev. M. C. Briggs, D. D., second pastor;
Rev. S. G. Gale, present pastor.

The Methodist Episcopal Church of Pacific
Grove has erected a fine new parsonage,
adjoining the church, or Assembly Hall, at
an expense of about $2,200.

The Assembly Hall is situated three blocks
west of El Carmelo Hotel, fronting on Light-
house avenue. It is in Gothic style, having

two towers of equal height. The auditorium
is 56 X 78 feet, with galleries. On each side
is a chapel 24 x 48 feet, and in the rear an
organ gallery 16 x 25 feet. The extreme di-
mensions of the building are 95 x 105 feet.
The chapels are separated from the main
room by glazed partitions, which are mov-
able; and the whole may be thus thrown into
one large auditorium. This beautiful and
commodious temple is a great public conven-
ience, where many large religious and edu-
cational bodies meet annually; and it is a
credit to the town of Pacific Grove.

The Episcopalians have a church, St.
Mary's-by-the-Sea, at Pacific Grove. An
account of this church, appears elsewhere
and of the churches at Monterey, and the
Hotel del Monte, all of which belong to
one parish, of which Rev. C. S. Fackenthall
is the rector. He resides at Pacific Grove.

MAYFLOWEB OONGKEGATIONAL CHUECH OF
PACIFIC GEOVE

was organized with twenty-four charter mem-
bers. It was incorporated January 26, 1892.
E. Snell, M. D., Mrs. C. D. Dresser, deacons;
Mrs. S. A. Virgin, Mrs. Fox, E. Snell,
trustees.

The church owns a lot 100x225 feet,
which was donated by the Pacific Improve-
ment Company. The foundation is laid for
the entire structure, which is intended to
seat 500 persons. A modest chapel has al-
ready been put up. The church proper is
to be of Gothic architecture, and to cost
between |5,000 and $6,000. The present

MONTEREY COUNTY.

attendance is from forty to fifty persons.

Monterey and Pacific Grove are connected
by a street railroad, whicli gives the public
good service, and which is really a great
public convenience; for the passenger traffic
between the two towns, or between the Hotel
del Monte and the Grove, is quite extensive.

The track of the Southern Pacific railroad
extends to and beyond the Pacific Grove, or
to lake Majella in the pine forest beyond
Point Pinos lighthouse. Both roads pass
the Junipero cross and monument, New
Monterey, and the Chinese town, and close
along the shore of beautiful Monterey bay.

A large portion of the 7,000-acre tract,
adjoining Pacific Grove, is kept by the Pa-
cific Improvement Company as a park. The
"seventeen mile drive" winding around this
park is one of the finest of its kind in the
United States. It is graded, piked and grav-
eled, and passes through a most picturesque
region. A ride over it is something to be
remembered for a lifetime.

MONTEREY CYPRESS.

On the Pacific Grove tract, at Point Cy-
press, near Carmel bay, is to be found in its
native habitat, the beautiful, ornamental tree,
the Monterey cypress. Prof. Sargent, of
the United States Botanical Department, at
Washington, asserts that this tree is indige-
nous to no other part of the world. But
great numbers have been propagated, and
introduced all over the State and to many
parts of the East. It is a beautiful ever-
green, susceptible of being trained into many
imique forms; it grows rapidly, is thick,

hardy and graceful, attaining a height of
thirty to sixty feet. The largest trunk in the
grove at Point Cypress three feet above the
ground measured over nineteen feet in cir-
cumference, or above six feet and a quarter
in diameter. Its timber is very durable.
The cones or globules are produced annually,
and are about the size of a large filbert. The
seed, in shape and size, is like onion seed,
and may be sown in the same way and in
the same sort of soil. The cones do not fall
from the trees, and the seed is retained in
them. It is said also, that a species of pine
grows at Point Cypress that is found no-
where else in the world.

CHAPTER XXIII.

OTHER TOWNS — CASTROTILLE.

fASTROVILLE is a thriving railroad
town, situated in the midst of a rich
farming country, and near to tide-water
at Moss landing. Its population, according
to the Federal census of 1890, was about 640
souls, and probably it is something more
than that number at the present time. The
school census of 1892 would indicate that its
population must be over 1,000. The town
was founded by Juan B. Castro, in 1864. It has
a Protestant and a Roman Catholic Church;
also lodges of Odd Fellows, Masons, Good
Templars, etc. The ilnterprise is the name
of its bright, saucy, independent local paper,
published by Miss Louise E. Francis, editor
and proprietor. The Enterprise maintains a
regular W. P. A. column, (Women's Press
Association), and a W. C. T. U. column. The

MONTEREY GOUNFT.

editor evidently believes that women, by com-
bining and working for their own elevation
and independence, can improve their con-
dition, as men, in modern times, have vastly
bettered theirs, by similar methods. The
Enterprise favors strongly one cause which
would greatly benefit not alone Castroville
and the Salinas valley but the entire State,
namely, the subdivision of the big ranches.

The following school statistics for 1892,
are drawn from the latest annual report of
Coiinty Superintendent Wood:

Castroville has two sclioolhouses and four
teachers. Pupils between five and seventeen:
boys 112, girls, 119, total, 231; children un-
der five 88; under seventeen, 319; enrolled,
boys 108, girls 106, total, 214; pupils, gram-
mar grade, 49; primary, 165.

Current expenses: teachers, $2,800; rents,
etc., $522.61; total, $3,322.61. Receipts:
State, $1,750; county, $1,450; balance 1891,
$287.23; total, $3,487.23. Balance June 30,
1892, $164.62.

Yalue of lots, buildings and furniture,
$4,000; library and apparatus, $600; total,
$4,600.

GONZALES

is a thriving town on the railroad, about
seventeen miles southerly, and up the valley
from the county seat. The town has several
churches; and its schools are excellent, being
taught by three teachers, in two school-
houses. Number of children — boys, 75;
girls, 77; total, 152. Enrolled in grammar
grade, 33; primary, 74; total, 107. Children
7

under 5, 96; between 5 and 17, 152; total
under 17, 248.

Receipts of moneys from all sources $2,537,27
Expenditures, - - - 2,269,11

Balance June 30, 1892, - 268,16

The census of 1890 gave Gonzales a pop-
ulation of only 359. The schjol census
would certainly indicate a much larger popu-
lation, at least twice that number in 1892.

The Gonzales Tribune is edited and pub-
lished by Thoi. Renison, who has also ably
represented the people of his county in the
Legislature (in 1889).

The Baptist Church of Gonzales was or-
ganized May 31, 1883. The first pastor was
S. C. Keech; the other officers were Geo. J.
Boekenoogen and Thos. F. Faw, deacons; D.
K. Edwards, clerk; Thos. F. Faw, treasurer.
A Sunday-school was organized in 1874, by
D. K. Edwards, which has been kept up ever
since. Mr. Edwards and Mr. Faw have been
its superintendents. ISTovember, 1883, a
church edifice was commenced, and com-
pleted in tiie following spring, at a cost of
about $3,100. It was dedicated, free from
debt, July 13, 1884, by Rev. Dr. W. H.
Pendleton, of San Francisco, but now of Los
Angeles. Two lots, fifty by one hundred
and forty feet, were donated by the Gonzales
brothers. The church supports a permanent
pastor, and owns a parsonage and grounds,

Moss laijding is the principal shipping
point of the Salinas valley, being located at
the mouth of Salinas river. Captain C.
H. Moss, from whom the landing takes its
name, commenced shipping grain from that

MONTEREY G0UNT7.

point in 1866. It has large warehouses.
The landing is accessible at nenrly all
seasons of the year.

KINGS CITY,

although only six years old, is a thriving town
on the railroad, some forty-five miles southerly
from Salinas city, with a population in 1890
of upward of 250. The newly organized
Sperry Flour Company has a mill at Kings
City, with a capacity of 250 barrels of flour
per day. The town has a fine schoolhouse
and its school facilities are excellent.

Kings City is worthily and zealously rep-
resented in the journalistic line by the
Settler, under the direction of Mr. W. A.
Beebe. The location of the town is such
that it is bound to prosper. Los Burros
mines and Jolon connect with the railroad at
Kings City. There is a fine bridge across
the Salinas river, built by the county, at this
place. Kings City has excellent public schools.
St. Mark's Episcopal Church at Kings City
was built in the year 1890, the first services
having been held here in June 1888. The
church was dedicated by Rev. N. F. Nichols,
D. D., April 2, 1891. The cost of the
church building was |1,050.

Rev. J. S. McGowan was active in build-
ing this church, as well as St. Paul's at Sali-
nas ; St. Luke's Church at Jolon and St.
John's at San Miguel; all these churches
were consecrated free of all debts.

The other towns along the railroad are
Chualar and Soledad, near the old mission of
the same name, San Lucas, San Ardo and Brad-

ley, the most southerly town in the county.
San Lucas has a newspaper, the Herald, pub-
ished by Eugene Rogers; and Bradley has
the Mercury, published by J. Maloney.

St. Luke's Episcopal church at Jolon was
built in 1884, the first services having been
held, on the first Sunday after Easter, in
1883 The church was consecrated by Bishop
Kip, D. D , L L. D., October 11, 1885. The
cost of the building was $1,250. This was
the first Protestant church in the community
and is yet the only one.

Natividad is one of the oldest towns in the
county, and in the ante-railroad times, it was
a station on the coast line of stages. It is
six miles northeast of the county seat, and
at the foot of the Gabilan range of naount-
ains.

CHAPTER XXIY.

THE PACIFIC IMPROVEMENT COMPANY.

f historical and statistical account of the
town of Monterey and its surround-
ings, would be incomplete, and hardly
fair, which neglected to recognize the achieve-
ments of the Pacific Improvement Company
in the modern development of that locality
so rich in historic associations as well as in
natural attractions.

It is currently reported, and the truth of
that report is altogether probable, that the
company has expended in the vicinity of
$2,500,000 in Monterey county. By request,
the company furnishes the following data
concerning the famous Hotel del Monte, the

MONTEREY COUNTY.

town of Pacific Grove, the Carmel Water-
works, etc.

THE HOTEL DEL MONTE.

The controlling idea in the conception of
the Hotel del Monte was the need of a large,
handsome and perfectly equipped resort to
render available the extraordinary natural
charms which the peculiar climate of the
coast afforded. Up to this time there was
not, outside the cities, an adequate establish-
ment in this part of the State, so that those
Eastern and other non-resident persons wiio
wished to take advantage of the fine winter
climate of California, had to suffer the dis-
comforts inseparable from a commercial hotel
in a crowded and noisy city. It was left for
the Pacific Improvement Company to supply
the one • great lack under which California
suflFered, and to take the first and most im-
portant step in the direction of bringing the
charms of the State to the attention of intel-
ligent health and pleasure-seekers in all parts
of the world.

The eflfect that the establishment of the
hotel has had upon California has been very
marked. By the providing of elegant ac-
commodations at a reasonable cost, and by
taking intelligent advantage of the beauties
of nature which were found at hand, the
delightful features of California have been
strongly impressed upon all who have visited
the hotel; and the presence of such a hotel,
and the fame which it has acquired through-
out Christendom, have induced a large
special travel, which otherwise might never

have come. Hence, incidentally, a greatly
increased number of persons, numbering
many thousands annually, have been brought
in contact with the attractions and resources
of the State; have expended their money
freely with all classes of citizens; have been
instrumental in increasing the population of
the State, and have spread the fame of the
country to all parts of the world.

An interesting and uncommon feature of
the hotel is that it always has a large busi-
ness; there is no time of the year when the
house has to be closed; the trained employes
are not sent adrift at the end of the " season,"
to be replaced with green and untried hands
at the reopening. This is so uncommoii a
circumstance, and has so important a bear-
ing on the management of the place and the
maintenance of its standard, that is worthy
of particular attention. In the Southern
States there are numerous fine winter resorts,
but they do little or no business in the sum-
mer. In the Northern States are countless
summer resorts, which have to close their
doors long before the snow begins to fly.
The Hotel del Monte is entirely unique in
being both a winter and summer resort of
the highest order; and while it is true that
its clientele changes with the seasons, the
house is always comfortably filled and that,
too, with the best class of people. The cli-
mate explains this anomaly. In winter the
freezing and rheumatic residents of the
colder States find comfort at the Del Monte,
and in summer it is a pleasure resort proper,
but with a large sprinkling of permanent

108

MONTEREY COUNT y.

guests who find both health and uninter-
rupted comfort here.

The natural beauties of the place are in-
comparable; nowhere else on the continent,
if at all in the world, is there so generous a
collection of those natural charms which
bring the highest pleasure. The hotel is
situated in a splendid grove of giant pines
and oaks, and these mammoth trees, together
the with safe distance which the hotel was
placed from the bay shore, afford a protection
against the winds from the ocean. The
Pacific Improvement Company owns the
greater part of the peninsula separating the
bays of Monterey and Carmel, having here a
splendidly wooded park of 7,000 acres de-
voted to the pleasure of the guests of the
hotel. Along this peninsula are numerous
bold headlands, at whose rocky feet the waves
break with a continual roar, and now and then
beautiful sand beaches, some famous for
their mosses and others for the pebbles.
The great forest of pines which cover the
peninsula gives way, at the southeast corner,
to the most singular forest imaginable; the
far-famed cypress grove, the singularly con-
torted and gnarled members of which sug-
gest the famed cedars of Lebanon.

The Carmel river, flowing through the
property, is one of the most charming streams
in the State, and is kept especially stocked
with trout for the guests, they alone being
permitted to fish in the waters. There are
several mountain ranges immediately at hand,
including the Santa Lucia and Gabilan ranges,
and they abound in deer and other game.

The bay of Monterey itself is a beautiful sheet
of water, being the most graceful in its out-
lines of all the ocean inlets. For many miles
a perfect sand beach stretches in front of the
hotel, and upon it the white surf breaks con-
tinually. The temperature of the water,
though low at all times of the year, varies
very little between winter and summer, and
afEords the finest bathing for guests every
month in the year. Fishing and boating
and sailing are favorite pastimes on the placid
waters of the bay, and a diversion some-
times occurs in the form of a school of whales.
Seal Rock, just outside the bay and close to
the peninsula, is covered with thousands of
sea-lions, which are protected by stringent
laws.

Taking all these natural beauties (and sev-
eral others that could be mentioned) into ac-
count, it is extremely fortunate that they ex-
isted in the immediate vicinity of the quaint
old Spanish town of Monterey, the most charm-
ing of all the older towns in the State, and
richer than any other in legend, romance and
dramatic history. It was here that Junipero
Serra, the pioneer Franciscan friar, planted the
cross ; it was here that the flag was raised, and
here that the first State government was or-
ganized. The charm of the place is inde-
scribable, and it grows and strengthens with
time. Seemingly at no other place are the
winds so welcome, the sunshine so genial
and the flowers so bright. Only a mile away
the towers and minarets of the stately
Hotel del Monte are seen emerging from the
dark green foliage of the trees.

MONTEREY COUNTY.

All these charms and advantages having
been taken into consideration, the hotel was
bnilt, and on June 6, 1880, was opened.
The business from that time forward in-
creased with unfailing steadiness, eventually
requiring greatly enlarged accommodations.
The general ground plan of the house is a
long building, from either end of which,
connected by circular arcades, extend an-
nexes, while between them, running out from
the center of the main building, are the din-
ing room and kitchen. It will be seen from
this that every room is necessarily well
lighted, and from every possible view the
guest finds acres of beautiful flowers before
him. The main building is 340 feet long
and 110 feet wide. In the center is a large
office, or lobby, a favorite resort in the even-
ings. There are also several parlors, includ-
ing the grand parlor where the sacred con^
certs are given on Sundays, and ladies' bill-
iard rooms, reading rooms, a handsome ball-
room, etc. The dining room, like all the pub-
lic rooms of the house, is finished in pure
white, dark colors and other dirt-concealing
devices being nowhere employed. The din-
ing room is of noble proportions, with hand-
some plate mirrors set between the windows
on either side of the room. The establish-
ment contains nearly 500 bed-rooms and can
accomodate 750 persons comfortably.

The manager is George Schonewald, the
chief clerk is J. A. Clough, and the chef is
J. A. Harder; 218 persons are employed. In
1891 the number of registered guests was
12,644. This does not include the great

number of excursion parties, which are not
registered. These are estimated at 5,000.
The aim is to have the management as nearly
perfect as possible, not the least item concern-
ing the comfort and pleasure of the guest
ever being overlooked. N^o dust or dirt is seen,
nor a scratch on the furniture, nor does car-
pet or linen show the least wear. "While the
guests sleep, an army of silent servants
swarm through the corridors and public
rooms, overhauling and polishing every-
thing in the most thorough manner.

The architecture of the hotel is a pleasing
and airy Gothic, with horizontal lines broken
constantly, and numberless cosy nooks intro-
duced. Towers and observatories, from
which grand views of the bay and mountains
are to be had, crown the structure, and the
soft gray color of the pile harmonizes with
the graceful surroundings.

As has been said, the hotel is situated in
the heart of the noblest forest of pines and
live-oaks to be found in California, and on
one side of this is the bay, and on the other
the mountains. But the owners were not
satisfied with the lavish provision that Nature
had made. Inclosing a section of the forest
126 acres in extent, they have beautified it
in a manner and to an extent unequaled no-
where else in America, and approached in
beauty and variety only by a few of the more
famous flower-gardens of Europe. It would
be impossible to find anywhere else a climate
that would permit of the success in floricul-
ture, which the efforts at the Del Monte have
secured. It is not only a garden for sum-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

mer, but at all times of the year it is ablaze
with gorgeous color. No frosts or snow are
present to prohibit the uninterrupted frolic
of the flowers, and many rare plants from the
antipodes, where the seasons of bloom are re
versed from those obtaining here, find a con-
genial home and add to the beauties of the
midwinter season. A lover of the art may
here find the most attractive, instructive and
varied range of blooming plants to be seen
in the world, and many weeks would be re-
quired to explore all the marvels of this won-
derful collection.

Another accessory to the hotel is Lagtma
del Hey, a charming lake 200 yards from the
hotel. It covers about fifteen acres, and is
surrounded with a fine boulevard and an end-
less succession of ornamental trees and plants
and shady nooks with seats. In the center
of the lake is a fountain, which throws a
graceful stream high in the air, and numer-
ous boats are provided for the free use of the

Several tine tenuis courts and croquet
grounds are provided. These are disposed
under the shade of the great oaks, all are
paved with asphaltum and kept in the best
order, and are provided with seats for specta-
tors. The maze is one of the best and most
elaborate in the country, covering several
acres and requiring over a half mile of walk-
ing to find the center, and as much more to
emerge as lovers can spare from their meals.
Numerous swings and other pleasure-making
devices exist throughout the grounds, besides

miles of shady and romantic walks through
the lawns, flower-beds and trees.

The club-house is removed more than a
hundred yards from the hotel. It is a grace-
ful and comfortable building, and is provided
with ten-pin alleys, billiard rooms and the
like. Three hundred yards beyond it, and
concealed from the hotel by the trees, are the
extensive stables, surpassing in extent any
other public or private stables in the West.
One reason for this is the great number of
beautiful drives to be found in the neighbor-
hood. Every possible kind of turnout — drags,
four-in-hands, carts, buggies, carriages, sur-
reys, tallyhoes, saddle-horses and everything
else in the line, can be had on a moment's
notice, and at prices at which none could
complain. Not far from the stables are the
nurseries of the hotel garden, with acres of
young plants under glass, and seed-beds show-
ing the future queens of the garden in their
infancy.

A leading attraction is the great bathing
pavilion, situated a quarter of a mile from
the house, down on the beach. It is a large
glass-covered structure, containing all kinds
of hot and cold baths, principal of which are
the four large swimming pools, heated to
different temperatures to suit all tastes. The
water is salt, being pumped from the bay,
and is kept constantly changing. It is a great
fashion to take a plunge into the surf as a
finish to the luxurious swim within doors.

Fossibly the most picturesque of the
side attractions is the famous seventeen-mile
drive, running from the hotel through Mon-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

terey, then across the neck of the peninsula
to Cannel bay, and then all around the
peninsula, passing through the grotesque
Cypress Urove, past the Seal Rock and Moss
Beach, through Pacific Grove and so back to
the hotel. Throughout its whole extent the
drive is macadamized or graveled and kept
in perfect order, so that at no time is there
either mud or dust. The remarkable variety
of scenery, which it brings in review, cannot
be surpassed, and to describe it in detail
would require much more space than is avail-
able here.

No traveler of taste and education thinks
of visiting California without seeing the
Hotel del Monte. Its nearness to San Fran-
cisco, which is the converging point of all
western travel, makes it easily accessible, and
the country traversed by the railroad between
San Francisco and Monterey is the most
attractive and highly developed in California.
The road takes one through the beautiful
suburban towns containing the summer resi-
dences of many San Franciscans, — -past theLe-
land Stanford, Jr., University, with its quaint
Moorish architecture and its unparalleled en-
dowment of more than $20,000,000; through
San Jose, the "garden city "of California;
within sight of Mount Hamilton, crowned
with the glittering dome of Lick Observatory;
through the famous vineyards of the Santa
Clara valley, and on through a series of charm-
ing valleys in the highest cultivation, and
showing prosperous California in its pleasant-
est aspects. It would be almost impossible
to enumerate the famous men and women

who have enjoyed the comforts of the Del
Monte, but among them may be mentioned
President Harrison, ex- President Hayes, the
late General W. T. Sherman, Mr. and Mrs.
Henry M. Stanley, John "W". Mackay, Joseph
Pulitzer, Edwin Booth, the Marquis of Lome
and the Princess Louise, the Marquis of
Queensberry, Don Cameron, Mrs. James
Brown Potter, and many others.

THE TOWN OF PACIFIC GKOVE.

The town of Pacific Grove is a unique
institution, being the place of summer assem-
bly for the more cultured and intellectual
societies of the State. It was bought by the
Pacific Improvement Company in 1880 to
supply the need of the Methodist General
Conference for an attractive spot for its sum-
mer gatherings. Hence the original inten-
tion was that it should be a camp-ground
only; and in order to secure an orderly
management of the camp, the conduct of the
place was invested in a board of trustees,
and camping lots were leased or sold and
numerous permanent tents erected. During
the twelve years which have elapsed the
place has undergone a remarkable change
illustrating human inability to foresee the
future. Instead of being a Methodist camp-
ing ground, it is now the headquarters of the
numerous societies on the coast, religious
and intellectual, still including the Methodists,
but many in addition. Among the societies
which held meetings there last season were
the following: Pacific Grove Retreat Associa-
tion, Young Men's Christian Association,

MONTE RET COUNTY.

District Conference and Summer Encamp-
ment of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
the Chautauqua Assembly, the W. C. T. D.
School of Methods, the Midsummer Eeunion
for Political, Civil and Social Reforms,
and others, including the California State
Teachers' Association.

The size and character of the place have
expanded with the extension of its original
purpose. There were many natural reasons
for this. The grove is only three miles from
Monterey and four miles from the Hotel del
Monte, and is situated in a sheltered cove on
the south arm of the bay of Monterey. The
soil is a rich, sandy loam, producing flowers
equaled only by those at the Hotel de'
Monte. The old lighthouse on Point Pinos
is near by, as also is the pretty lake Majella,
while bathing, boating and fishing constitute
the chief charms which the bay affords. The
great forest of pines, which cover the penin-
sula here, reaches down to the water's edge,
making the site remarkably attractive and
picturesque.

An idea of the growth of tiie place may be
inferred from the assertion that the summer
population of the Grove is now 6,000, with
a permanent population of about one-fourth
that number. So great has been the growth
that the Pacific Improvement Company has
had to make several additions to the origina
site. From 100 acres the place has grown to
470 acres, divided into 3,380 lots, and an-
other addition of 800 lots is about to be
made. The original tents have given way to
long streets of artistic summer cottages, in

which the ingenuity of skillful architects has
been taxed to produce charming effects. In-
stead of the meetings now being held in the
rough hall which was originally supposed to
be sufficient, there is now a handsome struc-
ture that would be an ornament to any city.
Several religious societies have erected at-
tractive houses of worship, graded and
graveled and clean streets make walking and
driving through the avenues of tall trees a
luxury.

The principal structural attraction of Pa-
cific Grove is El Carmelo, second only in ex-
tent to the Hotel del Monte. Severe in its
exterior lines, there is a repose in the external
aspect of the house which gives fair promise
of the warmth of comfort within. The house
is well managed, and the charges are not ex-
cessive.

A livery stable in the town furnishes turn-
outs, whereby visitors may enjoy the excel-
lent drives that abound everywhere in this
vicinity.

A large public school is a comparatively
recent improvement, and a public library is
an important attraction. An academic de-
partment of the University of the Pacific is
in successful operation.

Besides a line of horse cars connecting the
Grove with Monterey and the Hotel del
Monte, the Southern Pacific Company, on the
1st of August, 1889, opened an extension of
its main line running from San Francisco to
the Hotel del Monte and Monterey, so that
one may now go directly to Pacific Grove by

MONTEREY COUNTY.

One of the most interesting of the new
attractions is the seaside laboratory, en-
dowed by Timothy Hopliins, and conducted
by the Stanford University.

It is intended to make this a place for
original investigation of the habits, life, his-
tory, structure and development of marine
animals and plants, and to carry on work
here similar to that which has made the
aquarium at Naples known all over the
world.

THE CAEMEL WATER WOEKS.

In order to secure an adequate supply of
the purest water for the Hotel del Monte,
Pacific Grove and as many private consumers
as might wish to avail themselves of the
privilege, the Pacific Improvement Company
in 1883 began and completed the Carmel
water-works. The water is brought from the
Carmel river, which, passing through a very
wild and uncultivated region, is pure and
clear. The water is conveyed in pipes from
the river to two reservoirs near Pacific Grove,
one of these having a storage capacity of
18,000,000 gallons and other 140,000,000
gallons. Thence it is distributed through
pipes, there being in all twenty-six miles of
pipe. The capacity of the service is 1,200,-
000 gallons daily, and the supply is unfailing.
CHAPTER XXV.

CONCEENING ONE OF THE EAELIEST AMEEICAN
SETTLEES IN CALIFOENIA.

PHE following interesting facts concern-
ing one of the earliest American pio-
neers of California, are contributed by
Mr. S. C. Foster, of Los Angeles, who ob-

ained them direct from his father-in-law,
Don Antonio M. Lugo, who was an actor in
tiie events recounted ; and also from a brother-
in-law, who well remembered that the events
occurred " en el aiSo de los Insurgentes " (in
the year of the Insurgents), or of the " Pirate
Bouchard."

A man by the name of Juan Groem, or
Graham, came with Malaspina's expedition
to Monterey in 1791; whether he was an
American or not is uncertain. He shipped
at Cadiz.

The sketch of Mr. Foster was written and
first published in 1876, the centennial anni-
versary of our national independence, in a
Los Angeles journal. As it gives the sequel
of the famous attack of " Bouchard, the Pi-
rate," on Montei'ey, it is reproduced here.
Mr. Foster's narrative reads as follows:

One day, in the year 1818, a vessel was
seen approaching the town of Monterey. As
she came nearer she was seen to be armed,
her decks swarming with men, and she was
flying an unknown flag. Arriving within
gunshot, she opened fire on the town, and
her fire was answered from the battery, while
the lancers stood ready to repel a landing, if
it should be attempted, or cover the retreat
of the families, in case the effort of repulse
should be unsuccessful; for Spain was at
peace with every maritime nation, and the
traditions of the atrocities committed by the
Buccaneers at the end of the seventeenth
century, on the Spanish main, were familiar
to the people. After some firing, the strange
vessel appeared to be injured by the firing
from the battery, and bore away and disap-

MONTEREY COUNTY.

peared. The alarm spread along the coast as
fast as swift riders could carry it, and all the
troops at every point were ordered to be on
the alert. The strange craft next appeared
off the Ortega ranch, situated on the sea-
shore above Santa Bdrbara, and landed some
men, who, while plundering the ranch, were
surprised by some soldiers from Santa Bar-
bara, and before they could regain their boats
some four or five were captured. She next
appeared off San Juan Gapistrano, landed
and plundered the mission, and sailed away
and never was heard of more. All that is
known of her is that she was a Buenos-Ayrean
privateer, and that her captain was a French-
man named Bouchard.

As to those of her crew she left behind,
the circumstances under which they were
captured might have justified severe meas-
ures, but the coramandante was a kind-hearted
man, and he ordered that if any one would
be responsible for their presentation when
called for, they should be set at liberty until
orders were received from Mexico as to what
disposition should be made of them.

When the alarm was given, Corporal An-
tonio Maria Lugo (who, after seventeen years
of service in the company at Santa Barbara,
had received his discharge and settled with
his family in Los Angeles in 1810), received
orders to proceed to Santa Bdrbara with all
the force the little town could spare. (He
was the youngest son of Private Francisco
Lugo, who came to California in 1771, and
who, besides those of his own surname, as
appears from his will, dated at Santa Barbara

in the year 1801, and still in the possession
of some of his grandsons in Los Angeles
county, was the ancestor, through his four
daughters, of the numerous families of the
Vallejos, Carrillos, De la Guerras, Cotas,
Ruizes, besides numerous others of Spanish
and English surnames.) Don Antonio, the
son, lived to be an old man ; and he was the
same person whose striking form was so
familiar to our older residents, who seventeen
years ago (in 1859), at the ripe age of eighty-
five years, died in Los Angeles, honored and
respected by all.

Some two weeks after the occurrence of
the events recounted above. Dona Dolores
Lugo (wife of Don Antonio,) who with other
wives was anxiously waiting, as she stood
after nightfall in the door of her house, which
still stands on the street now known as negro
alley, heard the welcome sound of cavalry
and the jingle of their spurs as they defiled
along the path north of Fort Hill. They pro-
ceeded to the guard-house which then stood
on the north side of the Plaza across upper
main street. The old church was not yet
built. She heard the orders given, for the
citizens still kept watch and ward; and
presently she saw two horsemen, mounted on
one horse advancing across the plaza, toward
the house, and heard the stern but welcome
greeting "Ava Maria Purisima," upon which
the children hurried to the door, and kneeling
with clasped hands uttered their childish wel-
come and received their father's benediction.
The two men dismounted. The one who rode
the saddle was a man full six feet high, of a

MONTEREY COUNTY.

spare, bat sinewy form, which indicated great
strength and activity. He was then forty-
three years of age. His black hair, sprinkled
with gray, and bound with a black handker-
chief, reached to his shoulders. The square-
cut features of his closely shaven face indi-
cated character and decision, and their natur-
ally stern expression was relieved by an ap-
pearance of grim humor — a purely Spanish
face. He was in the uniform of a cavalry
soldier of that time, the cuera hlanca, a
loosely fitting surtout, reaching to below the
knees, made of buckskin doubled and quilted
so as to be arrow proof; on his left arm he
carried an adarga, an oval shield of bull's
hide, and his right hand held a lance, while a
high-crowned heavy vicuna hat surmounted
his head. Suspended from his saddle were a
carbine and a long straight sword. The
other was a )uan about twenty-five years of
age, perhaps a trifle taller than the first. His
light hair and blue eyes indicated a diflferent
race, and he wore the garb of a sailor.

The expression of his countenance seemed
to say, "I am in a bad scrape ; but I guess I'll
work out somehow."

The senora politely addressed the stranger,
who replied in an unknown tongue. Her
curiosity made her forget her feelings of hos-
pitality, and she turned to her husband for
an explanation.

"Whom have you here, old man?"
"He is a prisoner we took from that buc-
caneer — may the devil sink her! — scaring the
whole coast, and taking honest men away

from their homes and business. I have gone
his security."

"And what is his name and country?"
"None of us understand his lingo, and he
don't understand ours. All I can find out is
his name is Jose and he speaks a language
they call English. "We took a negro among
them, but he was the only one of the rogues
that showed fight, and so Corporal Ruiz
lassoed him, and brought him head- over-heels,
sword and all. 1 left him in Santa Barbara
to repair damages. He is English too."
"Is he a Christian or a heretic?"
"I neither know nor care. He is a man
and a prisoner in my charge, and I have
given the word of a Spaniard and a soldier,
to my old commandante for his safe keeping
and good treatment. I have brought him
fifty leagues, on the crupper behind me, for
he can't ride without something to hold to.
He knows no more about a horse than I do
about a ship, and be sure and give him the
softest bed. He has the face of an honest
man, if we did catch him among a set of
thieves, and he is a likely looking young fel-
low. If he behaves himself we will look
him up a wife among our pretty girls, and
then, as to his religion the good Padre will
settle all that. And now, good wife, 1 have
told you all I know, for you women must
know everything; but we have had nothing
to eat since morning, so hurry up and give
us the best you have."

Lugo's judgment turned out to be correct,
and in a few days afterward the Yankee pri-
vateersman mieht have been seen in the

MONTEREY COUNTY.

mountains in what is known among the Cal-
ifornians as the " Church canon," ax in hand,
helping Lugo to get out timbers for the con-
struction of the church; a work which the
excitement caused by his arrival, had inter-
rupted. The church was not finished until
four years afterward, for they did not build
as fast then as they do now. Chapman con-
ducted himself well, always ready and willing
to turn his hand to anything, and a year af-
terward he had learned enough Spanish to
make himself understood, and could ride a
horse without the risk of tumbling off, and
he guessed he liked the country and people
well enough to settle down and look around
for a wife. So he and Lugo started off to
Santa Barbara on a matrimonial expedition.
Why they went to Santa Barbara for that
purpose I do not know, but this much I do
know, that in former times the Angelenos
always yielded the point that the Barbarenos
had the largest proportion of pretty women.

In those days the courtship was always
done by the elders, and the only privilege of
the fair one was the choice of saying " yes "
or " no." Lugo exerted himself, vouched for
the good character of the suitor, and soon
succeeded in making a match. The wedding
came off in due time, Lugo giving the bride
away, and as soon as the feast was over the
three started back to Los Angeles. One
fashion of riding in those days, was the fol-
lowing: A heavy silk sash, then worn by the
men, was looped over the pommel of the
saddle so as to form a stirrup, and the lady
rode in the saddle, while her escort mounted

behind, the stirrups being shifted back to
suit his new position; and in this style Chap-
man once more set out on the long road
from Santa Barbara to Los Angeles for the
time a prisoner. But now, in the
before him, instead of the grim old
soldier, armed with targe and lance, rode the
new-made bride, armed with bright eyes and
raven tresses, for the Senorita Guadalupe
Ortega, daughter of old Sergeant Ortega, the
girl who, one short year before, had fled in ■
terror from the wild rovers of the sea, as,
pistol and cutlass in hand, they rushed on
her father's house, and who had first seen her
husband a pinioned prisoner, had bravely
dared to tow to love, honor and obey the fair
gringo.

Years afterward, when the country was
open to foreign intercourse, on the establish-
ment of Mexican independence, in 1822, and
the first American adventurers, trappers and
mariners found their way to California, they
found Jose Chapman at the mission of San
Gabriel, fair-haired children playing around
him, carpenter millwright and general facto-
tum of good old Father Sanchez; and among
the vaqueros of old Lugo they also found
Tom Fisher swinging his riata among the
wild cattle as he once swung his cutlass when
he fought the Spanish lancers on the beach
at the Ortega ranch.

Chapman died about the year 1849, and
his descendants now live in the neighboring
county of Ventura. I saw Fisher in Sep-
tember, 1848, when I met him in the Monte.
The news of gold had just reached here and

MONTEREY COUNTY.

he was on his way to the placers to make his
fortune, and he has never been heard from
sicne. To my readers of Castilian descent,
I would say that I have not used the prefix
of Don, for I preferred to designate them by
the rank that stands opposite to their fore-
fathers' names on the old muster rolls of
tlieir companies, now in the Spanish archives
of California.

And in conclusion of my humble contri-
bution to the Centennial history of Los An-
geles, I have only to say, without fear of
contradiction, that the first American pio-
neers of Los Angeles, and as far as tradition
goes, of all California, were Jose el Ingles,
Joseph the Englishman, alias Joe Chapman,
and El Negro Fisar, alias Tom Fisher.

This concludes Mr. Foster's letter.

SAN BENITO (BOUNTY,

CHAPTER I.

PHTSICAL CHAKACTEEISTICS — LOCATON AND
TOPOGRAPHY.

fHE county of San Benito, its name be_
ingtheSpanish diminutive of Saint Ben-
jamin, was created as a political division
of California in 1874. The principal portion
of its territory formerly constituted a part of
the historic county of Monterey. By an Act
of the Legislature, passed subsequent to that
date, certain additions to its area, aggregating
200,000 acres, were made from the counties
of Merced and Fresno.

San Benito county, as it now exists, is
bounded on the north by the counties of San-
ta Cruz, Santa Clara, Merced and Fi'esno; on
the east by Merced and Fresno, and on the
south and west by Monterey. It lies between
36° and 37° north latitude, and mostly be-
tween 121° and 122° west longitude, and is
from twenty to forty miles inland from the
coast. Its longest extension is in the direc-
tion of northwest and southeast; it is in-
closed between the summits of the Monte
Diablo (Devil's mountain) and the Gabilan
(Hawk) ranges. It is about seventy miles in
length and averages something over twenty
miles in width, containing about 925,000

acres. The county is naturally drained by
the San Benito river, which runs northwest-
erly through the middle of the county, and
empties into the Pajaro river. Tres Pinos
(Three Pines) creek and several other smaller
streams are tributary to the San Benito. Be-
sides the main valley of the county, which is
known as San Benito valley, and which merges
to the northwest into the Santa Clara valley,
there are numerous valleys of smaller extent
within the county, to wit: San Juan, Santa
Ana, Quien Sabe, Los Muertos, Bear, Pano-
che and Bitterwater (Aqua Amargosa), etc.

The fuUowiiig account of the geological
formation of San Benito county is by Prof.
F. B. Abbe:

"The origin of the Mount Diablo and
Gabilan ranges of mountains, which belong
to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods just
subsequent to the great carboniferous age, is
due to the contraction of the crust of the
earth in cooling. The ocean swarmed with
shell-fish at this time, and with the upheaval
vast quantities of their remains were exposed
to view, and to-day, wherever we may wander,
we constantly meet with some fossil form of
this ancient life, from the minute foraminifera

8JLN- BENITO COUNTY.

of iDiU'ble and limestone to the immense oys-
ter shell weighing fifty pounds. There are
but two points where any presence of igne-
ous action is manifest; one at Fremont's Peak,
the culminating point of the Gabilau range'
the other further south near the old Santa
Bonita quicksilver mine. At the former
point the range terminates abruptly in a
series of jagged ridges, pitching into the
plains below at sharp angles. These ridges
are composed mainly of calcareous rocks,
having been previously in a state of fusion,
succeeded by aqueous action. On the fused
walls and roof of a cave in the peak are sta-
lactites and other curious aqueous formations.

Unlike the structure of the Sierras, the#e
ranges had a more gradual growth, there
being an entire absence of lava. Occasionally -
a great convulsion would take place, disrupt-
ing huge masses of the crust, but not de-
stroying its structure. This is clearly shown
at several places in the southern part of the
county. For many miles the course of the
San Benito river cuts through or skirts these
mountains. The strata exposed thus have
many twists and curves.

In following the course of these strata,
the general direction for some distance is
horizontal, when it is suddenly broken off,
just beyond, strata having the same markings
have a vertical direction, and still farther on
the direction is again horizontal, showing that
during one of those violent disturbances,
huge masses of the crust were forced bodily
upward, dropping back into the same place
again endwise. These are termed " faults"

in mining parlance, and are commonly met
with in mountains of this nature.

The formation of our valleys and canons,
geologically, is claimed by scientists to be
due to the action of glaciers and floods.
During the aeon known as the glacial age,
the northern half of the United States was
buried under an ice cap, the rim extending as
far south as the latitude of San Benito
county. Following this age of ice was a
period of great floods and tempests. The
disintegrating mountain walls were carried
into the valleys below, covering their floors
successively with layers of clay, boulders,
gravel, sand, and the various loams, thus bury-
ing the original crust hundreds of feet. The
boring of artesian wells has made this clear;
fossil shells have'been raised in the San Juan
valley from the depth of 120 feet. From
wells in San Felipe have been taken, at vari-
ous depths, animal and even human remains,
besides fragments of vegetation of both mod-
ern and extinct species. The exposed face of
any high bluflT showing the variety and thick-
ness of the stratum, is an open page iu the
history of this period.

In discussing the composition of the rocks
of our mountains and valleys, which more
properly belong to the science of mineralogy,
it is our aim to merely classify and describe
the different minerals found here. The de-
velopment of the mineral resources, excepting
a few cases, is yet in its infancy. More at-
tention, however, is being given to this im-
portant branch of our industries, so that
ledges, and deposits of ores and minerals of

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

many varieties and of great industrial value,
are being constantly located.

The three metals, silicon, calcium and
aluminum, form the base of the three most
prominent classes of minerals found in the
country, and which are known as the silicate,
cal cites and clays. The silicates are more
abundant, but the calcites represent nearly
every form known to mineralogy, ranging
from the primitive chalk rock to the highly
crystalline forms of spar and selenite. Other
forms common here are marble, limestone,
alabaster, gypsum, satin-spar, Iceland spar
and dolomite.

The limestone is of the finest quality, and
the deposits of great extent. The products
from the marble, lime, and cienega kilns
meet with favor with builders.

The gypsum and marble deposits are yet
undeveloped, waiting better transportation
facilities. The latter has been pronounced
of fine quality. It has dark-colored streaks
running through it, the whole when polished
presents a beautiful appearance. Were it a
little closer grained, it would fully equal the
famous Italian product in durableness. The
oldest of the three classes, the silicites, is not
BO fully represented as to variety, the lower
grades only being common. The sandstone
of the Bromas district possesses valuable
features as a building stone, many of the old-
est structures in San Juan being built of it.

Other forms of this class scattered in more
or less quantities throughout the country,
and valuable to the lapidarian for inlaid and
ornamental work, are agate, chalcedony,

milky and rose-tinted quartz, jasper and
flints, all of which are susceptible of a high
polish.

Granite of this class, the oldest of all
metamorphic rocks, is here found side by
side with marble, an occurrence rarely met
with, owing to the vast periods of time elaps-
ing between the origin of the two rocks.

Soapstone, another silicate, is met with in
several localities, the product from one of the
deposits being shipped to San P'rancisco and
used in the manufacture of a variety of
articles.

The aluminites are not well represented
in the county, although clay banks, shales
and slates are met with everywhere. A fact
not generally known is that under every
man's home iri the county lies a " gold vault "
in the form of that most useful, as well as
beautiful metal, aluminum, which awaits only
the magic key of chemistry to deliver it to
the fortunate possessor.

The other minerals and metals found here^
each of which forms a base of a class, are
sulphur, asbestos, coal, petroleum, iron, cop-
per, antimony and cinnabar, from which
comes mercury.

Coal is found in extensive deposits, but
like all the coal on the Pacific slope, is of a
soft, lignitic variety, owing to the recent
period of its origin. It is well adapted for
the manufacture of gas and household pur-
poses, but where an intense heat is requiredj
as in blast furnaces, etc., it is found wanting.

The two metals that have made San Benito
county famous as a mining county, and of

SAN BENITO CODNTY.

which fact it may well be proud, are anti-
mony and mercury, commonly called "quick-
silver." These metals are met with in but
few localities throughout the world, but here
they appear to exist in inexhaustible quanti-
ties in the Mount Diablo range. The New
Idria mine is ranked as the third largest
quicksilver mine in the world.

From the Shriver antimony mines have
been taken huge masses of the metal in
needle-like crystals, much sought after for
cabinet uses. The metal Is used most ex-
tensively for the manufacture of type, pos-
sessing the property of contracting when in
a state of fusion, and expanding on resuming
a solid form.

Much has been said and written about the
presence of gold and silver within the bor-
ders of San Benito county. Many twice-
told tales of discovery of ledges of fabulous
wealth have oft thrilled groups of listeners
to such an extent that they caught the min-
ing fever and started in search of these hid-
den riches; but fate had decreed otherwise,
and the ledges remained to be rediscovered.

From almost every caflon of the encom-
passing mountains " color " may be washed,
but that either gold or silver, in paying quan-
tities, is to be found in San Benito county,
or even in the coast ranges, the science of
geology denies. The precipitation of
these metals occurred before these mountains
rose from the bosom of the Pacific, with the
exception of a few isolated peaks. Another
law of geology is, that where there is an ab-

sence of lava, there will be like absence of

these metals.

In conclusion it is safe to say that prob-
ably in no spot of like extent, within our
country is there a greater variety of minerals
and a richer field of geological research than
in San Benito county.

CHAPTER II.

MINEKALOGT.

fHE following brief notes are gleaned
from the reports of the State mineral-
ogist for the years 1888 and 1890, and are
of interest in this connection. While this (San
Benito) county is regarded as essentially
agricultural, yet to an observer it appears
to possess mineral resources of equal impor-
tance to others in the State. The Mount
Diablo range has proved of incalculable
wealth in its coal, quicksilver, copper, chrome,
petroleum, ochre and antimony; and in the
Gabilan range, lime, gypsum and iron are
present.

Nearly one-half of this country, including
most of its arable land, lies in the San Be-
nito valley; and the mountains bordering on
this valley are grass-covered to their summits. -

There is a little timber on the Gabilan
mountains, but not much of any kind else-
where in the county.

The San Benito river and its tributaries,
together with the Pajaro on its northern
boundary, take in the entire hydrographic
system of the county.

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

QUICKSILVER — NEW IDEIA.

As is well known, tlie New Idria quick-
silver mines rank among the most famous in
the world. They are situated in the western
end of Yallecitos valley, on the southeastern
borders of San Benito county, in the portion
acquired from Fresno. These mines were
discovered about the year 1852 or 1853.
Work was hrst commenced upon a deposit of
chromic iron at the top of the mountain near
the boundary line between Monterey and this
part of San Benito county, then a portion of
Fresno, under the impression that it was
silver ore.

Through assays made by the old padres of
Monterey cinnabar was discovered where
New Idria now stands, and about 1854 or
1855 the New Idria mine was located.

The lode is a large body of ore, in some
places having been worked to a width of two
hundred feet. The vein has a general pitch
toward the south of from forty-five to sixty
degrees.

The foot- wall is a"silico-argillaceous" slate.
In the lower workings there is a dark-colored
clay, from a few inches to a foot or more in
thickness between it and the vein matter.
The hanging-wall is a similar slate, but rather
more compact in structure, often presenting
a slicken-side surface toward the vein, and
being easily broken into glossy laminte.

The vein matter varies in dififerent parts of
the workings. The better grade of ore has
been found in the highest and western portion
of the mountain. Most of the gangue is hard

and siliceous, but at some times it is slaty or
of a clayey nature, often containing much
oxide of iron. The ore richest in mineral is
usually found toward the hanging-wall. Be-
low the Day tunnel, as far as has yet been
explored, the vein becomes poorer, and the
gangue, which is at iirst siliceous or slaty,
changes to a sandy character. The New Idria
mines are all in the northeastern slope of the
mountain, which rises to the height of about
1,500 feet above the reduction works, which
are situated at its base; the summit of the
mountain is between 4,000 and 5,000 feet
above sea level. There are over one and one-
half miles of tunneling in the New Idria
mines, not including the huge chambers which
have been dug out in the heart of the mount-
ain.

The highest workings are the oldest, and
are at the ridge of the mountain. These con-
sist of an incline nmningdown upon the vein
to the Sleeman tunnel. This tunnel, which
is about 900 feet above the reduction works,
runs south into the mountain for a distance
of 700 feet, and was made in 1859. About
200 feet lower down is the Myers' tunnel,
which was commenced in 1859 and finished
in 1860. This penetrates the mountain to a
distance of about 1,000 feet. It is from this
tunnel and the Sleeman that the highest
grade of ore and the largest quantities have
been taken.

The ore here also appears to be the most
ferruginous, and at one point, where a small
stream of water drips from the roof, there are
to be seen stalactites of sulphate of iron.

SAy BENITO OOUNTT.

Upon the walls of all the upper workings,
fibrous gypsum forms in beautiful tufts like
glossy moss. Some 200 feet lower down, and
about 600 feet above the reduction works, is
the Day tunnel. This also was started in
1859, and penetrated the mountain to a depth
of 1,500 feet. This tunnel has been pro-
longed outwardly by timber, in order to al-
low dumping facilities for the work above,
that otherwise would have covered up the
mouth of the Day tunnel. The dump of the
Myers' tunnel above has accumulated and slid-
den down upon the prolongation until tliere
are over 100 feet at the commencement of
the Day tunnel running under this waste
rock.

All these workings, from the top of the
mountain to the Day tunnel, constitute the
npper portion of the mine, and are connected
with each other by various tunnels and up-
raises. About one hundred feet above the
reduction works, and 500 feet below the Day
tunnel, is the Bell tunnel, or lower workings,
about 4,000 feet in length. This tunnel is
timbered almost throughout its entire length
with closely set timbers, there being over
3,000 sets, with lagging both on the roof and
sides. Each set requires a log twenty feet
long and ten inches in diameter. The temper-
ature in this tunnel is high, and the atmos-
phere damp and oppressive. Whether it i§
the effect of the heat and moisture, or some
gaseous exhalation of the formation is not
known; but the timbers decay in an unusually
short time, and two men are kept constantly
employed |n replacing the ol|i onps by new.

This rapid decay is more marked during sul-
try weather, when the draft in the tunnel is
almost nil and the atmosphere oppressive.
Timbers immersed in water, or those which
are kept constantly wet by seepage, do not
seem to be so affected. Dry, seasoned wood
lasts the longest. Timbers, after having stood
in place for only thirty-six hours, have ac-
cumulated a mildew one inch in thickness.

The furnaces of the New Idria mines are
of the same style as those in use at the Idria,
Austria, being square, about thirty feet in
height, ten feet in width, and twelve feet in
length. Tlie furnace is fed at the top by
means of a drop hopper, at the rate of one
ton per hour, and holding twenty-four tons
when full. There are employed two men to
each shift of twelve hours on the furnace, and
fifty men in and about the mines. The fuel
used is almost entirely manzanita and oak,
which is delivered at the furnace at $6.50 per
cord, one cord being consumed every twenty-
four hours.

A condensed history of the Mexican grant,
" La Panoche Grande," on which these " New
Idria quicksilver mines " were discovered,
may be found in another part of this work.

The enormous output of these mines, which
are claimed only by a squatter's title (by a
company compose4 largely of foreigners or
of persons living in foreign countries) has
enabled the claimants of the mines to con-
test the tjtle to the ranche for thirty-five
years, notwithstanding the fact that said title
has been pronounced genuine, and that a
patent was ordered issued therefor nearly

SAN BENITO VOUNTT.

tliirtj years ago. The case is one of the most
auomalous in the liistorj of this country.

Antimony is found in the McLeod mining
district, which is situated some fourteen
miles northeast of Hollister, the county seat.
The mines, which were discovered in 1861 are
situated on the northern and western slopes
of Antimony mountain, which rises to the
height of over 3,000 feet above sea level.

The backbone and higher portions of Anti-
mony mountain are formed of diorite, syenite
and serpentine rocks, which penetrate a sand-
stone at its base, and argillaceous slates upon
its slope, in which the principal mineral-
bearing veins are chiefly located.

The Shriver and Ambrose are the principal
antimony mines which have been worked.
The ore from the latter contains 38 per cent
metallic antimony, which sells in San Fran-
cisco at 155 per ton. The former was bonded
in 1890 for $85,000, the bonders paying $5 a
ton on all antimony ore taken out.

Valuable discoveries of coal have been made
in numerous localities in San Benito county;
as in the JSfew Idria, Vallecitos and other dis-
tricts. A variety of coal resembling jet has
been found near Elkhorn, and good coal pros-
pects are to be found on the Cienega Gabilan
(Hawk swamp or marsh) ranche. The coal-
bearing formations at Emmett were worked as
parly as 1878. The Bart coal mine, situated

about 1,000 feet above the roadway north of
Emmett, is developed by an incline and a
cross-cut at the upper working and a 100-foot
tunnellower down. The incline commences
on a small vein about three inches wide of
black, lustrous lignite, much of which shows
a woody structure. The working itself is in
clay slate, of which both hanging and foot
walls are composed. The pitch of the vein
is to the northwest at an angle of about twenty
degrees. At one place, about halfway down
the main incline, the vein pinches out, but
reappears shortly before reaching the cross-
cut, which is at a depth of about thirty feet.
The main incline is continued for about sixty
feet farther, but has now caved. The cross-cut
is continued to the west as an incline and fol-
low the vein, which is from two to six
inches in thickness. This oross-cut was filled
with water to within a distance of thirty
feet from the main incline. At the wat-
er's edge the vein is about six inches in
diameter. Eighty feet below the mouth of
the upper working is a tunnel, which has been
started to connect with the incline and drain
the upper workings of water. In this tunnel
slate or conglomerate is encountered with
small crystals of gypsum on the cleavage sur-
face of the hard slate passed through.

On Panoche creek, also upon the east side
of the roadway, to the west of the well of the
California Central Oil Company, some work
has been done in the way of development.
There appear to be three coal veins separated
by strata of light-colored sandstone. These
veins, the largest of which are over four feet

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

thick, are composed of shale iaterstratified
with seams of coal.

On the Ashurst ranch in the Vallecitos,
are several coal prospects, — probably a_ con-
tinuation of the coal measures which crop out
on the east side of the road near the central
oil well. The formation is sandstone, occa-
sionally interstratified with shale; in the up-
per portion of the hills is a fossilife'rous sand-
stone containing Pecten and other shells.
The coal measures are exposed at two places
on this ranch in the channels of the creek.
At one point the vein is about eighteen inches
wide and dips a little to the east of south at
an angle of about forty-five degrees. It is
composed of black fissile shale mixed with
carbonaceous matter and rests upon a stratum
of clay about six inches thick, showing car-
bonized, plant remains; above the coal is a
stratum of highly colored clay. In another
portion of the same creek other veins are ex-
posed. Crossing the New Idria section of
the coast range, which here rises to the height
of about 4,000 feet above sea level, the water-
shed of San Benito creek is reached.

On the western slope of tlie mountains,
about three miles northeast of the creek, a
large vein of coal is exposed. This vein was
uncovered by a landslide, which occurred
during wet weather in 1885. It is on the
northern side of a ravine in the western
slope of the New Idria section of the coast
range. The vein of about six feet in thick-
ness is exposed along its strike for a dis-
tance of 100 feet, and dips to the north at
an angle of about forty degrees. The hang-

ing-wall is a brownish shale, eighteen inches
thick, containing gypsum. Above this wall
are about eight inches of sandstone, stained
with yellow ocherous impregnations, which
is overlaid by a stratum of hard, ferruginous
sandstone, a foot or more in thickness; and
from that to the top of the bluff, probably
200 feet, the formation is a gray, friable
sandstone, interstratified with pebbles, some-
times increasing to the size of small boulders
and strata of hard, iron-stained sandstone a
few inches in thickness. The coal appears to
be of good quality, and resembles that in the
Vallecitos. These croppings are partly on
Government land and partly on land belong-
ing to the Southern Pacific Railway Company.
There is no doubt that a careful investigation
will discover similar formations in other spurs
and hills on the western slope of the same
mountain.

PETBOLEUM.

The oil-bearing strata of San Benito county
have as yet been only partially prospected.
A well has been bored by the California Cen-
tral Oil Company in the Vallecitos mining
district. The road to this district from Pa-
noehe lies through Grizzly canon, a treeless,
desolate section of country, where the erosive
action of the winter's storms, cloudbursts,
and atmospheric agencies, are strikingly
demonstrated in the precipitous banks of the
dry watercourses, the gaping crevasses in
the alluvial soil, and the grotesque shapes
into which the sandstones and softer rocks
are worn.

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

The works of the oil company are situated
about eight miles from Panoche. Work was
commenced here in 1886, and suspended
during the following year. It is said that
the company expended $20,000 on their
works, and that their well, which was sunk
to a depth of 400 feet, has partially caved.
The boring was through a light-colored sand-
stone, which became quite white toward the
bottom, where a small quantity of oil was
struck.

In the canon to the north is a spring of
dark-colored oil, and oil also seeps through
the bed and bank of the creek at several
places, as well as on the Ashurst ranch in
this district.

LIME.

Lime is extensively manufactured at Cien-
ega, in the Gabilan mountains, sixteen miles
south of Hollister; and excellent limestone
also occurs in the Twitchell range, nine miles
west of Hollister, where it has been burnt in
pot kilns. The Twitcbell kilns furnished the
lime used in building the Hollister court-
house.

The geological fdrmation of the neighbor-
hood is entirely metamorphic, the rocks of
the vicinity being principally granitoid, to-
gether with altered limestone. The latter is
a beautiful crystalline variety, which yields
an excellent quality of lime, and is in great
demand, especially for plastering and brick
work. The strata of limestone in the quarry
appear much disturbed, pitching southwest
at an angle of sixty-five degrees upon the west
side of the quarry, and upon the north side

to the northwest at an angle of forty-five de-
grees. Before reaching the line, a body of
decomposed grantic rock was cut through for
a few feet, and the clays and shales which sep-
arated the strata of limestone previous to the
metamorphic action, are strangely diversified,
some being chalky, others slaty, while a few
feet off they are granitic. The hill, at the
foot of which the quarry is situated, rises to
the height of over 2,000 feet above sea level,
being about 700 feet above the quarry. The
limestone crops out at various places among
the chemisal almost to the summit.

Further to the northwest granitic rocks
make their appearance in a ridge running
north-northeast by south-southwest, and a
short distance up the canon from precipitous
cliffs. Immediately at the point of contact
between the ridge of granitic rocks and the
limestone, is a spring of water and an appear-
ance of vein matter. One great peculiarity
of the granitic rocks of this locality is their
singular stratified appearance.

A few yards to the south of the quarry are
the (perpetual) lime kilns. These kilns are
upright, tapering toward the top, thirty-one
feet high, and having a circumference at the
level of the fireplaces, of forty-two feet with
an inside diameter of four and one-half feet
at the same level. The charging floor is
twenty-one feet above the firing floor, where
two flreplaces heat the kiln; the point of dis-
charge is ten feet lower down. The kilns are
two in number and have a capacity of about
fifty barrels each twenty-four hours, each
kiln consuming two and one-half cords of

SAN BENITO COUNTY,

wood. The wood used is pitch pine, costing
$2.50 per cord delivered at the kiln, and the
wages paid to the seven employes is from
$50 to $60 per month. The lime can be de-
livered at the Tres Pinos railroad station for
$1.30 per barrel.

A copper mine called the Antelope has
been opened about fourteen miles east of
Emmett, on the east side of the Fanoche
section of the coast range.

Chromite is found near New Idria, and in
many other localities, but all at present are
too far from railroad communication to make
the deposits of commercial value.

There is a large body of hematite near
Cienega, and gypsum is found in the south
end of the county.

CHAPTER III.

EAELT HISTORY.

31^ UT little was known of the interior of
8^^ California prior to the commencement
^^F of the mission era, or 1769, although
various navigators had sailed along the Cali-
fornia coast, as recounted elsewhere in this
volume, during the period intervening be-
tween the time of its discovery by Cabrillo,
in 164:2, and the advent of the Franciscan
missionaries.

The Indians had roamed through the
mountains and plains of this western coast
for unknown ages, living a degraded life, but
little above the level of that of the wild ani-
mals indigenous to this region. Of their
origin or history there is no record. Aside
from the story of the rocks, and the vague

taught by the topography of the
country, we know absolutely nothing of Alta
California prior to 1642; nor indeed but very
little until the latter part of the eighteenth
century. The historical period, therefore,
may be said to commence with the founding
of the missions.

Daring Father Junipero Serra's able ad-
ministration, nine missions had been founded
in Alta or Upper California. These missions
had gathered many Indians into their folds,
or had brought them under their control;
and they had also acquired considerable
wealth in the form of cattle, horses, sheep
and other useful animals, and in grain, etc.;
and also, four presidios or military appen-
dages of the missions had been established
by the government for the protection of the
latter; so that the missionary establishments
may be said to have had the territory along
the coast, at least, practically under their
control.

After the death of the pioneer president of
the missions, Father Junipero Serra, in 1784,
Father Palou, the senior priest in California,
who had filled Father Junipero's place
during his absence, became acting president
till the appointment of a successor in the
person of Father Fermin Francisco Lasuen of
San Diego, in honor of whom Point Fermin
was named.

The policy of establishing missions in
eligible localities was continued under the
presidency of Father Lasuen, in accordance
with orders of Governor Borica. Expeditions
were sent out from different missions, for the

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

purpose of finally fixing the locations for
these new missions.

In November, 1795, Friar Danti and
Lieutenant Sal and party set out from Monte-
rey to explore the San Benito valley, and
they found two suitable places, — one on the
San Benito river, and the other near the site
of the present town of Gilroy. President Las-
uen reported these to Governor Borica, who
embodied the same in his report to the vice-
roy. As two sites had been recommended
for the mission between San Carlos and Santa
Clara, a further examination was ordered, and
the site on San Benito river was chosen.

Here, on St. John's day, June 24, 1797,
was founded the mission of San Juan Bau-
tista (St. John the Baptist), so named to
distinguish it from the mission already estab-
lished, of San Juan Capistrano, which was
named after an entirely different personage
or saint.

President Lasuen appointed, as the first
ministers of the new mission, " Los E. R. P.
P., Pred'res, App. cos, Fr. Jesef de Mortea-
rena, y Fr. Pedro Adriano Martines;" i. e.,
the reverend prelates, preachers apostolical,
friars, etc., etc.

A few years after, or on the 13th of June,
1803, the corner-stone of a church building
was laid. Among the names of the persons
who took part in the ceremonies of laying
the corner-stone of this church, almost ninety
years ago, were Padre Viader, conductor of
ceremonies, Jose de la Guerra, padrino, and
Captain Font and Surgeon Morelas. A record
of the proceedings and a few coins were de-

posited in the corner-stone. An image of the
patron saint of t}ie mission, St. John the Bap-
tist, was placed on the high altar in 1809;
and on the 25th of June, 1812, or nine years
after the corner-stone was laid, the church
was dedicated, the records of the mission,
noting the contemporary facts, of "Fernando
VII (whom God preserve!) being king of
Spain; Don Fernando Venegas, viceroy of
New Spain (Mexico) ; Jose Joaquin Arrillaga,
governor of California; Estehan Tapis, presi-
dent of the missions in California, and Fr.
Felipe de la Cuesta, minister at the mis-
sion."

Probably the buildings, including the
church, warehouses, etc., as they exist at the
present day, afford a fair idea of the mission
establishment as it appeared during the early
part of the century, less the busy and numer-
ous neophyte actors and the missionary
fathers under whom they labored. These
buildings, of course, show the effects of time
and the action of the elements; nevertheless,
they are still in a fair state of preservation,
and they show plainly, even to this late day,
that their designers and builders were wise
managers in temporal affairs, as well as faith-
ful and devoted teachers of the spiritual doc-
trines which they believed in.

Some distance from the church were two
rows of buildings, about 300 feet in length,
under a common roof, with a passage-way
between them, divided into many rooms, each
entirely separate from the others, in which
the neophytes were shut up nights, sepa-
rately.

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

Indian abode quarters long ago dis-
solved into earth mounds, which now are all
that is left to mark their locality. The
church buildings were so planned as to in-
close an area some 200 feet square, in which
the friars and their wards were safe from
all outside enemies. A story is told that
beneath the fallen wall on the west side of
this square, sixty Spanish silver dollars of
ancient dates were found. The San Juan
church was built of adobes and slack-burnt
bricks — the latter being twelve inches by
eight inches, by two inches thick, and being
baked in a slow fire were very durable. The
plan of the building is in the form of a cross;
being 140 feet long, thirty feet wide, and
forty feet to the ceiling, with a tile roofing.
There are three altars, the principal ore
dedicated to St. John the Baptist, with a
life-size statue of this titular saint, at the
end of the nave of the church, and an altar
on each side of the transept. The walls are
foiir feet thick, braced with brick abutments
outside when over twenty feet long, and
plastered with lime mortar.

The church formerly had a chime of nine
very fine-toned bells, cast in Peru, only one
of which is now remaining in the building.

Of the venerable ten-acre mission orchard,
only the old pear trees still live and bear fruit ;
and but a very few hardy olive trees are
left of the olive orchard about a mile south
of the church; while the vineyard disappeared
many years ago.

According to the church records, over
4,000 bodies are buried in the cemetery ad-

joining the north wall of the church. Friar
Esteban Tapis, who labored as a missionary
in Alta California thirty-five years, died at
this mission, November 4, 1825, and was
buried under the chancel floor of the church.
He had been in charge, successively, of the
missions of Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Santa
Barbara, Santa Ynez, San Carlos and San
Juan Bautista. The books of the church
show that the number of Indians baptized
amounted in all to 3,981.

Humboldt reports that at the time of his
visit to California, in 1802, there were at
the mission 530 male and 428 female In-
dian neophytes, or 958 in all. As a center
of activity of neai-ly 1,000 human beings,
we can imagine that it presented a vastly
different scene from what it does now. As
indicating the number of Indians in that
neighborhood, at that period, it may be men-
tioned that within three and a half years
after the founding of San Juan Mission,
nearly 650 Indians had been baptized, and
that there were twenty-three rancherias, or
Indian villages, within that jurisdiction.

The numerous Indian tribes of the dis-
trict annoyed the mission by various un-
friendly acts from time to time; and Ser-
geant Castro was sent out by Governor
Borica with sutiicient force to chastise them,
and to partially check their depredations.

The prosperity and fertility of the country
around San Juan are shown by the fact that
during the first three years the increase of
ganado mayor (large cattle or animals) be-
longing to the mission amounted to over 700

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

head, and the ganado menor, or smaller
animals, exceeded 2,000 head; while 2,700
bushels of grain were produced in the year
1800.

In October, 1800, numerous earthquake
shocks were felt; and especially on the eight-
eenth of that month, a very severe one oc-
curred, causing considerable damage to the
adobe buildings standing at the time, an ac-
count of which, as noticed at San Juan
Bautista, is given in a letter of the Captain
of the presidio of Monterey to Governor Ar-
rillaga, on October 31, 1800: "I have to in-
form your Excellency that the mission of
San Juan Bautista, since the 11th inst., has
been visited by severe earthquakes; that
Pedro Adriano Martinez, one of the Fathers
of said mission, has informed me that during
one day there were six severe shocks ; that
there is not a single habitation, although
built with double walls, that has not been in-
jured from roof to foundation, and that all
are threatened with ruin ; and that the fathers
are compelled to sleep in the wagons to avoid
danger, since the houses are not habitable. At
the place where the rancheria is situated,
some small openings have been observed in
the earth, and also in the neighborhood of
the river Pajaro, there is another deep open-
ing, all resulting from the earthquakes.
These phenomena have filled the fathers and
inhabitants of that mission with consterna-
tion.

"The lieutenant, Don Raymundo Carrillo,
has assured me the same, for on the eight-
eenth he stopped for the night at this mis-

sion (San Juan) on his journey from San Jose
and being at supper with one of the fathers,
a shock was felt, so powerful, and attended
with such a loud noise, as to deafen them,
when they fled to the court without finishing
their supper; and that about 11 o'clock at
night the shock was repeated with almost
equal force.

"The fathers of the missions say that the
Indians assure them that there have always
been earthquakes at that place, and that there
are certain cavities caused by earthquakes,
from which salt water has flowed.

"All of which I communicate to you for
your information.

"May our Lord preserve your life many
years.

"Heemenegildo Sal.

"Monterey, October 31, 1800."

Old records recite that in 1800 the San
Juan Indians sent three carts, nine yoke of
oxen, nine horses and fifteen Indians to Mon-
terey, when an attack from foreign vessels
was feared, for which they were remunerated by
order of the viceroy to encourage or stimu-
late zeal in the future in like cases.

Disagreements between the missions and
settlers, and eventually between missions and
the government, commenced early and from
time to time caused more or less friction. It
is recorded that in 1802 the clerical authori-
ties of San Juan Bautista were directed to
remove their stock from land claimed un-
der a grant, Mariano Castro; but the matter
being appealed to the viceroy, that ofiicer
decided in favor of the mission.

BENITO COUNTY.

In the year 1806, an exploring parly, con-
sisting of twenty-five men under lieutenant
Moraga, was sent out from San Juan Bautista
to explore the Tulare country, and incidentally
to find suitable sites for new missions. Friar
Pedro Muiios accompanied the expedition, and
kept a diary of the same. Leaving San Juan
September 21, in an easterly direction,
Moraga crossed the San Joaquin river and
went north down the valley of that name, and
continued his explorations twelve or fourteen
days; and then turned about and traveled
south on the east side of the valley, and fin-
ally, about November 1, reached the mission
of San Fernando.

The report of this and other expeditions,
by Father Tapis, for the year 1805 and 1806,
says, twenty-four rancherias, with an aggre-
gate of over 5,000 Indians, had been visited;
and that but four or five sites were found be-
tween San Miguel and San Fernando suitable
for the location of new missions, which, if
established would require a new presidio.

The mission church at San Juan Bautista
was finished and dedicated June 23, 1812;
Manuel Gutierrez, of Los Angeles, standing
as sponsor (jiadrind), aided by the padres of
San Jose and Santa Clara.

The next ten years were apparently un-
eventful ones at San Juan. Occasional expe-
ditions were sent out to punish neighboring,
unfriendly or thieving Indians, or to bring in
converts. According to the archives, in 1815
or '16, Corporal Jose Dolores Pico, of San
Juan, who went out with a small force after

runaways, was badly wounded in a fight with
the Indians.

Mention is also made of an expedition un-
der one Soto against the Mariposas, which
brought in to the San Juan Mission some 300
Indians.

The estimated population of this mission,
San Jnan Bautista, at the beginning of this
century, was about 1,000, mostly Christanized
Indians.

Humboldt, who visited California in 1802,
estimated the population of Alta California,
whites and mulattoes, 1,300; converted Indians
15,560.

Dwindle tells us that in 1834, or 65 years
after the founding of San Diego, over 30,000
Indian converts were lodged in the buildings
of the twenty-one missions of California; over
700,000 head of cattle of various species, be-
sides 60,000 horses, pastured on the plains;
180,000 bushels of grain, mostly wheat, were
produced annually, besides large quantities of
wine, brandy, wool, oil, etc.

The mission of San Juan Bautista owned
in 1820 over 40,000 head of cattle, nearly
1,400 tame horses, 4,800 mares, fillies and
colts, and about 70,000 head of sheep. Indians,
under the control of this mission, employed
more than 300 yoke of work oxen in carrying
on its extensive farming operations.

In 1813, and again in 1828, the Spanish
Cortez decreed the secularization of missions
in all Spanish Colonies. The Mexican Con-
gress, August 17, 1833, passed a secularization
law, which was effectually enforced within
two or three years thereafter.

ISAJSf BENITO COUNTY.

CHAPTER IV.

DECADENCE OF THE MISSIONS.

fROM the commencement of the era of
Mexican independence, in 1822, or per-
haps a little later, till the acquisition of
California by the United States, the missions
gradually declined, the policy of Mexico, after
attaining independence, being to encourage
the settlement of the country, which made
necessary the curtailment, and finally the
secularization, of the missions.

From about 1825 or 1830, to 1846, a large
and increasingnumber of persons, who became
settlers, bad been pouring into California;
these included Mexicans by land and by sea,
American trappers and hunters, who had
emerged from the deserts east of the Sierras;
Russians from Russian America; sailors and
adventurers of all nationalities, who had es-
caped from merchant ships, or who had been
left here at their own request; and occasion-
ally a citizen of the Eastern States more
venturesome or more restless than his neigh-
bors.

With the coming of Mexicans, and of
foreigners who became Mexican citizens,
naturally there arose a demand for land ; and
as the missions practically claimed all the
land, although they occupied it only by per-
mission of the government, these citizens com-
plained to the authorities of the difficulty of
acquiring land to cultivate or to live on.

Governor Figueroa and some of his suc-
cessors sought to distribute the lands of Alta
California to the Indian neophytes in sever-

alty. But these attempts were utterly im-
practicable, and of course were utter failures:
first, because the Indians were incapable of
self-government; and second, this plan left
no room for the settlement of the territory
by Mexican citizens and foreigners, in other
words, by ffente de razon (literary people of
reason) who were capable of developing the
country, and of local self-government, which
is what Mexico desired. The logic of the
situation plainly required the secularization
of the missions long before that policy cul-
minated in the passage of the law of 1883.

Therefore, it is a matter of congratulation
and commendation, instead of censure and
regret, that the United States Land Commis-
sion and United States Courts followed both
the spirit and the letter of the Mexican law
in their decisions concerning the tenure of
title to lands in California.

The original aim of both the Spanish and
Mexican Governments, of converting the
California missions into pueblos or towns,
having, by actual trial, for more than half a
century, proved a palpable failure, the alter-
native policy of granting the public lands ot
the territory to actual settlers, who were
capable of governing themselves without
the a,id of paternal or clerical guardians, was
finally forced on the Mexican Government.

In looking back, we can now clearly see
that this policy ought to have been adopted
long before. Therefore, it was plain that if
California was to ever have a future — ■ with
her magnificent natural resources and climate
unequaled anywhere in the world — it must

SAW BESITO COUNTY.

be by a system other than that under which
the inhabitants were little better than peones,
or, more properly speaking, wards, who were
incapable of becoming full-fledged, self-
sustaining, self-governing citizens.

Hence, a change from a monastic to a
civil, — from a religious to a political system
of government of the Territory, — became a
necessity. Hence the necessity of secular-
izing the lands, i. e., providing for the grant-
ing of legal titles to lands to actual occupants
— which in reality was what secularization
meant; the tenure of ownership of the soil
was to vest thenceforth in 7«en, able to per-
form their civic duties as citizens and capa-
ble of building up a commonwealth, instead
of in children, in trust, who must ever de-
pend upon overseers (either clerical or sec-
ular) to manage for them.

Certainly, three-quarters of a century was
long time enough in which to try the exper-
iment of testing whether the Indians of the
Californias were capable of building up a
State or not.

MEXICAN LAND GRANTS.

The following is a list of confirmed land
grants wholly or partly in San Benito county,
with names of confirmes, dates and numbers
of acres each.

NAMB OF GRANT. DaTE. ACRES. GRASTEEB.

Aromitas y Agaa Caliente, 1835 8,659 F. A. Mac DougaU, et al.

AnsaymaB y San Felipe, 1833 11,744 F. P. Pacheco

1840 6,795 F. P. Pacheco

1843 21,874 J. D. Carr

Bolsa de San Felipe,
Cienega del Gabilan,

Cie

! l08 Paicines, 1842 8,917

Los Carn(

Llano del Tequisquite,

Lomerias Muertas.

Los Vergeles,

Mission S. Juan Bautista,

A Castro, i

1842 236 F.A.MacDongall,etal.

1835 16,016 Sanchez heirs

1812 6,660 Sanchez heirs

1835 2,085 James Stokes

55 [

KAME OF GRANT.

Date. Acres

Grantees.

Real de los Aquilas, 1844 31,052 F. A. MacDougall, et al.

San Antonio, 1846 4,493 M. Larios

Santa Ana y Qujen Sabe, 1839 48,823 M. Larios, et al.

San Joaquin, 1836 7,425 C. Cervantez

San Jueto, 1839 34,619 F. P. Pacheco

San Lorenzo, 1846 23,843 R. Sanchez

Tract near Mission S. Juan 1839 401 P. Breen

The status of Panoche Grande, about 17,000 acres,

1844, to V. P -Gomez is given elsewhere.
Total area of Mexican grants, 232,100 acres

Total area of public lands, 442,900 "

Total (

lof S)

anty,

676,000

CHAPTER V.

CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT.

fHE quiet of San Juan Bautista Mission
was disturbed by the events attending and
immediately succeeding the change from
Mexican to United States rule. Shortly after
the raising of the American flag at Monterey,
July 7, 1846, and at the other important
points a few days later, Castro, with such dis-
affected forces as he could save from the gen-
eral demoralization that began to set in,
withdrew to San Juan; but he did not re-
main there long as, on the 17th of July, Fre-
mont and his battalion arrived there from
the north, and the same day Fauntleroy and
a squad of dragoons reached there, where-
upon the American flag was raised, thus com-
pleting the conquest of this portion of Cali-
fornia.

On the 19th, the battalion started for
Monterey, leaving a small force at San Juan.
A little later Captain Fauntleroy with fifty
men was sent from Monterey to relieve the
force left at San Juan by Fremont. While
stationed there an expedition was sent out
against Indian horse-thieves, with whom it
had a fight, in which several Indians were

134

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

killed and the horses stolen were recovered.
In October, Fauntleroy's men having been
called elsewhere, a small force under Mad-
dox was sent to San Juan, where they spiked
the iron cannon which had been left there,
and took away the brass cannon to keep them
from falling into the hands of the Califor-
nians.

About the middle of November several re-
cruiting parties for Fremont's battalion
arrived with men and horses at San Juan Bau-
tista. Consul Larkin, while on his way
from Monterey to San Francisco, was capt-
ured at Gomez ranch, Los Verjeles, where
he stopped for the night, by a band of Cas-
tro's Californians led by Chavez, and taken to
Castro's camp, the object evidently being to
use him as an exchange for some of their own
patroled men who had been captured. The
Californians entertained a plan of attacking
San Juan, and they endeavored, but of course
to.no avail, to get Larkin to aid them in the
scheme. Their plan, it would seem, contem-
plated a feigned attack on San Juan by a few
men for the purpose of drawing out the gar-
rison in pursuit, which they then thought they
could overcome with their principal force. A
severe fight ensued at the Natividad ranch,
in which several men were killed and more
wounded on both sides. In the meantime
word was sent to Monterey, and Fremont
immediately hastened to the rescue; and the
Californians having withdrawn, he gathered
his varones at San Juan, where the battalion's
organization was completed and preparations
were made for a march south against the foe

The course taken was up the San Benito and
over into the Salinas valley, and thence to
San Luis Obispo, which latter place was
captured without opposition.

Here Jesus Pico, who had been captured
at Wilson's ranch, was tried by court martial
for having broken his parole in the San Juan
and Natividad campaign. He was found
guilty and sentenced to be shot. But the
pathetic appeal of his wife and fourteen
children, and of many other women, her
neighbors and of some of Fremont's own
officers who had been formerly befriended by
Pico, caused Fremont to relent and to grant
him a pardon. Pico thereafter became the
grateful and sincere friend of the man who
had thus saved his life. Pico died quite
recently.

CHAPTER VI.

AMERICAN SETTLEMENT OF SAN BENITO VALLEY.

fNE of the first American settlements in
the San Benito valley was begun by Jacob
Watson in 1854, near the site of the pres-
ent town of Hollister. Prior to that time the
valley was occupied as a stock range by the
owners of Mexican land grants. The neigh-
boring foot-hills and mountain ranges were
the home of deer, antelope and bear. From
1861 to 1870 much of the valley now used as
a sheep range, the Hollisters and Flint, and
Bixby & Co., having engaged in breeding
improved sheep in this section, which was
then a portion of Monterey county.

SAN BENITO 00UNT7.

COUNTY DIVISION.

The rapid settlement of the extensive and
fertile San Benito valley and the valleys tribu-
tary thereto, which were separated from the
rest of Monterey county by the Gabilan
range of mountains, developed interests which
centered in the new communities, and out of
which grew, very naturally, a desire by the
people to manage for themselves their own
local affairs. The first attempt to divide
Monterey county, by having San Benito set
oft by itself as a separate political division,
was made in the legislature of 1869-'70; but
the opposition interposed by the resident por-
tion of the present old county caused the
movement to fail at this time. Nevertheless,
it continued to gain strength from many and
legitimate causes. The contest became a
very heated one for the time being, swallow-
ing up all other issues. The people living
east of the Gabilan insisted that they were
entitled to a division, and they were almost
unanimously determined to have it. The
election of a representative in the legislature
turned on this one issue. The question was di-
vision or no division. Republicans and Demo-
crats forgetting their party affiliations. But
though the "new-county" people were still
in the minority, they did not give up the
fight. They returned again to the charge in
the next election, and won by a small ma-
jority. The contest was carried to the As-
sembly and then to the Senate, in each of
which houses the divisiouists won, and then
to the governor, who after some hesitation

signed the bill, and thus, finally, in March
1874, the act creating the new county became
a law. By this act the governor was author-
ized and directed to appoint five commission-
ers who were charged with the organization
of the new county. The names of the com-
missioners appointed were: T. S. Hawkins,
Jesse Whitton, Mark Pomeroy, John Breen
and H. M. Hayes. This commission met at
the town of Hollister, February 18, 1874,
and organized by electing John Breen as
president, and H. M. Hayes as secretary.

The new county was subdivided into four
townships, viz.: Hollister, San Juan, San
Benito and Paicines, and three supervisorial
districts, numbered one, two and three. Dis-
trict number one, comprised Hollister town-
ship; number two, San Juan township; and
number three, San Benito and Paicines town-
ships. The new officers were to be appointed
by the governor or filled by special election.
James F. Breen, who had resigned the judge-
ship of Monterey county, was appointed by
the governor to the same position in San
Benito county, while the commissioners,
under provisions of the organic act, ordered
a special election on the 26th day of March,
1874, whereat the required county officers
were to be chosen, and the county seat was to
be permanently located by popular vote.

At this election the following officers were
elected, viz.: Sheriff and ex officio tax col-
lector, Benjamin F. Ross; clerk and recorder,
H. M. Hayes; district attorney, N. JV. Briggs;
treasurer, T. McMahon; assessor, Hayden
Dowdy; surveyor, F. P. McCrary; school

SAN BENITO GOUNTY.

superintendent, H. Z. Morris; coroner and
public administrator, J. M. Black; super-
visors: district No. 1, Mark Poineroy; dis-
trict No. 2, Thomas Flint; district No. 3,
D. J. "Watson.

Cnder the provisions of an amended act of
the Le^^islature, approved March 10, 1876,
the boards of supervisors of the old and new
counties jointly selected a commission of five
members, — two by Monterey, two by San
Benito, and the fifth by the judge of the
twentieth judicial district court, — which met
at Salinas city, inventoried and appraised the
property and assets of each county, ascer-
tained the amount of indebtedness of Mon-
terey county, on the 12th day of February,
1874, the date on which the act creating San
Benito county became a law. The commis-
sioners deducted the total value of assets of both
counties from the total indebtedness, which
exceeded the assets, and ascertained the pro-
portion of the debt due from San Benito
county to be 15,808.56, for which amount
bonds bearing interest at the rate of seven
per cent per annum, and payable in five
years, were issued, and made payable to the
order of Monterey county. The principle is
sound in the division of a partnership or of
a county, that each partner shall assume his
or its proportion of the existing indebtedness.
CHAPTER VII.

SAN BENITO COUNTY IN 1892.

f AN Benito county constitutes one judicial
district, of which Hon. James F. Breen
is the superior judge. The other county
officers are: John L. Hudiier, district attor

ney; C. C. Cargill, assemblyman; E. E. Hol-
brook, sherifi'and ex officio tax collector; Rody
Shaw, county clerk, ex officio recorder, and
auditor; D. F. McPhail, assessor; E. B. Mont-
gomery, treasurer; J. N. Thompson, school
superintendent; W. K. Brown, surveyor;
D. McCarty, public administrator and cor-
oner.

The county is now divided into five super-
visor districts, and the following are the
present supervisors: D. Snibley, district No.
1; Luis Raggio, district No. 2; G. S. Nash,
district No. 3; A. J. Chaney, district No. 4;
M. F. Finch, chairman, district No. 5.

The county courthouse at Hollister, the
county seat, was erected in 1887, and cost
about 145,000. It is a two-story edifice
with basement and tower; the walls are of
brick, stuccoed; its site is on a lot 300x200
feet, fronting on Monterey street, between
b'ourth and Fifth streets. The courthouse
has entrances on three sides, by fourteen
granite steps, with columned porches. In
the northwest rear corner of the grounds
stands a substantial one-story brick jail, cost-
ing about $10,000, which, though neatly and
carefully kept, appears (to the credit of the
community be it said) to be poorly patron-
ized.

The grounds of the courthouse are sur-
rounded by an ornamental iron fence; and
on three sides, outside the cement walks,
are some thirty beautiful bright-green, ever-
graceful "umbrella trees," which, with the
grass plat surrounding the building, give the
San Benito courthouse and grounds a unique

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

appearance during a greater portion of the
year, which is as rare as it is beautiful. There
are also a few palm and other ornamental
trees interspersed within and around the
yard, but not of such numbers or size as to
interrupt the view from within or without
tlie grounds.

The county has built three bridges, costing
in the aggregate about $25,000.

SAN BENITO COUNTY SCHOOLS.

The following facts and figures concerning
the rising generation of the county, are
significant and interesting. They are taken
from the annual report for the year ending
June 30, 1892, of Superintendent of Schools
J. N. Thompson.

The school census for 1892 shows the
number of children in the county to be:

Between five and seventeen — white, 1,029
boys, and 1,043 girls — 2,072. Between five
and seventeen — negroes, 6 boys, and 7 girls
—13; total, 2,085. Under five— white, 661;
Mongolian, 2; total, 663. Total number of
census children under seventeen, 2,748.

The nativity of these is as follows; 2,708
were native born, and 40 were foreign born.

The number of children between five and
seventeen who attended public school at any
time in the school year, 1,542; or private
school at any time in the school year, 153.
Number who have not attended school during
the school year, 390 ; total 2,085.

Number of teachers or classes — grammar,
11; primary, 43. Total, 54.

Number of pupils enrolled — boys, 921;
girls, 785. Total, 1,706.

Average number belonging, 1,128; average
daily attendance, 1,049.

Percentage of attendance on number be-
longing, 93.

Number months of school maintained,
average, 8^.

Grammar grade — number enrolled, 503;
primary grade — number enrolled 1,203 ; to-
tal, 1,706.

Sex of teachers — males, 15; females, 39;
total, 54.

Monthly salary paid, average, $65.

Monthly salary paid male teachers, average,
175.

Monthly salary paid female teachers, aver-
age, $61.

Annual salary paid county superintendent,
$1,500.

Number of teachers, graduates of Califor-
nia State normal schools, 11; number of
teachers, graduates of other State normal
schools, 2; number of teachers who hold life
diplomas, 11; number of teachers who hold
State educational diplomas, 7; number of
teachers who hold high school certificates, 2;
number of teachers who hold county certifi-
cates,. first grade, 30; number of teachers
who hold county certificates, second grade,
22.

CURRENT EXPENSES AND RECEIPTS.

Amount paid for teachers' salaries, 129,-
179.61; amount paid for rents, repairs, fuel,
etc., 13,902.02; amount paid for school
libraries, $884.72; amount paid for school
apparatus, $101.80; amount paid for sites.

138

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

buildings and furnishings, $9,173.80; total,
$43,241.95.

EECEIPTS.

Balance, July 1, 1891, $9,664.75; from
State, $16,100.96; from county, $17,837.50;
from city and district taxes, 131,784.23;
from subscription, etc., |93.18, Total, $75,-
480.62 ; balance on hand, June 30, 1892,
$32,238.67.

SCHOOL PKOPERTT.

Value of school lots, buildings and furniture, .|50,475

Value of school libraries , 8,215

Value of apparatus , 3,695

Total $62,385

Number of volumes in school libraries 7,967

Aggregate indebtedness of districts of county. ..|31,033

Number of public schoolhouses in county 43

Rate cf county school tax 29.4centsper $100

Assessment roll $6,113,050

Total drawn from unapportioned county fund :
Institute, $93.90 ; postage, binding, etc., $68.50 ; $162,40
Number of private schools in county, 2; private teach-
ers, 8. Number of pupils in private schools, average
attendance, 120.

COUNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION.

Term expires
Frank B. Abbe, San Juan, president, June 30, 1894
J. N. Thompson, Hollister, secretary, January 7, 1895
J. B. Hankenson, " June 30, 1894

John Paterson, " June 30, 1893

Thomas H. Slaven, Paicinea, June 30, 1893

EEPOET OF FIKST SCHOOL SDPEBINTENDENT.

H. Z. Morris, the first superintendent after
the organization of San Benito county, for
the school year ending June 30, 1874, eio'ht-
een years ago, gives in his report these items,
which are of interest by contrast: There
were fourteen school districts; Hollister had
four teachers; San Juan and Jefferson, two

each; and the other districts each had one,
making nineteen teachers in all.

There were 703 boys and 636 girls, or a
total of 1,339 children, between five and
seventeen, in the new county, besides 711
under five years of age, all of whom, if still
living, must be now men and women grown.

The population of San Benito county, ac-
cording to the federal census, was in 1890,
6,412. In 1892 it must be 8,000 or more,
or three times at least the number (2,748)
of school census children in the county, under
seventeen years of age.

The population by race as reported by the
superintendent of the eleventh census, was:
whites, 6,223; Chinese, 85; Indians, 50; col-
ored, 54; total, 6,412.

The vote for governor in 1890 was: Mark-
ham, 683; Pond, 850; Bidwell, 83; total,
1,616.

The population of towns was:

Hollister 1,034,..

San Benito 672,..

San Juan 484,.,

1,234;

A. T. Butler is postmaster of Hollister.
The annual receipts of the office are $3,770.

MISPELLAN^OUS.

By the act of the Legislature of March 11,
1891, San Benito county was made a part of
the Seventh Congressional District; and \)y
the same act it was made, with Monterey
county, to constitute the Thirty-third Sena-
torial District; and the Fifty-ninth Assembly
District was made to consist of Merced and ^
part of San Benito counties; and the Sixtieth

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

District was to consist of tlie remaining por-
tion of San Benito county.

The following is a list of the members of
the bar of San Benito connty, viz.: N. C.
Briggs, H. W. Scott, M. T. Dooling, G. B.
Montgomery, J. L. Hiidner and W. H. Hill.

The assessment of San Benito county for
1892, is as follows :

Value of real estate and improvements $5,130,200

Value of personal property 1,023,533

Assessment of railroads in S. B. Co. $163,782
Assess'tof Pullman Car Co., S. B. Co. 1,260 165,043

, 407,677.

CHAPTER VIII.

EESOUECES OF SAN BENITO COUNTT.

fHE agricultural resources of San Benito
county are very extensive. Some of
the best wheat produced in the State
is raised in the upper San Benito valley, and
in the other smaller valleys in the southern
part of the county. The soil of this region
seems to be peculiarly adapted to the growth
of both wheat and barley. While the crop of
grain for the year 1892 is reported short in
other sections of the State, owing to the
lateness and shortness of the rains, that of
San Benito county is said to be a full aver-
age in quantity, and extra in quality.

San Benito county is noted for its hay
product. The quantity of grain and hay
produced in the county is prodigious.

The Victor Mills of the big Sperry Flour
Company are located at Hojlister. The ca-
pacity of tlfese mills is 4QQ barrels of flour

per day of twenty-four hours each, and they
are now run night and day. They have
twenty sets of rollers, and a 200-horse-power
engine, and consume 1,500 tons of wheat per
month, or 18,000 tons per annum, or the
larger part of the local product, besides
about 200 tons of barley per month, or 2,400
tons per annum, which they convert into feed
for stock. The market for their flour is the
entire State. William Steinbeck is the local
manager. Last year a business of about
$600,000 was done by these mills, less
than the average; this year they will do
more.

A capital of about $200,000 is required to
carry on the business, including the plant.
The Victor Mills are of immense value to
the county, as they furnish its farmers a sure
market for the greater portion of the grain
they raise. The mills buy for cash and sell
on thirty days' time.

" HOLLISTKK HAY."

The quantity of hay shipped by the South-
ern Pacific railroad from the Hollister station
from June 1, to August 18, 1892, as shown
by the record, was 492 carloads of eleven
tons each; or 5,412 tons, which is estimated
to be less than one-fifth of the total quantity
which will be shipped from that station dur-
ing this calendar year.

Mr. R. P. Lathrop, who has been in the
hay business here since 1876, and who has
been over all that portior\ of San Benito
county which is tributary to Hollister rail-
road station, and who has taken careful sta-

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

tistics of existing stocks, states that the quan-
tity of hay, which will be shipped from this
station, of this year's crop, will not be less
than 27,000 tons, in addition to what will be
consumed locally.

The hay raised about Hollister commands
the highest price in the San Francisco and
neighboring markets, and " Hollister hay "
is well and favorably known from San Diego
to Seattle. The reasons are: Climatic condi-
tions, quality of soil, no fog, and the education
of the farmers in the art of making and cur-
ing hay. A stranger visiting Hollister, espe-
cially during the haying season, is struck
with the sight of trains of hay-loaded cars,
trailing hay-loaded wagotis, and the loading
and unloading by tackle and block of endless
bales of hay, hay, hay ?

CHAPTEE IX.

HOLLISTER.

^HE modern enterprising, thoroughly
American city of Hollister, the county
of San Benito county, was named
after Colonel W. W. Hollister,* now de-

ceased, who, with the Flints and Bixby's
brought improved American sheep all the
way from Ohio, in the early fifties, to Cali-
fornia; and who eventually settled down
to the business of sheep-raising in the neigh-
borhood of the old mission of San Juan Bau-
tista and in the upper portion of San Benito
valley. These enterprising sheep farmers,
pioneers in introducing improved sheep into
this State, purchased the "San Justo ranch,"
a Mexican grant of nearly 35,000 acres, which
was finally confirmed to Francisco Perez
Pacheco, who occupied the same a number
of years as a sheep range. -j-

Colonel Hollister acquired control of the
ranch, and iu 1862, bailt what is known as
the Montgomery House, the oldest house in
the present town of Hollister. It is said
that during the '60s, there were several hun-
dred feet of troughs used for watering sheep
in the vicinity of where Third street is now
located.

THE SAN JUSTO HOMESTEAD ASSOCIATION,

consisting of fifty members, held its first

♦Colonel W. W. Hollister was a native of Licking
county, Ohio. He was a man of great force and deci-
sion of character. He brought a flock of sheep across
the great plains as early as the year 1851, which was
no trifling undertaking. He sold these sheep in
Santa Clara county, and went back and brought out
with his brother, Hubbard, and a sister, Mrs. Brown,
who accompanied them, another flock of 8,000 sheep,
150 cattle and 100 horses in 1853. This time he started
from Missouri April 1, 1853, and arrived in Los An-
geles about February 1, 1851, with 0,000 of the sheep,
having been on the road ten months. The route trav-
eled was by way of the Platte, Great Salt Lake,
Mountain Meadows, Armargosa, and the Canon Pass.
W. fl. Perry and C. P. Switzer, since then residents of
Los Angeles, came with the Hollister party.

Colonel Hollister took the sheep north, and went

into the business of breeding improved sheep on an
extensive scale. Eventually, with others, he bought
the San Justo ranch in the San Benito valley, then a
portion of Monterey county.

Other parties with sheep, Thomas Flint and Jotham
and Llewellyn Bixby, came at the same time by the
same route, and all three parties kept near each other
and co-operated together, in overcoming difficulties,
and in defense against the Indians, etc.

Colonel Hollister was a man of education. He was
engaged in mercantile pursuits before he came to
California. He died in Santa Barbara a few years ago,
where his widow and sister still live. His brother
died eight or ten years since.

f The firm of Flint, Bi.xby & Co., consisted at this
time of Thomas and Benjamin Flint, and Llewellen
Bixby, who entered into a co-partnership in Terre

iAN BENITO COUNTY.

meetiDg October 10, 1868, at whicli S. S.
Swope was elected president, "W. H. Briggs
secretary, and J. M. Brown, treasurer. This
association bought the San Justo ranch of
Colonel Hollister for 1400,000; but when on
survey there was less land than had been
estimated a deduction of $30,000 was made,
and the actual amount paid was $370,000, of
which $100,000 was paid down, and the bal-
ance on time.

The land, or a portion of it, including the
present town site of Hollister, was divided
into tracts of 172 acres each, and, on the 19th
of November, 1868, the choice of tracts was
sold at auction, T. S. Hawkins (now president
of the Bank of Hollister) purchasing the
first choice, paying therefore $4,500. The
aggregate amount realized from the " sale of
choice" of these fifty tracts for premiums
alone was $87,352. The town of Hollister
was laid off the same day, November 19.
It had been decided at first to locate the
town about two miles northeast of its present
site, and keep the latter as the Hollister
homestead, but finally the present site was
fixed on and named.

During the month of December, $3,600

worth of town lots were sold, and the town
commenced to grow rapidly. Its population
in 1880, by the federal census, was about
1,000, and in 1890, 1,234. At present, 1892,
the school census indicates that it must be
double that number.

HOLLISTER SCHOOLS.

The present condition of the public schools
of Hollister is shown in the following figures
taken from the latest report of the county
siiperintendent: The number of children in
the district between 5 and 17 are:
White, boys, 339; girls, 310-649.

Negro, boys, 6 ; girls, 7-13. Total 662

Under 5, white 143

Total number children under 17 (all native born). 804
Number of children between 5 and 17 who have

attended public school 527

Number children between 5 and 17 who have at-
tended only primary schools 112

Total 639

Number pupils enrolled, boys, 300; girls, 237 537

Number pupils belonging 382

Average daily attendance 370

Percentage of attendance on average num'r belo'ng 97
Number pupils in grammar grade, 299,

Number pupils in primary grade, 238 537

Number months school maintained 9i^

with many important business interests of this and
other parts of the State, having been partners in the .
firmsof J. Bixby & Co., Irvine, Flint & Co., B. P.
Flint & Co., Coast Line Stage Co., California Beet
Sugar Co., Cerro Benito Quicksilver Mining Co., etc.
Jotham and Llewellyn Bixby have been for some years
residents of Los Angeles county, where they are
large land owners, and where they have extensive herds
of sheep and cattle, etc. James Irvine died in Los
Angeles (now Orange) county, several years ago.
The magnificent San Joaquin and Lomas de Santiago
ranches in Orange county, still belong to his estate"
Dr. Thomas Flint still resides in San Benito county.

Haute, Indiana, in March, 1853, to purchase stock to
drive across the plains to California. They collected
2,400 head of sheep near Quincy, Illinois, and started
for California, and crossed the Missouri river at Coun-
cil Bluffs; their route thence was up the North
Platte, via South Pass, Great Salt Lake city, southern
Utah to Los Angeles and to San Jos(5, ending their
trip in June, 1864.

In October, 1855, they bought the San Justo ranch
using the part occupied by them for many years, almost
exclusively for sheep. They were the first to introduce
into California Spanish-Merino sheep from Vermont,
and they, or those of them who survive, have bred
them since continuously. They have been identified

142

SAJSr BENITO COUNTY.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES.

Paid teachers $ 6,650 00

Paid rents, repairs, fuel, etc 1,177 78

Paid libraries 66 90

Total 17,894 68

Paid lots, building and furnishing 7,C02 45

Total $15,497 13

Balance July 1, 1891 817 26

Received from State 3,250 68

Received from county 4,081 50

Received city and district taxes 30,179 60

Received subscriptions and miscel's sources 92 70

Total 188,421 74

Balance on hand June 30, 1892 22,924 61

(Note. This amount is balance on hand
from sale of bonds for $30,000 for a new ten-
room schoolhouse, being erected in 1892. A
contract for this building has been let for
$20,825.)

The value of lots, schoolhouses and furni-
ture is $14,000; of libraries, $300; and ap-
paratus, $300, or a total of $14,600. Num-
ber volumes in library, 318; bonded indebt-
edness, §30,000.

J. B. Hankenson is principal of the Hol-
lister schools.

There are four teachers holding grammar
grade certificates, and five holding primary
grade certificates, or nine teachers in all.

J. G. Hamilton, J. T. Lowe and A. M.
Hardin constitute the city board of education.

The district has or soon will have one ten-
class schoolhouse, one five-class schoolhouse,
one three-class schoolhouse, one one-class
(rented) schoolhouse in southern part of dis-
trict.

The following are the town oflicers: T. S.

Hawkins, president; C. Hickey, C. H. Knapp,
Alex. Eaton, A.'H. Coy, trustees.

B. F. Gould, assessor; M". T. Dooling, at-
torney; W. McDonald, marshal.

SACKED HEABT SCHOOL.

The private, boarding and day school for
boys and girls, under charge of the Sisters of
Charity, was established August 5, 1891.
The building occupied by the school, which
stands a short distance west of Hollister, was
originally erected for a college, but came into
the possession of Mr. James McMahon, who
donated it, with grounds comprising about
seven acres, to the Sisters for the purpose of
establishing a private school, which last year
had about 100 pupils in attendance, with
prospects of a larger number in the future.
Sister Aurelia is at the head of the institution.
She is assisted by four other Sisters. The
common or rudimentary branches of English,
vocal and instrumental music, painting, draw-
ing, and French and Latin are taught.

The Church of the Sacred Heart, Roman
Catholic, of Hollister, includes some 1,500
parishioners. The church building, with a
seating capacity of about 250, was erected
some eighteen or twenty years ago. The
present rector, Rev. B. Smyth, came here in
1889. He has American, Spanish and Portu-
guese and French parishioners. Father Smyth
preaches in English, and also, on occasions,
in Spanish.

The Methodist Episcopal Church of Hoi-

SAN BENITO GOV NTT.

143

lister was organized in 1869, or very soon
after the town of Hollister was laid out. The
church biiilding was bought in 1878. Seating
capacity from 150 to 200. Membership 112.
Its pastor (previous to the Conference of Sep-
tember 1892) was Dr. Wesley Dennett.
Trustees; T. L. Baldwin, C. N. Day, A.
Dunlap.

The Methodist Episcopal Church South of
Hollister was established in 1869, and its
house of worship, with a seating capacity of
about 175, was erected a little later. The
church membership is 140. Kev. J. N. Ken-
ney has been pastor since January 1, 1892.

The First Presbyterian Church of Hollister
has about seventy-iive members. Its church
building was erected eight or ten years ago;
costing between $3,000 and $4,000; and the
church was organized in 1873. Rev. S. D.
Fulton has been pastor, since December, 1891;
The church will seat from 200 to 225, or with
the parlors 300 persons.

The Christian Ciiurch of Hollister was
organized in 1869. Its membership is now
about 200. The church was erected in 1875.
Kev. C. P. Cone is the pastor (1892). The
church is in a prosperous condition; and the
board of trustees contemplate enlarging the
present building, which was erected in 1874,
as it is inadequate to the needs of the con-
gregation.

BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES.

The following is a list of the societies and
of the dates of their stated meetings:

K. of P.— San Justo Lodge, No. 173, K.
of P., meets every Monday evening, Castle

hall, Fourth street west of San Benito street;
William Wallace, C. C; J. H. Shaw, K. of
R. and S.

F. & A. M.— San Benito Lodge, No. 211,

F. & A. M. meets in Masonic hall the Sat-
urday on or before the full moon. W. P.
Steinbeck, W. M.; R. Shavr, secretary.

R. A. M.— Hollister Chapter, No. 68, R.
A. M. meets in Masonic hall on the second
Wednesday in each month. Thomas Flint,
H. P. ; S. C. Freele, secretary.

0. E. S.— Athena Chapter, No. 46, O. E.
S. meets in Masonic hall on the first and
third Wednesdays of each month. Mrs. J.

G. Hamilton, W. M.; Miss Ella McCray, sec-
retary.

1. o. O. F.— Mound Lodge, No. 166, 1. O.
O. F. meets in I. O. O. F. hall every Thurs-
day evehing. N. D. Hall, N. G.; R. Shaw,
R. S. The Fidelity Rebekah Degree Lodge,
No. 29, meets in I. O. O. F. hall, on the
second and fourth Tuesdays of each month.
Mrs. J. D. Hendricks, N. G.; Mrs. J. G. Por-
ter, secretary.

G. A. R. — Jesse L. Reno, Post No. 58, G.
A. R. meets in I. O. O. F. hall on the first
and third Saturdays of each month. Will
Acton, P. C; F. W. Oliver, adjutant.

A. O. U. W.— San Benito Lodge, No. 96,
A. O. U. W., meets in I. O. O. F. hall every
Friday evening. J. F. Breen, W. M.; John
Paterson, recorder.

N. S. G. W.— Fremont Parlor, No. 44, N.
S. G. W., meets in I. O. O. F. hall on the
first and third Tuesdays of each month.

SAJf BENITO COUNTY.

William Black, president; J. T. Lahiff, sec-
retary.

I. O. F.— Court Hollister, No. 654, meets
on the second and fourth Wednesdays of
each month in I. O. O. F. hall. W. E. Ste-
vens, C. K. ; J. £. Series, secretary.

W. C. T. U.— The Hollister W. C. T. U.
meets First Wednesday of the mouth in the
parlor of the Methodist Episcopal Church
South.

There is also a Catholic Ladies' Aid Society,
a Portuguese Onion, etc.

NEWSPAPEES.

The Hollister Free Lance now in its
ninth volume, is one of the best weekly
newspapers published outside the larger
cities in California. It is edited with ability
and untiring industry. It is a faithful and
very valuable exponent of the community in
which itis published. Its managers show that
they have the true newspaper instinct, in that
they make known to the world, the resources
of their section, with great fullness of detail.
Some of their extra editions are fairly cyclo-
pedic in the great variety and exhaustiveness of
their information about San Benito county.

The editors of this work have derived much
valuable information concerning the econom-
ic and other resources of San Benito county
from the local journals of the county, and
especially from "The Free Lance," which
they hereby formally and cordially acknow-
ledge. The value of an enterprising, intelli-
gent local press toa community can hardly be
overestimated.

Lahiff and Stephenson are the proprietors
and publishers of "The Free Lance," Mr.
Stephenson being editor and Mr. Lahiff be-
ing city editor, and business manager. The
paper is enthusiastically and aggressively Re-
publican in politics.

In 1873, the Enterprise was established,
which afterward was merged into the Pacific
Coast, and then into the Democrat, which L.
T. Baldwin bought in 1882, and named the
Free Lance, by which name it has since
been known.

The San Benito Advance was established
June 17, 1872, when Hollister was but a
struggling village. During these years it
has never missed its usual weekly issue.
With the name of Hollister its name is in-
separably connected. Upon its subscription
books are the names of hundreds of old-
timers in San Benito county and other por-
tions of the commonwealth. The Advance
was first established by Mr. William Shaw,
father of the present proprietors. The office
was then located in Brown's Hall, opposite
the present Eagle Hotel on San Benito street.
San Benito street was then ungraded and
during the winter months was almost an
impassable sea of adobe mud. The Advance
was later removed to the corner of San Benito
and Fifth streets, where it remained for some
years. It was foremost in agitating the
question of incorporating the town of Hollis-
ter and largely instrumental in bringing
about its final accomplishment. San Benito
county was then a portion of old Monterey
county, and in the final struggle that ended

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

in a division, the Advance by its aggressive
policy crystallized a strong public sentiment,
which was a very efficient factor in bringing
about the desired result to wit: The passage
of the Act of Division. Its usefulness was
next made apparent to the public by the
valuable aid it rendered in cleaning out the
Milliken-Kelly gang of cut-throats which then
terrorized the entire community. It de-
manded the election of Oroson Lyons for
city marshal, who was aggressive in their
final subjugation. From December, 1875, to
1878, the Advance was conducted by F. W.
Blake now editor of the Gilroy Advocate.
He is remembered as a vigorous writer, a
faithful and persistent champion of local im-
provement. To his efforts is largely due the
establishment of a fire department in Hollis-
ter and a water system unexcelled by any
other interior town in California. Robert
Shaw and the late L. T. Baldwin succeeded
Mr. Blake, and conducted the Advance as
the Republican organ of the county up to
June, 1884, when George W. McConnell took
it and made it pronouncedly Democratic in
its tone. He proved to be an able newspaper
man, being aggressive and enterprising.
The present proprietors, Albert D. and
George E. Shaw, succeeded Mr. McConnell in
February, 1886. The old "man-killer"
lever press, which had done duty in the Shaw
family for forty-eight years, was replaced by
a new modern Cottrell cylinder and other
improved office equipments; and since that
time the Advance has been conducted upon
modern principles as a first-class weekly

paper. It has been noted for its fearless ex-
pression of the voice of the people upon
vital topics of local concern. Independent
and aggressive in its views, it is a newspaper
in every sense of the word, and with its
large patronage and extensive clintele of read-
ers, it exerts a wide influence in the com-
munity in which it is published.

THE WEST COAST ALLIANCE,

devoted to the interests of the Farmers' Alli-
ance, and Industrial Union, was established
in 1892, as the organ of the Alliance, by
which organization it is owned. It is edited
and managed by C. A. Menefee. It is a
zealous defender of the farmers, whom it
justly considers the yeomanry and the back-
bone as it were, of this country.

THE JEFFERSONIAN

of HoUister, a strongly Democratic weekly
newspaper, was established in the early part
of 1892. It is published by Harry Johnston,
editor, and W. T. McCarthy, business man-
ager. Although devoted to the interests of
its party, it also aims to promote the best
interests of San Benito county.

THE HOLLISTEK VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT

was organized in December, 1875, with
eighty charter members. The original offi-
cers were: II. M. Shackleford, chief; J. M.
Black, first assistant; William Eastman,
second assistant. At first, the company
had two hose carts and a hook and ladder

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

truck. At present they have three hose
carts and a hook and ladder truck, 1,500 feet
of first-class hose, and 900 feet of second-
class hose, with nine ladders (150 feet) and
eighteen buckets. There are now four com-
panies. Officers: No. 1, Alert, Eobert Shaw,
foreman; W. "W. McDonald, first assistant;
Albert Williams, second assistant. Com-
pany JSTo. 2, Wide Awake: A. J. Santos,
foreman; W. T. Dalzell, first assistant;
Joseph Lynn, second assistant. Company
No. 3, Excelsior: W. W. Black, foreman;
Charles Shaw, first assistant; Henry Agnew,
second assistant. Pioneer Hook and Lad-
der Company: Joseph Boucher, foreman;
Leonard Hutz, first assistant; William
Wells, second assistant.

Department oflicers: A. Eaton, chief; H.
M. Campbell, firet assistant; J. R. Hawk-
ins, second assistant; J. H. Archibald, sec-
retary; R. E. Shaw, treasurer.

THE grangers' UNION OF HOLLISTER,

with an authorized capital stock of $100,000,
was incorporated, March 20, 1890. The
following-named gentlemen are directors:
Thomas Flint, president; R. P. Lathrop,
vice-president; C. N. Hawkins, secretary
and manager; G. S. Nash, R. E. Shore. The
Union has a large store, centrally located; it
deals in general merchandise; its business,
which appears to be well managed, is re-
ported to be this third year double in volume
to what it was the first year. The Union owns
a large warehouse near the depot, where it
stores its own goods.

WATER-WORKS.

The company owning these works is man-
aged by the following oflicers : T. S. Hawk-
ins, president; T. W. Hawkins, secre-
tary and manager; N. C. Briggs, E. A.
Crepin, E. A. Hawkins, S. T. Jones; D.
N. Hall is chief engineer. The water is
taken from four artesian wells, from forty-
five to 265 feet deep, and pumped to a ce-
ment reservoir, capable of holding 255,000
gallons, on the top of a hill adjoining the
town on the north, which has an elevation of
120 feet. The steam pump used has a ca-
pacity of 95,000 gallons per hour. It is
claimed that in case of fire, it can be started
up in fifteen minutes, and can then gain four
inches an liour of water in the reservoir,
when the fire companies are playing four
on the fire.

The reservoir, which is covered, is seven
feet deep, eighty feet long by fifty-four wide.
Its height gives a pressure of water in the
town of forty-two pounds to the square inch,
which is sufficient to send a powerful stream
over the top of the highest buildings, thus
doing away entirely with the necessity for
fire engines. There are twelve miles of
mains laid in HoUister. The water being
artesian, is clear, healthful, pleasant to the
taste, and entirely free from animal or vege-
table matter, or germs of any kind, though
slightly hard. The company (1892) is en-
gaged in boring an additional and larger and
much deeper well, for the purpose of secur-
ing a larger supply of water, which they

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

147

hope will be absolutely free from any hard
quality.

The average annual rainfall at HoUister is
about twelve inches.

HOLLISTEE LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY.

The officers of this company are: Thomas
Donovan, president; Thomas McMahon, vice-
president; E. A. Crepin, treasurer; A. Tonn,
secretary. The company was incorporated
February 17, 1892. Jesse Starkweather is
superintendent of the works. This company,
as the Hollister Gas Company, has been
manufacturing gas for the last six years. It
commenced supplying electric (incandescent)
light, June 1, 1892. It has a seventy-five-
horse-power engine and boiler, and a 740 light
dynamo. The capacity of its gas-works is
about 15.,000 cubit feet of gas per day.

There are two commercial and two savings
banks in Hollister. The oldest of these is
the Bank of Hollister, which was incorporated
in 1873. It has a capital stock, paid up, of
$250,000 and a surplus of $145,000. Its
directors are: T. S. Hawkins, president; N.
C. Briggs, vice-president; T. W. Hawkins,
cashier; Uriah Woods, Thomas Flint. The
semi-annual statement of this bank for June
30, 1892, showed
Assets— Cash on hand $ 25,629.12

Expense . . .$3,424.20 )

Taxes 2,008.58 | ^'^^2.78

Bills rec'd and current

acc'ts 560,896.81

Real estate 30,300.00

Furniture and fixtures . 2,000.00
Stocks 1,265.00

Total .

.$625,523.71

Liabilities— Deposits $218,159.38

Due banks 45,683.71

P. & L., & contin-

genffund 48,811.64

Reserve fund 50,000.00

Capital 250,000.00

Due savings and

loan bank 12,868.98

Total 1625,523.71

Subscribed capital, paid up, $250,000.

The Savings and Loan Bank of Sap
Benito county, with the same directory as the
Bank of Hollister, has a subscribed capital of
1250,000, of which $50,000 is paid up in
gold coin. Its last sworn statement showed,
June 30, 1892:

Assets — Loans on real estate. . .$114,823.85

Due from banks 12,868.98

Expenses 284.05

Other assets 3,482.30

Total $131,459.18

Liabilities— Capital, $50,000.00

Due depositors, 81,459.18 131,459.18

The Farmers and Merchants' Bank of
Hollister, established in 1892, in its first
semi-annual statement of July 2, shows:

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

CHAPTER X.

SAN JUAN AND OTHER SETTLEMENTS.

If N the modern town of San Juan has had a
M compsrtively uneventful history. The
^ building of the Southern Pacific railroad
at some distance away from the old mission
town drew much of the traffc which formerly
centered there, to other points. The popula-
tion of San Juan, in 1890, is given by the census
at 463. The school census of 1892, gave the
number of children under seventeen, only as
309, which at a three or three and one-half
ratio indicates a present population of the
district of nearly 1,000 souls. The trustees
(1892) of San Juan school district are: John
Breen, D. Willson, G. S. Tremaine, and the
principal of the school is F. S. Wallace.
There is one, three-class school building in
the district, and school is maintained ten
months in the year.

SCHOOL CENSUS STATISTICS.
SAN JUAN DISTRICT.

No. of children between 5 and 17, white, 80 boys;

169 girls; total 249

No. of children under 5 60

No. of children under 17

No of children between 5 and 17 who have at-
tended public school

No. of children between 5 and 17 who have at-
tended private school

Total

No. of classes, grades, grammar

No. of classes, grades, primary

Total

No. boys enrolled.,
No. girls enrolled.,

No. belonging, average 77

No. daily attendance, average 70

Percentage of attendance on average belonging... 90

No. pupils enrolled in grammar grade 33

No. pupils enrolled in primary grade 103

Total 135

Average salaries paid teachers $75

CURRENT EXPEN8BS

Receipts balanced July 1, 1891 $1,418.80

Received State and county $2,401.00

Total $3,819,80

Expenditures, paid teachers' salary $2,262.00

Expenditures, paid rents, etc 478.02

Balance June 30, 1892 $1,079.78

Valuation; lots, buildings and furnishing $3,000.00

"Valuation; library and apparatus $500.00

Total $3,500.00

No. volumes in library 300

The St. John's Institute, or Orphans' Asy- ■
lum, was founded in 1865. It is under the
direction of the Sisters of the Immaculate
Conception. .They occupya three- story brick
building surrounded by spacious grounds.

There are a Congregational and Catholic
Church in San Juan. Also a lodge each of
Odd Fellows, Masons, Order of Eastern Star
and Order of Good Templars.

Rev. Father Valentine Closa, rector of the
Roman Catholic Church as San Juan, came
there in 1874, as assistant to Rev. Father
Rubio; and on the removal of the latter to San
Buenaventura, Father Closa became rector in
full charge of the parish. Father Closa was
born in Catalonia, Spain, in 1841, and^came to
America in 1871. He was ordained a priest
the next year, and officiated as such, first at
Los Angeles before he came to San Juan.

Tres Pinos, (Three Pines) is a thriving
town eight miles south of Hollister, and the

SAN ■ BENITO COUNTY.

terminus of the San Benito brancli of the
Southern Pacific railway, which was extended
to that point in 1873. This is the shipping
point for an extensive, and very productive
region. Large quantities of grain, hay, dairy
products, poultry, wool, hides, etc., are an-
nually brought to the Tres Pinos station to be
sent to market by rail.

Bear Valley, a pretty and fertile tract in
San Benito county, about twenty-five miles
south of Hollister, located in the Gabilan
mountains, at an altitude of about 1,000 feet,
was originally known as Cholame or Chalone
valley, it being the source of Cholame creek.
It is said to have derived its name from the
following incident. One Mr. Innes used to
range stock in the then Chalome valley and
the adjacent country. When on one of these
trips, with his vaqueros, the party encountered
a large grizzly bear near the present location
of the home of Mrs. Elizabeth Bacon. They
lassoed this bear and made him captive. He
is said to have been a fine specimen of his
kind, and created some talk. The valley
was from that time known as Bear Valley.

Mrs. Elizabeth Bacon was the first white
woman to locate in this valley. It was in
November, 1866, and the reader can get
some further information on this subject by
referring to the biographical mentions of
Mrs. Elizabeth Bacon, on another page of this
work. Henry Melindy, John T. Prewitt and
George Butterfield, are all well-known pio-
neers of the valley. Vasquez, the noted
bandit and his lieutenant, Chaves, frequented
this section during their reign of terror. It

is related by these pioneers that they were
evidently kind-hearted, genial fellows, never
giving them trouble. Especially is this true
of Chaves, who was frequently at the home of
Mr. Melindy, and, at times, during his ab-
sence, while Mrs. M. was at home alone
with her little ones. He was, however, al-
ways gentlemanly and courteous, kind and
sociable. He said that one. " Indian Joe,
who was nearly, if not quite, a full-blooded
Indian, drew him into evil ways which
brought him so much trouble." Chaves was
a half-breed Indian.

Bear Valley is about seven miles long, and
varies in width. It descends toward the Salinas
valley. Cholame creek, which drains Bear
valley, flows into the Salinas river, emptying
therein at Chalone station, on the Southern
Pacific railway.

The first school held in the Bear Valley
district, San Benito county, was in Septem-
ber, 1874. The first school teacher was Mr.
P. Troy.

The Methodist Episcopal Church South of
Bear Valley was organized about 1875, and
has a membership of fourteen. It is one of
a circuit of the following churches: Peach
Tree, Bitter Water, Bear Valley, Live Oak
and Paicines. A Sunday-school has been
organized and well supported for about twelve
years past; George M. Butterfield, superin-
tendent.

The soil of Bear Valley is deep and very
fertile, producing large crops of wheat of fine
quality, barley and vegetables and fruit of all
kinds. Frosts are almost unknown, because

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

of the elevation of the valley and of the hills
which surround it. As an enthusiastic local
writer has said: "This spot is as fair as an
ideal of Eden, and is only one of many simi-
lar spots in San Benito county." He says
the bears "have all disappeared and the name
only remains to remind old residents of the
exciting hunt of pioneer days."

Paicines, Panoche, New Idria, Vallecitos
are thriving settlements. The San Benito
and Priest valleys are fertile, healthful and
beautiful valleys. The Dry Lake and Bitter
Water regions are attractive localities for in-
dustrious settlers, and although as yet sparsely
occupied, there is abundant evidence that
those who have made their homes here are
prosperous and contented.

Although the main industries of the upper
or southern portion of San Benito county are
the raising of grain and hay and stock, yet
fruit culture is likely to become prominent
in the future. The foot-hills throughout this
region are undoubtedly adapted to the vine.
The splendid results obtained by Mr. Palm-
tag with several kinds of foreign grapes, serve
as a pointer which others may follow with
confidence. Though his wines are young, they
show plainly enough, to the discerning, some-
thing of the future possibilities of this section
in viti-culture. Some of his wines properly
blended and aged, would sell in any markets
in the world.

One peculiarity of San Benito county is,
that much of its mountainous regions are
susceptible of cultivation, almost from their
base to their summits. Indeed natural

grow to their very tops. The peculiarities
of the foot-hill regions of California, of soil,
drainage, freedom from frosts, etc., admirably
adapt them to fruit-culture, as the people of
many sections of the State have abundantly
demonstrated. The vineyards of the future
of California will be located on the foot hills
and hill-sides.

THE CIENEGA LIME KILNS

were started in 1885, by J. J. Burt; he
took out the first load of lime on the 1st day
of January, 1886, from a forty-barrel kiln.
The lime ledge proper was bought from the
Government under an Act of Congress, which
provides for the development of stone quar-
ries and timber tracts. There are now fonr
large kilns in operation with a capacity of
6,000 barrels of lime per month. There is
an abundance of wood for fuel near by — pine,
white oak, live-oak, etc. A large number of
men are employed in connection with these
works.

The lime rock is hard and white; in fact,
is marble rock, and carries about ninety-nine
per cent of lime and contains no flint. It
brings the highest market price in San Jose,
Stockton, Oakland and San Francisco.

A large quarry of white building marble
will soon be developed on the property.
Abundance of water is piped to the works
from springs on the mountain side three-quar-
ters of a mile distant. A motor railway has
been constructed from Tres Pinos, the terminus
of the Hollister branch of the Southern Pa-
cific line, a distance of twelve miles, to these

SAM BENITO COUNTY.

works, in order to facilitate transportation of
lime and stone to market. This road was
built and is owned by the proprietor of the
lime works, Mr. Burt.

PRIEST VALLEY HALL ASSOCIATION

was incoi'porated under the laws of the State,
in June, 1892, for the purpose of building a
young people's hall, to be used for balls and
social gatherings, etc. The directors are:
Martin Griffin, John Clayton, John Myers,
Richard Folks.

The capital of the association is |500, all
paid in. The hall is octagonal or eight-
square in form, and one story high. As a
dancing hall, eight sets of dancers can be ad-
mitted on the floor at one time. The orches-
tra stand is in the center. It is suitably
seated with portable seats, so that it can be
used for "other public occasions. The build-
ing is surmounted with a flag-staff, and is a
credit to the young people of Priest Valley.

CHAPTER XI.

THE EUGAJ.YPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

kS many portions of California are tree-
on account of the long summer
drouth, the introduction of the eucalyp-
ti, of many varieties, from Australia, has
been worth millions of dollars to the
State. In the first place, these trees,
after being started, will thrive remarkably
through our dry seasons; they grow so
'Straight and tall and so close together that
they will produce more timber per acre than
almost any other tree, and both timber and

fuel will always be in demand where forests
are scarce. In many of our valleys or low
hill lands, which only a few years ago were
treeless, now may be seen small clumps, and
not infrequently extensive areas of the tall
eucalyptus giving to our landscapes, form-
erly so bare of trees, an appearance not un-
like that of eastern landscapes.

Many citizens have learned by experiment
that a eucalyptus grove, especially if rea-
sonably near a market, is often more profit-
able, acre for acre, than a vineyard or fruit
orchard. The trees grow very rapidly,
straight as arrows, from fifty to seventy-five
feet high or more, which permits of their
being planted closer together than any other
trees; their height, quick growth, and near-
ness together, combined with their excellence
as fuel, and the fact that they may be cut
down as often as every five years, when thej'
will grow again as thriftly as before, make
them take rank as one of the snost desirable
class of trees that can be grown in this coun-
try of annual wet and dry seasons. The first
blue-gum grove planted in this immediate sec-
tion was set out in Castro valley in 1869, al-
though the tree itself, or the seed, as an ex-
periment, was brought here sometime before
that.

The eucalyptus also yields oils or balsams;
and its roots, it is commonly believed, ex-
tract malaria from swampy soils, rendering
them more or less innocuous.

There is another incidental benefit to be
derived from eucalyptus, or any other forests

INITO COUNTY.

which o^ight not to be overlooked, especially
in a country of dry summers like ours.

Although neither mountain ranges nor
dense forests will cause the moisture-laden
air currents, which bring rain, to blow from
the south, nevertheless, when in winter from
other causes the currents do come, forests
and mountains aid in extracting or precipita-
ting their aqueous burden. In other words,
without being in the remotest degree the
original cause of rain, or the coming of the
southerly winds which bring it, they do aid,
when those moisture-bringing currents come,
in increasing the amount of precipitation.
Air currents heavily ladened with moisture,
in passing through dense forests, must un-
load or discharge their burden more rapidly,
because of both the obstruction and the lower
temperature they encounter, than they
would in passing over an arid, unobstructed
plain, or a desert; as for similar reasons, as
everyone knows, the rainfall is very much
greater on the windward side of high, snow-
covered mountain ranges, than it is on their
leeward side or even on the level plain.

As the eucalyptus will thrive during our
summer drouths, when most other trees will
perish unless cultivated or irrigated, its value
to California can not be computed. Its great
value is bound to be more and more appre-
ciated.

The Eucalyptus, which grows all over Cali-
fornia, and is an object of curiosity to the
Eastern visitors, belongs to the myrtle tribe.
There are 150 varieties of the tree. They are
nearly all natives of Australia and the

Hawaiian islands, and have already been in-
troduced into most of the tropical and tem-
perate countries of the world.

Two kinds have been chiefly cultivated in
California, the red gum, resinifera, and the
blue gum, globulus, which is the better
known. It is famous for its rapid growth,
as it often makes an increase in height of
from six to nine feet in one year. The tree
continues growing at this rate until it has
reached an enormous size.

In 1862, it is said, an Australian merchant
desired to send_ to the London exhibition a
specimen of the large-growth Eucalyptus, but
no ship could be found long enough to carry
the giant.

The products of this tree are numerous
and varied. The wood is said to be valuable
for carpenters' and builders' uses. The gum
or resin is employed in the manufacture of
soaps, perfumes, lozenges, court-plaster, lini-
ments, syrups, pomades, toilet vinegars, as
well as many preparations used for artistic
purposes, such as varnishing oils, veneer, and
tracing paper. There has been for some
years established in Paris a store for the sale
of Eucalyptus perfumery.

But by far the most valuable and import-
ant property of this tree is its power of cor-
recting malaria. This quality is, perhaps,
due to the aromatic oil which the tree con-
tains, or more probably to the drainage ef-
fected by its roots. It has been proved in
many countries in which the tree has been
planted. In Algeria the cultivation of the
tree has rendered many low-lyiug or marshy

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

districts inhabitable, where, iu the early years
of French occupation, forei_^tiers could not
live on account of deadly fevers.

The Eucalyptus was first planted in Cali-
fornia in 1858, and now there are thought to
be not less than 10,000,000 of these trees in
this State, each from fifty to sixty feet in
height.

CHAPTER XII.

TWELVE years' RAILROAD TRAFFIC.

fHE following official statistics, kindly
furnished by G. L. Lansing, secretary
any controller of the Southern Pacific
Company, are very significant as showing
the industrial progress of the counties
through which the " Coast " division of the
Southern Pacific Company runs, during the
twelve years past. These figures show a
steady, healthy and vigorous increase of
traffic during the entire period specified :

SOUTHERN PACIFIC R. R. CO., OF CALIFORNIA, COAST
DIVISION.

EARNINGS.

$1,018,844.00
1,158,014.78
1,257,399.35
1,283,512.89
1,468,176.34
1,281,762.96
1,649,834.83
1,;37,244.85
2,085,937,64
2,134,712.88
2.289,047.57
2,345,663.79

MILEAGE.
176.29

176.29
176.29
197.19

202.21
202.21
288.71
288.71
290.71
309.11
30:).ll
309.56

TONNAGE.

228,653
278,350
301,859
293,801
363,434
309,290
438.192
446,976
602,437
56tj,625
634,354
602,402

MILES.

The above division of the railroad extends from

San Francisco to Ties Pinos IOO.5O

From Carnadeio to Santa Margarita 153.10

BRANCHES.

Castroville Junction to Lake Majella 19.52

Pajaroto Santa Cruz 21.20

Aptos to Monte Vista.
Hillsdale to Almaden..

Total 309.56

Althouajh the above comprehensive tables
include traffic on railway lines which extend
beyond the limits of Monterey, San Benito
and San Mateo counties (the segregated sum-
maries of traffic within these counties not
being easily accessible) they are very sig-
nificant as showing a steady, healthy in-
crease in business of the series of valleys
through which those arteries of commerce
run, which ought to be encouraging to the
fortunate communities which have their
homes in those pleasant valleys.

CHAPTER XIIl.

VASQUEZ, THE BANDIT.

fHE name of Vasquez, around which so
much odium attaches, because of the
acts of outlawry of one who bore that
name, Tiburcio Yasquez, once belonged to
a respectable family in Monterey; and some
members of that family still reside in
Monterey county, who are industrious and
law-abiding citizens. Tiburcio, who even
before he arrived at the age of maturity took
to evil ways, was born in Monterey county, in
1837. It is said that before he was twenty
years old he kept a low dance house in
Monterey, where some Americans who fre^
queuted the place quarreled with him, and his
house acquired a bad name, so that he was
compelled to abandon it. He insisted that
they were the aggressors, and that he only
defended himself and his friends. Refusing

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

to be arrested, he left Monterey and went to
Mendocino county, where again an unsuccess-
ful attempt was made to arrest hira, resulting
in a iight and his escape the second time.
He himself says that he then went to his
home in Monterey and begged his mother's
blessing, and told her that thereafter he was
going to defend himself.

Having become embittered, partly through
his own faults and partly through the faults
of others, he evidently had became desperate
and reckless; and he commenced stealing
horses, robbing stages, etc., and as other des-
perate characters joined him he became
bolder and more reckless in his career of
crime in different parts of the State. In
1857 he was arrested for stealing horses at
Los Angeles and sent to the State prison,
from which he made his escape, but was soon
caught and sent back to the penitentiary,
where he remained till his discharge in
1863.

But his old instincts returned and he
turned highwayman again, with Procopio
and Soto, and others. His party made an
attack on Tres Pinos, in San Benito county,
and killed three men and bound several
others; and Vasquez threatened one of these
latter with instant death unless he had his
wife bring a certain sum of money as a ran-
som, which she brought. After the awful
tragedy at Tres Pinos, Vasquez made his way
south, and on the road it is said he seduced
the wife of one of his men, Antonio Leiva,
who in revenge gave the officers at Los An-
geles much evidence concerning his criminal

career, his methods, etc. Vasquez and
Chavez subsequently robbed a stage on the
Owens river road, capturing considerable
booty in the form of money, watches, etc.
April 16, 1874, at the head of a small gang
of robbers, he made his appearance at the
sheep ranch of a wealthy Italian, Alexander
Repetto, about six miles east of the city of
Los Angeles. Tying Kepetto to a tree he
compelled him, under pain of instant death,
to sign a check on Temple & Workman's
bank, Los Angeles, for $800. A young man,
a nephew of Pepetto, was then sent to Los
Angeles to get this check cashed, and warned
that at first indication of treachery his uncle
would be killed. Upon arrival at the bank
the boy's manner excited suspicion, and the
bank officers detained him until he told why
the money was so urgently needed. Sheriff
Rowland was notified and he at once organ-
ized a posse and started for the San Gabriel
mission ; but the boy, by hard riding across
the country, reached the ranch ahead of them,
paid the ransom and released his uncle. The
robbers fled north across the mission road
toward the mountains, as the sheriff had
expected, and met Charles E. Miles and John
Osborne, whom they robbed of valuable gold
watches when almost in sight of the officers,
and then quickly continued their flight to the
mountains and made good their escape.

This was Vasquez's last exploit as a high-
way robber.

For a long time Sheriff William R. Row-
land of Los Angeles county had been quietly
laying plans for his arrest. Again and again

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

the game had escaped, but "it is a long lane
that has no turning." Early in May, 1874,
he learned that Vasquez was making his
headquarters at the house of "Greek George,"
about ten miles due west of Los Angeles, and
and north of Santa Monica, and not far from
the Cahuenga pass.

The house was situated at the foot of a
mountain and was built of adobe in the form
of a letter L, the foot of the letter being
toward the mountain range, and the shank
extending southward. Behind the house ran
a comparatively disused road, leading from
San Vicente through La Brea Rancho to Los
Angeles. In front of the house a small
bunch of willows surrounded a spring, and
beyond these a vast rolling plain stretched
westward and southward to the ocean. A
window in the north end of the building
afforded a lookout over the plain toward Los
Angeles for many miles. Other windows in
like manner commanded the remaining points
of the compass. The middle section of the
shank was used as a dining-room and a
small room in the southern extremity as a
kitchen.

It was well known that Yasquez had con-
federates in Los Angeles, who kept him con-
stantly posted as to all plans laid for his
capture. This being the case, the utmost
secrecy was necessary. The morning of
Thursday, May 15, was determined on for
making the attack, and during the following
day horses for the sheriff's party wei-e taken,
one by one, to d, rendezvous on Spring street,
near Seventh. To disafm suspicion, it w^s

determined that Sheriff Rowland should re-
main in Los Angeles, and the attacking force,
eight in all, was placed in charge of the
under sheriff, Albert J. Johnston. The re-
maining members were: Major H. M. Mitch-
ell, attorney at law in Los Angeles; J. S.
Bryant, city constable; B. F. Hartley, chief
of police; W. E. Rogers and D. K. Smith,
citizens; and George A. Beers, special cor-
respondent of the San Francisco Chronicle.
The party were armed with rifles, shotguns
(loaded with slugs) and revolvers.

At 1:30 A. M. they started, and by 4 o'clock
had arrived at Major Mitchell's bee ranch,
situated up a small caiion not far from the
house of Greek George. Here Dnder-Sheriff
Johnston left a portion of his party, while
with the rest he climbed the mountains to
reconnoiter. A heavy fog at first obscured
all objects, but as it lifted they could discern
a horse, answering in appearance to that
usually ridden by the bandit, picketed near
the house. Twice a man resembling Vasquez
came out of the dwelling and led this horse
to the spriug, then back again and re-picketed
him. Soon a second man, believed to be the
bandit's lieutenant (Chaves), went in pursuit
of another horse; and then Johnston prepared
for action.

His two companions, Mitchell and Smith,
went in pursuit of the man last seen, while
he returned to the bee ranch, marshaled his
forces, and prepared to attack the house.
Fortunately just at this moment a high box
wagon drove up the canon from the direction
of Greek George's house. In this were tvyo

'.AN BENITO COUNTY.

natives, and the sheriff's party at once
climbed into the wagon and lay down, taking
with them one of these men. The driver
they commanded to turn liis horses and pro-
ceed back to Greek George's house, driving
as close thereto as possible, and promising
him that on the least sign of treachery they
would shoot him dead. He obeyed his in-
structions, and in a short time the house was
reached and surrounded.

As the party advanced upon the door lead-
ing into the dining-room, a woman opened it
partially, then, as she caught sight of them,
slammed it to, with an exclamation of fright.
They burst in just in time to see Vasquez
spring from the table, where he had been
eating breakfast, and through the narrow
kitchen window in the end of the house
facing south. As he went through an officer
fired on him with his Henry rifle, and as he
rushed for his horse, shot after shot showed
him the utter hopelessness of escape. Throw,
ing up his hands and advancing toward the
party, he surrendered, saying in Spanish:
" Boys, you have done well. I have been a
d — d fool, but it is all my own fault, I am
gone up." Two other men were arrested at
the same time, the one Mitchell and Smith
went after, and another. A large number of
arms, all the latest patterns and finest work
manship, were found in the house. Greek
George (George Allen) was arrested in Los
Angeles.

Vasquez was conveyed to Los Angeles and
placed in jail. Here he received the best of
medical treatment, and as his injuries were

only flesh wonnds he soon recovered. Much
maudlin sympathy was expended on him by
weak-headed women, who took flowers to him
while he remained in Los Angeles jail. His
last victim, Mr. Repetto, of San Gabriel,
called to see him. After the usual saluta-
tions, Repetto remarked: "I have called,
signor, to say that, so far as 1 am concerned,
you can settle that little account with God
Almighty. I have no hard feelings against
you : none whatever." Vasquez returned his
thanks in a most impressive manner, and be-
gan to speak of repayment, when Repetto
interrupted him, saying: " I do not expect
to be repaid. I gave it to yon to save further
trouble; but I beg of you, if you ever resume
operations, not to repeat your visit to my

"Ahlseilor," replied Vasquez, "if I am so
unfortunate as to suffer conviction, and am
compelled to undergo a short term of im-
prisonment, I will take the earliest oppor-
tunity to reimburse you. Senor Repetto,
yo soy un caballero, con el corazon de un
oahallero ! '''' (I am a gentleman, with the
heart of a gentleman!) This with the most
impressive gesture, and laying his hand upon
his heart.

He was taken to San Jose and tried for
murder, and being found guilty was hanged,
March 19, 1875.

Several others of the band were captured
and sent to San Quentin. Some were shot
by officers, and the whole band was finally
broken up.

SAN BENITO OOUNTT.

CHAPTER XIV.

CAUSE CELEBKE. " PANOCHE GRANDE."

^HE history of this case, which has been
before Congress or the courts now for
almost forty years, is one of the most
remarkable in the annals of this country.

The report of the committee on public lands
of the forty-fifth Congress, dated June 13,
1878, makes the startling statement that al-
though the claimant of this grant had suc-
ceeded in obtaining two distinct judicial con-
firmations of his title to this ranche; and
that two Secretaries of the Interior, to-wit,
Hon. Caleb B. Smith, on the 29t.h of Decem-
ber, 1862, and Hon. J. P. Usher, on the 4th
of March, 1864, ordered patents to issue to
said claimant; and further, that although the
Presidejit of the United States, Abraham Lin-
coln, after investigation, decided that the
grant was genuine, and ordered a patent to
issue therefor; and a patent was actually
made out and signed, March H, 1863, in
due form, granting to Vicente P. Gomez, and
to his heirs and assigns, the said rancho
Panoche Grande; yet in spite of all these
facts, the claimant, "William M'Garrahan, suc-
cessor in interest of the grantee, Vicente P.
Gomez, has never yet received a patent for
the same, as ordered by the two Secretaries of
the Interior, and finally by the President of
the United States himself!

"What is the sinister agency which baffles
and persistently and repeatedly paralyzes the
power and lawful acts of the courts and
executive ofiicers of this great government?

Can there be any other cause than that
rich quicksilver mines have been discovered
on the rancho; and that from the enormous
product of these mines, the beneficiaries have
been able to fight the rightful owners and
legal confirmees for more than thirty years,
and to practically defy the Government of the
United States? Is it creditable to the people
of this country that such things can happen
as are revealed in the record of this case?

What does that record show?

(1) That Governor Micheltorena in 1844
granted to Vicente P. Gomez, a tract of land,
containing four leagues of land, known as the
rancho "Panoche Grande," located in what is
now known as San Benito county, California.

(2) On the 5th day of June, 1857, the
United States District Court for the Southern
District of California rendered a decision on
an appeal from the United States Land Com-
mission, confirming the claim of said Gomez
to said rancho. On the 22nd of December,
1857, "William M'Garrahan purchased the
land of Gomez for a valuable consideration.
The decree of June 5, 1857, not having been
signed and entered at the time, a decree nunc
pro tunc was entered on the 5th day of Feb-
ruary, 1858, covering four leagues, which
was duly signed by the district judge, I. S.
K. Ogier.

On the 15th day of March, 1858, the
United States appealed from the decree of the
district court, as was their practice in all such
cases.

On the 3l8t of January, 1859, the appeal
was finally dismissed, on motion of the at-

SAW BENITO COUNT r.

torney general, and an order to that effect
was entered upon the records of the United
States Supreme Court; and in March, 1859,
the supreme court issued its mandate remand-
ing the cause to the court below for such
proceedings as ought to be had, in accord-
ance with the decree of the district court
confirming the grant, notwithstanding the
said appeal.

The mandate of the supreme court was
filed in the district court below on the ith
day of May, 1859, whereupon the district
court ordered adjudged and decreed that the
said mandate be carried into effect and that
the said Gomez proceed under the decree of
the district court theretofore rendered, as
under a final decree.

(3) At the December term, 1859, of the
supreme court, on motion of the attorney
general, the order previously made dismiss-
ing the appeal was vacated and the mandate
was recalled. The effect of this action of the
court was to leave the Xew Idria Mining
Company, who, in realty were merely a band
of "squatters" on the rancho, in the possess-
sion of the quicksilver mines (then valued at
$10,000,000) on the lands, and to take from
the confirmee the means of the expulsion of
that company from the premises.

No appeal appears to have been taken sub-
sequently until the 25th day of August,
1862, when an p.x parte order of appeal to the
Supreme Court of the United States was ob-
tained from the district court.

On the 4th day of December, 1862, on a
submission of the facts under which it was

obtained being presented, the District Court
Fletcher M. Haight, judge, vacated the ap-
peal and set aside the order allowing the
same, and denied the motion of the United
States district attorney for leave to make an
appeal.

The effect of this denial of an appeal, says
the report of the committee on public lands,
was a final confirmation of the grant.

(4) On application for an ofiicial survey
of the rancho, under the act of June 2, 1862,
the United States Surveyor-general for Cali-
fornia proceeded to make such survey, and
reported the same to the Interior Depart-
ment according to law, on the 11th day of
September, 1862. On the 29th of December,
1862, the Secretary of the Interior, Caleb B.
Smith, rendered this opinion in the case,
which was, "that the decree of the District
Court for the Southern District of California,
comfirming the grant had become final. The
United States had no longer any interest in
the controversy. No claim of third parties
had been interposed;" and thereupon he di-
rected the Commissioner of the General Land
Office " to issue a patent for the land in ac-
cordance with the survey as reported by the
surveyor-general."

The order of the secretary was not com-
plied with for some reason, before the expira-
tion of his term of office, which was only a
few days subsequent to the rendition of his
decision. The matter was brought before
Secretary Smith's successor, Hon. J. P. Usher,
who rendered his opinion March 4, 1863, in
which, after referring to the question decided

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

by Mr. Smith, he said: " I think, therefore,
that the decisiou of my predecessor directing
the patent was correct, and that it should
issue."

In obedience to the decision of Secretary
Usher, a patent was executed to said Gomez
and his assigns for the four leagues of land,
in accordance with the survey, as reported by
the United States surveyor-general for Cali-
fornia.

A record of a patent duly signed by the
president, by his secretary to sign land
patents with the seal of the general land
office affixed, is found in the office of the
commissioner of the general land office, on
pages 312 to 321, inclusive, of Volume IV.
of Confirmed California Mexican Land Grants.

Although the Supreme Court of the United
States, subsequent to the rendition of the de-
cisions'of Secretaries Smith and Usher, de-
cided against the validity of the grant of
than Gomez; yet it was not till more
four years after the decision of the court
that the record of the fact that a patent had
been issued was discovered and brought to
the knowledge of the court.

(5) The public land committee of the
house of representatives assert (pp. 11-12 of
report) that all the decisions of the Supreme
Court of the United States on this claim ad-
verse to the grantee, have been founded on
eac-parte affidavits and statements, and state-
ments of at least doubtful veracity, and which
are decisively disproved by documentary and
record evidence of an official and judicial
character, and that in the opinion of the

committee the court was deceived and misled
by such affidavits and statements. This, the
committee say, was so evident to the House
of the Forty-first Congress, when this case was
before it for examination, that it adopted a
resolution directing that all such decisions
made since the execution of the [pate nt
only those decisions afEect the validity of
title] should be disregarded in the settlement
of this controversy. And the house resolu-
tion directed the president of the United
States to finally decide and dispose of the
memorialists' claim as might "in his judg-
ment be just and equitable, without regard to
any action or proceedings had suhsequent to
the nth day of March, 1863, the date of the
patent recorded."

The House committee on public lands
(Forty-fifth Congress, second session), from
whose report the foregoing facts are derived,
also reproduces in extenso the reports of the
House judiciary committees of the Fortieth
and Forty-first Congresses on this case, both
favorable to the grantee, together with the
adoption by the House in each case of the
bill offered by said committees "for the relief
of William M'Garrahan."

A synopsis of the evidence, or of its prin-
cipal points, cited by the House committee,
proving the existence and loss of the grant,
is appended here as a part of the history of
the case, and also because of the local histori-
cal incidents therein brought out.

James L. Ord testified before the land
commission, February 12, 1853, that he was
assistant surgeon of Company F, of the Third

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

Eegiment, U. S. Artillery, in January, 1847,
at Monterey; that he occupied a portion of
the customhouse at Monierey with General
W. T. Sherman (then captain) as quarters,
another portion being occupied as a hospital
under charge of witness; that the center of
the building was used as a depository for
naval stores; that in the room occupied as a
hospital were Spanish papers which he sup-
posed were old customhouse papers of no
value, which were on shelves with doors, but
were not locked ; that the papers were not in
charge of any one; and that some of them
were used by him in putting up prescriptions
for the sick; that witness did not undei-stand
the Spanish language, and that it- was one or
two months before he found out that they
were of any value from seeing the papers
in the hands of Captain Halleck; that wit-
ness thinks some of the papers were ea^e-
dientes; that he does not recollect seeing maps
in the papers, and that he cannot form an
idea of the quantity of papers used; that
some of them had numbers on the outside;
that from January until May the papers
were in such exposed condition; that witness
left Monterey about the first of May and re-
turned in June, when the papers were not in
the place in which he left them; that he
thinks Captain Halleck took charge of them
when they were removed from the custom-
house.

Jose Castro testified February 24, 1853,
that he was a resident of Monterey and was
then forty-four years of age; that he knew
Vicente Gomez, who was a Mexican by

birth, and who had lived in California since
1832; that some time in 1844, on Gomez
asking his advice as to where public land
could be petitioned for, witness recommended
the place called the Panoche Grande, east of
San Juan Bautista about twenty-iive leagues,
for which Gomez received a concession from
Governor Micheltorena; that the map shown
witness and tiled with his testimony, is a
correct delineation in the general outlines of
said tract; that Gomez was a clerk in the
commissary department at Monterey from
some time in 1846, to the change of govern-
ment. The witness testified that he knew
the place well from personal observation,
having camped npon it fifteen or twenty days
while engaged in military service against the
Indians; that he knew nothing on the matters
of Gomez' occupation or visits to the place,
as he had seen him only once after having,
recommended him to apply for land; that
witness had filled the offices of political chief
of California, and a member of the Territorial
Diputacion; he had also been prefect, and
commandante general.

The next witness, Jose Abrego, who was
examined October 27, 1853, testified through
an interpreter that he was forty years of age
and had lived in Monterey twenty years;
that Gomez showed him a title or grant
of the land called La Panoche Grande, near
the rancho of San Luis Gonzaga, belonging
to Francisco Pacheco, issued by Micheltorena
in 1844 or 1843; that Gomez was at that
time clerk in the office of the commissaries-
general of California, of which witness was

SAJV BENITO COUNTY.

the chief; that after that Gomez placed the
same for safe keeping amoug the papers be-
longing to the archives of said office, where
it remained until said archives were taken
possession of by the American forces, July 7,
1846; that witness was at the head of the
commissary's office until that time, and
Gomez remained as a clerk until then; that
the title was signed by Micheltorena and
Jimeno, governor and secretary, and bore
their true and genuine signatures; that he
did not know the data of the grant; that it
was for four leagues; that he had seen a plat
of the law and read it, but did not recollect
the boundaries; that the plat annexed to
Castro's testimony witness had seen before,
at the same time he saw the title papers in
the hands of Gomez; that it was drawn no
the same kind of paper that he -had in his
office.

In reply to questions by the United States
law agent, witness said that Gomez was in
his office for about two years; that the grant
was issued at Monterey; that Micheltorena
left Monterey for Los Angeles in February
or March, 1845, and did not return until the
occupation of the country by the United
States; that Gomez joined General Jose
Castro at the time Colonel Fremont appeared
at Monterey about May, 1846; that witness
frequently gave Gomez leave of absence for
twenty days or a month; that he was em-
ployed in the office of witness, but had to go
to the office of the Secretary of State, when
called upon to assist iu that office.

In reply to questions by petitioner's attor-

ney, witness testified that at nine o'clock in
the morning of July 7, 1846, the American
troops took possession of all the archives of
the government, which were in the various
public buildings at Monterey, and carried
them in blankets to the customhouse build-
ings, where there were about 400 men under
Colonel Fremont, and where many of the
papers constituting the public archives were
torn up and destroyed ; that from that time
the archives remained in possession of the
American authorities, and witness did not
know what became of them ; that the papers
which were destroyed were torn up and scat-
tered about the streets and lost; that witness
called upon Mr. Hartnell and requested him
to remonstrate with Lieutenant Maddox, who
was in command, to prevent further destruc-
tion of the papers.

A master of a whaling ship, testified before
the land commission, that he was in Monte-
rey in the fall of 1845, and was intimate with
the family of Gomez, who offered to sell him
three or four leagues of land, and showed him
papers which he said were a title to the land
from Micheltorena; that Gomez proposed at
that time returning to Mexico; that witness
then understood the Spanish language.

Gomez, in his petition to the United States
Land Commission, filed February 9, 1853,
recites amongst other things that the lands
for which he asks confirmation, called l^a-
noche Grande, of the extent of four leagues,
(now lying in the county of San Joaquin),
are bounded on the south by the lands of
Fi-ancisco Arias; on the north by the lands of

8AJf BENITO COUNTY.

Julian Ursna aud the low hills; and on the
west by the barren hills, as explained by the
map of thereto annexed. He alleges that for
some time before the military occupation of
Monterey, California, by the American forces,
July 7, 1846, he was a clerk in the Commis-
ary's office of Monterey, aud that at that time
he had his original title-papers for said tract
of land deposited in his desk in said office of
the Commissary; that shortly before the
naval forces of the United States took pos-
session of the town of Monterey, he had left
the town with some of the Mexican troops to
assist in the defense of the country; that
when he so left Monterey he left his said
original grant of said land in his desk at
the office of the Commissary as aforesaid, be-
lieving it to be a secure place; that upon
his return to Monterey he found it in pos-
session of the United States troops, and the
public buildings, offices, and papers were all
in possession of and guarded by American
soldiers; that he made application without
delay to the American officer in charge of the
office and papers where his said original title
for said tract of land was deposited, but the
said officer (Lieutenant Maddox, of the Uni-
ted States Marine troops) refused to deliver
any paper or papers then in his possession or
under his charge.

He further alleges that the map presented
with his petition is the map which accompa-
nied the original expediente, and that the
grant made by Governor Micheltorena was
the land delineated by this map.

Gomez further avers that he became posses-

sed of this map by permission of the proper
officers, for the purpose of having a copy
made for his use and benefit; and he had
taken it to his present dwelling-house a short
time before California fell into the hands of
the American authorities. It had remained
in his possession ever since. He has made
application, he says, to the person in charge
of archives of the former government, which
were taken at Monterey for information in
in relation to this grant, and title made to
him, but it could not be found; nor was the
original expediente found.

Gomez concludes his petition to the Land
Commission in these words: "Your petitioner
has heard, and believes and alleges, that
many original papers and documents belong-
ing to the government archives taken at Mon-
terey on July 7, 1846, have been since lost
or destroyed. If such be the fact, his title
papers and the expediente must have been
among the papers and documents so lost and
destroyed. Your petitioner hopes that, after
such proof as the nature of the case will ad-
mit, your honorable board will confirm liis
said claim to the said four leagues of land
granted as aforesaid, and that he may have a
decree accordingly, and general relief, as in
duty bound."

In the Panoche Grande case, all the evi-
dence, as collated by the House land commit-
tee, both oral and documentary, as in the case
of all the other confirmed Mexican grants,
strongly indicates the genuineness of this
grant; and there is abundant warrant for
the dictum, of old settlers in San Benito and

SAN BENITO COUNTY.

Monterey counties, that the title of the gran-
tee would never have been contebted, had
there never been discovered on it quicksilver
mines. But this belief of laymen, in the
equities of the grantees of this rancho, which
have been fought with desperate persistence
and cunning by a band of squatters for
thirty-five years, is fortified by the decisions
of two United States district judges, two sec-
retaries of the interior, and lastly by an il-
lustrious president of the United States, all
of whom were known as honest conscientious
and enlightened men and officers, who sought,
moreover, in faithfully performing their of-
ficial duties in connection with this remark-

able case, to carry out their convictions —
which, nevertheless, have not been realized,
even to this day! How can American citi-
zens stTidy the long tortuous history of the
fight which has been made in the courts, in
Congress and before the various executive
departments of the Government, including at
least three presidents of the United States,
against the final confirmation of title to the
hoiia-Jide grantees of "Panoche Grande,"
without having their self-respect, their amor
propria, seriously wounded? The scandals
connected with this case have become intoler-
able to the moral sense of the American
people.

SANTA ei{UZ SOUNTY,

CHAPTER 1.

NATDEAL FEATURES, LOCATION, TOPOGEAPHY,
AMD MINEEALOGY.

fHE county of Santa Cruz, (Holy Cross,)
is centrally situated on the coast of
California, extending from the bay of
Monterey northwesterly some forty miles, by
an extreme width of about fifteen miles, and
it contains something less than 440 square
miles, or 280,000 acres. It extends from the
Pacific ocean to the summit of the Santa
Cruz range of mountains, a section of the
coast range, which separates it from Santa
Clara county, on the northeast.

It is bounded on the north by San Mateo
and Santa Clara counties; on the east by
Santa Clara county; and on the south and
west by the Pacific ocean.

The southwesterly or ocean slope of the
Santa Cruz range of mountains is heavily
timbered with redwood oak, fir, etc., thus mak-
ing lumber one of the important resources
of the county. The numerous valleys
drained by the San Lorenzo, Soquel, Pdjaro,
AptoB, Valencia, and several other smaller
streams, embrace some of the richest and
most productive lands in the State. Loma
Prieta, sometimes known as Mount Bache, is

the highest peak of the Santa Cruz range,
being about 3,000 feet above the sea level.
It is some twenty miles northeast from the
county seat, and is a conspicuous landmark,
being visible many miles out at sea. Its
summit is often covered with snowin winter,
although there is a thermal belt along the
foot-hills, above the level of the valleys, where
frost is hardly ever seen .

The location of Santa Cruz, on the sea
coast, gives the county an equable climate
in summer, as the daily sea breeze, coming
directly from the ocean, without being heated
by passing over intervening land, has very
nearly the same temperature which it has on
the sea; whereas this same breeze becomes
gradually heated more and more, as it
passes overland into the interior. It is
thus that the immediate coast area of Califor-
nia, from its extreme northwest to its ex-
treme southwest boundaries, has the finest
summer climate that can be found anywhere
in the world. Lying between the main, or
Santa Cruz mountains and the ocean, is a
lower range, the trend of which corresponds
with that of the seacoast. More than three-
fourths of this county consists of hills or
rolling lands and mountains, all of which are
well timbered with pine, oak or redwood.

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

Large quantities of lumber are manufactured
from pine, and redwood, most of which find
a market in San Francisco or San Jose, being
shipped either by rail or from several small
coves and harbors along the coast. The Santa
Cruz mountains are well watered, and many
streams flow through the canons directly
west into the Pacific, while a large number
unite to form the San Lorenzo river, which
courses south through the middle of this re-
markably fertile county, and empties into
Monterey bay.

MINERAL BESOURCES.

Among its minerals that can be counted as
a known source of actual wealth are: gold,
silver, bitliminous rock, coal, mercury and
lime, together with sufficient building stone
for local purposes. Placer mining is carried
on along various creeks when water is abun-
dant, and generally yields fair wages to those
engaged in it. Placer gold has been found
on Wardell and Major creeks, and Gold
Gulch near Felton; while accounts are given
in the report of the State Mineralogist of
the gold found being coarse-grained, some
pieces of which were worth from twenty -five
cents to ten dollars. Various attempts have
been made to discover the source of the
placer gold, but thus far prospecting has met
with but little success, the great obstacle
being the depth of soil covering the rock
formation, and the dense growth it maintains,
both of which prove great hinderances; yet
a few mineral bearing ledges have been found.

Auriferous black sand is worked in the

San Andres hills, where gold was found sev-
eral years ago, and a company organized in
1886. This sand is the remains of an old
sea beach, now forming dunes and hills of
friable sand-rock and beds of sand. The
latter deposits contain these black sands car-
rying gold.

Several small veins of coal have been dis-
covered, and small quantities have been
mined about fifteen miles north of Watson-
ville, in the Santa Cruz mountains and on
the Corralitos creek, and croppings have been
found on the Yalencia creek and also near
Felton.

The State Mineralogist reports, in 1888,
that the bituminous rock deposits wereyield-
ing large quantities of paving material. The
total shipments for the year are given at
8,182 tons. The industry is growing and
becoming very important, as the supply is
practically inexhaustible, with a future de-
mand likely to be unlimited.

Asphalt pavements properly laid are ex-
ceedingly popular in large cities, as Wash-
ington, Paris, etc., although liable in winter
to be injured by frosts, while in California
they are nearly free from this trouble.

Bituminous rock is formed by the dis-
charge of liquid asphaltum, or " hrea" as it
is called in Spanish, from springs upon sand
or gravel, with which it mingles, thus form-
ing a conglomerate, from which the volatile
portions are, in course of years, thoroughly
evaporated. It is thus by natural processes
that a composite material is formed, which,
when subjected to a high degree of heat and

SAJSfTA GRUZ COUNTY.

mixed with lime, and properly treated, makes
one of the best paving materials, at least in
a frostless country, which has ever been dis-
covered.

The Californians, as well as the Americans
in early times, especially in the southern
portions of the State, where lumber was
scarce, adopted this method of roofing their
houses.

CHAPTER II.

fHE history of early voyages along the
coast of Alta California has been given
elsewhere in this work. The description
of Cabrillo's explorations in 1542-'43, three
and a half centuries ago, as given in the histori-
cal sketch of Monterey county, will serve with-
out repetition here, with slight variations, as
a correct account of that pioneer navigator's
voyage along the coast of Santa Cruz, as well
as of San Mateo. The same maybe said of
Vizcaino's voyage, sixty years later. It is
not to be supposed that Cabrillo, before his
death, January 3, 1543, or Ferrelo, his suc-
cessor in command, or Vizcaino, at those re-
mote periods, and in this remote part of the
world, penetrated inland at any point to any
great distance as they sailed along these un-
known shores.

The true historical period of California
commences with the founding of the Fran-
ciscan missions, in the year 1769. This date
marks an important epoch, because it signal-
izes the introduction of European civilization
into a region, where hitherto only ignorant

savages and wild animals had lived. The
missions symbolize the coming and perma-
nent settlement of a race of men capable of
making, as well as recording, history.

Although the Indians of Central California
were very numerous at the time of the ad-
vent of the Franciscan fathers, their intelli-
gence was of so low a grade, that their annals,
even if they had been preserved, would have
possessed but little interest for Europeans.
Evidently they had made but little progress
in evolution, during the unknown ages of
their occupation of this land, where the
climate was so mild, and Nature so kind, that
they were enabled to live almost without
exertion. The Indian tribes, whose habita-
tions were in the Rocky mountains, or in the
northern part of North America, were un-
doubtedly stimulated by the rigors of a colder
climate and by their environment to activity,
both physical and mental, that was unknown
to the torpid aborigines of California. Thus,
the former had developed into spirited and
war-like races, while the latter had remained
apparently, for ages, on a dead level, but little
at all above that of the wild animals, which
disputed with them the mastery of the land
over which both roamed.

The establishment of a mission on the San
Lorenzo river was finally determined on in
1789, although the fathers had known of
the desirableness of the site for several years.
Rivera and Palou on their return from their
exploring expedition to San Francisco, in
1774, had examined and approved the loca-
tion. Palou, in speaking of this and several

SANTA ORUZ COUNTY.

other sites, which they had examined during
their trip, makes this record in his diary:
" God grant that in my day I may see them
occupied by missions, and in them assembled
all the gentiles who inhabit their vicinities,
and that none of the latter die without holy
baptism, to the end that the number of the
children of God and His holy church be in-
creased, and also of the vassals of our Catho-
lic Monarch."

After sundry delays, caused by correspond-
ence with the viceroy, whose authority it was
necessary to obtain. President Lasuen pro-
ceeded to the work of founding the mission
of Santa Cruz. He thus describes the steps
taken under date of September 28, 1791, a
little more than 100 years ago: " In view of
the superior order of His Excellency, I at
once named the missionaries. I asked and
obtained from the comandante of this pre-
sidio, the necessary aid for exploring anew
the region of Soledad, and there was chosen
a site having some advantages over the two
previously considered. I applied to the mis-
sions for vestments and sacred vessels; and
as soon as the commander of the Aranzazu
furnished the servants allowed for the new
establishment, I proceeded to Santa Clara,
in order to examine anew, in person, the site
of Santa Cruz. I crossed the Sierra by a long
and rough way, and found in the site the
same excellent fitness that had been reported
to me. I found, besides, a stream of water
very near, copious and important. On the
day of St. Augustine, August 28, 1791, I
said Mass, and a cross was raised on the spot

where the establishment is to be. Many
gentiles came, large and small, of both sexes,
and showed that they would gladly enlist un-
der the sacred standard, thank God! I re-
turned to Santa Clara by another way,
rougher, but shorter and more direct. I had
the Indians improve the road and was per-
fectly successful; because for this, as for
everything else, the comandante of San Fran-
cisco, Don Hermenegildo Sal, has furnished
with the greatest activity and promptness
all the aid I have asked for. I ordered some
little huts made, and I suppose that by this
time the missionaries are there. I found
here in Monterey, the two corvettes of the
Spanish expedition; and the commander's
power of pleasing obliged me to wait their
departure. I endeavored to induce them to
transport the Santa Cruz supplies by water,
but it could not be accomplished. Day before
yesterday, however, some were sent there by
land, and with them a man from the schooner,
which came from Nootka, under Don Jnan
Can-asco. The plan is to see if there is any
shelter for a vessel on the coast near Santa
Cruz, and there to transport what is left. To-
morrow a report is expected. This means is
sought because we lack animals. To-day
eleven Indians have departed from here with
tools to construct a shelter at Soledad for the
padres and the supplies. I and the other
padres are making preparations, and my de-
parture thither will be by the favor of God,
the day after, from San Francisco, October 8,
at least."

The foregoing is quoted at length as it af-

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

fords the reader of to-day a glimpse of the
difficulties the good fathers labored under in
carrying forward their important undertak-
ing of establishing a mission here, and it also
represents a picture of things as they were a
century ago, — multitudes of wild Indians, but
few whites, and they compelled to travel be-
yond the immediate precincts of the mis-
sions with a military escort; the country
rough and without roads; everything to be
done, with scant means to do with. Thus
may we gain some slight conception of the
difficulties under which European civilization
was introduced into this land, where we now
have our homes, surrounded as they now are,
by all the appliances of modern civilization.

On the 23d of September, Ensign Sal, with
two friars of San Jos^, arrived from San Fran-
cisco presido, and some neophytes con-
structed a cabin to shelter the priests, and
when all was ready, on Sunday, the 25th day
of September, 1791, with religious ceremo-
nies, conducted by the padres, and the firing
of salutes, the Mission of the Holy Cross, or
Santa Cruz was duly founded.

The contributions of the neighboring mis-
sions to the new establishment, according to
one account were: Santa Clara, 151 head of
cattle, nineteen horses, eighteen fanegas of
grain; San Francisco, six yoke of oxen, 100
swine, twelve mules and eight other animals.

The Fathers seemed to have been success-
ful in gathering the Indians into the church,
for within five years after they commenced
their labors in this field their converts
numbered over 500, which indicates that In-

dians were very plentiful hereabouts in those
days. How many remained outside the fold,
within this jurisdiction, we are not informed,
but probably a considerable number, although
the sight of even 500 nearly naked, wild In-
dians roaming about this valley and among
the adjacent hills, at the present time, would
be likely to produce something of a sensation.

Up to and including the year 1800, accord-
ing to the records kept by the friars, about
950 Indians had been baptized at this mission ;
270 couples had been married, and about 475
persons had been buried. The increase of
ganado mayor (large animals or cattle) from
the small number brought to the mission,
amounted to over 2,000, and that of ganado
menor (small animals) had been at about the
same ratio.

The production of graiu the first season
after the founding of the mission was about
650 bushels; while for the year 1800 it
amounted to over 4,000 bushels. A mill for
grinding grain was built in 1796.

The corner-stone of the church was laid on
the 27th of February, 1793, and the building
was sufficiently completed to be occupied the
next year. It was built of adobes, with stone
foundation; its dimensions being 112x30,
and twenty-five feet high. Although timber
was plenty near by, the fathers were without
means to utilize it, and consequently most of
the permanent buildings of that and a long
subsequent period, throughout the Territory,
were constructed of adobe or of stone.

A paragraph in a letter written in 1798,
clearly shows the contrast between then and

SANTA VRJJZ OOVNTY.

now. Fernandez writes: "one hundred and
thirtj-eiglit neophytes have deserted, leaving
only thirty or forty to work, while the land is
overflowed and the planting not half done.
* * * The cattle are dying, and a dead
whale on the beach has attracted a multitude
of wolves and bears."

Engineer Cordoba reports, August 1, 1798,
that Santa Cruz has 3,435,600 square varas of
irrigable lands, of which 1,120,000 are sin
ahrir, and pastures one-and-a-half by eight
or nine leagues, with seven permanent streams.

CHAPTER III.

FOUNDING OF PUEBLOS.

N the year 1795 recommendations came
from Spain to the viceroy, to select a place
for the founding of a pueblo, the object
being to inaugurate and encourage the forma-
tion of secular establishments as contradis-
tinguished from those which were wholly
nnder clerical control. This highly Judicious
policy did not in the least detract from the
credit which the church was entitled to, in its
work of subduing, and practically civilizing
the Indians, since there was room then, as
there is to-day, for the State and the church,
and for all churches, to work on totally dif-
ferent, but perfectly harmonious lines, for
the healthy development of the country and
the upbuilding of the commonwealth. If the
missions or clerical authorities had looked
with favor, instead of jealousy, or^ the policy
of establishing pueblos, and the granting of
lands to Spanish and Mexican citizens in Cali-
11

fornia, both parties might have been helpful
to each other, as in later years and nnder a
different regime, the parties representing
each, were thus helpful. If the friars could
have brought themselves to see that there
was land enough for all, and had not opposed
the acquisition of land by actual settlers, who
would have become their allies in the work
of converting the people of this vast territory
into a Christianized and civilized province, the
hard destructive policy of secularization might
not have become necessary. It was certainly
short-sighted policy, even from the stand-
point of the church, though that church were
a State institution, in so goodly, fruitful and
fair a land as this, to force the government
to adopt the harsh measure that it finally did
adopt of taking away from the missions all
the lands of the province, because they were
not willing that some of those lands should
be occupied and cultivated by actual settlers.
Besides the government desired to encourage
the raising of grain and other supplies for
the military establishments in California, to
save the expense of shipping them frona
great dstances.

The pueblo of San Jose was founded in
1776; that of Los Angeles in 1781, and that
of Branciforte, near the Mission of Santa
Cruz in 1797. The settlers of these pueblos
at first were mostly soldiers, whose terms had
expired. Afterward, trappers, sailors and
thers who had come to the country naturally
gravitated tp the pueblos. There was greater
freedom of action or independence enjoyed
by the citizens of these free towns, than rhe

170

SAWTA CRUZ COUNTY.

same class would possess at the missions.
Under the laws of Spain, citizens of pueblos
were entitled to various rights of ownership
of land, or building-lots and water, with tim-
ber and pastorale. Under the laws of the
Indies, pueblos were entitled to the absolute
control of the waters of running streams on
which they were situated.

That the pueblos did not show any thing
like the progress in material prosperity ex-
hibited by the missions may seem strange
at first sight, but as Bancroft well says, it
was because the problem was a more compli-
cated one; and he suggested two fatal obsta-
cles to their success, (1) in the worthless char-
acter of the half-bred settlers, and (2) the
lack of provincial commerce to stimulate in-
dustry.

In the year of 1800 the populaiion of the
missions (eighteen in number) was estimated
at over 13,000; and the total number of
ganado mayor, horses, cattle, etc., had in-
creasd to over 65,000; and sheep, etc., gan-
ado menor, to 85,000.

The yield of grain including beans, lentils,
peas, etc., for the year was estimated at about
75,000 bushels.

The population of the three pueblos in the
same year was only about 550, and they
owned nearly 17,000 head of stock, mostly
horned cattle. This of course includes
rancheros who engaged in stock-raising, out-
side of pueblo limits.

According to Spanish laws, pueblos were
entitled to a small guard of soldiers, in
acalde, regidores and a comisionado. This

system continued down to, and even after the
change of government in 1846. Labor was
mostly done in the pueblos, as in the mis-
sions, by Indians. In the vineyards, espe-
cially in and about the pueblo of Los Angeles,
work was mainly done by Indians, even as
late as late as 1875, because their labor was
cheaper, and because they understood vine-
yard work, particularly irrigation, better than
white or American laborers, who as a rule
had had little or no experience in practical
irrigation.

There is a deal of good sense contained in
Engineer M. Costanso's report of 1794, in
wich he says; " The first thing to be thought
of,in my opinion, is to people the country. Pre-
sidios to support missions are well enough
for a time, but there seems to be no end of
them. Some missions (in other provinces)
have been for 100 years in charge of friars
and presidial guai-ds. The remedy is to in-
troduce gente de rason, (people of reason)
among the natives from the beginning. Cali-
fornians understand this and clamor for in-
dustrious citizens. Each ship should carry a
number of families, with a proper outfit.
The king supplies his soldiers with tools;
why not the farmer and mechanic as well?
They should be settled near the missions, and
mingle with the natives. Thus the missions
will become towns in twenty-five or thirty
years. "

The views of Father Salazar and Sefian,
who were in Mexico in 1796, are of interest
in this connection. According to Bancroft's
version, the former reported, that '' the inhabi-

SAJVTA CRUZ OOUNTT.

tants of the pueblos were idlers, paying more
attention to gambling and playing the guitar
than to tilling their lands and educating
their children; as the pagans did most of tiie
work. Young men grew up without re-
straint and wandered among the rancherias
setting the Indians a bad example, and in-
dulging in excesses that were sure, sooner or
later, to result in disaster. The great remedy
was to l)uild up commerce, and give the col-
onists an incentive to industry. Now they
could not sell their produce; they obtained a
small price for what they did sell, and often
they could not get the articles they wanted in
payment, or had to pay excessive rates for
them "

Father Senan's report, dated May 14, 1796 ,
at the College of San Fernando, urged the
importance of introducing a better class of
settlers; and Governor Borica, in his corres-
pondence with the viceroy, agreed with the
views of these fathers and favored encourage-
ment of commerce, as the surplus products
cannot be sold.

Governor Sola later, in 1817, urged, as es-
sential for the development of the agricult-
ural and commercial resources of California,
the introduction of 500 Spanish families;
the opening of the overland or Colorado
river route, and the sending of, at least, two
vessels to transport from here to a market,
the surplus products of the province.

According to the laws of the Indies each
pueblo was entitled tp four square leagues of
land. It was expected the missions would
become pueblos when the neophytes could

take possession in severalty of the lands
hitherto occupied in common under the
mission system. None of these anticipated
results ever came about, as the Indians were
not capable of becoming citizens in the
European sense of the word. The provincial
or temporary granting of land to settlers in
California, commenced very soon after its
permanent occupation by Europeans; that is,
settlers of good character were permitted to
go on unoccupied lands for the purpose of
cultivating them or raising cattle, temporarily,
leaving the matter of conceding absolute
title for future determination.

CHAPTER IV.

ANNALS OF THE PUKBLO AND MISSION FEOM
1800 TO 1822.

NDUSTRY and the tools of industry, at the
beginning of the new century, at the pue-
blos as well as at missions and presidios,
were exceedingly rude, and there were but
few mechanics in the province to use them.
There were a number of tanneries and jabon-
erias or soap-making establishments scattered
throughout the country, and a two-story
granary and a house for looms had been
built in Santa Cruz in 1793. Artisans in
March, 1796, from another district, with the
help of the natives built a flour mill, utiliz-
ing water power at Santa Cruz, and also a
few looms at San Luis Obispo. Four mill
stones were ordered made at Santa Cruz for
San Carlos mission. Metates or hand-mills
for grinding grain were in common use at
that time in nearly every home. Buildings

SAJVTA CRUZ- COUNTY.

were mostly of adobe, the roofs being covered
■ either with tile or, where timber was scarce,
with earth overlaid with a coating of hrea or
asphaltum.

The useful grains and domestic animals
were brought to Alta California by the first
settlers and as the result showed contributed
in a wonderful degree to the prosperity of
the country. What has been known for
many years in California as the "mission
grape," was brought from Spain to Mexico,
and to lower California, and from the latter
province here, probably very soon after the
founding of the first missions. There is
little reason to doubt that olives, pears, and
possibly apricots and peaches, with an inferior
variety of apples, had a very early introduc-
tion, but precisely when is a matter of uncer-
tainty; while oranges were brought to the
southern missions very much later.

Before 18.00 attention had been directed to
the raising of hemp, which met with some
success at the pueblo of San Jose; coarse
hemp cloth being used to some extent by the
neophytes at San Carlos.

The increase in live-stock from the small
number first brought from la Eaja to Alta or
northern California in 1769, had been regu-
lar and rapid, except during the year of
drought in 1794:-'95, when many animals
died for want of grass.

All the ranches had a large amount of
stock at the end of the century, more particu-
larly the ranch del Rey iu the Salinas valley,
with its branches at San Francisco and San
Diego; the cattle and sheep being the main

dependence of the presidios, while the horses
were used principally in the cavalry service.

The valleys and low hilly regions of Cali-
fornia were the natural habitat of various
nutritious grasses, and it is not strange that
live-stock, especially neat cattle, in the early
times when there were no fences and the
whole country was an open common, should
have multiplied very rapidly, despite all
drawbacks, such as the increasing slaughter
for food, by both man and wild beast, which
latter for many years were extraordinarily
plentiful. The principal grasses were wild
oats, alfileria, "filaree" or pin-grass, and bur-
clover. The wild-oat ranges were liable to
be "eaten out" or fed so closely as to prevent
seeding, especially on ranges where the
stock increased rapidly. The same was liable
to happen, and in later years did happen, with
alfileria ranges; but to "eat out" the bur-
clover was next to impossible, for no matter
how closely fed or how dry the season might
be, this very valuable natural grass would
yield seed even if barely above ground ; and
its spiral, rolling seed would, with the aid of
the wind, "sow itself," thus eacli year mak-
ing sure of a crop the succeeding year.

The increase of stock was so great in after
years, or during the first half of the present
century, that horses being considered less
valuable than neat cattle, were either killed
off or permitted to wander off, or, in a num-
ber of cases during a drought they were driven
to the interior where they became wild.

After the great influx of people, drawn
hither by the gold mines in the early '50s,

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

the "wild horses" of the "Tulares" were caught,
as animals without owners, in large numbers
and tamed and broken by the settlers of the
coast counties.

Jfrior to the founding of Branciforte, which
was a source of considerable expense to the
government, the annual appropriation from
the royal treasury in Mexico, for the main-
tenance in California of the military and civil
officers and employes of the crown, amounted
to over $60,000 and subsequently to $80,000.

The military force maintained in Califor-
nia during the decade 1791-1800, was 280
men of the presidial companies, besides gov-
ernor and surgeon, and after 1796, ninety
Catalan volunteers and artillerymeil. Of
these twelve were commissioned officers,
thirty-five non-commissioned officers and
about 240 privates. The salaries w6re: Gov-
ernor, $4,000; Captain of Catalan volunteers,
$840; Alferez (ensign), $400; and minor of-
ficers smaller amounts. The officers of both
civil and military governor in California dur-
ing the Spanish regime seemed to have been
filled by the same person.

The population of the Santa Cruz Mission,
in 1796, was a little over 500. Father Fran-
cisco Gonzales was in charge of this mission
from 1797 until 1805.

The question Was agitated in 1796-'97 of
separating Upper and Lower California into
two separate provinces in order to secure a
more convenient and efficient government of
each district, but as very little action was
taken in that direction the final separation did
not occur until 1804, when it was brought

about in a very quiet manner and with no
noticeable change in the northern portion.

In 1801 $15,000 were furnished by the
viceroy for the support of Branciforte and
for the continuance of work at that pueblo,
which at a later period, however, was sus-
pended.

Goycoechea reported that Branciforte lacked
all the advantages enjoyed by the other pueb-
los, inasmuch as the mission was in posses-
sion of all the available lands in the vicinity.
Besides the character of the settlers was not
such as to justify the expectation of success
in building up a self-sustaining and self-gov-
ering town. Comandante de la Guerra rather
uncharitably »wrote the governor that they
were not so bad as other convicts sent to Cali-
fornia, but that their absence for a couple of
centuries, at a distance of a million leagues,
would prove beneficial to the province and re-
dound to the service of God and the king!
But it should be said in extenuation of these
settlers, that withont lands, or with only a
small quantity obtainable, not much ought to
have been expected of them in the way of
town building. The fact was the mission
entirely overshadowed the pueblo. In 1806
the latter had only seven small mud and tim-
ber houses, thatched with tule, and the num-
ber of inhabitants, including several invalids
and their families from Monterey and else-
where, were only forty-six. The other pue-
blos, San Jose and Los Angeles on the con-
trary, were situated in the midst of fertile
valleys at some distance from a mission with
large amounts of land available, which served

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

to draw to them a better class of settlers than
those of Branciforte. Under all the circum-
stances it is therefore, not surprising that
Branciforte gradually fell into decadence.
Vicente Mojica was alcalde in 1802 and Fe-
lipe Hermandez in 1805; of other years, there
is no record. In 1807 the missionaries, Ca-
ranza and Quintana insisted that the lands of
the town from which fields might be assigned
to vecinos or neighboring residents and inva-
lids extended only to the Hancho de Bravo or
the Soquel and to Aptos or Corralitos, and
that all other lands belonged to the mission.
The population of California in 1810 was
estimated at about 21,000, of whom about
one-tenth were gente de rason, or people of
reason, there being very little increase during
the following twenty years. Live-stock was
estimated at that time at 140,000 head of
ganado mayor (large animals), and 157,000
head of small animals, mostly sheep. About
84,000 bushels of grain were the average
annual yield of all the missions at that period.
The missions, considered as estates of the
king, were capable, in case of a conquest of
this country by another power, of furnishing
abundant supplies of all kinds.

The governor and others strongly protested
against the sending of convicts to California.
It is recorded that of the sixteen convicts, in
1803, under the control of the authorities of
the Monterey jurisdiction, eight were at
Branciforte, five at San Jose, two at the pre-
sidio, and one at the ranch Buena Vista.

An order was issued to the effect that in
granting pueblo lots, settlers should be en-

titled to receive them first, if there were not
enough for all, as invalids could depend on
their pensions.

LangsdofE, in his "Voyages," mentions that
in 1806, the cattle had become so numerous
in the valleys around San Francisco bay and
at Santa Cruz, that the governor had been
compelled to send out soldiers to slaughter
20,000 head.

In 1812, Father Quintana was murdered
by his neophytes at Santa Cruz, and Governor
Arrillagadied two years later. Captain Jose
Arguello became acting governor, until the
appointment of his successor, Pablo Vicente
de Sola, who assumed the duties of the ofiice
the next year.

In 1818, " el ano de los Insurgentes^'' all
the inhabitants of the province, were greatly
excited because of news received, that two
privateers were fitting out at the Sandwich
Islands for an attack on California. Gover-
nor Sola issued orders to all the comand-
antes, to be on the alert, and there was
everywhere the greatest activity displayed in
preparation for the coming of the piratical
vessels, and provision was made for concen-
trating, with the utmost promptness, as large
a force as possible, at whatever point the
enemy might attempt to land.

It seems that Bouchard, who was in com-
mand of the piratical crafts, sailed under some
sort of letters of marque, and under the flag
of the insurgents of Buenos Ayres, who with
the people of other Spanish American coun-
tries had raised the standard of revolution
against the mother country, Spain. Of course,

SANTA GKUZ COUNTY.

the church took sides, as a rule, against the
revolutionists, although in Mexico, Hidalgo,
a priest, led the revolt of that country against
Spain to a successful issue.

Bancroft gives a minute account of the
excitement at Santa Cruz, caused by the ex-
pected incursion of Bouchard's forces and
robbery of that mission. Padre Ramon
Olb^s believed, or affected to believe, that the
Branciforte settlers would join the insurgents
in robbing the mission, and he subsequently
charged that on the approach of the vessels,
they had sacked the mission, intending to lay
the blame on the insurgents, who, however,
by not landing, left them in the lurch.

Governor Sola ordered an investigation,
Olbes in the meantime having abandoned the
mission and gone with his neophytes to
Santa Clara Joaquin Buelna, comisionado,
was instructed by the governor to go to the
mission and carry away everything movable.
Before the completion of his taskj however,
Bouchard appeared, but was unable to land on
account of the rough surf. Joaquin Castro,
the mayordomo of the missionj with some of
the neophytes, returned and forfnd Buelna
hard at work moving the mission goods.
When he found that this was being done by
order of the governor, he joined his force to
that of the comisionado. A portion of the
goods were inventoried by Buelna, and taken
to the pueblo; some were buried and some
were taken by Castro to Santa Clara.

The friars, after getting over their fright,
which was mostly without cause, finally ad-
mitted that the danger had been exaggerated.

Olbes went back to his mission, and matters
went on as before. Although the two pirate
or insurgent vessels, anchored in the bay of
Monterey and engaged in a fight with the
fort, of which an account is given elsewhere
in this volume, there is no evidence that any
of Bouchard's men landed at Santa Cruz.

This advent of the "insurgentes" or pirates
on this coast in 1818, created a great sen-
sation throughout California. Governor
Pio Pico, who is still, 1892, living at Los
Angeles, at the age of ninety-one years, hav-
ing been born May 5, 1801, has recounted to
the writer how his father Sergeant Jose M.
Pico of the artillery com])any at San Diego
was sent in 1818 to San Gabriel to put down
a rising of the neophytes, and that during the
same year he was recalled to San Diego to
assist in the defense of that port against
some pirates, which, however, sailed by in
sight without entering the harbor, although
the inhabitants and military authorities had
made ample preparations to receive them.

The fathers in charge of the missions at
Santa Cruz, from 1811 to 1820 were: Quin-
tana, Kodriquez, Tapis, Marquinez Escudi,
Olbes and Gil.

In 1817, the control of the rancho Bolsa
de Salispuedez, was temporarily transferred
by the pueblo to the missions.

In 1816, Governor Sola gave the comision-
ado of Branciforte, minute instructions as to
the government of the town, requiring watch-
fulness against gambling and other vices, and
insisting that religious duties be enforced;
prohibiting all intercourse between citizens

SANTA OBUZ COUNTY.

and Indians; enjoining); industrious habits on
the settlers, and finally, that full reports must
be made "<^e los torrenosyde las cosechas^'
(i. e., of the lands and of the crops ).

The total population of Spanish or mixed
blood, known as ye^ite de tazon in 1820, was
estimated at something over 3,000 souls; and
of foreigners not of Spanish or Indian parent-
age, twelve; of these Thomas Doak and
Daniel Call, who came in 1816, and Joseph
Chapman in 1818, were Americans; John
Gilroy in 1814, and John Hose in 1818, were
Scotchmen; Thomas Lester in 1817, and I.
Thomas in 1818, were Englishmen; John
Mulligan in 1814 or 1815, was an Irishman;
Jose Bolcof in 1815, was a Russian; Juan
Cristobal in 1816, M. J. Fascual and Fisher
or Norris in 1818, were negroes.

There were at this time (1820), twenty
missions and thirty-seven missionaries. Of
these Father Senan was the only one left who
came before 1790.

The total neophyte population in 1820 was
estimated to have been a little over 20,000
souls.

The mission register up to this date showed
that there had been altogether of gente de ra-
son, 250 marriages, 1,375 births, and 535
deaths.

The estimate of mission cattle was 140,000
head; horses, 18,000; mules, 1,900; and
sheep, 190,000 head. The amount of grain
raised during the preceding ten years aver-
aged nearly 114,000 bushels per year, or be-
tween 5,000 and 6,000 bushels for each
mission.

The president of the missions in 1820 was
Father Senan, Payeras having been elected
prefect. The missions mainly supported the
provincial government, including the presid-
ios during this period, as no aid came from
Mexico.

The settlers at the pueblos were not in-
clined to labor with their own hands, but were
accustomed to get the Indians to till lands
for one-third or one-half the crops, liv-
ing themselves on the balance.

Although timber was abundant in the
Santa Cruz mountains, there were no saw-
mills and all the lumber had to be hewn or
sawed by hand. Mention is made in the local
records that in 1816, Sergeant Pico was
directed to build a bridge across the Pajaro
river.

The weather reports show that the season
of 1816-'17, was a very wet one, and that of
1820-'21 was a dry one.

The fathers complained that soldiers, as well
as Indians, often killed the tame cattle while
slaughtering the wild ones.

CHAPTER v.

INDEPENDENCE OF MEXICO 1822 to 1846.

fALIFORNIA was influenced, of course,
to a certain extent by the political
changes in Mexico from the regime of
Spanish rule to independence, first as an em-
pire and finally as a republic.

THET MET AT SANTA CKDZ IN THE LONG AGO.

About the year 1822, AVilliam Thompson,
an Englishman, landed at Santa Cruz and

SANTA CBUZ COUNTY.

started a business in hides and tallow. His
native place was London. His father was a
sail-raaker, and there lived the family, mother,
brother and sisters. With regret and sorrow
they parted with William when he went to
sea, and after a time they ceased to hear from
him. Years went by, and the father grieved
and the mother pined for her son as time
went on. At last another son, Samuel, pro-
posed to go in search of his brother; his plan
was agreed to, and he started. How long he
sailed and where he went is not known; but
after awhile he was on a ship that came to
Santa Cruz. Here was anchored at that time
another ship, taking on board a cargo of
hides. Samuel came ashore, and inquiring
for the captain of that ship, asked him if
among his crew there was a William Thomp-
son. The captain said he did not know cer-
tainly whether there was or not, " But there
the men are," said he, pointing to the men
at work on the beach, carrying hides; "you
can go and see." And there, sure enough,
Samuel met his brother William! But in-
stead of Samuel getting William to go home,
they both remained on this coast. They
afterward shipped together on a voyage to
South America, but they returned again to
Santa Cruz and settled here.

Various vessels landed at Santa Cruz from
1825 to 1830. The Frenchman, Duhaut-
Cilly, in the Heros, touched here in 1827.

The number of citizens of the village of
Branciforte had increased in 1830 to about
150. Branciforte had been transferred in
1822 to the political jurisdiction of the

pneblo of San Jose, as it was lacking in
sufficient population to entitle it to an ayun-
tamiento, or town council ; and in 1826 the
two pueblos were transferred from the mili-
tary jurisdiction of Monterey to that of San
Francisco; but in 1828 Branciforte was re-
transferred to Monterey again. It had al-
caldes, however, during this period. Their
names were: S. Pinto, Buelna, Borondo and
Rodriguez.

The citizens of the pueblo in 1880 are said
to have owned some 2,000 or 3,000 head of
cattle. Heavy rains, doing much damage to
gardens and buildings, including the church,
in the winter of 1824-'25, are mentioned in
the archives of Santa Cruz. The number of
head of large stock belonging to the mission
of Santa Cruz, in 1830, is given at a little
over 3,000, and of sheep nearly 5,000.

The local records of 1828 show that the
pueblo boundaries then were described as on
the north by Santa Cruz and the mountains;
on the east by Santa Clara creek; on the south
by the ranch of Amesti; and on the west by
Monterey bay. In 1830 the population of
the pueblos and ranches of the province of
Alta California was estimated at about 1,700
souls.

In 1827 an order came from Mexico per-
mitting foreign vessels to trade at Santa
Cruz, San Luis Obispo, etc. Father Gil y
Taboada was in charge of Santa Cruz mis-
sion in 1830, being succeeded by Father J.
Jimeno.

The Mission of Santa Cruz, under the
national secularization of August 17, 1833,

178

SANTA GRUZ COUNTY.

and the provincial regulations of Governor
Figueroa of August 9, 1834, was turned over
to Lieutenant Ygnacio del Yalle, as co'mis-
ionado, on the 24th of the same month ; and
Juau Gonzales was mayordomo from and
after October. This mission was at this time
known as " I'ueblo de Figueroa," and the In-
dians were reported to have behaved well
under the new system.

Among the vessels which arrived on this
coast in 1835, was the Pilgrim, of Boston,
and the Alert; on the former of which was
R. H. Dana, the author of "Two Years Be-
fore the Mast."

In 1883, Isaac Graham came to California
from Hardin county, Kentucky, and settled
near Monterey. His name is intimately as-
sociated with the early history of Santa Cruz
and vicinity-
It is said he erected on the San Lorenzo,
somewhere in the neighborhood of where the
powder works are, the first sawmill in Cali-
fornia. He went to Los Angeles in 1835,
and in 1836 removed to Natividad, where
(according to B. D. Wilson, of Los Angeles)
he established a small distillery in a tule hut,
which soon became a nuisance, owing to the
disreputable character of those who fre-
quented it.

The population of gente de razon (rational
people) 'of the Monterey district, including
Branciforte and seven missions, in 1840, is
estimated at about 1,600 souls. Of this num-
ber 250 lived at and in the neighborhood of
Branciforte. No reliable enumeration of the
inhabitants of the pueblo was taken, as far as

is known, prior to 1845, when there were 294
Californians and Mexicans, fifty-six foreign-
ers, and 120 neophytes.

Mention is made of a case, wherein Na-
than Spear, who owned the schooner Nic-
olas, used to carry produce between Monterey
and Santa Cruz, got into trouble growing out
of the construction of trade regulations. The
ayuntamiento insisted on their exclusive
right to grant licenses, and Spear was fined
by the alcalde, which, on appeal to Governor
Chico, was decided against the ayuntamiento.
Spear afterward took the Nicolas to San
Francisco.

In 1839, two Boston ships brought car-
goes of goods to Monterey which paid up-
ward of $50,000 in duties. The total reve-
nues this year were over $80,000. The
French frigate Artemise anchored at Santa
Cruz in August, 1839. Her commander, La-
place, who, expecting perhaps from reading
La Perouse many hospitable attentions, in-
cluding the offer of gratuitous supplies, was
80 surprised because of the exorbitant charges
the settlers demanded for the provisons he
needed, that he left without making pur-
chases. One pretty maiden, however, greatly
pleased him by offering to sell supplies needed
cheaply; but she was intimidated by the
padre from delivering the goods she had
promised.

The American flag had been raised at
Santa Cruz at the time of the taking of Mon-
terey by Commodore Jones, in 1842, but was,
on restoration of the authority to Mexico, re-
placed by the Mexican flag.

SANTA GEUZ COUNTT.

In 1842, Larkin and Belden established a
store at Santa Cruz. During the somewhat
troubled rule of Governor Micheltorena,
1842-'45, that irrepressible citizen of
Santa Cruz, Isaac Graham, offered to the
governor the service of himself and forty
other foreigners, neighbors of his, hoping
thereby, presumably, to be able to get even
with his old enemies, ex-Governors Alvarado
and Castro, in the disturbances then thought
to be imminent growing out of the general dis-
satisfaction with the actions of that unpopu-
lar governor and his " cholos " or " iatallon
fijo, " which consisted of a disreputable class
of Mexicans, sent by the Mexican Govern-
ment to California.

But seven of these foreigners protested to the
governor that they had given Graham no au-
thority to actfor them, and that their only de-
sire was to live in quiet, without being drawn
into trouble, by the man whom they pretty
accurately characterized as " that seditious
evil-doer, and promiscuous disturber of the
peace. " Micheltorena replied that Cali-
fornia was at peace, and that his force was
amply sufficient; but that if the services of
foreigners should be needed they would be
notified in due form, through the proper
authorities.

Santa Cruz Mission went to ruin in 1841,
under the administration of Bolcof, and be-
came a part of Branciforte, the population of
which, as we learn from a list taken in 1845,
was about 470, of which 350 were gente de
razon, about eighty foreigners, and forty ex-
neophytes of the mission, the pueblo and

mission being known in general as Santa
Cruz, as the name of the Pueblo de Figueroa
gradually fell into disuse.

Justice of the Peace Bolcof complained in
1849 that foreigners engaged in the lumber
business refused to pay taxes.

CHAPTEK YI.

SANTA CRUZ UNDEK AMEKIOAN EULE.

PANCKOFT estraates the Hispano-Cali-
fornian population in California, at the
time of the change from Mexican to
United States rule, at about 7,000 souls, and
of the foreign population about the same
number. He also thinks that between 3,000
and 4,000 ex-neophyte Indians were lead-
ing a somewhat civilized life, at or near
the towns and ranches, with perhaps twice
as many of the same class scattered amongst
the gentiles, or wild Indians, although he
concedes that these estimates of the Indian
population may be only approximately cor-
rect.

On the American occupation, Bolcof was
desired to continue to act as a magistrate at
Santa Cruz, either alone or with John
Hames, but he apparently declined, and
Joseph L. Majors was appointed in August
with William Thompson as second and Law-
rence Carmichael as secretary. March 24,
1847, Governor S. W. Kearny appointed W.
Colton judge of admirality, and E. P. Hart-
nell interpereter for the government two
weeks earlier. William Blackburn was ap-
pointed alcalde of Santa Cruz, June 21, 1847,
by Governor Mason.

SANTA CRUZ COUNTT-

0£ the twenty-seven original counties into
whicb California was divided by the act of
February 18, 1850, Santa Cruz was one, al-
though it was first named after the villa, or
pueblo, Branciforte, but the legislature,
April 5, 1850, changed the name to Santa
Cruz.

In 1868, a small portion of Santa Cruz
county was set off to San Mateo county, in-
cluding the town of Pescadero, on the coast
about thirty miles from Santa Cruz, the
county seat.

The population of Santa Cruz county, as
reported by the last Federal census (1890),
■was 19,270. Of this number, 18,416 were,
whites or Caucasians, 58 negroes, 13 In-
dians, 16 Japanese, and 767 Chinese.

According to the same census, there were
72,780 Asiatics in California, and of these,
71,681 were Chinese, and 1,099 Japanese,
and there were 12,355 Indians and 11,437
negroes in the State.

In the gubernatiorial election of 1890,
Markham received in Santa Cruz county, 2,-
029 votes. Pond, 1,666, and Bidwell 242,
the total vote of the county being 3,937.

By the act of the legislature of March 11,
1891, Santa Cruz county was made a part of
the Sixth Congressional District, and with San
Mateo county it constitutes the Twenty-ninth
Senatorial District, the State being divided
into forty Senatorial Districts, and Santa
Cruz county alone constitutes the Fifty-third
Assembly District — the total number of as-
sembly districts in the State being eighty.

CHAPTER VII.

KESOUECES OF SANTA OEUZ COUNTY.

fANTA CRUZ COUJNTY'S resources
are extensive and varied, and probably
intelligent and persistent labor finds
no surer or more profitable rewards, any-
where in the State than in Santa Cruz
county. A local authority estimates that
during only the last twenty years 400,000,-
000 feet of lumber have been cut in the
county, besides railroad ties in unlimited
quantity, and that 87,500 acres of timber
lands remain, equal to more than a thou-
sand million feet of lumber, or a supply suf-
fiient to last fifty years yet. The large
companies engaged in the lumber business
include the Loma Prieto Lumber Company,
Grover & Company, Cunningham & Com-
pany, and the Santa Cruz Company, each of
which has one or more sawmills.

Both the stock-raising and the dairy busi-
ness are extensive and prosperous.

Several million dollars are invested in the
county, in manufactures of various kinds, in-
cluding powder, paper, lumber-mills, beet
sugar, soap, glue cheese and butter factories ;
tanneries, aud lime-kilns, etc. These indus-
tries enjoy here many advantages, such as rail
and water transportation facilities, abundance
of cheap fuel,water-motor power, coal, lumber
for building, etc., etc. Besides, the climate
is favorable for the preservation of all per-
ishable products.

The Western Sugar Beet Company, near
Watsonville, has something like half a mill-

SANTA GBUZ COUNTY.

ion dollars invested in its plant and busi-
ness. Its average daily capacity is about
three hundred and fifty tons of beets, or
forty-five tons of sugar. It runs from three
to five months a year; employs 150 men,
when in operation, paying $12,000 per month
in wages, and 140,000 per month to the
farmers for beets. The company pays four
dollars a ton for beets yielding fourteen per
cent of sugar, and fifty cents a ton for each
additional per centum or degree of polariza-
tion above fourteen.

Thirteen hundred tons of lime I'ock are
used annually for making lime, used in the
process of making sugar.

Fdjaro valley and portions of Salinas
valley, are admirably adapted to the growth
of beets. The company has planted 1,200
acres to beets, near Castroville; and a nar
row-gauge railroad has been constructed by
the company, thirteen miles in length, from
their factory to lands in the Salinas valley,
which the company has rented for the pur-
pose of raising beets on a large scale.

The South Coast Paper Mills, on the So-
quel creek, were established in 1880. The
motive power of these mills is water and
steam ; their present daily capacity is three
and one half tons of straw wrapping paper.
They employ about twenty-five hands; their
expenditure annually for labor is $15,000,
and for straw and lime $9,000 and 3,000
respectively.

The Corralitos Paper Mills are located
seven miles northerly from Watsonville.
They use steam power and have about thirty-

five employes, and produce about five tons of
various kinds of straw paper daily.

The California Powder "Works have an
ordinary capacity of six or seven hundred
kegs of powder per day; but during the past
year they have produced as high as 900 kegs,
of twenty-five pounds each, per day.

The supply of lime rock in Santa Cruz
county is practically inexhaustible; Santa
Cruz lime is well known all over the State.
Its quality is excellent, and exportations are
large. Several hundred men are employed
in this industry, which brings much money
into the county.

There are several tanneries, which turn out
in the aggregate large quantities of leather,
of excellent quality, the products of one
establishment alone being about $160,000
worth annually.

Bituminous rock, of which mention has
already been made under the head of " Min-
eral Resources" of Santa Cruz county, is also
a source of large revenue. It is asserted
that since April 1, 1892, the product of this
valuable commodity has been about 100 tons
daily. The principal sources of supply of
merchantable bituminous lime rock, in Cali-
fornia, are in the counties of San Luis
Obispo, and Santa Cruz; and in both coun-
ties the supply is said to be practically in-
exhaustible.

In the Pfijaro valley hops are raised to
some extent, and with success, the average
yield being about one ton per acre, worth fif-
teen cents a pound.

There are several hundred acres of olive

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

trees growing in the connty, biat not yet in
bearing.

All kinds of fruits and berries of the tem-
perate zone grow well in this county; and on
tbe hills and highlands, apples, plums and
cherries and apricots do remarkably well.

VINEYARDS.

The vineyards on the hill lands and on the
mountain sides, in Santa Cruz, as in nearly
every other county in the State do well, and
with the right kind of grapes and proper
treatment, produce wines of superior quality.
There are aljout 3,000 acres of vineyard in
the county, mostly of choice foreign varieties.
With the rich soil and genial climate of tiiese
mountain sides, and the true wine grapes of
France or of the south of Europe; and with
skill and experience in treatment, there are
almost limitless possibilities in the excellence
of wines that can be produced in the future
in this county. These possibilities have
hardly, as yet, begun to be appreciated.

CHAPTER VIII.

COUNTY OFFICERS AND INSTITUTIONS.

fHE county of Santa Cruz constitutes a
judicial district; the present superior
judge is Hon. F. J. Cann. County
clerk, auditor and recorder, Ed. Martin;
sheriff, and ex-oSicio tax collector, A. J. Jen-
nings; after the present term these two
offices will be separate. District attorney,
Carl E. Lindsay; treasurer, William H. Bias;
superintendent of schools, J. W. Linscott;

Frank Mattison; surveyor, E. D.
Perry; coroner and public administrator, F.
E. Morgan. Supervisors: members — W. S.
Rodgers, San Lorenzo district; J. S. Collins,
Branciforte district; F. D. Baldwin, Santa
Cruz district; H. Daubenbis, Soqael district;
J. A. Linscott, Pajaro district. Officers — W.
S. Rodgers, chairman; Ed. Martin, clerk;
B. R. Martin, deputy clerk. Committees —
auditing and and finance, Baldwin, Linscott,
Collins. Roads and bridges: Linscott, Rod-
gers, Daubenbis. Franchises and ordinances:
Collins, Daubenbis, Linscott. County hospi-
tal: Linscott, Baldwin, Rodgers. Public
buildings: Rodgers, Collins, Baldwin. Print-
ing: Daubenbis, RoJgers, Collins. Outside
indigents: Baldwin, Daubenbis, Linscott.

COUNTY VALUATIONS.

Total value real estate and personal prop-
erty $11,078,253

Total value railroads in the county 700,183

Total $11,778,434

Total number of acres assessed, 238,902.

1892.

Total value real estate aud improvements..510,390,878
Total value personal property 1,490,938

Total $11,881,836

To which add value of railroads in the
county, as apportioned by the State
Board of equalization, to wit: South
Pacific Coast Railroad Co. . . .$374,480
Southern Pacific Railway Co. 252,127
Pajaro Valley Railroad Co. . . 3,964
Pullman Palace Car Co 1,937— t)S3,508

Total assessed valuation $12,514,344

Rate, $1.20 in cities and towns; rate, $1.60 outside
cities and towns.

SANTA CBUZ COUNTY.

The number of children who attended the
public schools of the county in 1891 was
3,733; and the number of census children
was 4,994. There were sixty-two school-
houses in Santa Cruz county, and ninety-nine
teachers; eleven of these were males and
eighty-eight females. The average monthly
wages paid the male teachers were $99.36;
and to female teachers, $57.93. The county
raised $22,475 for school purposes. The
total expenditures of all the districts for the
school year, including buildings, lots, etc.,
was $79,580.60. Value of lots, houses and
furniture, $132,400; libraries, $11,050; ap-
paratus, $6,975; total, $150,425. Number
of volumes in libraries, 12,256. There were
five private schools in the county, with thir-
teen teachers and 260 pupils.

The number of school-census children in
Santa Cruz county for the year 1892 is 5,250.
The number of public schools in the county,
is 102. The average number attending the
public schools was 2,859.

The Pajaro Roman Catholic Orphan Asy-
lum, for boys is under the management of
the Franciscan fathers, and has from 250 to
300 children under its charge.

There are in the county four lodges of
Odd Fellows, membership 670; cwo lodges
of Master Masons, membership 225; two
chapters of Royal Arch Masons; one com-
mandary of Knights Templars; two lodges

Knights of Pythias, membership 250; three
lodges United Workmen, membership 250;
two lodges Knights of Honor, membership
250; four parlors Native Sons G. W.; three
posts Q. A. R. Also other societies, as Young
Men's Institute, Sons of Temperance, Y. M.
C. A. and W. C. T. U.

The first church built in the county, of
course, was the old mission church, erected
in the latter part of the last century. In 1856
part of it fell. It was replaced by another
structure, and dedicated by Bishop Amat,
July 4, 1858. The modern brick church of
the same denomination was completed within
the last few years, at a cost of about $35,000.
The first Methodist church in Santa Cruz was
organized in 1850: the first Congregational
in 1852; the first Baptist in 1855; and the
first Episcopalian Church was organized in
1862.

At the present time there are about twenty
Protestant churches in this county, including
in addition to those natned above, Presbyter-
ian, Christian, Adventist, Universalist and
German Methodist and Lutheran.

RAILWAYS.

The following official figures show the
earnings, mileage and tonnage of the South
Pacific Coast Railway (Narrow Gauge), or
"Santa Cruz Division" of the Southern Pa-
cific Company, for the last twelve years.
These figures show, in condensed form, and
very effectively, the material and economic

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

progress of the section tb rough which said
road runs:

SOUTH PACIFIC COAST RAILWAY NABKOW

GAUGE.

YBAR. KARNrNGB.

9....$ 400,307.74.,

80.86 119,396

77.80 173,045

77.30 192,113

... 569,968.10

... 663,301.50

... 711,426.23 80.30 196,633

... 743,924.56 87.60 103,317

... 765,484.09 88.48 218,075

... 847,530.64 104.48 255.999

... 925,235.02 104.48 275,336

... 1,093,805.47 104.48 358,080

... 1,078.344.76 104.48 849,185

... 1,105,543.45 104.48 381,325

... 1,107,772.87 104.48 873,910

MAIN LINE.

San Francisco to Santa Cruz (iucl. ferries) 80.60 miles

BBANCHES.

Alameda Junction to 14th st., Oakland 180 miles

Newark to Centerville 300

Campbell's to New Almaden 960 "

Felton to Boulder Creek 730 "

Junction South Big Trees to Old Felton... 170 "

10,400 "
In August, 1892, steps were taken looking
toward the changing of the Pacific avenue
line from a horse-car line to an electro-motive-
power line, to be consolidated with the Santa
Cruz, Garfield park and Capitola Electric
Street Railway Company's line. The Pacific
avenue road runs from the Pope House to
the beach, and is the pioneer street railroad
of Santa Cruz. A consolidation of the street
railroads of the city under one management
would be advantageous to both tlie owners
and the public.

CHAPTER IX.

THE CITY OF SANTA CEUZ.

fANTA CRUZ, the county-seat and prin-
cipal city of the county, was incorporated
as a town in 1866, with a board of
trustees. The same year Congress granted
or relinquished the misson lands to the town,
thus making the title of the lands of the
town, or of the city as its successor, perfect.'
Santa Cruz was incorporated as a city, with
mayor and common council, in March, 1876.
According to the Federal census, the pop-
ulation of the city of Santa Cruz was in 1880,
3,988; and in 1880, 5,596. The present pop-
ulation, including East Santa Cruz, which is
considered as a part of the city, although not
inside the corporate limits, is estimated at
7,500.

The city owns its water, gas and electric-
light works, as every city ought. Its water
works cost about $300,000, for which bonds
were voted in 1888. The water is brought
from the mountains twelve miles. The sys-
tem includes a reservoir near and above the
city, with a capacity of 65,000,000 gallons.
This is supplied by a ten-mile line of four-
teen inch pipe. The mains consist of one
mile of twelve inch pipe, three and one-half
miles of six-inch, and fourteen miles of
four-inch pipe. The pressure on the street
mains is one hundred pounds to the square
inch. So the city of Santa Cruz has no paid
fire department and needs none. Neither
has it any need for fire engines.

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

The total loss by fire in 1891 is said not
to have exceeded $1,400.

The water rates are: A family of two per-
sons pays forty cents per month, and this
covers all uses for domestic purposes, includ-
ing baths, irrigation, etc. All additional
persons over two are charged ten cents each
per month.

The plant of the electric-light works has
two dynamos, operated by a Corliss engine of
300-horse power, furnishing 1,500 lights.

There are three street railway lines in
Santa Cruz, one of which is run by elec-
tricity.

The officers of the city of Santa Cruz for
1892 are: William T. Jeter, mayor; F. W.
Lucas, J. H. Bailey, F. J. Hoffman, E. G.
Greene, councilmen; O. J. Lincoln, city
clerk and ex officio superintendent of city
water-works; C. E. Williams, treasurer and
collector; C. L. Pioda, engineer; Matt.
Rawle, chief of police.

Many people of culture, as well of wealth,
have recently come to Santa Cruz and made
themselves homes; for in truth the city has
many attractions as a place of residence. Its
climate is so equable and healthful, and every
way so delightful, and the city is so easily
accessible, either by water or by land, its
facilities for summer sea-bathing are so per-
fect, that it is not strange that eclectic people,
who have once experienced the many charms
of Santa Cruz, are enamored of the place and
want to see more of it, or to make it their
permanent place of abode. No wonder that

the old friars looked upon it with longing
eyes a hundred years ago.

There are two commercial and two savings
banks in the city of Santa Cruz, namely:

The Bank of Santa Cruz County, which
was organized in August, 1875, has a capital,
of 1200,000; paid-up capital, 180,000; reserve
fund and undivided profits, ^61,208. Officers:
President, J. H. Logan; vice-president, P. B.
Fagen; cashier, P. G. Menefee; secretary,
Clarence E. Fagen. Directors: J. H. Logan,
J. D. Phelan, P. B. Fagen, William T. Jeter,
Louis Schwartz, B. F. Porter, S. F. Grover.

The Santa Cruz Bank of Savings and Loan,
was organized March, 1870, under the same
management as the above. Paid-up capital,
150,000; reserve fund and undivided profits,
$14,022.14.

City Bank.— Officers: L. K. Baldwin, presi-
dent; F. A. Hihn, vice-president; W. D.
Haslam, cashier and secretary. Directors:
L. K. Baldwin, F. A. Hihn, Jackson Sylvar,
Alexander Russell, I. L. Thurber, M. A.
Buckley, A. H. Wilbur.

Under the same management the City
Savings Bank is conducted.

CONDENSED RECORD OF SANTA CRUZ WEATHER

IN 1891.

Compiled from the official daily observa-
tions furnished the Signal Service bv W. R.
Springer.

Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June

Highest barometer 30.37 30.39 30.30 30.23 30.10 30.14

Lowest barometer 29.86 39.20 29.90 39.73 29.79 29.S0

Mean barometer 30.1629.9730.66 .30.045 29.99 29.937

Rangoformonth 51 1.19 30 .48 .31 .34

Greatest daily

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY,

Jan. Feb. Mar. April MayJnne

Least daily variation 00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00

Higtiest temperature 68° 63° 73° 78° 73° 93°

Lowest temperature 38° 30° 34° 36° 43° 43°

Mean monthly temperature 49,35° 47.1° 55.4° 54.4° 58° 63.3°

Monthly variation of temperature 40° 30° 36° 42° 31° 50°

Greatest daUy variation 29° 26° 29° 35° 28° 38°

Least daily variation 13° 5° 5" 11° 9° 14°

Coldest day of month 41.5° 44.75° 48° 48.5° 55° 57°

Hottest day of month 55° 58° 60° 61° 62.5° 70°

Dampest day 78;t 86J 83^ 78* 82;« 78;S

Driestday 3.5i 44« 39* t>% tm m

Mean humidity 62.5?^ 66.5? 65« 67* 69.W64.3?

Number clondy days .. 3 10 7 7 6 1

Partial cloudy days 11 11 10 '9 19 4

Clear days 18 7 14 14 6 25

Rainfall . 77 10.68 1.36 3.57 .61 .10

July Aug. Sep.
. 30.08 30.10 30.12
. 29.84 39.87 39.83
39.946 29.98 30,13

Oct. Not. Dec.
30.33 30.37 30.59
39.84 30.05 29.77
30.82 30.15 30.36

49° 44°
41° 41°

83« &i% 77%
29% 43« 40«
mx 62« 60«

Highest barometer...
Lowest barometer....

Mean barometer

Range for month 24 .23 .23

Greatest daily variation . .10 .09 .10

Least daily variation 00 .00 .00

Highest temperature 92° 100° 92°

Lowest temperature 48° 46° 39°

Mean monthly temperature 44° 64.9° 61.80<

Monthly variation of temperature 44° 54° 53°

Greatest daily variation 37° 46° 42=

Least daily variation 14° 15° 19°

Coldest day of month. 59° 59° 55°

Hottest day of month 71° 70° 68°

Dampest day 88« 76« 79*

Driestday 50« 53* 55%

Mean humidity 63« 69.3J 70.7S

Number clondy days , 1 1

Partial cloudy days 13 12 6

Cleardays 17 19 23

Rainfall 00, .00 .70

CHAPTER X.

OTHER TOWNS — CONCLUSION.

:ATS0NVILLE, now the second town
in importance in the county, was laid
out in 1852 by J. H. Watson, the
pioneer, after whom it was named, and by D.
S. Gregory. The population of Watsonviile,
in 1880, was about 1,800, and iu 1890 it was

reported by the census at 2,149. In 1892 it
probably is not less than 2,500, probably more.
It is locatad at the junction of the Pajaro
and Corralitos streams, about twenty miles
east of tiie county-seat. It was incorporated
in 1868. Its public schools, including a high
school, are excellent. The churches, benevo-
lent societies, etc., are well represented. Wat-
sonviile is on the Southern '^'acific railway
line, Santa Cruz division, and is the terminus
of the Pajaro Valley or Horo Cojo narrow
gauge railroad, and is in the midst of a very
fertile region. Its railroad facilities, its near-
ness to tide-water, and its important and
growing manufacturing interests, make it
already an active business center, and such it
must continue to be in the future. The town
supports three newspapers. It is supplied
with abnndan<-.e of excellent water, brought
in pipes some eight miles, from Corralitos
creek, to two reservoirs two miles from town,
which hold 2,500,000 gallons. At the point
of division the pipe is 290 feet above the
town, at the reservoir, ninety feet. Size of
pipe above reservoir is fifteen inches, and
below, eight inches. The water- works, which
were constructed in 1878, and the electric-
light works, which supply the town with
light, are owned by a private company.

Felton and Boulder creek are thriving towns
north of Santa Cruz, on the San Lorenzo
river, and stations on the narrow-gauge rail-
road. The population of Felton in 1890 was
259, and of Boulder, 489.

Capitola, four miles southeast of Santa
Cruz, and Aptos, eight miles, both fronting

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

ou the bay of Monterey, are delightful and
prosperous seaside resorts.

Aptos is located near the mouth of the creek
of the same name. In fact, there are many
points in Santa Cruz county which have be-
come, in late years, very popular as summer
resorts. Annual encampments of the Na-
tional Guard of California are held at the city
of Santa Cruz.

A local journal gives the following graphic
and suggestive epitome of attractions east
and west of Santa Cruz:

ALONG THE SHORE LINE.

Santa Ceuz Westward — West Cliff Drive
— From Santa Cruz Beach to Moore's Beach,
two and half miles.

Attractions — Lighthouse at northern
headland of Monterey bay; fine museum of
curios; Phelan park; coast line of Pacific
ocean, with sculptured cliffs and dashing
surf Vue de I'eau, terminus on cliff of
electric railway; natural bridges and wonder-
ful natural aquaria at Moore's beach, with
mussel, clam and abalone gathering, and
ample space for picnics and camp fires — Gar-
field park and Tabernacle; the State resort
of Christian or Campbellite Church one, and
a half miles.

Coast Road — Extension of mission street
to county line and frqm there to Pescadero, a
stage coach line of thirty-five miles from
Santa Cruz.

Attractians — Coast Road; creameries;
dairy ranches; exceptionally fine natural
bridge on ocean shore of Wilder's ranch, six

miles; a succession of fine creeks, taking
their rise in the Santa Cruz mountains and
emptying into the Pacific ocean, teeming with
spotted and salmon trout; magnificent groves
of laurel with century-old trees, under which
are the finest camping grounds in the world,
a paradise for the sportsman, the health and
pleasure seeker; Pescadero is noted for its
unique pebble beach and fine fishing.

Santa Cruz Eastward — £ast Cliff Drive
— Already finished some two miles along the
bay coast and soon to be continued to Capi-
tola, five miles.

Attractions — Skirting the San Lorenzo
river and the bay shore, with constantly
changing panorama of magnificent mountain
foot-hill, and marine views; numerous beau-
tiful suburbs, East Cliff; Seabright; a collect-
ion of picturesque summer cottages, with fine
bathing beach; Seabright park; Twin lakes,
beautiful resort of State Baptist association
situated between Lake Seabright and Lake
Schwan and possessing fine beaches; still and
surf bathing, station on broad-gauge road,
pretty church, numerous cottages, hotel,
walks and drives, one mile from Santa Cruz,
with access by steam and horse cars; Santa
Maria del Mar, tine and extensive grounds of
seaside resort of the Catholic Ladies' Aid
Society, magnificently laid out in broad
streets and fine lots, large hotel nearly fin-
ished; thousands of trees and shrubs planted
the past year, grand views, fine beach for
bathing and driving, wonderful cliff sculpt-
ure; Corcoran's lagoon, picturesque sheet of
salt water, etc. ; constant succession of beaches,

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY.

rocky points, where surf fishing is good,
mussel, clam and abalone gathering, line
ranches, cultivated to tlie water's edge; Fair-
view; mouth of Soquel creek; Capitola, pop-
ular bathing resort, with large summer pop-
ulation, hotels, cottages and bathing houses,
grove, railway station, post office, beautiful
surrounding country, wharf for vessels and
steamers.

Aptos — Picturesque village; magnificent
groves of live-oaks, growing almost to water's
edge; wharf, romantic walks, rustic-dance
pavilion and admirable picnic grounds, rail-
way station, schools, hotels, express, postof-
fice, etc.

Camp Goodall — Mouth of Pajaro river,
which is the boundary between Santa Cruz
and Monterey counties; broad beach; race
and driving track.

THE FOOTHILL SLOPE.

Between the foot of the Santa Cruz range
and the bay of Monterey there lies a belt of
rolling foot-hill land, sloping toward the bay
in which there are miles of tlie most product-
ive land, through which no less than thirty
living streams find their way oceanward, and
where the mountain caiions spread out into
broad valleys teeming with fruits and flowers
grains and vegetables of phenomenal size,
magnificent quality and immense yields.

In Father Crespi's diary of the PortaU
expedition in 1769, mention is made of the
redwood trees, which tlie party saw on the
Santa Cruz mountains. He says "these trees
are unlike anything seen in Spain ;" and be-

cause of their color, they named them "palo
Colorado."

The value of the inexhaustible forests of
these trees in California is literally beyond
computation. Although considerable inroads
have been made on the redwoods of the Santa
Cruz mountains, yet they are by no means
exhausted. As a source of revenue to the
county, they are better than a placer gold
mine, because not so easily worked out.

Santa Cruz lighthouse or Point Santa
Cruz, 600 feet from the extremity of BlufE
Point at the entrance of Santa Cruz harbor,
was established in 1869. It is nineteen and
three-quarter miles from Point Pinos. This
light is a fixed red, of the fifth order, and is
visible eight and one-half nautical miles. The
light is sixty-nine feet above sea level.

Santa Cruz has excellent railroad facilities,
being connected with San Francisco and in-
termediate towns by means of the two
divisions of the Southern Pacific Company,
the broad-gauge- and the narrow-gauge lines.
The steameis of the Pacific Coast Steamship
Company stop regularly at Santa Cruz.

The contrast between the Santa Cruz of to-
day, and the Santa Cruz of the mission era is
striking. Then, there were comparatively
few Europeans or "people of reason," as the
Spaniards so aptly expressed it, living at Santa
Cruz, or in Alta California, though many
bands of Indians, both tame and wild, were to
be seen. The mission was the center of
activity, with the little villa (village) of
Branciforte as a side show. Nature was wild,
as it had been for unknown centuries, with

SAl^TA CBVZ COUNTY.

only very small areas in the immediate vicin-
age of the mission subject to cultivation,
Now, civilization, with all the word implies,
with its wealth of homes and schools, and
churches, and industries with their ware-
houses and wharves and manufactories and
railways, and endless other institutions, are
visible on every side, seeming almost to have
changed the very face of Nature, and yet
we know that nature was substantially the
same, in this goodly region known as Santa

Cruz, then as now. Then, the fertile soil and
other natural resources, including the blessed
climate (for its climate is one of its natural
resources), were what they are now. But it
is not necessary to enlarge on this wondrous
change. All that is required is to suggest
the outlines of the contrasted eras, and the
imaginations of the present and future deni-
zens of Santa Cruz can readily fill in the
details of the picture.

SAN MATEO SOUNTY.

CHAPTER I.

PHYSICAL FEATUEES — TOPOGEAPHT, ETC.

This county is named after Saint Matthew
and occupies nearly the entire peninsula
which separates San Francisco bay from the
Pacific ocean. San Mateo county is bounded
on the north by the city and county of San
Francisco, on the east by the San Francisco
bay and Santa Clara county, on the south by
Santa Cruz county and on the west by the
Pacific ocean. It has an area of about 300,-
000 acres. It fronts sixty-five miles on the
ocean and thirty-five miles on San Francisco
bay.

The Sierra Morena, or northern portion of
the Santa Cruz moun-tains, traverses this coun-
ty throughout its entire length. The trend
of these mountains is parallel to the sea coast,
and of an average height of 1,500 feet,
reaching at some points to twice that height.
Their precipitous sides are in many places
broken by deep canons down which water
flows the year round, and from which the city
of San Francisco obtains her water supply.
The south half of the Sierra Morena is tim-
bered with redwood, oak, and manzanita.
Upon the sea coast, and along the shore of the
San Francisco bay is a strip of level farming

country, the greater portion of which is cov-
ered with rich alluvium, the soil of the entire
county being exceedingly fertile.

MINEKALOGT.

The minerals of this county, as far as inves-
tigation has shown, consist of gold, silver,
petroleum, coal, quicksilver, lime and build-
ing stone. Of these petroleum and building
stone are, at present, alone turned to account.

Gold and Silver. — Traces of gold have been
discovered in various creeks and gulches, es-
pecially near Redwood City, prospects there
having been struck, which yielded several
colors to the pan. Placer mining has, at in-
tervals, been carried on at several points along
the sea-shore with varied success. A bed of
black sand on the beach, about one mile from
Amesport landing, has been worked with only
partial success.

Petroleum. — Petroleum occurs at several
points in the Tunitas and Purisima canons,
yielding from one to three barrels for each
well per day by pumping when first bored
but dwindling down to one or one and a half
barrels per day, soon after boring. One fea-
ture of the wells is that no "shells" are en-
countered before striking the oil. These
"shells," as the oil men call them, are hard

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

silicious strata, usually met with immediately
above the strata containing the oil. The bi-
tuminous series of rocks crop out along the
west side of San Mateo county. This asphal-
tum, so common in many parts of the Coast
Range, is no doubt produced from the pe-
troleum bj the corporation of the lighter
naphthas, and a partial oxidation of the vis-
cous residue under the influence of air and
wind.

Limestone is found six miles from San Ma-
teo on the ranch of the Spring Valley Water
Company, at the headwaters of San Mateo
creek, where lime was formerly burned.

Building Sione. — Sandstone is quarried
about a mile southwest of Redwood City.
This has been used in the construction of the
railroad depot at San Carlos and for other
local purposes. A light-colored sandstone
crops out about two and a half miles north of
Halfmoon bay, which has been used in the
library building at San Mateo', also for foun-
dations at Halfmoon bay. It is a fair quarry
of free stone, with a dip a trifle east of south,
and at an angle of 50*. A quarry of meta-
morphosed sandstone is now open at Colenlan
and varies from a yellowish brown to a gray-
blue color and appears to be an excellent
building material, splitting readily in all di-
rections and working smooth.

A rock, much resembling the bluish variety
of the Coleman sandstone, is being used by
the Spring Valley Water Company of San
Francisco, in the dam they are constructing
about five miles west of San Mateo. This

company has dammed the San Mateo Creek,
in order to form a lake of the canada.

It may be of interest to state in this con-
nection, that by the construction of a dam,
the Canada Raimundo will, in the course of
time, be converted into a great storage lake,
having a capacity of upward of 30,000,000,-
000 thirty billion gallons of water.

The present water supply of San Francisco
is derived chiefly from the Pilarcitos, the San
Andres and upper Crystal Springs lakes, the
water of which is conveyed in pipes, a dis-
tance of twelve miles to that city. It is also
the intention of the Spring Valley Water
Company to connect the San Francisquito
creek, with the before-mentioned large storage
lake by means of a tunnel, extending there-
from to the town of Searsville, where another
dam is to be built, for the purpose of making
a second storage reservoir to receive all excess
of water during times of heavy rain fall.

The rock used in the first-mentioned dam,
now under construction, is a bluish meta-
morphosed stone, and is quarried from the
immediate vicinity. It contains shales and
sandstones, between which small veins of clay
and coal have been found, the latter having
at times shown a width of two feet, although
it has mostly appeared in a thin seam broken
and mixed with clay. The dam when finished
will be about 170 feet high, 172 feet wide, at
its base, tapering to a width of twenty-five
feet at the top, and having a water slope of
one vertical to four horizontal.

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

CHAPTER II.

EAELY HISTOET.

tLTHOUGH the ocean coast, of what is
now known as San Mateo county, was
doubtless seen by the early navigators.
Probably the first Europeans to set foot on its
soil, were the Portala party, which in seeking
and missing Monterey bay pursued their jour-
ney northward and passed np the peninsula to
its terminus, in the month of October, 1769;
and in the early part of November of the
same year some of the soldiers of the party
climbed the hills while hunting for deer, and
saw for the first time the magnificent inland
sea, since known to the world as the bay of
San Francisco.

The subsequent history of San Mateo, down
to the American conquest of California, is
somewhat meager. The Californians who had
received land grants within the present limits
of the county, pastured their stock on the
same. The county was created in 1856. One
of the first towns started was Belmont, which
was made the county seat. Later, Redwood
City became, and still remains, the county-seat.
The latter place was laid out in 1854. The
growth of the county was due to a con-
siderable extent, first, to its nearness to San
Erancisco, and second, to the inexhaustible
wealth of its redwood forests. The town of
San Mateo was founded as a railway station
in 1863.

THE PASTORAL AGE.

In the pastoral age of California, where

hides and tallow were its chief exports, the
country around the bay was the great center
of traffic. Vast herds were pastured on the
ranches bordering on the bay, in wild oats
and clover of luxuriant growth,' with nothing
to disturb them except the riata and brand-
ing iron of the itaquero, or an occasional
attack of a ferocious grizzly bear.

SPANISH GKANTS.

The land lying on the bay was, early in
the history of the country, granted to Mexican
citizens, in large tracts, for grazing purposes,
under the very liberal land policy of the
Mexican Government. These grants in-
cluded " Burri Burri," " San Mateo," from
which the county was named, " Las Pulgas,"
on part of which Redwood City is located,
and " Corte Madera." These four ranches
embrace about 70,000 acres, which is very
nearly the extent of the level and foot-hill
land lying along the shore of the bay of San
Francisco, within San Mateo County.

On the ocean side of the Sierra Morena
mountains are the " Corral de Tierra,"
" San Pedro," " Miramontez," " Canada
Verde," " San Gregorio," " Pescadero,"
" Buttano " and " New Year's Point "
ranches.

Much of the coast country is now under
cultivation, or is used for dairy farms. Of
the mountain land, at least one-third is till-
able, and the remainder is suitable for grazing,
or is even more valuable for its timber, which
includes most of the useful varieties common
to California. Besides this, there are other

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

valleys of importance, among them the
" Canada Kaymundo," upper " San Gregorio"
and " Pomponio," containing considerable
areas of tillable land.

It was the custom in the old Spanish or
Mexican times to transport the hides from
the ranchos, in hnge wooden-wheel vans, to
the heads of the sloughs running inland from
the bay. When this could not be done, a
vaguero would select a large hide, pile half a
dozen or more other hides on it, attach one
end of his riata to it, and the other to the
pommel of his saddle, and drag the load over
the dry grass to waiting boats at the head of
the slongh.

In this way, the estuary, upon which Red-
wood City is now built, was first used for
traffic. The hide business ceased on the
coming of the Americans, and the estuary of
the Pulgas rancho lost its primitive com-
merce, and for along time the ebb and flow
of the tides alone disturbed the quiet of its
iwZe-sheltered shore.

SAN MATEO UNDER AMERICAN RULE.

In 1848, and the greater part of 1849, all
the freight by water, for this section, was
landed at the San Francisquito creek estuary.
A road led from there to the Coppinger and
other lumber camps in the redwoods on the
mountains. The re-discovery and utilization
of the redwood estuary was the result of an
opportune error, and forms an episode in the
history of San Mateo county of sufficient
interest to entitle it to reproduction here, in
detail.

A PIONEER S REMINISCENCES.

Dr. R. O. Tripp, still an honored citizen
of San Mateo county, arrived in San Fran-
cisco in May, 1849, from New York, having
crossed Mexico from Yera Cruz to Tepic,
and by sailing vessel from San Bias. After
practicing his profession as a dentist awhile
in San Francisco, charging four dollars for
extracting a tooth, and eight dollars for
plugging one, while his friend and com-
petitor, Dr, Blankeman, had the face to
charge a man six ounces of gold for drawing
six teeth, he set out for the mines, but was
" shipwrecked " in Suisun bay, and was com-
pelled " to wade ashore," whereby he took
cold, and on his return to San Francisco
found himself quite ill. About this time he
met Parkhurst and Ellis, of San Mateo, who
had leased the right to cut timber on widow
Coppinger's rancho, el Corte Madera; and on
their advice he concluded to go down there
and recuperate. He went from the city to
the mission in a sail boat, landing in Mission
slough near the present site of the sugar
refinery. It was easier to go that way than
over the sand-hills. He walked as far as
el Puerto Suelo, now Ocean Yiew, and sat
down to rest. There was, at that time, no
habitation of any kind in sight. A man
passing with a team, offered to take him as
far as the Sanchez rancho, now Millbrae,
where the first house was encountered after
leaving the mission. The teamster charged
the doctor five dollars for the ride, and, after
staying all night at the Sanchez house, offered

SAN MATEO GOUNTT.

to take him to the redwoods for ten dollars.
They proceeded down the road to San Mateo,
and crossed the creek at the old mission
building, which was kept as a hotel by
Nicholas de Peyster, and was called the
" Half-Way House." From there they went
on to San Francisquito creek, and up that
creek to the Mountain Home ranch, where
he staid a week as the guest of the owner,
Andrews, who had just sold a large crop of
onions at $16 an arroha, — twenty-five pounds,
equal to sixty-four dollars a hundred; and
who, from the proceeds, had supplied himself
with champagne and other luxuries, not
common then nor since in the redwoods.
From there the doctor went to the camp of
Parkhurst and Ellis, who had returned from
San Francisco, and had commenced making
shingles. As Ellis drank hard, Parkhurst
bought hiin out and invited Tripp to become
his partner, which he did January 1, 1850.
And here we come to the incident which
reopened the Redwood estuary, and gave it
the name it now bears.

RAFTING TIMBER.

Parkhurst and Tripp entered into a contract
with some San Francisco carpenters to get
out square timber and piles, and float them
with the tide to San Francisco. An old
North river boatman was to manage rafting
the lumber down the bay to the city. The
San Francisco partners, Lloyd, Pider and
Hayward, left San Francisco in a small boat
in February, 1850, for a visit to the red-
woods. They were directed to steer for the

usual landing place for the San Mateo red-
woods, at San Francisquito creek. By acci-
dent they entered the Redwoods estuary,
instead, sailed up as far they could go, tied
their boat to an oak tree, on what was after-
ward the Hawes farm, and struck out for the
foot-hills. From an elevation they saw the
smoke of the camp, and made for it. On
questioning them, Mr. Tripp soon concluded
that they had not come by the San Francis-
quito creek embarcadero. The next day he
went with them, and found that the new
route, which they had drifted into, was the
nearest and best route from their camp. They
set about building a road to it, and hauled
out their square lumber and pile-logs that
way that season. They launched these logs
from the bank, where Chamberlain's store
now stands. Their first raft contained 250
pieces of timber in six sections. They were
shipped when the winds were highest, and
three sections got away from them near Goat
island, and were lost. They got the other
three sections to the wharf, with the aid of a
tug. They realized $82 per thousand for the
square lumber, and for the piles eighty-two
and a half cents a running foot. They hauled
lumber to the landing all summer; but they
did no more rafting till the high winds had
subsided; after that they got the logs into
San Francisco without loss. During the
summer they received all their supplies by
way of Redwood. And these were the first
shipments to and from what is now Redwood
City. They had all the hard ground from
Chamberlain's store to the tannery crowded

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

195

with lumber, which was hauled during the
summer and shipped that fall. It was this
redwood timber, strewn along the shore
wherever hard ground was found, that gave the
place the name of " Redwood Slough," after-
ward changed to Redwood City. Dr.Tripp says
that he and his partner closed out for that
year, and found that they had done fairly
well, after having paid Andrews and South-
ard $1,300 stumpage.

They received their first load of supplies
by teams from San Francisco; and two loads
came by way of San Francisquito creek;
the latter costing them $75 a load, freight
from the embarcadero to their camp.

In the summer of 1850, when one of the
loads of supplies arrived in a flat-bottomed
boat at the slough, Dr. Tripp says he sent
for the freight, but the man could not find
either the slough or the freight, and he him-
self had to go down after it, but he had to
pay the man $25 extra for the day he had
lost in looking for it. But as he was out of
provisions, he had to have them at any cost.
They had a scow built that summer, and after
that received all their supplies that way.

A man named William Smith built the
first house on the slough. Charles Living-
ston started the first store just back of Cham-
berlain's, in the old building used as a ware-
house. This was in 1851. Smith built the
brick warehouse now used by Hanson, and
lived in a house opposite. He married one
of the Voiget girls.

Dr. Tripp was in fact the first regular
merchant in the county. He left the lum-

ber camp and built where he now lives, in
1851, and commenced merchandising. Park-
hurst, who had been Tripp's partner, went to
San Francisco, where he obtained a place in a
hardware store. While there, he would
buy goods for his old partner, and have them
shipped to him.

One day, in the fall of 1851, Dr. Tripp
says a man came to his store and told him
that he, Tripp, was running for supervisor,
and wanted to know what his politics were;
to which he replied that he had voted for
General Taylor. The election was held at
the Mountain House ranch. Some voters
scratched his name, but he says he took no
interest in the matter, and had almost for-
gotten the election when he received a letter
requesting him to meet with the San Fran-
cisco supervisor, San Mateo being then a
part of San Francisco county. After that
he says he rode up to the city every Sunday
and met with the board on Mondays.

Dr. Tripp and his partner, for a considera-
ble time, had the only store between the
Mission Dolores and Santa Clara. They
had trade from San Mateo, Halfmoon bay,
and Pescadero. The coast trade was carried
on pack-mules. The stock and outfit for the
first store started in Pescadero was supplied
by this firm.

Dr. Tripp is fairly entitled to the distinc-
tion of being the first merchant and the first
elected public ofiJcer in San Mateo county,
and perhaps the only merchant in this State
continually in business from 1850 down to
he present date, occupying the same store,

SAJf MATEO COUNTY.

with some improvements, in which he com-
menced his mercantile life forty years ago.

ADVENTURES OF OTHER PIONEERS.

Among other early settlers of the penin-
sula now known as San Mateo county, were
"William Holder, Charles Ayres. and James
Weeks, who gave some very interesting rem-
iniscences to a local journal, from which a
few extracts are here given :

William Holder and William Cottam
came here in 1850, and first settled at the
place where Belmont is now located. In
1851 they put up a small building on the
bank of the creek, and opened what was then
called a fonda, where refreshments were
offered for sale. The same year they bought
the long boat of a vessel, which they con-
verted into a sloop of about eighty tons'
burthen, and engaged in carrying freight up
and down the creek, and also in carrying
tire-wood to San Francisco. About this time
Charles Davidson appeared on the creek with
the sloop Plumas of twenty tons' capacity;
and Dennis Martin was running a sawmill
by water power near Searsville. In 1852,
Peter Becker brought the Julia on the creek,
which some years after Charles Hanson and
Peter Brown bought. A Mr. Shaw started
the first store here in 1851. Of those who
were prominent here from 1850 to 1854, was
Captain Voiget, who had been here buying
hides as early as 1836. In 1850 he lived on
what is now the Polhemus place. Holder
says Captain Voiget showed him a sketch in

water colors of this section, drawn when he
was here in 1836.

W. C. E. Smith married a daughter of
Captain Voiget. The first grand ball was
given in his house on the 1st of January,
1854. In 1855, or soon after, Charles Liv-
ngston put up a brick store, where Price's
hotel is. Having sold out to Langley, Price
afterward bought out the latter, and took
down the brick store to make room for his
hotel.

Charles Ayres came in 1852, and he and
J. G. Pritchard, in the spring of that year,
bought eighty acres of what is now known
as the Selby tract, and engaged in farming
with poor success, and so they came to Eed-
wood City and put up a building for a bakery,
part of which is still used as an office of the
Tremont House.

Mr. Ayres says he paid as high as $47 a
barrel for flour while he was running the
confectionery and bakery. In 1855 they
bought more ground and built, and engaged
regularly in the hotel business.

Mr. Ayres says the first hotel which was
opened, in April, 1853, in Redwood City, was
built by a man named Harris. It was the
original American Hotel, and stood where
the Wahl building now is. The successive
owners of this hotel were: Hancock, Thur-
ber, Aldrich and Raymond. It was burned
down in 1864. It was rebuilt in 1866, by
Merrill, and again burned in 1878, but was
not rebuilt.

The building now owned by Claus Hadler,
known as the Eureka corner, was opened as a

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

hotel in 1854. It was built by Harry Morse,
an early sheriff of Alameda county, but now
the head of the well-known "Harry Morse
Detective Bureau," and Daniel Balch, after-
ward a noted assayer on the Coinstock.

It was kept as a hotel by Ayres & Fritch-
ard for awhile, and after various changes
came into the possession of its present owner
and into its present uses.

CHAPTER III.

THE REDWOOD F0KE8TS.

fNE of the first things which attracted
the attention of Americans and other
foreigners on their arrival in central or
northern California, when the country was
under Mexican rule, was the redwood forests
of the coast coiinties; and there many of the
first comers to the province commenced their
California life.

This is especially true of San Mateo
county. It is believed that the first foreign
settler in the county (though Joseph Chap-
man, who came in 1818, was the first in the
county) was one William Smith, known at
the time as "Bill, the sawyer." The late
James Pease claimed to have deserted from
a Hudson Bay Company's ship, the Nereid,
in Yerba Buena, in 1823 or 1824, and that
■ he wandered into the redwoods near Wood-
side, where he found Smith, who was married
at the time, and lived in a hut with his wife
and baby, near where John Coppinger after-
ward built his residence. He was the only
foreigner there, and had already dug a saw

pit, felled some trees, cut them into proper
lengths, and had sawed some lumber, with
much difficulty. He had to get his Indian
help from the missions. The arrival of Pease
was a fortunate event for "Bill, the sawyer,"
who at once engaged the newcomer as an
assistant. They cut timber for a number of
years with whipsaws, and supplied the Cali-
fornians with such timber as they needed in
the adobe houses, which were being built
then on the ranches of that region.

They worked at this business alone for
several years. One day, however, they were
joined by George Ferguson, who had de-
serted from a ship at Sausalito, and who, after
many adventures, arrived in the redwoods.
Ferguson took up a claim near Smith and
Pease, and was soon after Joined by a fellow-
seaman named James Weeks. From that
time on others came, but did not remain per-
manently, until the arrival of John Coppin-
ger, a deserter from the British navy, in 1834
or 1835. He set about felling trees and
making lumber in a systematic manner, pro-
curing the aid of Californians, Indians, and
of foreicrners, whenever they could be- found.
James Weeks was first employed by " Bill
the sawyer," and Ferguson, who was with
Smith when he came. He staid there some
time, learning to whipsaw, and afterward
went with Ferguson to San Jose, and built
the first flourmill there. He then returned
to the redwoods, and with Smith built a saw-
pit, felled trees, and began to hew lumber for
sawing, sometimes sleeping in the pit, the
log cabin of Bill being some distance from

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

the work. Smith and Weeks parted when
Coppinger came, and Weeks joined the latter
in making shingles and sawing lumber.

ARCADIAN LIFE.

gives the following picture of his
Arcadian life in the San Mateo redwoods:

" I spent a happy life working in the Pul-
gas redwoods. Sometimes I would go to San
Jose, Yerba Buena, Santa Clara, Monterey
or Santa Cruz; was not overburdened with
constant hard labor. Our time was our own,
and we knew how to enjoy it. Except the
house of ' Bill, the sawyer,' and the residence
of the Soto family, there was not a building
in the township. The Indians who had not
been gathered into the fold of the missions,
had rancheriasin the canons amid timber-clad
mountains. Hill and vale were alike thronged
with game, while the herds of the ranches
roamed literally upon a thousand hills.

" The marsh lands occupied a greater area
than they do to-day, while the cultivated or
occupied (pasture) lands were covered with
wild oats that grew 'shoulder high with a
horseman.'

" Thus the land lay for many quiet and
peaceful years. Immigration began in 1841,
and increased with each succeeding year,
compounding in numbers like interest on a
note of hand in the flush times of the gold
discovery.

" In 1844, Dennis Martin arrived in the
Sacramento valley, and in the following year
came into San Mateo redwoods, to the Corte
Madera rancho, then owned by John Cop-

pinger, James Pease, John Pepper and Charles
Brown was then there. Brown was occupy-
ing the Mountain Home ranch.

" The country was now on the eve of an
eventful change. It passed under the sov-
ereignty of the United States in 1846, but
nothing more than the rumor of the war with
Mexico reached the shades of the San Mateo
redwoods.

" It was not so with the discoveiy of gold,
which took place two years later. That event
came like an electric shock, and was felt in
every town, mission, ranch and camp, not
only in California, but throughout the civil-
ized world. Dennis Martin and others rushed
from the peaceful redwoods to the gold pla-
cers. Martin, contrary to the general rule,
was successful; and in 1850 he returned and
located near Searsville, and in the fall of that
year, he erected a water-power sawmill on
San Francisquito creek, about three-fourths
of a mile below Searsville. This was the first
sawmill ever built in the country. But it
was only run for a few weeks, when it was
carried away by a flood.

" The next mill was built by a man named
De'Hart, on the Mountain Home ranch, then
owned by Charley Brown. De Hart let a
contract to one Whipple to run the lumber
to the tail of the mill at $25 per 1,000.
Whipple soon made money enough to buy
the mill, selling a large quantity of lumber at
$75 a 1,000, for which he did not have to pay
for the hauling at the rate of $25 per 1,000.
He afterward moved the mill and broke up.

SAIf MATEO COUNT r.

199

Whipple, who was a Mornion, died recently
in San Francisco."

REDWOOD AND ITS CHAEACTERISTIOS.

It is apparent from the foregoing that its
redwood forests were a very important factor
in the first settlement of San Mateo county.
Eventually the products of the forests
gave name to the estuary, whence they
were shipped, and afterward to the
city which was built on its shore and
in fact, the lumber interest played an
equally important part in the development of
other sections of California. The first steam
mill of any kind in the Territory was built
in the Bodega redwoods, by Captain Stephen
Smith in 1843. General Vallejo, who was
present when Captain Smith started the mill,
said afterward, " I distinctly remember hav-
ing predicted on that occasion that before
many years California would have more
steam engines than soldiers." This prophecy
was soon verified.

The redwood {^Sequoia sempsrvirens), in
many of its valuable qualities, equals, if it
does not surpass, any tree known in the for-
ests of America. It belongs to the same
general family as the so-called "big trees,"
but differs materially from it in the texture
of the wood and its foliage. The redwood
proper grows only on the coast of California.
It approaches on the north the Oregon line,
but does not cross it. It is not found south
of Monterey county. It grows best in the
fog belt along the coast, or within the influ-
ence of the sea breeze. Beyond that line it

does not flourish. Formerly the canons fac-
ing the ocean were literally packed with red-
wood trees, as they are still in northwest Cal-
ifornia.

It is a grand sight to see the gray line of
fog crawling like a living creature through
the high foliage of a redwood forest. It is
the tribute of the sea to the greatest of the
productions of its embracing shore. As the
mist moves slowly on it is condensed, drops
from the foliage and moistens the feeders of
the tree to the tips of its outlying roots.
This mild but effective process of irrigation
is continued every day and night during the
season of fog.

Undoubtedly the tremendous height and
girth, which the tree attains in favorable
localities, are due to the moisture it distils
from the northwest summer trade winds blow-
ing fresh from the ocean. Wherever this in-
fluence is felt within the line of its growth,
the canons contained more or less redwood.
On the rich bottom land on Russian river,
there was a forest of many thousand acres,
where the trees ranged from ten to eighteen
feet in diameter, and from 250 to 400 feet in
height.

QUALITY OF THE TIMBER.

Kedwood does not warp; its grain runs
strait and therefore it splits true; and it takes
on a fine polish as a finishing wood. This is
especially true of what is known as "curly"
redwood, which can be made to surpass in
beauty the finest mahogany. Redwood con-
tains no resin, and when green or wet is diffi-

200

SAN MATEO OOUNTT.

cult to burn, although when thoroughly sea-
soned it burns very rapidly. It is very
durable, both in or above the ground, in the
water or out. It is said that the stockades,
built by the Russians at Fort Ross, in 1820,
is still a solid structure. Fences built in the
early settlement of San Mateo county are
still sound.

For water, wine, and other tanks, it is the
best material known. Redwood water tanks
are universally used throughout California,
and in the arid regions of Arizona and New
Mexico. Tanks of this material are used by
all the brewers on the coast for the storage of
beer, and it is coming into use in the East
for the same purpose. About 1,500,000 feet
of this tank lumber was used by brewers in
Milwaukee, Toledo and Detroit, in 1890;
and during the same year 12,000,000 feet of
redwood lumber of all kinds was shipped to
the East, with every prospect that this trade
will largely increase in the future.

John Muir, the naturalist, thinks some of
the Sequoia gigantea, cousins of the redwood,
may be 6,000 years old. (^n a sixteen-foot
redwood tree, as many as 1,280 rings of
annual growth have been counted.

There is an extensive business done in
wood, tanbark and other forest products,
which are shipped direct to San Francisco by
sea. A large area of redwood timber, in the
same section, owned by private individuals,
will prove valuable to the county in the
^■uture. The forests at present inaccessible
are practically untouched, which is in some
respects fortunate, as standing redwood tim-

ber is getting scarce, especially so near San
Francisco, and every year adds to its value-
The question of facilities for marketing it is
only a question of a short time, as there are
a number of shipping points along the coast
which can be utilized for this purpose when
it will pay to build roads to them. New
channels of trade are being opened up in the
Eastern market, where the reputation of this
valuable timber will steadily improve and
hold its own against any wood on earth.
When all of its good qualities are more gen-
erally known, the demand for it will be
enormous.

The products of the county include all tlie
crops common to the country bordering on
the bay of San Francisco. The staples are
wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, beans, and in
some parts of the county flax has been suc-
cessfully grown for the manufacture of oil
from the seed. The dairying interest of San
Mateo county is large and profitable. The
largest dairies are at Visitacion, San Bruno,
Millbrae and Belmont, nearly all of which
send their supply of milk daily to San Fran-
cisco.

CHAPTER IV.

SAN MATEO OF TO- DAT.
COUNTY OFFICERS.

fOLLOWING are the civil officers of San
Mateo county: George H. Buck, super-
ior judge; George W. Fox, district
attorney, J. F. Johnston, county clerk and
recorder; E. Eskerenkotte, deputy clerk;
W. J. McGarvey, deputy clerk; George W.

SAJSf MATEO COLfNTT.

Lovie, assessor; George Barker, auditor; P.
P. Chamberlain, treasurer; W. H. Kinnie,
sheriff; Claud Fox, under sheriff; H. S.
Pitcher, tax collector; J. F. Utter, superin-
tendent of schools; D. Bromfield, county
surveyor; Alexander Gordon, assemblyman;
A. F. Greene supervisor (chairman) first town-
ship; W. B. Lawrence, supervisor second town-
ship; John Stafford, supervisor third town-
ship; Jas. B. Freitas, supervisor fourth town-
ship; H. B.Adair, supervisor fifth township.

The following are the property valuations
of the county for 1891 and 1892:

Real estate and improvements $13,690,47o

Personal property 1,151,305

Total.-. $13,841,780

Southern Pacific Railroad Company 235,094

Total...
Tax rate.

.114,076,874
1.20

Real estate and improvements $14,889,665

Personal property 1,140,310

Total $16,029,975

Soutliern Pacific Railroad Co $233,090

Pullman Car Co 1,497— 234,587

Total $16,264,562

Acres of land assessed 293,973

County tax rate $1.15

SAN MATEO COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS — 1892.

J. F. Utter, superintendent County Board
of Education: George H. Rice, president.
Redwood City; J. F. Utter, secretary, Red-

wood City; Mary Stewart, Redwood City;
Etta M. Tilton, San Mateo; J. C. Nash,
Halfmoon Bay.

CENSUS CHILDREN.

No. between 5 and 17, white, boys, 1,373, girls,

1,260; total 2,683

No. between 5 and 17, negro, 6, Mongd, 2 8— 2,641

No. under 5, white, 989; negro, 2 — 991

No. under 17 total 3,632

No. between 5 and 17 attend public school

in year 1,952

No. between 5 and 17 attend only private

schools in year 344

No. between 5 and 17 not attending school

in year 445

No. native born, 3,137; foreign born, 495 3,632

No. teachers or classes, grammar, 25; pri-
mary, 31 56

No. pupils enrolled, boys, 1,108; girls, 986 2,094

Average number belonging 1,472

Average daily attendance 1,336

Percentage of attendance on number belong-
ing 91

CODKSE OF STUDY.

No. of pupils enrolled, grammar grade, 566;

primary grade, 1,528; total 2,094

Average number months schools maintained.. 9

Sex teachers, male 8, female 48 56

Grammar certificates, high 5; first grade 42;

second grade 9

Average salary paid teachers per month $66.3-7

CURRENT EXPENSES.

Paid teachers $34,077.11

Paid rent, fuel, etc... 5,781.28

Paid libraries 603.95

Paid apparatus 386.01 $40,848.35

Paid sites, buildings and furniture.. 8,745.32

Total expenses

Balance July 1, 1891 $13,254.02

Received State taxes 20,814.00

Received county 15,338.00

Received city and district. 1,394.91
Received subscriptions,etc. 7,069 00

.$49,593.67

Total repeived $57,869.93

203

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

Total expenses 49,593.67

Balance June 30, 1892 | 8,276.26

Value of lots and buildings and

furnishings $ 94,055

Value of libraries 9,170

Value of school apparatus 4,360

Total school property $107,585

No. of volumes in libraries 11,441

Average month wages paid male teachers ..$88.14

Average month wages paid female

teachers 62.81

Salary of county superintendent $1,500.00

No. graduates from California normal schools 7

No. teachers holding life diplomas 12

No. teachers holding State education diplomas.... 14

No. teachers holding hfgti school certificates 5

No. teachers holding first grade certificates 42

No. teachers holding second grade certificates 9

Amono; the private schools of the county
are the following:

BELMONT SCHOOL.

This was opened in 1885, near Belmont,
on the Southern Pacific railroad, twenty-five
miles south of San Francisco. It was founded
by the present head-master, H. T. Reid
Harvard 1868), who resigned the presidency
of the University of California for the pur-
pose of carrying out his long cherished plan
of erecting a preparatory school for boys,
which should hold an honorable place among
the best educational institutions in the
country. The location of the school is prob-
ably unsurpassed as regards healthfulness,
beauty, convenience and adaptability. Its
steadfast purposes are to offer thorough
preparation for those colleges and technical
schools whose requirements for admission
are most severe; to do all that it may to
quicken the moral and religious sense, and
strengthen the moral courage; and to give

£uch attention to systematic physical culture
as shall contribute to good health and a
vigorous physical development. The greater
part of all students attending the school, 72
per cent (1892), are preparing for college.
The graduates of the school have for the
most part entered Harvard, Yale, tlie Uni-
versity of California, Leland Stanford, Jr.,
University, Cornell University, or the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology. No candi-
date from the school has ever failed to pass
the examinations for which he was recom-
mended as prepared, and its graduates are
admitted to the University of California,
Leland Standford, Jr., University, Cornell
University, and the Van Rensselaer Institution
without examination. Physical culture un-
der the direction of a special teacher of gym-
nastics will hereafter be a stated requirement,
and will have a place in the program of
exercises, the same as mathematics, English
or any other requirement. Military drill is
a feature only as an adjunct to the work of
physical culture. The discipline of the
school is very simple, and entirely in the in-
terest of the boys, who are on the whole well
meaning. Belmont does not pretend to keep
and successfully deal with bad boys, and is
perhaps a little intolerant of them, for it in-
sists on their immediate withdrawal as soon
as their unruly, vicious, or vulgar dispositions
become known.

The school was started in the belief that
the best social, scholarly and disciplinary
results are likely to be obtained in a school
whose numbers are so limited as to make it

SAN MATEO COUNTT.

possible to exercise over every pupil a close
individual supervision. Certainly nothing
could compensate for the loss of such super-
vision.

On the other hand it is of great advantage
to the scholarship of a school to have its
classes formed with such care that only pupils
of like capacity or attainments and with a
common purpose may be placed together. It
is also highly desirable that classes should be
large enough to stimulate interest and a
healthy rivalry. How to combine in one the
advantages of a small and a large school has
been one of the educational problems. Its
solution seems to be pretty well assured in
the so-called cottage system. In this system
there is a separate building for every forty
boys, more or less, and this building is the
family home of a teacher and his wife. The
cottage system, therefore, secures all the ad-
vantages of a school limited in numbers,
while a group of several cottages gives the
numbers necessary to the most advantageous
classification. The gradual enlargement of
the school on the cottage system has become
the fixed policy of the school. The increase
in the size of the school calls for an imme-
diate increase of the school facilities; a gym-
nasium equipped with the best modern con-
veniences will be erected and other buildings
will soon follow. The best equipment for
the best work is the steady purpose of the
school.

OAK GEOVE SCHOOL.

This institution for boys, although the
most recent to be established in San Mateo,

is the peer of any other in the county. It is
presided over by Ira D. Hoitt, A. B., M. A.,
a teacher of life-long experience and late State
superintendent of public instruction. He
is assisted by a full corps of able teachers.

The location and grounds were weighty
considerations in the selection of this place
for the school. It includes the private resi-
dence and beautifully improved grounds of
the late J. H. Redington, situated two and a
half miles from Millbrae, three miles from
San Mateo and one and a half miles from
Oak Grove Station, which can be reached
from San Francisco in one hour. It is there-
fore near enough to the city to allow of tak-
ing advantage of any special privileges from
that source. It is two and a half miles from
Millbrae, the nearest village, and therefore
free from any disadvantages of town sur-
roundings. It is accessible and convenient
not only for pupils but for parents who may
wish to visit their sons when on business
trips to the city.

The grounds include 156 acres and are
possessed of great natural beauty, to which
extraordinary attractions have been added by
the expenditure of many thousands of dollars,
under the direction of a skillful landscape
gardener.

The purpose of the school is to stimulate
in the boy manly impulses, quicken and
strengthen his sense of duty and moral cour-
ace, contribute vigor to his physicial develop-
ment, lead him to a clear idea of right, and
to the acquisition of such mental furniture
as shall prepare hin) for admissioq to the

204

8 AN MATEO COUNT 7.

best college, university, or technical school
in the land, or for a successful business life,
and at the same time surround him with as
many of the refinements, comforts and pleas-
ures of home as are possible in a iirst-class
school.

Ouly teachers of accredited ability and
high standing will be retained in the school.
The course of study extends from the primary
school to the college and university.

ST. Matthew's school.

St. Matthew's School founded in 1866, is
situated about a mile and one-half from
San Mateo. The site commands a fine view
of the bay of San Francisco, with Mount San
Bruno to the north, Mount Diablo in the
center beyond the bay and the Conta Costa
range, and Mount Hamilton to the extreme
south. Nestling as it does at the base of the
eastern slope of the Coast Range, there is ab-
solute protection from all fogs, and the cli-
mate is much warmer than in the valley be-
low. The buildings are placed on three sides
of a quadrangle, thus affording every oppor-
tunity for close communication, and at the
same time securing perfect lighting and ven-
tilation and unlimited sunlight.

A TELESCOPE

is permanently mounted on a solid pier of
masonry and furnished with necessary gear-
ing for perfect and easy equatorial motion.

A teacher of gymnastics is engaged when
opportunity arises, and a gymnasium is con-
nected with the school. Target practice with

small arms is indulged in, under proper super-
vision. A revolving Wingate target for all
distances up to and including 300 yards, with
a marker's shelter, is provided. A large play-
ground has been carefully leveled, providing
drill ground, a base ball diamond and foot-
ball grounds. Dancing is taught as classes
are formed.

Every means is employed to arouse en-
thusiasm in lines of study and self-improve-
ment outside of the prescribed courses and in
sports. In this connection clubs and so-
cieties have proven most helpful and stimu-
lating. Besides the regularly organized
baseball and football " leagues," a 1 iterary
association, with its own reading room, has
been maintained, a reading club has held
frequent meetings, a yacht club and tennis
club have been actively engaged, and the
Brotherhood of St. Andrew has been estab-
lished.

The junior grammar, middle grammar and
intermediate grades constitute the grammar
department, while the academic department is
composed of the junior academic, middleacade-
mic and senior academic grades. The course of
the grammar department is the same for all
students, but in the academic department
there are three distinct courses, designed to
prepare boys for an English scientific or class-
ical course at college. While the course has
been arranged, primarily, with a view to pre-
paring boys for college, the scientific course
is arranged for those who expect to enter
upon active business life when they have left
school. Those who have this object in view

SAN MATEO OOUNTT.

will be allowed to omit trigonometry and
astronomy during the last two terms, taking
up bookkeeping and commercial arithmetic
instead.

French, German, Spanish and music are
taught. But lessons in these branches must
take second place in the arrangement of the
schedule and cannot be substituted for stud-
ies in the regular course. In general, boys
should not begin the study of languages and
music if they are in any way backward in their
common-school branches, unless such study
is in the line of their preparation for college.
Special attention is given to preparing boys
for the University of California, and gradu-
ates of this school are admitted to that insti-
tution, as well as to the Leland Stanford, Jr^,
University, Cornell University, Trinity Col-
lege, Hartford, Connecticut, and Hobart Col-
lege, without examination, on recommenda-
tion from the rector. Such recommendation,
however, is given to those students only, who

have shown marked industry and ability

throughout the course.

St. Matthew's school is conducted by Rev.

A. S. Brewer.

The Convent of Kotre Dame, built in

1886, has an attendance of eighty pupils,

with Sister Mary Louise at its head and five

assistants.

CHAPTER V.

REDWOOD CITY.

tEDWOOD CITY was started in 1851
at the head of tide-water on Redwood
creek as the embarcadero for shipping
lumber from the immense redwood forests on

the eastern slope of the Santa Cruz, Santa
Morena and Coast Ranges, being incorporated
as a city without a mayor. The city council
(1892) consists of Alex. Gordon, president;
George H. Rice, Henry Beeger and Robert
Brown; J. "W. Glennan, clerk. The other of-
ficials are: J. V. Swift, assessor; P. B. Jami-
son, marshal; J. S. Hughes, superintendent
of streets.

REDWOOD CITY SCHOOLS.

Census children between 5 and 17, boys, 294 ; girls,

397; total, 591

Census children under 5 204

No. between 5 and 17, who have attended public

schools .441

No. between 5 and 17 who have attended only pri-
vate schools 87

No. between 5 and 17 who have not attended any

schools 63

Native born, 407— foreign born, 388 795

No. of schools or teachers 9

No. teachers holding grammar grade certificates 4;

primary grade, 5

Enrolled whole No. boys, 2^1; girls, 233 484

No. months school maintained 10

Sex, teachers ;male, 1; female, 8 9

Grade teacher's certificate; high school, 2; first
grade, 4; second grade, 3

CURRENT EXPENSES.

Paid teachers $5,593.50

Paid rents, fuel, etc 799.28

Paid libraries 15.15 $6,406.93

Paid sites, building and furnishing 2,719.14

Total expenditures $9,126.07

RESOURCES.

By balance July 1, 1891 $2,879.84

By amount state apportionment 3,762.00

By amount county apportionment 2,534.00

Total $9,175.84

Total expenses 9,126.07

Balance June i

.$ 49.77

8AJf MATEO COUNTY.

Value of lots, bnildings, and furnishings $23,000

Value of libraries 1,000

Value of apparatus 500

Value of school property $24,500

No. of Tolnmes in library 1,300

The school buildings, all but the primary
department, are located on between two and
three acres of land, donated for school pur-
poses by J. V. Dillar, on what is known as the
Island. The main building has four class-
rooms, 30 X 40. Horace Hawes in his life-time
built and equipped a complete gymnasium
and presented it to the school. The trustees
built two additional school-rooms 35 x65. In
1880 two more school rooms were put up,
and part of gymnasium converted into a class
room. They now have in course of construc-
tion a two-room building on B street, between
Eleventh and Twelfth, on land purchased from
the Mezes estate. Land and building will
cost about $5,000.

Redwood city contained a population of
1,383 in 1880; and 1,572 in the year 1890.

Free Library. — There is a free reading-
room and library on Bridge street, where all
the San Francisco daily papers and leading
periodicals are kept on tile for public use. Miss
Kate Stewart is librarian. The directors are
Mrs. Sarah T. Fox, C. N. Kirkbride, B. A..
Rankin, Oliver Dodge.

NEWSPAPERS.

The Times-Gazette, now owned by the San
Mateo Publishing Company, was consolidated
from two papers: the Gazette, started April
9, 1859, by William Godfry, in Redwood
City; and the Times started at San Mateo in

1875, by Alvinza Hayward & Co., who soon
after bought the Gazette.

The Redwood City Democrat, started in
1884, is published by the Redwood Demo-
crat Publishing Company, with Frank P.
Thompson as manager, and Robert A. Thomp-
son as editor. The Democrat is ably con-
ducted and is a very valuable exponent of the
social and economic interests of the com-
munity in which it is published. This work
is indebted to the Democrat for much local
and historical data of value, which is hereby
thankfully and cordially acknowledged.

TANNERIES.

"The Frank Tanning Company," one of
the largest of its kind on the Pacific coast,
owned by Frank Brothers, turns off 8,000
sides per week, principally of sole-leather; it
employs 100 men; it uses bark mostly from
California, but also from Mexico.

The plant includes a 100-horse-power
steam engine, with the necessary machinery,
building, etc., and three artesian wells, be-
sides over 260 automatic sprinklers, attached
to pipes throughout the works, as precaution
against fire.

The Beeger Tannery, owned by Henry
Beeger, employs twenty men and handles
some 600 sides a week. Most of the prod-
uct of both these extensive tanneries finds
a ready and remunerative market in the East.

KEDWOOD CITY CHUECHES.

Mount Carmel Roman Catholic church
was erected in about 1865, with a seating

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

capacity of 400: Rev. D. O'Sullivan, rector,
the membership or parishioners being about
700. The church property consists of an
entire block of land, upon which is located
the church edifice, a handsome parsonage,
and the convent of Notre Dame.

St. Peter's Episcopal church is located on
First street, near Bridge street. Rev. Jon-
athan Nicols is the missionary in charge.
The church building has been newly painted
inside and out, seats cushioned and many
comforts and appropriate appointments added.

The First Congregational church is located
on Jefferson street. It is in charge of Rev.
L. D. Rathbone.

The Methodist Episcopal church is located
on Maple street, between Fhelps and Stam-
baugh streets. Rev. W. V. Donaldson is
the pastor.

The Baptists have a church on Heller
street, but only occasional services are held.

FRATERNAL SOCIETIES.

Redwood, as will be observed from the
following list, has its share of fraternal so-
cieties:

San Mateo Lodge, No. 168, F. and A.
M., — B. A. Rankin, M.; George C. Ross,
secretary.

Bay View Lodge, 109, I. O. O. F.— A.
Bahler, N. G.; R. Larsen, V. G.; James
Wade, P. G.; George "W. Fox, recording
secretary; J. W. Glennan, permanent sec-
retary.

Hope Encampment, No. 60, L O. O.
F.— Henry Mangels, 0. P.; Henry Tribolet,
S. W.; William Hadley, H. P.

Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 48, 1. 0. O.
F.— Dora Horn, N. G.; Mrs. A. A. Titus,
V. G.; Mrs. John Deilman, permanent sec-
retary, J. W. Glennan, recording secretary.

Redwood City Lodge, No. 82, K. of P.—
Leon 8. Bean, C. C; W. H. Malott, V. C;
James Van Court, K. of R.; and S. ; James
Swift, K. of F.; C. H. Offerraann, K. of E.

Metamora Tribe, No. 24, L O. R. M.— Leon
Bean, sachem; A.. H. Hanson, secretary.

A. O. U. W., No. 25.— Jens Hanson, M.
W.; A. Fisher, F.; George H. Buck, R.; J.
W. Glennan, F. ; B. F. Cooper, R.

Redwood Parlor, No. 66, N. S. G. W.—
H. C. Hall, president; A. D. Walsh, past
president; William Havey, first vice-presi-
dent: Michael Thompson, second vice-presi-
dent; William Johnson, third vice-presi
dent; C. N. Christ, recording secretary,
Guy Hull, financial secretary; W. H. Scha-
berg, treasurer, Frank Wentworth, mar-
shal. Trustees — Will Beeson, Carl Plump
and Fred Glennan.

The Native Daughters also have a Parlor.

There is also a G. A. R. post; a Women's
Relief Corps and an organization of the
Ancient Order of Druids.

THE BANK OF SAN MATEO COUNTY

was organized in 1891, as a commercial bank,
under the laws of the State, with a capital
stock of 1200,000. It is located at Redwood
City. Its directors are: J. L. Ross, presi.
dent; L. P. Behrens, cashier; L. J. Frank,
P. P. Chamberlain, J. D. Byrnes, George H.
Rice, John A. Hooper, Ch. Josselyn, Charles
Hanson.

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

REDWOOD CITY FIBE DEPAETMENT.

There are three hose companies and one
hook and ladder company. Edward Fisher
is foreman of No. 1; Fred B. Joyce, foreman
of No. 2; William J. Fitzpatrick, foreman of
No. 3. The foreman of the hook and ladder
company is M. H. Thompson. Henry Beeger
is chief of the fire department. Besides this
there is an organization of exempts. They
have a hand-power machine which is still
capable of doing good work. George W.
Fox is president of the exempts.

CHAPTER VI.

MISCELLANEOUS SAN MATEO.

fHE town of San Mateo is a station on
the Southern Pacific railway, and has
many elegant homes, being a favorite
place for country residences of merchants
and others doing business in San Francisco,
on account of its nearness to that city. An
excellent road over the mountains greatly
facilitates the handling of such products
from the neighboring coast as are not sent to
the metropolis by water.

SAN MATEO DISTRICT SCHOOLS.

No. children between 5 and 17; boys, 253; girls,

laS; total 383

No. children under 5 144

No. children who have attended school 247

No. children between 5 and 17 who only attend pri-
vate 73

No. children who have not attended any school. . . 68

Native born, 504 — foreign born, 28 533

No. and grade of schools, grammar grade 2; pri-
mary grade 5 7

No. boys enrolled 211— girls 89 300

Average No. belonging 209

Average daily attendance 197

Per-centof attendance on average No. belong 94

No. pupils enrolled in grammar grade 32; primary

grade 268 300

No. months of school maintained lOj^

Sex of teachers : all females 7

Teachers certiticates high school, 1 ; 1st. grammar,

4; 2d grammar, 2

CURRENT EXPENSES.

Paid teachers $4,323.75

Paid rent and contingent ex-
penses 1,710.61

Paid libraries 101.50

Paid apparatus 30.00 $6,165.86

Paid lots, buildings and furnishings 5,661.30

INCOME.

Balance July 1, '91 $953.43

Received State $2,574.00

Received county 1,818.00

Received subscription, insurance,

etc 7,069.00

Total receipts $11,413.43 $12,413.43

Balance June 30, '93 $586.36

Valuation of lots, houses and fur-
nishings $600

Valuation of libraries 600

Valuation of apparatus 350 $1,450.00

No. of volumes in library 900

Note — In this district a six-class schoolhouse was
burned during the school year and $7,000 insurance
received. $25,000 bonds were voted for erecting an
eight-class and also a four-class building.

OTHER POINTS.

There are numerous small towns in San
Mateo county, besides Redwood City with its
population of 1,570 and San Mateo with 950
inhabitants, among which are: Halfmoon
bay, Pescadero, Menlo Park, Colma Station ;
and smaller settlements, as Millbrae, Colusa,

SAJf MATEO COUNTY.

Belmont, Searsville, Woodsic
Purisima and San Gregorio.

La Hone

A PICTUEESQUE COUNTT.

Esthetically considered, San Mateo is one
of the most attractive sections of the State.
It abounds in the beautiful, both in nature
and art. It has long stretches of beach, the
finest for bathing in the world, rolling hills,
elevated ridges, wooded glens, rugged roman-
tic canons, precipitous cliffs, against which
the ocean beats unceasingly, dense forests,
where deer and quail find a home, and crystal
streams filled with trout. From the summit
of the ridge the view is unequaled in grand-
eur and extent, except possibly from Mount
Shasta, a point few people ever reach. Stand-
ing ou the crest of the divide and looking
north, east and south, the eye commands at a
sweep a distance of a hundred miles. From
Vallejo to Gilroy, the hills of Marin, the bay
of San Francisco, in its entirety, the counties
of Alameda and Santa Clara, with their nu-
merous cities, towns and villages, lie like a
map spread at the observer's feet, with Ta-
malpais, Diablo and Hamilton, rising like
stately sentinels at intervals. To the west-
ward adown deep canons over the tops of
giant redwoods, that darken the slope, are seen
the coast towns, the long shore line, the Far-
allone Islands and the Pacific ocean with a
stretch of unnumbered miles north and south
and limited in the west only by the impene-
trable curtain at the horizon.

HALFMOON BAT.

Of all the towns in San Mateo this most

wears the air of the pre-American regime.
It is a quaint, rambling place with as much
variety in its architecture as there is in the
patois of its people. Situated in the beauti-
ful and fertile Pilarcitos valley, on the border
of that serai-luna of water, from which it
takes its name, it is one of Nature's chosen
spots, but unfortunate in its isolation. The
valley spreads out into thousands of acres,
through which the Pilarcitos creek makes its
way to the sea. The climate is not excelled
in its loveliness by any on the ocean side, not
excepting the miich vaunted Santa Barbara
channel. From the town there stretches
away to the north for miles a clean gradually
shoaling beach, the finest without exception
in California. From Pilar point, the north-
ern headland, a reef of rocks. Just discernible
at low water by the break of the waves, ex-
tends southward for two miles, forming a
natural breakwater and rendering the beach
absolutely free from undertow, high rollers
and every possible danger. Here is the
grandest bathing place in the world, prepared
and protected by Nature. The building of the
coast railroad will defiect the great army of
people who annually flock to Monterey and
places farther south. Half moon Bay will
be rediscovered and the borders of the cres-
cent be ornamented with summer hotels and
villa residences. There is room for all in the
spacious waters of the bay and the most ele-
gant sites for hotels or summer homes to be
found anywhere on tlie coast.

This valley was the seat of the Miramontez
and Vasquez families long before the appear-

210

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

ance of the American settler, and by all old
residents the town is still called Spanishtown.
The old adobe homestead is still here, but
before many years will have yielded to the
assaults of time and become an unnoticed
tumulus. There is something in the atmos-
phere of Spanishtown that breeds a spirit of
independence. The people believe in them-
selves. Not that they consider that they are
the salt of the earth entirely, but they love
the valley where they have made their homes
and cling to it as to a family tie which they
are loth to sunder. The business of the
place is drawn mainly from dairymen and
farmers. At Araesport, a short distance
north of town, there is a wharf and warehouse
where coasting vessels call and take away the
butter, cheese and beans.

In the romantic canon of the San Greg-
orio, where giant redwoods cast their elon-
gated shadows and the murmuring waters of
the stream sing a ceaseless lullaby, Mr. John
H. Sears, one of the pioneers of San Mateo,
is passing the afternoon of his life. Here
he has built a hotel and store and does not
lack for company. During the summer sea-
son the woods ring with the merry voices of
campers and the hotel and cottages are
crowded to repletion. No more charming
place can be found anywhere in the State.
It is reached by stage from Redwood City
over a fine road, but so strong is the impres-
sion of a primeval wilderness when once in
the heart of the forest that even the rattle of

the daily coach and the receipt of diurnal
messages from home does not suffice to break
it. White tents peep through the bushes at
every turn, but that serves to highten the
illusion. You are out of the world when
you know you are in it. The days are spent
in eager angling after the elusive trout with
which the stream abounds. In the evening
there are concerts in the camps; bear stories
to be swapped with the landlord; compara-
tive fish yarns by young men, who could'nt
catch three trout in a week, but who love to
talk about it; a championship game at crib-
bage with the drummer, who knows it all
and then to be abed for seven hours in
deepest oblivion. It is a joyful place, un-
conventional, unaffected, but unexceptionable
in the. personnel of its patrons. A writer in
one of the many visits to this favorite spot
was introduced to a camp, where the party
was almost entirely composed of ladies.
"When out of hearing of the camp he asked
the lady who acted as chaperon of the party
how they managed to enjoy themselves with-
out the aid of the sterner sex. " Enjoy
themselves?" said she in a burst of enthus-
iasm, " oh, yes; they do! We have plenty of
horses, wear divided skirts, ride astride like
men and have such lots of fun." Of course
they did. It was harmless, healthful fun,
and they were free to throw their souls into
it. It was an active exercise of body and
mind in a pure air, and with such surround-
ings as induced joyful hearts, consuming ap-
petites and refreshing sleep. Every day so
spent added a year to their lives. It is not

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

strange that when the sun dips to the south
they look forward with eager anticipation to
the June days when thej shall again set up
their tents at La Honda.

LIGHTHOUSES.

Ano Nuevo (New Year's) Island fog sig-
nal station (lantern) is located on the south-
western or seaward side of the island. It
was established in 1872. Its latitude is 37°
06' (43") north; and longitude 122°, 19'
(51") west. The light is a fixed white
lens lantern, twenty-four feet above sea level.
This station is equipped with a twelve-inch
steam whistle. Blasts, ten seconds; intervals
fifty-five seconds.

Point Pigeon lighthouse is located on the
extremity of Pigeon Point, latitude 37°, 10'
49" north, and longitude 122°, 23', 39",
west. Light, flashing white every ten sec-
onds, a Fresnel of the first order, 150 feet
above sea level, visible eighteen and one-half
(nautical) miles; established in 1872. It has a
twelve-inch whistle: blasts, four seconds,
alternate intervals of seven and forty-five
seconds. It is thirty-eight miles south of
Golden Gate and thirty-nine miles from Point
Pinos light.

The lantern of this station did duty at
Cape Hatteras on the coast of North Caro-
lina before the war, but so perfect is its
construction that the revolviag apparatus
shows no sign of attrition, although it has
been in use half a lifetime.

CHAPTER VII.

CLIMATIC PECULIAKITIES OF THE COAST.

fUK uniform temperature throughout the
year, on this coast, is largely due to that
great conservator of climate, the ocean,
on our western border. During the winter
months, warm southeast winds prevail at in-
tervals. The long winter nights, with the
lessened amount of heat from the sun, and
consequent cooler atmosphere, reduce the
temperature of the southeast winds, coming
from a warmer region, and cause the condens-
ation and precipitation of their moisture in
the form of copious showers of rain. This
makes the so-called rainy season; during which
(especially, if there is much south wind)
there is a general growth of vegetation, as
in spring in the Eastern States. Exception-
ally dry seasons are caused by a failure of
these southerly winds in their seasons; when
this occurs the weather is colder, with more
frost than in wet winters, when the south
winds prevail.

In October, when the days are shortening
and the resident of the Atlantic States is
hauling his " back logs " over the frozen
ground, to protect himself against the long,
cold nights of winter, the farmer on the bor-
ders of the bay of San Francisco is plowing
his land for the next year's crop. Should the
rains begin in October, by the first of Novem-
ber the hills are green. The new season's
growth follows close upon the heels of har-
vest, and often overtakes the vintage. Grain
may be sown as early as October, or as late as

SAN- MATEO COUNTY.

April, and will perfect a crop. Curn is rarely
planted until the rains cease. In favorable
locations the japonica, the rose, and geranium
will bloom all the year round.

About the first of April the climatic condi-
tion is reversed. The days grow long and
warm, the south winds cease entirely, and are
succeeded by the regular northwest winds.
The temperature of these winds from the
ocean is colder than the temperature on land;
hence their moisture is dissipated instead of
condensed as it passes over the heated plains,
and all clouds disappear altogether, resulting
in the absence of rains until the return of the
southerly winds again in autumn. From the
above it will be seen why it is that the win-
ters on the California coast are comparatively
warm, and the summers cool; in other words,
why we have an all-the-year equable climate,
being a benefaction from the all-generous
ocean.

THE CAUSES OF OUE WET AND DEY SEASONS.

As the summer sun, after it passes the
equator in its northward march, heats up the
interior, or the Colorado desert, each day, rare-
fying the atmosphere and causing it to rise
over an immense area, thereby creating, or
tending to create, a vacuum', the surrounding
air, and especially the cooler and heavier air
of the ocean, rushes in along the surface of
the earth, to replace the attenuated; lighter,
rising air of this vast interior region. And
thus it is that the trade-winds of the Pacific
ocean north of the equator, which, as mar-
iners tell us, blow six mouths in summer

towards the southwest, are diverted inland
near the coast each day, with such force as to
drive off, or in fact to dissipate altogether
all clouds, which might but for this powerful
local cause tend to gather and produce rain
as in most other parts of the world. Now,
as aqueous precipitation is caused by precisely
the same law, whether produced by natural
or artificial processes, it follows that if vapor
is distilled or condensed into liquid, artifically
as in the still-worm, by passing from a heated
state to a relatively cooler state, or from a
warm to a colder locality, then air currents
bearing moisture, — and all air currents do
carry moisture, whether visible in the form
of vapor, or clouds, or not — must have their
aqueous particles condensed by the cold when
passing from a warm to a relatively cool local-
ity. Air currents, moving from the equatorial
regions toward either pole must have their
watery particles chilled and condensed by the
increasing cold and by the intenser cold over-
head, and, if the process is continued long
enough, precipitated, in the form of mist,
rain, hail or snow. This is the general law;
and it is uniform and inexorable in its opera-
tions, whether invoked by Nature or by man.
And the converse of this law is equally in-
exorable and uniform in its operations. If
relative cold condenses, relative heat dissi-
pates.

Herein then are found the causes, both of
our wet and our dry seasons. The heating up
of the interior daily, while the sun is north of
the equator, causes a draft or suction of air-
currents from where it is cool to where it is

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

213

warm, the result of which is the dissipation
or dispersion of the moisture which those air
currents may carry. Therefore, the agencies
which cause rain elsewhere are wholly inoper-
ative here so long as the sun is north of the
equator. All winds, and all fogs and clouds
within the area of this all-potent local cause,
to wit, the suction of the daily super-heated
desert, are subordinated to its action, and the
phenomenon of rain becomes, as a rule, im-
possible. And thus we have our long, dry,
but bracing, summers near the seacoast.

But when the sun passes south of the
equator it ceases to heat the desert, and
therefore causes but little or no draft, and
then agencies which usually bring rain the
world over, are free to operate here. And
thus we have our so-called rainy seasons, i. e.,
seasons during which it becomes possible for
rains to" come here, as they do elsewhere.

Another incidental peculiarity of our daily
wind currents may be noted in this connec-
tion. These ocean breezes come up daily
with the sun (or as soon as he has heated the
desert, say at nine or ten o'clock) and go
down with the sun. The earth, being heated
on the surface, cools quickly, whilst the ocean,
heated to a considerable depth, cools slowly,
and thus it is sometimes warmer in the night
than the land; and thus it happens that we
have sea breezes by day, and land breezes by
night. These latter, however, are not regu-
lar. Sometimes these night currents are off
and sometimes on land, and sometimes there
are none at all.

The copiousness of our summer fogs near

the coast are at least a partial substitute for
irrigation. These dense fogs are condensed
whenever they drift inland, by the relatively
colder temperature of the land in the night;
and vegetation feels their influence and ab-
sorbs their life-giving moisture. The effect
of a few such summer nights equals a light
shower of rain. This is why all farm,
orchard, and other crops will mature near the
coast without irrigation. This also, as has al-
ready been remarked, is why the dense redwood
forests thrive so wonderfully all along the im-
mediate coast of northern California.

In this respect, the climate of the coast
counties differs from that of the great and
magnificent interior valleys of the State (out-
side of the influence of these heavy fogs),
where irrigation is necessary to produce a
crop.

The temperature of the sea-breeze is from
55° to 60° Fahrenheit. When the ocean
winds do not blow, the valley temperature,
east of the mountain, ranges from 80 to 90
degrees in summer, but this heat is neither
dangerous nor oppressive, as the air is dry
and the nights are always cool.

There is rarely a day in winter or summer,
when work out of doors cannot be performed
without physical discomfort; and in winter
there are bright days in California which
would lead a traveler, coming from the ice-
bound East, to believe that he had really
found a climate rivaling that of ancient
Italia; and few would question his belief.

TOPOGEAPHY AS AFFECTING CLIMATE.

The topography of San Mateo county, to

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

a considerable extent, governs its climate.
The mountain range which constitutes the
backbone of the county, at a point some
fourteen Tniles from the straits through vphich
the waters of the Pacific ocean flow into the
bay of San Francisco, rapidly decline in height,
and seem to lose themselves in the ocean.
From this point to the Golden Gate, the face
of the ground is broken into low, rolling
hills and sand dunes of variable height. The
northwest summer trade winds, accompanied
by detached drifts of fog, sweep over this de-
pression, and give San Francisco its harsh but
not unhealthful summer climate.

But the mountain range in San Mateo
county turns the current of the sea-breeze,
and holds back the fog which crawls up the
slope, and banks itseli' along the summit of
the mountains, being condensed by the rela-
tive cold of that attitude, and also slightly
obstructed, perhaps, by the trees and shrubs
which crown the crest of the range. This
mountain fog bank is the condensed freshness
of the sea, out of which a cool breeze flows
down the eastern slope of the range to the
bay shore, cooling the atmosphere of the
plains and foot-hills, without the disagree-
aJjleness or inconvenience of the propelling
winds, or actual contact with the fog. In
other words, the morning sun warms the
temperature of the air of the valley below,
which (as relative heat, according to an in-
variable natural law, always does) rarefies
and dissipates the fog and tempers the breeze
as it flows down the slope.

CHAFTER VIII.

SUBURBAN HOMES POSSIBILITIES.

fHE almond, apricot and other early
varieties of fruit bloom in the last days
of February. The conditions of the
climate were appreciated very early by
wealthy residents of the metropolis, many of
whom have made their summer homes in San
Mateo county. It was rather unfortunate
for the county, perhaps, that land was so low
in price at the time those purchases were
made, for many of the holdings are in large
tracts, which is detrimental to the settlement
and progress of this section.

Many of these homes are improved to a
high degree. The grounds combine the
beauties of the native growth, with all the
semi-tropic plants which flourish on the coast,
and are dreams of beauty, as examples of
landscape gardening. They show at least
what can be done on small lots and acre
tracts by the application of water during the
summer months and an intelligent hand to
direct the improvements. There are in this
area, extending from the town of San Mateo
to the Stanford University, over 100,000 acres
of land susceptible of as high a state of culture
as Palo Alto, the Flood grounds, or any other
of the best improved places at San Mateo, or
Menlo Park, at a distanceof only from twelve
to thirty miles from the city of San Francisco.
It is an anomalous fact that land in this
choice region can still be bought in acre
tracts or lots, for from one-fifth to one-tenth
the sum asked on the Oakland side of the

SAJ^ MATEO COUNTY.

bay. Between Oakland and Berkeley, land is
held at from $2,500 to $4,000 per acre. Good
land, relatively as well located on the west
side of the bay, can be bought for $250 to
$400 per acre. One of the principal causes
for this remarkable difference in values, in
the opinion of many citizens, is to be found
in the cost of transportation. Single fares
from Redwood City to San Francisco cost
80 cents, and from San Mateo 60 cents, and
monthly commutation tickets from $5 to $8;
as against 15 cents single fai-es, and $3 com-
mutation between Oakland and Berkeley.
Population, business improvement, and rapid
progress followed the lines of low fare and
freight rates.

That San Mateo county, under the influence
of high fares, has been forced to the rear in
the procession of progress, by which it is on
all sides surrounded, cannot be controverted.
"With the coming of the electric road, now a
certainty, for which a franchise was wisely
granted by the Board of Supervisors, all this
will be changed. The franchise calls for 20
cents fare from Redwood City to San Fran-
cisco, being just one-fourth the price now
asked by the only means of transportation at
the command of the people. This road has
already crossed over the border and is push-
ing its way to the interior of the county,
and unlocks the gate which has heretofore
barred the progress of the county, and gives
it an even chance with its neighbors over the
bay who have long had rapid and cheap com-
munication with the metropolis.

LAND AND LIVE-STOCK.

As a matter of curiosity, we transcril)e for
comparison some typical values of land and
live-stock as fixed by M. A. Parkhurst,
deputy assessor, in the year 1853, when this
county was a municipal district of San Fran-
cisco.

The San Miguel rancho, containing 4,800
acres, was assessed to Jose Jesus de Noe at
$10 per acre; total $48,000. Fifty vara lots
on the same tract near the mission were as-
sessed at $125 each. This grant was near
the mission and the owner once wrote a de-
scription of the animals he met in traveling
from Yerba Buena to his ranch.

The Snnny Side tract, containing 160 acres,
recently sold by Senator Stanford for $300,-
000, and the Crocker tract of 166 acres, that
sold for a like amount, was a part of the Noe
ranch. At the rate fixed for these two par-
cels, viz., $1,885 per acre, the whole tract
would bring $10,000,000. That portion
nearer the mission is, of course, worth much
more. Twenty millions of dollars would be
short of the actual value of what Parkhurst
valued, in 1853, for $48,000. Don Jose
Jesns de Noe would have made $1,000,000 a
year had he held his vast estate until to-day.

The rancho Laguna de Merced, 2,170
acres, was assessed to the heirs of Francisco
de Haro for $6 per acre— 113,020.

The Portrero rancho, south of San Francisco,
was assessed at $10 per acre.

The Eed House, old Pavilion House, was
to D. C. Broderick for $3,000.

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

The pioneer race-course and improvements
was assessed at $7,000.

Donna Carmen, widow of C. Bernal, was
assessed for 4,800 acres of land at $10 per
acre— $48,000.

The Pulgas rancho was assessed — up land
$25 per acre, hill land $6, and swamp land at
the rate of five cents per acre. From this it
will be seen that farming land in this neigh-
borhood was valued twice as high as land
near the city, which is now worth nearly one
hundred times more.

The Sachez rancho, now Millbrae, was as-
sessed at $4 per acre.

D. W. M. Howard, of Santa Mateo, was as-
sessed for eighty acres of up land at $20 per
acre and 3,720 acres of hill land at $4 per
acre; house and improvements, at $5,000.

Mr. Macondray, adjoining Howard, was
assessed for 100 acres of up land at $25 per
acre, and 160 acres of hill land at $4 per acre ;
house and fixtures, $7,500.

T. G. Phelps, 150 acres up land at $20 per
per acre; fifty acres of hill land at $4 per
acre.

John Greer, 4,840 acres El Corte de Ma-
dera rancho, $6 per acre — $29,040.

Captain Harrington, 2,000 acres Canada de
Eaymundo rancho, at $2 per acre — $4,000.

Colonel Jack Hays, Mountain Home ranch,
2,000 acres at $5 per acre— $10,000.

The Angel o house — real estate, 100 acres,
at $25 per acre; 100 acres at $4 per acre;
house and improvements, $5,300; two yoke

of cattle, $300; fifty hogs, $1,750; 100 pigs,
$600, and poultry $100. This was the site
of the present town of Belmont. It was
afterward selected as the county-seat by a
ring of roughs who tried to run county af-
fairs. An investigation by the courts upset
their calculations.

Dennis Martin, 2,400 acres of land near
Searsville, at $5 per acre, $12,000; eight yoke
of oxen, at $150 per yoke; four cows, $40
each; 150 head of cattle, $25 apiece; twelve
saddle-horses, $70 each; 130 sheep at $4 per
head; six hogs, $10 each; one wagon $150;
one sawmill, $10,000. Total $33,720.

George Thatcher, store and stock in Red-
wood City, $2,000.

Captain Voiget, real estate (the present
Polhemns place, near Menlo Park) 320 acres,
at $20 per acre— $6,400.

Haskell & Woods, 2,068 acres of land,
now Menlo park, at $25 per acre.

The Pnrisima rancho, on the coast, was
assessed at $2 per acre.

The Miramontez ranch was valued at $3
per acre.

Tiburcio Vasquez was assessed for 4,800
acres on the coast, at $3 per acre.

The San Gregorio rancho of four leagues
was assessed to Francisco Casanuevo for the
lump sum of $4,000— $1,000 a league.

Tripp & Parkhurst were assessed for $2,-
500 for personal property — the stock and
fixtures of their store.

SAN MATEO COUNTY.

CHAPTER IX.

THE LELAND STANFORD, JUNIOR, UNIVERSITY

t generous education should be the birth-
right of every man and woman in
America."
Such is the noble motto of this joung uni-
versity. Such, in fact, has been the unform-
ulated and once-thought-to-be- visionary motto
of a large portion of the people of the United
States. Will the generous aspiration ever
be actually realized? Let us hope so!

Although the various buildings of the
Stanford University are located just over the
line, in Santa Clara county, a considerable
portion of the land endowment of the institu-
tion is in San Mateo county.

FOUNDING OF THE UNIVERSITY.

The founding at Palo Alto of "a university
for both sexes, with the colleges, schools,
seminaries of learning, mechanical institutes,
museums, galleries of art, and all other
things necessary and appropriate to a uni-
versity of high degree," was determined upon
by Leland Stanford and Jane Lathrop Stan-
ford, in 1884. In March, X885, the Legis-
lature of California passed an act providing
for the administration of trust funds in con-
nection with institutions of learning. No-
vember 14, 1885, the grant of endowment
was publicly made in accordance with this
Act, and on the same day the board of trus-
tees held its first meeting in San Francisco.

The work of construction was at once be-
gun, and the corner-stone laid. May 14, 1887,

the nineteenth anniversary of the birth of
Leland Stanfoi'd, Junior, deceased, after
whom the proposed institution was named.
The university was formally opened to
stndents October 1, 1891.

The idea of the university, in the words of
its fou>iders, "came directly from our son
and only child. Leland; and in the belief that
had he been spared to advise as to the dispo-
sition of our estate, he would have desired
the devotion of a large portion thereof to
this purpose; we will, that for all time to
come, the institution hereby founded, shall
bear his name and shall be known as the
Leland Stanford, Junior, University."

ITS OBJECTS.

The object of the university, as stated in its
charter, is "to qualify students for personal
success and direct usefulness in life," and its
purposes to promote the public welfare by
exercising an influence in behalf of humanity
and civilization, teaching the blessings of
liberty, regulated by law, and inculcating love
and reverence for the great principles of
government as derived from the inalienable
rights of man to life, liberty and the pursuit
of happiness.

ENDOWMENT.

The property conveyed to the university in
addition to the Palo Alto estate of 8,400
acres, partly lowland and partly rising into
the foot-hills of the Santa Cruz range, con-
sists of the Vina estate in Tehama county, of
55,000 acres, of which about 4,000 acres are

SAW MATEO COUNTY.

planted in vines; and the Gridley estate, in
Butte county, of 22,000 acres, devoted mainly
to tlie raising of wheat.

In arranging the buildings and grounds,
the plan has been to conform them to the
peculiar climatic conditions of California, and
to provide for indefinite expansion without
crowding or distortion. A series of quad-'
rangles, to be erected as the'needs of the uni-
versity demand, will furnish facilities for all
general university work. Surrounding these
will be various detached bnildings for miscel-
laneous purposes and the university town,
with carefully laid-out streets and grounds.
The buildings are of a buff sandstone, some-
what varied in color. The stone-work is of
broken ashlar, with a rough face, and the
roofs are covered with red tile. The archi-
tectural motif is to be found in the old
Spanish missions of California.

THE HOPKINS LABOEATOKY OF NATURAL
HISTORY.

In order to carry on the biological work of
this institution, a seaside laboratory of natural
history has been founded as a branch of the
university, by the liberality of Mr. Timothy
Hopkins, of San Francisco. The laboratory
is located on Poin Aulon, a headland pro-
jecting into the sea near the town of Pacific
Grove, on the bay of Monterey. It will be
provided with aquaria and with all apparatus
necessary for carrying on studies in the
structure, development and life history of

marine animals and plants, and will be open
during the summer vacation of each year to
naturalists wishing to carry on original inves-
tigations, and to students and teachers who
desire to make themselves familiar with
methods of study in marine zoology and bot-
any. The work of the laboratory will be un-
der the general direction of Professors Gil-
bert, Jenkins and Campbell, the committee
of the university faculty in charge. The
general purpose of tbe laboratory is similar
to that of the marine zoological laboratory at
Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, and to the sea-
side and marine laboratories established by
Johns Hopkins University at different places
along the Atlantic coast. The bay of Mon-
terey is peculiarly favorable for investigations
of the kind contemplated, being exceedingly
rich with life; and the life history of the
peculiar animals and plants of the Pacific
coast has for the most part received little
study from naturalists.

SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIONS.

It is intended to bring together in the
museum of the university, a full representa-
tion of the natural history and mineral prod-
ucts of California, collections of all books,
pamphlets, photographs and maps, bearing
upon the early history of the West, and full
collections of Indian antiquities and illustra-
tions of aboriginal life.

The general management and control of
the institution is vested in a board of twenty-

SAJf MATEO COUNTY.

319

four trustees, chosen for life, of whom fifteen
constitute a quorum, their names being:
James Mc M. Shafter, John Boggs, Charles
Goodall, T. B. McFarland, Alfred L. Tubbs,
Isaac S. Belcher, Francis E. Spencer, John
Q. Brown, Charles F. Crocker, George E.
Gray, Timothy Hopkins, Nathan W. Spald-
ing, Henry L. Dodge, Mathew P. Deady,
Irving M. Scott, William M. Stewart, Harvey
"W. Harkness, Stephen J. Field, Horace
Davis, Horatio Stebbins, D. D., Joseph D.
Grant, Leon Sloss, S. F. Leib, Edward R.
Taylor; Herbert C. Nash, secretary.

The charter provides that the founders,
Leland Stanford and Jane Lathrop Stanfoi'd,
during their lives shall "perform all the
duties and exercise all the powers and privi-
leges enjoined upon and vested in the trus-
tees."

FACULTY AND COUNCIL.

The faculty consists of the president, pro-
fessors, associate professors, assistant profess-
ors and instructors aided by non-resident
lecturers, assistants and other officers.

RELIGIOUS SERVICES.

Religious instruction is provided in accord-
ance with the provision of the charter, which
prohibits sectarian instruction, but requires
the teaching of "the immortality of the soul,
the existence of an all -wise and benevolent
Creator, and that obedience to His laws is the
highest duty of man."

AP1IIS§I0N AND GBADUATJON.

Candidates for admission must be at least
sixteen years of age. They must present

certificates of good moral character, and, if
from other colleges or universities, must
bring certificates of honorable dismissal.

FACULTY OF THE UNIVEKSITY.

David Starr Jordan, LL. D., president,
assisted by over sixty professors, including
several eminent non-resident professors and
lecturers. Among the latter are Hon.
Andrew D. White, professor of European
history; Jacob G. Schurman, president of
Cornell University, non-resident lecturer on
ethics, and others.

STUDENTS.

The register for 1891-'92 (to June, '92)
shows the following summaries:
By classes:

Graduates 37

Undergraduates 376

Special and partial students 146

Total (men, 417; women, 142).. .559
These include natives of thirty States,
several Territories, and also Canada, England,
Mexico, Ireland, Hawaiian Islands, Japan,
France, Germany and the Netherlands.

During the last half of the present year,
1892, the number of students in attendance
is as follows:

Young men 499

Young women 212

Total .711

iRS. ELIZABETH L. BACON, one

of the earliest residents of Bear Val-
ley, in San Benito county, located
here in 1866.

3i0

MONTEREY, 8 AN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

Mrs. Bacon is a native of Ohio, having
been born in that State, November 23, 1827.
When she was about three years of age her
parents emigrated to Illinois, where she spent
her girlhood, and in 1846 married Philip
Shell, at Gilead, Calhoun county, Illinois.
In 1851 the young couple came overland to
Oregon, where they engaged in farming near
Salem, and there Mr. Shell died in 1854.
The following are their children: Deborah,
wife of Henry Melendy, of Bear Valley;
John, of Bear Valley was born May 3, 1848,
married and died, leaving a son, John, who
was adopted and reared by his grandmother,
the subject of this sketch; Susan was born in
Salem, Oregon, June 14, 1854.

In 1856 Mrs. Shell married Myron A.
Bacon, a California pioneer of 1849, who
came across the plains with an ox team. He
engaged in mining, farming and dealt in
stock-raising. He returned to Illinois for a
brief time, but returned to California via the
isthmus, and upon his return to California
pursued farming and fruit culture until his
death. He was born in Ohio, January 25,
1821, and died at San Jose in 1890. By this
marriage Mrs. Bacon has three sons and one
daughter, namely: Oliver F., a farmer of
Bear Valley, born October 13, 1856; Horace
G., born March 7, 1864; Benjamin, born
December 12, 1866, and Mary, now Mrs.
David Churchill of Sumner, Kern county,
California, born August 10, 1858. All the
cbildren reside in California.

Horace G. Bacon is by profession a school
teacher. He completed his studies at the
State Normal School at San Jose, from which
institution he graduated in December, 1885.
Upon graduating he embraced teaching as a
profession, and taught one year in Tulare
county, three years in (Jontra Costa county,
and two years in San Benito county. He

married at Alamo, in Contra Costa county,
December 9, 1891, Miss Nettie, daughter of
George and Annie (Truby) Smith. Mrs.
Bacon was born at Alamo, December 9, 1869.
The estate of our subject comprises 320
acres of titled land, fertile and nicely lo-
cated at the foot of Bear valley.

fAPTAIN I. G. MESSEC is a native of
Macon, Georgia, and a California pio-
neer of 1849, whc came to the State
from Texas, via El Paso and Yuma. He was
a soldier of the Mexican war, fought under
General Taylor, and was one of the noted
brigade of Texas Rangers.

Upon his arrival in California he engaged
in mining and also owned and operated, on a
large scale, pack trains into the mining
regions of Humboldt and Trinity counties.
During the year of 1858-'59 he accomplished
the transfer of the Trinity and Mad river,
Humboldt and Elk river Indians to the Round
Valley Reservation, which he had been com-
missioned to do by the governor of Cali-
fornia. This was not successfully accom-
plished without some fighting, but finally he
located about 400 of them.

In 1860-'61 he served as Sheriflfof Trinity
county. After this he engaged in mining,
on a large scale, at Virginia City, Nevada.
He then spent four years in San Francisco,
where he figured prominently in local politics
and served on a commission that opened new
Montgomery street. In the development of
the great Paniment mines he worked a force
of over 500 men, at an expenditure of about
$2,000,000. The years 1878 and 1879 found
him at Bodie, California. He also was Notary
Public, and in 1882 to 1886 was Sergeant-at-
Arms of the California State Senate.

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

He came to the Santa Clai-a valley, Cali-
fornia, in 1880, and has since been engaged
in stock-raising on his Lone Tree ranch,
which is divided by the Santa Clara and San
Benito county lines.

Captain Messec married Miss Lucy J. Kel-
logg in 1856, a most estimable lady. JNo
man in central and northern California is
more favorably known or has a wider circle
of friends than the venerable pioneer of 1849,
our subject. Captain Messec.

fOHN KEY:N0LDS, a successful agricult-
urist and stock-raiser and esteemed citi-
zen of Priest Yalley, Monterey county,
California, is a native of London, England,
born November 24, 1840. He left the home
of his birth and came to America when quite
young. His boyhood and youth were spent
in Oneida county. New York, on a farm
near the city of Eome. At about fifteen
years of age he went to Michigan and com-
menced work for the Michigan Central Rail-
road Company, at Grass Lake, Jackson
county, where he remained until the break-
ing out of the late war.

In 1862 Mr. Reynolds volunteered his
service and was mustered into Company F,
Seventeenth Michigan Infantry, at Detroit,
being immediately sent to the front. He
participated in the battles of South Mount-
ain the following September, and there re-
ceived a gunshot in the left leg, and soon
after, while lying on the field of battle, was
wounded in the left side by a bursting shell.
On account of disability, he was honorably
discharged, in January, 1863, and has since
been granted a pension.

Returning to Michigan, Mr. Reynolds re.
sumed his connection with the service of the

Michigan Central Railroad Company, acting
as station and ticket agent at Grass Lake
He came to California in April, 1868, via
Panama, and the following May, through
the agency of a friend, located on his present
estate in Priest Valley, being among the
first in the valley to make permanent settle-
ment.

Mr. Reynolds married, in Washtenaw
county, Michigan^ Miss Ada H., daughter of
John W. Green, a Michigan pioneer. Of
their four children, Arthur E. is the first
white child born in Priest Valley, the date of
his birth occurring July 29, 1870. Mr.
Reynolds is wide and favorably known in
San Benito and Monterey counties as a dis-
creet and prosperous business man.

l|fe E. SHORE, a venerable citizen of San
1^^ Benito county, and a California pio-
^^® neer, was born in Washington county,
Missouri, November 6, 1827. In 1850 he
came to California, making the journey
through New Mexico and from San Diego
coming north into the mining districts. He
spent about ten years in placer mining. In
1861 he located in Santa Clara county, near
Mountain View, and made that place his
home until 1870. That year he came to San
Benito county, bought a ranch of McClay &
Springer, and on this place is probably set-
tled for life.

Mr. Shore is one of the survivors of the
Mexican war. He was under General Price,
served eighteen months, was honorably dis-
charged, and now draws a pension.

August 19, 1863, Mr. Shore was married
in Santa Clara county, to Miss Martha Janes,
daughter of William Janes, deceased. She
was a native of Missouri and was a most es-

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

timable woman. Her death occurred March
20, 1890. Following are the names of their
children: Grace, wife of William Brown of
San Felipe; Frank E., a resident of Hollister;
Knth, wife of William Beggs, now of Ann
Arbor, Michigan; George W., of Hollister;
Itha, at home; Fred, of San Jose; Ernest D.,
at home.

Mr. Shore has served on the Board of Su
pervisors of San Benito connty and as one of
the Trustees of his school district.

I^ENKY MELENDY came from Chicago,
^m\ Illinois, to California in 1864, and in
■^111865 settled in Bear Yalley, San Benito
connty, being the first settler of the valley.
Here he has prospered and acquired a large
tract of fine land, bj pre-emption and purchase,
becoming the owner of 1,240 acres.

Mr. Melendy was born in Eagle, Waukesha
county, Wisconsin, June 21, 1848, son of
Daniel F. and Eunice S. (Rockwood) Melendy,
natives of Vermont. Daniel F. Melendy was
one of the pioneer farmers of Wankesha
county. He lived on Melendj's Prairie, Eagle
Township, until his death; his widow moved
to Chicago, where she still lives, having
reached an advanced age. Henry is the
youngest of their three children. Of the
others be it recorded that Cephas J., a mem-
ber of the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Volunteer
Infantry, died in 1862; and that Ellen R. is
married and lives in Chicago.

Mr. Melendy was married April 7, 1868,
to Miss Deborah Shell, at San Juan. She was
born in Oregon, December 16, 1851, daugh-
ter of Philip and Elizabeth Shell, the latter
being now Mrs. Bacon, of Bear valle}', of
whom mention is made elsewhere in this
work. Their seven children are as follows:

George, born January 31, 1869; Daniel, De-
cember 21, 1871; Ella, August 26, 1876;
Thomas, November 24, 1878; Lucretia, Sep-
tember 15, 1881; Deborah, October 17, 1886;
and Henry, July 2, 1888.

tLLEN LEONARD, a prominent figure
in the business circles of San Benito, is
well known throughout this part of San
Benito county, and it is fitting that some per-
sonal mentioft be made of him on the pages
of this work.

Mr. Leonard was born at Mechanicsburg,
thirteen miles east of Springfield, Illinois.
He came to California in 1860, to take a
position under J. S. Short, Indian Agent in
the northern part of the State, who had re-
ceived his appointment from Abraham Lin-
coln. Mr. Leonard, however, remained there
only a short time. Going to lone, Amador
county, he successfully engaged in copper
mining two years. He then went to Virginia
City, Nevada, and turned his attention to
silver mining, but this expedition resulted in
financial loss. In 1868 he went to work for
the Central Pacific Railroad Company, as
foreman of teams, and followed railroading
until 1872. That year became to San Benito
county, purchased a store at San Benito, and
engaged in business for himself, being still
engaged in merchandising here and doing an
extensive business. He also owns and con-
ducts a hotel, blacksmith shop, meat market,
etc., and for several years has been Postmaster
of San Benito. He is also engaged in farm-
ing and stock-raising and owns a fine tract
of land. He has served two years as Super-
visor and two years as Chairman of Board of
Supervisors of san Benito county.

Mr. Leonard was married April 15, 1872,

AND SAW MATEO COUNTIES.

to Miss Bell Morton. They hav^e had eight
children, viz.: Frank M., Belle E. (deceased),
Mollie, Allen, Harry, Edna, Jacob and Her-
man J.

fDWIN MOORE, a leading agricultur-
alist of San Benito county, a pioneer of
California, and for many years a resi-
dent of Paicines, is a native of Clinton
county. New York, born in Beekmantown,
December 13, 1826.

His father, Charles B. Moore, a farmer by
occupation, became one of the pioneers of
Michigan, locating in Washtenaw county as
early as 1834. Later, he removed to Eaton
county, same State, where he passed the rest
of his life, and died, in 1861. He had a family
of seven children, of whom Edwin was the
first born.

In 1S52 Mr. Moore left Lansing, Michigan,
and came across the plains, via the Carson
route, to California, reaching Placerville that
same year. He spent about six years in the
mines, and then turned his attention to ranch'
ing, in the pursuance of which he lived at
Tomales, Marin county, about eight years.
He spent sixteen years in Sonoma county,
and in 1883 located the farm he now occu-
pies, which is one of the best farming and
stock ranches in his section of the country.
Mr. Moore has been twice married. At
Grand Rapids, Michigan, August 29, 1846,
he wedded Catharine Salter, a most estim-
able woman in every respect. She was born
March 5, 1827, and died December 7, 1873.
Following are the names of her children:
Charles B., born November 7, 1846; Betsey
E., wife of G. W. GrifFeth, Ventura county,
California, was born January 18, 1850; Ed-
win J., born September 21, 1851, died in

Michigan, October 20, 1854; and Mary E.,
born November 18, 1864. September 13,
1874, Mr. Moore married Miss Eliza Spald-
ing, of Petaluma, Sonoma county, California.
She is a native of Westminster, Massachu-
setts, born June 17, 1838, and is a lady of
intellectual culture and domestic grace. Mr.
and Mrs. Moore have four children, viz.:
Phoebe L., born January 2, 1876; George
W., April 24, 1877; Edwin S., May 21,
1879; and Arthur T., October 10, 1880.

The Moore home circle is a model one.
Here good literature and music abound, aud
hai'mony of social sentiment prevails.

HORACE GOULD, an eminently!

Il ful agriculturist of San Benito county,
""Wl was born in the town of Chester, Wind-
ham county, Vermont, October 12, 1837. He
was a son of Sylvester Gould, deceased, a
native of the same State, as was likewise his
motlier, Hannah Mitchell. Mr. and Mrs.
Gould, Sr., were pioneers of Knox county,
near Yates City, Illinois, where our subject
spent his boyhood and youth.

Mr. Gould left home, when a young man
and learned the carpenter's trade, at Leaven-
worth, Kansas, and came to California in
1869, for his health. Until Mr. Gould came
to Los Angeles he traveled through the State,
but upon reaching this city he found employ-
ment with Perry & Wood worth, who were at
that time extensive builders and contractors.

Upon the death of his father, Mr. Gould
returned home and remained until 1874,
when, August 1 of that year, he returned to
California and purchased his present home,
near Paicines, of George Butterfield. Ou this
farm he has made extensive improvements, in-
creasing it, until he now is tlie proud owner

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

of 808 acres of fertile grain producing and
sheep-ranging land.

Mr. Gould married, in the fall of 1870,
Miss Hannah A., a daughter of Orson Gard,
deceased, a farmer of Yates City, Illinois.
Mr. and Mrs. Gould have seven children,
namely: Charles O., John R., Franklin H.
and Nellie H. (twins); Edwin O., EllaL. and
Etta B.

Mr. Gould is a man of great energy, who
takes a commendable interest in the local
affairs of his town and county and is one of
the Trustees of his school district.

^ON. S. N. LAUGHLIN, the efficient
ini| manager of the warehouse, steamship
-^ and railroad interests at Moss landing,
in Monterey county, is a native of Conneaut,
Ohio, where he was born, March 28, 1844, a
son of Hugh and Mary Laughlin, of that
place. His early days were given to labor
upon his parents' farm, and to study. A.t the
age of eighteen he left the farm and home
and engaged in teaching at Poughkeepsie,
New York, where he remained one year.
From there he went to New Haven, Con-
necticut, where he taught, three years.

In 1866 he came to California, where he
continued teaching at San Jose and San Fran-
cisco for about four years. Owing to im-
paired health, he quit teaching and accepted
a situation as accountant in a San Francisco
shipping and commission house, which he re-
tained for four years.

In September, 1871, he was married to
Miss Hattie J. Potter, a daughter of Riley
Potter, a merchant of Springfield, Pennsyl-
vania. The result of this union has been
three children, namely: Mabel Hattie, Mary
Adella and Lester Sarou.

In 1874 he came to Monterey county, and
ever since has been continuously one of that
county's most energetic and enterprising
business men.

In 1884 he was given, by acclamation, the
Republican nomination for the State Assem-
bly, and was elected by the largest majority
ever given a legislative candidate in Monterey
county. He proved himself a valuable repre-
sentative; served as chairman of an important
standing committee, and labored zealously for
the best interests of his county and State.
He was urged to accept a renomination for
the Assembly, or a nomination for the State
Senate, but owing to a continuous pressure
of business matters he declined to do so.

Mr. Laughlin is a gentleman of large busi-
ness attainments. He is self-reliant, courteous
and universally popular. He owns about 80,-
000 acres of land in Santa Fe county. New
Mexico, and about 800 acres in Monterey
county, California.

fOSEPH GOMEZ is well known in and
about Castroville as an upright, thrifty
and prosperous farmer. He is a native
of Flores Isle, one of the Azores, lying off
the coast of Portugal. He was there born,
March 17, 1850. In 1869 he came to Cali-
fornia and settled in the Salinas valley, where
he has since remained. For years, Mr. Go-
mez has been the trusted employe of the P.
C. S. S. C, as foreman of their extensive
warehouses and wharf, at Moss landing. In
addition to his duties in this connection, our
subject is the owner of a fine ranch of 124
acres, near Moss landing.

Mr. Gomez was married, April 25, 1881,
to Miss Mary Hayes, a native of Castroville,
born January 1, 1865. Mr. and Mrs. Gomez

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

have one daughter, Annie, born December
10, 1882. Both our subject and his esti-
mable wife are highly respected citizens of
Castroville.

fS. SWANK, Justice of the Peace and a
Notary Public, Watsonville, California,
* was born in Richland county, Ohio,
March 25, 1835. His father, Henry Swank,
was a schoolmate of President Buchanan,
and for many years was a successful farmer
in Franklin county, Pennsylvania. He went
to Ohio in 1817, and built a log cabin,
going ten miles to get help. He died in
1876, at the advanced age of eighty-six
years. He had twelve children, eleven of
whom lived to be grown. The subject of
this sketch was next to the youngest. He
was educated at Marietta College, and taught
school when seventeen years old. At the age
of twenty he started out in life for himself,
teaching school at Winchester, Van Buren
county, Iowa. In 1856 he cast his first vote,
for James Buchanan for President. While
in Iowa he spent some time working at the
carpenter's trade. In 1858 he started for
California. He left New York city on board
the North Star, September 20, 1858, and
from Panama he sailed on the John L.
Stephens, landing in San Francisco, October
17, 1858. Then, in company with J. C. Lee
and his younger brother, he went on foot to
San Jose. He slept in a straw stack to save
the little money he had. From San Jose he
continued his way on foot to the mines, 200
miles from San Jose. Mr. Swank followed
mining and prospecting with varying suc-
cess, till 1863, when he started back east, via
Nicaragua. He first paid a visit to his old
home in Ohio, and then went to Iowa,

where he remained a year with his wife and
two children. In 1864 he brought them to
California, coming across the plains with
mule teams. They left Omaha April 27, and
and reached Virginia City June 26, after
fifty-nine days of travel, which was a remark-
ably quick trip. Two months later they
came across the mountains to Railroad Flat,
Calaveras county, where he mined till 1866.
Then he and his brother discovered the
Petticoat quartz mine, and a year afterward
they sold it for $10,000. Then he invested
in the sheep business, taught school for some
time, and for four years was boss carpenter.
At Railroad Flat he was Justice of the Peace
two terms, and in Murphy's township three
terras; was also Deputy Assessor and a
Notary Public. In 1888 he resigned, came
to Watsonville, and went to carpentering.
In May, 1890, he was appointed Justice of
the Peace, and in November was elected for
a term of two years, which office he now fills.

Mr. Swank was married Septejnber 6,
1856, to Miss Mary Calhoun. They have
seven children, namely: Willard B; Eliza-
beth E., wife of Dr. C. L. Bntterfield, of
Gilroy; John F; George E., deceased; Nellie
and Henry.

Socially, he is an I. O. O. F. and an A. O.
U. W. He still is largely interested in the
mines. His residence is on Fourth and Rod-
riguez streets, Watsonville.

flDJSEY H. SMITH, M. D., of Mon-
terey, is a native of Australia, born
March 18, 1855, sou of Alexander
Smith, a California pioneer of 1849, of En-
glish birth. He lived in San Fraucisco and
manufactured the first sash, doors and blinds
in the city. AVith the exception of about four

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA OHUZ,

years spent in Australia he has been and still
is a resident of San Francisco. He has en-
gaged actively in the exploration of mines
and done some successful mining in Cali-
fornia.

The subject of this sketch is the iirst born
of a family of eight children, six of whom
survive. Dr. Smith was educated in the
public schools of San Francisco and pursued
his medical studiesat the Hahnemann Homeo-
pathic Medical College of San Francisco,
graduating in 1885. He practiced his pro-
fession in that city until 1889, when he came
to Monterey, where he has become a fixture,
professionally, civilly and socially. He con-
trols a growing practice and is the health
ofhcer of the city, and is a member of the
Board of School Trustees. Another promi-
nent position that beholds is that of Secretary
of the Monterey Electric Light and Develop-
ment Company.

IfSRAEL MYLAR, deceased, one of the
|l California pioneers of 1850, was born in
'^ Kentucky, came to this State from Mis-
souri, but not being exactly pleased with the
country he returned to his home in a very
short time; but as many of the other pioneers
were again making the trip, in 1852, Mr.
Mylar a second time made the journey, this
time bringing with him his wife and one
son, Enoch. After arrival he engaged in
mining until 1855, when he located in Mon-
terey county, and engaged in farming, he
lived many years at San Juan, in San Benito
county. Israel Mylar lived and died at San
Juan, the latter event occurring April 29,
1884, when he was sixty-eight years of age.
The maiden name of his wife was Mary Wal-
ters, a native of Ohio, who died May 15,

1866. Four children were born to them, of
whom Enoch, who came to California with
his parents was the eldest. He was born in
Illinois. January 6, 1841. After his birth
his parents removed to Gentry county, Mis-
souri, about forty miles east of St. Joseph,
when Enoch was quite young. He was about
eleven years of age when the trip was made
to the " Golden State," and he grew up in
the State of his adoption, where he received
his education. His early life was spent at
San Juan. He now owns a fine farm of 280
acres, near Mulberry post ofhce, San Benito
county, which he located in 1875.

May 15, 1866, Mr. Mylar married Miss
Lucretia, a daughter of Benjamin Hames.
She was born in Chili, South America, and
her mother, Carmen Laing, was also a native
of the same country, and of English descent.
The father of Mrs. Mylar was a native of
Rochester, New York. Both he and his wife
lived many years in Santa Cruz county.

Eight children have been born to Mr. and
Mrs. Enoch Mylar, namely: Hattie, Walter,
Eva, Carmen, Estella, Lola, Lester and Clyde.
Mr. Mylar is highly esteemed and respected
by all who have the honor of his acquaint-

fmCINNATUS MORRISON, a repre-
sentative California pioneer and a worthy
citizen of San Benito county, was born
in Marion county, Indiana, May 22, 1826.
His father, Ephraim Morrison, an early set-
tler of Louisa county, Iowa, lived on the
Mississippi river between Muscatine and Bur-
lington. Cincinnatus was reared on a farm.
In 1850 he came across the plains to Califor-
nia, making the journey via the Carson river
route. At Green river he traded his team
for horses, packed his effects thereon, and

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

walked the remainder of the distance to
Hangtown. He fanned near old Mission San
Jose until about 1873. In July of that year
lie located near Faicines, on the Tres Finos
creek, where he still lives under the shadow
of his own vine and lig-tree. He has one of
the prettiest and most fertile spots in all this
section of the country. Grapes grow to per-
fection here, and from them he produces the
finest quality of wine. Here Mr. Morrison
and his old friend and cousin, Henry J. Den-
nis, enjoy life as men can only in the sunny
quietude of a California valley home.

Mr. Dennis is a native of Indiana, born
April 23, 1828. He came to California as
early as 1852, has seen much of pioneer life,
and expects to spend his remaining years in
this beautiful San Benito country.

tOBERT BURNS, who resides near Mul-
berry, San Benito county, California, is
one of the most substantial farmers of
the county.

Mr. Burns is a native of Madison, a town
on the Kennebec river in Somerset county,
Maine, and was born May 18, 1839. His
father, Samuel S. Burns, a farmer by occupa-
tion, was of Scotch nativity and a relative of
Robert Burns, the eminent Scotch poet. The
subject of our sketch came to California in
1860, making the journey via Panama, and
landing at San Francisco. He located at San
Juan, on the San Justo ranch, and in 1878
went to San Luis Obispo, where he continued
stock-raising, operating on the Huerhuero
ranch. In 1884 he took up his abode on his
present farm, 640 acres, on the San Benito
creek.

Mr. Burus was married in 1870, to Miss
Florett Willington, a native of Maine. Their

four children are: Willis L., Mabel E., Ger-
trude and Herbert, — all living at present with
their parents.

ISAAC THEXTON has for eleven years
been the efficient manager of the Faicines
ranch, and is well known throughout San
Benito county as an enterprising citizen and
thorough farmer. The Faicines ranch com-
prises about 9,000 acres, from 500 to 1,000
acres of which are annually devoted to grain.
Stock-raising is also a prominent feature of
the place, from 800 to 1,000 head of stock,
besides about 100 milch cows, being the aver-
age number kept here.

Mr. Thexton is a native of Scotland, born
in Ferthshire, April 2, 1849. He was reared
a farmer, and has made this business his life
work. Upon coming to California, about
eighteen years ago, he came to Faicines
rancho as manager. In his present position
as manager of all the Grogan interests in San
Benito county, he has exercised good judg-
ment and displayed marked ability, conduct-
ing the ranch in such a manner as to advance
the interests of all concerned.

He was married in 1885, to Miss Helen
Crawford, daughter of Robert Crawford, of
Glasgow, Scotland. Mrs. Thexton's untimely
death occurred September 1, 1890.

. . ■^ . ;m; . |. ,^

ILTON T. LITTLE, a member of
the Board of Trustees of the city of
Monterey, is the second son and
fourth child of the lamented Milton Little,
an esteemed pioneer of Monterey county, of
whom mention is made on another page in
his book. Our subject was born at Monte-

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA GRUZ,

rey, October 3, 1855, and has continuously
made his native town his home all his life.

Mr. Little was married September 16,
1879, at Salinas, to Miss Nancy, a daughter
of James and Margaret (Childres) Davis,
natives of Kentucky and Virginia. Mrs.
Little was born at Leon, Iowa, April 19,
1858. She came to California with her par-
ents in 1862, and has since made this State
her home. Mrs. Little has borne her hus-
band two children, Elsie and Frederick.

Mr. Little is a man of sterling traits of
character and modest bearing. There are few
who hold to a greater degree the confidence
and good will of the public than Mr. Little.
He is now serving his second term as a
member of the City Board of Trustees, and
is a member of Monterey Lodge, No. 317,
F. & A. M.

^ERY REV. CAJETANUS SORREN-
TINI was born in Rome, Italy, Au-
gust 7, 1815. From his youth up he
felt called to the ecclesiastical state, and hence
devoted himself assiduously to^study and prep-
aration for the work before him. His early
education was received in Naples, which he
completed at the Jesuit College in Rome,
where he graduated and was ordained priest
on September 19, 1889. Shortly after his
ordination he was appointed a professor of
tlieology in the Seminary of Amolfi, Italy,
which position he retained till he received
instructions from the Propaganda to journey
to Jerusalem in the capacity of a missionary.
After three years of severe labor in this field,
his impaired health compelled him to return
to his native Rome, but not till he had left
behind him a substantial memorial of his zeal
and humanity in the construction of St. John's

Hospital, which he founded and pushed to
completion.

After recruiting himself in " The Eternal
City," he came to the United States, and was
for a time assigned to important pastorates in
the dioceses of Philadelphia and of New Or-
leans. He also, in a religious capacity, visit-
ed Peru and Chili and other countries on the
west coast of South America, where his elo-
quence as a pulpit orator attracted much at-
tention.

In 1877 Father Sorrentini came to Salinas,
Monterey county, California, where he has
since continued to reside. On his arrival
here the outlook was not promising. There
was no pastoral residence, only a small wooden
church, and the flock had grown negligent.
He set himself to work to restore matters, to
renew and reform, and now the fruit of his
labor is seen in a handsome brick church,
with frescoed walls, containing a costly mar-
ble altar; a parochial school, with accommo-
dations for one hundred and fifty pupils; a
comfortable residence for the pastor; and a
spirit of unity and zeal in the congregation
that is indeed refreshing.

His golden jubilee, the fiftieth anniversary
of his ordination, was celebrated in Salinas,
September 19, 1889; on which occasion a vast
concourse of the clergy and high dignitaries
of the church assembled to felicitate the ven-
erable priest.

fA. McCROSKEY, an early settler and
an influential business man of Hol-
® lister, has been a resident of California
since 1859. His father, John McCroskey,
was a native of Sevier county, Tennessee;
was born about thirty miles east of Knoxville,
March 17, 1798. He was a farmer by occupa-

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES,

tion, a man of local influence, and of great
character. He was twice married, iirst to
Miss Lncinda Ann, a daughter of Reuben
Grant, a merchant of Shelbyville, Tennessee,
who was for several years Sheriff of Mon-
roe county, Tennessee. Mrs. McCroskey
was born in 1799. She bofe four children,
of whom Mrs. M. A. McCray, widow of the
late Daniel McCray, of Hollister, is the oldest.
One other now survives, viz.: J. P. T. Mc-
Croskey, of Washington. The mother died
in 1833. In 1836 Mr. McCroskey mar-
ried Mrs. Priscilla McCray, a daughter of
Harry McCray, by whom he had six sons and
two daughters, viz.: John A., subject; Penta-
lope, Henry M., Robert C, Frances, Thomas
H., Benjamin B., and Edgar H. Of these
children our subject and Benjamin, who is
located in Hollister, are the only ones in
California.

When our subject came to California he
located- at San Jose, and later lived at Gilroy
and engaged in farming. Upon the forma-
tion of the San Justo Homestead Association
and the division of the Hollister Grant, he
came to San Benito county, and was the orig-
inal settler on 172 acres of farming land,
adjoining the town site. Here he remained
for about eight years, when he engaged in
the warehouse and grain shipping business,
which he followed about nine years. At that
time he leased his property to the Hollister
Warehouse Company and retired from busi-
ness, and now devotes his time to the care of
an eight-acre fruit farm, his home in the city
of Hollister and other business affairs.

His marriage occurred at Gilroy, in 1863,
to Elizabeth F. Howkins. This lady has

borne her husband six children, five livin

and one deceased. All the living children
are residing at home. Two are teachers in
the public schools of San Benito county.

Our subject has been a successful Inisinoss
man, and has the confidence and esteem of
the entire community.

fEORGE BROWN, Esq., a pioneer of
California and a highly respected citi-
zen of San Benito, San Benito county,
was born in England, July 11, 1827. At the
age of eleven years he left home, and from
that time forward took care of himself. In
1846, at the outbreak of the Mexican war he
enlisted in the United States Navy at Boston,
being assigned to the ship Cumberland, which
ship joined the Gulf Squadron, commanded
by Commodore Connor and afterward by
Commodore Perry. He served all through
the Mexican war, was present at the import-
ant engagements at Yera Cruz, Tabasco,"
Tuspan and Alvarado, and was honorably dis-
charged at the termination of the war. In
1850 he located at Fall River, Massachusetts,
where he was employed in an iron mill until
1854, wiien he came to California, making
the journey from the East to San Francisco
via the Nicaragua route.

Upon his arrival in the Golden State Mr.
Brown sought the gold mines of Shasta and
Trinity counties, and was engaged in mining*"
until 1865. That year he located in Watson-
ville, Santa Cruz county, and turned his
attention to farming, remaining there until
1869. In November of that year he located
in the Dry Lake district, San Benito county,
on a fertile farm of 320 acres, his present
home. Besides this property he also owns
940 acres of untilled land. He has been
prominently identified with the best interests
of this county ever since he settled here. He
held the otfice of Justice of the Peace eight

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

years, and for a number of years was Post-
master of San Benito.

He was married, in 1853, to Miss Catharine
Kennedy, in Fall River, Massachusetts. She
was a native of England, and a woman of rare
domestic qualities. She died, leaving five
sons and one daughter, namely: John, Joseph,
George W., P. F., Kate M. and W. K., all of
whom now occupy honorable positions in
life.

Judge Brown, as he is familiarly called,
has a wide circle of friends, and is highly
esteemed throughout San Benito county.

tj. COPLEY, a representative citizen,
farmer and a pioneer of southern
® Monterey county, is a native of Dela-
ware county. New York, having been born in
that county and State, at the town of Harpers-
field, December 18, 1829. When only seven-
teen our subject started out from home, locat-
ing first in Knox county, Illinois. His next
home was at Monroe City, Louisiana, on a
plantation, where he remained one year. In
1850 he came to California, by water, and
upon his arrival went into the mines, on
Feather river, in 1850. He next went to
vEl Dorado county, where he spent eighteen
years, in the mines, meeting with fair success.
He then located in the southern portion of
Monterey county, in Long valley. Later he
removed to Peach Tree valley, but finally
located in San Lucas, where he has made his
home for so many years and developed one
of the finest farms in the county. His Spring-
valley farm comprises 640 acres of fine graz-
ing and grain lands, which are well watered.
Mr. Copley married, in El Dorado county,
in June 27, 1852, Miss Hannah Nattrass, a

daughter of Cuthberth Nattrass, a pioneer of
1849. Mr. and Mrs. Copley have four sons,
three daughters and twenty-seven grand-
children.

Our subject has held the position of Justice
of the Peace for two years, and has served
four years as a member of the County Board
of Supervisors.

ARIANO MALARIN,anativesonof
the soil, having been born in Monte-
rey county, where he figured conspic-
ously in the early history of California, is now
a resident of Santa Clara county.

Mr. Malarin's birth occurred in 1827, and
he is a son of Juan Malarin, a native of Peru,
of Italian parentage. Mr. Malarin, Sr., was
a mariner, and as such came to California in
1820 or 1822. As a reward for services ren-
dered the Mexican Government he was made
a Lieutenant in the Mexican Navy. In 1824
he married Josefa Estrada and made Monte-
rey his home. Although still going to sea,
from that time on he took an active part in
Mexican-California affairs, and is frequently
mentioned in history as a participant in im-
portant political matters. In 1833 he was
Captain of the port and grantee of the Gua-
dalupe rancho, and later was granted the Chua-
lar rancho. In 1843 he was Justice and
President of the Tribunal Superior. He died
in 1849, when nearly sixty years of age, leav-
ing a large and valuable estate and an honor-
able name to his posterity. Of his ten children
our subject was the second in order of birth.
This last-named gentleman had the honor
of being born in the government house at
Monterey. When nine years of age he was
sent to Oregon to attend an English school,
said to have been established by the Hudson

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

231

Bay Company. Failing to lind it as reported
he went to Lima, Peru, in Soutli America i
where he received instruction in the Latin,
French, English and Spanish languages, be-
ing then eleven years of age. He remained
in Lima until the death of his father, when
he returned to Monterey and assumed charge
of the family estate. That same year he was
appointed Judge of the First Instance; in
1850 and in 1851 he held the office of City
Assessor and Public Administrator. In 1858
he was elected to the position of Supervisor,
and represented his district in the State As-
sembly, session of 1859 and 1860.

Late in 1859 Mr. Malarin married Ysidora,
a daughter of Francisco Pacheco, one of the
influential and wealthy rancheros of those days
in California. Mrs. Malarin was born on the
Pacheco grant, at the present country resi-
dence of the family, now the well-known
Malarin ranch, near Hollister. The ranch
now consists of 67,000 arces of land, 8,000 of
which are in San Benito county. Of the 4,000
which are tillable, 3,000 acres are cultivated
by tenants. The old adobe mansion, built
by Don Francisco Pacheco and remodeled by
Mr. Malarin, is one of the finest specimens
of early-day architecture now to be found.

Mr. and Mrs. Malarin have two daughters,
Mariana F. and Pauline E., the latter the
wife of Dr. L. Fatjo. Mr. Malarin's home is
in Santa Clara county, although he has ex-
tensive interests in San Francisco and San
Jose. The mother of our subject, Josefa
Estrada, was born in California, as was also
his grandmother, Arguello, and in this State
the entire family is highly honored and es-
teemed.

He is president of the San Jose Safe De-
posit Bank of Savings. He is a quiet, unob-
trusive man of exalted character and influence.
Although now a resident of Santa Clara county

he is largely interested in San Benito county,
where he is one of the largest property own-
ers. Mr. Malarin enjoys the esteem and
respect of the entire community, where he is
so honored a citizen.

ILLIAM H. GARMAN, one of the
unique historical figures of Monterey
county, may well be called one of the
veritable " Path Finders," having come to
the State when it was but little known. He
was one of the members of the Joe Walker
expedition that piloted General Fremont
over the mountains to California.

Mr. Garman is a native of Berks county,
Pennsylvania, and was born within twelve
miles of Daniel Boone's birthplace. His fa-
ther, Philip Garman, was of German descent,
a breeder by occupation, which calling he
pursued in Harrisburg, in addition to carry-
ing on a brewery and tannery on a large
scale. The maiden name of the mother of
our subject was Elizabeth Hirsch, also a na-
tive of Berks county.

Our subject was educated in Harrisburg,
and there learned the trade of a printer,
which he followed for about eight years, a
portion of the time in St. Louis, Missouri.
He also was engaged with Lieutenant (now
General) W. B. Franklin, in the survey of
the breakwater at Michigan City, Indiana,
and later at St. Joseph, Michigan. His next
move was to Chicago, and from there he en-
tered the service of the Government and
fought in jthe Seminole war in Florida. The
next account we have of him is in the Mex-
ican war, where he served as Courier from
Fort Leavenworth to Santa F^, New Mexico.
After the close of the war he joined Walker's
expedition bound for California, and was one

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO. SANTA CRUZ,

of the twelve men that explored the country
and directed General Fremont's course
through the Rocky mountains, westward.
It was this party that first invaded the quiet
precincts of Friest Valley, in 1850, although
their stay was but a brief one at that time
and the party pushed on, over the mountains
into the valleys of the Tulare and Kern
rivers. They found the valleys uninhabited,
save by a priest and a small band of Indians,
camped near the center. They failed to get
the name of the good priest, but named the
valley in which he resided, " Priest Valley,"
a name that has clung to it ever since. So
impressed were Captain Walker and Mr.
Garman with the beauty of the valley that
they returned to it in 1854, and Mr. Gar-
man made a location, where he has since re-
sided, but Captain Walker did not remain
for any length of time. These old-time ex-
plorers built the first house in the valley, in

1854, under a larg(

oak tree near the

present

Palmer residence and but a short distance
from Mr. Garman's present home.

Ever since his residence in this valley Mr.
Garman has led a quiet, inoffensive life, and
is well known for his kindness of heart and
other sterling traits of character. He never
married, but a host of friends unite to pre-
vent his feeling lonely in his declining years.
His is a happy old age, for he has the con-
sciousness of having led a good life and
spent wisely the goods bestowed upon hiin
by the all-wise Creator.

B. HUBBARD is a well-known and
successful farmer of Hollister. He
» was born in Sullivan county, Mis-
souri, June 18, 1840. His father, James
Hubbard, was a farmer and carpenter and a

mason by trade and occupation, and his son
was born with the true instincts of a me-
chanic and was successful in all his under-
takings in that line.

Our subject crossed the plains from his
native State in 1864, and lived about four
years at Middleton, twenty-five miles north
of Boise City, Idaho. He then went to Ne-
vada and carried on a freighting business
until 1871, when he engaged in stock-raising,
continuing therein until 1882, when he came
to California and purchased his present home,
near Hollister, on the Sau Benito creek
where he owns and farms about 900 acres of
the best land in San Benito county.

Mr. Hubbard married, in Missouri, in
1875, Miss Sarah R. Furdin, daughter of
William Purdin, a farmer by occupation and
an expert carpenter by trade. Mrs. Hubbard
was born June 18, 1848, and she has borne
her husband six children, namely: Harmon
W., Virgil P., Eva, Lena, Ella and Edna.

Mr. Hubbard is School Trustee of his dis-
trict and an active member of long standing
in the Christian Church.

tODERICK SHAW was born in Liver-
pool, England, September 5, 1851. In
1853 his father fitted out a vessel and,
accompanied by his family, sailed for Aus-
tralia, landing at Melbourne. He remained
there for seven years. Then, in 1860, he
went to New Zealand, where he sojourned
eight years, after which, in 1868, he went to
the Sandwich Islands. He remained there
until 1869, when he landed in San Francisco.
In 1872 he came from that city to Hollister,
San Benito county. Here he founded the
San Benito county newspaper. Advance,
which paper is now owned by his two sons.

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

George and Albert D. Shaw. The fatlier
subsequently went back to England to visit
his native home, and on his return to Amer-
ica was taken sick at Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, and died in July, 1876. Roderick
being the oldest of the children (there bein^
eight sons and one daughter in the family)
the care of his brothers and sister fell largely
on him, and in a measure he filled his fa-
ther's place toward thein. All are now mar-
ried and settled in life except the youngest
brother.

Mr. Shaw, the subject of our sketch,
served for several years as Deputy County
Treasurer, and in 1885 was elected County
Treasurer. In the fall of 1886 he was elected
County Clerk, which office he is now filling
with ability and honor, and to the entire sat-
isfaction of all concerned. He is also prom-
inent in social circles, being identified with
the Masonic lodge, the I. O. O. F. and the
A. O. U. W. Of the first two he is secre-
tary, and of the last-named, financier.

July 29, 1876, he was united in marriage
with Miss Harriet Mead, by whom he has
three children, two sons and one daughter, —
Richard, Ernest and Susie. His mother
makes her home with him, and is now sixty-
one years of age.

Mr. Shaw is ranked with the pioneers of
the county, and is respected by all who
know him. Although his county is Demo-
cratic, and he is a strong Republican, he has
always been elected by a large majority.

TEMPLETON.— Mr. Temple-
ton is a well-known citizen of
Monterey county, and is known
especially for his business energy and enter-
prise. He is a native son of the ' Golden

West," and was born in Trinity county, Cal-
ifornia, May 13, 1860. He was reared in
Alameda connty and was in the railroad serv-
ice for about six years, when he came to
Montei-ey county. His father, Benjamin S.
Templeton, was a wool-grower and a native
of Ohio. His mother (now deceased) was
born in Germany.

In 1885, Mr. Templeton, in company with
F. O. Oaks and T. A. Cunningham, pur-
chased 4,000 acres of land of the Moro Cojo
ranch, made extensive improvements on the
same, and the purchase was recently divided
between the partners, Mr. Templeton tak-
ing 380 acres, upon which lie has put out
about 3,000 fruit trees, erected new and com-
modious buildings and otherwise made great
improvements. His estate lies in a fertile
and picturesque county, especially adapted
to fruit culture.

fAMUEL M. BLACK, a well-known
farmer of Blanco, Monterey county,
has been a resident of California since
1861. He is a native of New York, having
been born at Auburn, Cayuga county, No-
vember 22, 1840. His father, Robert Black,
was a farmer, who reared his sons to that
calling.

Upon coming to California, our subject
engaged in the occupation he had been reared
to near Sacramento, in 1861. As the Sac-
ramento river flooded his section of the
country and retarded work, he left that local-
ity and engaged for a time in mining. He
also visited Nevada and Montana in 1864,
but in the fall of 1867 he returned to Cali-
fornia and located in the Salinas valley, near
Castroville, where he leased lands of the
Cooper ranch, and there farmed until he

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

purchased his present farm of 100 acres, at
Blanco. In addition to this farm he owns a
stock range of 368 acres. Mr. Black was
Supervisor of Monterey county one term,
which lasted six years,— from 1869 to 1875.
He has also been Clerk of the Board of Trus-
tees for Blanco district for many years.

In September, 1869, our subject was inar-
i-ied to Amelia Warth, a daughter of William
Warth, deceased, who lived and died at
Blanco, after coming from Germany, of
which country he was a native. He located
in California in 1864, and his daughter, Mrs.
Black, was only an infant when he made his
settlomeut here. She was born in Germany
just befoi-e the trip was begun, which carried
the parents and little ones to this great land
of freedom and plenty. Mr. and Mrs. Black
have nine children, namely: William, Rob-
ert, Elizabeth, Amelia. James, Samuel, Clara,
Marguerite and Ethel. Mr. and Mrs. Black
are substantial people and enjoy the respect
of their fellow- citizens.

fL. NASH, a well-known farmer of
Hollister, came to California in 1853,
® fi'oiii his native state of Maine, where
he was born in Washington county, January
23, 1839.

The journey to California was made with
his father, Shaw Nash, and upon arrival the
fatlier and son went to the mines and en-
gaged in that perilous and fascinating pur-
suit until 1864, when they located in the
Santa Clara valley and engaged in farming at
Warm Springs. They removed therefrom to
Hollister, in 1869, where our subject has
since resided, pursuing his calling of farming
very successfully. Besides his home in Hol-
lister, Mr. Nash owns 300 acres two and

one-half miles southeast of Hollister, and
another tract of 300 acres three miles west of
the eame city.

Mr. Nash was married, July 25, 1866, at
Warm Springs, to Miss Perthina N. Cates, a
daughter of Edward Cates, a native of Maine.
Mr. and Mrs. Nash are highly respected in
Hollister, where they have resided for so
many years, and where Mr. Nash has amassed
a small fortune.

fFIARLES R. FEW, an active and suc-
cessful business man of Monterey, is a
native of London, England, where he
was born August 4, 1853. He spent his
boyhood and youth in the metropolis of the
world, and there received a liberal education.
Mr. Few left his native city in 1884, for
America, landing in New York city, after a
safe voyage, whence he proceeded to Cali-
fornia, reaching San Francisco in Decem-
ber of the same year. He came to Mon-
terey, intending to adopt the dairy business
as a calling. In order to become familiar
with the business he engaged on a dairy farm
in the Carmel valley, but after three years on
this i'arm changed his intention and engaged
in the livery business, with Charles Norton
as partner. This business they continued in
Monterey from 1888 to 1889, when Mr. Yeyr
purchased his partner's interest and has since
been the sole owner of the Club stables.

He was married April 17, 1888, to Miss
Agatha M. Hilby, a native daughter of Cali-
fornia and second child of Francis M. (de-
ceased) and Katherine (Kissler) Hilby. Mrs.
Few is possessed of many feminine graces,
takes a lively interest in society matters and
presides over one of the finest private resi-
dences in Monterey county.

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

No citizen has more liberally invested his
capital in local enterprises and more thor-
oughly identified hiniseli' with the business
growth of his chosen home than Charles R.
Few. He Is a stockholder in the Bank of
Monterey and the California State Savings
Bank, is stockholder, director and secretary
of the Monterey Electric Light and Develop-
ment Company. He is a director and sec-
cretary of the Pacific Coast Live-stock Asso-
iation, and director and secretary of the
Monterey Board of Trade.

This gentleman is genial and gentlemenly
in his manner, social in his daily intercourse
with his fellow-citizens. He has an inherent
love of sport of all kinds and is consequently
popular with the masses, which, combined
with his hard business sense, in a large
measure unfolds the secret of his success.

ilLLIAM C. ASHER, one of the
venerable pioneers of this coast, was
born in Madison county, Kentucky,
December 19, 1816. In 1830 he removed
from his native State to Missouri, which
place continued to be his home until 1849,
In May of that year, on the second day
of the month, he started overland for Cali-
fornia, traveling with ox teams like the other
emigrants that made their way across the
plains and mountains at that period. He
entered the Golden State by the Lassen route,
and the first dinner he took in California was
where Senator Stanford's vineyard is now
located. He visited Shasta county, Sacra-
mento, and other points, and arrived in Ne-
vada City on the last day of 1849, In the
fall of 1850 he engaged in mining, and the
following spring began teaming. From that
he turned his attention to tiie hotel business.

Plis hotel was burned in 1852. Not discour-
aged, however, he bought another the same
week of the fire, and conducted tiie business
until 1853, when he sold out. About that
time he was appointed Under Sheriff of Ne-
vada county, and served as such till 1855.
In 1856 he was reappointed to the same
position, serving under William Butterfield
until 1858. He also acted as jailer, and at
onetime came near being killed by one of
his prisoners who struck him on tJie head
with a bar of iron. He subsequently served
as jailor for Sheriff Boing. In 1859 Mr.
Asher left Nevada City for South Yuba river
Bridge, where he remained until 1869, and
while there came near losing his life by a
premature explosion in blasting rock. Next
we find him at San Joaquin, engaged in build-
ing a levee. He then returned to South
River Bridge. Since 1870 he has been a
resident of Hollister, San Benito county, and
during these years has been variously occu-
pied ; served as Road Supervisor two years and
as Constable two years; was engaged in the
poultry business from 1874 till 1877. He
was then called on to nurse son)e diphtheria
cases, and was engaged in nursing until
1880. He then turned his attention to ranch-
ing, and at times also nursed some. In 1887
he was elected Justice of the Peace for the
city of Hollister, and is now occupying this
position.

Mr. Asher is unmarried.

ON JACINTO RODRIGUEZ was born
January 12, 1815, in the Pajaro valley,
Santa Cruz county, on which place is
now situated the prosperous city of Watson-
ville. His father, Don Sebastian Rodriguez
being then the owner of a vast tract of land

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

consisting of thousands of acres about and in
the immediate vicinity of "Watson ville.

Our subject removed to Monterey soon
after the death of his father and was soon
very prominent in the affairs of the capital of
Alta California, Monterey. It will be i-e-
membered that education was very limited in
the early days in California, but Jacinto
applied himself, under the tuition of his
father and was soon able to master the Spanish
language, in which he learned to read, write
and keep accounts. These accomplishments
secured him a position in the customhouse,
nnder the Mexican Government, wliich posi-
tion he retained until California became a ]iart
of the Union. Don Rodriguez was a metnber
of the first constitutional convention, which
convened in Monterey, July 3, 1850, and
gave California her lirst organic law under
American rule.

In 1847, he commenced the creation of a
noble house on what is now the corner of
Alvarado and Franklin streets, and in one
year succeeded in building one story of the
"house and putting on aslightroof of shingles.
The price of lumber was so very high and
wages demanded by carpenters so great that
it was several years before the house was
completed. It was then considered one of
the mansions of the city, and nnlike the
others of nts kind the rooms were large and
light.

In 1848, he married Miss Pergrina Pinto,
daughter of Don Rafael and Donna Mana
Yguacia Amador de Pinto, and they had five
children, four sons and one daughter, all of
whom are dead excepting the second son,
Charles H. Rodriguez; he and his mother
are the sur^fiving members of the family.
They are at present living in the same adobe
building that was built in 1848, the son hav-
ing been employed as bookkeeper for the

Pacific Live Stock Mutual Protection Asso-
ciation of Monterey, and at present clerk in
the law office of Messrs. Parker & Nougues,
Salinas city, the county seat of Monterey
county.

In 1880, Don Jacinto Rodriguez died,
leaving considerable property behind him, on
the principal business street in Monterey, he
havin purchased the property formerly be-
longing to Curtis & Conover, on which was
built the first brick store in the city, in 1857.
He purchased this property at the time the
county-seat was removed to Salinas city, pay-
in ^ a small price for the same; but to-day it
is considerably enhanced in value, and it is all
in the possession of the family and there is
no incumbrance on it, whatever. This is but
a brief history of one of the old families of
California, who have ever proved themselves
brave and true citizens of one of the largest
States in this glorious Union.

fO. NASH, M. D., has been a resident
of California since 1874, and of Hollis-
* ter. He is a native of Columbia, "Wash-
ington county, Maine, born August 28, 1841.
He spent his boyhood in his native town, and
later at Machias, in the same State, in which
he laid the foundation of his education. He
took a course of two years' study at Amherst
College, Massachusetts, in the class of 1867,
having taken a classical course. His medical
education was received at Bowdoin College,
from which he received his diploma in 1868.
In 1873 he entered the regular army as
surgeon, and during his term of service,
which lasted about two years, he was one of
the expedition that fixed the boundary line
between British Columbia and the United
States.

AND SAJSr MATEO COUNTIES.

Upon his arrival in California lie located
in Hollister, where he has since resided and
successfully practiced his profession. During
the years of 1885 and 1886 he served his
county as Coroner and Public Administrator.
With the exception of 1882 and 1883 he has
resided' continuously at Hollister. He was
Surgeon at New Idria mines during 1882-'83.

His marriage occurred in 1878, when he
was united to Miss Ida M. Ladd, and
they have two children, Francis L. and Flor-
ence M.

fTEFHEN CASTRO, of Castroville, is
a member of a family whose historic
name, in the annals of California, is
legion.

He is the son of Don Jose Francisco and
Narcisa (Soto) De Castro, honored citizens of
Monterey. Our subject was born in Monte-
rey county, on the Filarcitos ranch, January
12, 1860, and was reared in his native county.
Mr. Castro is a fine type of the Spanish Cali-
fornian, both in physique and in his uniform
kindness of heart and genial manner.

Our subject took unto himself a wife in
the person of Miss Marie Mardocco, a daugh-
ter of Don Pedro Mardocco, an honored citi-
zen of Watsonville, and the ceremony was
performed on the ith of September, 1889, in
Castroville. Mr. and Mrs. Castro have two
daughters, one named for her grandmother,
Teresa Narcisa, and the other Anna. Since
1886 Mr. Castro has been the trusted agent
for the Wells, Fargo Express Company, and
United States mail carrier at Castroville, in
which latter position he is universally popu-
lar, and in both positions he continues to
give entire satisfaction.

The father of our subject, Jose Francisco,

was a son of Simeon Castro, a prominent
figure in the early days of California, and
grantee of the Bolso Nuevo and Moro Cojo
ranches. He held numerous responsible pub-
lic positions, and reared a large family, of
whom Don Juan B. Castro, uncle to the sub-
ject of this sketch, is one member. A more
complete account of this illustrious family
may be found elsewhere in this work.

fDWARD SPENCER JOSSELYN was
born December 7, 1827, in the town of
Duxbury, Plymouth county, Massachu-
setts. He remained at the place of his birth,
receiving a common-school education, until
the year 1842, when he entered upon a sea-
faring life and sailed to the ports of the At-
lantic and Indian oceans. He continued in
that trade until the year 1849, when he sailed
from the port of Boston as second officer of
the ship Raritan, for San Francisco, via Cape
Horn, and arrived at his destination in the
spring of 1850. Immediately he assumed
command of the vessel and sailed out of the
San Francisco harbor for different ports on
the California coast, and in the year 1858
he made his first voyage to Tahiti, one of
the Society islands. In 1863 he sailed for
Boston by way of Panama, and there took
charge of the ship Thomas Woodard, and
sailed along the coast of South America,
doubling Cape Horn, visiting the port of
Valparaiso, and again the Society islands.
He returned to San Francisco and made that
his terminal point for the succeeding two
years. In 1865 he repeated the former trip
to Boston, and there he built and equipped
the brig Percy Edward, and sailed as her
master for San Francisco, passing through
the straits of Magellan on his outward voy-

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SA.\TA CRUZ,

age, and arriving at his destination in 1866.
In the next three years he sailed from San
Frapeisco to Japan and China in the tea
trade, and to Java in the coffee trade. In
1874 he permanently located in Monterey,
California, and permanently abandoned the
sea. He has served one term in the State
Legislature, and is a man well known in this
locality.

Captain Josselyn was initiated as an Appren-
ticed Mason, and was made a Master Mason
in 1860, in Oceanic Lodge of F. & A. M., at
Tahiti, under the jurisdiction of the Grand
Orient of France. He demitted therefrom,
February 21, 1871, and affiliated with the
Occidental Lodge, No. 22, at San Francisco,
California, May 6, 1872. He demitted from
the latter lodge, February 7, 1876, and affili-
ated with the Monterey Lodge, No. 217, at
Monterey, April 8, 1876, of which he is still
a member. He was admitted through the
various degrees of the order, and was knighted
Red Cross, August 1, 1885, and Templar and
Knight of Malta, August 15 of the same year,
in Watsonville, California, Commandery No.
22, of which he is still a member. April 19,
1888, he was elected an active member of the
Masonic Veteran Association of the Pacific
coast.

The father of our subject was the Eev.
Aaron Josselyn, of Dnxbury, Massachu-
setts, a clergyman of the Methodist Episco-
pal Church, and by trade a watchmaker.
He was a native of Duxbury, born in 1804,
and followed his profession about forty years.
He represented his town three times in the
State Legislature, and later was for two terms
Chaplain of the Legislature. He died in
1887, at the age of eighty- three years. His
wife was Miss Ann Binney, of Hull, the
daughter of Spencer Binney, who was one of
the original owners of the Boston town site.

He had been the owner of 114 acres of Bos-
ton common, which he gave to the city as a
cow pasture only, and it served that purpose
for many years. He was a farmer, and Bos-
ton common was a part of his farm.

Captain Josselyn of this notice is the
second oldest of a family of seven children,
of whom one brother, Joseph, is still living
in California. Three of the others died in
this State.

Our subject was married August 2, 1863,
to Miss Caroline Sears, a native of Duxbury,
Massachusetts, a descendant of the Wads-
worths. She was a daughter of Hannah
Wadsworth, who was born in the old Miles
Standish house, of Duxbury. Two sons and
one daughter of Captain Josselyn are living,
and they are: Spencer Binney, of Boston;
Edward Lyman, a merchant of Monterey;
and Caroline E.

fHAW NASH, deceased, one of the hon-
ored pioneers of 1853, is the lamented
subject of this brief sketch. He was a
lumberman and shipbuilder in Maine, but in
1853 crossed the water to California, by the
way of Panama, and with two of his sons,
E. Ct. and P. L. Nash, engaged in mining,
where the former and eldest of the two died.
Later Mrs. Nash and two younger children
came to California to join the husband and
father, and the family then made tliem a
home in Alameda county, where the youngest,
a beautiful girl of fifteen summers, passed
away, and another chair was left vacant. They
tinally located at Hollister, where the father
and mother both died. Mr. G. S. Nash, the
son who came to this country with the mother'
still resides in San Benito county, where he
is well known and highly esteemed, as is also

AUD SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

his only surviving brotlier, Mr. P. L. Nash.

Mr. G. S. Nash was born in Washington
county, Maine, April 3, 1842, and therefore
was but eighteen years of age when he made
his trip to the great West. In 1871 he re-
moved to Hollister, and has remained there
ever since, carrying on farming on an exten-
sive scale. He owns one of the finest farms
in that vicinity, consisting of about 100 acres.
He also owns 255 acres in the fertile Santa
Ana valley, east of Hollister.

He married, at his native home, Miss Le-
titia Gates, a native of Washington county,
Maine, an old schoolmate of his. She is a
lady of fine domestic tastes and social culture.
Two children still brighten their home, and
two are deceased. Those living are Erastus
G. and Carrie A. The entire family are
higJilj appreciated by their host of friends.

fILLIAM STIRLING, a substantial
and esteemed citizen of CastrovillC)
(California, is a native of Scotland,
having been born at Glasgow, in 1835. He
left the land of his birth and came to Amer-
ica in 1857, locating at Glencoe, Ekfrid town-
ship, Ontario, Canada, where he remained
and pursued farming for about ten years.

In 1867 he came to the great Golden State,
via the Isthmus of Panama, arriving in the
city of San Francisco, November 3, 1867.
Although by profession Mr. Stirling is a
weaver, having learned his trade in a seven
years' apprenticeship with his father, and
thoroughly understands his work, he has
adopted farming as his calling. The first
two years of his residence in this county was
spent on the farm of John Martin, Esq., at
Carmel, a few miles from Monterey. After
that he next engaged for six years on the

Estrada rancho, in the Salinas valley. In
November, 1876, he located on the Cooper
ranch at Castroville, where he has since re-
mained.

The father of our subject, John Stirling,
came to this State with his son, the mother
having died in April, 1853. By profession
he was a weaver, at which trade he earned
his living. He was a native of Scotland,
born in 1799, and was eighty-five years of
age at the time of his death, July 26, 1884.

Mr. Stirling was married in Sootland, in
January, 1857, to Miss Jane MacNaughton,
by whom he has four children, namely: Mag-
gie, now Mrs. B. E. Gaboon, of the Laureles
rancho; Nellie, now Mrs. Charles Whitcher,
of Castroville; John W., foreman of the
Spery Mills, located at Salinas; and Duncan,
a teacher in the public schools of Monterey
county, — a brief mention of whom appears
elsewhere in this work, — the three youngest
children, Nellie, John and Duncan, being
graduates of the State Normal School at San
Jose. Our subject and his estimable wife
may justly be proud of their tine family, and
few people are so nicely situated in their de-
clining years as they.

fA. CREPIN, M. D., is one of the
prominent and influential citizens of
** San Benito county, California. He
has been a resident of the State since 1876,
and of Hollister since 1881. Upon arrival
on the Pacific coast he spent four years in
San Luis Obispo, where he practiced his
profession. He was born in Valenciennes, in
the north of France, on November 30, 1841,
came to America, with his parents, when
only fourteen years of age. The father,
Andrew Crepin, was a merchant in his na-

240

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CMVZ,

tive land, but when he came to America he
engaged in farming, at Dubuque, Iowa.

Dr. Crepin is the youngest of a family
of four and received the rudiments of
his education in the College of Notre
Dame, of Valenciennes. He studied medi-
cine in St. Louis, Missouri, at the medical
college of that place. In 1867 he became
connected with St. Louis city hospital and
later practiced medicine at Dubuque, Iowa,
and other points in the Mississippi valley.
Since his residence at Hollister he has been
favored with a most extensive professional
practice and has thoroughly identified him-
self with the business interests of the county.
He holds stock in the recently established
banking house of Hollister and is likewise
interested in the Hollister Water Works, the
Hollister Gas Works, the Electric Liglit and
Power Company and Irrigating Company.
He responds promptly to any demand made
upon him as a citizen of Hollister that
tends to the dtvelopment and public good of
the community.

Dr. Crepin was married, in Lansing, Iowa,
to Miss Mary McKeogh, and they have two
accomplished daughters, Emilie and Celia.
These two worthy people enjoy the esteem
and respect of all who know them.

i. ANDERSON, of Salinas, is a na-
tive son of the " Golden State,"
having been born at Santa Cruz,
June 30, 1852.

His father, William J. Anderson, was an
important figure in the early history of Cali-
fornia. He came to the coast as early as
1837. as an English sailor on a whaling ves-
sel. In Larkin's notes he is referred to as one
of Graham's self-made men, and in 1840 one

of the exiles to San Bias. He returned,
however, to California and successfully
prosecuted a claim for damages. He was
granted a car carta, and in 1842 married a
Miss Espinosa. He then ran a soap manu-
factory and flour mill on the Salinas plains,
but sold both establisiiments in 1842. He
then removed to Santa Cruz and there held
the office of alcalde in 1849. In 1854 he
removed to Monterey and followed his trade
of mechanic there, and is said to have laid
the first roof upon the old Monterey custom-
house. He has four sons and two daughters,
of whom the subject of this sketch is the
oldest. Mr. W. A. Anderson was a man of
intelligence and skill in his trade and en-
joyed the respect and esteem of all who knew
him.

Our subject remained in Monterey until
July, 1862, following his trade of contracting
carpenter and builder, when he removed to
Salinas Valley, and in 1868 located in
Castroville, until 1890, when he removed to
Salinas. He was elected in the campaign of
1890, Assessor of Monterey county, and
therefore removed to Salinas to assume the
duties of his office, which at this writing,
1892, he still retains.

In 1871, he married Miss Inez, a daughter
of the late Jose Boronda, of whom mention
is made elsewhere in this volume. Eight
children have been born to Mr. and Mrs.
Anderson, four girls and four boys.

Mr. Anderson is an estimable gentleman
and has proved a faithful official.

^ENKY BARDIN.— The subject of this
^W\ sketch has the honor of being the
^<(| seventh born in a family which is well
known throughout California, that of Mr.

DAVO \D J AC HIS

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

James Bardin, deceased. 0\xv subject is a
native of Mississippi, where lie was born
December 20, 1853, and consequently was
but two years of age when the family re-
moved to the " Golden State," in 1855. (A
full account of the settlement of the family at
Blanco is given elsewhere in this book).

Henry grew up on his father's estate, and
January 10, 1883, he married Miss Martha
Thompson, a daughter of Martin J. Thomp-
son, and a native of California, having been
born in Sonora, Sacramento county. She has
born her husband three children, namely:
Roy, Hazel and Ethel.

Mr. and Mrs. Bardin reside on tlieir beau-
tiful home, situated three miles from Salinas
city, consisting of 250 acres of choice land.
Mr. Bardin enjoys the respect of his fellow-
citizens and is a thoroughly reliable gentle-
man. .

■f*iv-f^

[AVID JACKS was born in Crieff, Perth-
shire, Scotland, in 1822. His ancestors
were French Huguenots. He came to
New York in August, 1841, and engaged as
clerk in a store, first at Williamsburg, and
then at Fort Hamilton, where he remained
till 1848 in a large mercantile and manufact-
uring establishment. His employer, who
was a very capable business man, was the
inspector of all the wagons and harness
bought by the Government in that market
for use in the war with Mexico, and who,
like so many others, under similar circum-
stances, was inclined to extend favors to the
army officers at Fort Hamilton, expecting
that those favors would be returned in some
form, thereby placing officers, by implication
at least, under some sort of obligations to
him. Captain Robert E. Lee, who was then
stationed at the furt, and who had, in his

official capacity, large dealings at this store,
preferred always to deal with Mr. Jacks, and
studiously avoided the proprietor. So thor-
oughly honest was he that he shrank from
laying himself under obligations to any one
in any manner that might in the least inter-
fere with the conscientious discharge of his
duties to the Government as a purchasing
agent. Thus Mr. Jacks came to know him
well, and to admire very highly his nobleness
of character.

James C. Flood, in after years a miner and
banker in California, learned the carriage-
maker's trade at this establishment where
Mr. Jacks was employed, working there
three years or more. As the clerks had all
they could do, young Flood, after his days
work was done in the shop, would often come
in and help them, which kindness on his
part they greatly appreciated.

About this time the commissary sergeant
of a company of the United States Army,
which had been ordered to California, needed
a competent assistant to help him to keep
his accounts correctly, and he engaged Mr.
Jacks to go with him in that capacity.
Having about the same time read a letter
in the New York Herald, from Rev. Walter
Colton, a chaplain of the Navy, stationed at
Monterey, and holding some civil office there,
giving definite information about the gold
discoveries, Mr. Jacks concluded to invest
his earnings, amounting to $1,400 or $1,500,
in goods which he thought would sell out
there. He sailed with the company on the
Sea Queen from New York for San Francisco,
December 14, 1848, stopping at Rio De
Janeiro and Valparaiso, at both of which
places they were shown gold from the new
Eldorado, the nuggets exhibited at Rio de
Janeiro having been brought overland from
Valparaiso.

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

He arrived at San Francisco in April,
1849, wliere he disposed of his goods in
forty-eight hours, realizing about $4,000.
Revolvers costing |18 in New York i-eadily
sold in San Franciso for $50. He loaned
his money at one and one-half per cent per
month (the rates of interest ranging at that
time from one to five per cent per month),
the party keeping it npward of two years,
when he paid up in full.

Mr. Jacks was employed in San Francisco
as an inspector in the customhouse at flOO
per month, his duties being performed
mostly on ship-board, as there were no
wharves then, cargoes being discharged by
means of flat-bottomed lighters. Lighter-
men received $8 per day, and were scarce at
that, as nearly everybody had gone to the
mines.

On the 11th of October, 1849, Mr. Jacks
and two other young men had their supplies
of clothing and provisions ready to start on
the following day for Sacramento and the
mines. During that night the rain com-
menced and continued three days and three
nights. Reports came from Sacramento and
the upper country that teams could not haul
provisions from Sacramento to the mines;
that the roads were so bad, or the ground
was so soft from the heavy rains as to be im-
passable for teams. Flour, bacon, beans,
etc., in the mines, went up to three times
the prices they were worth before the rains.
And so Mr. Jacks gave up all notion of
going to the mines — then or afterward.

The semi-monthly arrival of the Pacific
mail steamers was quite an important event
in those times in San Francisco. Once Mr.
Jacks says he went to the post oflBce at four
o'clock in the morning, and took his place at
the end of a long line, and there remained —
the postmaster being very short of help — till

the post office closed, with still a nu mber of
persons ahead of him ! There were so few
women in San Francisco at that time that if
one walked along the streets the men would
watch her, of course in a deferential way, and
when she had passed them they would turn
round and stare at her till she was out of
sight, so great a novelty was the sight of a
woman in those days! They could also see
a few French women in the gambling houses,
which were then numerous, and often gor-
geously equipped, even when located in large
tents or other temporary structures.

Mr. Jacks arrived at Monterey on the first
day of January, 1850, and he has made his
home here ever since. He came on the steamer
California, the fare from San Francisco being
$25 ; the steamer was bound for Panama, and
Monterey was one of her stopping places.
Monterey at that period was the headquarters
of the Tenth Military Department, which in-
cluded all of California and Oregon, and which
was under the command of Brigadier-General
Bennett Riley. Mr. Jacks well remembers
most of the young officers who were then
stationed at this point. Among them were:
Captain H. S. Burton of Company F of the
Third Artillery, afterward in command at
Fortress Monroe; Lieutenants Ord and Hamil-
ton; Captain H. W. Halleck, who afterward
became general of the army in the Civil war,
was General Riley's chief engineer, and in
fact most of the duties of the governor's
office devolved on him; Captain Kane was
quartermaster, and Lieutenant Sully was
commissary of subsistence; Major Canby,
with his wife and adopted daughter, was here
then, and was Riley's Adjutant-General; Lieu-
tenant Derby, afterward widely known as the
genial and witty humorist " John Phoenix,"
was stationed here; also Lieutenant Steele,
who was with a company of infantry, and

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

Captain Lyon, was in command of another
infantry company; there was also a Captain
Wescott; and Captain Baldwin, was in charge
of ordnance. Captain W. T. Sherman was
here occasionally at that period.

Some 300 head of horses and mnles be-
longing to the United States, under charge
of Mr. Jacks, were kept on the San Francis-
qnito rancho, about twenty-four miles south-
east of Monterey. Expeditions consisting of
a small force, well armed, with wagons and
supplies, etc., were sent out into the interior
(Tulare and San Joaquin valleys), for the
purpose of making known to the Indians that
there was a government or military force in
the country which would make itself re-
spected.

Of course there were lively times in Mon-
terey then, as the United States had consider-
able military forces stationed here, and large
sums of money were disbursed. Gold dust,
Spanis.h doubloons or ounce pieces, and Mexi-
can silver dollars were very abundant. Mr.
Jacks clerked for nearly two years, at a salary
of $2,000 a year, for James McKinley, who
had a large grocery and dry-goods store.
The traders from the Mariposa mines came
to Monterey to buy goods, bringing each
from fifty to 150 pack mules, usually pur-
chasing from 16,000 to $8,000 worth of goods
at a time, and paying for the same in gold-
dust, which usually was received at $16 per
ounce, and which the Monterey merchants
6-ent to New York, wliere they generally
realized about $18 per ounce, net.

In the latter part of 1851, Mr. Jacks en.
gaged in farming, though with indifferent
success, in tiie Carmel valley, hirijj^ men to
work the land. In 1854 he personally took
hold of the business of raising potatoes, pay-
ing from six and one-half to seven and one-
half cents per pound for seed potatoes at

Santa Cruz, employing western farm hands
at |80 per month and board; also Carmel
mission Indians, who were excellent workers,
at $40 per month and board. From twenty-
two sacks of seed potatoes left over after
planting, which he sent to San Francisco, he
realized $252 net, over and above expenses,
including $20 a ton freight and twelve per
cent commission. But the results from the
planting were not quite so encouraging.
Three speculators came to Carmel, in June of
that year (1854), offering or proposing to
buy from $20,000 to $40,000 worth of
"spuds" at two cents a pound, deliverable in
November or December following at Mon-
terey, in storehouse or on the wharf; but they
finally concluded a contract with Mr. Jacks
for $8,000 worth, on the same terms. Jacks
was the only man who would sell at this
price, because potatoes had been sold that
spring at from three and one-half to seven
and one-half cents per pound. In the out-
come, this syndicate paid Jacks the $8,000 as
agreed, hut never took a potato, although he
delivered them all at the warehouse accord-
ing to contract! but they afterward hired
him to haul them off and throw them away.
. Subsequently, two young men came to
to Jacks and contracted for the delivery, at
one and three-fourth cents per pound, in the
spring (1855), of 300,000 pounds of spuds,
paying one-half the money down. They
never paid the balance and never took the
spuds away.

These last buyers, Mr. Jacks was informed,
"hedged" by selling the potatoes and receiv-
ing the same amount of money they paid
Jacks; but as he was not aware of this hedg-
ing, and supposing that the original buyers
still owned the goods, he had pity on them
and did not insist on their complying with
the balance of their contract. He sold that

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA GBUZ,

$20,000 worth of potatoes, and came
out about $500 short; expenses, including
high wages, etc., ate up everything.

He continued farming in 1855, planting
potatoes, bayo beans and barley. All of these
brought excellent prices and he cleared this
season, ending in the spring of 1856, about
$8,000. During the preceding three years,
hogs had been going up in value, and he had
meanwhile gathered about 300 head, some of
which were tine-blooded English stock, which
had cost him from $50 to |80 a piece. The
entire lot had cost him in the aggregate be-
tween $2,500 and |3,000, but as he made up
his mind to visit his old home in Scotland,
he offered them for $1,000, without finding a
buyer; but finally sold them all for |50, as
they were "eating their heads off," in barley,
worth in the market four and one-half cents
per pound, and besides, if he left them he
would become responsible for any damage
wliich they might cause to his neighbors. He
thereupon quit farming and went to Scot-
land, remaining there twelve months, visiting
his mother and sister. In a little more than
two years, the parties who had bought these
hogs realized about $4,000 for them.

Mr. Jacks returned to Monterey from his
visit to Scotland, in the latter part of 1857.
He took personal charge again of his exten-
sive business — having left it, during his
absence, in the hands of agents — and con-
tinued to loan money, or to carry on one line
of a banking business without actually hav-
ing a banking house. He says he was averse
to purchasing lands as he considered he was
not so well adapted to their management as
to the management of money; his policy
being like that of most savings banks iu
loaning money, to get the interest and
principal, and not to get land ; although often,
as witli them, he was compelled to take lands

which he did not want. He says that about
1860, having a mortgage for money loaned
on five and one-half leagues of land, he com-
promised to receive only three and one-half
leagues, leaving two leagues to the mort-
gagors, which would all have been absorbed
by foreclosure at the then very low price of
land. In fact, he afterward offered these
lands again and again at seventy-five cents
per acre without finding purchasers. There-
fore, in spite of his adoption of this policy
in his business of loaning money, as has so
often happened with others, in the course of
years he has come to be a large land owner.

THE NAEEOW-CtACGE EAILKOAD.

The Monterey and Salinas Yalley railroad,
narrow gauge (the pioneer railroad enter-
prise of Monterey county), was built in
1874, by the business men of Monterey and
the farmers of Salinas valley. When com-
pleted and ready to be operated, having two
locomotives, and two passenger coaches, and
eight box cars, and forty flat cars, the cost of
the same was about $360,000; and, the
farmers being unable to borrow the amounts
of money necessary to pay up their sub-
scriptions to the capital stock, Mr. Jacks
borrowed $75,000 on his ranches, " Chualar "
and " Zanjones." Of this sum he put $25,-
000 into the company, and loaned most of
the balance to other stockholders. He also
acted as treasurer for the company about
twenty months, disbursing all funds received,
amounting to some $250,000, for which serv-
ices he never received one cent. He sank
over $40,000 in this road, which was finally
sold to the Southern Pacific Company. This
latter corporation converted it into a broad-
gauge road, connecting it with their general
continental system, and giving, instead of one

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

train a day, two trains and sometimes three
trains daily, between San Francisco and
Monterey.

PACIFIC GROVE.

The presiding elders of the San Francisco
Methodist Episcopal Conference having con-
ferred with Mr. Jacks in May, 1875, with
reference to a suitable seaside location for
holding annual camp-meetings, he suggested
the site where the town of Pacific Grove now
stands, and Bishop Feck and other influential
church members, after carefully looking over
the ground, strongly approved the selection,
and urged the brethren to go ahead and pre-
pare for holding camp-meeting there that
same summer, which was done, the people
gathering there in large numbers on the 9th
of August, and continuing religious services
daily for three weeks. Bishop Peck was
present at the commencement, and, with
appropriate ceremonies, dedicated the grounds
as a Christian seaside summer resort, for
which purposes they are still, and doubtless
long will be, devoted. A more detailed
account of the settlement and growth of
Pacific Grove appears elsewhere in this work;
but it is proper also to state briefly here the
honorable and generous connection of David
Jacks with the founding of that town. In
preparing the grounds, erecting buildings,
providing bedding, etc., much labor and ex-
pense was necessary, for which Mr. Jacks
advanced personally about $30,000. During
the next year he expended in improvements
about 13,000, and a camp-meeting was held
that year, and the popularity and fame of the
place as a summer resort, where religious,
social and literary societies could annually
hold their reunions, and where all could find
rest and recreation, and renewal of strength

and health, amidst the pines and along the
sea-shore, have steadily increased from year
to year till the present time. The wisdom
shown by Mr. Jacks, Bishop Peck and others
in selecting this location and in laboring to
build up this beautiful town, has been abund-
antly vindicated by results. A clause in the
deed prohibits gambling and the sale of
spirituous liquors on the grounds in any
form, and this provision has certainly pro-
duced good practical results.

In 1880 Mr. Jacks sold to the Pacific Im-
provement Company, 7,000 acres of land,
namely, "EI Pescadero" and "Punto de Pinos"
ranches, which included the greater portion
of the lands of Pacific Grove retreat that
had not already been disposed of, at the price
of $5 per acre, on which the company, it is
currently reported, has since realized, in the
sale of lots, several hundred thousand dollars.

In 1878, Mr. Jacks turned his attention
again to farming, this time on the "Chnalar"
and "Zanjones" ranchos in Salinas valley,
about ten miles south of Salinas city. Mr.
Jacks was among the first in that section to
inaugurate the policy of leasing lands on
shares, instead of for a fixed cash rent, thus
enabling his tenants to do well — and uftsn
very well — in good years, and to save them-
selves from financial ruin in bad years. The
shares agreed on are usually three-fourths for
the tenant, and one-fourth for the landlord.
This policy works well in the long run for
both parties. By it the farmer in a dry
year is not compelled to see all his crop sacri-
ficed to pay his rent. About 13,000, acres
of these two ranchos are now under cultiva-
tion, one-third of the crops raised latterly
having been wheat, and two-thirds barley.
Mr. Jacks also has about 1,500 acres under
cultivation on the Alisal rancho and lands
adjoining, near Salinas city; here the tenants

MONTEREY, SAN BUNITO, SANTA OBUZ,

receive two-thirds of the crop and the landlord
one-third.

Mr. and Mrs. David Jacks were married
April 20, 1861, at San Luis Obispo. The
maiden name of Mrs. Jacks was Maria
Cristina Soledad Romie; and she was the
daughter of J. F. and Maria A. Frohn
Romie, natives of Germany who came to
Mexico ia 1835. She was born in Oajaca, in
1837, and came with her parents to Monterey
in 1841, and has resided here ever since. She
remembers that while yet quite young,she went
to school here in Monterey, to Doiia Anita,
the wife of one of the Castanares brothers
(probably J. M.), who taught children in
Spanish, to read and write, and also the rudi-
ments of arithmetic, as well as the catechism.
Mrs. Jacks has a vivid recollection of the
events connected with the raising of the
American flag in Monterey in 1846, she then
being about nine years of age. She says she
thouo-ht at the time that the officers and sail-
ors of the American men-of-war, with their
neat, handsome uniforms, presented a fine
appearance, as they marched from the beach
to the "cuartel" in front of the Hartuell
house, where she then happened to be. She
remembers that the sisters, Mrs. Jimeno and
Mrs. Hartnell, were much excited, and as
they embraced each other and cried, she, Mrs.
Jacks (or Maria Romie, for she was only a
little girl then), asked a daughter of Mrs.
Hartnell why her mother and aunt cried
and "took on" so, and the reply was: "The
Americans have come to take our country
from ns!"

. Mrs. Jacks, having been born and raised
in a country where Spanish was almost the
only language used, came to regard that as
her native tongue, as indeed it was; and as
late as the time when she attended the Santa
Clara CoUeo-e, in 1859, she was accustomed

to think in Spanish, and then mentally trans-
lated her thoughts and express them in En-
glish. She soon, however, learned to think
in English, and now is able to talk with
equal facility in Spanish, English and Ger-
man, — the latter being the language of her
parents.

Mr. and Mrs. Jacks have seven children,
live daughters and two sons. Their names
are: Janet, Louise L., William, Mary R.,
Margaret A., Romie C. and Vida G. The
eldest, Janet, was married in April, 1891, to
Allan C. Balch; their home is in Portland,
Oregon. Mrs. Balch graduated at the Uni-
versity of the Pacific, after which she took a
post-graduate course at Cornell University.
Louisa and Mary graduated at Mills Seniii-
ary. William attended the University of the
Pacific three years, and Cornell one yeai'; he
is now studying law at the Harvard Law
School. The three eldest daughters and
William visited the Paris Exposition in 1889
and traveled in Germany, Italy, England and
Scotland; and in 1892 the four eldest daugh-
ters spent the summer in Europe, Mrs. Balch
acting as chaparon. Margaret is now at-
tending the Boston Latin School. Mary
studied music in Boston four years, after
graduating from Mills; and she and Louise
are taking a business-college course in the
same city.

Mr. and Mrs. Jacks have been accustomed
to keep a private teacher in their family for
their younger children, all of whom, as they
grow up, are receiving a thorough education in
the best schools and colleges in the country.

From the foregoing hurried sketch, it is
evident that the Jacks family is endowed
with great force of character. Industry, vir-
tue and religion have been taught by the
parents, both by precept and example; and
the lesson thus taught, in great plainness and

'^A^Y /^ ^^(^^

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

simplicity, has not been lost on the children.
As they have advanced toward maturity,
where each is compelled to act for himself
or herself, they have not lapsed into indolence
and inactivity, but have voluntarily kept up
their pursuit of knowledge, all according
to their several preferences, in order not only
more fully to develop their characters — make
their lives richer — but to better fit them-
selves for greater nsefuluess in life.

Among the many moral and economic
maxims taught and lived by the parents, the
one, perhaps, most clearly enjoined, was, that
it is not enough to teach and preach the right,
but that it is more to the point to do it; or,
expressed in other phrase, it is all very well
and pi-oper, and our duty, to pray that the
Lord will make the world better, but that
we each are under obligation to personally
labor to make it better, i. e., to cooperate,
according to our several capacities, with the
good L'jrd, in practically bringing about
what we pray for. For forty-two years, Mr.
Jacks has assisted (to the extent of from
one-half to three-fourths of the cost of the
same), in maintaining Methodist and Presby-
terian churches in the town of Monterey;
and he has also taught a Sunday-school class
during the same long period. He believes
large organizations, like churches and schools,
are effective agencies for doing good, and
therefore he believes in cooperating with
them in their beneficent labors, in every way
possible.

As has already been said, Mr. Jacks is a
large land owner. In early times in California,
lands outside of towns or settlements were
considered of but comparatively little worth.
They had been used mainly for pastoral pur-
poses; and when their owners had sold off
their stock during the mining era, or it had
died in dry years, as sometimes happened.

they did not care, or perhaps were not able,
to keep their lands and pay taxes on them;
therefore, in many cases, it could be said with
perfect truth for many years, that, with the
exceptions noted above, vast tracts of land
did not have a quotable value; and those
persons of clear heads, who had faith in the
future, and some means, could get lands almost
at their own price; and it is not altogether
fair to attack the tenure of title to land by
contrasting its present with its former market
value. As well mighcthe validity of title be
questioned of lands owned by the Pacific
Improvement Company about Pacific Grove,
by comparing their present market value of
$1,000 or 12,000 per acre with the petty
price the company paid for them only twelve
years ago, of |5 per acre.

As people slowly returned from the mines,
andas the country gradually became more
thickly settled, and as the newcomers learned
something of the wonderful fertility of Cali-
fornia soil, a demand for lands arose, and
very naturally they greatly appreciated in
value.

Of course the lands which Mr. Jacks
bought, or had to take, or was besought to
take, many years ago, are much more valu-
able now than they were then. But it should
be remembered that money at interest, at
the rates current in early times, would have
doubled many times over in the last thirty or
forty years.

In regard to the Monterey pueblo lands,
the simple and indisputable facts of history
seemto be: (1) That the United States Land
Commission confirmed these lands according
to certain metes and bounds, January 22,
1856, and the United States District Court
finally dismissed the appeal, June 6, 1858;
(2) that D. R. Ashley, Esq., was employed
to prosecute, and did successfully prosecute

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

Monterey's title to these lands before the
Land Commission and the United States
Court, whereby the City of Monterey became
indebted to him for such services; (3) that in
order to pay said indebtedness, the trustees,
in accordance with the necessary legal for-
malities, proceeded to sell the pueblo lands
at public auction to the bidder who would
take the least amount of land necessary to
liquidate the then existing indebtedness of
the city, to wit, $991.50, and that the least
amount bid was all of the pueblo lands, for
11,002.50 (indebtedness and fees), and the
same were struck off to D. R. Ashley and
David Jacks; (4) that D. R. Ashley con-
veyed all of his interest in said lands, by deed
of June 28, 1858 (also April 8, 1862, to
quiet title, and September 14, 1868), to
David- Jacks; (5) that the act of the Legisla-
ture of California approved May 11, 1853,
authorized the trustees of Monterey to pay
indebtedness incurred prosecuting title before
the Land Commission and courts of the
United States.

While it is not the function of laymen, or
of the historian, to pretend to adjudicate land
titles, it is competent from the purely his-
torical standpoint, to assume that a theory
based on prinia-facie data is tenable until it
is overthrown. Indeed a contrary assump-
tion would be altogether in admissible. Mr.
Jacks has been in possession of these lands
for some thing like forty years, and his title
to them has never, or not till very recently, been
questioned in t"ie courts. D. R. Ashley,
who conducted the suit before the United
States courts for the confirmation of title,
and who attended to the legal formalities of
their sale at a time when they had but lit-
tle market value was widelyknown, both in
this State and in Nevada, as a very able and
careful and conscientious lawyer. It is

hardly presumable, that, in taking the neces-
sary steps to secure the amount due him for
services rendered to the city of Monterey,
he would neglect any of the formalities or
acts which were required to make the sale
regular and legal. Therefore, until the
courts decide otherwise, it is certainly per-
missible to assume that the prima -facie view
is the true view for laymen to take of this
matter, especially when such eminent lawyers
as Williams and Thornton, McAllister and
Bergin and S. W. Sanderson indorse the valid-
ity of these titles. Citizens may, perhaps,
justly criticise the wisdom of the trustees in
alienating the public lands of the city even
for the pressing purpose of paying its honest
debts, and insist that they ought to have
devised or provided other means, but of
course they were obliged to do as they
could and not as they would.

Large portions of the pueblo lands of San
Jose, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Santa
Barbara, were disposed of many years ago, for
merely nominal considerations, and the tenure
of these lands, now worth millions of dollars,
depends on those sales, the legality of which
has never been attacked. Whether the con-
ditions surrounding those cases were anala-
gous to those of Monterey, or whether the
power of the city authorities to sell was sub-
stantially the same in all these cases or not,
of course are matters for the courts to de-
cide.

In politics Mr. Jacks is a Republican , and
in religion a Scotch Presbyterian, although
he has affiliated and earnestly labored with
other protestant denominations besides the
Presbyterians, especially with the Methodists.

John Frederick Romie and wife, and two
sons, came to Mexico from Hamburg, Ger-
many, in about the year 1835. They
lived several years in Oajaca, where their

AND SAN MATEO COUN/IBS.

349

daughter Maria, now Mrs. David Jacks,
was born. They afterward traveled through
the city of Mexico to Guadalajara, and
to Tepic, where Mr. Romie followed his
business of tailoring with success till 1841.
While living at Topic, the party which had
been expelled from California (the Graham
party) arrived there, and its members told
them much about California, its climate, etc.,
painting the natural attractions of the
country in bright colors and assuring them
that they could get all the land they wanted
for the asking. But the consideration which
determined them to come to California was
the health of their eldest son Ernest, who,
the doctors insisted, must go to a cooler
climate. So that same year, 1841, they came
by way of San Bias, in the vessel Gertrudez^
to California, landing at Monterey, where
they became permanent settlers. Here Mr.
Romie followed his tailoring business, having
brought cloths with him from Germany to
Mexico, and thence to Monterey. Com-
petent tailors were scarce here and he did a
good business as cutter, etc., hiring men to
do the sewing. After the discovery of gold,
Mr. Romie went to the mines. He died at
Placerville, in 1850. Mrs. Romie, whose
maiden uame was Maria A. Frohn, was
born in Hamburg, in 1801. She died in
Monterey at the home of her daughter, Mrs.
Jacks, March 5, 1886, at the age of eighty-
five years. The sons of Mr. and Mrs. Romie
are: Fred Ernest, who resides in San Fran-
cisco; Charles T., of Soledad; and Paul T.,
of Salinas.

'■■' ■^ ; ■ ■! '>—

fA. SCHOLEFIELD, the greatest skep-
tic in the county, could not doubt the
* adaptability of the section of country
about Hollister for fruit-growing purposes

after paying a visit to Bonnie Brae farm,
which lies across the San Benito river, two
and one half miles west of Hollister. The
owners of this now celebrated property are
Messrs. Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, of
New York and San Francisco. ,

Previously to 1888, the firm owned prop-
erty in Santa Clara county, but having sold
it they must needs look about the State to
find another location suitable for horticultural
purposes, but where land could be purchased
at a low figure. Their attention having been
called to San Benito county, the firm sent
hither the superintendent of their Santa
Clara ranch, Mr. J. A. Scholefield, the subject
of this sketch, who made a thorough ex-
amination of the Hollister valley as a whole,
and this property in particular, with regard
to the probable successful cultivation of fruit.
He tested the soil, obtained statistics as re-
gards rainfall; summer and winter tempera-
ture, etc , and finally reported to the company,
that although fruit trees had never been
planted in the locality, that the soil and cli-
mate were eminently adapted for horticulture,
and he was convinced that fruit trees would
thrive and bear as well here as in any portion
of California. His report was accepted, and
what was known as the McCroskey ranch, of
365 acres, was purchased. The work of prcr
paring the ground commenced at once. On
February 7, the work of laying off the ground
was begun, and by March 1 about 10,000
trees were planted, finished just before the
heavy rain of the season. Twenty acres of
apricots (Moorpark and Eemskirk), five acres
of peaches (Foster, Newhall, Salway and
Muir), ten acres of Bartlett pears, two acres
of cherries (Black Tartarean, Royal Ann,
Governor Wood and Rockport Bigarreau),
ten acres of apples (Rhode Island greening,
Violet, Baldwin and Newtown pippin), 500

MONTEREY, 8 AN BENITO, SANTA ORUZ,

silver prunes, 100 Adriatic figs, twenty acres
of French prunes, twenty-five Pragparturiens
walnuts and 700 Ficholine olives, were
planted; also fifteen acres of wine grapes,
seven and one-half acres each of the Cabernet
Francand Carrignane varieties. The second
year the planting continued, until there are
now 150 acres planted. Tlie place contains
now: 2,500 aprict)t trees, 750 peach, 1,500
pear, 300 cherries, 1,500 apple, 1,000 silver
prune, 2,500 French prnne, 500 plum prune,
600 almond, 1,000 walnut, 300 pecan, 150
iig, 250 chestnut, 800 olive.

The growth of the young trees, all of
which are, as any one who is initiated will re-
cognize, very choice and each a staple fruit.
Being very much rushed, the care bestowed
on the young orchard was only common,
nothing scientific, though thorough. Yet
the result has been marvelous. While in
many localities of the State the percentage
of loss of yonng trees was heavy, Bonnie
Brae farm lost less than three-fourths of one
per cent the first season. The young trees
have been pruned and repruned, so rapidly
has the new wood grown. Though not quite
three years old, at the present time (1892)
the orchard has the appearance of being al-
most twice that age. As a two-year old, it
bore heavily, Mr. Scholefield being obliged
to pick off a large amont of fruit in order
to save the young trees. This coming season
the orchard will be four years old and much
of the fruit will be allowed to remain on the
trees and ripen.

This orchard, the first one of any extent
in the valley, has proven beyond a doubt how
fully this country meets all the i-equirements
of a fruit-producing region. The orchard is
situated in the San Juan valley, which belongs
largely to Dr. Thomas Flint, who is subdivid-
ing it and putting it on sale. As yet, fruit-

growing there is but an infant industry, and
is just emerging, as it were, from an experi-
mental period. San Benito county is now
able to take its stand among the other fruit-
producing counties of the State, and will aid
them in meeting the constantly increasing
demand for California fruit, — a demand that
is increasing marvelously, not only in Amer-
ica, but in all civilized countries where frnits,
preserved and dried, are coming to be re-
garded, not so much as luxuries, but as ne-
cessities. In a year or two, Bonnie Brae
farm will add its quota to the tons of fruit
that are being shipped from Central Cali-
fornia.

Besides horticulture, Bonnie Brae farm
is also devoted largely to fine stock, there
being on it a herd of about fifty thorough-
bred Holstein cattle, the original stock
of which was imported from Pennsyl-
vania, and the bull at the head of the herd
from New York. At the recent annual State
fair, at Sacramento, the herd had four entries,
secured one first and two second premiums.
It also has one of the finest poultry yards in
this section of the State, including the high-
est grade of domestic fowls.

The able superintendent of this vast enter-
prise is J. A. Scholefield, the subject of this
sketch. Mr. Scholefield is a native of Ger-
many, and came to America in 1866, when
only seventeen years of age, having been born
November 18, 1848. His father, M. H.
Scholefield, was a wholesale merchant in
the city of Hamburg.

Our subject was very poor when he landed
in America, but possessed one faculty that
eventually was of more benefit to him than
mere riches would have been, that of cultivat-
ing and caring for fruits and plants. He
had studied and labored in the field of scien-
tific horticulture from his youth up, and

AND SAN MATMO COUNTIES.

located in Grundy county, Iowa, where he re-
mained for about fifteen years. In 1882 he
came to California to take charge of a ranch
for John Campbell, in Santa Clara county.

Mr. Scholefield was married in Indiana, in
1888, to Miss Celia Zimmerman, a native of
Ohio, and two children have been born to
them, namely: Crighton W. and Arthur H.

fAMUEL BLACK, a repected citizen of
Castroville, has been a resident of Cali-
fornia, since 1868.
He is a native of Indiana, born in Posey
county, January 15, 1821. His father, James
Black, was a native of JNorth Carolina, and a
pioneer of Indiana, having located in Posey
county at an early day, where he lived and
died. He was a miller by trade and occupa-
tion, and built one of the first grist mills in
Southern Indiana. Samuel Black was there-
fore reared a miller. In March, 1846, he
was united in marriage with Nancy A. Stall-
ing, a native of Indiana.

The earlier years of his life Mr. Black de-
voted to milling in Indiana. In 1863 he
came to California. He engaged in the mill-
ing business at Los Gates until 1869. He
was also at Soquel, Merced Falls and So-
noma. Then he came to Castroville, and has
since resided here. He and his son, Victor
D., purchased the Castroville mills in 1880,
of Mr. George Chalmers, and in 1887 sold
the same to the Central Milling Coinpmy.
The machinery was soon removed therefrom,
and Mr Black repurchased the building an d
ground. He has introduced a barley-crush-
ing mill into the building, g,nd propels the
same with a gasoline engine, the first engine
of the kind used for a like purpose in Monte-
rey county.

Following are the children born to Mr.
and Mrs. Black, three of whom are living:
H. C, born May 18, 1848, now of Oakland;
Julius, born May 1, 1850, died July 10,
1852; Julia A., born January 20, 1853, was
married June 1, 1870, to Professor J. G.
Kennedy, of San Francisco. She died Janu-
ary 14, 1874, leaving one daughter, Julia
May, born January 7, 1874. Victor D., born
August 11, 1855, is superintendent for the
Central Milling Company, at Salinas; Esther,
born April 14, 1858, is now Mrs. J. R. Cran-
dall, of 46 Liberty street, San Francisco.

Mr. and Mrs. Black are among the most
highly respected people of Monterey county,
and live in comparative retirement at Cas-
troville.

fG. HARDAVICK, a resident of Pai-
cines and a pioneer of the Golden
* State, is well known in the agricultural
and political circles of San Benito county.
He came to California in 1853 from Edgar
county, Illinois, crossing the plains with a
regulation, early-time, overland outfit, and
coming over the mountains via the northern
route.

Mr. Hard wick was born in Greenup county,
Kentucky, April 20, 1835. His father, J. W.
Hardwick, a farmer and stock-raiser, came to
California in 1850; merchandised at Coloma
and Plaeerville, and returned East in 1851
for his family. In 1853 he brought his family
to California, located in Eagle Gulch, Plumas
county, and transferred his business to that
point. Two ye^rs later he moved to Santa
Clara to educate his children, and bought a
ranch near San Jos6. In 1872 he came to
San Benito county, lived two years on Tres
Pinos creek and then settled in HoUister,
where he died in 1878. Of his six children.

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

t'onr are living, viz.: Lucinda, wife of G. W.
Moody; J. S., of Virginia City, -Nevada; J.
H., of Helena, Montana; and N. G. His
wife, nee Lovey Pugli, a native of Virginia,
died in Hollister in 1877.

N. G. Hardwiek has been a life-long farmer
and stock-raiser. His home farm consists of
200 acres, and is located on Tres Finos creek;

Mr. Hardwiek was married at San Jose,
January 1, 1867, to Miss Mary Dean, a na-
tive of Illinois, and a daughter of Isaac Dean.
They have five children; John W., Effio J..
Matilda M., Charles N. and Howard H.

^AVENFORT BKOMFIELD, Esq., of
Kedwood City, California, has been a
resident of this State since 1883. He
is a native of Australia, born in 1862, son
of James A. Bromtield, a chemist.

Mr. Bromtield served a four years' ap-
prenticeship as a Civil Engineer, and thor-
oughly prepared himself for the profession
he had chosen. He served two years as
Deputy County Surveyor of San Francisco
under George Rogers; was subsequently em-
ployed by the Southern Pacific Railroad Com
pany, as Civil Engineer, and in 1890 was
elected County Surveyor of San Mateo county.
The latter position he is at present occupying.
In 1879, previous to his coming to Califor-
nia, he was united in marriage with Mary
Ware, by whom he has two sons and two
daughters.

— - — M. R. PARKER is a native of Bos-
ton, Massachusetts, born Novem-
i** ber 15, 1837. He availed himself
of the educational advantages for which that

city is celebrated, attending the Quincy
grammar school and the English high
school, and graduating at both. Before
reaching his majority he was employed in
a commercial house, acting as clerk.

In 1856 he resolved to visit California,
and, directing his steps hither, he arrived
in San Francisco, where he remained for two
years, employed in surveying. He then
drifted up to Colusa county, laid out the
town of Princeton, being one of its orig-
inal founders, and opened a general store there.
He continued in this business till the fall of
1858. Looking about for a suitable location,
he found himself in Sonoma county, where
he taught school on Mark West creek till
the latter part of 1861. His next move was
to Monterey county, in January, 1862.
Here he engaged in farming, putting in a
crop on what is now known as the Beet
ranch, near Castroville. Mr. Parker had
proved himself capable and able to follow
almost any useful pursuit, his versatility
being early recognized in Monterey county,
and he turned from farming to enter the
office of the County Clerk as Deputy, in
November, 1862, under George W. Bird.
The latter however, failed to qualify on his
re-election, and Mr. Parker was appointed
County Clerk in March, 1864, holding the
office till March, 1868. Next he was ap-
pointed Under Sheriff to Thomas Watson,
serving in that capacity from 1868 to 1870.
He left his previous employment at the call
of the people to serve four years as County
Clerk, his term of office expiring in 1874.
At this time the county was divided (San
Benito county being organized), and Gover-
nor Booth appointed him County and Probate
Judge, which office he tilled two years.
Since then he has resided in Salinas, and
devoted himself exclusively to the practice

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

of law, having been associated with Hon. N.
A. Dorn from 1878 till January, 1881.

He was married in 1863, to Miss Lola Dutro,
of Monterey, and their union is blessed with
nine children.

In his law practice, Judge Parker makes a
specialty of the land business. His knowl-
edge of the Spanish language, of the intrica-
cies of the old Spanish boundaries, together
with a thorough understanding of the Span-
ish system of Jurisprudence, have caused him
to be regarded as the most accomplished
authority on land titles in this part of Cali-
fornia; hence his services in this depart-
ment are much sought after.

l^HILIP OYER, Esq., one of the most
^^: worthy citizens of Pacific Grove, has
^k been a resident of the State of Califor-
nia since 1851, having come from Jackson
county,' town of Springport, Michigan, He
is a native of Cayuga county, JMew York,
and was born in the town of Genoa, August
11, 1834. His father (Philip Oyer) was born
in Pennsylvania, of German parents, and he
was by trade and occupation a stone-mason.
His mother was also of German descent, and
a native of the same place, her maiden name
being Sarah Wagner, Mr. and Mrs. Oyer
were blessed with eight children, our subject
being the youngest child.

Mr. Oyer's route overland to California
was by way of the Carson river, and upon
his arrival in the State, he like many others
engaged in mining in Yuba and Placer
counties, in which he had varied successes
and failures. He then went into the logging
business in El Dorado county, and furnished
large quantities of pine and cedar logs for
local mining and building purposes.

In 1859 he removed to Nevada, where he
engaged in freighting wood, quartz, etc., in
the mining regions of this State. He also
embarked in the butchering business, and
supplied Carson City and Virginia City with
their meats, controlling the wholesale trade of
those lively mining centers. He also engaged
in the sheep-raising business on an extensive
scale, and owned large herds numbering as
high as 11,000 head.'

In 1864 he engaged in the same line of
business in Fresno and Sacramento counties,
on equally as large a scale for five years, when
he shifted his base of business to New Mex-
ico, where he is still largely interested in
cattle.

Mr. Oyer was married June 21, 1876, to
Miss Caroline Stolts. a native of California,
and a daughter of Herman Stolts, a farmer
of Sacramento county. She is, like her hus-
band, of German descent. They have four
children, namely: Daisy, born December 3,
1877; Frank, born January 25,1880; Philip,
born December 9, 1881, and "William, born
December 25, 1886.

Mr. Oyer removed with his family to Pa-
cific Grove, and there permanently located in
1887, where he erected one of the most at-
tractive homes in the city of beautiful cot-
tages by the sea. He has been and is still
engaged in the lumbering business. Has
invested liberally in local realty and takes a
pride in the beauty and growth of the town
of his adoption. The adjoining town of
New Monterey is likewise receiving the bene-
fit of his business push and enterprise, where
he in partnership with Mr. K. L. Holman is
erecting a substantial and attractive public
house at a large expense, which is located on
one of the most sightly eminences of the
town overlooking the lovely bay of Monte-
rey.

MONTEREY, SAH BENITO, SANTA CRVZ,

Mr. Oyer takes a becoming interest in the-
civil affairs of his locality, and is always
found on the side of progress and good gov-
ernment.

fOSEPH A. EICHARDSON was born
in Monterey, California, in 1847. Will-
iam B. Richardson, his father, came
from Maryland to California as early as 1830,
locating in the town of Monterey. Here he
wedded Josefa Soberanes, a daughter of one
of the distinguished early citizens of this
coast. She is still living and is now in her.
eightieth year. Joseph A. was reared in his
native town and educated in her schools.
He has made his home in or near Soledad
for many years, a portion of the time engaged
in ranching. He is now occupied in the
harness-making business in Soledad.

fGNACIO P. VILLEGAS.— The sub-
ject of this sketch is a native of Lower
California, having been born near Cape
St. Lucas, October 3, 1848. His father,
Francis Villegas, was born in Mexico, but
took up his residence in Alta California
in 1848.

Tgnacio was reared a vicurio and from
1849 to 1874 his parents lived in Monterey
on the Pacheco ranch, and later on the Los
de Paicenes and also at San Juan. Mr. Ville-
gas followed the life of a vicurio until 1868,
excepting the year 1858, which he spent in
the mines of California. He received a liberal
education at the Santa Clara College, where
he studied telegraphy and since then has
been in the employ of the Southern Pacific
Raili;oad Company, with the exception of

two years. He located at Soledad, May 15,
1876.

He married at San Juan, in 1871, Miss
Gandalupe Salgardo, a lady of California
birth. She died in 1887, at Soledad, leaving
a family of two daughters and live sons.

Mr. Villegas is highly esteemed for his
sterling traits of character, and is regarded
by the railroad company that employs him as
an astute and faithful employee.

HN T. PREWETT, a successful farmer
md one of the pioneers of Bear Valley,
San Benito county, California, is a na-
tive of Missouri, born in Cass county, De-
cember 17, 1840. Samuel Prewett, his
father, a farmer by occupation, was a native
of Whitney county, Kentucky, and his mother
was of Kentucky birth. Of their five chil-
dren, John was the second born and is one of
the two now living, his sister, Sarah, being
the wife of Andrew Irwin of Bear Valley.

John T. Prewett located in Bear Valley in
1871. He is well known throughout San
Benito county as an aggressive and enterpris.-
ing farmer, and by dint of his industry and
business tact he has here developed a good
farm and tine estate, having about 1,100
acres.

He introduced into San Benito county the
first sawmill, in 1878; and in 1891 intro-
duced the first successful traction engine.

He was married December 19, 1860, in
Cass county, Missouri, to Miss Elizabeth J.
Rayburn, daughter of Alexander R. Rayburn,
who was a native of Virginia. They had
known each other from childhood, having at-
tended the same school together. His father
crossed the plains to California, in 1849,
making the journey with ox teams. He first

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

255

in mining at Georgetown, El Dorado
county, and subsequently turned his attention
to farming in Sonoma county. Mr. and Mrs.
Frewett have five children: Nellie E., Mar-
garet B., Lizzie, Ray and Lena.

fELIPE N. GOMEZ, Esq., is a well-
known citizen of Monterey, because of
the active part he has taken in its
business and civil development and of the
historic prominence of his family in the
State.

His father, Eafael Gomez, was one of the
conspicuous figures in California's Mexican
history; coming to California from Mexico
in 1830. Being an able and eminent lawyer
he was sent as an advisor of Governor Manuel
Victoria, Commander-in-Chief of tlie Mexican
forces, and Mexican Governor of California
during the year 1831.

Victoria was an honest and an energetic
officer, as well as aggressive, yet well mean-
ing in the enforcement of the rules of good
government. Disregarding the counsel of his
friends, he made frequent short-cuts to justice
by military methods, thereby exciting the
people to revolution. His rule was there-
fore decisive and brief, and, in 1882, he left
the country in evident disgust. Gomez,
however, had the respect and confidence of
all law-abiding people and he remained in
the State.

His official acts were later passed upon
and approved by the then home government
at the city of Mexico.

In 1831 he was grantee of the ranche
Santa Rosa. He was a supporter of
Figueroa's government, but resigned this
position; and, in 1834, he was granted the
Tularcitos ranche, and held local offices in

Monterey in 1835 and '36. He was also
appointed Governinent Agent to Mexico,
which honor he declined.

He married, March 7, 1831, Josefa Estrada,
to whom were born Felipe, the subject of
this sketch; a daughter, Ysibela; and Juan,
a prominent business man of San Francisco.

Mr. Gomez lost his life in 1838, by an
accident, being entangled in a lareta while
looking after his stock on the Tularcitos
ranche in Monterey county. He was born
in the State of Jalisco, Mexico ; was of Spanish
decent, and a man of broad intelligence, a
lawyer of fine legal ability, and possessed
of a kind heart. His wife, Josefa Estrada,
was a daughter of Mariano Estrada, a
Lieutenant of Mexican Artillery, who was born
at Loreto, Mexico, 1784, and came to Cali-
fornia in 1797 with Arrillaga as Alferez of
Monterey, which position he held for ten
years, being Habilitado most of the time.
He was granted the Buena Vista ranche for
his efficient services as a soldier, military and
civil officer, retiring from the public service
in 1829. He was one of the most respected
and influential men in northern California.

Felipe Gomez is a prominent citizen of
Monterey, and inherits many of the excellent
traits of his illustrious father's character. He
was born at Monterey, California, May 25,
1832, and was educated at a Latin college in
Guadalajara, Mexico, taking a classical and
physiological course of study, receiving his
diploma in 1848. He then returned to
Monterey, where he has ever since resided.
On December 12, 1870, he received the
appointment of Postmaster at Monterey
from Postmaster-General Creswell. He was
again appointed to the same office, January 2,
by President Chester A. Arthur, and held
this position until the expiration of the term,
April 4, 1887, when he turned it over to Ed

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, 8 ANT A CRUZ,

Ingraham, Esq. Mr. Gomez was appointed
Notaiy Public in and for the county of Mon-
terey, by Governor Newton Booth, May 20,
1874. He was married February 5, I860,
at Monterey, to Refugio, daughter of H.
Sanchez, Esq., and they are the parents of
the following children:

Josefa, married in Santa Cruz; Coucepcion
and Alex, (deceased), Mariana, Adelaida,
Martha, Mary Y., Amelia (deceased), Charles,
(married), Frank and Julio M.

Mr. Gomez is an active man of affairs,
strictly honorable and just in all his business
dealings, and owns a line ranche near Pacific
Grove, besides his city property in Mon-
terey.

H. SLAVEN, one of the leading citi-
zens of San Benito county, post office
" Faicines, is identified with both the
farming and banking interests of the county,
and for many years has also been prominently
connected with educational affairs.

Mr. Slaven was born in Erie county. New
York, October 21, 1837, on the farm where
he S])ent his boyhood and youth. His parents,
F. and Eliza (Walsh) Slaven, were natives of
Long Island, New York, and Westchester
county, that State, respectively. They had a
family of ten sons and one daughter. Owing
to ill health, the subject of our sketch aban-
doned farming and engaged in teaching
school. He made four trips to California at
various times. His fifst journey was in
1866, via Panama. Here he continued teach-
ing until 1882. He holds a life certificate to
teach in this State. For a number of years
he has been, and is still, a member of the
County Board of Education, having always
shown a keen interest in educational matters.
Of late years he has been successfully en-

in farming. He owns a fine farm in
San Benito county, his present home, and
has landed interests in San Joaquin county.
He is also interested in banking, being vice-
president of the Farmers & Merchants' Bank
of Hollister, one of the wealthiest financial
institutions in California.

Mr. Slaven was married June 7, 1859, to
Miss Ellen Marr, a native of Boston, and a
daughter of John Marr. They have six
children: Thomas, Ellen, Isaac, Eliza, Ed-
ward and James. Ellen is the wife of E.
Chamberlain and lives in New York city.

f HO MAS WATSON, a leading citizen
of Monterey county, and an esteemed
rancher of Corral de Tierra, is a native
of Monterey, born June 14, 1834.

His father, James Watson, was known also
as Santiago, the Spanish for St. James, often
by Spanish-speaking Californians so-called.
He was one of the most prominent citizens of
Monterey in his day. He was an Englishman
by birth, and came to this country as a sailor
on a trading vessel. He left his ship at Santa
Barbara, and came to Monterey by land as
early as 1823. Here he located and engaged
in merchandising, becoming identified with
local public matters. He wasone of about fifty
citizens to organize a compania estranjera
(meaning company of strangers) for the de-
fense of Monterey against forces from the
interior, when, in 1832, the country was in a
state of warfare. In 1834 he married Mariana
Escamilla, by whom he had eight children.
The year previous to his marriage he was
naturalized, and afterward was often a mem-
ber of the local legislature of Monterey.
Hon. Thomas Larkin writes of him as "an
educated, unambitious, honest man, not in-

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

clined to politics." He amassed a fortune.
He bore the reputation of being a generous,
open-hearted man; was a genial companion,
and was ever true to his friends. In 1850
he bought the San Benito rancho, consisting
of a league and a half, and located with his
family on the same. He was financially
ruined by the drought of 1863, and died the
following year. Mariana, his faithful con-
sort, was a daughter of Thomas Escamiila, a
Spanish soldier, who came to Mexico when
that country was under Spanish rule, and
there married a lady of Mexican birth. He
was a soldier at the old Mission Dolores, San
Francisco, and at that place his daughter
Mariana was born. He finally retired from
the army and removed to Monterey, where
he died, leaving three sons and two daugh-
ters. To James Watson and his wife were
born the following named children: Frances,
in 1830; Catalina, in 1838; Thomas, June
14, 1834; David, in 1836; and Adolph,
Marignacia, Narcisa and Anitas, all but one
living at this date.

Thomas Watson, tbe subject of this sketch,
was educated in Monterey, and for many
years followed the occupation of cattle-buyer.
He later engaged in the butchering business,
in which he was very successful. He served
the people of Monterey county as Sheriff four
successive terms, commencing in 1866, and
voluntarily relinquished his hold to the office.
Of recent years, although repeatedly urged
to take a seat on the county board of Super-
visors, he has witliheld from shouldering
public responsibility.

In 1855 he married Miss Louisa Moreno,
a member of one of the old families of Cali-
fornia. Santiago Moreno, her father, lived
at Monterey and afterward at Salinas, she be-
ing born at the latter place. Mr. and Mrs.
Watson have ten children, the youngest at

this writing (1892) being eleven years of age.
Their home place consists of a fine ranch of
800 acres, utilized as a dairy and cattle ranch.
There is probably not a man in Monterey
who is more popular with the masses, and
who as a business man and citizen bears a
more honorable name than Thomas Watson,
Esq., of Corral de Tierra.

-^^^-/^^'^^^^^

fOSEPH SCHULTE, Jr., a success-
ful merchant and esteemed citizen
of Monterey, is a native of Rome,
Oneida county, New York, born June 28,
1851. He is of German parentage, his
father, also Joseph, having been born in
Prussia, GermaTiy. He came to JSTew York
State, where he lived about five years, and
then removed to Canada, but not being satis-
fied there, he came to California with his
family in 1873. He is a merchant tailor by
trade and conducts a thriving business on
Alvarado street, Monterey. His wife, Mary
Fraver, likewise of Prussian birth, bore him
four children, of whom two are now living,
our subject and a sister, Mrs. Henneken,
of Montei-ey.

Mr. Schulte received his primary educa-
tion in the public schools of Canada and
afterward attended a convent school for six
years, studying one year for the priesthood,
but during that time became convinced that
clerical life was not suited to him. He
abandoned the study of theology, joining his
parents on their farm, where he engaged in
farming in Norfolk county, Canada, for some
time. He later acquired the blacksmith
trade, and afterward thoroughly acquired the
watchmaking and jewelers' business. He
came with his parents to California in 1873.
They all pursued farming for about five

258

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA GRUZ,

years in the town of Vallejo, Solano county.
Our subject tired of agricultural life, so, after
three years of indifferent mining in Shasta
county, near Igo, he resumed his trade as a
journeyman and traveled for three years
more. He located in Monterey in 1885,
opened a jewelry store, and has, from that
date, been prospered financially and socially.

Mr. Schulte was married at Monterey
January 13, 1885, to Miss Eloisa Grutierrez,
born December 1, 1866, daughter of Joaquin
Gutierrez, who, in his day, was one of the
most respected citizens of his State and town.
He came to Monterey as early as 1831, from
Mexico, on a ship under the command of
Captain Juan Malarin. He was a native of
Spain, and was an honorable, intelligent
gentleman, who became connected with the
history and military government of Monterey,
commanding the esteem and confidence of
all the military officers and governors of Cali-
fornia. Upon his retirement from public
life, he lived in independence until his death,
which occurred December 1, 1872. He
married, in Monterey, Donna Josepha Escobar,
daughter of Don Marcelino Escobar, an early
influential Spanish resident of Monterey, and
in 1833, its Alcalde. He had fifteen children,
twelve of whom are still living.

One daughter has been born to Mr. and
Mrs. Schulte, Octoljer 25, 1885, and the fair
young child died the following December,
less than two months after its birth.

Mr. Schulte is one of Monterey's most
successful business men, and is a member of
the local board of trade. As a citizen, he is
enterprising and universally popular. Fra-
ternally, he has more than a local reputation,
as he is a foremost and important member of
Chosen friends, and has filled some of its
most important offices; he is the originator
of the Y. M. I., No. 57, of Monterey; was its

first delegate to the fourth Grand Council,
and was there appointed one of its Grand
officers. He has since represented his society
at the sixth and seventh Grand Councils, con-
vened respectively in San Francisco and
Watsonville in 1890 and 1891. He is a
member of Institute, No. 109, of San Fran-
cisco, and was appointed Grand Deputy for
Salinas, where he lias organized No. 88 of
that city; also, he was the first delegate to
the Grand Council of Chosen Friends, April
12 to 16, San Francisco, Cal.

It is such men as Mr. Schulte that every
prosperous city needs, and his energy and
good citizenship are a credit to Monterey.

fAMES B. SNIVELY, one of the repre-
sentative men of Monterey, was born
near Buffalo, New York, October 21,
1835. He enlisted in the Thirty-Eighth
Illinois Infantry, August, 1861, and served
three years; being mustered out at At-
lanta, Georgia, October, 1864. The rigors
of a soldier's life had left him an invalid; so
he resolved to seek a more congenial climate,
and, as California seemed to promise such a
climate, he emigrated to this State, arriving
in 1868, and the following year engaged in
the lumber business with Capt. T. G. Lam-
bert.

In 1873, he was appointed Wells, Fargo
and Company's agent at Monterey, and has
held that and the Western Union Telegraph
office ever since.

He was the first president of the Board of
City Trustees under the new incorporation.
He is connected socially with the G. A. R.,
I. O. O. F. and F. & A. M.

He has two brothers, Richard and Daniel,
the former a successful dairyman and fruit-

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

grower in the Carmel valley, ten miles from
Monterey, who arrived in California in 1863.
The latter brotlier, Daniel, is a successful
fruitgrower in Santa Clara county, having
come to the State in 1868.

Mr. Snively is a highly respected gentleman
and faithful employe of the company whom
lie has served for so many years.

fW. STEDMAN, the subject of this
sketch, was born fifty-two years ago,
® in Cortland, New York, from New
England stock. He came to California in
the year 1858, and first settled in Marin
county, where he engaged in dairying. From
there he went to Contra Costa county, where
he followed stock-raising and butchering;
thence to Solano county, where he engaged in
butchering and merchandising; thence, in
1869, to his present place of residence, Qui-
nado Canon, about six miles from Kings City,
Monterey county. Here he has engaged in
various pursuits, keeping a feed yard and
boarding-house, and doing a blacksmith busi-
ness, and drifting eventually to farming and
stock-raising, in which he has been eminently
successful. The soil in this vicinity is espe-
cially adapted for grain culture and fruit, and
the wheat he raises is classed as A No. 1 Mill-
ing. He owns 760 acres of land, but farms
several hundred acres more belonging to
other parties.

Mr. Stedman married Miss Griselda A.
Bradlej', of Sebastopol, Sonoma county, Cali-
fornia, October 21, 1873. The result of this
union is five sons and one daughter, namely:
Alvirus, born in 1874; Maud, 1876; Albert
C, 1878; Walter Scott, 1881; Ray Bradley,
1886; and Jack, 1890.

Mr. Stedman has held the office of Clerk

of the Board of School Trustees, and Justice
of the Peace for many years. In the year
1879 he was nominated for Sheriff" on the
New Constitution ticket. The ticket, being a
side issue, was defeated.

He is a cousin of H. D. Coggswell, of
San Francisco, James P. Coggswell, of Oak-
land, and William Coggswell, the artist and
owner of the celebrated Madraville mines.
Personally, Mr. Stedman is large, muscular,
of good presence, and stands high for his in-
tegrity in the community in which he lives.

fAPTAm THOMAS GRAFTON LAM-
BERT. — There are few names more
familiar to the people of Monterey and
adjoining counties than that of Captain Lam-
bert. He belongs to a class of sturdy pio-
neers who came to California at a time when
her future was very uncertain. It was be-
fore her mineral wealth had been developed
or even discovered. The American flag had
only a few months waved on the shoi-es of
the California coast. Her constitution had
not yet been formed, and her individuality as
a State of the Uuion was as yet unestab-
lished. There are now comparatively few men
living who took a part in those early-day
scenes and events o'f California's infancy, and
it is therefore fitting and profitable that ap-
propriate and becoming note be made on the
pages of history, touching the influences
which directed the path of the men whose
mature lives have made the past history of
this coast.

Captain Lambert is a native of the Old
Colony State of Massachusetts, born in Dukes
county, January 10, 1826. His father, Thomas
H. Lambert, was of New England ancestry,
which dates back to 1662, when the founder

MONTE RET, SAN BENITO, SANTA GRUZ,

of the family emigrated from England. His
mother, Lydia West, was likewise of English
extraction and a member of an old Massachu-
setts family. Thomas H. Lambert was a man
of affairs. He served the public as Sheriff of
Dukes county thirty- nine consecutive years.
He was a man of intrepidity, undaunted
courage and cool judgment, and left to his
posterity a most honorable name.

Of his family, which consisted of three
sons and seven daughters. Captain Lambert
is the oldest, and the lirst one to leave his na-
tive State and deal in the uncertainties of life
in the then almost limitless AVest. He had re-
ceived a good common-school education in his
native county, and inherited a strong constitu-
tion and many of the pronounced qualities of
his sturdy father, and had developed a vigor-
ous intellect. As opening the way to the
gratification of a desire he had always felt for
travel and seeing the outside world, he at
the age of twenty- one years went to sea. He
shipped on a New Bedford whaling vessel, the
John Cogswell, and reached the Pacific coast
in 1847. He remained on the coast, with
but two brief interruptions, up to 1855, from
which date he made the post of San Fran-
cisco his point of departure and return, and
up to the year 1869 engaged in no other busi-
ness than that of a mariner. From 1855 to
the close of his life on the seas he was master
of a ship, during which time he visited
all the ports of the west coast, and likewise
most of the seaports from Cape Horn to
Southern China. His numerous and extended
cruises took him from time to time to all the
various important islands of the Pacific, and
he captured whales in every sea and clime
where they have been pursued by man.

In 1879 he abandoned the seas, located at
Monterey, and established himself in the lum-
ber trade,in which business he still continues.

No citizen has become more thoroughly
identified with the material interests of this
section of California business, civil and social,
than Captain Lambert. Typically a business
man, he has aimed to confine his energies in
strictly business channels.

In political matters, he has been in a meas-
ure aggressive. A Kepublican in principle
and action, he has persistently worked for and
with his party, and, being a man of methods,
broad information and forcible argument, has
done liis party valuable service. He has never
sought political favors and never willingly be-
came a candidate for any office. He was,
without his own effort, nominated and elected
to the oSice of Justice of the Peace of Mon-
terey in 1878, and held the office for six
years. The promptness and efficiency with
which he administered justice is well known
to be beyond reproach, and needs no com-
ment.

Fraternally, Captain Lambert is a promi-
nent figure on the coast. He was initiated
an Apprentice in the order of Free and Ac-
cepted Masons May 5, 1862; has passed the
various degrees of the order to the Knight-
hood, and is a member of the Watsonville
Commandery of Knights Templar. He has
for some years been a member of the Masonic
Veterans' Association, and is now its efficient
first Vice-President. He has served the order
as a Master Mason since November 4, 1862,
a period of almost thirty years.

Captain Lambert is a public-spirited and
patriotic citizen. He inherited a love of
liberty in its broadest sense, and in early life
became imbued with the western spirit of
progress. He is versatile in conversation,
genial and courteous in manner, and eloquent
as a public speaker. Not infrequently is he
called upon to do the honors of public occa-
sions, such as in the course of events naturally

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

take place in dignified and historic Monterey.
It is such men as Captain Thomas G. Lam-
bert who have laid the foundation of empire
in the Golden West, have remained with it,
fostering its interests, and must soon leave it
as a proud heritage to the coming genera-
tions.

fOHN TOMAS is a fair representative
of a class of men who have paved their
own way over rugged paths to success.
He is a resident farmer of San Benito county,
coming to California with his parents in
1853. He was born October 28, 1843, and
hiB fatlier was Massey Tomas. Upon arrival
in California he, father of our subject, located
at Gilroy, Santa Clara county. He had first
come to California to the mines in 1849, but
returned to Missouri and brought the family,
four years later, consisting of seven sons and
one daughter and his wife.

John Tomas is one of twins and the fourth
in the family. He received a liberal education
in Santa Clara county and grew up a farmer
and stock-raiser, coming to San Benito county
in 1870, where he took up a squatter's claim
of government land on San Benito creek. He
has acquired the title to his first claim and
has added to it until he now has 1,000 acres
of tillable and grazing land. Before he was
twenty-one he went to Arizona, in the fall of
1863, and there washed his first gold dust
and assisted in killing his first Apaches. He
traveled and prospected two years in that
healthful zone; was one of a company of 100
men who elected Colonel Ring S. Wollsey,
their commander, the purpose of which was to
prospect the headwaters of the Gila and Salt
rivers, and in so doing discovered the wheat
patch, planted by Apaches, between Penal
mountain and Salt river. Richard Gird, the

sugarfactory man of Los Angeles county, was
made one of their captains. Gold was found
in various places, but not in paying quantities.
Three men were killed in this expedition,
one by Indians and two by carelessness. Mr.
Tomas returned to California in 1867.

His marriage occurred in 1878, to Miss
Agnes Duval, a daughter of Thomas Duval.
Her father died when she was yet a small
child. The place of her birth was Napa
county, California, occurring September 25,
1859. She is a lady of excellent domestic
and business qualifications, and has borne her
husband five children, namely: Florence, born
November 7, 1879; Myrtle, born June 28,
1881; Minnie B., born May 7, 1883; Grover
C, born February 19, 1886; and Marion M.,
born May 1, 1887. They are all bright
intelligent children.

Mr. Tomas is a man of enterprise and
broad general information and strong con-
victions. He is classed among the most suc-
cessful farmers of San Benito county.

RS. ANNA GALLANAR, editor and
proprietor of The Pacific Grove Re-
view., is a native of New Franklin,
Howard county. Mo.; a daughter of Adam
Lohry. He was a native of Germany, and by
occupation a merchant. He was married at
Louisville, Kentucky, to Miss Susanna Deer-
ing, and emigrated to California in 1853, locat-
ing at Lotus, El Dorado county, where he for
the remainder of his life engaged in merchan-
dising. He died in 1880.

Of the ten children of his family, Mrs. Gal-
lanar was the fifth. She enjoyed the blessings
of a happy home circle and received a thorough
schooling, and at the age of twenty- four mar-
ried Geo. W. Gallanar. After marriage they

MONTE RET, SAN BENITO, SANTA OHUZ,

made their home in Sau Francisco, where
they resided until 1888, when they came to
Pacific Grove.

In 1889 Mr. Gallanar commenced the pub-
lication of the Pacific Grove Review and con-
ducted the same until Mrs. Gallanar assumed
control in 1890. The following year she be-
came sole owner and editor of the Review,
and now conducts its publication. Mrs.
Gallanar's management of the paper has
proven a marked success. She is by instinct
and inclination a journalist, admirably fitted
to edit end publish a journal such as the cul-
tured and ethical people of Pacific Grove
demand.

Mrs. Gallanar is a lady of irrepressible de-
termination and force of character. She also
possesses a hopeful, sunny nature, these notable
traits of character giving a strengtli and luster
to her writings that constitute a valued and
happy feature of the Pacific Grove Review^
mention of which will be found elsewhere in
this volume.

lUNCAN STIRLING, of CastroviUe, a
native of Canada, was born in that one
of Her Majesty's possessions, August
18, 1864. He is the youngest son of Will-
iam Stirling, of CastroviUe, a sketch of whom
may be found elsewhere in this book.

Our subject came to the Golden State
with his parents and received his education in
the public schools of Monterey county. Later,
he attended the State Normal School, at San
Jose, at which institution of learning he
graduated in the class of 1886. Mr. Stir-
ling first taught school near Santa Ana,
Orange county, California. He is now the
efficient principal of the public schools of
CastroviUe, which position he has filled for

the past three years, and stands in the front
ranks of Monterey county's progressive corps
of teachers.

Mr. Stirling was married, May 29, 1889, to
Miss Ella, the accomplished daughter of J.
W. MuUis, of CastroviUe, a native of Sonoma
county, born August 22, 1866, and she and
her husband enjoy the respect and esteem of
all who know them.

^,0N. THOMAS RENISON, editor and
^^\ owner of the Gouzales Tribune, one of
"^SilS influential newspaper journals in the
State (notice of which will be found else-
where in this work), and a resident of Gon-
zales, Monterey county, and also the presen-
representative of the Si.xty-ninth District in
the Assembly, was born in the county Tipper-
ary, Ireland, in 1850. He came to California
in 1868, and located in Monterey county in
1869, beginning life here as a farm-hand. His
education had been obtained in the common
schools of Ireland, and after coming to this
county he studied law by himself, being ad-
mitted to the bar in 1881. In 1879 he was
elected Justice of the Peace at Salinas, serv-
ing one term. He was appointed Deputy
District Attorney under J. A. Wall, and was
elected to the Assembly in 1886, and again in-
1888, by a large majority. From the first he
took a leading position on the floor of the
House, and at once became one of its most
influential members. He has been the author
of several bills and resolutions of importance,
and has taken no uncertain position on all
questions involving the rights and privileges
of his constituents. Mr. Renison is a married
man, very domestic in his tastes, and fond of
his home and its comforts.

Retiring in manner, yet in debate "forcible,

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

agijressive, logical, and convincing," he is
destined to many years of usefulness, as the
people will not fail to take advantage of his
abilities in the future, as in the past. His
career is a shining exemplification of the truth
that if the true metal is in a man it will be
made manifest in spite of poverty, obscurity,
and difficulties to overcome. Let no man sit
down to wait his opportunity, but rather, with
his ov^n hands and brain, shape it for hiuiself.

fHOMAS S. HAWKINS.— The leading
spirit of San Benito county, the man
above all others to whom the com-
munity looks in matters of public moment,
who for years has been its acknowledged
leader, whose advice is sought and opinion
respected in all questions of importance, is
Thomas S. Hawkins, president of the bank of
HoUister.

Born in Marion county, Missouri, in the
year 1836, Mr. Hawkins is now in his fifty-
fifth year. His early life was passed on a
farm, and despite the disadvantages surround-
ing young men in Missouri fifty years ago,
he managed to secure a good education.
Laboring on the farm until sixteen years of
age, he attended a local school, teaching in
the meanwhile some of the younger pupils.

In 1860 he turned his steps to the West.
Accompanied by his wife and infant son, he,
with some neighbors, successfully made the
long journey across the plains, and attracted
by tiie fertility of the Santa Clara valley he
located there and engaged in the occupation
of farming. He remained there until 1867,
and by economy and good management found
himself in vastly improved circumstances.
In 1868 the Sau Justo Homestead As-
sociation was organized, having for its object

the subdivision of a portion of the San Justo
rancho, in Monterey county. Although but
thirty-two years of age, Mr. Hawkins was the
leading spirit in this gigantic task, and the
prosperious town of Hqllister, with its sur-
rounding fertile farms, now mark the result
of their labor. Arriving on the ground be-
fore the town was laid out, he secured two of
the subdivisions, amounting to 340 acres,
immediately adjoining the town site on the
south. As the village commenced to grow,
by skillful management in the disposal of
lots he directed its growth toward his land,
and soon one ranch of 170 acres was disposed
of at a great advance, and a portion of the
other was also on the market. With the
money thus realized he, vvith others, founded
the Bank of HoUister, in 1878. Chosen to
be its first president, he has retained the
position ever since. This institution has
been a powerful factor in the development
of the resources of the county of San Benito.
In the organization of the county, which was
cut off from Monterey county in 1874, Mr.
Hawkins was one of the most influential and
indefatigable workers. Since then his po-
sition as a foremost man in the community
has never been assailed.

m W. GREGC, Esq., of Monterey, is
"Ml ranked with the pioneers of California,
^^® having made the journey from the East
to this coast in 1853, coming via New Or-
leans and the Isthmus of Panama.

Mr. Gregg is a native of Virginia, born in
Loudoun county, December 8, 1828. His
])arents removed to Ohio during the early
settlement of that State, and located in Lick-
ing county. Aaron Gregg, his father, was a
farmer by occupation. His mother was be-

MONCERET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

fore her marriage, Mis3 Elizabeth Flemmiiig.
Both were natives of the Old Dominion.
The father died in Ohio. Of their six chil-
dren, the subject of our sketch was the third
born, and is the only one of the four now
living who has settled in California.

Mr. Gregg has been a life-long farmer and
stock-raiser. He came to California with
naught save a strong constitution, resolute
purpose and willing hands, and commenced
life by working on a farm and in a sawmill
at Monterey. He farmed for sixteen years
on the ranch owned by the Snively Brothers,
in the Carrael valley, and had large numbers
of cattle on the then open ranges. After
about ten months' residence in Monterey, he
purchased and moved to the place now occu-
pied by William Hatton. He added to this
acreage from time to time, until he owned
1,270 acres of fine farming and grazing lands.

May 9, 1868, he was united in marriage
with Miss Lola Soberanes, a natis'e of Mon-
terey, and the second daughter of Don Ma-
riano Soberanes. Four children have been
born to them, namely: Elizabeth A., now
Mrs. Thomas Oliver; Lola M., wife of John
Sparolini; Mary A., wife of J. B. Steadman;
and Joseph Gregg, at home.

Mr. Gregg has disposed of his landed in-
terests, and has retired from active life, living
quietly at Monterey. He is an esteemed
citizen, unassuming in his manner, and enjoys
the confidence and respect of a wide circle of
friends and old-time acquaintances.

jISS LOUISE E. FRANCIS, the gifted
editor and owner of the Castroville
Enterprise^ is well known in the field
of Pacific coast journalism as one of the most
successful newspaper publisliers on the coast.

At the age of seventeen she left home and
friends and started out into the world to gain
an independent livelihood. Having received
a thorough academic education and possessing
a facile pen, she naturally drifted into literary
work. She was soon tendered an editorial
position on the Santa Clara Valley, a monthly
horticultural journal published at San Jose,
which she accepted, and became the editor of
the household department of the publication.
Later she acted as special correspondent for
the San Jose Daily and Weekly Mercury.

In 1890 she, in partnership with C. A.
Peckham, established the Monterey Eater-
prise at Monterey, California. The enter-
prise proved financially unsuccessful and
after six months the periodical was discon-
tinued. In April, 1891, she began publish-
ing the Castroville Enterprise, which she
now owns.

Through all her editorial work is seen her
independent spirit and cominendably aggres-
sive newspaper policy, the inflence of her
pencil being felt throughout the Salinas val-
ley. Its tone is elevating and carries with it
the assurance of success in all battles, where
the principles of right are arrayed against the
wrong.

Miss Francis is a member of the Papific
Coast "Woman's Press Association and her
Enterprise is the official organ for the associ-
tion. She is also a member of the National
Editorial Association and assistant corre-
sponding secretary for the same, she being
the only member of the organization on this
coast who was honored with a position on its
staff of ofiicers at their recent national con-
vention at San Francisco.

Miss P'rancis relinquishes her editorial
duties for a time to aid her associates in the
national association work at the coming
World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

1893. She is a briglit and vivacious business
woman, and her pencil is ever ready to grace-
fully acknowledge all courtesies shown to the
newspaper world to which she belongs.

i ANUEL K. MERRITT, Esq., a native
son of California, born in Monterey,
June 8, 1855, son of Hon. Josiah
Merritt, deceased, a pioneer of California of
1849, native of New York, born in Orange
county, August 21, 1796. He received a
college education in bis native State, and then
studied and entered the practice of law, being
admitted to the bar in New York city, where
he practiced his profession for several years.
Later, in 1845, he located and pursued his
profession in Illinois a short time, coming to
California via the southern route through
Texas, arriving in 1849. In January, 1850, he
reached Monterey and took a somewhat active
part in organizing Monterey county in 1851,
and was chosen first County Judge, serving
from 1851 to 1854. As a lawyer, citizen,
jurist and friend he was able, fearless, active
and true. He was twice married, first in
New York, where his wife died, leaving two
sons, Caleb, of Newbury, on the Hudson, a
successful business man, and Sylvander, an
engineer on the Erie railroad; served as
Mayor of Port Jervis, New York, and died
in 1886. Josiah Merritt came to California
and married a second time, in 1850, to Juaiia,
eldest daughter of Simeon Castro, deceased,
Judge of the First Instance under Mexican
rule, and a prominent and wealthy Spanish
citizen of Monterey. Mrs. Merritt was an
amiable Spanish lady of unusual graces of
heart and mind, and was gi-eatly admired for
her personal beauty. She was born June 24,
1820, iu Monterey, where she spent her entire

life. Here she bore and reared an attractive
family, and died February 27, 1889. Her
children were: Joseph Merritt, born April
19, 1851; Joseph, learned the art of printing
in his native city, in the Monterey Gazette
office, and was later one of the publishers of
the Monterey Democrat, which he established
and published for time, and also of the Cas-
troville Argus; he was married in 1872, to
Miss Annie Phillips, of Monterey, now de-
ceased; in 1882 he was editor of the San Jose
Mercury, and later, in 1884, on the editorial
staff of San Jose Daily Herald. In August,
1887, he engaged in real estate and died No-
vember 21, 1887. He was a first-class news-
paper writer, and able with his pen, astute in
business, kind of heart and of gentlemanly
bearing. The living children are: Lavinia,
Herlinda, Jennie and the subject.

M. R. Merritt was born in the town of
Monterey, June 8, 1855. He is the son of
ex-County Judge Josiah Merritt, and was
educated in the public schools of his native
town. In 1869, his father iiaving died, he
left school and entered the office of the Mon-
terey KepuiUcan, where he learned the
printing business. He later became th^
editor and publisher of the Castroville Argus,
and later published the Monterey Herald, in
connection with E. E. Curtis, now telegraph
editor of the San Francisco Chronicle. In
1878 he engaged in mercantile business,
which he followed for several years. In 1882
he was elected Supervisor of Monterey county
from the First District. He has been a
delegate to the Democratic State Convention
four times, and served as Secretary to the
Democratic County Committee for several
years, and is now Chairman of said County
Committee. For several years he was Clerk
of the Board of Trustees of Castroville Dis-
trict, also Justice of the Peace, a Notary

MONTEREY, SAW BENirO, SANTA OHUZ.

Public and ex-Postmaster of that town. He
is Past President of Gabilan Parlor, J^o. 132,
of the Native Sons of the Golden West. At
present he is Chief Depnty in the County
Assessor's office.

Several years ago he was married to Miss
Lizzie W". Townsend, of Alameda. Tliey have
a charming home in Salinas city, and three
children.

fAVID RODERICK, a prominent busi-
ness man of Monterey, and President of
its Board of City Trustees, was born in
North Fairiield, Maine, February 22, 1845)
one of the eleven children of Francis and
Catherine Roderick. His parents were both
of English descent, and his father was a
farmer. In his youth David was apprenticed
to the trade of sash, door and blind making,
and later learned, and for a time worked at,
the trade of barber. He came to California
in 1876, and here turned his attention to
mining and merchandising, at which he was
engaged for three years. He spent eight
years in San Francisco, identified with a
wholesale coal and iron business, and from
there came to Monterey.

During the years of his residence in this
city, Mr. Roderick has done much to advance
its best interests. On locating here, he en-
gaged in the real -estate business, and in part-
nership with Dr. J. P. E. Heintz purchased,
subdivided and put on sale the Oak Grove
tract. The enterprise proved successful, and
as a result a charming addition to Monterey
is fast being developed. He also successfully
handled other properties. He was one of the
promoters of the Bank of Monterey, which is
one of the most solid financial institutions of
the State. In 1892, he engaged in the hard-
ware business, also handling doors, windows,

etc., and in this line does the leading busi-
ness of the town. He has been active and
foremost in the recent marked developments
of Monterey, identifying himself with the
various local enterprises. He is now serving
his third year on the Board of City Trustees,
and as official head of the city government is
discharging his duties with credit to himself
and his constituency.

Mr. Roderick was married, February 13,
1866, to Hattie S. Tozier, by whom he has
two daughters, Mrs. F. A. Botsch, of Oak
Grove, and Mrs. E. C. Main waring, of Oak-
land, California.

He has for twenty-five years been a mem-
ber of the F. & A. M., St. John's Lodge,
No. 1, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the
second oldest lodge in the United States.

ASH ROHRBACK, one of the sub-
stantial farmers and highly respected
citizens of Priest Valley, Monterey
county, California, has been located here since
the fall of 1871. He has under improve-
ment about 300 acres of land, and has 400
acres used as a stock range.

Mr. Rohrback was born in Washington
county, Maryland, April 28, 1842, son of
Daniel Rohrback. The family subsequently
removed from Maryland to Ogle county, Illi-
nois, where they were residing when the civil
war broke out. In 1863 the subject of our
sketch volunteered his service for the Union
cause, and served as a member of the Seven-
teenth Illinois Cavalry until the war closed.
After the close of the war Mr. Rohrback
came to California. He first located in Con-
tra Costa county, and from there came to his
present farm. In 1875 he was married, at
Watsonville, to Miss Clara, daughter of Eli

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

267

Hughes. They have five children, Clara,
May, Daniel, George and Ethel. Mr. Rohr-
back is one of the School Trustees of his
district.

W. MANKmS, who owns 160 acres
of fine land located about three miles
* and a half from Paiciiies, San Benito
county, is one of the representative farmers
of this vicinity.

Mr. Mankins was born in Madison county,
Arkansas, January 14, 1842, son of J. B.
Mankins. His father came to California in
1850, mined on Mount Shasta and at Placer-
ville, and subsequently returned to Arkansas
and brought his family to this State, locating
at Placerville, where he continued iiis mining
operations. Later, he lived in Mariposa
county and in other parts of central and
southern California. In the meantime he
made several visits East. On his fourth re-
turn trip to California he died. This was in
1876. He and his wife, nee Matilda Gibson,
had seven children, three of whom are living,
namely: James; Masa J., now a widow; and
G. W., the subject of our sketch.

Mr. Mankins was married in 1870 to Miss
Arminda C. Watson, daughter of Jacob Wat-
son, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in
this work. She died October 22, 1876, leav-
ing two children, Jacob and Charles. June
16, 1877, Mr. Mankins wedded Mrs. Meg-
gitts, of Tres Pinos Creek.

J. CROW, of Hollister, California,
was born in Franklin county, Mis-
' souri, January 21, 1842, son of
Joseph and Cassia (Sullivan) Crow, the former
qf Scotch and the latter of German descent.

Joseph Crow visited California in 1849. Af-
ter raining in Placer county for a time he
returned to Missoui-i, and still lives in Craw-
ford county, that State.

W. J. Crow came to California in 1862.
He first lived on a farm at Gilroy, and later
at Mountain View and San Jose. He then
came to San Benito county and located on his
present place at Cienega. Here he owns 237
acres of tilled land, under fence and good im-
provement.

Mr. Crow married Angeline Whitton, a
native of Napa, California, and has six chil-
dren: Joseph W., Annie Laura, Angeline,
Emma, Warren and Hngh,

Both socially and politically Mr. Crow
stands high in San Benito county. He repre-
sented his district on the County Board of
Supervisors for the term of four years, from
1884 to 1888.

JiftH ^' C'P^^^^' ^ "^"^'"^ of Nova Scotia,
Iffflp ^^® '^°™ January 12, 1855. He
l-^^® learned the trade of harness-maker
in his native land, and came to California,
where he followed the same calling at Sacra-
mento, Hollister and San Francisco. Later
he engaged in the grocery business at Wat-
sou ville.

At Blanco, November 11, 1885, he married
Alice (Lewis) Bardin, widow of the late Jacob
Bardin, who died January 1, 1879. Mrs.
Crowe is the daughter of R. H. Lewis, origin-
ally from Missouri, who spent the latter
portion of his life at Salinas, and is now a
resident of Santa Cruz. Mrs. Crowe was
born in Sonoma county, July 5, 1860. By
her former marriage she has one daughter,
Lillie Bell, and she has borne her present
husband two sons, namely, John W. and

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SAN'tA CJHUZ,

Harvey J. Our subject lias recently taken
lip his residence in Santa Crnz, and engaged
in merchandising. Both he and his estima
ble wife are highly respected citizens of Santa
Cruz, and Mr. Ciowe is a very successful
business man.

fllARLES McINTYFtE, a pioneer of
California, came to this State in 1850.
He crossed the plains, via St. Joseph,
Missouri, spending two months in Salt Lake
City and Utah. He came overland as a com-
panion of General George E. Groves, who
came to California for his healtli. Their
route from Salt Lake City lay through Car-
son and the Humboldt river route. At the
head of the latter river they found a pack
team and came into California at Ringgold,
two and one-half miles from Weberville,
and about the same distance from Hangtown.
Our subject engaged in mining from Febru-
ary to July, in 1851, on Bear river, with in-
different success, however. He then engaged
in the hotel business in Sacramento, until
February, 1852, when he engaged in farming
in Santa Cruz county until 1865, since wliich
time he has been farming near Castroville, on
the Cooper ranch.

The subject of this sketch is of Scotch
descent, and was born in Batton, Warren
county, New York, May 15, 1830. His
father. Garner Mclntyre, was a farmer of
that town, who married Mariah Putnam, a
lineal descendant of General Israel Putnam,
and a native of New York. Garner Mcln-
tyre emigrated to Dane county, "Wisconsin,
in 1848, and of his nine children our subject
is the fifth born.

Our subject married, in 1860, Miss M. J.
Bnelna, a native daughter of California, born

of Spanish parents, at Santa Cruz, February
15, 1843. ■ Mr. and Mrs. Mclntyre have had
fifteen children, namely: Frank M., born De-
cember 1, 1861; John B., born June 24,
1863; Cordelia M., born March 12, 1865,
and is now Mrs. William Gowanlock, of Sali-
nas, and has two children, — Annie, born Oc-
tober 20, 1885, and Charles William, born
July 27, 1887. The third child of our sub-
ject is Charles G., born December 1, 1866;
next, William Henry, September 19, 1868;
Jennie, August 9, 1870; Hiram J., January
28,1873; Annie, September 25, 1874; Josie,
April 16, 1876; Martha, January 23, 1878;
Nellie, July 8, 1879; George, December 11,
1880; Maggie, August 4, 1882; Addie, Au-
gust 26, 1884; Eva M., June 17, 1888. Frank,
the eldest, married Annie Bacon, of Salinas,
and has three children, — Inez, born February
17, 1886; Eunice, June 16, 1887; and Ver-
nie, November 10, 1888. The second child,
John, married Laura Bennett, of Soledad.
Mr. Mclntyre is one of the substantial farm-
ers of Castroville, and is highly respected in
Monterey.

fOHN C. MILLER was born in Clarke
county, Iowa, February 6, 1855. At the
age of eight months he was bereft of a
father's care and protection, and he was reared
by his grandparents. When he was eight
years old he came with them across the plains
to California, making the journey with ox
teams, They first located at San Joaquin,
where they remained two years, after which,
in 1865, they went to Santa Clara; thence, in
1868, to Hollister, Monterey county, now San
Benito county. Young Miller engaged in
ranching at an early age, and has ever since
continued thus occupied.

Mr. Miller has one brother living, at Coro-

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

nado, San Diego county, California. He also
has four half-brothers and two hajf-sisters, —
all in California. His mother is a resident
of Stockton, this State, and is now fifty- six
years of age. October 6, 1881, he married
Miss Georgia Cummingg, by whom he has
one son, Clyde, aged eight years.

Although yet a young man, Mr. Miller is
ranked with the pioneers of the State. He
has been successful as a rancher and a busi-
ness man, and as a citizen is honorable and
upright.

fATRICK HART, one of the well-known
farmers and respected citizens of Priest
Valley, Monterey county, California, is a
native of the Emerald Isle, born in 1830.
At the age of twenty he came to America,
landing in Quebec, where he reTnained two
years. He subsequently spent some time in
Wisconsin, engaged in lumbering, and in
1859, came to California. Until 1861 he
lived in the northern counties of the State,
and at that time located on his present farm
in Priest Valley. He raised the first crop of
wheat ever raised in this valley, and threshed
it in the old-fashioned way, tramping it out
with horses.

Mr. Hart was married in Oshkosh, Wis-
consin, to Miss Margaret Burns, a native of
Tipperary county, Ireland. They have five
children, viz.: Mary, wife of John Clayton;
Ella, wife of Leroy Akers; Maggie; Kate,
wife of William Wescott; and Thomas.

IpEDRO ZABALA. — This gentleman,
^M though not himself boastful or vain, it
^t is but just to remark, bears a name
distinguished in the annals of Spanish his-

tory, and is himself descended from one of
tlie most noted families that did honor to the
name.

Mr. Zabala was born in Bilbao, Biscay,
Spain, June 29, 1826. Although brought
up in a fertile country, where the soil was
generous and compensating, and where he
was inured to farm life in childhood, he
always evinced business tastes and aspira-
tions. After studying in the government
schools, he took a commercial course and was
shortly afterward placed behind the cpunter
as a clerk in his native city.

In 1843 he set out for the west coast of
South America, which so many of his coun-
trymen had sought and where they had
achieved fortune, and landed in Valparaiso,
Chili. There he was employed in a large
importing and shipping house, and so thor-
oughly adapted to the business did he show
himself that after five years of service he
was sent by his firm to San Francisco to dis-
pose of a large cargo, and determine upon
the expediency of opening up a branch house
in that city which had become the cynosure
of the commercial eye by reason of the
wonderful gold discoveries. He arrived in
San Francisco, February 20, 1849, disposed
of his cargo, and, like many thousands of
others, was lured to the mines. He pros-
pected, with indifferent success, in what is
now Calaveras county, and other localities.
Tiring of the uncertainties of a miner's
reward, he returned to San Francisco after
an absence of a few months, intending to sail
direct for Chili. Hearing of Monterey, of
its climate and harbor, and that business was
brisk and inviting there, he went to Mon-
terey, arriving October 1, 1849. There he
engaged in general merchandising, conduct-
ing it profitably for nine years and laying
the foundation of his present affluent posi-

270

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

tion. Having acquired large tracts of land,
he retired from business and devoted his
energies to the cultivation of the soil and to
the raising of stock, in which he is still
prosperously engaged. He has made Salinas
his home for many years, it being convenient
to some of his largest holdings.

Mr. Zabala was married April 24, 1859, to
Miss Anna Hartnell, a daughter of the dis-
tinguished and highly esteemed pioneer,
William E. P. Hartnell. Nine children out
of the fifteen born to them are now living,
and Mr. Zabala in the evening of his days is
as blessed with domestic happiness and
worldly goods as man could well desire.

i,AKRY A. GREENE, of Monterey, is
of the foremost citizens of the
county and a capitalist. He is a native
son of California, and was born in San Fran-
cisco January 12, 1852, and was a son of the
late Hon. William Greene and Annie Eliza-
beth Cotton Fisk, of Rhode Island. William
Greene was a pioneer of 1849. He brought
his bride to San Francisco that year on a
wedding tour. The then infant seaport gave
promise of so bright a future that they re-
mained. He was one of eight children of
William and Jane (Meredith) Greene, and
was a grandson of General William Greene,
conspicuous in English history of his day as
a brave English officer.

William Greene, the California pioneer,
came to America when a mere youth. He
was a shrewd, business man of affairs and
upon locating in California he became closely
identified with the growth of his city and
went hand in hand with such men as Lick,
Geary and others of his day and from year to
year aided in shaping her civil and political

policy, and he was made President of the first
board of Alderman of the city of San Fran-
cisco, and became the owner of large blocks
of real estate in the city. He subdivided
various tracts of land into additions to the
city. The names, Van Ness avenue, Geary
and Greene streets were named after those
leading officers of the first government of San
Francisco. He died August 1, 1870, leaving
an honorable name and a valuable estate to
his wife and heirs. Mrs. Greene still sur-
vives and lives in San Francisco. She is a
native of Rhode Island, and a member of a
family that has been very conspicuous in the
financial world. Her father, Francis Mel-
bourne Fisk, was at one time one of the
wealthiest men in New Orleans, and was an
uncle of the famous Colonel " Jim " Fisk,
whose name is familiar to the world as a bold
and successful capitalist and railroad mag-
nate.

Of the five children of Mr. and Mrs.
Greene, Clay Meredith is the oldest, being
born March 12, 1850, and was the first white
male child born in San b'rancisco. He is
now a successful dramatic author of wide
repute. Francis Melbourne is the youngest
child, and is also a talented and a successful
literary man. Harry Ashland, the second
son, is the subject of this sketch. Clement
Herbert died at the age of eight years, and
the only daughter, Elizabeth, died at the age
of five years.

Harry Ashland Greene spent his boyhood
and youth in his native city. He received
the rudiments of his education from private
tutors. Later he attended the public school,
mission near Sixteenth street, and still later
the city college on the corner of Geary and
Stockton streets. Afterward he went to Santa
Clara College. In 1866 he took a course of
study at the military institute at Poughkeep.

AN£> SAN MATEO COUNTIES,

sie, New York, and in 1870 he went to Paris
to resume his studies, but the Franco-Prus-
sian war broke out, throwing Paris in a state
of siege, and he returned home. He then
completed a commercial course of study at
Pacific Business College and took up mining.
He spent several years in the mining districts
of Placer county, gaining a thorough knowl-
edge of mining methods, and while yet a youth
in years dealt in mining pi-operties and oper-
ated in mines.

Returning to San Francisco he took a
clerical position with George Babcock & Co.
large dealers in produce and grain. Hie re-
mained with them for a few months, and then
became a stockbroker. He remained with an
active and influential member of the Stock
Board until 1889, serving two terms as vice-
president. Tn 1874 he, with his brother.
Clay, organized the stock-brokerage firm of
Greene & Co., but in a few months Clay
drew out to follow his profession and owing
to a serious illness our subject closed up the
affairs of Greene & Co. in 1890, with an
honorable record on the " Board " as the
oldest commission stock-broker that had not
succumbed to financial disaster. In 1886
Mr. Greene built his present residence at
Monterey as a summer home. Broken down
in health he retired from active business and
came hither to permanently reside. He is
one of the owners of the New Monterey tract,
which is fast developing into one of the most
attractive and healthful resident points on the
central California coast.

The marriage of Mr. Greene took place
July 31, 1873, to Miss Belle, daughter of the
late Milton Little, of Monterey, a respected
pioneer of whoni extended mention is made
in another part of this work. Mrs. Greene,
Jr., is a native daughter of Monterey, a lady
of rare social accomplisliments and domestic

tastes. They have one son, William, born
in San Francisco, May 2, 1874, and a daugh-
ter. Belle Ursula, born June 27, 1876, like-
wise in San Francisco.

During their residence in San Francisco,
Mr. and Mr. Greene were active in social
circles. He was a leading member of the
Olympic club, S. F. Bycycle club, and a veteran
of the National guards. He was one of the
fathers of roller skating on the Pacific coast,
and the game of Polo found recognition there
on account of his individual efforts; and he
originated a code of rules and regulations to
govern Polo playing, which has been pub-
lished, widely circulated, and has become
standard authority. Mr. Greene is one of
the oldest and most active members of the
San Francisco Bicycle Club, a conservative
organization, and served for a time as its
chief.

Since locating in Monterey Mr. Greene
lived in comparative retirement devoting the
most of his time to the management of his
personal business affairs until lately, when he
originated the Monterey & Fresno railroad,
and by his hard work for the people's inter-
ests he has become immensely popular. He
has invested liberally in the Bank of Mon-
terey, and is a stockholder and officer in the
Monterey Electric Light and Improvement
Company and takes an interest in all matters
tending to the prosperity of his chosen home.
He is a man of broad culture and finds much
pleasure in books and study. He is a student
of nature and delights in the grandeur of his
surroundings. His beautiful home is an
evidence of his taste and judgment.

Mr. Greene is a proud son of the Golden
State, enthusiastic in the preservation of her
history and the early landmarks, and it is
safe to say that but for his vigorous protest
old Cotton Hall, the place of California's

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

birth, would have been obliterated to give
place to Monterey's public school buildings,
which through Mr. Greene's efforts were
built on a more desirable location, and on
more spacious grounds, thus saving the grand
monument to early California's industry, the
place of the making of the first constitution
of the Golden State.

PAVID J. WATSON, of HoUister, is
a California pioneer, who came to the
State in 1849, being at that time ten
years of age. His father, Jacob Watson,
came originally from Virginia, lived two
years in Missouri, and then started to Cali-
fornia across the plains, with ox teams.
He joined a train of sixty-four wagons which
started from " Big Blue," near the present
city of Omaha, and proceeded irregularly
westward and over the Truckee route, leaving
Salt Lake to the south. Jacob Watson was a
teamster and wagon freighter by occupation,
and worked his way to Sacramento by follow-
ing his trade. He br<-)ught with him a wife,
Phoebe Baldwin, and eleven children, which
fiock was later increased to the number of fif-
teen. Upon his arrival in California, he, like
nearly all others in those days, was seized with
the mining fever, and from 1849 to 1850 he
spent his time in the diggings on the Ameri-
can river, with gratifying success. He later
lived in Sutter county, and in Grass Valley, and
then in Nevada, coming at last to San Benito
county, where he engaged in the stock busi-
ness and merchandising, at San Juan. He
died in 1874, when seventy-three years of
age. Mrs. Watson is still living in San
Benito county, on Tres Pinos creek. Twelve
of her fifteen children are still living, namely:
Jonathan, deceased; James, living on Tres

Pinos creek; Henry, resident of Fresno
county; Stephen, a prosperous farmer of
Tres Pinos; Hiram, deceased; David J., sub-
ject; Nancy A., resident of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania; Julia M., Mrs. Harris of
Downey, Los Angeles county, California;
Sarah E., now Mrs. Mankins, of Santa Bar-
bara county, California; Jane, now Mrs.
Sheegle, of Fresno county; Arminda, de-
ceased; Jacob, on Tres Pinos creek, living
with his mother; John M., of Lompoc, Santa
Barbara county, and Charles H., on Tres
Pinos creek.

David J. Watson was born in Scott county,
Virginia, in the mountains of the Blue llidge,
coming to this State, with his father, wlien
he was still a very young lad. In his youth
he was associated with his father in his min-
ing operations, and later in the stock-raising
business, and at twenty-one he embarked in
that business for himself. He located 824
acres of stock range, at the head of San Juan
valley, which he after a time converted into
a farm, and operated it until 1888, when he
sold out and retired to HoUister, where he
owns a beautiful home.

He married, in 1862, Miss Nancy J. Cox,
daughter of David Cox, a pioneer of Califor-
nia, who crossed the plains fi-om Missouri iu
1849.

Mr. and Mrs. Watson have no children.
Tiiey have the esteem and respect of all who
know them.

fLAUDlUS F. RUBELL, a native of
Greene county, Missouri, was born at
Springfield, December 15, 1853. Three
years after his birth his father, W. H. Ru-
bell, emigrated to California, making the
trip overland with ox teams. He was one of

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

373

the first settlers of the present city of Chico,
California, where, in 1860, he built the first
house. General Bidwell's home adjoined
Mr. Rubell's, but was l<(Cated outside the
city limits. Mr. Rubell remained there un-
til 1866, when he removed to Eugene City,
Oregon, and in 1870 to Dallas, Polk county,
Oregon. In 1884 he returned to the "Golden
State," and located at Bitter Water valley,
San Benito county, and there died December
1, 1890. He was a native of Tennessee and
married Mrs. Tabitha Johnson, a native of
the same State. In his youth and early man-
hood he pursued farming, but later learned
the trade of a carpenter, which occupation he
followed for several years. Mr. Rubell next
learned the dentist profession and pursued it
for the last thirty years of his life. The
mother of our subject died in Oregon, in
1867, leaving three children, of whom our
subject is the oldest.

Mr. Rubell, the subject of this sketch, re-
ceived his early education at Eugene City,
Oregon, and Salem, the same State. Later,
he had the advantage of attending the La
Creole Academy at Dallas. After finishing
his course there he adopted school teaching
as a profession, which he followed in Polk,
Lane and Linn counties, Oregon, for six
years. In 1878, however, he came to Cali-
fornia and taught school for two years at
Salinas, in Monterey county. In 1888 he
taught in Priest Yalley, San Benito county,
for three terms and then came to Bitter
Water. Mr. Rubell's ranch comprises 160
acres of land, a portion of the Domingo
Yilla ranch, with ample stock range adjoin-
ing. In the fall of 1891 Mr. Rubell em-
barked in the nursery business, in partner-
ship with Mr. B. F. Gruner. They have
about 30,000 almond, apricot and peach
trees.

Mr. Rubell was married in Salinas,, in
1880, to Miss Emma, a daughter of Samuel
Gruver, of Priest Valley. She was born in
Stanislaus county, September 2, 1858, and
has borne her husband three children, namely:
William H., born August 26, 1881; Samuel
G., born November 30, 1884; and Hattie A.,
born January 16, 1887. Since 1890 Mr.
Rubell has been an active member of the
Bitter Water Alliance, No. 30, which was
the first alliance organized in the county and
now has seventy-five members. He is Pres-
ident of the County Alliance and Secretary
of the Sub-Alliance. For four years he was
a member of tlie San Benito County Board
of Education, and for two years served as its
president. In 1879 he was the Constitution
candidate for County Superintendent of
schools of Monterey county. As an in-
structor Mr. Rubell was unexcelled, and the
educational interests suffered when he aban-
doned that calling for an agricultural one.

I^UFUS H. SMALL, a well-known citi-
fy zen of Bitter Water valley, San Benito
^^ county, has been a resident of the State
since 1858, having arrived in San Francisco
in May of that year. He is a native of the
town of Bucksport, Hancock county, Maine,
where he was born March 14, 1833. Upon
arrival in California he spent one year on a
farm, and in 1869 went to the red woods of
San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties and en-
gaged in lumbering for about sixteen years,
but in 1871 he located on his present fine
home in Bitter Water valley.

Mr. Small was married in 1885, and the
lady he chose to be the partner of his joys
and sorrows was Miss Temperance Lewis
Farnham, of Hancock county, Maine. Mr.

MONTE BET, 8 AN BENITO, SANTA GliUZ,

an* Mrs. Small have three children, namely:
Fred M., Elmer W. and Lena E. Mr. Small
has been Road Master of his district for six
years and is, at this writing (1892), the Peo-
ples' Party candidate for Supervisor. Mr.
Small is a man of energy and good standing,
and is highly respected throughout the com-

munity.

-^^^^2/3^^3^i/i^-

tLFRED J. McCOLLUM.— This gentle-
man is a native of Byron Center, Gen-
esee county, New York, born Septem-
ber 27, 1841. His early life was spent in
farming and in other laborious occupations,
and the education he acquired, which fitted
him for the pi-actical duties of life and use-
fulness as a public official, was the result of
some sacrifice on his part, coupled with a firm
endeavor to succeed. He attended the pub-
lic schools until he had reached his seven-
teenth year, working hard in tlie summer
and doing chores in the winter to pay for
his board while he went to school. When he
was nine years old his parents removed to
Paw Paw, Michigan, and nine years later he
went to Lake county, Illinois. He traveled
lor four years as an agent, and was employed
Hs salesman for the same length of time in a
store at Waukegan, Dlinois. In 1866, he
tried his strength and fortune in the mines
near Central City, Colorado; but, it not prov-
ing a bonanza, he went back East, locating in
Kenosha county, Wisconsin, where he farmed
for four years. Later he engaged in the

wood business. In 1876, d

uring

his resi-

dence in Kenosha county, he was married to
Miss Belle McDougall, by whom he has six
living children. In 1876, and for three years
thereafter, he held an important position as
foreman of a large stock ranch at Ottawa,
Illinois.

In the fall of 1879, Mr. McCollura, ac-
companied by his family, arrived in Califor-
nia, and located in Salinas, where he has
ever since made his home. The diversity of
his experiences in the East had fitted him to
fill almost any position offered, and during the
first six years of his residence in Salinas he
was employed as clerk in the post office and
store. For four years he served most ac-
ceptably as Deputy Tax Collector; was after-
ward elected Tax Collector by a popular ma-
jority, and is now serving his second term in
that office.

tLEXANDER EATON, a citizen of Hol-
lister, but a native of the State of New
York, having been born there, January
18, 1830, in Orange county. He is a son of
John Eaton, a carpenter by trade, who was
born, reared and died in the town of Mini-
sink, the same county.

Our subject learned the trade of black-
smith in his native town, in 1845. After
learning he pursued his chosen trade until
1852, when he embarked for San Francisco
from New York city, on the bark Fannie
Major. He sailed around Cape Horn and
reached his destination in safety. Mr. Eaton
spent about three weeks in the mines, but
then went to San Francisco and began practic-
ing his trade. In 1857 he engaged in busi-
ness for himself and pursued the same in San
Francisco for about twenty years. At that
time, on account of the poor health of his
wife he was obliged to seek a more con-
genial climate, and so came to Hollister, in
1871, which place he has since made his
home and place of business.

Our subject has been twice married. His
first wife was Martha Lockwood, a daughter
of J. Lockwood, a fanner. She was l»orn in

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

275

Orange county, New York, and bore him
three children. Her death occurred August
8, 1887. Her children are: Edwin A., of
Kings City; Charles L., who lost his life by
an accidental discharge of a gun,July 2, 1887;
and Ivy M. Mr. Eaton again married April
18, 1888, this time Miss Nettie Brewton, of
Placerville, California.

Mr. Eaton is one of HoUister's most enter-
prising and public-spirited citizens. He is a
member of the City Board of Trustees, and
is now serving his second term in that posi-
tion. For eight years he has been Chief of
the fire department of Hollister, and has been
largely instrumental iu putting and keeping
it on its present sound footing and efficient
working order. He takes an active interest
in educational matters, and in every move-
ment tending to benefit the people or the
business interests of his town or county.

fEORGE A. MOORE, a successful farmer
and an esteemed citizen of Hollister,
has been a resident of California since
1857. Almost immediately after he came to
this State he located in old Monterey county,
and commenced work on the Hollister Grant
for Flint & Bixby. He spent a brief time
for the same firm in San Luis Obispo county,
and iu 1859 he engaged in business for him-
self. He raised sheep on the open range of
Santa Barbara county until the drouth of
1864, after which he returned to Monterey
county. The years 1868-'69 he spent in
Los Angeles county. In 1870 he purchased
1,070 acres of the Hollister grant, a part of
which he has under a high state of cultiva-
tion, and whicb produces a variety of fruits
of excellent quality and flavor. Few if any
farms in San Benito county are better watered

or have better improvements than that of G.
A. Moore.

Mr. Moore was born in Somerset county,
Maine, August 15, 1829. He married Miss
Emma L. Carr, a native of Hallowell, Maine.
They have six childreu, viz. : George H., Car-
rie C, Arthur S., Irving W., Helen G. and
Winfield R.

fEORGE M. ROBERTS is a California
pioneer of 1852, who came from Mis-
souri. He is a native of Mercer county,
Kentucky, where he was born June 11, 1830.
His father, John Robei'ts, was a native of
Virginia, and a farmer by occupation, and
lived and died in Kentucky, the latter event
occurring in 1845.

Our subject removed to Missouri and lo-
cated at Independence, but remained there
only one year, and then, in 1852, crossed the
plains for California. Upon arrival in the
Golden State he worked at his trade of car-
pentry, in Yolo county. During 1855-'56,
he mined in Plumas county, but again re-
turned to his trade and pursued the same at
San Jose. Finally he followed stock-raising
for twelve years, from 1857 to 1869, in Con-
tra Costa county.

The marriage of our subject occurred in
Independence, Missouri, where he was united
to Rebecca Clevenger, daughter of Archibald
Clevenger, March 4, 1852. She was a pio-
neer of 1849, who lived for many years at San
Jose, and is now a resident of San Diego.
Mrs. Roberts was an estimable lady, who
reared a family of four sons and three daugh-
ters, all of whom are living. She died De-
cember 27, 1877, and was interred in the
cemetery at Hollister. After this lamentable
event Mr. Roberts spent about six years
traveling in the State, also in Mexico and

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SA^TA CRUZ,

Central America, and in 1888 he returned to
Holiister, where he has since resided. His
energy in business and frugal habits have
been rewarded by a competency. He owns
valuable real estate in and about Holiister,
where he has ever been esteemed as a citizen
and known as a resolute and typical Califor-
nia pioneer.

tNDKEW BLOMQDIST, the subject of ;
this sketch, came to Monterey county,
California, from his native land, Sweden,
in the year 1868. Here he was first employed
by Hon. C. S. Abbott, near Salinas, at §30 a
month, taking his pay iu calves. He had a
good education in his own language, and
speak the English language sufficiently to be
understood. His father, also named Andrew,
was born in Malmo, Sweden. His mother's
maiden name was Kate Andresen. They
were married about the year 1841. and to
them were born five children, all of whom
are living, namely: Anna born February
20, 184:2; James A., October 24, 1844;
Andrew, December 6, 1846; Peter, in 1847;
and Juana, in 1849.

After working three years for Mr. Abbott,
Mr. Blomquist formed a copartnership with
Charles McFadden, which lasted two years.
It being dissolved, Mr. Blomquist engaged in
business for himself — dairying and farming —
near Chualar, Monterey county, where he
now resides. In this enterprise he has met
with eminent success. He now owns 5,000
acres of land, valuable horses and hogs, and
over 1,000 head of cattle.

He chose for his life companion and wedded
Miss Matilda Lenauder, who was born in
Orkolljunga, Sweden, February 24, 1858.
This union resulted in the birth of five chil-
dren, of whom four are living, namely: Mida

JMervida, born March 11, 1881; Anna Louisa,
deceased, born July 28, 1882; Ada Elizabeth,
September 30, 1883; Andrew Bernhard, Sep-
tember 5, 1885; Charlotte Christinia, Jan-
uary 21, 1887. Mrs. Blomquist's untimely
death occurred on the 3d of August, 1891.
Mr. Blomquist still keeps his little family
together, preferring to take care of them
himself rather than to entrust them to
others.

As an honorable and upright citizen, Mr.
Blomquist sustains an unblemished reputa-
tion, his word being considered as good as
his bond. He is economical, yet generous,
and has good cheer for all who visit him.
He is popular as a citizen, and more so as an
employer. Doing an extensive farming and
dairying business (milking about 150 cows),
he, of necessity, keeps a large number of men
around him, and many of them have been
with him for years without making changes.
Eschewing all vices and bad habits, he is a
most exemplary man.

-l-^Mf^

tLEXANDER McCUNE, a prosperous
farmer of San Benito county, Califor-
nia, post office Holiister, came to Amer-
ica in 1869, as an importer of Ayrshire cattle
for the Grogan estate, and has since beea
identified with the interests of this county.

Mr. McCune was born in the north of Ire-
land, near Belfast, October 3, 1842, son of
Andrew and Eleanor J. (Barn) McCune, both
of Scotch ancestry. His father, however, was
a native of New York city, born in 1807, and
was by trade and occupation a boot and shoe
manufacturer. He finally returned to Ireland
and engaged in keeping a cab yard or livery
stable. His mother was a native of the noi'th
of Ireland.

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

Alexander McCiine is married, and lias six
» children: James; Mary, wife of James Sted-
man; Charles, Thomas, Alexander and Mag-
gie, all save the oldest born in California.

tOUIS B. JENKINS, a native son of Cali-
fornia, was born at Stockton, September
27, 1859, a son of John G. Jenkins,
for many years a resident of San Joaquin
county, and a prominent member of the State
bar. This gentleman came to the " Golden
State" in 1852, from Dodgeville, Wisconsin.
He was born in Tennessee, and married Mrs.
Mai-ella A. Rhodes in Wisconsin, a native of
New York, of German descent, and our sub-
ject, Louis B., is the youngest of her four
children.

Louis B. Jenkins was reared in Stockton,
graduated at the Stockton public schools, and
later he studied law at Santa Cruz, and was
admitted to practice in 1881.

As soon as he was admitted to the bar he
located in Santa Cruz, and from there came
to Salinas in 1886. Two years later he was
elected to the office of Justice of the Peace,
and in 1890 succeeded himself. He is a
popular Democrat in politics, and in his
election ran far ahead of his ticket.

Mr. Jenkins married in 1889, Miss Carrie
O. Pursell, a native of Tulare county, and
was born in 1871, and to these parents two
daughters have been born, Stella and Ella.
Mr. Jenkins enjoys a large jiractice, and has
gained the respect and esteem of all who know
him.

fEORGE W. LOVIE.— The life of this
gentleman illustrates, in a marked degree,
that high type of American character
that this country has developed.

Mr. Lovie was born in Maumee City, Ohio,
March 4, 1848, and with his heroic motlier
came to California in 1850, to join his father,
who had crossed the plains in 1849. His boy-
hood was spent in the mining districts of
Placer, El Dorado and Nevada counties,
where the self-reliance and hopefulness so
characteristic of the time were strongly en-
grafted in his disposition.

In 1868 he married an accomplished
woman, Maria F., daughter of Mr. O. S.
Holbrook, a prominent mining man of Ne-
vada county, and the union has proved an
exceptionally happy one. His parents died
soon after his marriage, and he then assumed
the responsibility of educating and support-
ing his brother and sisters (live in number).
He engaged in the draying business in San
Francisco, but, not taking kindly to city life,
he in 1871 removed to San Mateo county
and engaged in farming. His ability as an
enterprising citizen was at once recognized,
and he soon became. prominent in county af-
fairs. In 1884 he was elected Tax Collector
of the county and moved to Redwood City,
the coiinty-eeat. Having served with great
success in that oiBce, he was elected in 1886
County Assessor, re-elected in 1890, and is
at present discharging the duties of that of-
fice with signal ability.

While the subject of this sketch excels as a
public officer, he is eminent in his private
capacity in what is known as a "society man."
He was Chief Engineer of the Redwood City
fire department; P. G. of Ocean View Lodge,
No. 143, I. O. O. F.; P. C. P. Hope Encamp-
ment, No. 60; F. S. Rebekah Degree Lodge,
No. 48; and Grand Sentinel of the Grand En-
campment, I. O. O. F.; Chairman of the
Committee on Credentials and Returns, Grand
Lodge Knights of Pythias; and holds im-
portant official position in the Great Council

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

of Improved Order of Red Men. He has
served on several important committees in
the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and
during the past year be was the Noble Grand
Arch of the United Ancient Order of Druids,
visiting every grove of that order in the
State and organizing two new groves. At
the close of his term, in recognition of his
valuable services in behalf of the order, he
was presented by the Grand Grove with a
handsome gold watch. He was Captain of
the successful team in the K. of P. competi-
tion in rendering the work, which took place
during the recent session of the Grand lodge
in this city.

Mr. Lovie is now in the prime of life, and
is a man of pleasing address. The keystone
of his character is strict integrity, personal
honesty and geniality. He is a representa-
tive specimen of that class to whom the
people must look forward to give credit and
tone to American politics. He is a mafi of
much magnetic influence, and is well calcu-
lated to be a leader.

tTAIX is well known in San Benito
county as one of the enterprising and
** successful men of San Juan. He has
recently purchased one of the most beautiful
spots of land in that locality, which will be
his future home.

Mr. Taix was born in the Alps of France,
July 30, 1853. When scarcely seventeen
years of age he volunteered his services in
the ambulances during the Franco Prussian
war; hence, during the ministry in the latter
part of 1871, longing to see the world, he
embarked for San Francisco, went to work
and pushed himself rapidly forward on the
road of success. Two years later he moved

within the boundary of San Benito county.
He then turned his attention to the sheep
industry, when the county was then open and
ranges plentiful, with good results.

In 1882 he next engaged in merchandising
and operating a meat market in the old town
of San Juan, where he is still doing a lucrative
business, with the best intention to live and
reside among his many friends.

Mr. Taix has four bright children to suc-
ceed him in life: Antoine, Vickie, Lena and
Rosie Taix.

fRANCIS BLACKIE, of Castroville, is
one of Monterey county's most energetic
farmers and business men. He came
to California in 1862, almost directly from
his native county, via New York city. He
is a native of Roxburghshire, Scotland, born
October 4, 1840, where he was reared to the
occupation of a merchant. In time, as many
other young men of his native land have done,
he came to America, choosing California as
his objective point, and sailed for that State,
via the Isthmus of Panama, and in the fall
of 1863 reached Salinas valley and engaged
in farming on the Cooper estate.

In 1887 he purchased the warehouse busi-
ness of Mr. Charles Louis, which he had been
operating since 1881, when he had leased it.
This warehouse is located near Castroville, on
the Monterey line of the Southern Pacific
railroad, and is the shipping point of the
product of a fine portion of the Salinas valley,
and Mr. Blackie handles an unusually large
quantity of potatoes, beans, barley, etc.,
yearly. In this he is very successful and
has gained the respect and esteem of all who
know him by his honesty and fair dealing.

Mr. Blackie was married in 1874, to Miss
Jane Mullis, daughter of John Mullis, of

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

Salinas. Mr. and Mrs. Blackie have four
children, namely: Francis, Walter J., Sarah
M. and William G. Mr. Blackie is esteemed
as a citizen and a prompt and successful busi-
ness man.

fW. PATTON, Esq., a wealthy stock;
raiser and farmer of Salinas, California,
® has been a resident of this State since
1860.

A native of Fayette county, Pennsylvania,
he was born November 1, 1833. When a
young man he directed his way westward,
first to Salt Lake, and thence to California
via San Bernardino county or the Southern
route. After prospecting along the coast he
finally located at Natividad, Monterej' county.
He commenced farming on a comparatively
modest scale, and from time to time has add-
ed to his acreage until he now owns about
2,500 acres of the best soil of the Salinas
valley.

He was married in 1859, to Miss Cornelia
Stewart, a native of Pennsylvania, and they
have one son and four daughters, namely:
Alice, William, Emma, Mary and Annie.
Mr. and Mrs. Patton are both of German
descent. They and their family are highly
esteemed by all who know them.

WILLIAM SCHMIDT, deceased.—
William Schmidt was one of the first
settlers of the Salinas Valley, and a
pioneer of California. He was born in Olden-
burg, Germany, in 1815, and came to America
in 1845. He is an industrious and frugal
farmer, and located on a claim in the Salinas
valley of 160 acres.

He was married in 1865, to Miss Francis

Fabry, daughter of John Fabry, Esq., an
early settler of Salinas valley. Mr. Schmidt
died leaving a comlbrtable estate, a widow
and the following children: William F., An-
nie J., Francis M., August H., Emma L. and
Fannie A.

Mrs. Berg is a lady of great business energy
and executive ability, and has a personal pride
in her family. She, in a large degree man-
ages the family estate, and is respected by a
large circle of friends.

ANIEL TUTTLE, one of the success-
ful business men of Watsonville, and a
pioneer, was horn in Richland county,
Ohio, in 1823. He is a son of Hiram and
Annie (Dille) Tuttle, who were among the
earliest settlers of Ohio. In that State his
father built a house which had not a single
nail in it, even the doors being pinned to-
gether. They had six sons and two daugh-
ters. The father died in 1848 and the mother
in 1890.

Mr. Tuttle received a fair common-school
education, and was reared on a farm. At
the age of twenty years he began to do for
himself. He had only three dollars in money,
and after paying half of it for his license, he
began married life with the small sum of
$1.50. Near Ottumwa, Iowa, he engaged in
farming and got a good start. Then, in 1852,
he came to California, across the plains.
Their party was composed of about eighteen
persons, and they had seven wagons. After
a journey of five months, they landed safe
in Shasta City, in August. Six months later
they went to Colusa county, and there Mr.
Tuttle at first farmed, by the month. Then
he bought land and raised barley for the Gov-
ernment. In 1854 he came to Santa Cruz

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

county. His first purchase of land was 200
acres, which, after he had it all fenced, etc.,
he lost tlirough an old Spanish title. Not
discouraged, however, in 1860 he bought
ninety acres near "Watsonville, which he has
since improved, and to it added eighty acres.
He has also owned some desirable stock
ranches and has raised some line stock. He
is ranked with the successful men of the
county, notwithstanding tlie fact that he was
broken up in the start through a defective
title. He laughs over it now, and says he is
able to buy out all who claimed a better title
than he could prove.

Mr. Tattle was married in Iowa, in 1844,
to Miss Mary A. Pardoe, a daughter of Rev.
John and Susan (Lotspeich) Pardoe. Their
children are as follows: Dr. Hiram P., of
Tacoma, Washington ; Susan, wife of Sheldon
Allen; Owen S., a stock-raiser of Santa Cruz
county; Mary, wife of Sidney Menasco; and
Frank G. and Schuyler, butchers, Watson-
ville.

In politics Ml'. Tuttle is a Republican.
He was chosen by a large majority to repre-
sent his county in the Legislature in 1878, to
form the new coustitution. He has taken a
lively interest in educational matters, and has
not only given his children good education,
but has given them all a comfortable start in
life.

fEASIDE. — This town was laid out in
the fall of 1888, and the land upon
which it is located comprised a portion
of the Noche Buena rancho. The town was
originally platted as East Monterey, but
upon the location of the post office it was
found necessary to change the name, as it
conflicted with other offices of a similar
name; so January, 1890, it was given the

appropriate name of Seaside. It contains
1,800 fine residence lots, about 1,200 of which
are sold, the remaining 600 still on the mar-
ket. About 100 families from the various
interior towns make this charming place
their summer home, while others are so de-
lighted with the attractions of the place, that
they reside here all the time. It has many
advantages as a place of residence, located as
it is on the broad sand beach of Monterey
bay, affording excellent bathing facilities.
The climate is free from the harsh winds of
the ocean, and when it has been proven that
the most delicate plants can be propagated,
and roses made to bloom, out of doors all the
year round, as it has, there is no further need
of expatiating upon the perfect climate of
this gem of resorts. It has a post office,
which is located one mile from Del Monte,
on the Southern Pacific railroad. It lias
very excellent school facilities, and all the
advantages to be obtained upon the shores
of old Monterey bay. Among the natural
attractions of Seaside are the beautiful lake
and wonderful live-oak tree, said to be the
largest of its species in the world.

D. J. Houghton and his partner, J. L. D.
Roberts, M. D., operate a lumber-yard at the
railroad station, and encourage the erection
of homes at Seaside.

J. L. D. Roberts, the present efficient and
obliging Postmaster of Seaside, is a native of
Osceola, Lewis county. New York, having
been born in that place January 14, 1863.
He took a thorough course in the English
branches at Watertown, New York, and later
an academic course at Utica, New York, and
after that attended Union College, and there
entered upon the study of medicine with Dr.
H. N. Porter, of Utica. He graduated at
the University of New York in 1885, and
commenced the practice of medicine at Utica,

AUD SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

where he remained for three years, and then
came to California and settled at Monterey,
in 1887.

In 1888 Dr. Roberts married Miss Edith
A. Maltby, of Troy, New York. To the Doc-
tor and his wife one son has been born, —
Houghton Maltby Roberts.

H. J^LOSSER, a prominent and
highly respected citizen of San Ben-
I® ito, San Benito county, California,
born in Fayette, Seneca county, New
York, April 24, 1827. In his youth he
learned the trade of tanner and currier at
Lockport, New York, and in 1848 went to
Michigan, where he worked at the same in
Medina, Lenawee county.

While working quietly at his trade in
Michigan, the California gold fever swept
over the country and Mr. Blosser was one of
its victims. He drove a team overland from
Michigan to the American valley in Plumas
county, this State, arriving at his destination
August 14, 1852. From that time until
1861, he pursued the various callings of a
persistant miner, and with no very brilliant
success. In 1861 he joined the United States
Army and fought the Indians on the frontier,
in New Mexico and Arizona, until 1864. In
November of tliatyeaj-he returned to Plumas
county, via steamer from Wilmington to San
Francisco and up the Sacramento river, and
remained in Plumas county until October,
1868. The following year he came to San
Benito county with Bolivar S:nith, and
bought a squatter's claim to land that now
comprises a portion of his comfortable home
at San Benito.

Mr. Blosser was married, December 10,
1873, to Mrs. Rachel (PuUen) Appleton, a

native of Livingston county, Michigan, and
the widow of D. E. Appleton. By her first
husband she had three children: Maggie,
May and De Witt. She and Mr. Blosser
have one daughter, Etta O.

AJOR E. McMICHAELS is one of
the respected pioneers of San Benito
county. He came to California in
1849. Passing on his journey to the mines,
he camped in the fruit orchard adjoining,
and comprising a portion of the San Juan
Mission property at old San Juan. He ar-
rived safely at the mines of Tuolumne county,
and remained there until 1853, spending first,
however, a brief time in Mariposa county.
Later he followed stock-raising in Stanis-
laus county, whence he removed to the San
Joaquin valley. He finally, in 1859, took
up his residence in San Benito county, and
continued stock-raising. And since that date
he has been an honored citizen of San Juan.
Major McMichaels was born in the town of
Orangeburg, Orangeburg county, South Caro-
lina, June 1, 1809. In 1858 he married, in
California, his present consort, who was, by
maiden name, Emma Stone. They have three
eiuldreu. The Major lives in comparative
retirement at San Juan, and since 1887 has
ably filled the position of United States Post-
master. He is a gentleman possessing many
estimable qualities, and is highly regarded by
all who know him.

fAVlD LEESE, son of Jacob P. Leese,
was born in Sonoma county, California,
January 8, 1846. He came to Mon-
terey county when a child, and attended the
public schools of Monterey. Then for a

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

number of years he followed various pursuits.

He was married in Salinas, in 1875, to
Delia Estelle, daughter of W. G. Martin, and
their union has been blessed with two sons
and six daughters, all living, namely: Her-
bert Primer, born in 1876: Adelaide Sophia,
in 1878; Grace Estelle, in 1880; David Will-
iam, in 1882; Edith Anna, in 1884; Delia,
in 1888; Jessie Frances, in 1890; and Ber-
tha Pomposa, in 1892.

Mr. Leese came to King City in the year
i885. He is now engaged in farming on
the Sin Bernabe ranch. On the 15th of
September, 1888, a serious accident, and a
phenomenal one for California, occurred to
him. The house in which he was living, lo-
cated five miles from King City, was struck
by lightning and its contents burned. Many
horses and cattle were also killed from the
effects of the lightning.

Mr. Leese has been and is still a very suc-
cessful farmer, and in his chosen pursuit has
acquired a competency. He bears a reputa-
tion above reproach. Mr. Leese comes from
an ancestry of which any one might well be
proud, his mother being a sister of the dis-
tinguished General Vallejo. For further
reference to his ancestry see the various allu-
sions to Jacob P. Leese in the general history
in this work and a sketch of him.

* \ > — : ^>=<t '

fOSEPH BOWIE, for many years a resi-
dent of San Juan, San Benito county, and
one of the most successful merchants of
the place, is a native of Montreal, Canada,
born September 6, 1830. His parents, Alex-
ander and Elizabeth (Arthur) Bowie, were
natives of Scotland and of the north of Ire-
land, respectively, tlie latter being a daughter

of William Arthur

jxauder Bowie was a

baker by trade. He came to California in
1852, worked at his trade in Murphy's camp,
and in 1857 came to San Juan. Joseph was
twenty-three years of age when he landed in
California. He mined in the diggings of
Calaveras county abont three years. In 1857
he came to San Juan aud found employment
on a stock ranch. He subsequently served
six years as Deputy Sheriff of Santa Clara
county, under Sheriff Adams, and during that
time was stationed at the New Almaden
quicksilver mines. He afterward served as
Deputy Sheriff of old Monterey county, un-
der Andy Wasson. Since 1877 he has been
engaged in the merchandise business at San
Juan.

Of Mr. Bowie's family we record that he
has one single sister, Eliza; Alexander, his
brother, is in Europe; Agnes is the wife of
J. P. Sargent, a prominent and wealthy
rancher of Santa Clara county; Cliarlotte H.
is the wife of S. W. Smith, of Monterey.

-^-^^^^^^-^

fDWAED L. B. SMITH, deceased, one
of the honored and esteemed pioneers
of California, paid the debt of N*ure
in 1853, leaving to his descendants an in-
heritance beyond price, that of an untar-
nished name.

Our subject came overland from Spring-
field, Illinois, to California, in 1848, leaving
Springfield in April of that year. The journey
was a perilous one and Mr. Smith was so un-
fortunate as to receive an accidental wound in
the ai-m from one of the guards while placing
them around, that proved very serious. This
wound was received while guarding the
camp at night, when he was serving as Cap-
tain of the guard. Mr. Smith made his ad-
vent into San Francisco on the 22d of Octo-

AND SAN MATEO GOUiVTIES.

ber, the same year. He was a merchant by
trade and pursued his calling until Novem-
ber of the year 1849, when he removed to
Santa Cruz, where lie remained until January,
1850, when he located at San Juan. As he
was a man of broad intelligence and well
versed in English and American law he be-
gan the practice of the same in San Juan.
Mr. Smith was the first Postmaster of San
Juan, and at the time of his death, in 1853,
was Surveyor of Monterey county.

Mr. Smith married Miss Jane Whittacer,
a native of Kingston, New York, where the
marriage ceremony occurred. Mrs. Smith
was of Holland Dutch descent. Mr. Smith
was also a native of New York, his birth-
place being Ulster county, that State. The
six children of Mr. and Mrs. Smith were all
born in Kingston and were by name as fol-
lows: Annie, wife of Judge R. F. Feckhara
of San Jose, is now deceased ; Caroline is the
widow of John N. Bigley and resides at San
Juan; Leath M. is the wife of John Breen, of
San Juan; Mary S. is the wife of George Chal-
mers of San Juan; Josephine married "W.
Jeffries of Santa Clara county and is now de-
ceased; and John, the only son, who is now
a resident of Stockton. Mr. Smith was an
honorable man, an energetic and esteemed
citizen who is still remembered by the host
of friends he left behind.

fA. BLESSING, a California pioneer of
1850, and a prosperous farmer of San
** Benito county, residing near Hollister,
is deserving of some personal mention in this
work.

Mr. Blessing is a native of Virginia, born
on the Red river, son of Abraham and Mary
(Anderson) Blessing. By the death of his

parents he was left an orphan at the age of
two years and was cared for and reared by
strangers. When a youth he went to Mis-
souri and at the age of twenty crossed the
plains from that State to California, coming
via the northern route, and after a journey of
seventy-five days landed in " Hangtown " on
the 1st of July, 1850. He spent twenty-five
years in the mines of Placer, El Dorado and
adjoining counties, and in 1875 came to San
Benito county and located near Hollister.
Hei-e he owns a fertile farm of eighty acres.
Mr. Blessing was married at San Francisco,
in 1863, to Mrs. Ruth Roe, a native of Lena-
wee county, Michigan. They have five chil-
dren: William A., Estella M., Mary. Alice,
John Franklin and Oliver C. The two
daughters and one son are married.

^OHN SEXTON, a native of Arkansas,
born December 28, 1837. His fa-
ther, Jacob Sexton, a farmer, came to
California in 1850 and died tiie same year, in
Sacramento county. His wife, nee Eliza Reed,
a native of Kentucky, died in the spring of
1886, leaving four children, of whom our
subject is the second.

Mr. John Sexton served during the rebel-
lion three years as United States Government
Wagon-master in the Commissary depart
ment. After the war, in 1865, lie came to
California and remained two years at Napa,
where he engaged in farm work. In 1867
he located in Salinas, where he bought seventy
acres of land, his present home. The Sexton
residence is one of the most attractive rural
homes in the valley and is a source of pride
to the citizens of the surrounding county.

Mr. Sexton was married July 17, 1865, to
Sarah C. Ki"gi the daughter uf Philip King,

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA OliVZ,

a farmer of the Salinas valley. Mrs. Sexton
was born in Indiana, March 21, 1846. Five
children have been born to Mr. and Mrs.
Sexton, namely: Ida B., now Mrs. James
Kenney of San Jose; O. C, now Mrs. Wright
Alsop of Salinas; A. D., now Mrs. J. H. Al-
sop of Salinas; Eda May and John T., at
home.

Mr. Sexton enjoys the respect and esteem
of all who know him, and he and his wife are
worthy representatives of tlie Salinas valley.

fOHN W. HAWKINS, a representative
business man of Hollister, is a native of
Marion county, Missouri, having been
born near the city of Hannibal, September
22, 1840. His life has been chiefly devoted
to agricultural pursuits, in which he has
been very successful.

His father, Nicholas Hawkins, was also a
life-long farmer and a native of Kentucky,
where he was greatly esteemed. Our subject
was reared in his native State, and in 1868
came to Hollister and was one of the original
settlers on the subdivision of the San Justo
or Hollister grant. He now owns one of the
finest farms of 200 acres in the county, which
joins the city of Hollister, also 700 acres
of productive farm land near Winters, Cali-
fornia.

Mr. Hawkins married Miss Frances J.
Chapped, a native of McDonald county, Mis-
souri, born near Neosho, October 7, 1845, and
a daughter of Alfred Chapped, a resident of
Hollister. Mr. and Mrs. Hawkins have four
living children, namely: William E., born
July 30, 1867; Alfred N., born April 11,
1869, married Emma Elizabeth Sherman,
and is now a farmer of Woodland, California;
Mary A., born December 28, 1870; Lee, born

January 15, 1878; and Frank C, born May 22,
1878, died March, 4, 1892. Mr. Hawkins
has been active in all enterprises that had for
their oTiject the material, educational or social
advancement of the city of Hollister and
county of San Eenito. No family in the State
is held in any higher esteem by those who
know them than is that of the subject of this
notice.

fAPT. E. F. WRIGHT is one of the
oldest pioneers of San Benito county.
He came to California, in 1849, from
Wilcox county, Ala., but is a native of South
Carolina, being born in Sumter district,
September 3, 1816. Soon after his birth his
father removed to Alabama, and there died
live months after.

The captain was reared in Conecuh county,
Alabama, until eighteen years of age,when he
engaged in raising cotton and corn until
1835, when he went to Texas, joined the
revolution and aided in gaining the inde-
pendence of the Lone Star State. He served
there as a private during 1836, and then
located in Concordia parish, Louisiana, near
Na>tchez, Mississippi, as a farmer. In 1844
he returned to Alabama, but in 1849 came to
California, being one of a party who chartered
a schooner and sailed for Brazos- Santiago,
Texas; crossed the Rio Grande river, and
with teams, wagons and pack mules made
their way to Mazatlan, Mexico. From this
point they sailed to San Francisco, taking
thirty-one days to the trip. Upon arrival in
California. Captain Wright spent about three
years in the mines and then returned to
Alabama. In 1852 he again made the trip,
and embarked in farming at Gilroy. While
living there he was several times elected
Justice of the Peace, which office he filled

AND SAA MATEO COUNTIES.

with credit. Later, he came to San Benito
county and located his present home at the
confluence of the Tres Pinos and San Benito
creeks, in the most fertile and cultivated
portion of central California.

He was married in Alabama in 184=4:, to
Miss Margaret L. Hank, a native of Ala-
bama, who is still living. Mr. and Mrs.
Wright have eight children, seven of whom
are daughters, and of these seven six have
occupied responsible positions as teachers in
the public schools. Mrs. Wright is a lady
of intelligence, and is a devoted wife and
mother.

Although born and reared in the heart of
secession, Capt. Wright has always been a
strong Union man and a Gerrit Smith
abolitionist. He served in his early days in
the Alabama militia, with rank as Captain,
which title has clung to him, and he is known
and liked as Captain Wright by a large
circle of acquaintances and friends. He is a
man of wide observation, general information
and pronounced opinions, and is liberal to a
fault.

tWESTFALL, M. D., has been one
of the physicians of Monterey since
* 1878, and of California since 1869.
He is a native of Indiana, born July 30,
1841, son of Isaac Fall Westfall. The Doctor
received his medical education at Keokuk,
Iowa, where he graduated in 1869 from the
College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Upon coming to California, he practiced
his profession at various points in California
and finally located at Monterey, in January,
1878.

In 1861, Dr. Nestfall Joined the Union
army in Iowa, and was mustered into the
Fourth Iowa Infantry. He served one year,

taking an active part in the battles of Shiloh
and Donelson, wliere he received injuries,
and was commissioned First Lieutenant as a
reward for his bravery, but was discharged
on account of his wounds.

His marriage occurred in 1875, to Miss
ISTellie Fadden, a native of Minnesota, and
they have one son, Jacob.

The Doctor is a Republican in politics, and
has held the office of City Recorder for two
years. He enjoys a fine practice, and has
the confidence and esteem of all who know
him>

JI^EV. N. R. FECK, one of the honorable
V^ membersof the superannuated Methodist
^^ clergy, is a well-known citizen of Pacific
Grove. He is a native of Chittenden county,
Vermont, born March 23, 1818. His father,
a Baptist preacher, was born in Rhode Isl
and, although he followed his calling chiefly
in Vermont and St. Lawrence county. New
York, in which latter place his death occurred
in 1860, when he had attained the age of
eighty-five years. His wife, mother of subject,
Sahara Rounds, was born in Rutland county,
Vermont, town of Clarendon, of English de-
scent.

Our subject was the second child in a large
family, was educated in the public schools of
Vermont, and also attended the St. Lawrence
Academy at Malone, New York. In 1838 he
joined the Black River Conference, having
been engaged in the local ministry of the
Northern New York Conference for some
time prior to this step. In 1855 Mr. Peck
became a member of the California Confer-
ence by transfer from the Black River Con.
ference in northern New York, being sta-
tioned at Los Angeles in the same year. He
remained only about six months when he was

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ.,

stationed at Sacramento, where he built up a
fine church organization and erected the pres-
ent Methodist Church on H street. He filled
various appointments in Sacramento, Placer,
El Dorado, and Amador counties, and served
as Presiding Elder in the California Confer-
ence in 1861. This good man continued his
ministrations until 1889, when he superannu-
ated, after a service of fifty-four years. He
resided for several years in Placer county,
where he was a pioneer in the growing of
olives and oranges in that county, propagating
them from the seed. In this way Mr. Peck
became interested in horiculture, and for some
time was an influential member of the State
Board of Horticulture.

In 1889 Mr. Peck took up his residence in
Pacific Grove, where (in 1892) he still lives,
and is universally beloved. Mr. Peck first
visited California in 1850, and as an indepen-
dent preacher traveled and preached the gos
pel of the Bible to the miners, sometimes hav-
ing audiences as large as 1,500 people, chiefly
miners, at the old Spanish bar on the Ameri-
can river. When asked how he could afford
to preach so long without remuneration he
said, "Why, bless you, I never had up to that
time seen so much money, and scarcely have I
since. While sitting alone in my cabin door
those open-handed and generous miners used
to throw sacks of gold dust through my open
window or door, not even halting to receive
my thanks."

Mr. Peck married, in 1833, Mary Rounds,
a daughter of Joseph Rounds of Monkton,
Vermont. Two children were born to them,
namely: Marilla, who married and was sent
to India in 1856 as a missionary, where she
died in 1863, leaving a daughter who was re-
turned to her native land and is now the wife
of Rev. J. W. Kuykendall, of the California
Conference. The other daughter of Mr. Peck

was married to J. N. Maddu.x, of California,
and is now living in San Francisco.

Mr. Peck is greatly esteemed in Pacific
Grove, and is now enjoying a well-earned
rest after a life of toil and arduous labors.

fj. HANEY, the subject of this brief
sketch, is a native of Ireland, where
® he was born in 1814. In 1840 he
shipped for America, and after arrival in this
land of freedom and plenty, he located in
Wisconsin, where he resided for about
twenty-two years. Prior to his settlement
in Wisconsin he had traveled extensively in
the United States, and so finally resolved to
seek in the mild climate of California
the comfort during winter that Wiscon-

1875 he

sin does not afford; so
made the trip, and, since his arrival in
the State, has been the keeper of the court-
house grounds of Monterey county. This
work he is well able to perform, as he was
reared on a farm and has always engaged in
agricultural pursuits.

In 1849 our subject was married to Miss
Henrietta Luce, who bore him one son,
Edward. Mr. Haney has always been very
industrious, and his energy and thrift have
won for him a competency. He now has a
comfortable home in Salinas, where his
sociability and strict integrity have made him
many friends.

fRANK R. DAY is a representative busi-
ness man and capitalist of Monterey. He
has been a resident of California for
about twenty-five years. His father, Lott Day,
coming to California with his family in 1866,
purchased the Capital Hotel at Sacramento,

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

and operated the same until 1871. After a
trip East he settled in Oakland, where he
lived in retirement until his death in 1883.
He was a native of Ohio, born at the present
site of Cincinnati about 1822. He became
one of the most successful hotel men of his
day, and owned some of the leading hotels in
Ohio and adjoining States. The mother of
our subject was Anna, daughter of John K.
Wright, M. D., an eminent physician with a
practice extending throughout Indiana. She
was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and
died at the age of thirty-three years, inSouth
Bend, Indiana, leaving three children, a son
and two daughters. The younger daughter
died at the age of five years, and the older
Lizzie, married W. S. Bender, a nephew of
E. B. Crocker, agent for the Central Pacific
Railroad Company. They lived at Reno,
Nevada, where she died in 1871.

Mr. Day was born in South Bend, Indiana,
April 9, 1853. He learned civil engineering
after coming to California, and as civil engi-
neer worked for the Pacific Improvement
Company for a time. Later, lae worked for
the Southern Pacific and other railway com-
panies in various capacities, and was also in
the employ of Wells, Fargo & Company, these
engagements covering a period of about
twenty years. In 1883 he located in Los
Angeles. He organized and was for a time
connected with the well-known business firm
of Joe Bayer & Co., of that city. In 1886 he
disposed of his business interests and became
one of the volunteer firemen of Los Angeles,
which position he filled four years, the last
two years being Chief of the paid department.
He served as a member of the City Council
of Los Angeles two years, from the second
ward, one of the wealthiest wards in the city.
He was popularly known for his political
sagacity and business enterprise. He was an

organizer and director of the first telephone
company in that city. He is is an organizer
of, a heavy stockholder in, and manager of
the Monterey Electric Light & Development
Company.

Mr. Day has been twice married, his first
wife being Elizabeth Mappa, a member of one
of the oldest families of Los Angeles. His
present companion, fomerly Miss Jessie
Oliver, is a native of Monterey, a daughter
of the late George Oliver, and a lady of rare
social culture. By his former marriage he
has one daughter, Anna C, now (1892) eight
years of age.

No citizen in Monterey is more active or
takes more pride in the business development
of the city than Frank R. Day. He is a mem-
ber of the Town Council. In social as well
as business circles he is held in high esteem.

tODELPHHS C. AUSTIN, of Monterey
county, California, was born in Oxford
county, Maine, February 25, 1854, son
of Amos and Florence S. (Taylor) Austin.
His father was a native of that same State
and county, and was by occupation a dairy-
man. He made the trip to this State in
1856, coming direct from Maine, via Pan-
ama. Two years later his wife and son
Rodelphus (youngest child) came by the
same route, leaving the two daughters with
their uncle, G. D. Austin, until about the
year 1863. One year the father was engaged
in mining in Butte county. Daniel for three
years was in company with ex-Sheriff P. K.
Austin, a brother on Point San Pedro, Marin
county, this State. Then for five years he
conducted a dairy in Sonoma county, and
also dealt in live stock. The mother is still
living. She dates her birth in 1823. Of

MONTEREY, SAJV BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

their six eliildren, fonr are now living, the
subject of this sketch, and his three sisters,
all married and settled in life. Flora is now
Mrs. William Ferguson, of Los Angeles;
Ora B. is the wife of J. Q. Bradburj, a
superintendent of mines in New Mexico; and
Linnie E. is the wife of Dr. G. H. Heald, of
San Francisco. The maternal grandfather
of Mr. Austin was Stephen B. Taylor, a
native of Maine, who lived to be ninety
years of age, and died in Byron, that State,
and his father, John Taylor, was a Revolu-
tionary soldier under Washington. Grand-
father Abiah Austin was by trade a wheel-
wright.

Mr. Austin attended the State Normal
School at San Jose and gradiiated at the
McMeans Normal School of Santa Rosa,
Sonoma county. He also took a scientific
course of study in the Ciiristian Colle2;e,
Santa Rosa. He followed school teaching
for a time, being very successful, and urged
by school trustees to continue. He pre-
empted Government land, and in 1873
owned 1,060 acres. Since that time, how-
ever, he has sold off portions of his land, and
at this writing has a fine raiich of 120 acres.
He is one of Monterey's best-informed and
most reliable citizens, and in politics he is
an ardent Republican.

fOSEPH O. JOHNSON, a pioneer of
Pacific Grove, has figured quite con-
spicuously in the development of Pa-
cific Grove.

Mr. Johnson was born May 10, 1844, in
Rappahannock county, Virginia, and was the
son of Farmer Johnson, deceased, a planter
by occupation, who came to California in
1869, and settled in Monterey county, where

he remained until his death, which occurred
in Salinas, in 1877.

The subject is one of the most active busi-
ness men of the county and has engaged
largely in the mercantile business. Upon his
first arrival in San Francisco, in 1869, he
spent a year in prospecting throughout the
State. In 1872 he located near Salinas, and
sold merchandise during 1875, 1876, and
1877. At the last-named date he closed out
and spent a year in traveling in northern
California, after which he settled in Pacific
Grove.

Upon his arrival at this popular seaside
resort he purchased of the Pacific Improve-
ment Company the only livery business of
the town and erected, without question, the
most complete and largest livery stable in
the State, which cost him $10,000, and
which has been considered by all the town
as one of the most enterprising businesses
of the place. These stables are liberally
patronized, not only by the town people but
by visitors. Mr. Johnson also platted the
town for the Pacific Improvement Company,
in Pacific Grove, acting as superintendent.
He made many improvements, and during
the time he served in that capacity he sold
over 3,000 business and residence lots. It
was under his able management that Pacific
Grove acquired its fame as a desirable resi-
dence town, and its largest sales were made
under his directorship.

Mr. Johnson has been twice married, the
first time, August 2, 1862, to Miss Emma
Gray, who died September 13, 1884, at
Pacific Grove. January 19, 1886, Mr. John-
son married Miss Carrie L., daughter of the
lamented D. W. Lloyd, of Pacific Grove, and
they have three daughters: Carrie J., Mabel
J. alid Esther. Mr. Johnson owns a large
auiount of real estate in Pacific Grove and

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

valuable farm property in Oregon. He is a
man who is noted for his business energy
and every project which has him at its head
is sure to succeed.

JiARION CROW, Hollister, San Ben-
ito county, California, came to this
State from Crawford county, Mis-
souri, in 1871. His father, Joseph Crow,
mined in California as early as 1849, as will
be seen by reference to the sketch of W. J.
Crow elsewhere in this work.

Marion Crow was born in Crawford county,
Missouri, December 13, 1853. He was vari-
ously employed until finally he took up farm-
ing, and located where he now lives, in the
vineyard district, about six miles southwest
of Hollister. Here he has 600 acres of farm-
ing and grazing laud, about 125 acres of
which are under cultivation.

Mr. Crow was married in 1875, to Miss
Emma Whitton, of JMapa, California. They
have four children: Cassie A., Mary E., John
F. and Josephine.

fOHN SHIELDS, an esteemed pioneer of
California, crossed the plains from Keo-
kuk, Iowa, via Council Bluffs, and the
northern route, in 1852, being six months in
making the journey. Upon his arrival in the
Golden State, he first located in Shasta county,
where he lived two years, from there going
to Trinity county. Here he devoted four-
teen years of his life to mining, and was
favored with average success. Since April,
1870, he has been a resident of San Benito
county.

Mr. Shields

born in Ireland, in 1831,

and at the age of seventeen came to America.
His life has been one of industry and so-
briety. In San Benito he has developed a
fine estate, has a comfortable home, and has
reared a family of seven children, all of whom
are capable of taking independent and hon-
orable positions in life.

He was married in Santa Clara county, in
1864, to Miss Julia Wallace, a lady of ster-
ling qualities, and who proved herself a faith-
ful wife and devoted mother. She died in
1892. The names of their children are:
Frank, Augustus, Agnes, Ida, John, George
and Murty. Frank and his brother-in-law,
J. E,. Young, are engaged in the Garden City
Brass Works, at San Jose.

Mr. Shields was reared in the Catholic
faith. In politics, he is an out-and-out
I'rohibitionist.

tICHMOlS'D STICE, deceased, was born
in Randolph county, Missouri, October
13, 1823. His father, Peter Stice, a
Missouri an by birth, emigrated to Oregon
and there died, at the age of 104 years.
Richmond Stice was reared on a farm in his
native State, and in August 31, 1843, he mar-
ried Elizabeth AUred, and had the following
children: William T., deceased; Nancy M.;
and Elizabeth, who died November 17, 1846.
In 1856 Richmond Stice came to Califor-
nia. Arriving on this coast, he engaged in
mining in Amador county one year. He
then farmed two years in Napa county, and
ten years near Vacaville, Solano county. He
came to San Benito county, in 1869, where
he followed farming until 1876. Then he
moved to Lompoc, Santa Barbara county; in
1877, back to San Benito county, settling at
Willow creek. In 1883 he located on Tres

290

MONTEREY, SAN^ BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

Pinos creek, near Paicines, where he spent
the rest of his life, dying February 2, 1891.

Mr. Stice was married, in Missouri, iu
1848, to Miss Martha J. Barnes, a native of
Boone county, Missouri, born July 11, 1827.
Their children are as follows: Lizzie, wife of
Benjamin Duvaul; James B., deceased;
Ehoda A., wife of G. W. Joice; Henry P.,
Lottie E., John M., Tyra E., deceased; Sarah
P., wife of M. C. Druden ; Silas X., and Lee,
deceased.

Richmond Stice was active and enterprising
in business affairs, and in his home was ever
hospitable and social. He had hosts of friends
and was highly respected by all who knew
him.

tEXSSELAER L. HOHNAN, a native
of Orange county, Vermont, was born
May 26, 1843. His father, Luther
Hohnan, was a farmer. Upon leaving his na-
tive State, Mr. Hohnan, in 1865, came to Cali-
fornia and spent two years in the wholesale
fruit house of J. & D. Conrad. At the time
of his leaving this house he returned to Ver-
mont, and spent three years farming on the
old home place of his lather, then engaged in
the mercantile business in Williston, Ver-
mont, for two years; then sold out his busi-
ness there and engaged in farming for two
years at Jericho, Vermont. In 1872, he
made a second trip to California, this time as
traveling agent for the Walter A. Wood Mow-
ing and Reaping Machine Company, of Hoo-
sick Falls, New York, remaining with them
two years. Next he was employed by Messrs.
Frank Bros, of San Francisco as traveling
salesman for four years; then encraged in the
hardware and agricultural implement business
for himself, in company with Perrin Stanton
at Sacramento, California, where he remained

in business for five years; then sold his in-
terest in the business to Stanton, Thomson &
Co. of that city, and moved to Pacific Grove,
investing his capital largely in Pacific Grove
residence property.

Mr. Hohnan married, in 1869, Miss Laura
A. Whitcomb, of LTnderhill, Vermont, and
they have two sons and one daughter. The
family reside in a beantifui home on the
Lighthouse road, and it is one of the most
complete homes in its appointments and sur-
roundings in Monterey county. Mr. Hohnan
is esteemed for his sound business judgment
and integrity.

fAMES H. McDOUGALL.— The subject
of this brief sketch is one of the most
widely and favorably known business
men in Monterey county. He has been a
resident of California since 1854, and his rise
and progress from step to step as a business
man is briefly noted in the following lines:

Mr. McDougall is a native of Glasgow,
Scotland, and was born October 4, 1836.
His father, James McDougall, is a pioneer of
California, of 1853, a venerable resident of
Salinas.

Our subject, upon arrival in San Francisco,
viaChicago, came directly to Monterey county
and engaged in farming in the Parnell val-
ley, until 1858. He then followed lumbering
for a brief time, and also operated a thresh-
ing crew in the Pajaro valley. In 1868 he
commenced merchandising in Salinas city, in
partnership with Deacon Howe, carrying a
somewhat mixed assortment of goods, mostly
stationery. For about thirteen years he
served as Postmaster of Salinas, receiving
his appointment from Postmaster-General
Key, under President Hayes' administration.
In 1884 he was elected Tax Collector of Mon-

AND BAN MATEO COUNTIES.

291

terey, and is still connected with the office, as
a deputy. He retired from the mercantile
business in 1889, having been engaged there-
in for twenty years. During these busy
years Mr. McDougall has been very prosper-
ous and has accumulated a line property,
which consists of valuable productive real
estate and business property, in and about
Salinas. He has figured more or less in poli-
tics, and has never lost a political contest.
He has served several times on his local
School Board, and is President of the same at
the present time. In January, 1880, he was
elected Treasui-er of Alisal Lodge, No. 163 I.
0. O. F., of Salinas, and has since been cus-
todian of its finances. He is interested in
hanking, and is a director in one of the
strongest banking institutions in the interior
of the State.

Mr. McDougall married Miss Elizabeth,
the daughter of the late James Bardin, Esq.,
an esteemed pioneer and leading farmer of
Salinas, a brief sketch of whose life can be
found on another page in this work. Mr.
and Mrs. McDougall have two bright children.
Jay Edward and Charles.

fEOEGE BLAKIE, a well-known farmer
of Salinas valley, has been a resident
of California since 1860. He is a na-
ive of Scotland, and was born at Kelso,
October 6, 1834. He came to America
in 1857, and located in Monterey county in
1863, where he has successfully farmed about
300 acres of the Cooper ranch, producing
chiefly potatoes and grain, and he keeps about
forty head of horses, his ranch being one of
the largest in the vicinity.

Mr. Blakie was married at the little town
of Castroville, to a daughter of Thomas Will-

iams. Mrs. Blakie is a native of the State of
Connecticut. About a year ago, he removed
with his family to their home place, "Cypress
Corner," in San Miguel canon.

t NORTON, one of the most proficient
and able tutors of the yonngin Mont-
® erey county, is the subject of this brief
sketch.

Mr. Norton was born in Susquehanna
county, Pennsylvania, in the town of Lanes-
boro. His parents, P. L. and Sarah (Thayer)
Norton, are both natives of New Tork State.
His father served throughout the war in the
Union army, was twice wounded, once taken
prisoner, and was promoted to the rank of
Major of volunteers for meritorious services
on the field of battle.

Our subject enjoyed the advantages of a
liberal early education in his native town and
in the town of Susquehanna, and entered
upon a course of study at Cornell University,
New York, in 1871. Owing to an almost
total loss of eyesight his studies were aban-
doned for a while. Upon a partial recovery
he went to Philadelphia and embarked for
California on the steamship "State of Cali-
fornia," which sailed for San Francisco, via
the Straits of Magellan. As he had devoted
himself to his studies, he was able, after a
few months passed in the steamship service
of the San Francisco and southern coast
route, to engage in leaching district school,
in the northern end of Monterey county, near
Watsonville, Santa Cruz county. Later his
talents as an instructor were recognized to
such an extent that he was offered the Prin-
cipalship of the public-schools of Gonzales,
in Monterey county, which position he
acceptably filled for seven years. The follow-

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

ing two years be lield the same position at
San Miguel, San Luis Obispo county. In
1892 be resigned bis position, relinquisbed
educational work and accepted tbe position of
Monterey agent for tbe Pacific Coast Station
Ship Company. Mr. Norton's thorough
knowledge of school work and his conscien-
tious devotion to his duties, have made him
one of the most able and popular teachers in
central California, and his pleasant, genial
manner and business tact is making bim very
popular and successful in bis new position of
agent for the above company.

Mr. Norton has acceptably served the pub-
lic for three terms, or six years, as member
of tbe County Board of Education, and was
without solicitation made the Democratic
nominee for County Superintendent of schools,
but as his party was in the minority he fell
short of an election.

fAMES H. R O B I N S O N, a prominent
farmer of Salinas and Deputy County
Recorder of Monterey county, is a native
of Texas, having been born in Dallas, De-
cember 26, 1855. He is tbe son of Ephraim
Robinson, a native of North Carolina, who
came to California in 1860 and located on a
farm near Salinas city. When our subject
was five years old his parents came to Cali-
fornia and located in Monterey county.

James received bis education in the public
schools of this county and early in life em-
braced stock-raising and farming as his occu-
pation. He now is the proud owner of a fine
ranch of 1,810 acres, near what is known as
tbe Corral de Tierra, in this county.

Mr. Robinson was married in this county,
January 1, 1884, to Miss Annie Condon, of
Salinas city, daughter of George W. Condon,

a farmer of Salinas. She was born at Slug
Gulch, Placer county, California, May 2,
1856. Mr. and Mrs. Robinson have had
three children.

Two years ago Mr. Robinson accepted the
office of Deputy County Recorder, which
position he has successfully filled to the pres-
ent time. He was deputy recorder from
1887 to 1889. On the ranch from January
1 up to the fall of 1890, when he entered
the campaign for tbe office of County Re-
corder, against a popular young native son of
the Golden West, and was elected by a good
majority, and holds the office at the present
time. He is a successful farmer and enjoys
the respect and esteem of his fellow-towns-
men.

fF. PEARCE, who has a beautiful
home of seventy acres, located in
® San Juan canon, California, is one of
tbe represenative citizens of San Benito
county, and is deserving of some personal
mention in this work.

Mr. Pearce was born in Gloucester,
Massachusetts, December 15, 1834. His
parents, Edward H. and Mary (Brown)
Pearce, were natives of Gloucester and
Hamilton, Massachusetts, respectively. Ed-
ward H. Pearce was a seafaring man, a cap-
tain of various ocean vessels, and navigated
nearly all the open seas of tbe world. He
was born in 1800, spent tbe evening of his
life on a farm in Massachusetts, and died in
1875.

In early life tbe subject of our sketch
learned the trade of shoe-cutter and became
an expert cutter. He worked in a factory in
Nova Scotia for some time. It was in 1851
that he made his first trip to California, com-
ing via Cape Horn, as a sailor before the

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

mast. After spending four months in San
Francisco he went back into the country and
hunted wild ojame for the San Francisco mar-
ket. This business he pursued about four
years. Then, after a trip through the inin-.
ing districts, he in 1856 returned East. His
second journey to California was made by
way of Panama in 1861.

Mr. Pearce was married in 1857, at Nova
Scotia, to Miss Sarah Eaton, a native of Liv-
erpool, Nova Scotia, born May 24, 1837, a
daughter of Captain Thomas Eaton, her par-
ents being both of English birth. Captain
Eaton was a seafaring man and was com-
mander of the ship Fairy. This vessel,
which had her keel laid on Friday, was
launched on Friday, and sailed to sea on Fri-
day, was, indeed, a most fortunate craft, not-
withstanding the supersti*,ion which gov-
erned the movements of many sailors in those
days. Mr. and Mrs. Pearce have two sons
and five daughters, viz. : Kate, wife of C. A.
Dorsey, Sacramento; Lida, widow of Henry
Hounds, San Francisco; Edward, a rancher,
Mabel, a teacher in the public schools of San
Juan; and Lillian, Arthur and Minnie.

Mr. Pearce has served as Justice of the
Peace of San Juan and as a School Trustee of
his district for sixteen years.

During the time Edward H. Pearce lived
on his farm he was a member of the Massa-
chusetts Legislature for over twenty years.
Henry, the second son of E. H. Pearce, joined
the Union army at the commencement of the
war and continued until the close; was In
forty-seven engagements and came out with-
out a scratch although he was six feet and five
inches in height and weighed 256 pounds.
After the war he removd to St. Louis, Mis-
souri, where he died, in July, 1889, of Bright's
disease. David, the youngest of the boys,
also enlisted in the Union army early in the

war, served in the Army of the Potomac
about two years and six months, and, after his
return, died of the same disease.

fEOPvGE FENWICK BODFISH, of
Pacific Grove, is a native of California,
born in San Jose, February 1, 1859.
His father, George H. Bodfish, deceased,
was a native of Barnstable county, Massa-
chusetts, and an active and influential pioneer
of California. Grandfather Eben Bodfish
was a native of the same county, and was by
occupation a farmer. Grandmother Bodfish
was, before her marriage, a Miss Fish, and,
like her husband, was of old Puritan stock.
George H. was the fourth of nine children
born to Eben Bodfish and his wife. He was
reared on a farm. He, however, inclined to
mechanics and to milling. Locatino- at New
Bedford, Massachusetts, he engaged exten-
sively in lumbering, shipping cargoes by an
ocean vessel around Cape Horn to San Fran-
cisco in 1849. In the latter part of that
year he came to California, via Panama, re-
maining two years. He disposed of his stock
of lumber and engaged in farming in Santa
Clara valley, near San Jose, and also opened
one of the first mercantile houses in that
city. Both these enterprises proved success-
ful, and he continued the same until 1855,
when he embarked in the milling business
in the Coast Range mountains, about six
miles west of Gilroy. He manufactured
large quantities of Redwood lumber, operat-
ing lumber yards and planing mills in both
Gilroy and San Jose. In 1855 he took into
the Santa Clara valley the first steam thresh-
ing machine of that region of country. In
1863 he mined gold in the quartz mines of
Kern county, California. He died at Sage

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

Land, a mining town of that county, in 1869.
He was married in 1853, to Mrs. Allen Luce,
a widow of New Bedford, Massachusetts, re-
turning to California the same year with his
bride and her only son, Allen. Allen Luce,
at this writing, is the keeper of Point Finos
lighthouse. To George H. Rodfish and
his wife were born three children, namely:
Emma, now Mrs. W. H. Lambert, of Mon-
terey county, born March 9, 1855; George
Fenwick, February 1, 1859; and Jessen M.,
May 26, 1861, died in 1868. Mrs. Bodfish
by maiden name was Sarah A. Brent, daugh-
ter of Honorable William M. Brent, deceased,
an eminent jurist and ex-member of Congress
from Louisiana.

George Fenwick Bodfish was educated in
the public schools of San Jose and Monterey,
and has for years been a dealer in stock,
cattle and horses. He was married Decem-
ber 23, 1884, to Miss Brenda R. Prague, a
daughter of Honorable J. B. and Maria
(Watkinsj Prague, of New Orleans, Louis-
iana. She is a lady of literary tastes and
rare domestic accomplishments, and is a fre-
quent contributor to the San Francisco daily
papers and Monterey local press. She is a
true southern lady, charming in her manner
and brilliant in conversation. The familys
home is in Pacific Grove. They have two
interesting little boys.

fOHN H. GAKBER comeso f old Penn-
sylvania Dutch stock, a people proverb-
ial for thrift, domestic neatness and that
judicious conservatism which invariably leads
to a comfortable competency if not to wealth.
Mr. Garber was born in Trappe, Mont-
gomery county, Pennsylvania, January 13,
1845. He worked on a farm, when not at-

tending the public school, till he had reached
his twenty-fourth year. He then entered
Muhlenberg College, AUentown, Pennsyl-
vania, of which institution he is a graduate
.of class '71. After that he taught school one
year. Then he took a post-graduate course
at Lehigh University, in his native State.

In May, 1875; Mr. Garber came to this
coast and took up his permanent abode at
Salinas. For some time after his arrival
he took hold of various employments, both at
manuel labor and in assisting the county of-
ficers in clerical work, serving four years as
Deputy County Clerk. He revisited the
scenes of his old home in the East for a few
months, and on returning to Salinas, in 1881,
he was again employed in the county otfiees.
In May, 1882, Mr. Garber was appointed
County Surveyor to till the unexpired term
of F. S. Ingalls, and has been elected to till
that oflice as the Democratic nominee ever
since.

Jj^ W. BRIGGS was born in Rome, Oneida
^m\ county, New York, August 25,
^If ® 1819. He resided with his parents,
attending the public schools, until the Janu-
ary after he was twelve years old, when he
entered the store of his cousin, Lyman Briggs,
in Rome. He served as a clerk at Rome and
Watertown until 1838, when he went to his
parents in Lake county, Ohio. In 1840 he
resolved to go South for the purpose of teach-
ing, as he was very well fitted for that life,
he having kept up his studies and read exten-
sively on law questions. He went to Tennes-
see an entire stranger, biit was fortunate
enough to get a school at Beech Grove Semin-
ary, in Giles county, Tenn.

In 1847, July 4, he married Miss Mary
Stinson, one of his pupils. That year the

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

negro question was beginning to agitate the
people, and his wife's family were all Presby-
terians and opposed to slavery, although they
owned slaves; a number of the family con-
cluded to make their home in the free States,
and after visiting a number of the Western
States finally settled at Troy, in Davis county,
Iowa, where our subject again went into mer-
cantile lite, and acted as Postmaster, School
Trustee and "boss" generally. While here he
was elected County Commissioner, Supervisor,
and when the Board of Commissioners was
abolished and the County Judgeship, having
all the supervisors' and probate business;
when criminal jurisdiction was created, he was
elected to that office, as a Whig, although the
county was a few hundred Democratic.

This office he held four years, after which
he resumed merchandising. In May, 1855, his
wife died, leaving five children, one girl and
four boys. In June, 1856, he married Miss
Julia E. Willej, of Genesee, New York. In
the same year he made up his mind to remove
to California, where he had a brother. Rev.
M. C. Briggs, and in the spring of 1859 he
started with his family and a number of the
neighbors across the plains with an ox team
and quite a herd of cattle. After all the usual
hardships of the trip, our subject arrived in
Santa Clara county October of that year and
bought a farm at Berryessa, and as he knew
as much about farming as Greeley did he cal-
culated to get rich. While threshing his first
crop, in July, 1860, he accidentally fell into the
cylinder of the thresher and lost his right leg.
Farming did not look very encouraging after
that.

In the fall he was elected to represent Santa
Clara county in the State Legislature, and at-
tended the very important session of 1861,
was the author of the Sunday law, which a
recent Democratic legislature repealed. In

the spring of 1861 he was appointed Register
of the Land Office at Yisalia, which position
he filled for six years, and a portion of that
time was the efficient editor of the Visalia
Delta, which was published by his son. After
enduring from three to seven spells of chills
per seasoii for six years he removed to Gilroy
in 1868, and again engaged in mercantle life.
He held the position of Postmaster there for
sixteen years, until he went out with his
party.

In June, in 1887, he came to Pacific Grove,
and, finding the climate, associations and con-
ditions just suited to his notions of comfort-
able life, he concluded to stay right here the
few years of life remaining to him. Politi-
cally he is a Republican, out and out, and be-
longs to I. O. O. F. & A. M., I. O. of G.
T., and Knights of Honor.

The children of our subject are as follows:
H. M. Briggs, a merchant of Modesto; Walter,
lumber merchant of Riverside, Calfornia, but
by trade a mechanic; Mary B., the only living
daughter, widow of Dr. J. E. Benn, of Gilroy
She served for several years as Postmistress
of Gilroy, and in that capacity she proved
herself a woman of great executive ability.
She is also an accomplished musician.

Judge Briggs is without doubt the- busiest
and most prompt business man in Pacific
Grove. He is a man of genial manners, is
well posted on all matters of public or local
importance, and thousands flock to his office
every season to confide in him their business
affairs and ask the advice which is always
forthcoming. This gentleman resides in a
beautiful home, which is a bower of floral
beauty.

A son of our subject, the late Rev. Eugene
Briggs, had the misfortune to lose his eyes at
the age of nine years, but he was well edu-
cated in a school for the blind, became a fin?

MONTE RE r, a AM BENITO, SANTA OUUZ ,

musician and music teacher, and finally en-
tered the ministry and preached for ten years,
without intermission, as an evangelist, travel-
ing throughout the entire State of California.
This wonderful man was a thorough Bible
scholar, having read that book through from
cover to cover fifteen times, using the raised
letters and reading by feeling. He ofiiciated
as pastor of a church at Downey, California,
and erected a church edifice at that place. His
death occurred at Crystal Springs, California,
in 1890.

Judge Briggs is now seventy-three years of
age. For president he cast his first vote for
William Henry Harrison, and expects to cast
what will probably be his last vote, for the
grandson, Benjamin.

fNDREW LACQUER is a native of the
Golden State, having been born at
Diamond Springs, El Dorado county,
December 17, 1853. His father, B. Lacquer,
was a pioneer of 1850, and a native of Norway,
coming to America in 1836. He located
first in Dodgeville, Wisconsin, where he pur-
sued his trade of a carpenter. Upon coming
to California he went to the mines, and there
resided until 1859. He finally located in
Sonoma county, where he engaged in farm-
ing, and there died in 1890, September 12.
He married in Norway, and was the father of
five children, of whom three sons and one
daughter are living.

Andrew is the third born of this family
and spent his youth in Sonoma county,
locating on his present home in 1887. Here
he has seventy -two and one half acres of ex-
cellent land, delightfully located at Hollister.

Mr. Lacquer was married February 9, 1885,
to Miss Ida B. Chestnut, a native of Cincin-

nati, Ohio, and daughter of James G. Chest-
nut, who came to California, following
mining and mineral assaying as a business.
Mr. and Mrs. Lacquer have three children:
Anna, Merle and Laverne.

Mr. Lacquer is a member of the Ancient
Order of United Workmen and K. of P. He
and his wife are highly respected through-
out the county in which they have their
home.

fOAH D. HALL was born in Fond du
Lac, Wisconsin, September 21, 1851.
His father and mother, aged eighty-six
and eighty-three years, respectively, are still
living at the old home in Wisconsin.

In 1872, at the age of nineteen years, he
left his native home and came direct to San
Jose, California. After remaining there a
short time, he came to Hollister, San Benito
county, and engaged in ranching. He was
on a ranch for about five years, and each sea-
son went with a threshing machine, acting as
engineer. In 1877, he sold his ranch and
started for Oregon, making the journey by
team. Not liking the country in Oregon, he
returned to Hollister in November of the
same year, and engaged in the express and
truck business. After conducting that busi-
ness five years he sold out and began work at
his trade, that of machinist.

In 1874 Mr. Hall returned to the home of
his childhood, and was there married to Miss
Emma L. Conrad, by whom he has had four
children, one son and three daughters,
namely: Edna, Irvie, Mary and Kattie. At
this writing (1892) they are aged fifteen, thir-
teen, ten and seven years, respectively.

Mr. Hall is now Superintendent of the
Hollister Water Company, which position he

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

has tilled most efficiently for the last three
years. He is an active member of the In-
dependent Order of Odd Fellows, the Ancient
Order of United Workmen and the Ancient
Order of Foresters. He is also a member
of the National Association of Engineers.
As a pioneer of the county he is well known,
and wherever known is highly respected.

fOSEPH NORTHROP came to Califor-
nia, in 1865, from Washington county,
Vermont, town of Cabot. He is a
native of Peacham, near Caledonia, Living-
ston county. New York, March 26, 1837.

Upon coming to the coast he first mined at
Dutch Flats and at Gold Run, where he re-
mained about nine years. He theii came to
Monterey county and located in the Salinas
valley, where he has continuously farmed on
the Cooper ranch since that time. Here he
has 155 acres of land.

Mr. Northrop's father died in Vermont, in
1868, and all of his eleven children are still
living, except three. None of them are on
the coast, except our subject. The latter has
a niece and nephew in California, however.

Mr. Northrop is one of Castroviile's best
citizens, and is a prominent member of Con-
fidence Lodge, No. 20, A. F. & A. M. of
Caatroville.

|RS. HENRIETTA SKELTON, State
Lecturer and Organizer of California
for the Woman's Christian Temper-
ance Union, is a native of Germany. She
was born at Giessen, a daughter of Professor
Heddrich, who was President of Heidelburg
University. At fifteen years of age she was

bereft of her parents and came to America,
where she joined an uncle. Professor Karl
Buflf, a professor of Toronto University,
(Canada). In 1869, being then seventeen
years of age, she married Mr. Murray Skel-
ton, a native of Plymouth, England, who was
at that time Superintendent of the Northern
railway of Canada. Mr. Skelton died in
1871, and in 1883 she lost her only son,
Louis G.

Upon the death of her husband Mrs. Skel-
ton threw herself into the temperance work,
with which she has since been identified.
She established the first German temperance
paper in the United States, at Cincinnati,
Ohio, in 1880, which she christened the
BahnbrecKer [Roadhreaker) and which she
edited for two years and then gave it to the
National Woman's Christian Temperance
Union. Mrs. Skelton then went into the
lecture field, in which line of temperance
work she has since labored.

She came to the Pacific coast in 1883, and
did the first practical temperance work in
southern California, establishing many of
the live-working unions in that part of the
State. Since that time she has traveled in
twenty-eight States and Territories of the
Union. She spent two years, 1886 and '87,
as Lecturer and President of Idaho, and es-
tablished the work there. Later she resumed
the work in California, where her field of
labor now is.

Mrs. Skelton at the National Convention in
Denver, 1892, was elected a member of the
National Staff of Lecturers and Organizers,
and her field of work greatly extended.

Mrs. Skelton is a lady of great force of
character and tine intellectual attainments.
She has found time to write several instruc-
tive books, and is the author of "The Christ-
mas Tree," a character story of home life in

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

the Fatherland, with the scenes laid at Gies-
sen, her native home. Another one of her
productions is, "The Man Trap," a temper-
ance story; and the third is entitled, "A Fatal
Inheritance." She will soon issue from the
press her most recent work, "Grace Morton."

Mrs. Skelton is thoroughly imbued with
the subject of her life work, temperance.
She is entertaining on the platform, and a
lady of great executive ability. Her home is
at Pacific Grove and her personal friends,
numbered by the thousands, are scattered
across the continent.

Mrs. Skelton has one grandson, Erdly, to
whose future she is much devoted.

fLIHU ANTHONY, one of the first
settlers of Santa Cruz, California, was
born in Saratoga county, New York,
November 30, 1818. His parents were Asa
and Sarah (O'Dell) Anthony: the former of
Welsh descent, the latter of English. Their
family consisted of six children, the subject
of this sketch being the second. From the
age of five years till he was thirteen he
attended the district schools during the
winter months. His father was a mechanic,
and started the first scythe factory in Sara-
toga county. With him Elihu learned the
blacksmith trade. In 1831 they moved to
Allegany county. New York, and ten years
later to Indiana. In the meantime our sub-
ject went to Michigan, remaining a few
months, after which he joined his father at
Fort Wayne. There they worked at their
trade till 1841, when Elihu was married and
set out for himself. The lady of his choice
was Frances Clark.

Soon after their marriage they went to
Wolf Lake, thirty miles from Fort Wayne,

where he engaged at work at his trade.
About this time he became interested
in the salvation of his soul, was con-
verted and joined the Methodist Episcopal
Church. One month later he received a
license to exhort, and three months after this
was licensed to preach, and sent to Warsaw
Circuit, North Indiana Conference. After
serving as pastor on this charge for one year,
he was sent to La Grange Circuit. While
there his wife contracted a severe cold, which
turned into hasty consumption, and caused
her death. They had three children, all of
whom died in infancy.

He was married tlie second time in Fort
Wayne, Indiana, in 1845, to Miss Sarali A.
Van Anda, and their union has been blessed
with the following children: Louisa, wife
of Wilbur Huntington; Bascom F., Alman,
Gilbert and Frank, all citizens of Santa Cruz
except Alman, who lives in Tulare county,
and who is one of the leading horticulturists
of that county.

In the fall of 1846 Mr. Anthony, wife and
one child went to Oskaloosa, Iowa, on his
way to Oregon, as a missionary. He left
Oskaloosa May 1, 1847, as a member of a
company composed of one hundred wagons
and some four hundred men, women and
children. They were on their way six
months. At Fort Hall they met Mr. Apple-
gate and two men who had gone to Oregon
on a new route. Mr. Anthony left the com-
pany near the sink of the Humboldt, and, on
account of his wife's sickness, came to Cali-
fornia, arriving at San Jose Mission, and two
weeks later at San Jose, where he lived three
months. In January, 1848, he came to Santa
Cruz and took up an alcalde grant of land,
and put up a shop on what is now Front
street. Subsequently, he laid out the first
town lots in what is now the most beautiful

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

city on the coast. While in San Jose he
preached the first Sunday to twelve men and
women, and this is said to have been the first
protestant sermon ever preached in the State
of California. For several years he rode
horseback from Santa Cruz to San Francisco
and San Jose every four weeks, doing
missionary work. He organized the first
society in Santa Cruz with seven members.
In 1854 he asked to resign, since which time
he has not preached, but he has ever been a
faithful attendant upon the services of the
church, and has, by his large means, aided
the good work, helping to build churches,
support the gospel, etc.

Mr. Anthony followed mining a little in
1884, and in his shop he made seven dozen
picks, which sold for three ounces of gold
each. Tiiey were made of iron bolts with
the points made of old files. After he came
back from the mines he opened a stock of
goods with A. A. Hecox, with whom he con-
tinued one year. In January, 1848, he laid
out the first town lots in Santa Cruz. In
1851 he tore down his old shop and built a
better one. It was a story and a half high,
and was nsed for a store, ofiices and the post
office. He was the first Postmaster and received
the first mail ever delivered to Santa Cruz in
December, 1849, which was two letters and
one newspaper from San Jose. The mail
carrier brought them in his pocket, sealed.
For thirteen years he was Postmaster, and
also kept a store. In 1871 he built a fine
block on the old site, In the upper story is
Anthony's hall, and the lower story is used
for store-rooms. Mr. Anthony owns some
very valuable property in Santa Cruz and
vicinity, from which he realizes a handsome
income in the way of rents, etc. He has al-
ways taken an active interest in the county,
nd was one of its first Supervisors. He

served one year as County Treasurer, and was
the choice of the people for the Assembly in
1880. He has led a very active life, and has
identified himself with everything that has
been for the proper development of the
county's resources.

This is, in brief, an outline of the life of one
of the pioneers and leading citizens of Santa
Cruz, and, although only an outline, it will
serve to show something of his long, success-
ful and useful life.

T. DUNCAN.— Mr. Duncan is a
native of California and was born
at San Francisco, July 6, 1850.
His father, Thomas Duncan, was a California
pioneer of 1849, who came to the State from
Buenos Ayres, South America, via Cape
Horn. Thomas was born of English parents,
at Buenos Ayres and there married a lady of
Scotch parentage. Upon coming to Califor-
nia they settled in San Francisco. One son,
James D. Duncan, came with them. He is now
a butcher of Gonzales. The father, Thomas,
died in 1862, but his wife still survives him
and resides at San Rafael, this State.

The subject of this sketch was educated in
the public schools of Marin county, Califor-
nia, where he learned the butcher trade and
followed the same about fifteen years. In
1876 he came to Monterey county and
worked for Hon. C. S. Abbott, until the fall
of 1888, when he was elected to the office of
County Auditor, on the Democratic ticket.

He was re-elected, in 1890, and still holds
the position.

Our subject married, in 1878, Miss Julia,
a daughter of B. B. Eaton, a carpenter and
contractor. Mr. and Mrs. Duncan have two
children, namely: Charles D. and Emily F.

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

Mr. Duncan is an efficient officer, as is
evinced by his re-election to office and it also
indicates his popularity with his fellow-
citizens.

fOB WOOD, Je.— If, as is universally
conceded, the life and perpetuity of our
,^ Government are based on the intelli-
gence of our people, when we take into con-
sideration our public-school system, — that
network of "people's colleges" which rami-
lies the length and breadth of this republic,

then can we vision ahead numberless cycles

of prosperity for this great land of ours.
Monterey county is abreast of any county in
California in the number of its facilities for
popular instruction, and the curriculum of
studies is as practical as it is diverse. This
prosperous condition of the public schools is
the result of the labors of many, but perhaps
no one is more entitled to a generous recog-
nition of his services in this usually thank-
less field than the subject of this sketch.

Mr. Wood was born in Meigs county, Ohio,
July 19, 1856. When a lad his time was
occupied in working on the farm or in the
gristmill owned by his father. He attended
the public schools for about five months in
the year, until he was nine years of age. He
was diligent in seeking knowledge, and culti-
vated every opportunity for study that his
occupied energies could lay hold on. In 1865
he removed with his father's family to St.
Francois county, Missouri, to a farm near
Farmington. Here his time was nearly
altogether taken up in the labors of the field
till he reached his majority, though he let
slip no opportunity to train and replenish his
mind with such information as an inter-
mittent course of reading could provide. In

1876 he visited his uncle. Job Wood, in
Pleyto, Monterey county, California, where
he engaged in farming, attending the public
schools whenever he could, and reading studi-
ously. He had by this time mastered the
elements of a practical English education,
and, in order to thoroughly equip himself
for his chosen profession, he attended a
course at the Normal of San Jose, passing
with credit his examination for a teacher's
certificate in December, 1879. He taught
his first school at Pleyto, the next year at
Spring school, near Salinas, and afterward
served as principal of the East End school,
Salinas. Being earnestly urged to return to
the Spring school, he did so, remaining there
nearly five years. It is no small test of the
appreciation in which Mr. Wood is held, that
his services were being constantly sought
wherever he had taught the youth of the
country. In the fall of 1886 we find him
back again as principal of the East End
school, Salinas.

In 1886 he was elected County Superin-
tendent of Public Schools, on the Republican
ticket, by a majority of ninety-three votes;
and four years later he was re-elected to the
same position, this time by a majority of
nearly 500 votes. These figures speak louder
than any encomiums. His zeal in the cause
of education is unmistakable, while his
encouragement to teachers, and his tact in
superintending them, render iiis work most
efficient. Mr. Wood has a system that is not
necessarily an inflexible one, but one that
renders mutuality of dependence between
teacher and superintendent. He has intro-
duced a method of reports which enables him
to locate every child in the county, with age,
class and attendance, without occupying more
than a minute in so doing. It is as simple
as it is original and effectual.

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

Mr. Wood is a niau of family. He was
married September 27, 1883, to Miss Eva-
line A. Miller, of Salina, a Canadian by birth,
and has one son.

fAFTAIN KOBERT H. McILROY, pro-
prietor of a hotel at Emmett, San Benito
county, California, was born in Harri-
son county, Ohio, September 22, 1824. His
father, a farmer by occupation, and a pioneer
of Harrison county, emigrated from there to
Fike county, Illinois, in 1836, taking with
him his family. The subject of our sketch
was the third born in a family of nine chil-
dren. He received his education in Fike
county, and at nineteen years of age started
out to seek his fortune. He was married in
1847 to Miss Mary A. Nelson, a native of
Ohio, and a daughter of Elisha Kelson, and
of her children one son is now living,- — ^Will-
iam N. McElroy, of Emmett, California.

Soon after his marriage, Mr. Mcllroy went
to Wisconsin, and located near Flatteville,
where he engaged in mining until the fall of

1849. He then came across the plains to
California, and engaged in mining on the
Yuba river, at Foster's bar and Goodyear's
bar, with more than average success. He
traded a mining claim for a mule, prospected
for a tiifie, and then engaged in merchandis-
ing on J street, Sacramento. In September,

1850, he transferred his base of operations to
Mormon bar on the American river. In 1851
he returned East and brought his family to
California, and upon his arrival here, in 1852,
settled on a farm near San Jose. In 1857 he
removed to a ranch near near the Twenty-
one-Mile house in Santa Clara county, and
there lived until 1863. In 1861 he raised
and mustered a company of militia, known in

history as the Burnett Light Horse Guards.
He was elected Captain of this company, and
served as Captain until February, 1863, but
resigned his commission and raised a second
company of ninety-five mounted men, mus-
tered into the United States service as Com-
pany E, of the First California Cavalry, and
served as Captain of said company until
March, 1866, in Arizona and New Mexico,
under General Carleton.

Returning home in 1866, Captain Mcllroy
was appointed United States Revenue Col-
lector, and also Deputy United States Mar-
shal, and also Under Sheriff of Santa Clara
county, by Sheriff Adams, and served until
March 4, 1870. He held the position of
Marshal for two years, and that of Revenue
Collector for four years. He then came to
San Benito county, and located 368 acres of
land on Tres Finos creek, since known as Elk
Horn station, on a public thoroughfare.
Here he keeps a comfortable hotel, and has
served as Fostmaster of Emmett for four
successive terms. He has also held the office
of Justice of the Feace eight terms, and is a
notary public As a soldier his record is a
brilliant one, and as a citizen he is held in
high esteem by all who know him.

ILLIAM D. TUTTLE, of Watson-
ville, California, was born in Wash-
ington county, Fennsylvania, August
29, 1821, and is the oldest son of Hiram and
Annie (Dille) Tuttle, natives of Fennsylvania
and New Jersey respectively. When Will-
iam was two months old his parents moved
to Ohio, where he was educated in the district
schools, such as they were, and brought up to
work on a frontier farm, grubbing, making
rails, chopping, etc. At the age of eighteen

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

he went to Iowa with his father. When he
was twenty-one years old, he left home and
settled on a claim near Ottumwa. On this
he remained until 1857, when he went to
Johnson county, Kansas, and bought 160
acres of land. There he farmed till 1875.
That year he came to California and located
in Watsonville, where he has since remained.
He has a neat home in the town, and a fine little
frnit ranch adjoining, and here he is spending
the evening of his life, surrounded with the
comforts and luxuries that this sunny clime
affords. He has been a farmer all his life,
and for fifty-eight years has never missed
plowing and sowing some ground. Though
now well advanced in years, he still does not
feel right if he cannot plow a small patch of
ground and plant out something which he can
watch grow.

Mr. Tuttle was married November 9, 1848,
to Sarah A. Rouse, a native of Indiana, and
a daughter of David and Eliza (Mansan)
Rouse. Following are their children: Mil-
ton, a butcher of Watsonville; Elizabeth A.;
Mary F., wife of 0. A. Cook; and Flora B.,
deceased. The mother died November 28,
1888, aged fifty-nine years. Mr. Tuttle is a
highly respected citizen, and an intelligent
supporter of the Prohibition party. He has
never paid a dollar for any intoxicant as a
beverage.

ULLIAM BARDIN, deceased, the old-
est son of the late James Bardin, was
born in Tippah county, Mississippi,
January 31, 1843. In 1856 he came to
California with his father, when only thirteen
years of age.

William grew up on his father's farm, and
was known as a 3'oung man of unusual at-
tainments in business matters. He was at

his father's side in all his enterprises, and
early took an interest in local politics. By
nature social and genial he made a large
number of friends, who greatly monrn his
loss; epecially was he monrned by the early
settlers, who took such a pride in his bright-
ness and business instincts. Mr. Bardin was
strictly a moral man in his habits and
disposition and became a successful farmer.

March 29, 1871, he married Mrs. Mary A.
Collins Stone, widow of Thomas H. C. Stone,
and daughter of General Benjamin Collins, a
pioneer of Arkansas, and a native of Geor«
gia. Mrs. Bardin was born in Tippah county,
June 16, 1848.

February 9, 1891, occurred the lamented
death of our subject, who left a sorrowing
widow and three children: Ada May, Oliver
and John C.

Mr. Bardin left his family well provided
for, as his estate consists of valuable lands in
the Salinas valley, 664 acres in all, and 150
more in the State of Washington. The mem-
ory of this gentleman will linger long after
that of many has faded from the minds of
those who know them.

ALTER WALLACE, a substantial
citizen and successful business man
of Castroville, is a native of Ireland,
having been born in Galway, Ireland, March
16, 1855. He was reared in his native land,
where he learned the trade of a butcher. In
1877, he came to California, and the follow-
ing year located at Salinas, where he engaged
in business as a member of the butcher es-
tablishment of E. St. John & Co. and there
continued until he located at Castroville,
in 1890. He is a fine business man, and
enjoys the respect and esteem of all who

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

303

know him for his practical knowledge of his
trade.

Mr. Wallace was married, in Salinas, April
23, 1890, to Miss Mary Vaughn, a native
daughter of Monterey county, and eldest
daughter of P. Vaughn, a well known farmer
and pioneer citizen of Salinas.

Mr. Wallace is the owner of some iine
residence property in Salinas, and a beautiful
home in Castroville.

^EORGE GKAVES, deceased, was a na-
viw *'^® ^^ Marion county, Kentucky, where
V^ he was born, July 28, 1813, near the
town of Lebanon. His father, William
Graves, was a planter by occupation, and
slave owner, and carried on a large business.
Of his five children, George was the eldest.

Our subject left Kentucky in 1846, and
located in Nottaway county, near Marysville,
where he lived four years. In 1850 he came
to California, and located near San Leandro,
in Alameda county, but soon returned to Ken-
tucky for his family, which he brought to
the " Golden State " across the plains, via
Carson river. They lived about four years
in Alameda county, when they located on the
present estate, near Salinas, in 1853, where
Mr. Graves built up a fine property, reared
his family and served the public as an enter-
prising, upright citizen. His death occurred,
April 20, 1889, when he had attained the age
of seventy-six years, leaving behind hini a
handsome property as provision for his fam-
ily. A large circle of friends and relatives
mourn his loss.

Mr. Graves was married in Kentucky,
August 15, 1846, to Miss Nancy, a daugh-
ter of Ignatius Walker, a farmer of Marion
county. Slie was born January 30, 1825,

and reared in the same neighborhood as her
husband. She still survives, and is the
mother of eight children, namely: Ann
Lethea, now Mrs. Jackson Gellitt, of Ven-
tura; Georgiana, now Mrs. Robert C. Bemiss,
of San Jose; Simion, lives on the farm;
Jennie, now Mrs. J. J. Conner, of Salinas;
Mary, now Mrs. J. J. Kelly, of Salinas;
Benjamin and Charles, at home.

By a former marriage Mr. Graves had four
children, namely: Thomas Graves, and Will-
iam T. Graves; and Lovina, a daughter,
who married Ebenezer Harris, but is deceased;
and another daughter, Eosina, a widow of -
Robert Laws, of San Francisco.

Mr. Graves was a man of great energy
and probity, and was highly esteemed by all
who knew him.

-^-nyUlPu-

-^innn^^^

ICHAEL RIORDAN can claim the
honor of being a pioneer of Califor-
nia, having come to the State in
1854, landing at San Francisco. He had
come to that city direct from St. Louis, Mis-
souri, via Nicaragua. He is a native of Lim-
erick, Ireland, born on September 18, 1834.
Upon his arrival in California he spent about
six months in the mines of Yuba county and
then bought and ran a dray in San Francisco
for about four years. His next venture was
raising sheep in the Salinas valley. This
business he pursued for ten years, from
1858 to 1868. He then engaged in farming
at Natividad, and in 1890 he engaged in
merchandising at Salinas, in which line of
business he still continues.

Our subject was married, in San Francisco,
in 1859, to Miss Margaret Coughlan, of Irish
parentage and they have four living children,
namely: Thomas J., born in San Francisco,
is the present efficient Clerk of Monterey

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

county; Philip H., deceased; Joseph M.,
William F. and James E., all native sons of
California, and all except the oldest born in
Monterey county. Mr. Riordan is esteemed
for his integrity and upright citizenship.

:ILLIAM SHAW (deceased) was the
pioneer journalist of Hollister, and
as will he seen by the following was
enterprising and aggressive in his
He was a native of Dublin, Ireland,
being born in that city in 1815. He was,
however, reared and educated in Liverpool,
England, where early in mature life he em-
barked in the stationery business, and in this
city married Miss Emma Newling, of Man-
chester, England.

In 1854, lured by the reported discovery of
gold in Australia, he purchased a schooner of
seventy-five tons burden and with his wife,
his son Robert (the present efficient County
Clerk, of San Benito county) and crew em-
barked for that country. Upon his arrival at
Melbourne he established The Melbourne
Age and entered the field of journalism. This
enterprise proved a success and the paper is
still issued, being one of the influential peri-
odicals of the county.

In 1862 he left Australia, sailing for New
Zealand, where he engaged in the same line
of business quite extensively, and which
proved very successful. His next field of
conquest was in the Sandwich Islands, where
he purchased and edited the Hawaiian Daily
Times, which he operated about seven months.
In 1871 he came to San Francisco, remaining
there about eighteen months, and the follow-
ing year located in Hollister Here he estab-
lished the San Benito Advance, which soon
ranked among the leading weekly publica-

tions of the State as an aggressive exponent
of the resources and attractions of its chosen
locality. This was the pioneer newspaper of
Hollister, and the plant and outfit were the
same which Mr. Shaw had used in printing
his paper in New Zealand.

After Mr. Shaw's death, Mr. George Shaw,
the second son, succeeded to the ownership of
the Advance (of which mention is made else-
where in this work). Mr. Shaw had eight
children, seven of whom are sons: Robert,
born in Melbourne, Australia, July 16, 1855,
and was married in San Francisco, in 1878,
to Miss Kate, daughter of John Bowen (de-
ceased); they are the parents of five children :
George E., Albert D., J. Harnette; William
F. Shaw, the fourth son was born in New
Zealand, August 25, 1865; in 1889 Miss
Emma, who was born in Watsonville, (Cali-
fornia, and a daughter of Jonas L. Myles,
became his wife; one child has been born to
them, Reginald; Charles J., and one daugh-
ter, Ada, widow of the late Lester Baldwin.

Mrs. Shaw still survives and resides in Hol-

lister.

-^^^^^^i^y^^f<-

ILLIAM HENRY HAVER.— Mr.
Haver is one of the thrifty farmers
of the Salinas valley. He was born
in Ashtabula county, Ohio, January 10, 1841.
At twenty years of age he came to Califor-
nia, with his eldest brother, Horace Haver,
who is now a resident of Watsonville. Mr.
Haver lived one year in San Mateo county,
whereupon he located in Monterey county,
on the Cooper ranch in the vicinity of Cas-
troville, where he has since farmed 150 acres
of the this ranch. Mr. Haver has pur-
chased a farm, a portion of the Buena Vista
ranch, and will soon locate there.

He married in Watsonville, October 24,

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

1880, to Miss Annie, a daughter of Tlieoph-
ilus Oandill. She is a native of Monterey
county. Mr. and Mrs. Haver have four chil-
dren: William H., Jr., died September 30,
1883; Lottie, Eva and John E.

fAMES THOMPSON was born in Edin-
burgh, Scotland, in the year 1832, and
comes of a noble line of ancestry, whose
character has ever been above reproach. His
father, William Thompson, was born in Scot-
land, in 1801, andjhis mother, whose maiden
name was Margaret Anderson, was also a
native of that country. They were married
in 1824, and lived happily together for many
years, until his death, which occurred in
1885, and the mother died the following year.
To them were born nine children, of whom
five are now living.

James Thompson was married near Edin-
burgh, Scotland, in 1854, to Mary Bailley.
By her he had eight sons and four daughters,
of whom the following- named are living, two
having died in Canada and one in California:
William, born in 1856, Andrew in 1858,
Adam in 1860, these three being natives of
Edinburgh; Matthew in 1862, Joseph in
1864 and John in 1866, born in Canada; and
Jane and David in Monterey county, Cali-
fornia, the former in 1875 and the latter in
1882. In September, 1889, the mother of
these children died of cancer. She was a
woman of many estimable qualities; was
educated and cultured, and previous to her
marriage had been engaged in teaching school.
She was a consistent member of the United
Fresbyteriaii Church, and was a true Chris-
tian, always exerting an influence for good
wherever she went. Of their children we
state that William, the oldest son, married

Miss Mary Dillon, by whom he had a son
and a daughter. His wife died in 1888, and
he subsequently wedded a Miss Johnson.
Mary Thompson, the second daughter, was
married in 1881 to William Williamson. She
became the mother of one child, a daughter,
and died a year later. Matthew, another son,
married Katie Logwood, daughter of Edward
Logwood, in 1890.

Mr. Thompson came to California in 1874,
since which time he has been a resident of this
State. He and his sons have been engaged
in farming and stock-raising, chiefly in Mon-
terey county. Atone time he superintended
the large ranch of the Hon. Jesse D. Carr,
and while acting in this capacity gained
much valuable information in regard to the
finest breeds of cattle, horses and sheep. He
now carries on farming on a large scale, hav-
ing met with good success in his various
operations. He has served the public as Clerk
of the Board of School Trustees. Ey all who
know him he is held in high esteem, and is
regarded as a man of the strictest integrity.

PB. MoCROSKEY, deceased October 1,
1888. In the death of B. B. McCros-
® key San Benito county has lost an
able and faithful District Attorney, Hollister
has lost an enterprising citizen, his friends
mourn the loss of one in whom they could
rely, and his family are bereft of a tender and
afiectiouate husband, brother and father. Few
men in this portion of the State were better
known and few were more popular. As a
lawyer he was faithful in the detail work so
often neglected by his fraternity, and at the
bar he was both eloquent and convincing.
He possessed all the attributes of a successful
attorney, and had his life been spared he

306

MONTE KET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

would undoubtedly have been prominent in
his profession, not only in his county, but out-
side of it. His legal acquaintances held him
in high esteem, and his loss is more deeply
mourned by them than by any otlier of his
associates.

Mr. McCroskey was born in 1847 in East
Tennessee, in the beautiful Sweet Water val-
ley. His early life was passed on the Mc-
Croskey homestead, and he early displayed
an adaptability for scholastic pursuits. His
early education was gained in the district
schools, but at an early age he attended col-
lege at Hiwassee and Lebanon, at which
institutions he graduated with high honors.
For a while he taught school, but having
fitted himself for the legal profession, he was
admitted to the bar, and for a number of
years practiced law in Monroe county, Ten-
nessee. In 1878, however, he came to Hol-
lister, and in June of that year opened up an
office. He shortly afterward formed a part-
nership with Robert H. Brotherton, which
did not exist long. His office was first on
San Benito street next to that occupied by
N. C. Briggs, then in the Odd Fellows' block,
and in 1882 he moved into the quarters
where his office has since been located. In
1883 and the year following he was in part-
nership with John L. Hudner, Esq. This
alliance was severed in 1885, but was renewed
again in 1887, and at the time of Mr. Mc-
Croskey's death the partnership still existed.
For six years he was engaged on one side or
the other of almost every case which has come
before the courts of this county. In the Prew-
ett, Mylar and Oarleton cases he was promi-
nently connected, and in these and other
trials his talent and ability have been dis-
played.

In the fall of 1882 he was elected District
Attorney, which office he has satisfactorily

filled. In 1884 he was defeated for the Su-
perior Judgeship, but iu 1886 was again
elected District Attorney, for which position
he was a candidate at the ensuing election
with no opponent to contest his election.
Stricken down while in perfect health and in
the enjoyment of all his faculties, both mental
and bodily, his sudden death cast a gloom
over the town and county. The family and
relatives of the deceased were tendered the
sympathy of the entire community.

Mr. McCroskey married October 21, 1874,
Miss Irene Clifford Barratt, at Madisonville,
Tennessee, and the following are the names
of her children: Mary Irene, born August 3,
1875, died February 24, 1886; Elizabeth
Priseilla, born November 21, 1876, died
October 24, 1878; Benjamin Barratt, born
February 9, 1880; and John Marshall, born
September 19, 1881. Mr. McCroskey left a
comfortable estate behind him for his wife
and little ones.

fAMES McDOUGALL.— Among the
honored pioneers of Salinas occurs the
name of the venerable James McDon-
gail, a native of Scotia, having been born
March 8, 1815.

In his native land he learned the baker's
and confectioner's trades and came to Amer-
ica in 1841, and located land in Lake county,
Illinois, where he resided until 1852. At
that date he came, overland to California, via
Salt Lake and Southern route into San Ber-
nardino county, with an ox team, bringing
with him his wife and one child. The first
winter was spent in Santa Barbara county,
and from there the little family removed to
Monterey county, where the father found
employment with David Jacks, Esq., of

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

307

Monterey. Mr. McDougall worked for wages
for one year and then engaged in farming
for himself in the Carmel valley, later
removed to Blanco, near Salinas, and in 1868
he located in Salinas, from which point he
did a general teaming and freighting busi-
ness. This he pursued about ten years.
At present Mr. McDougall is engaged in
raei'chandising at Salinas, where he has spent
80 many years, and where he is greatly es-
teemed by all who know him for his ster-
ling qualities of character and strict honesty
in his business dealings.

While discharging his duties as City Mai'-
shal of Salinas, which position he held ten
years, he received seven gunshot wounds,
which seriously impaired his health*for some
time.

Mr. McDougall was married, October,
1835, to Miss Margaret Farlen, also of
Scottish birth, and the following children
have been born to them: James H., leading
business man of Salinas; Daniel T., a carpen-
ter by trade, an ex-soldier, resident of Salinas;
Margaret, now Mrs. M. M. Huges; Bell,
wife of J. A. McCoUuni, Tax Collector of
Monterey county; John and George, of Santa
Barbara county.

fUAN BOMBER, one of the well-known
and highly respected citizens of Castro-
ville, is a native son of the soil, having
been born at Monterey.

His father, Louis Bomber, came to this
country as one of the three survivors of a
party of 400 trappers, who left Canada for
California, imder the leadership of Jared
Smith. Mr. Bomber, Sr., was of French ex-
traction and a brave, aggressive and adven-
turous man. He made his way through

southern California via Kern and Tulare
counties to San Jose and engaged for about
two years in ranching. He was of a mechani-
cal turn of mind, an excellent stonemason
and also worked in wood. He was at Mon-
terey as early as 1821, and resided there
for several years, and took part in the civil,
local and military affairs of those days. In
1823 he married Filomena. a daughter of
Dolores Bico, and they had thirteen children,
of whom ten lived to maturity. Mr. Bomber
manufactured carts entirely of wood after
the old primitive style of solid wooden
wheels, and with them did a freighting busi-
ness. He died at Castroville, in 1864, and
his wife in the same place, in 1887.

Juan, the subject of this sketch is one of
the eldest of the family, and was born at Mon-
terey, August 13, 1886. For many years he
engaged, with his father, in building in Mon-
terey, and erected many of the old Spanish
adobe houses in that city. In 1850 they
moved out of Monterey to a ranch in the
Biijaro valley, where he remained until 1863,
when he engaged in business at Castroville.

Mr. Bomber married Miss Mai-ie A.
Boronda, a daughter of Jose Manuel Bo-
ronda, at Castroville, in 1868, and ten chil-
dren have been added to their family.

Our subject is a highly esteemed citizen of
California and is a prominent business man
of Castroville.

ILLIAM BALMTAG, a prominent
citizen of San Benito, who has been
for the past five- years Supervisor of
the county and Chairman of that body since
1886, is of Teutonic extraction, born in Ba-
den, Germany, in 1847. The father of
young Balmtag was a farmer by occupation,
and the boy spent his early life on his father's

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

farm, acquiring meanwhile such education as
was afforded by the schools of his native
home. He comes of a prolific race, and the
members of his immediate family consisted
of father, mother, eleven boys and one girl.
Six of the brothers had preceded the subject
of this sketch to California, and when he had
attained his seventeenth year his enterprising
and ambitious spirit predominated. Bidding
good- by to his native heath, he proceeded
to Liverpool, whence he set sail for Calfornia
via New York and the Isthmus of Panama,
arriving in San Francisco in November,
1863. From the metropolis of California he
went direct to Nevada county, where for the
following three years he was engaged in
mining, part of the time as an employe
and part of the time hydraulicking on his own
account. During the last year of his stay in
Nevada county, he was employed as a clerk
in a grocery store. Then, after a short so-
journ in Watsonville, he located in the Sa-
linas valley, where he engaged in farming,
and followed that pui-suit for one year with
such poor success that he seriously impaired
the small capital which by his energy and
industry, he had acquired in the mines of
Nevada county. In the fall of that year,
1869, he went to Watsonville, where his
brother, one of the six who had preceded him
to America, was engaged in the brewery
business, and here he remained and was em-
ployed in driving a beer wagon for his
brother until the spring of 1872. Having
by this time, after several strokes of ill for-
tune, again accumulated the necessary means,
he came to Hollister and established himself
in the wholesale and retail liquor business,
Avhich he continued to run in his own name
until 1882. His business had prospered and
by close attention thereto and shrewdness
and sobriety, he had accumulated considera-

ble money and was desirous of visiting the
land of his birth: so he took in as a partner
in his business, Mr. Charles Bernhardt, and
placed him in charge and control thereof, and
the following year he made a trip to Ger-
many, spending six months in the Father-
land, reviewing the scenes of his childhood
and paying a pleasant visit to his brothers
and other relatives, his mother and father
having died several years before. Upon his
return to Hollister he purchased the interest
of Mr. Bernhardt and soon afterward joined
forces with Messrs. Barg and Kleen, who
were running a similar business in the town,
and since that time the business has been con-
ducted under the firm name of Falmtag,
Barg & K4een.

Mr. Palmtag's time is now taken up in
attending to his ranch, which consists of 420
acres, about 150 of which are set in vines,
while the rest is devoted to general farming.
The ranch is on rich bottom land and well
suited to the growing of alfalfa, of which up-
ward of 100 tons are raised by Mr. Falmtag
yearly and used mainly to feed his own
stock. A winery of the most modern style,
on which $10,000 were last year spent in re-
pairing and renovating, is part of the prop-
erty, and in it the product of the vineyard is
made into wine of a superior quality and
bouquet, which is sold to customers in San
Francisco and the adjoining counties. One
of the advantages which Mr. Falmtag pos-
sesses over the majority of other vineyardists
in California is that he is possessed of the
necessary means to enable him to keep his
wines in storage for a year or two, until it
becomes marketable, instead of being obliged,
on account of scarcity of funds, to sell
it at an almost losing price as soon as it
is squeezed from the grape and before it has
had time to mature.

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

On the incorporation of the Farmers and
Merchants' Bank of Hollister, November 3,
1891, Mr. Palmtag was elected its President.

Mr. William Palmtag is a stanch Demo-
crat, and has, since he took the oath of allegi-
ance to Uncle Sam, been a sincere adherent
to that great political party. In 1876 he was
elected one of the Town Trustees, and was
thereafter twice re-elected to that honorable
office. His honor and the conscientious
handling of the trust which had been placed
in him, was duly appreciated by the citizens
of this district of San Benito county, as
shown by the fact that he was chosen from
among the many prominent residents to
represent this district in the Board of Super-
visors, of which honorable body he was made
Chairman in 1886, which position he has
maintained and filled with honor to himself
and satisfaction to his constituents for the
past six years. Mr. Palmtag is univers-
ally recognized and respected as a man who,
in the discharge of official duties, is incor-
ruptible and full}' deserving of the trusts
which have been reposed in him. In 1880,
he was sent to the Convention at Oakland to
nominate State delegates to the National Con-
vention at Cincinnati, and was likewise chosen
as the representative to the Los Angeles Con-
vention last year,which nominated delegates
to the national Democratic Convention at St.
Louis, and notwithstanding the opposition
which he meets from the Prohibition element
of Hollister and San Benito county, he has
never been defeated for any office for which
he has accepted the nomination.

Mr. Palmtag was married, in 1875, to
Miss Kate Moore, of Amador county. He
lives in a comfortable home in Hollister,
which gives every indication of being one of
contentment and happiness.

Mr. Palmtag is a shrewd, conservative

man of business. He has worked hard since
he has been in Hollister, the disposition to
do so being one of the characreristics of
his nature. He has acquired the handsome
competency, which he now possesses, by hon-
orable methods and by close and constant
application to his business affairs, and he
richly deserves the high estimation in which
he is held throughout the country. In addi-
tion to his residence in Hollister, he owns
the building in which the business of the
firm is conducted — fifty-six feet on San
Benito and 150 feet on Fifth street — and the
ranch previously referred to. On this latter
he employs continually from fifteen to twenty-
five men.

fj. FIELD is a native of Indiana,
born June 3, 1848, in Scott county.
® He spent his boyhood in Kentucky,
went South in 1863, where he remained until
1874. He then entered the employment of
the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company,
in 1865, and was for many years associated
with railroad work. He came to California
in 1874, and for several years was in the em-
ploy of the Southern Pacific Railroad Coai-
pany.

He was married October 24, 1882, to Miss
Cutatina Danglada, a daughter of Don Raphal
Danglada (deceased). Don Raphal was a
native of Spain and of French descent, and a
professor of instrumental music. He came
to Monterey in 1849, and in 1853 married
Marie Antonia, the third child of Don Estevan
Munras (a sketch of whose useful life appears
elsewhere in this work). Prof. Danglada was
for many years the only professional musician
in Monterey, and as a man was possessed of
rare social gifts.

Some of his ancestors were celebrated

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

scientists, an uncle being the discoverer of
the art of dagnerreotyping, which revolution-
ized the early practice of portrait-making.
Don Raphal died at San Luis Obispo in 1867.
His widow, still surviving, is making lier home
with her daughter, Mrs. Field.

Mr. T. J. Field of late years has devoted
himself to the management of the extensive
interests of the Munras estate. The family
home is the Munras adobe, one of the finest
specimens of the spacious early day adobe
architecture in the county, and is the birth
place of Mrs. Field, her mother and her (Mrs.
Field's) children, of whom there are two: a
daughter, Antoinette, born December 5, 1885;
and a son, Stephen J., born December 5,
1886.

Mr. Field is a business man of absolutely
unimpeachable integrity, and has served as
a member of the Board of Supervisors of
Monterey county since 1884.

M. MOOEE was born in Wayne
county, Indiana, in 1835, but af-
^terwa rd moved to Howard county,
where his father, David Moore, a farmer by
occupation and a carpenter by trade, pur-
chased a large farm.

Mr. Moore came to the Golden State in
1858, arriving in San Francisco, February
17, of that year. He worked for a time in
■ Gilroy, Santa Clara county, in the dairy busi-
ness, then came to the Pajaro valley and en-
gaged in farming until 1865.

He then moved to the Cooper ranch located
near Castroville, where he has since farmed
successfully. His principal crops being
wheat and potatoes. He owns 340 acres of
fine land adjoining the town of Castroville,
on the Moss landing road.

Mr. Moore was married in Watsonville,
in December, 1869, to Miss Katie Leonard, a
native of Montreal, Canada. They have
three children, two sons and a daughter.
Mr. Moore is well known throughout Mon-
terey county as a man of honest dealing and
safe business methods.

In domestic life he is a kind husband, in-
dulgent father and a true friend. No mem-
bers of the community in which they live
are more highly respected than Mr. and Mrs.
Moore.

1^ LEE DAVIS, of Salinas, California,
|H| was born in Canada, January 18, 1843.
^IS ® A brief review of his life and ancestry
is as follows:

His parents, Thaddeus and Nancy A.
(Hagar) Davis, were natives of Canada, the
former born July 27, 1811, and the latter in
1820. The maternal grandparents of Mrs.
Davis were Jonathan Hagar, born August 4,
1765, and Azulah (Hopkins) Hagar, born in
New Jersey, in 1770. Her marriage with
Thaddeus Davis occurred October 20, 1886.
Their happy union resulted in the birth of
four sons and two daughters, of whom two
sons and one daughter are now living. Thad-
deus Davis comes of a long-lived and sturdy
race, some of his ancestors having attained
the advanced age of 107 years.

In 1850 the father of our subject left Can-
ada and came to California, being followed
three years later by his wife and children, who
made the voyage to this State on the steamer
Uncle Sara on the Atlantic and the Cortez on
the Pacific side, landing in San Francisco.
Cholera and yellow fever broke out on the
vessel after they left Panama, and sixty of
the passengers were attacked with it, many
dying. In the year 1859 Mr. Davis returned

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

to Canada, but came back to California the
following year.

Mr. Davis and his sons have been engaged
in farming, merchandising and stock-raising.
They own about 1,300 acres, of which about
500 acres are sediment — rich and valuable
land. It is said, and on good authority, that
180 bush'els of wheat to the acre have been
raised on the land, now owned by the Messrs.
Davis. The floods of 1861 washed away half
the house in which the Davis family lived.
This was situated at Hill Town, three miles
from Salinas, on the Salinas river. The other
half of the house was moved to higher land,
where it now stands. The channel of the
river was narrow then, and the great volume
of water was forced over its banks and spread
over the entire plains to the depth of from
two to four feet. The large sycamore, cotton-
wood and live oak trees that bordered its
banks have long since been washed away, and
much valuable soil has also been carried
away by the current.

H. Lee Davis was married, November 10,
1887, to Florence Titus, and their union has
been blessed with three children.

fOHN SAMUEL YOACHAM, one of
the venerable pioneers of California, was
born near Kansas City, in what was then
Indian Territory in 1832. His parents were
Daniel and Kosa (May) Yoacham, natives
respectively of Kentucky and Tennessee, he
being the fourth in a family of six children.
His father was a contractor and builder, for
the Indians, in the Government employ.
Education in those days was received in log
schoclhouses, and each man had to pay for
his own children. In this way Mr. Yoacham
obtained his schooling.

In 1848 he left for Mexico as a teamster,
freighting from Santa Fe and back home in
1849; then back to Santa Fe, and thence to
Old Mexico, and to El Paso, Texas; thence to
Chihuahua, Durango and Mazatlan, packing.
From the latter place he shipped to San
Francisco, where he arrived June 15, 1850,
on the bark Diana, a French vessel. After
his arrival in California he mined about one
year. The following three years he was en-
gaged in farming at San Jose. Then he came
to Santa Cruz county and settled in the Pajaro
valley, farming, butchering, doing a livery
business and keeping store, etc. At this
writing he is still conducting a store. Polit-
ically he is a Democrat, of uncompromising
principles. He is an extensive reader, is well
posted on the general topics of the day, and
is in every respect an intelligent citizen.
He has served three terms in the City Council
and one term as its President. Socially he is
an Odd Fellow, and is Past Grand of Pajaro
Lodge; also a charter member of Watson ville
Lodge of A. O. U. W.

Mr. Yoacham was married, in 1854, to
Miss Mary J. Hooker, a native of Virginia
and a daughter of Major Hooker. Their
children are as follows: Susie, Llewella, wife
of A. W. White; Robert Lee and Daniel H.

^©^

fHOMAS CLAY EDWARDS, M. D.,
so widely and favorably known through-
out Monterey county, California, was
born in Columbia, Missouri, August 24, 1860.
His early intellectual training was received
in the public schools of his native place.
When in his fifteenth year he accompanied
his mother and sister to California, his father
having died when the Doctor was a mere
child. Woodland in Yolo county was the

MONTEREY, t,AN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

place selected for their abode. Here young
Edwards invested his immature muscle in
the harvest fields during the summer and
fed his mental cravings in the schools of his
neighborhood in the winter, till he graduated
at Hesperian College, Yolo county, receiv-
ing the degree of A. B., he entered Cooper
College,^ San Francisco, to prepare himself
for the practice of medicine. Here he fol-
lowed a course of study for one year, after
which he returned East, entered the St. Louis
Medical College, St. Louis, Missouri, where
he took three courses, and received his di-
ploma in March, 1883. Two months after
he returned to this State he located in Sa-
linas, where he has since been engaged in the
practice of his profession.

Dr. Edwards was united in marriage to
Miss Grace McCandless, of Salinas, by whom
he has four children.

tIRAM ROTH, deceased, was well known
in his day, as a miner and a cook in
mining camps, later as a prosperous
business man in Monterey, where he owned
and operated a meat market on Alvarado
street. In early life he engaged in a sea-
faring life, and the date of his coming to
California is not known for a certainty, but it
is thought it was in the early '50s. He was
an active and reliable business man. Mr.
Roth was a native of Germany, and combined
the native smartness of the people of that
country with the business tact of his adopted
laud.

Mr. John Roth, his brother, was a native
of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, and died at
Castroville, December 12, 1879, leaving a
widow, Mrs. Mary Roth, a native of county
Tipptrary, Ireland. Mrs. Roth is an astute

business woman, and manages the comfort- ^
able estate left her by her husband in a very
capable manner. She is the owner of a very
pretty home, and enjoys the respect and
esteem of all who know her.

fAMES L HODGES, a well-known and
much respected pioneer of San Benito
county, California, dates his birth in
Wilson county, Tennessee, September 30,
1830.

At an early age young Hodges left home
and started out in life for himself. In 1846
he enlisted in the army for the war with
Mexico, but was rejected on account of his
age. He then went to Arkansas and worked
for a man by the name of Wood, with whom
he remained until May, 1849. During that
time he was employed on a pony express
route from Rockwood to Morrow, Louisiana,
a distance of 150 miles. It was the inten-
tion of Mr. Hodges to make the journey to
California via water that spring, but circum-
stances prevented him from doing so. Still,
however, determined to come to this coast, in
the spring of 1852 he left Clarksville, Ar-
kansas, with Captain Jamison's company,
April 14 being the day on which they started.
Their company consisted of about 380 per-
sons; they crossed the plains with ox teams,
and their experiences were similar to those of
many other emigrants. When they reached
the North Platte, Mr. Hodges was taken with
the mountain fever, and was sick some two
weeks. A few days after he had sufficiently
recovered to take charge of his team, he had
a run-away and was thrown into a creek.
Getting wet caused him to take a relapse,
which came near proving fatal. September
18, 1852, was the date of their arrival in

C^^^'^i-e^r^-T-^-'-z,..^ C^''^2:^i<z-i,<;^

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES,

Stockton, California. Mr. Hodges turned his
team out, took his pack and left for Sonora,
Tuolumne county, where he engaged in
chopping down timber for building purposes.
He remained at this place one month, re-
ceiving |4 a day and board, after which he
returned to Stockton. He then began haul-
ing goods from Stockton to the mines, and
the last load he took stuck fast in the
mud. He sold flour at $1 per pound. In
1853 he and Ave others took up a claim.
After they had opened it and were about to
begin work, a man came along and wanted to
buy out Mr. Hodges, and he sold his interest
for $500. He was next engaged in hauling
lumber from the mines to Stockton for three
months. After that he went back to the
mines and was engaged in mining until 1865,
when he sold out for the sura of $70,000.
Keturning again to Stockton, he remained
there till 1866, thence to Santa Rosa, and
from there, in 1867, to Watsonville. In the
fall of 1868 he went to Soquel, and the fol-
lowing fall located in Hollister, then Monte-
rey county, now San Benito county.

November 28, 1860, Mr. Hodges was
united in marriage with Miss Mary J. Shir-
ley, by whom he has had seven children, five
sons and two daughters. One daughter is
deceased.

— ^,^.,.^^^^^^

I^ON. THOMAS FLINT.— That portion
^m\ of California particularly embraced
"^(j within the territorial limits of this vol-
ume, is peculiarly prolific ground, from the
point of view of the historian. Much of its
history, however, centers about a compara-
tively few men, whose names must ever re-
main in the foreground in the annals of the
Golden State, but who, for the most part,
have gone to join the silent majority. Some

remain, however, as active participants and
leaders in present affairs, as they have been
since the early days.

Dr. Flint, San Benito county claims as a
citizen of one of these, and one who has been
a prominent figure for upward of forty years.
A brief outline sketch of his career, giving
some of the earlist features, becomes there-
fore a valuable, and indeed essential, contri-
bution to this work.

He is a native of Maine, born at New Vine-
yard, then in Somerset, but now in Franklin
county, on May 13, 1824, his parents being
William Reed and Electa (Weston) Flint.
Both the Flint and Weston families were
among the early settlers of New England,
and are creditably associated with the impor-
tant epochs in its history. On the father's side,
the founder of the family in this country, ac-
cording to the authentic published volumes
of New England genealogy, was Thomas
Flint, who came from Wales. The first men-
tion of his name in the town records of Salem,
Massachusetts, is in 1650, but this is known
to be a considerably later date than that of
his arrival. He was among the first settlers
of Salem village (now South Danvers), and
the spot in the wilderness which he selected
for his later home is situated on the Salem
and North Reading road, about six miles
from the present courthouse in Salem. The
first deed to him on record describes a tract
"containing 150 acres of meadow and past-
ure land, and lying within the bounds of
Salem," bought on September 18, 1654, of
John Pickering. His son. Captain Thomas
Flint, was an officer in King Philip's war,
and was in Gardner's expedition against the
Narragansetts in 1675. Dr. Thomas Flint,
great-grandfather of our subject, was fifth in
descent from the original Massachusetts set-
tler; and he was a physician by profession,

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA OBUZ,

and served as a surgeon in the Revolutionary
war. His son, Dr. Thomas Flint, was born
in North Reading, and located in Sandy
river valley, in 1787; he was a prominent set-
tler and is recorded as the first merchant in
Farmington. As a physician and surgeon
he had an extensive practice in the sparsely
settled community. His third child, William
Reed Flint, was the father of the subject of
this sketch; he was a land surveyor, and fol-
lowed his profession for years in the lumber
regions of Maine; he was County Commis-
sioner, and in this capacity took an active
part in the building of permanent roads; he
figured prominently in public life in his day,
and was three times elected a member of the
Senate of the State of Maine; he was born
October 25, 1796, and on July 9, 1823, was
married; March, 1831, he removed with his
family frow New Vineyard to Anson, Maine;
where his death occurred, August 5, 1887. His
wife. Electa Weston, also came of one of the
prominent old New England families; the
founder of the family in this country was
John Weston, who was born in Buckingham-
shire, England, in 1631, and came to America
at the age of thirteen years, having landed at
Salem, Massachusetts, in 1644. He resided
in Salem until twenty-one years of age, then
became a resident of Lynn village, in South
Reading, now Wakefield, Massachussetts,
where he purchased an extensive tract of
land, on a part of which his descendants are
living to-day; the line of descent is traced
through several generations co Joseph Wes-
ton, who settled in Concord, Massachusetts,
and later removed to Canaan (afterward
Bloomtield, and now Skowhegan), Maine. In
the winter and spring of 1771-'72, he re-
moved with his family to a grant of land,
which he had helped to purchase from the
Kennebec Company, and his wife was the

first white woman to settle in Somerset,
county, where they lived for several years
almost entirely isolated from the outside
world. He died of fever contracted by fa-
tigue and exposure assisting General Bene-
dict Arnold's expedition past Skowhegan
and Norridgwock Falls on its way to Quebec
in October, 1775. Among their nine chil-
dren was one who later became prominent
as Deacon Benjamin Weston, who married
in March, 1788, Annie Powers, a grand-
daughter of Peter Powers, the first settler in
Hollis, New Hampshire; their daughter.
Electa, who was born in 1802, became tjie
wife of Hon. William R. Flint, and was the
mother of the subject of this notice. She
died April 10, 1885. Ten children were
born to William Reed and Electa (Weston)
Flint, of whom three became residents of
California; Benjamin, who came in 1849,
and until his death was a prominent citizen
of this State; B. P. Flint, the youngest of the
family, who is a business man of San Fran-
cisco; and Thomas, the subject of this sketch;
George, the eighth child, who resides on the
old family homestead at Anson, Maine, has
also been a public man and a member of the
Senate of Maine.

Dr. Thomas Flint, with whose name this
sketch commences, received his literary edu-
ca ion in the high schools and academies of A i-
son, Skowhegan and North Yarmouth, Maine.
At the age of twenty-one, he began the study
of medicine with Dr. V. P. Coolidge, at
Waterville, and later attended the Jefferson
Medical College, Philadelphia, where he was
graduated in 1849. While in attendance at
the Jefferson Medical C'Jlege, his thoughts
were seriously turned toward California, but
circumstances intervened to delay his de-
parture until a later time. Leaving college,
he returned to Anson, Maine, where he re-

AJSD SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

mahied until 1851. His brother Benjamin
had gone to California in the early days of
the gold excitement, and the consummation
of the Doctor's intention to do so had only
been deferred by the fact that parties who
were to accompany him on the journey had
been delayed. Meantime, he practiced medi-
cine causally, but in May, 1851, he went to
New York to begin the sea voyage to Cali-
fornia. He secured passage on the steamer
" Crescent City, " which left New York har-
bor on May 28, arriving at Chagres on June

6. On the following day an incident occur-
red, which seriously threatened to mar the
pleasure of the journey. Captain Jewett
of the Chagres river steamboat, in violation
of the terms of the contract, attempted to
transfer the passengers to smalt boats with
native boatmen, to continue the trip to
Gorgona. The passengers rebelled, and soon
a collision was imminent, weapons being
drawn on both sides. The interference of
General Hitchcock of the United States Army,
however, was the means of bringing about an
understanding, and as a result the Captain
took them to Gorgona by steamer. Small boats
manned by naked natives with long poles,
conveyed them to Cruces, and from there
they proceeded on foot, sending their bag-
gage on by express. Two days, the 8th and
9th of June, were consumed in the foot jour-
ney to Panama, at which port they remained
until the 15th, when they boarded the
steamer " Northerner, '' on which the jour-
ney was to be completed. She sailed on
June 16, and reached San Francisco on July

7, forty days from the date of leaving New
York. The same evening, Dr. Flint left for
Sacramento by river steamer, and thence pro-
ceeded to Volcano (now Amador county),
where he mined a little. On August 8, he
started for Coloma, where he remained until

January 9, 1852, engaged in mining to some
extent and in the cattle and beef business.
He returned from Coloma to Volcano, and
there soon found himself incidentally attend-
ing to quite an extensive medical practice. The
residents of Volcano at that time will recall
the 3d of November, when Rod Stowell shot
and stabbed Frank Kerns nearly to death at
Fort John, near that place. " Old Rod " as
he was called had established his reputation
as a " tough custotner" from his having shot
and killed an Indian, and having pinned a
gambling companion to the floor with his
bowie knife sticking through his head. It
was expected that Frank's wounds would soon
prove fatal, so a vigilance committee was or-
ganized which had " Old Rod " arrested and
held under guard for a lynch trial. Frank
recovered, which circu;nstance kept " Old
Rod's " neck from being stretched, and
brought Dr. Flint fame as a skillful surgeon

On Christmas day, 1852, he started on his
return to the East, making the journey via
Panama, and visited his old friends and rela-
tives in the State of Maine. In the spring
of 1853, he started again for California, this
time overland, as had been his intention on
coming East. He went to Terre Haute, In-
diana, the most westerly point which could
then be reached by rail, and there was
formed the firm of Flint, Bixby & Company,
which afterward became so widely known
through its extensive operations in California,
composed of Dr. Thomas Flint, his brother
Benjamin, and Llewellyn Bixby, his cousin.

At Quincy, Illinois, they purchased sheep,
and then started in earnest on their westward
journey, crossing the Mississippi river at
Keokuk, with 2,400 head of sheep, a team of
tiftecn yoke of oxen, some saddle horses and
other stock. From Keokuk, those in charge
of the stock proceeded across the State of

MONTERET, 8AJS BENITO. SANTA CRUZ

Iowa to Council Bluffs, where they crossed
the Missouri river on the ferry. Dr. Flint,
however, went to St. Louis, purchased the
remainder of the outfit, and took it by steamer
to Council Bluffs, where the expedition was
met. From the Missouri, they proceeded up
the North Platte, by the old trail, and through
the South Pass and Echo Caiion to Salt Lake.
Considerable trouble was had with Indians,
and 00 the Platte river they lost one man,
killed by the savages. "While encamped one
night, some Indians crept in at midnight, cut
the horses loose and when a man was aroused
by the noise, he was shot by the Indians,
who then fled. At Salt Lake, 100 head of
cattle were purchased and added to the outfit.
They arrived at the Mormon capital too late,
however, to .take the northern route across
the mountains, and they consequently turned
to the southward, taking what was known as
Fremont's trail. At Provo, Utah, they fell
in with Colonel HoUister, with whom were
Messrs. Woodworth and William Perry, who
afterward made their mark in California, and
the two trains traveled more or less in com-
pany from Mountain Meadows, at which point
they overtook Colonel Hoilister's company.

They moved along leisurely, remaining
some time at places where they found favorite
camping grounds, and arrived at the Mission
San Gabriel January 7, 1854, having passed
the winter quite comfortably on the road.
They remained in the vicinity of the mission
until March, and then started northward
along the coast and stopped at what is now
Coyote Station, in the Santa Clara valley. In
July, 1855, they came down to the San Juan
valley, and in October following purchased
the San Justo ranch of Francisco Perez Pa-
checo, who boasted of being an Aztec Indian,
and also made the same claim for his wife,
although she may have been part Spanish.

Pacheco had purchased the land from Gen-
eral Jose Castro, to whom it had been granted
by the Mexican Government. From this
point, the firm of Flint, Bixby & Co. carried
on their extensive operations, which made
them a power in the State. No change has
ever been made in its membership since its
organization at Terre Haute, except by the
death of Benjamin Flint, October 3, 1881,
and since that time, the remaining partners
have carried on the business. They were at
first engaged principally in sheep-raising, but
from time to time other interests were added.
In 1858, the firm disposed of half the San
Justo ranch to Mrs. Lucy A. Brown, sister
of Colonel HoUister, from whom the property
passed to Colonel HoUister, the deed ot par-
tition being made in 1861, and the land for-
mally divided at that time. Dr. Flint making
the choice of the portion of the ranch re-
tained by his firm, this portion consisting of
14,000 acres. This land is varied as to its
topography and productive character, but is
all valuable. Its capabilities in some direc-
tions, and the progress made therein, are
mentioned elsewhere.

In 1858, the firm of Flint, Bixby & Com-
pany, engaged in the business of staging, and
became the owners of the line between San
Jose and Los Angeles. Later, this line was
extended to San Diego, and for four years
they transacted the passenger and express-
carrying business, and carried the United
States mail between those remote points, the
enterprise being one of vast magnitude.
Seven hundred head of horses were required
as stock for carrying on this business, and
three days were consumed in the trip between
the terminal points. Stations were estab-
lished throughout the entire line, at intervals
of about twelve miles, and a schedule of six

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

miles an hour was maintained throughout,
including stops.

The firm conducted this line for twelve
years, but when the extension of the railroad
from the north began, the length of the line
was gradually lessened. Their superintend-
dent was William Buckley, and, in connection
with him, they ran the Panamint stage line
for two years, the rnn being at first from
Caliente to Panatnint, and later from Mojave
to Panamint. They sold out their interests
to William Hamilton.

In 1872, Flint, Bixby & Co. embarked in
the beet sugar manufacturing business, as
stockholders in the California Beet Sugar
Company, being among the pioneers in this
line on the Pacific coast. They built a large
factory at Alvarado, importing the special
machinery from Germany, and established a
plant, having a capacity of fifty tons of sugar
per day. This plant was moved from Alvar-
ado to Soquel Santa Cruz County. During
their experience in this industry, they manu-
factured large quantities of sugar, but the
methods then in vogue were considerably
more expensive than those of the present
time; and when the market price of sugar fell
below what it cost them to produce it, on ac-
count of the admission duty free of Sandwich
Island sugars, they withdrew from the busi-
ness.

During this time, they were also engaged
in working the Cerro Bonito quicksilver mine
in this county, which, though not now in
operation, is still their property, as also the
Monterey quicksilver mine. About the same
time. Dr. Flint was interested in the wool-
shippingand commission business, in the firms
of Perkins, Flint & Co., and B. P. Flint &
Co., of San Francisco. Flint, Bixby & Co.
have all along been interested in mining,
both in this State and in Nevada, and so

continue at present. They also took part in
the original organization of the Southern Pa-
cific Railroad Company, and were the active
workers in securing for the company the
franchise and grant of land in San Francisco,
and in the preliminary work generally, and
were represented in the directorate of the
road; Benjamin Flint, of their firm, was the
first vice-president of the Southern Pacific
Company. Dr. Flint is now largely inter-
ested, by himself, through Flint, Bixby &
Co., and through other partnerships, in land
and stock, banking and other interests, and
in their operations his firms have handled and
owned vast tracts, part of which have since
been disposed of. The firm of Irvine, Flint
& Co., in which he was a partner, owned the
San Joaquin ranch, and in that and the Lomas
de Santiago and Santa Ana ranches, together,
they had about 100,000 acres. At about the
same time, Flint, Bixby & Co. owned the
Huer-Huero ranch, in San Luis Obispo
county, containing about 46,000 acres. Ae
a member of the firm of J. Bixby & Co., he
is an owner in 9,000 acres of the Ceritos
ranch, 16,000 acres in the Palos Verdes
ranch, and over 7,000 acres in the Alamitos
ranch. Flint, Bixby & Co. also have other
and smaller tracts in this and other counties
and in the State of Washington, as well as
real estate in San Francisco. Their stock
interests are now principally in the line of
cattle, of which they have something like
7,000 head of Durham and Holstein and their
crosses. They still retain some sheep inter-
ests, though not nearly so extensively as for-
merly. They were among the first on the
coast to import Merino sheep from Yermont
and New York, and were the first to pay such
a price as $1,000 for a Merino ram, which
price they paid to Hammond, of Vermont.
It was considered at the time a foolish act on

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

their part, bnt was a signally successful stroke
of enterprise, and helped to gain them the
fame they achieved in connection with the
sheep interest. They have sent sheep from
their flocks on orders from Panama, from the
Sandwich Islands, from Nevada, and other
remote points. All of their sheep are either
full blood or high grades.

Dr. Flint, besides his main business inter-
ests, is connected in various ways with a mul-
tiplicity of financial and other institutions.
His interests in the old Los Angeles County
Bank (now the Eank of America) are repre-
sented in the directorate through Bixby,
Llewellyn & Jotham; he is a director in the
Grangers' Business Association, of San Fran-
cisco; a director since organization in the
Bank of Hollister; and in its allied savings
bank department; president and director of
the Grangers' Union, at Hollister, director of
the Somerset railroad, in Maine. He has also
served as director in several mining companies
with which he has been identified. Frater-
nally, he is one of the most prominent Masons
in the State of California. He is Past Master
of Texas Lodge, No. 46, F. & A. M., San
Juan; is High Priest and Past High Priest of
Hollister Chapter, No. 68, R. A. M.; Past
Commander of Watsonville Commandery,
No. 22, Knights Templar; member of Islam
Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, San
Francisco; member of San Francisco Council,
No. 2, R. & S. M.; member of the High
Priesthood; and is Grand Captain of the
Host of the Grand Chapter, Royal Arch
Masons; in the order of the Eastern Star, he
is Past Grand Patron. He also belongs to
Hollister Grange, Patrons of Husbandry. In
political life. Dr. Flint has been prominently
identified with the Republican party since its
organization in the State, and has taken an
active part in the councils of the party. He

served old Monterey county as a member of
the Board of Supervisors, and Sau Benito
county in the same capacity after the division.
In 1876. he was elected to the State Senate,
and in that body represented for four years
the counties of Monterey, San Benito and
Santa Cruz. He is now a member of the
State Central Committee of the Republican
party, and has previously served a number of
years thereon, and has been chairman of the
Central Committee of this Congressional Dis-
trict. As a delegate from the State of Cali-
fornia to the National Republican Convention
he helped to nominate Blaine at Chicago, in
1884.

Dr. Flint was married at Woodstock, Ver-
mont, on May 20, 1857, to Miss Mary A.
Mitchell, a native of Woodstock, and daugh-
ter of Joshua and Mehitable (Gilmore) Mitch-
ell, both parents being of old families of New
England. The Mitchells were largely a sea-
faring family, and her grandfather, a ship's
captain, was lost at sea. The Gilmores are
an old New Hampshire family, which furn-
ished a number of members who took an ac-
tive part in important periods of the Nation's
history. A brief extract from the family
genealogy is appropriate in this connection:
Joshua Mitchell and Mehitable Gilmore were
married April 30, 1818; she was the daughter
of Thomas Gilmore and Tabitha Wilkins,
granddaughter of Captain Daniel Wilkins,
and great-granddaughter of Rev. Daniel Wil-
kins, the first minister of Amherst, New
Hampshire, who was baptized May 18, 1710,
and died February 11, 1784. Thomas Gil-
more died in the service of his country at
Burlington, Vermont, in 1814. Mehitabla
Gilmore was a cousin of Gen. John A. Dix.
Captain Daniel Wilkins married Tabitha
Weston; he died in December, 1819; he was
First Lieutenant in Captain Crosby's com-

'i^' rs-.

^ '^

-^^-r -^ -^^^^cly^

4^m-

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

319

pany on Bunker Hill, and Captain of a com-
pany composed largely of Amherst (New
Hampshire) men, in Col. Bedel's regiment,
which was surrendered to the British and In-
dians at the " Cedars," in May, 1776; he died
of disease shortly after his exchange. Tabitha
Weston was of the third generation from John
Weston (mentioned in the Weston genealogy);
she was born in 1631, and married April 18,
1653. The records of Salem witchcraft con-
tain the following: "Daniel Wilkins be-
witched to death May 16, 1692, at the age of
seventeen." He was probably the uncle of
Eev. Daniel Wilkins.

Mrs. Flint is a woman of superior intellec-
tual qualities. She is recognized as one of
the highest authorities in this country of the
Order of the Eastern Star, in which she has
attained the greatest prominence. She is Past
Grand Matron of the order for the State, and
served two years in that executive office, an
unusual occurence, and is the only one on
whom that honor has been conferred. She is
now Past Most Worthy Grand Matron of the
Order of the Eastern Star for the United
States, having reached the highest attainable
position in her great work for its welfare.

Mr. and Mrs. Flint have three children
living, viz: Thomas, Jr., a sketch of whom
appears in this volume; Sarah^ wife of George
Otis Mitchell; and Richard H., who, at this
writing, isattending the School of Technology,
Boston.

In concluding this sketch of Dr. Flint, a
brief mention of his personality is necessary.
Though his life has been from boyhood an
active one, and though his interests have
been so vast and so far reaching for so many
years, requiring an almost inestimable amount
of thought and attention, he is in manner one
of the most quiet and unassuming of men, a
quality, however, generally to be found in

connection with real strength and stability of
character. In all respects. Dr. Flint stands
to-day, as he has for many years, one of the
foremost citizens of California.

fMoCONNELL SHEARER is a man
of versatile talents, having devoted
** the greater portion of his time to
school teaching, dabbled in literature, and is
now following the more prosaic, and probably
more profitable, pursuit of real-estate and
grain brokerage. He is a native of Leesville,
Carroll county, Ohio, where he was born De-
cember 26, 1836.

In 1847, after having atttended the public
schools, he was sent to New Hagerstown
Academy until about 1855, when he taught
his first school in Goshen, Tuscarawas county,
Ohio, and subsequently taught at Lockport,
Tabor, Ohio and Pleasant Lake, Indiana. In
September, 1860, he came to California and
engaged in teaching in the Springfield district,
also at San Juan, Monterey, Gilroy, Maytield
and Salinas. He was elected School Su-
perintendent of Monterey county, in ' 1871
and again in 1879. Mr. Shearer has also filled
the positions of School Trustee and Superin-
tendent of Schools of Salinas. He was
Deputy Tax Collector of Monterey county, in
1874. In 1875 he was editor for the Salinas
city Index and for several years correspond-
ent to the San Jose Mercury, and also
served in the same capacity foi- many years
for the San Francisco Bulletin and other
journals of note. Almost continuously since
1878 he has followed the business of grain
broker and is very successful.

July 1, 1862, Mr. Shearer married Miss
Climena Cammilla French, of Milpitas, Cali-
fornia. She was a lady of rare intellectual

MONTE BET, SAN BENITO, SANTA GBUZ,

attainments and a native of St. Joseph county,
Michigan. Her death occurred December 18,
1874, at the age of forty years. Of her
three children, two are now living, namely:
Edward French and Grace V. Mr. Shearer
again married, December 31, 1876, Miss Mar-
tha Young, a daughter of "William Toung, of
Hancock county, West Virginia, of which
State Mrs. Shearer is also a native. She is a
lady who combines domestic qualities with
mental attainments. Before marriage she
■was one of Monterey county's most success-
ful teachers. She possesses great executive
ability. Three children were born to this
union, two of whom are still living, namely;
Laura L. and W. S. McConnell.

Mr. Shearer is a man of great energy and
quick perceptions. He is social in his na-
ture, temperate in his habits and is esteemed
throughout the Salinas valley and Monterey
county for his many excellent qualities of
head and heart. The family resides in the
city of Salinas, in an attractive home, beauti-
fully located in the central part of the resi-
dence portion of the city. In addition to
this home, Mr. Shearer is the owner of some
valuable property in Pacitic Grove.

fO:N ESTEVAN de la TORRE, one of
the respected citizens of San Miguel
Caiion, Monterey county, was bom
June 29, 1818, in the city of Monterey. His
father, Joaquin de la Torre, was a native of
Castile, Spain. Through his marriage to
Dona Ascencion Espinosa, the ouly daughter
of Don Salvador and Doila Lugarda (Castro)
Espinosa, he came into possession of 1,300
acres of the famous Espinosa rancho. This
1,300-acre tract has been subdivided and dis-
posed of, with the exception of 869 acres,

which he still occupies as a home. It is de-
lightfully located about four miles and a
half east of Salinas, on the Watsonvilie
pike.

Don de la Torre has five surviving children,
whose names are as follows: Juliana, now
Mrs. Pablo Hartnell; Manuela, now Mrs. F.
R. Rico, of Monterey; Ysabel, now Mrs. R.
J. Castro, of Gonzales; Julio T. de la Torre;
and Lucia, now Mrs. C. M. Fisher, of San
Mateo county.

Julio de la Torre was born in Monterey,
December 21, 1860. He married, February
3, 1883, Miss Annie Hartnell, daughter of
John E. Hartnell, and they have three chil-
dren.

fAMES MADISON JOXES was born in
Anderson county, Tennessee, May 27,
1840. He remained at home with his
parents until he reached his majority, and at
that time, the war of the Rebellion breaking
out, he tendered his services to the Con-
federate Government. He served under
Generals Bragg, Hood and J. E. Johnston,
and in the cavalry divisions of Generals
Ashley, Wheeler and Morgan, being in the
Department of the Cumberland for four years.
He was engaged in every battle and skirmish
which took place in his department, but was
never wounded; and, although he fought for
a cause that was lost, it was one that he be-
lieved to be right, and one in which, by his
bravery, he won distinction.

Mr. Jones left his native home in the fall of
1867 and came direct to California. Landing
in San Francisco, he remained in that city a
short time, and then went to San Jose, soon
after going to Santa Barbara. A few months
later he came to Hollister and engaged in
farming, which he continued for a number of

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

jeavB, also dealing in bay. At present date
he has for sale 8,000 tons. He subsequently
gave up fanning, and has since devoted his
energies exclusively to the bay business. He
has two of the largest warehouses in the
county, and his business is one of the most
extensive of its kind on the coast. He is one
of the pioneers of San Benito county and has
been one of the important factors in develop-
ing its interests. In politics he is Democratic,
and is always found identified with the best
elements of his party.

Mr. Jones was married in Hardin Yalley,
East Tennessee, in 1873, to Miss Martha
Steele, by whom he had three children, one
son and twin daughters, one of the daughters
dying in infancy. Mrs. Jones died in 1877.
In 1880, Mr. Jones married for his second
wife Miss M. E. White, by whom he has a son
and two daughters.

fUSTAV BROWN was born in Bavaria,
Germany, February 17, 1836. He left
his native home in 1843 and came to the
United States, landing on American soil at
Baltimore. He went to school until he was
thirteen years old, when he hired out to learn
the trade of a shoemaker. At that trade he
worked three years and six months. In June,
1852, he enlisted in the light artillery at Fort
McHenry, bat was discharged on account of
his age. Then he went back to work at his
trade and continued at it until January, 1853,
at which time he set out for Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, where he enlisted in the First
Dragoons, Company K. They were sent out
on the frontiers, and he continued in the ser-
vice eight years, all this time being spent in
California, New Mexico and Arizona. He
was discharged on account of disability, hav-

ing been shot and wounded by an Indian on
the Mojave desert in 1862.

After being discharged, Mr. Brown went
to San Francisco, thence to Sacramento, and
from there to Los Angeles. At the latter
place he was employed by Governor Downey
to superintend his large ranch, remaining there
one year. Next we find him at Santa Clara
county, where he acted as Deputy SheriflE of
the county one year, and private officer for
the Almaden Mining Company under Super-
intendent Arnot. After that he took up his
abode in the Santa Cruz hills and engaged
in the fruit business. That was in 1865, and
he remained there until 1883, when he sold
out and came to HoUister, San Benito county.
Since locating here he has given his atten-
tion to ranching, and in this occupation has
met with the usual success which has crowned
the eflTorts of his thrifty countrymen. He
has, indeed, one of the finest homes in the
neighborhood, and is surrounded with all of
the comforts and many of the luxuries af-
forded in this sunny clime.

Mr. Brown was married August 23, 1864,
to Miss Lydia Morse, by whom he has eight
children, three sons and five daughters,
namely: James F., Charles E., Robert A.,
Annie M., Matilda J., Mary Alice, Cora and
Minnie. One of the daughters is the wife of
Mr. John Griffith, and has one son. A fact
remarkable and worthy of note is, that in
raising this large family Mr. Brown has
never expended §25 for a doctor's bill, all
having enjoyed the best of health.

tBEL SOBERANES was born in Mon-
terey city, California, June 2, 1859,
and remained in his native city until
he was ten years of age. At that time he

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA OBVZ,

moved to the old Soledad ranch, formerly be-
longing to the mission, and which became the
property of his father, Francisco Soberanes.
His education was obtained in the schools of
Monterey county.

Mr. Soberanes is one of the prominent
ranchers of Monterey county. He has 4,612
acres of choice land, forty of which are de-
voted to fruit, liis other products being "rain
and stock. His place can boast of some of
the oldest fruit trees in this section of the
country, they having been brought from the
gardens of the Soledad mission some thirty-
five years ago.

tLLEN FORSTER was born in Detroit,
Michigan, December 25, 1835. When
he was an infant he had the misfortune
to lose his father. His mother lived to an
advanced age, dying when she was seventy-
six. For eight years she had the entire care
of her young family, and a most heroic
woman did she prove herself, for to rear a
family in a new country was no small under-
taking.

Mr. Forster was married, Noveinber 22,
1860, to Miss Matilda J. Nance, near Chico,
Butte county, California. Mrs. Forster was
born in New Albany, Indiana, May 17, 1842,
and departed this life December 17, 1889.
Her ancestors were a long-lived and sturdy
race, distinguished for their high moral
worth. Her father lived to be eighty-live
years old. Mr. and Mrs. Forster became the
parents of four daughters and two sons, all of
whom are living: Anna Belle, born August
25, 1861, in Butte county, California, is now
the wife of Francis A. Abbott, son of Hon.
C. S. Abbott, and has two children — Charles
Eldon and Chester Forster, the former a

native of Arizona and the latter of Salinas,
California; Charles, the eldest son, was born
in Butte county, California, May 13, 1863;
Hattie Mary, at the same place, June 8, 1867;
Grace Geneva, April 9, 1870; Benjamin
Franklin, March 21, 1874; and Jessie AUene,
April 25, 1872; the last three being natives
of Salinas.

Mr. Forster came to California in 1858.
He lived for ten years in Butte county, and
from there moved to Monterey county, where
he has since resided. He has been and is
now engaged in farming and stock-raising,
making a specialty of the latter, raising fine
horses and cattle. In these operations he has
met with eminent success. He also owns a
large body of land in San Luis Obispo
county. In public affairs, especially educa-
tional matters, he has been interested, having
held the office of School Trustee for more than
twenty years. He and his wife were both
noted for their genial hospitality.

Such is a brief sketch of one of the worthy
and highly respected citizens of Monterey
county.

fL. MEEK is a pioneer of California.
He came to the State in 1850, and
* mined from that date until 1859.
He then joined the United States Army,
and during the war of the Rebellion did pro-
vost duty in Calfornia until 1865. At the
expiration of that time he engaged in mer-
chandising at Antioch, Contra Costa county,
and later farmed in Colusa county. He
came to Monterey county in 1874, and en-
gaged in agricultural pursuits on the Salinas
river bottoms and in San Miguel carton. In
1887 he turned his attention to the hotel
business at Santa Rita, where he still remains.
He is widely known as a man of strict integ-

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

ritj and of genial manner, and during his
long residence on this coast has made many
friends.

He was married, March 6, 1866, to Miss
Lottie Leech, of lone, Amador county, Cali-
fornia. She is a native of Canada and came
to this State with her parents when she was
quite young. They have a son and daughter,
Thomas and Etta. The latter is now Mrs.
Dr. Long, of King City.

fTEPHEN F. WATSON was born in
Scott county, Virginia, March 22, 1834.
His father, Jacob Watson, was one of
two sons (the second being Henry) who came
to California, across the plains with ox teams,
in 1849, their route being via Chimney Rock
and Lidependence Rock and the Carson river
through Nevada. Jacob Weston and his
wife, nee Phoebe Baldwin, were of Virginia
birth. -Of their fifteen children four were
born in California. Arrived in this State, he
first located near Sacramento, but soon moved
to Mormon island. He pursued mining
operations until about 1851, and came to
Monterey county — now San Benito — in 1854,
locating near Hollister and engaging in stock-
raising. He died in 1871. His wife is still
living.

The subject of this sketch was therefore
reared as a miner and stock-raiser. In 1866
he located at Tres Pinos in San Benito county,
where he has since lived, engaged in farming.
He is a successful business man and one of
the leading men of this locality. At one
time he owned about 1,000 acres of fine farm-
ing lands, a portion of which he has sold. He
still owns 500 acres, located one mile from
Tres Pinos station.

Mr. Watson was married in Watson ville,

Santa Cruz county, in 1865, to Miss Bridget
Conner.

In connection with his family history, it
should be further stated that Jacob, Charles
and James Watson, his brothers, reside in the
southeastern part of San Benito county.
Other members of the family live in various
parts of the northern portion of California.

PENITO A. SOBERANES was born on
the Laurelas ranch in Monterey county,
California, March 21, 1853, son of Fran-
cisco and Isabel (Baronda) Soberanes. In
this county he was reared, receiving his
education in the public schools of Monterey
and Watson ville, and all his life has been
devoted to fanning and stock-raising. His
present home, where he has resided for the
past ten years, is a part of the old Paraje del
Sanchez rancho.

May 25, 1881, he was united in marriage
with Miss Ada Smith of Salinas, daughter of
Don Miguel Smith, who has been a resident
of Monterey county since 1849. He was
married here in 1851, and is the father of a
large family, most of his children being mar-
ried and living in different parts of the State.
Don Miguel Smith is well and favorably
known from Los Angeles to San Francisco.
Since leaving college he has spent the most
of his life in literary and scientific pursuits.
He has been a student simply because he
loved knowledge. Of late years he has given
much of his time and energy to the study of
law; and, though not an active practitioner, in
legal knowledge he is considered a peer of
the legal lights of California. Study seems
to be a part of his nature, and we dare say
he will die with a book in his hand! His
wife is a daughter of the well-known W. E.

MONTEREY, SAW BENITO, SANTA OSUZ,

P. Hartnell, deceased, and a granddaughter
of the late Don Jose de la Guerra of Santa
Barbara.

Mr. Soberanes has two children.

fHOMAS BRALEE, Esq., a venerable
pioneer of Monterey, is a unique figure
in its history, as will be seen from the
following narration of facts:

He was born in the city of Worcester,
England, February 17, 1821, and in early
life learned the trade of a bricklayer, but later
on became a carpenter and builder. At one
time he worked for a rope spinner and became
proficient in that business.

At the age of about twenty -one he adopted
the hazardous life of a sailor and as such
came to America,landiug at Quebec from what
sailors term a lumber droger, that is, a ship, in
the lumber trade; she was a brig of 350 tons,
called the Harvey of North Shields, on the
Newcastle river; his master's name was
Captain Cunningham. There he left the brig
and traveled through New York State and
city and on to Baltimore in Maryland, getting
only one job of work, which was to build a
two-story brick house on a farm in the north
part of the State of New York. He found it
very hard to get employment at his business,
as work was scarce, and he a stranger, and
there were plenty of mechanics out of employ-
ment. But he will always say this for the
American people, that they treated him royally
and God bless them for it! for he needed their
help, having run away from his ship between
two days, and of course just as he stood. His
funds running out there was nothing left for
him to do but ship in the Navy, which he did
at Baltimore,August 7,1843,and was sent with
others on board the United States brig Pio-

neer, then lying at Baltimore as a receiving
ship for recruits; some time afterward he
and about thirty others were sent on to New
York and put on board the United States
battle ship. North Carolina, a 120-gun ship
lying in New York harbor as a guard
ship. Some short time afterward, our sub-
ject with others was drafted as the crew of
the United States frigate Savannah, a sixty-
four-gun ship just built and fitting out at the
Brooklyn navy yard. (By the way, the hull
now lies at Mare island navy yard.) She was
condemned some three or four years ago as
unseaworthy, and, as he says, "I guess that's
about my fix!" He continues," Well,God speed
all travelers! for I expect to be on the road
pretty soon, as I find it's getting toward the
end of the cruise. Like King Solomon of old,
'my glory has departed!" He left Brooklyn
navy yard in November, 1843, in the frigate
Savannah, under command of Post Captain
Fitzue, who was a thorough seaman and the
heart yarn of a mainstay.

We were bound for the Pacific station as flag
ship of the Pacific squadron, there to be com-
manded by Commodore Dallas, who went to
the Pacific coast overland to take the place
of Commodore Clackson, who had died on
that station; and after a while Commodore
Dallas also died, and we buried him in Callao
in Peru, who two years later was taken up
and taken home, to be interred with his
friends.

Post Captain Armstrong, who was on this
coast with the United States frigate, United
States, then took command, of the squadron
until the arrival of Commodore Sloat, who
came on board the Savannah and relieved Post
Captain Armstrong of his command, and
raised his flag on board the frigate Savannah,
which he commanded until the close of the
Mexican war, or until the arrival on this

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

coast of Commodore Shnbrick, in the Col-
mnbus line-of-battleship, of the East India
station. Commodore Shnbrick, being the sen-
ior officer of Commodore Sloat, he relieved
him and took command of the Pacific Squad-
ron: Commodore Sloat then went home.

Captain Marvin was captain of the Sa-
vannah under Commodore Sloat and had
command of the party that came on shore
and hoisted the American flag, and took pos-
session of this country, in the name of the
United States of America, and our subject
is one of the party that first hoisted the
stars and stripes to the breeze on the Pacific
coast, which act has added a golden empire to
our beloved country. Long may it wave!

Our subject is now in his seventy-second
year, and the only survivor of that band
around here, though there are a few scattered
around the State; but most of the boys have
"passed in their checks" and gone to that
country from whose bourne no traveler has
returned. Well, as to the landing of the
forces and hoisting of the flag, it is customary,
when taking possession of a country, for the
invading party to haul down the flag of the
country they are taking; but the Mexicans
eucliered them on that point by secreting
their flag. So they were delayed for a while
until a boat could go to the sliip and get a
Mexican flag to run up and haul down, and
then i-an up the stars and stripes. After
taking possession of the country they brought
three forty-two-pounder cannon from the
ship and mounted them on the spot, where
was afterward built a fort. They first made a
block house one and a half stories high, which
is yet standing and all that is left of the fort.
The upper or half story was the quarters for
the officers and men, divided by partitions;
the lower story was pierced on three sides for
the cannonades, on the other side was built

astockade out of young pine trees as there were
plenty close by; they were set close together
about three feet in the ground and about ten
feet out; there was a dry ditch just outside
the stockade, on the side next to the bay, which
is one of the finest in the world. After the
regular troops came they built barracks of
pine logs, but they have since all been dis-
troyed by fire. Mr. Bralee, with about a dozen
sailors and six or eight marines, were left in
charge to hold the fort, while the ships were
down the coast. Mr. Bralee remained in tlie
service about seven months after the war
with Mexico first broke out, or after raising
the flag here, receiving his discharge in
March, 1847. Monterey at that time con-
tained only about forty houses, most of which
were built of adobe or sun-dried brick. Mr.
Bralee made and burnt about the first kiln of
brick in the country in 1848, and built the
first chimney in Monterey in 1847. He was
called by Walter Colton at different times to
inspect the work of Colton Hall, as he could
not do the work on that building, he being
engaged at that time erecting at the port a
stone building for an ordnance department,
contracted for by Captain Marcy, then act-
ing as Commissary Captain United States
Army. He also built some of the most sub-
stantial adobe buildings, one of which is now
standing and looks as good as ever, although
forty-two years has passed since its construc-
tion. And to give the readers an idea of
what a mud house may cost we will here state
that this one cost over $20,000!

Many foreigners of different nationalities
landed at Monterey at an early date, but com-
paratively few remained. Mr. Bralee how-
ever continued his residence here and has
been closely identified with its interests. Our
subject was Superintendent of the Public
Schools in 1866, the first superintendent of

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

Mouterey county, and in 1861 was elected a
Justice of the Peace.

Mr. Bralee married Alice Scandlin, a na-
tive of Armagh, county Sligo, Ireland. Of
the fonr children born to them two are living:
Alice Bralee; and Thomas P. Bralee, who is
a farmer of Carmel valley, Monterey county.

For thirty-nine years Mr. Bralee was en-
gaged in agricultural pursuits, on his ranch
of 1,400 acres, in Carmel valley, but since
1891 has been living a retired life in Mon-
terey.

... ..:?.';||?,,?.„ ..,

tEVl B. LATHROP, a retired and sub-
stantial citizen of Hollister, a pioneer of
California, crossed the plains in 1850,
from Illinois, via Salt Lake, as Captain of a
company of fifty-three emigrants, who were
equipped with sixty horses and the usual out-
fit of an old-time eniigrant train. He was
young, ambitious and hopeful, and quick to
discover the possibilities of the new and
Golden State.

The spirit of mining was at the time of
his arrival at Placerville, at " fever heat " and
be saw a rapidly growing demand for sup-
plies, and almost immediately be betook
himself to Trinity county, where he was one
of the first to embark in the growing of vege-
tables, and farm produce, for which he found
a ready market, and large prices.

He soon engaged in milling, and built the
first dam across Trinity river that stood the
floods, and erected the first sawmill in Trinity
county. He sold his pine and spruce lumber
in the mining district at a great profit. In
the fall of 1851 he went East and returned to
California the following spring, via Panama,
with his wife. She suffered sickness on the
way, and in 1855 he sold out from business
with a competency at San Jose. He soon

found it impossible to rest without an occu
pation, and embarked in the nursery and or-
chard business, on a large scale.

He planted an orchard of 13,000 trees, and
in 1855-'56 he bored six artesian wells on
his estate which furnished an ample supply
of water, boring the largest in the State, and
irrigating 100 acres of orchard. On this or-
chard Mr. Lathrop took the first premium as
being the best in the State both times it was
entered at the State fair. This property he
finally platted and made it an addition to
the city of San Jose. This property he
finally sold and then came to Hollister in
1875, when he purchased a claim of 2,000
acres, and eng'^.ged in an extensive trade of
dairying.

He erected the first hay warehouse in Hol-
lister, and established a business that has de-
veloped vast proportions. This he conducted
for a few years, and then sold the same to a
son, R. R. Lathrop, who still operates it.

Mr. Lathrop was born in Onondaga county.
New York, April 30, 1815. He is of Eng-
lish ancestry, and descends from one John
Lathrop, an eminent clergyman of the Church
of England, who came to America as a
clergyman, and founded the family in this
country. Mr. Lathrop, the subject of this
sketch, was educated for the ministry, and
started out as a Wesleyan Methodist preacher
and finding it an occupation insufficient for
the support of a family, he took up business
pursuits.

He read extensively and he early imbibed
and developed a spirit of independence, and
hs became imbued with a spirit of untram-
meled thought and a dislike for all secret or-
ders or societies, and he has ever been an
enemy to secret orders. He has carried his
belief into practice, and has opposed all secret
societies and combines.

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

327

The following family records, which are in-
scribed on the beautiful Scotch gianite monu-
ment in the cemetery at Hollister, and every
one will reflect on his thoughts and belief.
On the north side of themonument is written
as follows: Record of the children born to
L. B. and Lanra Lathrop:

In Illinois: Cynthia A., March 29, 1840,
died March 29, 1841, buried at Malugin's
Grove; Martin A., January 7, 1842; Nancy
M., December 12, 1843, died December 13,
1844, buried at Inlet Grove; Curtis G., De-
cember 30, 1845.

In California: Martha E., December 25,
1852; Mary E., January 1, 1854; Ransome
F., December 6, 1855; Cyrus F., September
1, 1858; Hattie A., October 11, 1861, died
January 22, 1883; Ida M., October 11, 1863.

South side: This lot was bought in 1884,
when secret societies were all the rage, in
order that the owner might have a place
where his family could be buried without in-
dorsing secret orders. All secretly taught
religions are delusive. Christ never taught
in secret: John 18, 20; Isa. 45, 19. There
is but one way to Heaven: Christ is that way;
His name, the only ladder; he that climbs up
any other way is a thief and a robber: John
10, 1; 7, 10. Heaven is love organized;
secret societies are selfishness combined.

West side: Levi Bennett Lathrop, born in
New York, April 30, 1815; converted at
seventeen, and at once engaged in Christian
reform. He never smiled on slavery; never
used whisky or tobacco; and never joined a
order. Died in ; Laura Judd,

born in Vermont, March 26, 1819; converted
at eighteen, married to L. B. Lathrop, at

twenty. Died in . A funeral service

ignoring the name of Christ is an insult to
His Majesty: Col. 3, 17.

East side: "Whatsoever maketh manifest

is light; whatsoever conceals is darkness.
Men choose darkness rather than light because
their deeds are evil, and they will not come
to the light, lest their deeds should be re-
proved." True philanthrophy seeks light; sel-
fishness seeks concealment. Heaven has no
dark corners or secret conclaves.
No Hiram Abiff or Osiris of old
Can afford any help in saving ilie soul ;
Our trust is in Jesus, the sinners friend;
On Him, and Him alone, our souls depend.
There is no grand lodge in Heaven above;
There is a grand lodge in the regions below.
Where devils assemble and wicked men go;
And, when all are entered from every way,
The door will be shut for ever to stay.

Rev. 20.
Mrs. Lathrop, whose maiden name was
Laura Judd, is a daughter of Ira Judd, who
was a farmer of Orange county, Vermont,
where she was born, in the town of Strafford,
in 1819. She came West from Vermont
when she was nineteen years of age, and was
married at twenty years of age.

fAMES M. FINCH was born in Stafford,
Connecticut, June 10, 1830. His father
Stephen B. Finch, a cooper by trade, was
for many years a resident of Stafford. He
moved from there to New York, and in that
city continued work at his trade. James is
the oldest in a family of nine children. When
a young man, he came, in 1854, to California,
and in 1858 was followed to this coast by his
brother Charles. He made the journey
thither via the Isthmus of Panama.

Upon his arrival in this State, Mr. Finch
clerked for two months in a hotel in San
Francisco; came to Monterey and ran a fruit
store two years; kept wine rooms two years,
and then conducted a hotel three years. In
1861 he located at the head of Cashagua

MONTERET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ,

creek, in Monterey county, and engaged in
stock-raising. This ranch he still owns.
During the past five years he conducted a
livery in Monterey, which he sold in 1891.

Mr. Finch was married in 1881, to Miss
Ellen O'Keal, by whom he has two daughters,
Ethel E. and Alma J.

Being one of the early arrivals to this coast,
Mr. Finch has witnessed the wonderful pro-
gress and development of California. His
brother Charles lives in the upper Carmel
valley, and is a prosperous and highly re-
spected stock-raiser.

L. CARPENTER, of the city of
Salinas, one of the pioneers of
" California, was born in Herkimer
county. New York, February 22, 1829. His
father. Low Carpenter, was a farmer and a
native oE the same county, where he married
Nancy Barney, likewise born in the same
place. Of their family of nine children, our
subject is the fourth. Of these four sons and
five daughters, some are still living. A
brother of the subject, David Carpenter, has
been Tax Collector of Contra Costa county,
California, for many years. He came to the
State of California in 1850.

Our subject came to the " Golden State "
in the " golden days" of 1849, and mined in
California for about nine years in Placer and
El Dorado counties. Later he also mined in
Sacramento county, then located in Contra
Costa county in 1859, and engaged in dairy
farmincr. There he lived until 1867, when
he located in the Salinas valley, wJiere he has
since resided.

In 1872 he was elected Assessor of Monte-
rey county, on tlie Republican ticket, and
succeeded himself, in 1874. He proved him-

self an efficient official, and gave thorough
satisfaction.

In 1877, Mr. Carpenter married Laura
Horvell, and one daughter has been born to
them: May Laura, who came to them May 9,
1887. The family home is located on the
outskirts of Salinas, surrounded by thirty
acres of land, and is a model dwelling place.
Mr. Carpenter is esteemed for his many ex-
cellent traits of character.

J^UNCAN McKINNON, a well-known,
toJ thrifty farmer and successful business
^^ man of Monterey county, is a native of
York county, Canada, where he was born,
June 15, 1836. His parents were natives
of Scotland who emigrated to America in
1835.

When our subject was only nine years of
age he suffered the loss of his father, who
left a widow and seven dependent children,
of whom Duncan was the second child and
oldest son. At an early age he assumed the
responsibilities that seldom fall upon the
shoulders of boys much his senior, and when
but a youth took charge of the household
and ran the farm. During this time he ac-
quired a good common-school education and
remained at home nntil 1862, when the gold
excitement in British Columbia broke out,
and his ambition was fired and he determined
to seek his fortune in the gold fields. Accord-
ingly, April 7, of that year he started for
New York city by rail, and April 11 sailed
from tliat port on the steamer Northern
Light, for Aspinwall, arriving at his destina-
tion on the twenty-second. Crossing the
Isthmus at that point, he sailed for San
Francisco, on the Golden Age, and reached
that city, May 5. From thence he proceeded

AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES.

to Victoria, Vancouver's Isle, and after sev-
eral days started for the mines, arriving Sep-
tember 11, 1863. After some thrilling ex-
periences in this wild country, in 1865 he re-
turned to San Francisco, arriving November
of that year. In May, 1866, he resumed
farming, working in Santa Clara county, and
for the first time in his life received wages
for his work. In 1867 he returned home to
Canada, but he found that his boyhood home
had lost its early charm as his mother was
dead and the family scattered; so, in October,
1867, he returned to California with his
brother Anthony, and settled in Monterey
county, where he rented land of Don Juan
M. Soto, near Salinas. Here the two broth-
ers farmed until 1874, when they purchased
1,100 acres of the Sausal rancho, paying
$60,000 for it. To this they added about
200 acres more from the Natividad ranch.
Mr. McKinnon purchased his brother's inter-
est in this property in 1881, and now is sole
owner of 1,300 acres of the best land in this
county. His residence is two and one-half
miles northeast of Salinas, and surrounded
by this fine ranch of 1,300 acres of land
which is perfectl}^ level. The soil is very
productive, but at present Mr. McKinnon is
devoting less attention to farming than to
dairying. He has recently constructed an
immense barn for his cows, the plans of which
for utility and convenience are unexcelled.
He also has a fine machine shop, where he
could make a thresher if he needed it. In
this machine shop he has a magnificent lathe,
an excellent carpenter shop, barley crusher,
steam engine, etc. He is not only a mechan-
ical genius, but a careful and methodical
business man, and the success he has attained
has been the result of his owu efforts.

Mr. McKinnon was married, January 1,
1877, to Miss Alice M., a daughter of J. li.

Hebbron, Esq. She died in 1889, leaving
two children, namely: Duncan P., born De-
cember 6, 1877, and William E., born May
12, 1880.

AVID W. LLOYD, deceased.— It is
safe to say that very few men, if any,
held in a greater degree the respect and
esteem of his fellow-citizens than this well
known California pioneer.

He was a native of the Empire State, born
near the city of Rome, Oneida county. May
1, 1831, and was of AVelsh descent. He at-
tended the public schools of his native town
until about thirteen years of age, and one
year's study at "Whitesboro College, New
York, terminated his school days.

Inclining to business rather than a profes-
sional life, he went to New York city, and for
three years clerked in a wholesale mercantile
establishment. He then, after spending a
few months in Boston, Massachusetts, went
(in 1847) to New Orleans, from which point
he boated on the Mississippi river to St.
Louis.

March, 1849, found young Lloyd at Fort
Leavenworth, making preparations for a
journey across the plains to California. He
commenced his overland trip the following
April and arrived at Georgetown, El Dorado
county, California, June 1, 1850, having
wintered in Salt Lake. He engaged in placer
mining in Oregon Canon for a time. For
lack of water there, he removed to Nevada
City, Nevada county, and there remained,
with varied success, till the fall of 1853. In
1854 he engaged in merchandising at Santa
Cruz, continuing there until 1860. He then
returned East, and conducted a hotel business
for two years in New York- He could not,
however, dispel the desire to return to Call-

MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA VIIUZ,

foniia, aud again he sought this coast. Lo-
cating in Santa Cruz, he engaged in the

,'ery

Dd lumbering business. In these

ventures he met with financial reverses, aad
went out of business. He spent two years in
San Francisco, and then embarked in the
fruit business at Santa Clara, remaining there
eight years. He located at Salinas,