Full text of "Memorial & historical volume, together with the proceedings of the Centennial of the Opening of the Hospital"

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MASSACHUSETTS
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al & Historical
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TOGETHER WITH THE

Proceedings of the Centennial
of the Opening of the
Hospital

1921

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Griffith-Stillings Press
Boston. Mass.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CENTENNIAL PAGE

Opening Address. Dr. Henry P. Walcott . 7

The Physicians of the First Century. Frederick C. Shattuck,

M.D

The Personality of a Hospital. Harvey Gushing, M.D. . . 17

History of Insanity During the Past Century with Special
Reference to the McLean Hospital. C. Macfie Campbell,

M.D 42

The Place of the Civil General Hospital in the Scheme of
Medical Preparedness. M. W. Ireland, Surgeon General,
U.S.A 58

THE HOSPITAL IN THE WORLD WAR

Base Hospital No. 6

Base Hospital No. 55

Base Hospital No. 5

Harva-d Surgical Unit, General Hospital No. 22, B.E.F. . 71

R Held at the Hospital June 9, 1919, to Those Who

tea m the War 72

Meu^jers of Alumni and Staff of the Massachusetts General

Hospital Who Have Been in Military Service 79

DEDICATION OF MEMORIAL TABLETS

To ^° Alumni of the Hospital Who Died in the War . 86

To " r " °aq fvhusetts General Hospital

1
To ?,

HISTORICAL

Histori il Notes 106

McLean jiospital 115

The Discovery of Ether 132

The True Significance of Ether Day 149

The Warren Library 151

The Out-Patier* Department 153

The Treadwell Library and the Clinical Records 157

The Pathological Laboratory 160

The Warren Triennial Prize 163

Th ^ Training School for Nurses 165

xy Department 169

fc dee 173

1 •• il Executive Committee 177

Ti s House 180

Th 1. Laboratory 182

CON TENTS — Continued

FINANCIAL PAGB

Finances of the Hospital, 1811-1922 186

Permanent Funds 197

Special Purpose Funds 225

General Fund 230

Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes 250

LISTS OF OFFICERS

Presidents of the Corporation 258

Vice-Presidents 258

Treasurers 259

Secretaries 259

Chairmen of the Trustees 259

Trustees 260

Superintendents of the General Hospital 263

Officers of the McLean Hospital 264

Staff of the General Hospital 267

House Officers 281

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

BULFINCH BUILDING, GENERAL HOSPITAL, 1921 Frontispiece

McLEAN ASYLUM FOB ' — »NE, SOMERVILLE, MASS., 1844 . 42

GENERAL HOSPITAL, 18 106

~?i « ^ G^GUlOis, GEN ... 114

MCLEAN HOSPITAL, 1921, L,o.,..

MCLEAN HOSPITAL, 1921, LOOKING WEST . . .

GENERAL HOSPITAL AND HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, 185o

PHILLIPS HOUSE, 1917 180

COPY OF LEASE OF PROVINCE HOUSE ESTATE 186-187

PREFACE

THIS book is printed to put on permanent record the
speeches delivered at the celebration of the centennial
of the opening of the Hospital and the seventy-fifth anni-
versary of the first operation under ether. It includes
also an account of the activities of the Hospital in the
World War, and the dedication of the memorials to those
who died.

The next section contains brief historical sketches of
some of the departments of the institution. A history of
the Massachusetts General Hospital by Nathaniel I.
Bowditch was printed in 1851, and continued by Dr.
George E. Ellis to 1872. At some future time it is hoped
that this history will be brought up to date. This is not
attempted here, except in a fragmentary way.

The next section contains a brief history of some of
the financic. affairs of the Hospital, and a detailed ac-
count of the subscriptions from the beginning.

The lists of officers from Bowditch's History have been
brought up to date. A list of all members of the Staff
from the beginning is now published for the first time.
The list of past House Officers, which has appeared before,
has been brought up to date and arranged chronologically.
The addresses of active members of the Staff and of
living alumni, arranged alphabetically, are printed in
annual reports of the Hospital.

Massachusetts General Hospital

CENTENNIAL OF THE OPENING
OF THE HOSPITAL

OPENING ADDRESS

Dr. HENRY P. WALCOTT
President of the Corporation

THE first patient was admitted to this hospital on the
third of September, 1821. It has seemed to us that no
better day for the commemoration of our centennial
could be taken than that of our annual festival, a festival
which we hold in honor of the supreme event in the his-
tory of the hospital, the day upon which in the room in
the oldest building in this group of buildings, sulphuric
ether was used publicly for the first time to produce sur-
gical anaesthesia. On the walls of that room which remain
unchanged (and so far as the accidents of time permit will
be always unchanged, for it is a shrine in this hospital
and should be a shrine to the medical profession and to
the world), the simple, truthful and sufficient inscription
tells, that on the sixteenth of October, 1846, William
Thomas Green Morton administered ether to a patient
who was to undergo a surgical operation, that John C.
Warren performed the operation, and that the patient was
Gilbert Abbott. That Abbott, when he recovered, de-
clared he had felt no pain. Pain then was abolished; it
has no greater existence than the tissue of a dream.
The news of this discovery went from that room through-
out the world and a new era in surgery began. This hos-
pital has always awarded to Morton the foremost place
in the great discovery, and it is a source of great satisfac-
tion to us that a larger constituency than ours has ren-

Massachusetts General Hos

dered a verdict, and that Morton's name now has a ] iace
among the few honored names of men who have deserved
well of their country.

The hospital of that day thus established was not a
large affair. It served the interests of the community,
serving them so well that it was generously supported.
How slight, however, the burden it imposed upon the
public, may be shown by the fact which I find in the
records of Mr. Josiah Quincy in 1832; when he met with
some objection to the charge which the trustees expected
paying patients to meet, he produced a group of figures
showing that the weekly cost of a house patient at the
Massachusetts General Hospital at that date amounted
to $4.62 a week. In the last report of the trustees of this
hospital, the cost of a house patient is stated to be $5.70
per day, and not a cent of that money is wasted.

The expense of maintenance in the hospital has many
times outrun the high cost of living. This community
has always generously supported the hospital. Our ap-
peals have been met and one object of this meeting is to
set before you clearly what the activities of this hospital
are, and what its needs of necessity must be. There will
never be a time, I hope, when a great charity will be able
to say, "We appealed to the public for aid, but in vain."

This hospital extends its benefits to districts far out-
side the Metropolitan area. In the beginning it served
a homogeneous population. How cosmopolitan it has be-
come is pleasantly shown by the fact just communicated
to me by the resident physician, that there has been es-
tablished in the hospital an Italian free bed fund of
$10,000 which we owe largely to the exertions of Dr.
Balboni, a member of our Staff.

In 1810 an appeal was issued to the public in aid of a
call for funds for the benefit of a General Hospital.
That appeal, signed by James Jackson and John C.
Warren, is a simple document. It appealed not only to
the humanitarian interests of the community, but it also
contained a statement regarding the place which should
be occupied by a General Hospital, and • "y now
that we have reached the limit as set forth in that state-
ment.

Centennial

It is useless to say much about James Jackson. His
gracious memory still lingers here. He was a visiting
physician of this hospital, a teacher in the Medical School,
a prominent practitioner in the city of Boston. He gave
dignity to his calling.

The first speaker this afternoon served also in this hos-
pital. He was Jackson Professor of Medicine in the Med-
cal School, and has earned his place in the confidence
and affection of the public. The announcement that he
is Professor Emeritus may seem to indicate that he has
retired from activities in medicine; but such men do not
retire - - he has simply changed the field of his operation.
He may have ceased to be an attendant upon the sick, but
he still labors in the unselfish interests of preventive medi-
cine. It is useless for me to say more of Dr. Frederick C.
Shattuck; he can always speak for himself.

Massachusetts General Hospital

THE PHYSICIANS OF THE FIRST CENTURY
FREDERICK C. SHATTUCK, M.D.

"FoR a thousand years in Thy sight are but as yester-
day when it is past, and as a watch in the night."

To us, however, creatures of a day, obsessed by our
sensory consciousness, and in a country as young as the
United States, a hundred years looms large in the fog of
time, and seems to serve as a natural milestone on the
path of human progress.

The Massachusetts General Hospital has entered on
the second century of its life, and has a past of which it
may well be proud. It is very fitting that we gather here
to celebrate at once the centennial of the Hospital and
the diamond jubilee of anesthesia. September 3d, 1821,
the first patient was admitted to the Massachusetts Gen-
eral Hospital. Up to January 1st, 1822, there were eight-
een admissions, one hundred twenty-two during the year
1822. I have been unable to find out with certainty the
number of beds in 1821. It was probably sixty. In 1823,
when the wings were finished, it was ninety-three. Ad-
missions to the wards in 1920 were 6,185, 25,302 to the
Out-Patient Department.

The Out-Patient Service was started October 16, 1846,
the same day that the first operation was done under
ether. The number of beds today is four hundred and
fifty-six, including one hundred in the Phillips House.
So much for cold statistics.

Let us think for just a passing moment of the tragedy,
relieved now and then by some measure of comedy; of
the pain and sorrow; of the joy and gladness which these
walls have seen; of health and usefulness restored or
prolonged; of home relieved from the burden of sickness!
But I must condense one hundred years of medicine into
twenty minutes. I shall, however, take time, even steal
it, if necessary, to allude t j the debt which the Hospital
owes to those who have served it as trustees, always rep-
resentative of the best citizenship of the community.

Centennial

Their wisdom and sense of duty have been a stimulus
and unfailing support to the determination of the pro-
fessional staff to keep the Hospital in the forefront of
the battle against disease and the human suffering which
enures therein.

From the large number of Physicians to the Hospital

- happily for you it falls on Dr. Gushing to tell the story

of the surgeons and their deeds - - it is possible here and

now to mention only a few whose names seem to me of

special significance.

^James Jackson, 1817 to 1837, with John C. Warren,
co-founder of the Hospital, commanded universal respect
and confidence. Preeminent in wisdom and character,
he clearly saw the importance, nay the necessity, for a
first-rate hospital to combine medical teaching with the
care of the patients. , He first, in 1822, described alco-
holic neuritis;, in 1 855 ,V' painful tumor near the cecum,"
now known as appendicitis, and in the same year pub-
lished the medical classic, " Letters to a Young Physician."

Walter Channing, 1821 to 1839, in 1843 published
"Notes on Anhaemia" in special connection with the
puerperal state. Therein are described cases of that grave
form of ansemia we now call pernicious. Today it is easy
of recognition, though its origin and cure are still beyond
our ken.

John Barnard Swett Jackson, 1840 to 1864, single-
minded, modest almost to a fault, a rarely accurate ob-
server, devoted, was one of the foremost gross pathologists
of his, or, indeed, of any day. He was Curator of the Cab-
inet of the Boston Society for Medical Improvement,
and also of the Warren Museum. His catalogue of the
former Cabinet, published in 1847, was characterized by
a distinguished Philadelphia professor as "the most val-
uable contribution to pathological anatomy made up to
that date in this country."

Jacob Bigelow, 1836 to 1855, was possessed of and by
probably at once the broadest and keenest intellect in the
history of New England medicine. He was a pupil of
Benjamin Rush, whom he quotes as saying, "We can
have no reliance on nature, gentlemen; we must turn her
out of doors in our practice and substitute for her efficient

Massachusetts General Hospital

art." The pupil, by his Essay on Self-limited Diseases,
dealt a staggering blow to the heroic treatment of the
day, to the unholy trinity - - bleeding, purging and puk-
ing. Of this oration, delivered before the Massachusetts
Medical Society, 1835, Dr. Holmes said, "This remark-
able essay has probably had more influence on medical
practice in America than any similar brief treatise, we
might say, than any work ever published in this
country."

Mt. Auburn, the first rural cemetery in this country,
was a child of his brain, and his interest in its welfare was
maintained through his life.

In 1829 he published a 500-page octavo on the " Ele-
ments of Technology," and Worcester, in his dictionary,
gives Dr. Bigelow as authority for the word "technology."
Dr. Bigelow, himself, claims only that he revived and
reapplied the word, which is now familiar to us in the
great Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to the
founding of which his writings and teachings notably con-
tributed. He was, until that office was abolished, vice-
president, and delivered the address at the opening of the
new building in 1865.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1846 to 1849, high as he ranks
as poet and wit, ranks yet higher for his clarion cry on the
contagiousness of puerperal fever. It is more pleasing
to think of the lives which he was thereby the means of
saving than to recall the storm of abuse which fell upon
him from some leaders in the profession.

It is noteworthy that Channing's paper on Anhaemia,
Jacob Bigelow's on Self-limited Diseases, and Holmes' on
Puerperal Fever, were all published in the New England
Quarterly Journal of Medicine and Surgery, and in the
same year, 1842.

John Ware was Visiting Physician only for one year,
1839. He was a foremost practitioner of his day, as high-
minded as sagacious. He was the author of notable
papers on Delirium Tremens and Croup.

Henry Ingersoll Bowditch, 1846 to 1864, fearless, pub-
lic-spirited, in conjunction with Morrill Wyman was a
pioneer in the treatment of pleural effusions by tapping.
He was the first Chairman of the State Board of Health

Centennial

of Massachusetts. To his enthusiasm was largely due
the high place which that Board took and has ever since
maintained in the promotion of public health.

Calvin Ellis, 1865 to 1882, was faithful in all things,
even in bachelorhood. To him medicine took the place
of wife and child. He played a conspicuous part in the
advance in medical education inaugurated by the Har-
vard School, and, dying, left his whole property to the
School, the largest single benefaction for years before or
after it was made.

Henry K. Oliver, 1868 to 1873, while an undergrad-
uate at Cambridge, saw the need of a medical friend for
the students, and then and there resolved to provide for
the need should it ever be possible for him to do so. Un-
married, a simple life, diligence and self-denial enabled
him to found the Professorship of Hygiene at Cambridge
which fitly bears his name. May the Lord long preserve
Roger I. Lee, first and present occupant of this chair,
also Physician to our Hospital!

James C. White, successively Chemist, Physician to
Out-Patients, Visiting Physician, and from 1870 to 1903
Physician to the Department of Skin Diseases. He was
a specialist evolved from the general practitioner; vig-
orous promoter of reform in medical education; a lusty
and always fair fighter; a man of many interests and
accurate knowledge in each. As a dermatologist he was
equally eminent at home and abroad. He was President
of the International Dermatological Congress when it met
at New York in 1907.

Reginald H. Fitz, Pathologist and Physician, 1871 to
1908, was born into medicine just at the time that micro-
scopic pathology was beginning its brilliant career. As a
critic he had no superior. His masterly paper on " Perfo-
rating Inflammation of the Vermiform Appendix" was so
convincing that it met with instant acceptance by the
profession. He coined the word "appendicitis," of uni-
versal currency, as good in the household as in the hos-
pital. Who can calculate the benign influence, past, pres-
ent and future, of such work for humanity? Four years
later he put forth a second classic on Pancreatitis, only
less notable than that on appendicitis in that pancreati-

Massachusetts General Hospital

tis is a far less common disease, and less amenable, though
not wholly rebellious, to treatment.

Walter James Dodd, Assistant Apothecary, 1892 to 1894;
Apothecary and Photographer, 1894 to 1900; then Roent-
genologist to the Hospital until his death in 1916. In
1896 he began X-ray work. The danger of burns from
the rays and the safeguards against them were not known
in those early days. Whatever Dodd did he did with all
his might, with no thought of self, and he was soon se-
verely burned. Between this and 1916, when involve-
ment of the lung proved fatal, the march of cancer was
slow but inexorable. He underwent fifty operations and
suffered grievous pain. Parallel with, but more rapidly
than the disease, his knowledge advanced, and he became
a recognized expert in the use and interpretation of the
rays. The most wonderful thing about him, however,
was the dominance of his spirit. Stoicism is passive
and may have a sardonic tinge, more or less pro-
nounced. Dodd's cheerfulness and zest in life were
always on the surface. Almost as a bridegroom to his
chamber he approached his death. A holy martyr of
science, his story should be widely known and its lessons
laid to heart.

Richard C. Cabot, Father of Hospital Social Service,
is happily still with us, and has seen his child rapidly grow
to maturity and travel 'round the world. Were I asked
to name the three most conspicuous services which have
been rendered humanity through the Massachusetts Gen-
eral Hospital, I should select Anesthesia, Appendicitis
and Social Service.

All those whom I have mentioned were full professors
in the Medical School, with two exceptions, and they had
teaching positions. This fact is a tribute to the wisdom
and prescience of Warren and Jackson. The Hospital and
the Medical School are as interdependent as capital
and labor. Some marriages are happy, others less so.

Lack of time compels me to pass over in silence many
who are worthy of mention, whose quiet daily perform-
ance of duty, whose clear heads, warm hearts, and deft
fingers have helped to build up a priceless tradition.
While the chief factor in the rank of a hospital is, of

Centennial

course, its professional staff, the services rendered by
trustees, superintendents, nurses, and personnel imbued
with and stimulated by the tradition and spirit of the
institution, are not for a moment forgotten, nor do we
forget the long procession of internes who have gone forth
to all parts of the country bearing their torches high,
and in their lives making fruitful the training in charac-
ter and professional knowledge they here received. The
children of the Hospital rise up and call her blessed.

It remains to speak all too briefly of one man, a phy-
sician, though never on the Hospital staff. I brave his
displeasure but am sure of your approval. For years a
Trustee, President of the Board, now President of the
Corporation, he was a founder, long a Trustee, and Pres-
ident also of the Cambridge Hospital; member and
Chairman of the State Board of Health, Chairman of the
Water and Sewerage Board, Fellow of Harvard College,
he has filled - - 1 say filled advisedly - - a rarely conspic-
uous place in this community in particular, and also in
the nation at large. Happy the people who can com-
mand such services! We are deeply, but cannot be too,
grateful to Henry Pickering Walcott. The wisdom of
Solomon is a tradition ; that of Walcott a living force.

Only a few minutes remain to me to allude to the ad-
vance of medicine as contrasted with surgery in the last
fifty years, especially. The laity does not realize it, and
we physicians are nothing if not modest.

Surgery is dramatic, leaves memorable scars on the
person and sometimes on the purse. Painless surgery,
born October 16, 1846, was followed by safe surgery
about 1870. The bounds of surgery were thus enormously
enlarged.

The same discoveries which entailed safety in surgery
laid bare the principles of preventive medicine. There is
no such thing as preventive surgery. Surgery in its very
nature is individual, a retail business. Preventive medi-
cine is wholesale.

Until within, say, fifty years smallpox was the only
preventable infection. Now, malaria, the plague, typhus
and typhoid fevers, tuberculosis, diphtheria, cholera, tet-
anus, yellow fever, hookworm diseases, to mention only

Massachusetts General Hospital

those best known, are practically largely, theoretically
wholly, preventable. The mastery of malaria and yellow
fever conditioned the building of the Panama Canal.
The French had the money and the engineering talent,
but could not stand the loss of life. With the prevention
of yellow fever the name of Walter Reed, army surgeon,
will ever be linked. As citizens of the richest country in
the world, we hang our heads in shame when we remem-
ber that after Reed's death the pension provided by a
grateful — Heaven save the mark! — country was so inade-
quate for the modest support of his widow and children
that a private subscription was raised.

Preventive medicine is yet in its infancy, but its bene-
fits, humanitarian and economic, are today incalculable.

What the developments of the next hundred years may
be, it would be rash to try to predict. It seems, however,
safe to say that cancer, the pneumonias, scarlet fever,
pellagra, and perhaps influenza and other diseases, will
become subject to prevention and cure, and we can have
full confidence that the Massachusetts General Hospital
will enter on its third century as vigorous and full of
achievement as she now enters on her second.

In presenting the next speaker, Dr. Walcott said:

"I have often thought that we did not sufficiently ap-
preciate the great courage with which John C. Warren
ventured upon the great experiment of October 16, 1846.
He was then approaching the end of his long and success-
ful career and yet he put his reputation to the hazard of
that experiment. Fortunately he won. But surgery is
full of adventures. What to the public or to the medical
profession seemed more hazardous than the search for
disease in the very center of life and thought, the human
brain? But the practised hand of the surgeon, obedient to
the guiding mind, discovered the disease and removed it.
'The chief surgeon of the Brigham Hospital, Moseley
Professor of Surgery, and some time officer in this hospi-
tal, can tell you all this and many other marvelous feats
of modern surgery made possible by the discovery of
anesthesia."

Centennial

THE PERSONALITY OF A HOSPITAL
HARVEY GUSHING, M.D.

AMONG those in attendance at the birth of Anaesthesia
seventy-five years ago, was a mummy who played a useful part
in the early history of this hospital and who might have said,
could his lips have been unsealed: "All these things are familiar
to me, for I was a disciple of the great physician, I-em-hetep,
of the third dynasty of the Pharaohs, four thousand years
before your Hippocrates, and with me in Thebes were en-
tombed medical papyri which some one may some day find.
They will tell, as do our sculptures, that with instruments of
copper we did just such operations as this, and quieted the
patient with opium and hellebore, while the 'Black Art' gave
us substances such as you do not seem to use, to put in our
wounds to prevent putrefaction — and in our bodies too,
after death, else mine would not be here. One thing that has
befallen many of my people I have escaped, for our mummified
bodies since you began taking us from our tombs have often been
ground to powder and used to heal the maimed and afflicted
of these later times."

As human beings are pretty much alike inside, so are
hospitals. In military parlance both "take in" and both
" evacuate," and between these processes divers functions
are performed, similar in all instances and of interest
particularly to the physiologist on the one hand, and the
hospital director or commanding officer on the other.
They differ chiefly - - both hospitals and human beings
— in their external trappings, in their occupation and in
then* personality. Of these attributes, it is with the last
I propose to deal.

Raiment counts for little and the humblest may cover
a personality capable of permanently influencing the mo-
tives, the ideals and actions of countless others. So also,
many of us have known hospitals under perishable and
tattered canvas which possessed an individuality, char-
acter and spirit often found lacking in others encased in
a more enduring shell of brick and mortar. Still, a cov-
ering of some kind is essential and though styles change

Massachusetts General Hospital

for hospitals as for men, some which may be thought
old-fashioned will always possess a charm of association,
and the "garb of stone and of that kind called Chelms-
ford granite" hammered out at the State Prison -
" wrought with uncommon labour" -in accordance with
the design supplied by Charles Bulfinch, was justly con-
sidered, a hundred years ago, to make of the Massachu-
setts General Hospital the handsomest edifice in the
State. Well might John C. Warren and James Jackson,
together with one thousand and forty-seven subscribers,
whose great bounty made this famous institution possible,
have felt pride in it then and have expected much from
it for all time.

But, however well infant or institution comes to be
adorned, the essential thing is what handsome does, and
with this, apparel has little to do — unless, indeed, so
much attention is paid to habiliments that they are a
handicap to freedom, affect personality in the individual
and limit personnel to the institution. They may actually
prove an encumbrance if in this world of competitive
effort others laboring in their shirt sleeves are not to pass
them by. So it is not the externals nor the inherited
wealth, social position or occupation of an institution any
more than of an individual which give it renown, it is the
character of the service it performs - - the quality more
than the quantity of its work which enables it to estab-
lish and to maintain leadership. For as age creeps on
and movement becomes hampered by joints encrusted
with tradition the more it feels the strain of competition.

But as hospitals go, the Massachusetts General for all
its honorable century is young. One does not reckon the
age of an institution in years so much as in adaptability
to progress: nor for the matter of that, human beings
either, especially in a community noted for its progres-
sive and public-spirited octogenarians. On the contrary,
there is a tragic malady known as progeria or prema-
ture senility which renders inelastic both mind and tis-
sue and brings old age to certain unfortunate institutions
and human beings alike, in their teens.

Age, after all, is a relative matter. A year ago the
Brigham Hospital - - a youthful upstart in this commun-

Centennial

ity - - celebrated its eighth birthday. There happened
to be staying with us at the time as my locum tenens an
English surgeon representing a London hospital which was
also about to celebrate its eighth birthday. The essential
difference lay in the fact that St. Bartholomew's hesitat-
ingly reckons its birthdays in centuries, for it was eight
hundred years ago when the jester Rahere, to fulfill the
vow made to St. Bartholomew, took holy orders and laid,
just outside the wall of old London, the foundations of
" Bart's," where, barely missed by the great fire, they still
remain. Compared with that ancient hospital, the Brig-
ham is mewling in its nurse's arms and the Massachu-
setts General barely in knickerbockers.

How brief, indeed, have been its hundred years! There
are still living today those who were born before that Sep-
tember 1st of 1821, when the first patient, a medical case,
was admitted to the east wing of the old Bulfinch build-
ing. My own contemporaries go back an exact quarter of
the way, to 1895-1896, when we were house pupils here,
and Dr. Shattuck beside me, goes back just halfway, to
1871, when he first began to walk these wards already so
familiar to his distinguished father before him. What we
are to celebrate today, therefore, is the birthday of a hos-
pital ten decades young, not old - - a hospital which has
not slipped back from the ideals and enthusiasms of its
founders nor shown any tendency to become hidebound
in the course of years by the very past which ennobles it.
Fortunate it has been alike in its traditions and in those
who have passed them on. For nearly the full century
there has been a John Warren, the first of whom, like
Clotho, begat this hospital, and the second and third,
like Lachesis, have done so much to keep the thread run-
ning smoothly from the spindle without a snarl. Except
for the Bells and the four Munros of Edinburgh, possibly no
community, certainly no hospital, has ever boasted such
famous medical dynasties as ours with its Warrens, Jack-
sons, Bigelows, Shattucks and Cabots.

What are the elements that make a hospital what it
comes to be as the years roll round? Given two institu-
tions side by side in the same community with the same
purpose, the same organization, the same initial endow-

Massachusetts General Hospital

ment, and starting at the same time, differing only in
their personnel, how quickly, yet unconsciously, do they
assume different characteristics and acquire differing per-
sonalities. Nothing should be more alike than two sister
ships, yet in time how markedly different is the life
aboard. How alike and yet how different are Andover
and Exeter, twin offspring of a single brain; Harvard and
Yale; Boston and New York; Massachusetts and Mary-
land. Each as an institution in which people combine
for definite and similar objects has become a composite
of many personalities, — some dominant, some less so,—
all, living or dead, nevertheless discernible however
faintly in the ultimate picture.

So of each of us whatever our station may have been,
who have passed happy days in this beloved place, there
remains some record, and I like to feel that I can discern
even after twenty-five years a faint imprint of myself,
and of my brother before me, shown in some trifling cus-
tom, or point of view regarding the making of observa-
tions or of recording them, or even the better pinning of
a swathe or smoothing of a pillow. Obscured though
one's personal record be in the composite of the hospital
made up of the more enduring contributions of countless
others, it nevertheless gives each of us who have been of
the Massachusetts General Hospital a fractional right to
speak on an occasion such as this in a somewhat intimate
way.

A hospital may be likened to a hive. What gives it
character is not its queen but its workers and producers.
"We and the hive are one"; and as in Kipling's story of
Melissa and the Wax Moth, if softness and content enter
in through the reactionary influence even of a single indi-
vidual, the effectiveness of the whole society may be
altered. Better the independent life of a solitary bee
than the social life of a hive which comes to subsist on
itself. It is from flowers outside that honey must be gath-
ered. The best may be found in the hollow of an old
tree and the most tasteless in a patent hive arranged for
the Ohs! and Ahs! of exhibit, with all modern improve-
ments in glass and tile. The Bee Master, like a proper
hospital trustee, does not gauge productiveness on this

Centennial

basis. For a hospital must be something more than a
well-kept boarding house for the indigent sick, and ex-
perience has long shown such a one too often becomes
the plaything for politicians and a habitat for drones
and weaklings.

Wise in their generation, the two founders of this
great institution had very definite objects in view. It
was eleven years be^re the event we are celebrating —
the actual opening of the Hospital — that they circulated
among their fellow townsmen that celebrated letter in-
viting subscriptions for the foundation of a hospital as
something other than an almshouse, one of the chief col-
lateral advantages of which were the facilities it would
offer as a training ground for students.*

Though an Almshouse and a public Dispensary were
already in existence and the nebular beginnings of a uni-
versity medical department had for some years been ap-
parent on the Cambridge horizon, the project formulated
by these two farseeing young men, based on their ex-
perience abroad and set forth on August 20, 1810, may
justly be regarded as the corner stone not only of the
Massachusetts General, but of the Harvard Medical
School as well.

The story of the relationship of the original Massa-
chusetts Medical College, as the old Mason Street School
was called, both to university and to hospital is too long
and complicated a one to enter into here, important though
it is in the chronicles of both institutions. A tripod can-
not balance long on two legs, much less on one. A uni-
versity medical department built on a course of theoretical
lectures without laboratories and a clinic can have no
permanent stability. No more can an independent
school or independent hospital. A university and a school
without hospital connection, a school and a hospital with-

*Warren himself had had a three years' first-hand knowledge of the leading European
Hospital Schools. First at Guy's in its greatest years under the two Coopers, William
and Sir Astley — the latter one of the foremost figures in our surgical annals. Then a
year in Edinburgh for his degree, where in the old Royal Infirmary he learned to know
bedside instruction given at its best. That Infirmary, like the Massachusetts General Hos-
pital, had been founded for this very purpose and with the traditions of Boerhaave brought
home by the second Munro, Edinburgh had become the Mecca of medical students the
world over. However, with the passing of Benjamin Bell and Alexander Munro, its star
was now waning, as a rival one arose in Paris, whence Warren betook himself for his third
year of foreign study under Dubois, Corvisart and the great Dupuytren. Jackson, too,
had passed nine months as surgical "dresser" at Guy's and St. Thomas's when these two
hospitals were "united" and had a common school. An interest aroused in Jenner's recent
discovery of vaccination appears to have diverted him from surgery into medicine.

Massachusetts General Hospital

out the academic influence of university connection,
may perhaps for a longer time stand on two legs with the
other in the air, but the position is insecure and easily
toppled over by the first rival unless all three supports
are firmly planted.

The two founders were university professors and judg-
ing from the pamphlet issued by them in 1824,* shortly
after both school and hospital were in operation, it is
evident that they considered the two to represent a teach-
ing unit, even though established under separate corpo-
rations. It would unquestionably have been better for
permanent stability, as they doubtless foresaw, could the
two institutions have been under one control, or at least
have had an interlocking directorate and have been geo-
graphically adjacent, for it was obviously their original
purpose to open the wards to students.

Their pamphlet reads :

"The administration of public infirmaries very properly
embraces a two-fold object — the relief of the sick, and the
instruction of medical students. With a view to the promotion
of both these ends, the Massachusetts Hospital, while it gives
accommodation to the full extent of its means to the sick poor,
gives also admission, which was at first conditional, but is now
free, to the students of the medical class, attending the lec-
tures of the physicians and surgeons. . . . Students are ad-
mitted to the patients to enable them to become practically
conversant with the symptoms of disease and the operation
and influence of medicinal agents."

Could anything have had a more modern sound than
this statement? It lacks but one note - - the third
great function, indeed obligation, of a hospital, the ad-
vancement of knowledge embraced in that much abused
term, "research." But Warren and Jackson, being men
of imagination, were fully aware of the best means of
encouraging the spirit of progress: namely, a convenient
medium of publication. The old New England Journal
of Medicine and Surgery (1812-1828) had already been
started as the official organ of the embryonic medical
department five years before the school was erected and

*Some Account of the Medical School in Boston and of the Boston General Hospital,
Boston, 1824, pp. 16.

Centennial

nearly ten years before the hospital. But shortly after
both were in running order this weekly magazine, as the
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, became the ac-
knowledged mouthpiece of the combined institutions,
which, if not officially interlocked, were to all intents and
purposes so, as the professors in the school were likewise
the appointees in the hospital. Indeed, the first page of each
issue during 1828 actually carried a vignette of the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital and in the first number it was
expressly stated by the editors that "It is their intention
to introduce the practice of the Massachusetts General
Hospital, especially the surgical part, whenever anything
interesting occurs in it." Accordingly, to the widespread
renown of both institutions, the early numbers of the
publication were devoted to this object.*

What happened to check the fulfillment of their ideals
I do not know. It is a matter which concerns the hos-
pital's composite personality of which I am speaking. I
fear that even Jackson and Warren, as tune went on,
became somewhat lukewarm in the matter of having
students about except by sufferance, and came to feel
with the trustees that the hospital could stand alone and
was sufficient unto itself. When, in 1846, the North
Grove Street School was contemplated and the hospital
trustees were approached in regard to the matter, they
replied to the letter from the professors of the medical
school with courtesy but with indifference, stating that:

... in regard to the subject of building a Medical College
in immediate proximity to the grounds of the Hospital, they
cannot perceive any advantage to this institution to arise
therefrom; but they think they can see that some disadvan-
tages would be occasioned thereby.

True, students in a hospital, like children in a lodging

*Nor did the founders stop here. Through the liberality of Ward Nicholas Boylston,
student prizes were offered for the best medical dissertations. A student's society was
established and the founder recommended preparatory studies to the students who should
avail themselves of courses in natural philosophy (the biology of the day) , botany, miner-
alogy, chemistry, the arts, belles lettres, ancient and modern languages, etc., in the uni-
versity. Not until the end of the century, with the opening of the Johns Hopkins Hospital
and Medical School, when Osier supposedly for the first time in this country actually took
the students into the wards and put them to work there and made them attend society
meetings and publish their observations in a school organ of publications, was anything
done for the advancement of medical teaching on better and more imaginative lines than
those proposed by the founders of this institution, whom we must recognize as men with a
vision far ahead of their time.

Massachusetts General Hospital

house, are not an unmixed blessing, either to landlord or
servant, and in those days the occasional Bob Sawyer
and Ben Allen perhaps served to make the whole group
seem rowdy and unruly. So, when we were internes
here, fifty years later, I think everyone, from staff to
orderly, felt an aristocratic aloofness and indifference to
all students except a favored few, an attitude which their
body as a whole was quick to feel, and though a few lec-
tures were still held in the old North Grove Street build-
ing, the school ere this had definitely abandoned its old
site and had begun its migration southward to warmer
climes.

It was a misfortune, I think, for both institutions, for
though not an actual divorce it was an agreement to live
apart, and despite its present geographical separation as
close a tie as possible with the school in accordance with
the views of the founders is something the Massachusetts
General Hospital will surely do everything in its power
to foster. But all hospitals differ more or less in their
attitude towards students as they do in other matters.
Each reflects the superimposed reactions of the succes-
sion of officials, who have made their composite person-
ality what it is. Nor was the reaction of which I speak
at all peculiar to the Massachusetts General, for it was
even more strongly developed in the great hospitals in
New York, in many of which students were actually
barred from the wards, to the harm of both school and
hospital. In London, on the other hand, after the closure
of the famous Windmill School started by the Hunters,
the hospitals like St. Mary's, St. Bartholomew's, and the
united Guy's and St. Thomas's, took a school unto their
bosoms, for better or for worse, as an integral part of the
hospital, and since then the student body, always present,
has done much to color the life and affect the characters
and keep the spirit of youth in these ancient foundations.
And there is no question but that a hospital is safe-
guarded, so far as the care of its patients is concerned, if
its attendants are under the constant fire and criticism
of watchful students of the modern type, who are the best
possible stimulus to industry, to punctuality and thor-
oughness on the part of the senior workers.

Centennial

It was not until 1861 that surgery came to predomi-
nate in the activities of the Massachusetts General, and
though the excess number of surgical cases dropped off
considerably after the Civil War, they soon increased
once more by leaps and bounds until in our days in the
'90's, the proportion of surgical to medical admissions
was as five to three.* Nevertheless, from the beginning
of its history - - from that first operation on September
21, 1821, for prolapsus ani -- surgery took a prominent
place here, a circumstance, before the days of anaesthesia,
due more to the professional eminence and the writings
of Warren primus than to the number of surgical
admissions.

Indeed, fewer surgeons than physicians were needed
in those early days when, as a matter of fact, there was
no great difference in the training of those whose tastes led
them to practice surgery as well as physic and midwifery.
Operations were few and far between and of no great
variety, though of their kind they were doubtless done
with a deftness, rapidity and aplomb no longer the fash-
ion, for surgery has ceased to be the spectacular occupa-
tion it once was.

For reasons somewhat difficult to understand, unless
it be that the ritual of the operating room is of more
general interest than the prescribing of drugs at the bed-
side, it has been the custom from the earliest days for
hospitals to tabulate and publish lists of these perform-
ances. So in the first advertisement of the combined
Massachusetts General Hospital and Massachusetts Med-
ical College already quoted, there was given a list of
"the important surgical cases and of Operations per-
formed in the Massachusetts Hospital by the Professor
of Anatomy and Surgery."

Of the few cases admitted during the last four months
of 1821, six were regarded as sufficiently important to
be included. One of them was a simple fracture, another

*Dr. E. P. Joslin in 1899 prepared a chart published in that year's hospital report,
in which the annual surgical and medical admissions from 1821 to 1899 were plotted. On
the chart the introduction of ether barely shows. The war, and particularly antisepsis
appear to have been the chief influence in the surgicalization of the hospital.

Massachusetts General Hospital

a dislocation of the hip,* so that only four involved
actual cutting operations. The first of these, on Septem-
ber 21st, as stated, was a simple ligation as for haemor-
rhoids. The second was "for the stone," and the graphic
recital of the procedure ends with the ominous statement
that the patient was "untied and carried to bed." The
third, a few days later, was for popliteal aneurysm, the
ligatures on the artery being left long, to "come away,"
which they unfortunately did not do, so they finally
were cut short, and the patient ultimately was sent
home with a persisting sinus. The fourth operation was
for fistula in ano.

The surgical treatment of these particular maladies
reaches back as far as historical records permit us to go.
Since the days when knights, weighted down by heavy
armor, spent long hours in the saddle on the way to Pal-
estine and back, the principles of treating ischiorectal
abscess and "the fistula" had been known, and in those
days, indeed, the disorder was so common that there were
specialists for it like the celebrated John of Arderne, who
wrote a treatise on the subject in colloquial Latin in the
year when Edward the Black Prince "was taken to
God." The operation of lithotomy, too, known to have
been practised by the ancients, continued to be performed
through the Middle Ages by itinerant "cutters for stone,"
just as cataract and hernia operations had been, and
probably the skill and anatomical knowledge of John C.
Warren was not greatly in excess of that finally acquired
by the famous Franciscan lithotomist, Frere Jacques,
three hundred years before. He it was who originated
the lateral perineal operation with its. " unerring thrust"
and the removal of the calculus in a few seconds -
fifty-four, I believe, was Cheselden's record in the century

*The note of the preliminaries to "operation" in this case and its outcome read as
follows:

"On the day of the admission of the patient — he was ordered to take Sulph. Magnes.
oz. 1 Fol. sennae oz. 4 ss — and to live light. The next day a warm bath was ordered.
At 2 o'clk. he began taking Tart Antimonia, gr. — every ten minutes — until the opera-
tion. — He took five grs. when vomiting was induced. At 3 o'clk. was bled to about 16
oz. — but no faintness was produced. The operation was then immediately proceeded
with; and after continuing it about an hour, the case was abandoned as hopeless."

There is a sequel to this story. It concerns a malpractice suit which was dismissed be-
cause the jury disagreed. The man died forty years later, and J. Mason Warren, having
secured an examination, the specimen, showing a particularly rare form of dislocation
which had not been recognized, remains to this day a feature of the Warren Museum.
Patients often outlive their physicians, and a follow-up system — to the end — may
overlap two generations.

Centennial

before Warren. The only one of these first four opera-
tions, therefore, which involved a relatively new prin-
ciple was that for aneurysm, which consisted in the
ligation of the artery in the femoral canal well above
the lesion - - a procedure which had its origin in John
Hunter's experiments of the century before.

During the second year twenty-one "important surgi-
cal cases" were recorded, and in 1823 just twice as many,
all of them, as before, with but few exceptions involving
procedures whose origin is lost in antiquity. There were
amputations (twice of the breast), circumcisions, opera-
tions for broken and necrosed bone, for cataract,* for
haemorrhoids, for the removal of surface tumors. The
only operation in this later list not known to history was
performed on February 18, 1823, when Warren cut the
facial nerve for tic douloureux, an evidence of the fact
that the recent discoveries by Charles Bell and Magendie
of the difference between motor and sensory nerves were
yet to be fully interpreted. Naturally the pain was not
relieved, and eight days later the inferior maxillary nerve
was divided by trephining the jaw, a novel procedure at
that time.f These nerve dividing operations and the
Hunterian ligation for aneurysm may be regarded, there-
fore, as the only operations with a relatively modern
aspect in the entire list, and it is worth pointing out,
that without experimentation on animals, we would not
have known that aneurysm could be so treated with
safety to the limb, and also, that without it we might be
still as confused as Warren was regarding the function of
the nerves of the face.

These things are mentioned as a contrast to the
amazing transformation which surgery was destined to
undergo through the two great discoveries of the century,
one of which burst on the world full blown in its effectiveness
in a single day in these very halls. The full significance
of the other, which came thirty years later, really the
more important of the two, was less easy to comprehend,

* A large proportion of these operations (23 to 33) were ophthalmological, for surgery
had not as yet become subdivided into its specialties.

tThese and subsequent operations performed here for neuralgia formed the basis of
Warren's inaugural article in the first number of the BOSTON MEDICAL AND SUBQICAL JOUR-
NAL five years later.

Massachusetts General Hospital

and it made its way more slowly in the face of reactionary
opposition.* For even though pain was abolished by anaes-
thesia during the immediate performance, surgery neces-
sarily remained a last resort until the dangers and horrors
of suppuration were eliminated. Despite the fortitude,
resourcefulness and skill of those early surgeons, they
were fighting an ambushed and, indeed, unimagined
enemy; and the scene, the method and, alas, too often the
outcome has been depicted in its imperishable pathos in
such stories as that which tell of Alison Graeme and
her devoted Rab.

Being a landmark in the history of medicine, naturally
enough the culminating event of the century in the sur-
gical history of this hospital was reached on October
16th, seventy-five years ago, when it was first demon-
strated "that ether may be applied with safety, so as to
produce insensibility during all surgical operations."
So far as the Massachusetts Hospital is concerned, it
has always seemed to me that it was of no consequence
who discovered ether, who first learned of its anaesthetic
qualities, who first made use of them to produce insensi-
bility, who first conceived the idea that the drug might
be utilized during major surgical procedures; for none of
the central figures responsible for the subsequent unhappy
controversy were in any way connected with the institu-
tion, nor, so far as is known, were ever within its walls till
one of them, his secret drug in hand, made his way to
the "Dome" on that eventful October day of 1846. But
the onlookers could have told you that it took something
other than the chemical knowledge of Jackson and the
practical ideas and imaginative powers of Morton to
complete that scene, and this something was the courage
of the man who ventured to permit the crucial public
experiment on a human being, no less than that of Gil-
bert Abbott who submitted to it. Lost in the altercation
over the discovery, too little stress has been laid on this
important feature of the historic episode.

Can any surgeon here imagine what his reactions would

*R6ntgen's discovery near the end of the century should be mentioned as a third, for
it has already enormously affected surgical procedures and, what is more, the X-ray now
bids fair to become a substitute for the knife in the treatment of many conditions which
have come to be regarded as surgical.

Centennial

be if an obscure dentist should come to him saying that
he had a secret drug which would abolish all evidences of
vitality necessary for the period not only of an opera-
tion, but for wound healing as well; that it would be a
great boon to humanity and would he please try it on
his next patient? A drug producing these effects would
be far less remarkable to us today than was the abolition
of sensation under ether to our predecessors of seventy-
five years ago. Warren assumed a great responsibility
and when it was over, his " Gentlemen, this is no hum-
bug," if that is what he really said, must have been
uttered with immeasurable relief. Patients have since
been known to die under ether administered even by
experienced hands. Suppose Gilbert Abbott with his
trifling nsevus of the neck and five-minute operation had
succumbed to this strange gas.

But what robbed surgery of its terrors was not so much
anaesthesia as Listerism, blessings to mankind as both
have proved to be. Dexterity and speed were the essen-
tials of operating before anaesthesia, and the momentary
agonies incidental to such operations as were undertaken,
dulled as they were by alcohol or opium, were as nothing
compared to the tragedy and suffering of the almost
inevitable infection. It was not anesthesia which opened
the belly, the chest, the joints, and the head to the sur-
geon; it was the control of sepsis nigh forty years later.

Between these two great epochs in the history of medicine,
the outstanding figure in this Hospital was that brilliant
individualist, Henry J. Bigelow. He had just been ap-
pointed in his twenty-eighth year, as full surgeon. He
was present at the first ether administration. He wrote
the first paper on the subject of anaesthesia, and from
that time until his retirement nearly forty years later,
he became so increasingly dominant in the activities of
the Hospital that it came to take on largely the complex-
ion of a surgical institute. To be sure, he had distin-
guished surgical contemporaries in Samuel Parkman and
J. Mason Warren; while J. B. S. Jackson, Henry I.
Bowditch, George Cheyne Shattuck, Jr., and, for a time,
Oliver Wendell Holmes were his medical colleagues, but
none of them have left their names so closely linked

Massachusetts General Hospital

with the Hospital, nor did any of them so enduringly
stamp the place with their own personal hallmark.

Cheselden with St. Thomas's Hospital, Sir Astley
Cooper and Guy's, Dupuytren and the Hotel Dieu,
Hunter and Brodie with St. George's, Pott, Abernathy
and Paget with St. Bartholomew's, Robert Liston and
University College, Lister and the Glasgow Royal Infir-
mary, just as in more recent tunes the elder Gross with
the Jefferson Hospital, Horsley with Queen's Square and
Halsted with the Johns Hopkins, so Henry J. Bigelow and
the Massachusetts General are names the medical world
will couple for all time. These examples come readily to
mind, for the accomplishments of each of these outstand-
ing figures has become merged with the institution which
made their labors possible, and in each case the institu-
tion has justly taken unto itself a large portion of the
individual's reputation.

In days gone by it was an association more often es-
tablished between hospitals and their visiting surgeons
than with their physicians, and though there are many
notable exceptions like Louis and La Pitie, Bright and
Addison with Guy's, Stokes and Graves at the Meath
Hospital in Dublin, nevertheless the contact seems less
intimate even in these examples, and perhaps Osier's
name coupled with the Johns Hopkins is the most out-
standing example of what I have in mind among the list
of our great physicians.

This is a thing which I think hospital trustees are
prone to overlook - - that the attendants must be encour-
aged in every way to merge themselves more completely
with the institution, for this goes on forever, whereas
they are but creatures of the moment in its life. The
hospital should not only hold itself responsible for the
character of the work and protect the workers if neces-
sary by insurance, but it should at the same time receive
the chief credit for any outstanding and notable per-
formance.

I do not mean to imply that such influences as this
prevailed in Bigelow's tune, but merely that they are the
most favorable influences whereby something compara-
ble may be encouraged to happen again. For Bigelow

Centennial

himself was unique - - not the product of an environment.
It is given to few men to establish what may be called
a School of Surgery, and in his day his school was un-
doubtedly the foremost in the land. Even long after
Bigelow had passed, when surgery had risen high on the
wave of Listerism and was beginning to invade the body
cavities, and even though our existing chiefs at the time,
Porter, Warren, Homans and Beach; Richardson, Cabot,
Elliot, Mixter and Harrington, were men of unusual
character and attainments, the Bigelow traditions still
dominated, and those of us who had never seen him never-
theless felt the influence of his commanding personality.
For was not the very amphitheatre named for him, his
famous chair still in use, his lithotrite to get out, and
James Mains, peace to his ashes! to tell us with what
eclat things once were properly done?

Bigelow's dominance in the composite personality of
the hospital is all the more remarkable when one consid-
ers the eminence in the profession of his even more dis-
tinguished father before him, and of the physicians I have
mentioned who were his contemporaries. But there
will always be a larger supply of well-trained physicians
than of surgeons for a hospital to draw upon. To be ac-
ceptable, the physician requires a special combination
of head and heart; the surgeon of head, heart and hand
— a rarer combination which comes partly by gift and
partly by training. I know of no better example of this
combination at its best than my talented and lamented
predecessor in the school, Maurice H. Richardson. In the
days before Morton and before Pasteur and Lister, this
disproportion in numbers between physicians and sur-
geons was even more true than now when it seems there
may be successful surgeons with hands alone, and little
heart and still less head - - a dangerous kind of fellow to
let loose in the community, either in or out of a hospital.

The antiseptic era came too late for Bigelow, for though
the third Warren in 1870, after a visit with Lister in
Glasgow, brought back with him some rolls of carbolized
lac plaster, the adoption of Lister's first principles made
their way somewhat slowly, for there were none here
who had been actually trained under the master. The

Massachusetts General Hospital

carbolic spray of somewhat later date was, I believe, first
used by John Homans, who, according to report, being not
particularly pious, used to start his operations with
11 Gentlemen, let us spray."

Once introduced, however, antisepsis was equally hard
to dislodge, and not until 1892 did C. A. Porter and
Franklin Balch, as internes, purchase for the hospital its
first Arnold sterilizer. Some years later, there still re-
mained a crock of carbolic solution full of small sea
sponges, used instead of gauze for sponging wounds
except on special occasions; and I recall that our instru-
ments of general use were still scalded rather than boiled,
and, what is more, after use were scrubbed, wiped and
put away by the lowest house officer - - a most certain
way of shortening their period of usefulness.

During Bigelow's era the advances in surgery were
largely along mechanical lines. There have been few
surgeons who could see through a mechanical problem
more clearly than he, and his inventive genius reached
its highest mark, possibly, with the invention of his
evacuator, to express the purpose of which the word,
"litholapaxy," was coined. The pathological era which
followed had its beginnings in the '70's, when it was
brought home by Warren tertius, the first of the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital surgeons to break away from
traditions and get his training elsewhere than in the
anatomical dissecting room. Versed in the new technique
of section-cutting and staining, after two years in Vienna,
a session with Cohnheim, then Virchow's assistant in
Berlin, and another with Ranvier in Paris, Warren, on
his return, introduced here these new methods which have
had such an important influence on the development of
surgery. His studies on keloid, on the columnar adiposae,
on the classification of tumors of the breast, together
with his Surgical Pathology, made him the James Paget
of this hospital, as Warren primus had been the John
Hunter.

But this new learning, which came from turning the
microscope on disease, though first introduced by a sur-
geon, was not long to remain solely in the surgeons'
hands. It was time for the hospital to have its own path-

Centennial

ologist and with the return of Fitz from abroad shortly
after, the pathological building was erected and he was
put in charge. Here, some fifteen years later, on a unique
autopsy table devised by Bigelow, the underlying nature
of the disorder which in time took surgeons out of
the pelvis into the belly was finally disclosed and was
designated " appendicitis." Anaesthesia christened by
Holmes, litholapaxy by Bigelow, appendicitis by Fitz,
are three unquestioned offspring of the Massachusetts
General Hospital whose names are enrolled in the bap-
tismal register of medical terms.

But the long tradition of the anatomical dissecting
room and surgery learned on the cadaver could not be
shaken off abruptly in favor of the experimental labora-
tory. John C. Warren, it may be recalled, held the com-
bined Chair of Anatomy and Surgery for thirty-two
years, until the year after ether was first used, and
though the chair was then divided, O. W. Holmes taking
anatomy, for the next fifty years the anatomical demon-
stratorships were held successively by Hodges, Cheever,
Porter, Beach, Richardson, Mixter, Newell, Conant,
Munro and Brooks, all but twro of them surgeons with
appointments here. The dissecting room without doubt
was the best possible training ground until pathology
and physiology became more essential than regional
anatomy after surgery seriously invaded the body cavi-
ties and began to lop off the diseased appendix instead
of arms and legs,* which, except in wars, we manage
now better to preserve.

Up to our lights back in the '90's, surgery in its transi-
tion stage was done here exceptionally well, and there
was a most healthy rivalry between the services, of
which there were then three, - - East, West and South,

- each with its own distinctive personality. How looked
down upon were we of the newly established " South"
by those of the other services, each with its long and
enviable genealogical list of internes scratched under the
lid of the senior's desk. My brother, I remember with
amusement, was shocked to find that I was not on the

*In his Life of Lister, J. R. Godlee has recorded that in 1865 at the University College
Hospital there were 200 operations performed, 40 being amputations. In 1912 there were
2,000 operations, 18 being amputations.

Massachusetts General Hospital

East side which had been his. But each of us felt his
own service to be the best, and endeavored to make this
assured by establishing traditions better, if possible, than
those of the others. So with my contemporaries of the
short-lived "South" I look back with an enduring sense
of obligation to our four chiefs - - to that resolute and
picturesque pioneer, John Homans, who twenty years
before had been privately advised not to do ovariotomies
here, yet persisted in so doing; to C. B. Porter, master
of operative technique; to Jack Eliot with his bril-
liant gifts and uncanny surgical instinct; and to the
youngest of them, William Conant, most generous and
considerate of his hard-working juniors. To place the
time for a younger generation, we were just beginning
to count the leucocytes in the blood, to operate for ap-
pendicitis in the interval, and hesitatingly to expose the
gall-bladder through a small opening, for the upper ab-
domen was still largely a closed territory. Dr. Warren
had just brought back from Rontgen's laboratory a small
tube about the size of a goose's egg, and with it Codman
and I ground out on the old static machine the first faint
X-ray picture of a hand ever taken here.

A good deal of it, to be sure, in the retrospect appears
somewhat old-fashioned and we were misled in many
ways. We operated too much by the clock; the wealth
of material was utilized in no way except for added ex-
perience; cases were insufficiently studied before opera-
tion; our fracture dressings were so neat and laboriously
made we would hesitate to take them down to see if all
was well beneath; we disdained the students, forgetting
how recently we had been of them; there was rather too
much display and operative rivalry at our Saturday
morning public exhibition of skill; too much of the week's
hard work was postponed for a prolonged Sunday morn-
ing visit which left us with no day of relaxation; there
was no spur whatever to productiveness, no encourage-
ment to follow up a bad result, whether to its home or
to the dead-house.

But these things were merely an expression of the
times: they were not peculiar to this Hospital alone,
and if they were faults, we juniors, who reveled in the life

Centennial

and its opportunities, were unaware of the fact. We con-
trolled the staff, in our estimation, who by sufferance did
such operations as we allowed, and the Almighty with
our help cared for the patients afterward, and usually
got them well. And the trustees? If they existed, we
saw them not, though aware that they made all those
wonderful things possible. They, we felt sure, were only
interested in the cost of a bed and its occupant per diem,
not why it was that Martha survived her operation while
Mary didn't; that Patrick's hernia recurred while Michael's
didn't - - not how these things might be done better,
but only in the numbers of Marthas and Patricks and
others the hospital took in and evacuated each year.
They were the Bee Masters, we the Workers, and it is
little to be wondered at, therefore, that to us as to suc-
cessive generations of house officers, the orderlies, the
nurses, the servants and minor officials continuously
here were what, even more than the staff, according to
our view, gave personality to the hospital.

Opportunity was in our grasp. Each could add some-
thing if he would. Had not Herbert Moffitt just left the
most perfect set of records as a standard for all to copy;
was not Richard Cabot at work with a microscope in
the small laboratory, engaged in that mysterious occu-
pation called research? Was it not possible for any
other of us to do something original, to leave some im-
print of ourselves on the old place, to add our mite which
would be remembered by others to come afterward and
perhaps unconsciously influence them?

Who could have been that marvelous though anony-
mous scribe who a century ago penned those wonderful
case histories in the first volumes of hospital records in
the Treadwell Library, and which remain an example to
all house officers, for they have never been excelled.*
It would make for some historian an interesting study
to trace in these and subsequent volumes the records of
the generations of what have always been called "house
pupils" and to see in how far the promise of their future
life as there recorded came to be fulfilled. It would be

*"Dr. A. J. G. Marcet, an exact writer, in his Essay on the Clinical History and Med-
ical Treatment of Calculous Disorders published in 1817, mentions that no great London
hospital then kept any regular record of cases." (Norman Moore.)

Massachusetts General Hospital

interesting to learn in how far their failures as well as
their successes are attributable to the encouragement or
repressions which this succession of young men in their
formative years received at the hands of the Massachu-
setts General Hospital - - whether it is because of the
character of their training or in spite of it, success, and of
what kind, has come to them. Here lies opportunity for
another kind of an end-result study, of interest and
importance.

As I look back on those of my own generation it seems to
me that there have been three outstanding contributions
for which the hospital may take credit. One of them is
represented by the writings of Mumford, who more than
anyone who has served here since ' l The Autocrat, ' ' possessed
a gifted pen. And though his essays cannot be claimed
by us, that experience which enabled him to write the
best surgical text-book of his day was purely received
here. It was through his highly developed histrionic
sense, furthermore, that Dr. Warren's suggestion that
there be Ether Day anniversaries, was taken up and devel-
oped. Then, also, the credit of two great reforms belongs
to our generation, both of which are identified with the
Massachusetts General Hospital. They both concern
the after-result of the patient's hospital sojourn. With
the name of Richard Cabot, one will be forever linked,
and it stands, I think, as the most significant accom-
plishment in the whole history of the hospital — more,
even, than the introduction of anaesthesia, for in this case
the idea, the man, and the fulfillment belong indissolubly
to the institution. The other great reform, though of a
different nature and launched with a different purpose,
nevertheless also has its important sociological bearings.
In this case, also, the idea originated here, but the man,
a modern Luther, nailed his proclamation to the church
door, preferring this method or martyrdom to the more
persuasive ways which an Erasmus would advocate.
This involved, too, a question of personality. Neverthe-
less the idea as well as the man was a product of the
Massachusetts General Hospital, and a great nation-
wide movement has been started which is bringing hos-
pital boards everywhere to see that they have obligations

Centennial

which not only concern numbers and cost of patients,
but also of work performed and its outcome.

There are, indeed, ways open for every individual to
make his personal contribution to the institution he
serves, and in developing my theme I have been inter-
ested more in what those associated with the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital have left here than in what
they contributed to their profession beyond the hospital
walls. Some of the surgeons have been inventive and
have perfected new apparatus or instruments; some,
like the Warrens, have written important surgical trea-
tises, and J. Mason Warren's "Surgical Observations,"
dedicated to the trustees, is a work of high order, a Massa-
chusetts General Hospital publication from cover to
cover; some have originated novel surgical procedures,
like the lamented Frank Hooper's operation for adenoids
or S. J. Mixter's cesophageal operations, or have worked
out the underlying cause of some imperfectly understood
disorder, as E. A. Codman did for subacromial bursitis;
some, like C. B. Porter, have influenced surgery less by
the written word than by their example of technical
skill and enthusiasm as clinical teachers; some have de-
veloped new fields of work leading towards specialization,
as did John Homans and Arthur Cabot; and almost all,
without exception, have been such dexterous and resource-
ful operators that one may hardly single out an individual
unless, possibly, Maurice Richardson may be taken to
represent the Massachusetts General Hospital ideal of
later days.

But it is on the personality rather than on the per-
sonal accomplishments of these surgeons and of others
who have been connected with the Hospital that I would
dwell, for it is their combined individualities rather than
their individual contributions which in the end have
produced that complex which we recognize as giving to
the Hospital its particular flavor, tone and color. It is
an intangible thing - - this distinctive character of one
hospital which makes it differ from others of its kind.
Like an old wine, it has acquired a certain quality which
only comes with age and a new institution cannot imitate,
for it represents the fusion of the countless personalities

Massachusetts General Hospital

of all those who have worked for it or in it, no matter how
lowly - - of a nurse or house officer or orderly, no less
than of a trustee or superintendent or member of the
staff.

I think the faithful Hugh McGee has the record for
service, fifty years in fact, but James Mains with his
Parkinsonian tremor was the mainstay of the Bigelow
amphitheatre for nearly as long. Then there was Barry,
inimitable mimic of surgeons who had gone before, Piper
the night orderly, "Out-Patient" John, and Louis Brown,
who first came a boy with osteomyelitis and died here
thirty years later, from complications of his old malady,
meanwhile having become, as a photomicrographic ex-
pert, a most useful and loyal servant of the Hospital.
Strongly represented, too, is the personality of that
beloved Walter Dodd, who grew from an apothecary
clerk to have charge of one of the first and best
X-ray departments in the country and, like the soldier
he was, stood by his guns in the service of the Hospital to
the end - "doubly dead in that he died so young." All
these are represented no less than, perhaps even more
than, those of greater fame who were given more promi-
nent roles and received the plaudits, but gave far less
time to the performance.

Nor need the list be so restricted, for women — many of
them - - have done their part, even Nellie and Ellen in
the Flat, dear old Maggie, the waitress, Bridget Gibbon
in the laundry, who for thirty-four years has known
better than anyone else which of the surgeons and their
pupils, East or West, was the least tidy. Then, too, there
have been women higher up who for hours have stood
wearily handing things to imperious and impatient sur-
geons, or have for so many years spent unselfish hours,
like Miss McCrae, in giving nurses the distinctive stamp
of the Massachusetts General Hospital Training School.
A woman, indeed, with vision and opportunity, may even
be one of the outstanding figures, as has been true of St.
Thomas's Hospital, in whose annals Florence Nightin-
gale shares the honors with, if she does not even outshine
such as Mead and Cheselden, whom Alexander Pope
immortalized.

Centennial

So let us remember that some one other than a visit-
ing physician or surgeon may indelibly stamp his per-
sonality on the hospital he serves. In the old Blockly
Hospital in Philadelphia, a tablet has been erected to
Thomas Owen, who for some thirty years as head nurse
of the men's medical floor was known to successive gen-
erations of attendants and residents, most of whom are
forgotten or at least their association with that pictur-
esque old hospital has been, while his will remain for all
tune. And why? Because he gave all that he had to
the institution and it left him famous, whereas the others,
a good many of them, used the old Philadelphia Hospital
not infrequently for political or private ends and are
buried in oblivion. Such a one as this Owen was Jim
Skillen, originally a Massachusetts General Hospital
ward tender, who came back here to die of an incurable
malady after passing uncountable years as janitor of
the Medical School. There he probably meant more to
more students than did any individual teacher, for he at
least knew us all by name and had very clear and force-
fully expressed notions as to our individual worth, as
well as to the worth of our many instructors.

Example has much to do with the perpetuation of
traditions, especially when there is a succession of hero-
worshipping and imitative juniors; and if a hospital's
personality is, as I believe it to be, its chief asset, the
thought should quicken the sense of responsibility of
everyone, be he trustee or lowly servant, for it is in the
power of any individual to modify this quality. He who
is willing to do something more than follow a prescribed
routine, and who merges himself most with the active
indoor life of the institution, giving even at personal
sacrifice the most tune to the attainment of this end, is
certain to be the best and longest remembered.

And here my theme must end. Every hospital recog-
nizes more or less clearly its set obligations; what helps
or hinders most in their fulfillment are the crystallized
traditions which give an institution its particular individ-
uality. In the development of this quality countless
people, however unconsciously, have contributed -
those whose charity has given comfort and peace of mind,

Massachusetts General Hospital

as well as those whose professional skill has brought
physical well-being to the maimed and sick; those who
have brought the greatest sympathy and understanding
to the problems of the young people here to learn; those
who may never have come in special contact with either
patients or students, but, freed from the killing routine
of the clinic, have applied themselves to the forwarding
of knowledge; those who have managed the business
affairs of the hospital and its relations to the outside
world ; those, too, who have made the beds, kept the books,
answered the 'phone, cooked the food, done the wash,
stoked the fires, scrubbed the floors, and killed the rat -
in the Hospital Jack built.

DR. WALCOTT: There has been a certain amount of
speculation in the mind of the public as to the relation
of the McLean Hospital to the Massachusetts General
Hospital. They are one and the same. The department
for the care of the insane, owing to the fortunate act of
the trustees, came into possession of one of the famous
country seats in the vicinity of Boston. Few of the older
people of this audience understand that the title "coun-
try seat" applies to that portion of Somerville now occu-
pied by a collection of slaughterhouses. The McLean
Hospital, then the Asylum, remained in Somerville until
driven out by the increasing occupation of the neighbor-
hood, when it was removed to Waverley and then prop-
erly renamed the McLean Hospital.

The trustees were enabled, therefore, to open this
hospital somewhat earlier than the department in Boston,
the first patient being received in November, 1818.

The trustees, in their search for a competent superintend-
ent, were fortunate in finding in a country physician,
Dr. Rufus Wyman, a well-educated man of superior
intelligence and strength of character. Two illustrious
physicians, his sons, later carried his work to an eminence
equal to his own. Like the great physician, Pinel, he
believed that the maniac should be treated with human-
ity. It is not my intention to repeat the sad story of the

Centennial

care of the insane that prevailed before that hospital
opened. So much of it as may be necessary to a better
understanding of the work of the hospital will be given
you by Dr. C. Macfie Campbell, head of the Boston
Psychopathic Hospital, Massachusetts' last contribu-
tion to the humane treatment of the insane.

Massachusetts General Hospital

HISTORY OF INSANITY DURING THE PAST

CENTURY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE

TO THE McLEAN HOSPITAL

C. MACFIE CAMPBELL, M.D.

"FEAR walks up and down in the Jungle by day and
by night," Kipling tells us, and fear still plays a large
part in the life of civilized man. Pain and death throw
their shadow over his happiness, and mankind eagerly
welcomes each step of progress in the alleviation of pain
and the struggle with death.

There are some forms of sickness, which may neither
involve pain nor endanger life; but which many hold
more in dread than actual suffering or even death;
I refer to those forms of sickness which touch the citadel
of human reason, and which insidiously rob the individ-
ual of his social value. The issues raised by these dis-
orders, so closely interwoven with other fundamental
problems of humanity, have been confused by many
cross-currents of human belief; our patients at different
periods have been held to be inspired by God, possessed
by devils, corrupted by sin. Only slowly have we come
to the modern standpoint that a mental disorder is one
form of sickness, that it is a biological problem. The
problem, it is true, is one of great complexity, not
always to be formulated in the simple categories of inter-
nal medicine, but in psychological terms which do justice
to the high degree of organization of human nature.
This view is far from being as yet thoroughly assimilated ;
the medieval attitude still persists beneath the twentieth
century veneer. Few individuals refer frankly to the
fact that a relative has a mental disorder; in the minds
of many, insanity has still a stigma attached to it. In
the conversation of educated men insanity is often re-
ferred to in jesting or contemptuous terms; even physi-
cians may refer to patients suffering from these disorders
in the current slang.

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Centennial

Whoever uses such current terms, to that extent is
living in an earlier stage of culture ; he helps to perpetuate
a prejudice which has very serious consequences; he
postpones the early recognition and treatment of these
disorders, favors treatment in ill-equipped but unknown
institutions, increases the distress of the relatives.

Up to the end of the eighteenth century the condition
of the insane in all countries was deplorable; fear was
the keynote of their treatment. They were outcasts,
not only from society, but from medical science; in
the medical books superficial descriptions, naive ex-
planations, scholastic discussions abounded. The period
of the French Revolution was the dawn of a new era
for the insane. In 1792, Pinel, appointed physician at
Bicetre, struck the fetters off the insane patients, and
when later transferred to the Salpetriere, he instituted
the same humane regime which he had found so success-
ful at Bicetre. For the first time it was possible to study
the symptoms of mental disorder itself, uncomplicated by
the artefacts due to hideous neglect or abuse. The lit-
erature of clinical psychiatry may be said to begin with
PinePs "Traite Medico-philosophique sur 1' Alienation
Mentale" (1801). The pupils of Pinel, foremost among
them Esquirol, soon contributed an important body of
clinical information; deserving of mention are Falret,
Calmeil, Bayle.

Pinel did not know until 1798 that William Tuke had
in 1792 established the York Retreat, an asylum where
the insane were treated on the same humane principles
which had inspired his own work in France, nor did Tuke
know of the work of Pinel till 1806. A great impetus was
given to the humane treatment of the insane in England
when Hill, in association with Charlesworth, introduced
the same system into the Lincoln Asylum, the success of
which system was further confirmed on a large scale by
Connolly at Hanwell Asylum, where he went in 1839.
Non-restraint soon became a dogma in the English pub-
lic asylums, while it was still regarded with suspicion on
the Continent.

In Germany, Reil had, in 1803, published his " Rhap-
sodies on the Psychic Treatment of Insanity," in which

Massachusetts General Hospital

he denounced existing abuses in Germany. The impor-
tant period of German psychiatric literature begins with
Griesinger's "Pathology and Therapy of Mental Disor-
ders" (1845); in this work the study of mental disorders
is placed on the same basis as the other medical disciplines.

American psychiatric literature of this period consists
of the work published by Benjamin Rush in 1812, "Med-
ical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the
Mind"; the fine spirit of Tuke or Pinel does not breathe
in the work of Rush, and as a clinical exposition it ranks
far below that of Pinel.

The facilities for the care of the insane in the United
States during this period was very limited; in 1754 the
Pennsylvania Hospital for the insane was instituted with
custodial aims; Virginia, in 1773, opened a hospital for
the insane at Williamsburg; the Society of the New York
Hospital in 1809 built a separate building for the insane
which developed into the Bloomingdale Asylum. The
Society of Friends opened an asylum at Frankford,
Pennsylvania, in 1817. In 1824, the Connecticut Retreat
for the Insane at Hartford was opened under the enlight-
ened guidance of Dr. Eli Todd. It was 1832 before
Massachusetts built her first State Hospital at Worces-
ter. New York State followed with the Utica State
Hospital built in 1843. Such were the hospital facilities
for the insane in the United States during the period of
the early history of the McLean Asylum.

In America, the interest of the public in the distressing
condition of the insane at the beginning of the nineteenth
century may be judged by the fact that out of the $93,969
subscribed during a week's canvass for the establishment
of the Massachusetts General Hospital, $43,997.47 was
subscribed specifically for the asylum. The branch for
the insane, to which the name McLean Asylum was
later given, was opened in 1818, three years before the
opening of the General Hospital. "The first patient was
admitted October 6, 1818, a young man whose father
thought him possessed of the devil, which he had tried
to exorcise with the rod."

A public institution for the management and care of
the insane was a novelty; the public had to be reassured

Centennial

and educated to realize that the old traditions, associated
with the care of the insane, were altogether broken with;
it was unlikely that for some time the early and most
curable cases of mental disorder would be brought to the
asylum. As a matter of fact, probably at no period in
the history of the McLean Asylum was there such a
large proportion of difficult and trying patients as during
the first years; it received a larger proportion than ever
since of patients from jails and almshouses, where they had
had no proper care. Many of them, from years of neg-
lect, had fallen into habits which made their care a
matter of great difficulty. Later, as State Hospitals
grew up and patients received earlier treatment, these
products of human neglect became less numerous.

The institution had, first of all, to establish itself in
the public confidence and give a practical demonstration
of the care of the insane, which would place this branch
of medicine on the same basis as the other branches.
It was a great opportunity; an old dispensation was at
an end, a new tradition had to be established. The
choice of a superintendent for the asylum was most im-
portant. The trustees chose Dr. Rufus Wyman, and
under his enlightened direction, the care of the insane
was at once placed upon a basis thoroughly humane and
of as high technical efficiency as the medical knowledge
of the time admitted. Dr. Wyman was no psychiatrist
in the modern sense of the term, he was a country doctor
of good common sense, with a local reputation for han-
dling the mentally afflicted. For seventeen years he
carried on his work at the McLean Asylum without a
vacation - - for not until 1873 was it recognized officially
that the physician required a vacation - - and his whole
aim was the comfort, happiness and the care of his pa-
tients; he shared the intimacy of his family life with
those patients able to benefit by it, while for those severe
and disturbed cases, whose symptoms necessitated their
removal from any association with a group, he spent
much time in designing suitable accommodations, and
surrounded their treatment with every precaution and
safeguard. He designed buildings, he carefully chose the
attendants, he encouraged a great variety of occupations

Massachusetts General Hospital

and diversions. He grouped the patients in the build-
ings in accordance with their symptoms and their varied
needs, and, in his careful attention to detail, he saw that
the stone floors of the rooms of the most disturbed pa-
tients should be suitably warmed. The attendants were
chosen on the basis of their character, and to insure
to the patients a reasonable permanence of the person-
nel efforts were made to study the requirements of the
attendants.

Occupational therapy plays an important role in a
modern hospital, and Dr. Wyman fully realized the im-
portance both of recreation and of occupation. It is pleas-
ant to read in the hospital report for 1829 the items:
Medicines, $32.79; Diversions, $1,089.68.

Dr. Wyman realized that he had not only to care for
the patients but to relieve the distress of the relatives
and to help to create an enlightened opinion with regard
to insanity. "It is believed the public have much to
learn respecting lunatics - - that insanity is curable -
that a few weeks or months are not sufficient for a rea-
sonable trial, that absence from home is always indispen-
sable - - that whips and chains are forever banished
from every well-regulated asylum for the insane." In
his report for 1833 he says, "No person is ever allowed to
strike a patient, even in self-defense." To twentieth
century ears such a statement seems superfluous. We
assume that from the time of Tuke and Pinel this has
been the only possible attitude of the enlightened phy-
sician. We only give due credit to Dr. Wyman for his
sensitiveness to human needs and broad humanity when
we contrast his attitude with that of a more distinguished
physician of the period, Benjamin Rush. Rush seemed
to be insensitive to the miserable state of the insane in
the Pennsylvania Asylum in Philadelphia. He accepted
the coercion then in vogue. He apparently took it for
granted that a whip was always available to punish an
assault. Rush certainly protests against ever striking
a patient, but with the ominous qualification, "a blow
with the hand or a whip only in case of assault."

To sum up the main factors in the regime of Dr.
Wyman: detailed attention to the care, comfort and cure

Centennial

of the patients, a serious attempt to organize the daily
routine of the patient in accord with his or her daily
needs, the careful choice of a nursing personnel and at-
tention to their comfort, an express veto on attendants
striking patients under any circumstances or using me-
chanical restraint to avoid the necessity of nursing care.
The whole spirit is that of the modern psychopathic
hospital; the latter, however, containing an elaborate
apparatus of study and treatment which in Dr. Wyman's
time was non-existent.

After a review of the accomplishment of the first
superintendent of the McLean Asylum, one agrees with
the Chairman of the Trustees in the report of 1837 when
he says, "Dr. Wyman laid the broad and deep founda-
tion of the usefulness and reputation of the McLean
Asylum."

Dr. Wyman continued to regret that owing to the
financial situation, it was not possible to receive patients
entirely free. It is true that many patients were received
at a very low rate of board. It was only later that the
finances of the Hospital enabled a certain number of
patients to be admitted free. The condition of the in-
sane poor at this time in the Commonwealth of Massa-
chusetts was deplorable. It is not necessary to make
your flesh creep by giving details. One may refer, how-
ever, to the words of the Memorial presented in 1843 to
the Legislature of Massachusetts by Miss Dorothea Dix:
"I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to
the present state of the insane persons confined within
this Commonwealth in cages, closets, cellars, stalls,
pens; chained, naked, lashed into obedience." In the
Memorial this terse summary is followed by the recital
of more detailed facts.

A similar situation existed in New Hampshire, where
Dr. Luther V. Bell, a country practitioner of great intel-
ligence and resourcefulness, took up the cause of the
insane, drew up a report for the Legislature on the sub-
ject, and followed this by a series of articles and addresses.
After six years of agitation it was determined to establish
in New Hampshire an asylum for the insane, and with
the help of private benevolence this was finally done in

Massachusetts General Hospital

1842. It is interesting to note that this movement was
bitterly opposed by many, who applied the term " fancy
philanthropy" to the movement in this direction. At
the present date there are other movements, dealing with
the mental hygiene of the community, with regard to
which kindred spirits may be tempted to apply the same
term, but which may come to be accepted as a matter
of course as fully as the responsibility of the State for
the care of the insane.

In 1836 Dr. Bell was invited by the Trustees of the
McLean Hospital to become Superintendent of the
McLean Asylum, for Dr. Lee, the successor of Dr.
Wyman, had died within a year of his appointment. The
single report published by Dr. Lee is a striking document.
In his brief period of office, he made a very definite con-
tribution to the spirit of the institution. Occupation
of useful type was to him the great therapeutic agent.
Like his predecessor, he emphasized and defined the
moral management of the patients. He was not satisfied
with any perfunctory daily program nor occupation,
merely for a selected few, but aimed to find some simple
mechanical labor in which most patients could be en-
gaged. With regard to the nursing personnel, his thought
was "not with how small a number can we get along,
but how many can be advantageously employed?" "We
will not continue any male or female attendant whom
we cannot invite into our family seat at our table, and
with whom we could not confidently place our own
wives, sisters and brothers. We do not consider their
service as servile; they are the companions of the unfor-
tunate; engaged in the same employments with ourselves,
they shall command our friendship and respect." He
laid stress on religious services, and 95 out of 136 patients
voluntarily attended family worship. So much struck
were the trustees with the principles and the practices
of Dr. Lee that they requested his successor, Dr. Bell,
to be guided by them.

Dr. Bell, however, needed no direction from others as
to the spirit in which his work should be conducted.
His record in New Hampshire had shown his humane
standpoint with regard to the treatment of the insane.

Centennial

He had already published various communications deal-
ing with scientific topics, on dietetics, on the external
exploration of diseases, and on smallpox. For twenty
years he directed the McLean Asylum, and during this
period the number of patients steadily increased; in 1847
only two-thirds of all who applied could be admitted,
notwithstanding the increased accommodation supplied
by a number of new buildings. Dr. Bell not only con-
tinued to show the same humanity in the care of his
patients as his predecessors, he devoted himself to the
detailed study of the symptomatology of insanity and
of the principles underlying its treatment. In the early
days of the Asylum we find many references in the treat-
ment of patients to bleeding, blisters, setons, cathartics.
The frequent blood-letting was largely due to the tradi-
tion so enthusiastically endorsed by Benjamin Rush, who
bled his eldest daughter when she was six weeks old
(though prevention of the overdose of laudanum would
have been a greater tribute to the care of the children),
and one of his sons twice before he was two months old.
There were few conditions in which a good blood-letting
was not claimed by Rush to be of considerable value.

These traditions had, however, been considerably
weakened, among others by Dr. Wyman and Dr. Todd.
In 1841 Dr. Bell writes, "The practice of bleeding, vio-
lent purgations, emetics, vesicatories, and derivatives
has passed away before the light of experience." Moral
means are for Dr. Bell the essentials of treatment, while
with regard to drugs, their cautious use is recommended
and an attitude on the part of the physician of "a wise
expectation."

Dr. Bell not only brought the care and treatment of
the individual patient to the highest level, he made use-
ful contributions to the literature of his chosen branch
of medicine; the most important of these was his paper
"On a form of disease resembling some advanced
stages of mania and fever, but so contradistinguished
from any ordinarily observed or described combination
of symptoms as to render it probable that it may be an
overlooked and hitherto unrecorded malady" (American
Journal of Insanity, October, 1849). In addition, he felt

Massachusetts General Hospital

that physicians, who had specialized in diseases of the
mind, had a certain responsibility for guiding public
thought in relation to kindred topics. A wave of interest
in Spiritualism was sweeping through the country, and
Dr. Bell devoted some time to the study of these elusive
phenomena. He made these investigations in an open-
minded spirit, although by nature conservative and not
inclined to take up lightly any innovations. "And so in
relation to all the new doctrines of our own art, I may say
I was and am an ultraconservative, as in religion I hold
to the Scotch Presbyterianism of my ancestors, Rouse's
version of the Psalms of David and all, and in politics
am an old fogy Whig." He felt that his influence had
been of some use in promoting a sober attitude on these
heady topics. "I always supposed I did as much as any
man in New England to put a stop to that gigantic
epidemic by demonstrating that its facts were only those
of old mesmerism itself, and that the mediums never
told what the inquirer did not know before." He makes
interesting remarks as to the relation of the phenomena
to dissociation. He comes to the far-reaching conclu-
sion "that it is no evidence that views, feelings, reflec-
tions, which we do not recognize as at all ours or which
we may spurn as being our thoughts or sentiments, still
may not have come out of our storehouse as they cer-
tainly do in states of dreaming or of aberration." In this
sentence Dr. Bell emphasizes a psychological principle,
the further elaboration of which has been one of the main
tasks of modern psychopathology. The conclusion of Dr.
Bell's life was a worthy sequel to a distinguished profes-
sional career. He had, owing to the condition of his
health, resigned from his position in 1857. At the begin-
ning of the Civil War, he applied for a commission. He
shared the hardships of his regiment during the cam-
paign, was at the battle of Bull Run, and finally died in
camp, with the rank of brigade surgeon.

Already during the life of Dr. Bell the McLean
Asylum was being unpleasantly squeezed by different
railroads encroaching upon its grounds, and by 1871 it
was decided to move the Hospital to a more suitable
site.

Centennial

In 1879 Dr. Edward Cowles was appointed Superin-
tendent of the Asylum, and under his direction the
McLean Asylum was transformed into the McLean Hos-
pital, and in 1895 it received a different local habitation
as well as a new name, being transferred from Somerville
to the new site at Waverley. In changing the name of
Asylum to Hospital, Dr. Cowles was making no mere
verbal alteration to spare the susceptibilities of the pub-
lic. Around every name connected with this form of
disorder there develops an incrustation, due to the pre-
cipitation from the public opinion of the time, a testi-
mony to man's continued inhumanity to man. The term
asylum, however, was only appropriate for an institution
which offered a place of retreat to the handicapped and
shipwrecked. The name may have been partly discred-
ited because in many places it suggested a place of re-
treat, not only for handicapped patients, but for handi-
capped physicians, who had found a secure refuge from
the trials of the outside world.

Both on its structure and on its spirit, Dr. Cowles
impressed the hospital characteristics. Bars were taken
off some of the windows, doors were unlocked, the num-
ber of women nurses for male patients was increased, a
feature which Dr. Tuke, on his visit, regarded with some
doubt, and visitors were admitted freely to the patients.
In the reports of the previous superintendents, it is inter-
esting to note the emphasis that was laid upon the evil
consequences of visits, which were obviously sternly
discouraged.

In 1882 a training school for nurses was established,
the first formally organized training school in a hospital
for the insane. In changing the name of attendants to
nurses, here again it was no verbal change. It was the
symbol of the new emphasis on the real function, and in
order to perfect that function suitable training was organ-
ized. In establishing this training school, Dr. Cowles
made a very important contribution to the whole move-
ment of mental hygiene, and to the development of
public opinion. He raised the prestige of the work; he
emphasized the fact that nursing the mentally sick is
simply one technical branch of nursing, as psychiatry is

Massachusetts General Hospital

one branch of medicine. As no physician can be consid-
ered adequately trained who has merely been taught to
look after diseases of organs, and not diseases of the per-
sonality, so no nurse can be looked upon as fully trained
who has been trained merely to nurse organs and systems,
and who looks upon the disorders of the personality as
negligible. The laboratory physician may find a career
in his technical researches, which only occasionally bring
him into contact with patients, but there is no room in
the wards of a hospital for a laboratory and impersonal
nurse, and the time is, I hope, at hand when every nurse
will be required to spend a period of training on psycho-
pathic wards. Dr. Cowles was one of the first to realize
the importance of these principles.

He saw that progress in the study of mental disorders
required the use of the most accurate methods supplied
by the laboratories, and that merely descriptive psychi-
atry did not carry one far in relation to the underlying
mechanisms of the different forms of psychosis. He
established a pathological laboratory in which the re-
searches were not limited to pathological anatomy, but
to an analysis of the disordered functions. Dr. Noyes
was at first in charge, but was succeeded in 1896 by Dr.
Hoch, who at McLean Hospital began that work on the
analysis of the underlying personal factors in mental
disease which has done so much to influence recent
psychiatric thought. A psychological analysis of some-
what different type was undertaken, when the labora-
tory of experimental psychology was opened by Dr.
Franz in 1904. The careful researches of Dr. Franz
were the first important contribution from America to a
sound experimental psychopathology, and the researches
carried on by his successor, Dr. Wells, applied the care-
ful technique of the psychological laboratory to problems
of the personality, intimately connected with mental
disorders. Dr. Cowles was deeply impressed with the
dynamic aspect of mental disorder, and not content with
formulations of these dynamic factors in complex psy-
chological terms, he wished to trace the disordered func-
tions to the underlying physiological and biochemical
factors. In 1900, Dr. Folin established at McLean Hos-

Centennial

pital the chemical laboratory in which for the next eight
years he carried out painstaking and fundamental re-
searches with regard to this aspect of mental disorders.

The buildings of the McLean Hospital, as we see them,
are a monument to Dr. Cowles, but a still greater con-
tribution to the subject, in which he was so interested,
was the placing of the study of this subject on as high a
basis as that of the other medical disciplines, and of
organizing in the Hospital medical research in mental
disorders in the spirit of modern medicine.

The period of one hundred years has seen the public
attitude towards mental disorders gradually modified, so
that at the end of the century the humane attitude
towards patients with mental disorders is widely dissem-
inated, although it may not be always thoroughly assim-
ilated. The spirit of humanity characteristic of the work
in the McLean Hospital is a continuation of that humane
attitude which was established in the McLean Asylum
at Somerville, from its first institution under the regime
of Dr. Wyman. The medical treatment of the patients
in the hospital, after emancipating itself from the earlier
drastic methods, has followed the same principles which
Dr. Bell enunciated, namely, a cautious use of medical
remedies and "a wise expectation." In only a small
group of mental cases, and these of organic nature, is
there any specific treatment by drugs; drugs in mental
disorders are chiefly used for palliative and symptomatic
purposes. While in the moral management of cases of
mental disorder, the value of occupation and diversion
have been adequately stressed from the beginning of the
history of the McLean Hospital, the careful analytical
researches of Dr. Hoch, later continued at Bloomingdale
Hospital, contributed a great deal to show that moral
management or psychotherapy has a very technical
aspect. Dr. Hoch in many communications emphasized
the fact that many apparently obscure mental upsets
could be traced to very definite personal problems in the
individual life, problems which could not be formulated in
the simple terms of biochemistry nor in terms of a psy-
chology dealing merely with reaction times and imper-
sonal factors. In emphasizing the. development of such

Massachusetts General Hospital

disorders and in estimating the emotional factors and the
difficulty of the actual situation in each case, he contrib-
uted not only to the understanding of the individual
patient, but indicated principles of treatment with impor-
tant bearings on the question of the prevention of mental
disorders. The advance made during the last century in
medical thought with regard to mental disorders may
be illustrated by a comparison of the naive formulations
of Benjamin Rush with the careful analysis of a nervous
or mental patient at the present day. The underlying
causes of the individual case now are studied in the light
of the general condition of the metabolism, the state of
the various organs, the hereditary endowment, the bal-
ance of the instincts and emotions, the influence of past
experiences, the stress and strain of the present situation.
The search for underlying causes was much less keen in
the time of Benjamin Rush; he wrote that one of the
causes which tend to produce intellectual derangement
"is the frequent and rapid transition of the mind from
one subject to another. It is said booksellers have some-
times become deranged from this cause."

Medicine is an exigent mistress, never satisfied, always
with new tasks, the fulfillment of one task leading to the
development of many others. The constant straining
forward brings fatigue and a certain longing for finality,
and one can appreciate the attitude of the weary sailor
among the lotus eaters:

"Let us alone. What pleasure can we have
To war with evil? Is there any peace
In ever climbing up the climbing wave?"

It is pleasant to rest and regard complacently the prog-
ress made. It is pleasant to review the disappearance of
the gross inhumanity, the disappearance of offensive
words which symbolized this inhumanity. It is pleas-
ant to consider the asylum transformed into the hospital,
and to think of all the apparatus of modern medicine
being applied to deal with these most obscure diseases.
The attitude of complacency, however, is dangerous, and
we would have learned little from the spirit of predeces-
sors like Wyman and Bell and Cowles, if we complacently

Centennial

accept our inheritance and do not rather in their spirit
dedicate ourselves to the tasks which are before us. Per-
haps there is much to be done in the twentieth century
in relation to mental disorders; our medical schools are
in general hopelessly inadequate in their attention to
this topic; the mediaeval attitude still lingers not only
hi the mind of the layman, but hi the mind of the physi-
cian and of the nurse; mental medicine is one stage
behind general medicine in its progress towards preven-
tive activity; it has had too limited a conception of the
functions of a hospital, considering it rather a place
where only serious cases are received than as the health
center of a community from which radiates out knowl-
edge with regard to the factors which tend to produce
mental disorders and which social organization may help
to modify. It may be that one hundred years from now a
speaker, reviewing the progress of psychiatry, will see a
great deal to criticize in our present-day organization.
In his enlightenment he may wonder that we could be
blind to certain things in 1921, just as the blind spots of
men like Benjamin Rush and others tend to astonish us.
The physician of the twenty-first century may compla-
cently regard the arrangements of that period as com-
fortably final, and look back on our halting arrangements
in a maturely critical way. He may even criticize the
language of the times and may find that some of our
words have become as offensive to him as the term "lun-
atic" has become offensive to us. He may shudder when
he reads that a sick man was "confined in an institution,"
when the patient was really admitted to a hospital.
He may be astonished at the limitations of the twentieth
century hospital, which in its general wards paid atten-
tion merely to the diseases of the patients, but paid
little attention to the patients themselves. The indoor
department of the twenty-first century hospital may be
a comparatively minor factor in the general health or-
ganization, while the main hospital activity may be hi
the out-patient preventive department, radiating out
into every region of the community where help is needed;
in the twenty-first century hospital, every patient coming
for advice may have some attention paid to the personal

Massachusetts General Hospital

aspect of the disorder, and a psychiatric survey of the
case may be considered imperative. As we are surprised
that the nineteenth century, although in general humane,
enlightened, cultured, came by such slow steps to take
up adequate responsibility for the insane poor, so may
the twenty-first century regard us and our problems.
There may be in the present community large numbers
sadly handicapped by reason of mental difficulties, who
find their way to no hospital, are recognized by none
as sick and ailing, but to whom perhaps the twenty-first
century will give comfort and technical advice.

After looking back, therefore, on the past progress,
and being duly grateful to men like Wyman, Bell, and
Cowles, who have left such a permanent imprint of their
humanity and intelligence, it may be well to turn forward
again and see whether contact with these minds has not
rendered us more sensitive to some of the tasks which lie
at our own door, but which we have singularly failed to
notice.

DR. WALCOTT: In the year 1810, when Jackson and War-
ren issued the appeal for a hospital, the country was
slowly drifting into the War of 1812, when for the last
time a foreign enemy took possession of part of the ter-
ritory of the United States. Dr. Warren was the son of
a distinguished surgeon of the Revolution and a lifelong
leader in the medical profession, yet neither in the appeal
nor in any report of the Trustees during the building of
the Hospital is there a hint of the possible idea of a medi-
cal service in tune of war.

The quarrel with Mexico made little impression on
this hospital, as it did upon New England generally.

In the great war, the Civil War, members of this Hos-
pital and men connected with it gave their services to
their country. But still there was not direct official
relation between this Hospital and the medical service
of the Army.

In the World War, that which stands the greatest of
all wars, a change came over the policies of the Americans,
and for the first tune the country entered the war with

Centennial

an adequate surgical and medical corps. In the begin-
ning individuals connected with this Hospital, as with
other hospitals, had already crossed the Atlantic and
taken a worthy part in the struggle on the other side of
the seas carried on by the Allies. But the entering of
our country into the war led the Superintendent of the
Hospital, Dr. Frederic A. Washburn, experienced in
military matters, to suggest to the Trustees the exped-
iency of joining the medical staff to the military service
of the United States in case of war. His idea was
accepted.

In July, 1917, Base Hospital No. 6, an organization
within the Massachusetts General Hospital, left Boston,
and went into service near Bordeaux, France. A hospital
was established there, conspicuous for its good manage-
ment and maintenance. Every man connected with that
organization did credit to himself and brought renown
to this institution.

A large share of the credit for the preparation of the
country for that war is due to our guest of today. His
remarkable service in the American Expeditionary Forces
received the highest distinction.

Massachusetts General Hospital

THE PLACE OF THE CIVIL GENERAL HOSPITAL
IN THE SCHEME OF MEDICAL

PREPAREDNESS

MAJOR-GENERAL MERRITTE W. IRELAND
Surgeon General, U. S. Army

THREE-QUARTERS of a century ago today happened the
great event which we are gathered to celebrate and which
Weir Mitchell, with characteristic felicity termed "The
Conquest over Pain." It is most appropriate that Ether
Day should be marked by an annual celebration, and I
am glad that the Medical Department of the Army has
an opportunity to speak its gratitude for this beneficent
gift which has done so much to allay the vast sum of
human suffering which we are called upon to witness and
to relieve as best we may.

I could not have brought myself to stand here, in the
place of the great and gifted men who have, in past
years, lent their eloquence to the celebration of this day,
but for the fact that it gives me an opportunity to thank
the Trustees of this great Hospital for the fine public
service which it rendered to the Army during the World
War. A century has passed since the first patient was
admitted to this Hospital, and during that time our coun-
try has been engaged in five wars. The first, in 1812,
secured for us the liberty of the seas. The second burst
the bonds which would have held back the march of civi-
lization to the Pacific. The third was the long and
bloody operation which cut out the cancer of slavery
from the vitals of our nation. The fourth rescued the
fan- islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, in which we had
long and great and special interests, from the weak and
cruel domination of Spain and awakened us to' our
long-neglected responsibilities as a world power which
have been so magnificently met in the World War. For
this last and mightiest war we are, as yet, too near it,
and its ultimate results are too much shrouded in the

Centennial

mists of the future for me to undertake to name them in
a phrase.

The Massachusetts General Hospital is a civic institu-
tion which was founded and nourished by the generosity
of your citizens of former days for benevolent and hu-
mane purposes which have nothing to do with war. It
has, therefore, in these former wars, sat at home like a
good mother, attentive to the duties of its house, sending
forth, it is true, its children to serve their country and
care for its armies, and, like a good mother, welcoming
them when they return with the laurels of duty well
performed. It has also never failed to open its doors to
the sick and wounded soldiers. But in the last great
conflict war laid its rude hands on every department of
human activity and on the persons or products or entire
populations, mobilizing nations for its own terrible pur-
poses in a way that had never before been dreamed of. In
mobilizing the medical profession for war, we went fur-
ther than to call the children of the great medical institu-
tions to come, one by one, to be incorporated into the
medical service.

The horticulturists, when they find a fruit tree which
produces a specially valuable and delicious fruit, do not
take the tune to reproduce it by the slow process of rais-
ing new plants from the seed. This, which is nature's
process, has, in addition to the disadvantage of delay, the
uncertainty as to what may come from a seed in which
many atavistic qualities are struggling to assert them-
selves. The gardener takes, instead, cuttings of the tree
itself, which have the property of breeding true and con-
tinuing in the new plant all the admirable qualities of
its parent.

Many months before our country entered the war,
an officer of the Medical Corps of the Army, who had
been charged with the organization of the activities of
the Red Cross having relation to our military service,
saw an opportunity to use the horticultural method and,
by cutting off bodily a military base hospital from the
existing organizations of the great civil hospitals, to ob-
tain a military unit which bred true to the parent stamp
and carried into military life the noble traditions, the high

Massachusetts General Hospital

professional standard, the cohesion, discipline and or-
derly methods of the parent institution. No provision for
such ready-made hospitals was contemplated by any law,
but by the ingenious scheme of enrolling all of the person-
nel in the Army Reserve, these units were, by the act of
calling them into service in time of war, lifted bodily
from the Red Cross into the Medical Department of the
Army. The Massachusetts General Hospital, by such an
operation, furnished to the Army Base Hospital No. 6,
which, organized and commanded by your distinguished
Superintendent, Colonel F. A. Washburn, was among
the first to join the A. E. F. in France, and created, in
the suburbs of Bordeaux, a noble hospital which was a
worthy daughter of this famous institution.

Base Hospital No. 6 found a home at Talence, a suburb
of Bordeaux, in the buildings and fine park of the
Petit Lycee, which was, however, already occupied by
the French Hospital Complimentaire, No. 25. The
French military authorities agreed to close this hospital
as soon as the sick could be evacuated, but this was not
at all in accordance with the views and desires of the chef,
an old French physician of Bordeaux, who thought that
it would be far more agreeable to retain his position and
command both hospitals. Here, however, he came in
conflict with the will of the Commanding Officer of No. 6,
which had something elemental and glacial in its slow,
resistless, forward movement which gradually shaped
every tenacious root and removed him and his hospital
from the scene.

The French have a great reverence for trees, and appre-
ciate, in a way that, unfortunately, most Americans do
not, that these beautiful creations of nature are the
gifts of the decades and of the centuries and cannot
be made to order by the hand of men. Therefore they
were not willing to give up their trees, even to the stern
necessities of war, and stipulated with the American
authorities that the trees should not be cut down in ex-
panding the hospital by temporary buildings from its
original 500 beds to more than 4,000, which it sheltered
at the time of the armistice. Accordingly the wards had
to be placed here and there, wherever a sufficient space

Centennial

among the trees could be found, and the ground plan of
the hospital presented extraordinary outlines which re-
sembled a Chinese idiograph rather than any architec-
tural scheme. As the climate of France is rainy and its
soil notoriously adhesive to the feet, the Commanding
Officer provided corridors which would protect his nurses
and patients from the rain and mud in the comings and
goings between the wards and the administrative build-
ings. Lumber, however, was very scarce in France and
most of the planks and beams from which our hospital
centers were constructed were standing in the pine for-
ests of the Landes when the American Expeditionary
Force set sail for France. The General Staff was, there-
fore, constantly preaching economy in the use of lumber,
and when several of them, in the spring of 1918, visited
the sections of the S. O. S., and Bordeaux among them, to
see how their injunctions as to economy and overcrowd-
ing were being carried out, they were scandalized to see
these long and numerous corridors. "My God!" observed
one of them, "the man is building a second Massachu-
setts General Hospital at Bordeaux." Little they knew
how well these corridors would serve to accommodate the
beds in the crisis expansion of the terrible October days
when the crest of the epidemic of influenza coincided with
the crest of the great wave of wounded which flowed
back from the six weeks' battle in the Argonne and which
strained the strength and resources of the Medical De-
partment very nearly to the breaking point.

But at this time Colonel Washburn's transfer to England
was ordered, where the hospitalization for American
troops had been dragging and going badly and where the
Chief Surgeon, who knew his value, felt a man of his
qualifications and administrative ability was needed.
There he remained, to be promoted later to the position
of Chief Surgeon of the Base Section and the rank of
colonel, to which the English Government added the
decoration of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.
Surely our government at no distant date will recognize
the distinguished service of this officer.

I regret that I cannot go with some detail into the
operations of the several departments of this splendid

Massachusetts General Hospital

hospital; the good work of Colonel Babcock, the next
Commanding Officer; the medical service under Colonel
R. C. Cabot; the surgical service under Colonel Lincoln
Davis, and the fine nursing service under their admired
leader, Miss Sara E. Parsons. Suffice it to say that in
their work they maintained the fine traditions of this
great Hospital. The cutting brought forth fruit true to
stock. I did not know how Colonel Cabot would like
transplantation into military atmosphere and, therefore,
I was greatly pleased to hear him say, in a speech at a
dinner in Paris, that he considered the practice of medi-
cine in a base hospital to be ideal in its conditions for the
attainment of the best results, as there all specialties
were represented, all worked together without rivalry,
without any intrusion of the spirit of gain, for ends which
were entirely noble, patriotism and the alleviation of
human suffering.

As regards the laboratory service, I might mention, as
something novel and interesting, that when a very fatal
epidemic broke out in great Remount Depot at Souge
which the veterinarians were not able to check, and which
seriously depleted the supply of horses which were de-
pended on to draw the cannon at the front, the Chief
Surgeon of the Bordeaux section, Colonel Shaw, a gradu-
ate, by the way, of this Hospital, took charge in person
and took with him, from the laboratory section of No. 6,
Drs. Moss and Binger as laboratory experts. Although
they were not able to identify the causative organism, by
the strict application of the well-known rules of epidem-
iology, they were able to bring the epidemic promptly to
an end.

On January 14, 1919, Base Hospital No. 6 closed its
records. The highest number of patients which it had
sheltered at one time was 4,300. The number of cases
received in the surgical service was more than 17,000, and
3,442 operations were. performed. The total number of
patients cared for in the hospital during the sixteen
months that it was in operation was more than 26,000.
On February 14, 1919, the staff and nurses set sail from
Bordeaux and received a fitting welcome on their return
home.

Centennial

In speaking of the contributions of the Massachusetts
General Hospital in the war, I should mention that Base
Hospital No. 6 had a half-sister, Base Hospital No. 55,
which, though not a cutting from the old tree, was raised
from Massachusetts General seed, since Colonel Frank-
lin A. Balch, who was the Chief of the Surgical Service,
selected its entire surgical staff from the graduates of
this institution, which contributed also its chief nurse
and the majority of its nurses. The fortunes of war
carried No. 55 to Toul, where it was nearly within sound
of the guns and was ready to receive the wounded from
the great Argonne-Meuse battle.

Soon after its return I wrote to the Trustees to express
my appreciation of the great service which the Base
Hospital had rendered to our Army in France and to
express the hope that so valuable a unit would not be
allowed to die, but that its organization would be per-
petuated by the constant taking in of new men and
nurses, so that if, unfortunately, the tune should again
come when the country needed the help of this institu-
tion in war, we would find a living organization, enriched
and strengthened by the traditions and memories of its
former service, and so starting out with a credit balance
of morale which it takes a new organization months of
training and skillful work to build up. Morale is a word
which we hear very often these days. I heard a story of
a recruit, some months ago (when we were having recruits),
who asked his sergeant what the word " morale" meant.
Sergeant Hennessey, an old-timer, replied, "Morale, me
b'y, is something that we had in the old days but didn't
have a name for it. Now we have a name for it and an
officer to make it, but we haven't got it." Well, you have
it here at the Massachusetts General and you understand
how much of it is the reflex of the past, and the product
of good traditions. The pride with which you keep this
anniversary is an evidence of it. May I not suggest
that among your anniversaries you choose one associated
with the career of Base Hospital No. 6 when its members
may meet together and cultivate a wholesome pride in
their membership in an organization which represents
the patriotic contribution of this Hospital in the World

Massachusetts General Hospital

War, and which has so well maintained its best
traditions ?

The action of the Massachusetts General Hospital in
giving to the Army Base Hospital No. 6 is the best
answer as to the place of civil hospitals in our scheme of
medical preparedness to meet a national emergency.

Memorial

The Hospital in the World War

BASE HOSPITAL No. 6

As one of the few large American hospitals to prepare
for military action long before the United States de-
clared war on Germany, the Massachusetts General Hos-
pital was ready to take the field when the call came in
April, 1917. In May, the enlisted men were ordered out
for drilling and throughout the month of June the Unit
of Base Hospital No. 6 - - physicians, nurses and en-
listed men - - waited impatiently for the order to embark
for France. On July 9, 1917, the order at last came and
under the command of Major F. A. Washburn, Superin-
tendent of the Hospital in time of peace, the unit quietly
entrained for New York and sailed for England on the
Aurania, an excellent ship, destined on a later trip to
be torpedoed and sent to the bottom of the sea.

Twenty-eight officers, one Red Cross chaplain, sixty-
four nurses, six secretaries, one dietitian, and one hun-
dred and fifty-three men made up the strength of the
Base Hospital in these early days. They were a small bit
of the greatest crusade in all history and a few pages are
here consecrated to then* work.

On July 21, the unit arrived at Queenstown, two days
later at Liverpool. From Liverpool dock to Southamp-
ton dock was the next stage of the journey, then across
the Channel to Havre on the Australian hospital ship,
Warilda, also later a victim of the German submarines.
Headed east from the coast, the troop tram just missed
Paris and instead of continuing to the front turned
sharply away and traveled hour after hour toward Spain.
The destination was Talence, a little town three miles
south of Bordeaux. Here with many exasperating de-
lays the French Military Hospital No. 25 was taken
over, almost completely rebuilt, and enlarged many
times. The French army, in its turn, had taken over the

Massachusetts General Hospital

large building of a boarding school with its extensive
grounds on which to develop their hospital No. 25, when
the war began for them. This school, called the Lycee de
Talence, was rather attractively located in the environs
of Bordeaux and on the edge of the enormous vineyard
country of the Medoc and the Grave. Throughout the
summer and autumn of 1917 the members of U. S. Base
Hospital No. 6 went ahead with their program of build-
ing, collecting supplies, paper work and care of patients.
The building program never ceased, and even when the
armistice was signed, over a year later, the hospital was
still growing, both in number of wards and in number of
patients. From very modest beginnings, in that short
tune the institution grew to the tremendous size of nearly
100 wards and nearly 5,000 beds, all occupied.

The personnel, in large part, remained the same
throughout the existence of Base Hospital No. 6 in
France — always there was a large nucleus of Massachu-
setts General Hospital doctors, nurses and orderlies.
Frequently, and usually for short periods, medical offi-
cers were added to the roster, generally as the so-called
" casuals." Two notable and permanent additions to the
original unit should, however, be noted: first, in March,
1918, Unit 0, of Charlotte, North Carolina — a group of
medical officers, nurses and enlisted men, about one-half
the number of the original Massachusetts General Hos-
pital Unit; and, second, later in the spring, a group of
nurses from the Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago.
Both of these groups were of great help to Base Hospi-
tal No. 6.

Other changes that took place were the permanent de-
tachment of Lieutenant Colonel Washburn, Captain Means
and Captain Mixter from the hospital in the spring of
1918 for service in England, Lieutenant Colonel Babcock
becoming Commanding Officer at that time. Captain
Adams and Lieutenant Aub were also permanently de-
tached later, for service elsewhere. In addition to these
changes among the officers there were temporary assign-
ments here and there of practically all in the unit, often
for long periods of time, such as the mission of many
months of Lieutenant Colonel Davis and Captain Irving

Memorial

on the Italian Front, and of Major Vincent and Lieuten-
ant Clark on the French Front. Short periods for work
and instruction elsewhere were frequently arranged in
the case of all the medical officers. Incidentally these
changes and the few leaves of absence broke the monot-
ony of the ceaseless grind at Talence. The dullness of
this grind, in the mud and chill of the first winter, is
well illustrated by the joy with which a trip to Savenay
was welcomed by the writer in February, 1918, even
though it consisted in sitting up all night in a stuffy
French train to prevent several psychopathic patients
from committing suicide before their delivery to a psy-
chiatric hospital at Savenay.

U. S. Base Hospital No. 6 was officially opened to
receive patients on August 21, 1917. On October 1, 1917,
there were 160 patients, and on December 31, 1917, there
were 325. From then until November 12, 1918, there
was steady and marked growth to the grand total of
4,319 patients the day after the armistice was signed.
The early patients were among the first American soldiers
in the vicinity of Bordeaux, engineers, stevedores, medi-
cal men and nurses. Some of the Canadian foresters
were also among the earliest patients. Pneumonia and
exanthematic diseases abounded during the first winter.
In the late spring, when American military activity at
the front began, wounded and gassed American troops
began to appear. Their numbers rose by leaps and
bounds through the summer and fall of 1918, convoy
after convoy coming down from the hospitals at the
front, often quite recent casualties straight from dressing
stations. On April 3, the first large convoy of patients
came into Bordeaux by ambulance train, and from that
time on, the trains increased in number. Finally, in the
fall of 1918, the burden of the care of the wounded, gassed,
and sick was shared with newly formed American base
hospitals at a near-by center, Beau Desert.

In September the influenza epidemic hit Base Hospi-
tal No. 6, and for weeks there was ceaseless work day and
night, about half of it devoted to the wounded, as the
Argonne struggle began, and half to the victims of the
influenza, scores of whom died. One or two entire wards

Massachusetts General Hospital

were devoted to the care of those beyond hope - - crowds
of delirious dying patients, a hideous nightmare now to
all who attended them.

Parallel, of course, with the building of hospital wards,
administration quarters, and warehouses was the de-
velopment of other resources: a pathological and bac-
teriological laboratory under Captain Kinnicutt; an X-ray
department under Captain Merrill; operating rooms
under Majors Davis and Brenizer; convalescent resources
under Lieutenant White; nursing organization under
Miss Sara E. Parsons; Red Cross Hut, chapel, and post
office under Chaplain Henry K. Sherrill and others.
Lieutenant Colonel Richard C. Cabot added much to the
morale of the hospital by his zealous development of
entertainments of all kinds for nurses, enlisted men, and
officers. His talks on the progress of the war to hundreds
of men grouped about the outdoor stage of the Red Cross
Hut in the summer of 1918 were memorable events.

Fortunately the Base Hospital was situated in pleasant
vineyard country with much of historic interest within
cycling distance. Throughout the eighteen months of
residence there were frequent expeditions by members of
the unit on foot or on bicycle to visit old castles, historic
towns, famous vineyards and chateaux and beautiful
viewpoints. There was even occasional opportunity to
play golf at the Bordeaux Club a few miles away, and to
attend the opera in the city. Bordeaux shops and res-
taurants helped to make life more pleasant in hours off
duty, and even the little Square at St. Genes, only a mile
from the hospital, will be remembered gratefully by those
who relished a glass of cold beer on a hot afternoon.

Friendships gradually sprang up between the members
of the unit and some of the best of the French families
with estates near the hospital. Some of these friend-
ships have persisted to this day. Those who took ad-
vantage of these opportunities of meeting the French
people became quite proficient in the language before
they left for home.

As the summer of 1918 drew to a close there was but
little time for play or even for rest. The pace grew hotter
and hotter until that memorable day, November 11,

Memorial

appeared. Quickly things changed after that, and in a
few weeks the hospital was nearly half empty. Everyone
had time to think once more, and to grow restless in the
wait for orders to be relieved of duty and to start for
home. On January 14, 1919, the Base Hospital No. 6
Unit was relieved by U. S. Base Hospital No. 208.
During the active duty of the hospital in France, the
unit took care of 24,122 sick and wounded soldiers. The
long grind was over, but still there were the restless days
to wait before the return home. Some of the unit left
Talence at the end of January and beginning of Febru-
ary, to continue their work in the Balkans, in Poland,
and in France itself. The remainder of the unit finally
sailed for America from Bordeaux on the transport
Abangarez on February 14, reaching New York after a
stormy voyage on March 2. The end of Base Hospital
No. 6 came with its demobilization at Camp Devens
in March, 1919.

Built up on the structure of old Base Hospital No. 6,
a new military hospital is now in existence - - a paper
unit as yet, but definitely listed in the Army Reserve
Corps — to carry on, if need be, the traditions of the past.

Paul D. White, M.D.

BASE HOSPITAL No. 55

THE formation of Base Hospital No. 55 was started in
1917. It was an army base hospital, and therefore more
restricted in its personnel than if it had been a Red Cross
organization.

Acting as assistant to the Surgeon General, Dr. F. G.
Balch, who was appointed its Chief Surgeon and later
its Commanding Officer, nominated the majority of the
surgical and medical personnel. Most of the surgeons
were Massachusetts General Hospital graduates. Drs.
Wayland A. Morrison, James R. Torbert, Kenneth L.
Dole, George F. Dwinell, Kemp P. Neal, Arthur M.
Jackson, Thomas H. Lanman, Albert J. Scholl, Jr.,
Horace K. Sowles and Neil A. Fogg were former Massa-
chusetts General Hospital surgical house officers.

Massachusetts General Hospital

The chief nurse was also a Massachusetts General Hos-
pital graduate, and a majority of the nurses of the unit
were either graduates of this Hospital, or from training
schools having Massachusetts General Hospital nurses
as superintendents.

The organization left for overseas August 30, 1918,
arriving at Brest September 12. After a week at Pont-
enzen Barracks it moved on to Mesves sur Loire, where
about a quarter of its nurses, who had been distributed
to other hospitals, joined it. It was long before it got
its full complement of nurses; they had been scattered
wherever there seemed to be greatest need for their
services.

Its stay in Mesves was only forty-eight hours, when
it was ordered on to Toul. It arrived there September
28, and established itself hi a French barracks. Un-
suitable as the buildings were, it soon became a real hos-
pital, which functioned satisfactorily until March 25, 1919,
when the last patients were evacuated.

Franklin G. Balch, M.D.

BASE HOSPITAL No. 5

BASE Hospital No. 5, organized as a Red Cross Unit
by Dr. Harvey Gushing in February, 1916, officially rep-
resented the Harvard Medical School and its affiliated
hospitals. At the time of its mobilization 13 of the 25
members of its medical staff were members of the staff or
graduates of the Massachusetts General Hospital. On
April 29, 1917, the organization was ordered ready for
immediate service overseas and sailed from New York
on May 11. The hospital was assigned to service with
the British Army, taking charge of an 1,800 bed hospital
at Dannes Camiers on June 1, 1917. After a service of
five months at this place, the organization was trans-
ferred to Boulogne, where it functioned for the remainder
of the war. It suffered the first casualties of the Ameri-
can Army at the hands of Germany. During its service
of nearly two years 45,837 patients passed through the
hospital. The unit returned to the United States April
19, 1919. Arlie V. Bock, M.D.

Memorial

HARVARD SURGICAL UNIT, GENERAL HOSPITAL
No. 22, BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCES

FOLLOWING a conversation between Sir William Osier
and Mr. Robert Bacon in 1914, an American surgical
unit in the British forces was organized with the intention
of having several American universities supply its medi-
cal and nursing staff throughout the duration of the war.
The Harvard Unit was Harvard's contribution to this
effort. Owing to circumstances which developed, Har-
vard University supplied a large portion of this service.
The Massachusetts General Hospital contributed many
officers and nurses. The unit was in existence from
June, 1915, until demobilized in London, January 8, 1919.
Over 175,000 sick and wounded passed through the wards
of this hospital. Drs. C. A. Porter, D. F. Jones, and
Hugh Cabot were in charge of the surgical staff at dif-
ferent periods. During the last two years the unit re-
mained for continuous service with Lieutenant Colonel
Hugh Cabot as commanding officer, Major George C.
Shattuck in charge of the medical division, and Major
E. Granville Crabtree in charge of the surgical division.
The British government conferred the following decora-
tions: Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Cabot, Cross of St.
Michael and St. George; Major George C. Shattuck,
Distinguished Service Order; Major E. Granville Crab-
tree, Order of the British Empire; Miss Alvira B. Stevens,
Miss Helen Joy Hinckley, and Miss Catherine M.
Fraser, The Order of the Royal Red Cross.

E. Granville Crabtree, M.D.

Massachusetts General Hospital

RECEPTION HELD AT THE HOSPITAL JUNE 9,
1919, TO THOSE WHO SERVED IN THE WAR

ADDRESS OF DR. HENRY P. WALCOTT

Two most memorable years have passed since the
Massachusetts General Hospital Unit went forth after
the solemn exercises in Trinity Church, to enter upon
medical service in France. It may have been a disap-
pointment to some of the members that the unit was
destined to remain in the vicinity of Bordeaux. In the
end, however, the hospital established there won golden
opinions from all in authority.

Let me read the following note from Dr. Winter. The
competence of his opinion cannot be questioned.

I am in receipt of an invitation from the Trustees of the
Massachusetts General Hospital, inviting me to be present on
the afternoon of Monday, June 9, to meet the members of Base
Hospital No. 6 and other persons who have served in the army
after service in your hospital.

I beg to thank the Trustees for the invitation, and I can't
forego a word of regret that I shall be unable to be present at
any function which in any way comprehends a tribute to the
personne- of Base Hospital No. 6.

The actuation which I have in this matter, is, of course,
abundantly known to you; but I shall be very grateful to you
if you will express for me to the members of the unit my very
substantial and abiding appreciation of the splendid work they
all did in the trying days of the situation of Bordeaux. It is
my judgment that the accomplishment there was a great one,
and certainly no institution in the Lines of Communication in
France carried forth its work to a more effective and entirely
satisfactory result than Base Hospital Unit No. 6 accomplished
at the Talence Hospital.

I shall appreciate it very much if you will convey to all the
personnel of the unit my very deep sense of gratitude for the fine
work they did for the Medical Department, and I also hope
that it may be my good fortune to encounter such splendid
people should another emergency put us in the position we
were in in 1917.

With best wishes for yourself, please believe me

Very sincerely yours, (Sd) F. A. WINTER,

Colonel, Medical Corps, U.S.A., Formerly Chief Surgeon,
Lines of Communication.

Memorial

Dr. Washburn's great abilities soon won for him pro-
motion to fields of larger activities, and for the latter
part of the unit's stay abroad he was in charge of the
American hospitals in England.

This unit does not by any means represent the whole
of the contribution of this ancient Hospital to the fearful
struggle from which we at last, let us hope, have emerged.
Even before the United States formally entered upon
the war many of our graduates and present staff had
joined the various organizations which were undertaking
the merciful work of the physician's calling in the
fever-haunted regions of unfortunate Serbia, on the battle
fronts of France and Italy, and on the stormy and fate-
ful waters of the north ocean, and everywhere with credit.

This Hospital enjoys an inheritance not usual among
its fellows. It was dedicated under the leading of two
wise men more than a century ago to purposes far wider
than those of a mere asylum for the disabled sick. It
has never forgotten the pledges given to its generous
benefactors, and I am fain to believe that its successes
of these recent days are due to the wider conceptions of
the scope and obligations of medicine than those which
usually prevail.

I believe that our representatives have succeeded in
their most trying services because they have been largely
trained in a school with a more generous outlook, and
have not been content with a merely routine performance
of certain prescribed activities.

Your return differs widely from that of those whom we
have so gladly been receiving back into civil life in these
recent days. They hope to have seen the last of war and
to forget many of its incidents. You are to devote
yourselves with undiminished zeal to the attempt to con-
quer disease.

The governments of the world may indeed close the
doors of their temple of Janus with better prospect of
success, let us hope, than the Romans had, for they were
only able to do so three times in seven hundred years.
But for you the doors must be forever open. Peace has
for us no respite from a war that never ends, and horrible
as are the cruelties of the battlefields, they may be

Massachusetts General Hospital

matched by some of the experiences which our hospitals
offer. For a full-grown man in all the vigor of his man-
hood to be deprived of sight by some catastrophe of the
battlefield is indeed a tragedy. What shall we say of the
infant, otherwise sound in body, deprived of sight by the
ignorance and neglect of those who should have pro-
tected it, and left it to linger on in its dark prison house
through the heavy years?

Let us realize that preventable disease has destroyed
more lives than all the accursed inventions employed for
that purpose on the battle-front.

You, who are so familiar with the results of the physi-
cal examination of the men of this country for the pur-
pose of procuring soldiers and sailors fit for service,
know too well how great are the defects of physical con-
dition of those subject to examination, many of which
can, and ought to be, remedied.

"Peace hath its victories no less renowned than war,"
and to these we welcome you back.

Dr. Washburn, your foresight, knowledge, and energy
brought our unit to a high state of efficiency before any
similar organization; you have had an unusually varied
experience and can speak with authority. You do not
need an introduction here.

ADDRESS OF COLONEL FREDERIC A. WASHBURN,
COMMANDER, BASE HOSPITAL No. 6

THE great war is ended. It is true that the Treaty of
Peace is not yet signed, but Germany is in a position
where she cannot renew hostilities. It is time to review
the field and see what part the Massachusetts General
Hospital has taken. We find it, I venture to say, worthy
of her glorious traditions. Our records show that its
alumni and staff have furnished 238 commissioned offi-
cers. Two hundred and twenty-eight women nurses, and
80 male nurses and employees, have served in the
armies of the United States or the allied nations,
a total of 546. Of the officers there were two
brigadier generals and six colonels, and a considera-
ble number attained the rank of lieutenant colonel. We

Memorial

supplied three Chiefs of Professional Services in the
American Expeditionary Forces and one such Chief in the
United States. From our alumni were selected two Chief
Surgeons of Base Sections of the American Expeditionary
Forces, three Commanding Officers of Base Hospitals, one
Commanding Officer of a British General Hospital, and
many Commanders of Camp and Evacuation hospitals.
Wherever one went in France or England one found our
graduates rendering valuable and much appreciated pro-
fessional services. We were well represented in that
band of one thousand doctors with American commis-
sions who were loaned to the British. The Orthopedic
group working in large British hospitals in London,
Edinburgh, Oxford, Liverpool, and elsewhere in England,
was composed largely of our men. They made a very
definite reputation for themselves in England and re-
flected much credit upon our Hospital. Base Hospital
No. 5, which served with the British with such effective-
ness, was officered very largely by our men. British Gen-
eral Hospital No. 22 was commanded and largely offi-
cered by us. United States Army Base Hospital No. 55
had Massachusetts General Hospital men for most of its
officers and one of our visiting surgeons as its Director.
Base Hospital No. 204 was commanded by one of our Out-
Patient Surgeons. Base Hospital No. 6, our distinctively
Massachusetts General Hospital Unit, had its original
staff almost entirely composed of our alumni and staff.
No one ever directed a more efficient, high-minded, loyal
group than was this unit which I had the high privilege
to command.

Our nurses acquired an enviable reputation for hard,
efficient work and set an example of true womanly con-
duct of which we may well be proud.

The part taken by our employees was necessarily a
less conspicuous one. Some of them obtained commis-
sions and many reached noncommissioned rank as a
reward for excellent service.

We have lost by death five doctors, seven nurses, and
one member of the Ladies' Visiting Committee. One
surgeon was killed in action, one died of wounds received
hi action, the others died of disease.

Massachusetts General Hospital

It is the concensus of opinion of the leading medical
officers of the army that the Base Hospitals organized
at our civil hospitals and ready for this war saved the
situation for the American Expeditionary Forces. The
Medical Department would have been lost without them.
This is readily admitted by all in a position to know. It
is a source of satisfaction to us that our hospital was one
of the first to appreciate the situation, and began its
preparation more than a year before the United States
entered the war.

What a splendid illustration all this is of the value of
our Hospital to the community. How it shows the wis-
dom of its founders in making it an institution for the
training of our youth as well as for the care of the sick.

What greater asset can New England have than this
glorious old institution, which not only cares for the sick
and trains doctors and nurses for its needs in normal
times, but can make such a showing in tune of war or
national calamity. Let the faint-hearted doubt and fear
because of the expense to take the necessary steps to meet
the demands of the times and have the Massachusetts
General Hospital lead, as she always has done. Those of
us who are her true children are confident that when the
Trustees really make New England understand the Hos-
pital's needs, it will receive a support worthy of the
place it holds in the affection and esteem of our people.

It is a peculiar pleasure to me, Dr. Walcott, that you
represent the Hospital on this occasion. I have served
under you as Chairman of the Board of Trustees for six-
teen years. I have seen the Hospital grow under your
leadership, and I have been in a position to know that
you have always stood for progress and development,
for the training of our young men and women, teaching
and investigation as well as for the care of the sick.

These flags stood for twenty months in the Admin-
istration Building of Base Hospital No. 6 in Talence,
Bordeaux. They saw our hospital there grow from mod-
est beginnings to where it cared for forty-three hundred
patients at one time. They stood for the Massachusetts
General Hospital in France during the Great War. I
hand them to you, sir, with the request that the Trustees

Memorial

place them in the Treadwell Library of this Hospital and
preserve them with the care which we believe their history
warrants.

The flags were then presented by the colorbearers to
Dr. Walcott, who received them with these words:

"In the name of the Massachusetts General Hospital
I receive these flags, and assure you that they shall be
carefully preserved here."

In explanation of the efficiency to which American
Base Hospital No. 6 attained, Lieut. Col. Richard C.Cabot
said: "We were on the ground long before American
casualties began. We had months in which to equip it
with every device of a modern hospital. There was
absolutely nothing lacking in our equipment. It was
not necessary to wait hours for the attendance of a spe-
cialist at a consultation, as is the case sometimes at hos-
pitals on this side. A consultation over a serious case
could be called in five minutes.

"Every sitting at the officers' mess was a potential
consultation on the most severe cases in the hospital."

ADDRESS OF LIEUTENANT COLONEL FRANKLIN G.
BALCH, COMMANDER ARMY BASE HOSPITAL No. 55

PERHAPS it is fitting that I should explain why we, an
Army Base Hospital, feel that we should like to place the
nurses' flag of Base Hospital No. 55 in the Treadwell
Library.

We were not, as was Base Hospital No. 6, a Red Cross
Unit, and in consequence had no flag presented to us.
Our nurses subscribed for and bought the flag which
they carried.

At the time the hospital was organized, Colonel Mon-
crief gave me permission to pick the personnel, both
officers and nurses. Naturally I turned to the Massachu-
setts General Hospital, and our whole surgical staff were
graduated from there. The men in the Medical and
Special divisions were chosen, with very few exceptions,
in consultation with the heads of the special departments
in Washington.

Massachusetts General Hospital

Miss Jessie E. Grant, a Massachusetts General Hos-
pital graduate, was our Chief Nurse. With the exception
of fifteen who were sent to us by the A.N.C., she passed
upon the fitness of all our nurses. Ten came from the
Faulkner Hospital, which is affiliated with the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital, and had been trained under
Miss Cox, herself a Massachusetts General Hospital grad-
uate. Two came from the Anna Jacques Hospital, where
they had been trained under the Chief Nurse. Ten came
from the Newton Hospital, the high standard of whose
training needs no word of praise from me. One from the
Boston Homeopathic Hospital I wanted because of her
excellent work at the time of the Halifax disaster. There
were four from the Baptist, trained under Miss Anderson,
another Massachusetts General Hospital graduate; one
from the Children's; three from the City Hospital.
One came from the Deaconess. One from the Peter
Bent Brigham, and twenty-nine, far the largest propor-
tion from any one hospital, from our own training school.
When you consider that the Massachusetts General Hos-
pital had already supplied the nurses for Base Hospital
No. 6, some for Base Hospital No. 5, many for the Brit-
ish General Hospital No. 22, besides many to other or-
ganizations for both home and foreign service, you can
appreciate how wonderfully the nurses of this institution
have responded to the call. Base Hospital No. 55 was
often spoken of as a Massachusetts General Hospital
Unit, and much of what we were able to accomplish was
due to what we had acquired within these walls. What
more fitting resting place could we find for our flag than
this spot? I believe none, and it gives me great pleasure
to transfer to the care of the Massachusetts General
Hospital the flag of the nurses of Army Base Hospital
No. 55.

Memorial

MEMBERS OF ALUMNI AND STAFF OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL WHO

HAVE BEEN IN MILITARY SERVICE:

B. H. = Base Hospital

B. G. H. = British General Hospital

ABBOTT, ROY CHAELES, Major M.C., U.S.A.

ADAMS, FRANK DENNETT, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

ADAMS, WILLIAM BRADFORD, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

ADAMS, Z. B., Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

ALBEE, FRED HOUDELETT, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

ALDEN, ELIOT, Major M.C., U.S.A.

ALLEN, ARTHUR W., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

ALLISON, NATHANIEL, Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

ALTON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, Major M.C., U.S.A.

APPLETON, PAUL, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

AUB, JOSEPH CHARLES, First Lieutenant, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

AUSTIN, A. EVERETT, Major M.C., U.S.A.

AYER, JAMES B., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

BADGER, GEORGE S. C., Major M.C., U.S.A.
BALCH, FRANKLIN G., Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 55, M.C., U.S.A.

BALDWIN, WALTER ISAAC, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

BARNES, HARRY A., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

BARNEY, CHARLES NORTON, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

BARTOL, EDWARD F. W., Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

BARTOL, JOHN WASHBURN, Major M.C., U.S.A.

BEAL, HOWARD WALTER, Major M.C., U.S.A.
(Died of Wounds)

BEALS, LYNN STANLEY, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.
BEAN, HAROLD COTTON, Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

BEARD, ARCHIBALD HILDRETH, Major M.C., U.S.A.

BENNER, RICHARD STANWOOD, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

BIGELOW, GEORGE HOYT, Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A.

BINGER, CARL A. L., First Lieutenant, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

BINNEY, GEORGE HAYWARD, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

BINNEY, HORACE, Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

BOCK, ARLIE VERNON, Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.
BORDEN, RUSSELL POTTER, Captain C.A.M.C. (British)

BOUTWELL, HORACE KEITH, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

BRACKETT, ELLIOTT G., Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

BRIGHAM, F. GORHAM, Major M.C., U.S.A.

Massachusetts General Hospital

BRYANT, JOHN, Major M.C., U.S.A.

BUFFUM, WM. HENRY, Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

(Died in Service)

BULL, EDWARD CLINE, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

BUNKER, S. A., Major M.C., U.S.A.

BURNETT, FRANCIS LOWELL, Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F.
BURRAGE, THOMAS JAYNE, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.
BUTLER, CHARLES SHOREY, Major M.C., U.S.A.

BUTLER, JOEL IVES, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

CABOT, HUGH, Lieutenant Colonel, B.G.H., 22

R.A.M.C. (British)

CABOT, RICHARD C., Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.
CADY, FREDERIC B. M., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

CAPPS, JOSEPH ALMARIN, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.
CHAFFIN, GEORGE LAWRENCE, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.
CHAMBERLAIN, WESTON P., Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

CHASE, HENRY MELVILLE, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

CHEEVER, AUSTIN W., Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F.
CHENEY, MARSHALL CHIPMAN, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.
CHURCHILL, FRANK SPOONER, Major M.C., U.S.A.

CLARK, DEWITT S., Jr., First Lieutenant, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.
CLYMER, GEORGE, Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

CODMAN, ERNEST AMORY, Major M.C., U.S.A.

COGSWELL, WILLIAM, Major M.C., U.S.A.

COLLER, FREDERICK AMASA, Major M.C., U.S.A.

COLWELL, HOWARD SPENCER, Major M.C., U.S.A.

COOK, EDGAR CHARLES, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

COTTON, FREDERICK JAY, Major M.C., U.S.A.

CRABTREE, ERNEST GRANVILLE, Major, B.G.H. 22

R.A.M.C. (British)

CROSBIE, ARTHUR HALLAM, Major M.C., U.S.A.

CROTHERS, BRONSON, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

CUNNINGHAM, THOMAS D., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

GUSHING, HARVEY, Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

CUTLER, E. C., Captain, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

DALAND, ERNEST MERRILL, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

DANFORTH, MURRAY S., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

DAVIS, LINCOLN, Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

DENNEN, RALPH WAITE, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

DENNIE, CHARLES CLAYTON, Major M.C., U.S.A.

DERBY, GEORGE S., Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

DEXTER, RICHARD T., Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

DODD, WALTER JAMES, First Lieutenant, B.G.H. 22

(Deceased) R.A.M.C. (British)

Memorial

DOLE, KENNETH LLEWELLYN, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

DUNN, WILLIAM MILOS, Lieutenant, J.G. M.C., U.S.N.R.F.
DURKIN, HARRY ANTHONY, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.
DWINELL, GEORGE FRANCIS, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

EATON, HAROLD B., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

EATON, WILLIAM EDWARD, Commander M.C., U.S.N.R.F.
EMERSON, BENJAMIN KENDALL, Major M.C., U.S.A.

EMMONS, ARTHUR BREWSTER, 2d, Major M.C., U.S.A.

EUSTIS, RICHARD S., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

FAVILL, JOHN, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

FAXON, NATHANIEL WALES, Major M.C., U.S.A.

FINNEY, JOHN M. T., Brigadier General M.C., U.S.A.

FITCH, RALPH ROSWELL, Major M.C., U.S.A.

FITTS, JOHN BLAIR, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

FITZ, REGINALD, Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

FLAGG, ELISHA, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

FOGG, NEIL AUGUSTUS, First Lieutenant, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A.
FOLEY, THOMAS MADDEN, Major M.C., U.S.A.

FORBES, HENRY S., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

FROST, HAROLD MAURICE, Major M.C., U.S.A.

GAGE, HOMER, Major M.C., U.S.A.

GAY, LESLIE NEWTON, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

GOETHALS, THOMAS R., Captain, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

GOLDTHWAITE, JOEL E., Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

GOOD ALL, HARRY WINFRED, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.
GRAVES, JAMES CHAPMAN, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.
GRAVES, ROBERT JOHN, Major M.C., U.S.A.

GREENE, D. CROSBY, Jr., Major M.C., U.S.A.

GREENOUGH, ROBERT B., Commander M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

GREENWOOD, ARTHUR MOSES, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.
GREGG, ALAN, Captain, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British)

GULLIFER, WILLIAM H., First Lieutenant B.H. 6 D.C., U.S.A.
HALL, CUSTIS LEE, Major M.C., U.S.A.

HALL, FRANCIS COOLEY, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

HAMMOND, JOHN WILKES, Jr., Lieutenant M.C., U.S.N.R.F.
HARKISS, WILLIAM J., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

HARMER, TORR, W., Major M.C., U.S.A.

HARTWELL, HARRY FAIRBANKS, Captain, B.G.H. 22

R.A.M.C. (British)

HARTWELL, JOHN BRYANT, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

HATCH, RALPH A., Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

HATT, RAFE NELSON, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

HILL, GEORGE HILLARD, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

HODGSON, JOHN SPRAGUE, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

Massachusetts General Hospital

HOLBROOK, CHARLES ALBERT, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

ROLLINGS, C. BYAM, Major M.C., U.S.A.

HOMANS, JOHN, Major M.C., U.S.A.

HORRAX, GILBERT, Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

HOYT, CHARLES WENTWORTH, Major M.C., U.S.A.

HUBBARD, JOSHUA CLAP, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

IRVING, FREDERICK CARPENTER, Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.
JACKSON, ARTHUR MORISON, First Lieutenant, B.H. 55

M.C., U.S.A.

JACKSON, SUMNER WALDRON, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

JANES, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

JENNINGS, ALPHEUS FELCH, Major M.C., U.S.A.

JOHNSON, HAROLD ABBOTT, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

JONES, BASIL BRADBURY, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

JONES, DANIEL F., Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

JOSLIN, ELLIOT PROCTOR, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

JOUETT, FREDERIC ROBERT, Major M.C., U.S.A.

KELLER, ERNEST VICTOR, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.
(Died in Military Service)

KERR, WILLIAM JOHN, Major M.C., U.S.A.

KIDNER, FREDERICK CLINTON, Major M.C., U.S.A.

KILGORE, ALSON RAPHAEL, Lieutenant M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

KILGORE, EUGENE STERLING, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.
KINGMAN, Lucius CoLLiNWOOD, Lieutenant (S.G.)

M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

KINNICUTT, ROGER, Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

KNOWLES, WILLIAM F., Major M.C., U.S.A.

KRAMER, JAMES G., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

LACEY, WALTER HAMER, Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A.

LANGNECKER, HARRY LESLEY, First Lieutenant

M.C., U.S.N.R.F.
LANMAN, THOMAS HINCKLEY, First Lieutenant, B.H. 55

M.C., U.S.A.

LAWRENCE, CHARLES H., Jr., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.
LEE, ROGER I., Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

LEE, WILLIAM GEORGE, Major M.C., U.S.A.

LELAND, GEORGE A., Jr., Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

LEVEK, JOSEPH ARTHUR, Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

LINCOLN, MERRICK, Major M.C., U.S.A.

LORING, ROBERT G., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

LOUGEE, JOHN L., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

LUND, FRED BATES, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

LUNT, LAWRENCE KIRBY, Major M.C., U.S.A.

LYON, ARTHUR BATES, Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A.

Memorial

MABON, THOMAS MCCANCE, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

MACAUSLAND, ANDREW ROY, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

MACOMBER, DONALD, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

MANTON, WALTER WILLIAMSON, Major M.C., U.S.A.

MARBLE, HENRY C., Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

MARVIN, FRANK W., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

MAY, WILLIAM ROPES, Major M.C., U.S.A.

MclvER, G. A., Major M.C., U.S.A.

MEANS, JAMES H., Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

MERRILL, ADELBERT S., Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

METCALF, CARLETON RAY, Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

MILLER, RICHARD H., Major M.C., U.S.A.

MIXTER, CHARLES GALLOUPE, Major M.C., U.S.A.

MIXTER, SAMUEL, Major M.C., U.S.A.

MIXTER, W. JASON, Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

MOORE, GEORGE ALBERT, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

MORRILL, GORDON NILES, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

MORRISON, WAYLAND AUGUSTUS, Major, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A.

MORTON, JOHN J., Jr., Captain, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

MOSHER, HARRIS P., Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

MURPHY, FRED TOWSLEY, Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

NEAL, KEMP PRATHER, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

O'FERRALL, JOHN TOLSON, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

O'KEEFE, EDWARD S., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

OLIVER, E. LAWRENCE, Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

O'NEiL, RICHARD F., Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

OSGOOD, HOWARD, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

OSGOOD, ROBERT B., Lieutenant Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

OTIS, WALTER JOSEPH, Major M.C., U.S.A.

PACKARD, GEORGE BYRON, Jr., Captain M.C., U.S.A.
PAINTER, CHARLES F., Lieutenant (S.G.) M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

PALFREY, FRANCIS WINSLOW, Major M.C., U.S.A.

PARK, JAMES HOWARD, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

PARKER, WILLARD STEPHEN, Major M.C., U.S.A.
PARMENTER, DERRIC CHOATE, First Lieutenant

R.A.M.C. (British)

PEABODY, CHARLES WILLIAM, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

PEABODY, FRANCIS WELD, Major M.C., U.S.A.
PORTER, CHARLES A., Lieutenant Colonel, B.G.H. 22

R.A.M.C. (British)

PORTER, CHARLES T., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

POTTER, ALEXANDER CARLETON, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

PRATT, J. H., Major M.C., U.S.A.

QUACKENBOSS, ALEXANDER, Major, B.G.H. 22 M.C., U.S.A.

Massachusetts General Hospital

RACKEMANN, FRANCIS M., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

REID, WILLIAM D., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

RICHARDSON, EDWARD P., Major M.C., U.S.A.

RILEY, AUGUSTUS, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

ROBERTSON, OSWALD HOPE, Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

ROBINSON, SAMUEL, Major M.C., U.S.A.

ROCKET, EUGENE WATSON, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

ROGERS, MARK H., Major M.C., U.S.A.

ROGERS, ORVILLE FORREST, Jr., Major M.C., U.S.A.

ROSSER, CURTICE, Lieutenant M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

SADLER, ROY ANGELO, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

SANFORD, HENRY LINDSAY, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

SAWYER, WILBUR AUGUSTUS, Major M.C., U.S.A.

SCHNACK, ADOLPH GEORGE, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.
SCROLL, ALBERT JOHN, Jr., Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A.
SCHWARTZ, ABRAHAM BERNARD, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

SELLARDS, A. W., Major M.C., U.S.A.

SEYMOUR, MALCOLM, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

SHATTUCK, GEORGE C., Major, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British)
SHAW, HENRY ALDEN, Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

SHEAHAN, GEORGE MAURICE, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

SHELDON, RUSSELL FIRTH, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

SILVERMAN, ABRAHAM CLEMENT, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.
SIMMONS, CHANNING C., Major, B.G.H. 22 R.A.M.C. (British)
SISSON, WARREN Rv First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

SMITH, GEORGE G., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

SMITH, HAROLD WELLINGTON, Lieutenant Commander

M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

SOWLES, HORACE KENNEDY, Captain, B.H. 55 M.C., U.S.A.

SPEAR, LEWIS MAHON, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

SPOONER, LESLEY H., Major M.C., U.S.A.

STERN, NEWTON SAMUEL, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

STEVENS, HAROLD WENTWORTH, Major M.C., U.S.A.
STEVENS, HORACE PAINE, Lieutenant M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

STODDARD, JAMES L., Major, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

STONE, JAMES SAVAGE, Major M.C., U.S.A.

STRAUSS, ARTHUR EDGAR, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

STRONG, RICHARD P., Colonel, B.H. 5 M.C., U.S.A.

SWEET, CLIFFORD D., First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

TAYLOR, JOHN HOUGHTON, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.

THAXTER, LANGDON THOM, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

THAYER, WILLIAM SYDNEY, Brigadier General M.C., U.S.A.

TOBEY, GEORGE L., Jr., Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

TOBEY, HAROLD G., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

Memorial

TORBERT, JAMES ROCKWELL, Major M.C., U.S.A.

VAN NUYS, FRESENIUS, Lieutenant (S.G.) M.C., U.S.N.R.F.
VAN STONE, LEONARD MATHEWS, Captain, B.G.H. 22

R.A.M.C. (British)
VICKERY, EUGENE AUGUSTUS, Lieutenant Commander

M.C., U.S.N.R.F.
VINCENT, BETH, Major, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

VOSE, ROBERT H., Major M.C., U.S.A.

WALCOTT, WILLIAM WRIGHT, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

(Died in Military Service)

WALKER, MELVIN HARVEY, Jr., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

WASHBURN, FREDERIC A., Colonel, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

WEBSTER, HARRISON BRIGGS, Major M.C., U.S.A.

(Killed in Action)

WETHERELL, BRYANT DAVIS, First Lieutenant M.C., U.S.A.
WHITE, PAUL DUDLEY, Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

WHITESIDE, GEORGE SHATTUCK, Lieutenant (J.G.)

M.C., U.S.N.R.F.

WHITNEY, JAMES LYMAN, Major M.C., U.S.A.

WIGGIN, WILLIAM I., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

WILSON, PHILIP DUNCAN, Major M.C., U.S.A.

WOOD, JAMES AUGUSTUS, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

WRIGHT, J. H., Captain M.C., U.S.A.

WRIGHT, WADE, Captain, B.H. 6 M.C., U.S.A.

YOUNG, ERNEST BOYEN, Captain M.C., U.S.A.

The following names are recorded of officers of U.S.A.
Base Hospital No. 6, in addition to the above alumni:

BASNETT, DOUGLAS, First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A.

BOGAN, EDWARD H., Captain Q.M.C., U.S.A.

CHICK, GEORGE R., First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A.

CLOUDMAN, FRANCIS H., First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A.

CONNORS, HARRY, First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A.

EVERBERG, GUSTAVE W., Second Lieutenant Q.M.C., U.S.A.

HEARD, RALPH P., First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A.

HOLMES, ROBERT W., Major M.C., U.S.A.

MCAFEE, LARRY B., Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

Moss, WILLIAM L., Lieutenant Colonel M.C., U.S.A.

ROUNDY, EDWARD C., First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A.

SHERRILL, HENRY K., First Lieutenant C.C., U.S.A.

SHERBURNE, WILLIAM H., First Lieutenant D.C., U.S.A.

WALKER, REVELLO M., First Lieutenant S.C., U.S.A.

Massachusetts General Hospital

DEDICATION OF A MEMORIAL TABLET IN THE
TREADWELL LIBRARY, OCTOBER 18, 1921, IN
MEMORY OF THE ALUMNI OF THE MASSA-
CHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL WHO DIED
IN THE WAR.

WORLD WAR HONOR ROLL

*MAJOR HOWARD WALTER BEAL M.C., U.S.A.

*LIEUT. WILLIAM HENRY BUFFUM M.C., U.S.A.

*CAPT. WILLIAM WRIGHT WALCOTT M.C., U.S.A.

*MAJOR HARRISON BRIGGS WEBSTER M.C., U.S.A.

*MAJOR ERNEST VICTOR KELLER M.C., U.S.A.

*LIEUT. WALTER JAMES DODD R.A.M.C.

THESE BRAVE AND DEVOTED MEN,

MEMBERS OF THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THIS HOSPITAL

DIED IN THEIR YOUTH, OR PRIME, FOR THE HONOR

OF THEIR PROFESSION AND THEIR COUNTRY

AND FOR THE UNIVERSAL CAUSE OF

LIBERTY, JUSTICE, AND GOOD

WILL AMONG MEN

Memorial

DR. S. J. MIXTER : It is my privilege and duty to present
to the Hospital, on behalf of the Association, a tablet bear-
ing the names of those members who gave their lives for
their country and the world, in the late war. It is most
fitting that this slight tribute to the memory of these, our
brothers, should be unveiled on the day when we yearly
recall the first demonstration in this hospital of the bless-
ings of surgical anaesthesia, which has done so much to
relieve human and animal suffering, and has rendered
possible the greatest advances of modern surgical science,
in the saving of life and health. These men whom we
honor today have not only given their skill and knowl-
edge; largely acquired within these walls, for us and for
their brothers in arms, but they have given the greatest
gift of all, their lives. While we honor their memories
and mourn their loss, we are proud that their devotion
and sacrifice are but typical of that spirit of service for
which our old Hospital stands, yes, for which the whole
medical profession has always stood.

At the opening of the war the physicians of the country
responded nobly to the call, and in spite of lack of mili-
tary training and organization, performed their tasks
well; let us hope that should the time ever come when
they are again needed for such duty, which God forbid!
the medical men will be so organized and with some ideas
of their duties as possible members of an Army Medical
Corps, that the trials and mistakes of the past war may
be avoided. We are confident that, under able and judi-
cious leadership, a Medical Reserve Corps will be formed
that will be a credit and safeguard to the country.

During those terrible days of "Watchful waiting"
when we, as a nation, were held back from helping those
who were fighting our battles with the "Mad Beast" of
Europe, many of our numbers crossed the seas to do what
they could under other flags than our own, and the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital, the first hospital in the
country to establish a unit, formed its Base Hospital
No. 6. This Unit was authorized by the Surgeon General in
February, 1916, confirmed by the Trustees in March, and
sailed on July 9, 1917. That our men and women were
ready and willing to do their part is shown by the fact

Massachusetts General Hospital

that serving with the United States or with the Allies
during the war there were of our Alumni 223, with 5
deaths.

Staff, not Alumni, 38, with 1 death.

Nurses, female, 214, with 7 deaths.

Nurses, male, 16.

Employees, 19.

Total, 510.

To these are added those of the McLean Hospital, a
part of the Massachusetts General Hospital Staff No. 5.

Nurses, female, 26, plus 23 included in the Massachu-
setts General list.

Nurses, male, 24.

Employees, 20. — Total, 75. Complete total, 585.

The tablet in honor of the nurses who gave their lives
is already on the wall of this room.

Is it to be wondered at that we who have served and
loved the old Hospital nearly all our lives are proud of
her. May she never lack able, patriotic men with knowl-
edge, quick brains and skillful hands to carry on her
good work, and friends who are able and willing to supply
the means that will enable her to live and grow.

These are the men who have honored us and to whom
we pay our tribute of respect today :

Howard Walter Beal.
William Henry Buffum.
William Wright Walcott.
Harold Briggs Webster.
Ernest Victor Keller.
Walter James Dodd.

HOWARD WALTER BEAL

Born November 26, 1869, at Bangor, Maine.

Harvard Medical School, M.D., 1898.

Massachusetts General Hospital House Officer, South
Surgical, 1899.

Practised surgery in Worcester, and was on staff of
Memorial Hospital, Worcester.

Married Henrietta Hobbs.

Memorial

Military record: After leaving M. G. H., surgeon in
the U. S. Army for nearly four years, first in transport
service between New York, Porto Rico and Cuba, then
in field and hospital in Philippines. Resigned June, 1903.
Sailed with first Red Cross ship from this country in 1914.
Chief Surgeon American Women's War Hospital, Paign-
ton, England. Early in 1915 returned to United States
owing to ill health. Went overseas again when the
United States went into war, as Major, M.C. Later con-
sulting surgeon to first Division. While on duty near
Montdidier received wounds on July 18, 1918, of which
he died July 20, 1918.

We all remember this splendid, big fine man with a
military carriage and a love for army life, a man who was
ready and trained for military duty by his service in the
Philippines, before the real summons came, who, not
content to wait for an official call, went to England with
the first Red Cross ship and did splendid work there until
illness forced his return to this country. From the time
of his return until our entrance into the war, he lost no
opportunity to impress upon the sluggish minds of his
fellow countrymen the need of preparedness for the inev-
itable conflict. He was mortally wounded by a bomb
from an airplane on July 18, 1918. I have seen a letter
from one of his fellow alumni, speaking of his mortal in-
juries and the little that could be done for him, and later
we were told of his courage in the face of certain death.
An abstract of the letter reads as follows: "I operated
the other night on Howard Beal, a very bad chest wound
from a bomb, that I did under local anaesthesia, but it
was too much for him and he passed out in almost
twenty-four hours." An honor to his adopted city, where
he did so much good work, to the army and to us all. Of
his work in Worcester, his friend and colleague, Dr. Homer
Gage, writes:

"His professional skill, his industry, and his good
judgment made him an exceedingly valuable man to the
community and to the institutions which he faithfully
served, but to all who had the privilege of enjoying his
friendship it was the character and personality of the
man that can never be forgotten. His modesty and gen-

Massachusetts General Hospital

tleness. his kindliness, and eager willingness to do for
others, made him always a delightful companion. His
fine presence, charming manners, and a thought fulness
that never lapsed, insured him a welcome in every circle.
To these charms he added a keen interest in his profes-
sion, a great capacity for work, and a patience with de-
tails that peculiarly fitted him for the work in which he
was most interested. As a colleague on the Hospital
staff, as a wise consultant, and as a faithful servant to
his patients, he will be sadly missed; as a sincere and
faithful friend and charming companion, he leaves a
place that can never be filled in the memory of those
who knew him best."

WILLIAM HENRY BUFFCM

Born June 25, 1877, at Providence, R. I.

Graduate Brown University, 1898.

Harvard Medical School, 1902.

Massachusetts General Hospital, East Medical House
Oflicer, 1902-1903.

Medical externe at Rhode Island Hospital, Out-Patient
Department, 1903.

Visiting physician, Out-Patient Department, Rhode
Island Hospital for Diseases of Children, 1906.

Physician to Clinical Department for children affected
by diseases of the digestive organs, Rhode Island Hospi-
tal, from 1912, to death.

Visiting staff of Providence Lying-in Hospital at time
of death.

Married Edith Campbell, November 1, 1904. She
survived him with one son.

Military Record: Commissioned Lieutenant Senior
Grade, M.C., U.S.X. Served with Navy Base Hospital
Xo. 5. Died at Liverpool, England, October 13, 1918,
of mfluenza-pneumonia.

A colleague writes: "William Henry Buffum may best
be characterized as essentially dependable, well-born,
well-educated, a gentleman. He was honest in his work,
as a gentleman would be in all things. He had a scien-
tific type of mind which demanded satisfactory proof, and

Memorial

his conclusions, given only after he was convinced, were
soon found to be accurate and reliable. Buffum was
never spectacular, he was always trustworthy, and from
the beginning of his connection with this Hospital, to the
day of his death, he remained to his friends the same
steady, likable and dependable fellow."

WILLIAM WRIGHT WALCOTT

Born June 1, 1879, Natick, Mass.

Newton High School.

M. I. T., S. B., 1901.

Harvard Medical School, 1905.

Massachusetts General Hospital, South Surgical, 1905-
1906.

Practised in Natick, District Health Officer, Depart-
ment of Health.

Not married.

Military Record: Medical officer of the First Corps
of Cadets, M.V.M. Went overseas as First Lieutenant,
M.C., with the 101st Engineers. Made Captain, M.C.,
summer of 1918. He was in battles of Chateau-Thierry,
Chemin des Dames, St. Mihiel and Verdun. Wounded
by shell and gassed, but recovered. Died in France of
military tuberculosis, March 16, 1919.

At about the time of finishing his service as House
Officer at the Hospital, Walcott was attacked by tubercu-
losis, and though he recovered and did splendid work the
rest of his life, he was somewhat handicapped physically.
His service to the community hi which he lived was
wonderfully fine, both as physician and health officer.
After good work in the Army, having been gassed and
wounded by shell, he apparently recovered, only to die
of acute tuberculosis in Paris, a victim to his devotion to
duty and country.

HAROLD BRIGGS WEBSTER
Born January 26, 1884.

Prepared for college at Noble and Greenoughs School.
Harvard College, A.B., 1905. Cum laude, Phi Beta
Kappa.

Harvard Medical School, 1909. Alpha Omega Alpha.

Massachusetts General Hospital

Massachusetts General Hospital. East Surgical House
Officer, July 15, 1909-November 30, 1910.

Spent nearly three years with Dr. Grenfell in New-
foundland and Labrador.

In 1912, settled in Castine, Maine.

May 1, 1913, married Margaret Isabel Gleason, of
Northampton, by whom he had three children, a boy
and two girls.

Military Record: In Battery A, while in the Medical
School, and later went to Plattsburg.

Commissioned First Lieutenant M.C., June, 1917.

Active service Fort Benjamin Harrison, July, 1917.

Command of Ambulance Company No. 14.

November, 1917, Camp Greenleaf, Georgia, made Ad-
jutant, Ambulance Battalion.

Sailed overseas May 26, 1918.

Director of Ambulance with 4th Division.

Regimental Surgeon to 47th Regiment, August, 1918.

Promoted Captain July, 1917.

Promoted Major March 14, 1918.

Killed in action, October 13, 1918, at Bois de Sept-
sarges (near Cuisy sur Meuse).

An able man, strong in mind and body, he was one
that made it his life's work to help "the other fellow,"
as was early shown by the work he did in Newfoundland
and Labrador. A lover of country life and thoroughly
appreciating the need of trained medical men in the
smaller towns, he settled down in that most beautiful
place, Castine, where he established a much needed hos-
pital, again "for the other fellow," and lived a useful and
happy life with his wife and little family till the call came.
His promotion was a matter of course with his ability,
all-round experience, and previous military training. He
died, as he lived, helping "the other fellow," for he was
killed by a shell while trying to push an ambulance out
of the mud.

Memorial

ERNEST VICTOR KELLER

Born, Missouri, 1884.

M.D. Atlanta, Georgia, School of Medicine, 1911.

Massachusetts General Hospital, House Officer Ortho-
pedic Service, 1914.

Military Record: Commissioned in British Army,'
Lieutenant R.A.M.C., and was on duty on the Ortho-
pedic Staff in Edinburgh War Hospital, Bangour, West
Lothian, Scotland.

Commissioned Captain M.C., U.S.A., April 27, 1918.
Loaned to the British Army and continued service at the
same hospital.

Returned to the United States, March 30, 1919.

On duty U. S. General Hospital No. 6, Fort McPher-
son, Georgia.

Later at Base Hospital, Camp Gordon, Georgia, then
again at No. 6, Fort McPherson.

Promoted Major M.C., October 14, 1918.

Died June 3, 1919, at Fort McPherson.

Dr. R. B. Osgood, who knew Dr. Keller better than
most of us, writes the following: Dr. Victor Keller was
as much called to medicine as any apostle of the Faith.
Born in the middle West, without financial resources
back of him, he became early in his education determined
to study medicine. He surmounted great difficulties, and
became an expert telegraph operator. Later in life than
most men think of entering the profession, he accumu-
lated sufficient funds to put him through the medical
school, and started on a career in Atlanta. He soon be-
came attracted to orthopedic surgery, stimulated by Dr.
Michael Hoke, by whom he was advised to come North
and enter the Massachusetts General Hospital, which he
did in 1914. As orthopedic House Officer he was acquisi-
tive to a marked degree. He was meticulous in his care
of the patients, to whom he endeared himself in a pecul-
iar manner. His devotion to his work was untiring.

Many months before America entered the war, Keller
was so stirred by the world cataclysm that, at a very
large professional sacrifice, he responded to the call of
Sir Robert Jones for American orthopedic surgeons to
serve the British soldiers. Just started in the practice

Massachusetts General Hospital

of orthopedic surgery in Atlanta, he packed his trunk and
set off at his own expense, landing as a civilian on the
Liverpool docks in 1917. Through the agency of Sir
Robert Jones he received a commission in the British
Army, and reported at the Edinburgh War Hospital.
The hospital was large - - three thousand beds. A man
of Keller's attainments was just what the wounded men
were crying for, and forthwith he was put in charge of a
large service.

I quote from a personal tribute of a British surgeon
closely associated with Keller in his work at the Bangour
Hospital :

"It was not long before his qualities as a man and a
surgeon endeared him to all his colleagues and associates.
The British Tommy whose good fortune landed him in
Keller's wards always expressed his wholehearted confi-
dence in the 'American Doctor.' To hear the Jocks sing
his praises was something well worth hearing, and was
Keller's reward for his unselfish devotion to duty. Kel-
ler's was an outstanding personality, and he was beloved
by many of his friends in Scotland. I know more than
one who shed a tear when the news of Vic Keller's death
reached Auld Keekie."

Keller was later transferred to the American Expedi-
tionary Forces, and received well-merited promotion to
the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.

WALTER JAMES DODD

Born in London, April 22, 1869.

Came to America when ten years old, attended the
public school for a few years; then went to work to earn
his own living. Attended Harvard Medical School for one
year, 1900. Later he went to the Medical School of the
University of Vermont, where he received his degree in 1908.

In 1909 he was appointed Instructor in Roentgen-
ology at the Harvard Medical School, which appointment
he retained to the time of his death in December, 1916.

Massachusetts General Hospital Record: Appointed
Assistant Apothecary in 1892; appointed Apothecary in
1896; appointed Roentgenologist in 1908.

Married Margaret Lea, 1910.

Memorial

Military Record: Sailed with First Harvard Surgical
Unit on June 26, 1915; remained until October, 1915,
rendering invaluable service as Roentgenologist, working
directly with the surgeon. Rank: Lieutenant R.A.M.C.

Walter James Dodd never was a House Officer in the
Hospital, yet he was so much a part of it and of us that
this tablet would not be complete without his name.
Some of us remember him when his pleasant face ap-
peared in the Apothecaries' room in 1892. He was a man
with whom one did not have to "make friends," he
was a friend from the start. Skillful, kind, ingenious,
accurate and willing, he was from the first of the greatest
help to the Staff and the Hospital. His skill in photogra-
phy made the case records more complete than they had
ever been before, and added much to then1 value. We
all know of his pioneer work with the X-ray, and how
much it meant to medicine and surgery, and we also
know how he paid for his wonderful success by his suffer-
ings and too early death. His work in the army was
superb, and, knowing as we do his physical handicaps, it
seems as though he accomplished the impossible. He
entered the service knowing that his days were few, and,
with certain death staring him in the face, he made the
most of them. To have had the privilege of knowing
him and loving him was a joy and an honor.

Mr. Chairman, in the name of the Alumni Association
I present this tablet to the Hospital. May it stand in
future years as a tribute to those whose names are here
recorded, and also as a symbol of what the Hospital
stands for - - Service - - Service to Country, Service to
fellow men, Service to duty. There is no geographical
limit to that service. It calls to the home, the hospital,
the laboratory, the school the world over. It calls to the
frozen north, to the pestilential jungles of the tropics, to
the bloody fields of France, to Serbia, China, Africa,
God knows where, and the sons of the Massachusetts
General have ever answered that call and devoted their
lives to that service willingly and faithfully. Each name
graven in this stone carries a Golden Star, the Golden
Star that signifies the supreme sacrifice in the service of
the nation that these men loved and died to save.

Massachusetts General Hospital

ACCEPTANCE OF MEMORIAL TABLET

MR. WIGGLESWORTH : In accepting this Memorial
Tablet, the Hospital feels that it is receiving a gift whose
influence will be felt through the coming time. It has
been said that a surgeon should be actuated by pity as a
motive, not as an emotion. Herein lies a truth which is
at the foundation of all that is noblest in the medical
profession. Back of all the skill and knowledge of sur-
geon, physician, or nurse must be the ideal of service
and self-sacrifice. The nobility of the profession is in its
consecration to the relief of suffering humanity. If this
ideal did not exist in the community, hospitals would
never be established, and if this same feeling were not the
basis of the work done within the hospital, the workers
there would never attain the best results. It is this spirit,
this ideal, which has been nobly shown in the lives of
those whose memorial you have today here established.
Carlyle has said that everywhere in life the true question
is not what we gain but what we do. These men have
offered their all to duty. We may say of them in the
words of Milton, " Faithful hath been your warfare, and
of God accepted, fearless in his righteous cause." The
tablet not only honors them, but will be an incentive
and an inspiration to others. The Hospital gratefully
accepts your gift with a full realization of all it symbol-
izes and means, and will preserve it as one of the Hos-
pital's sacred and inspiring possessions.

Memorial

DEDICATION OF A MEMORIAL TABLET IN
THE TREADWELL LIBRARY, SEPTEMBER 10,
1920, IN MEMORY OF THE GRADUATES OF
THE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES, WHO DIED
IN THE WAR.

1914 1918

IN MEMORY OF

FRANCES E. BARTLETT

MARY F. EMERY

LUCY N. FLETCHER

JESSIE BROWN JAGGARD

CONSTANCE M. SINCLAIR

NELLIE J. WARD

ANNA B. WEST

GRADUATES OF THE
MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL

SCHOOL FOR NURSES

THEY GAVE THEIR LIVES

IN THE SERVICE OF THEIR COUNTRY

IN THE GREAT WAR

Massachusetts General Hospital

MR. WIGGLESWORTH : We come here this afternoon to
dedicate this memorial and to express our deep sense of
gratitude and admiration for our nurses who died in the
great war. When we look back to the time of Florence
Nightingale and reflect that from that time to this is
less than an ordinary lifetime, and then consider the
enormous development of the work which she started
and its influence on the world (both in war and in peace),
the contrast is almost overwhelming. When we think of
the needless loss of life and suffering from disease before
women, as nurses, devoted their lives to the Christ-like
work of caring for such suffering, the fact is one to make
us shudder. To this work these nurses devoted their
help, their strength, and their unwavering devotion.
They faced danger without flinching, hardship without
complaining, and sealed their service with their lives.

We cannot express to them what we feel, but it is
fitting that there should be dedicated this memorial
tablet as a sound and enduring evidence of the heroism of
these women, and of the splendid example which they
gave of the spirit which belongs to and abides in a great
hospital.

REV. MR. SHERRILL: An occasion like this is one
which is almost too deep to express in words, because as
we think of these seven women who gave their lives in
this great cause, I presume each one of us has his own
memories and his own associations with each one who
made the supreme sacrifice. On this occasion we might
sum up all in the words, " Greater love hath no man than
to lay down his life for his friend." I am sure that these
words of the Master apply more truly to nurses than to
anyone else who had anything to do with the World War.
Somehow I cannot imagine the Master with a rifle in his
hand; but I can imagine the picture of a nurse going
from bed to bed, making a patient comfortable, and
doing the hundred other little things which all make up
a nurse's life.

I feel that the nurses who served in this war have not
been given their full reward by the public — not that
they are asking for any reward. We hear a great deal of
all the battles and of the work of the Red Cross and

Memorial

Y.M.C.A., and in it all we hear very little of the work of
the Army nurse.

It is a very fortunate circumstance that this tablet is
placed in this Hospital, where in the years to come hun-
dreds and thousands of nurses are to be trained to think
of nursing as a service, and that as they pass the memo-
rial they will feel the inspiration which comes from the
realization that they are entering upon a great and noble
profession.

Miss PARSONS: The seven nurses in whose memory
we have met were all known to me. Mrs. H. A. Jaggard,
nee Jessie W. Brown, left her home, husband, and child,
and was one of the very first to go overseas. While she
was chief of the unit and did her duty by day, she
nursed the sick nurses by night and thus overtaxed her
strength and contracted the disease which caused her
death.

Constance Sinclair was one of our most successful pri-
vate nurses. She could hardly have been expected to
volunteer her services for active work overseas until all
other nursing resources had been exhausted, yet she was
also one of the first to go across.

Lucy Fletcher and Mary Emery had been my own
students, and were both on my staff, both in this Hospital
and abroad. The other nurses, Frances E. Bartlett,
Nellie Ward and Anna B. West, I had known as earnest,
capable students and successful nurses.

These nurses had, besides youth, happiness and future
hopes to take to the altar, to sacrifice if need be. They
went with high courage; they did their work faithfully;
they suffered and laid down their lives with splendid
courage and glad devotion to the cause.

They will not have died in vain if the nurses who visit
this beautiful spot of our revered and beloved Hospital
stop a moment to read their names and to pledge them-
selves anew to all the splendid principles which alone
make a nurse's work glorious.

Massachusetts General Hospital

DEDICATION OF A MEMORIAL TABLET IN
THE TREAD WELL LIBRARY, DECEMBER 11,
1919, TO MISS HELEN HOMANS.

IN MEMORY OF

HELEN HOMANS

BORN IN BOSTON

JANUARY 26TH, 1884

DIED AT PONTOISE, FRANCE

NOVEMBER 5TH, 1918

A VISITOR
AND SOCIAL WORKER

AT THIS HOSPITAL

IN 1915 SHE VOLUNTEERED

FOR WORK IN THE

FRENCH HOSPITALS

DIED IN SERVICE TO THE

ARMIES OF FRANCE

DR. WASHBURN: We have assembled today to pay
tribute to the memory of Helen Homans. She gave her
life for France in the World War just as truly as though
she had been killed upon the field of battle.

The blood that is within the veins of a man or woman,
the family heritage, traditions, and teaching are what de-
termine the conduct of an individual when the time
comes for great decisions.

An examination of the antecedents and background
of Helen Homans' life furnishes the clue to her actions.

100

Memorial

Her family has been noted for its connection with medi-
cal work and for its patriotic response to the call of the
nation in the time of peril. With the exception of a few
years at the beginning of the nineteenth century, an in-
terval between the death of one ancestor and the matu-
rity of his son, there has been a John Homans practicing
medicine in this vicinity since 1775. Helen Homans'
great-grandfather, Dr. John Homans, was a surgeon in
the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.
From this descent her eldest brother Robert is a member
of the society of the Cincinnati. Her grandfather, Dr.
John Homans, was a practicing physician. Her father,
again the same name, Dr. John Homans, is well remem-
bered by most of us in this room.

He was graduated as house pupil of this Hospital in
1861, joined the regular navy upon graduation, served
with it for one year, and resigned to accept a commission
in the Medical Corps in the United States Army. He was
on duty with the Army until the close of the Civil
War, from 1862 to 1865. His service was conspicuous
and distinguished, well illustrated by the fact that he was
medical director upon General Sheridan's staff during the
Shenandoah campaign of 1864. None but an able man
of initiative and courage would have been chosen for such
a position. Uncle John, as we house officers called him,
served this Hospital from 1876 to 1899 actively, and as
consulting surgeon until his death in 1903. We remem-
ber him affectionately for his humor, quick appreciation,
impatience with pretense, and underlying warm-heart-
edness. His chief claim for distinction here, and that a
great one, is that he forced the Hospital to permit abdom-
inal surgery to be done within its walls against the op-
position of a too conservative board of directors and
staff.

Miss Helen Homans' cousin, another Dr. John Ho-
mans, was a house officer of this Hospital. One of her
brothers, again a surgeon, and a graduate of the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital, is the present representative
of the name. Three of her brothers were commissioned
officers of the United States Army, serving with the
American Expeditionary Forces.

101

Massachusetts General Hospital

Helen Homans herself was connected with the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital upon the Board of Visiting
Ladies, from 1912 to 1917. She was a volunteer in the
Social Service Department, working especially with tu-
berculosis patients during this same period, the latter
part of the time working here in the short intervals be-
tween the periods of her service in France.

I have gone into some detail of the ancestry of Helen
Homans and her previous hospital work to show how
naturally she would come to connect herself with medical
activities in a military emergency.

She had lived in France for a number of months at
one time and grown to love the country. When the
brutal attack was made by Germany and all civilization
was imperiled, when her beloved France was writhing
under the tortures, the agony and death of her children,
Helen Homans suffered with her, and longed for the
chance to help. The opportunity came when the first
Harvard Unit went abroad; and she went with it. She
performed the work of a nurse at FHopital de L'Alliance,
No. 41, bis Yoetot Seine Tuferience from May to Septem-
ber, 1915, and again from February to December, 1916.
Then for a short period she was in another French hos-
pital. From January to September, 1917, she served in
1'Hopital Auxiliare 109 at Pont Audemes, Eure; and
from September, 1917, to February, 1918, she was with
PHopital d'Evacuation, No. 18, as a member of the
Ambulance Automobile Chirurgicale Nos. 21 and 22, Vas-
seny, Aisne. Her last position was with THopital de
TArmee 65 at Pontoise, Seine et Oise, where she served
from July to November, and where she died of pneu-
monia following influenza in the terrible epidemic of
that fall.

When taken sick she was in charge of a ward of French
wounded. The hospital had been under bombardment
and the service was hard and hazardous.

Her services were appreciated by the French authori-
ties, and she was awarded the Croix de Guerre with Palm,
in a citation signed by the great French General, Petain,
himself. Translated it reads as follows :

102

Memorial

Miss HELEN HOMANS

"With the armies since the twenty-ninth of February, 1916,
she has been noted for her absolute devotion to duty, particu-
larly in the Evacuation Hospitals at Courlandon and Vasseny
hi the bombarded zone and in an Auxiliary Hospital of the
Army where she has contracted in caring for the sick wounded
soldiers a contagious disease which places her life hi danger."

Given at Great Headquarters by the General, Commander-
in-Chief, Petain.

What greater honor?

Well earned — we her friends know it to be.

She laid down her life for the France that she loved
and "greater love hath no man than this."

Helen Homans would not wish the claim made for her
that the free gift of her all to the cause was an excep-
tional act amongst the women of the warring countries.
Anyone who was privileged to see the work and the sac-
rifice of the women of England, France, and America,
appreciates that such devotion was the usual thing.

The physicians and nurses connected with this hospi-
tal responded in large numbers to their country's call.
Five physicians and seven nurses made the last sacrifice
for the great cause.

I like to think that the training and the standards of
this hospital were an inspiration to its children, and that
the thought of it helped them to run straight even when
death itself was the goal. Can we, who have been spared,
allow an institution which has produced such offspring
to fail to progress and develop, and then fall behind?
That is what is happening and will continue unless there
is a united effort immediately to provide her with the
sinews of war.

The Board of Visiting Ladies have given this tablet to
Helen Homans' memory. The work of Boston women at
this hospital has for many years been conspicuous. They
have given freely of their time, strength, and money.
They have helped us to keep the human side of our work
prominent, and their ideals have always been high for
what this hospital should be. It is therefore fitting that
a tablet should be erected in this room to one of their
number.

103

Massachusetts General Hospital

I take this opportunity to pay my tribute to the won-
derful courtesy, kindness, and hospitality shown the
Americans by both English and French. In England the
houses of the people were thrown open to our convalescent
soldiers. Several thousands of our men upon leaving
the hospitals went into British homes and stayed for a
week or ten days before rejoining their organizations.
This was allowed with some hesitation, but there were
surprisingly few instances where difficulties ensued.
Thousands of our men became better acquainted with
their British brothers, and they in turn learned to know
the Yankees.

In those trying days of October, 1918, when we in Eng-
land were receiving into our hospitals the American
wounded from Flanders, and at the same time transport
after transport arrived from America with many cases of
influenza and pneumonia, the Chief Surgeon had a con-
ference with General Sir John Goodwin, Director General
R.A.M.C., as to the disposition of our sick and wounded
when our own hospital capacity should be exceeded.
General Goodwin's reply was, " While there is a bed in
England it shall be at the disposal of the Americans."
This was when the British casualties were coming into
England at the rate of 3,000 to 4,000 daily, and ours at
the rate of 300 to 400 daily. Our hospital capacity in
England at that time was 15,000 beds, limited to that
number, because we were not allowed additional medical
personnel, which was needed more desperately in France
at the moment.

Our hospitals in England were visited by the King and
Queen, and Princess Mary, and many distinguished
citizens and high officers of the army and navy. Dances,
theatrical performances, prize fights, and many other
forms of amusement were arranged for our soldiers on
leave in England, and there seemed no limit to what the
British tried to do for us.

Americans living in England did much. Lady Har-
court ran a small hospital for us in Lancaster Gate,
London. Mrs. Spender Clay conducted an officers' Conva-
lescent Home at Ford Manor, Lynnfield. Sir William
and Lady Osier kept open house for American Medical

104

Memorial

Officers at Oxford. Those who partook of their delight-
ful hospitality will never forget it. Sir William made
American and British physicians know each other as they
never would have done without him.

In France there was the same spirit. It is harder for
a Frenchman than for an Englishman to take an American
into his home, but it was done in thousands of instances.
In Bordeaux many of us made firm friendships and de-
lightful acquaintances. The appreciation of the French
for what America was doing was great. This was more
openly shown by the humble peasants. It was touching
and embarrassing to those of us who thought we should
be doing more, and that our help should have come
much sooner.

I remember that upon the anniversary of the sailing of
Rochambeau from Bordeaux, on his way to Newport,
the school at Talence closed early and the children
brought a basket of flowers decorated with French and
American colors to the American Hospital in their midst.

We who have lived among them know the sincere and
earnest desire of the British and French peoples to live
in harmony and union with us, and with us to bear the
burdens of this distressed world, and solve its mighty
problems. When we think of this, and contemplate the
sacrifice of the noblest and best youth of these nations,
one is tempted to offer a prayer that the gift may have
its complete reward; that having frustrated the foul de-
signs of Germany, we may succeed in forming a Union of
Nations which will endure and make war more and more
difficult. Politics and obstinacy delay the making of a
peace and the establishment of some form of a League
of Nations. Can we look upon our dead and tolerate that
such motives should stand between the civilized world
and the consummation of its victory?

Helen Homans' life was one of service. The gift of this
life to France was cheerfully and gladly made.

May this tablet commemorate these qualities of hers
and be an inspiration to the coming generations of young
men and women who shall use this library.

105

Massachusetts General Hospital

Historical

HISTORICAL NOTES

Extracts from the History of the Hospital to 1852 by
N. I. Bowditch, and to 1872 by Dr. Ellis,
with additions to date

1810. A circular letter was issued by Drs. James Jack-
son and John C. Warren, August 20, inviting subscrip-
tions "for a hospital for the reception of lunatics and
other sick persons." This letter may be regarded as the
corner-stone of our institution. It contains a perspicuous
statement of the advantages which a hospital would ex-
tend to all classes of society, and closes as follows:

" Hospitals and infirmaries are found in all the Chris-
tian cities of the Old World; and our large cities in the
Middle States have institutions of this sort, which do
great honor to the liberality and benevolence of their
founders. We flatter ourselves that in this respect, as in
all others, Boston may erelong assert her claim to equal
praise."

1811. Charter obtained from the Legislature, Febru-
ary 25. It incorporates James Bowdoin and fifty-five
others of the most distinguished inhabitants of the vari-
ous towns of the Commonwealth, by the name of the
Massachusetts General Hospital. A grant was made of
the Province House Estate, so called, with authority to
sell the same and use the proceeds at pleasure, provided
that within five years an additional sum of one hundred
thousand dollars should be obtained by private subscrip-
tions and donations. On April 1, 1817, the Hospital
leased this estate to David Greenough, Esq., for ninety-
nine years, at an annual rent of two thousand dollars, or
an outright sum of thirty-three thousand dollars, at his
option; and on October 1, 1824, he elected to pay this
latter sum.

106

w
z
w

1811. The first meeting of the Corporation was held
April 23. The Corporation was organized by (the choice
of) a President and Vice-President, Treasurer and Sec-
retary; the Secretary being ex officio, Secretary of the
Board of Trustees.

1813. Trustees first chosen February 2. At first, the
President always attended the meetings of Trustees, and
presided; but since 1818, the Trustees have acted by a
Chairman, who presides at all their meetings; the duty of
the President or Vice-President being merely to preside
at the annual meetings of the Corporation.

1814. By act of Legislature the Corporation was au-
thorized to grant annuities on lives. In a charter, subse-
quently granted to the Massachusetts Hospital Life
Insurance Company, a proviso was inserted, by which
one-third of its whole net profits from insurance on
lives is made payable to the Hospital.

An additional act, passed January 17, 1824, sanctions
a most important agreement between these two Corpo-
rations, by which the Hospital, in lieu of all former rights,
became entitled to one-third of all the earnings of said
Insurance Company, over and above six per cent.

1816. The Board decided to purchase part of Mr.
Joy's land, the old Barrell estate in Somerville (site of
McLean Hospital).

1817. The Committee reported that they had exam-
ined several sites (for a General Hospital), and were
pleased with one in North Allen Street, and arranged
that the Board should visit it. Charles Bulfinch sent in
a plan for a General Hospital.

The Committee for building an Asylum reported in
favor of two wings or buildings, seventy-six feet by forty,
three stories high instead of one, and of brick instead of
stone. Authority was given to buy the Allen Street
Estate at twenty thousand dollars, if the offer should be
accepted in six days.

By a resolve passed by the Legislature, June 12, it is
provided that the stone for the erection of the Hospital
should be hammered and fitted for use by the convicts
in the State Prison. The work thus done is estimated at
over thirty thousand dollars.

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Massachusetts General Hospital

A common seal was ordered to be prepared; and, on
November 30, Colonel May laid it before the Board -
the device being an Indian with his bow in one hand, and
an arrow in the other; and on his right, a star, being
encircled with the inscription, "MASSACHUSETTS
GENERAL HOSPITAL, 1811"; and it was accepted
accordingly.

1818. Several plans were received by the Board, and
on January 11, referred to a Committee. On January 25
the Committee reported that the plan of a Hospital by
Mr. Bulfinch deserved the premium; and on February 1,
Mr. Bulfinch's plan (with slight modifications suggested
by the Committee) was adopted, and immediate meas-
ures were directed for getting stone hammered at the
State Prison.

The corner-stone of the Hospital in North Allen Street
was laid July 4, in Masonic form, by the Grand Lodge
of Massachusetts.

The Visiting Committee report nine patients received
at Asylum.

1821. Notice was ordered to Drs. Jackson and Warren
that the Hospital will be ready for patients on Septem-
ber 1. One patient was admitted September 1; and,
until September 20, not a single other application was
made for admission.

1822. Six free beds were established; three for med-
ical, three for surgical patients.

Committee appointed December 1, to wait on Hon.
William Phillips (President of the Corporation and
Donor of $20,000), to request him to sit for his portrait.
This portrait by Stuart is, it is needless to say, a fine
painting and an excellent likeness.

1823. A mummy from Thebes was presented by
Bryant P. Tilden and Robert B. Edes, in behalf of Jacob
Van Lennep and Company, of Smyrna (the Hospital pay-
ing two hundred dollars out of the proceeds of its exhibi-
tion to the Boston Dispensary), which was gratefully
accepted. The Committee reported October 7, that they
had leased the mummy one year for exhibition in other
cities.

108

Historical

The gratifying announcement was made November 2,
of a bequest from John McLean, of twenty-five thousand
dollars, payable on death of his widow, and with the in-
formation that he had also made this institution his
residuary legatee, by which "a much larger sum" would
be secured. This residue proved to be over ninety thou-
sand dollars.

1824. Thanks were given to Gorham Parsons, Esq.,
"for the present of a sow of an uncommonly fine breed."
Her weight, in the Visiting Committee's records, is stated
at 273 pounds. As this gift is noticed in both records
it evidently made a great sensation.

1825. General Lafayette, with his son and several
gentlemen, accompanied by his Excellency the Governor
and the Lieutenant-Governor, visited the Hospital June
20. They were received by the President of the Corpora-
tion, the Board of Trustees, and the Physicians and Sur-
geons, and were conducted through the several wards
and other parts of the building.

An important vote was passed on October 23, placing
a free bed for one year at the disposal of anyone who
should pay one hundred dollars.

The fact that certain persons were in the habit of
visiting the Hospital on Sundays, and having religious
worship in the wards, often producing an unfavorable
excitement in the patients, was communicated to the
Board; and the subject was referred to the Chairman
and Mr. Prescott, who, by a written report at the next
meeting, put an end to the practice alluded to.

1826. The Committee appointed at the last meeting
of the Corporation, to take into consideration the best
mode of perpetuating the memory of John McLean, rec-
ommended that the Asylum be hereafter known as "The
McLean Asylum for the Insane."

1827. Erysipelatous inflammation having appeared at
the Hospital, the expediency of removing all the patients was
discussed; and four Trustees were appointed a Commit-
tee on the subject. January 14, the Committee reported
that they had decided, after conference with the Physi-
cian and Surgeon, to make a temporary removal of all
patients from the Hospital (as far as practicable), with a

109

Massachusetts General Hospital

view to a "thorough purification by fumigation or other-
wise;" and that the Rev. Dr. James Freeman has very
liberally and readily offered his dwelling house in Vine
Street, near the Hospital, for the accommodation of the
patients. January 21, twelve patients were reported as
removed to Dr. Freeman's house, and twenty-one dis-
charged. January 28, the Hospital was reported to be
entirely clear of patients, and "cleansing, fumigation, and
alteration of fireplaces, etc., in progress." February 4,
the patients from Dr. Freeman's house were received
back into the Hospital. March 25, Dr. Robbins was ap-
pointed a Committee to return to Dr. Freeman the key
of his house, with thanks.

1828. The Superintendent was directed not to buy
any more "domestic coffee." The nature of this "vil-
lainous compound" is not stated on the records; but it
was probably a preparation of rye.

Colonel May was requested March 9 to prepare a
list of all donations to the Massachusetts General Hospi-
tal, and one hundred dollars was appropriated to that
object. This vote is the origin of the "Donation-book,"
decidedly the most important of all the records of the
institution.

Mr. Greenough applying to buy the reversionary in-
terest of the Corporation in the Province House Estate,
Messrs. Francis and Lawrence were appointed a Commit-
tee to ascertain its value. The Hospital declined making
the proposed sale.

1839. Messrs. Shaw and Brimmer were instructed to
report as to the expediency of rejecting syphilitic patients,
or of charging them extra board; and this Committee subse-
quently reported that such patients should be received
only in urgent cases, and should always be charged
double the usual rates of board.

1841. Dr. (John C.) Warren transmitted a letter en-
closing one thousand dollars as a fund for the purchase
of religious and moral books to be given to patients on
leaving the Hospital.

1846. On October 16, "Sulphuric Ether was first used
for the prevention of pain to a patient undergoing a
serious operation at the Massachusetts Gener-1 Hospital.

Historical

This application was made by Mr. W. T. G. Morton.
The experiment was a success."

1847. A communication from Dr. Henry I. Bowditch,
as to the formation of a Medical Library at the Hospital,
was referred to Messrs. Rogers and Amory, who subse-
quently recommended an appropriation of two hundred
and fifty dollars for that purpose.

1848. The Building Committee reported that the
new west wing cost $29,500; east wing, $28,000; fur-
nishing, $19,000; repairing center, rebuilding old east
wing cellar throughout, three reservoirs, copper gutters,
old kitchen, outside painting, $24,000; new kitchen,
$16,500; autopsy room, sheds, chains, roads, sodding,
fences, $3,000; total, $120,000.

1849. Gas was ordered to be introduced into the
Hospital under the superintendence of Mr. Dexter.

1854. The Physicians and Surgeons offered a commu-
nication to the Board recommending the establishment of
a Pathological Museum at the Hospital, and the Visiting
Committee were instructed to report upon the subject.
November 19, the Visiting Committee reported that it
was expedient to establish a Pathological Museum at
the Hospital.

1855. In the annual report for 1854, it is stated that
the urgent need that had long been felt of a separate
ward for cases of a foul and dangerous nature, to relieve
and secure other patients from discomfort and risk, had
during the year been supplied. At the cost of $12,000,
including that for a necessary sea wall, a commodious
building of two stories ("the Brick," 1899), west of the
main edifice, had been erected, containing sixteen rooms,
with every needful convenience.

1861. The Secretary was directed to communicate to
His Excellency, Governor Andrew, the following vote,
passed in view of the pending Civil War: "That the
Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital assure
the Executive of the Commonwealth that, in the event
of any diseased or wounded soldiers being returned to
this city, they shall consider it their duty and privilege
to extend to them all the succor and relief that may be
within the.'? power."

ill

Massachusetts General Hospital

1862. It was - - " Voted, That the subject of proper
accommodations in this Hospital for the sick and
wounded of the United States Army be referred to Drs.
Dale and Howe; and in the meantime that Dr. Dale
shall have authority to place for treatment in the Hospi-
tal any invalid soldier for whom there is suitable room,
the rate of their board being $4.50 per week."

Dr. Dale reported at the next meeting, March 23,
"That, unless some extraordinary exigency should occur,
the accommodations now afforded by this institution are
ample for the present.

1863. Leave was granted to Dr. Shaw to accept the
appointment of Commissioner, or Examining Surgeon,
under the authority of the United States Pension Office

- his services to be rendered at the Hospital. This
office was to be held by him in accordance with docu-
ments communicated to the Board relative thereto.

1872. Out-Patient Departments for Diseases of the
Nervous System and Diseases of the Throat were estab-
lished.

1873. The Training School for Nurses was established.
The Warren Ward (A) and Jackson Ward (B) were

built. They were both one-story buildings of corrugated
iron.

An Out-Patient Department for Diseases of the Eyes
was established.

1874. The Allen Street House for Pathology and the
Bigelow Ward (C) were built.

1875. The Townsend Ward (D) was built. Land in
that part of Belmont called Waverley was purchased for
the future site of the McLean Asylum.

1882. Convalescent Home in Waverley opened.

The Training School for Nurses at the McLean Asylum
was organized.

1883. The Thayer Building for Nurses was opened
and the Gay Building for Out-Patients was built.

1888. The Bradlee Ward (E) for aseptic surgery was
built.

1891. A house for the Resident Physician was built.

1892. The name McLean Asylum was changed to

112

Historical

McLean Hospital. Building on the land at Waverley
was begun.

1894. The Gardner Ward (F) for contagious diseases
was built.

1895. The McLean Hospital was transferred from
Somerville to the new buildings in Waverley. This was
completed on November 15.

1896. The Pathological Laboratory was opened, and
the management of the Training School for Nurses of the
General Hospital was transferred to the Board of
Trustees.

The Semi-Centennial of Anaesthesia was celebrated on
October 16.

1901. A new Operating Building, a new Domestic
BViilding and an addition to the Nurses' Home were
built at the General Hospital.

1902. The Weld Ward (G) for Diseases of the Skin
was finished, and a Ward for Children (H) was opened
in the Bulfinch Building.

1903. The new Out-Patient Building on Fruit Street
was opened, and the Orthopedic Department was es-
tablished.

1905. Social Service was established by Dr. Richard
C. Cabot in the Out-Patient Department.

Reclamation of gauze by sterilization inaugurated,
later adopted by other hospitals, resulting in a large
saving in expense.

1907. Orthopedic Ward (I) opened.

1910. A Children's Medical Department and a
Genito-Urinary Department were established.

Disinfection of excreta by heat established here, and
later adopted by many other hospitals.

1911. Reorganization of the Surgical and Medical
Staffs, by the appointment of a Chief of Service for each
of these services.

1912. A similar reorganization was carried out in
other departments and the General Executive Committee
was established.

1913. A Nurses' Home on Fruit Street was completed
and occupied.

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Massachusetts General Hospital

A Department of Syphilis called the South Surgical
Department was established.

1916. The Moseley Memorial Building, containing the
Administrative Offices, Treadwell Library, Emergency
Ward and rooms for House Officers and others, was
opened.

The nucleus of a Base Hospital, organized under the
Red Cross, was established.

1917. Base Hospital No. 6, the Massachusetts Gen-
eral Hospital Unit, departed for France on July 9.

The work of the members of the Staff who remained
behind was made lighter by the return of several past
members of the Staff as volunteers.

The Phillips House was opened and the Medical
Laboratory was established.

114

Historical

McLEAN HOSPITAL*

WAVERLEY, MASS.

AT the beginning of the nineteenth century Massa-
chusetts had no hospital, either general or for the insane,
although institutions had for some years been estab-
lished in New York and Pennsylvania, while Virginia
boasted the first, and, until 1808, when the insane of the
New York Hospital were removed to a separate building,
the only hospital solely for the insane, in her asylum at
Williamsburg. There had been some agitation of the
subject and one or two attempts had been made to
found such an institution in Boston; the earliest in 1797,
when William Phillipps devised $5,000 towards the build-
ing of a hospital, afterwards increased to $20,000 by his
heirs and paid to the Trustees of the Massachusetts Gen-
eral Hospital Corporation. The circular letter, how-
ever, prepared in August, 1810, by Drs. James Jackson
and John C. Warren, was the first definite appeal to the
public, and may be regarded as the beginning of the
present Massachusetts General Hospital, of which
McLean is a part. This circular sets forth at some
length the need of a hospital for the sick and the insane,
especially the sick and insane poor, for whom at that
time there was no place except in the almshouse at
Charlestown, where not more than eight persons could be
cared for; the various town almshouses, or the jails, to
which the " furious insane" were sent; the need of clini-
cal instruction for medical students which such a hospital
only could supply; and, finally, the obligation entailed
upon the wealthy and influential to help their sick
and suffering neighbors.

The response to this appeal was immediate, and in
January following (1811) a charter was obtained from
the Legislature. It incorporated James Bowdoin and 55
other citizens of the various towns of the commonwealth,
under the name of the Massachusetts General Hospital,

*Extracts from its History by Dr. George T. Tuttle to 1912, with extension to date by
Dr. F. H. Packard.

115

Massachusetts General Hospital

with power to hold real and personal estate yielding an
annual income not exceeding $30,000, the same to be
placed under the care of 12 trustees, four of whom were
to be chosen by the Board of Visitors, which was com-
posed of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, President
of the Senate, Speaker of the House and the chaplains of
both houses of the Legislature. A grant was made by
the commonwealth of the "Province House Estate"
(then valued at $20,000), upon the condition that within
ten years an additional sum of $100,000 should be raised
by private subscriptions. In return for the grant of this
property by the State, the charter imposed upon the
corporation the obligation of supporting a number
"which shall at no tune exceed 30" sick or insane per-
sons chargeable to the commonwealth. This condition
was afterwards modified to make the number of such
patients depend upon the actual income derived from the
Province House property, and finally, in 1816, was re-
pealed because such provision tended to make of the
Hospital a pauper institution.

Province House had an interesting history. Built in
1679 by Peter Sargeant, nearly opposite the Old South
Meeting-House on Washington (then Marlborough)
Street, in Boston, it was purchased in 1716 by the Pro-
vincial Legislature for the residence of the royal Gov-
ernors, and was used as such until the Revolution. After
the separation of the colonies from England it became
"Government House," and was held by the State until
1811, when it was presented to the Massachusetts Gen-
eral Hospital Corporation. In 1813 plans were made to
remodel the house for a hospital and asylum, and a Mr.
Hornby, of Newport, R. I., was selected to have charge
of the proposed institution. This project was found to be
impracticable, however, and in 1817 the estate was
leased to David Greenough for a term of 99 years. He
erected stores in front of the house and converted it to
uses of trade. It later became a tavern, and figures in
Hawthorne's 'Twice-told Tales." In 1864 it was de-
stroyed by fire.

The war of 1812 delayed the plans for building the
Hospital, but in 1816 the Board of Trustees instituted a

116

Historical

house-to-house canvass and received such liberal re-
sponses that within a week $93,969 was subscribed,
$43,997.47 of which was contributed specifically for the
asylum. There were 1,047 original subscribers.

Negotiations were at once opened for the purchase"of
a site suitable for an asylum for the insane, the need of
which branch of the proposed hospital was considered to
be more urgent than a general hospital. In December of
1816 the Joy, or Barrell, estate (known also as Poplar
Grove and Cobble Hill) at Charlestown, was bought
for $15,650.

This estate contained approximately 18^ acres. Here
on Cobble Hill, in 1775, General Putnam and Colonel
Knox laid out a fort, which received the name of " Put-
nam's Impregnable Fortress." At the foot of the hill
flowed a small stream, Miller's River, a tributary of the
Charles, and for some years to come McLean Asylum did
nearly all its transportation by water. Upon this hill,
surrounded by trees and gardens, stood a colonial dwell-
ing house built in 1792 by Joseph Barrell. Charles
Bulfinch designed this mansion, which, enlarged and
altered, was used as the administration house of the
asylum for 77 years. In 1817 two three-story brick
houses known as the East Houses, accommodating 30
patients each, were built adjacent to this mansion, but
on diverging lines from it. The Joy estate and the addi-
tional buildings and alterations prior to 1818 cost
$89,821.16. The first patient was admitted October 6,
1818 — a young man whose father thought him pos-
sessed with a devil which he had tried to exorcise with
the rod. The Trustees spent three hours discussing his
case, but finally decided to receive him. It is recorded
that he made a complete recovery, became a pedlar, and
acquired a property of $10,000 or $12,000. At the end of
the first year 13 patients had been admitted.

Until 1826 the Charlestown branch of the Massachu-
setts General Hospital was known simply as the
" Asylum," to distinguish it from the "Hospital," which
was opened for patients in 1821. It was officially named
The McLean Asylum for the Insane on June 12, 1826,
and as such was known until 1892, when it was rechris-

117

Massachusetts General Hospital

tened McLean Hospital. The name of McLean was given to
it in honor of John McLean, a Boston merchant, who in
1823 left the corporation $25,000 and naming it as his
residuary legatee. Eventually the corporation received
nearly $120,000 from the McLean estate. To further
perpetuate his memory, the Trustees commissioned
Gilbert Stuart to paint his portrait, which was finished
in 1825, and now hangs in the library at Waverley.

The first superintendent of the asylum was Dr. Rufus
Wyman, elected March 23, 1818. During the 17 years
of Dr. Wyman's superintendency several changes were made
in the asylum. There was of necessity much pioneer
work to be done and much remodeling of buildings to
suit the peculiar needs of this asylum. Rooms for "the
occasional seclusion of refractory boarders" were required,
and accordingly, in 1822, five "strong rooms for raging
female patients" were constructed, which were removed
in 1836 when the new "cottage" for "female patients in
seclusion" was erected. A similar addition to the men's
department was built in 1826. This was the "lodge," or
"retreat," a brick building of two stories, costing $22,700.
During 1826-29 still further additions and improvements
were made, to the amount of $91,822.33. These included
the "lodge" referred to above; a new five-story building
for men, called the North Building, costing $65,000; a
new roof for the mansion house, with an additional story
in the middle and extensive repairs throughout; im-
provements in ventilation; the addition of a laundry
and a new kitchen. No further additions appear to have
been made until 1835, when $28,000 was voted to be
used for a new building for women known as the Belknap
House, named in honor of Miss Mary Belknap of Boston,
who, in 1832, left the asylum a sum of nearly
$90,000.

In the matter of the treatment of patients, from the
first great stress was laid upon the "system of moral
management" under which the asylum was conducted.
The attendants were carefully chosen and were instructed
to treat their patients with kindness and gentleness.
In 1833 Dr. Wyman writes that "chains or strait jackets
have never been used or provided in this asylum" and

118

Historical

that "no attendant is allowed to put the smallest re-
straint upon a patient without the direction of the super-
visor, who enters the fact in a book and reports it to the
physician"; also that "no person is ever allowed to strike
a patient, even in self-defence."

In the first report published by the Hospital (1822),
Dr. Wyman speaks of the advantage of occupation and
diversion in the treatment of the insane, and says that
the "amusements provided, as draughts, chess, back-
gammon, ninepins, swinging, sawing wood, gardening,
reading, writing, music, etc., divert the attention from
the unpleasant subjects of thought and afford exercise
both of body and mind." He further argues that regu-
larity in meals, exercise, work and rest "have a powerful
effect in tranquilizing the mind, breaking up wrong
associations of ideas and inducing correct habits of think-
ing as well as acting." Outdoor exercise was insisted
upon, and in 1828 the first carriage and pair of horses for
the use of the patients were bought.

During the year 1835-36, under Dr. Lee's adminis-
tration, the first piano and the first billiard table were
purchased; the general library was started with 120
volumes; religious services were introduced; the "Bel-
knap Sewing Society" for women patients was organized,
and the carpenter shop for the use of the men patients
was opened. One evening in each week those patients
who were well enough were invited for dancing and con-
versation to the oval room at the administration house.
The men patients worked on the farm and the women in
the laundry and kitchen. Dr. Lee says in his report that
"useful labor is the best employment," but his successor
was obliged to abandon many of these industries, as the
class of patients later received at McLean was not accus-
tomed to such manual labor and refused to do it. Six
acres of land were purchased for $6,000; the "strong
rooms" before mentioned were removed, the "cottage"
was built, and the "Belknap House" for 50 women
begun.

The next superintendent of the asylum was Dr. Luther
V. Bell, one of the foremost psychiatrists of his day.
During the 19 years of Dr. Bell's service the asylum grew

119

Massachusetts General Hospital

in all directions. The Belknap House was finished in
1837, 12 new rooms were finished in the North Building
in 1838, and billiard rooms and attendants' rooms were
converted into quarters for patients, making accommo-
dations for 61 men patients in all; new rooms were
built into the fourth story of the Belknap House in 1839,
increasing the capacity of the whole asylum to 145
patients.

By 1840, owing to the opening of the various State
hospitals in New England, the social status of the
patients in McLean Hospital had changed, making it neces-
sary to provide more commodious and luxurious quar-
ters for them in order that they might not miss their
home surroundings. Therefore carpets, wall paper, mir-
rors, mantels and better furniture were introduced, and
in order that still further luxuries might be available, in
1850 William Appleton, president of the corporation,
donated $20,000. To this gift was added the bequest
of $20,000 received in 1839 from Joseph Lee, of which a
separate investment had been made and which in 1851
exceeded $45,000. With these two gifts two houses for
men and women, accommodating eight persons each and
providing a suite of sitting room, bedroom and bath for
each patient, were begun in 1850 and finished in 1853.
By the desire of the Lee family Mr. Appleton's name was
given to these houses, and at their suggestion the North
Building, for which the name of Lee had been proposed,
was officially changed to Dix Ward, in honor of Miss
Dorothea Dix.

The ventilating and heating plants were completely
made over in 1848, hot-water heating being introduced.
According to Dr. Bell, McLean Asylum was the first
institution for the insane in the country to try this
method. Cochituate water from Boston was brought into
the asylum under the railroad tracks in block tin pipes
in 1851 and gas was introduced in 1854. New bowling
alleys and billiard rooms for men and women were pro-
vided in 1855; also in the same year, six rooms and a
corridor below the dome in the North Building were
removed and made into one large dormitory for 10 or
12 patients.

120

PH
CO
O

Historical

As may be gathered from the record of these alterations
and additions, McLean Asylum had begun to outgrow
its quarters. In 1844, for the first time in its history,
patients were refused admission for want of room,
and in 1852 more were turned away than were admitted.
As early as 1839 Dr. Bell had foreseen this situation and
had then proposed several schemes by which the number
of patients could be limited. The one which was adopted
was an increase in the rate of board.

The rates at first charged in the asylum ranged from
$2.50 to $5 per week. These rates gradually increased.
In 1827 the Visiting Committee reported that the rates
should never be less than $3 nor more than $12, but
later they were made sometimes as low as $2 and as high
as $20 a week; at that tune the expenses of the asylum
were about $18,000 a year. In 1839, in the effort to
relieve the overcrowded condition and limit the number
of applications, a rate was made of not less than $4.50
for persons outside the State and $3 for those from
Massachusetts. It was then estimated that one-third
of the patients admitted to McLean came from other
States.

In 1832 the opening of the State Asylum at Worcester,
and in 1839 of the Boston Lunatic Asylum, freed McLean
from a large number of her lower-rate patients, but the
new asylums founded during this period in the other
New England States drew away many of those who had
paid higher rates. To meet expenses and not turn away
desirable patients who could not afford to pay even the
$3 rate, William Appleton gave $10,000 in 1843 and
Samuel Appleton added another $10,000 to this fund
in 1854. In 1844 there were reported 30 patients
who paid only $1.50 a week; in 1846, $500 from the
Belknap fund was placed at Dr. Bell's disposal for poor
patients.

From its earliest days McLean Hospital has done
much for charity. There has usually been a larger num-
ber of patients hi the Hospital who pay less than the
actual cost than of those who pay more, and it has been,
and is, the policy of the Trustees to apply the excess
of income from the latter to meet the expenses of the

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Massachusetts General Hospital

former. Should a surplus occur at the end of the year it
is devoted to the other department of the corporation
(the Massachusetts General Hospital) to help meet the
expenses of its non-paying patients.

Of the 170 patients in the asylum at the end of the
year 1847, 153 paid $5 a week or less; the expenses for
that year are reported as being $32,500. In 1864 the
cost per patient is computed at $9.77 and the rates were
again raised. In 1875 the average cost was $21.07, with
the expenses increased to $165,000. In 1912 the average
cost per patient was reckoned as $25 and the expenses
for the year amounted to $359,038.15.

The different railroads now merged into the Boston
& Maine system began to encroach upon the asylum
grounds in 1837. Various lawsuits resulted, and from
1837 until the removal of the Hospital in 1895 to Waver-
ley, when the entire property was sold to the Boston &
Lowell Railroad, there were frequent struggles with the
railroads. In 1871 the Boston & Lowell took a strip of
land through the front of the asylum grounds across the
main avenue. The final result was that the asylum was
virtually situated in the midst of a large freight yard,
being entirely surrounded by tracks. Moreover, the
neighborhood grew further undesirable because of ad-
jacent factories, pork-packing establishments and cheap
tenements.

After his first visit to Europe in 1840 Dr. Bell was more
than ever interested in the new science of psychiatry.
In 1843 he wrote an analytical summary of his experience
during the preceding eight years from a medical point
of view, in which his discussion of the causation, classi-
fication and treatment of insanity was well abreast of
his time.

His ideas on restraint and non-restraint are set forth
in this report and also in the earlier one of 1840 and the
later one of 1855. Although not a believer in absolute
non-restraint, he says in 1840 that very little restraint
is used at McLean and that "for some years the average
number of patients under the restraint of leather mittens
has not exceeded one per cent, and often week after week
elapses without a single instance."

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Historical

In those early days the superintendents and assist-
ant physicians devoted themselves to a greater extent to
the entertainment of their patients than they do at pres-
ent. They ate with them, drove with them, worked and
played with them; they rarely absented themselves
from the asylum. No vacations were given till 1873,
when it was voted that each member of the staff should
be allowed two weeks during the year. Previous to this,
upon very rare occasions, leave of absence for a week or
two was asked and granted. The Visiting Committee of
the Trustees also took a serious view of their duties and
made it a point to see personally each patient in the
asylum once a week, checking his name off a prepared
list.

The nurses of that time were for the greater part
school-teachers. In 1843, with 150 patients, 25 nurses
were considered "a very liberal number of attendants."

In his report for 1848, Dr. Bell mentions the fact, not
generally recognized at that time but since become of
national importance, that other countries were sending
over their vagrants, paupers and insane, and casting
them upon our shores to rid themselves of their care.

By 1847 the asylum was full, with 173 patients, and
only two-thirds of all who applied could be admitted.
In his report for 1848 Dr. Bell states that there are 184
patients in the asylum and that "the architecture is
hopelessly inadequate" to accommodate that number.
Accordingly in 1852 he began to advocate building
another asylum and using one for men and the other for
women. Meantime the number of patients increased,
and in 1852, with comfortable accommodations for 160
patients, there were at times 210 crowded into attics,
dormitories and the fifth stories. The external dimen-
sions, with the exception of the two Appleton houses,
just finished, were the same as in 1837, when there were
one-half as many patients.

In his second year of office Dr. Tyler asked for and
received a regular appropriation of $300 for the general
library, which appropriation continues to the present
day. He devoted a great deal of attention to the amuse-
ment and diversion of patients in the way of weekly

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Massachusetts General Hospital

ntertainments, sleigh rides, singing classes, and orches-
tra composed of men patients, drawing and French
classes for the women, and the like. Believing thoroughly
in the idea that bodily infirmities influence the mind for
ill, he engaged Dr. Dio Lewis as gymnastic teacher in
1860. Of an extremely religious temperament himself,
he encouraged the wave of religious revival which swept
over the institution in 1858, and in 1867 succeeded in
getting a chaplain appointed - - the Rev. David G.
Haskins.

In 1866 a large sum of money was expended for repairs
and improvements; the grounds were graded and im-
proved and the farm buildings removed from their
former close proximity to the front entrance and repaired.

The Trustees decided in 1871 that, owing to the con-
tinued encroachments of the railroads and the other
objectionable features of its location, the asylum must
be removed, and, therefore, for the next few years prac-
tically no repairs, alterations or improvements were
made. In 1875, 107 acres of land on Wellington Hill,
Belmont (Waverley), were purchased for $75,000. In
1878 the Trustees entered upon negotiations to sell the
Somerville property, and in 1880 the Fitchburg Railroad
bought 23 acres of their land for $70,000, which, with
damages awarded from various lawsuits, created a fund
of $122,076.30 for the new hospital buildings at Waverley.

Dr. Cowles came to McLean with the experience of
16 years in the Army and as superintendent of a large
city hospital behind him. He at once proceeded to make
of the asylum a distinctly modern hospital. In 1880,
his first year, the bars were taken off some of the
windows and unobtrusive screens were put in. The
following year he tried the experiment of unlocked doors
between the wards of some of the buildings for conva-
lescent patients; the women nurses on the men's side
introduced by Dr. Jelly were increased to four; ward
maids were employed, and visitors were admitted freely
to the patients.

The same year (1881) was the first in which patients
were admitted voluntarily to the hospitals, and McLean
had one such. In 1882 there were 11 voluntary admis-

124

Historical

sions and in 1883, 33. Since January 1, 1883, when tl
admission of patients on the voluntary basis had become
an established custom, 43.5 per cent of all admissions
have been voluntary.

In 1882 the McLean Hospital Training School for
Nurses was established, the first formally organized
training school in a hospital for the insane in the world.
The "attendants" were called " nurses" and put in uni-
form; a superintendent of nurses, Miss Mary F. Palmer,
was appointed; a two years' course of lectures and clini-
cal work was laid out. The first class to graduate was
that of 1886, when 15 women received their diplomas;
the same year saw the formation of a class of men, and in
1888, 20 women and four men were graduated.

In 1884 Miss Palmer resigned as superintendent of
nurses and Miss Lucia E. Woodward was appointed in
her place, and held that position until her resignation in
the fall of 1912. Miss Woodward came to the asylum as
an attendant in 1864; was made supervisor in 1870, and
superintendent of nurses in 1884, having previously
spent some months in the training school for nurses at
the Boston City Hospital. For 48 years Miss Woodward
was identified with McLean Hospital, and the success
of the Training School owes much to her personality.

As the removal of the Hospital from Somerville to
Waverley was delayed from year to year, it became
absolutely necessary to make alterations and repairs.
In 1886 accommodations were made for 14 women nurses
in a large dormitory under the dome of the Belknap
House, and in 1888 changes were made in the cottage;
there were minor repairs till 1892, when the buildings at
Waverley were at last begun. In that year the Trustees
bought a house and barn at Waverley for $8,000, and
voted to erect on the land previously acquired there two
buildings for patients - - the Belknap and Appleton
houses for women, and the stable, appropriating for these
buildings $288,622. In 1893 the Upham Memorial
Building, gift of George P. Upham, was begun.

On May 14, 1894, the Upham Memorial House was
formally presented by its donor to the Trustees, and on
October 1, 1895, the new McLean Hospital, offering

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Massachusetts General Hospital

accommodations for 180 patients, was open for inspec-
tion. The plant cost $1,395,404.29 and included the
Pierce Building (administration house), the Upham
Memorial, the Belknap, Proctor and Bowditch houses
for men; the Belknap, East, Appleton and Wyman
houses for women; the stable, laboratories and various
service buildings. In the following year the two gym-
nasiums were finished, and the Hope Cottage, built by
Mrs. Sarah S. Matchett.

The new Hospital is built on the cottage plan, with
houses quite widely separated, but with corridor connec-
tion, and located as far as possible with reference to view
and sunlight in the patients' rooms.

The first patients were transferred from Somerville
to Waverley in April, 1895. Gradually others were
brought over, a few at a tune, until the final transfer
November 15, 1895. On November 16, the grounds
where the asylum had been started 77 years before were
delivered to the Boston & Lowell Railroad.

Dr. William Noyes was appointed pathologist in 1888,
and in 1889 the Trustees appropriated $600 for the de-
velopment of the pathological department. Dr. William
W. Gannett, of Boston, had served as pathologist for
several years, and aside from his other duties had given
instruction to the medical staff. Dr. Noyes, besides act-
ing as pathologist, began research work in connection
with the patients and was the pioneer in the establish-
ment of a clinical laboratory. He resigned in 1893 and
Dr. August Hoch was appointed in his place. Under the
latter's leadership Kraepelin's classification of mental
diseases was adopted, case-records were kept in a much
more scientific manner, and cases were studied and com-
pared and research work was carried on. Dr. Hoch
resigned in 1905, when he was appointed assistant phy-
sician at Bloomingdale Hospital, White Plains, N. Y.,
and Dr. Frederic H. Packard, junior assistant physician,
who had studied with Dr. Hoch, took his place. In
December, 1909, he exchanged positions with Dr. E.
Stanley Abbot, then first assistant physician.

The chemical laboratory was established in 1900, and
Dr. Otto Folin was appointed chemist, in which capacity

126

Historical

he served until 1908, when he was elected professor of
biological chemistry in the Harvard Medical School.
During this time extensive researches in physiological
chemistry were carried on, new methods of analysis were
devised, and many important investigations and valuable
contributions to science were made by Dr. Folin, which
gave him an international reputation. He was succeeded
by Mr. Charles C. Erdman.

The psychological laboratory was opened in 1904, with
Dr. Shepherd Ivory Franz at its head. Dr. Franz did
much valuable work in physiological psychology during
the two years he remained at McLean. Upon his resig-
nation in 1906 Dr. F. Lyman Wells succeeded him.
Dr. Wells has devoted his attention to experimental and
abnormal psychology.

In 1899 hydrotherapeutic apparatus was installed at
a cost of $10,000.

One of the pleasantest features of the institution is the
collection of paintings in the art room, which was started
in 1898 upon the suggestion of a former patient. While
it began as a loan exhibition, many pictures have since
been given to the Hospital.

In 1903 the Trustees of the Hospital voted that the
medical superintendent and the first and second assist-
ant physicians "shall be retired upon reaching the age
of 64 years, and if so retired after a service in the Hospi-
tal of not less than 14 years they shall receive thereafter
a retired salary equal to 60 per cent of the salary they
received at the time of their retirement."

Accordingly, Dr. Cowles, having reached this age
limit, was retired in December, 1903, carrying with him
the loyal affection of all who had been associated with
him in his work.

Upon Dr. Cowles' retirement Dr. George T. Tuttle,
who had been associated with Dr. Cowles as second and
then first assistant physician for 25 years, was appointed
medical superintendent, taking office January 1, 1904.

The Samuel Eliot Memorial Chapel was dedicated
May 31, 1906.

Much attention has always been paid in this Hospital
to physical exercise in the treatment of patients. To

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Massachusetts General Hospital

promote this, a static machine, a mechanical vibrator,
and a set of Zander apparatus were installed in connec-
tion with the baths in the gymnasium building for women
in 1904; a golf course of nine holes was laid out and is
kept in good condition; three tennis courts have been
built, and all forms of outdoor exercise encouraged.

The importance of various forms of diversion, and
especially of manual occupation, has been recognized in
this Hospital from its very beginning. As early as 1822,
Dr. Wyman writes of their value, and Dr. Bell, in 1839,
says that "the experiment of mechanical labor was here
first introduced, and the safety, expediency and immense
utility of putting tools into the hands of the patients
entirely and satisfactorily decided." Although later,
owing to the class of patients received at McLean, me-
chanical and agricultural labor was abandoned for
"some form of busy idleness," yet each superintendent
has done his share in developing this method of treat-
ment. For the men, as long ago as 1836 the carpenter's
shop was opened for their use, and of late years wood-
carving and cabinet making have been taught; while
the women have had lessons in drawing and painting, and
have done various forms of fancywork. In 1910 two
rooms in the women's gymnasium were prepared for
industrial occupations of a somewhat different type; a
teacher of handicrafts was engaged, and instruction is
now given daily in basketry, leather work, lace making,
weaving, and other forms of industry.

In 1907 one acre of land with house and barn was
bought; in 1908, 71,800 square feet of land on Mill Street
was purchased, also the "Brown Farm" of a little more
than 56 acres, containing a spring which supplies all the
water for the Hospital. In 1909 a lot of land containing
seven and one-half acres and a house on Mill Street was
bought to provide a third residence for married physicians.

McLean Hospital occupies an estate of 317 acres on
the southwestern extremity of the Arlington Heights
range of hills overlooking the Charles River Valley. It
accommodates 220 patients in eleven houses.

Patients are received according to the laws of Massa-
chusetts, voluntarily or by commitment. The Hospital

128

Historical

is not large enough for reception wards, nor are they
needed, for no one is admitted except by previous ar-
rangement and after sufficient information has been
obtained to make it reasonably certain that there is
room in the house where the patient would properly
belong. With opportunity for making many classes of
men and women in houses quite widely separated, there is
little difficulty in making a proper assignment of rooms
at the time of admission. Each patient is given special
nursing care during the first few hours, to lessen the
shock of admission to a hospital for mental diseases and
to obtain further information for the attending physician.

With the opening of the Codman House in 1907, the
capacity of the Hospital was enlarged so that it could
accommodate /^ patients. Although afterward in
every year large numbers of patients were refused
admission on account of lack of accommodations, no
further enlargement of the plant was considered, for the
reason that it was thought that with a larger number
of patients, the same individual care and attention
could not be given.

Nevertheless, Hope Cottage, built in 1896, and the
South Cottage, built in 1912, each for a single patient,
providing at the same time the atmosphere and sur-
roundings of a private home and proper hospital care
and supervision, filled such a need that in 1916 the
Arlington House (a gift of Mr. Frank E. Peabody) was
built, and in 1919 the West Cottage, making a total of
four cottages for single patients. They were a distinct
addition to the Hospital in that they extended its field
of service to people of wealth, and at the same time
added to the revenue which could be devoted to the care
of those in moderate circumstances.

The continued success of occupational therapy in the
treatment of patients warranted an enlargement of the
facilities, and in 1913 a considerable addition was made
to the Women's Gymnasium, providing greatly enlarged
space for weaving, and a large room for pottery work.
In 1914 an addition was made to the Men's Gymnasium
which gave much needed room for the expansion of the
activities carried on there. Weaving, rug making and

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Massachusetts General Hospital

pottery work were immediately begun, and in 1920 book
binding and printing were added. With the enlarge-
ment of the men's department in 1914, two regular
occupational instructors were employed for men patients.
In the same year, because the number of pieces made in
the pottery rooms was so large, a glazing apparatus and
a kiln were installed.

The remodeling and refurnishing of the main kitchen
in 1921 did much to facilitate the preparation and serv-
ing of food.

In 1915 the Hospital began to feel the effects of the
World War. Some of the nurses left to join the Harvard
Unit, and in 1917 half the staff of physicians enlisted in
the United States Army Medical Corps. The Superin-
tendent of the Hospital was chairman of one of the
auxiliary committees of National Defence, and two others
of the remaining physicians served on medical advisory
boards.

In the following year thirty-five men nurses entered
the service directly from the Hospital and forty-four
other men graduate nurses enlisted, mostly in the Medical
Corps. Forty-nine women nurses, graduates of the
Training School, enlisted in the service.

The Hospital also gave a three months' course in
psychiatric nursing to seven groups of students from the
Army Nursing School of the Medical Department of the
United States Army - - one hundred and six women in
all.

During the period of the war the patients in the occu-
pational departments made 1,176 knitted articles for the
soldiers.

The war, of necessity, interrupted all but necessary
work in caring for patients. The chemical and psycho-
logical laboratories were closed and only routine work
was done in the pathological laboratory. In 1920, how-
ever, a pathologist was again appointed, and in the same
year Dr. Otto Folin, Professor of Chemistry at the
Harvard Medical School, was appointed Chemist to the
Hospital in an advisory capacity and in the following
year a resident chemist was again procured. In 1921 the
position of assistant in pathological psychology was

130

Historical

filled again, and during the year the psychological labora-
tory was enlarged and additional equipment added,
making it probably the best equipped hospital laboratory
of its kind in the country. The appointment of Dr.
Walter B. Cannon, Professor of Physiology in the Har-
vard Medical School, as Physiologist in an advisory
capacity, and at the same time the appointment of a
resident physiologist, gave the Hospital the distinction of
being the first hospital for mental diseases in the country
to have a physiologist on its staff, as it was also the first
to have a resident psychologist and chemist. With the
appointment of a physiologist, a physiological laboratory
was established and fitted up with apparatus for physio-
logical research.

As has been noted previously, by the outbreak of the
war the nursing service became much depleted and few
new pupils entered the Training School, owing to the
fact that war conditions opened to all young men and
women many remunerative occupations. The Hospital
was therefore obliged to resort to the use of many attend-
ants. This undesirable situation prevailed to a greater
or less extent till 1922, when reorganization of the Train-
ing School was undertaken. A three years' course in
nursing is now given to the women, the intermediate
year of which is spent in a general hospital where addi-
tional practical experience in medical and surgical nursing
is obtained. In December, 1923, the course for men nurses
was increased from two to three years and made similar
to that for women.

In March, 1923, work was begun on the much needed
home for women nurses, providing accommodations for
about one hundred.

On April 15, 1919, Dr. George T. Tuttle resigned
after a loyal and devoted service of forty years to the
Hospital, the last fifteen as Superintendent. He was
succeeded by Dr. Frederic H. Packard, who had been in
the service of the Hospital seventeen years, the last ten
as First Assistant Physician.

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Massachusetts General Hospital

The Discovery of Ether

A CONSIDERATION OF THE INTRODUCTION
OF SURGICAL ANESTHESIA*

BY WILLIAM H. WELCH, M.D., LL.D.

Professor of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Md.

IT is a happy conception of the Trustees and Staff of
the Massachusetts General Hospital to set apart the
sixteenth of October as "Ether Day," and to provide for
the annual public celebration, in this historic place, of
the anniversary of that most beneficent gift of medicine
to mankind - - the introduction of surgical anaesthesia.
I esteem it a high honor to be invited to deliver the
annual address in commemoration of the great event
which took place within these walls sixty-two years ago
today. Of the significance of this event there can be no
question, whatever controversy there may be concerning
the exact share of all who participated in the discovery
of surgical anaesthesia.

The attendant circumstances were such as to make the
operation performed on October 16, 1846, in the surgical
amphitheater of this Hospital, by John Collins Warren,
upon the patient, Gilbert Abbott, placed in the sleep of
ether anaesthesia by William Morton, the decisive event
from which date the first convincing, public demonstra-
tion of surgical anaesthesia, the continuous, orderly, his-
torical development of the subject, and the promulga-
tion to the world of the glad tidings of this conquest
of pain.

Had this demonstration or any subsequent one of
like nature failed of success, it is improbable that we
should have heard much of claims to the prior discovery
of surgical anaesthesia. Often as the story has been told,

*Address delivered at the Massachusetts General Hospital on the sixty-second anniver-
sary of Ether Day.

132

Historical

and full as it is of bitter controversy, I may be permitted
to recall to your minds enough of the preceding discov-
eries and efforts to indicate the proper historical setting
of the event which we celebrate.

When and by whom artificial anaesthesia was discovered
is unknown. It is certain that the old Greek and Roman
physicians were acquainted with the power of various
narcotic drugs to produce insensibility to pain and that
narcotic potions and even their fumes were frequently
administered from ancient times onward before a sur-
gical operation in order to lessen the sufferings of the
patient. At a later period more limited use was some-
times made of certain devices for the same purpose, such
as compression of the carotids, the tightening of a tour-
niquet and pressure upon nerve trunks. The Elizabethan
dramatist, Middleton, even portrayed an age of surgical
anaesthesia when he wrote in one of his plays :

"I'll imitate the pities of old surgeons
To this lost limb, who, ere they show their art,
Cast one asleep; then cut the diseased part."

But we know that none of these procedures, and
"not poppy, nor mandragora, nor all the drowsy syrups
of the world" were safe, effective and available agents
to benumb the senses during a surgical operation.

The history of the events connected with modern
surgical anaesthesia begins with the remarkable devel-
opment of chemistry in the latter part of the eighteenth
century, due in large measure to the discovery and study
of gases, and especially with the discovery of nitrous
oxide by Priestley in 1776 and the investigation of its prop-
erties by Humphrey Davy at the end of the century in Dr.
Beddoes' "Pneumatic Institute" near Bristol, England.
At this period there was widespread interest in England
in the study of the effects of inhalation of gases of differ-
ent sorts, particularly of the newly discovered "vital
air," or oxygen and nitrous oxide, and exaggerated ideas
were entertained of their medicinal virtues, so that there
arose a school of pneumatic medical practitioners. The
institute of the leader of this school, Dr. Beddoes, is now

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Massachusetts General Hospital

chiefly remembered as the place which afforded to
Humphrey Davy, then a young man who had com-
menced the study of medicine, the opportunity for the
first manifestations of his remarkable genius for dis-
covery in the physical sciences.

The particular discovery which here concerns us is
that of the intoxicating, and especially the anaesthetic
properties of nitrous oxide gas, made in Dr. Beddoes'
institute and vividly portrayed by Davy in his "Re-
searches, chemical and physical, chiefly concerning
nitrous oxide and its respiration," published in 1799.
Here is found the memorable and often quoted sentence:
"As nitrous oxide in its extensive operation seems capa-
ble of destroying physical pain, it may probably be used
with advantage during surgical operations in which no
great effusion of blood takes place." It seems to us
today amazing that this pregnant suggestion from such
a source should have passed unheeded and that the
application of Davy's discovery should have been de-
layed for over forty years. Davy's interests and activi-
ties were soon transferred at the Royal Institution to
fields remote from practical medicine, and it does not
appear that he made any further effort to bring the sug-
gestion to the attention of surgeons.

Observations and tests of the intoxicating effects of
the inhalation of nitrous oxide were from this time on
frequently made, and there is repeated mention of its
capacity to produce insensibility to pain. One of the
most dramatic situations, unnoticed hitherto in the volu-
minous literature on the history of anaesthesia, is the
occasion when, in March, 1800, William Allen, the ac-
complished lecturer on chemistry at Guy's Hospital,
demonstrated, in the presence of Astley Cooper and
others, the phenomena of inhalation of nitrous oxide,
noting especially the loss of sensation to pain. The
description was recorded by Allen in his diary and is
quoted by Wilks and Bettany in their "Biographical
History of Guy's Hospital." The great surgeon had eyes,
but he saw not the revelation which a similar observa-
tion brought forty-four years later to the poor and un-
known dentist, Horace Wells, in Hartford, Conn.

134

Historical

The narcotic properties of ether - - a body known since
its production in the sixteenth century by the German
physician, Valerius Cerdus - - had been noted before
those of nitrous oxide. In 1795, Dr. Richard Pearson
recommended and employed the inhalation of ether in
pulmonary consumption, and after him Thornton, John
Collins Warren, Nysten, and others used etherial inhala-
tion for the relief of painful affections, especially of the
respiratory tract, including that caused by the accidental
inhalation of chlorine gas. In 1818, Faraday pointed
out that the inhalation of the vapor of sulphuric ether
produces intoxicating and stupefying effects similar to
those of nitrous oxide, and in Pereira's "Materia Medica,"
a widely read and authoritative text-book in its day,
first published in 1839-40, it is stated that "if the air
be too strongly impregnated with the ether, stupefac-
tion ensues."

The inebriating properties of both nitrous oxide and
ether became widely known, not only to the medical
profession, but also to the general public, by their fre-
quent exhibition, for amusement oftener than for in-
struction, in chemical, medical and popular lectures.
The thirties and forties of the last century were the
palmy days of the itinerant lyceum lecturer. In the
laughing gas and ether frolics, associated sometimes with
these lectures, and occurring also for private entertain-
ment, an acute observer might note that intoxicated
subjects in their antics often barked their shins or were
otherwise injured without manifestations of pain. The
first trials of anaesthetic inhalation to annul the pain of
a surgical operation came from the incidental observa-
tion under such circumstances of the benumbing effects
of ether and of nitrous oxide gas.

The great French surgeon, Velpeau, doubtless ex-
pressed the accepted opinion of surgeons before the dis-
covery of surgical anaesthesia when, in 1839, he wrote:
"To escape pain in surgical operations is a chimera which
we are not permitted to look for in our day. Knife and
pain, in surgery, are two words which never present
themselves the one without the other in the minds of
patients, and it is necessary for us surgeons to admit

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Massachusetts General Hospital

their association." In less than a decade this erring
prophet hailed before the Academy of Medicine in Paris
the discovery of what he had called a chimera as "a
glorious triumph for humanity."

For several years before the invention of anaesthetic
inhalation for surgical purposes, considerable popular and
some medical interest in the possibility of securing un-
consciousness of pain during a surgical operation had
been aroused by the claims of the mesmerists, and there
seems to be no doubt that Esdaile, in East India, and
others, had, in certain cases, succeeded in performing
painless operations in hypnotic sleep. The method, how-
ever, was not widely applicable or successful, and the
general attitude of the profession toward its employment
is sufficiently shown by the joy of the eminent surgeon,
Liston, the first after the dentist, Robinson, to verify in
Great Britain the discovery of surgical anaesthesia, when
he shouted, "Hurrah! Rejoice! Mesmerism and its pro-
fessors have met with a heavy blow and great discour-
agement. An American dentist has used the inhalation
of ether to destroy sensation in his operations and the
plan has succeeded in the hands of Warren, Hayward and
others, in Boston. In six months no operation will be
performed without this previous preparation. Rejoice!"

It has been sometimes represented that the invention
of anaesthetic inhalation for surgical purposes consisted
in nothing more than the application to this particular
use of knowledge which already existed. This view falls
far short of the truth. What was known of the anaesthe-
tizing properties of the two agents which here come under
consideration - - the vapor of ethyl ether, commonly,
although incorrectly, called sulphuric ether, and nitrous
oxide gas - - was enough to suggest the possibility of
their use in surgical operations, and, as I have stated,
Sir Humphrey Davy published this definite suggestion
as early as 1799. Much more knowledge, however, was
needed of the physiological effects of these agents in order
to demonstrate their applicability as safe, efficacious and
generally available surgical anaesthetics. The only pos-
sible sources for obtaining this additional knowledge, as
well as that which had already been acquired, were

136

Historical

experiments upon either animals or man. From both of
these sources the desired knowledge was obtained, but
with a larger use of experimentation upon man than we
should today consider justifiable.

The honor of making the first trial of anaesthetic in-
halation in surgical operations belongs to Dr. Crawford
W. Long, a respected and honorable country doctor,
then living in Jefferson, Jackson County, Ga., who, in
March, 1842, removed painlessly a small tumor from the
neck of James M. Venable, anaesthetized by ether. He
seems to have performed at least eight minor surgical
operations during the next four years upon patients
under the influence of ether. Dr. Long is necessarily
deprived of the larger honor which would have been his
due had he not delayed publication of his experiments
with ether until several years after the universal accept-
ance of surgical anaesthesia. It is also to be regretted
that his published details of the mode of administering
the ether and the depth of the anaesthesia are so meager
and unsatisfactory. While the accepted rule that scien-
tific discovery dates from publication is a wise one, we
need not in this instance withhold from Dr. Long the
credit of independent and prior experiment and discovery,
but we cannot assign to him any influence upon the his-
torical development of our knowledge of surgical anaes-
thesia or any share in the introduction to the world at
large of the blessings of this matchless discovery.

Until the prior work of Dr. Long became generally
known, largely through the publication of an article by
Marion Suns in 1877, although the announcement had
been made by Long in 1849, and more fully in 1852, the
credit of first using inhalation of an effective anaesthetic
for surgical purposes was generally assigned to Horace
Wells, a dentist of Hartford, Conn. Impelled by the
observation of apparent loss of sensation to pain in a
person intoxicated with nitrous oxide gas, and exhibited
at a lecture by Dr. Gardiner Q. Colton in December,
1844, Wells, the following day, at his own request, sub-
mitted to the extraction of a tooth while under the
influence of the gas and experienced no pain. He at once
began the use of nitrous oxide in extracting teeth, and

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Massachusetts General Hospital

other dentists in Hartford used it. Desiring to secure
larger publicity for his discovery, Dr. Wells went to
Boston in January, 1845, and was given the opportunity
by Dr. Warren to demonstrate the value of his claims
before him and the students, Dr. Morton, his former
partner, being also present. Either from the too early
withdrawal or the inferior quality of the gas this test was
a tragic failure, which exerted such a depressing influence
upon Wells that he soon withdrew from his profession,
abandoned his experiments, and four years later ended
his own life under most distressing circumstances. From
what we now know of the valuable anaesthetic properties
of nitrous oxide, and from contemporary evidence, there
is no reason to doubt that Horace Wells painlessly ex-
tracted teeth by its use, and that if he had persevered in
his efforts he would have been able to perfect the method
of producing anaesthesia by this gas and to demonstrate
to the world the art of surgical anaesthesia. While he
did not achieve this complete success, the credit which
belongs to him is large and the name of Horace Wells
should always be held in honored remembrance.

Unlike the pioneer work of Long, that of Wells forms
a direct and important link in the chain of discovery
which led through the event celebrated here today to
the universal adoption of surgical anaesthesia. So far as
was known then, and for years afterwards to those con-
cerned in the further development of the subject, Wells
was the first to take the step to which the finger of Hum-
phrey Davy had pointed forty-five years before, and the
results and claims of Wells were familiar to his friend
and former partner, Morton, and must have stimulated
the interest of the latter in the possibilities of surgical
anaesthesia, although Morton believed that the particu-
lar agent used by Wells was not adapted to secure this
end.

The significance of the public demonstration of sur-
gical anaesthesia in this Hospital sixty-two years ago
today does not depend upon the settlement of the bitter
controversy between Charles T. Jackson and William
Morton concerning their respective shares in this event.
I deem it, however, fitting and only historical justice to

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say that in my judgment, after careful study of the evi-
dence, the greater share of the honor belongs to Morton.
This was the prevailing opinion of those most competent
to judge and best acquainted with the facts at the time,
the Trustees and staff of the Massachusetts General
Hospital and the leaders of the profession in this city, of
such men as John Collins Warren, Jacob Bigelow, James
Jackson, Henry J. Bigelow, Oliver Wendell Holmes,
George Hayward, Henry I. Bowditch, George Shattuck,
Walter Channing, John Ware and many others, although
it is only fair to state that the petition in favor of Jack-
son's claim was headed by the honored name of Morrill
Wyman and contained the names of many respected
physicians. This opinion has remained, I believe, the
prevailing one, not only in this city, but throughout
this country. The judgment of the Paris Academy of
Sciences in awarding equal honors to Jackson and to
Morton established European opinion to a large extent
up to the present time.

Morton undoubtedly received helpful suggestions from
Jackson, who was a highly trained and eminent chemist
and geologist. It is not wholly clear to what extent
these contained information not accessible elsewhere, but
the evidence seems conclusive that Morton was indebted
to Jackson for valuable information which the latter had
acquired by personal experience four years earlier con-
cerning properties of ether, strongly suggesting its avail-
ability for surgical anesthesia; also for suggesting the
use of chemically pure rather than commercial ether,
and for apparatus for administering the ether. There
is, however, good evidence that Morton, while reaching
out for all the information and assistance which he could
obtain from different sources, acted independently, and
conducted experiments and tests with ether upon his
own initiative and in accordance with his own ideas.
The supposition appears to me irreconcilable with the
facts that he was merely a hand to execute the thoughts
of Jackson.

In the conflict of testimony, there is not likely ever to
be entire agreement of opinion concerning the exact
measure of Morton's indebtedness to Jackson, but assign-

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ing to it all possible weight, and remembering Humphrey
Davy had suggested the use of nitrous oxide for surgical
anaesthesia in 1799, and that enough was already known
of the anesthetic properties of both ether and nitrous
oxide to have led Long, in 1842, to apply the former,
and Wells, in 1844, the latter to painless surgery with a
considerable measure of success, it seems to me clear
that the chief glory belongs not to Jackson's experiences
of 1§42, or his thought of suggestion, whatever these may
have been, but to Morton's deed in demonstrating pub-
licly and convincingly the applicability of anaesthetic
inhalation to surgical purposes and under such fortunate
circumstances that the knowledge became, as quickly
as it could be carried, the blessed possession of the whole
world.

There are circumstances in the conduct of Morton as
well as of Jackson much to be regretted in connection
with this great discovery, and especially is it to be de-
plored that Morton, the least heroic of great discoverers,
should, if only for a short time, have kept secret the
nature of his "letheon," and that he and Jackson should
have patented it.

Participation in the gift of surgical anaesthesia to the
world brought to none of the claimants to this honor any
adequate material rewards or fame during their lives,
but rather the stings of embittered controversy, result-
ing in mental derangement in the case of two of the
participants. The boon of painless surgery is the greatest
gift of American medicine to mankind and one of the
most beneficent ever conferred. There is a growing
tendency to celebrate the gift with too little thought of
the giver. This easy procedure is doubtless due to the
difficulty of meting out equal and exact justice to all
concerned and to disinclination to stir the ashes of old
controversies. This disposition of the matter, however,
is unjust, and it seems to me that every effort should be
made to determine the share and the credit belonging to
each contributor to the discovery and the introduction
of surgical anaesthesia, and to secure, so far as possible,
an agreement of opinion in this important matter. We
are not likely to come into possession of important new

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Historical

facts, but their unbiased presentation in historical order,
and the consideration of their relative values and signifi-
cance, should clarify professional and public opinion
and enable us to give honor where honor is due. One of
the most attractive and instructive accounts of the ether
controversy is the chapter on this subject in Dr. Mum-
ford's charming "Narrative of Medicine in America,"
where references will be found to more detailed state-
ments and the historical documents. I have endeavored
in this brief and imperfect historical survey incidentally
to express in some measure my personal judgment of the
relative importance of the leading contributions, and my
conclusions are in essential agreements with those of
Dr. Mumford when he says that "time and history are
at last placing the honor where it belongs -- with Morton,
who for his errors most certainly was punished beyond
his deserts." But whatever may be the differences of
opinion, one fact of the first historical importance stands
and will continue to stand unshaken : the world received the
gift of surgical anaesthesia as the immediate and direct
result of the convincing, public demonstration of its
efficacy in this Hospital on the sixteenth of October, 1846.

In the bestowal of honors the name of the eminent
surgeon, John Collins Warren, should not be forgotten,
who had the courage to subject his patient to unknown
risks in the hope, which was far removed from any
assurance, that a great blessing was about to be conferred
upon suffering humanity. Great indeed was his joy in
the fulfilment of this hope.

Turning now from these historical considerations,
permit me to direct your attention to certain attributes
of the discovery of surgical anesthesia, and certain
lessons to be drawn from it.

It is to be emphasized that this discovery was a tri-
umph of the experimental method, albeit man was made
the principal subject of experiment. Animal experi-
mentation played a part, for I see no reason to question,
although this has been done, Morton's statements that
during the summer of 1846 he successfully anaesthetized
dogs and other animals with ether, and that the results
of these experiments influenced his trial of the anaesthetic

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upon human beings. It must, however, be admitted
that the production of unconsciousness in man by ether
had not been preceded by such numerous and properly
conducted experiments on animals as were required to
furnish adequate conception of its effects or its possi-
bilities of danger. Such experiments would have yielded
knowledge of this character, and we know that at the
present time as full information as possible would have
been secured from this source before administering to
man an agent with unknown possibilities of danger, one
indeed in this instance stated in text-books of the time
to be dangerous to life when pushed to the point of
producing complete unconsciousness. If the opponents
of animal experimentation attempt to utilize, as they
have done, the relatively small share of this method of
advancing knowledge in the discovery of surgical anaes-
thesia, the only implication of the argument is that they
would substitute experiments upon human beings for
those upon animals, for only from one or the other of
these sources could the discovery have been derived.

We place, then, the discovery of surgical anaesthesia
with such other great discoveries as those of the circula-
tion of the blood, of vaccination against smallpox, of
antiseptic surgery, of antitoxin, and many more among
the great contributions to the welfare of mankind made
by the use of that indispensable aid to the advancement
of medical science art — the experimental method of
investigation.

A quite different line of thought suggested by the
discovery of surgical anaesthesia is the aid to medicine
which comes often in the most unexpected ways from
discoveries in other sciences. Not only did chemistry
furnish the anaesthetic agents, but the wonderful discov-
eries of pneumatic chemistry, which revolutionized the
whole science of chemistry in the latter part of the
eighteenth century, were the immediate stimulus to the
study of the physiological effects of various gases, a
study which led promptly to the recognition of the anaes-
thetic properties of nitrous oxide gas, and which, con-
tinued through half a century, resulted finally in the
demonstration of the applicability of certain of these

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gases for surgical anaesthesia. Here, as for so many other
gifts, medicine owes a large debt to chemistry, as she
does likewise to physics, as may be exemplified by the
applications of the Rontgen rays in medical and surgical
diagnosis.

While it does not appear to us that the discovery, or,
as some prefer to say, the invention, of surgical anaes-
thesia required any remarkable intellectual endowments
or high scientific training, and it cannot be said that
Long, Wells, or Morton were possessed of these, it was
the outcome of a spirit of inquiry, of keen observation,
of boldness, of perseverance, of resourcefulness, of a
search for means to improve a useful art, of interest in
the practical rather than the theoretical - - all traits more
or less characteristic of the American mind, and I do not
think that it was wholly an accident that our country
should have given birth to the art of painless surgery.
I find evidence of this view in the fact that not one but
several Americans were working independently upon the
same problem and that the solution of the problem is an
exclusive achievement of our countrymen.

The circumstance that a long-waited discovery or
invention has been made by more than one investigator,
independently and almost simultaneously, and with vary-
ing approach to completeness, is a curious and not
always explicable phenomenon familiar in the history
of discovery, and, as in the case of surgical anaesthesia,
it has been the source of endless and often bitter con-
troversy. Sooner or later, often long after the death of
the participants, historical justice has usually come.

The approach to a great discovery is long and devious
and marked by the capture of a barrier here and an
outpost there; when the fullness of time has come the
final assault is often made by more than one person, and
the victor stands upon the shoulders of many who have
preceded him — it may be of many who have fallen
by the way.

The period when surgical anesthesia was discovered
was one full of the spirit of scientific inquiry and the
opening of new paths for medicine. There had come to be
a general realization of the fact that the only trustworthy

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sources of knowledge are exact observation and experi-
ment. The great impulse derived from the introduction
of the new methods of physical diagnosis and the sys-
tematic anatomical study of disease had shortly before
reached this country from France, and was especially
active in this city. Experimental physiology and phar-
macology had entered upon fruitful fields of explora-
tion through the work of Magendie and of Johannes
Miiller and their pupils. The foundations of cellular
pathology were soon to be laid. While it is not apparent
that those directly concerned in the discovery of surgical
anaesthesia were influenced by the new spirit and the new
ideas, they contributed an aid to experimental research
of immeasurable service. It was fortunate indeed for the
public demonstration, reception, and promotion of the
discovery of surgical anaesthesia that it was revealed to
that able group of surgeons and physicians then con-
nected with this Hospital, who were imbued with the
new scientific spirit and with the best traditions of the
profession, and were active in the advancement of
the art.

A consideration of some interest connected with the
introduction of surgical anaesthesia is the influence of
environment and of material conditions upon discovery.
Here we find illustrated the fact, of which there are
many examples, that apparently adverse surroundings
and average intellectual endowment without special
scientific training constitute no barrier to the making of
discoveries of the highest importance to mankind. The
country doctor in Georgia, with only an ordinary general
and professional education, and the two poor and pre-
viously unknown dentists of Hartford and of Boston,
are the chief actors in the drama. It is not surprising
that dental surgeons should have been particularly
eager in the quest of anaesthesia, for there is no more
excruciating agony than the pulling of an aching and
sensitive tooth, and the short duration of the operation
and the suffering would suggest possibilities of success
which might not be variable in a prolonged surgical
operation. Nor is it surprising that American dentists
should have been most active in this search, when we

144

Historical

recall the remarkable inventiveness and skill which have
characterized their work and have given to American
dentistry a foremost position for this branch of surgery.

On the other hand, however, the share which the
Massachusetts General Hospital and its surgeons had in
the demonstration, promulgation and acceptance of sur-
gical anesthesia exemplifies the value of a favorable
environment and was largely responsible for the com-
plete success which Morton achieved over his predeces-
sors in discovery. The manner in which the surgeons of
this Hospital at that time - - including John Collins
Warren, George Hay ward, Henry J. Bigelow, and J.
Mason Warren — received and advanced Morton's dem-
onstration of anaesthesia must always be a source of
pride, not only to this Hospital, but to our country and
the world. Especially are they to be commended for
their insistence upon disclosure of the nature of the
secret letheon. No better example can be found of the
service which a great hospital and its professional staff
can render in furthering discovery and in advancing and
spreading new knowledge and new methods important
to the medical and surgical art than that furnished by
the Massachusetts General Hospital in its relations to
the demonstration and introduction of surgical anaesthe-
sia, and its officers and staff have ever remained faithful
to the high ideals then exemplified.

Worthy of especial mention are the first announce-
ment to the world in a scientific journal of the great
discovery, by Henry J. Bigelow, in an important paper
read before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
on November 3, 1846, and published in the Boston Med-
ical and Surgical Journal on November 18, and likewise
Oliver Wendell Holmes' delightful part in coining the
word " anaesthesia," and, indeed, his whole attitude of
lively, sympathetic and imaginative interest, as ex-
pressed in all that he said and wrote concerning the new
discovery. A sentence often quoted will suffice to illus-
trate Dr. Holmes' appreciation of the benefits of the
discovery, as well as his powers of vivid description:

"The knife is searching for disease, the pulleys are
dragging back dislocated limbs, nature herself is working

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out the primal curse which doomed the tenderest of her
creatures to the sharpest of her trials, but the fierce
extremity of suffering has been steeped in the waters of
forgetfulness, and the deepest furrow in the knotted
brow of agony has been smoothed forever."

The reception of the joyful discovery was everywhere
enthusiastic, although not without some of the mutter-
ings which come from those petrified against all innova-
tions, as appears from remarks made by Professor
Miller to his class in London not long afterward. "The
profession," he says, "were surprised, excited, charmed
in the mass, and more especially those on the junior
side of the grand climacteric. The elderly gentlemen
had their preconceived and heretofore settled notions
sadly jostled and disturbed. Not a few grew irritable
and resented the interference; they closed their ears,
shut their eyes, and folded their hands; they refused to
touch or in any way meddle with the unhallowed thing;
they had quite made up their minds that pain was
a necessary evil and must be endured; they scouted
on the attempted innovation and croaked that 'no
good could come of it.' On, notwithstanding, sped the
movement."

One of the most extraordinary aberrations of the
human mind was manifested by the raising of religious
scruples, particularly against the abolition of pain in
childbirth. Sir James Simpson, the discoverer of the
anaesthetic uses of chloroform, and of important service
in advancing the art of anaesthesia, quotes from the
letter of a clergyman, who declares that chloroform is
"a decoy of Satan, apparently offering itself to bless
women, but in the end it will harden society and rob God
of the deep, earnest cries which arise in tune of trouble,
for help." If this clergyman remembered the primal
curse, he forgot the earliest example of ansesthesia when,
in the resection of a rib for the creation of Eve, "the
Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam."

The immediate immeasurable benefits conferred by
anaesthesia in the relief of human suffering were realized
more fully and were expressed more adequately by the
generation which knew by experience the contrast be-

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Historical

tween the old surgery and the new painless surgery than
is possible for us today. But of all the blessings which
were to flow from this priceless gift there could be only a
feeble conception sixty years ago, and as this flow is
unceasing, we ourselves cannot fully estimate them.
Anaesthesia and antisepsis, the two greatest boons ever
conferred upon the surgical art, have made possible the
marvelous developments of surgery during the last forty
years, and only by their aid can surgery continue to
advance.

I have somewhere seen a statement to the effect that
the introduction of anaesthesia and of antisepsis have
made the practice of surgery so certain and so easy that
qualities of hand and of mind which were essential to
high success in the practice of pre-ansesthetic surgery,
and which were exhibited by the surgical heroes of old,
are no longer necessary, so that even commonplace
mortals can now become surgeons. There is perhaps a
half truth in this, but it is more than compensated for
by the demands upon the skill and judgment of the
modern surgeon in the performance of operations vastly
more difficult than any which were possible or were
dreamt of in the old days.

What surgery was before the days of anaesthesia, and
what anaesthesia has done for surgery and for obstetrics,
are subjects which were presented at the semi-centennial
anniversary of anaesthesia in this Hospital by Dr. Ash-
hurst, Dr. Cheever, and Dr. Reynolds, men far more
competent to deal with them than I am. On the same
occasion I had the privilege of speaking on the influence
of anaesthesia upon medical science, and I shall not now
consider this aspect of the subject, save to note again in
passing that physiology and experimental medicine in
their special fields have derived benefits from anaesthesia
comparable to those enjoyed by surgery. That the use-
ful knowledge which can come only from experimenta-
tion upon animals can now be acquired in by far the
larger part without the infliction of pain is a source of
immense satisfaction.

Ushered in by the discovery of vaccination against
smallpox at the close of the eighteenth century,

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greatest practical achievements in our art during the
nineteenth century were anaesthesia, antiseptic surgery
and the power to control infectious diseases resulting
from the discovery of their living contagia - - achieve-
ments surpassing the heritage of all the centuries which
had gone before in the saving of human life and the
alleviation of suffering. Of all these gifts of medicine to
mankind, the sweetest and the happiest is that "death
of pain" so beautifully portrayed at the semi-centennial
anniversary of anaesthesia by our beloved poet-physician
Weir Mitchell:

"Whatever triumphs still shall hold the mind,
Whatever gift shall yet enrich mankind,
Ah! here no hour shall strike through all the years,
No hour as sweet, as when hope, doubt, and fears,
'Mid deepening stillness, watched one eager brain,
With Godlike will, decree the Death of Pain."

To these fine lines I can add in closing no more fitting
words than those of John Collins Warren, who presided
over the scene enacted here sixty-two years ago, a name
ever to be honored in this place and throughout the civ-
ilized world. These words, spoken soon after the event
which we celebrate, retain their vigor, freshness and
truth to this day. He said:

" A new era has opened on the operating surgeon. . . .
If Ambrose Pare and Louis and Dessault and Cheselden
and Hunter and Cooper could see what our eyes daily
witness, how would they long to come among us and
perform their exploits once more. And with what fresh
vigor does the living surgeon, who is ready to resign the
scalpel, grasp it and wish again to go through his career
under the new auspices. As philanthropists we may well
rejoice that we have had an agency, however slight, in
conferring on poor suffering humanity so precious a
gift. Unrestrained and free as God's own sunshine, it
has gone forth to cheer and gladden the earth; it will
awaken the gratitude of the present and of all coming
generations. The student who from distant lands or
in distant ages may visit this spot will view it with
increased interest, as he remembers that here was first
demonstrated one of the most glorious truths of science."

148

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o

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Historical

THE TRUE SIGNIFICANCE OF ETHER DAY

An address by Dr. J. Collins Warren before the surgical
section of the American Medical Association at the
Massachusetts General Hospital, June 7, 1921

IT has been stated that the controversy connected with
the discovery of surgical anaesthesia has obscured its
true origin, but these conditions surrounded the begin-
nings of all great discoveries. Who would think of the
steamboat without associating it with the name of
Fulton: or think of the telegraph without associating it
with the name of Morse: or of the telephone without
coupling it with the name of Bell? And yet years of
litigation, as many of us personally know, followed the
introduction of the telephone, and so we find the dis-
covery of surgical anaesthesia no exception to the general
rule.

A decision has recently been reached by the Senate
of the University of New York, based on recommenda-
tions from distinguished representatives of its electoral
board from every state in the country, giving Dr. William
T. G. Morton a place in the Hall of Fame.

It is true that other individuals experimented also
with ether, but not to a convincing degree, and there-
fore failed to affect hi any way the surgical practice of
the time.

On October 16, 1846, Dr. Morton administered ether
to a patient for a major operation in surgery at the
Massachusetts General Hospital. The experiment was
so successful that it was followed immediately by other
operations on following days. To Dr. Henry J. Bigelow
is due the credit of pointing out that this experience
showed that ether was "safe, certain, and complete."

It was a demonstration of the practicability of surgical
anaesthesia which had been dreamt about for many
years, and it was this triple feat that constituted the
"Discovery" and entitled October 16, 1846, to have a
special name like that of our national holiday. Whereas,

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Massachusetts General Hospital

the Fourth of July is called Independence Day, the date
we are considering, October 16, 1846, should be called
Ether Day, for both ushered in the dawn of a new era.
The work of Long, Wells, and Jackson in no way
affected surgical practice. It was not until the con-
vincing experiment of Morton was made, in the dome of
the amphitheater of the Massachusetts General Hospital,
that it became at once apparent to all the world that
surgical anaesthesia had become a reality and that "pain
was no longer the master but the servant of the body."

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Special Departments

THE WARREN LIBRARY

November 7, 1841, Dr. John C. Warren trans-
mitted a letter enclosing one thousand dollars as a fund
for the purchase of religious and moral books to be given
to patients on leaving the Hospital."* Thus began the
Warren Library for Patients.

In 1872 the Trustees in their report said they would
" gratefully receive additions to the General Library of
the Hospital," so we infer that the scope of library serv-
ice and type of book had broadened within those pre-
ceding years.

The Warren Library in its pioneer days was in the
Accounting Office under the supervision of the bookkeeper.

In 1904 the Hospital organized its patients' library,
appointed a librarian, and became, so far as is known,
the first general hospital to establish regular book service
to ward patients. This service became so popular that
some means had to be devised to carry books in greater
number to the wards, and in 1910 a book-cart was de-
signed. This book-cart was the model for the larger one
used by the American Library Association in its War
Service.

A small room on the first floor of the Bulfinch Building
was provided for the library. Here convalescent patients,
nurses, doctors, and employees of the Hospital came to
select their books from open shelves. As the library
service developed and its therapeutic value became more
obvious it required a larger room. In 1921 the Library
was moved to its present location in the Bulfinch Build-
ing. Within the last six months this room has been made
as attractive and comfortable as possible - - a cheerful
place where convalescent patients may come to read in
a homelike atmosphere.

*From the History of the Massachusetts General Hospital by N. I. Bowditch.

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Massachusetts General Hospital

During its eighty-two years of service the Warren
Library has grown into a library of 4,000 volumes,
mainly fiction, travel, and biography, with 400 volumes
in 18 different foreign languages.

Technical books are borrowed from the Boston Public
Library for patients desiring to continue with their
interrupted work or studies.

Patients who are blind, but read Braille, are loaned
books from the Perkins Institution.

Books in foreign languages are borrowed, to supple-
ment our collection, from the Traveling Library of the
Massachusetts Free Public Library Commission.

Magazines are placed weekly on the wards and in the
various Out-Patient and X-ray waiting-rooms.

The Warren Library for Patients has developed to its
present extent of usefulness through gifts of money and
books from friends of the Hospital, and also through
the efforts of the Ladies' Visiting Committee.

Through this library service all readers, of every
nationality and age, are supplied with wholesome, enter-
taining reading while in the Hospital.

Elizabeth W. Reed,

Librarian.

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Historical

THE OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT

IN a search through the Trustees' reports of the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital no mention can be found of
the time when ambulatory cases were first seen and
treated as out-patients. As early as 1828 mention was
made of the Hospital's service to the community in
loaning surgical apparatus, such as splints, to patients
outside the Hospital, but the first note definitely refer-
ring to the Out-door Department appeared April 17,
1844: " Messrs. Rogers and Amory were appointed a
committee as to physicians charging fees to patients
able to pay, who subsequently reported in favor of the
same in case of out-door patients." Two years later, on
the very day of the first public demonstration of ether
anaesthesia in a surgical operation, October 16, 1846, it
was voted that books be "ordered to be kept as a record
of all out-door patients." It is probable that for some
years previous a few patients had been examined and
treated by the medical and surgical staff without admis-
sion to the wards as house cases.

On May 23, 1858, Dr. Samuel L. Abbott was by ballot
elected the first ''Physician to Out-door Patients at the
Hospital." He saw medical, surgical, and every variety
of special cases. He apparently called in consultation
the medical and surgical staff of the Hospital as the
need arose. His appointment resulted from the steadily
increasing number of out-patient cases from 328 in 1847
to 1,574 in 1858; from two-thirds to three-quarters of
these cases were listed as medical and the rest surgical,
including many dental patients. They came "not merely
from the immediate neighborhood but from all parts of
the city and adjoining towns." The advantage of the
Out-Patient Department over the wards in service to the
community was clearly seen at this early date, as a quo-
tation from the Hospital Report of 1862 shows: "A
vast amount of disease and suffering is prevented be-
cause many receive advice and medical aid during the
earlier and curable stages of disorder who, without such

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opportunity, might delay until they become severely
sick, and perhaps past cure."

In 1864 it was found necessary, because of the in-
creasing number of cases, to appoint a surgeon to Out-
Patients in addition to Dr. Abbott, the physician. The
new appointee was Dr. Algernon Coolidge. In 1867
another physician was added to the staff and gradually
more and more until in 1882, just before the opening of
the new special Out-Patient building, there were six
physicians to the medical cases, three to the surgical cases,
and five physicians to special clinics. In 1868 the first
special department, the dental, was instituted, and in
1873 put under charge of the first dentist, Dr. Wilson.
In 1869 the skin clinic was begun with Dr. J. C. White
as chief; in 1872 two more special departments were
started, the nerve clinic under Dr. James J. Putnam and
the throat clinic under Dr. F. I. Knight. In 1873 the fifth
special clinic, for eye diseases, was instituted under Dr.
Wadsworth, and in 1887 Dr. John Orne Green be-
came the first aural surgeon.

In 1882 "a friend of the late Dr. George H. Gay"
gave $25,000 to the Hospital as a memorial to him. The
Trustees voted to use this fund in a building for the
Out-Patient Department, the most pressing need of the
Hospital. In 1883 this new building was dedicated, but
in less than ten years it was so far outgrown that it was
necessary to add a new story to it, and in 1900, only
seventeen years after its opening, "a communication was
submitted from Mr. Thomas E. Proctor offering to pay
one-half the cost, not exceeding $75,000, of a new build-
ing for the Out-Patient Service of the General Hospital,
the Trustees to appropriate the balance." In 1901 the
new building was begun, and on October 16, 1903, it was
opened for inspection with great acclaim as one of the
very best buildings of its kind in the world, which it
still continues to be, although already overcrowded.

In 1893 a new office had been established, that of
Examining Physician to Out-Patients. Dr. John H.
McCollum received the first appointment. During the
following year he excluded five hundred cases of conta-
gious disease out of over twenty-five thousand patients

154

Historical

whom he examined. This control is now exercised by
the superintendent of the Out-Patient Department with
his staff of nurses.

In 1896, just fifty years after books began to be kept
of out-patient cases, 29,867 new patients visited the
Department, with a total for the year of 91,468 visits
by old and new cases, as compared with the total of
328 patients fifty years earlier.

Further rapid progress followed the opening of the new
building and has continued in the twenty years since.
The peak of attendance of patients occurred in 1917,
when there were over 200,000 total visits, with over 30,000
new cases. Far more important, however, than the num-
ber of patients have been numerous other developments.
The staff has increased until now it consists of approxi-
mately the following: superintendent with his staff of
clerks in the record room and at the admitting desks,
and with his messengers; a corps of 15 internes, a head
nurse with her staff of nurses, a chief of the Social Service
Department with her assistants, a corps of clinic secre-
taries, laboratory technicians, 35 visiting physicians in
the general and special clinics of the Medical Depart-
ment, 15 surgeons in the Surgical Department, 9 phy-
sicians in the Dermatological Department, 13 in the
Neurological, 12 in the Children's Medical, 18 in the
Laryngological, 14 in the Orthopedic, 9 in the Genito-
Urinary, 6 in the Syphilis, and 7 in the dental clinic —
a total of over 200 workers. The eye and ear cases are
examined and treated at the Eye and Ear Infirmary
next door.

Under the medical service many special clinics have
grown up for the study and special treatment of cardiac, pul-
monary and gastro-intestinal diseases, obesity, diabetes,
thyroid and blood diseases and various other conditions.
Research wrork of value has been carried on in these as
well as in the special clinics of other departments. The
social service work begun in 1905 by Dr. Richard C.
Cabot has proved of inestimable value and has been a
guide to the spread of this enterprise throughout this
country and abroad. An industrial clinic was established
in 1913, a nutrition clinic in 1916, and whenever advance

155

Massachusetts General Hospital

in medicine has suggested the value of clinical concen-
tration on a disease, or on a group of diseases, the
Out-Patient Department of the Massachusetts General Hos-
pital has helped to blaze the way with its corps of hard-
working physicians, nurses, social workers, and laymen.
Constant endeavor is necessary to surpass the high stand-
ards of the past, and in spite of steady progress we
never reach the goal.

Paul D. White, M.D.

156

Historical

THE TREADWELL LIBRARY AND THE
CLINICAL RECORDS

IN 1847 the members of the visiting staff began to
realize the importance of having medical books close at
hand for ready reference in connection with patients,
and a small medical library was then started with the
purchase of a few standard works on medicine and sur-
gery, and the subscription to such periodicals as the
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, the American
Journal of Medical Sciences, the London Lancet, the
Edinburgh Medical Journal, and possibly a few others.

Eleven years later the library of Dr. John G. Tread-
well, of Salem, Mass., numbering some 2,500 volumes,
was received as a bequest, together with a small fund
providing for its care. The donation contained some
rare and valuable books, and all the best medical and
surgical literature of the day. With this gift added to
the medical library already started, the Tread well Li-
brary came into existence, and a suitable room was pre-
pared for it. This room is now occupied as the sorting
room of the Hospital laundry. For about forty-four
years it remained here, gradually accumulating material
and becoming more and more a necessity to the slowly
increasing Hospital staff. Dr. Benjamin S. Shaw, the
then Resident Physician of the Hospital, became its
first "guardian and librarian, at a salary of one hundred
dollars." He classified and numbered the books, and
made the first card catalogue. He collected and had
bound all the available annual reports of the Hospital
from its beginning; and also he gathered together many
publications relating to its history and had them bound.
Many a time has the present librarian had cause to be
grateful to Dr. Shaw for his far-seeing mind. In 1893
the Library was removed to the second floor of the Bui-
finch Building, to the rooms now occupied by Ward H-2.

As the years passed and the value of the medical
library in the Hospital became more and more evident,
it was decided to employ a librarian whose full time

157

Massachusetts General Hospital

should be divided between the Library and the care of
the clinical records. In 1897 Mrs. Grace W. Myers was
appointed. The Library then contained 4,872 volumes,
and 28 periodicals were regularly received. No attempt
had been made at a collection of reprints, or of the an-
nual reports of other hospitals. The use of the books
was confined exclusively to the visiting staff, and no one
else ever dared enter the room. But these days passed,
and gradually more liberty was allowed, and house
officers were permitted to use the Library afternoons,
after the last staff member had taken his departure.

As the cataloguing of records progressed, making
clinical histories more available, study and research
began in good earnest, and in the course of the next
fifteen years the Library became a busy place at all
times. House officers were as free as their superiors to
come and go. The shelves were full to overflowing,
books and records reaching literally from attic to
basement.

In 1916 came the move into the spacious and attrac-
tive quarters on the second floor of the Moseley Memo-
rial Building with plenty of room, and opportunity for
expansion. And at last it became free to the entire
scientific personnel of the Hospital. Many visitors re-
mark upon the beauty of this room, now decorated with
war flags and made precious to all alumni for the memo-
rials there placed to the heroism of a brave group who
made the supreme sacrifice when the country called.

All through the World War this Library supplied
weekly to Washington, as original work, a bibliography
on the medical and surgical aspects of the war, made up
from the periodicals as they were received. At the
headquarters of the American Red Cross this was reg-
ularly mimeographed and sent all over the country to
military hospitals and cantonments, and to many libra-
ries. It was the only piece of work of the kind that
was done anywhere and was the immediate cause of the
publishing by the Index Medicus of its War Supplement,
after the war was ended.

At the end of 1922 there were 11,012 volumes on the
shelves and 12,247 reprints; and 106 periodicals were

158

Historical

being received. The Library contains a large col-
lection of the annual reports of other hospitals — "the
most complete collection in Boston," according to a paper
recently read by Dr. David Cheever; and there is a special
collection of all matter pertaining to the discovery of
ether, with which great event the name of this Hospital
is forever linked. Also, continual effort is made to gather
together the writings of all past and present members
of our Medical Board, and of all matter concerning
Hospital history.

During the last twenty-five years the clinical records
of the Hospital have improved in every way, until its
system stands today as one of the three best in the coun-
try. A ''unit'1 method of binding was established in
1922, taking the place of large volumes which con-
tained several records; and this method has proved most
satisfactory.

In 1914, a three months' course in the Care of Hospital
Records was arranged, and since that tune nine pupils
have received instruction. They have been sent, in most
cases, from other hospitals, and have come from as far
away as St. Louis, Mo., and Nashville, Tenn. At
the present writing (1923) there is one application on
file from San Francisco, and another from China.

The Association of Record Librarians — designed for
mutual helpfulness among those engaged in such work
- was organized by the librarian in 1916 with a mem-
bership of five. It now numbers 21 and has done much
among local hospitals to standardize methods of caring
for clinical records.

Twenty-five years ago the entire work of the Library
and record room was done by the librarian alone. Today
she has one assistant in the care of the Library; and
seven (with half-tune of another) are employed on
clinical records, two of the seven being engaged in special
work. A student clerk serves as evening attendant
and the Library is open until 10 P.M. every day except
Saturday and Sunday.

Grace W. Myers,
Librarian.

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Massachusetts General Hospital

THE PATHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

THE Pathological Department of the Hospital may be
said to have had its beginning in the creation in 1851, by
the Trustees, of the office of chemist and microscopist,
and the appointment of an incumbent, whose duties
among others were "attendance on autopsies within the
walls of the Hospital and in the preparation of records
of his observations, with the privilege when matters of
sufficient importance have accumulated as results, of
publishing them to the world, under the patronage of the
surgeons and physicians."

In 1854 a pathological cabinet or museum was estab-
lished, $100.00 appropriated for commencing it, and the
office of curator created, whose duties were "to preserve
morbid specimens and arrange them in the way best
fitted to make them useful; and that he should make
all autopsies excepting such as shall be made by the
attending physicians and surgeons; and shall observe
all the regulations now in force or that may be made
respecting them."

In 1855 the microscopical duties of the chemist and
microscopist were assigned to the curator of the path-
ological cabinet at the request of the former officer.
The work of the chemist apparently increased during the
next year, for in 1862 he "was authorized to employ an
assistant in the performance of his duties, in such way
and at such time as he cannot attend to them himself, at
an expense not exceeding $250.00 annually."

The completion of the Allen Street House, so desig-
nated by a vote of the Trustees in 1875, with its autopsy
theatre seating 165 students and rooms for the patho-
logical cabinet, was an important addition in the devel- *
opment of the pathological work of the Hospital. "In
making this addition the Trustees have kept in view the
two purposes of a hospital set forth in the circular of
Dr. James Jackson and Dr. John Collins Warren pub-
lished in 1810, viz., to succor the poor in sickness, and

160

Historical

to promote facilities for students to acquire medical
knowledge."

The first donation for pathological work in the Hos-
pital appears to be the Samuel Cabot Fund for path-
ological investigation, "the income of which is to be used
for the payment of the services of a pathologist at the
Hospital, who shall hold himself in readiness at all times
to make such pathological examinations and investiga-
tions as shall be required by the visiting physicians and
surgeons." The position of assistant pathologist was
created from this fund in 1888, and "the title of curator
of pathological cabinet changed to pathologist."

The increasing importance of laboratory work in
medicine was recognized by the Trustees in the early
nineties, and in their report in 1893 they state that
" urgent representations have been made by the Staff of
the necessity of proper laboratory facilities, and there can
be no question that the Hospital is at present far behind
the times in this respect."

An appeal for contributions to a laboratory fund was
made and, apparently largely through the efforts of the
Staff, sufficient money was obtained by 1895 to enable
the erection of the present Pathological Laboratory
building. In the following year a resident pathologist
was appointed and sent to Europe to study laboratories
and their equipment. On Ether Day, October 16, 1896,
the Pathological Laboratory officially began its functions
with a staff consisting of a pathologist and one technical
assistant. Soon after this a chemist was added to the
staff. During the next few years more room for the
chemical work was required, and in 1900 the top floor of
the adjoining power house was made into the present
chemical laboratory.

The next important addition to the Pathological
Laboratory was the erection in 1914 of an animal house
and experimental operating room in connection with the
Allen Street House.

The work carried on in the Pathological Laboratory
and in the surgical laboratory in the Bigelow operating
building was organized into the Pathological Department
in 1911. The officers of the Department then were:

161

Massachusetts General Hospital

director of the Pathological Laboratory, surgical patholo-
gist, assistant pathologist, assistant surgical pathologist,
chemist, assistant in clinical pathology, assistant in
clinical bacteriology, and medico-legal pathologist. With
some minor changes these offices have been continued.

J. Homer Wright, M.D., S.D.,

Pathologist.

162

Historical

THE WARREN TRIENNIAL
PRIZE

THE Warren Triennial Prize was founded by the late
Dr. J. Mason Warren in memory of his father, Dr. John
C. Warren; and his will provides that the accumulated
interest of the fund shall be awarded every three years
to the best dissertation, considered worthy of a premium,
on some subject in Physiology, Surgery, or Pathological
Anatomy.

Following is the list of awards:

1871 To Horatio C. Wood, M.D., of Philadelphia.

Title: Experimental researches on the physiological
action of nitrite of amyl.

1874 (No dissertation offered).

1877 To E. O. Shakspeare, M.D., of Philadelphia.
Title: Healing of arteries after ligation.

1880 (No award made).
1883 (No award made).
1886 (No award made) .

1889 To H. A. Hare, M.D., and Edward Martin, M.D., of
Philadelphia.

Title: Practical studies on the nervous and mechanical
government of respiration, designed to determine the
best methods of treating disorders of the same, more
particularly those produced by traumatism to the
phrenic nerves or the inhalation of gases.

1892 To John Strahan, M.D., of Belfast, Ireland.
Title: Rickets.

1895 (No award made).

1898 To Howard A. Lothrop, M.D., of Boston.

Title : Anatomy and surgery of frontal sinus and anterior
ethmoid cells.

1901 To Frederic J. Cotton, M.D., of Boston.

Title: Elbow fractures in children. Fractures of the
lower end of the humerus; lesions and end-results, and
their bearing upon treatment.

163

Massachusetts General Hospital

1904 To Max Borst, M.D., of Wiirzburg, Bavaria.

Title: Neue Experimente zur Frage nach der Regenera-
tions-fahigkeit des Gehirns.

1907 To Aldo Perroncito, M.D., of Pavia, Italy.
Title: Rigenerazione dei nervi.

1910 To George H. Whipple, M.D., of Baltimore.
Title : Pathogenesis of icterus.

1913 To Arrigo Visentini, M.D., of Pavia, Italy.

Title: Fonction du pancreas et ses rapports avec la
pathoge"nese du diabete.

1916 To D. Noel Paton, M.D., and Leonard Findlay, M.D.,
of Glasgow, Scotland.

Title: The parathyroids. Tetania parathyreopriva : its
nature, cause, and relations to idiopathic tetany.

1919 (No award made).

1922 (Two prizes; there having been two of equal merit).
1st, To Cecil Kent Drinker, M.D., Katherine R. Drinker,
M.D., and Charles C. Lund, M.D.

Title : Circulation in the mammalian bone-marrow ; with
especial reference to the factors concerned in the
movement of red blood-cells from the bone-marrow
into the circulating blood as disclosed by perfusion of
the tibia of the dog and by injections of the bone-
marrow in the rabbit and cat.

2d, To James Mott Mavor, M.D., of Schenectady, N. Y.
Title: Effect of X-Rays on the nuclear division.

164

Historical

THE MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES

IN 1872 the Woman's Education Association was seek-
ing new occupations for self-supporting women. Miss
Sarah Cabot, a member of the committee, suggested to
Mrs. Samuel Parkman, another member, that trained
nursing offered a desirable occupation, which would also
fill the need for private nurses in the community.

Consequently the Association appointed a committee
to prepare and present plans for establishing a nursing
school. Many gave personal and financial support.
The Trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital con-
sented to give over to the school the nursing care of the
patients in "The Brick." The house at 45 McLean Street
was secured for a nurses' home. The committee engaged
Mrs. Billings, a Civil War hospital nurse, as superintend-
ent, and two head nurses from the practical nursing
ranks. Four pupils were enrolled. The Hospital agreed
to pay the school SI 50 a month. When the establish-
ment of the school was assured, the Woman's Education
Association withdrew and the committee carried on the
work.

The opening date was November 1, 1873. At a meet-
ing held November 5, the committee transferred all
control and property to a Board of Directors, of which
Martin Brimmer was president. At this meeting the
school was officially named "The Boston Training
School for Nurses."

The first year was unsuccessful. The pupils com-
plained of their instruction and of the home matron.
The Staff said, "Put it out; we don't want it; it is no
good; our former way is better." However, the Directors,
believing in their project, sought an experienced super-
intendent. The Trustees agreed to give the school
another year of life provided a graduate nurse were
placed in charge.

The committee procured Miss Linda Richards, a
graduate of the New England Hospital for Women and

165

Massachusetts General Hospital

Children, who had had a year's experience during the
formative period of the Bellevue School. Miss Richards
possessed experience, ability and a pleasing, forceful per-
sonality, and soon brought order out of chaos. The
pupils became happy and contented; the Staff referred
with pride to "our school"; and the Trustees reported in
1875 " gratifying success of the school" and stated that
' ' an arrangement has been made to extend its usefulness
by gradually placing all the wards in charge of the
school."

For twenty-two years those splendid men and women
who comprised the Board of Directors carried the work.
They financed the project, interviewed pupils, visited
wards, attended lectures, and for sixteen years corrected
the lecture notes. Their vision of what comprised ade-
quate preparation for a nurse was truly remarkable.
During those first years some pupils went to the Boston
Lying-in Hospital, and for a time all went to the Eye
and Ear Infirmary. Sending them to the McLean
Asylum was considered.

The years from 1881-1889 were especially progressive
under the leadership of Anna C. Maxwell. The "Thayer"
was erected, more maids were employed, greater attention
was given to the health of nurses, instruction was in-
creased, and a badge and uniform were adopted. The
first "blue and white broken check" uniform was soon
changed to the present black and white because the blue
easily faded.

Soon after 1890 there were evidences that the responsi-
bilities were resting heavily on the Directors. Policies
became very conservative, and although good suggestions
were made they were not carried out, probably because
of the uncertainty of income and the uncertainty of
satisfactory administration. During November, 1895,
the Trustees wrote a letter to the Directors, expressing
appreciation of their accomplishments. In this letter
there also appeared the following: "The Trustees of the
Hospital have gradually come to the belief that the best
interests of the Hospital will be promoted by the
establishment of a closer relation between the school and
it, and that this can be best accomplished by placing

166

Historical

the school under the management of the Hospital
Trustees."

The Directors agreed to this suggestion. The school
was transferred to the Hospital January 1, 1896, and was
renamed the Massachusetts General Hospital Training
School for Nurses.

About 1900 began a second period of rapid develop-
ment under Miss Pauline L. Dolliver. The graduate
staff was increased, many students wTere given a pre-
liminary course at Simmons College, obstetrical and
operating-room experience was given to all, and affilia-
tions were arranged for pediatrics, for the care of patients
in a private hospital, and for district nursing. Instruc-
tion was increased through bedside clinics, special lectures,
and the appointment of a practical nursing instructor.
In 1901 the course was lengthened to three years, and
in 1903 the first formal graduation exercises were held.

The decade beginning 1910, with Miss Sara E. Parsons
in charge, brought continued developments. Among
these were increased social activities, the policy of tuition
with the Hospital furnishing text-books and uniforms
(instead of paying the pupils an allowance), scholar-
ships, loan fund, full tune theoretical instructor and full
time practical instructor, the building of the New Home,
affiliation with the McLean Hospital and the Eye and
Ear Infirmary, the endowment fund, student govern-
ment, cooking laboratory, five-year course with Simmons
College, and the fifty-two-hour week.

The centennial year of the Hospital found the school
forty-eight years old. To it had come students not only
from every part of the United States and Canada, but
from England, Switzerland, France, Greece, Italy,
Armenia, Albania, Syria, Germany, China, Czecho-
slovakia, Poland and India. The graduates numbered
fifteen hundred. They had gone to every State in the
Union, to many countries in Europe, to South America,
China, Japan, India, Australia, and Africa.

Statistics compiled in 1920 showed the status of 90 as
unknown, 141 deceased, 436 married, 229 in private
duty, 39 superintendents or assistant superintendents of
training schools, 87 superintendents or matrons of hos-

167

Massachusetts General Hospital

pitals or homes, 68 head nurses, 76 in public health, and
28 instructors; 152 were listed as "at home" and many
were in miscellaneous groups. Among the graduates in
active work only 10 were listed as doing work other than
that which had to do with the promotion of health.

Such is a brief history of the Massachusetts General
Hospital Training School for Nurses. The alumnae are
ever grateful to the makers of this history and pray that
the future of the school may be worthy of its past.

Sally Johnson, R.N.,

Superintendent of Nurses.

168

Historical

THE X-RAY DEPARTMENT

PROFESSOR William Conrad Rontgen of the Royal
University of Wurzburg announced his discovery of the
x-rays in December, 1895, and before the close of that
year their use in the diagnosis of disease was under-
taken at the Massachusetts General Hospital.

Walter James Dodd was at that time head pharmacist
and photographer to the Hospital, and it was through
his efforts that the first investigations were begun. He
assembled the necessary electrical equipment and pur-
chased an x-ray tube. This tube did not work satisfac-
torily. As the statement had been made at that time
that x-rays could be produced with an incandescent
lamp with a broken filament, he attempted to use such a
bulb, but this experiment likewise proved unsuccessful.
Early in 1896, however, he purchased another tube with
which the first successful radiograph was taken. This
experiment was made in the nerve department of the
old out-patient building. The current was supplied by
a two-plate, static machine which was used at that time
for giving electrical treatments. This machine was
operated by hand, and the amount of labor and time
consumed hi taking a picture, even of the small parts of
the body, was great. The work accomplished with this
tube and apparatus won the appreciation of the surgeons
of the Hospital, and the taking of radiographs of the
extremities of the body came into general use.

Early in this year, Professor Hermann Lemp of the
General Electric Company kindly offered the Hospital
the use of an " x-ray coil" which he had constructed for
experimental work. This coil was placed in the old
Kingsley studio. Here the radiographer worked steadily,
accomplishing a large amount of routine work, and
making numerous experiments with different kinds of
tubes, coils, and interrupters. With a machine that he
in part constructed, he was able to take a satisfactory
radiograph of an adult chest. This plate is probably
one of the earliest satisfactory plates of the chest ever

169

Massachusetts General Hospital

taken. Unfortunately, the amount of current consumed
was so large that it burned out the fuses on the mains,
and the machine was pronounced unsafe and the work
abandoned.

Through the efforts of the radiographer, Professor
Lemp's apparatus was allowed to remain in the hospital
until the fiftieth anniversary of "Ether Day," at which
time it was placed on exhibition. Soon after this suffi-
cient money was subscribed for its purchase by one of
the trustees, and it was moved to the old West Room
under the Bulfinch steps.

In this same year, at a medical convention held in
Washington, Dr. Reginald H. Fitz exhibited a radio-
graph of the entire human body. This radiograph was
taken by Mr. Dodd, and the subject was his assistant,
Mr. Joseph Godsoe.

In 1897, the first record of expenditure for x-ray
apparatus appeared in the annual report of the Hospital.

During that year, a patient was referred from the
out-patient department for x-ray examination. He
returned a few days after the examination stating that
the "light" had relieved the pain in his leg. To prove
the truth or fallacy of the patient's statement, investi-
gations were undertaken by Mr. Dodd and Dr. Seabury
W. Allen. Their conclusions that the x-rays were
capable of relieving pain in certain pathological condi-
tions, and that probably this was brought about by
changes in the character or amount of the blood supply,
have since been confirmed.

For over a year, Mr. Dodd had been exposed daily to
the x-rays, and in April, 1897, he developed a severe
radio-dermatitis of the hands and was admitted to the
surgical ward for treatment. This was the first of many
operations that he was obliged to undergo as a result of
the injuries received in this early experimental work.

In 1900, the x-ray room was moved from the old
West Room to the domestic building. Here for the first
time lead screens were used to protect the operator from
the x-rays.

In 1907, the Department of Roentgenology was estab-
lished, and Mr. Dodd, having received the degree of

170

Historical

Doctor of Medicine, was appointed Roentgenologist. In
1911, Dr. George W. Holmes was appointed Assistant
Roentgenologist.

During the next two years, the members of the x-ray
staff, in cooperation with Dr. George C. Shattuck, de-
veloped a technique for the study of the heart and great
vessels.

For some time Mr. Sewell Cabot had been working on
a type of apparatus that would give a non-fluctuating,
high potential current, and, with the assistance of Dr.
Dodd, he undertook to develop a machine for use in
giving x-ray treatment that would allow the operator
to measure accurately the dosage. Their efforts met
with considerable success.

Using this machine in connection with the clinical
work of the department, Dr. Holmes established a
method of measuring dosage by computing the electrical
energy supplied the tube.

For a number of years considerable instruction had
been given in the department both to undergraduate
and postgraduate students, and in 1915 it became
necessary to organize a definite program of instruction.
This program included the appointment of a house pupil,
resident in the Hospital, who would devote his entire
time to the work in the X-ray Department. The estab-
lishment of such a course offered an opportunity for the
adequate training of physicians desiring to take up
roentgenology as a specialty, and was the first to be
offered in any hospital in America. This course has
attracted a high type of young men, and the work that
they have accomplished since leaving the Hospital has
been a credit both to the department and to the
institution.

During the summer of 1915, Dr. Dodd was with the
first Harvard Medical Unit in France, where he did a
large amount of fluoroscopic work in connection with the
treatment of the wounded. For this work, he received
citation from the British Government. He returned
to this country in October of the same year, and shortly
afterwards the injuries from which he had suffered so long
became rapidly worse, and he died on December 18, 1916.

171

Massachusetts General Hospital

Dr. Dodd had frequently emphasized the need of an
endowment to carry on the research work of the de-
partment, and after his death his widow, Mrs. Margaret
L. Dodd, placed a small sum of money at the disposal of
the hospital for the establishment of such a fund. His
friends generously subscribed to this, and the Dr. Walter
J. Dodd Memorial Fund was thus established.

In the year 1917, three rooms were added to the
X-ray Department in the old Gay Ward building, one
of which was properly equipped for therapeutic work;
and in May, of this year, rooms for the examination and
treatment of private patients were opened in the Phillips
House, the private ward of the Hospital.

Dr. George W. Holmes was appointed Roentgenologist
to succeed Dr. Dodd, and Dr. Adelbert S. Merrill was
appointed Assistant Roentgenologist. Later in that year,
Dr. Merrill went to France with the hospital unit, Base
Hospital No. 6, where he remained in active service until
1919. Dr. James F. Boyd was appointed Acting Assistant
Roentgenologist.

Early in 1919, it was found necessary to reorganize
the treatment clinic, so that diseases of the thyroid and
skin, the two largest groups of cases, could be handled
in special groups with a consultant for each group.

In 1922, the Hospital received a generous gift for the
purchase of radium, and it was thought desirable to
combine the therapeutic use of x-rays with radium.
Following out this idea, the clinics were combined, and a
policy of special groups with consultants was adopted.

Early in 1923, a machine producing x-rays of very short
wave length was installed, and equipped with a device
for measuring accurately the intensity of the rays.

The department now occupies sixteen large rooms.
The staff consists of five physicians who give their entire
time to its work, and as many more who act as con-
sultants in the treatment clinic. The number of patients
examined or treated daily averages seventy-five, making
it one of the largest and most active clinics in the
Hospital.

George W. Holmes, M.D.,

Roentgenologist.

172

Historical

SOCIAL SERVICE

NON-MEDICAL needs of patients were recognized before
the idea of social service as an organic part of the Hos-
pital staff was conceived. In Bowditch's history of the
Hospital, 1852, we find a story of his interest, as a hos-
pital trustee, in a little girl of seven who had been injured
while picking up chips on the Maine Railroad enclosure
and had to have a limb amputated. He later took her
to the directors of the railroad "to argue her own case"
and the $300 granted to her by the railroad was held
in trust for her by Mr. Bowditch and the Hospital
Superintendent.

In 1870 the Trustees appointed as a Ladies' Visiting
Committee a group of young women who had the year
before volunteered "to visit the Hospital for the purpose
of performing any kindly service in then- power for the
patients."

The growth of the Hospital, with its numerous patients
and increasing complexity, rendered personal relationships
more difficult. In 1905 Dr. Richard C. Cabot, after
several years as visiting physician, perceived that the
pressure of numbers of patients and the demands of careful
medical examination, as well as the scheme of organization
of dispensary clinics at that time, obscured the back-
ground of the patient's home, his work, responsibilities
and worries. These social elements, so intimately a part
of the patient's life, were essential considerations in-
fluencing and possibly jeopardizing sound medical treat-
ment. On the initiative of Dr. Cabot, a social worker
was placed in the corridor of the Out-Patient Department
on October 1, 1905, a new element in therapy. Equipped
with a knowledge of the conditions under which people
live and work, and the resources of the community, she
was, Dr. Cabot said, "a specialist in dealing with character
under adversity and the influences that mold it for good
or ill."

Throughout the initial demonstration, Dr. Cabot and
Dr. James J. Putnam stood loyally back of the idea and

173

Massachusetts General Hospital

the workers, giving generously of their time and wise
counsel as well as taking the responsibility for raising
funds for the work.

The success of the demonstration and many of the
present policies of the Department can be traced back to
them, and to the devoted work and the interaction of
such personalities as Garnet I. Pelton, Ellen T. Emerson,
Gertrude L. Farmer, Edith N. Burleigh and Jessie D.
Hodder, all members of the Out-Patient Staff during
the early years.

In February, 1909, a committee was organized for the
supervision and support of the work. It consisted of
physicians from the Staff, the Hospital Superintendent,
two expert social workers, a member of the Ladies'
Visiting Committee, and a business man. This Commit-
tee has been intimately in touch with the Department
all through these years.

In 1911, a social worker was assigned to the Children's
Clinic. Decentralization was further extended at the
request of the physicians to the Orthopedic and Nerve
Clinics, 1913, and to the Genito-Urinary Clinic, 1914.
The South Medical Clinic for Syphilis was established
in 1914, with Miss 0. M. Lewis as social worker. Under
her direction a consistent follow-up policy was applied to
all patients coming to the clinic, thus anticipating by
several years a policy later established by the State.

This specialization in medical-social work has the usual
weaknesses of specialization, but is, we believe, a phase
of development which is yielding a deeper understanding
of the social problems in organized medicine.

In 1913, with the encouragement of Dr. Edsall, a
social worker was appointed to gather material for the
study of occupational diseases. Two years later this
was merged into the Industrial Clinic which now is a
department of the Harvard Medical School.

Affiliation with the Boston School of Social Work was
established in 1910, students from the school having
their practice under supervision in the Department. In
1912 a two years' course for medical-social workers was
inaugurated.

174

Historical

In 1913, Dr. Edsall asked the Department to assist
in a lecture course on social subjects to medical students.
Two years later the plan of instruction was changed to
a weekly discussion of the medical-social problems of
patients known to the fourth-year medical students
during their assignment to the wards.

The Training School for Nurses began in 1913 to
assign to the Department, for a period of three months,
selected pupil nurses to get an insight into the social
aspects of the Hospital.

The Ladies' Visiting Committee has for fifty years
ministered in a friendly way to the ward patients, which
service the Department has never supplanted. In 1907,
however, patients in the Hospital wards were referred by
the physicians for such service as involved visits to the
homes and arrangements for care in other institutions.
The Hospital administration appointed, in 1908, Miss
Alice Tippet as the "Executive's Assistant," to give her
full time to ward patients. On her resignation, in 1913,
the position of Chief of Social Service was created by the
Trustees and the Ward and Out-Patient Departments
were correlated, the ward service being paid for by the
Hospital. Out-Patient social service continued under the
direction and support of the Supervisory Committee until
October, 1918, when the Trustees made the Department
an official part of the Hospital organization and gave
the Supervisory Committee the status of an advisory
committee. Of the original members of this body, we
are fortunate in still retaining Dr. Cabot, Mrs. Nathaniel
Thayer, Mr. Jeffrey R. Brackett, Dr. Daniel F. Jones,
and Dr. Washburn.

The Department has had, in increasing numbers, visi-
tors and students from other parts of this country and
abroad, coming for experience in hospital work which
has given us valuable opportunity to aid in the develop-
ment of the Hospital Social Service movement. From the
beginning volunteers have served the Hospital under
the direction of our workers. It is impossible to measure
the assistance they have rendered in the day's work
and their value in interpreting the Hospital to the
community.

175

Massachusetts General Hospital

In the adjustment of the Social Service Department
to the Hospital functions and organization there has
been a conscious effort to infuse into the Department
the ideals and policies of the Hospital and the threefold
purpose of care of patients, teaching and research. Sev-
eral joint studies have been made with physicians of the
Staff, the most outstanding of which were the "Economic
Efficiency of Epileptic Patients" and a recent investiga-
tion of the "Medical-Social Aspects of Cardiac Disease,"
for which special funds were donated.

While primarily identified with clinical medicine, the
Department has been able to assist the Administration
and to supplement the Lady Visitors in the ever-present
human problems involved in the service of this, as of
every other big hospital.

Ida M. Cannon,
Chief of Social Service.

176

Historical

THE GENERAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

THE Staff of the General Hospital from 1821-1911 was
organized and had its services upon the English principle.
Each Medical and each Surgical Service was divided
into periods, usually of four months each, during which
tune a physician or surgeon was in charge of the patients
on this service. In 1911 the Staff felt the need of more
continuity of the plan of work. The abrupt change three
times a year, with perhaps complete alteration of treat-
ment of the patients and with no continued policy for
research, was found to be less productive of results than
could be wished.

At a meeting of the Visiting Staff, held January 25,
1912, the report of a committee, previously appointed
to propose a scheme to reorganize all departments of the
Hospital Staff, was considered and approved. This plan
of reorganization provided that the several medical and
surgical divisions of the General Hospital should have
chiefs, with continuous service throughout the year;
other members of the Staff might have continuous or
divided service. The continuity of the work was made
possible by the continuous service at the head.

The General Executive Committee was now planned
to take over the functions of the Visiting Staff and to
have certain new duties added. The General Executive
Committee is constituted as follows:

One member is elected by the Chiefs of Service of the
special departments from among their number. The
other members are the two Medical Chiefs of Service,
the two Surgical Chiefs of Service and the Director.
It was provided that the Director is to be ex officio Sec-
retary of the General Executive Committee, Medical
Executive Committee and the Surgical Executive Com-
mittee. These latter two Committees are merely sub-
committees consisting of the two Medical Chiefs of
Service with the Director to consider matters purely
medical, and the two Surgical Chiefs with the Director

177

Massachusetts General Hospital

to consider matters purely surgical. It was further
provided that in matters pertaining to a surgical sub-
department, such as the Orthopedic Department, its
Chief shall be ex officio a member of the Surgical Execu-
tive Committee. The same rule provides that the Chief
of a sub-department of Medicine shall be ex officio a mem-
ber of the Medical Executive Committee. This plan was
approved by the Trustees.

The first meeting of the General Executive Committee
was held in the old Treadwell Library in the Bulfinch
Building, on April 30, 1912. Since that time meetings
have been held once a week, with only an occasional
meeting omitted. The members of the Committee have
undertaken their duties with great earnestness and con-
scientiousness, and have made it a matter of pride to
attend the meetings.

The establishment of the Committee with the Director
(Resident Physician) of the Hospital as a member and
Secretary has made it possible for the Administration and
Staff to work harmoniously for the advancement of the
institution in an effective way. It has made for good
understanding. The Committee has carefully considered,
and on its recommendation the Trustees have adopted,
many important undertakings. Among these may be
mentioned the establishment of the Department for the
care of Syphilis, the Genito-Urinary Department, and the
assignment of special subjects, and the allotment of
patients in these subjects to certain individuals on the
Surgical Staff for more intensive study and research.

Classes have been established in particular diseases
and conditions upon the Medical side, such as classes in
diabetes, obesity, nephritis, and others. An Industrial
Clinic has been established for the care of patients whose
diseases are due to industrial conditions and for study
and investigation of the subject. Lately a Dietetic
Clinic has been formed for the more careful instruction
of patients in their diets. This last clinic has been made
possible by the North End Diet Kitchen, which provides
the funds for the necessary salaries.

After careful study and thought the Committee recom-
mended, and the Trustees approved, the establishment

178

Historical

of full time paid Services in the Departments of Medicine
and Surgery. This means that the Chief of the Medical
Department and his first Assistant are paid by the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital and the Harvard Medical
School to give practically their full time at the Hospital
to the care of patients, medical teaching and scientific
research. A similar thing has been done on one of the
Surgical Services. This has meant a large increase in
the amount of laboratory work done at the Hospital,
much more time spent upon important problems, and a
constant increase to the Hospital's prestige. The Com-
mittee nominates for all Staff positions to the Board of
Trustees.

179

Massachusetts General Hospital

THE PHILLIPS HOUSE

THE Phillips House was opened for patients on May 17,
1917. For many years a ward for the private patients of
the Staff of the Hospital had been desired by the Staff
and discussed by the Trustees and the Administration.

In the Annual Report of Trustees for the year 1910, the
following appears under the Report of the Administrator
and Resident Physician of the Hospital:

"A private hospital built in close connection with the
General Hospital is much to be desired. From the point
of view of the community, this is needed because there is
now in Boston no place where people of moderate means
and the well-to-do can go to a hospital, and pay their
doctor and get all the advantages which they could have
in a hospital connected with such an institution as ours.
We have here the high traditions of a hundred years, well
equipped laboratories with their accrued knowledge and
recognized standing, the X-ray, Electrical, Hydrothera-
peutic and Medico-Mechanical Departments with their
skilled and experienced operators. From the point of
view of the Hospital, a private hospital would be of value
in the training of our nurses, in furnishing us a revenue
to help support the charity wards, and in bringing to
our doors people of means who, we would hope, would
become interested in the work done by the institution.
It would concentrate the work of the Staff and enable
them to spend more of their time at the Hospital to the
advantage of the patients."

Appeals similar to this appear in other Annual Reports
of the Hospital. In 1915 the Trustees felt that they could
wait no longer for money given for this particular purpose.
They were convinced that the enterprise would pay
sufficient dividends on the investment to warrant them
in using a part of their funds.

The old Wards A and B, built in the early seventies, as
temporary wards to stand for a few years only, were torn
down in 1915 to make room for the new private ward;
and the Gardner Ward, F, was moved to the eastward,
raised, and a new Ward A built under it.

180

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The Phillips House is really a private hospital by itself,
rather than a ward. It has an entrance separate from
that of the General Hospital. It has its own kitchen,
dining room, apothecary shop, store, x-ray plant, and
operating rooms. The building is of eight stories with a
high basement. It is L shaped, with the long wing ex-
tending north and south, and thus exposing all the
patients' rooms to the east and west. The ward accom-
modates one hundred and six patients. The rooms are
nearly all provided with connecting doors to permit the
assigning of small or large suites. There are many
bathrooms. There is an attractive roof garden and a
balcony on the south end of each floor. The rooms are
furnished individually, and the whole aspect of the place
is homelike as far as is consistent with the efficiency of
a hospital.

This is written in 1923, and at this time, after six years
of occupancy, we may fairly say that the Phillips House
has accomplished all that the Trustees expected of it.
It has fulfilled the need in the community for a high-class
hospital hi Boston, where people who can afford to pay
for it may go and receive the advantages of treatment at
an institution where all the appliances and knowledge
demanded today by medical science can be found. This
can only be in connection with such a hospital as is the
Massachusetts General Hospital. It has proved to earn
sufficient interest on the investment to justify the Trus-
tees in the expenditure. It has increased the interest in
our Hospital among people who have the means to help us
hi our charity and scientific work. It has concentrated
the work of our Staff at the Hospital so as to give us
more of their time for the care of our patients who are
unable to pay the full cost. It has increased the Hos-
pital's prestige at home and abroad.

The Trustees have accepted the doctrine that the
Hospital should be equipped to care for all classes of the
community. For one hundred years we have cared for
the poor; for six years we have cared for the well-to-do,
and we hope that we will soon be in a position to care,
on a large scale, for people of moderate means.

181

Massachusetts General Hospital

THE MEDICAL LABORATORY

THE organization of a laboratory for clinical investiga-
tion was made possible in the spring of 1917, when the
old offices of the Administration on the ground floor of
the Bulfinch Building were vacated. The collection of
equipment having been started as early as the spring
of 1916, reconstruction was immediately begun. In this
way six rooms became available, which now constitute a
fairly satisfactory laboratory for about twelve workers.
Before the organization of this Laboratory clinical research
had to be conducted in any corner that the investigator
could find.

The old cashier's office has been converted into a very
good chemical laboratory, and to it has been added a
portion of the hallway opposite. Dr. Howland's old
office has become a bacteriological laboratory, and
Dr. Washburn's a blood laboratory. The old stenog-
raphers' office and the visitors' room are now used for
metabolism work. Near by under the west end of the
portico is the cardiographic laboratory.

The organization of the Medical Laboratory has been
the result of natural growth. It has not yet been recog-
nized as a definite entity, but functions more or less as
such, and also in close cooperation with the Medical and
Surgical Services and with the special clinics.

The chief idea underlying the establishment of the
Medical Laboratory is that it shall be primarily a place
for original work in the field of clinical investigation.
Routine work is not done there except in the case of
certain highly technical tests which cannot be done
elsewhere.

In a sense this Laboratory may be said to provide a
follow-up clinic for special cases, such as those of diseases
of the blood or ductless glands. Any patient who has
been studied in the Laboratory during his stay in the
Hospital may be asked to return to it from time to time.
In such cases careful observations are made of the progress
of the disease, and the patient receives advice as to
treatment.

182

Historical

The original expense of equipping the Laboratory was
largely met from Medical School funds. At present the
running expenses are met partly by the Hospital and
partly by the Medical School. Some workers, for instance,
receive a portion of their salary from each institution.
Sometimes a piece of apparatus is bought by the Hospital,
sometimes from Medical School funds. We have been
very fortunate in receiving generous aid from the Proctor
Fund for the study of chronic disease, and also by gifts
from Dr. William Norton Bullard.

From the tune of its organization to the present a large
number of workers have contributed to the progress made
by the Medical Laboratory, and the collected papers of
the Laboratory now make a series of seven fair-sized
volumes. It is believed that the work represented by
these papers is of good quality, also.

Since the war some of the more extensive studies
undertaken have been those on blood gases, carried out
largely by Dr. A. V. Bock, and with the constant super-
vision and advice of Professor L. J. Henderson. This
work has been closely correlated with certain work in
the physiological laboratory at Cambridge, England, and
with that of the Anglo-American Andean expedition of
1921. Dr. Henry Field, Jr., at various times, has been
associated with Dr. Bock in this work.

Since the time the laboratories started, Dr. George
R. Minot, with certain colleagues, has given considerable
tune to the study of the pathology of the blood. Starting
on certain blood problems with Dr. Minot, Dr. Chester
Jones has worked extensively for a period of three years
on the metabolism of bile pigments and its relation to
diseases of the liver and the bile passages, as well as on
certain diseases of the blood. Dr. Jones' work has made
definite progress in the diagnosis and treatment of liver
and gall bladder disease by means of the duodenal tube.

Ever since the war the study of thyroid disease has
been carried on actively under the direction of the thyroid
committee. An important phase has been conducted in
the Medical Laboratory, that portion which has to do
with the measurement of the respiratory metabolism.
The association in the thyroid work between the

183

Massachusetts General Hospital

Medical Service, the Surgical Service, the X-ray Depart-
ment and the Laboratory has been most profitable. It
is believed that cooperation of this sort between men
interested in a common problem, but from different
angles, has been yielding results distinctly promising.
At the present time a liaison of this kind is being formed
for the study of gastro-intestinal diseases, and should
be able to make valuable contributions.

Dr. Fritz Talbot, ever since the Laboratory started,
has continued the work on clinical calorimetry of
infants which was originally begun in conjunction with
Dr. F. G. Benedict. Dr. Talbot has been able to collect
important data on the metabolism, not only in normal
infants and children, but in certain pathologic states
such as malnutrition, cretinism and Mongolian idiocy.
Dr. Talbot has had a considerable group of physicians
and laboratory assistants associated with him in this
work. In conjunction with Dr. Stanley Cobb, he has
made a study of the metabolism of epileptic children,
both under normal conditions and during starvation.

Dr. Frederick T. Lord for a period of years has carried
on an investigation of the behavior of the pneumococcus
under different environmental conditions, especially its
viability in different culture media, and in the presence
of various percentages of blood serum. He is also studying
the bacteriology of pneumonia in the wards and supervises
the use of pneumococcus serum.

Dr. F. M. Rackemann has made use of the Medical
Laboratory in conjunction with his Anaphylaxis Clinic
in the Out-Patient Department. Work has been going
on actively since the war. In the Laboratory he has
done the bacteriological and immunological work neces-
sary for the intensive study of patients with asthma,
hay fever, and allied conditions.

A number of other workers have been active for shorter
periods of time in the work of the Laboratory. Dr.
Reginald Fitz, during the year 1919-20, carried on
extensive studies of the blood and urinary chemistry in
diabetes and nephritis.

Dr. Basil Jones was in the Laboratory during the year
1920-21 working upon certain problems of hemolysis.

184

Historical

Dr. A. L. Barach of New York, also spending that year
with us, carried on active research on certain problems
of acid-base equilibrium in pneumonia and other diseases,
and upon the therapeutic use of oxygen. He also studied,
in conjunction with Dr. William Mason, the effects
produced in the blood by the injection of hypertonic
saline solutions.

During the year 1922-23, Dr. William G. Lennox, in
conjunction with Dr. Stanley Cobb, has made certain
studies of the blood chemistry during starvation. Dr.
Harold N. Segall of Montreal, holding the Walcott
Fellowship, has made careful studies of the metabolic
rate of persons with toxic goiter before and after various
surgical procedures. In April, 1922, Mr. Gilbert Adair,
of the University of Cambridge, England, joined the
laboratory force and for a year took an active part in the
blood gas work of Drs. Henderson and Bock, and in
addition made studies upon the osmotic pressure of
hemoglobin solutions.

Altogether the Laboratory has been most fortunate in
having a group of workers with a wide variety of interests,
working of tentimes in the closest cooperation upon definite
programs of study. The Laboratory has made possible a
more complete study of the patients in the wards and
has contributed toward a better knowledge of the nature
of their diseases. A laboratory for clinical investigation
really is a necessary adjunct to the medical clinic of any
modern teaching hospital. It is hoped that before long
more adequate space may be available in which this
type of work may be carried on in more convenient
surroundings.

/. H. Means, M.D.

185

Massachusetts General Hospital

Financial

FINANCES OF THE HOSPITAL
1811-1922

To the reader of the early financial struggles of the
Hospital one fact stands forth most clearly. The institu-
tion does not receive aid from the State today, but the
assistance given by the Commonwealth in the early days
was vital to the successful outcome of the undertaking.

On February 25, 1811, the State Legislature granted
a Charter to the Massachusetts General Hospital, and it
at the same time made a grant of the so-called Province
House Estate with authority to sell the same and use the
proceeds at pleasure provided that within five years
$100,000 additional was raised. In 1813 this time was
extended five years, and in 1816 authority was finally
granted to sell the Province House Estate on condition
that the proceeds be paid into the State Treasury unless
within one year the additional sum of $100,000 should be
obtained.

The subsequent history of the Province House Estate
is interesting. On April 1, 1817, the Hospital leased the
Estate to David Greenough, Esq., for 99 years, at an
annual rental of $2,000 or an outright sum of $33,000,
and on October 1, 1824, this, latter option was exercised.
In 1828 Mr. Greenough tried to buy the reversionary
interest, but the Hospital declined to sell.

The heirs of David Greenough continued to hold the
property until 1909, when certain clauses in the lease
caused the trustees of the Greenough Estate and the
Hospital to enter into an agreement whereby in con-
sideration of $25,000 annual rental to the Greenough
heirs the Hospital took possession of the property, some
seven years before the 99-year term of the lease was up.

This splendid gift from the State, valued in the Gen-
eral Fund at its original value, $40,000, is today assessed

186

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by the city at over $1,000,000 for the land alone, and a
new $1,000,000 building thereon is nearing completion.

Twice again did the Commonwealth come to the
assistance of the Hospital. Work to the value of $35,000
was done by the inmates of the State Prison, who dressed
stone for the Bulfinch Building, and in 1814 the Com-
monwealth, still mindful of the Massachusetts General
Hospital, made provision in a Charter granted to the
Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company that one-
third of its whole net profits from insurance on lives
should go to the Hospital. In 1824 this was modified by
an act sanctioning an agreement between the two institu-
tions whereby the Hospital, in lieu of all former rights,
became entitled to one-third of all earnings of the Insur^
ance Company over 6%, and this arrangement operated
until 1906, when a new arrangement gave the Hospital
one-half the profits over 6%. In 1823, the Hospital had
subscribed to $50,000 of the stock of the Insurance
Company. It has never parted with it, and whatever
may have been the difference of opinion among the
Trustees on investments, we very much doubt if the
wisdom of this particular investment has been ques-
tioned. Once, certainly, in 1861, a special dividend of
$15,000 is spoken of by the Trustees as saving a general
deficit. The Hospital has received from the Massachu-
setts Hospital Life Insurance Company in dividends and
profits the magnificent sum of $1,289,687.50.

The work of securing the necessary subscription was from
the beginning actively pressed, and although matters were
slow at first, the original amount called for by the Char-
ter was obtained within the required time. Ten hundred
and forty-seven different subscribers, many being res-
idents of towns outside of Boston, gave for the founda-
tion from 1811 to 1843, $146,992.50.

Various gifts were received of an unusual character.
A mummy from Thebes was donated by Mr. Tilden
and Mr. Edes, in behalf of Jacob Van Lennep & Com-
pany of Smyrna, which was exhibited profitably. Also
a very fine sow, weight, 273 pounds, but what was
done with this sow is not clear. A patent for sweeping
chimneys, a very practical gift, is also noted.

187

Massachusetts General Hospital

The two gifts, however, that were most important as
affecting the future of the Hospital were the donation of
William Phillips and the bequest of John McLean.

In 1797 the Honorable William Phillips bequeathed
the sum of $5,000 to the Town of Boston for a Hospital
for the Insane. The son of the testator, Lieutenant
Governor William Phillips, increased his father's gift,
subscribing $20,000 to the foundation, and on April 20,
1817, advised the Trustees of his readiness to pay his
subscription as soon as the town would discharge him as
executor of his father's will from the $5,000 given there-
by. This large donation had a most encouraging effect
on the friends of the Hospital; it stimulated others to
liberality and practically insured success.

Mr. Phillips was the first President of the Corporation,
and mindful of this and his generosity the Trustees most
appropriately named the splendid private ward erected
in 1916 the Phillips House.

On November 2, 1823, the Trustees received the
gratifying announcement of a bequest of $25,000 under
the will of John McLean. The Hospital it also devel-
oped was the residuary legatee. The residue eventually
proved to be over $90,000, the whole gift amounting to
$119,858.20.

When the time came to create a fitting memorial to
such generosity the Trustees, with the approval of the
friends of the testator, voted that the Asylum be here-
after known as "The McLean Asylum for the Insane."

On December 18, 1816, the funds being in sight, the
board decided to proceed with negotiation for the pur-
chase of Mr. Joy's land, the site of the McLean Hospital
in Somerville. The subscriptions having by January 5
reached the sum of $93,969, authority was given to
purchase Mr. Joy's land, not exceeding fifteen acres or to
cost over $15,000. On January 12 the committee reported
the purchase for $15,650, and the board approved.

A committee was now appointed to select a site for a
General Hospital, and after examining several locations,
reported in favor of North Allen Street.

Each trustee approved the site, and after various
delays the committee reported in October, 1817, "The

188

Financial

Allen Street" purchase as substantially completed.
During these negotiations Charles Bulfinch had prepared
plans for both the Asylum and the General Hospital.
Evidently of the opinion that competition might produce
something better, in November the committee reported
the draft of an advertisement offering $100 reward for a
plan of a hospital.

The competition brought out several plans, but in
January, 1817, the plan for a hospital by Mr. Bulfinch
was adopted, and immediately steps were taken to pro-
ceed with the building. On July 4, 1818, the corner
stone of the General Hospital was laid in Masonic form
by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The ceremony
was attended by his Excellency the Governor, the Lieu-
tenant General, the Honorable Council, many charitable
societies, the Selectmen and Board of Health of the
town of Boston, the members of the Corporation of the
Massachusetts General Hospital, and a great concourse
of citizens. The exercises were followed by an address
by Mr. Quincy,and the ceremony concluded by remarks
by Mr. Prince, the Treasurer.

His Excellency and other invited guests then proceeded
to Mr. Prince's house and partook of a collation. Those
who could not get into the house were accommodated
in the garden.

On September 1, 1821, the Bulfinch Building was so
far completed that the Hospital was ready to receive
patients.

Both the Asylum and the General Hospital were now
organized and in active operation, and the Trustees
issued a report addressed "To the Subscribers and to
the Public." This report is one of the most interesting
that the Trustees have ever issued and in form is very
similar to the reports issued today (with the donations
omitted).

The Medical report is signed by Dr. James Jackson,
the Surgical by Dr. J. C. Warren, and the Asylum report
by Dr. Rufus Wyman.

The Treasurer's report, which is here reproduced,
gives a vivid sense of the financial difficulties under
which the Hospital labored.

189

Massachusetts General Hospital

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193

Massachusetts General Hospital

Financial

From now on the Hospital continued to grow, both in
resources and in usefulness, as measured by donations
and expenditures for treatment of patients. The report
of 1823 mentions the donations since its founding as
amounting to $225,980.25, and the combined expenses of
operation of the General Hospital and the Asylum as
$17,591.40. By 1829 the amount expended in operations
had increased only slightly, the report of that year show-
ing a combined operating expense of $20,869.28. It is
difficult to determine the amount received from pa-
tients during the earlier years of the Hospital, but it
was small. The report of 1850 shows a considerable
increase in cost of operation at the two Hospitals,
$29,024.00 at the General Hospital and $43,144.11 at the
Asylum. During this period and even up to the present
century, as expressed in dollars and cents, operations
at the Asylum exceeded those at the Hospital, and it was
not until 1904 that the General Hospital expenditures
were the greater.

In the year preceding the outbreak of the Civil War
the expenses and receipts at the General Hospital were
$42,578.39 and $5,209.85, and at the Asylum $67,750.97
and $62,712.67. The year 1870 saw the income yielding
investments of the Hospital in excess of half a million
dollars ($551,592.82). The expenses and receipts at the
General Hospital were $62,814.82 and $12,003.83, and
$134,339.63 and $141,793.86 at the Asylum.

From now on the General Hospital operations con-
tinued to expand, and the Asylum continued at the level
of 1870 until the late nineties. In 1880 the General
Hospital expenses were $92,077.90 and the McLean
Hospital expenses $131,172.69. In 1890 they were
$137,990.61 and $152,219.98, including in the General
Hospital figures the cost of operating the Convalescent
Hospital at Waverley, which had been opened in 1882
as a branch of the General Hospital. In 1900 the Gen-
eral Hospital expended $214,954.76 and the Asylum
$235,107.36.

From this point on the actual increase in expenses can
hardly be taken as a measure of growth without allow-
ance for various factors; for instance, the expenses at the

195

Massachusetts General Hospital

General Hospital in 1910 were $380,146.28 and
$173,457.37 receipts. At the McLean Hospital expenses
were $334,110.55, receipts $320,072.93, a total expendi-
ture of $714,256.83. In 1922 the total expenses of the
General Hospital and the Asylum were $1,894,000.30
and the receipts $1,473,064. The war had come and
passed with its legacy of high costs. Phillips House and
the new Administration Building were completed and in
operation, a notable advance, but these additions to the
activities of the Hospital will not under normal condi-
tions account for such heavy increase in expenditure,
and some other measure for the growth of the institution
must be found. That portion of this history dealing
with what we may call the professional activities of the
Hospital will furnish a fairer measure.

During the period just reviewed, 1811 to 1922, gifts
to the Hospital have reached $11,287,429; profits on
investments and accumulated restricted income have
increased this to $14,292,499.39; $5,542,452.43 has been
expended in Hospital buildings, $3,266,481.87 to make
up operating deficits, etc. The balance, $5,483,565.09,
represents the income producing investments of the
Hospital. Today these investments cover funds the
greater part of which are restricted as to principal and
income to certain specified Hospital purposes.

The names of the benefactors of the Hospital form an
impressive list. The humblest and those most honored
in the community over a period of one hundred and
twelve years are there with gifts ranging from eight
cents to over eight hundred thousand dollars. Exceeding,
however, the gift of any individual is that of the generous
host of Annual Free Bed Subscribers, who have, since
1825, when the Trustees voted to place a Free Bed for
one year at the disposal of anyone who should donate
$100, given the Hospital over nine hundred thousand
dollars, thirty-six thousand dollars having been given in
a single year.

196

Financial

PERMANENT FUNDS

FREE BED FUND

INCOME FOR FREE BEDS

1825 The Davis Fund, a bequest from Mrs. Eleanor Davis $900.00

1827 William Phillips Fund, a bequest from William

Phillips 5,000.00

1830 Belknap Fund, a bequest from Jeremiah

Belknap 10,000.00

1841 Brimmer Fund, a bequest from Miss Mary

Ann Brimmer 5,000.00

1842 Tucker Fund, a bequest from Miss Margaret

Tucker 3,312.37

1849 Williams Fund, a bequest from John D. Wil-

liams, of Estate No. 17 Blackstone Street . 19,600.00

Nichols Fund, a bequest from B. R. Nichols . 6,000.00

1850 Tpdd Fund, a bequest from Henry Todd . . 5,000.00

1851 Wilder Fund, a bequest from Chas.

W. Wilder $12,000.00

1912 and a bequest from Florence Eliza-
beth Wilder, his grandaughter . 1,000.00 13,000.00

1856 Bromfield Fund, half of a bequest from John

Bromfield 20,000.00

Wm. Reed Fund, a bequest from Wm. Reed . 5,233.92

1857 Treadwell Fund, part of a bequest

from J. G. Treadwell ..... $38,703.91
1922 Additional 6,000.00 44,703.91

1858 Dowse Fund, a bequest from Thomas Dowse 5,000.00
1858-1897 Sawyer Fund, part of a bequest from M. P.

Sawyer 76,966.19

1859 Thompson Fund, a bequest from S. B. Thomp-

son 500.00

1860 J. Phillips Fund, a bequest from Jonathan

Phillips 10,000.00

1862 Miss Townsend Fund, a donation from the

executors of the will of Miss Mary P.

Townsend 11,486.50

1863 Pickens Fund, a bequest from John Pickens . 1,676.75
Percival Fund, a bequest from John Percival . 950.00

1864 Greene Fund, a bequest from Benj. D. Greene 5,000.00

1865 Sever Fund,a bequest from Miss Martha Sever 500.00
Raymond Fund, a bequest from E. A. Ray-
mond 2,820.00

1868 Harris Fund, part of a bequest from Charles

Harris 1,000.00

Mason Fund, a bequest from Wm. P. Mason 9,400.00

Loring Fund, a bequest from Abigail Loring 5,000.00
1868-1875 Miss Shaw Fund, a donation and bequest from

Miss M. Louisa Shaw 5,500.00

Carried forward $273,549.64

197

Massachusetts General Hospital

Permanent Funds
Brought forward ............ • $273,549.64

1871 The J. L. Gardner Fund, a donation from J. L.

Gardner . . . • • -. • • • • • •. • ^

B. T. Reed Fund, a donation from I j ooo.OO

Re^dFvmd, half of a bequest from James Read 1,000.00
1872-1877 McGregor Fund, half of a donation and be-

quest from James McGregor . . - . . -frES'SK

Joy Fund, a bequest from Miss Nabby Joy . 20,000.00

1873 Hbu/J?*' a beqU6St /T . 10,000.00

1874 ToStotan Fund,' half 'of a'bequest from John QQ

Templeton ...... „•'•»;•' i 'u'u' '

Miss Rice Fund, a bequest from Miss Arabella 5)000 nn

Mrs!?. H. Rogers Fund, a donation from J. H. ^ ^ ^

1876 Be?b°egeFund,'a bequest from J. M. Beebe .' . W^OO
Lincoln Fund, half of a bequest from Mrs. F.

W.Lincoln ...... ;•'•»;' iC/r '-D '

1877 Blanchard Fund, a bequest from Mrs. M. B. ^ ^ ^

Blanchard • ••;••,••..'' r », nnn '

Georee Gardner Fund, a donation of $1,OOU

from George Gardner, and $11,000 from

Shepherd Brooks ...... • • • • • 12,000.01

Hemenway Fund, a donation from the execu-

tors of the will of Augustus Hemenway . 20,000.00
Jessup Fund, part of a bequest from Dr. Chas. ^ ^ QQ

u, a bequestfrom Quincy Tufts . l

1878 Eliza Perkins Fund, a donation from Mrs. H.

DwightTund, a donation from Mrs. T. Brad-

ford Dwight •••••.••/ -^ -TT 1>U

1879 Hunnewell Fund, a donation from H. H. QQ

Hunnewell ........ • • • • • .• '

R. M. Mason Fund, a bequest from R. M. ^ QQQ^QQ

HannahnLowell Cabot Fund,' a donation from

Dr. Samuel Cabot ... . . . . . • • • I'nOOOO

The Gray Fund, a donation from John C. Gray l,OUU.ui

1881 Welles Fund, a donation from Miss Jane QQ

\Velles ............ '

1882 Black Fund,' a bequest from Miss Marianna ^

Black ....... -. • • • • . • • '. ' '

Eben Wright Fund, an assignment of legacies

by the children of T. Jefferson Coohdge . . 14,000.01

1883 Paraclete Holmes Fund, a donation from W.fe. 2 Q00 00

Adams ........ • • • T • • v, ', ' '

Estabrooks Fund, a bequest from J. W. Esta- ^ ^^

Tha^r SFund,' a bequest 'from Nathaniel QQ

nrii 9>v6r ,.•••••• *

1884 John Bertram Fund, a donation from Mrs.

Clara Bertram Kimball . ... •;••_• o,UW.uu

D. R. Whitney Fund, a donation of D. K. QQ

Whitney ............... _ ' '_

, , , $605,227.14

Carned forward ..........

198

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $605,227.14

1884 The Ann E. Gray Fund, a bequest from Miss Ann

E. Gray 5,000.00

1886 Hannah C. Leland Fund, a bequest from Mrs.

Hannah C. Leland 15,000.00

Esther E. Beebe Fund, a bequest from Mrs.

Esther E. Beebe 2,000.00

Ella F. Roehl Fund, a bequest from Ella F.

Roehl 8,085.02

Donations from friends, two of $100 each and

one of $50 250.00

Urbino Fund, a bequest of S. R. Urbino . . 6,000.00

1887 Emily W. Appleton Fund, a donation from

Mrs. Emily W. Appleton 1,000.00

Henry B. Rogers Fund, a bequest from Henry

B. Rogers 10,000.00

John H. Eastburn Fund, a bequest from John

H. Eastburn 10,000.00

Mrs. Susan F. Eastburn Fund, a bequest from

Mrs. Susan F. Eastburn 1,000.00

William B. Craft Fund, a bequest from

William B. Craft 5,000.00

1888 McGregor Fund, a bequest of Mrs. James

McGregor 1,000.00

Charles R. Hayden Fund, a donation from

Mrs. Annie Ruth Hayden 2,000.00

Spaulding Fund, a donation of Mahlon D. and

John P. Spaulding 10,000.00

Anna T. Phillips Fund, a donation of Mrs.

Anna T. Phillips 1,000.00

1888-1919 Joel Spaulding Fund, a donation and bequest

of Miss Sarah R. Spaulding 4,300.30

1889 Bartlett Fund, a bequest of Sidney Bartlett . 10,000.00
Jas. B. and Mary Dow Fund, a gift of Mary

Dow, under the will of James B. Dow . . 5,000.00

Shattuck Fund, a donation of Mrs. George C.

Shattuck 500.00

1890 Elisha T. Loring Fund, a bequest of Elisha T.

Loring 10,000.00

Ellen M. Gifford Fund, part of bequest of

Ellen M. Gifford 10,000.00

Turner Sargent Fund, a bequest of Amelia

Jackson Sargent 5,000.00

Sarah E. Allen Fund, a bequest of Sarah E.

Allen 5,000.00

Jordan, Marsh & Co. Fund, a donation of

Jordan, Marsh & Co 1,000.00

Wm. S. Dexter Fund, a donation of Wm. S.

Dexter 5,000.00

Wm. B. Spooner Fund, a bequest of Wm. B.

Spooner 3,000.00

1891 Caroline Merriam Fund, a donation from

Frank Merriam 1,000.00

1892 Stephen P. H. May Fund, a donation . . . 1,000.00

1893 Waldmeyer Fund, a bequest of Philip Wald-

meyer 1,000.00

Carried forward $744,362.46

199

Massachusetts General Hospital
Permanent Funds

Brought forward $744,362.46

1893 The Elizabeth W. Gay Fund, a bequest of Eliza-

beth W. Gay 7,931.19

1894 Lawrence Fund, a bequest of Abbott Law-

rence 10,000.00

Isaac Sweetser Fund, a bequest of Mrs. Anne

M. Sweetser 46,913.14

1895 Burnham Fund, a bequest of T. O. H. P.

Burnham 250,000.00

Moseley Fund, a bequest of Wm. O. Moseley 20,000.00

Snow Fund, a bequest of Sophia J. Snow . . 5,000.00

1896 Glover Fund, a bequest of Albert Glover . . 5,000.00
R. W. Turner Fund, a bequest of Royal W.

Turner 21,086.48

Coolidge Fund, a bequest of Susan G. Coolidge 176,000.00
Vose Fund, half of a bequest of Ann White

Vose 38,983.09

Cheney Fund, a bequest of B. P. Cheney . . 10,000.00
Mary B. Turner Fund, a bequest of Mary B.

Turner 5,000.00

Theodore Chase Fund, a donation of Alice

Bowdoin Chase 5,000.00

1896 Henry E. Moody Fund, a bequest of Jane C.

Moody 2,091.42

1897 Benj. Jos. Gilbert Fund, a donation of Mrs.

Susan B. Richards 5,000.00

Harriet T. Andrew Fund, a bequest of Harriet

T. Andrew 5,000.00

Wm. Hilton Fund, a bequest of Wm. Hilton . 22,553.66
Cornelia V. R. Thayer Fund, a bequest of Mrs.

C. V. R. Thayer 25,000.00

Chas. Paine Cheney Fund, a donation of Mrs.

B. P. Cheney 5,000.00

Chas. B. Porter Fund, a bequest of W. L.

Chase 5,000.00

1898 Henry L. Pierce Fund, part of a bequest of

Henry L. Pierce 50,000.00

Brown Fund, a bequest of Harriet Louisa

Brown 5,000.00

1899 Luther Farnum Fund, a bequest of Luther

Fatnum 2,637.37

J. Huntington Wolcott Fund, a bequest of

Mrs. J. Huntington Wolcott . . ... 25,000.00
Geo. A. Newell Fund, a bequest of Geo. A.

Newell 5,000.00

Ira C. Calef Fund, a donation of Ira C. Calef 5,000.00

1900 J. Collins Warren Fund, a bequest of Anna S.

C. Blake 10,000.00

1901 Henry Saltonstall Fund, a bequest of Henry

Saltonstall 10,000.00

Conrad Mohr Fund, a bequest of Conrad Mohr 41,384.18
Sarah H. A. Burnham Fund, a donation of

Mrs. Sarah B. Whittemore and Mrs.

Theresa B. Dodge 5,000.00

Chas. L. Young Fund, a bequest of Chas. L.

Young 5,000.00

Carried forward $1,578,942.99

200

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $1,578,942.99

1902 The Henry Woods Fund, a bequest of Henry

Woods 5,000.00

Henry Whitman Fund, a bequest of Henry

Whitman 10,000.00

Jos. B. Glover Fund, a bequest of Jos. B.

Glover 5,000.00

Stuart Wadsworth Wheeler Fund, a donation

of Susan Farnum Wheeler 1,000.00

Wm. Whitworth Gannett Fund, a donation of

Wm. Whitworth Gannett 1,000.00

1903 Fred'k L. Ames Fund, a bequest of Mrs.

Fred'k L. Ames 5,000.00

John Ruggles Fund, a bequest of Mrs. Mary

L. Ruggles 10,000.00

Robert Chas. Billings Fund, a donation of

Thomas Minns,surviving executor under the

will of Robert Chas. Billings 5,000.00

J. Sullivan Warren Fund, legacy of Elizabeth

T. L. Warren 62,350.00

1904 Chas. H. Hayden Fund, part of a bequest of

Chas. H. Hayden 5,000.00

1904-1915 Harriet O. Cruft Fund, a donation and bequest

of Miss Harriet O. Cruft 33,000.00

1904 Shepard Norwell Fund, a donation of John

Shepard 5,000.00

1905 Henry C. Weston Fund, a donation of Mrs.

FJvelyn Q. Weston 5,000.00

Geo. B. Upton Fund, a bequest of Geo. B.

Upton 5,000.00

Hannah Smith-Lexington Fund, a bequest of

George O. Smith 5,000.00

1906 Coburn Fund, a bequest of Mrs. Helen G.

Coburn 75,000.00

Nurses' Training School, Free Bed Fund . . 5,000.00

1907 Charles Merriam Fund, a bequest of Charles

Merriam 5,000.00

1908 Moses Williams Fund, a donation of Laura L.

Case 5,000.00

Smith Gerrish and Sarah A. Gerrish Fund, a

bequest of Edward Gerrish 8,000.00

Harriet O. Cruft Fund, a donation of Miss

Harriet O. Cruft, as a Children's Fund . . 5,000.00

1908-1919 W. Scott Fitz Fund, a donation of Mrs. W.

Scott Fitz 15,000.00

1910-1914 Florence Lyman Fund, a bequest of Florence

Lyman 3,891.41

1910 Eugene V. R. Thayer Fund, a bequest in

memory of Eugene V. R. Thayer .... 5,000.00

Lucius Clapp Fund, a bequest of Lucius Clapp 5,000.00
Thomas Niles Fund,a bequest of Thomas Niles 29,281.67
William Litchfield Fund, a bequest of William

Litchfield 5,000.00

Charles H. Draper Fund, a bequest of Charles

H. Draper 23,934.13

1911 James Rogers Rich Fund, a bequest of James

Rogers Rich 1,000.00

Carried forward $1,932,400.20

201

Massachusetts General Hospital
Permanent Funds

Brought forward $1,932,400.20

1911 The Mrs. Bennett H. Nash Fund, a donation of

Mrs. Bennett H. Nash 5,000.00

1911-1919 Frances Fay and Arthur Kelsey Fay Memorial

Fund, a donation of James H. Fay .... 25,000.00

1911 Catherine A. Barstow Fund, a bequest of

Catherine A. Barstow 10,000.00

Mary E. Badger Fund, a bequest of Mary E.

Badger 2,000.00

Thomas Talbot Fund, a bequest of Isabella W.

Talbot 5,000.00

1912 Matchett Fund, a bequest of Mrs. Sarah A.

Matchett 25,000.00

Waite Memorial Bed, a bequest of Harriet E.

Goodnow 5,091.67

Caroline M. Martin Fund, a bequest of Caro-
line M. Martin 5,094.94

1913 John S. Ames Fund, a donation of John S.

Ames 5,000.00

Mary Stickney Fund, a bequest of Mary

Spaulding 5,000.00

George N. Smalley Fund, a bequest of George

N. Smalley 5,000.00

1914-1915 William S. Hills Fund, a bequest of William S.

Hills 10,000.00

1914-1917 Dr. John M. Harlow Fund, a bequest of Dr.

John M. Harlow of $31,125.47 and of

Frances K. Harlow of $13,339.48 .... 44,464.95

1915 Esther Storey Fund, a bequest of Joseph C.

Storey 5,000.00

Jane Elkins Fund, a bequest of Joseph C.

Storey 5,000.00

William N. Felton Fund, a bequest of William

N. Felton 5,000.00

Jennie A. Pond Fund, a donation of H. D.

Woods 5,250.00

Susan Welles Sturgis Fund, a bequest of John

Aiken Preston 5,000.00

1916 Isabella Freeman Dilh'ngham Bed, a bequest

of Isabella W. Dillingham 5,314.44

William Endicott Fund, a bequest of William
Endicott, $25,000, and an Anonymous dona-
tion of $25,000 50,000.00

1917 Sylvester Bowman Fund, a bequest of Sylves-

ter Bowman 50,900.00

Ellen Channing Fund, a bequest of Ellen

Channing 5,000.00

Mrs. Henry S. Grew Fund, a donation of Mrs.

Henry S. Grew 5,000.00

Timothy Paige Fund, a donation of Timothy

Paige 4,000.00

1918 Henry Lee Higginson Fund, given by his

partners 4,250.00

Mary T. Appleton Fund, bequest of Mary T.

Applet9n 1,000.00

Moses Wildes Fund, bequest of Moses Wildes 20,104.16

Carried forward $2,254,870.36

202

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $2,254,870.36

1918 The Mary Helen Freeman Fund, bequest of Mary

Helen Freeman 1,000.00

1919 Sarah Bell Conery Fund, a bequest of Sarah E.

Conery 5,000.00

Moorfield Storey Fund, a donation of Moor-
field Storey 500.00

James R. Gregerson Fund, a bequest of Eliza-
beth Sharp Gregerson 5,000.00

1919-1920 Helen Homans Memorial Fund,

donations of sundry donors . . $805.00
1922 Donation of the family of Helen

Homans 1,000.00 1,805.00

1919 Samuel Q. Cochran Fund, a bequest of Flor-

ence A. Cochran 5,000.00

1920 Frank E. Peabody Fund, bequest of Frank E.

Peabody 104,477.77

Abbie T. Vose Fund, bequest of Mrs. Abbie T.

Vose in memory of Andrew J. Vose .... 5,074.51

Mary McG. Dalton Fund, bequest of Mrs.

Mary McG. Dalton 10,000.00

Nellie M. Foley Fund, donation of Nellie M.

Foley 890.00

Henry S. Howe Fund, donation of Henry S.

Howe 5,000.00

Donation of the Italians of Boston through

Dr. Gerardo M. Balboni 10,213.00

"The Italian Free Bed established October 16, 1920.
by the Italians of Boston in recognition of the
service rendered by the Massachusetts General
Hospital to this community."

1920 Placido Amaru $50.00

Gaetano Alyino 50.00

Joseph Ardini 25.00

Nicholas Angelo 25.00

L. Avanzino 100.00

^Eolian Macaroni Company 50.00

Arancio Brothers 25.00

1921 Albiani Lunch 100.00

A. A. Amendola, M.D 35.00

Martin E. Adamo 10.00

Alberti Importing Company 10.00

Andrea Aloisi 25.00

Isadore Albertini 5.00

C. Benjamin Andrews 5.00

Angalone Brothers 10.00

Frank Avallone 10.00

1920-1922 Gerardo M. Balboni, M.D 263.00

1920 V. Bonzagni 100.00

Bonardi & Orsi 100.00

Bailen and Leveroni, Esqs 100.00

Boston Spaghetti Company 20.00

Richard M. Burden 100.00

Vincent Brogna 100.00

Boston Fruit Company 100.00

G. B. Biggi 25.00

Joseph Barone, M.D 25.00

A. Bertelli 25.00

F. Balzebra 5.00

1921 Augusto Boggiano 25.00

A. Baldini & Co 25.00

Louisa M. Bacigalupo 25.00

Joseph Bianco, M.D 10.00

Carmine Bonapane 15.00

G. Biagi 10.00

E. L. Booth, M.D 10.00

Carried forward $2,408,830.64

203

Massachusetts General Hospital

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $2,408,830.64

1921 Carmela Belmonte $10.00

Enrico Balboni 10.00

Frederick Balboni 10.00

E. C. Bowen, M.D 5.00

L. A. Brignati 5.00

Mrs. Maude E. Besse 200.00

Charles Bonnano Company 25.00

Biggi & Cassassa 25.00

I. Bergo 10.00

Michele Bellucci 10.00

R. Bernard! 2.00

Charles Britt 1.00

A. Balboni 50.00

A. A. and J. A. Badaracco 50.00

Joseph M. Bailen 10.00

Joseph Bruno 10.00

Dr. T. Bello 5.00

Stephen Bacigalupo 5.00

1920 D. A. Costa 100.00

Lawrence Caffarella 50.00

Nathaniel M. Cohen 100.00

S. Caruso 10.00

J. J. Calabro, D.M.D 10.00

1921 J. E. Chiesa 20.00

Francis M. Ciccone 10.00

Isidore Carcioffo 10.00

Ralph Cangiano 10.00

Ettore Ciampolini, M.D 10.00

Charles Cuneo 100.00

C. Carbone 25.00

M. Capidalupe 25.00

Rev. Father Victor Cangiano 25.00

Anna Carletti 25.00

Michele Cangiano 25.00

Emilio Carlspn 10.00

Antonia Cavicchi 10.00

Dora B. Cassini 10.00

J. A. Christoforo 5.00

Angelo Casteldini 10.00

L. J. Costa 10.00

Caldarone & Grillo 5.00

Vladimiro Ciani 5.00

1920 Cav. Domenick D'Allesandro 100.00

Agostino DeFerrari 100.00

Andrea DiPietro 100.00

Luigi DeVincentis 100.00

Errico Delladonne 25.00

Fred Drew, M.D 50.00

M. DeFelice, D.M.D 25.00

Vincent J. DiMento, M.D 25.00

A. De Robertis, M.D 15.00

C. De Simone 15.00

1921 G. B. DeFerrari Family 100.00

Primo Diozzi 25.00

Rev. Father P. DiMilla 25.00

Agostino DiStefano 10.00

Leonardo DeMurra 10.00

Martin Devizia 10.00

Agostino DeGuglielmo 5.00

Alfred DeVoto 25.00

Victorio DeAgostini 20.00

Renita C. Davenport 10.00

Fedele DelBene 5.00

Santo DiGregorio 5.00

Oliver B. DeCecca 5.00

1930 Eliot, Marchetti & Agostim 5.00

Albert B. Fopiano contributed .... 100.00

Albert B. Fopiano collected 150.00

Franciscan Fathers 200.00

Massimiliano Franonsconi 100.00

G. Ferullo 10.00

Paulina Ferri 10.00

Frank Fralli 10.00

Farmacia Cento Citta 10.00

1921 James Famingo 10.00

Carried forward $2,408,830.64

204

Financial

1921

1920

1921

1920
1921

1920

1920-1921
1921

1920

1921

1920

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $2,408,830.64

Allen R. Fredericks S50.00

A. A. Frederick 25.00

Figli DelLavoro e Lega Protettiva . . . 25.00

Felix Forte 10.00

C. D. Funai 10.00

Pasquale Gallassi 60.00

Alfons Gaeta 25.00

Green Star Pharmacy 25.00

Cesido Guerini, M.D 10.00

Frank Guinasso 10.00

Ralph D. Guarente 10.00

G. Gubitosi 25.00

Luigi D. Gardella 10.00

Andrea J. Granara 10.00

Anthony J. Granara 10.00

Vincent Garro 15.00

Guistina Gregori 10.00

John J. Gill 5.00

C. G. Galbo 25.00

Arthur Gaetani 5.00

Cesare Govani 10.00

Michael J. Harty 25.00

International Hod Carriers Building and
Common Laborers Union of American

Local No. 209 200.00

Angelo Jannini 50.00

J. E. Locatelli 100.00

Amelia LoPresti 25.00

Albert Lombardi 25.00

Robert La Centra 25.00

Angelo Liberti, M.D 15.00

Louise Leverone, M.D 10.00

Prof. Georgio LaPiana 10.00

John Luciano 5.00

Rev. Father F. Liberti 15.00

Frank Lentini, D.M.D 25.00

Antonio N. Lawrence 25.00

Lugurian Mutual Benefit Society . . . 50.00

Leo Lodi 10.00

Joseph A. Langone 5.00

Charles Lanza and Agents, Metropolitan

Life Insurance Co 40.00

Gerard LaCentra 25.00

Albert Levis 15.00

Louis LoConte 11.00

F. M. Leonard!, D.M.D 10.00

Felice Lauricella 10.00

Michael Langone 2.00

Paul Mondello 25.00

P. Mysel, M.D 25.00

Emmanuel Macaluso 25.00

N. Maggioli 25.00

A. Macaluso 20.00

James T. Maguire 20.00

Nino B. Moro 10.00

A. Marchetti 5.00

Nathaniel R. Mason, M.D 50.00

Robert C. Martini 25.00

Pantaleone Mercurio 25.00

Enrico Moro 25.00

Felix A. Marcella 25.00

Joseph Malatesta 25.00

Zacchario A. Mollica, M.D 10.00

Antonio Marciello 10.00

John G. Membrino 10.00

C. W. Miller, D.M.D 5.00

Rev. P. Maschi 50.00

F. Malatesta 25.00

Benilda Malaguti 25.00

Francesco Moglia 10.00

Dr. Marco Mastrangclo 5.00

Pietro Mongrandi 5.00

George Mongayero 50.00

Antonio Musolino 100.00

Thomas Nutile 100.00

Carried forward $2,408,830.64

205

Massachusetts General Hospital
Permanent Funds

Brought forward $2,408,830.64

1920 Michele Nigro $100.00

Joseph Nutile 25.00

1921 Napoli Restaurant 25.00

Ceaare Notini

Northern Fruit Company 40.00

Vittorio Orlandini 25.00

1920 Michael J. Porcella 100.00

1920-1921 Charles A. Pastene

1920 Prince Macaroni Company 100.00

Pistorino & Yunes 50.00

Dr. Vincent J. Pollina 25.00

Leopoldo Pastorelli . . .

Gaetano Praino 33.33

Rev. N. Properzi 30.00

L. Pennini 25.00

D. Petrini 15.00

C. Pizzi 10-00

1921 Gino L. Perera 50.00

Joseph L. Porcella 10.00

Jerome J. Pastene 10.00

Catherine Pescia 25.00

Rev. Father Pietro Piemonte 25.00

Mrs. Benjamin Piscopo 25.00

John Piscopo 25.00

Felicita and Teresa Pellegrini 15.00

1920 Romano & Saporito 25.00

David A. Rosen, M.D 50.00

Rev. Father Ernest Rovai 25.00

Thomas Russo 25.00

Umberto Re 25.00

1921 Giovanni Razetto 5.00

Abramo Re 25.00

Jerome Russo 25.00

Dr. W. H. Regan 25.00

Adolorata Russo 25.00

Frank Ratto 10.00

1920 Alfred Scaramelli 100.00

Joseph Santosuosso 100.00

Gabriele Stable 100.00

St. Charles Borromeo Fathers 100.00

Frederick Solari 30.00

Arthur L. Shain, M.D 50.00

Joseph St. Angelo, M.D 25.00

L. F. Salerno, M.D 25.00

R. Simpson 25.00

S. Sodekson 5.00

1921 Societa Italiana Colombo 50.00

Societa Maria Santissima Lettera di Mes-
sina 25.00

Societa San Collpgero 25.00

Societa Cittadini Pietraperzia 50.00

Frank Squillaciotti 15.00

Savoy Importing Company

Vincent Savarese 10.00

1920 Harry Z. Tosi 100.00

Rev. L. Toma 30.00

Vincent Tassinari 25.00

L. Torielli 10.00

C. Torielli 5.67

1921 Michael A. Tricano 25.00

Samuel J. Tomasello 25.00

Joseph A. Tomasello 25.00

Marie Tassinari 25.00

William Roscoe Thayer

Augusta Thompson 10.00

Uphams Corner Market 100.00

1920 Vesuvius Pharmacy 10.00

1921 Feliz Viano 50.00

Anthony Viano 50.00

J. J. Viano 50.00

F. E. Viano 50.00

Augusto Vannini 10.00

1920 Woodbury Drug Company 25.00

1921 Chandler M. Wood 25.00

1920 Joseph Zottoli 100.00

Carried forward $2,408,830.64

206

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $2,408,830.64

1920 Frank Zottoli $5.00

1921 Alfred J. Zunnino 25.00

G. Zuffante 5.00

Proceeds of an auction sale held for Dr. G. M. Balboni
by H. Harris & Co. at salesroom, Fitchburg Ter-
minal, August 25, 1921, of 100 crates of grapes
donated by Mr. Thomas Nutile.

A. Aloisi $30.00

H. Harris & Co 30.00

Seigle-Rodman & Co 25.00

G. Angelo Fruit Co 25.00

S. Stock 25.00

Biggi & Casassa 25.00

G. Benersani 25.00

G. A. Mercuric & Co 25.00

Alfred Scaramelli 35.00

Great A. & P. Tea Co 25.00

A. Bertelli 25.00

Bonardi Orsi & Co 25.00

0. E. Spooner 20.00

Richmond Fruit Co 15.00

1. Malkin 10.00

A. Palumbo 10.00

F. Cincotta 10.00

T. Cristivo 10.00

J. Camello 10.00

F. Bova Co 10.00

S. Albertson 10.00

Barkas & Terzis 10.00

F. J. Gardella 10.00

T. H. McKevitt 10.00

Bova's Motor Trans. Co 10.00

M. Feinstein Co 10.00

Bartolomeo Bros 10.00

Salem Street Market . . . 10.00

G. O. Guatin 10.00

Carp Bros 10.00

Max Murmes 10.00

A. W. Otis 10.00

S. J. Shallow Co 10.00

J. F. Wyman & Co 10.00

Empire Fruit Co 10.00

E. J. Twombly 10.00

Biggi & Casassa 15.00

S. Gallo 10.00

J. O. Cook 10.00

A. F. Heald 10.00

Scott & Allen 10.00

P. D. Cecca 10.00

Central Fruit Co 10.00

H. E. Gustin Sons 10.00

Grant & Co 10.00

S. Bartolomeo Fruit Co 10.00

Carbone Bros 10.00

Stewart Fruit Co 10.00

F. A. Roman 25.00

George Weinstein 10.00

S. Silk 10.00

J. Palmisano 10.00

F. Balzebre 10.00

Peter Bertelli 10.00

G. Lampros 10.00

S. Marino 10.00

J. Fumaro 10.00

Mrs. C. B. Downer 10.00

V. Mashio 10.00

S. Abrams 10.00

B. Caro 10.00

P. Condake 10.00

Essex Produce Co 10.00

L. Farrah 10.00

J. Ganem & Son 10.00

S. Fumara 10.00

J. Tavilla 10.00

Carried forward $2,408,830.64

207

Massachusetts General Hospital
Permanent Funds

Brought forward $2,408,830.64

1921 Effenson Bros $10.00

E. J. Zorzy 10.00

Boggiano Bros 10.00

A. Damori 10.00

A. Silverman & Son 10.00

B. Durso 10.00

G. Voci 10.00

Caruso Bros 10.00

F. Puccia 10.00

J. Managlia 10.00

A. Minstretta 10.00

Sawtelle & Pratt 10.00

S. Golub 10.00

Mrs. Orsi 10.00

Mrs. Bonaroli 10.00

A. C. Fisher & Co. Inc 10.00

G. Giovino 15.00

G. Goldman 10.00

A. Marchetti 10.00

G. B. Houghton & Co 10.00

Mrs. Thomas Nutile 25.00

Mrs. G. M. Balboni 25.00

P. Herschkovitz 10.00

Commercial Fruit Co 10.00

A. Papouleaa 10.00

Pascal Cohen 10.00

J. Simes 10.00

Antonio Frene 10.00

L. Ginsberg 10.00

Silver Bros 10.00

Sparta Fruit Co 10.00

J. Hunt 10.00

S. Arria 10.00

P. Puccia 10.00

S. Russo 10.00

Miss Mary Tassinari 10.00

Winsor Gleason 10.00

1921 Hecht Free Bed Fund, bequest of Mrs. Lina

Frank Hecht 5,000.00

George B. Upton Fund, bequest of George B.

Upton, in memory of his father 5,000.00

Katherine E. Bullard Fund, bequest of Miss

Katherine E. Bullard 2,500.00

1922 Emily R. M. Strauss Fund, bequest of Mrs.

Emily R. M. Strauss 5,000.00

Rev. Reuben Kidner Fund, donations of

friends in memory of Rev. Reuben Kidner 10,000.00

Francis C. Lowell Free Bed Fund, in me-
moriam, bequest of Mrs. Cornelia Prime
Lowell 10,000.00

Charles and Helen L. Walker Fund, bequest of

Miss Leslie W. Walker 80,000.00

Abigail and Samuel T. Armstrong Fund, be-
quest of Miss Leslie W. Walker 10,000.00

INCOME UNRESTRICTED FUND

1845 The Waldo Fund, bequest of Daniel

Waldo $40,000.00

Dr. J. H. Whittemore Memorial

Fund:

William S. Bullard . . $500.00
Peter C. Brooks . . . 200.00
Martin Brimmer . . 300.00
Arthur T. Lyman . . 250.00

Carried forward . . . $1,250.00 $40,000.00 $2,536,330.64
208

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward . . . $1,250.00 $40,000.00 $2,536,330.64

1845 Geo. P. Metcalf 100.00

Benton, Caverly & Co. . . 100.00

B. Johnson 100.00

A Friend 1,000.00

David P. Kimball .... 500.00

T. Jefferson Coolidge . . 500.00

James L. Little 100.00

Caroline G. Curtis .... 100.00

Theodore Lyman .... 100.00

E. F. Mason 100.00

T. K. Lothrop 500.00

C. J. Merrill 1,000.00

George Higginson .... 5,000.00

Edmund Dwight .... 1,000.00

S. D. Warren 1,000.00

Mrs. J. E. Lodge .... 100.00

Dr. Charles V. Bemis . . 50.00

George S. Hale 50.00

Miss Anne Wigglesworth . 500.00

H. H. Hunnewell .... 1,500.00

J. A. Emmons 500.00

Mrs. Gardner Brewer . . 100.00

Miss C. A. Brewer .... 20.00

Mrs. E. B. Bowditch . . . 500.00

Sands, Furber & Co. . . . 100.00

J. B. Fletcher 100.00

Shattuck & Jones .... 100.00

D. R. Whitney 100.00

Nathan Robbins .... 100.00

William Perkins 100.00

Chas. P. Curtis 100.00

Otis E. Weld 500.00

Ida M. Mason . . 100.00

George B. Brown .... 50.00

A Friend 50.00

1886 A Friend, through Mr. Endicott 100.00

John L. Bremer 500.00

Miss Anna Hallowell . . . 100.00

N. P. Hallowell .... 100.00

G. W. Wells 100.00

A Lady, through Mr. Dalton 50.00

Franklin Haven, Jr. ... 100.00

Charles Merriam .... 100.00

Edward Austin 300.00

C. H. Dalton 300.00

Mrs. C. H. Dalton .... 50.00

Augustus Lowell .... 250.00

Henry Saltonstall .... 200.00

Mrs. G. H. Shaw .... 100.00

Mrs. Frank Morison . . . 50.00

Mrs. J. H. Wolcott . . . 100.00

Mrs. W. W. Vaughan . . 250.00

R. T. Paine 200.00

Francis Blake 100.00

Roger Wolcott 100.00

Henry Lee 500.00

Carried forward . . . $20,820.00 $40,000.00 $2,536,330.64
209

Massachusetts General Hospital

Permanent Funds

Brought forward . . . $20,820.00 $40,000.00 $2,536,330.64

1886 A. A. Lawrence . . . 300.00

William Endicott, Jr. 1,000.00

Henry Woods .... 500.00

Ezra Farnsworth . . 1,000.00

Thomas E. Proctor . 500.00

Henry B. Rogers . . 500.00

Mary Anne Wales . . 200.00

Mrs. Jas. McGregor . 100.00

Mrs. Caroline Merriam 100.00

Mrs. J. Elliot Cabot . 1,000.00

J. M. Sears 1,000.00

Nathaniel Thayer . . 1,500.00

John E. Thayer . . . 1,000.00

Bayard Thayer . . . 1,000.00

E. V. R. Thayer . . . 500.00

Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer 500.00

Mrs. J. F. Andrews . 500.00

R. C. Greenleaf . . . 1,000.00

Samuel Johnson . . . 500.00

Mrs. Francis Brooks . 100.00

J. H. Wolcott .... 100.00

33,720.00

1889 The Blake Fund, a bequest of Stanton

Blake 10,000.00

1892 Charles W. Faulkner Fund, be-

quest of C. W. Faulkner . . . 2,940.00
John Foster Fund, bequest of John

Foster 10,000.00

1898 Elizabeth C. Ware Fund, bequest

of Elizabeth C. Ware .... 10,000.00

1901 Lucretia A. Wilder Fund, a be-

quest of Lucretia A. Wilder . . 9,377.64
Roger Wolcott Fund, bequest of

Roger Wolcott 5,000.00

1915 Arthur T. Lyman Fund, a dona-

tion of Arthur T. Lyman . . . 10,000.00

1916 Mitchell A. Dearborn Fund, a be-

quest of Mitchell A. Dearborn 525.00

1917 Arthur G. Tompkins Fund, a be-

quest of Arthur G. Tompkins . 25,000.00
Charles P. Jaynes Fund, a bequest

of Charles P. Jaynes 11,477.00

1905 Edward W. Codman Fund, part of

a bequest of Edward W.Codman 10,000.00

By vote of the Trustees April
14, 1905, the income on $10,000
is to be transferred annually to
the Training School for Nurses
Fund.

1918 Charles L. Pitts Fund, bequest of

Mary Rose Harris 10,000.00

Charles Goddard Weld Fund, be-
quest of Mrs. Caroline L. Weld 100,000.00

1919 Surgical Dressings Fund, donation

of the New England Surgical
Dressings Committee .... 10,000.00

Carried forward $298,039.64 $2,536,330.64

210

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $298,039.64 $2,536,330.64

1919 The Henry Pickering Walcott Fund . 10,000.00

Alexander E. O. Munsell Fund,
donation of Alexander E. O.
Munsell 1,000.00

1920 Fredrika G. Holden Fund, a dona-

tion of Miss Fredrika G. Holden.
Income unrestricted but prefer-
ably for Out-Patient Depart-
ment 1,500.00

Mary Walcott Almon Fund, be-
quest of Mrs. Mary Walcott
Almon 5,000.00

John Johnston Soren and Fanny
Wales Soren. Memorial Fund
bequest of George W. Soren . 8,000.00

Accumulated Income on
bequest of Geo. W.
Soren to income . . $2,279.53
Expended, 1920 . . 2,279.53

1921 T. Jefferson Coolidge Fund, be-

quest of T. Jefferson Coolidge . 20,000.00

1922 Andrew C. Slater Fund, bequest

of Andrew C. Slater 1,000.00

Elizabeth White Fund, bequest of

George Robert White .... 100,000.00

Dudley L. Pickman Fund, dona-
tion of Mr. and Mrs. Dudley L.

Pickman 2,500.00

447,039.64

REDMAN FUND

Income for any purpose except buildings

1862-1872 A bequest from John Redman . . 455,113.34

CHESTER H. DAVIS FUND

Income for Crippled Children

1903 Bequest of Chester H. Davis . . 20,000.00

McLEAN HOSPITAL FUND

1830 The Joseph Lee Fund, a donation of

Joseph Lee,as heir of Francis Lee $20,000.00
1843 Appleton Fund, a bequest of

1854 $10,010 from Samuel Appleton

1862 and a donation of $20,000 from

William Appleton , 30,010.00

1851 Bromfield Fund, half of a bequest

from John Bromfield 20,000.00

1858 Austin Fund, part of a bequest

from Mrs. Agnes Austin . . . 5,000.00

1859 Kittredge Fund, a bequest from

RufusKittredge 5,500.00

Carried forward $80,510.00 $3,458,483.62

211

Massachusetts General Hospital
Permanent Funds

Brought forward $80,510.00 $3,458,483.62

1870 The Amusement Fund, $5,000 bequest

of Miss Mary Louise Shaw:
1875 $5,000 donation of Mrs. Quincy A.

Shaw and other ladies .... 10,000.00

1871 Read Fund, half of a bequest from

James Read 1,000.00

1872 McGregor Fund, half of a dona-

tion and bequest from James

McGregor 7,500.00

1874 Templeton Fund, half of a bequest

from John Templeton .... 5,000.00
1876 Lincoln Fund, half of a bequest

from Mrs. F. W. Lincoln . . . 85,000.00
1885 Proctor Fund, a bequest from Mrs.

Lydia P. Proctor 1,000.00

1888 Hibbard Occupation Fund . . . 1,000.00

1889 Higginson Fund, a bequest from

George Higginson 10,000.00

1890 Ellen M. Gifford Fund, part of a

bequest from Ellen M. Gifford 5,000.00
1892 Bradlee Fund, part of a donation

from Helen C. Bradlee .... 50,000.00

1895 Matchett Fund, a donation of

Sarah A. Matchett ..... 15,000.00
Thomas E. Proctor Fund for main-
tenance of buildings 30,000.00

1896 Vose Fund, half of a bequest of

Ann White Vose 38,983.09

1900 Abbott Fund, a bequest of Mar-
shall K. Abbott 2,500.00

Fund for Department of

Scientific Research:
1904 Donation of Sarah A.

Matchett .... $5,000.00
1921-1922 Donation of W.

Eugene McGregor . 1,000.00
1922 Donation of Mrs.

Lucy I. Kingsbury 1,000.00 7,000.00
1906 Samuel Eliot Memorial Chapel

Fund for maintenance of Chapel 10,904.84
1909 George F. Parkman Fund, part of

a bequest of George F. Parkman 50,000.00
Elizabeth B. Maxwell Fund, a be-
quest of Elizabeth B. Maxwell 1,030.00
Mercy A. Bailey Fund, a bequest

of Mercy A. Bailey 5,500.00

1911 Martha R. Hunt Fund, to be used

for the entertainment of patients

at McLean Hospital 10,135.00

1912-1915 Matchett Memorial Fund, part of

a bequest of Sarah A. Matchett 73,376.05
1913 Sarah E. Cazenove Fund, a be-

quest of Sarah E. Cazenove . . 63,784.36
1916 John Milton Hall Fund, a donation

of a Friend 3,000.00

567,223.34

Carried forward $4,025,706.96

212

Financial

Permanent Funds

CONVALESCENT HOSPITAL FUND

Brought forward $4,025,706.96

1879 Sundry Donors (through Miss

Russell) $3,446.00

Executors of George O. Hovey . 2,000.00

1880 Sundry Donors (through Miss

Russell) 2,513.00

Dr. and Mrs. C. E. Ware .... 1,000.00

Mrs. Sarah S. Fay 1,000.00

J. L. Gardner 1,000.00

Mrs. E. B. Bowditch 1,000.00

H. B. Rogers 1,000.00

Anne S. Hooper 1,000.00

E. Pierson Beebe and Miss Emma

Beebe 1,000.00

W. S. Bullard 500.00

Samuel W. Swett 500.00

William Amory 500.00

C. H. Dalton 500.00

Chas. P. Curtis 500.00

T. K. Lothrop 500.00

H. L. Higginson 300.00

F. L. Higginson 300.00

O. W. Peabody 250.00

J. R. Hall 200.00

George Dexter 200.00

Mrs. Mary M. McGregor .... 200.00

Mrs. Frank Morison 200.00

Eliza Goodwin 150.00

Friends 2,050.00

Mrs. Augustus Hemenway . . . 100.00

T. G. Appleton 100.00

J. R. Coolidge 100.00

H. P. Kidder and C. J. Morrill,

Trustees 3,713.85

Margaret Curtis account Mrs. C.

P. Curtis, Sr 25.00

D. F. Appleton 50.00

1881 Sundry Donors (through Miss

Russell) 3,750.83

C. J. Morrill and Friend, one-half

each 5,000.00

Moses Williams 1,000.00

A. T. Lyman 200.00

A. Cochrane 250.00

J. C. Gray 300.00

B. Schlessinger 500.00

Henry Saltonstall 500.00

Mrs. P. C. Brooks 300.00

T. J. Coolidge 300.00

Mrs. J. B. H. James ...... 100.00

R. P. Wainwright 50.00

Ezra H. Baker 500.00

William S. Houghton 1,000.00

Elijah Smith 500.00

Mrs. Samuel Cabot 100.00

Charles Merriam 100.00

Carried forward $40,348.68 $4,025,706.96

213

Massachusetts General Hospital
Permanent Funds

Brought forward $40,348.68 $4,025,706.96

1881 Caroline Merriam 100.00

W. G. Weld 250.00

Mrs. Theodore Chase, Sr. ... 50.00

MisaCochrane . 500.00

Alice M. Longfellow and sister . 1,000.00

Leopold Morse 50.00

Samuel Eliot 500.00

Eliza Ashton, by Charles P. Curtis 500.00
"A Bostonian, " by Charles P.

Curtis 500.00

W. E. Bright 200.00

G. A. Nickerson 200.00

S. R. Payson 300.00

George C. Richardson 300.00

Edward Austin 500.00

Charles P. Hemenway 250.00

Nathaniel Thayer 20,000.00

H. P. Kidder 5,000.00

J. L. Bremer 1,000.00

Henry Lee 1,000.00

Martin Brimmer 300.00

Miss Anne Wigglesworth .... 300.00

Quincy A. Shaw 5,000.00

F. H. Peabody 500.00

S. B. Rindge 500.00

S. D. Warren 2,000.00

Elisha Atkins 500.00

H. H. Hunnewell 10,000.00

Nevins & Co 500.00

W. Endicott, Jr 2,500.00

Henry Woods 1,000.00

Samuel Johnson 500.00

R. C. Greenleaf 500.00

Henry Endicott 100.00

1882 Ezra Farnsworth 500.00

W. C. Grover 1,000.00

Joseph B. Glover 100.00

Sundry Donors (through Miss

Russell). 450.00

Miss Anne Wigglesworth .... 100.00

Frank L. Ames 3,000.00

Cornelia Dehon 75.00

1883 Jerome G. Kidder, bequest . . . 15,000.00

1884 Samuel W. Swett, bequest . . . 50,000.00

1885 "Francis," donation 20.00

1886 George A. Gardner, donation . . 5,000.00
Miss Mary Russell, donation . . 40.00

1888 Elizabeth B. I. B. Dixwell, bequest 1,000.00

1889-1895 Miss Helen C. Bradlee, donation 1,300.00

1892 Elizabeth B. Bowditch, bequest . 5,000.00

1893 Mrs. Isaac Sweetser, in memory of

Dr. Edw.H. Clarke, donation 1,000.00

1912 Julia M. Moseley, bequest . . . 6,190.47

$186,524.15

Cost of Building 34,713.02

151,811.13

Carried forward $4,177,518.09

214

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $4,177,518.09

SAMUEL CABOT FUND FOR PATHOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATION

Income for Salary of Surgical Pathologist

1888 Donation of Samuel Cabot and Dr.

Arthur T. Cabot 10,000.00

JOHN CALL DALTON AND EDWARD BARRY
DALTON FUND

Income for Investigation in the Science of Medicine

1891-1909 A donation from Charles H. and

Henry R. Dalton 25,000.00

PATHOLOGICAL LABORATORY AND
RANDALL FUNDS

1895 Fanny G. Villiard . . $1,000.00

Charles U. Cotting 500.00

Thomas Nelson 200.00

A. S. Bigelow 500.00

William S. Billiard 500.00

Henry C. Weston 500.00

"A Western Friend" (J. M. Forbes) 5,000.00

R. H. White 1,000.00

Wallace L. Pierce 500.00

Caleb A. Curtis 500.00

Charles Merriam 500.00

Elizabeth R. Cabot 200.00

Elizabeth C. Ware 100.00

John C. Ropes 100.00

George G. Kennedy 1,000.00

J. Morris Meredith 100.00

William Powell Mason 1,000.00

W. B. Thomas 500.00

Mrs. F. L. Ames 5,000.00

Miss Mary S. Ames 1,000.00

Thomas Wigglesworth 1,000.00

H. H. Hunnewell 10,000.00

John L. Gardner 1,000.00

1896 C. W. Amory 500.00

Mrs. S. D. Warren 5,000.00

Augustus Lowell 1,000.00

Henry Lee 1,000.00

T. Jefferson Coolidge 1,000.00

Henry L. Pierce 5,000.00

Charles Head 1,000.00

Martin Brimmer 1,000.00

Dr. Charles G. Weld 5,000.00

O. H. Alford 500.00

John A. Burnham 500.00

Mr. and Mrs. W. Scott Fitz . . 1,000.00

Oliver Ames 1,000.00

D. L. Pickman 200.00

W. D. Sohier 100.00

Carried forward $55,500.00 $4,212,518.09

215

Massachusetts General Hospital

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $55,500.00 $4,212,518.09

1896 George F. Fabyan 1,000.00

Miss A. P. Rogers 500.00

A Friend 400.00

Mrs. W. D. Pickman 1,000.00

Frank Simpson 1,000.00

A. A. Lawrence 500.00

E. Pierson Beebe 1,000.00

J. Reed Whipple 500.00

A. Hemenway 1,000.00

W. H. Forbes 500.00

Mrs. Frank Merriam 500.00

Mrs. William C. Loring .... 1,000.00

Estate of Eben D. Jordan . . . 5,000.00

Nathaniel Thayer 1,000.00

Mrs. J. N. Fiske 1,000.00

Through Dr. A. T. Cabot . . . 100.00

Through Dr. Chas. B. Porter . . 100.00

W. Sturgis Bigelow 2,500.00

Anna S. C. Prince 1,000.00

Wm. Endicott, Jr 5,000.00

Interest on Fund added .... 1,947.02

1897 Henry M. Whitney 1,000.00

Children of Samuel Parkman . . 2,000.00

Laurence Minot 100.00

Mrs. Henry S. Grew 500.00

George Wigglesworth 100.00

William Minot 100.00

A. Hemenway 1,000.00

Miss A. P. Carey 500.00

Allen Danforth 100.00

1912 Mrs. Mary Upham Johnson, a

bequest 3,201.32

Pathological Fund $90,648.34

Apparatus and Equipment . . . 26,772.93

$63,875.41

1898 John W. and Belinda L. Randall

Fund 20,000.00

83,875.41

TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES FUND

1897 C. P. Curtis, Treasurer, for sundry

donors $18,386.42

John Foster 5,000.00

1902 Francis Skinner 1,000.00

1904 Francis E. Bangs 2,000.00

William Amory 25.00

George A. Gardner 2,000.00

Mrs. Ernest B. Dane 100.00

Mrs. Robert W. Emmons .... 25.00

Mrs. Larz Anderson 50.00

Mrs. John L. Bremer 100.00

Mrs. George F. Fabyan .... 50.00

J. Randolph Coolidge 100.00

Carried forward $28,836.42 $4,296,393.50

216

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $28,836.42 $4,296,393.50

1904 H. D. Chapin 10.00

A Friend 1.00

Dr. J. F. Burnham 1.00

Miss Fannie R. Brewer 100.00

F. L. Higginson 100.00

Mrs. J. B. Case 100.00

Miss Georgina Lowell 25.00

Mrs. E. Preble Motley 50.00

Arthur A. Carey 25.00

Mrs. Annie L. Woods 100.00

Thomas Wigglesworth 500.00

Miss Isabel Fabyan 50.00

Charles E. Cotting 50.00

Mrs. B. P. Cheney 50.00

T. Jefferson Coolidge 500.00

Mr. and Mrs. Thornton K. Lothrop 500.00

Charles H. Dalton 100.00

Mrs. A. W. Blake 50.00

Miss B. F. Blake 50.00

Forbes Lithograph Co 10.00

Mrs. W. Scott Fitz 100.00

Miss Eliza W. S. Parkman . . . 10.00

Walter Hunnewell 100.00

Henry S. Hunnewell 50.00

Mrs. F. B. Harrington 10.00

Miss Mary S. Ames 50.00

W. O. Gay 100.00

The Misses Minot 25.00

Miss Sarah F. Bremer 50.00

Stephen Bullard 50.00

Samuel W. Rodman 20.00

Mrs. F. C. Manning 10.00

Miss M. L. Blake 10.00

Miss Mary Brandegee 50.00

Shepherd Brooks 400.00

O. H. Alford 100.00

Mrs.Alford 15.00

Miss Mary Thomas 10.00

Miss Sarah C. Paine 25.00

Miss Mary W. Eastman .... 100.00

Charles W. Hubbard 25.00

Mrs. John C. Phillips 50.00

George F. Fabyan 1,000.00

Graduate of School 50.00

Graduate of School 1.00

1905 Mrs. Algernon Coolidge .... 10.00

Luce & Manning 25.00

Mrs. J. T. Eldredge 5.00

Mrs. William C. Otis . . . . . 100.00

Nurses' Alumnae Association . . 53.50

Miss Mary Lee Ware 500.00

Miss Alice Longfellow 5.00

John T. Coolidge 100.00

Mrs. Theodore Lyman 100.00

Mrs. G. Rowland Shaw .... 100.00

Clement S. Houghton 25.00

Carried forward $34,642.92 $4,296,393.50

217

Massachusetts General Hospital
Permanent Funds

Brought forward $34,642.92 $4,296,393.50

1905 Louis S. Dabney 25.00

William S. Dexter 200.00

Thomas P. Beal 50.00

Francis Skinner 300.00

Henry Mulliken 500.00

Mrs. W. S. Bullard 25.00

Mrs. H. S. Grew 25.00

Richard H. Weld 25.00

Mr. and Mrs. George Putnam . . 200.00

Mr. and Mrs. N. Thayer .... 2,000.00

Mr. and Mrs. Dudley L. Pickman 100.00

F. L. Higginson 250.00

Mrs. G. G. Hammond 100.00

Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Sears . . . 200.00

Mrs. Daniel Merriman 50.00

Arthur Amory 5.00

Mrs. Otis Norcross, Jr

Alexander Cochrane 100.00

Mrs. S. Parkman Blake .... 100.00

Grant Walker 100.00

Mrs. J. J. Storrow 10.00

Mrs. H. H. Fay 25.00

Miss M. B. Lothrop 50.00

Francis W. Hunnewell 100.00

Nathaniel T. Kidder 500.00

1906 Mrs. Anna D. Blake 50.00

William P. Blake 50.00

E. Pierson Beebe 50.00

Miss Emma Rodman 25.00

1907 Mrs. R. G. Shaw 50.00

1909 Mrs. A. Coolidge 10.00

1912 Henry A. Wyman 5.00

1913 Miss Harriet W. Barnes .... 50.00

40,022.92

ART ROOM FUND

Income for Art Room McLean Hospital

1904 Mrs. Samuel Eliot $500.00

1904-1908 Sundry Donors 311.90

1904-1922 Interest added 897.86

1,709.76

ORTHOPAEDIC WARD FUND

1906-1907 Nathaniel Thayer .... $5,000.00

Bayard Thayer 5,000.00

Mrs. Lester Leland 5,000.00

John and W. S. Spaulding and

Mrs. H. F. King 5,000.00

Mrs. W. G. Weld 5,000.00

Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Sears . . . 5,000.00

Mrs. B. P. Cheney 5,000.00

Augustus Hemenway 3,000.00

J. L. Bremer 2,448.64

E. V. R. Thayer 2,500.00

H. E. Converse 2,500.00

Miss Mary Ames 2,000.00

Carried forward $47,448,64 $4,338,126.18

218

Financial

1906-1907

Permanent Funds

Brought forward ,

Mrs. Edward D. Brandegee . . .

Nelson Curtis

Max Agassiz

G. L. Peabody

F. Gordon Dexter

C. W. Amory

William Endicott, Jr

P. L. Saltonstall

Samuel Dana

Mrs. J. H. Wright

Lyman Nichols

Francis Blake ,

Miss Elizabeth Cheney ....

Mrs. Roger Wolcott, Sr

John Parkinson ,

Mrs. Peter C. Brooks . . . .

John Saltonstall

John A. Burnham ,

F. P. Sprague

W. O. Gay

Wallace L. Pierce

$47,448 64 $4,338,126.18

1,500.00
1,500.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00

500.00

250.00

100.00

300.00

$65,048.64
Expended: Building and Equipment 38,577.72

26,470.92

CLINICAL LABORATORY FUND
1908 Bequest of Mrs. Grace M. Kuhn 10,000.00

SARAH PROCTOR JOSLIN FUND

Income to be expended by the Ladies' Visiting Com-
mittee for Books and other articles

1913 Bequest of Sarah Proctor Joslin 1,000.00

DR. WALTER J. DODD MEMORIAL FUND

Income for X-Ray Investigation

1916 Mrs. Walter J. Dodd $100.00

1917 A Friend 1,000.00

A Friend 2.00

Dr. and Mrs. F. A. Washburn . 100.00

G. N. Talbot 100.00

Dr. Vincent Y. Bowditch .... 5.00

Dr. James B. Ayer 10.00

Dr. Henry M. Chase 5.00

Dr. John W. Cummin 15.00

Dr. J. Collins Warren 50.00

Dr. H. K. Boutwell 5.00

Dr. Herman F. Vickery .... 10.00

Dr. Mabel D. Ordway 10.00

Dr. Charles J. White 15.00

Dr. W. E. Paul 25.00

Dr. E. A. Codman 25.00

Carried forward $1,477.00 $4,375,597.10

219

Massachusetts General Hospital

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $1,477.00 $4,375,597.10

1917 Mrs. James Howard Means . . . 25.00

Dr. J. Payson Clark 25.00

Dr. L. L. Bigelow .... 5.00

Dr. James J. Putnam 25.00

Dr. F. B. Lund 100.00

Dr. Richard C. Cabot 100.00

Dr. E. W. Emerson 5.00

Dr. George H. Wright 50.00

Dr. E. P. Bagg, Jr 5.00

Dr. Robert B. Osgood 10.00

Dr. Joseph L. Goodale 3.00

Dr. George M. Sheahan .... 5.00

Dr. Wilder Tileston 10.00

Dr. Henry Lee Morse 25.00

Lieut.-Col. H. H. Shaw .... 5.00

Dr. Henry L. Sanford 10.00

Dr. Elisha Flagg 25.00

Dr. F. H. Davenport 25.00

Dr. F. Van Niiys 2.00

Dr. Robert M. Green 5.00

Drs. E. P. and E. D. Joslin . . . 10.00

Dr. R. M. Smith 10.00

Dr. Adelbert S. Merrill 5.00

Dr. Richard Dexter 15.00

Dr. Elliott C. Cutler 10.00

Dr. George H. Monks 10.00

George Wigglesworth 1,000.00

Dr. George S. Derby 15.00

Dr. John W. Elliot .... 100.00

Mrs. Lewis Agassiz Shaw .... 4.00

Dr. Walter C. Seelye 5.00

Dr. Frederick W. Taylor .... 5.00

Dr. Herbert C. Moffitt 100.00

Dr. W. F. Whitney 5.00

Dr. Hyman Morrison 5.00

Dr. Seabury W. Allen 10.00

Dr. A. A. Davis 10.00

Dr. Walter I. Baldwin 10.00

Dr. George K. Sabine 5.00

Dr. Theodore J. Eastman . . . 10.00

Dr. Henry S. Forbes 10.00

Dr. Joseph B. Rowland .... 10.00

Dr. James J. Minot 50.00

Dr. Marshal Fabyan 100.00

Dr. Herbert B. Howard .... 25.00

Dr. Franklin G. Balch 100.00

Dr. Horace Binney 10.00

Dr. Frances W. Peabody .... 10.00

Dr. Chauncey W. Norton . . . 25.00

Dr. William H. Buffum .... 5.00

Dr. James L. Gamble 20.00

Dr. Edward L. Young, Jr. ... 5.00

Dr. Augustus Thorndike .... 250.00

Dr. Charles G. Mixter 5.00

Dr. Herbert J. Hall 10.00

Dr. Lloyd T. Brown 10.00

Carried forward $3,931.00 $4,375,597.10

220

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $3,931.00 $4,375,597.10

1917 Dr. Charles N. Meader 10.00

Dr. W. P. Graves 5.00

Dr. Charles S. Butler 25.00

Dr. Russell T. Congdqn .... 5.00

Dr. Charles Edwin Briggs . . . 25.00

Dr. Harvey P. Towle 10.00

Dr. John B. Hawes, 2d 10.00

Mrs. Mabell Burleigh Chase . . 35.00

Dr. William Jason Mixter . . . 25.00

Dr. H. P. Greeley 5.00

1918 Donation of Dr. D.Crosby Greene 25.00
Donation of Alumnae Association

of the Massachusetts General
Hospital Training School for

Nurses 65.00

1919 Dr. Mark W. Richardson .... 50.00

Miss Anna Lea 10.00

Wallace L. Pierce 100.00

Mrs. John C. Gray 100.00

Miss J. L. Motley 5.00

Mrs. Irma Vonnegut 10.00

Dr. Duncan McDougall .... 50.00

Dr. A. C. Nason 70.00

1920 Donations and proceeds from sale

of memorial books through Phil-
lips House X-Ray Department 35.52
Donation of Dr. David Cheever . 25.00
Donation of Dr. Edward P. Rich-
ardson 25.00

1918-1922 Accumulated Income 1,458.86

6,115.38

WARREN LIBRARY FUND

Income for Books for Patients

1841 Donation of Dr. J. C. Warren . . 1,000.00

TREADWELL LIBRARY FUND

Income for the Library

1857 Bequest of J. G. Treadwell . . . $5,000.00

1913 Donation of Richard Olney . . . 100.00

1914 Donation of Dr. Daniel Fiske

Jones 5.00

Donation of Dr. John M. T.

Finney 200.00

1917 Donation of Dr. John W. Elliot . 1,000.00

6,305.00

WOODEN LEG FUND

1861 Donation — P. K $100.00

Bequest of N. I. Bowditch . . . 5,000.00

George A. Newell Fund .... 2,500.00

7,600.00

Carried forward $4,396,617.48

221

Massachusetts General Hospital
Permanent Funds

Brought forward $4,396,617.48

WARREN PRIZE FUND

Income for a Triennial Prize

1868 Bequest of Dr. J. M. Warren . . $1,880.00

Accumulated interest 3,305.84

5,185.84

SURGICAL INSTRUMENT FUND

Income for Special Surgical Instruments

1870 Donation of Dr. Henry J. Bigelow $1,250.00

1881 Donation of R. M. Moore . . . 100.00
1889 Donation of Lydia B. and 0. A.

Taft 100.00

Donation of Chas. S. Bixby . . . 25.00

1902 Arthur Appleton Beebe Fund . . 5,000.00

6,475.00

SHATTUCK FUND

Income for Music at Hospital

1894 George C. and Anne H. Shattuck Fund, dona-

tion of Dr. Frederick C. Shattuck .... 2,000.00

NEW ENDOWMENT FUND

1917 Donation of George R. Agassiz . $500.00
Donation of Miss Sarah H. Blan-

chard 500.00

1918-1922 Donation of George Wigglesworth 36,752.45

1919 Donation of Frank G. Webster . 5,000.00
Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas

Motley 555.00

1920 Donation of Henry S. Hunnewell 10,000.00
Donation of Francis Henry Apple-
ton 1,000.00

Donation of Francis L. Higginson 5,000.00
1920-1921 Donation of Mrs. Charles E.

Mason 10,000.00

1920 Donation of Arthur Lyman . . . 1,000.00

Donation of Walter H. Hunnewell 5,000.00
Donation of Mrs. A. Lawrence

Hopkins 5,000.00

Donation of Mrs. John Holmes

Morison 500.00

Donation of Anonymous .... 2,000.00

Donation of A. Lawrence Lowell . 5,000.00

Donation of Mrs. Moses Williams 5,000.00
Donation of Mrs. Henry Forbes

Bigelow 4,300.00

Donation of Miss Louise W. Case 500.00

Donation of Miss Marian R. Case 100.00

Donation of Mrs. O. H. Alford . 1,000.00

Donation of Henry C. Everett . 500.00

Carried forward $99,207.45 $4,410,278.32

222

Financial

Permanent Funds

Brought forward $99,207.45 $4,410,278.32

1920 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Robert

T. Paine, 2d 5,000.00

1921 Donation of David P. Kimball . 20,000.00
Donation of Eliot Wadsworth . . 2,500.00
Donation of William S. Spaulding 1,000.00
Donation of Mrs. Henry P. Kidder 880.00
Donation of Miss Sarah F. Bremer 1,000.00
Donation of Dr. J. Lewis Bremer 1,000.00

— 130,587.45

SOCIAL SERVICE FUND

1916 Donation of Mrs. Shepherd Brooks $15,000.00
Bequest of Susan C. Dove . . . 5,000.00

1917 Donation of Susan P. Atkinson . 100.00

1918 Donation of Mrs. Henry P. Kidder 500.00
1921-1922 Bequest of Mrs. Grace E. Reed . 4,500.00

25,100.00

FOSTER FAMILY FUND
1918 Donation of C. H. W. Foster 10,000.00

A permanent fund in the name of the donor. The
income to be used to pay the Hospital bills of patients
nominated by the donor or his wife. After their
decease the power of nomination shall descend in suc-
cession to their oldest child living, then grandchild.
Thereafter, or in case the line of descent shall cease,
the income shall be for the unrestricted uses of the
Hospital.

ARTHUR W. BLAKE FUND

Income for the Study and Care of Nervous Diseases

1918 Donation of Arthur W. Blake . . $24,697.02

1920 Income added to Fund 302.98

25,000.00

JOHN W. ELLIOT FUND

Income for Investigation in the Science of Medicine

1919-1922 Donation of Dr. John W. Elliot 10,082.00

MEMORIAL FUND TO THE DOCTORS AND NURSES
WHO DIED IN THE WAR OF 1917-1918

Income for Maintenance of Free Beds
Donation through the Ladies' Visiting Committee 5,000.00

MARY ELIZABETH SALTONSTALL FUND

Income for the Social Service of the Hospital,
"preference being given for the help and care of little
children"

1920 Bequest of Philip L. Saltonstall 5,000.00

Carried forward $4,621,047.77

223

Massachusetts General Hospital
Permanent Funds

Brought forward $4,621,047.77

MRS. NATHANIEL THAYER FUND

The income to be used "preferably for the Social
Service Department"

1920 Donation of Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer 10JOOO.OO

GEORGE ROBERT WHITE FUND

Income for the Development or Maintenance of
a Department for the Treatment of Diseases of the
Skin

1922 Donation of George Robert White 100,000.00

TOTAL PERMANENT FUNDS $4,731,047.77

224

Financial

SPECIAL PURPOSE FUNDS

FREE BED SUBSCRIBERS FOR T:
Mrs. W. Scott Fitz (1913-1922)

EN YEARS

$1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00

1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00

Unexpired
SO. 00
100.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
300.00
300.00
300.00

300.00
400.00
400.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
600.00
700.00
700.00
800.00
900.00

James Longley (1914-1923)
Mrs. Louis A. Frothingham (1915-1924) ....
The late Henry R. Dalton (1915-1924) ....
Mrs. Henry S. Grew (1915-1924)

Mrs. O. H. Alford (1916-1925)
Miss Martha A. Alford (1916-1925)

Mr. and Mrs. Shepherd Brooks (1916-1925) . .
Mrs. George D. Howe (1916-1925), in memory of
George D. Howe

Frank G. Webster (1917-1926)
Mrs. Elizabeth Cabot Lyman (1917-1926) . . .
The Misses Kimball (1917-1926)

Mrs. Anne P. Rice (1918-1927)
Miss Mary Weld (1919-1928)

Walter HunneweU (1919-1928)

Mrs. George Putnam, Sr. (1920-1929)

Richard Wheatland (1920-1929)

Frances E. (Cutler) Sprague Fund (1921-1930) .
Miss Martha A. Alford (1922-1931)

$7,900.00

NURSES' HOME FUND — McLEAN HOSPITAL

1913 Donation of Miss Elizabeth L. Grant $1,000.00

1914 A Friend 40,000.00

Sundry Donors (through Mrs. E.

Stanley Abbot) ' 13,679.70

Donation of Miss Sara E. Parsons . 5.00

1915 Donation of Miss Louise W. Case . 100.00
Donation of Sundry Donors (through

Mrs. E. Stanley Abbot) :

Anonymous 16.00

Edward B. Field 15.00

Mrs. A. H. Hews 25.00

Mrs. Charlotte Nichols Greene . 10.00

Mrs. Isabel B. Richardson . . . 10.00

1916 A Friend 2,500.00

Mrs. Florence N. Putnam .... 100.00

1922 From McLean Hospital Operations 20,241.09

1913-1922 Accumulated Income 30,671.96

$108,373.75

Expended on Plans, etc 4,883.54

103,490.21

Carried forward $111,390.21

225

Massachusetts General Hospital

Special Purpose Funds

Brought forward $111,390.21

CHILDREN'S MEDICAL WARD BUILDING

FUND

1913 Donation of G. S. Talbot $250.00

1913-1922 Accumulated Income 165.52

415.52

TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES' ENDOW-
MENT FUND

1915-1919 Miss Sara E. Parsons $700.00

1915-1920 Miss Louise C. May 140.00

Miss Susan L. Mills 5.00

Miss Louie W. Wellington .... 25.00

Dr. Benjamin Brown 10.00

Graduate of School 1.00

1916 Miss R. Helen Cleland 200.00

A Graduate of 1880 50.00

1916-1920 Miss Annabella McCrae 170.00

Miss Jane F. Riley 100.00

Miss Grace Nichols 10.00

Mrs. John Bartol 15.00

Miss E. W. Allen 2.00

Miss Mary F. Emery ' 12.00

Miss Alice C. S. Cushman .... 5.00

Miss Grace Stackpole 15.00

Miss Helen B. Fenton 10.00

Miss Grace Nichols 100.00

Miss Frances C. Dailey 22.50

Mrs. William S. Ely 1,000.00

Mrs. Samuel Cabot 100.00

1916-1919 Miss Fannie R. Slayton 40.00

1916-1918 Miss Helen G. O'Dea 4.00

Miss Helen T. Niverson 10.00

1916-1919 Miss V. C. Hall 50.00

Miss Helen Wood 90.00

Miss Harriet J. Allyn 25.00

Mrs. Helen A. Wayland Hudson .' 10.00

Miss Agnes J. Trull 10.00

Miss Alice M. Watson 10.00

Mrs. and Miss Alford 200.00

1916-1920 Miss Jessie E. Grant 20.00

1916-1919 Miss Eileen R. Curley 15.00

1916-1918 Miss Charlotte M. Perry 100.00

Miss Olga Olson 5.00

Miss Josephine Mulville 10.00

Miss Ruth C. Blair 5.00

Miss Helen M. Finlay 1.00

Miss Hannah Ward 10.00

Miss Mary L. Keith 100.00

Miss Jessie L. Brown 25.00

Miss Harriet L. P. Friend .... 100.00
Mrs. Isaac Phillips, in memory of

Ethel May Fixter 10.00

Miss Rose K. Butler 10.00

1916 Miss Mary E. Higson 10.00

Miss Melissa J. Cook 5.00

Miss Christina J. McDonald . . . 2.00

Carried forward $3,569.50 $111,805.73

226

Financial

Special Purpose Funds

Brought forward $3,569.50 $111,805.73

1916 Miss Anna G. Griffin 5.00

Mrs. Oscar Feuerstein 10.00

Miss Esther Dart 50.00

1916-1919 Miss Hannah J. Brierley 35.00

Miss Alice Scott 70.00

Mrs. Frederick A. Driscol .... 10.00

Miss Maria Brown 5.00

Mrs. Daniel Coakley 204.00

1916-1920 Mrs. Webster H. Carney 8.50

Miss Adele Richardson 10.00

Miss Elizabeth P. Hamlen .... 10.00

Mrs. John R. MacKinnon .... 5.00

Miss Mary O. Clark 20.00

1917 Mrs. Marie A. Sirois 25.00

Miss Mary R. Wiggin 25.00

Miss Helen Redfern 10.00

Mrs. Justin Starkie 5.00

Miss Burtella L. Tompkins .... 5.00

Miss Ella M. Tompkins 10.00

Miss Blanche M. Craven 10.00

Miss Mae G. Rodger 10.00

Miss Alice O. Tippett 10.00

A Friend (in name of Margaret

Russell) 100.00

A Friend (in memory of Mary Kelley

Johanesson) 100.00

Miss Edith Hinchcliffe 12.00

Miss Mary E. McElligot 10.00

Dr. E. Lawrence Oliver ... . 10.00

Miss Eunice A. Smith 25.00

Miss Myra A. Whitney 5.00

Miss Carrie M. Hall 50.00

Mrs. Amelia S. Crane 102.00

1917-1920 Miss Frances P. West 70.00

Miss Edith F. Moulton 10.00

Miss Laura E. Currier 12.00

Mrs. Henry D. Evans 5.00

1917-1918 Mrs. George H. Rogers 20.00

Miss Hilda George 100.00

1917-1919 Miss Annie H. Smith 50.00

1917-1920 Miss Winifred H. Brooks 75.00

1918-1919 Donation of Mrs. Arthur E. Hudson 20.00

Donation of Miss Irene W. Mason . 25.00

Donation of F. L. Higginson . . . 42.62

Donation of Miss Honora Fitzpatrick 25.00

Donation of Miss Mary G. Ely . . 50.00

Donation of Miss Augusta C. Ely . 50.00

Donation of Arthur A. Gary . . 10.00

Donation of Miss Grace M. Neal . 50.00

1919 Mrs. Mabel Morse Hardy .... 100.00
Miss Elspeth S. Campbell .... 10.00

1919-1920 The Nurses' Aides of the Massachu-
setts General Hospital 151.00

1920 Donation of Miss Margaret W.

Stevenson 25.00

Donation of Miss Sarah J. Condon 5.00

Carried forward $5,441.12 $111,805.73

227

Massachusetts General Hospital
Special Purpose Funds

Brought forward $5,441.12 $111,805.73

1920 Donation of Miss Hannah S.Peterson 5.00

Donation of Miss Annie C. Carlisle 10.00
Donation of Miss Isabelle McC.

Lumsden 50.00

Donation of Miss Elizabeth E. Payne 10.00

Donation of Mrs. S. Bell Hartshorn 10.00

Donation of Miss Laura A. Wilson . 10.00
Donation of the Massachusetts Gen-
eral Hospital House Pupils Alumnae

Association 100.00

Donation of Miss Minnie S. Hollings-

worth 25.00

Donation of Miss Bessie Fullerton . 25.00

Donation of Miss Ruth H. King . . 50.00
Donation of Miss Hilda A. Fletcher

(in memory of Lucy N. Fletcher) 100.00

Donation of Mrs. Eva S. Rogers . 20.00

Donation of Mrs. C. K. Ovington . 100.00

Donation of Miss Louise S. Zutter . 25.00
Donation of Mrs. Lillian Dobie Bal-

boni 25.00

1920-1921 Donation of Miss Pauline L. Dolliver 200.00

Donation of Miss Elizabeth Conway 40.00

Donation of Miss Alma A. Maddocks 10.00

Donation of Miss Annie L. Clarke . 10.00

Donation of Miss Annie Fletcher . 5.00
Donation of Miss Dorothea J. Mac-

Innis 5.00

Donation of Miss R. Louise Metcalf 75.00
Donation of Mrs. Robert Shaw Rus-
sell as a memorial to Mr. and Mrs.

Charles Pelham Curtis 1,000.00

Donation of Miss Clare Dennison . 5.00

Donation of Miss Anna C. Maxwell 25.00

Donation of Miss Rosa A. Munger 10.00
Donation of Mrs. Francis M. Racke-

mann 50.00

1916-1922 Accumulated Income 2,300.83

9,742.45

BOWDITCH HISTORY FUND

Income and Principal devoted to the
Publication of a History of the Hospital

1861 Bequest of N. I. Bowditch .... 2,000.00

ANNIE NORTON WARD FUND

For Charitable Purposes connected
with the Hospital pursuant to the vote
of the Ladies' Visiting Committee

1920 Bequest of Miss Annie Norton Ward 1 ,000.00

MARTHA B. ANGELL FUND

For the purpose of Medical and Surgi-
cal Experimentation on Animals to the
end of saving human lives

1920-1922 Bequest of Mrs. Martha B. Angell . 15,842.61

Carried forward $140,390.79

228

Financial

1920
1920-1922

1916
1916-1922

1921
1922

1921

1922
1922

1922

Special Purpose Funds

Brought forward

NURSES' HOME (McLEAN HOSPITAL)
FURNISHINGS FUND

For Furnishings in proposed Nurses' Home

Donations of Nurses at McLean Hospital $359.85
Accumulated Income 56.79

TROPICAL MEDICINE FUND

For Study and Care of Tropical Diseases

Donation of United Fruit Company $2,500.00
Accumulated Income 576.27

WILLIAM H. GOVE FUND

For the Purchase of Radium

Donation of Mrs. Aroline C. Gove . $30,000.00
Expended 30,000.00

MARY RACHEL MARTIN FUND

Preferably for a Needy Dressmaker
Bequest of Mary Rachel Martin

NATHANIEL T. KIDDER FUND

For Changes in Trustees' Room and Repairing Portraits

Donation of Nathaniel T. Kidder . $2,000.00
Expended 2,000.00

NURSES' HOME AND OTHER IMPROVE-
MENTS FUND

For an Additional Story on the Nurses' Home,
Renovating Thayer Building for Nurses, and other
repairs at the General Hospital

Donation of Mrs. T. Jefferson Coolidge $5, 000.00

Donation of Edwin A. Grozier . . 5,000.00

Donation of John R. Macomber . . 2,500.00

Donation of Arthur W. Wheelwright 1,000.00

Donation of Mrs. Frank G. Webster 500.00

Donation of Horace S. Sears . . . 500.00
Donation of Mr. and Mrs. W. L.

Shearer 1,000.00

Donation of John S. Lawrence . . 500.00

Donation of Frank G. Webster . . 10,000.00

Donation of William Endicott . . . 10,000.00

Donation of F. L. Higginson . . . 5,000.00

Donation of Frank W. Remick . . 5,000.00

Donation of Mrs. Shepherd Brooks 3,000.00
Donation of A Friend (through Wm.

Endicott) 1,000.00

Donation of C. W. Barron .... 500.00

Donation of Herbert M. Sears . . 1,000.00

Donation of George P. Gardner . . 1,000.00

Donation of Thomas P. Beal . . . 500.00

Donation of Charles P. Curtis . . . 100.00
Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas

B. Gannett 2,500.00

TOTAL SPECIAL PURPOSE FUNDS

229

$140,390.79

416.64

3,076.27

0.
500.00

55,600.00

. . $199,983.70

Massachusetts General Hospital

GENERAL FUND

1811 Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Province

House Estate $40,000.00

Cutting stone for Hospital 35,070.27

1811-1843 Subscribers for Foundation:

Benjamin and Caleb Adams . . . $100.00

Joseph Allen 100.00

Hannah R. Amory 100.00

John Amory 200.00

Jonathan Amory 200.00

Ebenezer T. Adams 300.00

Nathan Appleton 500.00

Samuel Appleton 2,000.00

William Appleton, for himself . . 100.00

William Appleton, for an unknown 200.00

Samuel T. Armstrong 100.00

Nathaniel Austin 100.00

AdamBabcock 300.00

Baker, Brown, & Co 100.00

Aaron Baldwin 110.00

Charles Barnard 100.00

John Bartlett 100.00

Thomas Bartlett 300.00

Stephen Bean 100.00

Jeremiah Belknap 100.00

John Belknap 100.00

John Bellows 100.00

Amos Binney 300.00

John Bishop 100.00

George Blake 100.00

George Bond 180.00

Boott, Kirk, & Sons 300.00

Mary Boott 300.00

Charles Bradbury 100.00

Gamaliel Bradford' 100.00

Joseph P. Bradlee 100.00

Josiah Bradlee 200.00

Thomas D. Bradlee 100.00

Nathan Bridge 100.00

Andrew Brimmer 100.00

John Brooks 100.00

Peter C. Brooks 2,000.00

Moses Brown 100.00

Samuel Brown 100.00

John Bryant 100.00

Thomas Bumstead 125.00

Benjamin Bussey 1,000.00

George Cabot 100.00

John Cabot 150.00

Sarah and Susan Cabot .... 100.00

William Cabot 100.00

Francis Carnes 200.00

Carried forward $11,665.00 $75,070.27

230

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $11,665.00 $75,070.27

1811-1843 Richard Chamberlain 100.00

Walter Channing 100.00

William E. Channing 100.00

Henry Chapman 100.00

Town of Chelsea 145.42

David W. Child 100.00

Samuel Cobb 200.00

William Cochran 100.00

Charles R. Codman 100.00

Margaret Coffin (and Ann Smith) 100.00

Collections in Ward 4 340.00

Collections in Ward 10 373.00

Joseph Coolidge 2,000.00

Joseph Coolidge, Jr 1,000.00

Thomas Cordis 100.00

Uriah Cotting 100.00

Allen Crocker 100.00

Benjamin W. Crowninshield . . . 200.00

George Crowninshield 500.00

Thomas Curtis 100.00

John P. Gushing 5,000.00

Thomas Gushing, a share in Ex-
change Coffee House, worth . 300.00

William Dall 100.00

Benjamin Dana 100.00

Nathan Dane 200.00

Amasa Davis 100.00

A. and C. Davis 150.00

Charles Davis 100.00

Daniel Davis 100.00

Eleanor Davis 200.00

Joshua Davis 100.00

William Davis 150.00

Thomas Dawes 100.00

H. A. S. Dearborn 150.00

P. P. F. Degrand 175.00

Thomas Dennie 100.00

John Derby 300.00

Richard Derby 100.00

Richard C. Derby 300.00

Humphrey Devereux 100.00

Aaron Dexter 100.00

Katharine Dexter 100.00

Pickering Dodge 300.00

John Dorr 110.00

Samuel Dorr 100.00

Catherine Eliot 200.00

John S. Ellery 100.00

David Ellis 100.00

Samuel Endicott 100.00

Otis Everett 100.00

Exhibition of Mummy 1,257.87

Samuel Fales 100.00

Ebenezer Farley 125.00

Female Association 753.08

Joseph Field 100.00

Carried forward $29,194.37 $75,070.27

231

Massachusetts General Hospital

General Fund

Brought forward $29,194.37 $75,070.27

1811-1843 Joshua Fisher 100.00

Simon Forrester 2,000.00

Ebenezer Francis 200.00

John French 100.00

French and Weld 120.00

Robert H. Gardiner 200.00

Samuel P. Gardiner 100.00

Abraham Gibson 100.00

Nathaniel Goddard 200.00

JohnGors 200.00

Francis C. Gray 100.00

Henry Gray 1,000.00

Horace Gray 1,000.00

John C. Gray 100.00

John C. Gray 300.00

William Gray 500.00

Gardiner Greene, $1,000 in three

per cents 650.00

David Greenough 200.00

David S. Greenough 200.00

Dudley Hall 200.00

Samuel Hammond 200.00

John Hancock 200.00

Harvard College 213.32

Lemuel Hayward 100.00

Joseph Head 1,000.00

Joseph Head, Jr 100.00

Augustine Heard 100.00

Barnabas Hedge 150.00

David Hinckley 1,000.00

Hingham, Third Parish .... 504.44

John Holland 200.00

Benjamin P. Homer 100.00

Henry Homes 100.00

John Howe 100.00

Henry Hubbard 100.00

JohnHubbard 200.00

Humane Society of Massachusetts 5,140.56

Humane Society (Merrimack) . . 2,000.00

Jonathan Hunnewell 100.00

John Kurd 100.00

Joseph Kurd 200.00

Charles Jackson 400.00

James Jackson 420.00

Patrick T. Jackson 220.00

Samuel Jacques, Jr 100.00

John Coffin Jones 500.00

Thomas Kilby Jones 200.00

Abigail Joy and family 300.00

Benjamin Joy 250.00

John Kidder, Jr 100.00

Josiah Knapp 100.00

Seth Knowles 100.00

William Lambert 100.00

Amos and Abbott Lawrence . . 200.00

William Lawrence . 100.00

Carried forward $51,762.69 $75,070.27

232

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $51,762.69 $75,070.27

1811-1843 Francis Lee ' 100.00

George Lee 150.00

Joseph Lee 300.00

Thomas Lee, Jr 100.00

Winslow Lewis 100.00

Lincoln and Wheelwright .... 100.00

James Lloyd 1,000.00

Caleb Loring 100.00

Francis C. Lowell 400.00

John Lowell 450.00

George W. Lyman 150.00

Theodore Lyman 2,000.00

Theodore Lyman, Jr 150.00

Josiah Marshall 100.00

Massachusetts Charitable Fire So-
ciety 900.00

Perrin May 100.00

Samuel May 100.00

Samuel R. Miller 100.00

William Minot 100.00

John Morse 100.00

Thomas Motley 100.00

Israel Munson 1,000.00

Caleb Oakes 100.00

John Odin 200.00

George Odiorne 100.00

Joseph Orne 200.00

Samuel Orne 200.00

John Osborn 200.00

H. G. Otis 500.00

Daniel P. Parker 500.00

John Parker 500.00

Samuel Parkman 2,000.00

Samuel Parkman, Jr 200.00

Nehemiah Parsons 200.00

William Parsons 1,500.00

M. Payne 100.00

William Payne 100.00

Joseph Peabody 2,000.00

James Perkins 5,000.00

Samuel G. Perkins 100.00

Thomas H. Perkins 5,000.00

John Perry 100.00

John Phillips 100.00

Jonathan Phillips 100.00

Stephen Phillips 200.00

William Phillips, including $5,000

legacy of his father 20,000.00

Henry Pickering 100.00

Benjamin Pickman, Jr 1,000.00

Dudley L. Pickman 150.00

William Pickman 300.00

Paschal P. Pope 100.00

John Pratt 135.00

William Pratt 400.00

William Prescott 150.00

Carried forward $100,997.69 $75,070.27

233

Massachusetts General Hospital
General Fund

Brought forward ...... $100,997.69 $75,070.27

Josiah Quincy ......... 200.00

Isaac Rand .......... 100-00

John Randall ......... 100.00

John T. Reed ......... 100.00

Joseph W. Revere .......

Paul Revere ......... 100.00

Henry G. Rice ........ 100.00

Benjamin Rich ........

John Richards ......

Andrew Ritchie ........ 500.00

Nathan Robinson .......

Daniel D. Rogers ....... 1,000.00

William Ropes ........ 150.00

Nathaniel P. Russell ...... 500.00

Samuel Salisbury ....... 500.00

Samuel Salisbury, Jr ...... 100.00

Samuel Sanford ........ 300.00

Daniel Sargent ........

Ignatius Sargent ........

William Sawyer ........

David Sears ......... 5,000.00

Joseph Sewall ......... 500.00

Robert G. Shaw ........ 500.00

Michael Shepherd ....... 100.00

William Shimmin ....... 100.00

Nathaniel Silsbee ....... 100.00

John Skinner ......... 100.00

Barney Smith ......... 400.00

Samuel Snelling ...... . . . 100.00

Washington Benevolent Society,

Charlestown Branch ..... 200.00

Hollis-street Society ...... 148.05

First Church Society ...... 100.67

King's Chapel Society ..... 114.44

West Church Society ..... 190.06

Roman Catholic Society ....

First Parish Society, Dorchester . 168.48

Dr. Bancroft's Society, Worcester 140.60

Dr. Pierce's Society, Brookline . 173.38

JohnSoley .......... 100.00

Samuel Spear ......... 100.00

Phineas Spelman .......

William Spooner ...... >.

Francis Stanton ........ 100.00

Russell Sturgis ........ 200.00

William Sturgis ........ 100.00

George Sullivan ........ 200.00

Richard Sullivan ....... 400.00

William Sullivan ....... 200.00

JohnTappan .........

Lewis Tappan ......... 100.00

Charles Taylor ........ 300.00

Boston Theatre ........ 1,190.00

Abraham Thompson ...... 100.00

Carried forward $118,473.77 $75,070.27

234

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $118,473.77 $75,070.27

1811-1843 Israel Thorndike 2,000.00

Israel Thorndike, Jr 100.00

Joseph Tilden 100.00

Catherine Torrey 200.00

John G. Torrey 100.00

Samuel Torrey 100.00

Abraham Touro 300.00

George Trott 100.00

Gideon Tucker 200.00

Richard D. Tucker 100.00

Edward Tuckerman 100.00

Edward Tuckerman, Jr 500.00

William and Gustavus Tuckerman 100.00

Town of Concord 200.00

Town of Maiden 193.80

Cotton Tufts 135.00

Nathan Tufts 100.00

Phineas Upham 100.00

Vose, Coates & Co 100.00

Daniel Waldo 200.00

Thomas B. Wales 100.00

Timothy Walker 150.00

William J. Walker 400.00

Artemas Ward 100.00

Nahum Ward 100.00

Thomas W. Ward 150.00

William Ward 100.00

John C. Warren 400.00

Redford Webster 153.00

Francis Welch 200.00

Benjamin Weld 500.00

John Welles 300.00

Nathaniel West 1,000.00

Eliza Wetmore 200.00

Elisha Wheeler 100.00

Moses Wheeler 100.00

James White 300.00

Asa Whitney . . . . ... . . 100.00

Benjamin Wiggin (Exhibition of

Picture) 1,604.07

Thomas Wigglesworth 200.00

Eliphalet Williams 100.00

John D. Williams 1,000.00

Moses Williams 100.00

Samuel G. Williams 100.00

Thomas Williams 100.00

Timothy Williams 100.00

Amasa Winchester 100.00

Edmund Winchester 100.00

Thomas L. Winthrop 100.00

John Wood 100.00

Sundry subscribers, less than $100 15,332.91 146,992.55

1813 John Lucas . 900.00

1819 Polly Russell 400.00

1820 Samuel Eliot 10,000.00

Carried forward $233,362.82

235

Massachusetts General Hospital
General Fund

Brought forward $233,362.82

1820 Beza Tucker 5,350.00

1822 Seth Webber 1,000.00

1823 Abraham Touro 10,000.00

1824-1835 John McLean 119,858.20

1826 Thomas Oliver 22,438.70

Allan Crocker

1829 James Savage 100.00

1831-1849 Isaiah Thomas 6,370.33

1832-1833 Mary Belknap 89,882.60

1834 Jonathan Moseley .... 753.46

1836 Susan Richardson 250.00

1838 Ambrose S. Courtis 2,500.00

1841 Peter Westerfield 165.67

1844 Subscribers for Enlargement of Hospital:

Charles Amory .... $500.0(

James S. Amory 250.00

William Amory 500.00

Ebenezer T. Andrews 1,000.00

Nathan Appleton 1,000.00

Samuel Appleton 2,000.00

Samuel A. Appleton 100.00

William Appleton 2,000.00

Samuel T. Armstrong 100.00

Edward Austin 100.00

Richard Aylwin 100.00

Daniel C. Bacon 100.00

Benjamin Bangs 200.00

Charles Barnard 500.00

Francis Bassett 100.00

John D. Bates

Amos Binney 200.00

Mrs. Joshua Blake 200.00

Edward Blanchard 500.00

William H. Boardman 100.00

J. Ingersoll Bowditch 100.00

N. I. Bowditch 500.00

Dwight Boyden 100.00

Josiah Bradlee 1,000.00

James B. Bradlee 200.00

Martin Brimmer 500.00

P. C. Brooks 2,000.00

P. C. Brooks, Jr 500.00

JohnBromfield 100.00

John Bryant, Jr 250.00

Henry Cabot 200.00

Thomas G. Gary 100.00

Carney and Sleeper 100.00

Caleb Chase 200.00

EbenChadwick 500.00

Abiel Chandler 100.00

Jonas Chickering 500.00

Charles R. Codman 100.00

Edward Codman & Co 100.00

Henry Codman 100.00

Gardner Colby 100.00

B. W. Crowninshield 300.00

Carried forward $17,450.00 $492,131.78

236

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $17,450.00 $492,131.78

1844 A. and C. Cunningham 100.00

Charles P. Curtis 100.00

Thomas B. Curtis 100.00

Peter R. Dalton 100.00

Samuel Dana 100.00

John James Dixwell 100.00

J. W. Edmands 200.00

Samuel A. Eliot 500.00

Moses Everett 100.00

Samuel Fales 200.00

Richard Fletcher 100.00

John M. Forbes 100.00

Ebenezer Francis 1,000.00

George Gardner 100.00

John L. Gardner 1,000.00

John Goodenough 100.00

Benjamin Goddard 500.00

Ozias Goodwin 500.00

Francis C. Gray 500.00

Horace Gray 300.00

John C. Gray 1,000.00

Samuel C. Gray 100.00

William Gray 100.00

Elizabeth C. Greene 500.00

Sarah Greene 1,000.00

David S. Greenough 100.00

Henry Hall 100.00

George Hallett 200.00

George Hayward 100.00

Nathaniel Hooper 100.00

Robert Hooper 250.00

Robert C. Hooper 100.00

Samuel Hooper 250.00

George Howe 500.00

Jabez C. Howe 200.00

lasigi and Goddard 100.00

P. T. Jackson 100.00

James Johnson 100.00

Samuel Johnson 100.00

Abigail Joy 100.00

Abel Kendall, Jr 100.00

George H. Kuhn 100.00

Lane and Reed 100.00

Abbott Lawrence 2,000.00

Amos Lawrence 1,000.00

Amos A. Lawrence 100.00

William Lawrence 1,000.00

Lawrence and Stone 500.00

George Lee 1,000.00

Thomas Lee 500.00

Isaac Livermore 100.00

Elijah Loring 100.00

Francis C. Loring 100.00

John J. and Francis Low .... 100.00

Francis C. Lowell 500.00

John A. Lowell 1,000.00

Carried forward $36,650.00 $492,131.78

237

Massachusetts General Hospital
General Fund

Brought forward $36,650.00 $492,131.78

1844 Charles Lyman 500.00

George W. Lyman 500.00

Theodore Lyman 1,000.00

John Marland 100.00

Robert M. Mason 100.00

William P. Mason 500.00

Charles H. Mills 100.00

Milton and Slocumb 100.00

Benjamin R. Nichols 100.00

William Oliver 100.00

William F. Otis 100.00

Daniel P. Parker 500.00

James Parker 500.00

John Parker 1,000.00

George Parkman 150.00

William Parsons 100.00

William P. Perkins 100.00

Edward D. Peters 100.00

William Phipps 100.00

C. Gayton Pickman 100.00

Paschal P. Pope 500.00

Mary Pratt 500.00

William Prescott 500.00

William H. Prescott 100.00

Samuel R. Putnam 100.00

Josiah Quincy, Jr 1,000.00

Joseph W. Revere 100.00

Rice and Thaxter 100.00

Richardson, Jeffrey, and Brother 100.00

Edward H. Robbins 100.00

Henry B. Rogers 500.00

James D. Russell 100.00

Richardson, Burrage, and Co. . . 100.00

Stephen Salisbury 500.00

Ignatius Sargent 1,000.00

Lucius M. Sargent 100.00

James Savage 100.00

Willard Sayles 500.00

David Sears 2,000.00

R. G. Shaw 1,000.00

Francis Skinner 250.00

Josiah Stickney 100.00

Charles Stoddard 100.00

William Sturgis 1,000.00

John E. Thayer 500.00

Nathaniel Thayer 100.00

Joseph Tilden 100.00

Henry Timmins 500.00

Phineas Upham 1,000.00

Daniel Waldo and sister .... 200.00

Thomas B. Wales 1,000.00

William J. Walker 200.00

Waterson, Pray, and Co 100.00

John C. Warren 500.00

John Welles 500.00

Thomas Wetmore 100.00

Carried forward $57,750.00 $492,131.78

238

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $57,750.00 $492,131.78

1844 William F. Whitney 100.00

Edward Wigglesworth 100.00

Thomas Wigglesworth 300.00

John D. Williams 2,000.00

Moses Williams 100.00

Sundry subscribers, less than $100 2,100.00

62,450.00

Moses Everett 116.00

Israel Munson 20,000.00

1844-1866 Mrs. E. G. Everett 475.00

1845 WiUiam Russell 100.00

John Brown 100.00

1847-1849 Sarah Clough 601.16

1851 Elizabeth Salisbury 4,000.00

1852 James Ingersoll 2,000.00

1854 JudahTouro 10,000.00

1855 William Appleton 20,000.00

Elizabeth Pratt 20,000.00

1856 Subscribers for Brick Fence:

Nathan Appleton $500.00

William Appleton 500.00

Josiah Bradlee 500.00

P. C. Brooks 250.00

John P. Gushing 250.00

Jonathan Phillips 500.00

David Sears 500.00

William Sturgis 250.00

3,250.00

1857 William Pickman 4,000.00

Ellison Lassell 6,888.60

1858 Agnes Austin 7,500.00

1858-1879 M. P. Sawyer 119,687.93

1859 George Hills 1,000.00

1860 WiUiam I. Bowditch 274.25

1861 J. Poland 15.00

J. Bowdoin Bradlee 500.00

1863 Subscribers for Cottage for Males at

Asylum :

William Amory $500.00

Francis Bacon 500.00

William B. Bacon 250.00

Benjamin E. Bates 1,000.00

John Ballard 300.00

James M. Beebe 2,000.00

Mrs. Nath. I. Bowditch .... 5,000.00

J. Bowdoin Bradlee 500.00

Gardner Brewer 2,000.00

Martin Brimmer 1,000.00

Peter C. Brooks ....'.... 1,000.00

William S. Bullard 2,000.00

J. Amory Davis ........ 500.00

J. Edgerton 1,000.00

J. Wiley Edmands 500.00

Joseph S. Fay 500.00

John C. Gray 1,000.00

Mrs. Henry Grew 300.00

Carried forward $19,850.00 $775,089.72

- 239

Massachusetts General Hospital

General Fund

Brought forward $19,850.00 $775,089.72

1863 George Higginson 500.00

Robert Hooper 250.00

George Howe 1,000.00

Jabez C. Howe 1,000.00

Peter Hubbell 500.00

H. H. Hunnewell 1,000.00

Miss Anna P. Jones 400.00

James Lawrence 1,000.00

Abbott Lawrence 1,000.00

Charles Lyman 300.00

George W. Lyman 500.00

Robert M. Mason 500.00

Ex'rs of Henry P. Oxnard . . . 500.00

J. W. Paige 500.00

Benjamin T. Reed 250.00

George C. Richardson 1,000.00

Henry B. Rogers 1,000.00

David Sears 1,000.00

G. Howland Shaw 1,000.00

Francis Skinner 1,000.00

Henry P. Sturgis 500.00

William Sturgis 1,000.00

Nathaniel Thayer 3,000.00

George W. Wales 500.00

Miss Mary Anne Wales .... 500.00

William F. Weld 1,000.00

B. C. White 300.00

Joseph Whitney 500.00

Misses Wigglesworth 1,000.00

Edward Wigglesworth 500.00

Thomas Wigglesworth 300.00

Moses Williams 1,000.00

J. Huntington Wolcott 300.00

44,450.00

Elizabeth Hill 237.50

1864 William S. Bullard 800.00

William Oliver 57,760.04

1865 Hannah F. Lee 1,000.00

William Minot 100.00

Stephen Salisbury 5,000.00

Edward Whitney 5,000.00

Edward Wigglesworth 1,000.00

1866 Subscribers in Aid of Funds:

William Amory $250.00

William T. Andrews 500.00

Charles H. Appleton 500.00

Nathan Appleton, Jr 250.00

Thomas G. Appleton 1,000.00

William Appleton, Jr 500.00

William S. Appleton 500.00

Anonymous, by W. S. B 500.00

Francis Bacon 500.00

James M. Beebe 5,000.00

George B. Blake 100.00

John Borland 300.00

Boston Stock Exchange Board . 1,000.00

Carried forward $10,900.00 $890,437.26

240

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $10,900.00 $890,437.26

1866 Mrs. N. I. Bowditch 5,000.00

F. H. and J. B. Bradlee .... 500.00

Martin Brimmer 1,000.00

Edward Brooks 500.00

Peter C. Brooks 1,000.00

Peter C. Brooks, Jr 1,000.00

Shepherd Brooks 1,000.00

William S. Bullard 5,000.00

Edward A. Codman 500.00

Caleb A. Curtis 100.00

Greely S. Curtis 500.00

John G. Gushing 500.00

Robert M. Gushing 500.00

Thomas F. Gushing 500.00

Otis Daniels 500.00

Isaac Warren Danforth .... 500.00

F. Gordon Dexter 500.00

Albert Fearing 500.00

Augustus Flagg 100.00

William H. Gardiner 250.00

George Gardner 300.00

Henry J. Gardner 500.00

John L. Gardner 5,000.00

Joseph B. Glover 300.00

The Misses Eliza and Lucy Goodwin 500.00

Mrs. Henry Grew 500.00

Andrew T. HaU 100.00

Augustine Heard 250.00

Mrs. Augustus Hemenway . . . 1,000.00

George Higginson 250.00

Robert Hooper 200.00

C. F. Hovey & Co 1,000.00

George Howe 1,000.00

Jabez C. Howe 2,000.00

Thomas Howe 250.00

Horatio H. Hunnewell 2,000.00

lasigi, Goddard & Co 500.00

Herman B. Inches 250.00

Abbott Lawrence 500.00

Amps A. Lawrence 500.00

James Lawrence 1,000.00

James L. Little 1,000.00

Mrs. John E. Lodge 300.00

Francis C. Lowell 250.00

John Amory Lowell 1,000.00

George W. Lyman 1,000.00

Theodore Lyman 200.00

Robert M. Mason 1,000.00

William P. Mason . . • 500.00

Theodore Matchett 200.00

Nathan Matthews 200.00

James McGregor 250.00

Charles H. Minot 100.00

George R. Minot 200.00

Enoch R. Mudge 1,000.00

Charles Merriam 250.00

Carried forward $56,200.00 $890.437.26

241

Massachusetts General Hospital
General Fund

Brought forward $56,200.00 $890,437.26

1866 E. Francis Parker 100.00

John Brooks Parker 500.00

Samuel R. Payson 1,000.00

William Perkins 500.00

Andrew Pierce, Jr 100.00

Miss Sarah P. Pratt 1,000.00

Miss Mary Pratt 1,000.00

Jeffrey Richardson 1,000.00

Henry B. Rogers 1,000.00

George C. Shattuck 500.00

Francis Skinner & Co 2,000.00

Henry P. Sturgis 500.00

Samuel W. Swett 250.00

Nathaniel Thayer 25,000.00

William Thomas 100.00

Mrs. William Thomas 100.00

Mrs. William W. Wadsworth . . 500.00

Miss M. A. Wales 300.00

WiUiam G. Weld 250.00

George D. Welles 100.00

Miss Susan J. Welles 500.00

Miss Jane Welles 500.00

Benjamin C. White 200.00

Joseph Whitney 500.00

Miss Anne Wigglesworth .... 1,000.00

Miss Mary Wigglesworth .... 1,000.00

Edward Wigglesworth 1,000.00

Thomas Wigglesworth 1,000.00

Moses Williams 3,000.00

Robert C. Winthrop 100.00

100,800.00

Rev. Mr. Spaulding 500.00

Rev. S. M. Worcester 1,900.00

F. N. Mitchell 67.50

1867 Sarah Pratt 18,800.00

Charles Harris 1,000.00

J. Mason Warren 2,000.00

1868 Abigail Loring 38,901.67

St. Stephen's Chapel 2,000.00

MorrillWyman 200.00

1870 Amateur Dramatic Association 450.00

H. J. Bigelow 500.00

1871 Sidney Homer 1,000.00

1871-1917 Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Co. . . 410,000.00

1874-1886 Hospital Sunday 10,798.28

1875 Miss M. C. Bryant 500.00

1877-1883 Charlotte Harris 274,457.33

1877 Elizabeth Powers 3,000.00

1878 Edward Blanchard 3,000.00

1879 J. T. Coolidge 100.00

Margaret Tucker 49.63

Miss Marian Hovey 1,000.00

Henry S. Hovey 1,000.00

Mrs. John T. Morse, Jr 1,000.00

1880 F. James 846.07

1881 John C. Gray 25,000.00

Carried forward $1,789,307.74

242

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $1,789,307.74

1881 Thomas D. Quincy 1,000.00

E. R. Mudge 1,000.00

Sir Moses Montefiore 5.97

1882 Mary Pratt 20,000.00

Miss Mary Wigglesworth 5,000.00

G. H. Gay Fund 25,000.00

Edwin Fiske 50.00

1883 Jerome G. Kidder 25,000.00

1884 Amasa Guild 40.00

Thomas G. Appleton 5,000.00

1885 A.W. Folsom 125.00

Dr. Francis P. Kurd 10,030.56

John Wilson 13,600.00

1887 E. W. Hooper 1,500.00

1888-1898 Helen C. Bradlee 75,000.00

1888 Mrs. Eliot Hubbard 1,000.00

Francis C. Balch . . ' 50.00

1891 Abraham Goldsmid 150.00

Joseph Schofield 3,000.00

Anne Wigglesworth 5,000.00

Augustus L. Case 500.00

Mrs. J. S. Cabot 50.00

1892 Elizabeth B. Bowditch 5,000.00

1893-1894 George A. Gardner 50,000.00

1893-1922 Anna S. C. Prince 20,850.00

1894 Henry P. Kidder 10,000.00

1895 George W. Ellis 50.00

Benefit Performance — Henry Irving .... 884.25

Henry C. Hutchins 2,000.00

Walter Hunnewell 1,000.00

1897 Louisa C. Palfrey 2,000.00

Ellen Flint 28.86

1897-1901 Mary B. Turner 2,580.61

1897 Ellen F. Mason 1,000.00

E. B. Bush 50.00

J. W. Quimby 50.00

1898-1921 Henry L. Pierce 803,130.56

1898-1905 Subscribers to Eliot Chapel 33,220.07

1898 Thomas E. Proctor 145,000.00

A. C. Slater 1,000.00

Thomas F. Wyman 119,720.41

1899 Otis E. Weld 1,063.50

1900-1908 J. Putnam Bradlee 243,391.24

1900 Robert C. Billings 50,000.00

Francis E. Bangs 2,000.00

Daniel Sharp Ford 7,000.00

1901-1906 Robert Henry Eddy 56,788.00

1901-1913 Mrs. John B. Tileston 505.00

1901 Euphemia Millar 2,557.74

Robert Codman 5,000.00

1902 Mrs. S. D. Warren 20,000.00

Edward I. Brown 10,000.00

Mrs. Elizabeth L. Wyman 250.00

George Gardner 1,000.00

Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer 1,000.00

Edward F. Daland 1,000.00

Carried forward $3,580,529.51

243

Massachusetts General Hospital

General Fund

Brought forward $3,580,529.51

1902 Children of Mrs. Henry Winsor (Phila.) . . . 1,000.00
1903-1908 William S. Dexter 5,000.00

1903 C. H. W. Foster 500.00

Jacob Hecht 500.00

Merchants' & Miners' Transportation Co. . . 50.00

Sarah A. Matchett 1,000.00

1904-1905 Charles H. Hayden 102,133.33

1904-1907 Thomas Wigglesworth 15,000.00

1904 Mrs. Alice B. Chase 1,000.00

Harriet O. Cruft 2,000.00

Mrs. Henry Lee 2,000.00

1905 Mrs. William Caleb Loring 100.00

Ellen V. Smith 50.00

J. H. T. Adams 58,256.46

Edward W. Codman 303,073.91

Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Grew 1,000.00

1906 Mrs. H. Kuhn 50.00

Desmond FitzGerald 25.00

Laura M. Moore 2,500.00

Martin Brimmer 20,000.00

William Bolton 555.22

Edward Woodman 1,000.00

Henry L. Higginson 1,000.00

Mrs. George D. Howe 1,000.00

1907 Charles E. French 10,000.00

Mrs. J. J. Storrow 25.00

1907-1912 Donation and Bequest of Henry B. Mulliken . 113,424.21

1907-1915 Donation of Miss Georgina Lowell 170.00

1907 Donation of William Amory 50.00

Donation of Miss Alice M. Longfellow .... 5.00

Donation of Mrs. R. G. Shaw 50.00

1907-1914 Donation of William P. Blake 250.00

1907 Donation of Miss Anna Dehon Blake .... 25.00

1908-1915 Donation of Philip S. Sears 125.00

1908-1911 Donation of Mrs. B. L. Young 75.00

1908-1918 Donation of Charles W. Hubbard 375.00

1908 Donation of Mrs. John H. Sturgis 10.00

From Orthopaedic Ward Fund 38,577.72

Bequest of Luther Farnham 466.63

1909 Donation of "Cash" 1.00

Donation of C. O. Brewster 12.00

Bequest of George F. Parkman 50,000.00

Donation of J. P. Reynolds, Jr 50.00

1909-1915 Donation and Bequest of Francis Skinner, Jr. . 12,000.00

1910 Donation of T. C. Thatcher 25.00

Donation of Howard Child 25.00

Bequest of George W. Boyd 2,000.00

Donation of Mrs. Frances R. Jones 35.00

1910-1911 Charity Contest — Henry Siegel Co 30.00

1910 Donation of Mrs. G. W. W. Dorr 25.00

Donation of Miss Ellen T. Emerson 10.00

Bequest of William J. Chever 8,116.95

1910-1913 Bequest of John E. Atkins 89,420.68

1910 Bequest of George Dexter 10,000.00

Donation of Mrs. Frederick C. Shattuck, "Wal-

cott Fellowship" 300.00

Carried forward $4,435,002.62

244

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $4,435,002.62

1910 Donation of R. M. Burden 50.00

1910-1916 Bequest of Lucy F. Simmons 5,007.04

1911-1919 Donation of Miss Marian L. Blake 105.00

1920 Donation of Miss Marian L. Blake, in memory

of Moses Williams 200.00

1911 Bequest of John Ashton 22,176.47

Donation of E. C. Lee "Walcott Fellowship" . 500.00

Donation of Madame la Vicomtesse Treilhard . 400.00

1911-1912 Donation of Harvey H. Baker 10.00

1911 Donation of Lionel Norman 9.00

1911-1921 Donation of Dr. Frederick C. Shattuck .... 400.00

1911 Bequest of Joseph G. Dalton by A. P. Loring . 1,000.00
Donation of Thomas J. Knudsen 4.00

1912-1916 Donation of Mrs. Edwin S. Webster .... 100.00

1912 Donation of The Misses Dorothy King and

Olivia Churchill 1.00

Donation of Victor Govignon 50.00

Donation of Pedro Tosea 10.00

Donation of Dr. E. M. Vrooman 10.00

Donation of Drs. Wasener and Tongs .... 40.00

Donation of Paul W. Reimer 1.00

Donation of Miss Josephine Pitman 2.00

Donation of Miss Rosamond Clark 2.00

Donation of Oliver S. Roberts 3.00

Donation of Henry H. Hills 100.00

From Clara Barton Fund 3,241.00

1913-1917 Donation of F. HunneweU, 2d 110.00

1913 Donation of Edward W. Grew 20.00

Donation of Mr. Countway 1.00

1913-1916 Donation of I. Tucker Burr 75.00

1913 Donation of Charles T. Lovering 30.00

Donation of A Former Out-Patient 2.00

Donation of Miss Mary Thomas 10.00

1913-1915 Donation of Francis I. Amory 100.00

1913-1919 Donation of Mrs. Harcourt Amory 350.00

1913 Donation of Mrs. Peter C. Brooks 50.00

1913-1919 Donation of Mrs. Stephen S. FitzGerald . . . 60.00

1913-1914 Donation of Frank E. Langley 30.00

1913 Donation of Josef Henrik Johnsan 5.00

Donation of A Friend 25.00

1913-1922 Donation of Humane Society of Commonwealth

of Massachusetts 3,700.00

1913 Donation of Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Eustis . . . 10.00

Donation of Mrs. Henry S. Grew 1,000.00

1913-1914 Bequest of Mehitable C. C. Wilson 543.75

1913 Donation of Anonymous 2.00

Donation of Mrs. F. A. Eustis 10.00

Donation of Theodore Mendelstein 5.00

Donation of The Ninety-Five Sewing Circle . 20.00

Donation of Rosa A. Mulrey 1.00

Donation of Miss Marjorie R. van Wickle . . 50.00

1913-1922 Donation of Mrs. W. Scott Fitz 16,000.00

1913 From Nurses' Home Fund 92,880.31

Donation of Mrs. Andrew C.

Wheelwright $20,000.00

Donation of Nathaniel Thayer . 50,000.00

Carried forward $70,000.00 $4,583,514.19

245

Massachusetts General Hospital

General Fund

Brought forward $70,000.00 $4,583,514.19

1913 Donation of Shepherd Brooks . . 5,000.00
Donation through the Ladies' Ad-
visory Committee of the Train-
ing School for Nurses . . . 14,000.00

Donation in memory of Mrs.
Samuel Torrey Morse .... 1,000.00

$90,000.00
Interest accrued 2,880.31

$92,880.31

1914 Donation of Mrs. Harold J. Coolidge .... 748.03

1914-1916 Donation of J. M. Crafts 40.00

1914 Donation of Edward B. Adams 10.00

Donation of A Friend 5.00

1914-1919 Donation of Mrs. S. Parkman Blake 300.00

1914 Bequest of Mrs. Caroline B. Allen 5,000.00

Bequest of Francis Bartlett by H. M. Sears, F. C.

Welch and R. E. Bullard, Executors .... 10,000.00

Donation of Edward B. Alford 60.00

Donation of Mrs. William P. McKenzie . . . 5.00

Donation of Emily Whiting 5.00

Bequest of Anne W. Davis 9,030.70

Donation of Mrs. Warren B. P. Weeks .... 25.00

Donation of Out-Patient 1-00

Donation of Mary A. Conlin 10.00

1914-1920 Bequest of Francis Skinner, Sr 43,832.38

1914 Donation of Miss Hebn Cudahy 500.00

Donation of Anonymous

Donation of Mrs. Eliza Dean 5.00

Donation of George Wigglesworth 2,500.00

Donation of William H. Blacar 2.50

1915 Donation of Mrs. David K. Horton 15.00

Donation of Arthur A. Carey 5.00

Donation of Lawson Frederick Cartter .... 50.00

1915-1916 Donation of Miss A. F. Manning 20.00

1915 Donation of Mrs. F. S. Mead 5.00

Donation of Mrs. Alex. S. Porter, Jr 25.00

1915-1919 Donation of W. B. P. Weeks 125.00

1915 Donation of Anonymous .08

1915-1919 Donation of Mrs. F. G. Curtis 125.00

1915-1919 Bequest of Charles R. Lawrence 15,431.04

1915 Donation of Mrs. Gertrude Hunter

Donation of Anonymous 3.00

Donation of Dr. William E. Reed

Donation of Anonymous 3.00

Donation of Henry Lyman 200.00

Donation of Anonymous 50,000.00

Donation of Anonymous 5.00

Donation of W. H. Williams

Donation of Out-Patient 3.00

Donation of Martin J. Foley 1.00

Donation of Everett Morss 100.00

Donation of Miss Lois W. Clarke 5.00

Donation of Annie L. Conley 5.00

Donation of Salvatore Maschera 3.00

Carried forward $4,721,741.14

246

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $4,721,741.14

1915-1916 Bequest of Caroline L. W. French 100,843.34

1915 Donation of Misag Azzigian 5.00

1916 Donation of Anonymous 1.00

Donation of Mrs. Stephen G. Wheatland . . . 50.00

Donation of Mrs. Wallace Dunbar Dexter, Jr. 5.00

Donation of Mrs. Richard B. Fuller 5.00

Donation of Mrs. Arthur N. Hood 5.00

1916-1918 Donation of Elmer P. Howe 40.00

1916-1917 Donation of Mrs. Atherton Thayer Brown . . 20.00

1916 Donation of Charles A. Vialle 25.00

Donation of Mrs. Barrett Wendell, Jr 10.00

Donation of Miss Helen Peabody 2.00

Donation of Mrs. Waldo E. Forbes 50.00

1916-1919 Donation of Archibald Gary Coolidge . . . 30.00

1916 Donation of Malcolm G. Peabody . . . 10.00

1916-1918 Donation of Mrs. Ezra Ripley Thayer .... 20.00

1916 Donation of Eliase Jacques 25.00

Donation of A Former Patient 5.00

1916-1917 Donation of E. S. C 200.00

1916 Bequest of John W. Wheelwright 2,000.00

1916-1917 Donation of Mrs. J. T. Coolidge 100.00

1916 Donation of F. W. Webster 25.00

Donation of Bartlett C. Reynolds 1.00

Donation of Miss Effie A. McDonald .... 1.00

Donation of A Patient 1.00

Donation of Thomas Mack 1,000.00

1916-1917 Bequest of Caroline E. Davis 33,852.03

1916 Bequest of Frank E. Peabody 77,221.35

Interest accrued 1,003.37

Bequest of Julia M. Moseley by Charles W.
Moseley, surviving executor, in memory of

Dr. William Oxnard Moseley, Jr 185,000.00

Interest accrued 4,642.35

1917 Donation of Mrs. Geoffrey G. Whitney . . 50.00
Donation of Albert Farwell Bemis 10.00

1917-1918 Donation of Mrs. Richard M. Saltonstall . . . 100.00

1917 Donation of Miss Eleanor S. Parker 200.00

Donation of Mrs. George Putnam .... 100.00

Donation of J. Randolph Coolidge .... 200.00

Donation of Edward M. Brewer 50.00

Donation of S. T. Russell 50.00

1917-1922 Donation of Mrs. William W7hitman, Jr. ... 275.00

1917 Donation of The S. S. W 10.00

Donation of Captain Blackwell 10.00

Donation of Miss Marian F. Young 5.00

1811-1917 Subscribers to Annual Free Beds 804,651.09

1918-1919 Donation of Mrs. Boylston Beal 100.00

1918 Donation of Mrs. M. Irving Mott 1.00

1918-1919 Donation of William Brewster 20.00

1918 Donation of Mrs. Edward Clark Streeter . . . 20.00

1918-1919 Donation of Mrs. Andrew J. Peters, Jr. ... 50.00

1918 Bequest of Henry F. Lynde 2,210.50

Donation of Mrs. James C. Melvin 1,000.00

Donation of George R. Agassiz 1,000.00

Bequest of George D. Dodd 10,135.00

Bequest of Blanche Shimmin 2,174.39

Carried forward $5,950,361.56

247

Massachusetts General Hospital
General Fund

Brought forward $5,950,361.56

1918 Donation of Frederick P. Bagley 25.00

Bequest of James D. Sullivan 1,000.00

Donation of William Caleb Loring 1,000.00

Bequest of Richard Black Sewall 25,000.00

Donation of Mrs. T. O. Richardson 50,000.00

Bequest of Annie M. Washbum 100.00

Bequest of Susan Smith, 1912. Transferred from

Susan Smith Fund 13,703.98

1919 Donation of Mrs. S. D. Warren, Jr 10.00

Bequest of Mrs. Elizabeth W. Russell .... 1,133.50

Donation of Mary T. Crocker 5.00

Donation of Mrs. William H. McElwain . . . 50.00

Bequest of George von L. Meyer 2,500.00

Donation of Jennie Leitch 15.00

Donation of Edward D. Rosenwald 15.00

Donation of Charles P. Hobbs 5.00

Donation of Charles Hodgdon 1.00

1920 Donation of A Friend 22,750.00

Donation of Daniel Russell 150.00

Bequest of Miss Fanny Young 5,000.00

Donation of Patrick J. Kilcoyne 2.00

Donation of Jewish Federated Charities . . . 750.00

Donation of Henry and Theodore Lyman . . . 500.00

Donation of Charles A. Dean 500.00

Donation of Robert Saltonstall 2,000.00

Donation of Horace S. Sears 2,000.00

Bequest of Catherine M. Lewis 200.00

Donation of David U. Boland 50.00

Donation of E. M 1,000.00

Donation of Louisa Hogan 5.00

1920-1922 Donation of Edward M. Pickman 750.00

1920 Donation of Winifred T. Bolan 1.00

Donation of the Agoos Family Charity Fund . 50.00

Donation of Judge E. Allen Frost 100.00

Donation of Mr. and Mrs. James J. Phelan . . 1,500.00

Donation of Mrs. Louis A. Frothingham . . . 1,000.00

Donation of Mr. and Mrs. S. H. Fessenden . . 5,000.00

Donation of Dr. and Mrs. F. A. Washburn . . 100.00

Donation of Miss Clark 1.00

Donation of Nathaniel T. Kidder 1,000.00

Donation of Joseph Lee 100.00

Donation of A. E. O. Munsell 1,000.00

Donation of T. Jefferson Coolidge 10,000.00

Donation of Charles E. Cotting 1,000.00

Donation of Kidder, Peabody & Co 50,000.00

Donation of James Dean 50.00

Donation of Thomas Barbour 500.00

Donation of Mrs. George E. Warren 1,000.00

Donation of H. O. Underwood 2,500.00

Donation of John R. Macomber 500.00

Donation of A Friend 7,700.00

Donation of Galen L. Stone 5,000.00

Donation of Mrs. T. J. Coolidge, Jr 2,000.00

Donation of Samuel Appleton 1,000.00

Donation of Post Publishing Co 5,000.00

Carried forward $6,176,684.04

248

Financial

General Fund

Brought forward $6,176,684.04

1920 Donation of James Richard Carter and Carter,

Rice & Co., Inc 500.00

Donation of Arthur W. Wheelwright 1,000.00

Donation of Miss Amelia Peabody 100.00

Donation of Prof. Theodore Lyman 1,000.00

1920-1921 Donation of "T. N. P." 25,159.15

1920 Donation of Mrs. Francis W. Sargent .... 1,000.00

Donation of James C. Neeley 200.00

Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Gannett 9,900.00

1920-1921 Donation of Miss Sallie Sharpe 2,000.00

1920 Donation of Tarrant P. King 1,000.00

Donation of Mrs. Frederick Winthrop .... 2,000.00

Donation of F. S. Moseley 1,000.00

Donation of Anonymous 7.20

1921-1922 Donation of Committee of the Permanent

Charity Fund, Inc 3,500.00

1921 Donation of Miss Alice Maud Sturgis .... 880.00

Donation of " A Grateful Patient " 30.00

Donation of R. G. Fessenden 50.00

Donation of Mrs. Frank Morison 3,000.00

Bequest of William Timlin 14,000.00

Donation of Dr. Augustus Thorndike .... 500.00

Bequest of Benjamin F. Poole 12,694.72

1921-1922 Donation of A. C. Ratshesky Charity Founda-
tion 750.00

1921 Donation of Augustus Hemenway 5,000.00

Donation of Charles H. Moseley 25.00

Donation of Anonymous 100.00

Donation of Maurice E. Finn 18.00

Donation of Francis Clark 5.00

Donation of Anonymous 10.00

Donation of Frank G. Webster 2,000.00

Donation of William Endicott 5,000.00

Donation of Mrs. Minnie M. Woods 340.00

1922 Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason 400.00

Donation of Jonathan Kanzabadian 100.00

Donation of Louis B. Thacher 20.00

Donation of Morris Sacowitz 5.00

Donation of Louis J. Beckwith 15.00

Donation of United Fruit Company 500.00

Bequest of Miss Ellen Gray 30,000.00

Donation of Myer Rabinowitz 2.00

Donation in memory of Jonathan Greeley

Stevenson, Physician, Harvard A. M. 1816,

M. D. 1826; 1799-1835 2,000.00

Donation in memory of Misses Martha Curtis
Stevenson, Annie Brace Stevenson, Frances
Greely Stevenson, of Brookline, formerly of

Boston 1,000.00

1811-1922 Total unrestricted gifts $6,303,495.11

1811-1922 Gains in Investments, etc 2,187,359.10

$8,490,854.21
1811-1922 Deficits at Hospitals, Investments in Land and

Buildings, etc 8,281,989.12

BALANCE DECEMBER 31, 1922 $208,865.09

249

Massachusetts General Hospital

DONATIONS AND BEQUESTS FOR
SPECIAL PURPOSES

(INCOME)

1857 Dr. J. G. Treadwell:

Bequest of books, valued at .... $3,000.00

1870-1875 Dr. H. J. Bigelow:

Donation of instruments, valued at .... 3,600.00

1875 Dr. James Jackson Putnam :

Donation of an electrical apparatus, valued at 21.50

Dr. John Collins Warren:

Donation of galvanic apparatus, valued at . 25.00

Benefit indigent at Asylum:

1876 Donation of Dr. Samuel Cabot 1,000.00

Training School for Nurses:

1877 Donation of Executors of Augustus Hemenway 5,000.00

Toward purchase of pictures:

1878 Donation of Frederick Dexter 50.00

Photographic Apparatus:

1887 Donation of Waldo March

To make up deficiency on income of Samuel

Cabot Fund:
1888-1894 Donations of Dr. Arthur T. Cabot and Samuel

Cabot 1,335.00

Photographic Studio:
1890 Donation of George L. Kingsley . . 802.82

Repairs and alterations to Bradlee Ward:
1895 Donation of Miss Helen C. Bradlee .... 7,000.00

To make up deficiency in income of Pathological

Fund:
1897 Donation of the Staff of the Hospital . . . 1,070.60

Interest accrued on bequest of William L. Chase

for Charles B. Porter Fund 370.00

Microtome for Pathological Laboratory :

1899 Donation of Francis Blake 266.30

Treadwell Library:

Donation of a patient 200.00

Open Ball Court:

1900 Donation of Dr. A. T. Cabot 1,000.00

Zander Apparatus:

1901 Donation of Trustees under the will of Mary

Hemenway 5,000.00

Addition to Income of Dalton Fund:
1902-1905 Donation of Charles H. Dalton . 1,000.00

Treadwell Library:
1903 Donation of Mrs. T. W. Bennett ....

Carried forward $30,941.22

250

Financial

Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes

1909
1911
1912

1914

1910-1922
1912-1918
1912

1912-1916

1912

1913

1913-1916
1913-1914

1913-1918
1913-1916
1914
1916

Brought forward

Late Result Fund:

Donation of Anonymous . . .
Donation of Anonymous . . .
Donation of Anonymous . . .
Donation of F. W. Hunncwell .
Donation of Frederic Winthrop

$30,941.22

$500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
500.00

Levering Fund:

Bequest of Miss Sarah C. M. Levering . . .

Surgical Instruments:

Donation of Mrs. Caroline L. Weld ....

Surgical Instruments:

Donation of Dr. Hugh Cabot

Expense Visiting Children's Hospitals:

Donation of Dr. Fritz B. Talbot

X-Ray Work:

Donation of Dr. G. Cheever Shattuck . . .
X-Ray Work:

Donation of A Friend

Expenses of Orthopaedic Department:

Donation of the Staff of Orthopaedic Depart-
ment

Awning on Weld Ward G veranda:

Donation of Mrs. Charles G. Weld ....
Special Instrument in Ward G:

Donation of Mrs. W. F. Watters

Toward salary of Dr. Emerson, Psychologist :

Donation of Trustees of the A. W. Blake Fund

Scholarship, Training School for Nurses, General

Hospital:
Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason ....

Toward the salary of the House Surgeon to the
Genito-Urinary Department :

Donation of Dr. Hugh Cabot

X-Ray Apparatus:

Donation of George Wigglesworth

Children's Medical Department :
Donation of Mrs. John Parkinson,

for salaries $40.00

Donation of Mrs. Ralph B. Williams 10.00
Donation of Mrs. Henry Lyman . . 25.00
Donation of Mrs. S. D. Warren, Jr. 10.00
Donation of Mrs. Waldo E. Forbes 25.00

Donation of A Friend 20.00

Donation of Mrs. Ellery Sedgwick . 25.00
Donation of Mrs. John S. Lawrence 25.00
Donation of Mrs. Gorham Brooks . 25.00
Donation of Mrs. Thomas Barlow . 20.00
Half salary for one year of a special
worker in the Children's Medical
Ward who is to be Clinic Secretary
and do follow up work (through
Miss Ella L. Lyman).

2,500.00

18,804.75

12,677.75

100.00

75.00

250.00

100.00

125.00

70.00

25.00

1,700.00

200.00

2,500.00
2,800.00

Carried forward $225.00 $72,868.72

251

Massachusetts General Hospital

Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes

Brought forward $225.00

1917 Donation of A Friend, in memoiy of

Mary R. Hudson 10.00

1919 Donation of Miss Margaret Perry for

furnishings 430.00

1922 Donation of J. Brotenas, Amelia

Povilonis, Guardian 5.00

Donation of Mrs. Edgar N. Wright-

ingt9n 300.00

Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason

for secretarial work 75.00

$72,868.72

1922

1914-1920
1921

1914

1915-1917

1915-1916

1915

1917

1917-1920

1917

1919

1915-1917
1915

Toward salary and expenses of a Visiting Nurse
in the Dermatological Department:

Donation of a Friend $5,820.79

Donation of Sundry Donors . . 1,949.00

Toward the expenses of a Tennis Court for Nurses:
Donation of Miss Marion H. Fenno ....

Two Scholarships, Training School for Nurses,

General Hospital:
Donation of Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer ....

Babies' Milk Fund:

Donation of George Wigglesworth . $1,000.00

Donation of Anonymous 37.11

Donation of Dr. W. B. Bobbins . . 5.00
Donation of Miss Emma Hutchins . 15.00
Donation of Mrs. Neal Rantoul . . 50.00
Donation of Mrs. Ralph B. Williams 5.00
Donation of Mrs. J. D. C. Bradley . 20.00
Donation of Mrs. Edward Wiggles-
worth 25.00

Donation of Mrs. W. S. Spaulding . 25.00

Donation of Mrs. F. A. Winthrop . 25.00

Donation of Mrs. W. B. Emmons . 5.00

Donation of Mrs. Gorham Brooks . 50.00

Donation of Mrs. Alyan T. Fuller . 125.00

Donation of Mrs. Winthrop Coffin . 5.00

Donation of Mrs. Freeman Allen . 5.00

Donation of Mrs. Allan Forbes . . 10.00

Donation of Roger B. Merriman . 10.00

Donation of Mrs. Roger B. Merriman 25.00

Donation of Anonymous 1.00

Donation of Miss Alice A. Thorpe . 33.18

Donation of A Friend 50.00

To extend help to worthy patients as their needs
may become known through their attend-
ance at the Hospital :
Donation of A Friend

Refitting part of the Genito-Urinary Out-Patient

Rooms :
Donation of Friends of the Hospital through

Mrs. Hugh Cabot

Furniture for roof -garden:

Donation of Training School for Nurses' pro-
ceeds of a May Party

1,045.00

7,769.79
10.00

100.00

1,526.29
1,500.00

167.00
74.82

Carried forward $85,061.62

252

Financial

Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes

Brought forward $85,061.62

Expense of X-raying a series of cases in the
Out-Patient Department:

1915 Donation of Anonymous 30.00

Books for Patients' Library :

Donation of Junior Girls of Camp Abena . . 6.46

Social Service Work:

Donation of Mrs. Harold J. Coolidge,
in memory of the late Amory A.
Lawrence $75.00

1916 Donation of Moses Williams . . . 25.00
Donation of Mrs. Charles H. Dalton 20.00

1917 Donation of Miss Alice Farnsworth 25.00
Donation of Chase & Sanborn . . . 25.00

1915-1919
1917-1919

1916

1916-1918

1916

1922

1916-1917
1916

Social Service Work in the Wards:
Donation of the Ladies' Visiting

Committee $2,000.00

Donation of Mrs. A. Lawrence Hop-
kins 1,442.65

Donation of the Committee of the

Permanent Charity Fund, Inc. . 4,100.00

Scholarship, Training School for Nurses, General

Hospital :

Donation of General Hospital Training School
Alumnae

X-Ray Department:

Donation of A Friend

Special Technical Laboratory Apparatus:
Donation of Mrs. Malcolm Donald

Salary of stenographer, and certain expenses in

the Dermatological Department:
Donation of W. F. Watters

Children's Medical Out-Patient Department:
Donation of Dr. Fritz B. Talbot . . $150.00
Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason,

toward changes in the Department 350.00

Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason,
for part time Clinic Secretary . . 300.00

Warren Library:

Donation of Dr. Richard Cabot . . $100.00
Donation of Patrick Donovan ... 2.79

Instruments for Out-Patient Throat

Department:

Donation of Mrs. Caroline L. Weld $250.00
Donation of A Friend 500.00

Infantile Paralysis Research Fund:

Donation of W. Murray Crane . $500.00

Donation of Alvah Crocker . . . 500.00

Donation of William Endicott . 500.00

170.00

7,542.65

100.00

150.00

1,000.00

1,850.00

800.00

102.79

750.00

Carried forward $1,500.00 $97,563.52

253

Massachusetts General Hospital
Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes

Brought forward $1,500.00 $97,563.52

1916 Donation of Albert Strauss . . . 500.00

Donation of Frank G. Webster . 250.00

Donation of Charles Jackson . . 200.00

Donation of Arthur Perry . . . 100.00

Donation of Wallace L. Pierce . 100.00

1916-1919 Donation of Robert L. Studley . 100.00

1916 Donation of James H. Proctor . 100.00
Donation of George R. Wallace . 250.00
Donation of James J. Storrow . . 500.00

1916-1919 Donation of Allan C. Emery . . 100.00
Donation of J. P. Morgan . . . 1,000.00

1917 Donation of Infantile Paralysis

Commission 450.00

Donation of Isaac Sprague . . . 25.00

1919 Donation of F. W. Hallowell . . 100.00

5,275.00

X-Ray Equipment:
1917 Donation of Charles Philip Beebe 1,000.00

Out-Patient Department:

Donation of Miss Myra T. Styles 10.00

Course in Occupational Therapy :

Donation of Mrs. Nathaniel Thayer .... 100.00

For the salary of a clerk in the Tread-
well Library to typewrite certain
parts of the Surgical Records:

Donation of Dr. G. W. W. Brewster $50.00

Donation of Dr. Charles Allen Porter 50.00

Donation of Dr. Beth Vincent . . . 30.00

Donation of Dr. Lincoln Davis . . 30.00

Donation of Dr. Hugh Williams . . 50.00

Donation of Dr. Daniel Fiske Jones 50.00

Donation of Dr. Franklin G. Balch 50.00

Donation of Dr. Charles L. Scudder 50.00

1917-1918 Donation of Dr. Richard C. Cabot 88.50

1917 Donation of Dr. R. B. Greenough . 20.00

468.50

Salary of a Technician in Medical Research
Laboratory :

1918 Donation of Anonymous 780.00

Toward Salary of a worker in Infantile Paralysis

Department :

1918-1922 Donation of Harvard Infantile Paralysis Com-
mission 4,500.00

Toward Expenses of the Librarian to a conven-
tion:

1919 Donation of George Wigglesworth 40.00

Toward Salary of an assistant in the Genito-

Urinary Department:
Donation of George Wigglesworth 500.00

Toward Expenses of a House Social Worker to a

convention :
Donation of Dr. Richard C. Cabot 75.00

Carried forward $110,312.02

254

Financial

Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes

Brought forward $110,312.02

Purchase of radium at the General

Hospital:

1919 Donation of George Wigglesworth . $650.00

Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas

B. Gannett 650.00

1,300.00

Wheel chairs from "Rosamond, George and Peter" :

Donation of Mrs. Percival H. Lombard . . . 300.00

Surgical Instruments:
1919-1922 Donation of Miss Mary Weld . . . 10,950.40

Toward the salary of a technician in the Medical

Research Laboratory:
1919-1920 Donation of Philip Cabot 1,500.00

Special Research work in X-Ray Department:

1919 Donation of Mrs. Charles E. Mason .... 100.00

To aid and assist poor and needy colored people:
1919-1922 Donation of the Estate of Photius Fiske

through the New England Trust Company 2,125.00

Massage. A memorial to Miss Susan Sawyer:

1920 Donation of Mrs. L. J. Sawyer 600.00

Assistant in Warren Library :

Donation of Miss Mary F. Atkinson $60.00
Donation of Mrs. A. Lawrence Hop-
kins 10.00

1920-1921 Donation of The Ladies' Visiting

Committee 80.00

1920 Donation of Mrs. John Chipman

Gray 10.00

Donation of Mrs. Harold J. Coolidge 10.00
Donation of Mrs. John Lowell . . 10.00

180.00

Department of Occupational Therapy:

Donation of Mrs. Horace Binney . $50.00
Donation of Mrs. John H. Hammond 83.34
Donation of Mrs. E. H. Winslow . 100.00
Donation of Mrs. William H. Claflin,

Jr 25.00

Donation of A Friend 25.00

1921 Donation of The Ladies' Visiting Com-

mittee 50.00

Donation from Patients 93.75

427.09

State Venereal Clinic:

1920-1922 Donation of the Commonwealth of Massa-
chusetts, Department of Public Health . . 4,758.33
Glassing in of porch on sixth floor of Phillips

House:
1920 Donation of Mrs. Charles G. Weld . . 3,096.47

Nurses' Alumnse Supper:
Donation of George Wigglesworth 155.25

To be expended at Dr. Edsall's direction:

Donation of William G. Beale . 200.00

Carried forward $136,004.56

255

Massachusetts General Hospital
Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes

Brought forward $136,004.56

Purchase of ambrine and replacement of appa-
ratus for treatment of burns:

1920 Donation of Miss Louise C. May 250.00

Nurses' Scholarship to be known as the Welch

Scholarship :
Donation of Mrs. Eleanor Welch Paul . . . 100.00

After treatment of Infantile Paralysis Cases:

Donation of Robert F. Herrick . . $59.00

Donation of F. S. Moseley .... 100.00

Donation of Edward W. Grew . . 50.00

Donation of Junius Beebe .... 100.00

Donation of Edward W. Hutchins . 100.00
Donation of Mr. and Mrs. Edwin

Farnham Greene 100.00

Donation of J. Franklin McElwain . 100.00

Donation of Frederic E. Snow . . . 100.00

709.00

Purchase of X-Ray Apparatus:

Donation of Mrs. Mary A. Bullard . $100.00

Donation of Miss Judith D. Beal . 100.00

Donation of Miss M. E. Crafts . . 15.00

Donation of Mrs. C. C. Jackson . . 500.00

Donation of Miss E. F. Mason . . 4.00

1921 Donation of Mrs. Mary S. Crafts . 10.00

729.00
Industrial Clinic:

1920 Donation of Pacific Mills $500.00

1921 Donation of American Felt Co. . . 500.00
Donation of Bigelow-Hartford Car-
pet Co 500.00

1,500.00
Treatment of Patients and Research :

1920 Donation of United Fruit Company .... 1,000.00

Dr. Walcott's Portrait Fund:
Unexpended Balance 90.71

Construction of rooms in Out-Patient Depart-
ment of the Industrial Clinic :

1921 Donation of the Harvard Medical School, De-

partment of Industrial Hygiene 2,000.00

Rug, Nurses' Sitting Room, seventh floor

Phillips House:
Donation of Mrs. George T. Rice 22.50

Furnishings in Nurses' Room, sixth floor Phillips
House :

Donation of Nathan D. Bill 150.00

Toward the salary of the half-time
worker in the Out-Patient Depart-
ment of the Scoliosis Clinic :
Donation of S. H. Fessenden . . . $100.00
Donation of George Wigglesworth . 200.00

300.00
Nurses' Recreation:

Donation of A Friend 200.00

Furnishing Nurses' Parlor in Thayer:

Donation of The Ladies' Visiting Committee 140.15

Carried forward $143,195.92

256

Financial

Donations and Bequests for Special Purposes

Brought forward $143,195.92

Alterations in the Nerve Clinic :

1921 Donation of Anonymous 263.85

1922 Income Donation:

Donation of Miss Sarah Smith 5.00

For purchase of books for Granny's
collection in the Warren Library :

Donation of A Friend through Dr.

Seth M. Fitchet $20.00

Donation of A Friend 20.00

Donation of Dr. Seth M. Fitchet . . 10.00

50.00
To give some poor woman hospital care:

Donation of Helen Tyler Brown 50.00

For an ambulance:

Donation of William Endicott 5,000.00

For purchase of Ether Pamphlets :

Donation of Nathaniel T. Kidder 10.00

For purchase of three volumes of Oliver
Wendell Holmes:

Donation of Nathaniel T. Kidder 8.21

For South Medical Department:

Donation of A Friend 100.00

For the charitable purposes of the Hospital:

Donation of United Fruit Co 500.00

1857-1922 Total Donations $149,182.98

1922 Treadwell Library "Fines" 87.00

1919-1922 Interest added . 233.46

$149,503.44
1857-1922 Expended 145,725.08

BALANCE DECEMBER 31, 1922 $3,778.36

Purchase of Ambrine and replacement

of apparatus for treatment of burns $249.90

Special Technical Laboratory Appa-
ratus 1,106.31

WheelChairs 159.18

To be expended at Dr. Edsall's direc-
tion 209.10

Infantile Paralysis Research .... 62.97

Nurses' Recreation 204.00

Dr. Walcott's Portrait Fund .... 90.71

For purchase of books for Granny's col-
lection in the Warren Library . . . 27.77

For Children's Department 252.92

For an Ambulance 1,049.35

Children's Out-Patient Department for

part time Clinic Secretary .... 303.50

Treadwell Library "Fines" 62.65

$3,778.36

INCOME DONATIONS FOR SOCIAL SERVICE
DEPARTMENT

1920-1922 Donations of Sundry Donors . . $63,717.74
1920-1922 Expended 63,717.74

C. H. W. FOSTER,

Treasurer.
257

Massachusetts General Hospital

OFFICERS OF THE HOSPITAL
From Its Foundation to 1923

Presidents

WILLIAM PHILLIPS 1814-1826

THOMAS H. PERKINS 1826-1827

JOHN LOWELL 1828-1830

GARDINER GREENE 1830-1832

JOSEPH HEAD 1833-1835

EBENEZER FRANCIS 1836

EDWARD TUCKERMAN 1837-1843

WILLIAM APPLETON 1844-1862

ROBERT HOOPER 1862-1869

EDWARD WIGGLESWORTH 1869-1875

HENRY B. ROGERS 1875-1887

CHARLES H. DALTON 1888-1908

FRANCIS C. LOWELL 1909

HENRY P. WALCOTT 1910-

V ice-Presidents

SAMUEL PARKMAN 1814 (declined serving)

JAMES PERKINS 1815-1822

THOMAS H. PERKINS 1823-1826

JOHN LOWELL 1826-1829

GARDINER GREENE 1829-1830

JOSEPH HEAD 1830-1832

EBENEZER FRANCIS 1833-1835

SAMUEL APPLETON 1836

JONATHAN PHILLIPS 1837-1845

THEODORE LYMAN 1846-1849

ROBERT HOOPER 1850-1856

NATHANIEL I. BOWDITCH 1856-1862

EDWARD WIGGLESWORTH 1862-1869

NATHANIEL THAYER 1869-1883

AMOS A. LAWRENCE 1884-1886

GEORGE HIGGINSON 1887-1889

JOHN LOWELL 1890-1897

FRANCIS C. LOWELL 1898-1908

CHARLES G. WELD 1909-1911

DAVID P. KIMBALL 1911-1923

258

Officers

Treasurers

JAMES PRINCE 1813-1821

WILLIAM COCHRAN 1821

N. P. RUSSELL 1821-1834

HENRY ANDREWS 1835-1859

J. THOMAS STEVENSON 1859-1876

FRANCIS H. PEABODY 1876-1881

DAVID R. WHITNEY . 1881-1882

EDMUND DWIGHT (pro tern) 1882-1883

FRANKLIN HAVEN, Jr 1884-1908

CHARLES H. W. FOSTER 1908-

Secretaries

RICHARD SULLIVAN 1811-1816

HENRY CODMAN 1817-1826

N. I. BOWDITCH 1827-1836

WILLIAM GRAY 1836-1841

MARCUS MORTON, Jr 1842-1859

THOMAS B. HALL 1859-1865

WILLIAM S. DEXTER 1865

THOMAS B. HALL 1866-1903

CHARLES H. W. FOSTER 1903-1908

JOHN A. BLANCHARD 1908-1920

FRANCIS G. GRAY 1920-

Chairmen of the Trustees

THOMAS H. PERKINS 1818

JOSEPH MAY 1819-1826

JOSEPH HEAD 1826-1829

EBENEZER FRANCIS 1829-1831

EDWARD TUCKERMAN 1831-1835

GEORGE BOND 1835-1842

ROBERT HOOPER, Jr 1842-1850

N. I. BOWDITCH 1850-1856

HENRY B. ROGERS - 1856-1874

SAMUEL ELIOT . . . • 1874-1898

EDMUND DWIGHT 1898-1900

HENRY P. WALCOTT 1900-1919

GEORGE WIGGLESWORTH 1919-

259

Massachusetts General Hospital

Trustees

THOMAS H. PERKINS 1813-1818

JOSIAH QUINCY 1813-1820

DANIEL SARGENT 1813-1821

JOSEPH MAY 1813-1826

STEPHEN HIGGINSON, Jr 1813-1815

GAMALIEL BRADFORD 1813-1823

TRISTRAM BARNARD 1813-1818

GEORGE G. LEE 1813-1816

FRANCIS C. LOWELL 1813-1815

JOSEPH TILDEN 1813-1815

JOHN L. SULLIVAN 1813-1816

RICHARD SULLIVAN 1813-1822

JONATHAN PHILLIPS 1816-1832

JOHN LOWELL 1816-1819

JOSEPH COOLIDGE 1816-1831

DAVID SEARS 1817-1819

EBEN FRANCIS 1817-1831

PETER C. BROOKS 1819 (declined serving)

JOSEPH HEAD 1819-1829

THOMAS W. WARD 1819-1823

SAMUEL APPLETON 1819-1822

JOHN BELKNAP 1820-1822

DANIEL P. PARKER 1821-1825

THEODORE LYMAN, Jr 1822-1825

BENJAMIN GUILD 1823-1834

WILLIAM H. PRESCOTT 1823-1825

GARDINER GREENE 1823-1830

SAMUEL SWETT 1823-1826

EDWARD TUCKERMAN 1824-1836

GEORGE TICKNOR 1826-1830

EDWARD H. ROBBINS 1826-1834

WILLIAM STURGIS 1826-1827

AMOS LAWRENCE 1826-1831

P. T. JACKSON 1827-1828

HENRY CODMAN . 1827-1835

WILLIAM H. GARDINER 1828-1829

FRANCIS C. GRAY 1829-1836

JOSIAH QUINCY, Jr 1830-1836

BENJAMIN D. GREENE . ... 1830-1833

JAMES BOWDOIN 1830 (declined serving)

HEMAN LINCOLN 1831 (declined serving)

GEORGE BOND 1831-1842

GEORGE HALLET 1831-1833

260

Trustees

THOMAS W. WARD 1832 (declined serving)

ABBOTT LAWRENCE 1832-1835

FRANCIS J. OLIVER 1833-1835

SAMUEL A. ELIOT 1834-1838

CHARLES G. LORING 1834-1837

RUFTJS WYMAN 1835 (declined serving)

THOMAS B. CURTIS 1835-1838

CHARLES AMORY 1836-1847

HENRY EDWARDS 1836-1845

SAMUEL LAWRENCE 1836-1838

ROBERT G. SHAW 1836-1838

JOHN P. THORNDIKE 1836-1837

MARTIN BRIMMER 1837-1842

ROBERT HOOPER, Jr 1837-1849

N. I. BOWDITCH 1837-1856

WILLIAM APPLETON 1838-1841

THOMAS LAMB 1838-1861

GEORGE M. DEXTER 1839-1853

FRANCIS C. LOWELL 1839-1853

HENRY B. ROGERS 1839, 1841-1874

EBENEZER CHADWICK 1840-1842

IGNATIUS SARGENT 1841

WILLIAM T. ANDREWS 1842-1847

JONATHAN CHAPMAN 1843

WILLIAM F. OTIS 1843

JOHN A. LOWELL 1843-1850

CHARLES S. STORROW 1844-1845

EDWARD WIGGLESWORTH 1844-1862

WILLIAM W. STONE 1846

J. WILEY EDMUNDS 1847-1848

J. THOMAS STEVENSON 1846-1859

CHARLES H. MILLS 1848-1859

AMOS A. LAWRENCE 1848-1854

WILLIAM S. BULLARD 1849-1872

G. ROWLAND SHAW 1850-1856

WILLIAM J. DALE 1851-1862, 1864

JOHN P. BIGELOW 1852-1855, 1857

CHARLES H. WARREN ..." 1853-1857

ROBERT M. MASON 1854-1862

HENRY M. HOLBROOK 1855-1857

JAMES B. BRADLEE 1856-1859

WILLIAM D. GREENOUGH 1856-1866

JOHN LOWELL 1857-1870

ABBOTT LAWRENCE 1858-1859

261

Massachusetts General Hospital

NATHANIEL H. EMMONS 1859-1861

GEORGE HIGGINSON 1859-1872

MARCUS MORTON, Jr 1859-1860

MARTIN BRIMMER 1860-1864

JAMES M. BEEBE 1860-1875

J. AMORY DAVIS 1861-1866

SAMUEL G. HOWE 1861-1875

JAMES C. WILD 1862-1865

HARRISON RITCHIE 1863-1867

HENRY A. WHITNEY 1863-1868

CHARLES S. STORROW 1865-1870

CHARLES H. DALTON 1866-1881

SAMUEL ELIOT 1866-1898

JAMES L. LITTLE 1866-1871

EZRA FARNSWORTH 1867-1872

EDMUND DWIGHT 1868-1882, 1884-1900

GEORGE S. HALE 1870-1888

SAMUEL W. SWETT 1870-1872

GEORGE E. ELLIS 1871-1875

SAMUEL D. WARREN 1871-1888

HENRY P. KIDDER 1872-1886

E. FRANCIS BOWDITCH 1872-1891

CHARLES R. CODMAN 1872-1875

ROBERT H. STEVENSON 1874-1880

CHARLES V. BEMIS 1875-1899

PETER C. BROOKS, Jr 1875-1878

CHARLES J. MORRILL ' 1875-1885

WILLIAM ENDICOTT, Jr 1876-1897

THORNTON K. LOTHROP 1878-1883, 1885-1896

ROGER WOLCOTT 1880-1896

NATHANIEL THAYER, Jr 1881-1910

THOMAS E. PROCTOR 1883-1894

DAVID P. KIMBALL 1886-1916

DAVID R. WHITNEY 1887-1894

FREDERICK L. AMES 1888-1893

HENRY P. WALCOTT 1892-1919

WILLIAM S. BIGELOW 1893-1903

ARTHUR A. CAREY 1894-1897

HENRY S. HOWE 1894-1912

SAMUEL D. WARREN 1896-1902

GEORGE WIGGLESWORTH 1896-

FRANCIS BLAKE 1897-1909

REGINALD GRAY 1898-1902

MOSES WILLIAMS 1898-1919

262

Trustees

JOHN M. HARLOW 1899-1903

FRANCIS L. HIGGINSON 1900-1914

FRANCIS H. APPLE-TON 1902-1919

CHARLES H. W. FOSTER 1902-

CHARLES P. GREENOUGH 1903-1919

ARTHUR HUNNEWELL 1904-1904

HENRY S. HUNNEWELL 1904-1914

NATHANIEL T. KIDDER 1910-

JOHN LOWELL 1910-1922

JOSEPH H. O'NEIL 1912-

Mrs. HORATIO N. SLATER 1914-1915

PHILIP L. SALTONSTALL 1915-1919

Mrs. NATHANIEL THAYER 1916-

WILLIAM ENDICOTT 1917-1918, 1919-

THOMAS B. GANNETT 1918-

GEORGE T. TUTTLE % 1919-1921

JOHN R. MACOMBER 1919-

SEWALL H. FESSENDEN 1919-

ROBERT HOMANS 1920-

ALGERNON COOLIDGE 1921-

GALEN L. STONE 1923-

* Superintendents of The General Hospital

Capt. NATHANIEL FLETCHER 1821-1825

NATHAN GURNEY 1825-1833

GAMALIEL BRADFORD 1833-1839

CHARLES SUMNER 1839-1841

JOHN M. GOODWIN 1841-1845

RICHARD GIRDLER 1845-1858

BENJAMIN S. SHAW 1858-1872

NORTON FOLSOM 1872-1877

JAMES H. WHITTEMORE 1877-1885

JOHN W. PRATT 1886-1897

HERBERT B. HOWARD 1897-1908

FREDERIC A. WASHBURN 1908-

*Title changed at different times to Resident Physician, Administrator and Director.

263

Massachusetts General Hospital

OFFICERS OF McLEAN HOSPITAL

Superintendents

RUFUS WYMAN 1818-1835

THOMAS G. LEE 1835-1836

LUTHER V. BELL 1837-1856, 1857-1858

CHAUNCEY BOOTH 1856-1857

JOHN E. TYLER 1858-1871

GEORGE F. JELLY 1871-1879

EDWARD COWLES 1879-1904

GEORGE T. TUTTLE 1904-1919

FREDERIC H. PACKARD 1919-

First Assistant Physicians

THOMAS G. LEE 1834-1835

EDWARD ROWLAND 1835-1836

JOHN R. LEE 1837-1839

JOHN Fox 1839-1843

CHAUNCEY BOOTH 1843-1856

MARK RANNEY 1856-1865

JAMES H. WHITTEMORE 1865-1871, 1873-1876

ORVILLE E. ROGERS 1871-1872

CHARLES F. FOLSOM 1872-1873

CHARLES E. WOODBURY 1876-1877

JAMES B. AYER (temp.) 1876-1877

A. R. MOULTON (temp.) 1877

FRANK W. PAGE 1878-1879

GEORGE T. TUTTLE 1879-1904

E. STANLEY ABBOT 1904-1909

FREDERIC H. PACKARD 1909-1919

THEODORE A. HOCH 1919-

Second Assistant Physicians

MARK RANNEY 1854-1856

JEROME C. SMITH 1856-1861

J. BLACKMERE 1861-1862-

JAMES H. WHITTEMORE 1862-1865

ISAAC H. HAZELTON 1865-1867

JAMES H. DENNEY 1867-1869

GEORGE F. JELLY 1869-1871

264

Officers

FERDINAND A. STILLINGS 1871-1873

CHARLES E. WOODBURY 1874-1876

WILBUR F. SANBORN 1876-1879

WINFRED B. BANCROFT 1879-1880

FREDERICK M. TURNBULL 1880-1885

HENRY C. BALDWIN 1885

JAMES W. BABCOCK 1885-1891

DANIEL H. FULLER 1891-1897

E. STANLEY ABBOT 1897-1898

CHARLES S. LITTLE 1898-1902

GUY G. FERNALD 1902-1908

EARL D. BOND 1908-1912

THEODORE A. HOCH 1912-1919

RAY L. WHITNEY 1919-1920

FREEMAN A. TOWER 1920-

Third Assistant Physicians

HORACE M. LOCKE 1887-1889

E. STANLEY ABBOT 1893-1897

CHARLES G. DEWEY 1894-1895

FREDERICK W. PEARL 1898-1913

RAY L. WHITNEY 1913-1919

Assistant Physicians

GEORGE A. MAC!VER 1919-1920

SIDNEY M. BUNKER 1921-

KENNETH J. TILLOTSON 1922-

JOHN D. MCCARTHY (temp.) 1923

Pathologists

WILLIAM NOYES 1888-1893

AUGUST HOCH 1893-1905

FREDERIC H. PACKARD 1905-1909

E. STANLEY ABBOT 1909-1917

EMMA W. MOOERS (assistant) 1900-1903

JAMES S. PLANT 1920-1921

Chemists

OTTO FOLIN 1900-1908

CHARLES C. ERDMAN 1907-1914

PHILIP A. F. SCHAFFER (assistant) 1900-1903

LUCIAN A. HILL (assistant) 1903-1904

CHRISTIAN OESTERGREN (assistant) 1904-1907

OTTO FOLIN 1920-

JOHN C. WHITEHORN 1921-

265

Massachusetts General Hospital

Psychologists

SHEPHERD IVORY FRANZ 1904-1906

F. LYMAN WELLS 1907-1921

HELGE LUNDHOLM 1921-

Physiologists

WALTER B. CANNON 1921-

CLARENCE J. CAMPBELL 1922-

Junior Assistant Physicians

GEORGE E. EMERY 1897-1898

HOWARD W. BEAL 1897-1898

EDWIN LEONARD, Jr 1897-1898

GEORGE W. BLANCHARD 1898-

ALBERT E. LOVELAND 1898-1899

HARRY W. MILLER 1898-1900

CHARLES B. DUNLAP 1898-1899

WILLIAM G. WARD 1899-1900

GUY G. FERNALD 1899-1902

MARTIN J. COOLEY 1900-1903

FREDERIC H. PACKARD 1902-1905

ALBERT E. STEELE 1902-1903

WILLIAM F. ROBERTS 1903-1905

GILBERT V. HAMILTON 1905-1907

RALPH C. KELL 1906-1908

FREDERIC B. M. CADY 1907-1908

EARL D. BOND 1908-1912

EDMUND M. PEASE 1908-1912

HOWARD T. CHILD 1909-1910

CLARENCE M. KELLEY 1910-1914

HENNING V. HENDRICKS 1911-1912

CLIFFORD G. ROUNSEFELL . 1913-1916

CARL F. VERNLUND 1913-1914

CHARLES M. FLAGG 1914

CARL B. HUDSON 1914

V. EDGAR BABINGTON 1915-1916

SYDNEY V. KIBBY 1915-1916

WALTER J. OTIS 1916-1919

CLARENCE M. KELLEY 1917-1919

HERBERT R. FIEGE 1917-1918

KENNETH J. TILLOTSON 1921-1922

MAXWELL E. MACDONALD 1921-1922

266

Staff

STAFF OF THE GENERAL HOSPITAL

Italics following the name indicate to what service of the Hospital the individual
belonged :

An.; Anesthetist R.; Roentgenological

Bd. of Con.; Board of Consultation S.; Syphilogical

C.M.; Children's Medical S.S.; South Surgical

D.; Dermatological Soc. Serv.; Social Service

E.M.; East Medical T.; Trustee

E.S.; East Surgical T.M.; Tropical Medicine

G.U.; Genito-Urinary Thd.S.; Third Surgical

L.; Laryngological W.M.; West Medical

N.; Neurological W.S.; West Surgical
Or.; Orthopedic
P.; Pathological

Letters in small type indicate the special work of an individual. An O following indi-
cates Out-Patient Department.

a.; assistant obst.; obstetrician

assoc.; associate oph.; ophthalmologist

c.; chief of service otol.; otologist

chem.; chemist p.; physician

con. chem.; consulting chemist path.; pathologist

d.; dermatologist r.; roentgenologist

dir.; director r.p.; resident physician

dn.; dentist r.s.; resident surgeon

h. p.; house physician s.; surgeon

h. s.; house surgeon s.path.; surgical pathologist

1.; laryngologist v.p.; visiting physician

n.; neurologist v.a.; visiting surgeon

* Deceased

*SAMUEL LEONARD ABBOT, adm.p. 1849-1858, p.O. 1858-1864,

v.p. 1865-1888, Bd. of Con. 1889-1904.
ZABDIEL BOYLSTON ADAMS, Or. a. in s. 1907-1908, a.s.O. 1908-

1917, a.v.s. 1917-1921, v.s. 1921-
ARTHUR WILBURN ALLEN, a.s.O. 1916-1919, s.O. 1919-
FREEMAN ALLEN, con. An. 1903-1911, An. 1911-1912, c.An.

1912-

SEABURY WELLS ALLEN, Temp. a.s.O. 1917-1918.
NATHANIEL ALLISON, Or.c. 1923-
ALFRED MASON AMADON, a.otol. 1911-1914.
JOSEPH CHARLES AUB, EM. h.p. 1916-1917, a. in med. 1921-

1922, assoc.m. 1922-

ARTHUR EVERETT AUSTIN, a.p.O. 1917-1923.
JAMES BOURNE AYER, N. a.p.O. 1911-1913, a.n. 1913-1917, n.

1917-

267

Massachusetts General Hospital

GEORGE SHERWIN CLARK BADGER, p.0. 1903-1912, a.v.p. 1912-

1919.

WALTER CHANNING BAILEY, a.p. 1902.
*HENRY CUTLER BALDWIN, N. a.p.0. 1889-1907, p.0. 1907-1911,

n. 1911-1915.

GERARDO M. BALBONI, a.p.O. 1913-1921, p.O. 1921-
FRANKLIN GREENE BALCH, s.O. 1896-1905, a.v.s. 1905-1907,

v.s. 1907-1920, c.E.S. 1920-
HARRY ALDRICH BARNES, L. a.p.O. 1909-1911, a.l. 1911-1920,

assoc.l. 1920-1921, 1. 1921-
JAMES BELLINGER BARNEY, a. in s. 1906-1909, G.U. a.s.O.

1910-1911, s.O. 1911-1920, c. 1920-
PHILIP CHALLIS BARTLETT, a.p.O. 1915-1921, p. to sp. clin.

1921-
*HENRY HARRIS AUBREY BEACH, s.O. 1873-1879, v.s. 1879-1907,

Bd. of Con. 1907-1910.

HAROLD COTTON BEAN, Or. a. in s. 1921-1922, a.s.O. 1922-
*HENRY JACOB BIGELOW, v.s. 1846-1885.
MACOB BIGELOW, v.p. 1836-1855.

WILLIAM STURGIS BIGELOW, s.O. 1879-1881, T. 1893-1903.
OLIVER E. BIXBY, CM. a.p.O. 1915-1922, p.O. 1922-
JOHN HARPER BLAISDELL, a.d. 1916-
GERALD BLAKE, a.p.O. 1913-1915, p.O. 1915-1921, assoc. m.

1921-

JOHN H. BLODGETT, a. in 1. 1919.
ARLIE VERNON BOCK, a. in med. 1919-1920, W.M. h.p. 1921-

1922, sr. h.p. 1922-
MAX BOHM, Or. a. in s. 1904-1907, s. in chg. med. mech. dept.

1907.

WILLIAM FREDERICK Boos, chem. 1906-1912.
*HENRY INGERSOLL BOWDITCH, a.p. 1839-1845, v.p. 1846-1864,

Bd. of Con. 1864-1891.
JOHN TEMPLETON BOWEN,D. a.p.O. 1889-1895, p.O. 1895-1911,

c. 1911-1913, Bd. of Con. 1913-
ELLIOTT GRAY BRACKETT, Or. s.O. 1907-1909, s. 1909-1911, c.

1911-1919.
JOHN WILLIAM STANSBURY BRADY, a. in med. 1921-1924, p. to

sp. clin. 1924-

WILLIAM BRADLEY BREED, a.p.O. 1920-1923, p.O. 1923-
JOHN F. BRESNAHAN, a.r.p. 1914-1918.
GEORGE WASHINGTON WALES BREWSTER, s.O. 1900-1906, a.v.s.

1906-1914, v.s. 1914-
FRANCIS GORHAM BRIGHAM, a.p.O. 1914-1921, p.O. 1921-

268

Staff

*WILLIAM ALLEN BROOKS, s.O. 1894-1903, a.v.s. 1903-1906, v.s.

1906-1910.

ARTHUR NICHOLSON BROUGHTON, Temp. a.s.O. 1918.
LLOYD THORNTON BROWN, a. in s. 1911-1913, Or. a.s.O. 1913-

1917, s.O. 1917-1921, a.v.s. 1921-
*JACOB BALDWIN BRUCE, Jr., a.r.p. 1912-1914.
JOHN BRYANT, med. ass't in prob. of convales. 1919-
C. HERMAN BUCHOLZ, s. in chg. med. mech. dept. 1908-1909,

Or. a. in s. 1909-1911, s.O. 1911-1917, a.v.s. 1917-1920.
JOHN HENRY BUFFORD, a.d. 1914-
SYDNEY MOORE BUNKER, a.r.p. 1916-1917.
FRANCIS LOWELL BURNETT, a. in. clin. path. 1911-1912.
FREDERICK STANFORD BURNS, D. a.p.O. 1903-1912, assoc.d.

1912-
CHARLES SIDNEY BURWELL, Jr., W.M. h.p. 1921.

*ARTHUR TRACY CABOT, s.O. 1881-1886, v.s. 1886-1907, Bd. of

Con. 1907-1912.
HUGH CABOT, s.O. 1903-1910; G.U. s. in chg. 0. 1910-1911, s.

1911, c. 1911-1919.
RICHARD CLARKE CABOT, p.O. 1898-1908, a.v.p. 1908-1912, c.

W.M. 1912-1921, Bd, of Con. 1921-
*SAMUEL CABOT, v.s. 1853-1882, Bd. of Con. 1882-1885.
IDA M. CANNON, c. Soc. Serv. 1914-
*CYRUS FAULKNER CARTER, N. a.p. 1888-1893.
ARTHUR PATTERSON CHADBOURNE, Temp, ass't in med. 1917-

1918, ass't in med. 1919-1921.
GEORGE LAWRENCE CHAFFIN, W.S. h.s. 1919-1921; G.U. h.s.

1921.

*WALTER CHANNING, a. to v.p. 1821-1838.
AUSTIN WALTER CHEEVER, S. a. in med. 1917-1923, a.p.O.

1923-

FREDERICK EDWARD CHENEY, oph.s. 1897-1901, 1904-1911.
EDWARD DELAS CHURCHILL, W.S. h.s. 1922-
GEORGE OLIVER CLARK, Temp. a.s.O. 1917.
HENRY G. CLARK, v.s. 1851-1874.
JOSEPH PAYSON CLARK, L. p.O. 1893-1911, 1. 1911-1916, Temp.

1. 1917.

EDWIN NELSON CLEAVES, a.r.p. 1918-1919.
RANDALL CLIFFORD, a.p.O. 1919-1923, p.O. 1923-
GEORGE CLYMER, a.n. 1913-1923, n. 1923-

269

Massachusetts General Hospital

FARRAR COBB, s.O. 1900-1907, a.v.s. 1907-1914, v.s. 1914-

1917.

FREDERIC CODMAN COBB, L. a.p.O. 1889-1911, 1. 1911-1912.
STANLEY COBB, a.n. 1919-

ERNEST AMORY CODMAN, s.O. 1900-1907, a.v.s. 1907-1914.
HARRIET ISABELLE COLE, a. chem. 1921-1922.
FREDERICK AMASA COLLER, W.S. h.s. 1914-1915.
WILLIAM MERRITT CONANT, s.O. 1891-1900, v.s. 1900-1914,

Bd. of Con. 1914-

*ALGERNON COOLIDGE, v.s. 1868-1875, Bd. of Con. 1876-1911.
ALGERNON COOLIDGE, L. a.p.O. 1889-1892, p.O. 1892-1911, c.

1911-1920, T. 1921-
CORINNE R. COTE, G.U. a.s.O. 1922-

WILLIAM PIERCE COUES, Temp. a.s.O. 1917-1919, a.s.O. 1919-
ERNEST GRANVILLE CRABTREE, G.U. h.s. 1913-1915, a.s.O.

1915-1920, s.O. 1920-
HARVARD HERSEY CRABTREE, W.S. h.s. 1913-1914, G.U. h.s.

1916-1919, a.s.O. 1919-1920, s.O. 1920-
EUGENE ANTHONY CROCKETT, aur.s. 1908-1910, otol. 1920-
JOHN WHITE CUMMIN, Temp. a.s.O. 1917-1919, c.O. 1919-
LORETTA JOY CUMMINS, a. in d. 1916-1918, a.d. 1918-
*HALL CURTIS, p.O. 1868-1871.

ROBERT D. CURTIS, CM. a.p.O. 1919-1922, p.O. 1922-
*THOMAS B. CURTIS, s.O. 1875-1881.
ELBRIDGE GERRY CUTLER, p.O. 1878-1889, v.p. 1889-1908,

Bd. of Con. 1908-

ELLIOTT CARR CUTLER, W.S. h.s. 1915-1916.
GEORGE DAVID CUTLER, h.s. 1912-1913, a.s.O. 1917-1919.

ERNEST MERRILL DALAND, a.s.O. 1921-
* EDWARD BARRY DALTON, v.p. 1870-1872.
MURRAY S. DANFORTH, Or. a. in s. 1911-1914, a.s.O. 1914-1917,

s.O. 1917-

DAVID S. DANN, X-r. h.p. 1921-1922.
LINCOLN DAVIS, s.O. 1903-1911, a.v.s. 1911-1917, assoc.s.

1917-1919, v.s. 1919-

ROGER P. DAWSON, a.p.O. 1915-1923, p.O. 1923-
WILLEY DENIS, a. chem. 1913-1920.
GEORGE STRONG DERBY, a. oph. 1916-1920, oph. 1920-
GEORGE ALFRED Dix, S. a. in med. 1914-1916, a.p.O. 1916-

1923, p.O. 1923-

*WALTER JAMES DODD, a. apoth. 1892-1896, apoth. 1896-1908,
r. 1908-1916.

270

Staff

ARTHUR MALCOLM DODGE, a. An. 1913-1915.
*PAULINE L. DOLLIVER, ass't to r.p. 1917-1921.
FRANK EUGENE DRAPER, a. oph.s. 1897-1900.
RICHARD DRESSER, a.r. 1923-

THEODORE JEWETT EASTMAN, a.p.O. 1910-1912, p.O. 1912-

HAROLD B. EATON, a. in n. 1915-1919, a.n. 1919-

DAVID LINN EDSALL, c. EM. 1912-1921, c. med. serv's 1921-

1923, Bd. of Con. 1923-
JOHN WHEELOCK ELLIOT, s.O. 1886-1894, v.s. 1894-1906, Bd.

of Con. 1906-
*CALVIN ELLIS, cur. of path. cab. 1855-1865, micro. 1856-1865,

v.p. 1865-1883.

FRANCIS P. EMERSON, otol. 1920-
LOUVILLE EUGENE EMERSON, psychol. 1913-
WILLIAM ROBIE PATTEN EMERSON, CM. p.O. 1916-
*HAROLD CLARENCE ERNST, p.O. 1888-1900.
RICHARD SPELMAN EUSTIS, CM. a.p.O. 1914-1916, p.O. 1916-

CALVIN BARSTOW FAUNCE, Jr., a. in 1. 1918-1919, a.l. 1919-

1923, assoc.l. 1923-

LAWRENCE W. FAUST, G.U., r.s. 1924-
NATHANIEL WALES FAXON, a.r.p. 1919-1922, a.dir. 1922.
HENRY FIELD, E.M. h.p. 1922-
HARRY P. FINCK, a. in 1. 1921-1923, a.l. 1923-
*JOHN Dix FISHER, v.p. 1846-1850.
REGINALD FITZ, assoc. m. 1919, E.M. h.p. 1919-1920.
*REGINALD HEBER FITZ, micro, and cur. of path. cab. 1871-1889,

path. 1889-1892, v.p. 1887-1908, Bd. of Con. 1908-1913.
ELISHA FLAGG, s.O. 1907-1910.
OTTO FOLIN, chem. 1913-1922, con. chem. 1922-
HENRY STONE FORBES, a.p.O. 1916-1920.
MAURICE FREMONT-SMITH, a. in med. 1920-1922, a.p.O. 1922-

1923, p.O. 1923-
HAROLD M. FROST, a. in s. 1921-1922, a.s.O. 1922-

JAMES MURRY GALLISON, a.s.O. 1916-1919, s.O. 1919-
WILLIAM WHITWORTH GANNETT, p.O. 1885-1891, v.p. 1891-
1911, Bd. of Con. 1911-

271

Massachusetts General Hospital

FREDERIC EUGENE GARLAND, a.l. 1913-1920, assoc. 1. 1920-
GEORGE MINOT GARLAND, p.O. 1887-1894.
JOSEPH GARLAND, a.p.O. 1922-1923.
*GEORGE HENRY GAY, v.s. 1855-1878.
RALPH KALB GHORMLEY, 0. s.O. 1924-
ALLEN CLAY GILBERT, G.U. h.s. 1923.
*Louis WHITMORE GILBERT, CM. a.p.O. 1912-1916, p.O. 1916-

1917.
Louis ADILORE OLIVER GODDU, Or. a. in s. 1911-1914, a.s.O.

1914-1917, s.O. 1917-

THOMAS RODMAN GOETHALS, E.S. h.s. 1919.
Ross GOLDEN, X-r. h.p. 1920-1921.
JOEL ERNEST GOLDTHWAIT, Or. s. 1903-1905, s.O. 1905-1907,

v.s. 1907-1908, Bd. of Con. 1922-
JOSEPH LINCOLN GOODALE, L. a.p.O. 1895-1911, a.l. 1911-1912,

1. 1912-1913, a.l. 1917-1921, assoc. in larnygol. in Teaching,

1921-

HARRY WINFRED GOOD ALL, a.p.O. 1909-1910.
ALFRED HENRY GOULD, a.s. 1903-1907.
* AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD, v.p. 1857-1866.
HUGH PAYNE GREELEY, a.p.O. 1913-1915.
MOHN ORNE GREEN, aur.s. 1887-1896.
DANIEL CROSBY GREENE, Jr., L. a.p.O. 1903-1911, a.l. 1911-

1912, assoc.l. 1912-1916, 1. 1916-
ROBERT BATTEY GREENOUGH, s.O. 1900-1911, a.v.s. 1911-

1916, v.s. 1916-

ARTHUR M. GREENWOOD, a.d. 1921-
MARGARET V. GROGAN, a.p.O. 1920-1923, p.O. 1923-

*ENOCH HALE, v.p. 1838-1848.
FRANCIS COOLEY HALL, a.p.O. 1919-1921.
GARDNER W. HALL, a.p.O. 1912-1916.
JOHN WILKES HAMMOND, CM. a.p.O. 1914-1916, p.O. 1916-

1917.

PHILIP HAMMOND, otol. 1920-
WILLIAM JOSEPH HARKINS, a. in 1. 1915-1921, a.l. 1921-1923,

assoc.l. 1923-

TORR WAGNER HARMER, a. in s. 1913-1916, a.s.O. 1916-
*FRANCIS BISHOP HARRINGTON, p.O. 1884-1886, s.O. 1886-1894,

v.s. 1894-1911, c. E.S. 1911-1914, Bd. of Con. 1914.
PAUL WILBERFORCE HARRISON, G.U. h.s. 1915.
HARRY FAIRBANKS HARTWELL, a. in Or.s. 1904-1911, a.s.path.
1911-1916, s.path. 1916-

272

Staff

JOHN BRYANT HARTWELL, a.s.O. 1911-1917.

FLOYD FROST HATCH, E.S. h.s. 1916-1917.

RALPH AUGUSTUS HATCH, a. oph. 1915-

RAFE NELSON HATT, Or. a.s.O. 1920-1921, s.O. 1921-

JOHN BROMHAM HAWES, 2d, a.p.O. 1906-1912, a.v.p. 1912-
*DAVID HYSLOP HAYDEN, p.O. 1870-1884.

EDWIN PARKER HAYDEN, E.S. h.s. 1922-1923.
*GEORGE HAYWARD, v.s. 1826-1851, Bd. of Con. 1853-1863.
MOHN THEODORE HEARD, s.O. 1866-1872.

EDWARD W. HERMAN, a. in 1. 1915-1923, a.l. 1923-

HAROLD WATERS HERSEY, a.r.p. 1912-1919.

HENRY Fox HEWES, p.O. 1899-1912, a.v.p. 1912-

GEORGE JACKSON HILL, CM. a.p.O. 1917-1922.

GEORGE SUMNER HILL, a.p.O. 1917-1923, p.O. 1923-

JAMES HITCHCOCK, a. in med. 1922-1923, a.p.O. 1923-
*RICHARD MANNING HODGES, v.s. 1863-1885, Bd. of Con. 1887-
1895.

JOHN SPRAGUE HODGSON, W.S. h.s. 1916, E.S. h.s. 1920, a. in s.
1920-1921, a.s.O. 1921-

GERALD NORTON HOEFFEL, CM. h.p. 1922-1923.

GEORGE WINSLOW HOLMES, a.r. 1910-1917, r. 1917-
*OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, con. s. 1840-1845, v.p. 1846-1849.
*JOHN HOMANS, s.O. 1876-1882, v.s. 1882-1899, Bd. of Con.
1899-1903.

JOHN ROMANS, s.O. 1911-1912.

FRANKLIN HENRY HOOPER, L. p.O. 1889-1892.

GILBERT HORRAX, W.S. h.s. 1916-1917.

ARTHUR ALLISON HOWARD, CM. p.O. 1916-1921.
"HERBERT BURR HOWARD, r.p. 1897-1908, Bd. of Con. 1923.

JOSEPH BRIGGS HOWLAND, a.r.p. 1907-1917, act. r.p. 1917-1919.

CHARLES WILLIAM HUTCHINSON, W.S. h.s. 1918-1919.

FREDERICK CARPENTER IRVING, a. obst. 1919-

HOWARD B. JACKSON, a. in med. 1922-1923, a.p.O. 1923-
*JAMES JACKSON, v.p. 1817-1837, Bd. of Con. 1838-1867.
*JAMES MARSH JACKSON, p.O. 1894-1911.
*JOHN BARNARD SWETT JACKSON, a.p. 1837-1838, v.p. 1840-1864.
CHESTER MORSE JONES, a. in med. 1920-1921, EM. h.p. 1921,

a. in med. 1923-
DANIEL FISKE JONES, s.O. 1903-1911, a.v.s. 1911-1917, v.s.

1917-
FREDERICK ROBERT JOUETT, a.p. 1902.

273

Massachusetts General Hospital

EDWARD W. KARCHER, S. a. in med. 1921-1923, a.p. 1923-
VARAZTAD H. KAZANJIAN, a. in 1. 1922-1923, a.l. 1923-
PARKER H. KEMBLE, adm. 1919-1920, consul, eng. 1920-1921.
ELIZABETH DICKIESON KERR, a. in 1. 1917-
FREDERIC CLINTON KIDNER, a.s.path. 1906-1907, a. to S. 1907-

1913.

ROGER KINNICUTT, a. in clin. path. 1909-1910.
JAMES C. KIRBY, a. in 1. 1921-1923, a.l. 1923-
ARMIN KLEIN, Or. a.s.O. 1920-1921, s.O. 1921-
*FREDERICK IRVING KNIGHT, L. p.O. 1872-1892, Bd. of Con.

1892-1909.
WILLIAM FLETCHER KNOWLES, L. a.p.0. 1909-1911, a.l. 1911-

1920, assoc.l. 1920, otol. 1920.

WALTER J. LAMARCHE, 0. a. in s. 1915-
WALTER B. LANCASTER, oph. 1920-
C. GUY LANE, a.d. 1919-
*SAMUEL WOOD LANGMAID, L. p.O. 1881-1892.
CHARLES HENRY LAWRENCE, Jr., a.v.p. 1912-1914.
ROGER IRVING LEE, p.O. 1908-1912, v.p. 1912-1920, a.c. W.M.

1920-1921, assoc. c. med. serv's 1921-1923.
GEORGE ADAMS LELAND, Jr., h.s. 1912-1915, a. in s. 1915-

1916, a.s.O. 1916-1919, s.O. 1919-
OSCAR RAOUL TALON L'ESPERANCE, G.U. a. in s. 1913-1920,

a.s.O. 1920-

JOHN MASON LITTLE, Jr., a.s.O. 1917-1919.
HARRY LINENTHAL, a.p.O. 1913-1914, p.O. 1914-
HENRY DEMAREST LLOYD, S. a.p.O. 1916-1923, p.O. 1923-
FREDERICK TAYLOR LORD, p.O. 1903-1912, v.p. 1912-
SYDNEY ARCHER LORD, N. a.p. 1898-1900, a.n. 1918-
ROBERT GARDNER LORING, a.oph. 1911-
OLIVER AMES LOTHROP, a. otol. 1911-
JOHN LEROY LOUGEE, a.l. 1916-1919.
HARRY CHAMBERLAIN Low, Or. a. in s. 1909-1911, a.s.O.

1911-1917, s.O. 1917-1921, s. chg. poliomyelitis, 1921-
CHARLES CARROLL LUND, h.s. 1922-1923, a. in s. 1923-
ARTHUR BATES LYON, C.M. h.p. 1918, a. in med. 1921-1922,

a.p.O. 1922-1923, p.O. 1923-

274

Staff

WILLIAM RUSSELL MACAUSLAND, Or. a.s.O. 1908-1909.
ELBA MCCARTY, X-r. h.p. 1917-1918.
CHARLES A. MCDONALD, a. in n. 1916-1918, a.n. 1918-
GEORGE ALBERT MAC!VER, a.r.p. 1916-1917, 1st a.dir.

1922-
MONROE ANDERSON MC!VER, E.S. h.s. 1920-1922, surg. assoc.

1923-

DONALD MACOMBER, a.p.O. 1915-1919, a. in s. 1921-1922.
GEORGE BURGESS MAGRATH, m.-l. path. 1909-1912.
*THOMAS JAMES MANAHAN, s.O. 1906-1907.
HENRY CHASE MARBLE, a.s.O. 1916-
HERMAN WESTON MARSHALL, Or. a.s.O. 1914-1917, s.O. 1917-

1919.

CHARLES Louis MARTIN, X-r. h.p. 1919-1920.
FRANK WILLIAM MARVIN, a.s.O. 1917-
WILLIAM MASON, EM. h.p. 1920-1921.
WILLIAM ROPES MAY, a.p. 1902-1903.
Louis GUY MEAD, a.p.O. 1909-1912, p.O. 1912-1919.
JAMES HOWARD MEANS, a.p.O. 1916, assoc. m. 1916-1923, c.

med. serv's 1923-
JOE VINCENT MEIGS, a.s.O. 1922-
HUGO MELLA, a. in n. 1920-1923, a.n. 1923-
Louis MENDELSOHN, a.p.O. 1916-1921.
ADELBERT SAMUEL MERRILL, X-r. h.p. 1915-1916, a.r. 1916-
RICHARD HENRY MILLER, a. in s. 1912-1914, a.s.O. 1914-1916,

s.O. 1916-1919, c.s.O. 1919-
LEROY MATTHEW SIMPSON MINER, dn. 1910-
*FRANCIS MINOT, v.p. 1859-1887, Bd. of Con. 1887-1899.
GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT, a. in med. 1915-1918, assoc.m.

1918-1924, p. to sp. clin. 1924-
JAMES JACKSON MINOT, p.O. 1887-1903, v.p. 1903-1913, Bd. of

Con. 1913-

SAMUEL C. MINTZ, G.U. a. in s. 1918-1920, a.s.O. 1922-
SAMUEL JASON MIXTER,S.O. 1886-1894, v.s. 1894-1911, c. W.S.

1911-1915, Bd. of Con. 1915-
WILLIAM JASON MIXTER, a.s.O. 1911-1917, s.O. 1917-1919,

a.v.p. 1919-

SHERWOOD MOORE, X-r. h.p. 1916-1917.
*FERDINAND GORDON MORRILL, p.O. 1878-1884.
HYMAN MORRISON, a.p.O. 1915-1921, p.O. 1921-
GEORGE W MORSE, E.S. h.s. 1911-1912; a.s.O. 1917-1920.
HENRY LEE MORSE, aur.s. 1897-1908.
JOHN JAMIESON MORTON, E.S. h.s. 1915-1916.

275

Massachusetts General Hospital

HARRIS PEYTON MOSHER, L. a.p.O. 1903-1908, aur.s. 1908-
1911, assoc. 1. 1912-1913, 1. 1913-1920, c. of 1. and otol.
1920-
*JAMES GREGORY MUMFORD, s.O. 1894-1903, a.v.s. 1903-1905,

v.s. 1905-1912.

FRED TOWSLEY MURPHY, s.O. 1907-1911.
*PERCY MUSGRAVE, a.p. 1902-1903.

Louis HARRY NEWBURGH a.v.p. 1912-1916.

FRANKLIN SPILMAN NEWELL, obst. 1914-

OTIS KIMBALL NEWELL, s.O. 1889-1895.

HARVEY FIELD NEWHALL, Or. a. in s. 1907-1911, a.s.O. 1911-

1912.
MICHELE NIGRO, C.M. a.p.O. 1917-1922, p.O. 1922-

*WALTER BURLINGAME ODIORNE, s.O. 1906.

EDWARD SCOTT O'KEEFE, a. in med. 1917-1920, C.M. a.p.O.
1920-1922, p.O. 1922-

EVERARD LAWRENCE OLIVER, a.d. 1911-1923, assoc. d. 1923-
*HENRY KEMBLE OLIVER, Jr., p.O. 1867-1868, v.p. 1868-1873.

RICHARD FROTHINGHAM O'NEIL, G.U. a.s.O. 1911, s.O. 1911-

CLARENCE EUGENE ORDWAY, a.p.O. 1917-1919.

HERMAN ASHTON OSGOOD, X-r. h.p. 1918-1919.

ROBERT BAYLEY OSGOOD, Or. a.s.O. 1904-1907, s.O. 1907-1911,
a.v.s. 1911-1917, v.s. 1917-1919, c. 1919-1922.

GEORGE BYRON PACKARD, Jr., E.S. h.s. 1917.

CHARLES FAIRBANK PAINTER, Or. Temp, a.v.s. 1917-1919.

WALTER WALKER PALMER, EM. h.p. 1913-1915.

WILLARD STEPHEN PARKER, C.M. a.p.O. 1912-1915; a.p.O.

1915-1916, a. in med. 1922-1923, a.p.O. 1923-
*SAMUEL PARKMAN, v.s. 1846-1854.

JOHN PARSONS, C.M. h.p. 1920-1921.

RUSSEL HUGO PATTERSON, G.U. h.s. 1919-1920.

WALTER EVERARD PAUL, N. a.p.O. 1893-1911, a.n. 1911-1912,
n. 1912-1922, con. in neurol. 1922-

WILLIAM ALBERT PERKINS, E.S. h.s. 1918-1919.
*MARSHALL SEARS PERRY, v.p. 1851-1856.

FRANZ PFAFF, chem. 1896-1903.

276

Staff

EDWARD HEMPHILL PLACE, con. in contag. dis. 1915-

GEORGE H. POIRIER, a. in 1. 1921-1923, a.l. 1923-

CHARLES ALLEN PORTER, s.O. 1894-1903, a.v.s. 1903-1907,

v.s. 1907-1915, c. W.S. 1915-
*CHARLES BURNHAM PORTER, s.O. 1868-1875, v.s. 1875-1903,

Bd. of Con. 1903-1909.

CHARLES TERRELL PORTER, a. in 1. 1917-1923, a.l. 1923-
ABNER POST, Bd. of Con. 1913-1914, con. in syph. 1914-1919.
HALE POWERS, a. in n. 1917-
JOSEPH HERSEY PRATT, a.p.O. 1903-1911, a.n. 1911-1913,

a.v.p. 1913-1918.
* JAMES JACKSON PUTNAM, Elec. 1872, N. p.O. 1872-1911, c.

1911-1912, Bd. of Con. 1912-1918.

ALEXANDER QUACKENBOSS, oph.s. 1904-1911, oph. 1921-1923.

FRANCIS MINOT RACKEMANN, a. in med. 1917-1921, p.O. 1921-

BENJAMIN HARRISON RAGLE, a.p.O. 1917-1920, 1921-

ANDRE WILLIAM REGGIO, a.s.O. 1916-

WILLIAM DUNCAN REID, a.p.O. 1917-1920.

GEORGE STODDARD REYNOLDS, r.s. 1923-

ANNA G. RICHARDSON, G.U. a.s.O. 1920-1923.

EDWARD PIERSON RICHARDSON, a.s.O. 1911-1912, s.O. 1912-

1919, a.v.s. 1919-1922, c. TM.S. 1922-
*MAURICE HOWE RICHARDSON, s.O. 1882-1886, v.s. 1886-1911,

s. in c. 1911-1912.

OSCAR RICHARDSON, a. in clin. path. 1897-1905, a. path. 1905-
WILLIAM LAMBERT RICHARDSON, p.O. 1871-1883, v.p. 1883-

1903, Bd. of Con. 1903-
EDWARD HAMMOND RISLEY, a.s.O. 1912-1920.
CHANDLER ROBBINS, a.l. 1912-1917, temp. a.l. 1917.
WILLIAM BRADFORD ROBBINS, a.p.O. 1913-1915, p.O. 1915-
SAMUEL ROBINSON, a. in s. 1906-1908, s.O. 1908-1912.
JOHN ROCK, G.U. h.s. 1920, a. in s. 1921-
MARK HOMER ROGERS, Or. a. in s. 1906-1908, a.s.O. 1908-

1917, a.v.s. 1917-1921, v.s. 1921-
ORVILLE FORREST ROGERS, E.M. h.p. 1915-1916.
ELI CHARLES ROMBERG, CM. h.p. 1921-1922.
SOLOMON HYMEN RUBIN, Temp. a.p.O. 1918, a.p.O. 1920-1923,

p. CM. 0. 1923-
GEORGE H. RYDER, oph. 1920-1923.

277

Massachusetts General Hospital

ALPHA R. SAWYER, G.U. a. in s. 1920, a.s.O. 1920-
CHARLES LOCKE SCUDDER, s.O. 1891-1903, v.s. 1903-1914, c.

E.S. 1914-1920, Bd. of Con. 1920-
ANDREW WATSON SELLARDS, a. in T.M. 1915-
MALCOLM SEYMOUR, a.p.O. 1915-1921, p.O. 1921-
FREDERICK CHEEVER SHATTUCK, p.O. 1878-1886, v.p. 1886-

1912, Bd. of Con. 1912-
GEORGE CHEEVER SHATTUCK, a.p.O. 1911-1912, a.v.p. 1912-

1921.
*GEORGE CHEYNE SHATTUCK, Bd. of Con. 1836-1850, v.p. 1850-

1885, Bd. of Con. 1886-1893.

*BENJAMIN SHURTLEFF SHAW, r.p. 1858-1872, v.p. 1873-1882.
EDWARD BYER SHAW, CM. r.p. 1923-
WILLIAM MARTINDALE SHEDDEN, G.U. h.s. 1920-1921, W.S.

h.s. 1921-1922, a. in s. 1922-
CHANNING CHAMBERLAIN SIMMONS, a.s. path. 1907, s.O. 1907-

1916, a.v.s. 1916-

FRED A. SIMMONS, a. in 1. 1919-1923, a.l. 1923-
CHARLES MOFFETT SIMPSON, G.U. h.s. 1921-1922.
*ALEXANDER DOULL SINCLAIR, p.O. 1867-1868.
WARREN RICHARDS SISSON, CM. p.O. 1917-1923.
CHARLES MORTON SMITH, S. c. 1913-
GEORGE GILBERT SMITH, G.U. a.s.O. 1910-1911, s.O. 1911-
RICHARD MASON SMITH, CM. p.O. 1910, a.v.p. 1910-1916, v.p.

1916-1922.

WILLIAM DAVID SMITH, S. a.s.O. 1916-1921, p.O. 1921-
WILLIAM HENRY SMITH, p.O. 1903-1912, v.p. 1912-
MARIUS NYGAARD SMITH-PETERSEN, Or. a. in s. 1917-1919,

s.O. 1919-1921, a.v.s. 1921-
DUNCAN CAMPBELL SMYTH, a. in 1. 1915-1917, a.l. 1917-1921,

assoc.l. 1921-

HARRY C. SOLOMON, S. a. in med. 1920-1923, a.p.O. 1923-
HORACE KENNEDY SOWLES, W.S. h.s. 1917-1918, a.s.O. 1920-
FRED M. SPALDING, oph. 1920-
Louis MAHLON SPEAR, p.O. 1912-1913.
LESLEY HINCKLEY SPOONER, a.p.O. 1912-1914, p.O. 1914-1921.
ALBERT EDWARD STEELE, a. in clin. bac. 1910-
JAMES L. STODDARD, chem. 1922-
ARTHUR KINGSBURY STONE, p.O. 1893-1912, a.v.p. 1912-

1918.

*DAVID HUMPHREYS STORER, v.s. 1849-1858.
*CHARLES PRATT STRONG, p.O. 1887-1893.
RICHARD PEARSON STRONG, c. T.M. 1915-

278

Staff

LORING TIFFANY SWAIM, Or. a. in s. 1918-1919, s.O. 1919-

J. H. SWARTZ, a.d. 1923-

WALTER B. SWIFT, a. in 1. 1915-1918.

FRITZ BRADLEY TALBOT, CM. p. in chg. 1910-1911, c. 1911-
*GEORGE GROSVENOR TARBELL, p.0. 1868-1873, v.p. 1873-1891,

Bd. of Con. 1891-1900.
EDWARD WYLLYS TAYLOR, N. a.p.0. 1893-1911, n. 1911-1912,

c. 1912-

JOHN HOUGHTON TAYLOR, a.p.O. 1919-1921, p.O. 1921-
PETER H. THOMPSON, oph. 1920-
GEORGE LORING TOBEY, Temp. a.l. 1917-1918.
HAROLD GRANT TOBEY, a. in 1. 1916-1923, a.l. 1923-
HARVEY PARKER TOWLE, D. a.p.O. 1903-1911, d. 1911-
CHARLES WENDELL TOWNSEND, p.O. 1892-1909.
*SOLOMON DAVIS TOWNSEND, con. s. 1835-1839, v.s. 1839-1863,

Bd. of Con. 1863-1869.
*HENRY TUCK, p.O. 1873-1877.

ROBERT GLASS VANCE, X-r. r.p. 1923-
THEODORE S. VAN RIEMPST, G.U. a.s.O. 1910-1911.
FREDERICK H. VERHOEFF, oph. 1920-
HERMAN FRANK VICKERY, p.O. 1887-1898, v.p. 1898-1914, Bd.

of Con. 1914-
HENRY ROUSE VIETS, Jr., a. in n. 1919, a. in s. 1919-1920, a. in

n. 1921-1923, a.n. 1923-

BETH VINCENT, a. in s. 1906-1907, s.O. 1911-1917, a.v.s. 1917-
ROBERT H. VOSE, Temp. a.s.O. 1917-1919, a.s.O. 1919-

*OLIVER FAIRFIELD WADSWORTH, oph.p. 1873-1899, Bd. of Con.

1900-1911.

*WILLIAM WALTER WALCOTT, a.p.O. 1916-1919.
DAVID HAROLD WALKER, otol. 1910-
EUGENE WALKER, a.r.p. 1913-1916, 1919-1920.
GEORGE LINCOLN WALTON, N. p.O. 1889-1907, Bd. of Con.

1907-

*CHARLES ELIOT WARE, v.p. 1857-1868, Bd. of Con. 1868-1887.
*JOHN WARE, con.p. 1837-1838, v.p. 1839.
*JOHN C. WARREN, v.s. 1817-1853, Bd. of Con. 1853-1856.
J. COLLINS WARREN, p.O. 1870-1872, s.O. 1873-1877, v.s. 1877-

1905, Bd. of Con. 1905-
*JONATHAN MASON WARREN, v.s. 1846-1867.

279

Massachusetts General Hospital

FREDERIC A. WASHBURN, a.r.p. 1898, 1903-1908, r.p. 1908-

1922, dir. 1922-
GEORGE ARTHUR WATERMAN, N. a.p.O. 1902-1911, a.n. 1911-

1912, assoc. n. 1912-1915, n. 1915-1916.
JOSEPH DEUTSCH WEIS, a.p. 1903.
CHARLES EDWARD WELLS, a.r.p. 1914-1915, 1917-1919, 1920-

1922, 2d a. dir. 1922-
*GEORGE WEBB WEST, s.O. 1883-1888.
BRYANT DAVIS WETHERELL, S. a. in med. 1919-
CHARLES JAMES WHITE, D. a.p.O. 1895-1903, p.O. 1903-1911,

d. 1911-
*JAMES CLARKE WHITE, chem. 1864-1872, N. p.O. 1871-1872,

p.O. 1873-1902, Bd. of Con. 1902-1914.
J. WARREN WHITE, Or. a. in s. 1921-1922, a.s.O. 1922-1924,

s.O. 1924-
PAUL DUDLEY WHITE, W.M. h.p. 1914-1917, 1919-1920, c.

M.O. 1920- and p. to sp. clin, 1921-
*WILLIAM FISKE WHITNEY, a.path. 1888-1892, path. 1892-1901,

s.path. 1901-1916.
WYMAN WHITTEMORE, a. in s. 1907-1908, a.s.O. 1911-1914,

s.O. 1914-1919, a.v.s. 1919-
*EDWARD NEWTON WHITTIER, p.O. 1872-1883, v.p. 1883-1898,

Bd. of Con. 1898-1902.
WILLIAM IRVING WIGGIN, a. in 1. 1917-1921, a.l. 1921-1923,

assoc. 1. 1923-

*ROBERT WILLARD, p.O. 1869-1870.
HUGH WILLIAMS, s.O. 1903-1911, a.v.s. 1911-1917, assoc. s.

1917-1919, v.s. 1919-
PHILIP DUNCAN WILSON, Or. s.O. 1919-
*EDWARD STICKNEY WOOD, chem. 1873-1905.
JAMES EDWIN WOOD, Jr., EM. r.p. 1923.
CLARENCE FIELD WORTHEN, Temp, a.oph. 1918.
GEORGE HENRY WRIGHT, dn. 1912-
JAMES HOMER WRIGHT, path. 1896-
MARY WRIGHT, CM. a. in med. 1921-1922, a.p.O. 1922-1923,

p.O. 1923-
WADE STANLEY WRIGHT, med. ass't in ind. dis. 1916-1921, p.

to sp. clin. 1921-

EDWARD LORRAINE YOUNG, Jr., G.U. a.s.O. 1912-1914, s.O.

1914-1919, s.O. 1919-
JAMES HERBERT YOUNG, CM. a.p.O. 1911-1913, p.O. 1913-

280

House Officers

HOUSE OFFICERS

1821
JOSHUA GREEN, Apothecary

1822
JAMES MADISON WHITTEMORE, A.

1823

BENJAMIN BARRETT, A,

CHARLES WILLIAM CHAUNCEY, A.

1824
JONAS HENRY LANE, A.

1825
JOSEPH REYNOLDS, A.

1826
PHINEAS MILLER CRANE, A.

1827
JOHN BARNARD SWETT JACKSON, A.

1828
AUGUSTUS ADDISON GOULD, M.

1829

LUCIAN WlLLARD CARYL, S.

FRANCIS DANA, M.

WILLARD PARKER, M.

1830

HENRY INGERSOLL BOWDITCH, M.

THOMAS KEMBLE THOMAS, *S.

1831

THOMAS SPARKHAWK, M.

SAMUEL SWETT, S.

1832

LYMAN BARTLETT, M.

JOHN ODIN, S.

1833

FRANCIS HENRY GRAY, M.

HENRY TUCK, S.

1834

ESTES HOWE, M.

STEPHEN SALISBURY, S.

281

*1875
*1863

*1869
*1864

*1861
*1872
*1882
*1879
*1866

*1837
*1872
*1884

*1892
*1863

*1874
*1866

*1865
*1864

*1880
*1845

*1887
*1875

Massachusetts General Hospital

1835

WILLIAM WARD CUTLER, M.

HORACE DUPEE, S.

1836

SAMUEL PARKMAN, M .

MORRILL WYMAN, M.

1837

WILLIAM MACK, S.

JOSEPH SARGENT, M.

1838

HENRY JACOB BIGELOW, M.

JOHN BATES JOHNSON, S.

1839

JOHN FENWICK EUSTIS, M.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS HOLMES, S.

1840

WILLIAM AUGUSTUS DAVIS, M.

ELIJAH RAYMOND MEARS, S.

1841

EZRA WOOD FLETCHER, M.

GEORGE HAYWARD, S.

1842

EDWARD BROOKS PIERSON, S.

WILLIAM HENRY THAYER, M.

1843

JOHN FRAZIER HEAD, M.

WILLIAM EDWARD TOWNSEND, S.

1844

HENRY AUGUSTUS BARRETT, M.

GEORGE HENRY GAY, S.

1845

JOHN SYDENHAM FLINT, M.

ALFRED LAMBERT, S.

1846

CHARLES BERTODY, S.

CHARLES FREDERICK HEYWOOD, S.

RALPH KNEELAND JONES, M.

1847

THOMAS ANDREWS, S.

JOHN CALL DALTON, S.

JOHN GALLISON SEWALL, M.

282

*1870
*1891

*1854
*1903

*1895
*1888

*1890

*1844

*1882

*1898
*1841

*1847
*1901

*1874
*1897

*1908
*1866

*1899
*1878

*1887
*1885

*1893
*1893
*1888

*1852
*1889
*1872

House Officers

1848

WILLIAM OTIS JOHNSON,
ROBERT WOODRUFF OLIPHANT,
DANIEL DENISON SLADE,
WILLIAM HENRY THORNDIKE,

1849

WALDO IRVING BURNETT,
CALVIN ELLIS,
CHARLES DUDLEY ROMANS,

1850

CHARLES GOLDTHWAITE ADAMS,
ALBERT HENRY BLANCHARD,
JOHN NELSON BORLAND,
FREEMAN JOSIAH BUMSTEAD,
CHARLES HOSEA HILDRETH,

1851

JOSHUA JAMES ELLIS,
THOMAS HOVEY GAGE,
JOHN PHILLIPS REYNOLDS,
ALBERT FRANKLIN SAWYER,

1852

SAMUEL COLEMAN BLAKE,
JOSEPH CLAY HABERSHAM,
WILLIAM NOURSE LANE,
WILLIAM HUSSEY PAGE,

1853

SAMUEL ABBOTT GREEN,
EDWARD LORENZO HOLMES,
JOEL SEAVERNS,

1854

CHARLES BELL,
SAMUEL FOSTER HAVEN,
HENRY KEMBLE OLIVER,
CHARLES ELLERY STEDMAN,
JOHN LANE WHITE,

1855

ALFRED HOSMER,
GEORGE SMITH HYDE,
Lucius MANLIUS SARGENT,
JAMES CLARK WHITE,

283

M.
S.

M.
M.

S.
S.

S.
M.

M.
M.
S.
S.

S.
M.

*1873
*1883
*1896
*1884

*1854
*1883
*1886

*1852
*1909
*1890
*1879

*1884

*1861
*1909
*1909
*1903

*1897
*1881
*1862

*1888

*1918
*1900
*1894

*1862
*1919
*1909
*1902

*1891
*1905
*1864
*1916

Massachusetts General Hospital

1856

HALL CURTIS, S.

GUSTAVUS HAY, M.

ALEXANDER DOULL SINCLAIR, M.

WILLIAM THORNDIKE, S.

1857

EUGENE DECOURCILLON, M.

HASKET DERBY, S.

ANSON PARKER HOOKER, M.

JOSIAH HENRY STICKNEY, S.

1858

EZRA DYER, S.

JOHN THEODORE HEARD, S.

EDWARD HOOKER, M.

BENJAMIN LINCOLN RAY, M.

CHARLES CARROLL TOWER, M .

1859

GEORGE ADAMS BRIGHT, M.

FRANCIS CODMAN ROPES, S.

JOHN STEARNS, S.

JOSIAH NEWELL WILLARD, M.

1860

JOHN GEORGE BLAKE, S.

FRANCIS HENRY BROWN, M.

SIDNEY HOWARD CARNEY, M.

JOSEPH WHITNEY GUSHING, S.

1861

JOHN HOWE CLARK, M.

WILLIAM BORROWE GIBSON, S.

JOHN ROMANS, S.

JOHN GRAY PARK, M.

1862

GEORGE EBENEZER FRANCIS, S.

DAVID HYSLOP HAYDEN, S.

CHARLES EVERETT VAUGHN, M.

ROBERT WILLARD, M.

1863

BENJAMIN FANEUIL DUNKIN ADAMS, S.

NORTON FOLSOM, M.

SAMUEL WOOD LANGMAID, S.

CHARLES WALTER SWAN, M.

OLIVER FAIRFIELD WADSWORTH, M .

284

*1906
*1908
*1911
*1887

*1914
*1873
H901

*1887
*1906
*1858
*1879
*1893

*1905
*1869
*1898
*1870

*1918
*1917
*1912
*1897

*1913
*1862
*1903
*1905

*1912
*1912
*1904
*1892

*1895
*1903
*1915
*1921
*1911

House Officers

1864

ALFRED LEONARD HASKINS, M.

CHARLES EDWARD INCHES, S.

GEORGE EDWARD MASON, S.

CHARLES BURNHAM PORTER, S.

GEORGE GROSVENOR TARBELL, S.

1865

JOHN ORNE GREEN, S.

FRANCIS BOOTT GREENOUGH, M.

ARTHUR HOWARD NICHOLS, S.

CALVIN PRATT, S.

JOHN COLLINS WARREN, S.

JEREMIAH WHIPPLE, M.

1866

RICHARD HENRY DERBY, S.

THOMAS DWIGHT, S.

HENRY PARKER QUINCY, S.

WILLIAM LAMBERT RICHARDSON, M.

FREDERICK RUSSELL STURGIS, S.

HENRY TUCK, M.

1867

HENRY HARRIS AUBEEY BEACH, S.

JOSIAH LITTLE HALE, S.

WILLIAM HENRY HOWE HASTINGS, M.

RUFUS PRATT LINCOLN, S.

HERBERT JAMES PRATT, M.

THOMAS WATERMAN, S.

1868

HENRY HOOPER, S.

BARKER BROOKS KENT, S.

FERDINAND GORDON MORRILL, S.

CHARLES PICKERING PUTNAM, M.

IRA ST. CLAIR SMITH, S.

EDWARD NEWTON WHITTIER, M.

1869

HENRY THATCHER BOUTWELL, S.

WILLIAM GBLSON FARLOW, S.

ABNER POST, S.

JAMES JACKSON PUTNAM, M.

FREDERICK HENRY THOMPSON, S.

LEONARD WHEELER, M.

285

*1876
*1911
*1882
H909
*1900

*1922
*1904
*1923
*1922

*1871

*1907
*1911
*1899

*1919
*1904

*1910
*1903
*1900
*1900
*1915
*1901

*1919
*1873
*1907
*1914
*1891
*1902

*1915
*1919

*1918

Massachusetts General Hospital

1870

ALBERT NOVATUS BLODGETT, S.

JAMES THACHER BOUTELLE, S.

HORACE BRIDGE, M.

JAMES READ CHADWICK, S.

JOSEPH PEARSON OLIVER, M.

EDWARD STICKNEY WOOD, S.

1871

WALTER CHANNING, S.

ELBRIDGE GERRY CUTLER, M.

FRANCIS AUGUSTINE HARRIS, S.

AMOS LAWRENCE MASON, M.

WILLIAM JAMES MORTON, S.

JAMES EDWIN TOBEY, S.

WILLIAM HUNTER WORKMAN, M.

1872

JAMES BOURNE AYER, S.

EDWARD HICKLING BRADFORD, S.

FRANCIS EDWARD PORTER, S.

GEORGE KRAUS SABINE, S.

FREDERICK CHEEVER SHATTUCK, M.

1874

EDWARD MARSHALL BUCKINGHAM, W.S.

JOHN STANDISH FOSTER BUSH, E.S.

EDWARD WALDO EMERSON, W.S.

WILLIAM EDWARD MOSELEY, E.M.

THOMAS MORGAN ROTCH, W.M.

HENRY RUST STEDMAN, E.S.

1875

FRANCIS HENRY DAVENPORT, M.

WILLIAM ALOYSIUS DUNN, W.S.

WALTER ELA, E.S.

SAMUEL HOWE, E.S.

CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS JONES, E.M.

GEORGE STEDMAN, W.S.

WILLIAM FISKE WHITNEY, W.M.

1876

ARTHUR TRACY CABOT, W.S.

JOSEPH EVERETT GARLAND, W.S.

THOMAS WATERMAN HUNTINGTON, E.M.

FREDERICK FISKE MOORE, W.M.

286

*1923

*1905
*1903
*1905

*1921

*1911
*1914
*1920
*1891

1910

*1916
*1922

*1916
*1914

*1918

*1879
*1892
*1921
*1921

*1912
*1907

House Officers

SAMUEL QUINCY ROBINSON,
GEORGE HORTON TILDEN,
WILLIAM ADAMS WINN,

1877

EDWARD CHAUNCEY BOOTH,
CHARLES WENDELL COOPER,
OLIVER HURD EVERETT,
HENRY CECIL HAVEN,
OCTAVIUS THORNDIKE HOWE,
MARCELLO HUTCHINSON,
ERNEST PARKER MILLER,
MAURICE HOWE RICHARDSON,

1878

JOHN WINTERS BRANNAN,
JOHN WHEELOCK ELLIOT,
WILLIAM CASTEIN MASON,
JAMES JACKSON MINOT,
HENRY LEE MORSE,
WILLIAM OXNARD MOSELEY,

1879

VINCENT YARDLEY BOWDITCH,
WILLIAM WHITWORTH GANNETT,
SAMUEL JASON MIXTER,
FRANCIS SEDGEWICK WATSON,
GEORGE WEBB WEST,
JOHN BROOKS WHEELER,

1880

DUDLEY PETER ALLEN,
WILLIAM NORTON BULLARD,
GEORGE GRISWOLD HAYWARD,
HENRY PERCY JAQUES,
GEORGE HOWARD MONKS,
WALTER JOSEPH OTIS,

1881

CHARLES HARRINGTON,
FRANCIS BISHOP HARRINGTON,
WILLIAM DONNISON HODGES,
THOMAS FOSTER SHERMAN,
CHARLES PRATT STRONG,
WILLIAM NYE SWIFT,
CHARLES BRYANT WITHERLE,

287

E.S.

W.M.
W.S.

E.S.

W.S.

EM.

W.M.

E.S.

W.S.

E.S.

E.M.

W.S.

W.M.

EM.

W.M.

W.S.

E.S.

W.S.

E.S.

W.S.
EM.

E.S.
W.M.
E.S.
W.S.

EM.

E.S.

W.M.

W.S.

EM.

W.S.

*1899
*1916
*1890

*1897
*1915
*1908
*1912

1879

*1897

*1915
H910

*1908
*1914
*1893
*1893
*1893
*1911

Massachusetts General Hospital

1882

FRANKLIN ASAPH DUNBAR,
LESTER SACKETT FORD,
ANDREW HALL HODGDON,
JOHN ROMANS, 2d,
FREDERICK HOWARD LOMBARD,
FREDERICK WESTON TAYLOR,
HERMAN FRANK VICKERY,

1883

JOHN TEMPLETON BOWEN,
CLARENCE MILES GODDING,
CHARLES SUMNER HOLDEN,
OTIS KIMBALL NEWELL,
HERBERT WILLIAM NEWHALL,
ALLEY TALBOT WAKEFIELD,

1884

FREDERICK MELANCTHON BRIGGS,
WILLIAM MERRITT CONANT,
CHARLES WILLIAM GALLOUPE,
OSCAR JOSEPH PFEIFFER,

1885

HENRY CUTLER BALDWIN,
DILLON BROWN,
HENRY JACKSON,
GEORGE MORRILL KIMBALL,
EDWARD REYNOLDS,
GEORGE GRAY SEARS,

1886

ALGERNON COOLIDGE,
JERRIE KNOWLTON PHILLIPS,
JOHN WASHBURN PRATT,
CHARLES SCHRAM,
WILLIAM DONNISON SWAN,
CHARLES WENDELL TOWNSEND,
FREDERICK CLINTON WOODBURY,

1887

JOSEPH PAYSON CLARK,
HENRY STRONG DURAND,
BURNSIDE FOSTER,
GEORGE HILLS FRANCIS,
LEWIS TEBBETS STEVENS,

288

EM.

E.S.

W.M.

E.S.

W.S.

E.M.

W.M.

E.S.

w.s.

E.S.

W.M.

W.S.

E.S.
W.S.

w.s.

E.S.

W.S.

E.M.

W.S.

E.S.

W.M.

E.S.

W.S.

W.M.

E.S.

E.M.

E.S.

W.S.

E.S.

W.M.

*1882

*1902
*1885
*1919

*1920

*1886

*1922

*1915
*1909

*1899
*1922

*1886

*1917
*1898

House Officers

1888

NORMAN "'H CHANDLER, W.M.

EDWARI PUSHING, E.S.

HOMER UAO^, E.S.

HENRY BARTON JACOBS, E.M.

RICHARD SPRAGUE, W.S.

ARTHUR KINGSBURY STONE, W.S.

1889

JOHN MILLER TURPIN FINNEY, W.S.

EDWARD MILLER GREENE, E.M.

HARDY PHIPPEN, E.S.

CHARLES LOCKE SCUDDER, E.S.

WILLIAM SYDNEY THAYER, W.M.

AUGUSTUS THORNDIKE, W.S.

1890

ARTHUR PATTERSON CHADBOURNE, E.M.

EDWARD FITCH GUSHING, W.M.

GEORGE ELIOT, W.S.

ARTHUR LYMAN FISK, W.S.

GEORGE LYLE KINGSLEY, W.S.

JAMES GREGORY MUMFORD, E.S.

MALCOLM STORER, E.S.

1891

JOHN WASHBURN BARTOL, E.S.

EVERETT ALANSON BATES, E.M.

FRANK SPOONER CHURCHILL, W.M.

FREDERICK SHURTLEFF COOLIDGE, W.S.

JAMES MARSH JACKSON, W.M.

RALPH HOLLAND SEELYE, E.S.

HENRY ALDEN SHAW, W.S.

1892

WILLIAM ALLEN BROOKS, E.S.

ARTHUR CARLETON JELLY, E.M.

HOWARD AUGUSTUS LOTHROP, E.S.

EDWARD ALLEN PEASE, W.S.

WILLIAM LORD SMITH, W.S.

1893

FRANKLIN GREENE BALCH, W.S.
GEORGE WASHINGTON WALES BREWSTER E.S.

ELMOND ARTHUR BURNHAM, W.M.

FARRAR COBB, E.S.

289

*1922
*1911

*1892

*1911
*1891

*1890
*1914

*1915
*1918

'1921

Massachusetts General Hospital

JOHN DANE, E.S.

WARREN FISHER GAY, W.S.

JOSEPH LINCOLN GOODALE, W.M.

FRED BATES LUND, W.S.

FRANK LYMAN, W.S.

CHARLES ALLEN PORTER, E.S.

EDMUND CHANNING STOWELL, EM.

1894

RICHARD CLARKE CABOT, EM.

FREDERICK JAY COTTON, W.S.

ABEL ALBERT DAVIS, E.S.

EDWARD HAMILTON KIDDER, W.S.

SIDNEY ARCHER LORD, S.S.

JAMES SAVAGE STONE, E.S.

HOBERT ENDICOTT WARREN, E.S.

ALFRED AUGUSTUS WHEELER, S.S.

1895

GEORGE LAWRENCE BARNEY, E.S.

ARTHUR LAMBERT CHUTE, S.S.

EDMUND WRIGHT CLAP, EM.

ERNEST AMORY CODMAN, E.S.

WILLIAM PEARCE COUES, W.S.

FRANCIS PARKMAN DENNY, W.M.

GEORGE CARROLL DOLLIVER, S.S.

RICHARD EDWARD EDES, E.S.

HENRY Fox HEWES, EM.

GEORGE HILLARD HILL, W.S.

HENRY LINCOLN HOUGHTON, W.S.

ELLIOT PROCTOR JOSLIN, W.M.

HERBERT CHARLES MOFFITT, EM.

RICHARD FROTHINGHAM O'NEIL, W.S.

FREDERICK WARREN PEARL, E.S.
CHARLES RUSSELL LOWELL PUTNAM, S.S.

MARK WYMAN RICHARDSON, W.M.

1896

CHARLES NORTON BARNEY, W.M.

JOSEPH ALMARIN CAPPS, EM.

WILLIAM COGSWELL, S.S.

HARVEY GUSHING, S.S.

ROBERT BATTEY GREENOUGH, E.S.

HERBERT JAMES HALL, E.S.

ROBERT GARDNER LORING, W.S.

FRANKLIN SPELMAN NEWELL, S.S.

290

*1916

=1898

*1897
*1901

*1922

'1923

House Officers

RICHARD FROTHINGHAM O'NEIL, E.M.

CHARLES FAIRBANK PAINTER, E.S.

JOHN COMBE PEGRAM, Jr. W.S.

GARDINER HUBBARD SCUDDER, W.M.

FRANKLIN WARREN WHITE, E.M.

1897

HENRY ARNOLD COOKE, E.M.

JOHN WHITE CUMMIN, S.S.

JAMES CROWLEY DONOGHUE, E.M.

HORACE BIRD FROST, E.S.

Louis WHITMORE GILBERT, W.M.

ROBERT BATTEY GREENOUGH, W.M.

JOSEPH BRIGGS HOWLAND, W.S.

JOSHUA CLAP HUBBARD, S.S.

DANIEL FISKE JONES, W.S.

HARRIS PEYTON MOSHER, E.S.

WILLIAM HENRY SMITH, W.M.

ROBERT HENRY VOSE, E.S.

FREDERIC AUGUSTUS WASHBURN, S.S.

ERNEST BOYEN YOUNG, W.S.

1898

SEABURY WELLS ALLEN, W.S.

GEORGE SHERWIN CLARK BADGER, W.M.

CHARLES EDWIN BRIGGS, E.S.

ARTHUR NICHOLSON BROUGHTON, S.S.

WESTON PERCIVAL CHAMBERLAIN, W.M.

ARTHUR RICHMOND CRANDELL, S.S.

WILLIAM HORACE DAVIS, W.S.

CARLETON PHILLIPS FLINT, S.S.

NATHANIEL BOWDITCH POTTER, E.M.

HOWARD TOWNSEND SWAIN, E.S.

GEORGE SHATTUCK WHITESIDE, W.S.

JONATHAN DIXON YOST, E.S.

1899

HOWARD WALTER BEAL, S.S.

ARTHUR APPLETON BEEBE, E.S.

CHARLES SHOREY BUTLER, E.S.

HUGH CABOT, S.S.

LINCOLN DAVIS, E.S.

HARRY FAIRBANKS HARTWELL, S.S.

WALTER SIDNEY JOHNSON, W.S.

WALTER AUGUSTUS LECOMPTE, W.S.

291

*1906
*1896

*1911
*1919

*1923

*1908
*1919

*1918

*1900

*1920
*1907

Massachusetts General Hospital

GEORGE WILTON MOOREHOUSE, EM.

PERCY MUSGRAVE, E.M.

HOWARD TOWNSEND SWAIN, W.M.

JOSEPH DEUTSCH WEIS, W.M.

HUGH WILLIAMS, W.S.

1900

FREEMAN ALLEN, S.S.

WILLIAM PHILLIPS GRAVES, E.S.

FREDERIC ROBERT JOUETT, W.M.

MAYNARD LADD, W.M.

THOMAS JAMES MANAHAN, S.S.

WILLIAM ROPES MAY, E.M.

WALTER BURLINGAME ODIORNE, E.S.

ROBERT BAYLEY OSGOOD, W.S.

GEORGE BURGESS PIERCE, W.S.

ALEXANDER CARLETON POTTER, S.S.

WILLIAM HENRY SAYWARD, Jr., W.M.

WALTER CLARK SEELYE, W.S.
CHANNING CHAMBERLAIN SIMMONS, E.S.

WILDER TILESTON, E.M.

1901

EDWARD FRANCIS WASHBURN BARTOL, E.S.

GEORGE STRONG DERBY, E.S.

CHARLES HUNTER DUNN, W.M.

ALFRED HENRY GOULD, S.S.

GEORGE SUMNER HILL, E.M.

HAROLD ABBOTT JOHNSON, W.S.

MERRICK LINCOLN, W.M.

FREDERICK TAYLOR LORD, E.M.

Louis GUY MEAD, E.M.

FRED TOWSLEY MURPHY, W.S.
HENRY LINDSAY SANFORD, . E.S.

RICHARD GOODWIN WADSWORTH, S.S.

GEORGE ARTHUR WATERMAN, W.M.

FRED BRADLEE WINSLOW, S.S.

1902

ELIOT ALDEN, W.S.

HORACE BINNEY, S.S.

WILLIAM FREDERICK Boos, W.M.

HENRY MELVILLE CHASE, W.S.

BENJAMIN KENDALL EMERSON, E.S.

ELISHA FLAGG, E.S.

292

H922

*1911
H906

*1907
*1923

House Officers

ROBERT FRANCIS GIBSON,
ARTHUR LEMUEL KENNEDY,
JOHN MASON LITTLE, Jr.,
EDWIN ALLEN LOCKE,
CHAUNCEY WILLIAMS NORTON,
SAMUEL ROBINSON,
ROGER SPALDING,
JAMES ROCKWELL TORBERT,
FRED PATTERSON WEBSTER,

1903

JOHN BAXTER BAIN,
ALLAN FOSTER BARNES,
RICHARD STANWOOD BENNER,
WILLIAM HENRY BUFFUM,
ROBERT LAURENT DENORMANDIE,
JOHN FLINT,

FREDERICK EUGENE GARLAND,
HARRY WINFRED GOODALL,
FRANCIS WINSLOW PALFREY,
WILLIAM CARTER QUINBY,
HAROLD WELLINGTON SMITH,
BETH VINCENT,

1904

FRED HOUDELETT ALBEE,
JAMES LYMAN BELKNAP,
THOMAS JAYNE BURRAGE,
GEORGE OLIVER CLARK,
CHARLES WONSON EVELETH,
RALPH ROSWELL FITCH,
CLEAVELAND FLOYD,
ROY GARLAND,

FREDERICK JAMES GOODRIDGE,
ROBERT JOHN GRAVES,
ARTHUR MOSES GREENWOOD,
ROBERT DELANCEY HAMILTON,
JOHN BROMHAM HAWES, 2d,
JOHN ROMANS,
CARL SHEPARD OAKMAN,
HENRY DUDLEY PRESCOTT,
EUGENE AUGUSTUS VICKERY,

1905

JAMES BELLINGER BARNEY,
LYNN STALEY BEALS,

293

W.M.
EM.

S.S.

E.M.

W.S.

s.s.

E.M.

E.S.

W.M.

E.M.

S.S.

w.s.

E.M.

E.S.

W.S.

S.S.

W.M.

E.S.
S.S.
W.S.

S.S.

W.M.

E.M.

E.S.

W.M.

W.S.

S.S.

E.S.

W.S.

E.M.

S.S.

E.S.

W.S.

E.S.
W.M.

*1914

*1914
*1918
*1911

*1911

Massachusetts General Hospital

HORACE KEITH BOUTWELL, E.M.

JOEL IVES BUTLER, S.S.

NELSON HENRY CLARK, W.M.

CHARLES DANIEL EASTON, E.M.

ARTHUR BREWSTER EMMONS, 2d, W.S.

MARSHALL FABYAN, E.M.

FREDERICK JAMES GOODRIDGE, D.

JOHN BRYANT HARTWELL, W.S.

FREDERICK CLINTON KIDNER, S.S.

LUCIUS COLLINWOOD KlNGMAN, W.S.

WILLIAM GEORGE LEE, E.S.

ALEXANDER HAMILTON RICE, E.S.

CHANDLER ROBBINS, S.S.

1906

LAWRENCE FRANCIS CUSICK, E.S.

RICHARD DEXTER, E.M .

NATHANIEL WALES FAXON, S.S.

JAMES CHAPMAN GRAVES, Jr., E.S.

ROYAL HATCH, W.M. *1917

CHARLES WENTWORTH HOYT, W.S.

HARVEY FIELD NEWHALL, E.S.

CLARENCE EUGENE ORDWAY, W.S.

CHARLES LEONARD OVERLANDER, W.M.

WALTER GRAY PHIPPEN, S.S.

GEORGE CHEEVER SHATTUCK, E.M.

BENJAMIN ERNEST SIBLEY, S.S.

Louis MAHLON SPEAR, E.M.

WILLIAM WRIGHT WALCOTT, S.S. *1919

JAMES LYMAN WHITNEY, W.M.

WYMAN WHITTEMORE, W.S.

1907

Louis HERBERT BURLINGHAM, W.M.

ARTHUR HALLAM CROSBIE, E.S.

THEODORE JEWETT EASTMAN, W.M.

ROBERT MONTRAVILLE GREEN, S.S.

ROGER IRVING LEE, E.M.

HERMAN WESTON MARSHALL, W.S.

CARLETON RAY METCALF, E.S.

CHARLES GALLOUPE MIXTER, W.S.

WILLIAM JASON MIXTER, S.S.

EVERARD LAWRENCE OLIVER, D.

EDWARD PIERSON RICHARDSON, E.S.

HERVEY LEWIS SMITH, W.M.

294

House Officers

HORACE PAINE STEVENS, W.S.

FRITZ BRADLEY TALBOT, EM.

FRESENIUS VAN NUYS, EM.

1908

WILLISTON WRIGHT BARKER, W.M.

LESLIE LAWSON BIGELOW, W.S.

LLOYD THORNTON BROWN, S.S.

FRANCIS LOWELL BURNETT, S.S.

LAWRENCE DUDLEY CHAPIN, EM.

WILLIAM EDWARD EATON, D.

TORR WAGNER HARMER, E.S.

CHARLES BYAM ROLLINGS, W.S.

JAMES LINCOLN HUNTINGTON, S.S.

ROGER KINNICUTT, EM.

HARRY LESLIE LANGNECKER, 0.

HERMAN WESTON MARSHALL, 0.

GORDON NILES MORRILL, 0.

FRANCIS WELD PEABODY, EM.

EDWARD HAMMOND RISLEY, E.S.

WILBUR AUGUSTUS SAWYER, W.M.

GEORGE MAURICE SHEAHAN, W.S.

WILLARD PORTER WOODBURY, E.S. *1910

JAMES HERBERT YOUNG, W.M.

1909

CHARLES O. CASWELL, 0.

RUSSELL THOMPSON CONGDON, W.S.

CHARLES ORRIN DAY, E.S.

GEORGE BOURNE FARNSWORTH, E.S.

Louis PERLEY FELCH, 0.

HAROLD GIRARD GIDDINGS, S.S.

DONALD GREGG, W.M.

PAUL WlLBERFORCE HARRISON, E.S.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN JANES, D.

OLIVER AMES LOTHROP, W.S.

HENRY KOVAL MARKS, EM.

Louis HARRY NEWBURGH, W.M.

AUGUSTUS RILEY, S.S.

ROY ANGELO SADLER, EM.

GEORGE GILBERT SMITH, W.S.

RICHARD MASON SMITH, W.M.

LESLEY HINCKLEY SPOONER, EM.

JOHN BAKER SWIFT, Jr. S.S.

295

Massachusetts General Hospital

1910

FRANCIS GORHAM BRIGHAM,
JOHN BRYANT,
WILLIAM WADDELL DUKE,
JAMES MURRY GALLISON,
Louis ADILORE OLIVER GODDU,
HUGH PAYNE GREELEY,
ROBERT GRANVILLE HALL,
ROBERT RICHARD HELLMAN,
CHARLES ALBERT HOLBROOK,
PAUL DUDLEY LAMSON,
CHARLES HENRY LAWRENCE, Jr.,
GEORGE PRICE LINGENFELTER,
WALTER WILLIAMSON MANTON,
GEORGE W MORSE,
ROLAND LESLEY TOPPAN,
HARRISON BRIGGS WEBSTER,
CHARLES EDWARD WELLS,
WILLIAM STEWART WHITTEMORE,
EDWARD LORRAINE YOUNG, Jr.,

EM.

W.S.

E.M.

W.S.

W.M.

C.M.

E.S.

E.M.

W.M.

S.S.

E.S.

S.S.

E.S.

S.S.

W.S.

*1911

*1918

1911

JOHN HARPER BLAISDELL,
HAROLD BOWDITCH,
BRONSON CROTHERS,
RALPH WAITE DENNEN,
REGINALD FITZ,
RALPH WINWARD FRENCH,
JOHN WILKES HAMMOND, Jr.,
ROBERT RICHARD HELLMAN,
FREDERICK CARPENTER IRVING,
EUGENE STERLING KILGORE,
ANDREW ROY MACAUSLAND,
DONALD MACOMBER,
THOMAS FRANKLIN MAYO,
JEAN SEARS MILLARD,
RICHARD HENRY MILLER,
GEORGE ALBERT MOORE,
WALTER WALKER PALMER,
WILLARD STEPHEN PARKER,
FRANK ARTHUR PEMBERTON,
RUSSELL BRADFORD SPRAGUE,
PAUL DUDLEY WHITE,

W.M.

E.S.

E.M.

S.S.&E.S.

C.M.

S.S.&E.S.

W.S.

W.M.

W.S.

S.S.

E.S.

W.S.

E.M.

EM.

S.S.

C.M.

'1911

1919

296

House Officers

1912

GEORGE DAVID CUTLER, E.S.

WILLIAM MILOS DUNN, E.S.

RICHARD SPELMAN EUSTIS, W.M.

JAMES LARIDER GAMBLE, W.M.

EDWIN DANIELS GARDNER, S.S.&W.S.

NORMAN PAUL HERSAM, D.

ALPHEUS FELCH JENNINGS, W.M.

GEORGE ADAMS LELAND, Jr., W.S.

HARRY LESLEY FRANKLIN LOCKE, C.M.

HENRY CHASE MARBLE, W.S.

JOHN EDWARD MCCARTIN, 0.

CHARLES NASH HEADER, E.M.

JOY ALVA OMER, 0.

KARLTON GOODSELL PERCY, E.M.

HUGO OLIVER PETERSON, E.M.

DEXTER NEWELL RICHARDS, E.S.

RUSSELL FIRTH SHELDON, E.S.

WARREN RICHARDS SISSON, C.M.

LORING TIFFANY SWAIM, W.S.

1913

EDWARD PARSONS BAGG, Jr., E.M.

WALTER ISAAC BALDWIN, 0.

GEORGE HAYWARD BINNEY, W.S.

ERNEST GRANVILLE CRABTREE, E.S.

HARVARD HERSEY CRABTREE, E.S.

RICHARD SPELMAN EUSTIS, C.M.

FRANK PEYTON GAUNT, W.S.

CARL ARTHUR HEDBLOM, E.S.

JAMES HOWARD MEANS, E.M.

GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT, E.M.

JOHN TOLSON O'FERRALL, 0.

CARL MERRILL ROBINSON, W.S.

ORVILLE FORREST ROGERS, Jr., W.M.

WILLIAM DAVID SMITH, W.M.

THORNTON STEARNS, E.S.

LOE ALBRIGHT SUTTER, D.

CLIFFORD DANIEL SWEET, C.M.

WILLIAM FRANKLIN TEMPLE, Jr., W.S.

PAUL DUDLEY WHITE, W.M.

1914

LYMAN GUY BARTON, Jr., E.S.

HARRY CALVIN BERGER, C.M.

297

Massachusetts General Hospital

RUSSELL POTTER BORDEN, W.S,

FREDERICK AMASA COLLER, W.S.

CHARLES CLAYTON DENNIE, D.

JOHN FAVILL, EM.

JOHN WILKES HAMMOND, Jr., W.M.

HERBERT HANDY HOWARD, W.S.

ERNEST VICTOR KELLER, 0. *1919

ALSON RAPHAEL KILGORE, W.M.

FRANCIS MINOT RACKEMANN, E.M.

ANDRE WILLIAM REGGIO, W.S.

OSWALD HOPE ROBERTSON, W.M.

EUGENE WATSON ROCKEY, E.S.

ABRAHAM BERNARD SCHWARTZ, C.M.

THORNTON STEARNS, 0.

HAROLD WENTWORTH STEVENS, C.M.

JOHN EDWARD TALBOT, E.M.

MELVIN HARVEY WALKER, Jr., E.S.

PHILIP DUNCAN WILSON, E.S.

1915

ARTHUR WILBURN ALLEN, W.S.

JOSEPH CHARLES AUB, E.M.

CARL ALFRED LANNING BINGER, E.M.

DEWlTT SCOVILLE CLARK, Jr., E.S.

HARRY ANTHONY DURKIN, C.M.

LUTHER MITCHELL FERGUSON, E.S. *1916

THOMAS MADDEN FOLEY, 0.

HAROLD MAURICE FROST, W.S.

CUSTIS LEE HALL, 0.

LEWIS WEBB HILL, W.M.

WILLIAM GORDON LENNOX, W.M.

EDWARD DEWITT LEONARD, E.S.

JOSEPH ARTHUR LEVEK, C.M.

FRANK WILLIAM MARVIN, W.S.

PHILIP HALE PIERSON, E.M.

ZACCHEUS ROSCOE SCOTT, C.M.

JOSEPH LESLIE SHERRICK, W.M.

DONALD BENJAMIN STEENBERG, E.S.

CHARLES FLETCHER WARREN, W.S.

JAMES AUGUSTUS WOOD, C.M.

1916

ROY CHARLES ABBOTT, 0.

BENJAMIN HARRISON ALTON, W.S.

ARCHIBALD HILDRETH BEARD, W.M.

298

House Officers

HUGH KLING BERKLEY, CM.

HOWARD SPENCER COLWELL, E.M.

EDGAR CHARLES COOK, W.S.

FLOYD FROST HATCH, E.S.

JOHN SPRAGUE HODGSON, W.S.

SUMNER WALDRON JACKSON, E.S.

WILLIAM JOHN KERR, W.M.

JOHN MOORE LEE, CM.

LAWRENCE KIRBY LUNT, W.M.

ARTHUR BATES LYON, CM.

ORLAND FRANKLIN MONTGOMERY, E.S.

WAYLAND AUGUSTUS MORRISON, W.S.

GEORGE BYRON PACKARD, Jr., E.S.
MARIUS NYGAARD SMITH-PETERSEN, 0.

HAROLD WENTWORTH STEVENS, E.M.

ARTHUR EDGAR STRAUSS, E.M.

LANGDON THOM THAXTER, E.M.

WILLIAM ALMON WOOD, CM.

WADE STANLEY WRIGHT, W.M.

1917

PAUL APPLETON, W.S.

GEORGE HOYT BIGELOW, E.M.

EARL BLOOMER, E.S.

ARLIE VERNON BOCK, W.M.

EDWARD CLINE BULL, 0.

EDWIN NELSON CLEAVES, E.S.

KENNETH LLEWELLYN DOLE, E.S.

HARRY ANTHONY DURKIN, W.M.

GEORGE FRANCIS DWINELL, W.S.

JOHN BLAIR FITTS, 0.

ALAN GREGG, W.M.

ARTHUR MORRISON JACKSON, W.S.

JAMES GERARD KRAMER, CM.

WALTER HAMER LACEY, W.S.

RALPH HERBERT LUIKART, W.S.

ARTHUR BATES LYON, W.M.

WILLIAM PATTON MCDOWELL, CM.

LUDO VON MEYSENBUG, CM.

HOWARD OSGOOD, EM.

CHARLES WILLIAM PEABODY, E.S.

WILLIAM ALBERT PERKINS, E.S.

BENJAMIN HARRISON RAGLE, E.M.

ADOLPH GEORGE SCHNACK, E.M.

299

Massachusetts General Hospital

ALBERT JOHN SCROLL, Jr., E.S.

ABRAHAM CLEMENT SILVERMAN, CM.

HORACE KENNEDY SOWLES, W.S.

NEWTON SAMUEL STERN, E.M.

JOHN HOUGHTON TAYLOR, E.M.

HENRY MALCOLM THOMAS, Jr. W.M.

LEONARD MATHEWS VAN STONE, W.M.

JOHN CREE WILSON, 0.

1918

FRANK DENNETTE ADAMS, W.M.

WILLIAM BRADFORD ADAMS, E.M.

HAROLD COTTON BEAN, W.S.

THOMAS ELLWOOD BUCKMAN, E.M.

CARLETON WHELLER BULLARD, W.S.

FRANCIS JERVOIS CALLANAN, E.S.

GEORGE LAWRENCE CHAFFIN, E.S.

MARSHALL CHIPMAN CHENEY, W.M.

THOMAS DONALD CUNNINGHAM, W.M.

ROBERT DUDLEY CURTIS, C.M.

ERNEST MERRILL DALAND, W.S.

NEIL AUGUSTUS FOGG, W.S.

LESLIE NEWTON GAY, E.M.

FRANCIS COOLEY HALL, E.M.

CHARLES WILLIAM HUTCHINSON, E.S.

BASIL BRADBURY JONES, E.M.

THOMAS HINCKLEY LANMAN, E.S.

JAMES RUFUS LINCOLN, 0.

THOMAS MCCANCE MABON, W.M.

ROBERT REYBURN MCCLELLAN, W.M.

LUDO VON MEYSENBUG, W.M.

KEMP PRATHER NEAL, E.S.

WAY SUNG NEW, 0.

JAMES HOWARD PARK, C.M.

DERRIC CHOATE PARMENTER, E.M.

CURTICE ROSSER, W.S.

ROBERT BREWSTER SEABURY, W.S.

JOHN NEWTON SHIRLEY, W.S.

EUGENE PARDON SISSON, Jr. C.M.

BRYANT DAVIS WETHERELL, E.S.

1919

WILLIAM BRADLEY BREED, E.M.

CHARLES SIDNEY BURWELL, Jr., W.M.

ROBERT CARTWRIGHT CHENEY, W.S.

300

House Officers

JOSEPH GARLAND, CM.

RAFE NELSON HATT, 0.

FREDERICK SHERMAN HOPKINS, E.S.

GEORGE HENRY JACKSON, Jr., 0.

HENRY JACKSON, Jr., EM.

BASIL BRADBURY JONES, CM.

CHESTER MORSE JONES, EM.

LELAND STERLING MCKITTRICK, W.S.

ROBERT NASON NYE, EM.

ALBERT ELISHA PARKHURST, WM.

RUSSEL HUGO PATTERSON, E.S.

WILLARD COLE RAPPLEYE, WM.

JOHN ROCK, W.S.

CHESTER CLAYTON SCHNEIDER, E.S.

ARTHUR CARROLL SCOTT, Jr., W.S.

WILFRED SEFTON, WM.

CURTIS EVERETT SMITH, WM.

RALPH CASE SPENCE, EM.

EDMUND KENNETH STEENBURG, E.S.

WILLIAM T. S. THORNDIKB, W.S.

ELMAR STEBBINS WARING, EM.

ALLEN PELLINGTON WINSOR, WM.

MARY WRIGHT, CM.

1920

SAMUEL AYRES, Jr., WM.

PAUL EDWARD BELKNAP, CM.

FLETCHER HATCH COLBY, W.S.

THOMAS DONALD CUNNINGHAM, CM.

JAMES GREENOUGH, W.S.

GILBERT EDMUND HAGGART, WM.

DONALD STORRS KING, EM.

ROBERT FREDERICK LOEB, WM.

WILLIAM MASON, EM.

WILFORD MERRIAM NELSON, EM.

CHARLES WILLIAM PEABODY, 0.

JAMES JACKSON PUTNAM, CM.

MORRIS BLACKMAN SANDERS, E.S.

FRANCIS BARNARD SARGENT, W.S.

WILLIAM MARTINDALE SHEDDEN, E.S.

CHARLES MOFFETT SIMPSON, E.S.

HOMER WALDO SPIERS, 0.

ROBERT COLE STICKNEY, CM.

JOSEPH KIDDOO SURLS, 0.

WILFRED DOUGLAS VAN STONE, W.S.

301

Massachusetts General Hospital

MILTON VICTOR VELDEE, EM.

CHARLES AMORY WILLIAMS, E.S.

SHUTAI TINWONG Woo, W.M.

1921

WARREN GERALD ATWOOD, W.S.

EDWARD BRADLEY DEWEY, E.S.

HAROLD SPARROW DORRANCE, EM.

RUDOLPH LUDWIG DRESEL, 0.

ARTHUR FORD GEDDES EDGELOW, W.S.

HENRY FIELD, Jr., CM.

JOSEPH GARLAND, EM.

SAMUEL FAITOUTE HAINES, W.M .

JAMES HITCHCOCK, W.M.

ELIOT HUBBARD, Jr., W.M.

BENJAMIN HUGHES KENNEDY, Jr., CM.

JOHN ALBERT KEY, 0.

WILFRID WALLACE McKAY, CM.

JOE VINCENT MEIGS, E.S.

HUGH GRANT ROWELL, W.S.

WILLIAM ERASMUS SHERMAN, CM.

DWIGHT LEWIS Sisco, EM.

CURTIS EVERETT SMITH, E.S.

STEELE FULLER STEWART, 0.

JOSEPH STOKES, Jr., W.M.

EDWARD SAWTELLE WELLES, E.S.

ALLEN PELLINGTON WINSOR, W.S.

JOHN BARLOW YOUMANS, EM.

1922

WILLIAM HAMLET ALEXANDER, W.S.

HOWARD BOYD, CM.

SHEO-NAN CHEER, EM.

EDWARD DELAS CHURCHILL, W.S.

SOLOMON DAVID DAVID, 0.

ARTHUR GEORGE DAVIS, 0.

JOHN JOSEPH DUMPHY, CM.

HENRY FIELD, Jr., EM.

FRANK LESLIE FORT, 0.

WILLIAM TALMAGE FREEMAN, CM.

CLARENCE JAMES GAMBLE, W.M.

DONALD MITCHELL GLOVER, W.S.

MYRON ORMELL HENRY, 0.

WILLIAM HERMAN, EM.

HAROLD HOMER HITCHCOCK, 0.

302

House Officers

GERALD NORTON HOEFFEL, CM.

WILLIAM KENNETH LIVINGSTON, W.S.

CHARLES CARROLL LUND, E.S.

RALPH FABIAN MCDONALD, E.S.

WINTHROP MORGAN PHELPS, 0.

ISAAC STARR, Jr., W.M.

JOSEPH KIDDOO SURLS, E.S.

LER.OY RUSSELL WHEELER, W.M.

EDWARD HARLAN WILSON, E.S.

1923

WILLIAM HAMLET ALEXANDER, T.S.

THOMAS MAXFIELD BARBER, E.M.

CHARLES BARROWS BENNETT, 0.

RANDOLPH KUNHARDT BYERS, E.M.

WILLIAM BOSWORTH CASTLE, E.M.

SETH MARSHALL FITCHET, E.S.

DANIEL PARSONS FOSTER, E.M.

CLARENCE FALK FRIEDMAN, C.M.

LAUREN HOLMES GOLDSMITH, C.M.

STEPHEN G. JONES, W.S.

WILLIAM ETHELBERT MCCONNELL, E.S.

JAMES WILLIAM MARTIN, 0.
FRANK HASTINGS HAMILTON MEWBURN, 0.

EUGENE ADOLPH Osius, W.M.

WINTHROP MORGAN PHELPS, T.S.

TRACY JACKSON PUTNAM, E.S.

JOHN JACOB SAMPSON, W.M .

LEMUEL DAVID SMITH, 0.

DANIEL MAX STIEFEL, 0.

AUGUSTUS THORNDIKE, Jr., W.S.

JAMES HARVEY TOWNSEND, W.M.

CURTIS CARVER TRIPP, W.S.

RICHARD GWYN WATSON, C.M.

EDWARD HARLAN WILSON, 0.

JAMES EDWIN WOOD, Jr. W.M .

303

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JUL 2 5 1956

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Full text of "Memorial & historical volume, together with the proceedings of the Centennial of the Opening of the Hospital"

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