Memorial of Enoch Brown and eleven scholars who were massacred in Antrim Township, Franklin County, Pa. by the Indians during the Pontiac War, July 26, 1764, containing addresses of George W. Ziegler, Cyrus Cort, Peter A. Witmer... at the dedication of the Enoch Brown Park and monuments... August 4, 1885...

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ENOCH BROWN

MOiMENI DEDICATION,

AUGUST 4, 1885,

AND

oBOUgUET CELEBRATIONo

AUGUST 6, 1883.

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Price, 40 Cents.

UNIVERSITY

OF PITTSBURGH

LIBRARIES

MEMORIAL

OF

ENOCH BEOWN

AND

ELEVEN SCHOLARS.

Who Were Massacred in Antrim Township, Pranklin

County, ?a., by the Indians, During the

Pontiac War, July 26, 1764,

CONTAINING

ADDRESSES of GEOUGE W. ZIEGLER, Esq., REV. CYRUS CORT, Hon.
PETER A. WITMER, Rev. F. A. WOODS and Dr. WM. H. EGLE,
AND POEM OF JOHN M. COOPER, Esq., at the DEDICA-
TION OF THE ENOCH BROWN PARK and MONU-
MENTS, THREE MILES NORTH of GREEN-
CASTLE, PA., AUGUST 4, 1885,
With CENTENNIAL SERMONS, APPENDIX, &c.

Edited by REV. CYRUS CORT, hi behalf of the
Enoch Brown Monu7>ient Committee.

LANCASTER, PA.

Steinman & Hensel, Printers,

1886.

Entered According to Act of Congress, in the
Year of our Lord 1886, b^'

CYRUS CORT,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress,

at Washington.

All Rights Reserved.

DEDICA TION,

'J^O the Teachers and Scholars of all the Schools, secular
and religious, in Frankli^i County^ Pa., who aided by
their contributions and their labors in securing the Enoch
Bro7un Park and Monuments ; also, to the Christian peo-
ple and public-spirited citizens of the county, and of other
counties, who helped along the good cause with their gener-
ous gifts, this volume is affectionately dedicated. " 77/,?
righteous shall be in everlasting refnembrance.^''

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Introductory Sketch, . i

The Dedication Ceremonies :

Unveiling and Dedication, 7

Speech of George W. Ziegler, Esq., 15

Presentation Speech of Rev. Cyrus Cort, 18

Address of Peter A. Witmer, Esq., 30

Address of Rev. F. M. Woods, 39

Poem of John M Cooper, 46

Address of Dr. Wm. H. Egle, 49

Appendix :

The Christian Name of Schoolmaster Brown, 55

Enoch Brown Poetry, 56

The Quaker Poet, 57

Hon. Horatio Seymour on the Monument, 58

Report of the Treasurer of the Enoch Brown Monument

Fund, January 4, 1886, 59

Incorporation, 62

The Archie McCullough Spring, 64

Mother Terrapin, 65

The County Superintendent's Absence, 66

A Word of Explanation, 68

Action of Enoch Brown Memorial Committee, 70

Providential Escapes from the Massacre, 71

Centennial Memorial Sermons :

Sermon of Rev. Cyrus Cort, 74

Centennial Sermon of Rev. J. Hassler, 92

Sermon of Rev. J. W. Knappenberger, A. M., 103

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-ROM PHOTO BY COLLINS, OF GREENCASTLt, PA.

MONUMENT ON THE SITE OF ENOCH BROWN SCHOOL HOUSE.

Enoch Brown Memorial

INTRODUCTORY SKETCH.

A FEW years after the French and Indian Wars came the
Pontiac War of 1763-4, when the great chieftain of
the Ottawas marshaled the tribes between the great lakes
and the Alleghenies into hostile camps against the English
and their colonial subjects. His avowed purpose was to
drive the red coats and pale faces into the sea. No less
than ten forts between Detroit and Fort Pitt were captured,
and most of their garrisons massacred. Detroit, Fort Pitt
and Ligonier w^ere closely besieged for months by the savages.
Col. Henry Bouquet with a force of about five hundred
men, mostly Scotch highlanders, broke the eastern wing of
Pontiac' s conspiracy by defeating his confederates under
Guyasutha, &c., after a desperate two days battle at Edge
Hill or Bushy Run, Aug. 5 and 6, 1763. The gallant com-
mander begged for a few hundred more troops with which
to penetrate to the haunts of the Indians in central Ohio
and thus bring the war to a decisive close. But the Quaker
provincial authorities disregarded his appeals for the much
needed reinforcements. As a consequence, prowling bands
of savages made frequent raids into the settlements, killing
and scalping the pioneer settlers in Pennsylvania, Maryland
and Virginia regardless of age, sex or condition. In one
of these forays into the Cumberland Valley on the twenty-
sixth day of July, 1764, there was perpetrated, what Park-
man, the historian of Colonial times, pronounces " an out-

A

5 Enoch Brown Memorial.

rage unmatched in fiendish atrocity through all the annals
of the war."

This was the cold-blooded massacre of Enoch Brown, a
worthy Christian school-master, and eleven scholars, at a
little log school-house in Antrim township, three miles north
of where Greencastle now stands.

Eight years before to the very day (July 26, 1756,) John
McCullough, eight years old, and his little brother had been
carried away captive by five Delaware Indians and a French-
man, from their home, a few miles southwest of the school
house, and at this time John was living as an adopted son,
among the Delaware Indians on the banks of the Musk-
ingum. In his narrative, as published in Border Life, &c.,
it is stated that the massacre of the school-master and
scholars was perpetrated by three young warriors from that
locality, who brought the scalps of master and scholars back
as bloody trophies of their trip into the settlements. Neep-
paugh-weese. Night Walker, an old chief or half king, and"
other old Indians denounced them for killing so many chil-
dren and called them cowards, the greatest affront that
could be ofi"ered them.

The original MSS. of the McCullough narrative, now in
the possession of John McCullough, a grandson of the cap-
tive lad, contains no reference to the massacre, but the
family are confident that their ancestor furnished the ac-
count as given in Border Life, &c.

Others have claimed that the massacre was perpetrated by
a squad of Seneca Indians from western New York. Rich-
ard Bard in his narrative states that his father was at work
near the place of massacre on the 26th of July, 1764, and
owing to the strange movements of his dog he concluded
that Indians were skulking in the thicket near by. He re-
treated to the house and in about an hour saw a party com-
manded by Capt. Potter (afterwards Gen. Potter of the
Revolution) who were in pursuit of a party of Indians, who
had on that morning murdered a school-master named
Brown with ten small children, and had scalped and left for
dead one by the name of Archibald McCullough, who re-
covered. * * According to the story of the boy, two old
Indians and a young Indian rushed up to the door soon after

Introductory Sketch. 3

the opening of the morning session. The master, surmising
their object, prayed them only to take his Hfe and spare the
children, but all were brutally knocked in the head with an
Indian maul and scalped. Some of the traditions repre-
sent the Indians as shooting the master down when they
approached the door, and that on his knees he begged them
to spare the lives of the little ones.

Parkman, in his ^' Conspiracy of Pontiac," Vol. 2, says :
" In the centre lay the master, scalped and lifeless, with a
Bible clasped in his hand ; while around the room were
strewn the bodies of his pupils, miserably mangled, though
one of them still retained a spark of life. The deed was
committed by three or four warriors from an Indian village
near the Ohio."

The savage fiends made good their escape, and the horror-
stricken settlers buried the master and ten scholars in a
large box, placed alternately head and feet in opposite direc-
tions in a common grave a few rods from the scene of
slaughter. Seventy-nine years afterwards (Aug. 4. 1843)
the traditional account of the burial was verified by excava-
tions made by about twenty citizens of Antrim township, in-
cluding Geo. W. Ziegler, Esq., Dr. Jas. K. Davison and Gen.
David Detrich who still remain with us in a hale old age.
Christian Koser, the owner of the land, planted four locust
trees at the corners of the grave; two of these grew for thirty
odd years, when, strange to tell, they were cut down for
posts. There was danger that the sacred spot would pass
into oblivion. Col. B. F. Winger, Gen. David Detrich
and Rev. Cyrus Cort visited the location in the spring of
1883, (April 11), and a month later. May 14, laid the
matter before a meeting of the citizens of Greencastle, at
which Geo. W. Ziegler, Esq., presided. Steps were taken
looking to the purchase of the land and the erection of a
monument, but nothing definite was done until the attention
of the Franklin County Centennial Convention of April
22, 1884, was called to the subject.

This convention, composed of representative men from all
parts of the county, appointed a committee, consisting of
Rev. Cyrus Cort, Wm. G. Davison, Col. G. B. Wiestling,

4 Enoch Brown Memorial.

Dr. A. H. Strickler and Benj. Chambers, to devise plans for
raising funds to erect a monument, &c.

At the afternoon session of the Convention the committee
reported as follows :

Your committee appointed to prepare a proper plan for securing per-
manent results from the Centennial Celebration in the shape of a Monu-
ment to the memory of Schoolmaster Enoch Brown and the ten school
childi-en massacred by merciless savages, July 26th 1764, respectfully re-
port the following for the consideration of this Convention :

Resolved, That the sum of at least two thousand dollars be raised for
the purpose of securing a suitable amount of land on the farm of Capt.
Jacob Diehl, in Antrim township, including the spot where Schoolmas-
ter Brown and his ten children were massacred by the Indians, July
26th, 1764, and where they are now buried; and of enclosing the same
with a suitable fence and likewise of erecting an appropriate monument
to their memoiy and keeping the same in permanent repair.

Resolved, That the aforesaid fund shall be raised in the name of the
teachers and scholars of all the schools in the county, including com-
mon schools, select schools and Sunday schools.

Resolved, That all the teachers and scholars of the schools aforesaid
be earnestly requested to contribute at least one dime each toward the
fund on or before Sept. 9, 1884, and the names of all teachers and
scholars so contributing or collecting at least one dime shall be record-
ed in a suitable book to be preserved in the archives of the Historical
Society of Franklin County.

Resolved, That the committee of the respective townships be direct-
ed to take immediate steps to have the foregoing school collections
taken up, either by the teachers at present or lately in charge of the
schools, or by some suitable person in each school district.

Resolved, That in aid of this fund we recommend that a collection
be taken at all the memorial religious services held on the Sunday pre-
ceding the Centennial Anniversary, viz : September 7th, 1884.

Resolved, That in further aid of this fund we recommend that the
Executive Centennial Committee be directed to request the various rail-
roads in the county to contribute a generous rebate on all excursion
tickets issued on account of the Centennial Celebration.

Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to receive the funds
and carry into effect the action proposed in the foregoing resolution in
regard to the purchase of land, erection of monument, &c.

Resolved, That the above committee be directed to request the Court
of Franklin County, or other competent authority, to appoint three trus-
tees to invest not less than five hundred dollars of the funds in securi-
ties approved by the court, the annual proceeds to be devoted to keep-
ing the grounds, monument and fences in good condition and repair.

Introductory Sketch. 5

Resolved, That the newspapers of the county be earnestly requested
to urge the importance of this memorial feature of the Centennial upon
the attention of the people of Franklin county.

The report was unanimously adopted by the Convention,
and on the motion of Col. Wiestling, the committee called
for in the seventh resolution was appointed as follows : Rev.
Cyrus Cort, (chairman) ; Dr. A. H. Strickler (treasurer) ;
Hon. D. W. Rowe, Capt. R. J. Boyd and Col. W. D.
Dixon.

On the following day, April 23d, the committee contracted
with Capt. Diehl, through Col. B. F. Winger, for the en-
closed tract or field which contains the site of the school
house, the grave of Enoch Brown, and scholars, together
with the spring adjacent.

April 29th, the land was surveyed under the supervision
of Col. Winger, along with Rev. Cort, Dr. Strickler and
Col. Dixon of the committee. Capt. Diehl obligated him-
self in writing to give a deed for the land as soon as the
surveyor had completed his plot and estimates. The com-
mittee pay at the rate of twenty-five dollars per acre.

The committee bought more land than was at first con-
templated, for the reason that it was cheaper to purchase
the entire field of a fraction less than twenty acres at ^25
per acre, than to buy four or five acres in the heart of the
field for ^30 per acre, fence it in with a strong and durable
fence and give bonds to keep the same in good repair for
all time to come, which was the alternative presented by
the owner of the tract.

The surplus land can be sold and the cost of outside
fencing saved, together with the expense and liability of a
bond binding through all time and necessitating an invest-
ment as large as the cost of the entire field. A public road
has been laid out along the north side of the Enoch Brown
Park as the tract is now called. It required a great deal of
work to reclaim the historic spring and clear off the ground
between it and the grave. For several weeks during the
hottest weather the chairman of the committee, assisted by
other public spirited citizens, ''worked with head, heart,
hand and horse" to accomplish this praiseworthy undertak-

6 Enoch Brown Memorial.

ing, as the poet John M. Cooper, Esq., expressed it in his
report of the dedication services in the CarHsle Volunteer.
The contract for erecting the monuments was awarded to
Mr. W. N. Meredith, of Mercersburg, for the sum of $500,
the committee furnishing the Hmestone foundations. Hun-
dreds have visited the Park since dedication day, and have
uniformly expressed their gratification with the monuments,
iron fences and improvements made by the committee with
the funds at their command. Other items of historic inter-
est are omitted here because they appear in the addresses.

MONUMENT OVER THE COMMON GRAVE OF ENOCH BROWN AND TEN SCHOLARS.

THE DEDICATION CEREMONIES,

THE following account of the dedication ceremonies,
organization, speeches, &c., we cull in the main from
the Greencastle Press of August 6, 1885 :

UNVEILING AND DEDICATION.

August 4, 1885, was indeed the red letter day for Mother
Antrim. Never before in her history was there such an
outpouring of her beauty and chivalry to honor and grace a
public occasion as that which congregated at Enoch Bro^vn
Park on Dedication Day. The two previous da)^s had been
stormy and foreboding. The long wished for rain had
deluged the earth in torrents and many feared that the
weather would be unfavorable for the ceremonies. But there
never dawned a lovelier day for the occasion than last Tues-
day. At an early hour a stream of visitors began to pour
out over the hills to the Park until about 5,000 people had
assembled on the historic field. The large monument on
the site of the school house, which can be seen from afar,
first attracted attention, and around it a large con-
course of people were soon assembled. Then the beati-
ful monument of smaller proportions over the common
grave of Schoolmaster Enoch Brown and ten scholars Avas
next visited, and around it many lingered with deep and
melancholy interest. Then the historic spring at the foot
of the hill, a few yards off, drew the multitude, not only
to gratify curiosity, but to slake their thirst, and thousands
there partook of nature's cooling beverage, as did the
scholars of Enoch Brown one hundred and twenty-one years
ago. It was equal to the large demands, although one
hundred and fifty gallons had been dipped out the previous
evening after dusk.

8 Enoch Brown Memorial.

Shortly after ii o'clock Rev. Cyrus Cort arrived with
Poet Cooper and Historian Egle and daughter in his car-
riage, the morning train on which they came from Harris-
burg having been delayed about half an hour.

The meeting was called to order by Col. B. F. Winger,
Chief Marshal. Mounting the base of the monument the
Rev. Cort made a few preliminary remarks and then four
little girls and nine boys, viz.. Rose Winger, Libbie Sea-
crest, Sally Whitmore and Carrie Hawbecker, Paul Cort,
Paul Sunners, Ambrose Cort, Ambrose Walck, Harry Fuss,
Elmer Pentz, George Pentz, George Gorden and Willie
Meredith, pulled the cords, the mantle of red, white and
blue fell and the monument stood forth a. thing of beauty
and strength, the delight of all beholders. It is indeed a
massive affair. On the top of four feet of solid masonry
underneath the ground are nearly four feet of dressed lime-
stone of immense proportions from Hawbecker's Williamson
quarry. On the top of this limestone foundation, which is
five feet square, is placed the granite base of the monument,
four feet square and seventeen inches high, and weighing
4,600 pounds. Next comes the polished die or sub-base,
three feet square and two feet high, on the four sides of
which are engraved the inscriptions. On the top of this stands
the shaft of the monument, two feet square at the base, ten
feet high and tapering gracefully to a pyramidal apex. The
shaft weighs 4,100 pounds. Enclosing the monument is a
very substantial iron fence, fifteen feet square. The follow-
ing are the inscriptions :

On the East side :

^ . <^

Sacred to the Memory of School- master Enoch
Brown and Eleven Scholars, viz: Ruth Hart,
Ruth Hale, Eben Taylor, George Dunstan, Ar-
chie MCCULLOUGH, AND SiX OTHERS, (NAMES Un
known) who WERE MASSACRED AND SCALPED BY

Indians on this Spot, July 26, 1764, During the
Pontiac War.

The Dedication Ceremonies.
On the North side :

Erected by Direction of the Franklin Coun-
ty Centennial Convention of April 22, 18S4, in
the Name of the Teachers and Scholars of All
the Schools in the County, Including Common
Schools, Select Schools and Sunday Schools.
For a Full List of Contributors see Archives
OF Franklin County Historical Society or Re-
corder's Office.

West side inscription, next to grave

The Remains of Enoch Brown and Ten Schol-
ars (Archie McCullough Survived the Scalp-
ing) Lie Buried in a Common Grave, South 62^^
Degrees, West 14^^ Rods from this Monument.
They Fell as Pioneer Martyrs in the Cause of
Education and Christian Civilization.

On the South side

The ground is holy where they fell,

And where their mingled ashes lie,
Ye Christian people mark it well

With granite column strong and high ;
And cherish well forevermore

The storied wealth of early years.
The sacred legacies of yore,

The toils and trials of pioneers.

■^

The latter are the concluding stanzas of a poem published
last Spring in the town papers and in the Guardian, a
monthly magazine issued in Philadelphia.

The small monument was unveiled at the grave by Rev.
Cort after a few preliminary remarks. It is a very chaste

A*

10 Enoch Brown Memorial.

and pretty structure, composed, like the larger monument, of
Concord granite. It is about seven feet high and two feet
square at the base. On the side facing the grave is this
inscription, '' The grave of Schoolmaster Enoch Brown and
Ten Scholars, massacred by the Indians July 26, 1764."
Around it is also a solid iron fence ten feet square. A
heavy stone wall has been erected near the south end of the
grave and considerable filling has been done. The Mer-
cersburg band played a dirge at the large monument and
the Greencastle and Shady Grove bands at the smaller
when the unveiling took place. The assemblage then re-
paired to the stand erected in the grove belonging to the
Park, where the remaining ceremonies were conducted ac-
cording to the published programme.

George W. Ziegler, Esq., was chosen President for the
day and made a short address heartily approving the
cause which had brought the people together and com-
mending the Monument Committee for its faithful and
energetic labors. Rev. J. D. Hunter then offered a very
appropriate prayer. The Reformed church choir, under
the lead of Prof. Collins assisted by a few amateurs, sang
*' America," ^'My Country, 'tis of Thee," and afterwards
the "The Infant Martyrs," a hymn composed by Dr. Henry
Harbaugh on the martyred babes of Bethlehem who were
slain by King Herod. The organization was completed by
the election of the vice-presidents and secretaries, viz.:

Vice Presidents, Rev. J. Spangler Kiefer, Hagerstown,
Md.; General David Detrich, Dr. James K. Davidson, Cap-
tain Jacob Deihl, Antrim ; Jacob Hoke, Judge Kimmel, Rev.
Herbert, Chambersburg ; Jacob B. Brumbaugh, Peters :
Simon Lecron, D. C. Shank, George J. Balsley, D. O.
Nicodemus, Washington ; Joseph Winger, Montgomery ;
Dr. Frick, Quincy; Rev. Kappenberger, John Hoch, Mer-
cersburg; Rev. Bahner, Waynesboro; Rev. Riddle, Fairfax,
Va.; Andrew K. Kissecker, Tiffin, Ohio. Secretaries, W.
G. Davison, W. C. Kreps, Greencastle; Bruce Laudebaugh,
G. W. Atherton, Mercersburg ; William A. Ried, Antrim ;
A. N. Pomeroy, Chambersburg.

Rev. Cyrus Cort, chairman of the Monument Committee,
then made the presentation speech, which was well received

The Dedicatio7i Ceremonies. 1 1

and warmly applauded by the audience. The speaker was
heartily congratulated from all sides at the close.

PIC-NIC DINNER.

At this point a recess of an hour was taken to partake of
a pic-nic dinner in the woods. It was an interesting and
picturesque sight to see families and groups of families
enjoying the sumptuous meals which they spread upon the
leaves and grass or upon improvised tables throughout the
beautiful grove. The speakers, Witmer, Woods (and lady),
Egle (and daughter), and poet Cooper, together with some
of the clergy, were entertained at one table near the stand
by President Ziegler, Marshal Winger and Chairman Cort
and their families, and seemed to greatly enjoy their dinner
and the surroundings. A balmy breeze floated among the
trees, and nature and Providence combined to make the
scene one long to be remembered, adding a peculiar zest to
the spirit of hospitality and good will that pervaded the
occasion.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

After dinner the exercises at the stand were resumed.
Rev. J. W. Knappenberger, of Mercersburg, made a short
and very appropriate prayer. Peter A. Witmer, Esq., of
Hagerstown, Superintendent of Public Schools of Washing-
ton county, Md., made an eloquent and able address, con-
veying the cordial greetings of a sister State and a neigh-
boring county, endorsing heartily the movement. He
said: ^' Enoch Brown was a nobler hero than the blood-
stained warriors or thousands of others who were so often
honored in this way. The school house was the symbol of
our civilization and that brave and self-sacrificing man, who
was ready to yield his life as a sacrifice for his scholars, was
a pioneer and a martyr in a blessed cause. He was worthy
the high honors shown him to-day." Rev. F. M. Woods,
of Martinsburg, W. Va., then delivered an excellent speech
in fine style. He paid a glowing tribute to the sterling
Scotch-Irish pioneer settlers, who came to this new world
that they might have freedom to worship God. They were
ready to leave kindred and country and sunder the dearest

12 Enoch Brown Memorial.

earthly ties for conscience sake. They asked not ''Will it
pay?" "Will it be popular?" but ''Is it right?" and, fear-
ing God, they had no fear of man. What added peculiar
interest to Rev. Mr. Wood's remarks is the fact that he is
married to a daughter of Rev. D. X. Junkin, who is a de-
scendant of Eleanor Cochrane. His wife sat immediately
behind him on the platform, and seemed to enjoy the occa-
sion beyond all others present, which is saying a great deal.

Next came the poem, by John M. Cooper, Esq., the
gifted bard of Antrim. Like all other productions from^
Mr. Cooper's pen, it was beautiful and classic. It threw a
halo of poetic fancy around the memory of the martyred
schoolmaster and scholars.

Finally Dr. Wm. H. Egle, of Harrisburg, Pa., delivered
in an effective manner the historial address of the occasion
on "Pontiac and Bouquet," with especial reference to the
part taken by Provincial troops in the campaign of 1763-4.
He contrasted these distinguished leaders of the red and
white races as the representatives of savagery and civiliza-
tion, and sketched graphically the leading events in the
campaigns of 1763-4. He paid a glowing tribute to the
memory of Enoch Brown (he called him Enoch all the
time), the brave, true-hearted schoolmaster, who fell with
his scholars before the brutality of incarnate fiends. The
Doctor evidently has no special love for the Indian charac-
ter and believes that the uncivilized red man illustrates fully
the doctrine of total depravity. He paid a very handsome
compliment to Rev. C. Cort, not only for his persevering
and successful efforts in behalf of the Enoch Brown Monu-
ment, but as the author of an "elegant work" on Bouquet
and his campaign of 1763-4.

At the close Col. Winger moved a vote of thanks to the
speakers and poet, and that they be requested to furnish
copies of their speeches and poem to the Enoch Brown
Monument Committee for publication. A vote of thanks
was also returned to the five bands present for their gratuitous
services, viz : The bands of Mercersburg, Clay Hill, Shady
Grove, New Franklin and Greencastle.

The benediction was finally pronounced by Rev. John R.
Agnew, a grandson of Mary Ramsey, one of the scholars

The Dedication Ceremonies. 13

of the Enoch Brown school, who Providentially escaped
the massacre.

Col. Wiestling was to have made the reception speech,
but was unable to be present. His substitute failing to
appear, the following letter was read :

Mont Alto, July 29, 1885.
Rev. Cyrus Cort, Chairman Enoch Brown Monument Committee :

My Dear Sir : For several weeks I have had but little respite from
severe suffering from acute rheumatism following in the wake of a
sprained knee. This has so disabled me that business matters have
accumulated on my hands to such an extent as to render it exceedingly
improbable that I can ever attend the unveiling ceremonies on August 4.

Although (as I advised you) I feared this contingency, yet I feel
sadly disappointed, and deeply regret my inability to celebrate with you
what I consider an important event. I know it will be interesting ; I
know you will be happy, because the consciousness of having faithfully
fulfilled the trust committed to you by the people of Franklin County
through their representatives in convention, cannot but make you con-
gratulate each other as I heartily do you all. Yes, I congratulate the
citizens of our county on the successful consummation of the crowning
feature in the programme of the Centennial celebration, so happily
woven into history by the untiring and effective labors of your com-
mittee. The convention made no mistake in determining upon the
crowning memorial, it did not eirin pi-oviding the way to secure means
for its accomplishment, and it was equally fortunate in selecting a com-
mittee of ability, industry and unswerving integrity to its commission, a
committee, the chaii'manship of which you have a right to be proud.
As compensation for my absence I enclose my check for twenty dollars
additional contribution to the Monument fund; but how I am to be
compensated for the loss of my anticipated pleasure in being with you,
I know not. Very truly yours,

Geo. B. Wiestling.

The following letter was also read from Rev. Prof. Jos.
H. Dubbs, D. D., Professor of History, &c., in Franklin
and Marshall College :

Rev. C. Cort:

Mr Dear Sir : I regret that it will not be in my power to be present
at the dedication of the Enoch Brown Monument. It is in my opinion
an occasion of profound interest, and I hope it may command the gen-
eral respect which is manifestly deserves. We have in this country but
imperfectly learned the lesson that in honoring our ancestors we honor
ourselves; but the day will surely come when your disinterested labors
in this direction will be fully appreciated.

I remain fraternally yours,

Jos. Henry Dubbs.

14 Enoch Brown Memorial.

The following letter from Governor Pattison and extracts
from letters of Horatio Seymour and Thos. G. Apple to
Rev. Cort were read :

FROM THE GOVERNOR.

Executive Department, Commonwealth of Penn'a, "I
Office of the Governor, Harrisburg, July 28, 1885. j
B. F. Winger, Esq., Greencasile, Pa.

Sir : I am directed by the Governor to acknowledge your very kind
invitation to attend the ceremonies of the unveiling and dedication of
the monument erected to the memory of Enoch Brown and his ten
scholars who were massacred by Indians one hundred and twenty-one
years ago, three miles north of Greencastle. The Governor regrets
that his official engagements which cover the 4th day of August will
require his presence at Erie, Pa., as President of the commission to
establish and maintain a Home of Pennsylvania Soldiers and Sailors.
For this reason he cannot be present. But he directs me to express his
sincere gratification that the memory of the pioneer school-master is
thus to be perpetuated and that the children who with him were stricken
down at their humble shrine of learning are not forgotten by those who
live in the enjoyment of the Christian civilization of the present day.
I am Very truly yours,

Thos. T. Everett,

Private Secretary.

The people then returned to their homes highly gratified
with what they had seen and heard at the Enoch Brown
Park. All were pleased with the monuments, the iron fences
and other improvements made by the committee. All were
delighted with the literary exercises. The poet, who is an
excellent judge of large experience, remarked in the evening
'' I never heard four better speeches on any public occasion
than those delivered to-day." He repeatedly announced
his intention to bring his entire family to Antrim township
at an early day to show them the beautiful and lasting monu-
ments and all the historic scenes belonging to the Enoch
Brown Park. He considered it by far the grandest day ever
seen in Mother Antrim, and said that the crowd around the
speaker's stand was larger than " he had ever seen listening
to a speech of any kind in Franklin County. ' '

Many and hearty were the congratulations showered upon
the chairman of the monument committee at the close of
the meeting. He felt amply rewarded for all the toil and

speech of George W. Ziegler, Esq. 15

trouble which the monument project has given him by the
outcome of this red letter day.

Chief Marshal Col. B. F. Winger performed his duties
with great tact and efficiency. The following is the list of
aids as appointed and revised by himself, viz : Wm. Snyder,
Charles B. Cayl, Edward S. Snively, John W. Kuhn, D. I.
Binkley, John H. Baumbaugh, John McCulloch, Upton G.
Hawbaker, Dr. Leslie Lecron, C. C. Pentz, Henry Lenherr,
W. L. G. linger, Seth Dickey, Dr. H. G. Critzman, Jere-
miah Ashwa}-, Claggett Seacrest, Wm. J. Zacharias, Max
Ways, J. W. Wister, Capt. L. Henkell, Paul L. Cort, Geo.
W. Frye and George Crunkleton.

SPEECH OF GEORGE W. ZIEGLER, ESQ.,

OF GREENCASTLE, PENN'A.

George W. Ziegler, on being chosen president of the
meeting, spoke as follows :

Ladies and Gentlemen : — I thank you for the honor of
the position assigned me as presiding officer of this large
and respectable meeting on this very interesting and im-
portant occasion ; and permit me to congratulate you on
the bright and glorious sun that greets us from a cloudless
sky, to cheer and gladden our hearts in the enjoyment of
the ceremonies and intellectual feast that awaits us.

The wooded hillside upon which we are now assembled
is sacred and historic ground, consecrated and hallowed by
the wanton and brutal destruction of human life and spill-
ing of innocent blood more than a century ago.

On the 26th day of July, A. D. 1764, a small squad of
hostile and treacherous Indians made their appearance upon
these grounds, and with revenge and murder in their hearts
they stealthily stole their way to the southeastern declivity
of this hill, where then stood an humble pioneer school
house, occupied by teacher Enoch Brown and eleven of his
scholars (thank God the number present on that eventful
day was not greater), and as soon as it was reached they
suddenly and fiercely rushed in, and with glaring eyes and

1 6 Enoch Brown Memorial.

upraised bludgeons in their hands confronted them, and,
deaf to the noble appeal of humanity on the part of Brown
to spare the lives of his scholars, at the sacrifice of his own,
and their piteous shrieks and cries for mercy, they at once
commenced the slaughter of master and children, and in
cold blood massacred the whole school, save little Archie
McCullough, whom they supposed dead, but who afterward
revived ; and while teacher and scholars were still agonizing
in the throes and convulsions of death they proceeded in
the awful and horrible work of securing their scalps, that
they might bear them back, in their blood-stained hands,
as trophies of their victory to the bloodthirsty chieftain,
who had no doubt detailed them on their revengeful mission
of destruction and death.

This act on the part of the Indians is unquestionably the
most cowardly, bloody and atrocious tragedy that stains
the annals of our border warfare in the Cumberland valley,
during the dark and bloody days of its Colonial history ;
and, although more than a hundred years have come and
gone since its enactment, yet we cannot listen to its recital
without a sigh and shudder of sorrow and regret for the sad
and lamentable fate of its innocent victims.

But enough of this awful and horrible story, and let us
now joyfully turn to its interesting and fitting sequel, which
is about to reach its culmination in the ceremonies of this
day.

At a meeting of the Franklin County Centennial Con-
vention, held in Chambersburg, on the 2 2d day of April,
1884, the Rev. Cyrus Cort and Col. George B. Wiestling,
and other public spirited gentlemen of the convention, in-
duced that body to take action for the adoption of certain
necessary measures for the promotion and consummation of
the laudable and commendable movement inaugurated at a
meeting held by a number of the liberal minded citizens of
the borough of Greencastle, on the 14th of May, 1883,
looking to the erection of a monument, &c., to the memory
of Enoch Brown and his scholars, massacred on this hill on
the 26th of July, 1764.

And to these preliminary movements and the untiring
labors of the Centennial, County and Monument Commit-

speech of George W. Ziegler, Esq. 1 7

tees, and for the faithful, proper and speedy manner in
which they prosecuted the work assigned them by the
FrankUn County Centennial Convention, we stand greatly
indebted this day for the two beautiful and appropriate
monuments which now grace and adorn this hill.

The larger of these monuments stands on the site occu-
pied by the rustic school house at the time of the massacre
of Schoolmaster Brown and his scholars ; and the other, on
the small mound, beneath which their sacred dust has long
since mingled and now peacefully slumbers in the common
grave in which they were buried.

And what could have been more fitting than the manner
and place of their burial? all deposited in the same grave,
and near beside the little spring, still issuing from the foot
of this hill, and where master and scholars together were
wont to slake their thirst during the interim of weary school
hours.

These monuments were fashioned by skilful, artistic hands,
and wrought out of the most enduring materials (Eastern
granite and Pennsylvania limestone), and rest on deep and
solid foundations, and will for many long centuries to come
rescue from oblivion the sacred and hallowed spots they are
intended to perpetuate. And I feel warranted in the
prophecy, that should some distant antiquary, more than a
thousand years hence, make a pilgrimage to this historic
hill, that he will find them still intact and standing as erect
as we behold them this day.

Enoch Brown needed no monument to perpetuate his
name, it is indelibly engraven in the history of the State,
and there it will remain forever. ''His is one of the few
immortal names that were not born to die."

Yet, as a proper and fitting mark of love and honor to
this faithful teacher and his lamented scholars, and in ful-
fillment of a sacred and long neglected duty, these monu-
ments have been erected and we have met here to-day to
dedicate them to their memory.

Note. — I was present at the exhumation of the remains of Teacher
Enoch Brown and his scholars, and according to the most authentic
evidence on the subject it took place on the 4th of August, 1843. It

1 8 Enoch Brown Memorial

was my mournful privilege to gaze upon their still remaining moulder-
ing bones and other relics connected with their burial, and these not only
established beyond all doubt the identity of the place of their burial,
but also the truth of the traditional story that they were all buried in
one common grave. George W. Ziegler.

PRESENTATION SPEECH OF REV. CYRUS CORT

My Christian Friends: — We are glad to meet you here
to-day. We have had a plentiful rain. He giveth grass for
the cattle and herb for the service of man. And now the
skies are bright and the heavens smile upon us. That gracious
Providence which has enabled us to bring all the difficult
and dangerous labors of this monumental project to a sale
and successful conclusion, without harm or accident, still
continues to favor us. To the Lord be all the praise, the
honor and the glory of the achievement.

The greatest leader and lawgiver of the human race tells
us to ''remember the days of old and consider the years
of many generations." This is the parting counsel of Moses.
It is the swan song, yea, the key-note of the swan song of
that man of God at the close of his earthly pilgrimage.
The trials, the sufferings and heroic deeds of their ancestors,
the gracious dealings of the great Jehovah in former years,
were to be kept in everlasting remembrance. A reverential
historic spirit is one of the noblest attributes of true man-
hood. It is also one of the safeguards of society. It pro-
motes the best interests of religion and patriotism. Such a
spirit makes great account of memorial occasions. It
brings us into living communion with the heroic past. Under
the guide and inspiration of a reverential historic spirit the
Hebrews and Greeks marched in the vanguard of human
history in developing the ideas of religion and classic.culture.
In the interest of that spirit we are assembled to-day. To-
day we rescue from oblivion hallowed scenes consecrated by
the martyr blood of innocent childhood and the self-sacri-
ficing privations of pioneers. To-day we com.memorate a
typical event, full of pathetic interest and engrave it as a
memorial in the rock forever. The massacre of School-

Presentation Speech of Rev. Cyrus Cort. 19

master Enoch Brown and ten scholars and the horrid mang-
Hng of the eleventh on this spot by the Indian savages,
July 26, 1764, was an " outrage, " says Parkman, ''un-
matched in its fiendlike atrocity through all the annals of
the war," that terrible Pontiac war, so full of bloodshed
and horror. It was an event indeed almost unique in human
history. Hundreds of years before the dawn of the Chris-
tian era a band of bloodthirsty Thracian soldiers wantonly
butchered the teacher and all the scholars belonging to a
boys' school at Megalissus in Greece. For thousands of
years that event stood alone as an example of human bar-
barity, as a contrast between civilization and barbarism,
until it was outdone by the massacre of Enoch Brown and
his scholars on this very spot 121 years ago. Here Ruth
Hart and Ruth Hale, George Dunstan, Eben Taylor, Archie
McCullough and six other innocent children were knocked
on the head like so many beeves and the bleeding scalps
torn from their mangled heads and that of Master Enoch
Brown. O ! bloodiest chapter in the book of time ! Here
a holocaust was offered to the red Demon of war by the red
demons of the savage wilderness.

My Christian friends, it is a sacred duty that we discharge
to-day in this tribute of the living to the martyred dead.
Long, too long have the martyrs waited for this memorial.
No class of men or women deserve more to be held in
grateful and everlasting remembrance than the hardy pio-
neers who rescued the wilderness of this new world from
savage beasts and savage men and changed it into a fruitful
field. As citizens of this magnificent valley we enjoy the
fruits of their toils, their sacrifices and privations, and let us
never forget the memory of their deeds and sufferings. Be-
cause Enoch Brown was an honored, useful and trusted
instrument in the higher phases of that work of pioneer
civilization and progress ; because he fell as a self-sacrificing
martyr in that cause at the post of duty and of danger ;
because his eleven scholars fell as innocent victims and true
martyrs in that cause of education and Christian civilization
we set apart these monuments and these grounds as sacred
to their memory forevermore.

We believe that Enoch Brown was a good and true man.

20 Enoch Brown Memorial.

Had we not thought so we would never have toiled as we
have done to bring this movement to a successful close. He
was a genuine Christian schoolmaster of the olden time, one
who taught his scholars not only how to read, write and
cypher, but who taught them also the first principles of our
holy religion as recorded in the oracles of the living
God. Amid perils he taught such principles as make
good citizens and faithful Christians. Indeed, one of
the cherished traditions of the terrible tragedy is that
Schoolmaster Brown was shot down with the Bible in his
hand before he could make any resistance and on his knees
begged only that the innocent children might be spared.
Parkman, in describing the ghastly sight that met those who
first entered the school house after the massacre says : ' ' In
the centre lay the master, scalped and lifeless, with a Bible
clasped in his hands; while around the room were strewn
the bodies of his mangled pupils." Another tradition says
that Mr. Linn, while working in a meadow in the vicinity,
heard the shot that killed Schoolmaster Brown, and when
he and others came to see what was the matter they found
little Archie McCuUough, who survived the scalping, sitting
by the spring near by washing the blood from his face and
mangled head. He told them that when the four Indians
opened the door Master Brown, knowing well their object,
begged them to take him as their victim and let the innocent
children return to their homes. The same instant he was
shot down, and then he and the children were quickly toma-
hawked and scalped by two of the savages while the other
two stood with murderous weapons in the doorway. Other
traditions, handed down directly by Betty Hopkins to Gen.
Detrich and others, go to show that Enoch Brown did his
duty as a true-hearted man, who felt the awful responsibility
of the sacred trust committed to him. Betty Hopkins was
a worthy Christian woman, forty years old at the time of the
massacre, living within a mile of this very spot. She saw
the mangled bodies of master and ten scholars committed to
a common grave by the grief-stricken and horror-stricken
community 121 years ago, and her story of the burial was
corroborated by the exhumation 79 years after the burial.
No word derogatory to the courage or character of Enoch

Presentation Speech of Rev. Cyrus Cort. 2 1

Brown ever came from her lips in the sixty odd years that
she lived in this locality after the tragedy, which was the
one great absorbing theme of her conversation. Often did
the General, when a boy, and other young friends read at
her request her favorite chapter in the Bible (the 17th of
the Gospel according to St. John), and then listen in return
to the story of the massacre of Enoch Brown and his ten
scholars. At length this remarkable woman, this traditional
and Providential bond between the living and the dead,
passed away at the good old age of 104 years, when she was
consigned to her last resting place by the General himself.
Apart from all traditionary accounts, one way and another,
there is enough in the very nature of things to vindicate the
memory of Enoch Brown from all aspersions of cowardice
or incompetency. Cowards are not apt to teach school on
exposed frontiers in perilous times. The Scotch-Irish pio-
neer settlers were heroic. God-fearing people. No matter
what some of their descendants may do they would have
died in their tracks rather than disappoint a trust, and they
would never have entrusted the lives and education of their
precious children to an incompetent poltroon. They were
brave and true themselves and expected courage, honor and
fidelity from all in official position. And when the savages
came in all their fiendish fury and desolated ten Christian
homes at one fell swoop, by butchering those innocent chil-
dren on this very spot, when there was bitter lamentation
and weeping throughout the Conococheague settlement and
Antrim's hills resounded with the wails of mothers refusing
to be comforted over the destruction of their darling house-
hold treasures, think you that those true-hearted, high-souled
men and women would have buried their precious children
in a common grave with Enoch Brown had they not es-
teemed the schoolmaster as a good, true man, who did all
he could to protect and save the little ones entrusted to his
care? Never, never, would they have given him such an
honorable sepulture along with their slaughtered innocents
had he not been a worthy and deserving man. We know
httle of the particular families represented in this massacre.
The McCuUoughs still remain among our most worthy citi-
zens. The Harts and Hales, the Dunstans and Taylors,

22 Enoch Brown Memorial.

who patronized this school and who furnished a victim each,
have removed or become extinct so far as we know. We
know of others, however, who attended this pioneer school,
who were Providentially absent on that fatal day, and by
their high character we may judge in a measure the teacher
and scholars in general. Here came Eleanor Cochrane,
who became the wife of Captain Joseph Junkin, a hero of
the Revolutionary War, whose right arm was shattered by
a musket ball at the battle of Brandywine. She bore him
14 children, 10 sons and 4 daughters. Two of the sons,
George and D. X. Junkin, became ministers of the Gospel,
and two of the daughters married ministers. In all about
thirty of the sons, sons-in-law and grandchildren are in
the ministry, and a still larger number are ruling elders.
Three of the sons were officers in the war of 181 2-14. One
of the granddaughters is the wife of Col. Preston, at Lex-
ington, Va., and a gifted poetess. Another granddaughter
was the wife of the renowned chieftain of the Southern
Confederacy, Stonewall Jackson. A granddaughter is the
wife of the reverend gentleman (Rev. Woods,) who will
speak to you from this stand to-day and we are glad to have
her with us on the platform enjoying these memorial services
in honor of the martyred companions of her ancestors.
What possibilities are enshrined in the life of one little girl !
Here also came Mary Ramsey, the grandmother of our ven-
erable and beloved friend, Rev. John R. Agnew, also present
with us, and the grandmother also of his excellent wife and
other notable members of the Agnew family and its kindred
branches. Two of Mary Ramsey's nieces, the Misses Irwin,
married sons of President Wm. H. Harrison. Here also
came the Poes, renowned in civil as well as military affairs.
You have all heard of the Poe boy who played truant on that
particular day and watched mowers in a meadow and caught a
thrashing from his strict old father for telling a lie in the
evening, claiming that he was at school not having heard of
the massacre. Bad boys no doubt have often thought of
this as a justification for playing truant. The moral of the
fable being that the boy who plays truant saves his scalp. It
reminds one of the dialogue between a father and a son who
was hard to get out oi bed in the morning : '' Tom, get up ;

Presentation Speech of Rev. Cyrus Cort. 23

the early bird gets the worm." '' Served him right. If he
had not been up so early he would not have been caught."
Now, my friends, I have a new revelation to make, which
mars the proportions of the old story somewhat. Last
Saturday I received a letter from Mrs. Fannie B. Campbell,
well-known to many present, under date of July 29, at
Clifton Springs, N. Y. Mrs. Campbell writes : " Dear Mr.
Cort : Yours received to-day. The only tradition I have
from the Poe family of the massacre of Enoch Brown and
children, is that grandfather James Poe was a scholar attend-
ing the school at the time, but was detained that day by
his mother objecting to his going on account of the cold.
He was a very small boy, and had to be sent on horseback in
charge of a servant. On that day the horse was at the door
waiting for him when his mother interfered. So his life was
spared and like the small boy in the Sunday school book, he
lived to grow up and go to the Legislature twenty years."
That is the latest tradition of the Poe story, and it would
be a very acceptable substitute for the truant story if they
had only left out that cold wave right on the 26th day of
July, 1764. Benj. M. Nead, Esq., tells us in Dr. Egle's
'' Historical Notes," that at the time James Poe was a lad
16 years old, and went with the party of settlers under
Lieut. Potter in pursuit of the Indians who had massacred
the schoolmaster and scholars at Guitner's school house.
This spoils the truant boy story again. These conflicting
traditions show how even good, reliable people get things
mixed. They remind us of the man who said he once saw
wheat standing so thick that wild turkeys could run over the
tops of the heads without sinking to the ground. When
asked about the size of the turkeys he said they were whop-
pers. One day he shot one and it was so heavy that he
threw it over his shoulder and it was so large that the head
dragged in the snow behind him. When some one remarked
that that must have been a queer country where they had
snow in harvest time, he replied, " I believe I did get my
story a little mixed." So is it with many of these floating
traditions. They are a good deal mixed. But be that as
it may, the Poes and Potters did really stand in close rela-
tionship to this school. The Lieut. Potter who led in pur-

24 Enoch Brown Memorial.

suit of the bloodthirsty Indians afterwards became a Gen-
eral in the Revolutionary army and James Poe was Captain
under him and was married to his daughter. *James Poe
was for many years an honored Representative and Senator
in the State Legislature. His son Thomas was Adjutant and
a very gallant soldier in the war of 1812-14, and fell mor-
tally wounded in the battle of Chippewa. This gives us an
idea of the class of people who patronized the school of
Enoch Brown on these grounds 121 years ago. They be-
longed to the best class of pioneer settlers, people who came
to America for conscience sake, that they and their children
might have freedom to worship God. An eminent historian
(Dr. Wm. H. Egle) from the capital of our own Keystone
State is here to-day to tell us about Pontiac "the lord of
the savage wilderness," who marshalled the savage hordes
as no Indian chief ever marshalled them before or since, in
that great war of which this massacre of the master and
scholars was one of the characteristic incidents. He will
tell us also about the superb man who hailed from the Alpine
mountains of Republican Switzerland, the heroic Bouquet,
who with his Scotch Highlanders, his German-Swiss Royal
Americans and Provincial Rangers, signally defeated the
confederates of Pontiac at Bushy Run the year before this
massacre occurred, and vainly begged the Quaker provincial
authorities to furnish needed reinforements of a few hun-
dred men, that he might penetrate the forest fastness and
conquer peace on the banks of the Muskingum ; how after
a year of cruel delay and fourteen days after this massacre
he at length was able to set out from Carlisle on that memor-
able campaign of 1764, which brought peace and tranquility
to the borders and restored several hundred white captives
to the blessings of Christian homes and civilization.
Strange, passing strange it is, that the plowshare should so
long have been allowed to pass over the site of the school
house and the harvests fertilized by the blood of master and
scholars should so long have been reaped on this sacred spot.
Strange that the common grave of master and ten scholars

*Both of these officers lie buried at the Brown's Mill graveyard, a few
miles east of the Enoch Brown Park.

Presentation speech of Rev. Cyrus Cart. 25

that this the most sacred historic spot of our noble old county,
should remain so long without monumental column or memo-
rial tablet, to be profanely trodden under foot of man and
beast. Thank God that reproach no longer rests upon the
people of Franklin county and Antrim township. In this
hour of rejoicing, when the capstone is to be brought forth,
as it were, with shoutings, let us not forget the veterans who
forty-two years ago exhumed the remains of Enoch Brown
and scholars, who identified the grave and verified the tradi-
tion of their common sepulture. Without their pioneer
work the waves of oblivion would doubtless long since have
obliterated all traces of that hallowed spot, fuller of pathetic
interest than any other in all the broad domain of the Cum-
berland Valley. We are glad to welcome these veterans
to-day. They bind us with golden chains to the hoary past.
We are glad to have one of them, Geo. W. Ziegler, Esq.,
preside over these memorial services, who has been a great
help and inspiration in this movement. Also to have two
others, Dr. J. K. Davison and Gen. Detrich, as vice presi-
dents, all enjoying a good old age. In the language, slightly
modified, of the innnortal Webster to the veterans of Bunker
Hill, sixty years ago, allow me to say '' Venerable men !
you have come down to us from a former generation.
Heaven has bounteously lengthened out your lives that you
might behold this joyous day. You are now where you
stood forty-two years ago this very hour with your brothers
and neighbors in philanthropic efforts. Behold how altered.
The same heavens are indeed over your heads, the same
fountain flows at your feet. But all else how changed !
Alas ! you are not all here — Koser, Michaels, Rankin, Sites,
Grubb, Rowe, Mitchell, Osbaugh, Short, Shirey, Atherton,
our eyes seek in vain for you amidst this broken band. You
are gathered to you fathers but live in our grateful remem-
brances. * * All is peace and God has granted you this
sight of your country's happiness ere you slumber in the
grave forever. He has allowed you to partake of the reward
of your patriotic toils ; and he has allowed us, your sons and
countrymen, to meet you here and in the name of the pres-
ent generation, in the name of your country, in the name of
liberty and civilization, to thank you. * * May the

B

26 Enoch Brown Memorial.

Father of all mercies smile upon your declining years and
bless them. ' '

We are glad to hail to-day as our gifted Poet and a true
son of Antrim, one who years ago labored to bring about
this very memorial work which has at last been accomplished
under the auspices of the county at large. All honor to
the pioneer settlers and all honor to the pioneer workers in
the movement to honor the memory of Enoch Brown and
his slaughtered scholars.

On the 2 2d day of April, 1884, a convention of represen-
tative delegates from all parts of Franklin county, met in the
Court House at Chambersburg, to devise measures to pro-
mote the proper celebration of the one hundredth anniver-
sary of the organization of the county, on the coming 9th of
September. In the progress of their deliberations, it was
resolved at the instance of Col. Geo. B. Wiestling, that a
permanent memorial of the Centennial should be erected in
the form of a monument, to perpetuate the memory of School-
master Brown, and the ten scholars ruthlessly massacred by
the Indians on this spot, 120 years previous. An appeal
was made by the convention to the patriotic and Christian
liberality of all the churches and schools, both secular and
religious, week day and Sunday schools throughout the
county,in aid of this enterprise, also to public spirited citizens
in their individual capacity. The Centennial Executive
Committee at Chambersburg was directed by the Conven-
tion to secure a generous rebate in aid of this monument
fund, from all the railroads, on all excursion tickets issued
on account of the Centennial Celebration. This was the
unanimous action of the Convention, and the sum of at
least ^2,000 was pledged to the Monument Committee,
which I have the honor to represent, wherewith to buy the
land, erect the monument and make all other needed im-
provements. The Monument Committee have honestly and
earnestly striven to carry out in good faith the wishes of the
County Centennial Convention as best they could with the
means placed at their disposal. They had a right to expect
the generous assistance and hearty co-operation of every
preacher, teacher, scholar and public spirited citizen of the
county. The faith of the entire county was pledged to

Presentation Speech of Rev. Cyrus Cort. 2 7

make the monumental project a grand success. But, alas !
your committee was doomed to bitter disappointment. A
generous rebate amounting to 3758 was contributed by the
railroads, as the Convention had requested, but $334 of
that rebate never came into the hands of our Monument
Committee. The bad example of this breach of faith in of-
ficial circles was contagious and had a demoralizing effect.
The majority of churches and schools of all kinds have
utterly failed to do their duty in the premises. In all, up to
date, your Committee has received less than $1,400, instead
of at least $2,000, solemnly pledged by the sovereign con-
vention, April 22, 1884. Of this amount, $91.77 has been
contributed by the churches; about $260 by the week day
schools, and the same amount ($260) by the Sunday schools
of the county. Had it not been for the liberal subscriptions
of individuals, headed by Geo. W. Ziegler, Esq., amounting
in all to $335, your committee would have been seriously
hindered in the prosecution of their work. Although the
public schools of Green castle with their six teachers and
hundreds of scholars, only gave $5.75, yet Antrim township
and Greencastle raised the handsome sum of $332. Well done
for Mother Antrim ! She has raised nearly one-fourth of
the entire cost.

We point to this noble and enduring granite monument
erected on the very spot where Enoch Brown and his ten
scholars shed their precious blood, 121 years ago ; we point
to the smaller, but equally enduring and appropriate monu-
ment, which, beautiful in its simplicity, a few rods from here,
maiks the spot where repose in a common grave the mortal
remains of the massacred master and scholars; we point like-
wise to this picturesque park of field and forest, containing a
fraction less than twenty acres, all paid for and held in fee
simple by your committee in trust for the people of the
county, this tract which encloses the historic spring at the
bottom of the hill, where little Archie McCullough washed
the streaming blood from his face and scalpless head ; we
point to these memorials and possessions as the best answer
to the question as to how we have discharged our duties as
custodians of the Enoch Brown Monument Fund. In the
face of all manner of obstacles ; in spite of all manner of

28 Enoch Brown Memorial.

misrepresentation and abuse, we have persistently labored to
carry out in good faith the patriotic and benevolent inten-
tions of the Centennial Convention. As the walls of Jerusa-
lem were built in the days of Nehemiah, with sword in one
hand and trowel in the other, so this monument project has
been carried forward. The memory of Enoch Brown, the
noble-hearted, self-sacrificing Christian schoolmaster, has
been vindicated against unjust aspersions, and after the lapse
of 1 2 1 years, a granite monument, as enduring as the grand
old mountains that loom up in majesty on the sides of
the North, now covers the spot where he and his youthful
scholars fell as pioneer martyrs in the cause of education and
Christian civilization.

The question has been asked time and again, ''What
good will the monument do? Why go to all this trouble
and expense about people killed 121 years ago?" We can
not expect to satisfy some people with any argument that
we may offer. Like the terrapins or land turtles that lately
crawled around the grave of Enoch Brown and scholars,
they have no reverential historic spirit and mope about most
sacred scenes concerned entirely with the question, what
shall we eat or what shall we drink ? But for thinking men
and the rising generations the monuments will teach an im-
portant lesson and have an enobling educational influence.
It will open up to many a most important chapter of history
and fill their hearts with gratitude to the brave men and
women who bore the brunts in the fierce struggle between
civilization and barbarism. In the language of Horatio
Seymour, in his letter to the chairman of your committee,
these monuments " will tell us of the past and instruct with
regard to the duties of life and the virtues of patriotism.
We feel as we look upon them that the dead speak to us.
They will do much to instruct and improve our citizens. ' '
It will show that this generation had some higher thoughts
and aspirations than the mere scramble after filthy lucre, the
degrading worship of Mammon. As Webster argued at
Bunker Hill,, it will evoke and appeal not only to lofty
thoughts, but to that other important part of our being
which has so much to do with the interests of religion and
patriotism, " to sentiment and imagination." And where

Presentation Speech of Rev. Cynis Cart. 29

in all the realms of romance and fancy do we find a more
pathetic story than the massacre and common burial of
Enoch Brown and scholars? The simple recital of this
terrible tragedy stirs emotions at times too deep for tears.
And, my friends, rest assured that when all the beauty and
chivalry of Franklin county, here assembled to-day, shall
sleep beneath the green clods of the valley, this place will be
a pilgrim shrine, increasing in interest as age after age rolls
by. These are

'* Shrines to code nor creed confined,
The Delphian vales, the Palestines,
The Meccas of the mind."

I pity the person who has so little patriotic and religious
sentiment as to ask, as some are doing: ''What good will
the monument do ? Might not this money have been ap-
plied to more useful purposes ? Why not give it to the poor
or the Children's Aid Society of Chambersburg ?" This is
but the doleful echo of that harsh old mercenary and selfish
spirit which found its proper exponent in Judas Iscariot,
who was filled with indignation because the grateful Mary
anointed the blessed Master with three hundred penny-
worth of precious ointment. ''Might not this have been
sold and given to the poor," exclaimed the arch traitor and
thief. Over against this sanctimonious and Pharisaic spirit
we place the gracious words of the blessed Master : " Let
her alone. Why trouble ye her ? She hath done what she
could. She hath wrought a good work on me. Against
the day of my burying she hath kept this. For ye have the
poor with you always, and whensoever ye will ye may do
them good, but me ye have not always. Verily I say unto
you, wheresoever this gospel shall be preached throughout
the whole world, this also that she hath done shall be spoken
of for a memorial of her. ' ' Like the odor of a sweet smell
the fragrance of that self-sacrificing deed of love comes float-
ing down the ages full of instruction and heavenly benediction .
Away with that low, groveling, utilitarian spirit which dares
to rob the world of its beauty, its sunshine and song, which
measures by dollars and cents the immeasurable debt of
gratitude due our heroic pioneer ancestors !

Thank God, the debt so long unpaid, and the work so

30

Enoch Brown Memorial.

long delayed, has not been entirely forgotten. All honor to
the Centennial County Convention, of April 22, '84, and to
all the good people who have helped with their dimes and
dollars to build the monument. We wish the monument
was worthier the wealthy county on whose bosom it stands.
But such as it is, we take pleasure in handing it over to the
teachers, scholars and citizens of Franklin county. Here is
embodied the spirit of generous-hearted patriotism. Here are
concentrated the offsprings of the poor and the rich, the dime
of the bare-footed school boy and school girl, and the liberal
benefactions of the wealthy. Here, too, the rich and poor
will meet together for ages, and dwell upon the toils and
trials of pioneer settlers, as illustrated in the massacre and
burial of master and scholars in a common grave.

And now, in behalf of the Enoch Brown Monument Com-
mittee, appointed April 22, 1884, by the Frankhn County
Centennial Convention, I hand over these monuments, these
hallowed grounds, ail these rare historic treasures, to the
teachers, scholars and people of Franklin county, to be cher-
ished throughout all coming generations. Without debt or
incumbrance, we give them. Here in my hand I hold the
deed for these lands in fee simple given in trust for the use
of the schools and the people. Take them, and may they
be an inspiration and a benediction through all coming time,
helping posterity to ''remember the days of old and consider
the years of many generations." God bless the teachers,
scholars and people of Franklin county.

ADDRESS OF PETER A. WITMER, ESQ.

®F HAGERSTOWN, MD.,

And Siiperintendent of Public Schools in Washington County, Md.

Upon the invitation of the committee having charge of
these memorial ceremonies, I am here, as a representative of
your sister State of Maryland, to join in the tribute which
we are met to pay to the manly sacrifices, and heroic endur-
ance of the pioneers who here conquered the untamed wild-
ness of nature, that we, their children and successors, might

Address of Peter A. Witf?ier, Esq. 31

enjoy, in peace and prosperity, the fertile soil, the health-
giving climate, the beautiful scenery, and the happy homes
which have made the Cumberland Valley the synonym of
the '^ Paradise of America."

We are met, as I understand it, to recall the days when
this beautiful valley was covered with primeval forests, and
a robust, but some crude, civilization was pressing forward
to conquer the wildness of nature and the still more stub-
born wildness of the savage inhabitants who roamed at will
over these hills and through these valleys. We stand, to-day,
on what, one hundred and twenty years ago, was the utmost
verge of American civilization. Beyond, toward the setting
sun, was a howling wilderness; yonder, toward the rising
sun, thirteen feeble colonies, apparently depending for exis-
tence upon the mother country across the seas, inhabited by
less than 3,000,000 people, constituted the Anglo-Saxon
contingent which was to win to civilization and to freedom
the grandest empire the world has ever seen. To-day that
conquest has been made. Look around you and behold it.
An almost limitless expanse of territory, reaching from
ocean to ocean and from the lakes to the gulf; embracing
every variety of surface, soil and climate, studded with
cities and villas, with commercial marts and thriving inland
towns, through which courses, in ceaseless pulsations, the
full tide of an ever restless commerce ; traversed by 125,000
miles of railways, which carry your products on the wings
of the winds, chequered by 500,000 miles of electric wires,
which transmit intelligence with the velocity of thought,
watered by a thousand rivers, which make your valleys
bloom and bourgeon like an Eden ; filled with an active,
busy, bustling population, the whole ruled by what we be-
lieve to be the best government ever organized by man.
See, all over your land, the studios of art, where the skill
of the painter makes, instinct with beauty, the living canvas,
and the sculptor's genius moulds the breathing marble into
forms of life, and soul and passion ; your courts, where
Justice sits enthroned, crowned with a people's majesty,
your halls of Legislature, where eloquence ''rules her
wilderness of free minds," your schools, and colleges, and
universities, where the youth of the land are trained to meet

32 Enoch Brown Memorial.

like men the responsibilities of life, your eleemosynary
institutions, where charity comes like a benediction to so
many weary hearts, your Sunday-schools, the great auxiliaries
of the church in the work of human redemption ; and,
finally, your churches, the beautiful architectural creations
of Christian ingenuity, and opulent devotion, whose spires
are pointing the hopes of immortal flocks to the great
Unseen Shepherd, while their choirs and organs pour forth,
over hill and valley, a full tide of choral harmony, which,
swelling in one grand diapason to the heavens, dies away at
last in soft melodious cadence, at the foot of the throne of
Him whose praise it celebrates.

This and more than this is your country. Such is the
structure which has been reared upon foundations laid
stron'g, and deep, and broad, by the men whose virtues and
heroism we are here to-day to recount and commemorate.

In this connection I have been asked to refer to the part
which Maryland took in the stirring events which have been
so eloquently portrayed by the gentlemen who have already
addressed you, and whilst I shall not enter upon historical
details, I may say, generally, that Maryland in the colonial
days stood fast by the fortunes of her sister colonies. Her
fame is full of honor, in peace and in war. Sprung directly
from the loins of the mother country, her sons inherited the
spirit of freedom which wrung from King John the Magna
Charta, and, subsequently, from England's royal line, still
greater concessions. Imbued with that spirit, the founders
of Maryland, when they landed on St. Mary's shore, planted
there the emblem of Christ's suffering and man's salvation,
and forever dedicated her soil to civil and religious liberty.
She contributed freely of her blood and treasure to defend
herself and her sister colonies from the rude assaults of the
savage, and the more insidious but more dangerous advances
of English tyranny, and if she failed to send a proper con-
tingent to the Pontiac war it was because she was even then
resisting the first attempts of England to tax the resources
of the colonies to fill her depleted coffers. She became, as
you all know, with your own great State, a child of the
Revolution, and received upon her head its baptism of fire
and blood.

Address of Peter A. Witmer, Esq. 33

The Maryland Line met the scarlet uniform and the glit-
tering steel of England from the first dark hours of Bunker
Hill to the final and triumphant glory at Yorktown, and she
points with pride to her brilliant record through all that
long and bloody career.

It is enough to know, my friends, that through the suffer-
ings, the sacrifices and the many achievem.ents of our
fathers, to whose memory we have this day met to do honor,
we are permitted to enjoy the priceless blessings of American
liberty, and I shrink from claiming for the State which I
have the honor to represent, and which I love so well, credit
or fame, in any degree above that which belongs to each of
the whole glorious thirteen.

But this occasion suggests another train of thought. We
are here to dedicate a monument to the humble man, Enoch
Brov/n, the teacher, who with his pupils, and on this very
spot, fell a victim to the savage ferocity of the Indian and
to duty. The world is full of monuments, but their inscrip-
tions usually blazon the deeds of warriors, statesmen, poets.
Rarely does the world rear the monumental pile to the
humble school teacher. Fidelity, honor, faith, truth may
all be his, and a moral heroism which, in the path of duty,
scorns to turn aside from death ; but these evoke no admira-
tion. The glamour of war, the triumphs of eloquence, the
rapt genius of poetry and art — these only are deemed
worthy the homage of men. But here, one hundred and
twenty-one years ago, a nobler man than warrior, politician,
or poet, fell a martyr to duty and to civilization ; therefore,
it is fit that we raise this monument. It is right that the
moral heroism, the undaunted courage, the sublime and
splendid disregard of self and life which Enoch Brown ex-
hibited should be perpetuated in stone, v\^hich, I trust, will
be as enduring as the eternal hills that now look down upon
it. True, he who lived so well, and died so nobly, and
sleeps so calmly here, may not know^ what we now do.

No storied urn, or animated bust,
Back to its mansion calls the fleeting breath ;
Nor Honor's voice provokes the silent dust,
Nor Flattery soothes the dull, cold ear of death ;

but I believe that at the last Grand Assize, when the Judge

34 Enoch Brow ft Memorial,

of all the earth shall pronounce humanity's final doom, it
shall be said of Enoch Brown, as Christ said of Mary, he
hath done what he could.

With the spirit of our Great Exemplar, he begged his
brutal murderers to spare his pupils and take his life as a
vicarious offering for them. And here is one great lesson
that teachers may well learn — the lesson of love for those
placed under their care. Love your pupils and they will
reciprocate the feeling with all the fervor that glows in
young hearts. Let them feel that you are their friend, not
their master, and the spirit of insubordination will give way
to confidence and trust.

This brings me, my friends, to a brief presentation of
another subject which the mandate of your committee im-
poses— the educational idea suggested by these ceremonies.

Time will not permit me to enter into any general history
of education, nor indeed, of this country. A rapid review
of educational movements in your own great commonwealth
is all that can be attempted.

It is well known that education in our early colonial time,
and for many years after, was under the supervision and
control of the various religious organizations of the country,
and it is altogether probable that the school conducted here
by Enoch Brown was, in some sort, a parochial school.

It is true that almost every colony had on its statute
books provisions for the establishment of schools for the
general education of the people, in other words, public schools;
still these laws were, for different reasons, generally ineffec-
tive and inoperative.

As early as 1787, the General Government, in the famous
ordinance for the government of the North-West Territory,
set apart the sixteenth section of land in every township for
the maintenance of public schools, basing their action upon
the memorable declaration, that ''Religion, morality and
knowledge, being necessary to good government and the
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of educa-
tion shall be forever encouraged." Under this, and subse-
quent similar grants, an aggregate of not less than 140,000,-
000 acres of land have been set apart by the Government
for educational purposes. Thus, early in the history of our

Address of Peter A. Witvier, Esq, 35

country, the General Government placed itself upon record
as committed to the principles upon which our free or com-
mon schools of to-day are founded. Coming to the history
of public instruction in your own great State, we find that
so early as 1682, William Penn inserted in the form of
government for his new province the provision, that ''The
Governor and the Provincial Council should erect and
order all public schools," but the authority so vested was
not exercised until many years after.

Your constitutions of 1776 and 1790 both contained pro-
visions for the establishment of schools throughout the
State, in which the poor were to be taught gratis, but the
benevolent intentions of those who enacted these provisions
were thwarted from the fact that they imposed the badge of
poverty upon a certain element in the community, who
resented with spirit the reproach which they believed such
legislation was intended to fix upon them. The Act of
your Assembly, passed in 1809, contained the same objec-
tionable features and it was not until 181 8 that legislation
was secured, through the efforts of a number of the most
prominent citizens of your State, which was supposed to
abolish all class distinctions. This legislation was, however,
local in its character, and applied only to the city of Phila-
delphia, and, even there, failed to remove the impression
that it fixed the stigma of pauperism upon the poorer
classes, as all previous laws were supposed to have done.
The experiments which had been tried, and the efforts which
had been made to establish a common school system, culmi-
nated in the passage of an Act in 1 834, amended and improved
in 1836, which is really the first common school law of this
commonwealth. It established schools for the instruction
of youth without regard to social or pecuniary condition.
It established them upon the broad principles that public
education is a public necessity, and must be maintained at
public expense — that access to your schools must be free to
all, just as access is free to any other public institution
established for public comfort, convenience and use. There
has been legislation affecting your public schools since 1835,
but this legislation incorporated only such improvements as
experience and an advancing civilization suggested, and

36 Enoch Brown Memorial.

now your school system stands boldly out as one of the most
important factors of those splendid commercial, social and
educational results which Pennsylvania to-day presents to
the world. A State which appropriates annually ten mil-
lions in money for the support of 2,300 teachers, and the
education of 1,000,000 of her children, may well be proud
of her educational record.

And now, my friends, is it necessary to inquire what this
school system is worth, or to ask whether the results justify
the expenditures? As one who has been identified with the
work of public instruction, in my own State, for the last
eighteen years, I say, with entire confidence in the truth of
my statement, that your public school system is worth all
that you pay for it.

We assume as postulates the trite propositions first, that
our form of government is founded in and rests upon the
virtue and intelligence of the people ; secondly, that the
public or common school is the best vehicle for the dissemi-
nation of this public virtue and popular intelligence. I
shall not stop to discuss these propositions, since, M^hilst
they do not probably challenge universal assent, we appre-
hend no gentleman would risk his reputation for knowledge
of the essential characteristics of our national life by disput-
ing the first, and no ambitious politician, aspiring to the
spoils of office, would venture to do violence to the settled
convictions of his constituents by publicly demurring to the
second. The school house is everywhere, all over this land,
regarded as an exponent of our civilization, I may say, in-
deed, as one of its pioneers, for whenever on broad prairie,
or in fertile Western valley, or on auriferous mountain side^
the sturdy emigrant presses his way to subjugate the forest,
turn the virgin soil, or open the mine, there, too, we find
the school house, at once the emblem of our civilization and
the perpetual promise of intellectual progress to our country.
I know that there are men in every State, and in every com-
munity, men who, while professing to criticise only defects
in the system, strike at its very life. These gentlemen say
that your public school system is simply a great charity for
the benefit of the poor, and should therefore be limited to
the most elementary instruction, while the money intended

Address of Peter A. Witmer, Esq. 37

for its support should be doled out with something of the
liberality which a miser exhibits in dispensing alms. Your
schools, my friends, are no more a charity than your courts
or your roads maintained at public expense for the benefit
and convenience of all. Again these critics say the train-
ing received at public schools unfit some people for their
proper sphere in life, in other words, it makes the poor
young man dissatisfied with his lot. In answer to this, I
thank God that it does. Who shall fix any boy's future
position in this life, in this age, and especially in this free
America, where we recognize no royalty of blood but that
which shows itself in an honest, earnest, manly life; no
aristocracy but the aristocracy of the intellect; no nobility
but that which derives its letters-patent from the King of
Kings. I thank God for the aspirations which glow in the
young hearts of the poor boys all over this land tow^ard a
better, a nobler and a higher life, and I pity the folly and
the imbecility of the man who would seek to repress these
aspirations or fix in a mould the future destiny of the youth
of this country. As well attempt to bridle the winds or
chain the cyclone, or to crush out the hope that lives in
every Christian heart, of a happy life beyond the dark-
flowing river. I appeal to every father and mother in this
presence not to repress or hamper the development of mind
in their children. We know not what possibilities of action
and achievement are wrapped up in their young souls, and
we should prove recreant to every parental duty and relation
should we attempt to fix limits to the development of these
possibilities.

That we are a much better educated people than we were
a half century ago will not be disputed, and this is due, in
our opinion, in a great degree, to the prevailing behef
that education enables a man to lift himself in the social
scale and generally to improve his condition in life. The
public school is the most potential agency in this general
diffusion of intelligence, and it, therefore, becomes a people,
who would occupy a front rank among the States of the
Union, to foster their public school system.

It may have defects, it has defects, but its work is none
the less important, and its triumphs have been noae the less

38 Enoch Brown Memorial.

decisive, and my admonition to you, my friends, citizens of
this great commonwealth, is to protect it, cherish it, and
with a spirit rising into chivalry, and a love deepening into
reverence, defend it through sunshine and storm.

To the teachers of Franklin county, who have contributed
of their means and their labors to raise this monument, and
who are here to commemorate the work and the service of
one of their honorable profession, I may be permitted a
word by way of suggestion and encouragement. I would
have them remember that this is an age of remarkable
mental activity. In every department of thought we note
the earnest inquiries and anxious investigations of the fore-
most minds of the age. It would be strange if in investiga-
tions so far reaching, and all embracing the educational
field, should be neglected. It has not been neglected, and
in no department of inquiry shall we find greater activity
than in that which concerns so vitally the welfare of the
youth of this country. It is, therefore, your duty as intelli-
gent teachers to keep fully abreast of the advanced thought
of the day upon all questions relating to the proper educa-
tion of children. You must not forget that you are the
vanguard of that grand procession of the nations which is
pressing along the world's highways to the world's ideal
standard of perfection. It is your mission to teach the
youth of the country that there are nobler things in life than
military glory, or hoarded wealth, than the arts of the poli-
tician, or the tricks of modern statesmanship — that a pro-
gressive civilization is leading us onward and upward to
higher and grander purposes- of existence, to be wrought out
not on the battle field, nor in heated political contests, nor
even in the busy marts of trade, but in the quiet, peaceful
homes, all over this broad land, where every unbought grace
of life shall find its full development, and every manly in-
stinct some object worthy of its loftiest aim.

Your work embraces all humanity, and in its elevation of
that humanity to a higher plane, in inculcating just concep-
tion of moral, social and political duty, and in illustrating
a broader brotherhood, a more generous civilization, and a
more spiritual Christianity, there are fields of bloodless tri-
umph grander far than ever hero conquered, and there are

Address of Rev. F. M. Woods. 39

guerdons to be won, such as we award to-day to Enoch
Brown, richer far than the laurel crown of olden Greece.
May you, as teachers, by the honest, intelligent and consci-
entious discharge of every duty deserve to win that grander
triumph and to wear that richer guerdon ; and may we all,
my friends, as parents and guardians, be faithful to every
obligation which our relations to the children impose, and
so rest in the hope that they will revel, for ages and ages to
come, in the full fruition of the splendid realities which we
so fondly anticipate for them and for our country.

ADDRESS OF REV. F. M. WOODS,

OF MARTINSBURG, W. VA.
THE SCOTCH-IRISH PIONEERS OF OUR COUNTRY.

It is difficult for us to realize that only one short century
and a quarter have passed since the hands of ruthless savages
were steeped in the blood of helpless victims, upon the very
spot where here to-day we stand. When you tell me that
once this fair field was stained Avith the carnage of murdered
school children ; that this lovely valley once rang and re-
echoed with the" v/ild shout of the redman, I feel disposed
to ask, in view of what now meets the eye, how many hun-
dreds of years must have elapsed since these things were
seen and heard ?

God's purposes of grace and of providence unfold very
fast. The Indian was an unprofitable tenant of this great
land, and it was needful for him to give way to another and
better. Selfish greed drew multitudes, who thought to
pluck the Indian's title from his hand by violence and fraud.
The Spaniard must stand condemned as the bloody and un-
just aggressor, in that day when justice shall poise her in-
fallible scales, to determine the relative guilt of the Chris-
tian and the pagan. The Castilians and the many adven-
turers who followed in their wake, proved themselves as little
worthy to hold the continent as their predecessors had
been. These were not the men whom God had in prepara-

40 Enoch Brown Memorial.

tion for the inheritance of this vast estate. They were but as
the dust, and the chaff and the dried leaves, which the com-
ing storm gathers up upon the weapons of its vanguard and
tosses in wild sport before it. The rain which enriches the
earth and makes it fruitful, and supplies its fountains, comes
in the storm, carrying the lightning for its torch, and the
thunder for the diapason of its martial music. Another race
of people, trained in a different school; animated by differ-
ent ambitions ; impelled by different motives, were destined
to cross over into this fair land and claim it in the name of
the great King, and to establish His throne as the basis and
security of their own rights and the glory of their wide
dominion. The stones of this great temple of freedom were
being hewn in the vast quarries of Europe. Rabid fana-
ticism was made to be the pedagogue to train and discipline
a body of men and women for the task of rescuing this coun-
try from the grasp of its heathen occupants, and of redeem-
ing it to liberty.

The history of this valley and of the entire country, is
very largely influenced by the character of the Scotch-Irish
Presbyterianism of those early days. The Scotchman per-
secuted in his own country, migrated to the west of the
channel dividing him from Ireland, and there sought liberty
of worship. Mingling his blood with that of his new neigh-
bors, there resulted a compound of force and tenacity, which
has made the Scotch-Irishman almost a distinct race of be-
ing. Finding no rest for the sole of his foot in this home
of his adoption, he again took his life in hand and gathered
up his meagre substance, launched forth upon the ocean to
find his abode where religious liberty could be enjoyed.
This brought him to America, where he could worship God
according to the dictates of a conscience enlightened and
instructed by the word of God. These are the men whom
we are proud to call our forefathers ; and theirs was a faith
to which their descendants for a thousand generations may
well be glad to do reverence. May we and our children,
and theirs in turn, have the wisdom and the grace, and the
courage to emulate it !

It is proper for us, to-day and here in the presence of this
beautiful monument, to recall some of the more salient

Address of Rev. F. M. Woods 41

points in the character of those old worthies, to whose noble
principles and true bravery we owe so much. For with their
sword and their bow they achieved for us the glorious
record of independence.

I. It is to be noted that they v/ere not worthless adven-
turers or mere explorers, or the apostles of a godless civiliza-
tion. They were not the seekers of worldly treasure sim-
ply. It was not mercenary greed which influenced their zeal.
They were in search of a religious home, and of liberty of
conscience. It was the honor of God and the blessings of
the gospel of peace which they were resolved to secure.
These privileges were denied them in their fatherland.
They could easily have purchased a peace and remained in
the countries from which they came, had they been willing
to abjure their principles and their faith, and to sub-
mit with plastic grace to the imperious will of a religious
despotism. The three Hebrews of Martyr Spirit, could
have obtained a like disgraceful immunity, could they have
smothered the protests of their faithful consciences and
bowed in tame submission to the Chaldean monarch's tyran-
nical will, and worshipped the great image which he set up in
the plain of Dura. But fired by the mighty impulse of in-
domitable principles, they chose the flames rather than
cowardly obedience. Of like character was the spirit of
these dauntless men, who with wives and mothers, and
daughters, forsook all and followed Christ into these wild
wastes. They brought the precious Bible with them, and
they loved its truths, and fed upon them as upon manna.
The word of God was the Man of their counsel. They
sought unto it in all their troubles and shaped their lives by
it. Their children were taught ''to fear God and to keep
His commandments," understanding that herein is "the
whole of man." Their rehgion was to them a constant
living reality. They did not keep it as a fashionable pre-
tense, a flimsy robe of bright fastastic texture, which never
saw the light, except on public and stated occasions. It
was their "vade mecum." In the field, or in the forest ;
at home or on the march, or in the face of the foe, their God
was their first consideration. Right was the law of life and
the principle of action to them.

42 Enoch Brown Memorial.

It will be readily conceded that men of this character
could not be easily diverted from their purpose. Neither
fear nor favor could disarm them. It is Christian principle
which makes the best citizen, the best friend, the best
neighbor, the best ruler. Christian principle makes the
best pioneers. When men go out to do better for their
rights with the Bible in their hands, and the fear of God in
their hearts, they are a dangerous foe to meet. It is ex-
tremely difficult to persuade them of defeat. They strike
with an arm of iron, and the fire of their wrath is unquench-
able till justice is satisfied and truth has been vindicated.
The men who sought these shores for gold and silver, or in
the spirit of discovery, were not the men who gave nerve
and stability to the institutions whose foundations were laid
amid the troubled waves and the rushing waters of those
early days. The spirit of John Knox and of Patrick Ham-
ilton, and of Geo. Wishart, is alone able to meet and over-
come the obstacles which the men of that day had to en-
counter.

2. The suiferings and trials to which these early settlers
were subjected in the Old World, were a further step in the
preparations through which Divine Providence was fitting
them for their high and honorable destiny. Inured to hardship
and to honest toil, the valorous sons and daughters of Eng-
land, Scotland, France, Holland, Switzerland, Germany
and Ireland, fearlessly came to these shores to conquer the
unsubdued forests and win a righteous peace, and enjoy a
godly independence. Holding to the essential principles of
our common Presbyterianism, and deeply imbibing the
rugged truths of a sturdy Calvinism, they were well calcu-
lated to '' endure hardness as good soldiers of Jesus Christ,"
and to bring into subjection the rude natives and their howl-
ing desert home. They were accustomed to be driven from
their homes and from one country to another. They were
hunted like wild beasts. They had seen their comrades
butchered in cold blood. Wives and husbands were torn
cruelly from each other, and their children were slaughtered
heartlessly before their eyes. They were exposed to hunger
and thirst, and nakedness, they learned by the bitterness of
experience, the full value of every privation. Their Chris-

Address of Rev. F. M. Woods. 43

tian (!) persecuters on that side of the ocean were more
merciless and savage than the bloody Indian with his scalp-
ing-knife and tomahawk on this. Raised in comfort, many
of them in luxury, they gave up home and became wan-
derers and strangers, dwelling in dens and caves. But these
things only served to give an iron tone to the nerves of their
spiritual being. Hardship had no terrors for men of this
stamp. They were trained by dark adversity for the gigantic
struggles of the arena on this western continent. Their arms
were made strong to fell the great trees, and to subdue the
ground, and to drive back the cruel foes who met them in
these forests. The task was far removed from the condi-
tions of the child's play. Theirs was the death-grasp with
an enemy who was in furious earnest. He who would meet
these Greeks, must himself be a Greek of the Greeks. ''Be-
hold they that wear soft clothing are in Kings' houses" —
not on the borders, fighting the Indians, and daring their
lives for truth and freedom to worship God.

3. It was furthermore of the first importance that these
pilgrims and exiles, from beyond the seas, brought with
them a very true conception of the nature and worth of
right education. Their scientific curriculum may not have
been so extensive and pretentious as that in which we glory
to-day, ''Darwinism," "survival of the fittest," "evolu-
tion," "molecules," and "protoplasm" and "the physical
basis of life," had not then loomed up into such clearly
defined proportions as they have since done. And the ven-
erable anthropoid monkey had not yet been introduced into
good society as the noble progenitor of a degenerated off-
spring. But notwithstanding these melancholy defects in their
early education, our fathers knew something of their Bibles,
and they valued it sufficiently to teach it to their children
as an essential element in a thorough course of mental train-
ing. Their sons and daughters were taught the importance
of worshiping God and of " keeping His commandments."
The silly affectation by which the parents of this modern
day seek to screen themselves from the keen thrusts of a
guilty, reproaching conscience for neglecting the religious
education of their children, saying that the child must be
left to exercise its own judgment and choice, unbiased by

44 Enoch Brown Memorial,

parental influence, is a cunning trick of the old adversary,
the wily serpent, who loves nothing so well as to fold his
slimy coils upon the family hearthstone, and to pollute with
his presence the family altar. By this device he reaps yearly
a bountiful harvest of priggish free-thinkers, and no-thinkers,
and upstart fledglings, who think nothing so smart as a
foppish pretension to a driveling skepticism which can giggle
and nothing more, when the solemn realities of God, of
death and of eternity are mentioned ; and he reaps it from
the harvest-field of the church. Far be the day removed
from us and from our land when the Bible shall be excluded
from our schools. Cursed be the genius of an education
which leaves the heart ungarnished and the moral nature,
the "inward part," the ''hidden part," to become a garden
of weeds. It becomes a Christian people to pay a worthy
tribute to the old parochial school system, wherein the Word
of God was a recognized text-book, and the rule and
standard of conduct. The early settlers of this country
were very anxious to bring the blessings of their school
within easy reach of their children. In every little com-
munity the school-house and the fort were established near
together, and were the two points of chief concern next to
the church itself.

A mournful interest gathers around the memory of that
good man, Enoch Brown, whose sad death the men of this
generation has wisely and justly determined to enshrine in
the hearts of their children forever. '' Honor to whom honor
is due." Washington is held in the affections of a grateful
nation. Our great heroes of war, our statesmen, our scholars
and scientists are horored by the nation, by the nations.
Shall we allow this noble man, who fell bravely at the humble
post of his duty, to sink under the waves of oblivion ! Let
his name be made known, and his worth be written upon
the shaft of the imperishable granite ! And let the princi-
ples which he inculcated be magnified in the sight of our
children, that they may learn to value truth and to exalt it
in their lives.

Of the few scholars who providentially survived the ter-
rible massacre of the school of Enoch Brown, on the 26th
of July, 1764, two especially were appointed to attain to the

Address of Rev. F. M. Woods. 45

parentage of a great number of sons and daughters, who
shall rise up ''to call them blessed."

One of the little girls became in the course of years the
mother of the large and distinguished family of the Cham-
bers', * of the adjacent city which bears their name. Another
of those little girls was Eleanor Chochrane, aged seven or
eight years, who was kept at home from the school on that
fatal day by her parents. On the 24th of May, 1779, she
was united in marriage to Captain Joseph Junkin, a brave
and distinguished soldier and officer of the Revolutionary
war. In virtue of this union she became the mother of
fourteen children, ten sons and four daughters. These in
turn became the parents of numerous offspring, which shows
no alarming signs of becoming extinct at the present time.

Their children of the second and third generations exhibit
much of the same true Calvinistic courage and strength of
character which marked the older type.

We find in this family comforting evidence that our God
is a covenant keeping God. Of the large family born to the
pious Joseph Junkin and Eleanor Cochrane, two of the sons,
George and David, became distinguished ministers of the
Gospel, distinguished for learning and talent; but also for
their holy zeal and consecration to the Master's work. Two
of the daughters married ministers. Of the descendants in
the next generation many became office-holders in the
church. In all twenty or more of the children and grand-
children of Joseph and Eleanor Junkin have become min-
isters of the Gospel ; and probably thirty have been chosen
to the office of Ruling Elder. And there are very few if
any of the children who are not Christians. God signalizes
Himself in remembering His mercy.

A son of David X. Junkin, George, who lives in Virginia,
is married to a great great granddaughter of Gen. Andrew
■Lewis, whom I suppose to be the officer who commanded
the Virginia troops which joined Col. Henry Bouquet, when
he marched into Ohio to punish the Indians for this atro-
cious massacre.

Thus in the fifth generation on the one side, and in the
third on the other, the blood of the Virginia Lewises and

*Seepage7i.

46 Enoch Brown Memorial.

of the Pennsylvania Cochranes unites in a family of eleven
children, ten of whom are now living.

Of the family of Dr. George Junkin, two sons are able
ministers of the New Testament. One is a distinguished
and successful lawyer in Philadelphia. One of his daughters,
Eleanor, was the first wife of the great Confederate General,
T. J. Jackson, better known by his sobriquet of '' Stonewall "
Jackson. Another of his daughters, Mrs. Margaret J. Pres-
ton, wife of Col. J. S. L. Preston, of Lexington, Va., is
widely known by her sweet and thrilling touch of the poet's
lyre, which has awakened an echo of rapture in so many
hearts, bringing light to those that walk in darkness and
gladness to those bowed down with grief and sorrow.

But among so many why select only a few, when all are
worthy? Let us all together give thanks to God for " His
wonderful works to the children of men." After one hun-
dred and twenty-one years, as our tardy memorial to the
merits of well-nigh forgotten worth, we reverently unveil
and dedicate this beautiful shaft, which shall ever serve to
quicken our thoughts of the stirring times witnessed upon
this classic spot.

POEM OF JOHN M. COOPER.
Enoch Brown.
Looking down the long vista that brings to our view
The face of this vale when her homesteads were new,
We see through the haze of the far-reaching years
A scene so pathetic it moves us to tears.
On the slope of a hill, near the edge of a wood,
With settlements scattered around it, there stood
A little log school house, with plain battened door,
And roof of lap shingles, and rough oaken floor.
'Twas the height of the summer and Sol's golden tide
Flowed in through a long row of glass in the side,
While the air, as if weary from journeying far.
Seemed scarcely to stir through the door wide ajar.
Within sat the master, with hair white as snow.
And eleven small children all ranged in a row.
And their lessons they droned as their primers they thumbed.
Till the little log house like a big bee-hive hummed.

Both master and children were happy that mom.

And had danger been hinted, would laughed it to scorn;

Poem of John M. Cooper, 47

For the farmers were down in the mead making hay,
And the lambs skipped each other like children at play ;
And the kine, of their burden relieved by the maid,
Chewed their cud with content in the orchard's green shade ;
And the partridge piped clear in the stubble of grain,
And the robin was blithe down the red cherry lane ;
And the low voice of doves came with soft, soothing sound,
From the forest that bounded the school-house around ;
And the watch-dog lay dreaming, nor broke on his ear
E'en a faint sound of warning that danger was near.
The fair face of nature was bright with a smile,
Yet devils, red devils, stole here all the while.

The master had risen with bible in hand,

God's message to read to his tender young band,

When, sudden as wolves on the fold fast asleep,

Three savages came through the door with a leap —

Three red painted demons, with eyes wild aglare.

Like tigers whose nostrils scent blood in the air —

Three devils incarnate, with purpose as fell

As if formed in the black rankling bosom of hell.

The lion whose jungle bold hunters invade

Can defend it with weapons that nature has made,

But alas ! the good master who fell here that day

Had no weapon defensive — he only could pray —

And prayers to the bloodhound let loose on the trail.

Though offered by angels, will nothing avail.

With a stroke of the hatchet his gray head they clove.

And deep in his bosom the dagger they drove ;

And unmoved by their terror, the children they smote,

Till life gave its last gasping throb in the throat.

Then red-handed devils shot down yonder dell,

Like hot hissing flatnes through the wide fues of hell.

When the afternoon sun shone that sad, fateful day.
Some one had occasion to wander this way.
And struck by the silence, looked in at the door.
And his heart froze with horror, for there on the floor
Lay master and children, all covered with gore,
As if through the roof there had fallen a rain
Of mingled and horrible flesh, blood and brain.
And there Archie McCullough, with face all red
With the blood of his own poor bleeding head —
He alone living — his playmates all dead —
Was crawling around and calling the slain,
And patting their faces — alas ! how vain —
In his childlike effort to wake them again.

48 Enoch Brown Memorial.

The alarm being sounded, a youth on a steed

Went spreading the news with the uttermost speed —

No bit in the mouth nor a saddle on back,

No curb but the halter quick loosed from the rack.

The mettlesome steed seemed to understand

The terrible errand they had in hand,

And the swelling veins in his silken side,'

And the luminous glow of his nostrils wide,

And the nervous spring of his arm and thigh.

And the curve of his neck and the flash of his eye,

As he haughtily tossed his foretop high,

Seemed plainly to say he would do it or die.

Then he swallowed the hill at a single bound.
And startled the settlements far around
With the rapid, resounding and furious pound
Of his shodden hoof on the hard dry ground,
As up winding road and through narrow lane.
And out on the winding road again,
And into the woods, where he shook the oak
And frightened the deer with his thunder stroke.
And over the clearing and down the ravine,
Wherever the smoke of a cabin was seen,
(Leaping the fences and leaping the bars
As a comet would leap over moon and stars,)
He carried his rider, who, gasping for breath,
Kept shouting his terrible message of death —
Of master and children stark dead and still,
In the little log school house on Guitner's hill.
The cheek of the mother grew pallid with fear,
And swooning she murmiired " red devils are hereP

Then the rake was let drop on the freshly cut hay,
And the scythe left to rust in the swath where it lay.
And the rifle was snatched from its place on the wall.
And the shot-pouch was filled up with powder and ball.
And the settlers went forth in hot search for the foe
Who had brought on their households this burden of woe.
But pursuit was in vain, and in sadness they turned
To their desolate homes, where dim vigil lamps burned.
And the mother sat mourning the child of her womb.
As it slept the deep sleep that leads down to the tomb.

Though long seem the hours whose seconds are grief.
The space between death and interment is brief,
And not long did the stricken mourn over their dead,
Ere the loved ones were laid in their last earthly bed :
First the master, with honor well due to his years ;
Then the children around him, and over all tears ;

Address of Dr. William H. Egle. 49

And the hearts of a multitude throbbed in their breast
As the turf on their cold, silent bosoms was pressed.
In sorrow, with weeping, they laid them away,
And the bones of the martyrs are there to this day ;
And so long as a star shall look down from the sky,
May this stone stand to point out the place where they lie.

Together they suffered, together they died,

And together they buried them side by side ;

And together they rose on angels' wings

Where the music of harps with golden strings

Greets the sinless souls that cross over the river

To dwell in the Land of the Blessed forever.

And the face of the Lord shone bright, and he smiled

As he said in low, loving accents mild,

" Suffer the children to come unto me.

For of such must the kingdom of heaven be."

And he ordered the angels to fashion a crown,

Lined with velvet soft and with eider-down.

To bedeck the bruised head of old Enoch Brown.

Red devils can never break in and slay

Where that good old master is resting to-day.

ADDRESS OF DR. WM. H. EGLE,"^

OF HARRISBURG, PA.

''Men of Antrim: Let us go backward one hundred
and twenty-two years, to Anno Domini, One Thousand
Seven Hundred and Sixty Three. The lilies of France had
already given place to the cross of England, and thus ended,
forever, the fond dream of the former — the establishment of
a French empire in America. Founded in religious enthu-
siasm, culminating in persecutions shocking to civilization,
they attempted to cement and continue their power by en-

* Owing to the lateness of the hour, Dr. Egle only delivered part of the able
address which he had prepared for the occasion, on " Pontiac and Bouquet,"
He had promised to revise the entire document for this publication, but a mul-
tiplicity of other pressing duties prevented him from doing so. He has, however,
revised, and somewhat enlarged the synopsis, published in the Valley Spirit,
Aug. 5, 1885, which we furnish below. The Doctor felt that this was all that
was really necessary, inasmuch as a large part of the ground traversed in his
speech had already been covered by the pamphlet on "Col. Bouquet and His
Campaigns," and by the proceedings of the Bouquet Celebration at Bushy Run,
Aug. 6, 1883, which are now published in full, along with the ceremonies of the
Enoch Brown Dedication.

C

5o Enoch Brown Me?noriaL

listing the brutality of the Aborigine, working cruelty and
bloodshed, but as ever the case, resulting in the downfall of
those inaugurating such horrors. The last of the French
soldiers had returned to their homes, yet the resentments and
bitter hatred they had ruthlessly kindled in the minds and
hearts of the savages remained. The Indian of to-day is
only a prototype of those of a century ago. They are just
as perfidious and treacherous now as they were then — and
it is only possible that by education and the power and
grace of Christianity, that they may become loyal inhabi-
tants of a great country. We are no admirers of the Indian
character, and in all our researches into the history of
America, find the same traits and the same brutal instincts,
which to-day fire the savage breast of the perfidious
Apache. ' ' The speaker continued on a further description
of their character.

Then taking up the theme of his address, '^Pontiac and
Bouquet," he outlined the history of Col. Bouquet in his
warfare against the savages, who so ruthlessly desolated the
homes of the frontiersmen of that early period, and recounted
the engagements had with them. After a vivid descrip-
tion of the condition of the country and people in
1763-64, and the atrocities of the Indians, the orator said:
''We now come to a dark transaction in the bloody annals
of Border life, which we have especially assembled on this
day and hour to recall. Located near this spot, in the sum-
mer of July, 1764, was a small log building, in which a
pious school-master, Enoch Brown, taught a group of happy
little children. It was in harvest-time, on the 26th of July.
While those in their teens were assisting in gathering the
crops, the smaller ones only engaged in study. The lessons
of the early forenoon had nearly all been recited, and the
scholars and their faithful teacher and friend were anticipat-
ing a recess from study. None can imagine the consterna-
tion and horror pictured on the faces of the late joyful group
when rushing through the opened door came a band of
brutal Indians. How and whence they came, unperceived
by the settlers, and by chance, upon this group of children
no one relates. It was a moment of awful suspense, as the
' Ugh ' of the savages awoke the quiet of that summer's day.

Address of Dr. Willia??i H. Egle, 51

Immediately the brave-hearted school-master, fully realizing
the situation and the peril of the hour, bade the monsters
take' his life, but spare the innocent children, who were
crouching in fear before the angry and infuriated red demons
of the forest. There was no pity or mercy in that ruthless
horde. At once the w^ork of butchering began, and in less
time than it can be related, the bloody deed was consum-
mated. Hurriedly securing the scalps of teacher and schol-
ars, as trophies of a victory, the inhuman monsters with
hellish satisfaction, retraced their steps and were lost in the
wilderness beyond. ' '

"Why tarry the children? was the inquiry of the anxious
frontier mother, as she looked out from her rude home to-
wards the path to the school-house. Presently, anxiety gave
way to alarm, and the male members of the family were sent
out to learn the cause of their absence. How sad the dis-
covery ! It was indeed ' Holy Innocents' Day ' in this new
land of ours, and one which you, my friends, have seen
fit to remember. And yet, I think I hear some say, what of
this dark and bloody deed so disgraceful to humanity, so
horrifying to all the finer feelings of our nature, — why com-
memorate, why not allow oblivion to cast an eternal shadow
over the transaction ? My friends, if it was only the atro-
cious butchery of that day, we might well cover over and
hide it from earthly annals forever. But in that sanguinary
hour there were the grand and ennobling characteristics of
Christian manhood and glory shining forth ; which have
come down to us through all the cathedral aisles of time,
and prompted us to erect in this place this memorial. The
deed perpetrated one hundred and twenty-one years ago, is
a land-mark in the history of this locality, and this stone
will be a constant reminder of the sufferings endured by
your ancestors, who indeed made the wilderness to blos-
som as the rose, and founded through many trials and
great sufferings, homes you now enjoy in peace and plenty.
That heroic teacher, with the Bible in his hand imploring
his brutal murderers to take his life and spare the innocent
ones around him, eminently deserves the voiced recognition
here given. The band of children, slaughtered through
savage hate, most of whose names are unknown to us, have

5 2 Enoch Brown Memorial.

a sacred memory which you do well to record. Their lives
were sacrificed not without some grand purpose. It touched,
at least, the hearts of the Quaker Assembly, who at once
determined to place the country in defence. It nerved the
souls of the settlers to defend their homes and wipe the
heathen from the land. And, citizens of Antrim and this
highly favored locality, you have done a good thing in the
erection of this memorial.

Dr. Egle took up the campaign of Bouquet after the mas-
sacre here and alluded with words of praise to the Findlays
and Dixons, the Maclays andj^McDowells, the Armstrongs
and Chambers's, the Jacks and Johnstons and Potters who
accompanied him. Referring to a later period he said :
''Among the hundreds of Scotch-Irish who served in the
war of the Revolution from the Antrim, Letterkenny and
Lurgan of old not one turned Tory. Born among priva-
tion and tyranny, in the sternness of integrity and heartfelt
piety, with the Bible in one hand and the trusty rifle in the
other, let us give the meed of praise to the early settlers of
this locality, whose crowning excellence was their devotion
to religion and their unflinching duty to God and man."

After tracing Bouquet's course in the west with his army,
partly made up of the men just described, narrating the
recapitulation of the Indians and the ultimate success of the
brave commander. Dr. Egle concluded : " Thus ended the
power of the Western Indians, and the war inaugurated by
Pontiac and Kyasutha closed. The peace which ensued
lasted for a period of ten years, and confidence and security
were given to the pioneers of the west. The frontiers were
removed from this locality west of the Alleghenies, and
never more did the foot of the hostile savage tread this
beautiful valley. It was during this period of quietude that
emigration to the valley of the Ohio's headwaters was_ per-
manently commenced — when the foundations were laid of
great and powerful States now holding a controlling influ-
ence in the American nation. To Col. Henry Bouquet, the
gallent Swiss officer, more than to any other who served in
the French and Indian war, are we indebted for much of
the prosperity which followed. He was incomparably a
strong man — firm and decided as an officer and intrepid

Address of Dr. Wm. H. Egle 53

as a soldier. His remains rest in an unknown grave on the
Florida coast, but his name and fame are inseparably con-
nected with the history of our State. He did signal service
in his day and generation, and the influence of his heroic
deeds has thrilled unumbered hearts through the years which
have intervened."

''Pontiac and Bouquet ! The first the personification of
a savage Napoleon, brutal, inhuman and treacherous — mur-
der and lust glaring his eye-balls — pollution and baseness in
all his acts. The latter — a man standing out grand and
glorious, fulfilling life's noble destiny, magnanimous as he
was brave, a soldier by education, but an upright citizen
and Christian gentleman. The former not the ideal repre-
sentative of his race, but the true, with all the evil of
human nature; the latter with the God-like attributes of
mankind."

''Men of Antrim, I am done. With the work you have
this day completed do not imagine that your duties of life
are finished. In commemorating the virtues of the school-
master of the long ago you should not forget the glorious
principles which underlie all noble actions. Instil into the
minds of your children a reverence for the good, by precept
as well as by example. If the pious teacher of one hundred
and twenty-one years ago deserves this commemorative
stone, let the remembrance of the events of that era fre-
quently cause you to reflect upon the blessings you enjoy
and thank God that you live in prosperous peace. ' '

APPENDIX.

THE CHRISTIAN NAME OF SCHOOLMASTER BROWN.

Considerable ado was made last summer by one of the
Chambersburg papers over a supposed mistake in the name
of the martyred schoolmaster. It was alleged, on the pre-
tended authority of Dr. Egle, that his name was Hugh in-
stead of Enoch. In a conversation with the writer on the
evening of Dedication Day, in presence af Poet Cooper,
Dr. Egle emphatically remarked that he never had author-
ized such statements. Said he, ''I never said that the school-
master's name was Hugh or that it was not Enoch. In my
speech to-day I repeatedly called him Enoch. We must
take tradition where we have no history that positively con-
tradicts it. I spent several days in Carlisle recently exam-
ining the old lists of Cumberland county taxables, &c., but
found no mention of either Enoch or Hugh Brown among
them. ' ' General David Detrich and his aged sister, Mrs.
Diehl, also Mrs. Scott, besides other old citizens, affirm that
Betty Hopkins always called the schoolmaster E?ioch ; Mrs.
Scott heard her call him Enoch nearly eighty years ago.
Capt. C. F. Bonner is a great grandson of the massacred
teacher, and says all the family traditions gave him the name
"Enoch." Ancient papers which would doubtless have
made this matter perfectly clear were thoughtlessly de-
stroyed many years ago.

Andrew N. Rankin, Esq., of Jamaica, N. Y., states that
his grandmother's maiden name was Brown and that her
father was a cousin of the murdered schoolmaster. She had
often told him the story of the massacre and had not only
called the master Enoch, but had given the reason why he was
originally named Enoch. He was born in Ireland, where
thirteen is considered unlucky. Being the thirteenth child
in his father's family his parents sought to ward off bad luck
by naming the child Enoch, after the first man ''who was
translated without tasting death." See Gen. 5, 24. 'Squire

56 Enoch Brown Memorial — Appendix.

Rankin (the father of A. N.) was a leading spirit in the
work of exhuming the remains of the teacher and scholars,
August 4, 1843. He also furnished, along with George W.
Ziegler, Esq., the detailed account of the same, which was
afterwards published by I. D. Rupp in the county history
and inserted from time to time in the county papers. The
Irish device to ward off bad luck from Enoch Brown seems
not to have been very successful, and yet, humanely speaking,
we can say, in the light of present surroundings, that there
was good luck in the bad luck. Providence overruled the
massacre, we believe, to secure from the Provincial govern-
ment for Bouquet the reinforcements for which he vainly
pleaded the year before. And but for this massacre and the
self-sacrificing spirit shown in that fiery ordeal, history would
know nothing of Enoch Brown, the martyred schoolmaster,
and no monument would perpetuate his memory.

ENOCH BROWN POETR V.
The following is the full text of the poem, the last two
verses of which form the inscription on the south side of
the monument :

A Poem — In Memoriam.*
With anguish sore and bitter woe,

The hearts of Konoshickf are wrung
Alas ! the cruel Indian foe

Has slain the tender and the young.

As Rachel wept in Judah's land

O'er infants slain by tyrant king,
So Antrim wails her martyr band,

Her homes with lamentations ring.

As heroes fall, at duty's post,

So fell the master and his school,
A sacrifice, a holocaust,

To border life and Quaker rule.

The place is holy where they died.

In Christian faith and childhood pure,

And where they laid them side by side.
In common grave and sepulture.

*By a friend of the monument, February 10, 1885.
fOne of the old ways of spelling Conococheague.

The Quaker Poet. 57

And ye, who now in safety dwell,

In Cumberland's enchanting vale,
Revere the spot and mark it well,

Where long was heard the mother's wail.

For not in vain the martyrs die.

Their death brings life to pioneers,
Who gain the burden of their cry,

Relief denied in former years.

Bouquet has sought the tiger's lair

With trusty lion-hearted men;
Kind Heaven grants the settlers' prayer,

The Dove of Peace returns again —

The tomahawk and scalping knife.

Long red with Anglo Saxon gore,
The symbols dire of savage strife.

Are seen on Antrim's hills no more.

The ground is holy where they fell

And where their mingled ashes lie.
Ye Christian people mark it well

With granite column strong and high.

And cherish well, forevermore,

The storied wealth of early years.
The sacred legacies of yore.

The toils and trials of pioneers.

THE QUAKER POET.

While Prof. J. Fraise Richard was gathering data for the
history of Franklin county, he wrote a letter to John G.
Whittier, the New England poet, requesting him to write a
poem on the massacre of Enoch Brown and the school chil-
dren. The following letter was received by Mr. Richard
in reply, viz:

Oak Knoll, Danvers, Mass., \
3d month 19, 1886. J

Dear Friend : I am glad to know that the people of Franklin
county have erected a monument to the memory of the noble. Christian

58 Enoch Brown Memorial — Appendix.

schoolmaster and his slain children, and that the history of the county
is to be written by thyself. In my state of health I do not feel equal to
the exciting effort of writing a poem on so sad a theme. But I thank
thee for thy letter and enclosed circulars, and am truly thy friend,

John G. Whittier.

HON. HORATIO SEYMOUR ON THE MONUMENT.

In December, 1881, the Greencastle Press published a
letter from Hon. Horatio Seymour to Rev. Cyrus Cort,
stating that ''it is time that our people are made acquainted
with our obligations to the German and Holland lineages,"
and thanking him for an article on Baron Steuben, which
Rev. Cort had furnished the Reformed Church Messenger
about the time of the Yorktown Centennial Celebration.
Mr. Seymour had been chiefly instrumental in having an
invitation sent to the Steubens of Germany, by the Ameri-
can Government, who he thought deserved it as well as the
Lafayettes of France,, to participate in that centennial cele-
bration. Baron Steuben was the efficient drill-master and
Inspector General of the Revolutionary Army at Valley
Forge and vastly improved its discipline and effectiveness.
He managed the siege and commanded a division in the
trenches which was about to storm the camp of Cornwallis
at the very hour that the flag of surrender was hung out.
After the war he was for some years an elder in the Reformed
church in Nassau street, New York city, in which church a
memorial tablet was placed by his aide, General North, after
the Baron's death. Mr. Seymonr recently celebrated his
75th birthday and at the same time his Golden Wedding.
In connection with this event Rev. Cort sent him copies of
several poems written a few months ago in honor of similar
events celebrated by his uncles, Simon Cort at Denver, Col.,
and Daniel Cort at Zwingli, Iowa, and their wives. He
enclosed at the same time one of the Enoch Brown circulars.
Mr. Seymour promptly acknowledged the receipt of these
documents in an autograph letter to Rev. Cort, which we
believe will be of special interest now that the distinguished

Report of Treasurer. 59

Statesman has passed away along with his beloved wife,
under very pathetic circumstances.

Utica, N. Y., July 9, 1885.

My Dear Sir. — I am under obligations to you for sending me
copies of your verses written on the Fiftieth anniversaries of the marriages
of your kinsfolk, Mr. and Mrs. Simon Cort, and Mr. and Mrs. Daniel
Cort. They are very happily conceived and expressed. I am also in-
terested in the circular with regard to the Enoch Brown Monument. I
have given some time and attention to the erection of monuments in
commemoration of events. Such monuments have done much to teach
about the pa-t and to instruct with regard to duties of life and the vir-
tues of patriotism, &c. We feel as we look upon them that the dead
speak to us. A number of such monuments were put up in this section
about the time of our national centennial year. They have done much
to instruct and improve our citizens. I trust the effort to put up the
Enoch Brown Monument was successful. Again thanking you for send-
ing me the verses and the circular about the monument, I am
Respectfully yours,

Horatio Seymour.

To the Rev. Cyrus Cort.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE ENOCH BROWN
MONUMENT FUND, JANUAR V 4, 1886.
To amount received :

H. M. Gilmore, Chambersburg, ;

German Street Grammar School, Chambersburg,

Public Schools of Chambersburg,

Chambersburg Academy,

Collection Presbyterian Churches, Chambersburg,

Zion's Reformed Church and Sunday School, Chambersburg,..

Methodist Sunday School, Chambersburg,

First Lutheran Sunday School, Chambersburg,

King Street U. B. Church, Chambersburg,

Public Schools and Sunday Schools, Quincy Twp., per Col.

Wiestling,

Individual contribution. Col. Wiestling,

Individual contributions from citizens of Greencastle and

vicinity,

Presbyterian Church and Sunday School, Greencastle,

Reformed Church and Sunday School, Greencastle,

Methodist Sunday School, Greencastle,

Public and Select Schools, Greencastle,

Carried forward, __ $ 470 49

I

00

I

80

69

.30

6

00

36 95

IS

00

6

00

15

17

5

II

88

67

20

00

140

25

2";

00

28

14

2

00

10

10

6o Enoch Brown Memorial — Appendix.

Amount brought forward, $ 470 49

Brown's Mills Public Schools, 13 75

Antrim Grove " " 9 20

Clay Hill " " 200

New Haven " " 2 25

Pleasant Retreat " " 4 5°

Cedar Grove " " 12 50

Highland « " 10 00

Bushtown " " 3 75

Middleburg " " i 30

Shady Grove Sunday School, 9 50

Paradise " " • 485

Reformed Church, Middleburg, i 73

Jacob Hershey and others 3 45

Mrs, Martha J. Nevin, Stephen Keifer, Dr. Wm. H. Egle,

Dr. L. B. Rowland and others, per Rev. C. Cort, 35 84

Citizens of Mercersburg, 28 50

Lutheran Sunday School, Mercersburg, 2 40

Reformed " " " 5 40

Mercersburg College, 4 35

Reformed Sunday School, Fort Loudon, 2 58

PubHc Schools of Fort Loudon, 3 46

Welsh Run Presbyterian Sunday School, 5 ^3

Union Sunday School, Lenhersville, 6 00

Individual contributions from citizens of Waynesboro and

Washington townships, 39 00

Washington township Public Schools, 33 12

Waynesboro Public Schools, 7 80

Methodist Church, Waynesboro, 3 Ol

U. B. Mission Church, " 245

Harry C. Strickler, " i 00

Cave Dale Public School, Peters township, 3 15

St. Stephen's Sunday School, Upton, 15 65

Union Church Services, Upton, i 85

C. M. Deatrich and others, St. Thomas, 14 lo

Methodist Sunday School, 3 25

Amberson's Valley Sunday School, 13 5°

Carrick U. B. Sunday School, 80

Spring Run U. B. Sunday School, 5 45

Spring Run Public School, 5 40

Dry Run " " - 340

Concord and Wolff's Sunday School, 2 15

Basket collection per Rev, George, Strasburg, 2 20

Union Sunday School, Strasburg, , 6 60

Uiiion " " Greenwood, 250

Centre " " Path Valley, 398

Lutheran Sunday School, Orrstown, 1 I2

Carried forward, % 814 31

Report of Treasurer. 6 1

Amount brought forward, $ 814 31

Church of God, Orrstown, i 33

Public School, Orrstown, i 55

Blue Spring Sunday School, 3 50

U. B. Sunday School, Guilford township, 5 30

Marion Public School, 18 60

Cedar Grove Public School, 10 35

Falling Spring Public School, 2 30

B. F. Crawford and others, 3 00

Sylvan Sunday School, ii 73

Carrick M. E. Sunday School, i 80

New Franklin and Bethel Sunday School, 10 00

Fayetteville Lutheran Sunday School, 7 82

Greenvillage Lutheran Sunday School, Smoketown U. S. S.,

Clark's School, Salem School, Garfield, Row District

and Scotland U. B. S. S., 15 95

John A. Zullinger and others, Southampton township, 10 32

Williamson Union Sunday School, 5 ^5

Norman " " " Lehmaster's station, 5 90

R. R. Rebate from Centennial Executive Committee, 423 91

Total, ^1,352 72

By amount paid : CONTRA.

Captain J. Deihl,for land, $ 484 69

W. N. Meredith, for Monument, 491 50

U. G, Hawbecker, for stone and cement, 27 50

Brewer & Winger, for stone, » 3 60

S Z. Hawbecker, for stone cutters, &c., 29 96

Henry Lohr, for dressing stone, 5 25

S. P. Stouffer, for dressing stone, 5 25

C. C. Pentz, for mason work, 10 00

D. A. Pentz, for mason work, 7 50

Charles Martin, for stone cutting, 12 00

S. S. Easton, for labor at monument, 6 00

Wesley Lizer, for hauling stone, 2 00

Greencastle Press, for printing circulars, badges, &c., 18 25

M. A. Foltz, for printing circulars, &c., 15 00

G. W. & D. Zeigler, for satin ribbon, 3 45

U. N. Speilman, for U. S. Flags, i 45

B. F. Winger, expenses of trip to Mercers burg and for mail-
ing dedication circulars, 3 33

Daniel Foreman, carriage for speakers, 2 00

D. B. Keefer, for iron fences, 142 24

W. B. Lear & Son, for placing iron fences, 12 24

Carried forward, $ i>283 '9

62 Enoch Brown Memorial — Appendix.

Amount brought forward, % 1,283 ^9

Clippinger & Spielman, for terra-cotta pipe, i 80

J. S. Snively, for lumber used in dedication platform, 2 85

Luther Palmer, for hauling lumber, 2 00

Rev. C. Cort, for printing, postage, trip to Mt. Alto and Get-
tysburg to examine granite, cement for terra-cotta piping,

telegraphing, ice on Dedication Day, in all, 9 77

Postage paid by Treasurer, 60

^1,300 20
Balance in hands of Treasurer, % 52 52

Respectfully submitted,

A. H. Strickler, Treas,,

Waynesboro, Pa.

Note by Editor. — In addition to the two hundred and eighty odd
dollars credited in the above list to citizens of Greencastle and Antrim
township, they gave in labor and hauling upwards of fifty dollars, right
in the midst of harvest, making in all nearly one-fourth of the entire
cost, and making fully one-third of the cost without counting the sur-
plus land. Well done for Mother Antrim ! Leaving out the railroad
rebate only about ^600 remains, or less considerably than half the cost,
as the contribution of Franklin county outside of Antrim township.

INCORPORA TION.

The following articles of Incorporation were duly ap-
proved by the Court of Franklin county, Pa., Dec. 7, 1885,
and the Enoch Brown Park and Monument Association was
created a body politic, or corporate in law in accordance
therewith, by decree of the Honorable Court, on petition of
Cyrus Cort, Robt. J. Boyd, A. H. Strickler, W. D. Dixon
and B. F. Winger. The same are recorded in the Prothon-
otary's office and also in Charter Book, Vol. i, page 244,
&c., in Recorder's office of said county.

Articles of Incorporation.
First : The name of this incorporation shall be known as the " Enoch
Brown Park and Monument Association."

Second : The object of this association shall be to honor and perpet-

Incorporation. 63

uate the memory of Schoolmaster Enoch Brown and eleven scholars
massacred by Indians, July 26, 1764, by securing in fee simple from Capt.
Jacob Diehl,and holding in perpetuity for cemetery, social, religious and
patriotic uses for the schools and citizens of said county, the grounds in
Antrim township, a few miles north of Greencastle, containing the site
of the school-house where the massacre occurred, also the site of the com-
mon grave in which the master and ten scholars lie buried, and the ad-
jacent spring a few rods southwest of said grave, and the avenue leading
to the public road, north of the Park, together with the monuments,
iron fences and other improvements erected on said grounds, under the
auspices of this Association.

Third : The Enoch Brown Park, aforesaid, of Greencastle, Pa.,
shall be the regular place of business af this Association, and July 26, at
10 A. M. the time of the annual meeting, which shall always be held at
the Park, unless otherwise ordered by a majority of the Association in
writing.

Fourth : This Association shall exist in perpetuity, and its members
shall have no power to sell, mortgage or encumber the grounds which
contain the site of the school-house and grave, now marked by granite
monuments, or the adjacent spring.

Fifth : The officers of this Association shall be a president, secre-
tary and treasurer, with duties and powers usually appertaining to said
offices.

Sixth : The names and residences of its members are as follows :
Cyrus Cort, (President), Greencastle; Robt. J. Boyd, (Secretary),
Upton; A. H. Strickler, (Treasurer), Waynesboro; W. D. Dixon, St.
Thomas and D. Watson Rowe, Chambersburg, all of said county.

Seventh : Any vacancy occurring in this Association, or among its
officers by death, removal or resignation, shall be filled by election at the
next annual meeting, or at a special meeting called for that purpose, and
none but citizens of Franklin county shall be eligible for such positions.

Eighth : Three members shall constitute a quorum, either in person
or by written proxy.

Ninth : Special meetings may be called at any time by the president,
one week's notice being given the members, to transact such business as
may be specified in the call, and no other, unless all the members are
present, or represented by proxies with authority in writing.

Tenth : The funds in possession of this Association, and all
securities representing funds, whether received by gift, legacy, or
from the sale of the fifteen acres, more or less, of the surplus land
bought of Captain Jacob Diehl, shall be conveyed to A. H. Strick-
ler, Robt. J. Boyd and B. F. Winger, as trustees, and their suc-
cessors in office to be appointed by the Honorable Court of Franklin
county, and shall be invested in securities, approved by the Court, the
annual interest or proceeds to be paid over promptly to the treasurer of
this Association, to be devoted to keeping the grounds, fences, monu-

64 Enoch Brown Mejnorial — Appendix.

ments, spring, etc., in good repair in accordance with the action of the
Franklin County Centennial Convention of April 22, 1884, after all
the necessary expenses for grounds, monuments, etc., have been paid.

Eleventh : Any vacancy occurring in said Board of Trustees, shall be
filled by the Court of Franklin county, on notice to that effect being
given by said trustees, or by the secretary of this Association.

Twelfth : No members of this Association, or its Board of Trustees,
shall be allowed to make any charges for their time or services, while
attending meetings of the Association or Board, or for the performance
of any official duty in furtherance of the sacred trust committed to their
care by the people of Franklin county.

Thirteenth : This Association shall have power to make, adopt,
alter or amend such rules and by-laws as may be necessary, provided
they do not conflict with the foregoing articles, the Constitution of
Pennsylvania, or the Constitution of the United States.

THE ARCHIE McCULLOUGH SPRING.

One of the most interesting and important features of the
Enoch Brown Park, is the Archie McCullough Spring. At
this spring, Schoohnaster Brown and scholars were wont to
slake their thirst on the hot summer days. Here little
Archie McCullough was found by Mr. Linn, according to
tradition, soon after the massacre, trying to wash the clotted
blood from his face and scalpless head. The water is clear
as crystal, and for a slate hill spring, is remarkably cool.

Overrun by cattle, and never cleaned out for many years,
this spring was simply a miasmatic mudhole or quagmire
when the Enoch Brown Committee bought the Park. Miss
Susan Koser insisted that it was an excellent spring, whose
waters were highly prized by her father, Captain Christian
Koser, on account of medicinal qualities. For many years
he kept a constant supply of it in his cellar and had great
faith in its curative properties.

This testimony alone with the older traditions, induced
the committee to put down terra-cotta piping, so as to drain
the spring properly. They also walled it up in a substantial
manner. The results were equal to the most sanguine ex-
pectations. The different parties who drank the water most
freely, while fixing up the park and monument, were con-

Mother Terrapin. 65

vinced that it had valuable medicinal properties similar to
those of the Bedford mineral springs, so famous for relieving
or curing kidney and liver ailments. Adding a little salt
makes it taste very much like the famous Vichy water.

Large quantities can be drank without any inconvenience,
except that any malarial tendency in the system is driven to
the surface in the form of hives, etc., causing temporary
annoyance, but conducing to greater permanent healthfull-
ness. Restored to its pristine beauty and utility, the spring
is a treasure, not only on account of the pathetic interest
that attaches to it because of ancient association, but be-
cause it promises to be a practical blessing to thousands of
visitors for all time to come.

MOTHER TERRAPIN.

A great many land turtles of different sizes were found
among the rubbish immediately adjoining the grave of
Enoch Brown and scholars. A young doctor present con-
cluded to score one for Hugh, and marked on the shell of
one of the most venerable of these creatures, the initials and
date, ''H. B., 1764." This was intended to give aid and com-
fort to the advocates of Hugh Brown, whose ghost is sup-
posed to lurk about the park, glaring fiercely betimes at the
word Enoch, carved in big letters on both monuments. In
this way the toilers, who worked for nothing and boarded
themselves, while clearing the grounds of brush and briars,
beguiled the hours occasionally when the thermometer was
98 in the shade. The turtle clan or totem is an important
one among every large tribe of Indians, along with the wolf
and bear, etc. And among white people many may be fitly
represented by grandmother terrapin, moving sluggishly over
and around the most sacred associations, living, as it were,
in the past, but without a particle of reverence or enthusiasm
for what is noble and enduring in the past. The remarks
and actions of not a few persons in our county, in reference
to the monumental project during the past year, indicate
that they belong to the tortoise totem. It is to be hoped

66 Enoch Brown MemoiHal — Appendix.

that a more intelligent, progressive spirit will actuate them
in time to come, or that their childeren may at least catch
nobler historic aspirations.

We believe that the Enoch Brown Park and monuments
will help greatly to bring about this desirable result.

THE COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT S ABSENCE.

Everybody was delighted with the. noble and eloquent
speech of Peter A. Witmer, Esq., Superintendent of Public
Instruction in Washington county, Md. He did full justice
to the important educational features involved in the dedi-
cation ceremonies and brought out in grand array from his
treasures things new and old. The question naturally arose,
where was Franklin county's own Superintendent on that
memorable occasion? Did he try to rally the educational
forces of the county to unite with all true-hearted, public-
spirited citizens in their magnificent effort to honor the
memory of the noble master and scholars who fell as pioneer
martyrs in the cause of Christian education, and who con-
secrated Antrim's hills with their precious blood 121 years
ago ? Not a bit of it. Mr. Dysert is not that kind of a
man. He was only conspicuous by his absence, trying to
prevent others from attending by getting up a little side
show at St. Thomas, where the papers stated he intended
having a public examination of teachers on August 4, 1885.

He seemed to be in full accord with several Chambers-
burg papers, which did all they could to confuse the public
with regard to the time and place of the dedication cere-
monies, and made a frantic effort to get up a reunion of
colored veterans in Chambersburg on that particular day to
keep the people from attending at the park. They suc-
ceeded as far as Chambersburg was concerned. Not over
three dozen of her citizens were present at the dedication
ceremonies, although Mother Antrim led the van at the
Centennial parades, September 8 and 9, 1884, when over
two thousand of her citizens flocked to the county seat,
most of them paying regular railroad fare in full expecta-

The County Superintendenf s Absence. 67

tion that all the rebate would go to the Enoch Brown monu-
ment fund, as the convention of April 22, 1884, had decided.

Superintendent Dysert's indifference or hostility to the
Enoch Brown memorial was shown on other occasions. He
refused to issue a card to the teachers and schools of the
county, urging them to co-operate with the Enoch Brown
Committee in raising funds for the monument, according
to the earnest request of the Sovereign Centennial Conven-
tion of April 22, 1884. He refused to let the Enoch Brown
Committee, consisting of Colonels Wiestling and Dixon,
and Capt. Boyd and Rev. Cort, to lay the memorial project
before the County Teachers' Institute, when the two latter
appeared for that purpose in person ; also representing Col.
Wiestling by proxy, November 19, 1884. He said to the
writer of this note that Enoch Brown did not represent
anything, not even courage, and that the bulk of the funds
contributed toward the erection of the monument had bet-
ter be given to the Children's Aid Society in Chambersburg.
Thus, with surprising mental and moral obliquity, he set up
his contracted notions as superior to the Franklin County
Centennial Convention, and in opposition to the judgment
of the best historians, scholars, theologians, statesmen and
poets in the land. The poor privilege of presenting the
cause in a five minutes' speech before the Institute was de-
nied the representatives of the Enoch Brown Committee by
Superintendent Dysert. He finally consented to let the
memorial of the Enoch Brown Committee go before the
Committee of the Institute on Resolutions, which he sought
to construct so as to smother the memorial. But in this he
was outgeneraled. The committee reported favorable action
in the shape of two resolutions prepared in advance by a
friend of the cause. All the teachers in the county were
urged to contribute and get their scholars to give at least
one dime on or before New Year. The resolutions went
through without opposition, but it was given out immedi-
ately by those nearest the Superintendent's throne that they
were expected to remain a dead letter. No effort was made
to give them vitality on the part of Mr. Dysert and his
special friends, although adopted by the Institute.

All this helps us to understand why Superintendent Dysert

68 Enoch Brown Memorial — Appendix.

was absent and why the Enoch Brown Committee had to
look to another county and another State to find a Superin-
tendent in sympathy with the sacred duty imposed upon
them by the FrankUn County Centennial Convention, a man
whose interest and enthusiasm in the cause of education
reaches beyond the mere question of loaves and fishes.

We felt that a candid presentation of these facts belonged
to the history of the monument, and was due the friends of
the movement to honor the memory of the massacred master
and scholars. Along with many other things, too numerous
to mention, they help to show the ignoble opposition the
committee had to face and overcome in the prosecution of
their work. Thanks to a kind Providence their efforts have
been crowned with gratifying success and the Enoch Brown
park and monuments are fixed and enduring facts.

A WORD OF EXP LAN A TION.

It was stated in the newspapers last autumn, that arrange-
ments had been made by representatives of the Enoch Brown
Memorial Committee and the Executive Committee at Cham-
bersburg, to publish jointly a full history ot the Centennial
of Franklin county. In addition to the contents of the
present volume, the proposed history was to have given a
full account of the Centennial Convention of April 22, 1884,
the parades, speeches, poem, &c., of September 8 and 9,
1884, &c. A joint contract on very favorable terms had
been entered into for such publication, revised copies of the
centennial speeches and poem had been secured, and the
title page had already been issued, when it was learned that
the majority of the Executive Committee and of its sub-com-
mittee on publication, had repudiated the action of its re-
presentative, O. C. Bowers, Esq., in making said contract
with the Enoch Brown Cpmmittee and with the publishers.

B. F. Gillmoreand Jas. A. McKnight, Esq., seem to be
mainly responsible for this renewed breach of faith on the
part of the Executive Committee or it representatives.
Their conduct is all the more remarkable when we bear in

A Word of Explanation. 69

mind, that out of the three hundred and thirty-four dollars
(^334) of railroad rebate, unjustly withheld from the Enoch
Brown fund by said Executive Committee, one hundred and
thirty or thirty-five dollars (^130 or $135) had been set aside
for the avowed purpose of publishing the centennial history,
the profits or proceeds of which the Executive Committee
had publicly pledged to the Enoch Brown monument fund.
That money is still in the hands of Mr. John McDowell,
Treasurer of the Executive Committee, and no honest effort
has yet been made to redeem the pledge by publishing the
whole or even a part of the centennial history. They ob-
jected to giving the contract to a publishing house in Lan-
caster, Pa., which agreed to print 1,200 copies of the entire
history for less than half the amount asked for the same job
by the two best printing establishments in Chambersburg.
The proprietors of the Greencastle Press had offered to do
the work and guarantee a good job, for ten dollars more
than the Lancaster bid. To obviate the objection against
letting the job go outside of the county, the Enoch Brown
representative then proposed to compromise by accepting
the offer of the Greencastle firm, and give it to the lowest
bidder in the county, but this proposal was also rejected.

This action of the Executive Committee needs no com-
ment. We simply state the facts in this brief, explanatory
way, that the people of Franklin county may know the rea-
son why the centennial history appears in fragmentary form,
and w^iy a large part of it did not appear a year sooner, ac-
cording to promise. After waiting in vain for over six
months, in deference to the wishes of Mr. Bowsers, to give
the Executive Committee full opportunity to make good its
obligations, redeem its pledges, and meet the expectations
of all honorable, public-spirited citizens, the Enoch Brown
Committee has gone forward, as best it could, with the pres-
ent volume agreeably to the request of the vast assemblage
present at the dedicatory services, August 4, 1885. As a
salve to their conscience, and to propitiate public favor,
some of the Executive Committee now propose to hand
over the $130 or $135, to the Children's Aid Society in
Chambersburg. It is to be hoped that they will not con-
taminate and degrade a noble charity by helping it with

7o Enoch Brown Memorial — Appendix.

tainted funds. The people of Chambersburg furnished that
committee with ample funds to pay all legitimate expenses,
without touching a cent of the railroad rebate, set apart by
the Centennial Convention for the Enoch Brown monument
fund. They ought to demand an itemized report to see
what has been done with all the money so freely contributed.
The item of ^45 for erecting a stand, worse than useless,
on the public square, and of over eight hundred dollars
charged by the Executive Committee for their sorry display
of fire -works, requires explanation. We have seen far bet-
ter pyrotechnic displays repeatedly for less than one-fourth
that cost.

A distinguished historian has said that the Enoch Brown
Memorial was by far the most important and interesting
feature of the entire centennial of Franklin county, and yet
it encountered open or covert opposition continually from
those who should have been most anxious to promote its
success, which has been at length achieved in spite of their
hostility and injustice. It is unpleasant to make these stric-
tures, but the truth of history demanded that the responsi-
bility should be placed where it belongs.

ACTION OF ENOCH BROWN MEMORIAL COMMITTEE.

In this connection we deem it right and proper to define
the position of the Enoch Brown Memorial Committee by
presenting its official action adopted Nov. 11, 1884, at the
Enoch Brown Park. This 'action explains itself and is as
follows :

Whereas, The Executive Committee of the Franklin County Cen-
tennial Convention has disregarded the action of said Convention
adopted April 22, 1884, and has withheld $334 of the railroad rebate
which they were directed to secure for th-e benefit of the Enoch Brown
Monument Fund, and

Whereas, Said Executive Committee has set at defiance our protest
of Sept. 9, 1884, and has returned an insulting and ungentlemanly
answer to the very mild and respectful declarations of our committee,
after holding a joint conference with said Executive Committee Sept.
30, 1884, and

p7'ovidential Escapes from the Massacre. 71

Whereas, The Executive Committee have persistently striven to
create the impression through the Chambersburg papers and otherwise
that our Enoch Brown Monument Committee was satisfied with their
conduct in the premises, and had consented to allow over three hundred
dollars of the railroad rebate to be appropriated by said Executive
Committee to defray expenses of the committee in other directions,
therefore be it

Resolved, That the Enoch Brown Committee has never consented to
allow a cent of the railroad rebate or any other part of the Centennial
fund entrusted to its caie to be devoted to any other purpose, than the
legitimate expenses of the Monument project.

Resolved, That we reiterate our previous declarations of Sept. 30,
that our understanding of this action of April 22, 1884, was and is that
all the rebate received from the railroads, which amounts to about $758,
should be paid into the Enoch Brown Fund, and we regret that the
Executive Committee have disregarded alike our protest and the instruc-
tions to the Centennial Convention.

PROVIDEXTIAL ESCAPES FROM THE MASSACRE.

In the addresses of Rev. Cort and Rev. Woods reference
is made to the Providential escape of Eleanor Cochrane,
who afterwards married Capt. Joseph Junkin and became
the mother of a large and distinguished family. In the
" Life of Dr. George Junkin," written by Dr. D. X. Jun-
kin, pages 16 and 17, the story of her Providential escape
from massacre is told. The older members of the family,
assisted by some neighbors, were engaged in a '' flax pulling,"
and Eleanor, along with another young girl who, it seems was
boarding or staying at Cochrane's while attending the school
of Enoch Brown, remained at home July 26, 1764, to take
care of the smaller children. Dr. George Junkin once spoke
of this narrow escape of his mother and another little girl
to Hon. George Chambers, the eminent jurist and polished
gentleman, formerly of Chambersburg, Pa., where he died
in 1866, March 25. Judge Chambers replied to Dr. Jun-
kin, '' the other little girl, thus Providentially preserved,
was my mother." Her maiden name was Sally Brown.
She died July 27, 1837, aged 78 years. Thus we have the
mothers of three large and distinguished families, the Jun-

72 Enoch Brown Memorial — Appendix.

kins, Agnews and Chambers, all Providentially preserved
from the scalping knife of the brutal savages who vented
their fiendish fury on the innocent heads of their school-
mates on that dreadful day of massacre.

In addition, Eleanor Pawling was a member of the school
and was Providentially detained at home on the day of mas-
sacre. She became the wife of Dr. Robert Johnston, the
distinguished surgeon of the Revolutionary Army, the friend
and host of Washington, who sent him on an important
mission to China in the early days of the Republic. Post-
master Brather has the gold-rimmed tortoise snuff box pre-
sented to Dr. Johnston by high Chinese officials in recogni-
tion of his great medical skill.

Mrs. Catharine Scott, who is now in her 84th year, says
her uncle or grand uncle, Samuel Fisher, was one of a
number of boys belonging to the Enoch Brown school who
played truant on that 26th of July, 1764. This confirms
the old traditions to the effect that the school was unusually
small on the day of the massacre, and that owing to premo-
nitions, Providential detentions and wilful truancy, a large
proportion of the scholars of Enoch Brown escaped the fate
of the master and their eleven companions who were ruth-
lessly slaughtered.

ALL the pastors of the different churches in FrankHn
county were requested to preach Centennial Discourses
September 7, 1884, and also deposit copies of the same in
the archives of the Historical Society.

The Society publicly requested pastors to furnish copies
of their sermons, as provided by the action of the Centen-
nial Convention.

The Joint Committee on Publication, also informed all
pastors and congregations that these sermons would be incor-
porated in the memorial volume, on very liberal terms, and
all were invited to confer and co-operate with the committee
to secure their publication.

And yet, only three centennial sermons have been fur-
nished for the Historical Society Archives and for publica-
tion. Some failed to preach any centennial sermons at all,
and others disregarded repeated requests looking to their
permanent preservation and publication.

This is to be regretted. A full collection of such discourses
would have been invaluable for the future historian. In-
stead of favoritism towards the few pastors represented in this
volume, the charge of persistent indifference and neglect
must rest against all congregations or pastors not represented
in this memorial department.

Although this feature more properly belongs to the Cen-
tennial history, proposed to be published by the Executive
Committee, and although said committee has ample public
funds in hand to meet all the expenses, yet, from what we
have shown in our ''Word of Explanation," it is not in the
least probable that said committee would concern itself
about the publication of memorial sermons. Hence we have
added them to our Enoch Brown Memorial, agreeably to

D

74 Centennial Memorial Sermons,

the wishes of some of our best citizens. Their general con-
tents will be found to harmonize well with the object and
spirit of dedication ceremonies, for which they furnish con-
genial company. They, as well as the Enoch Brown Park
and Monuments, will help us to ''remember the days of
old," and do just homage to the heroic pioneers who laid
the foundations of church and State.

SERMON OF REV. CYRUS CORT.
Preached in the Reformed Churches of Greencastle and

MiDDLEBURG, FrANKLIN COUNTY, Pa., SePT. 7, 1 884.

Leviticus 25, x : " And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty
throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof. It shall be a Jubilee
unto you ; and ye shall return every man unto his possession and ye shall
return every man unto his family."

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

My Christian Frie7ids : — We have met to engage in the
public worship of Almighty God, which is always our highest
duty and privilege as patriots and Christians. At the same
time we have been requested, as a congregation and as a
community, to commemorate in these services the one hun-
dredth anniversary of the organization of Franklin county.
This is a proper request and a grateful duty to which we can
respond with alacrity. The request involves a just recogni-
tion of the religious element which is the basis of all true
prosperity and safety for communites and individuals.

We have abundance of Scriptual warrant for such services
as these. Not only are we earnestly admonished by the
great leader and law-giver of ancient Israel to "remember
the days of old and consider the years of many genera-
tions;" not only does the sweet Psalmist exhort us to ''walk
about Zion and go round about her ; tell the towers thereof,
mark well her bulwarks and consider her palaces, that we may
tell it to the generation following," but special times and
seasons were hallowed by divine appointment under the Old
Testament dispensation to commemorate the goodness and

Sermon of Rev. Cyrus Corf. 75

protecting care of the great Jehovah, the Covenant keeping
God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Festivals of a religious,
social and patriotic character frequently brought the people
of Israel to Jerusalem to commemorate important events in
their past histor) , to secure rights of person and property
in the present and fill them with hope and courage to meet
future obligations and responsibilities. What was the great
central, controlling Passover festival but a vivid commemo-
ration of their deliverance from the sword of the destroying
angel and the thraldom of Egyptian bondage? At the
same time it was so ordered as to have a prophetic reference
to the future deliverance of all mankind from the sword of
divine justice, from a worse than Egyptian bondage to sin
and Satan and assure them of a happy admission to a better
country than even that goodly land of Canaan in the time
of its greatest glory.

So the Feast of Tabernacles and of Pentecost were im-
portant annual festivals, continually reminding them of the
wanderings and privations of their fathers in the wilderness,
the giving of the Ten Commandments, the ingathering of
the first fruits of the harvest and their consequent duty to
give tithes to maintain the public worship of Almighty God,
whose protecting care they had experienced in so marvellous
a degree.

The climax or culmination of all these patriotic and reli-
gious memorial services was reached in the year of Jubilee.
Our text refers to that great epoch and benign institution
in the history of God's gracious dealings with His covenant
people — ''And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year, &:c."

THE SABBATIC IDEA PREDOMINATES.

The number seven was the governing factor in Jewish
festivals. They were to ''remember the Sabbath day to
keep it holy," * ^ "the Lord blessed the Seventh day and
hallowed it. ' ' Not only was there a Sabbath of days but a
Sabbath of weeks, a Sabbath or Sabbatic year, and a grand
Sabbatical cycle of years, rounded off with the Jubilee year.

Thus, from Passover to Pentecost was seven weeks, or
seven times seven days preceding the Pentecostal Feast,
which commemorated the giving of the law on Mt. Sinai

76 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

and provided for the offering of the first fruits of the harvest,
a grand harvest home festival. Then every seventh year
was a Sabbatic or sacred year, during which the land rested
and the spontaneous fruits of the soil were common and
free to all classes of society. And finally, after seven times
seven years, the fiftieth year was hallowed as the great
Jubilee season of God's covenant people.

It was ushered in at the close of the great Day of Atone-
ment, after the whole nation had humbled itself before the
Lord in fasting and prayer. On that day alone in all the
year the High Priest, after repeated typical sacrifices for his
own sins and those of the people, entered the Holy of
Holies, typifying the entrance of Christ Jesus into heaven,
where He ever lives, to intercede for us.

THE YEAR OF JUBILEE A JOYOUS AND BENIGN INSTITUTION.

When these peculiarly solemn services were over and this
most sacred day of all the year was ended the year of Jubilee
began. With a mighty blast of trumpets sounding forth
from Jerusalem, and from all the cities, villages, mountains
and valleys of Judea, the opening of the Jubilee year was
proclaimed. It was indeed a gladsome time, not only on
account of the joyous festivities peculiar to the season. It
brought in great permanent blessings, especially for the poor
and unfortunate classes of the community. The text tells
the grand story in language that well befits the trump of
Jubilee, "Proclaim liberty, &c." A universal balance sheet
was struck. All debtor and creditor accounts were squared.
All mortgages were cancelled. All bond servants, or slaves
of Hebrew origin, were set free. Families impoverished
during the previous fifty years were restored to the home
and possessions of their ancestors.

The land of Canaan, as you are aware, was divided
between the tribes and families of Israel by lot, at the
time that Joshua took possession of it in the name of
the Lord of hosts. Each family had its distinct and just
proportion of the public domain. If lost by misfortune or
mismanagement during the previous fifty years, this origina
inheritance or patrimony was sure to come back to the de-
scendants of the original owners whenever the year of Jubilee
came round.

Sermon of Rev. Cyrus Cort. 77

It was a wise and merciful provision, guarding the people
against landed monopolies and moneyed aristocracies, which
are a curse to any country and which sooner or later by their
unjust extortions bring anarchy and pave the way for mili-
tary despotism. The year of Jubilee sounded the death knell
of oppression and monopoly. Liberty and equality then
rejoiced over tyranny and injustice. The lowly were exalted
and the purse-proud found their common level. That Jubilee
year was indeed a season of genuine rejoicing for all pious
and patriotic Jews.

All generous-hearted people could rejoice not only in
being permitted to meet in family reunion and communion
in the home of their ancestors. They could also share in
the general joy of all generous hearts over the return and
happy reunion of families long separated by poverty and
misfortune. When one member of the body suffers all the
others sympathize more or less in that suffering. So it is
with the body politic and the Mystical Body or Church of
our Lord Jesus Christ. When one class of society is wronged
or oppressed there is a corresponding weakness in the whole
system of government that permits it. Now it was the de-
sign, the merit and peculiar glory of Jubilee year that it
provided a safeguard and remedy for the ills of society. It
acted as a grand alterative, a balance-wheel, a clearance day,
a judicious bankrupt act, based upon principles of inherent
Justice and rectitude.

THE JUBILEE FEATURE STILL NEEDED IN OUR OWN LAND.

Some such institution, or an arrangement of the frame-
work of government securing similar results, would be
a blessing in our own land and an effectual safeguard
against dangers that now loom up portentously. No thought-
ful man can look at the present condition of affairs in our
beloved country without serious concern for the future peace
and safety of the Republic.

With grasping corporate monopolies and selfish, ava-
ricious millionaires controlling mining, manufacturing and
commercial interests and even invading the public domain
in violation of all law and justice, there is great danger of
subversion to our most cherished institutions. They seek

7 8 Centennial Memorial Sermon .

not only to absorb or control all the wealth of the country.
They have frequently corrupted the ballot-box with their
ill-gotten gains, defiled the halls of State and National legis-
lation and dragged the judicial ermine in the mire. A day
of reckoning and wrath must come sooner or later to all
such bare-faced workers of iniquity. As Christian patriots
we should seek to apply the proper constitutional remedies
before the very foundations of our government are destroyed.
No such unjust and demoralizing condition of affairs could
exist under the Jewish commonwealth when administered
according to the principles laid down by the Supreme Law-
giver of heaven and earth. The right of eminent domain
stood in the Almighty Maker of heaven and earth, and was
not vested in any man or set of men. In the 23rd verse of
this chapter He solemnly sets forth this fundamental princi-
ple : " The land shall not be sold forever ; for the land is
Mine."

The civil and ecclesiastical ordinances of Judaism set at
defiance all the crafty schemes of land grabbers and monopo-
lists. As in other respects the Mosaic code forms the funda-
mental basis of legislation among all civilized nations, so
in this matter of land distribution and ownership we would
do well to enshrine in some way the essential features of the
Jubilee year provisions. The homestead laws in some of
the Western States look somewhat in this direction, but
they have often been made a cloak for downright dishonesty
and have worked to the detriment of the debtor as well as
creditor class, by creating usurious rates of interest owing
to increased risks of investment.

Long before the Declaration of Independence was adopted
by delegates of the American colonies, renouncing allegiance
to King George the Third and the British Parliament, be-
cause of usurpations and tyrannical violations of the princi-
ples of the Magna Charta and Bill of Rights, so dear to
every Anglo-Saxon heart ; long before the Colonies declared
themselves free and independent States, the old bell in the
State House in Philadelphia bore the prophetic as well as
Scriptural legend of the Jubilee year, which forms so signifi-
cant a part of our text: "Proclaim liberty throughout all
the land unto all the inhabitants thereof," Personal free-

Sermon of Rev. Cyrus Corf. 79

dom, as well as national independence, has long since be-
come a fact instead of a name. Not a slave can be found
in all this broad land between the Atlantic and Pacific.

But with all our boasted freedom we are largely becoming
hewers of wood and drawers of water for unprincipled
monopolies and law-defying corporations. Eternal vigilance
is the price of liberty. And here is a question that comes
right home to our hearthstones and concerns the happiness
of the people and the safety of the Republic. The land of
a country ought to be in the hands of those who occupy
and till the soil or personally superintend its cultivation, and
not in the hands of foreign capitalists or grinding railroad
corporations, as is now, alas ! so largely the case in the far
West. Then there would be httle occasion or justification
for labor strikes and communistic deliverances of a revolu-
tionary character, which frequently threaten the peace and
safety of the country.

Such a disposition of the land of the nation would inaugu-
rate a genuine political and social jubilee for millions of our
most useful citizens. The same remark applies to Great
Britain and other nations also. The spirit and main features
of such a sovereign remedy for gravest dangers that threaten
our nation, are found in the provisions regulating the cele-
bration of the year of jubilee in the days of old.

OUR OWN FRANKLIN COUNTY CENTENNIAL.

My Christian friends : I have called special attention to
these matters in the beginning of this centennial memorial
discourse, because they are necessarily involved in a proper
treatment of my text, and because the subject is one that
concerns deeply our welfare, as individuals, as families, and
as a nation.

The text, along with corresponding Mosiac deliverances
and institutions already mentioned, gives ample scriptural
warrant for memorial centennial celebrations, such as en-
gage our attention to-day. All centennial occasions are
multiples of the jubilee unit of fifty years. This is simply
the second jubilee year of our existence as a county. Scrip-
ture encourages and teaches us to engage in more frequent

8o Centennial Memorial Sermons.

memorial observances than centennial periods can furnish.
Important events in the political and religious history of a
people should be commemorated once in the life time of
each generation, or say once every fiftieth year.

Some, indeed, are of such supreme importance, the birth
of the Saviour, for instance, or the birthday of a nation, as
to demand annual commemorations which Christmas and
the Fourth of July celebrations regularly furnish.

Others, like the organization of counties should move in
cycles, and no cycle is so old, appropriate or inspiring as
the jubilee cycle of fifty years. Whether or not the anni-
versary of the organization of our noble county was cele-
brated fifty years ago, we know not. But our duty to cele-
brate on this second return of the jubilee year is all the
same.

This is an age of centennials, semi-centennials, bi-cen-
tennials, ter-centennials, and even the 400th anniversary of
the birth of Luther, the great Saxon Reformer, and of
Zwingli, the great Reformer of Republican Switzerland,
have recently been fitly commemorated. Eight years
hence, the four hundredth (400) anniversary of the dis-
covery of America will attract universal attention. This is
all right and proper. Anniversary occasions properly ob-
served are good institutions. They help to cultivate a rev-
erent historical spirit, which is one of the best safeguards of
society. The words and deeds, the trials and triumphs, and
even the mistakes and failures of our forefathers are full of
instruction. The first commandment with promise '' Honor
thy father and thy mother" is violated wherever important
events of the hoary past are not commemorated. The pres-
ent is the child of the past, for whose lessons it must have
due respect, in order to become the honored parent of the
future. A nation, a church or a civilization is strong and
enduring only as it is rightly grounded in its past history.

We can only briefly dwell upon those events that special-
ly concern the immediate beginnings of our local history
in both its civil and religious aspects.

Sermon of Re7'. Cyrus Corf. 8i

THE ORIGIN OF THE COUNTY ITS SCOTCH-IRISH AND GER-
MAN-SWISS ELEMENTS.

When Antrim township, in which we reside, was first cre-
ated in 1 741, it formed part of Lancaster county. When
Cumberland county was formed in 1750, Antrim became
part of the same. Frankhn county was created Sept. 9,
1784, and was ahiiost identical with Antrim township, as
originally constituted, out of whose territory all other town-
ships in the county were formed with the exception of War-
ren, Metal, Fannet and part of Peters townships. The
Indian title to these portions of the county was not extin-
guished until 1758. Hence, Antrim may rightly be called
"The mother of townships." Long before these dates, en-
terprising settlers had located in this beautiful and fertile
valley. The Scotch-Irish were first on the ground. Benja-
man Chambers located at the junction of Falling Springs
with the Conococheaque in 1730, by consent of the Indians
who were as yet friendly to the white settlers. The orders of
the Provincial government to the proprietary agents were to
send the Germans into York county and the Lehigh region,
and to send the Scotch-Irish into the Cumberland Valley.
The two elements had not harmonized well in Lancaster
county, where they frequently got into broils with each
other on election days. While this order of settlement was
the general rule, there were some notable exceptions. Jacob
Schnebele, the founder of the Snively (as the name is now
written) family, located in Antrim township in 1734, or just
150 years ago. He was of German-Swiss stock. His des-
cendants are numerous, and the Snively family is respected
by all. We are glad to have a goodly number of them in
our own Reformed congregation, who are present with us to-
day. Likewise representatives of the Crunkleton family,
whose ancestor also came here as one of the four original
settlers in 1 734. No descendants of the other two (Rhoddy
and Johnston) remain. A number of us (your pastor for one)
have the mingled blood of Scotch-Irish and German-Swiss
ancestors coursing through our veins.

Along the adjacent Maryland line, which was then sup-
posed to be farther north than at present, the Seiberts, Zel-

8 2 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

lers, Stalls, Cushwas, Kershners, Ankenys and other Ger-
man-Swiss families located in those early provincial days.
In 1748, Rev. Michael Schlatter, the pioneer missionary of
the Reformed Church, visited a very devout Reformed con-
gregation of German-Swiss people on the Conococheague,
near the present site of St. Paul's Reformed Church, be-
tween Clear Spring and Hagerstown, Md., about a dozen
miles from here. The ancestor of the noted Schley family,
of Frederick City, Md., taught a Reformed Church Paro-
chial School at Monocacy, as Frederick City was then called
in those pioneer days. Capt. Jonathan Hager, the founder
of Hagerstown, (laid out in 1762,) belonged to the Reformed
Church, and accidentially lost his life while preparing ma-
terial for the first Reformed Church erected there at the be-
gining of the Revolutionary war. In fact, the printed forms
of naturalization used at that time in the province of Mary-
land, required the applicant for citizenship to furnish cer-
tificates from officiating ministers, that they were commu-
nicant members of the ^^ Reformed or Protestant Congrega-
tion,'-' as the certificate of Heinrich Stall, granted and signed
at Frederick by Reverdy Johnson, in 1764, fully proves.
This document is now in possession of our venerable towns-
man, William Fleming, who is a great grandson of Heinrich
Stall. That herbic man. Gen. Henry Bouquet, one of the
finest scholars and the best military man of colonial times,
was a German-Swiss and a member of the Reformed Church.
His Long Meadows estate of 4,163 acres, was located only
a few miles from here, and lay on both sides of the Pennsyl-
vania and Maryland line. His famous Royal American
Regiment was composed mainly of German-Swiss soldiers,
recruited in the provinces. They held for seven years the
long line of forts and block-houses, reaching from Philadel-
phia through the wilderness to Detroit, and bore the brunt
of battle and hardships in those dark and trying days.

THE REFORMED CHURCH IN FRANKLIN COUNTY.

Rev. Weymer, the faithful pastor of the Reformed Church
in Hagerstown, Md., from 1770 until 1790, was the first Re-
formed minister to preach the gospel regularly within the
bounds of Franklin county. Pa. In 1784 or 1785, as near

Sermon of Rev. Cyrus Cort. ?>7,

as we can learn, he organized congregations at Greencastle,
Grindstone Hill and Chambersburg. Hence, we have
double reasons to commemorate this year of our Lord, 1884.
It is the centennial of the Reformed Church of our town and
county, as well as the centennial of the county itself.
This is a happy coincidence, a blending of civil and ecclesi-
astical events, which ought to make this centennial season
doubly interesting and precious to our household of faith in
Franklin county.

Along with the other heroic pioneers, whose memory we
gratefully cherish to-day, let the name of Jacob Weymer be
mentioned with reverential honor. He was a man of genu-
ine Apostolic character, a missionary in the full sense of
that term ! Besides preaching to Reformed people all over
Washington and Frederick counties, Md., he made mission-
ary tours through the valley of Virginia, all over this part
of Cumberland Valley and over the mountains into the
Juniata region, going once a year to Huntingdon county. Pa.
His remains lie buried in the rear of the First Reformed
Church of Hagerstown, but no one knows the exact location
of his grave. The absence of a monument is not an evi-
dence of ungrateful neglect on the part of the Reformed
people of Hagerstown, as Dr. Harbaugh intimates in his
biographical sketch. It was his desire and dying request (a
fact evidently unknown to Dr. Harbaugh) that his grave
should be unmarked. He said the good Lord would know
where to find his body on Resurrection Day. John Calvin,
the great Reformed Theologian and DiscipHnarian, made a
similar request, and great as he was, and honored as he is by
millions of Christians in all lands, of him it may be said, as
it was said of old, respecting the burial of Moses, the leader
and law-giver of ancient Israel, ''the place of his sepulchre
knoweth no man unto this day. ' ' Nevertheless their works
do follow them, and they rest from their labors.

The Reformed and Lutherans in Greencastle, worshiped
together in a log church at first. The Lutherans built a
church of their own, and in 1808 the Reformed laid the
corner-stone of a brick church, which they built on the old
graveyard lot, under the ministry of Rev. Rahauser.
Several years' time elapsed before the church was finished.

84 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

The successor of Father Weymer was Rev. Jonathan
Rahauser, who settled in Hagerstown, in 1792. His pas-
toral charge took in Washington and Frederick counties,
Md., and Franklin and Adams counties, Pa. At first he
preached in Hagerstown, Funkstown, Boonsboro, Troxels,
Greencastle, Mercersburg, Besores, Millerstown, Emmitts-
burg and Apple's church. In 1809 his brother Frederick
took charge of Emmittsburg and Apple's congregation, along
with Gettysburg, Taneytown, &c. After serving the Re-
formed Church at Harrisburg, as pastor for three years,
Frederick Rahauser, located at Chambersburg, where he
labored faithfully from 181 9 until 1836. The Rahauser
name is still known and honored amongst us. After the
death of Jonathan Rahauser, Rev. F. A. Scholl, took
charge of this particular field in 181 8, and became the first
resident pastor of the Greencastle charge. He resigned the
Greencastle congregation Nov. 3, 1833. -^^ labored
faithfully for 21 years, when he retired from the active
duties cf the ministry. His field embraced all the Reformed
congregations in Franklin and Fulton counties, excepting
the Chambersburg charge. The corner-stone of the Union
church at Middleburg was laid in 1834, in which our
people there still worship.

Rev. Hamilton Vandyke and Rev. Jacob Mayer, pastor
of Mercersburg charge, acted as supply of the Green-
castle congregation for several years after the resignation of
Father Scholl. Rev. W. C. Bennet served in the same
capacity for a short time. The old church was somewhat
remodled, and modernized during the vacancy.

Rev John Rebaugh succeeded Father Scholl, and was the
earnest and esteemed Pastor of the Greencastle congrega-
tion fromi 1837 to 1 85 1, when he resigned this congrega-
tion, but remained pastor at Middleburg, St. Paul's and
Clear Spring, Md., until 1863. He was a warm-hearted
genial man and a faithful pastor. The sick and sorrowing
especially found in him one who could sympathize and
console. His ministry marked the transition from the use
of the German language to the English, which seems to
have been passed over with tact and good judgment. It is
a source of great regret that no official or private records

Sermofi of Rev. Cynis Cort. 85

have been left by any of these aged fathers in the ministry
giving account of baptisms, marriages, confirmations, &c.,
during their pastorate here.

Rev. John S. Foulk, the successor of Father Rebaugh,
introduced a new era in this respect. A Constitution and
By-Laws were adopted by the congregation, and a congre-
gational record of mmisterial acts has been faithfully kept
since the settlement of Rev. Foulk. Under his ministry
the substantial and comfortable church edifice was erected
in 1854, in which the Greencastle congregation still wor-
ships. The congregation prospered under the 7 years effi-
cient ministry of Rev. Foulk. He was succeeded by Rev.
Thos. G. Apple, D. D., now at the head of our college and
theological seminary in Lancaster, Pa. With the character
and results of his able ministry of nine years you are
familiar. So, also with that of his successors, Drs. S. N.
Callender and Moses Kieffer and the lamented pastors.
Revs. S. K. Kremer and John H. Sykes. The average
duration of their ministry was three years and the last two
fell at the post of duty in the full vigor of manhood. Such
briefly is a history of the Reformed Church in Greencastle
and vicinity, during the past century. But oh ! what toils
and troubles, what hopes and fears, what joys and sorrows
were crowded into those hundred years of congregational
life ! The pioneer fathers, mothers and pastors where are
they ? Gone to their everlasting rest and reward. It is a
solemn thought that a hundred years hence, yea perhaps in
half that time, not one of this audience will remain. May
we so live that the Church of Christ shall suffer no harm
from our connection with it, and we miay at last be enabled
to enter the pearly gates of the New Jerusalem, to meet the
loved ones gone before.

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF RELIGIOUS BODIES.

At present Mercersburg Classis is identical with Franklin
county in extent, with the addition of McConnelsburg
charge in Fulton county, and part of Shippensburg charge
in Cumberland county. This is offset by part of the Cave-
town, Md., charge located in our county. The statistics of
Classis for this year, shows a membership of 2,606, a bap-

86 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

tized but unconfirmed membership of 1,567, with 23 congre-
gations, 10 pastors, 20 Sunday Schools, numbering 2,023
members. The Greencastle charge contains two congrega-
tions, 312 members, 217 baptized members, 2 Sunday
■Schools and 267 Sunday School Scholars and teachers.

The Lutheran Church, the twin sister of the great Re-
formation of the 1 6th century, has prospered side by side
with our Reformed communion in this valley. It has 18
congregations, 2,825 communicant members, and Sunday
Schools containing 2,692 members.

The Presbyterian church represents to a large extent the
Scotch-Irish element, which originally had the vantage
ground in this county as we have seen. It has at present
1,839 member and 1,633 persons connected with its Sunday
schools. A great many of these are of German or Swiss
descent as their names indicate, viz : Detrich, Ziegler, Ruth-
rauff. Snider, Wilhelm, Kieffer, Snively, Winger, &c. The
Methodists have 1,752 members and 1,397 Sunday school
scholars, and the United Brethren, who began their career
about one hundred years ago, claim 2,500 members in this
county. The Tunkers or German Baptists of different
classes and shades of belief form a large part of our agricul-
tural population in particular.

THE GERMAN-SWISS ELEMENTS IN THE ASCENDANT.

Bearing in mind that the M. E. and U. B. people are
largely composed of descendants of German-Swiss settlers
who were Reformed or Lutherans, and adding these to
Reformed, Lutheran and German Baptistic members it will
be seen that the descendants of the German-Swiss settlers
outnumber those of Scotch-Irish origin fully four to one.
The Germanic element now largely owns and cultivates the
fertile farms of this grand old county. As old Mr. Bossard
prophetically remarked many years ago they will dig out the
Scotch-Irish with their silver spades. One hundered years
ago, when this county was first organized, a dozen lawyers
composed the bar at Chambersburg, not one of whom had
a German-Swiss origin. Now the majority seems to be of
that stock. We have Kimmel, Stenger, Bonebrake, Brewer,

Ser?non of Rev. Cyrus Cort. 87

Winger, Ruthrauff, Gehr, Bowers, Suesserot, Zacharias,
Ludwig, Omwake, &c., &c.

We state these things simply as historical facts and not in
the way of invidious comparison. Our people, we can say
without boasting, belong to the most substantial part of our
population. With a fair proportion of professional men,
they are, as a rule, farmers, mechanics and merchants, who
form the bone and sinew of every prosperous community.
Few of them are now so ignorant or ignoble as to be
ashamed of their German-Swiss origin or the church of their
Reformation forefathers.

EDUCATIONAL AND PUBLICATION RELATIONS — MERCERSBURG
THEOLOGY.

Some of the most important educational and publication
interests of the Reformed church have had an eventful his-
tory within the borders of Franklin county. For 18 years,
from 1835 to 1853, the chief college (Marshall) of the
church was located at Mercersburg, where some of the most
prominent and useful men of both church and state were
educated.

The Theological Seminary of the Reformed church re-
mained at Mercersburg 17 years longer. Mercersburg
ChristologicaL Theology, with the corresponding philosophi-
cal mode of thought, became famous all over the civilized
world.

It makes the Person of Christ central in the Christian
system, even more really than the sun is central in the
planetary system to which our globe belongs. He is the
central sun of the moral universe. Not any abstract theory
of predestination, any form of church polity, mode of ad-
ministering sacraments, or mode of eucharistic presence,
or theory of conversion is the central controlling principle
of Christianity, but Christ Jesus Himself is the principle of
principles. He is the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and
the end of Divine revelation — the centre and source of
all true history, the object of all saving faith and genuine
adoration. In Him the decrees and promises of God are
yea and in Him Amen, living, historical, everlasting reali-
ties. The best thought of Europe, Great Britain and the

88 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

United States has come to a substantial agreement on this
point, which is after all the citadel of our holy religion.
The names of Ranch, Nevin, Schaff and Harbaugh are re-
vered among all liberal-minded, large-hearted Christian
scholars. The college and seminary have long since been
removed to Lancaster, where the good work of training our
Reformed pastors goes on, but the fragrance of their mem-
ory still lingers around the old Mountain Home. Mercers-
burg College rendered important service to the cause of ed-
ucation during its fitful career of a dozen years or more,
and now seems to have a promising future before it as a col-
legiate institution, under the judicious management of Dr.
Aughenbaugh.

The printing establishment of the church had a long and
successful career at Chambersburg, under the faithful man-
agement of Dr. S. R. Fisher, until it was finally destroyed
in 1864 by Southern invaders.

Illustrious men are the noblest heritage of a community or
nation. The contemplation of their characters and achieve-
ments is full of inspiration and instruction. Of these Frank-
lin county has furnished an unusual number; more, it has
been successfully maintained, than any other county in the
Union. But time and space will not allow me even to
name the roll of honor. This will probably be done by
the historian in his address next Tuesday afternoon.

THE DEBT OF GRATITUDE TO GOD AND THE PIONEERS.

It is a great privilege to live in such a favored part of such
a goodly land in such a period of the world's history.
'' Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay!"
exclaims the laureate poet of England. Better a generation
of vigorous progressive life in this garden spot of the great
Republic than a thousand years among the stagnant despot-
isms of the Old World. But great privileges being corres-
ponding duties and responsibilities, American Christians
should excel all others in the line of Christian activity and
especially of missionary enterprise.

They ought to be the salt of the earth and the light of
the world in a pre-eminent degree by bearing the gospel to

Sermon of Rev. Cyrus Cort. 89

the benighted heathen. Thank God they are doing great
things in the blessed work of evangehzing the nations, A
large proportion of the 6,000 missionaries at work in heathen
lands and the ^10,000,000 annually expended for the foreign
mission cause comes from these United States.

With thankful hearts we should engage in these memorial
centennial services which have been fitly inaugurated by
suitable religious observances in the churches of the county.

We dare never forget the toils, the dangers and privations
of our pioneer ancestors. They turned the wilderness into
a fruitful field and made the desert blossom as the rose.
Cultivating friendly relations with the Indians they had
multiplied and prospered in the region west of the Susque-
hanna, so that already in 1755 there were 3,000 men able
to bear arms. Then came the blunders and horrors of the
French and Indian wars, culminating in Braddock's dis-
graceful and disastrous defeat. A year later, in the fall of
1756, scarcely one hundred were leit in all the great Cum-
berland Valley. 18 forts were erected to protect them
against Indian forays. On every side the pioneer settlers
and their families were waylaid and massacred, or borne in-
to barbarous captivity by prowling bands of savages.
McCord's Fort, near the foot of Mount Parnell, was cap-
tured, and 27 men, women and children met a horrible
fate. In my hand I now hold the MSS. journal (140 years
old) of James McCullough, which contains page after page
of entries reciting massacre after massacre of the pioneer
settlers and their families. Those were dark and trying
days indeed, and had not their hearts been stout as oak, and
their sinews strong as steel, they could never have withstood
the fearful strain of body and mind which the anxious sus-
pense must have caused even for those who escaped the tom-
ahawk and scalping-knife of the merciless savages. All
honor to the brave men and women of those pioneer days !
Base and ignoble are those who fail to cherish the memory
of such an heroic ancestry.

CULTIVATE THE HOME FEELING.

This is a sacred memorial season, a hallowed jubilee year
full of inspiring associations. It is a time to visit the old

90 Centennial Metnorial Sermons.

homestead, to trace up and record genealogical tables, to
hold family re-unions and revive the fond memories of the
olden time.

Such is the spirit and sentiment of our text, '^ ye shall hal-
low the 50th year and proclaim liberty throughout all the
land, unto all the inhabitants thereof. It shall be a jubilee
unto you, and we shall return every man unto his posses-
sion, and we shall return every man unto his family."

Happy are they who can do this with gratitude to the
God of their sainted forefathers ! Happy are they who can
thus return to the home of their childhood ! Happy are
they who remain in the honorable possession of the patri-
mony of their pioneer ancestors ! The love of liberty, of
home and of fatherland will be strong and abiding in the
hearts of such a people.

A CONTRAST BETWEEN THE PAST AND PRESENT.

Great and marvelous have been the changes and improve-
ments of the century just ended. The pack-horse and the
lumbering Conestoga wagon have given place to the traction
engine and to the locomotive and railroad trains which daily
pass through our streets from New York to New Orleans.
The express rider, galloping over the mountains and through
the wilderness on panting steed, at the peril of his life, has
been superseded by the electric telegraph, which conveys
messages of love and light in the twinkle of an eye to the
remotest part of the Republic, yea underneath old ocean's
briny waves to all parts of the habitable globe. The flail and
the sickle of our fathers have given place to the steam separa-
tor and the four-horse reaper. The thirteen colonies along
the Atlantic coast, with three or four million people, a large
number of them negro slaves, have increased to thirty-eight
States, reaching from ocean to ocean, with a population of
fifty odd millions and territory enough for twenty States
more. ''The Lord hath done great things for us as a na-
tion, whereof we have reason to be glad and to bless His
holy name." And with the Psalmist we may exclaim:
''Bless the Lord, O my soul, and all that is within me, bless
His holy name. Bless the Lord, O my soul, and forget not
all His benefits."

Sermon of Rev. Cyrus Corf. 91

The blood-thirsty savages no longer skulk about our dwel-
lings as they did in the days of our pioneer ancestors, when
young and old were ruthlessly slaughtered regardless of sex,
age or condition.

In our valley hundreds of Indian youths are now receiving
instruction in the elements of education and Christian civil-
ization within the precincts of Carlisle Barracks, whence
the heroic Bouquet marched to punish their race for their
atrocities, 120 years ago. The same work is going on at
Hampton Institute, Virginia, where I addressed a large num-
ber of them through an interpreter, a few weeks ago, and
told them of the universal Fatherhood of God and Brother-
hood of man. No longer do our children go to school, and
our people to church and to their daily toil at the peril of
their lives, as did our pioneer ancestors. Peace and plenty,
prosperity and safety is the portion of our inheritance in
this goodly land.

OUR DUTY TO CHERISH THE ANCIENT LANDMARKS.

The blessings of constitutional liberty, the principles of
representative self-government for which our Reformation
forefathers suffered in Switzerland, Germany, Holland,
France and Great Britain, have become a fundamental part of
the institutions of our land.

Let us cherish these as something more precious than sil-
ver or gold. Above all let us cherish the principles of
Christian faith and piety, so dear to the hearts of our sainted
forefathers. For the sake of religious principle, our Scotch-
Irish and German -Swiss ancestors endured the dangers and
hardships of pioneer life, and only by imitating their fidelity
to the Lord Jesus Christ can we preserve and perpetuate the
blessings of civil and religious liberty enshrined in our con-
stitutional form of government. It is true now as in the
days of old ''righteousness exaltetha nation, and sin is a re-
proach to any people." We have made great progress in the
arts and sciences, in agriculture and the mechanic pursuits,
but the old-fashioned principles and habits of honest indus-
try, frugality and piety remain the enduring basis of all
true prosperity and power. In these respects let us grate-
fully ''remember the days of old." Thus shall we "honor

9 2 Centennial Memorial Sermons .

father and mother," and inherit the divine promise that our
days shall be long in the land which the Lord our God,
hath given us. Let us walk in the good old paths of truth
and righteousness and keep in view the ancient landmarks.

CONCLUSION.

And, finally, my Christian friends, let us remember that
all these earthly jubilees are but faint shadows of the grand
reality, the Jubilee of glorified humanity, when the ran-
somed of the Lord, from every land and nation, shall enter
the home of the blest with songs and everlasting joy upon
their heads. That we may all stand accepted in the Beloved
and be numbered among the saints in glory everlasting, in
that great and notable day, should be our hope, our prayer
and our supreme endeavor. Amen. And, Amen.

CENTENNIAL SERMON OF REV. J. HASSLE R,

Of Mercersburg, Preached in St. Peter's Reformed Church,

IN Fort Loudon, Pa., on Sunday Evening, September

7, 1884, AND IN the Town Hall, in Fannetts-

BURG, Pa., September 14, 1884,

Deut. 2,2:7— " Remember the days of old, consider tho. years of many genera-
tions ; ask thy father and he will show thee ; thy elders and they will tell thee."

Three thoughts are before us: i. Thanksgiving and
praise for our grand old mountains., and the rich and fertile
valleys that characterize the geog^^aphy of our county.

2. Thanksgiving for the moral integrity and upright, reli-
gious life of our pioneer settlers.

3. Civilization 2Ci\A, National Freedom, the price of blood,

I. SCENERY AND FERTILITY OF SOIL.

The words of our text constitute an extract from the
plaintive song of a dying man. The great drama of a great
life is at an end. The greatest commander that ever lived —
the greatest moral hero that ever stepped on the stage of
history — he, who is the most honored of all human beings,
who talked with God ''face to face" — whose hand met the

Semion of Rev. J. Hassler, 93

fingers of Jehovah in receiving the Law — this great man,
whose whole moral life is the greatest miracle of the greatest
age that ever characterized the inhabitants of earth ; whose
life, and deeds, and death challenge infidelity, and will
ever scatter to the winds of heaven all doubt or uncertainty
as to the truth of inspiration — this great man is called upon
to die, to pass away from the scenes of earth ! His death
song is contained in this chapter, the import of which is :
ObedieJice to God secures ifidependence, personal and national
prospe7'ity. Disobedience brings ruin, loss, captivity, death /
So to-day. It is meet and right for us, as a religious com-
munity, to look back a himdred years and consider the
many trials, hardships and cruel captivities our fathers
endured, to give us this beauteous land of freedom ; and
these grand and fertile valleys, that surround these lofty
mountains of beauty and power ! And thus, by this review
of a century past, generate in our \i^2xts praise, thanksgiving
and obedience to our fathers' God.

In 1682 William Penn came from England to this coun-
try and founded a colony, which he called Pennsylvania —
the forest land, or land of Penn. The whole country was
inhabited by rude and untutored Indians, who lived in wig-
wams and subsisted on hunting. Penn desired his people
to live in peace with these wild and savage tribes, hence his
"Treaty of Peace," on the very spot where now stands the
City of Philadelphia, on the banks of the Delaware.

But oh ! what changes ! Instead of wild game, Indian
huts and camp-fires you now see hundreds and thousands of
houses, built high, three, six and eight stories; of brown
stone, brick and marble ; and thousands upon thousands of
white people, all with busy step and hurried tread, eager in
business, trade and commerce — buying, selling and getting
gain!

Where is the old ^^ Elm Tree,'' under whose wide spread-
ing branches, late in autumn 1682, the treaty was made?
Alas ! the sacred spot is now covered by a large, populous
city ; and the place itself is only marked by a marble monu-
ment, to perpetuate its memory. The tree itself stood till
1 810, when it was blown down by a storm at the age of 283
years, being 155 at the time of Penn's treaty. When the

94 Cenfeftnial MefHorial Sermons',

British troops occupied the city, during the Revolution, it
was guarded by a band of soldiers. It was held in great
veneration, and its sacred wood is yet preserved under the
form of orna?nents for the parlor table? But, oh! the
changes it witnessed !

So, too, similar changes belong to the fertile vales and
growing towns in our own county, in the loo years that are
past ! Could some old Indian chief, who once roamed these
hills and drank at the beautiful spring below our town,
w^here old Ft. Loudon stood, revisit this land, he would be
completely lost — his mind would be filled with wondrous sur-
prise ! So, too, at a later date — from 1790 to 1830 — if
some of the McCulloughs, Smiths, McFarlands, Bards, Mc-
Dowels, Crawfords, Dickeys, Pattons, Lanes, Scotts, and
others, who lived amid these hills and tilled these lands,
could return to earth, oh ! how spell-bound with surprise !

The old line of ^^pack horses,'' traveling with steady step
up the rugged steeps of yonder mountain gorge — the Cove
Gap — where are they? The old "■ CoJiestoga wagons,'' high
and long and deep, with canvas top, that lined this western
turnpike, heavy laden with merchants' goods from Balti-
more to Pittsburg, where are they? Not one to be seen.
The line of ^^ four-horse stages," too, six and eight a day,
crowded with Western merchants and others, eagerly bound
for the Eastern cities, every hour feeling for their money, hid
in the lining of their coat, or in their boots, or some secret
place, lest the Robber Lewis and others, who lurked in these
hills, would rob both traveler and driver alike — these, alas !
all gone !

The days of military parade, militia muster — ''review
days" — with shrill fife and noisy drum, and gaudy soldiers,
and galloping troopers — these, too, have all disappeared ;
together with the gleaming sickle; sowing wheat broad-
cast ; cutting the broad acres with a hand-cradle, four and
six in a row ; tramping the wheat in the winter months, a
six weeks' work; all these have disappeared, and we now
have railroad cars, horse-rakes, phosphate grain drills, the
sulky plough, the road traction engine, and a dozen or more
of other farming implements.

But in the school-room and in the school-house, oh!

Sermon of Rev. J. Hassler, 95

what changes! '' Cobb's Spelling Book," with the picture
of the bo)^ on the apple tree, pelted with stones by the
honest farmer for his first theft; the '* New Testament,"
with Matthew^ Mark, Luke, and John, all to the Book of
Revelation — this the scholars' ^^ only reader,'" and then even
skipping the hard ?iames — all these have disappeared.

So, too, in church building, and in the familiar scenes of
the home circle ; oh ! the changes !

The high-backed pews, wine glass pulpit, or as the poet
has it —

"Their pews of unpainted pine, straight- backed and tall;
Their gal'ries mounted high, three sides around ;
Their pulpits, goblet shaped, half up the wall,
With sounding board above, with acorn crowned."

These are now no more. So, too, the old Franklin stove,
the open fire-place, with ''brass fender," and back-log
burning brightly; "the oaken bucket, the moss-covered
bucket, that hung in the well," — all, all have given place
to the "radiant home," "the gas burner," the "cast iron
pump." Thus, too, instead of the "old lard lainp,'' and
''tallow candle,'" and ''snuffers" you have coal oil, gas
and electric light !

But, oh! the changes in the spheres of human life! The
inquiry is, where are the great men who laid out these
towns, built these mills and subdued these forests? Echo
answers, where? Franklin county, to its credit be it said,
has furnished "more men of mark," both in Church and
State, for the Judge's bench, the Governor's chair, and
Halls of Legislation, than any other part of the State.

The greatest railroad king that America ever furnished,
Col. Thomas A. Scott, was born in this village, under the
shade of these mountains, in yonder "public mansion ;" and
he who sat in the President's chair, the 15th President,
James Buchanan, received the light of day in yonder
mountain gorge (Cove Gap) ; and when a little boy his fond
mother placed a "bell around his neck," lest she would
lose her Irish boy amid the rocks of the impending forest.

But these reminiscences carry us too far.

On the 9th of September, 1784, an Act of the Assembly
was passed erecting the county of Franklin, out of the

g6 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

southwestern part of Cumberland, thus bearing the name
of our own honored natural philosopher, Benjamin Franklin.
Its greatest extent from north to south is 2^% miles, and from
east to west 34 miles, containing an area of 49, 740 square
miles. In 1870 the population was 45,365. In 1880,
49,855. The greatest part of the county consists of an ex-
tensive valley of fertile land, well watered, well cultivated,
and highly improved. The product of wheat alone in 1880
was 1,033,824 bushels — other grains, such as rye, oats,
Indian corn and barley, in equal proportions.

On the east you have the range of hills called the South
Mountain, reaching an elevation of 600 to 900 feet. On the
west and northwest a more elevated and rugged range, called
the North or Blue Mountain, running in almost an un-
broken line from the Delaware southwestward and abruptly
terminating in Mt. Parnell and Mt. Jordan's Knob.

Path Valley lies between these lofty peaks and the Tusco-
rora Mountain, which stretches southwest, on to the waters
of the Potamac. Some of these lofty peaks range from
1,500 to 1,600 feet above the level of the sea. Oh! the
grandeur of this mountain scenery — its health-giving power.
With the homesick Swiss soldier, when far from his native
Alps, we can say, ''Geb mir Berge oder Ich Sterbe." The
eye of the traveler is never wearied in looking upon the
rugged brow of old Parnell and Mt. Jordan, joined together
in one perpetual brotherhood of beauty and power, and
looking down in quiet majesty upon the peaceful village of
Ft. Loudon, nestling quietly amid the shade of these lofty
peaks ; or, casting our view six miles beyond, over to our
neighboring town of Mercersburg, far-famed both in Europe
and America for schools of learning and theological power ;
and then, still farther on toward the south you see " Casey's
Knob," "Two-top," and the grand and beautiful chain of
vast blue mountains on to ''Penn-Mar" and the Potomac,
forming '''one vast amphitheatre" or ''crescent" of beauty
and mountain scenery hardly eclipsed by any other in the
whole State. Strangers never cease to admire the beauty
of our vioimtain homes. Yes, these grand old mountains
are the finger-boards of nature that point the weary pilgrim
up to heaven — to God — to our eternal home !

Sermon of Rev. J. Hastier. 97

The purity of air that encircles their top, the green clad
plains and fertile vales that lie at their base, the laughing
rivulet and the towering oak that dwell upon their haggard
sides, all serve to give health and tone to the body, in-
vigorate the mind, and inspire within the breast of man
feelings of awe, reverence and devotion ! God himself
built these lofty hills. He laid them deep ; He made them
broad ; He shaped their conical form, their broad founda-
tions, their haggard sides. He built them for himself, to
point upward, to heaven, to our home above !

The Saviour loved the mountain. He prayed there; He
preached there; He wept there; upon the mountain he
died ; at its base he was buried ; from its top He ascended
to heaven ! Oh ! the mountain ! the mountain ! ! What
Christian born in Franklin county but loves the mountain?
Especially as these lofty hills remind him of Tabor, Carmel,
Lebanon, Pisgah, Calvary, and above all Mt. Zion, the city
of the living God, a truthful type of the Christian church !

Never can we gaze upon these rugged hills, or travel over
their haggard sides, or look upon^their lofty peaks, without
thinking of the hill-country of Judea, and the mountains of
Galilee, consecrated to the holy purposes of our holy reli-
gion, by the prayers and tears, and deeds, and awful suffer-
ings and holy blood of our blessed Redeemer I Yes,

"To Zion's hill I lift mine eyes,
From thence expecting aid ;
From Zion's hill and Zion's God,
Who heaven and earth has made."

II. But we must take up our second point : Praise and
thanksgiving for the moral integrity aud upright, religious life
of our pio7ieer settlers.

Living in the midst of such beautiful scenery, dwelling
under the shade of such lofty mountains, what else could
our fathers be than devout, honest, religious ?

In Path Valley, tradition has it, a man borrowed a hun-
dred dollars from his neighbor. After the money was paid
and the note written his neighbor said :

"John, you keep this paper too.
Then you^ // know when the note is due."

98 Centen7iial Memorial Sermons.

The man had both money and note. This story is a
noble tribute of praise to primitive virtue, neighborly con-
fidence and Christian love.

The character of Enoch Brown, the noble, heroic school-
teacher, murdered by the Indians, with his ten scholai's,
(one only making his escape,) on the 26th of July, 1764,
in Antrim township, three miles from Greencastle, is only a
moral type of the good and religious character of our pioneer
settlers. This teacher is said "to be a man of liberal culture,
particularly noted and respected for his truthfulness, in-
tegrity and Christian character.'' His courage was praise-
worthy, as it is said he offered himself first as a martyr, to
save the lives of the innocent children.

It is to perpetuate the memory of this terrible sacrifice to
the cause of freedom and education that our offerings to-day
are to be devoted. To erect, at moderate cost, a granite
monument to mark the resting place of this noble teacher
and his murdered scholars.

The first settlers in our county were of Scotch-Irish
descent. Religious persecution and a desire for freedom in
religious worship drove them from Ireland and Scotland to
this Western world. The rich valleys of the Conococheague
settlement were objects of interest and attraction. These set-
tlers were moral, honest, religious and devout. The Sabbath
was strictly observed. The ten commandments committed
to memory; next to the Bible, the shorter catechism was
daily studied ; grace at the table, and evening and morn-
ing prayers, a usual occurrence in their religious life.

Many of this noble race and of their descendants still
reside in our county, but the German population of a later
date is fast gaining the ascendency, both in numbers and
in way of possessing homes and lands once occupied by
this noble ancestry of the Scotch-Irish race.

The Rev. Michael Schatter, a Reformed minister, one of
our first missionaries, who came to America in 1746, and
who visited Conococheague settlement in r748, uses these
words : '' The first inhabitants, as already stated, were from
Ireland and Scotland, and a few from Germany and Switzer-
land. Benjamin Chambers, the first settler, induced others
of his countrymen to immigrate to the Conococheague set-
tlement. Soon afterwards some German and Swiss descend-

Sermon of Rev. J. Hassler. 99

ents, principally from the lower part of Lancaster county,
found their way to this settlement ; since then they constitute
a great proportion of the present population. They speak
the language of their fathers, but of late years the English
has the preference with many whose grandparents immi-
grated from Germany,"

For the benefit of these Germans, who soon intermarried
and united their religious worship and social life with their
Scotch-Irish neighbors, for their good Rev. Jacob Weymer
and others. Reformed ministers, visited Chambersburg,
Greencastle, Grindstone Hill and other places, where Re-
formed churches were established as early as 1784. A
Reformed church stood on Stenger's hill, below town, as
early as 1790. The old brick church, to the east of town,
much of the material of which also is used in the erection
of the new church edifice (1876) was built in 1819, by the
Presbyterians and Reformed united. Thus, in point of
morals, religion and true piety, the inhabitants of this
county can boast of a noble ancestry.

Of course there are many exceptions to this estimate of
moral character. Theft, robbery, horse-racing, intemperance
and other vices were also known in those days. The old
stone jail in Chambersburg, built two stories high in 1798,
was often '■^filled to overflowing'^ ys[\t\\ cxmm\d\'6> conjfined
for debt. This punishment many regarded as the fruit of
indolence and intemperance. This may be all true enough.
Evil is hereditary. Sin goes with the race. Wherever the
foot of man treads their evil and sin keep apace, if not with
2i faster at least with an equal step with the march of virtue.
And yet history generally credits this noble ancestry as
being exemplary in moral integrity and the practice of the
Christian graces — education and religion. The school and
the church — these were the two cardinal marks oi the primi-
tive settlements of these hills by our pioneer fathers.

Rev. Dr. M. Brown, for a long time President of Jeffer-
son College, who studied theology under old Dr. King, of
Mercersburg, pastor of that church from 1769 to 181 3, has
this testimony, ''that in all his extensive travels in the
United States he found no population equal in virtue and
intelligence to the people of the Cumberland valley."

So, too, Rev. Dr. James Brownson, of Washington, Pa.,

100 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

whose maternal grandfather laid out the town of Mercers-
burg, expressing his regret in not being able to be present
dX this centennial celebration, Vi^&% these words: '^Not for
silver or gold would I barter away my lineal descent from
such a race." '' So noble a planting in one of the best and
most beautiful regions in our county, by a race unsurpassed
in intelligence, culture, patriotism and piety, and such a
development and progress, extending over 150 years since
the first white settlement, are worthy of being held up to
the grateful admiration of the descendents of a matchless
ancestry."

Such testimony, in favor of integrity and true morality,
is worthy of special regard.

Patriotism, too, was a crowning virtue. McCauley, in his
history of '76, says: ^'Not a Tory was to be found in the
whole Conococheague settlement. ' '

No one present to-day need be ashamed of his Scotch-
Irish ancestry.

But these early settlers experienced all the sad conse-
quences common to frontier life. Homes were hardly
secured, the land tilled, or barns built, till these homes
were burnt by savage Indians, the grain destroyed, cattle
killed, and wife and children carried into cruel captivity.

''For eight or ten years after General Braddock's defeat,
July, 1755, the whole frontier of your county was exposed
to the incursions of Indian war parties, ' ' who would secretly
surprise the inhabitants ; shoot down the cattle, massacre
the men, women and children, or carry them away into the
horrors of cruel captivity. Here Border Life, and the narra-
tives of Col. James Smith, John McCullough, Col. Craw-
ford, and others, are full of most thrilling interest. These
noble patriots gave their lives for our good and for our
homes. This leads us to our last point.

III. Civilization and national freedom the price of blood.

On the Fourth of July, 1876, eight years ago, we cele-
brated the centennial of our National Independence. It
was right and proper on that joyous occasion that we should
have poems, orations, historical readings. Declaration of
Independence recited, the highest forms of mechanical
art that genius could invent; all this, along with military

Sermon of Rev. J. Hassler. loi

processions, bands of music, banners afloat, flags waving,
national toasts, responses and firing of guns — all this joyous
festivity to impress upon the mind and heart of every man,
woman and child in the land that our National Freedom is
a reality, and this reality the price of blood. Citizen sov-
ereignty is a problem in civil government the old monarchies
of Europe can't solve; but our Pilgrim Fathers solved it;
but they did it with treasure, bloodshed, death I

So these fertile hills and these grand old homesteads in
this fertile county are ours only by the toil, hardships, labor,
and fearful sufferings and bloodshed of our Germanic,
Scotch-Irish ancestry.

This great truth, human perfection and true religious
freedom, are the price of blood, history, redemption and
science all clearly proclaim. The Apostles died for the
truth they preached. The reformers bled and suffered for
the truth of the Gospel. " The blood of martyrs is the seed
of the church." The idea of spiritual freedom from sin
and death is a plant too celestial, too heaven born to grow
on the soil of the human heart without the watering of blood
to ensure its growth. The Disciples felt this, they knew
this. They were willing every one of them to suffer mar-
tyrdom for the cause of Christ. They knew that righteous-
ness, truth and eternal life are ours only by the death and
crucifixion of their Master. Christ crucified contained the
seed oi a new creation. Sin and pride were the cruel
monsters that drove the spear into His side. The Saviour's
truth and purity were too holy and divine to germinate in
the dead stock of humanity without the shedding of blood
to ensure its growth. Christ's death is the germ of life.
*'If I be lifted up I will draw all men unto Me." Via
Crucis, via Lucis.

So, too, in the sphere of intellect. No freedom from this
darkness of ignorance and superstition except by toil, hard-
ship, and even self-sacrifice and death. Robert Fulton, in
1807, was hissed at, laughed at and mocked when he sought
to launch forth his first steamboat on the waters of the
Hudson. Columbus is called the madman because he seeks
the discovery of another world. Galileo, in Italy, is im-
prisoned because he seeks the improvement of astronomy.

E*

I02 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

And even that holy man, Paul, as he stood on Mar's Hill,
is called a Jewish babbler because he reasoned of ''the resur-
rection and the life to come." -,
History, too, is full of the same truth. States perish,
nations die, all the forms of life are mutable, only that the
living spirit of humanity may go forward with new energy
and create out of these smouldering ruins new forms of life
and activity. The decay of Greece is the life of Rome,
and the eruption of the northern barbarians, who lay all
Roman civilization in the dust, gives life to the Germanic
nations and the Anglo-Saxon race. Death is the condition
of life. So in the history of civilization and in the progress
of civil freedom. The wars of George IK., the long years
of cruel Indian warfare and the hardships of border life,
all prove that our peaceful homes and these fertile valleys
which we now so richly enjoy are the price of blood ! They
are redeemed for us from savage rule and the cruel toma-
hawk, only by toil, hardship and sacrifices the most horrible,
such as only true courage, martyr-heroism and earnest piety
could endure.

Mark well, therefore, the resting place of the man who
fell a sacrifice to education and offered his life a ransom for
the lives of innocent children ! Keep green the graves of
our patriot fathers, who spent their treasure and shed their
blood to secure to us the fertile fields of this rich old county,
whose history to-day reaches up to the hoary foot-prints of a
hundred years !

Follow closely in the steps and pathway of a most worthy
ancestry, who loved God, studied His word, kept the com-
mandments, believed in His Son, confessed His name, and
everywhere dotted this whole county with the church and
the school-house ; and then God will be honored, our chil-
dren blessed and freedom perpetuated.

Our mountain homes, the fruit of their blood and the
scalps of their children !

Oh ! sing to-day as you never sang before —
" My country ! 'tis of thee,

Sweet land of liberty,
Of thee I sing.

Land where my Fathers died,

Land of th^ patriot' s pride,

From every mountain side.
Let Freedom ring.

Sermon of Rev. J. W. K^iappenberger. 103

SERMON OF REV. J. W. KNAPPENBERGER, A.M.,

Preached in Trinity Reformed Church, Mercersburg, Pa.,
September 7, 1884.

Psalm 90. Last clause of the 9th verse. "We spend our years as a
tale that is told."

After speaking of the antiquity of the psahn, its beauty
and subhmity and rich meaning, of the custom of telhng
tales among Eastern people and when all were told how
short they would seem in thinking of them, w^e spoke as
follows :

And just so in many respects is it with our lives. They
are like tales that have been told. How short they seem !
How quickly do they pass away ! Three score years and ten
roll into eternity, before we are aware of it. As we think of
our past history, the oldest among us, how dim and indis-
tinct, do the most prominent facts in our lives stand out in
memory ! You, whose hair has been silvered with the
weight of years, and even those of you, who have only
reached the middle mile stone of your life, try to recall
the scenes and incidents and experiences of your early
years, — those which happened under the parental roof, when
father, mother, brothers and sisters were with you, when you
gathered together, it may be, around the family altar, when
you ate, drank, laughed and talked, played and toiled with
one another, — when you rejoiced together on some notable
interesting occasion, or wept with them over some great
sorrow; or when with bowed head and sorrowing hearts^
you stood together around an open grave, which received
one after another of those, who were to you most dear.
How you mourned their departure ! How you missed them
when you got back home ; how sad you all were then and
how time gradually healed the wound, which death had
made !

Or think, if you please, of the companions and associates
of your early years, of those who went to school with you,-^
of the lessons, which you studied and recited together, of
incidents that happened, indeed of all the things connected
with those early, interesting days, and as you dwell in medi-
tation upon them does not your whole past life, — all the
facts, incidents and experiences, — seem very much like a

I04 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

tale that is told ? You know it was real, actual and yet
how dim and shadowy, how like a tale it all appears now !

But all their experiences, every early impression, as well
as everything, that has happened to us or v/hich we have
done, have had an effect upon our lives, an influence which
we cannot even now overcome. All these things have been
worked up into the very texture of our being, and made us
what we are. Had it not been for all these associations
and influences we would not be what we are to-day. Our
characters are the rich ripe fruit of all these complex forces.

And as it is with the history of our individual lives, so is
it with the history of a community or of a country. As we
think of the early history of this country, the bloody scenes
which marks its pages, the struggles, hardships, dangers, and
sacrifices of the early settlers, — of the condition in which
this country was at that time, the valleys covered with tall
prairie grass, the rivers and creeks lined with forest trees
and the whole overrun with the Red Man, and the wild
animals peculiar to this district of territory at that time — how
difficult is it for us to throw ourselves back into the spirit of
these trying days, and make the conditions, which actually
existed, and the things which really took place, seem real to
us now ! We can read the facts connected with the mas-
sacre of Enoch Brown and his ten scholars, but we can't make
them as real to us as they were to those who found their
mangled bodies, and buried them together in one large box in
one great grave. And so it is with the story of John McCul-
lough, the burning of Ft. McCord, the killing of men and
women, and the taking of prisoners. All these facts and
incidents, as well as hundreds of others connected with the
early settlement of this county, seem now very much like
tales that have been told. And yet the history of those
early days is a true account of the struggles and conflicts
and dangers of real men and women, who labored to get a
foothold in this new district of country. Had they not en-
dured, toiled, fought and bled as they did, our country
to-day would not be what it is. They did a grand, noble
work, in times, too, which tried the mettle of which men
and women are made. In the midst of peace, prosperity
and plenty, we should not forget the pioneer settlers who
helped to secure the blessings which we now enjoy. Their

Sermon of Rev. J. W. K)iappenberger. \o^

labors of love and sacrifice should still be held in fond re-
membrance.

As we think of the condition of this county and its people
one hundred years ago, and their situation to-day, what a
contrast ! If we take a position on the top of one of our
high mountains, and cast our eyes over the surface of
Franklin county, we can see hundreds of beautiful farms,
in a high state of cultivation, yielding rich harvests of
almost every kind of grain, vegetables and fruits. The
whole number of farms in this county, according to the
census of 1880, is 3,602, and their estimated value, with
their improvements, is in the neighborhood of twenty (20)
millions of dollars. Upon these farms are comfortable
dwellings, large barns, good fences and every machine
to lighten labor, and make the soil fertile and fruitful.
Why, the value of the farming implements and machinery
alone is to-day in the neighborhood of nearly one million of
dollars. All these facts indicate a prosperous condition of
affairs in this county to-day.

But look back one hundred years, or more and what do
you see ? These same acres were covered with stones, bushes,
briars and trees, and it was only with hardest labors that
the inhabitants could secure enough from them to satisfy
their necessary wants. It required the honest labor of
hundreds, yea, thousands of persons, extending through a
hundred years or more, to make their farms what they are
to-day. If all the persons that worked on these farms for
the past one hundred years, or more, to make them what
they are, — were to assemble in one place, what an army
would there be; what labors and patience and sacrifices
and sorrow would they represent ! In the. enjoyment of
present blessings how prone are we to forget what others
did to secure them to us !

To-day there are roads and lanes running East and
West, North and South, intersecting one another at almost
every angle, so that we can travel anyAvhere and every-
where in perfect safety, feeling assured that the law which
rules and reigns in Franklin county is no dead letter, but
that it is powerful to protect her citizens, and terrible in its
punishment of the transgressor. 0)ie hundred years ago
these roads did not exist in the condition in which they are

io6 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

at present, and men had to travel from place to place as best
they could, and with that feeling of insecurity which be-
longs to first settlers in a savage, barbarous country. The
contrast in this respect is very great.

One hundred years ago, there was not a post-office in the
county, nor was there one in it until about six years after its or-
ganization. Letters on business, letters on friendship or love,
had to be sent, if sent at all, by some traveller. News from
parents at home, or from friends and lovers on the other
side of the great waters, or even in this country, could be
secured only at long intervals, and in the most unlooked for
and unexpected manner. The facihties, therefore, for com-
munication in those early days were very poor and irregu-
lar, indeed. When we think of all these things, we cannot
help but exclaim, what a deprivation ! what an inconveni-
ence ! Why, we feel terribly disappointed and chagrined
if our mail does not come twice every day, and even if it
is an hour behind time, as it has been so frequently of late,
it annoys us not a little. And if it were not to put in an
appearance some day at all, we should almost consider it a
personal bereavement. In that case we fear the third com-
mandment would be violated by not a few.

There are now within the county about 60 post-offices,
and the facilities for communicating with one another are
getting better every year. We get our daily newspapers,
weeklies, monthlies, quarterlies, so regularly and promptly,
that we are liable to make light of the blessing and advan-
tages which we enjoy over and above those who lived one
hundred years ago. We can receive news from the Old
World by telegraph every day, know all that is going on
in civilized countries, aye, by putting one ear to the tele-
phone and listening, we can hear the pulsative throbs of the
world's great heart. In our complacency and self-satisfac-
tion in thinking over the deprivations of the early settlers,
we are apt to make light of them and say, ''O they wouldn't
have enjoyed these, ad vantages and benefits anyway. They
would not have had the time, nor the inclination." But we
should remember that they were men and laofnen, just as we
are, with the same feelings, sympathies, infirmities, hopes.
They had hearts, too. They loved the Fatherland, the dear
ones at home just as tenderly and truly as we love our nearest

Sermon of Rev. J. W. Kfiappenberger. 107

and best friends. News from them would rejoice and cheer
their hearts, and give them as much satisfaction as news from
our friends and relatives do us. The tears which they shed
over their deprivations in this particular, and the sorrows
which they experienced are known only to themselves and
to God. And we do not refer to them to magnify them,
but that we may see how much more highly favored we are
than they were, and to show what wonderful progress has
been made in this one respect, not only in this county, but
in this country and throughout the world during the last one
hundred years. The contrast in this particular is as great,
if not greater, than any other.

But then think of the schools in those days. They must
have been primitive, indeed. The merest elements of an ed-
ucation only could be secured, and many of the children,
on account of bad roads, the distance to be travelled, and
the dangers incident to a new country, would be deprived
almost altogether of the privileges and blessings of the most
limited education. The number of schools must have been
very small. The school buildings were anything but invit-
ing or comfortable. But what a change has taken place !
There are to-day about 290 schools in this county, and there
is spent annually in the payment of teachers' salaries near-
ly sixty thousand dollars. The estimated value of school
property is nearly three hundred thousand dollars, so that no
boy or girl can have any excuse whatever for growing up
in ignorance in such a favored county as this one is.
Would to God that every parent might appreciate the privi-
leges and benefits of the public school system, and show
their appreciation and good sense by sending their children
regularly and daily to school during its sessions.

We have yet to speak of the influence of religion in
moulding and shaping the history of this county. It has al-
ways been, and always will be, the conserving, preserving
power among any people. It has been so in this county.
The majority of the men who settled in this county be-
longed to some branch of the Christian church. They
sought to practice the principles of God's word in daily life.
It is true, their characters are not models of human perfec-
tion. They did many things which would not meet our ap-
proval. But we cannot be too thankful for what they did

1 08 Centennial Memorial Sermons.

in advancing the cause of the dear Redeemer. They or-
ganized congregations, they built churches, they united
their voices and their hearts in the worship of the triune
God on the Sabbath Day. Many pure, noble, righteous
characters stand out prominent in the history of this county.
Hundreds of men and women, noted for their love of right-
eousness and abhorence of evil, have gone out from this
county, and have been a power for good in other communi-
ties, who owed all their influence to the splendid moral and
religious training which they received under the parental
roof. And while we have no statistics to verify the state-
ment, we venture the assertion that the Christian religion
has' a stronger hold upon the people of this county to-day
than it ever had before. There are churches enough to ac-
commodate all its people, and would to God that every
soul within its borders would bow at this time in submission
to the dear Redeemer, so that the rejoicings on this centen-
nial occasion may cause rejoicings among the the angels in
heaven, over the sinners saved in the blood of Jesus.

One hundred years have passed away — one hundred years
of mingled joys and sorrows, of labor and blessings.

When we think of the hundreds of families that were or-
ganized and then broken up by the hand of death — when we
think of the great army of persons who walked over these hills
and valleys and mountains during all that time — of the
plans which they laid, of the pleasure which they enjoyed,
of the trials through which they passed, of the work which
they performed, of the emotions which filled their souls, as
they looked upon the very scenes which meet us on every
side, and then think that their souls have been called back
to the spirit world, and their bodies are moulding away in
the silent cities of the dead, does not the whole history
seem like a tale that has been told? Yet, how real was it
all.

One hundred years ago you and I were not. One hun-
dred years hence we shall not be. As God has vouched
to us a favored land, with so many privileges, blessings, ad-
vantages, let us live to some purpose. Let us live to God's
glory, that our lives may reflect His principles, that heaven
may be our eternal home. And to God be all the praise.
Amen.

p.

TH E

Bouquet Celebration

Bushy Run Battlefield.

IN

WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PA.,

AUaUST 6, 1883.

Edited by REV. CYRUS COR T, of Greencastle, Fa.
in Behalf of the Bouquet Memorial Committee.

LANCASTER, PA.

Steinman & Hensel, Printers.

1886.

DEDICA TION.

J^O the Memory of Henry Bouquet and the lydj Army
of Deliverance, composed of Scotch Highlanders, Royal
Aniericans {^mainly of German-Swiss extraction), and Pro-
vincial Rangers — nearly one-fourth of'whoi7i by their
blood, and all ofzuhom by their valor, consecrated the f eld
of Bushy Run, August ^th and 6th, 176 j.

May the descendants of the hardy Scotch-Irish and
German-Swiss Pioneer Settlers, ivhose goodly heritage they
rescued fromjhe savage destroyer, always show themselves
worthy stich heroic defenders.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Antecedent Steps, i

Meeting in Greensburg Court House, 7

The Gathering of the Clans, August 6, 1883, at Bushy Run, 9

Organization of the Meeting, 10

General Coulter's Remarks, 10

Address of Rev. Cyrus Cort, 12

Poem of Dr. Frank Cowan, 19

Pic-Nic Dinner in the Grove, a Contrast, Incidents, &c.,.. 20

Address of Gen. James A. Beaver, 23

Address of Judge Parke, 29

Address of Judge "Bigham, 36

Conclusion, 38

Review of the Grand Army Posts, 39

Letters from Public Officials, &c., : 40

Appendix :

Important Addenda — Letters, &c., 43

Celebration Items, 46

Monument Collections, 47

Guyasutha, 49

Concluding Remarks, 50

ANTECEDENT STEPS.

THE celebration of the one hundred and twentieth anni-
versary of the victory won by Colonel Henry Bouquet
over the Eastern Confederates of Pontiac, at Bushy Run, Aug.
6, 1763, brought together the largest and finest concourse
of people ever assembled in Old Westmoreland county.

The magnificence of the demonstration in honor of the
gallant Bouquet and his Army of Deliverance, compensated
in some degree for the long delay in commemorating their
heroic achievements.

The battle of Bushy Run, or Edge Hill, was not only
memorable as an exhibition of dauntless courage and con-
summate military skill under the most desperate circum-
stances. It was so decisive and important in its immediate
and remote results, that it well deserves perennial remem-
brance.

To perpetuate the memory of the great event, itself, and
its splendid commemoration, Aug. 6, 1883, a memorial
committee was appointed with the unanimous approval of
the vast assemblage convened in Gongaware's woods on cel-
ebration day. After some delay, they herewith present the
result of their labors.

Every movement of this kind has its history, in the light
of which it can only be properly understood and appre-
ciated.

Accordingly it has been deemed advisable to give a brief
sketch of the various steps that led the way to the celebra-
tion of Aug. 6, 1883, as a proper introduction to the full
account of the celebration itself.

2 The Bouquet Celebration,

The Renaissance, or renewal of interest in Bouquet and
his campaigns on the part of those more immediately identi-
fied with the recent celebration, dates back to the autumn
of 1872.

On the 25 th of September, of that year. Dr. Frank
Cowan published an article in his newspaper, giving an ac-
count of a visit to the battle-field of Edge Hill, or Bushy
Run, and a sketch of the battle itself, as given in the old
provincial work of Dr. William Smith. The young editor
lamented the dearth or total absence of local traditions re-
specting the battle as compared with the Burning of Han-
nastown. He accounted for this on the ground that the
battle was fought by foreigners, none of whose decendants
had ever located near the scene of the conflict, &c. At the
end of nearly two months, a mutilated copy of Mr. Cowan's
paper, with the aforsaid article, fell into the hands of Rev.
Cyrus Cort, then residing at Vinton, Iowa. Mr. Cort im-
mediately wrote a lengthy article, giving an account of the
battle of Bouquet and a number of incidents and traditions
connected with it, which he had received from his great
grandfather, Jacob Byerly, and his son Joseph on Christ-
mas day, 1855, several years before the Revolutionary vet-
eran ended his days in his ninety-ninth year. Jacob Byerly
was a son of Aiidrew Byerly, the founder of Byerly Station
at Bushy Run, and along with the rest of the Byerly family,
barely escaped with his life to Fort Ligonier, in the latter
part of May, 1763. After being closely besieged for two
months. Col. Bouquet came to their relief with his Scotch
Highlanders, Royal Americans, and a few Provincial Ran-
gers. Andrew Byerly went along with the army, and was
in the advance when the battle of Aug. 6, 1763, began on
Gongaware's hill. He took an active part in the two days'
conflict, and through him some very interesting incidents
have been handed down to posterity which were never pub-
lished until recent years. The article of Rev. Cort, besides
supplementing the editorial of Mr. Cowan as regards inci-
dents of the battle, urged upon the people of Westmoreland
the duty of erecting a durable monument to the memory of
Bouquet and his Army of Deliverance.

The editor heartily commended the article to the atten-

Antecedent Steps. 3

tion of his readers, and called upon all who were interested
in the history of Old Westmoreland, the mother county, to
record without delay all traditional incidents and adven-
tures with which they might be acquainted. Thus the mat-
ter rested until December, 1880, when Rev. C. Cort pub-
lished an article on Bouquet and his campaigns in the
Guardian, a monthly magazine printed at Philadelphia. A
revised edition of this article, with a poem on ''Bouquet's
Grave," was issued a few weeks later in pamphlet form.
The Guardian article was republished in a short time by
many of the papers in Southern and Southwestern Penn-
sylvania, and created a good deal of interest in the hero of
Bushy Run. A short time previous, George Harrison
Fisher, Esq., of Philadelphia, had published in the Pen?i-
sylvania HistojHcal Magazine some interesting correspon-
dence between Col. Bouquet and a Miss Willing, together
with a sketch of the gallant Swiss officer. This was embel-
lished with a fine steel engraving of Col. Bouquet, taken
from an original painting in possession of the Fisher family.

Rev. Cort was not aware of the article of Mr. Fisher
until after the publication of his own.

Again there was a pause until the centennial observances
of the burning of Hannastown, July 13, 1882. As one of
the speakers on that occasion. Rev. Cort in the course of
his address made the following reference to Bouquet and
Bushy Run : "This is an age of centennials, and I am glad
that the centennial boom has struck Old Westmoreland. It
should have struck you nineteen years sooner. It has al-
ways appeared passing strange to me that Westmoreland
county, and Western Pennsylvania failed to celebrate with
centennial memorial services the victory of Bouquet in the
heart of our noble old county on Aug. 6, 1763. It is true
that many of us were off to the wars in 1863, and had more
important work in fighting battles for the preservation of
the Union than to commemorate the deeds of colonial
days. But there were enough men and women at home to
have made the welkin ring with the grateful notes of centen-
nial commemoration. An event so critical, so decisive and
far. reaching in its results, should be commemorated by an-
nual as well as centennial observances. The heroic deeds

4 The Bouquet Celebration.

of Col. Bouquet, the gallant German-Swiss commander, the
Scotch Highlanders and Colonial Volunteers, that formed
the little army of deliverance, deserve to be held in grateful
and everlasting remembrance by all the descendants of the
thousands of pioneer settlers in Western Pennsylvania and
Virginia, who were then delivered from the horrors of sav-
age warfare. Had such deeds of valor, and such inspiring
associations been connected with any spot in New England,
the Yankees would have made it pay long ago in more ways
than one. Bouquet's battle-field, near Bushy Run, a few
miles west of here, should be hallowed as historic ground,
and honored by the erection of a monument that would
vividly call to remembrance the deeds of the dauntless
heroes who consecrated it with their blood and valor one
hundred and nineteen years ago."

In the latter part of October, the battle of Bushy Run
was brought prominently before the public in the bi-centen-
nial celebration at Philadelphia. Rev. Cyrus Cort, who
was in the city at the time, wrote an article on his return
home, which was published in all the Greensburg papers.
We give the following extracts as bearing directly on the
subject in hand, and because the article helped greatly in
preparing the way for the celebration which came off, as
suggested, on the succeeding anniversary of the victory of
Bouquet :

The battle of Col. Bouquet with the Indians at Bushy Run in 1763,
formed a prominent feature in the gorgeous tableau that paraded the
streets of Philadelphia on Wednesday night, October 25th, during the
great Bi-Centennial celebration. Comparatively few of the spectators
were well enough posted in the colonial history of the Keystone Com-
monwealth to understand or appreciate the representation which held
so conspicuous a position in the grand pageant Even so well informed
and cautious a paper as the Ledger, spoke of it next day as a fight be-
ween the British soldiers and the early settlers ! It seems that Major
Beane received the suggestion from Mr. Stone, the Librarian of the
Pennsylvania Historical society, who considers the victory of Bouquet
over the Indians at Bushy Run, the decisive or turning point in the con-
quest of the vast region west of the Alleghenies by the Anglo-Saxon
race. The representation was rather too much of an anacronism.
British soldiers and Indians were armed with the latest improved
modern rifles. The very essential Scotch Highlander and Colonial
Volunteer, features of the conflict, were ignored in the tableau for lack

Antecedent Steps. 5

of proper costume for the characters, as the wiiter was informed by
Major Beane. But certainly the Scotch societies, or the Caledonian
club, that took part in Tuesday's parade, could easily have furnished
this, and thus have made the representation much more correct as well
as picturesque.

The point, however, to which I wish to call the attention of West-
moreland this time, does not concern the success of the tableau represen-
tation of the battle of Bouquet so much as the importance of the event
itself, and the rich historical treasures that necessarily cluster around the
locality where that desperate and decisive conflict took place. Allow
me in this connection to repeat a few sentences of my Hannastown
Centennial address, delivered on the 13th day of last July :

[Here follow extracts already quoted from the Hannas-
town address which need not be repeated.]

The sentiments then expressed have been strikingly confirmed by the
estimate of the learned Librarian of the Pennsylvania Historical Society,
and by the unusual prominence given to the battle of Bouquet in the re-
cent Bi- Centennial tableaux in Philadelphia,

In my monograph on Col. Bouquet, several years ago, I set forth the
same views. It seems to me that it is high time that Westmorelanders,
and the descendants of the Colonial settlers, should make an earnest
practical effort to mark the battle-field of Bouquet, a short distance east
of Harrison City, on the old Gongaware and Wannamaker farms. With
the map of Hutchins, the royal geographer, executed soon after the bat-
tle, and published with Dr. William Smith's account of Bouquet's ex-
pedition, and with the aid of local traditions, this could be done with-
out much difficulty. The little spring from which my great-great-
grandfather Byerly carried a scant supply of water in his hat to the
wounded Highlanders and volunteers, who were almost perishing with
thirst during the two days conflict, would help to locate an important
part of the field.
* -K- * * -jf * *

Old residents can easily designate the fields where the old forest trees
contained so many bullets, when their land was cleared a generation or
so ago. The exact route of the old road between Fort Ligonier and
Fort Pitt could no doubt be definitely fixed at this point, so as to help
determine the exact locality of the battle. The committee having
charge of the Soldiers' Monument enterprise, of which, I believe, Gen. R.
Coulter, Hon. Jas, C. Clarke, Gen. Thos. Gallagher and John Arm-
strong, Esq., are members, could not only locate the outlines of Bou-
quet's battle-field, but would be a very good committe to receive funds
and devise a suitable monument in honor of Col. Henry Bouquet and
his gallant army of deliverance.
*******

The proposed soldiers' monument to Westmoreland military heroes
might be so designed as to commemorate Colonial heroes like Bouquet,

6 The Bouquet Celebration.

Revolutionary heroes like St. Clair, War of 1 812 heroes like Markle, or
Major Andrew Byerly, (whose command defended Commodore Per-
ry's fleet while it was being built on Lake Erie), Mexican war heroes,
&c., as well as the heroes of the latest and greatest of our American
wars.
* * -X- * * * *

At all events, I trust that suitable efforts will be made at an early day,
to define the main features or outlines of Bouquet's battle-field. Vice
President Jourdan, of the Historical Society at Philadelphia, called my
attention to the fact that Bancroft or some other standard author, stated
that the scene of Bouquet's battle was unknown. I remarked that the
statement was not correct, and that the battle was fought in the heart of
Westmoreland county, a short distance east of Harrison City. Bullets,
bones, &c., had in former days, been found there in great numbers, and
the local tradition, together with the map of Hutchins, would enable any
intelligent person to locate the battlefield. I am confident that the
Pennsylvania Historical Society would cheerfully give room in their val-
uable magazine for any communication on the subject which such a
committee as I have designated might choose to make. In this way
justice might, in a measure, be done to the memory of the departed
heroes, while at the same time a pilgrim shrine would be erected in the
grand old county of our nativity, that would increase in interest and
importance as age after age rolled by. Might not the next 4th of July,
or the 5th or 6th days of August be made memorable by a celebration,
sham battles, speeches, &c., that would give the movement a successful
impulse ? Judging from the interest he manifested in the monograph
on Col, Henry Bouquet, several years ago, and more recently in one on
" Baron Steuben and his relations to the Reformed Church," I believe
Adjutant General R. C. Drum would honor and grace such an occasion
with his presence if invited by such a committee.

So also, public spirited Westmorelanders from all parts of the county,
and from all parts of the Union, many of whom have become distin-
guished in civil and military life, would esteem it a privilege and
pleasure to take part in such a demonstration. Let us begin at the be-
ginning in this matter of commemorating the deeds of departed heroes
and benefactors whose names are linked inseparably with the history of
old Westmoreland. Thus can we best secure proper remembrance
and honor in the end for the scarred veterans and heroic dead of our
late war, and at the same time stimulate intelligent interest and gen-
erous emulation in the minds and hearts of the rising generation. The
fame of their illustrious men is one of the noblest heritages of a people.
Those who will not gratefully cherish the names and deeds of heroic an-
cestors and benefactors, will scarcely do aught that posterity will delight
to honor. For the sake of the living champions of constitutional liberty
and union, and for the sake of unborn generations, no less than for the
sake of the illustrious dead of Colonial days, I trust that Westmore-
landers will do speedy and ample justice to the memory of Colonel
' Henry Bouquet, and the 1763 army of deliverance.

Greencastle, Franklin Co., Pa., Oct. 30. Cyrus Cort.

Meetifig in the Greensburg Court House. 7

The county papers generally favored the proposed celebra-
-tion and articles furnished by Rev. C. Cort and Hon. Jos. H.
Kuhns in furtherance of the movement were, from time to
time, published in the Greensburg Daily Pi'ess, and in sev-
eral of the weeklies.

April 25, 1883, a committee consisting of Rev. C. Cort,
S. A. Kline, Esq., Maj. J. M. Laird, A. B. Kline, Esq. and
Curtis Gregg, visited and located the Bushy Run, or Edge
Hill battle-field in its main features, and selected a grove
covering the same for the proposed celebration.

MEETING IN THE GREENSBURG COURT HOUSE.

On the following evening a public meeting was held in
the Court House at Greensburg, to arrange for the celebra-
tion. Ex-Governor Latta presided, and General Coulter
and Hon Jacob Turney acted as vice presidents, with Maj.
Laird, Frank Vogle and Curtis Gregg as secretaries.

In an address of over half an hour. Rev. C. Cort reviewed
the career of Col. Bouquet, and described the battle of
Bushy Run and its far reaching results. He urged the pro-
priety of getting up a celebration at the next anniversary of
Bouquet's victory on that bloody field. Bouquet as the
champion and chief builder of the Forbes road, from Bed-
ford to Fort Pitt, in 1758, had rendered signal service to the
province of Pennsylvania.

A committee consisting of Revs. Love, Moorhead and
Lucien Cort, and Philip Kuhns, Dr. Kline and A. M.
Sloan, Esq., presented a series of resolutions providing for
the celebration by religious services of a commemorative
nature, in all the churches of the county, Aug. 5, and by
addresses, poem, military display and pic-nic dinner in the
grove on Bushy Run battle-field, Aug. 6, 1883.

Committees were appointed as follows :

Committee of Arrangements to secure and prepare grounds for the
celebration : Amos B. Kline, J. B. Laux, Lewis Wannamaker, E. F.
Houseman, Lewis Gongaware, William Moore, Mr. Shadwick, Jos.
Clark, Robert Byerly, Wm. G. Shuster, Abner Cort.

Committee on Finance : Jas. Gregg, Esq., Geo. F. Huff, Capt. J. J.
Wirsing, Dr. Sowash, Wm. B. Skelly, Paul Lauffer, David Snyder,
Jno. Rankin, Sebastian Baer, Esq., Hon. N. M. Marker, H. F. Lud-
wig, Esq., Hon. John Hugus, and George Plumer Smith, of Philadel-
phia,

8 The Bouquet Celebration.

Committee on Invitation : General R. Coulter, Hon. Jos, H. Kuhns,
Hon. Jacob Turney, Hon. John Latta, Maj. James M. Laird, G. D. Al-
bert, Esq., John A. Marchand, Esq., Dr. Frank Cowan.

Committee of Reception at Bushy Run on Monday — viz : Hon. John
Latta, Hon. James R. McAfee, Col. Geo. F. Huff, John Kuhns and A.
D. McConnell, Esqs.

The chairmen, R. Coulter, Jas. Gregg and Amos B.
Kline, were appointed an executive committee to fill all
vacancies and have a general oversight of the celebration.

A few weeks previous to the celebration, Rev. C. Cort
published, by request of the executive committee, a pam-
phlet of one hundred pages on "Col. Henry Bouquet and
His Campaigns." This document was received with words
of hearty commendation by the religious, as well as secu-
lar press, German and English, in Pennslvania, Ohio and
New York. Lengthy extracts from it were inserted in the
Pittsburg dailies a few days before the celebration took
place. In this way the name of Bouquet and Bushy Run
became familiar to thousands who had never heard of
them before, and a deep interest was created in the ap-
proaching celebration. Thus, too, the questions of some of
the Pittsburg dailies two months previous, "Who is Bou-
quet, What Did He Do," &c., were measurably answered
in a way that raised the subject far above the plane of
ridicule.

Amos B. Kline, with his colleagues on the committee of
arrangements, did their work well. With the assistance of
County Surveyor Wm. Miller, John Kuhns, Esq., Ed. Potts,
Louis Wannamaker and Rev. C. Cort, the battle-field was
definitely located and the exact positions of Bouquet's
troops and their savage assailants, clearly indicated. The
first and second positions of the troops ; the lines held re-
spectively by the Highlanders, the Royal Amfericans and
Provincial Rangers ; the location of the pack horses, the
cattle and the Flour Bag Fort, occupied by the wounded,
in the two days' fight were definitely marked with flags
and handboards, and pointed out as they had not hitherto
been for a hundred years.

The Gathering of the Clans. g

THE GATHERING OF THE CLANS AUGUST 6, 1 883.

All the necessary preliminary arrangements having been
completed, the friends and promoters of the celebration
awaited the dawning of the memorable 6th of August, 1883,
with anxious hearts. It came bright and beautiful, as balmy
and propitious a day as could have been desired for such an
occasion. And never did the sons and daughters of Old
Westmoreland turn out in such a vast and magnificent array
as they did on that memorable day. Old and public-spirited
citizens like Gen. Thos. F. Gallagher, who had attended all
important convocations of our people for a generation past,
declared that the concourse assembled on Bouquet's battle-
field, Aug. 6, was by far the largest and grandest of them
all. It was the largest assemblage of any kind ever con-
vened in Old Westmoreland, and by far the largest of the
kind ever convened in Western Pennsylvania. Estimates of
the numbers present vary greatly, ranging from 8,000 to 25,-
000. Dr. Samuel Stewart, who had considerable army ex-
perience, named the latter number. It was estimated that
between 2,500 and 3,000 vehicles were on the grounds or
in the groves, fields, fence corners, &c., within a circuit of
two miles. A large number of hacks ran during most of the
day from Manor and Penn Stations, and thousands footed it
from the railroad and neighboring towns. At Irwin, busi-
ness was largely suspended, and L. Kunkle, with four Per-
cheron horses, hauled on a large wagon, seventy-two per-
sons to the battle-field. All other vehicles had been engaged
weeks ahead.

''What would Colonel Bouquet have thought of this,"
exclaimed Ex-United States Senator Cowan to General Bea-
ver, as they met at the outskirts of the crowd, on the Gen-
eral's arrival. It was indeed a mighty host to honor the
memory of Bouquet and his Army of Deliverance, on the
very scene of their heroic achievements, after the lapse of
120 years. If the ovation was long in coming, it made up
in a measure for the delay by its splendid character and
magnificent proportions. It was worthy the man and the
occasion, and did high honor to Old Westmoreland, the
mother of counties, and the mother of the great majority of
I*

lo The Bouquet Celebration.

those assembled on the historic field, in social and patriotic
communion.

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MEETING.

A large stand had been erected in Gongaware's woods
by the committee of arrangements, on part of the old
Bushy Run battle-field. The stand was tastefully decorated
with American flags and with several flags of the Swiss Re-
public, loaned for the occasion by the Swiss consul at Phil-
adelphia. The coat-of-arms of the Cantons of Berne and of
Vand, the home of Bouquet, painted on large metallic
shields, with their brown bears and motto, "Liberteet
Patrie," held a conspicuous place. Relics in large numbers
from Provincial and Revolutionary times, covered the tables.
Prominent among them was a bayonet, found in a clearing
on the battle-field, in good state of preservation, two years
ago. Amos B. Kline, Esq., chairman of the committee
of arrangements, called the meeting to order at half past ten
o'clock, and nominated General Richard Coulter as presid-
ing officer. The General made a short speech as follows :

GENERAL COULTER'S REMARKS.

Gentlemen and Ladies : You all know the object of
this meeting. We are here to commemorate the memory of
a brave and skillful commander, and a military achievement
that had far greater influence in determining the character
of the Western end of the State, than any event of later
years. In the stirring times of later wars, the battle of
Bushy Run had been forgotten. Its importance had not
been appreciated, and it received but a small share of the
attention which it deserves. But I am not going to make
any speech. It is my duty to see the programme carried
out.

Prayer was then offered by Rev. B. F. Boyle, of Irwin.

On motion of Dr. Frank Cowan, a committee consisting
of Geo. D. Albert, Esq., Rev. Cyrus Cort and E. B. Kenly,
was appointed to prepare a memorial of the celebration.

The following is the list of vice presidents and secretaries :

Vice Presidents : Hon. Jos. H. Kuhns, Hon. Jas. C. Clarke, Greens-
burg ; Robert M. Cavett, Irwin ; Samuel Rock, Esq., Adamsburg ;

Organization of the Meeting. ii

Daniel Kuhns, Jno. C. Rankin, Jacob Gongaware, Jesse Brinker, Penn
township; Jacob Rugh, J. J. Hazlett, Esq., Hempfield township; Dr.
Jas. Fulton, Salem borough ; H. M. Jones, Salem township ; Dr. Rugh,
Finton Torrence, Franklin township ; Obediah McKeown, Washington
township ; John Townsend, Allegheny township ; Isaac Irwin, Burrell
township; Jonathan Whitesell, Bell township; Robert Fostor, Loyal-
hanna township; General Thos. Gallagher, John M, Stewart, New Alex-
andria; David Brown, Samuel Gorgas, Derry township; Col. John Oursler
Col. Geo. Anderson, Latrobe borough ; Col. John Johnston, James
Rogers, Unity township ; John Fausold, Mt. Pleasant township ; Capt.
Wm. Jordan, O. P. Shupe, Mt. Pleasant borough : Jacob Stoner, Hunt-
ingdon, East, township; Samuel Bell, Dr. Sutton, Huntingdon, South,
township; Dr. Patton, Hon. E. C. Leightty, West Newton; Maj. M.
M. Dick, Geo. Waltz, Sewickley township ; Geo. Campbell, Cook
township; John Hubbs, Samuel McLain, Donegal township; Howard
Covode, Hon. John Hargnett, Ligonier borough ; Col. David Hoover,
Frank Ford, St. Clair township ; Hon Daniel Kaine, Fayette county ;
Dr. J. M, Service, Dr. Kerr, Philadelphia ; Robert Paul, Rev. T. R.
Ewing, Indiana county ; I. W. Hughes, Bedford county; Hon. Thos,
J. Bigham, Francis Torrence, J. P. Fleming, Hon. J. E. Parke, Alle-
gheny county; Robt. L. Johnson, Esq., Hon. D. J. Morrell, Cambria
county ; Hon. Ed. S. Golden, John W. Tohner, Armstrong county ;
Simon Hughes, Esq., Edward Scull, Somerset county; John T. Shryock
Zanesville, Ohio. »

Secretaries: Frank Vogle, Greensburg Democrat; Jas. B. Laux,
Greensburg Press ; E. V. B. Laird, Greensburg Argtis ; D. S. Atkin-
son, Esq., Greensburg Tribune and Herald ; Thos. J. Keenan, Chas.
Shryock, Pittsburg Times ; Geo. H. Welshonse, E. C. McCurdy, Pitts-
burg Dispatch; J. G. Blair, Daniel Robinson, Pittsburg Chronicle;
Robt. W. Herbert, Pittsburg Post ; L. M. Ackley, Pittsburg Commer-
cial-Gazette; I. M. Newcomer, Scottdale Tribune ; Chas. Fink, La-
trobe Advance ; E. C. Hough, West Newton Press ; Jas. B. Sanson,
Indiana Democrat.

At this time the scene was a very animated one. An im-
mense assemblage stood in front of the grand-stand, eight
brass bands, from Greenburg, Latrobe, Ligonier, and other
localities made the welkin ring with their martial and patri-
otic strains. It was with difficulty that General Coulter
succeeded in silencing some of them, so as to enable him to
proceed with the programme.

He then introduced Rev. C. Cort, of Greencastle, Pa.,
who made the opening address, as follows :

1 2 The Bouquet Celebration.

ADDRESS OF REV. CYRUS CORT.

Ladies and Gentlemen, Friends and Countrymen : We
have longed to see this day, and we now see it and are glad.
We have met in the leafy grove, under heaven's blue arch,
in this temple not made with hands, to honor the memory of
Colonel Henry Bouquet and the 1763 Army of Deliverance.
The skies are bright and the heavens smile upon us. It is
right and proper that we should leave our shops and our
stores, our mines and our farms, to mingle thus in social and
patriotic communion. It is high time, indeed, that this
should be done. ' Greensburg should have been called after
Bouquet. Many of your sons should have been namesakes
of the gallant Swiss hero, to whom we all owe so much. In-
stead of this many living in sight of this historic field of
his triumph, were ignorant of the first A B C of his history.
Even the little village called after him, a couple of miles up
the Manor, some of you used to spell with one ''u," and
two t's, and two e's, (Boquette) instead of Bouquet, as the
grand warrior wrote it.

But all this dense ignorance has passed away, and even
some of the Pittsburg newspaper men, who inquired a few
months ago, "Who is fiouquet?" are beginning to get some
light into their darkened understandings. Let the good
work go on. Every gallant young man ought to have a but-
ton-hole forget-me-not bouquet on his coat to-day, and
every young lady ought to have the beau without the quet —
only let them take care that they have not too many strings
to their bow, or too many beaux to their string. One is
enough, if he is good, and too many if bad.

But all jokes aside.

I am heartily glad to see you here to-day. This is indeed
a grand assemblage of the beauty and chivalry. Fair women
and brave men of Old Westmoreland, and honored citizens
of the Republic from abroad, distinguished in the forum and
the field, are here to grace and honor the occasion with their
presence — men who have poured out their blood like water
on*the battle-fields of the Republic.

As a grateful and progressive people, we dare never for-
get the toils, the dangers and hardships of our pioneer an-

Address of Rev. Cyrus Cort. 13

cestors. The wilderness has been turned into a fruitful field
and the desert made to blossom like the rose, but it was by
the sweat and blood of brave and hardy men ; the fruits ot
whose labor we now enjoy.

This is hallowed ground, and sacred are the memories
that cluster around this spot. One hundred and twenty
years ago, this very forenoon, the representative champions
of Christian civilization and human progress made the
gallant charge around and through this grove that rolled
back the exulting hosts of barbarism. Here was executed
that masterly stratagem that shattered the right flank and
front of the encompassing host of savages. Here was broken
the eastern wing of Pontiac's great conspiracy. Here it was
that Bouquet plucked the flower of safety and success from
the nettle of danger. Here, from the very jaws of defeat,
disaster and death, he snatched a glorious victory. Here
the die was cast and the stakes were lost, and lost forever,
by the impetuous confederates of Pontiac. Here was fought
and won the battle that decided Anglo-Saxon supremacy in
the Valley of the Mississippi. Here the kilted and
plaited Highlander, from Caledonia's hills, the red-coated
Royal Americans (mostly of German and Swiss extraction),
and their comrades, the Provincial Ranger, from East Penn-
sylvania and Maryland, all fought side by side, and
triumphed under the masterful leadership of that superb of-
ficer who hailed from the Alpine Mountains of Republican
Switzerland. This is indeed hallowed ground on which we
stand to-day.

"A shrine to code nor creed confined,

A Delphian vale, a Palestine ;

A Mecca of the mind."

All true-hearted men and women will delight to honor the
memory of the gallant heroes who fought and fell on this
bloody field. But we, who are the beneficiaries of their
self-sacrificing toil and valor, we, in whose veins flows the
blood of Scotch-Irish and German-Swiss ancestors ; above
all, we, whose pioneer ancestors were rescued from the
tomahawk and scalping-knife of the blood-thirsty savages,
we, my countrymen, one and all, may well unite in paying
homage to the memory of the brave men who consecrated

14 The Bouquet Celebration.

these hills and these vales with their blood and their daunt-
less courage 120 years ago.

" The land is holy where they fought,
And holy where they fell."

The lofty example of heroism, the steadfast devotion to
duty even unto death, the magnanimous response to the cries
of panic-stricken settlers and of beleaguered frontier garri-
sons in deadly peril, the virtues that exalt and adorn human
nature, which were illustrated on this gory field in trying
days of yore, dare not be forgotten — all this is full of in-
struction and inspiration.

" There is a spirit in man, and the inspiration of the
Almighty giveth him understanding."

'' Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word
that proceedeth out of the mouth of God."

The Almighty gives us words of direct revelation as we
have them recorded in the Sacred Scriptures, and words of
Providential manifestation in the unfoldings of history;
words of solemn import and energizing power for all who
have ears to hear and eyes to see. Ideas and sentiments,
such as come from ennobling historical associations and
surroundings, are more to be prized than silver or gold.
They enter into the warp and woof and become part of the
texture of communities and nations.

And here to-day, my countrymen, we gather for ourselves
and our children some of the rich, historic treasures of the
past, and we catch an inspiration in contemplating the
worthy deeds of departed heroes and benefactors of the
human race. Life is flat and stale and monotonous, indeed,
when it lacks sentiment and enthusiasm — I mean enthusiasm
in the true sense — the stirrings of Deity within us, prompt-
ing us to realize high ideas of manhood and womanhood in
whatever sphere Providence may call us to occupy.

''Without enthusiasm nothing truly great was ever
achieved," says Senecca, the greatest of heathen moralists.
It gives rapture to the poet, heroism to the warrior, devo-
tion to the martyr, ardor to the patriot, lifting them above
their narrow selfishness into the plane of superhuman effort
and consecration.

The will, the intellect, yea our entire being in body and

Address of Rev. Cyrus Corf. 15

soul must be enthused with grand ideas of truth and duty
if we shall ever effectually help forward the race in its
ceaseless efforts to reach the final goal of history and
humanity.

A stagnant and treadmill existence, indeed, is that of the
Mongolian and other Orientals who are largely destitute of
sentiment and enthusiasm.

But we, who represent a cosmopolitan population ; we
who belong to the great Republic of the New World, which
embraces in one vast national existence all the historic tribes
of humanity, the kindred streams of the great Teutonic or
Indo-Germanic family of nations, we must gather and
cherish the achievements of by-gone ages and especially
those that so deeply concern our own life and history.

Only by learning aright the lessons of the past can we go
forward with safety and courage in the future. Rooted and
grounded in principles and sentiments that have stood the
test of the ages we may take hostages of futurity and march
in the vanguard of human progress. Then, as Tennyson
has expressed it :

" Not in vain the distance beacons forward, forward, let us range ;
Let the great world spin forever, down the ringing grooves of change ;
Through the shadows of the globe we sweep into the younger day ;
Better fifty years of Europe Than a cycle of Cathay -s^ * *
Oh, I see the crescent promise of my spirit hath not set;
Ancient founts of inspiration well through all my fancy yet."

Yes, one year of American life full of vigorous thought
and progress is better than a thousand years of monotonous
treadmill Oriental existence.

Civilization, and especially Christian civilization, makes
history possible. The red men roamed through these forests
for countless ages, but their lives and their labors were like
water spilt upon the ground which can never be gathered up
for the benefit of others. No reliable records have they to
show the pit from which they were dug and the rock from
which they were hewn — hence fundamental elements of
progress and improvement are lacking.

Great men lived before Agamemnon but they had no
Homer to sing their praises and immortalize their deeds,
and so far as instruction and inspiration to others are con-
cerned they lived and toiled and struggled in vain.

1 6 The Bouquet Celebration.

In order to be true to ourselves and those who shall come
after us, we must cherish and record the deeds of those who
have gone before us as the master spirits of our race.
Among these the pioneers who took their lives in their
hands to carve out homes for themselves and their children,
dare not be forgotten.

The muse of poetry and the muse of history must be in-
voked, as we have invoked them here to-day, in behalf of
one of

" The few, the immortal names

That were not born to die."

The contemplation of noble characters and great achieve-
ments is in itself ennobling. It lifts us out of the narrow
rut of our own selfishness into a higher and purer atmos-
phere.

Anniversary commemorations, orations, poems, historical
records, monuments such as I hope to see crown these hills
in honor of Bouquet, these enshrine, crystalize, and local-
ize, great and decisive events.

They are educational and stimulating to the young in the
highest degree. As the soul of Thucyides was enthused
with the lofty resolve to emulate the works of Herodotus when
he heard them read for the first time at the Olympic games,
so amid such scenes as these the young and gifted sons of
genius feel within them the kindlings of high and honor-
able effort,

" Immortal fame is a grand thought,

It is worthy the toil of the noble hearted."

*' Fame is a spur to brave and honest deeds

And who despises fame will soon renounce the virtues that deserve it."

But fame must have an enduring basis of genuine worth
and merit ; fraud and falsehood vitiate everything that they
touch. Not only the makers, but the lovers of lies, shall
be excluded from the company of the blessed in the New
Jerusalem above. We must love and seek truth as the jewel
of the soul, as the pearl beyond all price, as that which
allies us to the great and omnipotent Jehovah. Justice and
judgment are the habitation of His throne, the place where
His Honor dwelleth.

The poorest widow, with a just cause, is stronger before

Address of Rev. Cyrus Cort. 17

the final tribunal of history and of God than the mightiest
monarch that ever sat upon an earthly throne. ''The
hypocrite's hope shall perish." '' The refuge of lies shall
be swept away." There is a Nemesis of History which
sooner or later avenges the wrongs of the past and vindi-
cates with just judgment the inexorable claims of truth and
righteousness.

The locomotive may take the place of the pack horse, the
four horse reaper and steam separator may take the place of
the sickle and the flail of our forefathers, the telegraph may
take the place of the express rider, and ten thousand
other improvements be made in art and science and material
industries, but the old-fashioned principles of morality and
religion are unchangeable, and eternal ''Jesus Christ is the
same, yesterday, to-day and forever." " The holiest among
the mighty, and the mightiest among the holy, who with
His pierced hands has lifted empires off their hinges, turned
the streams of centuries, and still governs the ages."

As Julia Ward Howe has expressed it in the Grand Battle
Hymn of the Republic :

Let the Hero born of woman, crush the serpent with his heel,
He has sounded forth the trumpet that shall never caJl retreat,
He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment seat ;
O, be swift, my soul, to answer Him; be jubilant my feet.
In the beauty of the lilies, Christ was born across the sea,
With a glory in his bosom that transfigures you and me,
As he died to make men holy,
Let us die to make men free,
While God is marching on.

Yes, make men free ! free in the highest and noblest
sense of that word.
" He alone is free whom the truth makes free, and all are slaves beside."

For the sake of religious principle, our forefathers came
to this new world, and we are degenerate sons of noble
sires if we barter away the precious birthright. Let us be
true to the God of our fathers, and He will never for-
sake us.

Men and women of Westmoreland, and all good people
here assembled, this is a great day, a ' ' red letter day ' ' in
the history of our grand old county.

1 8 The Bouquet Celebration.

Here, on this ground, hallowed by the blood and strug-
gles of the Swiss and the Scot, on this historic field of Edge
Hill and Bushy Run, let us dedicate our lives anew to the
sacred cause of Christian civilization and constitutional lib-
erty.

Bouquet was a free-born Switzer. In the land of Tell and
Winkleried he breathed the air of freedom. In the armies
of the Dutch Republic, the pioneer of our own great Repub-
lic, he gained his first laurels and won distinction. His
sword ^Y^-s always drawn in behalf of the land that best repre-
sented the cause of civil and religious liberty.

He sincerely loved the British Constitution, the princi-
ples of Magna Charta, dear to every Anglo-Saxon heart.
He indignantly resigned his high position in the King's ser-
vice, when he thought it involved some degree of humilia-
tion, which he, as a high-souled man, could never brook.

For what he was in himself, for what the poor Swiss boy
from the shadow of the Alps made of himself as the peer of
the greatest and best among the foremost nations on the face
of the earth ; for what he did for us and our pioneer an-
cestors, we commend his example, we honor his memory
and invoke for him an undying fame.

"' Cold in the dust the cherished form may lie,"

As it has lain for lo ! these 1 1 8 years, in an unknown
grave in the sunny South.

" But that which made this man and men like him, can never die."

With Pericles and Edward Everett, we may say of illus-
trious men, '' the whole earth is their sepulchre, and all
time the millennium of their glory."

Oh, land of the brave and free !

Bright as the noonday sun,
Long as your streams shall run,

Let the fame of the Switzer be.

The papers state that Rev. C. Cort spoke in a loud, clear
voice, and was frequently applauded.

General Coulter then introduced the poet of the day, who
delivered his production in good style, as follows ;

Poem of Dr. Frank Cowan. 19

THE POEM OF DR. FRANK COWAN.
THE BATTLE OF BUSHY RUN.

What ! Poet, wouldst thou sing of war ? — of human strife and slaughter ?
Of severed limbs and shattered bones? — of heart's-blood shed like

water ? —
Of Murder in its maddest mood, agasp with fiery breath,
Leaving the world without a sun, a blackened waste in death ?

Aye, wouldst thou, in this Christian land, extol the God of War? —
Or Scythian Sword, the Roman Mars, the Scandinavian Thor,
Or Mexic monster, Hindoo ghoul — whatever it may prove,
Forefend against it, Jesus Christ, thou God of Peace and Love !

Yea, Man of Peace, I sing of war ! — of butchery and blood ! —
Heads hot with rage, hearts hard with hate, and hands with gore im-
brued ! —
Destruction crushing into dust the noblest forms of earth
Th' Eternal and the Infinite unite in giving birth !

Yea, war ! red-handed, raging war ! in its most direful form ;

The struggle for existence in a fierce organic storm !

The lightning's flash, the dart of death, the sword, the barb, the ball !

The thunder's crash, the vanquisht's groan, the victor's shout o'er all!

Sublime, thou call'st the storm at sea, the wind and wave contending, —
Sublime, the earthquake suddenly the very mountains rending, —
And the volcano belching fire and smoke for miles afar, —
But what are these but bubbles when compared with human war !

Consider, for a moment, Man, the all-involving world
Turned outside-in in flesh and blood, and into action whirled —
Sphere crushing sphere, sun burning sun, an universal jar ! —
And thou canst measure if thou wilt the majesty of war !

But why this eulogy of war, this bright and happy day,

Within this peace-appareled wood, in holiday array,

Where men and women, boys and girls, commingle without strife,

As if with darkness Death had left the world to light and Life !

Here, where we stand, the battle raged : the hosts contending, those
Whom time and place and circumstance had made relentless foes —
The Civilized and Savage man — the White and Red of hue —
The East and West of place of birth — the Old World and the New !

A symbol battle of the world ! A race opposing race,
Expanding in significance throughout all time and space ;
The victory declaring for the good above the evil, —
Life over Death, — Heaven over Hell, — a God above a Devil !

In proof whereof. The Continent, from one sea to the other,
To fifty millions of mankind a mighty nation- mother ! —

20 The Bouquet Celebration.

Her breasts outnumbering countlessly the dugs of the Diana

The old Ephesians painted black — Earth bearing Man and Manna !

A mother to increase until exhausted with old age,
Five hundred million sons or more in civil strife engage —
Depopulating cities, states — leaving the land a prey-
To those by might and worth decreed, a better race than they !

So Rome and Greece, and Egypt fell — the glories of an age,
In the unfinished book of time a multilated page ;
Like ox and ass with broken backs, their usefulness outlived,
The world the better for their death, their ultimate achieved !

So Turkey, China fall to-day — their masses much more fit
To mingle with the mundane mud than to emerge from it ;
Like the Great Auk and Dodo, or the Saurians of the Past,
. The world the better for their bones in solid stone encased !

Then let the cheer go round and round, for war, relentless war !
That purifies the planet till it glows a heavenly star !
Sweeping away the weak and vile — as in this very wood —
Leaving ttie globe a heritance to him of worthiest blood !

Aye, let the cheer go round and round, in honor of the few
Who on this field of battle won a New World for their due —
This glorious Land of Liberty ! the worth-reward of Man !
America, the Mighty, where HE IS THE KING THAT CAN !

This closed the literary exercises of the forenoon. It
was now after twelve o'clock and the meeting took a recess
for dinner.

DINNER.

In famihes and groups of families the vast assemblage
partook of a pic-nic dinner in the grove and adjacent fields.
Everybody seemed to be in excellent spirits and a grand
good time they had of it. The trip to the battle-field, the
bracing and balmy air and the pleasurable excitement of the
occasion added a relish to the repast by increasing the
keenness of the appetite. The lemonade and restaurant
stands did a thriving business. Not a few persons lost their
friends in the crowd and had to depend upon some good
Samaritan for rations. Rev. Cort, in a vain attempt to find
his commissary stores, ran across Gen. Beaver and his three
boys who had just come upon the grounds. The General's
horses were provided for in Wannamaker's barn and the

The Dinner. 21

party then set out in search of friends with whom they ex-
pected to get dinner. But it was a useless seach amid that
seething mass of humanity. Messrs. Hazlet and Stark, with
their families, had just finished a sumptuous repast but had
plenty and to spare. The overplus they kindly placed at
the disposal of the General, the preacher and the boys, all
of whom heartily enjoyed their improvised meal at the edge
of the grove. The General then made a rapid survey of
the field of battle, springing along so nimbly and rapidly
on his crutches that his clerical guide had hard work to
keep up as he sought to explain the respective positions of
Bouquet's Highlanders, Royal Americans and Rangers on the
one hand and that of their savage assailants on the other.
All this while Col. Geo. F. Huff, ex-Gov. Latta and other
members of the Reception Committee were on the lookout
for Gen. Beaver in order to furnish him escort and enter-
tainment. The afternoon proceedings, however, brought
all speakers and committees into right relation with each
other at the grand stand.

A little Indian (Guyatau or Guito) of the Seneca tribe,
from the Cattaraugus Reservation, under the care of Mr.
Gibson, of Dunbar, Fayette county. Pa., was on the stand,
dressed up in full Indian costume and attracted great atten-
tion. Guyasutha, the chief of the Senecas located in Ohio,
was the leading spirit among the Indians in this battle and
in the siege of Fort Pitt and subsequently in the attack on
Hannastowm. (See appendix). Hence this little copper-
colored, dark-eyed Indian, with tomahawk and other war-
like equipments, was looked upon as a representative of the
vanishing race of red men who made these woods hideous
with their war-whoops 120 years ago to-day. Guyatau or
Guito is seven years old and a smart looking Indian boy.
In striking contrast with him in appearance and historical
association there sat with his mother on the same platform,
a few feet distance from Guyatau, Ralph Bouquet, a fair-
skinned, light-haired, rosy-cheeked, blue-eyed white boy,
the four-year-old son of Rev. Cyrus Cort, and the great-
great-great-grandson of Andrew Byerly, the founder of
Byerly's Station at Bushy Run about 1760, and an import-
ant actor in the bloody drama enacted on these hills in

22 The Bouquet Celebration.

those trying days of yore. Andrew Byerly was one of the
advance guard of eighteen who received the first fire of- the
savages, Aug. 5, 1763, on Gongaware's hill — twelve of the
eighteen fell — two companies of the Highlanders rushed for-
ward to the rescue when the conflict soon raged, not only in
the front, but on both flanks and the rear, for the savges had
completely surrounded Bouquet and his little army. Byerly
rendered valuable service during the fight, and at the im-
minent risk of his life, carried water in his hat to the
wounded Highlanders famishing from thirst during the ter-
rible night of suffering and suspense between the two days of
conflict. (For fuller notice of Andrew Byerly, &c., see
pages 23, &c., 51, &c., of pamphlet on ''Col. Henry Bou-
quet and His Campaigns.")

AFTERNOON PROCEEDINGS AND SPEECHES.

The appearance of General Beaver on the platform, ere"
ated great enthusiasm among the assembled multitude which
had now crowded together again in front of the speaker's
stand.

The sea of smiling faces, the thousands of handsome and
well dressed ladies and their gallant escorts, parents with
their children, beaux with their sweethearts, sitting and
standing among the forest trees and anxious to see and hear
the one-legged hero, whose blood had been poured out so
freely on so many battle-fields of the Republic, presented a
scene never to be forgotten by those who were privileged to
behold it. Visitors from a distance spoke with admira-
tion of the fine appearance and excellent behavior of the
people. Everybody seemed happy and anxious to promote
the comfort and happiness of their fellows. There was one
drawback, however. Eight brass bands were scattered
through the grove, and each of these bands seemed to think
that they ought to be heard whenever they felt like blowing
their horns. Rev. W. W. Moorehead, of Greensburg, Pa.,
had offered an appropriate and fervent prayer, and General
Coulter had introduced General Beaver amid the applause
of 10,000 enthusiastic people. But still the bands kept
tooting away. By extra effort on the part of his aids, com-

Address of Gen. James A. Beaver. 23

parative quiet was" secured, and General B., in a pleasant
manner and loud, clear voice, proceeded to speak as follows :

ADDRESS OF GENERAL JAMES A. BEAVER, OF BELLEFONTE, PA.

Ladies and Gentlemen : — I confess to you that my com-
ing here to-day has been more for my own gratification and
instruction than with the hope or for the purpose of saying
anything either to gratify or to instruct the good people of
Westmoreland county. My boys and I have driven more
than 160 miles from our home rather for the purpose of
learning what Westmoreland county is, and what has been
done by your ancestors both for you and for us, than for the
purpose of adding to your knowledge of history or of the
men who made history, or of increasing the pride and in-
tensifying the interest which you must have in the historical
associations which crowd around this locality and this oc-
casion. (At this point the music of a brass band almost
drowned the speaker's voice, and he laughingly exclaimed :
"There is too much of this -thing; I never could blow
against a brass band." The crowd joined in a hearty
laugh and General Coulter leaning far over the railing
toward the unruly musicians shouted : " Are there not
enough good people out there to stop that band ?" But the
band played on. The crowd still seemed to enjoy it. Gen.
Beaver after waiting a minute turned to those in the im-
mediate neighborhood and said : '' Coulter forgets that he
is not commanding a brigade ; there was a time when he
could say to a brass band, stop, and it stopped ; play, and
it played ; but that time has gone by, my old friend, the
brass band is on top." Renewed laughter.) Order being
finally restored the speaker continued :

Coming from our home in Bellefonte south of Bedford,
and then turning westward, we endeavored to follow the
old military road that was laid out for General Forbes by
Colonel Bouquet (or rather by Col. Burd under Bouquet's
supervision), to Ligonier which was afterwards extended by
Washington to Fort Pitt. We were unable to follow its im-
mediate route altogether, inasmuch as it has been replaced
by roads with better grades which cross it ; but following

24 The Bouquet Celebration.

the same general direction we gathered enough to see, and
in some measure to understand how the men who established
our civilization were compelled to toil and to march, and
to suffer in order that we might enjoy the civilization and
the advantages which we have to-day. It is a wonderful
inspiration for a Pennsylvanian who has some knowledge of
the history of this general locality to come over these moun-
tains, and recall as he crosses them how much our fathers
labored and suffered and wrought out in toil and blood in
order that they might hand over to us the great heritage of
civilization and of freedom which we enjoy, and which we
are bound to preserve and hand over to our children and
children's children. I have lately re-read some of the history
which relates to the expedition under the command of Col.
Bouquet, which left Bedford with the design and for the
purpose of relieving the beleaguered garrison at Fort Pitt.
It is a wonderful story, full of romance and daring, but I do
not propose to go into its historical details. All who are
here have doubtless heard of the gallant commander of the
expedition. Col. Henry Bouquet. He was a man of the
most wonderful versatility and varied acquirements and ot
undaunted bravery, and yet, of such wisdom and gentleness
that he was enabled to secure the co-operation of the people
of the eastern part of the State, who, it must be confessed,
were at that time a little '^ twisty " and unwilling to give
that cordial help and co-operation in military campaigns
that were absolutely necessary to secure the full fruits of vic-
tory. Bouquet, by his wisdom and gentleness quite won
the admiration of our Quaker population in the eastern
part of the State, and succeeded in procuring with their ap-
parent sanction the necessary votes of supplies and men
which enabled him to make his subsequent 1764 campaign,
which brought permanent peace to the frontier settlers until
the war of Revolution began. This is not the time nor the
place, nor does it fall to my province to recount the details
of the campaigns of which the battle of Bushy Run was a
part, nor yet to sketch the life and character of the gallant
commander who displayed such heroic bravery and wise in-
telligence in making the dispositions of his forces, which
enabled him to win immediate victory upon the field which

Address of Gen. James A. Beaver. 25

is in our sight. There are certain practical questions which
grow out of this event which, it seems to me, press upon
our attention, and should receive our careful consideration.
Go to yonder hill-top and picture if you can how this wise,
brave Swiss Colonel protected his 340 pack-horses and their
drivers (for those of you who had experience in the army
will readily understand that the drivers were harder to
manage than the horses), and surrounded on all sides by
hordes of savages, who were confident of the scalps and
supplies of the little army which they had surrounded, not
only saved his transportation and supplies, but by skillfull
manoeuvring and brave fighting after a two days' battle
drove the savages from their well chosen position, and fin-
ally gained the object of his expedition. No stretch of our
imagination can picture to us the kind of warfare which
was carried on to protect our fathers against the savage
hordes who were trying their utmost to blot out the little
spark of civilization which was lighted in this Western
region, and which the early settlers were than trying to fan
into a flame. Those of us who have some knowledge of
modern warfare and some experience in the late war so
happily ended, can scarcely conceive of the situation in
which this little army of Bouquet was placed.

You remember, my comrades, that if we did not have
about three days' rations in our haversacks, and fully five
days more in the wagon train, and if we did not have
further, a railroad or a river by which to bring up our sup-
plies, and a telegraph line to keep us in communication
with the outside world, we were supposed to be in danger
of being cut off and "gobbled up." But here is a man
with less than a thousand men ; aye, with less than half of
that number, who struck out from Bedford across the moun-
tains by a road which had been constructed some five years
before, who left his wagon train at Fort Ligonier and started
thence with all his supplies upon pack-horses with his rangers,
his Royal Americans, his Highlanders and his Light Infantry
through the wilderness to relieve the beleaguered fort at
the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers.
The mode of warfare is so thoroughly foreign to our present
conceptions of military operations that no stretch of the
2

26 The Bouquet Celebration.

imagination, I say, can enable us to comprehend what was
involved in the campaign to which we have referred, and
which was carried to such a successful issue by Col. Bouquet.
My admiration for the man, however, has led me to wander,
and I come back to the practical thought which I wish
especially to present, which is this : that as the men whom
we have in mind to-day lived and labored, and some of
them laid down their lives for us and for what we hold most
dear to us, so we are to see to it not only that what was left
us should be preserved and handed down to our children,
but that their memories should be perpetuated in an endur-
ing way, so that our children and our children's children
may learn what was done on these hills, before the remem-
brance of it has faded out of the minds of men and locali-
ties can no longer be clearly designated. We, in Pennsylva-
nia have less of local pride and of interest in our local history
than have the people either of New England or New York ;
as a consequence, many localities full of historical and
romantic interest are unmarked and comparatively unknown.
We have in this State a society known as the Historical
Society of Pennsylvania, whose headquarters are in Phila-
delphia. It is doing a vast amount of good in preserving
the early records of our settlers, and publishing them
through the medium of the Fennsylvania Magazine. This
society, however, is unfortunately largely local in its agencies
and ends, and therefore local in its results. Its aim is to
reach out through the entire State and to enlist the interest
and co-operation of men in every section. Unfortunately,
however, it has been unable so far to do this as fully as we
could wish. Although I live east of the Allegheny moun-
tains, we, of that locality are classed and have come to
consider ourselves as belonging to Western Pennsylvania.
It would be much better if we could co-operate with the
society of which I have spoken, but if this cannot be done,
we should undoubtedly seek to co-operate with a similar
society which has been organized in Pittsburg for the bene-
fit of that locality and, I take it, for that of all Western
Pennsylvania. Through one or the other of these agencies
not only should what has been written with reference to this
battle be preserved, but the relics which remain of it and

Address of Gen. James A. Beaver 27

everything which relates to it should be gathered and de-
posited under their auspices.

Here is a bayonet ; it formed a part of the equipment of
one of the Highlanders, doubtless, before whose terrific
bayonet charge the Indian gave way. It should be placed
where it would become an object lesson to all beholders of
the fight at Bushy Run and should stimulate inquiry in re-
gard to that battle and those who took part in it. Local
historical societies in connection with either one or the
other of the greater societies already named, should be or-
ganized in our several localities so as to co-operate with
them and secure for them just such relics as I have mentioned.
The place where the battle was fought should be so marked
that coming generations would have no difficulty in telling
where it is and learn through its monuments of the heroism
of those who won its great victory. Monuments which
would serve tell not only where the battle was fought and
the victory won, but who fell in the fight, and who they
were and what they did in winning it. We are brought face
to face to-day with this bit of colonial history. We learn
more than we have ever known perhaps of Col. Bouquet
and his little army — of their bravery and of his wdsdom
and courage ; and yet he has largely dropped out of Ameri-
can history as it is learned by the masses of this generation.
Over these hill-tops his name ought to be perpetuated.
Through the influence of this day the memory of his
achievements should be revived ; and their influence in
shaping the welfare of this region gratefully recalled. One
of the boasts of my lineage is that I am mainly of Penn-
sylvania German stock. There is good reason perhaps,
why the memory of Col. Bouquet and his followers is so
little regarded. Following his campaigns, came the excit-
ing events which culminated in the war of the Revolution.
That, of course, to us Americans was the great event in our
history. Our interest centres in that, and our American
historians are more interested in preserving the names of
the men who participated in it, than those brave spirits who
served the mother country in the Indian wars which pre-
ceded it. Thi^ perhaps, is the reason why the memory of
AVashington, St. Clair and Mad Anthony Wayne over-

28 The Bouquet Celebration.

shadows, and their achievements overtop, and to a great
extent blot out the memory and achievements of this brave
German-Swiss. We have a history of which we need not
be ashamed. Let us be interested in preserving it and
making it known to the world and to our descendants. We
owe it to those who made the history ; we owe it to our-
selves ; we owe it to those who are to come after us. Let us
therefore co-operate with Judge Parke and Mr. Bigham
and the other gentlemen who have come here from Pitts-
burg and are interested in preserving the historical records
of this region of Western Pennsylvania.

It is a great pleasure, I assure you, to join with you in the
commemoration of this great event. I see not only West-
moreland, but Armstrong, Allegheny, Fayette and other
counties represented on these grounds. Such gatherings
are good, not only because they remind us of what others
have done and suffered, but because of the social features
which surround them, and other opportunities thus afforded
for renewing old friendships and making new ones. Grate-
fully mindful of the men and the achievements of the past,
true to obligations of the present and trustful as to the
future, let us gather up the lessons of to-day, and carry them
with us as an inspiration and an incentive in the life which
we are to live for the benefit not of ourselves alone, but of
those who are about us and are to come after us.

At the close and also frequently during the progress of
his speech, the sentiments of General Beaver were greeted
with hearty applause.

Hon. John E. Parke, of Pittsburg, president of the
Western Pennsylvania Historical Society, delivered the fol-
lowing address on the French and Indian war and the
causes that led to the same, &c.

Address of Judge John E. Parke. 29

ADDRESS OF JUDGE JOHN E. PARKE.*
PONTIAC'S PLOT.

We have been called together this day to celebrate one
of the most important and interesting events connected with
the history of our country. On this spot, sacred to the
memory of the past, one hundred and twenty years ago, the
gallant and accomplished Col. Henry Bouquet, with his
heroic little band of Highlanders and Anglo-Americans,
having passed the rugged and dangerous defiles of the Alle-
gheny, arrived at Bushy Run, August 5, 1763.

The prominent events connected with Bouquet's expedi-
tion, and their subsequent development into permanent set-
tlements, the ingredients of which are of the highest import-
ance in perpetuating the fame of these gallant men, who
left the confines of civilization to brave the dangers of an
unknown country, the simple outline of which, when drawn
with fidelity, possess marvelous interest to the student of
nature. The elaboration of these events I will leave to
others more competent to do justice to the subject.

The imagination fails to con<:eive incidents more roman-
tic, than those which sober truth reveals in the career of
those who penetrated the Western wilds in order to create
new homes for themselves and families, impelled by those
powerful motives of human action — ambition and a love of
liberty.

In the career of many of the early adventurers, we see
these passions overruling all others. They stand out in bold
relief as grand heroes worthy of a representation in the an-
nals of the country. In the delineation of their deeds, and
of those who follow after them, who occupied what they
had won, by faith, courage and indomitable perseverance,
are prominent features in the picture. These were the nec-
essary elements of success in the wide and dangerous fields
of adventure, and were ever present in great abundance
when required in laying the foundation of their future
homes.

♦Judge Parke had engaged to secure the attendance of W. D. Moore, Esq.,
of Pittsburg, but that gentleman was unable to fulfill the engagement, and up-
on a few hours' notice, the Judge was obliged to prepare himself to fill his
place.

30 The Bouquet Celebration.

Many of the events which have rendered Western Penn-
sylvania conspicuous in the history of the past, leave their
impress on the mind of every American citizen. They pass
before us as a mighty vision, making us feel the poverty of
language and weakness of eloquence when startling realities
are to be described.

Old Westmoreland, whose vast territory at an early day
extended so as to embace nearly all the territory lying west-
ward from the foot hills of the Alleghenies to the Virginia
borders, may be justly styled the Mother of the Western
Counties, and her soil was among the first points selected
by the hardy pioneer and venturesome scout to commence
the work of civilization.

Here all the embarrassments of a new settlement were en-
countered. The terrible conflicts with the cruel and treach-
erous red men, isolation from society, cut off from aid and
intercourse with the Atlantic seaboard, were evils of no or-
dinary magnitude.

The rugged passes of the Alleghenies then presented a
formidable barrier, and the traveler who passed them, found
himself, as it were, in a new world, where he was compelled
to defend himself or perish. A continual conflict was
waged between the sturdy pioneer and his implacable In-
dian foeman. These conflicts were for life and all that made
life dear, and were, however, only marked individual acts of
heroism, which produced none of those events affecting
national greatness, which it is the province of the historian
to record. They will, therefore, find no place in the an-
nals of our country, yet it is to be hoped, nevertheless, that
the indomitable reporter will start out in quest of tradition-
ary lore, who will patiently listen to the reminiscences of
hoary-headed men, and laboriously glean the frail and frag-
mentary memorials of other days.

Then will the hardy pioneer and gallant conqueror of the
country, of which we are so proud, find a place, if not with
heroes of history, at least with heroes of romance.

The early exploration of Westmoreland county by these
avant couriers of civilization, of which there is no authentic
record, are well calculated to excite an interest in the breast

Address of Judge John E. Parke. 31

of every American citizen, especially those to the ''manor
born."

We can scarcely realize the wondrous changes that have
occurred in our midst, even within the compass of our own
recollection. Before the introduction of steamboats, or
street railways were invented, ere the lightning telegraph and
telephone had annihilated space, or the steam horse ren-
dered distance a myth, a long time ago, to the Indian war-
whoop and the midnight howl of the wolf, to the light of
burning cabins, now succeed the sound of the steam whistle,
the light of glowing furnaces, the sound of the ponderous
engine, clang of machinery, and the whirr and clatter of
the shuttle and cotton spindle.

Over this territory, hallowed by the memory of the past,
the merciless red man roamed, and who claimed the country
from the foothills of the Alleghenies to the great lakes of
the North, over which he ruled, bidding defiance to his in-
domitable Anglo-Saxon foe.

The startling war-whoop, and the no less appalling cry of
the panther, struck terror into the hearts of all who had the
temerity to venture within the depths of the gloomy for-
ests.

Westward through the wilderness led the great Indian
trail to the mouth of the Beaver ; thence in a northwesterly
direction to Sandusky and Detroit ; following the ridges, it
passed through Trumbull and Portage counties, Ohio, clear-
ly defined by stone-piles and marked trees. Near the con-
fluence of the Mahoning and Shenango, forming the Bea-
ver, another trail crossed, following a more westerly direc-
tion to the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum. Over
these trails these wild denizens made their periodical raids,
unchecked, towards the settlements, except when opposed
by the avant couriers of civilization, the venturesome
pioneer and brave and hardy scout. Notwithstanding the
important treaties that had been made with them from time
to time, they still continued their atrocities upon the de-
fenseless pioneer, who had the hardihood to brave the dan-
ger consequent upon the settlement of an unknown coun-
try.

The memorable struggles between the legions of France

32 The Bouquet Celebration.

and the battalions of England for the supremacy in the
great Northwest, during which time the gorgeous Fleur de
Lis and the royal banner of St. George waved successively
over the battlements of old Fort Duquesne, was happily de-
termined by the peace of 1763. Negotiations with this view
were entered into during the year 1762, and were finally
consummated early in the following year. By the condition
of the treaty, France agreed to surrender absolutely all her
possessions in North America to England. Anticipating an
early peace, the former made a secret covenant with Spain,
ceding to that nation the territory of Louisiana, (in the year
1800 it was re-ceded to France, and in 1803 was purchased
by the United States for ^15,000,000), which at the time
embraced a large portion of the Southwest. The object of
this secret covenant was evidently to keep from under the
control of their hereditary enemy, the free navigation of
waters flowing through the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys
within the ceded territory. This deception was not appar-
ent during the negotiation ; it was only made so at the time
of the execution of the treaty. This covert disposition of
the territory, which they failed to maintain by the prestige
of arms, was a diplomatic trick, seriously involving their
national honor, and which came near defeating the object.
In view of the prostration of the country by the recent war,
England resolved to accept the situation, trusting in their
ability to acquire in the future the peaceful possession of the
disputed territory.

With the restoration of peace, it was confidently hoped
that it would forever end the troubles and difficulties with
the Indians, who were, with a few exceptions, the allies of
France. This, however, was a fatal mistake, as it proved
the prelude to a most cruel and devastating war, destructive
alike to life and property throughout the entire Western
frontier. The contemplated and simultaneous uprising of
the several hostile tribes was so unexpected that the out-
posts were in a great measure unprepared to repel success-
fully, their murderous onslaughts, except in the instance of
the attack on Fort Pitt, Detroit and Ligonier.

Hitherto the Indians who had been held in subjection by
the French had been won over by a doubtful diplomacy

Address of Judge John E. Parke. 'Ty'h

and apparent kindness, so that the relations existing be-
tween them were of the most friendly character.

When, however, they discovered that they were to be
handed over mider the treaty to their foe, they indignantly
refused to consent thereto. The onward and steady pro-
gress of civilization carried forward by the indomitable
Anglo-Saxon race, assured them that submission on their
part would end in extermination ; to prevent such a calamity,
then was the time to act, while the forts were feeble and
wide apart, and the settlements scattered and thinly popu-
lated.

The war familarily known as the Pontiac war, so called
because this great war chief was the genius who devised and
inaugurated it, and who carried it on with that relentness,
cruelty so characteristic of the North American Indian.
Pontiac's personal efforts, however, were confined chiefly to
the neighborhood around Detroit and the lakes, while the
operations on the borders of the Ohio were entrusted to
warriors equally fierce and unrelenting.

As far as the English and Colonists were concerned, the
contests were principally confined to Forts Pitt, Detroit and
Ligonier. All the frontier forts, except those three and
Niagara, fell without an effort at defense, the latter was con-
sidered too well fortified to be molested, so that the three
former were the only ones that successfully resisted the ad-
vancing tide of savage vengeance ; whilst there was nothing
left of the unfortunate garrisons and the settlements around
them but a mass of smouldering ruins. Immured within
the gloomy depths of a mighty wilderness, isolated from all
intercourse with civilization, these gallant defenders not
only maintainted their posts, but actually carried the war
into the heart of the enemy's country, and, at the point of
the bayonet, wrung from them an unwilling peace.

The movements, therefore, on these three forts, and the ex-
pedition that subsequently went out from them against the
savages, comprises the entire history of the wars as far as it
relates to our own military movements. The sparse and
scattered locations of our frontier defenses through the vast
wilderness lying between the great Northern lakes and the
Ohio and Misissippi Valleys, were but rude log enclosures,

2^

34 The Bouquet Celebration.

principally located on the lines of water communications,
but frequently met with in the heart of the forests, gar-
risoned by a mere handful of soldiers, and the emblem of
sovereignty floating above them, seemed more of burlesque
than the distinguishing mark of a mighty and powerful na-
tion. These forts, situated so distant from each other, were
but mere dots in the interminable wilderness.

The presence and maintenance of these isolated outposts
inflamed the spirits of the haughty chiefs, who had the saga-
city to believe that if the struggle for the supremacy was
maintained and accomplished by their foes, it would be the
foreshadowing of the red man's coming fate.

To resist this encroachment on their rights, the head
chiefs of the various tribes who inhabited the country, then
only known and travelled by their own hunting and war
parties, determined to crush out at once the power of their
foes.

The Shawnees, Delawares, Senecas, Wyandots and Mi-
amis, who considered themselves the exclusive masters of
the territory, being moved by their hatred and fear of their
Anglo-Saxon foemen, joined together in a common cause,
in order to wipe out at once, by a simultaneous movement,
the further progress of civilization.

Although rumors of this confederation occasionally
reached the military authorities, they did not wholly ignore
them, but rather treated them with a cool indifference,
highly discreditable to their military education, for if prompt
measures had been carried out on the first intimation of
alarm, the sacrifice of life and the destruction of the out-
posts might have been prevented.

It was in consequence of this fatal indifference that when
the storm burst upon the forts and defenseless settlements, it
came like the mighty tornado, carrying terror and destruc-
tion as it sweeps its irresistible course.

The period of time selected by the tribe to carry into ef-
fect their purposes, evinced their profound knowledge and
sagacity. Operations were delayed until the harvests were
safely garnered, so that their foes with the provisions pro-
vided for their sustenance, might be destroyed at the same

Address of Judge John E. Parke. 35

time — thus clearing the wilderness of their foes, at least, for
the time being.

Fort LaBceuf, on French creek, Venango on the Alle-
gheny, Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, La Bay, on Lake Mich-
igan, St. Joseph, Miami, Sandusky and Michilmackinas,
went down in gloom one after another, with scarcely any re-
sistance. Many of them fell by stratagem, and their gar-
risons were cruelly massacred ; others capitulated and shared
the same fate ; out of all, only one, LaBoeuf escaped. The
defense of the latter proved futile, the Indians having suc-
ceeded in firing the adjacent buildings. The garrison took
refuge in the woods, and ultimately escaped.

The royal banner of St. George, wherever it floated over
mountain, prairie and stream within these vast domains, was
stricken down. Forts Pitt, Niagara, Ligonier and Detroit
still remained intact, and the hardy settlers who had escaped
the murderous tomahawk and scalping-knife, fled for safety
within their protecting walls. The intrepid trapper and ven-
turesome trader were followed up with untiring zeal, and
when taken, were horribly tortured and ruthlessly butchered
in cold blood, in a manner only known and practiced by
these human sleuth-hounds.

The stout pioneer in the clearng, and the loved ones in
the log cabin, fell alike before the rifle and tomahawk.

The sound of the woodman's axe and the boom of the
morning and evening gun of the lonely forts went down in
silence together, and the fires of civilization and the smoke
thereof, as it gracefully ascended above the tree tops, were ex
tinguished in blood. Those who escaped the murderous
raid left their rude homes to the torch of the foe, and
sought safety in flight, carrying with them a tale of blood
and cruelty, the bare recital of which filled the border set-
tlements with terror and dismay. In the niidst of these scenes
of gloom and desolation, the indomitable defenders of Forts
Pitt, Detroit and Ligonier watched with vigilance the move-
ments of their treacherous assailants, thus assuring the safety
of the forts, their flags gallantly spread to the breeze, the only
emblems of Anglo-Saxon power and of civilization in a
land now covered with teeming cities, girdled by the wires
of the electric telegraph, and traversed by a mighty network
of railroads.

36 The Bouquet Celebration,

Judge Parke was followed by Hon. T. J. Bigham, of
Pittsburg, who spoke as follows :

ADDRESS OF HON. T. J. BIGHAM.

I have attended, I believe, all the historical celebrations
in Westmoreland county of late years. Some years ago I
attended the celebration at Greensburg, and I was at Han-
nastown one year ago. I am not in good health. My wife
let me come here on condition that I would not make a
speech. I am a native of this county, having been born at
the other end of the manor. I was born and lived there
until I went to college. My ancestors settled there about
two years after this battle at Bushy Run. We did not cele-
brate the one hundreth anniversary of this battle, as the
battle of Gettysburg occurred just about that time.

At the time of the Bushy Run battle this county was in
Cumberland — the capital was Carlisle. At one time it in-
cluded nearly the whole of Western Pennsylvania. This
was all called Mother Cumberland, just after the battle of
Bushy Run. I am in favor of preserving the records of the
early history of Westmoreland. I am seventy-four years
old and have been, next to Judge Parke, the most busily en-
gaged in the old historical celebrations. There was one or
two battles in Fayette county, by Washington, and one in
Armstrong. Col. Armstrong led all Pennsylvanians to
Kittanning, and destroyed that nest of Indians. I always
like to attend these meetings if I am able to get out at all.

The old Residenter's Society of Pittsburg is designed to
imitate the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Judge
Parke wishes to enlarge this society. Most people have lost
a knowledge of the French and Indian war. A reporter
came up to me and asked me about this war. I said '' Is it
possible that the young generation don't know anything
about this war?" France claimed to have discovered the
mouth of the Mississippi river, also the St. Lawrence. It
was then a kind of rule that the nation that discovered the
mouth of the river had the right to the territory which it
drained. France claimed every foot of ground that she
thought was hers, and named it New France.

Louis XIV., in the estimation of the French, was a grand

Address of Hon. T. J. Bigham. 37

monarch, and he claimed all the comitry west of the Mis-
sissippi and Ohio. Louis XXV entertained the same idea.
The English had settled east of the Allegheny mountains.
The English charter included all the country from ocean to
ocean. We passed through the country where Braddock
was defeated in July, 1755, this morning. In 1758 William
Pitt, after whom Pittsburg is named, was called to the helm
of the British Empire. He was the greatest statesman of
the last century; no European statesman excelled him.
Before this time the armies in America had bad leaders.
Pitt sent good men to take command. Wolfe and Forbes
were sent over to fight the French and Indians. The war
continued some seven or eight months and was ended just
before the battle of Bushy Run. Great Britain never was
so powerful as she was at that time. The whole of this
country east of the Mississippi was owned by her. In India
war was carried on, and the whole of that country, with a
population greater than the United States to-day, was ceded
to England. She was never so great a nation as at that
time, not even after the battle of Waterloo, where the whole
of Europe was repulsed. Our interests were with Great
Britain, and I think if England had not succeeded in the
French and Indian war we would not be as far on in indus-
try and civilization as we are at the present time.

Pontiac is said to have led part of the force which de-
feated Braddock. He summoned his men and made a great
speech, in which he told them that the Great Spirit had come
to them and they resolved that they would destroy our an-
cestors. The tempest broke out in June. Guyasootha was
the commander of the party which attacked this place. He
was the principal man that led the warriors under Pontiac.
Pontiac himself was besieging Detroit. It is not known
definitely that Guyasootha was the commander in the battle,
but it is highly probable he was here. I rejoice that Bouquet
was successful. They attempted to play the same trick on
Bouquet as they did on Braddock, but he turned the tables
on them. They fought the whole afternoon of the fifth, night
parted them and they fought the battle again the next day.

This place was a sort of half-way station between Ligonier
and Fort Pitt. He intended to rest his men at Bushy Run

38 The Bouquet Celebration.

and march through the wilderness near Turtle Creek at
night, where he expected to meet the Indians. At this
battle he managed his men in two files. He then sent for-
ward two companies to make the attack, but this was a
failure.

The Indians supposed this to be a real retreat, and got
out from the woods and then had to fight Bouquet's men on
both sides. That was just the reverse of the position in
which Braddock was. The Indians in the woods were
formidable, but out of them the white man could get the
best of them. Bouquet just re-acted Braddock's Field, but
got the Indians into the trap. After they were driven back
they fled away to the Muskingum country. Some time ago
some young lawyers came in my office, and I asked them if
they knew who Bouquet was ? My son spoke up and said
that he was a Frenchman.

I request that the people of Harrison City petition the
Court to change the name of Harrison City to that of Bou-
quet. It would mean something to have Bouquet City in-
stead of Harrison City.

From infancy I heard talk of the burning of Hannastown.
Braddock forbid his men to get behind trees but made them
keep in regular order, and in this way the Indians had the
advantage.

Bouquet made another tour in 1764 into the Muskingum
country to effect a treaty with the Indians in which he was
successful. In 1765 he was sent to Florida. He contracted
a fever there and died.

In 1762 all the country east of the Mississippi was ceded
to the English. Pontiac did not hate the French as much
as he did the English, for he knew they would not harm
so much in the way of making settlements and in cultivat-
ing land. The Anglo-Saxons were industrious. My an-
cestors were Irish. If the French were industrious they
could have found plenty to do in the Mississippi valley.

THE CONCLUSION.

When Judge Bigham's speech was ended the benediction
was pronounced by Rev. D. B. Lady, of Manor, and the

Review of the Grand Army Posts. 39

literary exercises of the day were brought to a close between
three and four o'clock in the afternoon.

Letters were received from distinguished gentlemen of
our own and other lands, some of which are hereto appended.

REVIEW OF THE GRAND ARMY POSTS.

While Gen. R. Coulter was presiding at the speaker's
stand during the delivery of the last two addresses, Gen.
James A. Beaver, Gen. Thomas F. Gallagher, Col. John
Johnston and other military men reviewed the Grand Army
Posts on the top of Gongaware's Hill, the scene of the first
day's fight between the Indians and the two companies of
Highlanders and where a large number of Bouquet's men
were buried at the close of the battle.

G. A. R. Post, No. 4, of Latrobe, arrived in the grove
on Sunday evening and encamped there during the night.
On Monday they were joined by two brass bands from that
place and others of their comrades until their number
reached about 50. Irwin Post, (190) mustering 75 men
and headed by the Paintertown cornet band, and Turtle
Creek Post, (i99)^vith 25 men and a martial band, arrived
early in the day. Later the Greensburg Post, with 40
members and a martial band, and Fort Ligonier Post, with
40 members and a brass band, reached the grove. Still
later the Sewickley Cavalry, commanded by Capt. Samuel
Bell and Lieuts. Millken, Martin and McCune, 70 strong,
and headed by a martial band, rode up to the rendezvous
of rejoicing. There were other members of Posts in
neighboring towns and counties in attendance, but not as
organizations. The excellent Salem cornet band and Citi-
zens' band of Greensburg were likewise present and added
their harmonious strains to the almost ceaseless flow of music
during the day.

Headed by the Citizens' band, of Greensburg, the battle-
scarred veterans to the number of about 300 with their
respective bands, made a few evolutions around the hill-top
and then marched past the Generals in fine style. They
were followed by the Cavalry in picturesque costumes.

The distinguished reviewers expressed themselves highly
gratified with the military display.

40 The Bouquet Celebration.

Shortly before the review began Rev. C. Cort introduced
Revs. A. E. Truxal, John W. Love, Geo. H. Johnston,
Thos. J. Barkley and A. B. Khne to Generals Beaver and
Gallagher. As soon as the introduction was ended Gen.
Beaver remarked: "Gentlemen, I am very glad to see you
here and I appoint you all to act as members of my staff.
Several of the clergy received orders immediately to clear
the space in front of the General and his party so that the
veterans could pass muster without being crowded. This
was no easy task under the circumstances.

Col. Oursler, of Latrobe, and others deserve great credit
for securing the presence of so many G. A. R. men.

Herewith we append some of the letters received by those
in charge of the celebration.

LETTERS FROM PUBLIC OFFICIALS, &C.

Philadelphia, Aug, 2, 1883.
To the Honorable Conwiittee on Invitation for the Bouquet Celebration :
Gentlemen : Your kind invitation to participate in the celebration of
the battle of Bushy Run, in honor of my distinguished countryman,
Gen. Henry Bouquet, on the 6th instant, has come to hand in time.
Please accept my sincere thanks for the same and believe me, it M^ould
afford me great pleasure, to meet you on such an occasion of intense
gratification to my patriotic feelings. To see the history of another
of my compatriots, who devoted his life and gallant services to the exist-
ence and security of this land of freedom in its early stages, — a republi-
can by birth and spirit, instrumental in the early struggles of this great
Republic, — drawn from oblivion and placed in its well deserved posi-
tion before the people, cannot but fill my heart with pride for the hero
of your celebration and with warmest thanks for the gentlemen who
have taken in hand this noble task. While I, therefore, deeply regret to
be prevented, by my arduous duties from accepting your kind and honor-
ing invitation, I thank you gentlemen, all of you, who have the noblest
interest, started and brought to a happy issue this timely and creditable
celebration, from all my heart. I also convey to you my warmest thanks
from the countrymen in my consular district and especially from the
members of the Swiss National Festival Society, in this city, whom I
have made acquainted with your object, and who, in their last meeting,
by resolution, unanimously passed, have authorized and requested me
to do so. With sincere hope and conviction, that your festival may be
a great and complete success, I remain, gentlemen, very respectfully
yours, R. Koradi, Consul of Switzerland.

In a personal letter to Rev. Cyrus Cort, Herr Koradi

Letters from Public Officials, &^c. 41

states that he has forwarded copies of the former's historical
pamphlet to the Prefect at Rolle, the Chief of Department
of Public Instruction at Lausanna, to the Federal Chancery
at Berne and to the Swiss Legation at Washington.

Executive Mansion, Washington, July 12, 1883.

My Dear Sir : The President desires me to acknowledge the re-
ceipt of your kind note of the 7th inst., inviting him to be present at the
celebration of Bushy Run, on the 6th of August next, and to express
his regret that engagements covering -that date will prevent its accep-
tance. Thanking you in his behalf for the courtesy of the invitation, I
am, very truly yours, O. L. Pruden, Sec'y.

R. Coulter, Esq., Ch'm, etc., Greensburg, Penn'a.

Washington, July 17, 1883.

Sir : I much regret that it will not be in my power to accept your
courteous invitation to be present at the celebration of the 120th an-
niversary of the battle of Bushy Run on the 6th of Aug. next. Very
faithfully yours, J. S. Sackville West.

R. Coulter, Esq., Greensburg.

„}

Executive Department, Commonwealth of Penna.,

Office of the Governor,
Harrisburg, July nth, 18^
General R. Coulter, Greensburg, Pa.

Dear Sir : I am in receipt of your very kind invitation to attend the
celebration of the 120th anniversary of the battle of Bushy Run, August
6th, and regret my inability to be present. Accept my thanks and be-
lieve me your obedient servant, R, E. Pattison.

State of Ohio, Executive Department, '\
Office of the Governor, i
Columbus, July 11, 1883. J
R. Coulter, Esq., Greensburg, Pa.

My Dear Sir : By direction of the Governor, I have the honor to
acknowledge the receipt of an invitation to him to be present and par-
ticipate in the celebration of the battle of Bushy Run, to be held on the
battle-field on Monday, August 6th. The Governor is greatly obliged
for your kind remembrance of him and regrets that engagements already
made cover the dates named and will prevent his acceptance. Very
truly yours, F. D. Mussey, Private Secretary.

War Department, Adjutant General's Office, )
Washington, July 18, 1883. /
R. Coulter, Esq., Chairman :

Dear Sir : In reply to your invitation to General Drum to be pres-
ent at the celebration of the battle of Bushy Run on August 6th, I beg
to inform you that the General is at present absent on a "tour of inspec-

42 The Bouquet Celebration.

tion," and will not return to this city before the date named, otherwise
I have no doubt he would take pleasure in joining the celebration.
Very Respectfully,

Henry Turnbull.

Letters of regret were also read from ex-Governor Hart-
ranft ; Mayor King, of Philadelphia ; Hon. W. U. Hensel,
of Lancaster, and Prof. Samuel Wilson, of Allegheny City.

APPENDIX

IMPORTANT ADDENDA, LETTERS, ETC.

In response to enquiries sent by Counsul Koradi, through
the Prefect of Rolle, to the custodians of the archives of the
Canton Vand, at Lausanne, in Switzerland, Rev. C. Cort
received some valuable data from Mr. J. Berney, the Chief
of Public Instruction for the Canton Vand.

This came too late for the Bouquet pamphlet, for which it
was desired, but we will insert the main points here.

In the Parochial Register of the Reformed Church of
Rolle, the entry is made March 25, 1735, that Henry Bou-
quet had been examined, along with others, with a view to
participate in the Holy Communion. His age is stated to
be 16 years. This agrees with other data which state that
Henry Bouquet was born in the year 1719.

It is further stated in this document of Mr. Berney, that
Henry Louis Bouquet was the oldest of seven brothers ;
that he entered the service of Holland, in 1736, and after-
wards passed into the service of Piedmont, where his bril-
liant career and intelligence attracted the Prince of Orange,
who invited him to command a company of his guard.
During the leisure hours of garrison duty, he cultivated the
sciences and became intimately acquainted with distinguished
professors in Holland, at the University of Leeyden, &c.
From this, it appears that our hero had a middle name,
which he seldom or never used. Louis Bouquet, evidently
the uncle referred to in the will of Henry Bouquet (see page
76, of Bouquet pamphlet), became General Quarteraiaster
and Lieutenant-Colonel in the Regiment Stuerler, in the
service of the Netherlands, and renounced his citizenship of
Rolle, April 14, 1750, and was discharged from his duties
as a citizen, October 8, 1750, evidently with a view of be-

44 The Bouquet Celebration — Appendix.

coming a citizen of Holland, where he had risen to distinc-
tion. Several members of the Bouquet family served with
distinction in foreign countries, we are told ; particularly in
Holland, where, among others, one of his uncles was an
engineer officer. This may have been Colonel Louis, al-
ready described.

The Bouquet family were citizens of RoUe, and one of its
members belonged to the council of that town or city.

In the letter, forwarding the document. Consul Koradi
writes :

" Just as I thought, when reading your very interesting pamphlet,
in which you give such a clear and minute report of my countryman,
that I wondered where you got all these details from ; the report I got
does not bring anything new. The only point of importance is the
proof by it, that Henry Bouquet really was a native of Rolle, a Swiss from
the Canton of Vand, and that BouquetVas his correct oirginal name ; that,
therefore, the suggestions of the Pioneer of Cincinnati, that he was a
German, and his name Frenchified, from Strauss, into Bouquet, was
wrong."

This was the conclusion arrived at, on other grounds, by
Rev. Cort (see pamphlet, page 5).

The archives of Vand also state that :

" In 1754, the British government confided to him and fellow-coun-
tryman, Haldimand, of Yoerden (also in the Canton of Vand), the or-
ganization of a brigade, named the Royal American, into which he
drew several other fellow-citizens of the Canton of Vand, among whom
was DuFes, of Monden, and Vullgamott, of Lausanne."

Subsequent to the publication of the Bouquet pamphlet
and the Bushy Run Celebration of August 6, 1883, Wm.
M. Darlington, Esq., of Pittsburg, Pa., informed Rev. C.
Cort that he had spent a good deal of time in an effort to
ascertain the exact location of Bouquet's grave, at Pensa-
cola, many years ago. He had an old drawing of the fort
and barracks at Pensacola, made in 1772, which would seem
to locate the grave and monument of Bouquet, if the exact
position of the old barracks can be determined.

Mr. Darlington says that one of the principal clerks of
the British Museum told him that the Canadian government
paid a thousand pounds sterling, or five thousand dollars,
for a manuscript copy of the Bouquet-Haldimand papers,
which were presented to the British Museum by a grandson
of Haldimand.

Important Addenda, Letters, dr^c. 45

LETTER OF G. D. SCULL.

On page 83, of the Bouquet pamphlet, reference is made
to G. D. Scull, an American resident of Oxford, England,
who had collated some of the more important Bouquet pa-
pers for publication, a limited number of which, at ten dol-
lars a copy, was to be printed at an early date.

The following letter from Mr. Scull to Rev. Cort, will be
of interest in several respects. He had previously written
that Bouquet was deserving of perennial remembrance, and
he was delighted to learn of the proposed celebration at
Bushy Run.

Rugby Lodge, Norham Road, \
Oxford, Aug. 17, 1883. /

Dear Sir : — I am extremely obliged to you for the copy of " Bou-
quet and his Campaigns," received some days ago. I assure you, I
have read it with great interest and pleasure. Of a cei-tainty you are
General Bouquet's qualified and well-appointed biographer. What a
pity that your well directed search for his grave, at Pensacola, ended in
total failure.

Lieut. Francis Hutcheson,in 1763, was with Bouquet in his expedition
against the Ohio Indians, and acted, at times, as his secretary. Bouquet
invited Hutcheson to go with him to Pensacola, where they arrived, and
Bouquet was buried eight days after. He was appointed a Major of
Brigades afterwards, Hutcheson acted as administrator to Bouquet's
estate, at Pensacola, had a vendue, and brought up North the net bal-
ance in "bills on London and New York — $3,566.03^ — which was
handed over to Colonel Haldimand. Among the items of expense are
amounts paid six soldiers for carrying the corpse to the grave, $3. Left
with Captam Valoe to finish railing around the General's grave, ^30,
and $11.05 for scantling round ditto.

Among the things put in an inventory, and which were probably
handed over to Colonel Haldimand, are : A gold watch, with a seal,
coat of arms and compass, a sum of coin, Johannes and ^ do., doub-
loons, guineas and ^,do., 2 negro men and I girl, 24 pieces of silver
plate, I pipe of Madeira, 3 quarter-casks do., 2 casks Rhenish, 2 demi-
johns claret, cask of bottled beer, scarlet coat, with broad gold lace,
scarlet, gold-laced frock and breeches, 18 pairs of silk stockings, 9 pairs
thread do., 33 shirts, 10 white waist coats, 15 ruffled caps, 11 cotton
do., 17 stocks, 4 pairs white spadderdashes, i plaid night gown, i silk
night gown, i Huzzar cloak, i silver-mounted sword, i cutlass, i case
pistols and furniture, 2 boxes containing 5 wigs, etc.

Major Hutcheson afterwards became Colonel Haldimand's private
and military secretary. I am quite in the dark if anything has yet been
done to bring out my Bouquet correspondence in Philadelphia. I am
grievously disappointed at the result.

Very truly yours, G. D. Scull.

46 The Bouquet Celebration — Appendix.

Looking at matters from our modern standpoint, we may
smile at the mention of some of the articles in the forego-
ing list. But Bouquet, like all other men, must be judged
by his own times, and the customs of the age and country
in which he lived. An inventory of the personal eff ects of
George Washington and other Revolutionary patriots would
not differ materially from the one given above.

The inventory confirms what we know from other data,
that Bouquet was a generous-hearted host, a good liver and
a man of elegant tastes.

CELEBRATION ITEMS.

Gen. James A. Beaver and his three sons arrived in Greensburg on
Saturday evening, and stopped at the Fisher House until Monday morn-
ing, when they drove to the Bouquet battle-ground, where the General
took part in the celebration. He was on his way to Conneaut Lake,
where his brigade will go into encampment at the close of the week.

Andrew Byerly, of Sharpsville, Mercer county, a great grandson of
Andrew Byerly, of Bushy Run fame, arrived m Greensburg on Satur-
day, on his way to Bushy Run, and was the guest of Ex- County Treas-
urer James Gregg. — Prof Andrew Byerly, of Millers ville Normal
School, an establishment of seven or eight hundred students, is also a
great grandson.

Mrs. Rev. Cyrus Cort, two sons — Paul and Ambrose — and cousin,
reached this place at noon on Saturday, from Greencastle, in a carriage
drawn by one horse. They came by way of Forts i^edford and Ligo-
nier — the same road taken by Col. Bouquet and his army when on his
way to relieve Fort Pitt. They were three days en route, the distance
traveled being one hundred and twenty-five miles. They spent one
night at Ligonier, the site of the fort by that name, where Andrew By-
erly, the great-great-great-grandfather of Mrs. Cort's sons, was cooped
up by Pontiac's confederates, after making a narrow escape from Bushy
Run, where Byerly kept a relay station for express riders midway be-
tween Forts Pitts and Ligonier. Mrs. Cort joined her husband at this
place, who arrived here by rail on Thursday morning last, accompanied
by his four-year-old son, Ralph Bouquet, to help perfect arrangements
for the celebration.

A bayonet used by the Royal Infantry, and found on the Bushy Run
battle-field by C. Gongaware in 1 88 1, and presented to Rev. Cyrus
Cort, of Greencastle, was on exhibition. It is in a good state of preserva-
tion. The blade part is sixteen inches long and bears the appearance
of having been a very formidable instrument of war.

OLD BOB, THE WAR HORSE.

The celebrated war horse upon which Col. George Covode was shot
and killed, is here. He is owned by W. H. Covode, Esq., of Ligo-
nier. He is now 32 years old, and was through the following engage-

Monument Collections. 47

ments : Gaines Mill, Charles City Cross Roads, Hedgeville, Antietam,
Markham Station, Kelly's Ford, Middleburg, Gettysburg, Upperville,
Shepherdstown, Trevillian Station, Todd's Tavern, Sulphur Springs,
Deep Bottom, St. Mary's Church, Ream's Station, Stony Creek, &c.
Col. Covode rode Bob around Richmond twice, during which he was
shot in the neck, the only wound the horse received.

That intrepid son of Mars, Colonel Rogers, divided the Indian honors
with Guito, the Seneca youth. The valiant Colonel was gotten up as a
great brave in a fearful and wonderful costume, with rings, feathers and
a great battle-axe as ornaments. To attempt a description of his outfit
would be to essay to " paint the lily." It is enough to say that his
make-up was purely and typically Rogerian and that he was the ob-
served of all observers.

Captain Samuel Bell, of South Huntingdon township, with a com-
pany of 100 uniformed men on horseback.

A delegation of five arrived from Irwin on bicycles.

J. V. Stephenson, Adison Barnhart, Harry Huffman, Eli Beck,
Joseph Guftey and B. J. Johnston arrived at 9 o'clock on bicycles.

Several amusing incidents occurred while the surveying party were
engaged in marking the battle-field.

John Layton (colored) assisted at the work, and his mind was evi-
dently quite wrought up by hearing details of the fight. He gave vent to
his feelings by such exclamations as these : " I tell you what, didn't
William Penn and his soldiers have a hard time of it here ? What terri-
ble sufferings our ancestors had to go through," &c.

After hearing the story of Kuykyuskung, (pages 40-42 of Bouquet
pamphlet), some of the boys concluded to have a little fun and do some
marking on their own account. Accordidgly they marked a board as
follows, and nailed it to a large oak tree by the roadside, and near the
scene of Bouquet's final strategic movement so disastrous to the savages :
" Here one bloody injun, Kookyoosti, was kilt." A great crowd sur-
rounded that tree on Celebration Day, and tnany pieces of its bark were
taken away as relics.

The large Swiss national flag with its red field and white cross in the
centre, presented a fine appearance, as did also the smaller one with its
gilt fringing.

MONUMENT COLLECTIONS.

A number of gentlemen were furnished with subscription
lists to get contributions for the monument proposed to be
erected to Col. Bouquet and his army on the battle-field. But it
seems very little was done for this laudable object, except by
some of the citizens of Irwin and Stewartsville and vicinity,
who, besides raising ^56 to help defray expenses of the celebra-
tion, also gave forty dollars ($40) toward the monument
fund. This ^40 with a goodly part of the ^56, were given
by descendants of Andrew Byerly, of Bushy Run. If

48 The Bouquet Celebralion — Appendix.

Greensburg, Penn., Harrison City, Manor, and other places
would do as well in proportion, a granite memorial column
would soon crown the summit of the battle-field, which
would permanently identify the place and perpetuate the
memory of the decisive conflict and the gallant heroes
through all coming time.

Several hundred dollars more are needed for this monu-
ment fund, which we trust the public-spirited citizens of
Western Pennsylvania will contribute at an early date. A
grand work has already been accomplished by the celebra-
tion of August 6, 1883, and the various publications rela-
ting to Bouquet which it called forth. But without the
monument the projectors and advocates and actors in that
commemoration feel that the main object of their endeavors
remains to be realized. This fund is in charge of General
Coulter, Amos B. Kline and James Gregg, (Treasurer), of
Greensburg, to whom contributions ma}- be safely entrusted.
Furnish them ^300 more, and the monument will be put up,
and a grand dedication service will bring to a fitting con-
clusion the praiseworthy efforts to honor the memory of
Henry Bouquet and the 1763 Army of Deliverance. One
way of helping the cause is to circulate the pamphlet relating
•to Bouquet, his campaigns and the celebration of the Bushy
Run victory. As the Fi^eiheif s Freund, of Pittsburg, stated
in one of its issues, these pamphlets "ought to be put into
the hands of every school boy and girl in Pennsylvania."
As a limited number of copies have been printed and the
work not stereotyped, the time will probably soon come
when they will be as rare and expensive as Bouquet's origi-
nal narrative, a copy of which recently brought upwards of
fifty dollars. And yet without them no Pennsylvania
library can be considered complete. Their preparation has
been a labor of love on the part of him who has borne the
chief burden of toil and expense from a sense of gratitude to
the noble Swiss hero who rescued his ancestors from the toma-
hawk and scalping-knife of the merciless savages. But
thousands of others in our Keystone Commonwealth, yea,
all over this great Republic, are also greatly indebted to
Henry Bouquet, and should esteem it a duty and privilege to
help perpetuate the memory of his noble character and his
heroic deeds.

Guyasutha. 49

GUYASUTHA.

The reputed leader of the savages at Bushy Run battle
and the siege of Fort Pitt, was Guyasutha, the chief of a
band ot Seneca Indians located in Ohio, who, along with the
Mingoes, belonged to the loquois or famous Six Nations, from
Central and Western New York. His name is spelled in half a
dozen different ways. As a young brave he went with Wash-
ington from Logstown to LaBoeuf in 1754. He was a leading
character in the conference with Gen. Bradstreet when that
conceited officer was hoodwinked by the wily savages near
Lake Erie in 1764. A few weeks later he had to deal with
a different style of man in his conference with Col. Bouquet
on the Muskingum. His eloquent and politic speech on
that occasion is given in the Bouquet pamphlet, page 6d>.
In April and May, 1768, he was leading actor at a confer-
ence at Fort Pitt. When Washington descended the Ohio
in 1770 Guyasutha visited him and was recognized as one
of his companions in 1754.

In 1775, two days after the Westmoreland patriots had
promulgated their Declaration of Indpendence, on May 16,
at Hannastown and Fort Pitt, Guyasutha, who had just re-
turned from Niagara, held a conference at Fort Pitt with
Majors Trent and Ward and Captain Neville. Capt. Pipe,
a Delaware chi-ef, and Shade, a Shawnese chief, and several
other Shawnese, took part. Guyasutha announced that the
Six Nations and their allies in Ohio would remain neutral
during the impending war between the British and the Amer-
ican Colonists. He said: '^ Brothers, we will not suffer
either English or Americans to pass through our country.
Should either attempt it we will forewarn them three times,
and should they persist they must abide the consequences.
I am appointed by the Six Nations to take care of this
country, that is, of the Indians on the other side of the
Ohio, and I desire that you will not think of an expedition
against Detroit, for, to repeat, we will not suffer an army
to pass through our country."

In 1782, July 13, Guyasutha led the attack on Hannas-
town. He seems to have been the greatest leader of Pon-
tiac's Eastern confederates, but had his forces shattered at
Bushy Run by Bouquet, after the best contested battle ever

50 The Bouquet Celebration — Appendix.

fought by the red savages on American soil. In view of his
prominence, the war is sometimes called ^'Guyasutha's
War," as well as *' Pontiac's War." Finally, he died near
Pittsburg, at an advanced age, leaving his name to the
beautiful plain on the Allegheny river, where his remains
now rest.

Neville B. Craig gives most of the foregoing facts in
his History of Pittsburg (pages 136-9), and was personally
acquainted with Guyasutha, when he tarried superfluous on
the stage a striking emblem of the decayed condition of the
Six Nations, as in the prime of life he had been a fit repre-
sentative of their power and glory. Once the Iroquois car-
ried dismay to all the savage tribes between the Atlantic and
the Father of Waters, and between the Gulf of Mexico and
the great Lakes of the North. Yea, to French and English
alike, in Canada and the United States. They were the
recognized lords of the savage wilderness, and exacted
tribute from the powerful Catawbas and Cherokees in the
distant South, who traveled along the war-path through the
wilds of Westmoreland, from year to year, with tokens of
obeisance and servitude to the great Council House at
Onondaga. And thus, like the old Romans, their power
and glory, founded on rapine, has departed, in spite of all
their superior courage, energy and governmental genius.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

A shade of sadness comes over us as we bring this memo-
rial volume to a close. A number of public-spirited citi-
zens, who took part in the celebration, and who were most
highly gratified and warmest m their congratulations over
its success, have passed away since that memorable sixth of
August, 1883. Hon. Joseph H. Kuhns, who seemed to re-
new his youth in his efforts to promote the commemoration ;
General Thomas F. Gallagher, the stalwart hero of Gaines'
Mills and South Mountain ; Dr. Samuel Wilson, who was
stricken down with fatal disease on the eve of the celebra-
tion, in which he fondly hoped to take part ; ex-Senator
Cowan and others, distinguished in forum and field, have
passed across the river. This is a solemn reminder that we,
who remain, ''should be up and doing," to finish the
work so grandly begun.

I